BIOLO(3Y REESE LIBRARY 
 
 LIBRARY , ,.,.,, 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 ,/&;/T 
 
AN 
 
 ILLUSTRATED FLORA 
 
 NORTHERN UNITED STATES, CANADA 
 
 AND THE 
 
 BRITISH POSSESSIONS 
 
 FROM NEWFOUNDLAND TO THE PARALLEL OF THE SOUTHERN BOUNDARY OF VIRGINIA, 
 AND FROM THE ATLANTIC OCEAN WESTWARD TO THE IO2D MERIDIAN 
 
 BY 
 
 NATHANIEL LORD BRITTON, PH.D. 
 
 EMERITUS PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, AND DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF 
 OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 
 
 AND 
 
 HON. ADDISON BROWN 
 
 PRESIDENT OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB 
 
 THE DESCRIPTIVE TEXT 
 
 CHIEFLY PREPARED BY PROFESSOR BRITTON, WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF SPECIALISTS IN 
 SEVERAL GROUPS; THE FIGURES ALSO DRAWN UNDER HIS SUPERVISION 
 
 IN THREE VOLUMES 
 
 VOL. I 
 
 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE TO AIZOACEAE 
 
 FERNS TO CARPET-WEED 
 SE UBR^ftT^v. 
 
 OF THE \ 
 
 UNIVERSITY) 
 
 ^x^ 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 
 1896 
 
COPYRIGHT 1896 
 
 BY 
 CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 
 
 THE NEW ERA PRINTING HOUSE, 
 LANCASTER, PA. 
 
CONTENTS OF VOLUME I. 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 1. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE i 
 
 2. OSMUNDACEAE 4 
 
 3. HYMENOPHYI<LACEAE 6 
 
 4. SCHIZAEACEAE 7 
 
 I. PlNACEAE 
 
 1. TYPHACEAE 
 
 2. SPARGANIACEAE 
 
 3. NAIADACEAE 
 
 4. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE 
 
 5. AUSMACEAE 
 
 6. VAL.LISNERIACEAE 
 
 7. GRAMINEAE 
 
 8. CYPERACEAE 
 
 9. ARACEAE 
 10. L/EMNACEAE 
 
 1. SAURURACEAE 
 
 2. JUGLANDACEAE 
 
 3. MYRICACEAE 
 
 4. LEITNERIACEAE 
 
 5. SAL.ICACEAE 
 
 6. BETUI,ACEAE 
 
 7. FAGACEAE 
 
 PTERIDOPHYTA i 
 
 5. POLYPODIACEAE 8 
 
 6. MARSIUEACEAE 33 
 
 7. SALVINIACEAE 34 
 
 8. EQUISETACEAE 35 
 
 9. LYCOPODIACEAE 
 
 10. SEL.AGINELL.ACEAE 
 
 11. ISOETACEAE 
 
 SPERMATOPHYTA 49 
 GYMNOSPERMAE 49 
 49 2. TAXACEAE 
 
 61 
 
 ANGIOSPERMAE 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 Monocotyledones t 
 
 2 
 
 62 
 
 11. 
 
 MAYACACEAE 
 
 367 
 
 63 
 
 12. 
 
 XYRIDACEAE 
 
 368 
 
 65 
 
 13- 
 
 ERIOCAUI.ACEAE 
 
 37i 
 
 82 
 
 14. 
 
 BROMELIACEAE 
 
 374 
 
 84 
 
 15- 
 
 COMMEWNACEAE 
 
 374 
 
 92 
 
 16. 
 
 PONTEDERIACEAE 
 
 379 
 
 94 
 
 17- 
 
 JUNCACEAE 
 
 38i 
 
 234 
 
 18. 
 
 MELANTHACEAE 
 
 399 
 
 360 
 
 19- 
 
 L/IIylACEAE 
 
 410 
 
 365 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dicotyledones 482 
 
 
 
 
 Choripetalae 482 
 
 
 482 
 
 8. 
 
 UlvMACEAE 
 
 523 
 
 483 
 
 9- 
 
 MORACEAE 
 
 527 
 
 487 
 
 10. 
 
 URTICACEAE 
 
 530 
 
 489 
 
 ii. 
 
 L/ORANTHACEAE 
 
 534 
 
 490 
 
 12. 
 
 SANTALACEAE 
 
 536 
 
 506 
 
 13- 
 
 ARISTOI.OCHIACEAE 
 
 537 
 
 513 
 
 
 
 
 39 
 44 
 45 
 
 20. CONVALLARIACEAE 427 
 
 21. SMII.ACEAE 438 
 
 22. HAEMODORACEAE 442 
 
 23. AMARYUvIDACEAE 443 
 
 24. DlOSCOREACEAE 446 
 
 25. IRIDACEAE 447 
 
 26. MARANTACEAE 454 
 
 27. BURMANNIACEAE 455 
 
 28. ORCHIDACEAE 456 
 
 14. POI^YGONACEAE 541 
 
 15. CHENOPODIACEAE 569 
 
 16. AMARANTHACEAE 586 
 
 17. PHYTO^ACCACEAE 593 
 
 18. NYCTAGINACEAE 594 
 
 19. AIZOACEAE 597 
 
 ENGLISH FAMILY NAMES. 
 
 FERNS AND FERN-ALLIES 
 
 1. ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY i 
 
 2. ROYAL-FKRN FAMILY 4 
 
 3. FILMV-FERX FAMILY 6 
 
 4. CLIMBING-FERN FAMILY 7 
 
 5. FERN FAMILY 8 
 
 6. MARSILEA FAMILY 33 
 
 7. SALVINIA FAMILY 34 
 
 8. HORSETAIL FAMILY 35 
 
 9. CLUB-MOSS FAMILY 39 
 
 10. SELAGINELLA FAMILY 44 
 
 11. QUILLWORT FAMILY 45 
 
IV 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 SEED-BEARING PLANTS 49 
 
 SEEDS NAKED 49 
 
 i. PINE FAMILY CONIFERS 49 2. YEW FAMILY 
 
 SEEDS ENCLOSED 61 
 
 6 1 
 
 1. CAT-TAIL FAMILY 62 
 
 2. BUR-REED FAMILY 63 
 
 3. PONDWEED FAMILY 65 
 
 4. ARROW-GRASS FAMILY 82 
 
 5. WATER-PLANTAIN 
 
 FAMILY 84 
 
 6. TAPE-GRASS FAMILY 92 
 
 7. GRASS FAMILY 94 
 
 8. SEDGE FAMILY 234 
 
 9. ARUM FAMILY 360 
 10. DUCK- WEED FAMILY 365 
 
 1. LIZARD 'S-TAIL FAMILY 
 
 2. WALNUT FAMILY 
 
 3. BAYBERRY FAMILY 
 
 4. CORK-WOOD FAMILY 
 
 5. WILLOW FAMILY 
 
 6. BIRCH FAMILY 
 
 7. BEECH FAMILY 
 
 482 
 
 483 
 487 
 489 
 490 
 506 
 513 
 
 Cotyledon one 62 
 
 1 1 . M AYACA FAMILY 367 
 
 12. YELLOW-EYED GRASS 
 
 FAMILY 368 
 
 13. PIPEWORT FAMILY 371 
 
 14. PINE-APPLE FAMILY 374 
 
 15. SPIDERWORT FAMILY 374 
 
 16. PICKEREL-WEED 
 
 FAMILY 379 
 
 17. RUSH FAMILY 381 
 
 18. BUNCH-FLOWER 
 
 FAMILY 399 
 
 Cotyledons two 482 
 Petals distinct, or none 482 
 
 8. ELM FAMILY 523 
 
 9. MULBERRY FAMILY 527 
 
 10. NETTLE FAMILY 530 
 
 11. MISLETOE FAMILY 534 
 
 12. SANDALWOOD FAMILY 536 
 
 13. BIRTHWORT FAMILY 537 
 
 19. LILY FAMILY 410 
 
 20. LILY-OF-THE- VALLEY 
 
 FAMILY 427 
 
 21 . SMILAX FAMILY 438 
 
 22. BLOODWORT FAMILY 442 
 
 23. AMARYLLIS FAMILY 443 
 22. YAM FAMILY 446 
 
 25. IRIS FAMILY 447 
 
 26. ARROW-ROOT FAMILY 454 
 
 27. BURMANNIA FAMILY 455 
 
 28. ORCHID FAMILY 459 
 
 14. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 541 
 
 15. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY 569 
 
 16. AMARANTH FAMILY 586 
 
 17. POKE-WEED FAMILY 593 
 
 18. FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY 594 
 
 19. CARPET-WEED FAMILY 597 
 
 LATIN INDEX OF NAMES 599 
 
 I 
 ENGLISH INDEX OF NAMES 608 
 
SITY' 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 E present work is the first complete Illustrated Flora published in this country. Its 
 aim is to illustrate and describe every species, from the Ferns upward, recognized as 
 *- distinct by botanists and growing wild within the area adopted, and to complete the 
 work within such moderate limits of size and cost as shall make it accessible to the public 
 generally, so that it may serve as an independent handbook of our Northern Flora and as a 
 work of general reference, or as an adjunct and supplement to the manuals of systematic 
 botany in current use. 
 
 To all botanical students, a complete illustrated manual is of the greatest service; always 
 useful, often indispensable. The doubts and difficulties that are apt to attend the best writ- 
 ten descriptions will often be instantly solved by figures addressed to the eye. The greatest 
 stimulus, moreover, to observation and study, is a clear and intelligible guide; and among 
 the aids to botanical enquiry, a complete illustrated handbook is one of the chief. Thou- 
 sands of the lovers of plants, on the other hand, who are not botanists and are not familiar 
 with botanical terms or the methods of botanical analysis, will find in the illustrations of a 
 complete work the readiest means of comparison and identification of the plants that grow 
 around them; and through the accompanying descriptions they will at the same time acquire 
 a familiarity with botanical language. By these facilities, not only will the study of our na- 
 tive plants be stimulated and widened among all classes, but the enjoyment, the knowledge 
 and the scientific progress derivable from these studies will be proportionately increased. 
 
 Though most European countries have complete illustrations of the flora of their own 
 territory, no similar work has hitherto been attempted here. Our illustrated works, some of 
 them of great value, have been either sumptuous and costly monographs, accessible to com- 
 paratively few, or confined to special groups of plants, or have been works of a minor and 
 miscellaneous character, embracing at most but a few hundred selected species, and from in- 
 completeness, therefore, unsuited for general reference. Scarcely one-quarter of the species 
 illustrated in the present work have ever been figured before. That no such general work 
 has been previously attempted is to be ascribed partly, perhaps, to the imperfect exploration 
 of our territory, and the insufficiency of the collections to enable such a work to be made 
 approximately complete ; partly to the great number of species required to be figured and 
 the consequent difficulty and cost of the undertaking, and partly to the lack of any apparent 
 demand for such a work sufficient to warrant the expense of the enterprise. 
 
 The increased accumulations of material in our largest herbaria, the result of multiplied 
 explorations, and the widely extended interest in the study of our native plants, seem now 
 to justify the endeavor to supply a complete illustrated work adapted to general use. 
 
 The enterprise, projected by Judge Brown, and maintained and supervised by him 
 throughout, has been diligently prosecuted for the past six years. Its execution has been 
 mainly the work of Dr. Britton. The text, founded upon a careful examination of living or 
 herbarium specimens, has been chiefly prepared by him, with the assistance, however, of 
 specialists in a few groups who have contributed the descriptions for certain families as 
 stated in the footnotes. The figures lso have been drawn by artists under his immediate 
 supervision; except those of most of the grasses, drawn by Mr. Holm, under the eye of Prof. 
 Scribner; while the work in all its parts has been carefully revised by both authors. The 
 keys to the genera and species, based upon a few distinctive characters, will, it is believed, 
 greatly facilitate the determinations. 
 
 In preparing a new work of this character, the authors have felt that there should be no 
 hesitation in adopting the matured results of the botanical studies of the last half century 
 here and in Europe, so as to bring the work fully abreast of the knowledge and scientific 
 conceptions of the time, and make it answer present needs. Although this involves changes 
 in systematic order, in nomenclature, and in the division of families and genera, such as may 
 
 (5) 
 
Vl INTRODUCTION. 
 
 seem to some to be too radical, no doubt is entertained that time will fully justify these 
 changes in the judgment of all, and demonstrate that the permanent advantages to Botanical 
 Science will far outweigh any temporary inconveniences, as has been already so fully shown 
 in Ornithology and other zoological sciences. 
 
 The work will be completed in three volumes and will be issued as rapidly as it can be 
 printed, the text being already written and the figures drawn. 
 
 Area. 
 
 The area of the work extends from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the load Meridian, a 
 little beyond that of Gray's Manual, so as to include the whole of the State of Kansas; and 
 northward from the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia and Kentucky to the north- 
 ern limits of Labrador and Manitoba. For convenience, the whole of Nebraska has been in- 
 cluded, thus permitting the illustration of practically the entire Flora of the northern por- 
 tion of the Great Plains. 
 
 The Flora of Canada and the British possessions not being distinguishable by any well 
 marked features from that of the adjacent parts of the United States, and not embracing 
 more than about 300 additional species, it was deemed best to include this more northern ter- 
 ritory, in order to present a manual of the whole Flora of the northeastern part of the con- 
 tinent, with the exception of that of Greenland and the Arctic Circle, which is much the 
 same on both continents; nearly all the Arctic plants are, however, included, as but very few 
 of them are strictly confined to the Arctic Zone. 
 
 Figures. 
 
 Within the above area there are over 4,000 recognized species, more than three times the 
 number in Bentham's Illustrated Handbook of the British Flora. To illustrate all these in a 
 work of moderate size and cost, only parts of each plant could usually be figured, and these 
 mostly below life-size. To exhibit full-page illustrations would have added fourfold to the 
 bulk of the work, and the consequent more limited sales would have necessarily increased 
 the price in a much greater proportion, and thus have thwarted the primary object, viz., to 
 supply a work adapted to general circulation and use. On the other hand, it was found that 
 any considerable further reduction of the figures in order to reduce the size of the work, would 
 be at the sacrifice of the clearness and usefulness of the illustrations. 
 
 In the general plan adopted and in giving parts only of the larger plants, it has been the 
 constant aim to make the reduction of each figure as little below life-size as possible, to select 
 the most characteristic parts for illustration and to preserve the natural proportions. In 
 these respects, it is believed, the present work will be found to be at least not inferior to that 
 above named and often superior. 
 
 The cuts are all from original drawings for this work, either from life or from herba- 
 rium specimens, though reference has constantly been made to published plates and figures. 
 All have been first drawn life-size from medium-sized specimens, and afterwards reduced to 
 the proportion indicated by the fraction near the bottom of each cut, most of them being 
 from Yz to % of medium life-size. By this method the illustrations do not suffer from the 
 use of a magnifier, but are improved by it and regain their full expression. 
 
 Enlargements of special parts are added in most of the illustrations in order to show 
 more clearly the floral structure, or minute organs, or the smaller flowers. These are in vari- 
 ous degrees of enlargement, not deemed necessary to be stated. The figures are uncolored, 
 because coloring, except in costly work, obscures the fineness of linear definition and injures 
 the cuts for descriptive and educational uses. 
 
 The Classification of Plants. 
 
 The Plant Kingdom is composed of four Subkingdoms, or primary groups: 
 
 1. Thallophyta, the Algae, Fungi and Lichens. 
 
 2. Bryophyta, the Mosses and Moss-allies. 
 
 3. Pteridophyta, the Ferns and Fern-allies. 
 
 4. Spermatophyta, the Seed-bearing plants. 
 
 The subkingdoms are divided into Classes, the Classes into Orders, the Orders into Fam- 
 ilies, the Families into Genera, and the Genera into Species, a species being composed of all 
 the individuals of a kind capable of continuous successive propagation among themselves, 
 and being the only group marked out by nature by such a definite and positive boundary. 
 
INTRODUCTION. vil 
 
 In addition to these main ranks, subordinate ones are sometimes employed, when further 
 division is desirable: thus a Class may be separated into Subclasses, as the Class Angio- 
 spermae into the Subclasses Monocotyledones and Dicotyledones; Families may be separated 
 into Tribes, as in the treatment of Gramineae in the following pages; Genera are often separ- 
 ated into Subgenera; and in the case of Species, where certain individuals are found to ex- 
 hibit features of structure or aspect differing more or less constantly from the majority of 
 the kind, these are set off as Varieties or Subspecies. Often the varieties or subspecies are 
 subsequently found to be distinct species. 
 
 The variability of some species, caused by the operation of the forces collectively known 
 as the factors of organic evolution, is so great, and the variation being often toward a re- 
 lated species, that it is sometimes very difficult to determine whether certain individuals be- 
 long to one or to the other, or to a variety of one or the other. This leads to different opin- 
 ions. The actual fact, whether of the same species or not, may usually be ascertained by the 
 close examination of a large number of specimens, or by growing the forms in question side 
 by side, when, if they are the same, their rapid approximation will be manifest; though if 
 their natural habitats are in different soils, this latter experiment may not be a satisfactory test. 
 
 The grouping of Species into Genera, and of Genera into Families, though based upon 
 natural characters and relationships, is not governed by any definite rule that can be drawn 
 from nature for determining just what characters shall be sufficient to constitute a Genus or 
 a Family. These divisions are, therefore, necessarily more or less arbitrary and depend upon 
 the judgment of scientific experts, in which natural characters and affinities, as the most im- 
 portant and fundamental factors, do not necessarily exclude considerations of scientific con- 
 venience. The practice among the most approved authors has accordingly been various. 
 Some have made the number of genera and families as few as possible. This results in as- 
 sociating under one name species or genera that present marked differences among 
 themselves. The present tendency of expert opinion is to separate more freely into 
 convenient natural groups, as genera and families, according to similarity of structure, 
 habit, form or appearance. While this somewhat increases the number of these divisions, it 
 has the distinct advantage of decreasing the size of the groups, and thus materially facilitates 
 their study. This view has been taken in this work, following in most instances, but not in 
 all, the arrangement adopted by Engler and Prantl in their recent great work, " Natiir- 
 liche Planzenfamilien," * not yet quite completed, in which all known genera are described. 
 
 Systematic Arrangement. 
 
 The Nineteenth Century closes with the almost unanimous scientific judgment that the 
 order of nature is an order of evolution and development from the more simple to the more 
 complex. In no department of Natural Science is this progressive development more marked 
 or more demonstrable than in the vegetable life of the globe. Systematic Arrangement 
 should logically follow the natural order; and by this method also, as now generally recog- 
 nized, the best results of study and arrangement are obtained. The sequence of Families 
 adopted 50 or 75 years ago has become incongruous with our present knowledge; and it has 
 for some time past been gradually superseded by truer scientific arrangements in the later 
 works of European authors, f 
 
 The more simple forms are, in general, distinguished from the more complex, (i) by fewer 
 organs or parts; (2) by the less perfect adaptation of the organs to the purposes they sub- 
 serve; (3) by the relative degree of development of the more important organs; (4) by the 
 lesser degree of differentiation of the plant-body or of its organs; (5) by considerations of 
 antiquity, as indicated by the geological record; (6) by a consideration of the phenomena of 
 embryogeny. Thus, the Pteridophyta, which do not produce seeds and which appeared on 
 the earth in Silurian time, are simpler than the Sperm atophyta; the Gymnospermae in which 
 the ovules are borne on the face of a scale, and which are known from the Devonian period 
 onward, are simpler than the Angiospermae, whose ovules are borne in a closed cavity, and 
 which are unknown before the Jurassic. 
 
 In the Angiospermae the simpler types are those whose floral structure is nearest the 
 
 * Berlin, 15 volumes, 1890-1896. 
 
 tEnglerund Prantl, " Natiirliche Pflanzenfamilien;" Warming, " Systematic Botany, i s <5: 
 Vines, "Student's Handbook of Botany, 1895;" Richter, " Plantae Europeae, 1890;" Thome, "Flora 
 von Deutschland, OEsterreich und der Schweiz, 1886-1889;" Potonie, " Illustrirte Flora von Nord- 
 undMittel-Deutschland, 1887;" Schlechtendahl, Langethal und Schenck, "Flora von Deutschland," 
 fifth edition by Hallier, 1880-1885. 
 
Vlll INTRODUCTION. 
 
 structure of the branch or stem from which the flower has been metamorphosed, that is to 
 say, in which the parts of the flower (modified leaves) are more nearly separate or distinct 
 from each other, the leaves of any stem or branch being normally separated, while those are 
 the most complex whose floral parts are most united. These principles are applied to the 
 arrangement of the Subclasses Monocotyledones and Dicotyledones independently, the 
 Monocotyledones being the simpler, as shown by the less degree of differentiation of their 
 tissues, though their floral structure is not so very different nor their antiquity much greater, 
 so far as present information goes. For these reasons it is considered that Typhaceae, Spar- 
 ganiaceae and Naiadaceae are the simplest of the Monocotyledones, and Orchidaceae the most 
 complex; Saururaceae the simplest family of Dicotyledones, and Compositae the most complex. 
 
 Inasmuch as evolution has not always been progressive, but some groups, on the contrary, 
 have clearly been developed by degradation from more highly organized ones, and other 
 groups have been produced by divergence along more than one line from the parent stock, 
 no linear consecutive sequence can, at all points, truly represent the actual lines of descent. 
 
 The sequence of families adopted by Engler and Prantl, in " Natiirliche Pflanzenfam- 
 ilien " above referred to, has been closely followed in this book, in the belief that their sys- 
 tem is the most complete and philosophical yet presented. The sequence of genera adopted 
 by them has for the most part also been accepted, though this sequence within the family 
 does not attempt to indicate greater or less complexity of organization. 
 
 It was originally intended to present a conspectus of the orders and families included in 
 this work in the Introduction, as is indicated upon page 62 of this volume. But as the printing 
 proceeded it was deemed better to place this at the end of the third volume. 
 
 Nomenclature. 
 
 The names of genera and species used in this work are in accordance with the Code of 
 Nomenclature devised by the Paris Botanical Congress in 1867, as modified by the rules 
 adopted by the Botanical Club of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 
 at the meetings held at Rochester, New York, in August, 1892, and at Madison, Wisconsin, 
 in August, 1893. These names were mostly elaborated in the "List of Pteridophyta and 
 Spermatophyta growing without Cultivation in Northeastern North America," prepared by 
 the Committee of that association and published in 1894 as the fifth volume of Memoirs of 
 the Torrey Botanical Club. The synonyms given under each species in this work include 
 the recent current names, and thus avoid any difficulty in identification. 
 
 The necessity for these rules of nomenclature arose from the great confusion that has ex- 
 isted through the many different botanical names for the same species or genera. Some 
 species have had from 10 to 20 different names, and, worse still, different plants have often 
 had the same name. For about 200,000 known species of plants there are not fewer than 
 700,000 recorded names. Such a chaotic condition of nomenclature is not only extremely 
 unscientific, burdensome and confusing in itself, but the difficulty and uncertainty of identi- 
 fication which it causes in the comparative study of plants must make it, so long as it con- 
 tinues, a serious and constant obstruction in the path of botanical inquiry. 
 
 The need of reform, and of finding some simple and fixed system of stable nomenclature, 
 has long been recognized. This was clearly stated in 1813 by A. P. De Candolle in his Theorie 
 Elementaire de la Botanique (pp. 228-250), where he declares priority to be the fundamental 
 law of nomenclature. Most systematists have acknowledged the validity of this rule. Dr. 
 Asa Gray, in his Structural Botany, says (p. 348): "For each plant or group there can be 
 only one valid name, and that always the most ancient, if it is tenable; consequently no new 
 name should be given to an old plant or group, except for necessity." 
 
 This principle was applied to Zoology in the " Stricklandian Code," adopted in 1842 as 
 Rules of the British Association, and revised in 1860 and 1865 by a committee embracing 
 the most eminent English authorities, such as Darwin, Henslow, Wallace, Clayton, Balfour, 
 Huxley, Bentham and Hooker. In American Zoology the same difficulties were met and 
 satisfactorily overcome by a rigid system of rules analogous to those here followed and now 
 generally accepted by zoologists and palaeontologists. 
 
 At an International Botanical Congress held at Paris in 1867, in which unfortunately the 
 English botanists did not participate, A. DeCandolle presented a system of rules which, with 
 modifications, were adopted, and, as above stated, are the foundation of the present rules of 
 the botanists of the American Association. These rules were in part adopted also by the In- 
 ternational Botanical Congress held at Genoa in 1892, and by the Austro-German botanists at 
 
INTRODUCTION. IX 
 
 their meeting in September, 1894; while in the gth Edition of the London Catalogue of Brit- 
 ish Plants published in 1895, these rules as respects the names of genera are largely followed; 
 out of 440 genera in common with ours, all but 18 bear the same names as here given.* 
 
 It cannot be too often repeated that the object of these rules is not to introduce new 
 names, but to restore the old and the true ones. The rules of the botanists of the American 
 Association, adopted as above, are as follows. A brief explanation of the objects attained 
 by them is appended: 
 
 RULE i. Priority of publication is to be regarded as the fundamental principle of botani- 
 cal nomenclature. 
 
 This has been generally acknowledged in theory as the guiding principle for determining 
 which name should be borne by an animal or plant differently named by different writers. 
 Various causes have retarded its application in practice. Its adoption is the only practicable 
 way of securing stability to the original names. It has also been generally considered that 
 the author who first defines or describes an animal or plant is entitled to the distinction of 
 having his own name permanently associated with the name assigned to it; and this is also 
 necessary for reasons of accuracy, because in numerous instances different plants have been 
 called by the same name. In most cases the synonyms given in this work, with the date of 
 publication, indicate the original name and the reason for its restoration under this rule. 
 
 RULE 2. The botanical nomenclature of both genera and species is to begin with the pub- 
 lication of the first edition of Linnaeus' " Species Plantarum " in 1753. 
 
 Some past date must of necessity be taken, in order to fix the limits within which prior- 
 ity shall be reckoned. Prior to the publication of "Species Plantarum" in 1753, the ab- 
 sence of any general binomial nomenclature, and the meagre, uncertain and inadequate de- 
 scriptions by most prior authors, make any earlier date beset with difficulties. The result of 
 much discussion has been to fix that work, with which modern nomenclature substantially 
 begins, as the ' ' point of departure. ' ' That date received the endorsement of the International 
 Botanical Congress at Genoa in 1892, and has since been accepted by most botanists in Amer- 
 ica and Europe. Under this rule, no reference is made to names used prior to that work. 
 
 RULE 3. In the transfer of a species to a genus other than the one under which it was 
 first published, the original specific name is to be retained. 
 
 From different views of the limits of genera, or from further knowledge of a plant, it 
 often happens that it must be transferred to a different genus from that to which it was first 
 assigned. Upon such a transfer, Rule 3 requires the original name of the species to be con- 
 tinued, and preserves its stability. Thus, out of the genus Polypodium of Linnaeus, three 
 other groups have been since carved, viz., Dryopteris (Aspidium), Cystopteris and Phegop- 
 teris. The Long Beech Fern (p. 19), called PoLvpodium Phegopteris by Linnaeus, belongs 
 to the generic group named Phegopteris by Fee in 1850. Rule 3 forbids the use of the new 
 specific name, polypodioides, given to this plant by Fee, and requires the former specific name 
 of Linnaeus to be preserved, and the plant thus becomes Phegopteris Phegopteris, an acci- 
 dental re-duplication that occurs in but few instances in the whole field of nomenclature. 
 The Twin-leaf was called Podophyllum diphyllum by Linnaeus in 1753, and Jeffersonia binata 
 by Barton in 1793; Persoon in 1805 restored the Linnaean specific name, making the plant 
 Jeffersonia diphylla, the correct binomial under the rule, and the one which the plant has 
 borne for nearly one hundred years. 
 
 RULE 4. The original name is to be maintained, whether published as species, subspecies 
 or variety. 
 
 Plants and animals are continually described as species which subsequent authors con- 
 clude are but varieties, and those first understood as varieties prove by subsequent study to 
 be entitled to specific rank. Rule 4 maintains the first designation as the proper one, and 
 avoids much confusion. Examples are numerous: See Figs. 28, 38, 61 et seq. 
 
 RULE 5. The publication of a generic name or a binomial invalidates the use of the same 
 name for any subsequently published genus or species 'respectively. 
 
 Thus in the case of the Long Beech Fern, above cited, though the specific name polypodi- 
 oides is held to have been improperly given to it by Fee, the binomial, Phegopteris polypodi- 
 oides, cannot be applied to any different plant; for if the earlier name should for any reason 
 be lost or discarded, the name polypodioides must remain available as the next lawful substi- 
 tute, and thus the principle of nomenclature once a synonym always a synonym. 
 
 This rule operates to maintain one name only for a genus or species, and that, the first 
 one applied to it, unless this was properly the name of another, in which case the next oldest 
 
 *For a fuller discussion of this subject see articles by Professor Lester F. Ward, in "Bulletin 
 of the Torrey Botanical Club," 22: 308-329, from which the above summary is mostly taken; by 
 Professor C. E. Bessey, in "American Naturalist," 29: 666-668; by Professor W. A. Kellerman, in 
 "Journal of the Columbus Horticultural Society," 10: 7-10, and in " Botanical Gazette." 20: 468-470; 
 by Professor Conway MacMillan, in " Metaspermae of the Minnesota Valley," 17; by Dr. B. I,. 
 Robinson, in "Botanical Gazette, "20: 97-103, 261-263; by Mr. F. V. Coville, in " Botanical Gazette," 
 20: 162-167, 320-322, 428, 429; by Dr. F. H. Knowlton, in "Botanical Gazette, 21: 82-85. 
 
X INTRODUCTION. 
 
 is to be used. By mistake or inadvertently the same name has frequently been given to sev- 
 eral different genera or species, and it has repeatedly occurred that a name believed by the 
 author to be a synonym is shown by another to be a valid designation. 
 
 RULE 6. Publication of a genus consists only, ( i ) in the distribution of a printed descrip- 
 tion of the genus named; (2) in the publication of the name of the genus and the citation 
 of one or more previously published species as examples or types of the genus, with or 
 without a diagnosis. 
 
 RULE 7. Publication of a species consists only, ( i ) in the distribution of a printed de- 
 scription of the species named; (2) in the publishing of a binomial, with reference to a pre- 
 viously published species as a type. 
 
 RULE 8. Similar generic names are not to be rejected on account of slight differences, 
 except in the spelling of the same word. 
 
 Thus Epidendrum and Epidendron are but different spellings of the same word ; only 
 one of them can therefore be used; the same of E lodes and Elodea. 
 
 RULE 9. In the case of a species which has been transferred from one genus to another, 
 the original author must always be cited in parenthesis, followed by the author of the new 
 binomial. 
 
 Thus Dryopteris Lonchites (L. ) Kuntze (Fig. 26) is so cited, because Linnaeus first gave 
 the plant the specific name Lonchites, while Kuntze first combined that name with the 
 accepted genus Dryopteris. 
 
 RULE 10. In determining the name of a genus or species to which two or more names 
 have been given by an author in the same volume, or on the same page of a volume, preced- 
 ence shall decide.* 
 
 The Latin names of families have mostly been adopted as currently used, without refer- 
 ence to priority or terminations, as no rule on that subject has yet been formally adopted by 
 botanists. It seems desirable, however, that the scientific names of families should also fol- 
 low some uniform system, and as a very large proportion of botanical family names have long 
 been formed by the termination aceae affixed to some prominent genus of the group, that 
 this rule should be applied to the few remaining families otherwise named. All would thus 
 be brought into a harmonious system of nomenclature, as the zoologists have done by the 
 adoption of the ending idae for all zoological families. The English common names of fam- 
 ilies are similarly adopted from some characteristic genus of the group; as Pink Family, 
 Mustard Family, Mint Family, etc. The Carophyllaceae, in the absence of any genus Cary- 
 ophyllum, might thus become Alsinaceae; the Cruciferae, Brassicaceae; the Labiatae, Men- 
 thaceae or Larniaceae. 
 
 English Names of Plants. 
 
 The general desire for some English name to the different plants described has been met 
 so far as possible. All names in common use have been inserted, so far as they have come to 
 the authors' knowledge, except such as were merely local, or where they were too numerous 
 for insertion. An exception has also been made in a few instances where a common name, 
 from its false suggestion, as in the name of Dog's-tooth Violet (p. 420) for Adder 's-tongue, 
 is calculated to mislead as to the nature of the plant. Where no previous names in common 
 use could be found, the names given are founded on some characteristic circumstance of de- 
 scription, habitat, site or author. Names used in England have been freely availed of, but 
 the use of the same common name for different plants there and here has occasionally re- 
 quired the omission of one or the oth^er. The use of the same name for different plants has 
 been rejected, except where there is no such close affinity or resemblance between them as is 
 likely to cause confusion. 
 
 Pronunciation. 
 
 In botanical names derived from Greek or Latin words, their compounds, or derivatives, 
 the accent, according to the ordinary rule, is placed upon the penultimate syllable, if it is long 
 in Latin quantity; otherwise, upon the antepenult. Many names, however, have been given to 
 
 *The rules have been closely followed in the publications of The United States National Mu- 
 seum; the Divisions of Botany and Forestry of the United States Department of Agriculture; The 
 Missouri Botanical Garden; The Torrey Botanical Club; The University of Nebraska; The Botan- 
 ical Survey of Nebraska; The Department of Botany of Columbia University; The Geological and 
 Natural History Survey of Minnesota; The Botanical Survey of Indiana, and many other societies 
 and institutions. Also in Professor Sargent's "Silvaof North America;" Professor Underwood's 
 "Native Ferns and their Allies;" Professor Kellerman's " Plants of Ohio;" Mr. Newhall's "Shrubs 
 of Northeastern America;" and by a large number of other authors in less extensive writings. 
 
INTRODUCTION. XI 
 
 plants in honor of individuals, which, having nothing Latin about them except the terminal 
 form, and the pronunciation given to them by botanical authors being diverse, are here ac- 
 cented like the names of the persons, so far as euphony will permit. This rule is followed 
 because it is believed to agree with the prevailing usage among botanists in ordinary speech; 
 because it is in accord with the commemorative object of such names, which ought not to be 
 obscured by a forced and unnatural pronunciation; and because the test applied to words 
 properly Latin, viz., the usage of the Latin poets, cannot be applied to words of this class. 
 We therefore give Torreyi, Vaseyi, Careyi, Jamesii, Alleni, rather than Torreyi, Vaseyi, 
 Careyi, Jamesii, Alleni. 
 
 The acute accent is used to denote the short English sound only; as in bat, be"t, bid, n6t, 
 nut; the grave accent, to denote either of the other English sounds, whether long, broad or 
 open; as a in bale, ball, bar, bare, laud; e in eve, there; i in pine, pique, machine; o in note, 
 move; in pure, rude. The accent for the short or longer English sound is based upon cur- 
 rent English usage, as given in the chief English dictionaries from Walker's to the most re- 
 cent, and without reference to the supposed ancient pronunciation. 
 
 Much diversity has been found in botanical works in the accented syllable of many mod- 
 ern Latin adjectives ending in -inus, -ina, -inum, derived from Latin words. As these 
 adjectives are derived from Latin roots and are regularly formed, their pronunciation should 
 properly follow classical analogies. When signifying, or referring to, time, material, or in- 
 animate substances, they should, therefore, according to Andrews & Stoddard's rule, have the 
 penult usually short, and the accent on the antepenult; as in gossipina, cannabina, secalina, 
 salicina, amygdalina, and other adjectives derived from plant names, like the classic nard- 
 inus, cyprinus, faginus. When these adjectives have other significations than those above 
 referred to, the penult under the ordinary Latin rule is usually long and accented; as in 
 lupulina, leporina, hystricina, like the classic ursina, canina. 
 
 The Use of Capital Letters. 
 
 In accordance with the recommendations of the Committee on Nomenclature of the 
 Botanical Clnb of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, specific or var- 
 ietal names derived from persons or places, or used as the genitive of generic names or as 
 substantives, are printed with an initial capital letter. There is much difference of opinion 
 as to the desirability of this practice, many botanists, and almost all zoologists, following 
 the principle of \vriting all specific names w r ith a small initial letter. Should this custom pre- 
 vail, much information concerning the history and significance of the specific names would 
 be lost. Thus in the Tulip-tree, Liriodendron Tulipifera, the specific name Tulipifera was 
 the ancient generic name; and the same with Lythrum Salicaria, L. Hyssopifolia, L. Vul- 
 neraria, and many other species. In all other forms of writing, personal adjectives such as 
 Nuttallii, Engelnianni or Torreyi are printed with capitals. We adhere to the ordinary 
 literary usage. 
 
 Varieties 
 
 are printed as trinomials, e. g., Rynchospora glonierata paniculaia, the contraction var. or 
 the Greek letters or >i commonly inserted between the specific and varietal name being 
 dispensed with. The comma sometimes placed between the specific or varietal name and 
 the name of the author is omitted, in accordance with the opinions of the same committee. 
 
 Assistance. 
 
 Cordial acknowledgment for assistance and advice is hereby tendered to Professor Thomas 
 C. Porter, who has continuously, from the inception of the enterprise, cooperated in its exe- 
 cution by suggestion, information and the contribution of specimens, and who has read all 
 the proofs; to Mr. Eugene P. Bicknell, who has supplied many specimens and read the proof- 
 sheets; to Professor Lucien M. Underwood, for the text of the Pteridophyta; to Mr. Frederick 
 V. Coville, for the text of the Juncaceae; to Dr. John K. Small, for the text of Polygonaceae 
 and Euphorbiaceae, and for assistance and critical notes on many other families; to Mr. Geo. 
 V. Nash, for the text of the Gramineae; to Professor F. Lamson-Scribner, for supervising the 
 drawings of Gramineae, and for manuscript notes on many genera and species of that family; 
 to Mr. Arthur Hollick, for supervision of the drawings; to Mr. Edmund P. Sheldon, 
 for the text of Lemnaceae; to Mr. Charles E. Smith, for critical examination of the final 
 proof-sheets, and to many others who by the contribution of specimens or notes have facili- 
 tated the production of the work. 
 
xii , INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The text for the families Typhaceae, Sparganiaceae, Naiadaceae, Scheuchzeriaceae, Ara- 
 ceae, Eriocaulaceae, Pontederiaceae, Smilaceae and Orchidaceae, was prepared by the late 
 Rev. Thomas Morong, and has been printed with very little change from his manuscript. 
 
 Draughtsmen. 
 
 Most of the drawings have been executed by Mr. F. Emil; he has made all the figures of 
 the Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, and nearly all of the Monocotyledones, with the exception 
 of those of Gramineae, Melanthaceae, Liliaceae and Convallariaceae; also nearly all of the 
 apetalous Choripetalae, and a considerable portion of the Sympetalae. Miss Millie Timmer- 
 man ( now Mrs. Heinrich Ries ) drew the bulk of the polypetalous Choripetalae, the enlarged 
 parts being mostly inserted by Mr. Arthur Hollick; she also did some work on several of the 
 sympetalous families. Mr. Joseph Bridgham drew the Melanthaceae, Liliaceae and Conval- 
 lariaceae; also the Ericaceae, Primulaceae and several related families. Mr. Theodor Holm 
 drew most of the Gramineae. Mr. Hollick has made some drawings and numerous enlarge- 
 ments of special parts throughout the work. Miss Mary Knight and Mr. Rudolph Weber 
 have also contributed drawings. 
 
 Symbols Used. 
 
 is used after figures to indicate feet. 
 
 ' is used after figures to indicate inches. 
 
 " is used after figures to indicate lines, or twelfths of an, inch. 
 
 / over syllables indicates the accent, and the short English sound of the vowel. 
 
 \ over syllables indicates the accent, and the long, broad, open or close English sound. 
 
 NEW YORK, August I5th, 1896. 
 
ILLUSTRATED FLORA. 
 
 Subkingdom PTERIDOPHYTA * 
 
 FERNS AND FERN-ALLIES. 
 
 Plants containing woody and vascular tissues in the stem and producing 
 spores asexually, which, on germination, develop small flat mostly green struc- 
 tures called prothallia (gametophyte). On these are borne the sexual repro- 
 ductive organs, the female known as archegones, the male as antherids. From 
 the fertilization of the oosphere of the archegone by spermatozoids produced in 
 the antherids, the asexual phase (sporophyte) of the plants is developed ; this 
 phase is represented by an ordinary fern, lycopod or horsetail. 
 
 This subkingdom comprises about 4000 liviiig species, of which more than three-fourths 
 are confined to tropical regions. The number of extinct species known probably exceeds 
 those living. They appeared on the earth in the early part of the Palaeozoic Era, reached 
 their greatest abundance in Carboniferous Time, but have since been mainly replaced by 
 plants of higher organization, so that at present they form only about one-fiftieth of the 
 total flora. The time of year noted under each species indicates the season at which the 
 spores are mature. 
 
 Family i. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Presl, Pterid. 6. 1836. 
 ADDER'S-TONGUE FAMILY. 
 
 More or less succulent plants consisting of a stem and leaf growing from a 
 fleshy root. Sporanges formed of the interior tissues, naked, borne in a spike 
 or panicle and opening at maturity by a transverse slit. Spores copious, yellow. 
 Prothallium subterranean, devoid of chlorophyll. 
 
 Three genera, the following represented on both continents ; the third, Helminthostachys is 
 native of southern Asia. 
 
 Veins reticulate ; sporanges cohering in a distichous spike. i. Ophioglossum. 
 
 Veins free ; sporanges distinct, borne in spikes or panicles. 2. Botrychium. 
 
 i. OPHIOGLOSSUM L. Sp. PI. 1062. 1753. 
 
 Low plants from a small fleshy roptstock, with slender fleshy roots, the bud for the 
 following year formed at the side of the base of the stem. Leaves solitary, borne on the 
 stem, simple in our species. Spike terminal, formed of the two rows of large coalescent 
 sporanges. Veins of the leaf reticulate. Spores copious, sulphur-yellow. [Name from 
 the Greek, signifying the tongue of a snake, in allusion to the narrow spike of sporanges.] 
 
 About 10 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, three others are 
 found in the southern United States, one of them extending to California. 
 
 * Text contributed by Professor LUCIEN M. UNDERWOOD. 
 
 i 
 
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. 
 
 i. Ophioglossum vulgatum I,, 
 tongue. (Fig. i.) 
 
 Adder ' s- 
 
 Ophioglossum vulgatum I,. Sp. PI. 1062. 1753. 
 
 Rootstock short, oblique ; stem slender, erect, sim- 
 ple, glabrous, 2 / -i2 / high, bearing the sessile thin 
 ovate or elliptic-oblong leaf (sterile segment) near its 
 middle; sterile segment i / ~3 / long, X / ~ I X / wide, 
 rather firm in texture, distinctly reticulated; spike 
 solitary, >^ / -i / long, erect, the axis extending beyond 
 the sporanges into a point. 
 
 In moist meadows and thickets, or sometimes on dry 
 hillsides, Prince Edward Island to Alaska, south to New 
 Jersey, Kentucky and Arizona. Also in Europe, Asia, 
 Africa and Australia. May-Aug. 
 
 2. BOTRYCHIUM Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 2 : 8. 1800. 
 
 Fleshy plants with short erect rootstocks, and clustered fleshy roots, the bud for the 
 succeeding year imbedded in the base of the stem. Sterile portion (leaf) pinnately or ter- 
 nately divided or compound, the fertile portion pinnate or tripinnate with sessile distinct 
 sporanges in rows on either side of its branches, forming large panicles in some species. 
 Veins free. Spores of various shades of yellow. [Greek, in allusion to the grape-like 
 clusters of sporanges.] 
 
 About 10 species, mostly natives of the northern hemisphere, one or two occurring in Australia. 
 Besides the following, another, B, boreale, occurs in Alaska. 
 
 Bud for the following year enclosed in the base of the stem ; plants mostly small. 
 
 Vernation wholly straight ; sterile portion simple or 2-5-lobed. i. B. simplex. 
 
 Vernation partly inclined in one or both portions. 
 
 Buds glabrous ; sterile portion pinnate ; small plants, mature in early summer. 
 Sterile portion alone bent in vernation, its segments fan-shaped. 
 
 2. B. Ltinaria. 
 Both portions bent in vernation ; segments of sterile portion narrow. 
 
 3. B. matricariaefoliiini. 
 Bud pilose ; sterile portion ternate, long-stalked ; larger plants, mature in autumn. 
 
 4. B. ternatum. 
 Vernation wholly inclined, recurved in the fertile portion ; sterile portion triangular, sessile. 
 
 5. B. lanceolatum. 
 
 Bud enclosed in a cavity at one side of the base of the stem ; sterile portion ternate and compound ; 
 plant large. 6. B. Virginianum. 
 
 i. Botrychium simplex E. Hitchcock. 
 Ivittle Grape-fern. (Fig. 2.) 
 
 Botrychium simplex E. Hitchcock, Amer. Journ. Sci. 6 : 103. 
 1823. 
 
 Plant 2 / -7 / high, slender, very variable. Sterile por- 
 tion ovate, obovate or oblong, entire, lobed or pinnately 
 parted, borne near the base of the stem or higher, some- 
 times above the middle; fertile portion a simple or 
 slightly compound spike, sometimes reduced to only a 
 few sporanges ; spores large for the genus, minutely 
 tuberculate; bud for the following year enclosed in the 
 base of the stem ; apex of both fertile and sterile portions 
 erect in vernation. 
 
 In moist woods, meadows or swamps, Prince Edward 
 Island to Maryl-md, wast to Wyoming and California. Also 
 in northern Europe. May-June. 
 
 
ADDER'S-TONGUE FAMILY. 3 
 
 2. Botrychium Lunaria (L.) Sw. Moonwort. (Fig. 3.) 
 
 Osmunda Lunaria 1,. Sp. PI. 1064. 1753. 
 
 Bolrychium LunariaSw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 2: no. 1800. 
 
 Plant very fleshy, 2 / -i2 / high. Sterile portion 
 usually sessile, borne at or above the middle of the 
 stem, pinnate with 2-8 pairs of lunate or fan-shaped 
 lobes which vary from crenate to entire and are either 
 close and imbricated or distant ; fertile portion 2-3- 
 pinnate, often dense, i / -2 / long, often about the 
 height of the sterile ; bud for the following year glab- 
 rous, enclosed in the base of the stem ; apex only of 
 the sterile portion bent over the nearly straight fertile 
 portion in vernation. 
 
 Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Connecticut, central 
 New York, Michigan, British Columbia and in the Rocky 
 Mountains to Colorado, mostly in fields. Also in north- 
 ern Europe and Asia. June-July. 
 
 3. Botrychium matricariaefolium A. Br. 
 
 Matricary Grape-fern. (Fig. 4.) 
 
 Botrychium matricariaefolium A. Br. in Doell, Rhein. 
 Fl. 24. 1843. 
 
 Plant 2 / -i2 / high, often very fleshy. Sterile 
 portion borne above the middle of the stem, short- 
 stalked, ovate or oblong, i-2-pinnatifid or rarely 
 2-pinnate, with obtuse divisions and narrow toothed 
 segments ; midveins disappearing by continued 
 branching; fertile portion 2-3-pinnate, often much 
 branched ; spores tuberculate ; bud for the follow- 
 ing year glabrous, enclosed in the base of the stem ; 
 apex of both sterile and fertile portions turned 
 down in vernation. 
 
 In grassy woods and swamps, Nova Scotia to New 
 Jersey, west to Ohio. Also in Washington and in Eu- 
 rope. May-June. 
 
 4. Botrychium ternatum (Thunb.) Sw. Ternate Grape-fern. (Fig. 5.) 
 
 Osmunda ternata Thunb. Fl. Jap. 329. 1784. 
 Botrychium ternatum Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 2: in. 1800. 
 
 Plant 4 / -i6 / high, very fleshy, often slightly pubes- 
 cent. Sterile portion long-stalked from near the base 
 of the stem, broadly triangular, ternate, variously 
 compound, the divisions stalked ; ultimate segments 
 varying from round-reniform to ovate-lanceolate, 
 their margins entire or finely incised ; bud for the 
 following year pilose, enclosed in the base of the stem; 
 apex of both portions bent down with a slight inward 
 curve in vernation. 
 
 In moist meadows, woods and on hillsides, Nova Scotia 
 to Florida, west to California. Also in Europe, eastern 
 Asia and Australia. The sterile portion is persistent 
 through the winter. Sept. -Dec. 
 
 Varies greatly ; the large forms are known as var. aus- 
 trale, smaller forms with obliquely lanceolate segments 
 as var. obliquum, similar forms with finely dissected seg- 
 ments as var. dissecttim, and small forms with roundish- 
 reniform segments as var. lunarioides. 
 
4 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. 
 
 5. Botrychium lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.) Angs. Lance-leaved Grape-feru. 
 
 (Fig. 6.) 
 
 Osmunda lanceolata S. G. Gmel. Nov. Comment. 
 Acad. Petrop. 12: 516. 1768, 
 
 Botrychium lanceolatum Angs. Bot. Notiser, 1854 : 
 68. 1854. 
 
 Plant 3 '-9' high, somewhat fleshy. Sterile 
 portion closely sessile at the summit of the 
 stem, i' or more wide, 3-lobed or broadly trian- 
 gular and 2-pinnatifid, the ultimate segments 
 lanceolate, acute, oblique, entire or dentate ; 
 midvein continuous, with forking veinlets ; fer- 
 tile portion slightly overtopping the sterile, 
 short-stalked, 2-3-pinnate ; bud for the follow- 
 ing year glabrous, enclosed in the base of the 
 stem ; fertile portion recurved its whole length 
 with the shorter sterile portion reclined upon it 
 in vernation. 
 
 In meadows, woods and swamps, Nova Scotia to 
 Alaska, south to New Jersey, Ohio and in the 
 Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in Europe and 
 Asia. June-July. 
 
 .3. 
 4 
 
 6. Botrychium Virginianum (L.) Sw. Virginia Grape-fern. (Fig. 7.) 
 
 Osmunda Virginiana I,. Sp. PI. 1064. 1753. 
 Botrychium Virginianum Sw. Schrad. Journ. 
 
 Bot. 2 : in. 1800. 
 Botrychium gracile Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 656. 
 
 1814. 
 
 Plant 4'-2 high, the stem slender. Sterile 
 portion nearly or quite sessile above the 
 middle of the stem, spreading, thin, ternate 
 with the primary divisions pinnate to 2-pin- 
 nate and the segments i-2-pinnatifid ; ulti- 
 mate segments oblong, more or less toothed 
 near the apex ; epidermal cells flexuous ; 
 fertile portion long-stalked, 2-3-pinnate ; 
 bud for the following year pilose, enclosed 
 in a glabrous cavity at one side of the lower 
 part of the stem ; fertile portion recurved its 
 whole length, the sterile reclined upon it in 
 vernation. 
 
 In rich woods, Nova Scotia to Florida, west 
 to British Columbia and Arizona. Also in Eu- 
 rope and Asia. June-July. 
 
 Family 2. OSMUNDACEAE R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1 : 161. 1810. 
 
 ROYAI, FERN FAMILY. 
 
 Large ferns with stout often erect rootstocks, 1-2 pinnate leaves coiled in 
 vernation, the veins free, mostly forked, running to the margins of the pin- 
 nules or lobes. Sporanges large, globose, with mere traces of an elastic ring of 
 cells or none, borne on modified contracted pinnae in the typical genus ; in 
 Todea, a genus of the southern hemisphere, in clusters (sori) on the lower sur- 
 faces of the pinnules. 
 
 \ 
 
 Two living genera, Osmunda and Todea. 
 
ROYAL FERN FAMILY. 
 
 i. OSMUNDA L. Sp. PI. 1063. 1753. 
 
 Tall swamp ferns, growing in large crowns, with the fertile (spore-bearing) portions 
 very much contracted, the short-pedicelled naked sporanges on the margins of their rachis- 
 like divisions, which are destitute of chlorophyll. Veins forked, very regular and prom- 
 inent. Sporanges thin, reticulated, opening by a longitudinal cleft into two halves, a few 
 parallel thickening cells near the apex representing the rudimentary transverse ring. Spores 
 copious, green. [BYotu Osmunder, a name for the god Thor. ] 
 
 Only the following occur in North America, 
 i. O. regalis. 
 
 Six species, mostly of the north temperate zone. 
 
 Leaves bipinnate, fertile at the apex. 
 Sterile leaves bipinnatifid. 
 
 Pinnae of sterile leaf with a tuft of tomentum at base ; fertile leaf distinct from sterile. 
 
 2. O. cinnamomea. 
 Pinnae of sterile leaf without a tuft of tomentum at base ; leaves fertile in the middle. 
 
 3. O. Claytoniana. 
 
 i. Osmunda regalis L,. Royal Fern. 
 
 (Fig. 8.) 
 
 Osrnunda regal is I*. Sp. PI. 1065. 1753. 
 
 Rootstock stout, bearing a cluster of several 
 tall bipinnate leaves, 2-6 high, and ior more 
 wide. 'Sterile pinnae 6 / -i2 / long, 2'-4/ wide, 
 the pinnules oblong-ovate or lanceolate-oblong, 
 sessile or slightly stalked, glabrous, finely ser- 
 rulate, especially near the apex and occasionally 
 crenate towards the base which is truncate, 
 oblique or even cordate ; fertile pinnules liuear- 
 cyliudric, panicled at the summit, withering 
 and shrivelling with age, greenish before ma- 
 turity, but becoming dark brown after the 
 spores have fallen. 
 
 In swamps and marshes, New Brunswick to 
 Florida, west to the Northwest Territor\' and Mis- 
 sissippi. Also in Mexico, Europe and Asia. As- 
 cends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. May-July. 
 
 2. Osmunda cinnamomea 
 
 Cinnamon Fern. (Fig. 9.) 
 
 OsmiDida cinnamomea I,. Sp. PI. 1066. 1753. 
 
 Rootstock very large, widely creeping, bear- 
 ing a.circular cluster of sterile leaves with one 
 or more fertile ones within. Stipes i or more 
 long, clothed with ferruginous tomentum when 
 young, glabrous when old ; sterile leaves i-5 
 long, glabrous when mature, except a small tuft 
 of tomentum at the base of each pinna; pinnae 
 linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid into oblong 
 obtuse segments ; fertile leaf contracted, bipin- 
 nate, soon withering ; sporanges cinnamon-col- 
 ored after the copious green spores have been 
 discharged. 
 
 In wet places, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south 
 to Florida and Mexico. Forms occur with leaves 
 variously intermediate between the fertile and ster- 
 ile; some being sterile at the apex, others in the 
 middle, others on one side only. Ascends to 5600 ft. 
 in Virginia. May-June. 
 
OSMUNDACEAE. 
 
 3. Osmunda Claytoniana L,. Clayton's 
 Fern. (Fig. 10. ) 
 
 Osmunda Claytoniana I,. Sp. PI. 1066. 1753. 
 Osmunda interrupta Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 273. 
 1803. 
 
 Rootstock stout, bearing a circle of 2-pinnat- 
 ifid leaves 2-6 high, 6'-io' wide ; sterile pinnae 
 without tufts of tomentum at the base, linear- 
 lanceolate, deeply cleft into oblong obtuse seg- 
 ments, some of the leaves contracted in the 
 middle and bearing 2-5 pairs of fertile pinnate 
 pinnae with dense, cylindric divisions which are 
 greenish at first, afterwards dark brown, finally 
 withering ; leaves clothed with tomentum when 
 young, glabrous when mature, the fertile ones 
 taller than the sterile, and finally widely re- 
 curving. 
 
 In swamps and moist soil, Newfoundland to Min- 
 nesota south to North Carolina and Missouri. As- 
 cends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. Also in India. May- 
 July. 
 
 Family 3. HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Gaud, in Freyc. Voy. 262. 1826. 
 
 FILMY-FERN FAMILY. 
 
 Membranaceous, mostly small ferns with filiform or slender creeping root- 
 stocks. Leaves usually much divided. Sporanges sessile on a filiform, usually 
 elongated receptacle, surrounded by a transverse ring which opens vertically. 
 
 Two genera, Hymenophyllum I,., and the following, comprising some 200 species, very abund- 
 ant in tropical regions, a few occurring in the temperate zones. 
 
 i. TRICHOMANES L. Sp. PI. 1097. i?53- 
 
 Delicate filmy ferns, the leaves usually much divided. Sporauges flattened, surrounded 
 by a broad entire transverse ring opening vertically, sessile on the lower part of the slender 
 filiform receptacle. Receptacle surrounded by a tubular or funnel-shaped indusium which 
 is truncate or slightly 2-lipped. [Greek, in allusion to the thin hair-like segments of some 
 species.] 
 
 About 100 species, mostly of tropical regions. Besides the following, another occurs in Alabama. 
 
 i. Trichomanes radicans Sw. 
 
 Bristle-fern. (Fig. n.) 
 
 Trichomanes radicans Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 3: 1736. 
 1806. 
 
 Rootstock filiform, wiry, tomentose, creep- 
 ing. Stipes (petioles) ascending, I'-T,' 
 long, naked or nearly so ; leaves 2 '-8' long, 
 8" -i)4' wide, membranaceous, lanceolate 
 or ovate-lanceolate, 2-3-pinnatifid ; pinnae 
 ovate, obtuse, the upper side of the cuneate 
 base parallel with or appressed to the nar- 
 rowly winged rachis ; segments toothed or 
 cut into linear divisions ; indusia terminal 
 on short lobes, 1-4 on a pinnule, the mouth 
 slightly 2-lipped ; receptacle more or less 
 exserted, bristle-like, bearing the sessile 
 sporanges mostly near the base. 
 
 On wet rocks, Kentucky to Florida and Ala- 
 bama. Also in the West Indies, Mexico, trop- 
 ical America, Europe, Asia and Africa. Summer. 
 
CLIMBING FERN FAMILY. 7 
 
 Family 4. SCHIZAEACEAE Reichenb. Consp. 39. 1828. 
 
 Ferns of various habit, with simple or pinnate leaves. Sporanges borne 
 in spikes or panicles, ovoid, sessile, provided with an apical ring, opening verti- 
 cally by a longitudinal slit. 
 
 Five genera and about 75 species, the following genera represented in the north temperate 
 zone, the others tropical in distribution. 
 
 Sporanges in close 2-ranked spikes ; leaves filiform. i. Schizaea. 
 
 Sporanges in ample panicles ; pinnules palmate. 2. Lygodium. 
 
 i. SCHIZAEA J. E. Smith, Mem. Acad. Tor. 5 : 419. pi. 19. f. 9. 1793. 
 
 Small slender ferns \vith filiform or linear leaves, the fertile distinct from the sterile. 
 Sporanges sessile in close distichous spikes along the single vein of the narrow divisions of 
 the fertile leaves, provided with a complete apical ring. [Greek, in allusion to the cleft 
 leaves of some species.] 
 
 A genus of 16 species, of wide geographic distribu- 
 tion, mostly in tropical regions. 
 
 i. Schizaea pusilla Pursh. Curly-grass. 
 (Fig. 12.) 
 
 Schizaea pusilla Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 657. 1814. 
 
 Sterile leaves linear, very slender and tortuous. 
 Fertile leaves longer, 3 '-5' high, the fertile por- 
 tion terminal, consisting of about 5 pairs of 
 crowded pinnae, forming a distichous spike ; 
 sporanges ovoid or pyriform, sessile in two rows 
 along the single vein of the narrow incurved linear 
 divisions of the fertile leaf, partially concealed by 
 its incurved margins which are hooded at the apex 
 and ciliate ; ring apical, the sporanges opening by 
 a vertical slit. 
 
 In wet soil, pine barrens of New Jersey and in 
 Nova Scotia. Rare and local. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 2. LYGODIUM Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 2 : 106. 1800. 
 
 Twining or climbing ferns, the lower divisions sterile, variously stalked and lobed, the 
 fertile terminal, panicled. Sporanges ovoid, solitary or two together in the axils of imbri- 
 cated scale-like indusia, provided with an apical ring, opening vertically. Indusia fixed by 
 their broad bases to short oblique veinlets. [Greek, in allusion to the flexible stipes.] 
 
 Sixteen species, mostly of tropical distribution. 
 
 i. Lygodium palmatum (Bernh. )Sw. 
 Climbing Fern. Hartford Fern. 
 
 (Fig- I3-) 
 
 Gisopteris palmata Bernh. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 2: 129. 
 
 1800. 
 Lygodium palmatum Sw. Syn. Fil. 154. 1806. 
 
 Rootstock slender, creeping. Stipes slender, 
 flexible and twining ; leaves i-3 long, their short 
 alternate branches 2-forked, each fork bearing a 
 nearly orbicular 4-7-lobed pinnule which is more 
 or less cordate at the base with a narrow sinus ; 
 surfaces naked ; fertile pinnules contracted, sev- 
 eral times forked, forming a terminal panicle ; 
 sporanges solitary, borne on the alternate veins 
 which spring from the flexuous midvein of the 
 segments, each covered by a scale-like indusium. 
 
 In moist thickets and open woods, Massachusetts to 
 Pennsylvania, south to Florida and Tennessee. As- 
 cends to 2100 ft. in eastern Pennsylvania. Summer. 
 
8 POLYPODIACEAE. 
 
 Family 5. POLYPODIACEAE R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1 : 145. 1810, 
 
 FERN FAMILY. 
 
 Ferns of various habit, the rootstocks horizontal, often elongated, or short 
 and erect, the leaves simple, pinnate, pinnatifid or decompound, coiled in ver- 
 nation. Sporanges borne in clusters (sori) on the lower side or margins of the 
 leaves or their segments, stalked, provided with a vertical ring of cells, open- 
 ing transversely. Sori with or without a membranaceous covering (indusium). 
 Prothallium green. 
 
 About 70 genera and 3000 species of very wide geographic distribution. The family includes- 
 by far the greater number of living ferns. 
 
 Spore -bearing leaves closely rolled together, with necklace-like segments. 
 
 i. Onoclea. 
 Leaves all flat or their edges only slightly revolute. 
 
 Sori dorsal or marginal, provided with special indusia. 
 
 Sori roundish, indusja less than twice as long as broad. 
 Indusium wholly inferior. 
 
 Indusium roundish or stellate. 2. Woodsia. 
 
 Indusium cup-shaped or somewhat 2-valved. 3. Dicksonia. 
 
 Indusium partly inferior, fixed by a broad base and enclosing the sori like a hood. 
 
 4. Cystopteris. 
 
 Indusium superior, fixed by its centre or sinus. 5. Dryopteris. 
 
 Sori linear or oblong ; indusia more than twice as long as broad. 
 
 Sori in chain-like rows parallel to the midribs or rachises. 7. Woodwardia. 
 
 Sori all oblique to the midrib or rachises ; veins free. 
 
 Sori confluent in pairs with an apparently double indusium opening in the middle - t 
 
 leaf simple. 8. Scolopendrinm. 
 
 Sori single on the upper side of a veinlet or rarely crossing it. 
 
 10. Asplenium. 
 Sori partly parallel to the midrib, partly oblique; veins united. 9. Camptosorus. 
 
 Sori with marginal indusia formed of the more or less altered edge of the leaf. 
 Sporanges at the ends of veins, borne on a reflexed portion of the leaf. 
 
 11. Adiantum. 
 Sporanges borne on a continuous vein-like receptacle which connects the apices of the 
 
 veins. 12. Pteris. 
 
 Sporanges at or near the ends of unconnected veins. 
 
 Leaves of two forms ; stipes pale. 13. Cryptogramma. 
 
 Leaves uniform ; stipes usually dark colored. 
 
 Sori mostly forming a continuous indusium around the segment. 
 
 14. Pellaea. 
 Sori minute ; indusium usually interrupted, if continuous the segments small and 
 
 bead-like. 15. Cheilanlhes. 
 
 Sori without indusia. 
 
 Sori linear and marginal. 16. Notholaena. 
 
 Sori roundish or not more than twice as long as broad. 
 
 Stipes articulated to the rootstocks ; leaves in our species pinnatifid. 
 
 17. Pplypodium. 
 
 Stipes not articulated to the rootstocks ; leaves in our species 2-3-pinnatifid or ternate. 
 
 6. Phegopteris. 
 
 i. ONOCLEA L. Sp. PI. 1062. 1753. 
 
 Coarse ferns with the fertile leaves closely rolled up into necklace-like or berry-like 
 segments, and entirely unlike the broad pinnatifid sterile ones. Sori round, borne on the 
 back of the veins. Indusium very thin and membranous, hemispheric or hood-shaped, fixed 
 at the inferior side of the sorus. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a dorsal ring, burst- 
 ing transversely. Fertile leaves unrolling at maturity, allowing the spores to escape, and 
 remaining long after the sterile leaves have been killed by frost. [Name ancient, not 
 originally applied to these plants.] 
 
 Three species, natives of cold and temperate regions. Only the following are known to occur 
 in North America. 
 
 Fertile leaf bipinnate ; veins anastomosing, i. O. sensibilis. 
 
 Fertile leaf simply pinnate ; veins free. 2. O. Strutliiopteris. 
 
FERN FAMILY 
 
 i. Onoclea sensibilis L. Sensitive Fern. 
 (Fig. 14.) 
 
 Onoclea sensibilis L. Sp. PI. 1062. 1753. 
 
 Rootstock rather slender, copiously rooting ; fer- 
 tile leaves i-2^ high, persistent over winter, 
 much contracted, and with short pinnules rolled 
 up into berry-like closed involucres forming a nar- 
 row panicle ; sterile leaves i-4>2 high, broadly 
 triangular, deeply pinnatifid, the segments lanceo- 
 late-oblong, entire, undulate, or the lower pairs 
 sinuate-pinnatifid ; veins freely anastomosing ; low- 
 est segments tapering both ways from the middle ; 
 veins forming a somewhat regular series of semi- 
 elliptic areoles next the midvein and numerous 
 smaller areoles between this series and the margin. 
 
 In moist soil, Newfoundland and Ontario to the 
 Northwest Territory, south to Florida, Louisiana and 
 Kansas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. Various in- 
 termediate forms between the sterile and fertile leaves 
 occur. Sensitive to early frosts. Aug. -Nov. 
 
 2. Onoclea Struthiopteris (L,. ) Hoffm. 
 Ostrich Fern. (Fig. 15.) 
 
 Osmnnda Struthiopteris L. Sp. PI. 1066. 1753. 
 
 Onoclea Siruthiopteris Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 2 : n. 
 
 1795- 
 
 Rootstock stout, ascending, bearing a circle 
 of sterile leaves with, one or more fertile ones 
 within. Fertile leaves i-i*4 high, simply 
 pinnate with necklace-shaped pinnae which are 
 formed of the closely revolute margins ; sori 
 crowded and confluent ; sterile leaves 2--j 
 high, 6 / -i5 / wide, broadly lanceolate, pin- 
 nate, much the broadest above the middle and 
 gradually tapering below, the lower pinnae 
 being gradually much reduced ; veins pin- 
 nate, free and simple ; texture firm ; rootstocks 
 stoloniferous. 
 
 In moist thickets, especially along streams, Nova 
 Scotia to New Jersey, west to British Columbia and 
 Illinois. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Vermont. Also in 
 Europe and Asia. July-Oct. 
 
 2. WOODSIA R. Br. Trans. Linn. Soc. n : 170. 1812. 
 
 Small or medium-sized ferns, growing in rocky places, with i-2-pinnate or pinnatifid 
 leaves and round sori borne on the backs of simply forked free veins. Indusia inferior, 
 thin and often evanescent, roundish or stellate, either small and open or early bursting at 
 the top into irregular lobes or segments. Stipes often jointed above the base and separating 
 at the joint. [Name in honor of Joseph Woods, 1776-1864, English architect and botanist.] 
 
 About 15 species, natives of temperate and cold regions. Besides the following, another oc- 
 curs in the southwestern United States. 
 Indusium minute or evanescent, flat, concealed beneath the sorus, its margin cleft into slender 
 
 hair-like segments. 
 
 Stipes obscurely jointed near the base; cilia of the indusium inflexed over the sporanges. 
 Leaves with more or less rusty chaff underneath. i. W. Ilvensis. 
 
 Leaves glabrous or nearly so. 
 
 Leaf lanceolate, not tapering below; pinnae cordate-ovate, 5-7-lobed. 2. W. alpina. 
 Leaf linear or linear-oblong, often tapering both ways; pinnae deltoid. 3. W. glabella. 
 Stipes not jointed; cilia of the indusium very short, hidden by the sporanges. 
 
 Puberulent; indusium deeply cleft, ending in hairs with cylindric cells. 4. IV. scopnlina. 
 Leaves and stipes glabrous ; indusium divided to centre into beaded hairs. 5. W. Oregana. 
 Indusium distinct, at first enclosing the sporanges, splitting into jagged lobes. 6. W. obtusa. 
 
10 
 
 POLYPODIACEAE. 
 
 i. Woodsia Ilvensis (I,.) R. Br. Rusty Woodsia. (Fig. 16.) 
 
 Acrostichum Ilvense L- Sp. PI. 1071. 1753. 
 
 Woodsia Ilvensis R. Br. Trans. Linn. Soc. n 
 1812. 
 
 173- 
 
 Rootstock short, caespitose. Leaves lanceolate, 4'- 
 10' long, pinnate, glabrous above, more or less covered 
 with rusty chaff beneath, as are also the slender stipes ; 
 pinnae crowded, sessile, pinnately parted, the crowded 
 segments oblong, obscurely crenate ; stipes jointed 
 near the base ; sori borne near the margins of the 
 segments, somewhat confluent when old ; indusium 
 minute, concealed beneath the sorus, its margin cleft 
 into filiform segments which are inflexed over the 
 sporanges and inconspicuous, especially when the 
 latter have scattered their spores. 
 
 On exposed rocks, Labrador and Greenland to the 
 Northwest Territory, south to North Carolina and Ken- 
 tucky. Ascends to 5000 ft. in New Hampshire. Also in 
 Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 2. Woodsia alpina (Bolton) S. F. Gray. 
 Alpine Woodsia. (Fig. 17.) 
 
 Acrostichum alpimim Bolton, Fil. Brit. 76. 1790. 
 Acrostichum hyperboreum Liljeb. Act. Stockh. 201. 
 
 1793- 
 Woodsia hyperborea R. Br. Trans. Linn. Soc. ii: 173. 
 
 1812. 
 Woodsia alpina S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 2: 17. 
 
 1821. 
 
 Rootstock short, caespitose. Leaves narrowly ob- 
 long-lanceolate, 2 / -6 / long, 8 / '- 1 2 X/ wide, scarcely 
 narrower below the middle ; pinnae cordate-ovate 
 or triangular-ovate, pinnately s-y-lobed, glabrous 
 or very nearly so on both surfaces ; stipes jointed 
 near the base ; sori somewhat scattered on the seg- 
 ments ; indusium as in the preceding species. 
 
 On moist rocks, Labrador to Alaska, south to Maine, 
 northern New York and western Ontario. Ascends to 
 4200 ft. in Vermont. July-Aug. 
 
 3. Woodsia glabella R. Br. Smooth 
 Woodsia. (Fig. 18). 
 
 Woodsia glabella R. Br. App. Franklin's Journ. 754. 
 1823. 
 
 Rootstock small, caespitose. Stipes obscurely 
 jointed at the base ; leaves linear or narrowly lan- 
 ceolate, z'-*,' long, 4 X/ 8 /x wide ; pinnae deltoid to 
 ovate, the lower remote, obtuse, crenately lobed, 
 often somewhat smaller than the middle ones, 
 glabrous or nearly so ; sori scattered on the seg- 
 ments ; indusium minute, membranous, with 6-10 
 radiating segments, covered by the sporanges, its 
 filamentous segments only inflexed over them 
 when young as in the two preceding species. 
 
 On moist rocks, Labrador to Alaska, south to New 
 Hampshire, Vermont, northern New York and the 
 north shore of Lake Superior. Also in arctic and 
 alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
FERN FAMILY. 
 
 II 
 
 4. Woodsia scopulina D. C. Eaton. 
 Rocky Mountain Woodsia. (Fig. 19.) 
 
 U'oodsia scopulina D. C. Eaton, Can. Nat. 2: go. 
 1865. 
 
 Rootstock short, creeping, densely chaffy. Stipes 
 z f ~4' long, not jointed, puberulent like the rachis 
 and lower surface of the leaf with minute flattened 
 hairs and stalked glands; leaves lanceolate, 6 / -i2 / 
 long, tapering from about the middle to both ends ; 
 pinnae numerous, oblong-ovate, pinnatifid into 
 10-16 oblong toothed segments ; indusium hidden 
 beneath the sporanges, very deeply cleft into short 
 cilia with cylindric cells 
 
 In crevices of rocks, northern Minnesota and west- 
 ern Ontario to Oregon, south in the Rocky Mountains 
 to Arizona and in the Sierra Nevada to California. 
 Summer. 
 
 5. Woodsia Oregana D. C. Eaton. Oregon Woodsia. (Fig. 20.) 
 
 U'oodsia Oregana D. C. Eaton, Can. Nat. 2 : 90. 1865. 
 U'oodsia obi lisa var. Lyallii Hook. Syn. Fil. 48. 1868. 
 
 Rootstock short. Stipes and leaves glabrous 
 throughout ; stipes not jointed, brownish below ; 
 leaves 2 / -io / long, elliptic-lanceolate, the sterile 
 shorter than the fertile ; pinnae triangular-oblong, 
 obtuse, pinnatifid ; lower pinnae reduced in size 
 and somewhat remote from the others ; rachis 
 straw-colored ; segments oblong or ovate, dentate 
 or crenate, the teeth often reflexed and covering 
 the submarginal sori ; indusia minute, concealed 
 by the sporanges, divided almost to the centre into 
 a few beaded hairs 
 
 On rocks, northern Michigan and Minnesota and 
 Manitoba to British Columbia, south in the Rocky 
 Mountains to Arizona and in the Sierra Nevada to Cal- 
 ifornia. July-Aug. 
 
 6. Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. 
 
 Polypodium obtusitm Spreng. Anleit. 92. 1804. 
 Hypopeltis obtusa Torr. Comp. 380. 1824. 
 
 Woodsia obtusa Torr. Cat. PI. in Geol. Rep. N. Y. 195. 
 1840. 
 
 Rootstock short, creeping. Stipes not jointed, 
 pale green, 3 / -6 / long ; leaves broadly lanceolate, 
 6'-i5 / long, minutely glandular-pubescent, nearly 
 2-pinnate ; pinnae rather remote, triangular-ovate, 
 or oblong, pinnately parted into obtuse oblong 
 crenate-dentate segments ; veins forked and bear- 
 ing the sori on or near the minutely toothed lobes ; 
 iudusium conspicuous, at first enclosing the spor- 
 anges, at length splitting into several jagged lobes, 
 which are much wider than those in any of the pre- 
 ceding species. 
 
 On rocks, Nova Scotia (according to Macoun) and 
 Maine to northern New York, Wisconsin and British 
 Columbia, south to Georgia, Alabama, the Indian Ter- 
 ritory and Arizona. Ascends to 2200 ft. in Yirgfinia. 
 July-Aug. 
 
 Blunt-lobed Woodsia. (Fig. 21.) 
 
12 
 
 POLYPODIACEAE. 
 
 3. DICKSONIA L/Her. Sertum Angl. 30. 1788. 
 
 L-arge ferns with 2-3-pinnatifid leaves, and creeping or erect rootstocks, many tropical 
 species arborescent. Sori small, globular, marginal or submargiual. Sporanges borne in 
 an elevated globular receptacle, enclosed in the membranous cup-shaped inferior indusium 
 which is open at the top and on the outer side adherent to a reflexed toothlet of the leaf. 
 Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a vertical ring which bursts transversely. Veins always 
 free. [Name in honor of James Dickson, English nurseryman and botanist, 1738-1822.] 
 
 About 50 species, of wide distribution, the greater number in tropical America and Polynesia.. 
 
 i. Dicksonia punctilobula (Michx. ) A. Gray. Hay-scented Fern. (Fig. 22.) 
 
 Nephrodium punctilobulum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 
 
 268. 1803. 
 
 Dicksonia pilosiuscula Willd. IJnum. 1076. 1809. 
 Dicksonia punctilobula A. Gray, Man. 628. 1848. 
 
 Rootstock slender, extensively creeping, not 
 chaffy. Stipes stout, chaffless, pale green and 
 sweet-scented ; leaves i-3 long, 5 / ~9 / wide, ovate- 
 lanceolate, acute or acuminate, frequently long- 
 attenuate, usually 3-pinnatifid, thin and delicate ; 
 rachis and under surface minutely glandular and 
 pubescent; sori minute, each on a recurved tooth- 
 let, usually one at the upper margin of each lobe ; 
 sporanges few; indusium cup-shaped with a delicate 
 membranous irregular margin. 
 
 In various situations, most abundant on open hill- 
 sides, New Brunswick and Ontario to Indiana and Min- 
 nesota (according to Upham), south to Alabama and 
 Tennessee. Ascends to 5600 ft. in Virginia. Aug. 
 
 4. CYSTOPTERIS Bernh. Schrad. Neues Journ. Bot. i: Part 2, 26. 1806, 
 
 Delicate rock ferns with slender stipes, 2-4-pinnate leaves, and roundish sori borne on 
 the backs of the veins. Indusium membranous, hood -like, attached by a broad base on 
 its inner side and partly under the sorus, early opening and somewhat evanescent. Veins 
 free. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a transversely bursting vertical ring. [Greek, 
 signifying Bladder- fern, in allusion to the inflated indusium.] 
 
 Five species, natives of the north temperate zone. Only the following known in North America. 
 
 leaves ovate -lanceolate or lanceolate, 2~3-pinnate. 
 
 Leaves broadest at base, long-tapering, bearing bulblets beneath. i. C. bulbifera. 
 
 Leaves scarcely broader at base, short-pointed; no bulblets. 2. C. fragilis. 
 
 Leaves deltoid-ovate, 3-4-pinnate. 3. C. monlana. 
 
 i. Cystopteris bulbifera (I,.) Bernh. 
 Bulblet Cystopteris. (Fig. 23.) 
 
 Poly podium bulbiferum L- Sp. PI. 1091. 1753. 
 
 Cystopteris bulbifera Bernh. Schrad. Neues Journ. 
 Bot. i: Part 2, 26. 1806. 
 
 Rootstock short, copiously rooting. Stipes 4 / -6 / 
 long, light colored; leaves elongated, lanceolate 
 from a broad base, i-2^ long, 2-3-pinnatifid or 
 pinnate ; pinnules crowded, toothed or pinnatifid ; 
 rachis wingless, commonly bearing underneath in 
 the axils of the pinnae and segments, large fleshy 
 bulblets which fall away and propagate the plant; 
 indusia short, truncate on the free side, early 
 thrown back and withering so that the sori appear 
 naked at maturity. 
 
 On wet rocks and in ravines, especially on limestone, 
 Quebec to Wisconsin, south to Tennessee and Arkansas. 
 Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. July-Aug. 
 
FERN FAMILY. 13 
 
 2. Cystopteris fragilis (I,.) Bernh. Brittle Fern. (Fig. 24.) 
 
 folypodiu m fragile L. Sp. PI. 1091. 1753. 
 
 Cystopteris fragilis Bernh. Schrad. Neues 
 Journ. Bot. i : Part 2, 27. 1806. 
 
 Rootstock short. Stipes 4 / -8 / long ; leaves 
 thin, oblong-lanceolate, only slightly taper- 
 ing below, 4 / -io / long, 2-3-pinnatifid or pin- 
 nate ; pinnae lanceolate-ovate, irregularly 
 pinnatifid, with a broad central space and 
 bluntly or sharply toothed segments decur- 
 rent along the margined or winged rachis, 
 without bulblets ; indusia narrow or acute 
 at the free end, early withering and exposing 
 the sori which finally appear naked ; texture 
 membranous. 
 
 On rocks and in moist grassy woods, New- 
 foundland to Alaska, south to Georgia and Ari- 
 zona. Also in South and Central America, 
 Europe, Asia and New Zealand ; almost cosmo- 
 politan in distribution. Ascends to 5000 ft. in 
 New Hampshire. May-July. 
 
 3. Cystopteris montana (L,am.) Bernh. Mountain Cystopteris. (Fig. 25.) 
 
 Polypodium montanum Lam. Fl. France., i : 
 23. 1778. 
 
 Cystopteris montana Bernh. Schrad. Neues 
 Journ. Bot. i : Part 2, 26. 1806. 
 
 Rootstock slender, widely creeping. Stipes 
 6 / ~9 / long, slender ; leaves deltoid-ovate, 3-4- 
 pinnate, about 6 / long and broad, the lowest 
 pinnae deltoid-lanceolate and much larger 
 than the upper, their inferior pinnules 
 i / -iX / long ; segments deeply divided into 
 oblong lobes, deeply toothed ; sori numer- 
 ous ; indusia acute, soon withering, expos- 
 ing the sori and causing them to appear 
 naked at maturity. 
 
 On rocks, Labrador and Quebec to British 
 Columbia, south to the north shore of Lake Su- 
 perior, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. 
 Also in northern Europe and Asia. Aug. 
 
 5. DRYOPTERIS Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 20. 1763. 
 
 [ASPIDIUM Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 2 : 4. 1800.] 
 
 Ferns with i-3-pinnate or pinnatifid leaves and round sori usually borne on the backs of 
 the veins, the fertile and sterile leaves similar in outline. Indusium flat or flattish, orbicular 
 and peltate or cordate-reuiform, superior, fixed by its sinus or depressed centre. Stipe con- 
 tinuous, not jointed with the rootstock. Sporanges abundant, pedicelled, the vertical ring 
 bursting transversely. Veins free in the northern species, uniting occasionally or even freely 
 in some of the southern. [Greek, signifying Oak-fern, in allusion to the forest habitat of 
 most species.] 
 
 About 350 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following some 10 others 
 occur in the southern and western parts of North America. The first three species are sometimes 
 separated as a distinct genus. (Polystichmti Roth, 1797.) 
 
POLYPODIACEAE. 
 
 1. D. Lonchitis. 
 
 2. D. acrostichoid.es. 
 
 3. D. Braunii. 
 
 leaves pinnatifid. 
 
 4. D. Noveboracensis. 
 
 5. D. Thelypteris. 
 
 6. D. simulata. 
 
 7. D, fragrans. 
 
 8. D. cristata. 
 
 9. D. Goldieana. 
 
 10. D. marginalis. 
 
 11. D. Filix-mas. 
 
 Indusium orbicular, entire, peltate, fixed by the depressed centre. 
 Leaves once pinnate. 
 
 Stipes short ; lower pinnae much reduced. 
 Stipes longer ; lower pinnae usually little reduced. 
 Leaves bipinnate. 
 
 Indusium cordate -reniform or orbicular, fixed by the sinus. 
 Texture thin-membranous ; veins simple or once forked : 
 Lower pinnae very much reduced. 
 Lower pinnae little smaller than the middle ones. 
 
 Veins i-2-forked ; sori crowded, 10- 12 to a segment. 
 Veins simple ; sori larger, distinct, 4-10 to a segment. 
 Texture firmer, sometimes subcoriaceous ; veins forking freely. 
 Leaves 2-pinnatifid or 2-pinnate ; segments not spinulose. 
 Leaves small, narrowly lanceolate. 
 Leaves larger, mostly i l A-5 high. 
 Indusia large, thinnish and flat. 
 Pinnae widest at the base. 
 Pinnae widest at the middle. 
 Indusia convex, without marginal glands. 
 Sori near the margin. 
 Sori near the midvein. 
 Leaves 2-pinnate or 3-pinnatifid ; segments spinulose-toothed. 
 
 Leaves ovate -lanceolate, usually not narrowed below ; scales of stipes usually with a 
 
 dark centre. 12. D. spinulosa. 
 
 Leaves elongated-lanceolate, usually narrowed at the base ; scales of the stipes pale 
 brown. 13. D. Boottii. 
 
 i. Dryopteris Lonchitis (L,. ) Kuntze. Holly-fern. (Fig. 26.) 
 
 Polypodium Lonchitis L. Sp. PI. 1088. 1753. 
 As'pidium LonchifisSw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 2: 30. 1800. 
 Dryopteris Lonchitis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 813. 1891. 
 
 Rootstock short, stout, densely chaffy. Stipes 
 i / -5 / long, bearing large dark brown scales with 
 some smaller ones ; leaves rigid, coriaceous, ever- 
 green, narrowly lanceolate in outline, once pinnate; 
 pinnae broadly lanceolate-falcate, I'-a' long, acute 
 or acuminate at the apex, strongly auricled on the 
 upper side at the base and obliquely truncate on 
 the lower, densely spinulose-dentate, the lowest 
 commonly triangular and shorter ; sori large, at 
 length contiguous, borne nearer the margin than 
 the midrib, commonly quite close to the margin ; 
 indusium orbicular, entire, fixed by its depressed 
 centre. 
 
 On rocks, Labrador to Alaska, south to Ontario and 
 British Columbia, and in the Rocky Mountains to 
 Utah. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Aug. 
 
 2. Dryopteris acrostichoides (Michx.) Kuntze. Christmas Fern. (Fig. 27.) 
 \\ Aft 
 
 Nephrodium acrostichoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 267. 
 
 1803. 
 
 Aspidium acrostichoides Sw. Syn. Fil. 44. 1806. 
 Dryopteris acrostichoides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 812. 1891. 
 
 Rootstock stout, creeping. Stipes 5 / ~7 / long, 
 densely chaffy; leaves lanceolate in outline, 6 / -2long, 
 3 / ~5 / wide, rigid, evergreen, subcoriaceous, once pin- 
 nate ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, somewhat falcate, \'-$ r 
 long, acutish at the apex, half halberd-shaped at the 
 base, bristly with appressed teeth, the lower little 
 smaller, sometimes deflexed ; fertile fronds contracted 
 at the summit, bearing the large contiguous sori near 
 the middle, which soon cover the whole lower sur- 
 face ; indusium orbicular, entire, fixed by its depressed 
 centre, persistent. 
 
 In woods and on hillsides, most abundant in rocky 
 places, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to Florida, west 
 to Ontario, Wisconsin and Mississippi. Ascends to 2700 
 ft. in Maryland. July- Aug. 
 
 Forms with cut-lobed or incised pinnae are known as 
 var. Schweinitzii ; occasional forms are 2-pinnatifid. 
 
FERN FAMILY. 
 
 1-5 
 
 3. Dryopteris Braunii (Spenner) Underw. Brauii's Holly-fern. (Fig. 28.) 
 
 Aspidium Braunii Spenner, Fl. Frib. i : 9. 1825. 
 Aspidium aculealum van Braunii Doell, Rhein. Fl. 
 
 21. 1843. 
 Drvopteris acnleata var. Braunii Underw. Native 
 
 Ferns, Ed. 4, 112. 1893. 
 
 Rootstock stout. Stipes 4 / ~5 / long, chaffy with 
 both broad and narrow brown scales ; leaves ob- 
 long-lanceolate, not coriaceous, 2 pinnate, the 
 rachis chaffy, at least below ; pinnae numerous, 
 close together, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 
 broadest at the base, cut to the midvein into ovate 
 or oblong pinnules ; middle pinnae 2X / ~4 / long, 
 the lower gradually shorter ; pinnules truncate and 
 nearly rectangular at the base, acute or obtuse, 
 sharply toothed and beset with long soft hairs and 
 scales ; sori small, mostly nearer the midvein than 
 the margin ; indusium ^orbicular, peltate, entire. 
 
 In rocky woods, Quebec to Alaska, south to Maine, 
 the mountains of Pennsylvania, and to Michigan and 
 British Columbia. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Vermont. Aug. 
 
 Dryopteris Noveboracensis (L,.) A. Gray. New York Fern. (Fig. 29.) 
 
 Polypodium Noveboracense L,. Sp. PI. 1091. 1753. 
 Aspidium Noveboracense Sw. Syn. Fil. 55. 1806. 
 Dryopteris Noveboracensis A. Gray, Man. 630. 184.8. 
 
 Rootstock slender, widely creeping. Leaves 
 lanceolate, tapering both ways from the middle, 
 i-2 long, 4 / -6 / wide, membranous, long-acumi- 
 nate at the apex, once pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, 
 sessile, long-acuminate, deeply pinnatifid, ciliate 
 and finely pubescent beneath, i>^ / -3 / long, the 
 two or more lower pairs gradually shorter and de- 
 flexed, commonly distant ; segments flat, oblong, 
 obtuse, the basal ones often enlarged ; veins simple 
 or those of the basal lobes forked ; sori not con- 
 fluent, borne near the margin ; indusium minute, 
 reniform, delicate, gland-bearing, fixed by its sinus. 
 
 In moist woods and thickets, Newfoundland to On- 
 tario and Minnesota, south to North Carolina and 
 Arkansas. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. Sometimes 
 sweet-scented in drying. July-Sept. 
 
 5. Dryopteris Thelypteris (Iy. ) A. Gray. Marsh Shield-fern. (Fig. 30.) 
 
 Acrostichum Thelypteris L. Sp. PI. 1071. 1753. 
 Aspidium Thelypteris Sw.Schrad. Journ.Bot.2: 40. 1800. 
 Dryopteris Thelypleris A. Gray, Man. 630. 1848. 
 
 Rootstock slender, creeping. Leaves lanceolate 
 or oblong-lanceolate, scarcely narrower at the base 
 than at the middle, i-2^ long, 4 / -6 / wide, short- 
 acuminate at the apex, membranous, once pin- 
 nate ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, short-stalked or 
 sessile, mostly horizontal, acuminate at the apex, 
 nearly truncate at the base, i> / -3 / long, slightly 
 pubescent beneath, deeply pinnatifid ; segments ob- 
 long, obtuse or appearing acute from the strongly 
 revolute margins ; veins regularly once or twice 
 forked; sori crowded, 10-12 to each segment; 
 indusia reniform, slightly glandular or glabrous. 
 
 In marshes and wet woods, rarely in dry soil, New 
 Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Florida, Louisiana 
 and Kansas. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Vermont. Also in 
 Europe and Asia, Summer. 
 
i6 
 
 POLYPODIACEAE. 
 
 6. Dryopteris simulata Davenp. Massachusetts Shield-fern. (Fig. 31.) 
 
 Aspidinm simulatum Davenp. Bot. Gaz.ip : 495. 1894- 
 Dryopteris simulata Davenp. Bot. Gaz. 19 : 497. 1894. 
 As synonym. 
 
 Rootstock wide-creeping, slender, brownish ; 
 stipes 6 / -2o / long, straw-colored, dark brown at 
 base, with deciduous scales; leaves 8 / -2o / long, 
 2 / -7 / wide, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to an acu- 
 minate apex (abruptly tapering in the fertile leaf), 
 little or not at all narrowed at the base; pinnae 12- 
 20 pairs, lanceolate, pinnatifid, the segments ob- 
 liquely oblong, obtuse, entire, slightly revolute in 
 the fertile leaf; surfaces finely pubescent, especi- 
 ally near the midribs ; texture rather thin; veins 
 simple, nearly straight ; sori rather large, somewhat 
 distant, 4-10 to each segment ; indusia finely glan- 
 dular at the margins, withering-persistent. 
 
 In woodland swamps, New Hampshire to the Indian 
 Territory. Close to the preceding species. Summer. 
 
 7. Dryopteris fragrans (I,.) Schott. 
 Fragrant Shield-fern. (Fig. 32.) 
 
 Polypodium fragrans L,. Sp. PI. 1089. 1753. 
 
 Aspidium fragrans Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 2 : 35. 1800. 
 
 Dryopteris fragrans Schott, Gen. Fil. 1834. 
 
 Rootstock stout, chaffy with brown shining scales. 
 Stipes 2 / -4 / long, chaffy ; leaves lanceolate, firm, glan- 
 dular and aromatic, pinnate or nearly 2-pinnate, 
 acuminate at apex, narrowed to the base, 3 / -i2 / long ; 
 pinnae deeply pinnatifid, numerous, lanceolate, acute, 
 _}^ / -i^ / long; segments oblong, obtuse, dentate or 
 nearly entire, nearly covered by the large sori ; in- 
 dusium thin, nearly orbicular, persistent long after 
 the sporauges have matured, its margin ragged and 
 sparingly gland-bearing, the sinus narrow. 
 
 On rocks, Labrador to Alaska, south to Maine, Vermont, 
 the Adirondack Mountains and Wisconsin. Ascends to 
 4000 ft. in Vermont. Also in Greenland, Europe and Asia. 
 
 8. Dryopteris cristata (L. ) A. Gray. 
 Crested Shield-fern. (Fig. 33.) 
 
 /'olrpiidhon cristatum L,. Sp. PI. 1090. 1753. 
 Aspidium cristatum Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 2: 37. 1800. 
 Dryopteris cristata A. Gray, Man. 631. 1848. 
 
 Rootstock stout, creeping, densely chaffy. Stipes 
 of the sterile leaves 2 / -5 / long, those of the fertile 
 6 / -io / long ; leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, 
 acuminate at the apex, gradually and slightly nar- 
 rowed to the base, rather firm, i-2} long, 4 / -6 / 
 wide, pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate or triangular- 
 ovate, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid or the lower 
 pinnate, the segments 6-10 pairs, serrate or incised; 
 sori about midway between the margin and midrib; 
 indusium thin, orbicular- reniform, glabrous. 
 
 In wet woods and swamps, Newfoundland to Mani- 
 toba, south to Kentucky and Arkansas. Ascends to 2700 
 ft. in Maryland. Also in Europe and Asia. July- Aug. 
 
 Dryopteris cristata Clintoniana (D. C. Eaton) Underw. Native Ferns, Ed. 4, 115. 1893. 
 Aspidium cristatnm var. Clintonianum D. C. Eaton in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 665. 1867. 
 
 Leaves 2%-^ long, with oblong-lanceolate pinnae, which are broadest at the base and 4'-6' 
 long ; segments 8-16 pairs, linear-oblong, obscurely serrate ; veins pinnately forking, bearing the 
 sori near the midvein. Maine and Ontario to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. 
 
FERN FAMILY. 
 
 xj. Dryopteris Goldieana (Hook.) A. Gray. Goldie's Fern. (Fi 
 
 Aspidiion Goldieanum Hook. Edinb. Philos. Journ. 6: 
 
 ^33. 1822. 
 Dryopteris Goldiana A. Gray, Man. 631. 1848. 
 
 Rootstock stout, widely creeping, chaffy. Stipes 
 ic'-iS' long, chaffy at least below ; leaves broadly 
 ovate, rather firm, 2-4 long, usually i or more 
 wide, glabrous or nearly so, dark green above, pin- 
 nate or nearly 2-pinnate ; lower pinnae broadly 
 lanceolate, widest at about the middle, G'-C)' 
 long, i '-2' wide, pinnately parted into about 20 
 pairs of oblong-linear subfalcate segments which 
 are serrate with appressed teeth ; sori very near 
 the midrib, close together but distinct, large ; in- 
 dusium orbicular, fixed by its narrow sinus, glab- 
 rous, persistent. 
 
 In rich woods, New Brunswick to Minnesota, south 
 to North Carolina and Tennessee. Ascends to 5000 ft. 
 in Virginia and to 2500 ft. in Vermont. July-Aug. 
 
 10. Dryopteris marginalis (L,. ) A. Gray. Evergreen Wood- fern. (Fig. 35.) 
 
 ]\>l\'podiu>n inarffinale'L,. Sp. PI. 1091. 1753. 
 Aspidiinii marifinalc Sw. Syn. Fil. 50. 1806. 
 
 inalis A. Gray, Man. 632. 1848. 
 
 Rootstock stout, ascending, densely chaffy with dark 
 brown shining scales. Stipes 3 / -8 / long, chaffy below; 
 leaves borne in a crown, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceo- 
 late in outline, subcoriaceous, 6 x -2^ long, pinnate or 
 2-pinnate, acuminate at the apex, slightly narrowed at 
 the base ; pinnae numerous, lanceolate, nearly sessile, 
 glabrous, 2 / -5 / long, the lower broader and shorter 
 than the middle ones, the upper piunatifid, the lower 
 pinnately parted into oblong, sometimes slightly fal- 
 cate obtuse entire dentate or pinuately lobed pinnules ; 
 sori distinct, close to the margin, covered by the glab- 
 rous indusium which is fixed by its sinus. 
 
 In rocky woods and on banks, Prince Edward Island to 
 the Northwest Territory, south to Alabama and Arkansas. 
 Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. A hybrid with D. cristata 
 is described. Leaves evergreen. July-Aug. 
 
 ii. Dryopteris Filix -M as (L,. ) Schott. Male Fern. (Fig. 36. ) 
 
 Filix-mas L. Sp. PI. 1090. 1753. 
 
 Aspidium Filix-mas Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 2: 38. 1800. 
 Dryopteris Filix-mas Schott, Gen. Fil. 1834. 
 
 Rootstock stout, ascending or erect, chaffy. Stipes 
 4'-6' long, very chaffy below ; leaves broadly oblong- 
 lanceolate, acute, or acuminate at the apex, slightly 
 narrowed to the base, i-3 long, rather firm, half 
 evergreen, pinnate or partly 2-pinnate ; pinnae lanceo- 
 late, broadest at the base, gradually acuminate to the 
 apex, 3 / -6 / long, pinnatifid almost to the rachis or 
 pinnately divided into oblong glabrous lobes or pin- 
 nules ; pinnules slightly dentate, incised or nearly en- 
 tire; sori large, borne near the midvein, more numerous 
 on the lower halves of the segments ; indusium firm, 
 convex, glabrous, orbicular-reniform, fixed by its sinus. 
 
 In rocky woods, Labrador to Alaska, south to northern 
 Michigan and British Columbia, and in the Rocky Moun- 
 tains to Arizona. Also in Greenland, Europe and Asia, 
 and in the Andes of South America. Aug. The rootstock 
 of this and the preceding species furnish the drug Filix- 
 mas, used as a vermifuge. 
 
18 
 
 POLYPODIACEAE. 
 
 12. Dryopteris spinulosa (Retz) Kuntze. Spinulose Shield-fern. (Fig. 37.)' 
 
 Polypodium spinulosum Retz, Fl. Scand. Ed. 2, 250. 1795. 
 Aspidium spinulosum Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 2:38. 1800. 
 Dryopteris spinulosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 813. 1891. 
 
 Rootstock stout, chaffy. Stipes 6 / -i8 / long, bearing 
 a few pale brown deciduous scales ; leaves ovate-lan- 
 ceolate, 2-pinnate, the pinnae oblique to the rachis, 
 elongated-triangular, rather thin, the lower pairs 
 broadly triangular, slightly shorter than the middle 
 ones ; pinnules oblique to the midrib, connected by a 
 very narrow wing, oblong, incised or pinnatifid with 
 spinulose-toothed lobes ; indusium glabrous, orbicular- 
 reniform, fixed by its sinus. 
 
 In rich woods, Newfoundland to Alaska and Washing- 
 ton, south to Kentucky and Michigan. Ascends to 5000 
 ft. in Virginia. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 
 
 Dryopteris spinulosa intermedia (Muhl.) Underw. 
 Native Ferns, Ed. 4. 116 (1893). 
 
 Aspidium intermedium Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 5: 262. 1810. 
 
 Dryopteris intermedia A. Gray, Man. 630. 1848. 
 
 Aspidium spinulosum var. intermedium D. C. Eaton in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 665. 1867. 
 
 Scales of the stipes few, brown with a darker centre ; leaves oblong-ovate, 2-3-pinnate, the 
 pinnae oblong-lanceolate, spreading, the lowest unequally triangular-ovate ; pinnules crowded, pin- 
 nately divided ; indusium delicate, beset with stalked glands. Labrador to Alaska, south to North 
 Carolina and Missouri.(?) We have chosen this commonest American form for illustration. 
 
 Dryopteris spinulosa dilatata (Hoffm. ) Underw. Native Ferns, Ed. 4, 116. 1893. 
 Polypodium dilatatum Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 2: 7. 1795. 
 Aspidium spinulosum var. dilatatum Hook. Brit. Fl. 444. 1830. 
 Dryopteris dilatata A. Gray, Man. 631. 1848. 
 
 Scales of the stipe large, brown with a darker centre; leaves broadly ovate or triangular-ovate, 
 commonly 3-pinnate ; pinnules lanceolate -oblong, the lowest often much elongated ; indusium glab- 
 rous. Newfoundland to Washington and Alaska, south along the Alleghenies to North Carolina 
 and Tennessee and to Ohio and Nebraska. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
 13. Dryopteris Boottii (Tuckerm.) Underw. Boott's Shield-fern. (Fig. 38.) 
 
 Aspidium Booltii Tuckerm. Hovey's Mag. 9: 145. 1843. 
 Aspidium spinulosum var. Boottii D. C. Eaton in A. 
 
 Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 665. 1867. 
 Drvopteris Boottii Underw. Native Ferns, Ed. 4, 117. 
 
 1893- 
 
 Rootstock stout, ascending. Stipes 8 / -i2 / long, 
 covered, at least below, with thin pale-brown 
 scales ; leaves elongated-oblong or elongated- 
 lanceolate in outline, thin, acuminate at the apex, 
 slightly narrowed at the base, nearly or quite 
 2-pinnate, i-2% long, 3 / -5 / wide ; pinnae lanceo- 
 late, long-acuminate, broadest at the nearly sessile 
 base ; pinnules broadly oblong, very obtuse, the 
 lower pinnatifid ; sori distinct, borne about half 
 way between the midvein and margin ; indusium 
 orbicular-reniform, minutely glandular. 
 
 In woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to south- 
 ern New York, Delaware and Maryland. Ascends to 
 2000 ft. in Vermont. Also in northern Europe and 
 Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 6. PHEGOPTERIS Fee, Gen. Fil. 242. 1850-52. 
 
 Medium sized or small ferns with 2-3-pinnatifid or ternate leaves and small round sori borne 
 on the backs of the veins below the apex. Stipe not jointed with the rootstock. Indusium 
 none. Fertile (spore-bearing) and sterile leaves similar. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with 
 a vertical ring, bursting transversely. [Greek, signifying Beech-fern.] 
 
 About 100 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following another occurs in 
 western North America. 
 Leaves triangular, 2-pinnatifid ; pinnae sessile, adnate to the winged rachis. 
 
 Leaves longer than broad, usually dark green. i. P. Phegopteris. 
 
 Leaves as broad as long, or broader, usually light green. 2. P. hexagonoptera* 
 
 Leaves ternate, with the three divisions petioled ; rachis wingless. 3. P. Dryopteris. 
 
FERN FAMILY. 
 
 19 
 I,ong Beech-fern. (Fig. 39.) 
 
 i. Phegopteris Phegopteris (I,.) Underw. 
 
 Polypodium Phegopteris L. Sp. PI. 1089. 1753. 
 Phegopteris polypodioides Fe, Gen. Fil. 243. 1850-52. 
 Phegopteris Phegopteris Underw.; Small, Bull. Torr. 
 
 Club, 20 : 462. 1893. 
 
 Rootstock slender, creeping, somewhat chaffy at 
 least when young. Stipes 6 / -g / long ; leaves trian- 
 gular, thin, mostly longer than wide, 4 / ~9 / long, 3'- 
 6' wide, acuminate at the apex, pubescent, especi- 
 ally on the veins beneath ; pinnae lanceolate or 
 linear-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, sessile, 
 broadest above the base, pinnately parted very 
 nearly to the rachis into oblong obtuse entire seg- 
 ments, the lower pair deflexed and standing for- 
 ward ; basal segments, at least those of the upper 
 pinnae, decurrent and adnate to the winged rachis ; 
 sori small, borne near the margin. 
 
 In moist woods and on hillsides, Newfoundland to 
 Alaska, south to the mountains of Virginia, and to 
 Michigan and Washington. Ascends to 4000 ft. in 
 Vermont. Also in Europe and Asia. Aug. 
 
 2. Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx. ) 
 Fee. Broad Beech-fern. (Fig. 40.) 
 
 Polypodium hexagonopterum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 
 
 2: 271. 1803. 
 Phegopteris hexagonoptera Fee, Gen. Fil. 243. 
 
 1850-52. 
 
 Rootstock slender, creeping, chaffy, some- 
 what fleshy. Stipes S'-iS' long, straw-colored, 
 naked ; leaves triangular, as broad as or broader 
 than long, y / -i2 / wide, slightly pubescent and 
 often slightly glandular beneath, acuminate at 
 the apex ; uppermost pinnae oblong, obtuse, 
 dentate or entire, small, the middle ones lance- 
 olate, acuminate, the very large lowest pair 
 broadest near the middle, pinnately parted 
 nearly to the midvein into linear-oblong obtuse 
 segments ; sori mostly near the margin. 
 
 In dry woods and on hillsides, Quebec to Minne- 
 sota, south to Florida and Louisiana. Ascends to 
 4000 ft. in North Carolina. Leaves fragrant. Aug. 
 
 3. Phegopteris Dryopteris (L,. ) Fee. 
 Oak-fern. (Fig. 41.) 
 
 Polypodium Dryopteris L. Sp. PI. 1093. 1753. 
 Phegopteris Dryopteris Fee, Gen. Fil. 243. 1850-52. 
 
 Rootstock slender, creeping. Stipes slender, 
 4 / -i2 / long, chaffy at least near the base ; leaves 
 thin, broadly triangular, almost glabrous, 4 / -8 / 
 wide, ternate, the three primary divisions stalked, 
 pinnate or partly 2-pinnate, the terminal one 
 slightly larger, all spreading more or less at right 
 angles to the stipe ; pinnules lanceolate or oblong- 
 lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, sessile ; segments 
 oblong, obtuse, entire or crenate, close together. 
 
 In moist woods, thickets and swamps, Newfound- 
 land to Alaska, south to Virginia, Minnesota, Oregon, 
 and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Ascends to 
 2400 ft. in the Catskills. Also in Europe and Asia. Aug. 
 Phegopteris Dryopteris Robertiana (Hoffm.) Davenp. 
 
 Cat. Davenp. Herb. Suppl. 47. 1883. 
 Polypodi^^m Robertianum Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 1795. 
 Phegopteris calcarea Fee, Gen. Fil. 243. 1850-52. 
 
 Stipes 6'-io' long, straw-colored when dry ; leaves 6' -8' long, mostly erect, 5' -7' wide, deltoid- 
 ovate, 2-pinnate, the lowest pinnae much the largest, pinnatifid or again pinnate ; upper pinnae 
 smaller, pinnatifid, lobed or entire; sori numerous. Labrador to Iowa and Idaho. Also in Europe. 
 
20 
 
 POLYPODIACEAE. 
 
 7. WOODWARDIA J. E. Smith, Mem. Acad. Tor. 5: 411. 1793. 
 
 Large and rather coarse ferns of swamps or wet woods, with pinnate or nearly 2-pinnate 
 leaves and oblong or linear sori, sunk in cavities of the leaf and arranged in chain-like 
 rows, parallel to the margins of the pinnae. Leaves all alike or the pinnae of the fertile 
 ones much narrower than those of the sterile. Indusia subcoriaceous, fixed by their outer 
 margins to a veinlet and covering the cavity like a lid. Veins more or less reticulated. 
 Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a vertical ring, bursting transversely. [Name in 
 honor of Thomas Jenkinson Woodward, 1745-1820, English botanist.] 
 
 Six species, mostly of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, another occurs on the 
 Pacific coast of North America. 
 
 Leaves uniform ; veins free between the sori and the margin. 
 Leaves of two kinds ; veins everywhere anastomosing. 
 
 1. Jf. I'irginica. 
 
 2. JT. areolata. 
 
 1. Woodwardia Virginica (I/.) J. E. Smith. Virginia Chain-fern. (Fig. 42.) 
 
 Blechnum Virginicum L- Mant. 2 : 307. 1771. 
 Woodwardia Virginica J. E. Smith, Mem. 
 Acad. Tor. 5 : 412. 1793. 
 
 Rootstock long, stout, horizontal, subterra- 
 nean or creeping, chaffy. Stipes stout, la'-iS' 
 long, nearly or quite naked, dark-colored be- 
 low ; leaves oblong- lanceolate, acute at the 
 apex, narrowed at the base, i-2 long, 6 / -o/ 
 wide, pinnate ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, usu- 
 ally alternate or some of them opposite, coria- 
 ceous, glabrous, acuminate at the apex, ses- 
 sile, 3 / -6 / long, deeply pinnatifid into ovate 
 or oblong obtuse segments, their margins 
 minutely serrulate ; veins forming a single 
 series of areolae on either side of the mid- 
 vein, the sori borne on the outer curving 
 veinlets ; sterile and fertile leaves similar in 
 outline. 
 
 In swamps, often in deep water, Nova Scotia 
 to Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida, 
 Louisiana and Arkansas. Ascends to 1300 ft. in 
 Pennsylvania. Also in Bermuda. June-July. 
 
 2. Woodwardia areolata (L,.) Moore. Net-veined Chain-fern. (Fig. 43.) 
 
 Acrostichum areolatum L Sp. PI. 1069. I 753- 
 Weodwardia angustifolia J. E. Smith, Mem. 
 
 Acad. Tor. 5: 411. 1793. 
 Woodwardia areolata Moore, Index Filicum, 
 
 xlv. 1857. 
 
 Rootstock slender, widely creeping, 
 chaffy. Leaves of two kinds, the fertile 
 taller than the sterile and borne on longer 
 stipes, i-2 high, their pinnae much con- 
 tracted, narrowly linear, 3 / ~5 / long, 2 // ~3 // 
 wide, distant, their bases connected by a 
 very narrow wing to the rachis or quite dis- 
 tinct ; sterile leaves deltoid-ovate, membran- 
 ous, broadest at the base, or sometimes 
 with one or two small pinnae below, the 
 apex acuminate, the segments lanceolate 
 or oblong- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 
 minutely serrulate, sometimes undulate, 
 their bases connected by a rather broad 
 rachis-wing ; veins forming numerous 
 areolae. 
 
 In swamps and moist soil, Maine to Florida, 
 Tennessee, Louisiana, and Arkansas; also in 
 Michigan. Ascends to 3000 ft. in North Caro- 
 lina. Aug.-Oct. 
 
FERN FAMILY. 
 
 21 
 
 8. SCOLOPENDRIUM Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 20. 1763. 
 
 Large ferns with oblong or strap-shaped mostly entire leaves, and linear elongated sori 
 which are almost at right angles to the midrib and contiguous in pairs, one on the upper 
 side of a veinlet, the other on the lower side of the next contiguous veinlet, thus appearing 
 to have a double indusium opening longitudinally along its middle. Sporanges pedicelled, 
 the ring vertical, bursting transversely. [Greek, in allusion to the centipede, Scolopendra.] 
 
 Five species, mainly of temperate regions. Only the following is known to occur in North 
 America. 
 
 i. Scolopendrium Scolopendrium 
 
 (L.) Karst. Harts-tongue. (Fig. 44.) 
 
 Asplenium Scolopendrium L. Sp. PI. 1079. 1753. 
 Scolopendrium I'lilifare J. E. Smith, Mem. 
 
 Acad. Tor. 5 : 421. 1793. 
 Scolopendrium Scolopendrium Karst. Deutsch. 
 
 Fl. 278. 1880-83. 
 
 Rootstock short, erect or ascending, chaffy 
 with light brown scales. Stipes 2 / -6 / long, 
 fibrillose-chaffy below or sometimes up to 
 the base of the leaf; leaves simple, bright 
 green, firm, j'-iS' long, i'-2 l / 2 ' wide, cor- 
 date at the base, the margins entire or un- 
 dulate, the lower surface of the midrib some- 
 times chaffy; pairs of sori distinct, 2 // -y // 
 long ; conspicuous on the lower surface, the 
 sporanges dark brown at maturity ; veins 
 free, usually once forked near the midrib. 
 
 On shaded cliffs of the corniferous limestone, 
 Chittenango Falls and Jamesville, N. Y. ; near 
 South Pittsburg, Tenn. ; Owen Sound, Ont., 
 Xt-w Brunswick and Mexico. Widely distrib- 
 uted in Europe, Asia and Africa. Very variable 
 in form in the Old World. 
 
 9. CAMPTOSORUS Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 69. 1833. 
 
 Slender ferns with tapering simple entire or undulate leaves, bearing linear or oblong 
 sori several times longer than broad, irregularly scattered on either side of the reticulate 
 veins or sometimes crossing them, partly parallel to the midrib and partly oblique to it, the 
 outer ones more or less approximate in pairs. Indusium membranous. Sporanges pedi- 
 celled, provided with a vertical ring which opens transversely. [Greek, referring to the 
 bent or curved sori.] 
 
 Two species, the following of eastern North America, the other of northern Asia. 
 
 i. Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L. ) 
 Link. Walking-fern. (Fig. 45.) 
 
 Asplenium rliizophyUa I y . Sp. PI. 1078. 1753. 
 Camptosorus rhizophyllus J,iiik, Hort. Berol. 2 : 
 69. 1833. 
 
 Rootstock short, usually creeping, somewhat 
 chaffy. Stipes light green, \'-b' long, tufted, 
 spreading ; leaves rather thin, lanceolate, sim- 
 ple, long-acuminate at the apex, cordate, has- 
 tate or rarely narrowed at the base, 4 / -g / long, 
 sometimes with a more or less elongated pair 
 of basal auricles ; tip of the leaf and sometimes 
 the tip of one or both of the basal auricles root- 
 ing and forming a new plant by the ultimate 
 withering away of its tissue, but commonly 
 two or sometimes as many as four plants are 
 found connected ; sori usually numerous, very 
 irregularly scattered on the lower surface. 
 
 On dr3' rocks, preferring limestone, Quebec to 
 Ontario and Minnesota, south to North Carolina 
 and Kansas. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. 
 Aug. -Oct. 
 
22 
 
 POLYPODIACEAE. 
 
 10. ASPLENIUM L. Sp. PI. 1078. 1753. 
 
 Large or small ferns with simple lobed pinnate 2-3-pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, and 
 linear or oblong sori oblique to the midribs or rachises. Leaves uniform, or the fer- 
 tile sometimes different from the sterile. Veins free in our species. Indusia straight or 
 curved, opening towards the midribs when single. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with an 
 elastic ring, bursting transversely. [Ancient Greek name ; some species were supposed to 
 be remedies for diseases of the spleen.] 
 
 A genus of some 350 species, of very wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, five 
 others occur in Florida and three in the western parts of the United States. 
 
 Sori straight or rarely slightly curved, attached to the upper side of a vein ; leaves mostly small 
 
 (except in No. 7). 
 Leaves pinnatifid or pinnate below, tapering to a point. 
 
 Stipes blackish below ; lobes rounded or the lowest acuminate. i. A. pinn.atifi.dum, 
 
 Stipes blackish throughout ; lobes acute or acuminate. 2. A. ebenoides. 
 
 Leaves once pinnate. 
 
 Pinnae 3-12" long, mostly blunt. 
 
 Rachis chestnut-brown or blackish. 
 
 Pinnae auricled at the upper side of the base. 
 
 Pinnae opposite, oblong ; rachis dark brown or black. 
 Pinnae partly alternate, lanceolate ; rachis chestnut-brown. 
 
 4. A. 
 
 Pinnae not auricled, partly alternate, partly opposite. 5. A. 
 
 Rachis green ; pinnae not auricled. 6. A . 
 
 Pinnae 2' -5' long, acute or acuminate. 7. A. 
 
 Leaves 2-3-pinnatifid. 
 
 Stipes green ; leaves ovate-deltoid ; pinnules fan-shaped, veins flabellate. 
 
 8. A. Ruta-muraria. 
 Stipes dark at the base, green above. 
 
 Leaves ovate-lanceolate, broadest near the base. 9. A. montanum. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, broadest above the middle. 10. A. fontanum. 
 
 Stipes chestnut-brown throughout, as also the lower part of the rachis. 
 
 ii. A. Bradleyi. 
 Sori usually more or less curved, sometimes horseshoe-shaped, often crossing to the outer'or lower 
 
 side of the veinlet ; large ferns. (No. 7 may be looked for here.) 
 
 Leaves 2-pinnatifid ; segments blunt, scarcely crenate. 12. A. acrostichoides. 
 
 Leaves 2-pinnate ; pinnules acute, toothed or pinnatifid. 13. A. Filix-foemina. 
 
 3. A. parvulum. 
 
 platyneuron. 
 
 Trichomanes. 
 
 viride. 
 
 a ngustifoliu m . 
 
 i. Asplenium pinnatifidum Nutt. Pinnatifid Spleenwort. (Fig. 46.) 
 
 Asplenium pinnatifidum Nutt. Gen. 2 : 251. 
 1818. 
 
 Rootstock short, creeping, branched, 
 chaffy. Stipes tufted, polished, blackish be- 
 low, green above, 2 / -5 / long, somewhat 
 chaffy below, at least when young; leaves 
 broadly lanceolate in outline, 3 / -io / long, 
 firm, tapering upward to a long narrow 
 point, pinnatifid or the lower parts pinnate ; 
 lowest pinnae or occasionally several pairs 
 sometimes tapering to a point like that of 
 the apex of the leaf; lobes or pinnae rounded 
 or the lowest acuminate; sori commonly 
 numerous, straight or slightly curved. 
 
 On rocks, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to 
 Illinois, south to Georgia, Alabama and Arkan- 
 sas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in North Carolina. The 
 end of the long tip of the leaf sometimes takes 
 root as in the Walking-fern. July-Oct. 
 
FERN FAMILY. 23 
 
 2. Asplenium ebenoides R. R. Scott. Scott's Spleenwort. (Fig. 47.) 
 
 Asplenium ebenoides R. R. Scott, Journ. Roy. Hort. 
 Soc. 87. 1866. 
 
 Rootstock short, chaffy. Stipes blackish through- 
 out, tufted, ly^'-Af long; leaves lanceolate in out- 
 line, variable in size and length, $'-<)' long, i / -2 / 
 wide at the base, firm, tapering into a very long 
 narrow acuminate apex, pinnatifid, or commonly 
 pinnate below, the segments or pinnae lanceolate 
 from a broad base, acute or acuminate, irregular in 
 length, the lower sometimes shorter than those 
 just above ; sori several on each segment, straight 
 or slightly curved ; indusium narrow, reflexed when 
 the sporanges are mature. 
 
 On limestone, Connecticut to Indiana, south to Ala- 
 "bama. Rare and local except in the last named local- 
 ity. Ascends to 1400 ft. in Virginia. The plant usually 
 occurs with Cainptosorus rhizophyllus and Asplenium 
 platyneuron and is suspected of being a hybrid between 
 them. 
 
 3. Asplenium parvulum Mart. & Gal. Smal 
 Spleenwort. (Fig. 48.) 
 
 Asplenium parvuhim Mart. & Gal. Mem. Acad. Brux. 15: 
 [reprint 60.] 1842. 
 
 Rootstock short, creeping, chaffy with black stiff scales. 
 Stipes tufted, blackish and shining, i / -a / long ; leaves 
 rather firm, linear-oblong or linear-oblanceolate, 3 / -io / 
 long, 5 // -i2 // wide, once pinnate ; pinnae 2 // -6 // long, 
 mostly opposite, oblong, obtuse, entire or crenulate, 
 auricled on the upper side and nearly sessile, the middle 
 ones the longest, the lower gradually shorter and re- 
 flexed ; rachis dark brown or black ; sori oblong, short, 
 borne about midway between the midrib and the margin 
 of the pinnae, nearly or quite straight. 
 
 On limestone, Virginia to Florida, west to Missouri, Texas 
 and New Mexico. Ascends to 2400 ft. in Virginia. Also in 
 Mexico. June-Oct. 
 
 4. Asplenium platyneuron (L,.) Oakes. Ebony Spleenwort. (Fig. 49.) 
 
 Acrostichum platyneuros ~L,. Sp. PI. 1069. 1753- 
 Asplenium ebeneum Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 462. 1789. 
 Asplenium platvneuron Oakes ; D. C. Eaton, Ferns N. 
 A. i: 24. 1879. 
 
 Rootstock short. Stipes densely tufted, pur- 
 plish-brown and shining, i / -4 / long ; leaves lin- 
 ear, S'-is' long, yt'-\y z f wide, firm, once pinnate, 
 the rachis chestnut-brown ; pinnae 20-40 pairs, 
 lanceolate, subfalcate, alternate or partly so, ses- 
 sile, crenate, serrate or incised, auricled on the up- 
 per side at the base and occasionally also on the 
 lower ; lower pinnae gradually smaller and oblong 
 or triangular ; sori 8-12 on each side of the midrib 
 of the pinnae, becoming crowded at maturity. 
 
 On rocks and banks, preferring limestone soil, 
 Maine and Ontario to Florida, west to Colorado, the In- 
 
 dian Territory, Louisiana and Texas, 
 ft. in North Carolina. July-Sept. 
 
 Ascends to 4200 
 
POLYPODIACEAE. 
 
 5. Asplenium Trichomanes L. Maiden- 
 hair Spleen wort. (Fig. 50.) 
 
 Asplenium Trichomanes L,. Sp. PI. 1080. 1753. 
 
 Rootstock short, nearly erect, chaffy with blackish 
 scales. Stipes densely tufted, commonly numerous, 
 I'-S' long, purplish-brown and shining; leaves linear 
 in outline, 3' -8' long, 6 // -io // wide, rather rigid, once 
 pinnate, evergreen ; pinnae oval or roundish-oblong, 
 inequilateral, partly opposite, partly alternate, or 
 nearly all opposite, cuneate at the base, the point of 
 attachment to the dark brown rachis narrow, their 
 margins slightly crenate ; sori 3-6 on each side of the 
 forking and evanescent midrib, short, narrowed at 
 either end ; sporanges dark brown when mature. 
 
 On rocks, preferring limestone, throughout nearly 
 the whole of North America except the extreme north. 
 Ascends to 2500 ft. in Vermont. Also in Europe, Asia, 
 South Africa and the Pacific Islands. July-Sept. 
 
 6. Asplenium viride Huds. Green Spleen- 
 wort. (Fig. 51.) 
 
 Asplenium viride Huds. Fl. Angl. 385. 1762. 
 
 Rootstock stout, creeping, chaify with brown nerve- 
 less scales. Stipes numerous, densely tufted, brown- 
 ish below, green above ; leaves linear-lanceolate, 
 2 / -8 / long, 4 // -io // wide, once pinnate, pale green, 
 soft, herbaceous or almost membranous; rachis 
 green ; pinnae 12-20 pairs, ovate or rhomboid, deeply 
 crenate, obtuse, unequal sided, their upper edges nar- 
 rowed suddenly at the base, the lower obliquely trun- 
 cate; sori oblong and numerous or scattered and fewer. 
 
 On rocks, New Brunswick to British Columbia, south 
 to the Green Mountains of Vermont. Also in northern 
 Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 7. Asplenium angustifolium Michx. Narrow-leaved Spleen wort. (Fig. 52.) 
 
 Asplenium angustifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:265. 
 1803. 
 
 Rootstock stout, creeping, rooting along its whole 
 length. Stipes growing in a crown, brownish or 
 green above, chaffless, 8 / -i2 / long, sometimes 
 slightly scaly toward the base ; leaves lanceolate in 
 outline, i-2 long, once pinnate, glabrous ; pinnae 
 20-30 pairs, linear-lanceolate, or those of the sterile 
 leaves lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, obtuse 
 or truncate at the base, 2'-$' long, flaccid, the mar- 
 gins entire or slightly creuulate; fertile leaves com- 
 monly taller than the sterile, narrower, their pinnae 
 generally much narrower, often falcate ; sori 20-30 
 on each side of the midrib, linear, close together, 
 the indusia at length concealed by the mature 
 sporanges. 
 
 In moist woods and shaded ravines, Quebec to Wis- 
 consin, south to Virginia and Kentucky. Ascends to 
 1 700 ft. in the Adirondacks,to 2300 in the Catskills. Aug. 
 
FERN FAMILY 
 
 8. Asplenium Ruta-muraria L. Wall Rue 
 Spleenwort. (Fig. 53.) 
 
 Asplenium Ruta-muraria L,. Sp. PI. 1081. 1753. 
 
 Rootstock short, ascending. Stipes tufted, naked, 
 slender, green, 2 / -3 / long ; leaves ovate or deltoid- 
 ovate in outline, 2 '-5' long, glabrous, evergreen, 2-3- 
 pinnate or pinnatifid above ; pinnae and pinnules 
 stalked; pinnules rhombic or obovate, mostly obtuse, 
 dentate or incised, cuneate at the base ; veins flabel- 
 late ; sori few, linear-oblong, confluent when mature 
 and covering nearly the whole pinnule, the indusium 
 membranaceous and delicate. 
 
 On limestone, Vermont to Michigan, south to Alabama 
 and Missouri. Ascends to 2100 ft. in Virginia. Also in 
 Europe, Asia and northern Africa. July-Sept. 
 
 9. Asplenium montanum Willd. Mountain 
 Spleenwort. (Fig. 54.) 
 
 Asplenium montanum Willd. Sp. PI. 5 : 342. 1810. 
 
 Rootstock short, chaffy at the summit. Stipes 
 tufted, naked, slender, blackish at the base, green 
 above, 2 / ~3 / long ; leaves ovate-lanceolate in outline, 
 acuminate at the apex, rather firm, i-2-pinnate ; lower 
 pinnae longest, pinnate or pinnatifid, the lobes or seg- 
 ments ovate or oblong ; upper pinnae less divided, 
 merely toothed or incised ; veins obscure ; sori linear- 
 oblong, short, the lower ones sometimes double, usu- 
 ally abundant, often confluent at maturity and con- 
 cealing the narrow membranous indusia. 
 
 On dry and moist rocks, Connecticut and New York to 
 Georgia, west to Ohio and Arkansas. Ascends to 4500 ft. 
 in North Carolina. June-Aug. . 
 
 10. Asplenium fontanum (L,.) Bernh. 
 Rock Spleenwort. (Fig. 55.) 
 
 Poly podium fontanum In. Sp. PI. 1089. 1753. 
 Asplenium fontanum Bernh. Schrad. Journ. Bot. i : 
 3i4- 1799- 
 
 Rootstock short, ascending, clothed with narrow 
 dark scales at the apex. Stipes tufted, i / -3 / long, 
 somewhat blackish at the base especially on the 
 inner side, usually glabrous ; leaves lanceolate, 
 broadest above the middle, thin, 2-3-pinnate, 3 / -6 / 
 long, 6 // -i^ / wide, acuminate at the apex, nar- 
 rowed to the base ; pinnae 10-15 pairs, the seg- 
 ments deeply dentate with spinulose teeth ; sori 
 only i to 4 on each segment, covered with a mem- 
 branous subentire indusium, rarely confluent. 
 
 On rocks, Lycoming Co., Pa., and Springfield, Ohio. 
 The rarest North American fern ; common in Europe. 
 Summer. 
 
26 
 
 POLYPODIACEAE. 
 
 ii. Asplenium Bradleyi D. C. Eaton, 
 ley's Spleen wort. (Fig. 56.) 
 
 Brad- 
 
 2 
 
 Asplenium Bradleyi D. C. Eaton, Bull. Torr. Club, 4: n. 
 1873- 
 
 Rootstock short, chaffy with brown scales. Stipes 
 tufted, slender, 2 / -3 / long, chestnut-brown throughout; 
 leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong, acuminate at the 
 apex, not narrowed at the base, pinnate with 8-12 
 pairs of short-stalked or sessile, oblong-ovate pinnae, 
 the lower again pinnatifid or pinnate with oblong 
 obtuse lobes or pinnules, which are toothed at the 
 apex, the upper pinnatifid with dentate or nearly 
 entire lobes ; rachis brown ; sori short, borne near the 
 midrib, covered with the narrow indusium until ma- 
 turity. 
 
 On rocks, 'preferring limestone, New York to Georgia 
 and Alabama, west to Arkansas. Local. July-Sept. 
 
 12. Asplenium acrostichoides Sw. Silvery 
 Spleenwort. (Fig. 57.) 
 
 Asplenium acrostichoides Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 2 : 54. 
 
 1800. 
 Asplenium thelypteroides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 265. 
 
 1803. 
 
 Rootstock slender, sinuous, creeping. Stipes 8 / -i2 / 
 long, straw-colored, somewhat chaffy below at least 
 when young ; leaves lanceolate in outline, i-3 long, 
 6 / -i2 / wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed 
 to the base, pinnate-pinnatifid ; pinnae linear-lanceo- 
 late, sessile, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid into numer- 
 ous oblong obtuse or subacute, slightly crenate seg- 
 ments ; sori crowded, slightly curved or straight, the 
 lower ones often double ; indusium light-colored and 
 somewhat shining when young. 
 
 In rich moist woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south 
 to Alabama and Kentucky. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. 
 Also in eastern Asia. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 13. Asplenium Filix-foemina (I,.) Bernh. Lady-fern. (Fig. 58.) 
 
 Poly podium Filix-foemina L. Sp. PI. 1090. 1753. 
 Asplenium Filix-foemina Bernh. Schrad. Neues 
 Journ. Bot. i: Part 2, 26. 1806. 
 
 Rootstock creeping, rather slender for the size of 
 the plant. Stipes tufted, 6 / -io / long, straw-colored, 
 brownish or reddish ; leaves broadly oblong-ovate 
 or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, i-3 
 long, 2-pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, acuminate, 
 short-stalked or the upper ones sessile, 4 / -8 / long; 
 pinnules oblong-lanceolate, incised or serrate, their 
 lobes or teeth often again toothed, those toward 
 the ends of the pinnae confluent by a very narrow 
 margin to the secondary rachis ; sori short, the 
 indusia straight or variously curved, sometimes 
 horseshoe-shaped. 
 
 In woods, thickets, and by walls and fences, Nova 
 vScotia to Alaska, south to Florida, Louisiana and Ari- 
 zona, thus throughout nearly all of North America. 
 Ascends to 6000 ft. inNorth Carolina, and to 2000 ft. in 
 Vermont. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 
 
FERN FAMILY. 
 
 27 
 
 ii. ADIANTUM L,. Sp. PI. 1094. 1753. 
 
 Graceful ferns of rocky hillsides, woods and ravines, with much divided leaves and short 
 marginal sori borne on the under side of the reflexed and altered portion of the pinnule 
 which serves as an indusium. Stipes and branches of the leaves very slender or filiform, 
 polished and shining. Sporanges borne at the ends of free forking veins, provided with a 
 vertical ring which bursts transversely. [Name ancient.] 
 
 A genus of 80 or 90 species, mostly of tropical America. Besides the following another occurs 
 in Florida, one in Texas and one in California. 
 
 Leaves 2-pinnate, ovate -lanceolate in outline. 
 Leaves dichotomously forked with pinnate branches. 
 
 1. A. Capillus-Veneris. 
 
 2. A. pedatum. 
 
 i. Adiantum Capillus-Veneris I,. Venus-hair Fern. (Fig. 59.) 
 
 Adiantum Capillus-Veneris L- Sp. PI. 1096. 
 1753- 
 
 Rootstock creeping, rather slender, chaffy 
 with light-brown scales. Stipes very slender, 
 black, or nearly so and shining, $'-9' long ; 
 leaves ovate-lanceolate in outline, 2 pinnate 
 below, simply pinnate above, membranous, 
 commonly drooping, 6'-2 long, 4 / -i2 / wide 
 at the base ; pinnules and upper pinnae 
 wedge-obovate or rhomboid, rather long- 
 stalked, glabrous, the upper margin rounded 
 and more or less incised, crenate or dentate- 
 serrate, except where it is recurved to form 
 the indusia ; main and secondary rachises 
 and stalks of the pinnules black or dark 
 brown like the stipe. 
 
 In ravines, Virginia to Florida, west to Mis- 
 souri, Utah and California. Ascends to 1300 ft. 
 in Kentucky. Also in tropical America, and 
 widely distributed in the warmer parts of the 
 Old World. June-Aug. 
 
 2. Adiantum pedatum I,. Maiden-hair Fern. (Fig. 60.) 
 
 Adiantum pedatum L- Sp. PI. 1095. 1753- 
 
 Rootstock slender, creeping, chaffy, root- 
 ing along its whole length. Stipes 9 / -i8 / 
 long, dark chestnut-brown, polished and 
 shining, dichotomously forked at the sum- 
 mit ; leaves obliquely orbicular in outline, 
 S'-iS' broad, membranous, the pinnae 
 arising from the upper sides of the two 
 branches of the stipe, somewhat radiately 
 arranged, the larger ones 6 / -io / long, i / -2 / 
 wide ; pinnules oblong, triangular-oblong, 
 or the terminal one fan-shaped, short-stalked, 
 the lower margin entire and slightly curved, 
 the upper margin cleft, lobed or dentate, 
 bearing the linear-oblong, often short sori. 
 
 In woods, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, 
 south to Georgia and Arkansas, in the Rocky 
 Mountains to Utah and to California. Ascends 
 to 5000 ft. in Virginia. Also in Alaska and west- 
 ern Asia. July-Sept. 
 
28 
 
 POLYPODIACEAE. 
 
 12. PTERIS L. Sp. PI. 1073. 1753. 
 
 Large, mostly coarse ferns, our species growing in sunny places, with variously divided 
 or in some tropical species simple leaves, and marginal linear continuous sori which occupy 
 a slender or filiform receptacle, connecting the tips of free veins. Indusium membranous, 
 formed of the reflexed margin of the leaf. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a vertical 
 ring which bursts transversely. Stipes continuous with the rootstock. [Greek name for 
 ferns, from the fancied resemblance of their leaves to the wings of birds.] 
 
 About 100 species of very wide geographic distribution, mostly of warm and tropical regions. 
 Besides the following, three others occur in the southeastern United States. 
 
 i. Pteris aquilina L. Brake. Bracken. 
 
 (Fig. 61.) 
 Pteris aquilina L. Sp. PI. 1075. 1753. 
 
 Rootstock stout, woody, horizontal, subterranean. 
 Stipes i-2 long, straw colored or brownish ; 
 leaves 2-4 long, i-3 wide, usually glabrous, ter- 
 nate, the three branches each 2-pinnate ; upper pin- 
 nules undivided, the lower more or less pinnatifid. 
 
 In dry or moist sunny places, distributed over nearly 
 the whole of North America, except the extreme north, 
 and over nearly the whole of the Old World. Ascends 
 to 5000 ft. in North Carolina. Forms with pubescent 
 lower leaf surfaces occur in southern New York and 
 New Jersey. July-Sept. 
 
 Pteris aquilina caudata (L.) Hook. Sp. Fil. 2: 196. 1858. 
 Pteris caudata L- Sp. PI. 1075. 1753. 
 
 Pinnules sometimes linear and entire, or with the 
 segments less crowded and the terminal lobe attenuate, 
 jiarrow and entire. In sandy soil, New York to Florida 
 and Texas, and in tropical America. 
 
 13. CRYPTOGRAMMA R. Br. App. Franklin's Joitrn. 767. 1823. 
 
 Light green, alpine and arctic ferns with leaves of two kinds, the segments of the sterile 
 much broader than those of the fertile, the sporanges in oblong or roundish sori, which are 
 at length confluent and cover the backs of the fertile pinnules. Indusium formed of the 
 somewhat altered margin of the pinnule, at first reflexed to the midrib, so that the segments 
 appear pod-like, at length opening out flat. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a vertical 
 ring which bursts transversely, borne at or near the ends of unconnected veins, copious, 
 light brown. [Greek, in allusion to the hidden sporanges.] 
 
 Two species, the following of northern North America, the other of boreal regions of Old World, 
 
 i. Cryptogramma acrostichoides R. Br. American Rock-brake. (Fig. 62.) 
 
 Cryptogramma acrostichoides R. Br. App. 
 Franklin's Journ. 767. 1823. 
 
 Allosorus acrostichoides Spreng. Syst. 4 : 66. 
 1827. 
 
 Rootstock rather stout, short, chaffy. 
 Stipes densely tufted, straw-colored, 2 / -6 / 
 long, chaffy below, very slender ; leaves 
 ovate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, thin, 
 glabrous, 2-3-pinnate, the sterile shorter 
 than the fertile, their ultimate segments and 
 pinnules crowded, ovate, oblong or obovate, 
 obtuse, crenate or slightly incised ; fertile 
 leaves with linear or linear-oblong segments 
 3 // -6 // long, i // or less wide, the margins 
 involute to the midrib at first, at maturity 
 expanded and exposing the light brown 
 sporanges. 
 
 Forming dense patches among rocks, Labra- 
 dor and Hudson Bay to Alaska, south to Lakes 
 Huron and .Superior, in the Rocky Mountains to 
 Colorado and to California. Summer. 
 
FERN FAMILY. 
 
 29 
 
 14. PELLAEA Link, Fil. Hort. Berol. 59. 1841. 
 
 Rock-loving small or medium-sized ferns with pinnate or pinnatifid leaves and intra- 
 -marginal sori borne on the ends of unconnected veins, at length confluent and forming a 
 marginal line. Indusium commonly broad and membranous, formed of the reflexed mar- 
 gins of fertile segments which are more or less modified and membranous. Fertile and 
 sterile leaves similar. Stipes usually dark-colored. Sporanges provided with a vertical 
 ring which bursts transversely, pedicelled, copious, usually dark brown. [Greek, in allusion 
 to the dark-colored stipes. ] 
 
 About 55 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 12 others oc- 
 cur in the western and southwestern parts of North America. 
 
 Texture of the leaves thin; veins plainly visible. i. P. Stelleri. 
 Texture coriaceous ; leaves evergreen; veins obscure. 
 
 Leaves pinnate or 2-pinnate with large pinnules. 2. P. atropurpurea. 
 
 Leaves small, 3-pinnate, the pinnules narrow. 3. P. densa. 
 
 i. Pellaea Stelleri (S. G. Gmel.) Watt. Slender Cliff-brake. (Fig. 63.) 
 
 Pteris Stelleri S. G. Gmel. Nov. Com. Acad. 
 
 Petrop. 12 : 519. pi. 12. f. i. 1768. 
 Pteris gracilis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 262. 
 
 1803. 
 
 Pellaea gracilis Hook. Sp. Fil. 2: 138. 1858. 
 Pellaea Stelleri Watt, Can. Fil. No. 2. 1869-70. 
 
 Rootstock slender, creeping, thread-like, 
 somewhat scaly. Stipes scattered, 2 / -3 / 
 long, straw-colored or pale brown, slightly 
 chaffy below ; leaves thin-membranous, ovate 
 in outline, 2 / -5 / long, i / -2 / wide, 2-3-pinnate 
 or pinnatifid above, the fertile taller than the 
 sterile and with narrower pinnules and seg- 
 ments ; pinnae lanceolate-deltoid, cut to the 
 rachis into a few blunt or subacute slightly 
 lobed or entire segments ; indusium broad, 
 continuous ; veins of the fertile leaves-mostly 
 only one-forked, everywhere apparent and 
 conspicuous. 
 
 On rocks, preferring limestone, Labrador to 
 British Columbia, south to Massachusetts, Penn- 
 sylvania, Iowa, Wisconsin and in the Rocky 
 Mountains to Colorado. Ascends to 2500 ft. in 
 Vermont. Also in Asia. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 2. Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link. 
 
 Purple -stemmed Cliff-brake. 
 
 (Fig. 64.) 
 
 Pteris atropurpurea L. Sp. PI. 1076. 1753. 
 Pellaea atropurpurea Link, Fil. Hort. Berol. 
 59- 1841. 
 
 Rootstock short, densely clothed with 
 rusty slender hair-like scales. Stipes tufted, 
 2 / -6 / long, dark purple or nearly black ; 
 leaves coriaceous, lanceolate or ovate-lanceo- 
 late in outline, 4 / -i2 / long, 2 / -6 / wide, 
 simply pinnate or 2-pinnate below ; rachis 
 dark-brown or purple, glabrous or pubes- 
 cent; pinnules and upper pinnae I'-z' long, 
 glabrous, 3" or less wide, short-stalked or 
 sessile ; indusium formed of the slightly al- 
 tered incurved margin of the pinnules ; veins 
 obscure, commonly twice forked. 
 
 On rocks, preferring limestone, Ontario to 
 the Northwest Territory and British Columbia, 
 south to New Jersey, Georgia, the Indian Terri- 
 tory, Arizona and northern Mexico. Ascends to 
 2200 ft. in Virginia. June-Sept. 
 
30 POLYPODIACEAE 
 
 3. Pellaea densa (Brack.) Hook. 
 Oregon Cliff -brake. (Fig. 65.) 
 
 Onychium densum Brack. Fil. U. S. Expl. 
 Exp. 120. 1854. 
 
 Pellaea densa Hook. Sp. Fil. 2: 150. 1858. 
 
 Rootstock rather slender, chaffy with 
 blackish scales. Stipes densely tufted, 
 wiry, slender, light brown, s'-g' long; 
 leaves ovate or triangular-oblong in out- 
 line, i '-3' long, densely 3-pin nate, the seg- 
 ments 3 // -6 // long, linear, nearly sessile, 
 acuminate or mucronate, those of the fer- 
 tile leaves tapering at each end, with 
 narrowly recurved margins ; apices of the 
 rare sterile leaves sharply serrate, these 
 otherwise similar to the fertile ones. 
 
 Mt. Albert, Gasp6, Quebec. Also from 
 British Columbia to Wyoming and California. 
 Summer. 
 
 15. CHEILANTHES Sw. Syn. Fil. 126. 1806. 
 
 Mostly pubescent or tomentose rock-loving and small ferns with much divided leaves, 
 the sori terminal on the veins, at first small, ultimately more or less confluent. Indusium 
 formed of the reflexed margin of the leaf, roundish and distinct or more or less conflu- 
 ent. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with an elastic ring which bursts transversely, often 
 much concealed in the scales or tomentum which covers the segments in many species. 
 [Greek, in allusion to the lipped indusia of some species.] 
 
 About 65 species, of temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following, some 14 others 
 
 occur in the western and southwestern parts of North America and one in Florida. 
 Leaves nearly glabrous, 2-pinnate. i. C. Alabamensis. 
 
 I/eaves hirsute and glandular, not tomentose ; indusia not continuous. 2. C. lanosa. 
 leaves more or less tomentose ; indusia mostly continuous. 
 
 Leaves 2' -5' long ; stipes slender, at length nearly glabrous. 3. C. gracilis. 
 
 Leaves 6'-is' long ; stipes stout, densely brown-tomentose. 4. C. tomentosa. 
 
 i. Cheilanthes Alabamensis (Buckl.) Kunze. Alabama L,ip-fern. (Fig. 66.) 
 
 Pteris Alabamensis Buckl. Amer. Journ. Sci. 
 45 : 177. 1843. 
 
 Cheilanthes Alabamensis Kunze, Linnaea, 20 : 
 4. 1847. 
 
 Rootstock creeping, rather stout and 
 short, clothed with slender brown scales. 
 Stipes black, 3 X -7 X long, slender, wiry, 
 villous at least towards the base with rusty 
 wool ; leaves lanceolate in outline, glab- 
 rous, 2 / -io / long, 2-pinnate ; pinnae numer- 
 ous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, very 
 short-stalked, the lowest usually smaller 
 than those above ; pinnules oblong or tri- 
 angular-oblong, mostly acute, often auricu- 
 late on the upper side at the base, more or 
 less toothed or incised ; indusia pale, mem- 
 branous, interrupted by the incising of the 
 pinnae. 
 
 On rocks, Virginia to Alabama, west to Illi- 
 nois, Arkansas and Arizona. Aug.-Oct. 
 
FERN FAMILY. 
 2. Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx.) Watt. 
 
 Nephrodium lanosnm Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 270. 
 
 1803. 
 
 Cheilanthes vestita Sw. Syn. Fil. 128. 1806. 
 Cheilanthes lanosa Watt, Trimeii's Journ. Bot. 12 : 48. 
 
 1874. 
 
 Rootstock short, creeping, covered with pale 
 rusty-brown scales. Stipes tufted, wiry, chestnut- 
 brown, 2 / -4 / long, hirsute ; leaves herbaceous, 
 oblong-lanceolate in outline, 4'-g' long, i / -2 / wide, 
 gradually attenuate to the apex, 2-pinnate ; pin- 
 nules somewhat distant, lanceolate-deltoid, acute, 
 deeply pinnatifid or incised, more or less covered 
 with almost bristly hairs and usually somewhat 
 glandular, obtuse or subacute ; sori numerous, cov- 
 ered by the infolded ends of the rounded or oblong 
 lobes. 
 
 On rocks, southern New York to Georgia, west to 
 Missouri, Arkansas and Texas. Ascends to 1900 ft. in 
 North Carolina. July-Sept. 
 
 Hairy Lip-fern. (Fig 
 
 3. Cheilanthes gracilis (Fee) Mett. Slender Lip-fern. (Fig. 68.) 
 
 Myriopteris gracilis Fee, Gen. Fil. 150. 1850-52. 
 Cheilanthes lanuginosa Nutt. ; Hook. Sp. Fil. 2: 99. 
 
 1858. 
 Cheilanthes gracilis Mett. Abh. Senck. Nat. Gesell. 
 
 3: [reprint 36]. 1859. 
 
 Rootstock short, covered with narrow brown 
 scales lined with black. Stipes densely tufted, 
 slender, about as long as the leaves, at first cov- 
 ered with woolly hairs, at length nearly glab- 
 rous ; leaves ovate-lanceolate in outline, 2 / -4 / 
 long, i / -2 / wide, 3-pinnate or 2-pinnate with the 
 pinnules pinnatifid, the upper surface slightly 
 tomentose, the lower densely matted with whit- 
 ish-brown woolly hairs ; upper pinnae oblong- 
 ovate, the lower deltoid, the lowest distant ; ul- 
 timate segments or lobes minute, the terminal 
 ones slightly larger than the others, all roundish 
 or obovate and much crowded ; indusium nar- 
 row, formed of the inrolled unchanged margin 
 of the segments. 
 
 On rocks, Illinois and Minnesota to British 
 Columbia, south to Texas and Arizona. July-Oct. 
 
 4. Cheilanthes tomentosa Link. Woolly 
 Lip-fern. (Fig. 69.) 
 
 Cheilanthes tomentosa I^ink, Hort. Berol. 2: 42. 1833. 
 
 Rootstock stout, short, densely chaffy with slen- 
 der light brown scales. Stipes tufted, 4 / -8 / long, 
 rather stout, densely brown-tomentose even when 
 mature ; leaves oblong-lanceolate in outline, 3-pin- 
 nate, 6 / -x8 / long, densely tomentose, especially be- 
 neath, with slender brownish-white obscurely artic- 
 ulated hairs ; pinnae and pinnules ovate-oblong or 
 oblong-lanceolate, the ultimate pinnules about y?." 
 long, the terminal ones sometimes twice as large as 
 the others ; indusia pale, membranous, continuous. 
 
 On rocks, Virginia to Georgia, west to Missouri, 
 Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Ascends to 1900 ft. in 
 North Carolina. July-Oct. 
 
POLYPODIACEAE. 
 
 16. NOTHOLAENA R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i: 145. 1810. 
 
 Mostly small rock-loving ferns, with i-3-pinnate or pinnatifid leaves and marginal 
 roundish or oblong sori, which are at first distinct but soon confluent into a narrow band. 
 Indusium none, but the sporanges are sometimes at first covered by the inflexed margin of 
 the leaf. Veins free. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a vertical transversely bursting 
 ring. Lower surface of the leaf often covered with a white or yellow waxy powder, or in 
 some species with a dense tomentum. [Greek, in allusion to the woolly lower surfaces.] 
 
 About 40 species, of wide distribution, most numerous in America. Besides the following, 
 some 13 others are found in the mountainous portions of the southwestern United States. 
 
 i. Notholaena nivea dealbata 
 
 (Pursh) Davenp. Powdery 
 
 Notholaena. (Fig. 70.) 
 
 Cheilanthes dealbata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 
 
 671. 1814. 
 Notholaena dealbata Kunze, Amer. Journ. Sci. 
 
 (II.) 6: 82. 1848. 
 Notholaena nivea var. dealbata Davenp. Cat. 
 
 Davenp. Herb. Suppl. 44. 1883. 
 
 Rootstock short, chaffy with narrow 
 brown scales. Stipes tufted, wiry, very 
 slender, shining, dark brown, I'-^'long; 
 leaves triangular-ovate in outline, acute, 
 broadest at the base, i / -4 / long, 3-4- pinnate, 
 the rachis black and shining ; pinnae 
 ovate, the lower slender-stalked ; ultimate 
 pinnules ovate or obovate, obtuse, lobed, 
 crenate or entire, small, scarcely \" long, 
 white and powdery on the lower surface. 
 
 On calcareous rocks, Missouri and Kansas 
 to Arizona and Texas. June-Sept. The typ- 
 ical form of the species occurs in the South- 
 western States and in Central America. 
 
 17. POLYPODIUM L. Sp. PI. 1082. 1753. 
 
 Pinnate or simple ferns with stipes articulated to the creeping rootstocks. Sori circular, 
 dorsal, in one or more rows on either side of the midribs. Indusium none. Sporauges pedi- 
 celled, provided with a vertical ring which bursts transversely. Veins variously arranged. 
 [Greek, in allusion to the branched rootstocks of some species.] 
 
 About 350 species, of very wide geographic distribution, mostly of tropical regions. Besides 
 the following, 5 occur in Florida, i in Arizona and 3 on the Pacific Coast. 
 Lower surface of the leaf glabrous; plant green. i. P. vulgare. 
 
 Lower surface of the leaf densely scaly; plant grayish. 2. P. polypodioides. 
 
 i. Polypodium vulgare L. Com- 
 mon Polypody. (Fig. 71.) 
 
 Polypodium vulgare L- Sp. PI. 1085. 1753. 
 
 Rootstock slender, widely creeping, dense- 
 ly covered with cinnamon- colored scales. 
 Stipes light colored, glabrous, 2'-6' long; 
 leaves ovate-oblong or narrowly oblong in 
 outline, subcoriaceous, evergreen, glabrous 
 on both surfaces, 3'-io' long, i / ~3 / wide, cut 
 nearly to the rachis into entire or slightly 
 toothed, obtuse or subacute, linear or linear- 
 oblong segments ; sori large, borne about 
 midway between the midrib and margins of 
 the segments ; veins free. 
 
 On rocks or rocky banks, almost throughout 
 North America, Asia and Europe. Ascends to 
 5600 ft. in Virginia. The leaf varies much in 
 serration. Forms with the ends of the segments 
 enlarged, somewhat palmately lobed, and the 
 upper crested are known as var. cristatum. 
 Forms with the segments broad and deeply pin- 
 natifid are called var. Cambricum. Summer. 
 
FERN FAMILY. 
 
 33 
 
 2. Polypodium polypodioides (I,.) 
 
 A. S. Hitchcock. 
 Gray Polypody. (Fig. 72.) 
 
 Acrostichumpolypodioides'L,. Sp. PI. 1068. 1753. 
 Polypodium incanum Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 3: 1645. 
 
 1806. 
 Polypodium polypodioides A. S. Hitchcock, 
 
 Rep. Mo. Bot. Card. 4: 156. 1893. 
 
 Rootstock widely creeping, woody, cov- 
 ered with small brown scales. Stipes dense- 
 ly scaly, i '-3' long; leaves oblong-lanceo- 
 late in outline, acute, coriaceous, evergreen, 
 i '-6' long, i / -i>^ / wide, cut very nearly or 
 quite to the rachis into entire oblong or lin- 
 ear-oblong obtuse segments, glabrous or 
 rrearly so on the upper surface, the lower 
 densely covered with gray peltate scales 
 with darker centres, as are also the rachises; 
 veins indistinct, unconnected and usually 
 once forked. 
 
 On trees or rarely on rocks. Virginia to Flor- 
 ida, west to Illinois, Missouri and Texas. As- 
 ceiids to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. Widely 
 distributed in tropical America. July-Sept. 
 
 Family 6. MARSILEACEAE R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1 : 166. 1810. 
 
 Perennial herbaceous plants rooting in mud, with slender creeping root- 
 stocks and 4-foliolate or filiform leaves. Asexual propagation consisting of 
 sporocarps borne on peduncles which rise from the rootstock near the leaf-stalk 
 or are consolidated with it, containing both macrospores and microspores. The 
 macrospores germinate into prothallia which bear mostly archegonia, while the 
 microspores grow into prothallia bearing the antheridia. 
 
 Two genera and some 45 species of wide geographic distribution. 
 
 i. MARSILEA L. Sp. PI. 1099. 1753. 
 
 Marsh or aquatic plants, the leaves commonly floating on the surface of shallow water, 
 slender-petioled, 4-foliolate, Peduncles shorter than the petioles, arising from their bases 
 or more or less adnate to them. Sporocarps ovoid or bean-shaped, composed of two vertical 
 valves with several transverse compartments (sori) in each valve. [Name in honor of Gio- 
 vanni Marsigli, an Italian botanist, who died about 1804.] 
 
 About 40 species, widely distributed. Besides the following 2 or 3 others occur in Texas. 
 
 Sporocarps glabrous and purple when mature. 
 Sporocarps densely covered with hair-like scales. 
 
 i. Marsilea quadrifolia L,. 
 European Marsilea. (Fig. 73.) 
 Marsilea quadrifolia ~L,. Sp. PI. 1099. 1753. 
 
 Rootstock slender, buried in the muddy bot- 
 toms of shallow lakes or streams. Petioles us- 
 ually slender, 2 / -5 / high, or when submerged 
 sometimes elongated to i or 2. Leaflets mostly 
 triangular-obovate, variable in outline, 3 // -8 // 
 long, 2 // -6 // wide, glabrous or rarely with scat- 
 tered hairs when young, the margins entire ; 
 sporocarps 2 or rarely 3 on a branching peduncle 
 which is attached to the petiole at its base, 
 covered with short yellowish-brown hairs when 
 young, becoming glabrous and dark purple 
 when mature ; sori 8 or 9 in each valve. 
 
 Along the shores of Bantam Lake, Litchfield Co., 
 Conn., whence it has been introduced into various 
 parts of the country, notably into eastern Massachu- 
 setts. Native of Europe and Asia. 
 
 1. ^^. quadrifolia. 
 
 2. M. vestita. 
 
MARSILEACEAE. 
 
 Family 7. 
 
 2. Marsilea vestita Hook. & Grev. 
 Hairy Marsilea. (Fig. 74.) 
 
 Marsilea vestita Hook. & Grev. Ic. Fil. pi. 759. 
 
 1831. 
 Marsilea mucronata A. Br. Amer. Journ. Sci. 
 
 (II.) 3: 55- 1847- 
 
 Rootstock slender, creeping. Petioles 
 slender, 2'-$' high ; leaflets similar to those 
 of the preceding species, entire or toothed ; 
 sporocarps 2 // -4 // long, 2 // -3 // wide, with a 
 short raphe, a short and blunt lower tooth 
 and an acute and sometimes curved upper 
 one, densely covered with soft spreading 
 narrow hair-like scales or (in the forms 
 known as M. mucronata) these short and 
 appressed or almost wanting; sori 6-u in 
 each valve. 
 
 In wet sand or in shallow ditches, Florida 
 to Kansas, Arizona and Mexico, north to British 
 Columbia. 
 
 1828. 
 
 SALVINIACEAE Reichenb. Consp. 30. 
 SALVINIA FAMILY. 
 
 Small floating plants with a more or less elongated and sometimes branching 
 axis bearing apparently 2-ranked leaves. Sporocarps soft, thin-walled, borne 
 2 or more on a common stalk, i -celled, with a central often branched receptacle, 
 which bears macrosporanges containing a single macrospore or microsporanges 
 containing numerous microspores. The macrospores germinate into prothallia 
 which bear archegones, the microspores into prothallia which bear antherids. 
 
 The family consists of two genera. 
 
 Leaves 6" -9" long, 2-ranked, on mostly simple stems. i. Salvinia. 
 
 Leaves minute, closely imbricated on pinnately branching stems. 2. Azolla. 
 
 i. SALVINIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 15. 1763. 
 
 Floating annual plants with slender stems bearing rather broad 2-ranked leaves. 
 Sporocarps globose, depressed, 9-i4-sulcate, membranous, arranged in clusters, i or 2 of 
 each cluster containing 10 or more sessile macrosporanges, each containing few macrospores, 
 the others containing numerous smaller globose pedicelled microsporanges with very 
 numerous microspores. Leaves rather dark green, finely papillose on the upper surface. 
 [Name in honor of Antonio Maria Salvini, 1633-1729, Italian scientist.] 
 
 About 13 species of wide distribution. Only the following occurs in North America. 
 
 i. Salvinia natans (L. ) Hoffm. Salvinia. 
 (Fig. 75-) 
 
 Marsilea natans L. Sp. PL 1099. 1753. 
 Salvinia natans Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 2: i. 
 
 I795- 
 
 Leaves oblong, rather thick, obtuse or emargin- 
 ate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, 
 entire, spreading, 6 / -i2 / long, pinnately veined, 
 bright green and papillose above, the lower surface 
 densely matted with brown pellucid hairs ; sporo- 
 carps 4-8 in a cluster, the upper ones containing 
 about 10 macrosporanges, each containing a few 
 macrospores, the remainder containing numerous 
 microsporanges each with numerous microspores ; 
 macrospores marked with 3 obtuse lobes which 
 meet at the apex. 
 
 Bois Brul6 Bottoms, Perry Co., Missouri and near 
 Minneapolis, Minn. Introduced into ponds on Staten 
 Island, N. Y. Reported by Pursh in 1814 from central 
 New York, but his exact station is unknown. Widely 
 distributed in Europe and Asia. 
 
SALVINIA FAMILY. 
 
 35 
 
 2. AZOLLA Lam. Encycl. i: 343. 1783. 
 
 Minute moss-like reddish or green floating plants, with pinnately branched stems covered 
 with minute imbricated 2-lobed leaves, and emitting rootlets beneath. Sporocarps of two 
 kinds borne in the axils of the leaves, the smaller ovoid or acorn-shaped, containing a single 
 macrospore at the base and a few corpuscles above it whose character is not fully known, 
 the larger globose, producing many pedicelled sporanges, each containing several masses of 
 microspores which are often beset with a series of anchor-like processes of unknown func- 
 tion. [Greek, signifying killed by drought.] 
 
 About 5 species of wide geographic distribution. />$QF8$^ \ ,'"^ (~)/ 
 
 i. Azolla Caroliniana Willd. Carolina 
 Azolla. (Fig. 76.) 
 
 Azolla Caroliniana Willd. Sp. PI. 5 : 541. 1810. 
 
 Plants greenish or reddish, deltoid or triangu- 
 lar-ovate in outline, pinnately branching, some- 
 times covering large surfaces of water. Macro- 
 spores minutely granulate, with three accessory 
 corpuscles; masses of microspores armed with 
 rigid septate processes ; leaves with ovate lobes, 
 their color varying somewhat with the amount 
 of direct sunlight, the lower usually reddish, the 
 upper green with a reddish border. 
 
 Floating on still water, Ontario and western New 
 York to British Columbia, south to Florida, Arizona 
 and Mexico. Also in South America. Naturalized 
 in lakes on Staten Island, N. Y. 
 
 Family 8. EQUISETACEAE Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 281. 1803. 
 
 HORSETAIL FAMILY. 
 
 Rush-like perennial plants, with mostly hollow jointed simple or often much- 
 branched grooved stems, provided with a double series of cavities and usually 
 with a large central one, the branches verticillate, the nodes provided with dia- 
 phragms. Rootstocks subterranean. Leaves reduced to sheaths at the joints, 
 the sheaths toothed. Sporanges i -celled, clustered underneath the scales of ter- 
 minal cone-like spikes. Spores all of the same size and shape, furnished with 2 
 narrow strap-like appendages attached at the middle, coiling around the spore 
 when moist and spreading, when dry and mature, in the form of a cross (elaters). 
 Epidermis impregnated witft silica, rough. Prothallium on the surface of the 
 ground, green, usually dioecious. 
 
 The family consists of the following genus : 
 
 i. EQUISETUM L. Sp. PI. 1061. 1753. 
 
 Characters of the family. [Name ancient, signify ing horse-tail, in allusion to the copious 
 branching of several species.] 
 
 About 25 species, of very wide geographic distribution. 
 Stems annual ; stomata scattered. 
 
 Stems of two kinds, the fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile. 
 
 Fertile stems simple, soon withering; sheaths of branches of sterile stems 4-toothed. 
 
 i. E. arvense. 
 Fertile stems branched when old, only the apex withering. 
 
 Branches of the stem simple, their sheaths 3-toothed. 2. E. pratense. 
 
 Branches compound. 3. E. sylvaticum, 
 
 Stems all alike; spores mature in summer; branches simple or none. 
 
 Sheaths rather loose ; branches usually long ; stems bushy below, attenuate upwards. 
 Central cavity very small ; spike long. 4. E. palustre. 
 
 Central cavity about one-half the diameter of stem; spike short. 5. E. littorale. 
 Sheaths appressed ; branches usually short. 6. E. fluviatile. 
 
 Stems perennial, evergreen ; spikes tipped with a rigid point ; stomata in regular rows. 
 Stems tall, usually many-grooved. 
 
 Stems rough and tuberculate, prominently ridged. 
 
 Ridges with i line of tubercles; ridges of sheath tricarinate; stem stout. 
 
 7. E. robustum. 
 Ridges of the stem with 2 indistinct lines of tubercles; ridges of sheath obscurely 
 
 4-carinate; stem slender. 8. E. hyemale. 
 
 Stems not tuberculate ; sheaths enlarged upward. 9. E. laevigatum. 
 
 Stems low, slender, tufted, usually 5-io-grooved. 
 
 Central cavity small ; sheaths 5-io-toothed. 10. E, variegatum. 
 
 Central cavity none ; sheaths 3-toothed. n. E. scirpoides. 
 
EQUISETACEAE. 
 Equisetum arvense L,. Field Horsetail. (Fig. 77.) 
 
 Equisetum arvense L. Sp. PI. 1061. 1753. 
 
 Stems annual, provided with scattered stomata, the 
 fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile. 
 Fertile stems 4 / -io / high, not branched, soon wither- 
 ing, light brown, their loose scarious sheaths mostly 
 distant, whitish, ending in about 12 brown acuminate 
 teeth ; sterile stems green, rather slender, 2 / -2 high, 
 6-ig-furrowed, with numerous long mostly simple 
 verticillate 4-angled or rarely 3-angled solid branches, 
 the sh eaths of the branches 4-toothed, the stomata in 2 
 rows in the furrows ; central cavity one-fifth to one- 
 fourth the diameter of the stem. 
 
 In sandy soil, especially along roadsides and railways, 
 Newfoundland and Greenland to Alaska, south to Virginia 
 and California. Also in Europe and Asia. Ascends to at 
 least 2500 ft in Virginia. An occasional form in which the 
 sterile stem bears a terminal spike is known as var. sero- 
 Hnum. Sterile stems sometimes very short and with long 
 prostrate or ascending branches. May. .^ 
 
 2. Equisetum pratense Ehrh. Thicket Horse- 
 tail. (Fig. 78.) 
 
 Equisetum pratense Ehrh. Hanov. Mag. 138. 1784. 
 
 Stems annual, 8 / -i6 / high, with scattered stomata, the 
 fertile appearing in spring before the sterile, branched 
 when old, only its apex withering, the two becoming 
 similar in age; stems rough, 8-20 ridged with narrow 
 furrows and cylindric or cup-shaped sheaths ; branches 
 straight, rather short, simple, densely whorled, 3-angled 
 or rarely 4~5-angled, solid ; sheaths of the stem with 
 about ii short ovate-lanceolate teeth, those of the branches 
 3-toothed ; rootstocks solid, acutely angled. 
 
 In'sandy places, Nova Scotia and Rupert River to Minne- 
 sota, and Alaska, south to New Jersey and Colorado. Also in 
 Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 3. Equisetum sylvaticum L,. Wood Horse- 
 tail. (Fig. 79.) 
 
 Equisetum sylvalicum 1,. Sp. PI. 1061. 1753. 
 
 Stems annual, provided with scattered stomata, the 
 fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile, at first 
 simple, at length much branched and resembling the 
 sterile, only its naked apex withering. Stems usually 
 12-furrowed, producing verticillate compound branches, 
 the branchlets curved downward ; sheaths loose, cylin- 
 dric or campanulate, those of the stem with 8-14 blunt- 
 ish teeth, those of the branches with 4 or 5 teeth, those of 
 the branchlets with 3 divergent teeth ; central cavity 
 nearly one half the diameter of the stem ; branches and 
 branchlets solid. 
 
 In moist sandy woods and thickets, Newfoundland and 
 Greenland to Alaska, south to Virginia and Michigan. Also 
 in Europe and Asia. May. 
 
37 
 
 4. Equisetum palustre L,. Marsh Horsetail. 
 
 (Fig. 80.) 
 
 Equisetum paluslreli,. Sp. PI. 1061. 1753. 
 
 Stems annual, slender, all alike, io / 7 i8 / long, very 
 deeply s-g-grooved, the grooves separated by narrow 
 roughish wing-like ridges, the central canal very 
 small ; sheaths rather loose, bearing about 8 subu- 
 late-lanceolate whitish-margined teeth ; branches sim- 
 ple, few in the whorls, 4-7-angled, always hollow, 
 barely sulcate, more abundant below than above, their 
 sheaths mostly 5-toothed ; spike rather long; stomata 
 abundant in the furrows. 
 
 In wet places, Xova Scotia to Alaska, south to Maine, 
 western New York, Minnesota and Arizona. Also in 
 Europe. July- Aug. 
 
 5. Equisetum littorale Kuehl. Shore Horsetail. (Fig. Si.) 
 
 Equisetnm littorale Kuehl. Beitr. Pflanz. Russ. 
 Reichs, 4 : 91. 1845. 
 
 Stems annual, very slender, all alike, S'-iS' 
 high, slightly roughened, 6-i9-grooved, the 
 ridges rounded, the central canal one-half to two- 
 thirds the diameter ; sheaths sensibly dilated 
 above, the uppermost inversely campanulate, 
 their teeth herbaceous, membranous at the mar- 
 gins, narrow, lanceolate ; branches of two kinds, 
 simple, some 4-angled and hollow, some3-angled 
 and solid, the first joint shorter or a trifle longer 
 than the sheath of the stem ; spike short with 
 abortive spores, these commonly with no elaters. 
 
 On sandy river and lake shores, Maine and On- 
 tario to New Jersey and Pennsylvania, west to Brit- 
 ish Columbia. Also in Europe. .Supposed to be a 
 hybrid. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 6. Equisetum fluviatile 
 
 Equisetum fluviatile L. Sp. PI. 1062. 1753. 
 Equisetum Ihnosinu L,. Sp. PI. 1062. 1753. 
 
 Swamp Horsetail 
 
 I 
 
 (Fig. 82. 
 
 Stems annual, all alike, 2-4 high, slightly 
 io-30-furrowed, very smooth, usually producing 
 upright branches after the spores are formed, the 
 stomata scattered. Sheaths appressed with about 
 18 dark brown short acute rigid teeth, air cavities 
 wanting under the grooves, small under the 
 ridges ; central cavity very large ; branches hol- 
 low, slender, smaller but otherwise much like the 
 stems, short or elongated ; rootstocks hollow. 
 
 In swamps and along the borders of ponds, Nova 
 Scotia to Alaska, south to Virginia, Nebraska and 
 Washington. Also in Europe and Asia. May-June. 
 
38 EQUISETACEAE. 
 
 7. Equisetum robustum A. Br. Stout Scouring-rush. 
 
 Equisetum robustum A. Br. ; IJngelm. Amer. Journ. 
 Sci. 46: 88. 1844. 
 
 Stems perennial, stout, tall, evergreen, 3-n 
 high, sometimes nearly i x in diameter, 2O~48-fur- 
 rowed, simple or little branched. Ridges of the 
 stem roughened with a single series of transversely 
 oblong siliceous tubercles ; sheaths short, cylin- 
 dric, appressed, marked with black girdles at the 
 base, and at the bases of the dark caducous 
 teeth ; ridges of the sheath 3-carinate ; branches 
 when present occasionally fertile; spikes tipped with 
 a rigid point. 
 
 In wet places, Ohio to Louisiana and Mexico, west 
 to British Columbia and California. Also in Asia. 
 May-June. 
 
 (Fig. 83.) 
 
 8. Equisetum hyemale L,. Common 
 Scouring-rush. (Fig. 84.) 
 
 Equisetum hyemale I/. Sp. PI. 1062. 1753. 
 
 Stems slender, rather stiff, evergreen, 2-4 high, 
 with the stomata arranged in regular rows, rough, 
 8-34- furrowed, the ridges with two indistinct lines 
 of tubercles, the central cavity large, from one-half 
 to two-thirds the diameter ; sheaths rather long, 
 cylindric, marked with one or two black girdles, 
 their ridges obscurely 4-carinate ; teeth brown, 
 membranous, soon deciduous ; spikes pointed ; 
 stem rarely producing branches which are usually 
 short and occasionally fertile ; forms are sometimes 
 found with longer sterile branches. 
 
 In wet places and on banks, especially along rivers 
 and lakes, throughout nearly the whole of North 
 America, Europe and Asia. The rough stems of this 
 and related species are used for scouring floors. May- 
 June. 
 
 9. Equisetum laevigatum A. Br. Smooth 
 Scouring-rush. (Fig. 85.) 
 
 Equisetum laevigatum A. Br. ; Engelm. Amer. Journ. 
 Sci. 46: 87. 1844. 
 
 Stems i-5 high, simple or little branched, pale 
 green, persistent, 'i4-3O-furrowed, the ridges al- 
 most smooth. Sheaths elongated and enlarged 
 upward, marked with a black girdle at the base of 
 the mostly deciduous, white-margined teeth and 
 rarely also at their bases ; ridges of the sheath with 
 a faint central carina and sometimes with faint 
 short lateral ones ; stomata arranged in single 
 series ; central cavity very large, the wall of the 
 stem very thin ; spikes pointed. 
 
 Along streams and rivers, especially in clay soil, 
 valley of the Delaware River in New Jersey and eastern 
 Pennsylvania to North Carolina and Louisiana, west to 
 British Columbia and the Mexican border. May-June. 
 
HORSETAIL FAMILY. 
 
 10. Equisetum variegatum Schleich. 
 Variegated Equisetum. (Fig. 86.) 
 
 Equisetum variegatum Schleich. Cat. PI. Helvet. 27. 
 
 1807. 
 
 Stems slender, perennial, evergreen, 6 / -i8 / long, 
 rough, usually simple from a branched base, com- 
 monly tufted, 5-io-furrowed, the stomata borne in 
 regular rows. Sheaths campanulate, distinctly 
 4-carinate, green, variegated with black above, the 
 median furrow deep and excurreut to the teeth and 
 downward to the ridges of the stem, the teeth 5-10, 
 each tipped with a deciduous bristle ; central cav- 
 ity small, rarely wanting. 
 
 Labrador and Greenland to the Northwest Territory, 
 south to New Hampshire, western New York, Nebraska 
 and Nevada. Also in Europe and Asia. May-June. 
 
 39 
 
 ii. Equisetum scirpoides Michx. Sedge- 
 like Equisetum. (Fig. 87.) 
 
 Equisetum scirpoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 281. 1803. 
 
 Stems perennial, evergreen, very slender or filiform, 
 3 / -6 / long, somewhat rough, flexuous and curving, 
 growing in slender tufts, mostly 6-furrowed with acute 
 ridges, simple or branching from near the base. 
 Sheaths 3-toothed, distinctly 4-carinate, the central 
 furrow broad, the lateral narrow, the bristly teeth 
 rather persistent ; central cavity entirely wanting. 
 
 On moist or wet wooded banks, Labrador to Alaska, 
 south to Pennsylvania, Illinois and British Columbia. 
 Also in Europe and Asia. May-June. 
 
 Family 9. LYCOPODIACEAE Michx.. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 281. 1803. 
 
 C^UB-MOSS FAMILY. 
 
 Somewhat moss-like, erect or trailing terrestrial herbs with numerous small 
 lanceolate or subulate simple leaves, sometimes oblong or roundish, arranged in 
 2-many ranks, the stems often elongated, usually freely branching. Sporanges 
 i-3-celled, solitary in the axils of the leaves or on their upper surfaces. Spores 
 uniform, minute. Prothallia (as far as known) mostly subterranean, with or 
 without chlorophyll, monoecious. 
 
 Four genera and about no species. Besides the following-, Psilotum occurs in Florida, the two 
 other genera only in Australia. 
 
 i. LYCOPODIUM L,. Sp. PI. noo. 1753. 
 
 Perennial plants with evergreen i-nerved leaves arranged in 4-16 ranks. Sporanges 
 coriaceous, flattened, reniform, i -celled, situated in the axils of ordinary leaves or in those 
 -of the upper modified, bract-like ones, which are imbricated in sessile or peduncled 
 spikes, opening transversely into 2 valves, usually by a line around the margin. Spores all 
 of one kind, copious, sulphur-yellow, readily inflammable from the abundant oil they contain. 
 [Greek, meaning wolf's-foot, perhaps in allusion to the branching roots of some species.] 
 
 About loo species of wide geographic distribution, the largest occurring in the Andes of South 
 America and in the Himalayas. 
 
40 LYCOPODIACEAE. 
 
 Sporanges borne in the axils of leaves which are similar to those of the stem. 
 Sporanges mostly wanting in the axils of the upper, mostly 8-ranked leaves. 
 
 Stems erect, rigid; leaves uniform, ascending. i. L. Selago. 
 
 Stems somewhat lax, spreading; leaves spreading or deflexed, alternately longer and 
 
 shorter. 2. L. lucidulum. 
 
 Sporanges only in the axils of the upper leaves forming terminal spikes; leaves many-ranked. 
 Plant small; leaves acute, soft, mostly entire. 3. L. inundatum. 
 
 Plant stout; leaves narrow, spinulose-pointed, bristle-toothed below the middle. 
 
 4. L. alopecuroides. 
 Sporanges borne in the axils of yellowish ovate or cordate scale-like leaves, which are very unlike 
 
 those of the sterile stems. 
 
 Stems leafy up to the base of the spike or nearly so. 
 Spikes erect, closely sessile. 
 
 Stems erect, tree-like. 5'. L. obscurum. 
 
 Stems creeping with ascending branches. 
 
 Leaves uniform, spreading, 5-ranked. 6. L. annotinum. 
 
 Leaves of 2 forms, erect-imbricate, 4-ranked. 7. L. alpimim. 
 
 Spikes erect, short-peduncled; leaves small, appressed, 4-ranked. 8. L. sabinaefolium. 
 Fertile branches with minute leaves so that the spikes appear long-peduncled. 
 
 Leaves uniform, many-ranked; stems terete. 9. L. clavatum. 
 
 Leaves of 2 forms, few-ranked; stems flattened. 
 
 Sterile stems entirely creeping; spikes solitary. 10. L. Carolinianum^ 
 
 Sterile stems with fan-like ascending branches; spikes clustered. 
 
 ii. L. complanatum. 
 
 i. Lycopodium Selago L. Fir Club-moss. (Fig. 88.) 
 
 Lycopodium Selago L- Sp. PI. 1102. 1753. 
 
 Stems'3 / -6 / high, thick, rigid, erect, 2-5 times 
 forked, the branches fastigiate, forming a level- 
 topped cluster. Leaves crowded, uniform, ascend- 
 ing, elongated-lanceolate, mucronulate, entire or 
 spinulose-denticulate, nerved below, convex above, 
 the upper mostly 8-ranked, sterile, those below 
 bearing the small Sporanges in their axils, those of 
 the lower half of the stem again sterile ; plant 
 propagated also by bud-like organs which have 
 a lower pointed bract and 2 or 3 upper fleshy and 
 obovate ones. 
 
 On rocks, Labrador and Greenland to Alaska, south 
 to the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont 
 and northern New York, on the summits of the higher 
 Alleghenies to North Carolina, and to Michigan and 
 Washington. Also in Europe and Asia. Autumn. 
 
 2. Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Shining 
 Club-moss. (Fig. 89.) 
 
 Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 284. 1803. 
 
 Stems somewhat lax, ascending or spreading, thick, 
 2-3 times forked, the branches 6'-i i' high. Leaves 
 widely spreading or reflexed, dark green, shining, i- 
 uerved, acute, minutely toothed, a series of longer ones 
 alternating with a series of shorter, the latter more fre- 
 quently bearing the sporanges at a short distance below 
 the summit of the stem ; sporanges of preceding years 
 often persistent ; plant also propagated like the preced- 
 ing species by gemmae, which fall to the ground and 
 become new plants. 
 
 In cold, damp woods, Newfoundland to British Columbia, 
 south to North Carolina and Iowa. Ascends to nearly 5700 ft. 
 in Virginia. Aug.-Oct. 
 
CLUB-MOSS FAMILY. 4 1 
 
 3. Lycopodium inundatum L. Bog Club-moss. 
 (Fig. 90.) 
 
 Lycopodium inundatum L- Sp. PI. 1102. 1753. 
 
 Plants small, I'-s' long, with creeping flaccid forking 
 brittle sterile stems closely appressed to the earth. Fer- 
 tile stems erect, solitary, i / -6 / high, terminated by a short 
 thick spike ; leaves lanceolate or lanceolate-subulate with 
 hyaline margins, those of the spike similar to those below, 
 acute, soft, spreading, mostly entire, those of the sterile 
 stems curved upward; spikes rarely two together, 9"-i&" 
 long, yellowish ; sporanges tranversely oval, splitting 
 nearly to the base ; spores large, reticulated. 
 
 In sandy bogs, Newfoundland to western Ontario and Mich- 
 igan, south to Florida. Ascends to 2000 ft. in eastern Pennsyl- 
 vania. Also in Europe and Asia. Larger forms with fertile 
 stems 5' -7' high and more pointed serrate leaves have been 
 separated as var. Bigelovii. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 4. Lycopodium alopecuroides L,. Fox-tail 
 Club-moss. (Fig. 91.) 
 
 Lycopodium alopecuroides L- Sp. PI. 1102. 1753. 
 
 Plant stout, densely leafy, the sterile branches 
 flaccid, recurved and creeping, sometimes 10' long. 
 Fertile stems stout, rigid, erect, 6 / -2o / high, termin- 
 ated by a spike 9"-! >' long, and, including its leaves 
 \ f '-$" thick ; leaves narrowly linear-subulate, those of 
 the spike similar to those below, spinulose-pointed, 
 spreading, conspicuously bristle-toothed below the 
 middle, those of the spike with long setaceous tips ; 
 sporanges transversely oval, splitting to near the base. 
 
 In pine-barren swamps, New Jersey to Florida, near the 
 coast, west to Mississippi. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 5. Lycopodium obscurum L. Ground Pine. (Fig. 92.) 
 
 Lycopodium obscurum L. Sp. PI. 1102. 1753. 
 
 Lycopodium dendroideum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 282. 
 1803. 
 
 Stems erect, 6 / -i2 / high, bushy-branched, the 
 branches fan-like, the rootstocks subterranean, 
 nearly horizontal. Leaves lanceolate-linear, acute, 
 entire, 8-ranked on the main stem, those of the 
 branches 6-ranked, with the two upper and the two 
 lower ranks shorter and appressed, or all alike and 
 equally incurved-spreading, densely clothing the 
 stems up to the bases of the spikes ; spikes i-io on 
 each plant, >^ / ~ I K / l n & composed of many- 
 ranked ovate scarious-margined bracts (scale-like 
 leaves), each with a transversely oval sporange in 
 its axil. 
 
 In moist woods, Newfoundland and Labrador to 
 Alaska, south to the mountains of North Carolina and 
 to Indiana. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. Also in 
 Asia. July-Sept. 
 
LYCOPODIACEAE. 
 
 6. Lycopodium annotinum L. Stiff 
 Club-moss. (Fig. 93.) 
 
 Lycopodium annofinum L. Sp. PI. 1103. 1753. 
 
 Stems much branched, slender, prostrate and 
 creeping, rather stiff, i-4 long, the branches sim- 
 ilar, ascending, 5' -8' high, sparingly forked. 
 Leaves uniform, spreading, 5-ranked, rigid, linear- 
 lanceolate, minutely serrulate, nerved below; spikes 
 solitary or several at the ends of the branches, ob- 
 long-cylindric, i / -2)4 / long, composed of ovate or 
 ovate- cordate, short-acuminate and denticulate 
 bracts, each with a sporange in its axil ; spores 
 smooth or spinulose-reticulated on the basal surface. 
 
 In woods and thickets, commonly in dry soil, Lab- 
 rador to Alaska, south to New Jersey, West Virginia, 
 Michigan, Colorado and Washington. Also in Europe 
 and Asia. Mountain forms with more rigid pointed 
 leaves have been separated as var. pungens. Autumn. 
 
 7. Lycopodium alpinum L. Alpine Club- 
 moss. (Fig. 94.) 
 
 Lycopodium alpinum L. Sp. PI. 1104. 1753. 
 
 Stems elongated, creeping, with ascending densely 
 clustered crowded dichotomous branches. Leaves 
 4-ranked, erect-imbricate, adnate-decurrent, of two 
 forms ; those of the lateral rows lanceolate, falcate, 
 acute, carinate, concave within, those of the interme- 
 diate rows scarcely one-third as large, lanceolate-sub- 
 ulate, the upper and lower rows alike ; spikes solitary 
 at the apices of slightly elongated branches, erect, 
 closely sessile, the stems leafy to their bases ; bracts 
 broadly ovate, acuminate, dentate ; spores reticulated. 
 
 In woods, Labrador to Lake Superior, Washington and 
 Alaska. Sometimes united with L. complanatum. Also 
 in Europe and Asia. 
 
 8. Lycopodium sabinaefolium Willd. 
 
 Cedar-like Club-moss. (Fig. 95.) 
 
 Lycopodium sabinaefolium Willd. Sp. PI. 5 : 20. 1810. 
 
 Stems elongated, creeping, or more usually sub- 
 terranean with short erect dichotomous clustered 
 ascending branches, i'-^' long. Leaves 4-ranked, 
 small, appressed or slightly curved outward, lan- 
 ceolate, mucronate, entire, apparently terete ; 
 spikes short-peduncled, solitary, cylindric, with 
 cordate acuminate erose-deuticulate or entire 
 bracts; sporauges transversely oval or somewhat 
 reniform, deeply splitting. 
 
 In cold woods, Labrador to New Jersey and British 
 Columbia. 
 
CLUB-MOSS FAMILY. 43 
 
 9. Lycopodium clavatum L. Running Pine. Club-moss. (Fig. 96. ) 
 
 Lycopodium clavatum L. Sp. PI. 1101. 1753- 
 
 Stems extensively creeping, i-4 long with simi- 
 lar short irregular ascending or decumbent densely 
 leafy branches. Leaves much crowded, many-ranked, 
 incurved, linear-subulate, bristle-tipped, the lower 
 denticulate, the upper nearly entire and slightly de- 
 current on either side ; spikes 1-4 on long 8-striate 
 peduncles ; bracts membranous, roundish, erose- 
 denticulate below, bearing in the axil a transversely 
 oval sporange which splits nearly to the base ; spores 
 narrowly reticulate. 
 
 In woods, Labrador to Alaska, south to North Carolina, 
 Michigan and Washington. Also in Europe, Asia and 
 Central America. The spores of this species, and those 
 of L. complanatitm, furnish the inflammable powder 
 known as Lycopodium powder or vegetable sulphur, used 
 in stage effects. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 10. Lycopodium Carolinianum L. Caro- 
 lina Club-moss. (Fig. 97. ) 
 
 Lycopodium Carolinianum L. Sp. PI. 1104. 1753. 
 
 Sterile stems and their few short branches entirely 
 creeping, closely appressed to the earth, I'-T,' long, 
 emitting numerous roots on the lower side. Leaves 
 of fertile stems of two forms, the lateral ones broadly 
 lanceolate, acute and somewhat oblique, i-nerved, 
 widely spreading, in 2 ranks with a shorter, interme- 
 diate row appressed on the upper side ; peduncles 
 simple, slender, 2 / -6 / high, clothed with small bract- 
 like leaves and bearing a single cyliudric spike ; bracts 
 cordate, short-acuminate, mostly entire with trans- 
 versely oval sporanges in the upper axils. 
 
 In moist pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida and Louisi- 
 ana near the coast. 
 
 ii. Lycopodium complanatum L. Trail- 
 ing Christmas-green. (Fig. 98.) 
 
 Lycopodium coin planal urn L. Sp. PI. 1104. 1753. 
 
 Stems extensively creeping, with erect or ascend- 
 ing reniform or fan-shaped branches several times 
 forked above, with crowded flattened branchlets. 
 Leaves minute, imbricate-appressed, 4-ranked, the 
 lateral rows with somewhat spreading tips, the in- 
 termediate smaller, narrower and wholly appressed, 
 forming a flat surface ; peduncle slender, 2 / -6 / high, 
 dichotomous, bearing 2-4 linear-cylindric spikes ; 
 bracts broadly ovate, acuminate, the margins pale and 
 erose ; sporanges transversely oval, deeply splitting. 
 
 In woods and thickets, Newfoundland to Alaska, south 
 to North Carolina, Michigan and British Columbia. Also 
 in Europe and Asia. Forms with less distinctly dimor- 
 phous leaves and narrower, more erect and bushy branches 
 have been separated as var. Chamaecyparissus. 
 
44 
 
 SELAGINELLACEAE. 
 
 Family 10. SELAGINELLACEAE Underw. Native Ferns 103. 1881. 
 
 Terrestrial, annual or perennial, moss-like plants with branching stems and 
 scale-like leaves, which are many-ranked and uniform, or 4-ranked and of two- 
 types spreading in two planes. Sporanges i -celled, solitary in the axils of 
 leaves which are so arranged as to form more or less quadrangular spikes, some 
 containing 4 macrospores (macrosporanges), others containing numerous mi- 
 crospores (microsporanges), which develop into small prothallia, those from 
 the macrospores bearing archegones, those from the microspores antherids. 
 
 The family consists of the following genus : 
 
 i. SELAGINELLA Beauv. Prodr. Aetheog. 101. 1805. 
 
 Characters of family. [Name diminutive of Selago, an ancient name of some Lycopodium. ] 
 
 About 335 species of very wide geographic distribution, most abundant and largest in tropical 
 regions. In addition to the following some 5 others occur in western North America. 
 Stem-leaves all alike, many-ranked. 
 
 Stems compact with rigid leaves ; spikes quadrangular. i . 5". rupestris. 
 
 Stems slender; leaves lax, spreading; spikes enlarged, scarcely quadrangular. 2. 5. selaginoides. 
 Stem-leaves of 2 kinds, 4-ranked, spreading in 2 planes. 3. 5. apus. 
 
 i. Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring. 
 Rock Selaginella. (Fig. 99.) 
 
 Lycopodium rupestre L,. Sp. PI. noi. 1753. 
 Selaginella rupestris Spring in Mart. Fl. Bras, 
 i: Part 2, 118. 1840. 
 
 Stems densely tufted, with occasional 
 sterile runners and sub-pinnate branches^ 
 i / -3 / high, commonly curved when dry. 
 Leaves rigid, appressed-imbricated, \" or 
 less long, linear or linear-lanceolate, convex 
 on the back, more or less ciliate.many-ranked, 
 tipped with a distinct transparent awn ; 
 spikes sessile at the ends of the stem or 
 branches, strongly quadrangular, 6 // -i2 // 
 long, about \" thick ; bracts ovate-lanceo- 
 late, acute or acuminate, broader than the 
 leaves of the stem ; macrosporanges and mic- 
 rosporanges borne in the same spikes, the 
 former more abundant. 
 
 On dry rocks, throughout the northern hem- 
 isphere, and in Africa. Ascends to at least 
 2000 ft. in Virginia. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 2. Selaginella selaginoides (I,.) 
 Link. Low Selaginella. (Fig. 100. ) 
 
 Lycopodium selaginoides I,. Sp. PI. noi. 1753. 
 Selaginella spinosa Beauv. Prodr. Aetheog. 112. 
 1805. 
 
 Selaginella selaginoides Link, Fil. Hort. Berol. 
 158. 1841. 
 
 Sterile branches prostrate-creeping, slen- 
 der, YZ'-I' long, the fertile erect or ascend- 
 ing, thicker, \'-$' high, simple ; leaves 
 lanceolate, acute, lax and spreading, sparsely 
 spinulose-ciliate, i // -2 // long ; spikes solitary 
 at the ends of the fertile branches, enlarged, 
 oblong-linear, subacute, \' or less long, 
 2 // -2^2 // thick ; bracts of the spike lax, as- 
 cending, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 
 strongly ciliate. 
 
 On wet rocks, Labrador to Alaska, south to 
 New Hampshire, Michigan and Colorado. Also 
 in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
SELAGINELLA FAMILY. 
 
 45 
 
 3. Selaginella apus (L,.) Spring. Creeping Selaginella. (Fig. 101.) 
 
 Lycopodium apodum L- Sp. PI. 1105. 1753. 
 
 Selaginella apus Spring in Mart. Fl. Bras, i : 
 Part. 2, 119. 1840. 
 
 Annual, light green, stems prostrate- 
 creeping, i / ~4 / long, much branched, flac- 
 cid, angled on the face. I/eaves minute, 
 membranous, of 2 kinds, 4 ranked, spread- 
 ing in 2 planes ; upper leaves of the lower 
 plane spreading, the lower reflexed, ovate, 
 acute, serrulate, not distinctly ciliate ; 
 leaves of the upper plane ovate, short-cus- 
 pidate ; spikes 3 // -8 // long, obscurely quad- 
 rangular ; bracts ovate, acute, sometimes 
 serrulate, acutely keeled in the upper half ; 
 macrosporanges more abundant toward 
 the base of the spike. 
 
 In moist shaded places, often among grass, 
 Maine and Ontario to the Northwest Terri- 
 tory, south to Florida, Louisiana and Texas. 
 Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. July-Sept. 
 
 Family ii. ISOETACEAE. Underw. Native Ferns, 104. 1881. 
 
 QUILLWORT FAMILY. 
 
 Aquatic or marsh plants rooting in the mud, with a short buried 2-lobed or 
 3-lobed trunk (stem) sending out abundant roots and sending up a compact tuft 
 of rush-like leaves. Sporanges sessile in the axils of the leaves, some containing 
 macrospores (macrosporanges), others microspores (microsporanges); the for- 
 mer germinate into prothallia bearing only archegones, the latter into prothallia 
 bearing usually only a single antherid. 
 
 The family consists of the following genus only. 
 
 i. ISOETES L. Sp. PI. 1 1 oo. 1753. 
 
 Submerged, amphibious or uliginous plants with a cluster of elongated awl-shaped leaves 
 irising from a more or less 2-3-lobed fleshy short stem, the leaves with or without peripheral 
 bast-bundles, with or without stomata, bearing a small membranous organ (ligule) above 
 the base. Sporanges sessile in the excavated bases of the leaves, orbicular or ovoid, the 
 sides more or less covered with a fold of the inner side of the leaf-base (velum). The 
 sporanges of the outer leaves usually contain spherical, mostly sculptured macrospores, 
 those of the inner ones contain minute powdery usually oblong microspores. [Name 
 Greek, taken from Pliny, apparently referring to the persistent green leaves.] 
 
 About 50 species, widely distributed. Besides the following 2 are known from the southern 
 United States, 7 from the Pacific Coast and 2 from Mexico. Owing to their aquatic habitat and ap- 
 parently local distribution, these plants are popularly little known. The spores mature in summer 
 and autumn. 
 
 Submerged or rarely emersed in very dry seasons ; leaves quadrangular, without peripheral bast- 
 bundles. 
 Stomata wanting ; macrospores crested. 
 
 Leaves stout, rigid, scarcely tapering. i. /. lacustris. 
 
 Leaves slender, tapering. 2. /. Tuckermani. 
 
 Stomata present ; macrospores echinate. 3. /. echinospora. 
 
 Amphibious or submerged only in earlier stages ; stomata always present on the quadrangular 
 
 leaves. 
 Peripheral bast-bundles wanting ; velum partial. 
 
 Leaves 2' -3' long ; macrospores with minute warts. 4. /. saccharata. 
 
 Leaves 4' -if long ; macrospores with jagged crests. 5. /. riparia. 
 
 Peripheral bast-bundles present ; macrospores honey combed-reticulate. 6. /. Engelmanni. 
 Terrestrial ; stomata abundant on the triangular leaves. 
 
 Leaves 15-60, usually black at the base. 7. /. melanofioda. 
 
 Leaves 8-12, bright green, paler at the base. 8. /. Butleri. 
 
46 ISOETACEAE. 
 
 i. Isoetes lacustris 1^. L,ake Quillwort. (Fig. 102.) 
 Isoetes lacustris I,. Sp. PI. uoo. 1753. 
 
 Isoetes macrospora Durieu, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, ii: 
 101. 1864. 
 
 Submerged or rarely above water in dry seasons ; 
 leaves 10-25, rigid, rather thick, scarcely tapering, 
 dark or olive green, obtusely quadrangular, 2 / -6 / 
 long ; stomata none ; peripheral bast-bundles want- 
 ing ; sporauge orbicular or broadly elliptic, un- 
 spotted ; velum rather narrow ; ligule triangular, 
 short or somewhat elongated ; macrospores 500- 
 800 \i in diameter, marked all over with distinct or 
 somewhat confluent crests, and bearing three con- 
 verging ridges ; microspores 35-46 n long, smooth. 
 
 In i-5 of water, Labrador to the Northwest Terri- 
 tory, south to eastern Massachusetts and New Jersey. 
 Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
 2. Isoetes Tuckermani A. Br. Tuckerman's Quillwort. (Fig. 103.) 
 
 Isoetes Tuckermani A. Br. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 
 676. 1867. 
 
 Submerged or rarely partly or wholly emersed 
 during very dry seasons ; leaves 10-30, very slen- 
 der, tapering, olive-green, quadrangular, 2 / -3 / 
 long, without peripheral bast-bundles, the outer 
 recurved ; sporange oblong, mostly white, its upper 
 one-third covered by the velum ; macrospores 440- 
 560 fj. in diameter, with wavy somewhat parallel 
 and branching ridges on the upper half, separated 
 by the three converging ridges, the lower covered 
 with an irregular network ; microspores 26-32 u 
 long, nearly smooth. 
 
 In ponds, Newfoundland to Middlesex county, Mass- 
 achusetts, clustered in shallow water. 
 
 3. Isoetes echinospora Braunii (Durieu) Engelm. Braun s Quillwort. 
 
 (Fig. 104.) 
 
 Isoetes Braunii Durieu, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, ii: 101. 
 1864. 
 
 Isoetes echinospora var. Braunii Engelm. in A. Gray, 
 Man. Ed. 5, 676. 1867. 
 
 Submerged or in dry seasons emersed, leaves 12- 
 25, tapering, soft, reddish-green, ^'-6' long, with- 
 out peripheral bast-bundles, bearing stomata only 
 toward the tip ; sporange orbicular or broadly 
 elliptic, spotted, one-half to three-fourths covered 
 with the velum; macrospores 400-500 fj. in diameter, 
 covered with broad spinules which are often 
 slightly confluent and incised at the tips ; micro- 
 spores 26-30 n long, smooth. 
 
 I^abrador and Greenland to Alaska, south to New 
 Jersey, Pennsylvania and Utah. 
 
QUILLWORT FAMILY. 
 Isoetes echinospora robusta Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 4: 380. 
 
 47 
 
 1882. 
 
 Much larger than the preceding-, leaves 25-70 or even more, 5'-i2' long, with abundant stomata 
 throughout. With the preceding. 
 
 Isoetes echinospora Boottii Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 676. 1867. 
 
 Leaves 12-20, soft, erect, bright green, 4' -5' long, with a few stomata near their tips; sporange 
 nearly orbicular, with pale spots, two-thirds or more covered by the velum ; macrospores 390-500," 
 in diameter, with longer and more slender simple spinules ; microspores 26-30" long. In ponds, 
 Middlesex county, Massachusetts, usually submerged. 
 
 Isoetes echinospora muricata ^Durieu) Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 676. 1867. 
 Isoetes muricata Durieu, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, n: 100. 1864. 
 
 Leaves 15-20, flaccid, bright green, 6' -12' long, bearing few stomata ; sporange broadly oval, with 
 pale-spots, about one-half covered by the velum ; macrospores 400-580" in diameter, with shorter 
 and more confluent, almost crest-like spinules ; microspores 28-32", slightly rough on the edges. 
 Submerged in running water in tributaries of Mystic Pond, Middlesex county, Mass. 
 
 4. Isoetes saccharata Engelm. Sugary 
 Quilhvort. (Fig. 105.) 
 
 Isoetes saccharata Engelm. in A. Gray, Man Ed. 5, 676. 
 1867. 
 
 Amphibious or uliginous with a flat depressed 
 trunk. Leaves 10-20, olive-green, pale at the base, 
 spreading, 2 / ~3 / long, quadrangular, bearing nu- 
 merous stomata; sporauge oblong, unspotted, with a 
 narrow velum covering only one-fourth or one- 
 third of its surface ; peripheral bast bundles want- 
 ing ; ligule triangular, rather short; macrospores 
 400-470 \J. in diameter, with very minute distinct 
 or rarely confluent warts as if sprinkled with grains 
 of sugar ; microspores papillose, 24-28^ long. 
 
 In mud overflowed by the tides, Wicomico and Nan- 
 ticoke Rivers, eastern Maryland. 
 
 5. Isoetes riparia Engelm. River- 
 bank Quilhvort. (Fig. 106. ) 
 
 Isoetes riparia Engelm.; A. Br. Flora, 29: 178. 
 1846. 
 
 Amphibious or uliginous, usually emersed 
 when mature ; leaves 15-30, deep green, rather 
 rigid, 4 / -8 / long, quadrangular, bearing numer- 
 ous stomata ; peripheral bast-bundles wanting ; 
 ligule rather short, triangular ; sporange mostly 
 oblong, distinctly spotted with groups of brown 
 cells, one-fourth or rarely one-half covered with 
 the velum ; macrospores 450-650 fi in diameter, 
 marked with distinct or anastomosing jagged 
 crests or somew y hat reticulate on the lower side; 
 microspores 28-32 fj. long, more or less tubercu- 
 late. 
 
 Borders of the lower Delaware River to Maine. 
 
ISOETACEAE. 
 
 G 
 
 
 
 6. Isoetes Engelmanni A. Br. Kngelmann's Quill wort. (Fig. 107.) 
 
 Isoetes Engelmanni A. Br. Flora, 29: 178. 1846. 
 
 Amphibious, usually partly emersed when ma- 
 ture. Leaves 25-100, light green, quadrangular, 
 tapering, 9'-2o' long, bearing abundant stomata ; 
 peripheral bast-bundles present ; sporange oblong 
 or linear-oblong, unspotted ; velum narrow ; ma- 
 crospores 400-520 fj. in diameter, covered with 
 honeycomb-like reticulations ; microspores 24-28 // 
 long, mostly smooth. 
 
 In ponds and ditches, rooting in mud, Maine to Del- 
 aware and Pennsylvania, Illinois and Missouri. 
 
 Isoetes Engelmanni valida Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. 
 
 Ed. 5, 677. 1867. 
 
 Leaves 50-200, keeled on the upper side, i8'-25' long ; 
 sporange linear-oblong, 4" -9" long, one-third to two- 
 thirds covered by the velum ; macrospores 320-480^ in 
 diameter; microspores 24-27," long, spinulose. War- 
 riorsmark, Cornwall and Smithville, Pa., and Wilming- 
 ton, Del. 
 
 Isoetes Engelmanni gracilis Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 677. 1867. 
 
 Leaves 8-12, slender, 9' -12' long ; bast-bundles often quite small or only two present ; spores as 
 in the typical form. Southern New England to New Jersey. 
 
 / fo I i 
 
 7. Isoetes melanopoda J. Gay. Black-based 
 Quill wort. (Fig. 108.) 
 
 Isoetes melanopoda J. Gay, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, n: 102. 
 1864. 
 
 Terrestrial with a subglobose deeply 2-lobed trunk. 
 Leaves 15-60, slender, erect, bright green, with a 
 blackish shining base, s'-iS' long, triangular, bear- 
 ing stomata throughout, well developed peripheral 
 bast-bundles, thick dissepiments and small air cavities 
 within; ligule triangular, awl-shaped; sporange mostly 
 oblong, spotted, with a narrow velum ; polygamous ; 
 macrospores 250-400 /j. in diameter, with low more or 
 less confluent tubercles, often united into worm- 
 like wrinkles, or almost smooth ; microspores 23-28^ 
 long, spinulose. 
 
 In moist prairies and overflowed fields, Illinois to Iowa, 
 Missouri and Texas. 
 
 8. Isoetes Butleri Engelm. Butler's Quill- 
 wort. (Fig. 109.) 
 
 Isoetes Butleri Engelm. Coult. Bot. Gaz. 3:1. 1878. 
 
 Terrestrial from a subglobose trunk. Leaves 8-15, 
 bright green, paler at the base, triangular, 3 X ~7 X long, 
 bearing numerous stomata, and with well developed 
 peripheral bast-bundles, thick dissepiments and small 
 air cavities within; sporange usually oblong, spotted; 
 velum very narrow or none ; ligule small, triangular ; 
 dioecious; macrospores 500-630^ in diameter, with 
 distinct or confluent tubercles; " microspores 28-34 p 
 long, dark brown, papillose." 
 
 On rocky hillsides, St. Louis, Missouri, and on saline 
 flats, Indian Territory. 
 
 "2" 
 
PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS. 49 
 
 Subkingdom SPERMATOPHYTA. 
 
 SEED-BEARING PLANTS. 
 
 Plants producing seeds which contain an embryo formed of one or more 
 rudimentary leaves (cotyledons), a stem (hypocotyl, radicle), and a terminal 
 bud (plumule), or these parts sometimes undifferentiated before germination. 
 Microspores (pollen-grains) are borne in microsporanges (anther-sacs) on the 
 apex or side of a modified leaf (filament). The macrosporanges (ovules) are 
 borne on the face of a flat or inrolled much modified leaf (carpel) and contain 
 one macrospore (embryo-sac); this develops the minute female prothallium, 
 an archegone of which is fertilized by means of a tube (pollen-tube), a portion 
 of the male prothallium sprouting from the pollen-grain. 
 
 The Seed-bearing plants form the most numerous group in existence, not less than 120,- 
 ooo species being known. The subkingdom was formerly known as Phanerogamia, or Phae- 
 nogamia and more recently as Anthophyta, this term signifying the presence of flowers, 
 which characterizes most of the group. But the consideration that the spore-bearing organs 
 of the Pine Family cannot well be regarded as flowers, and the fact that the production of 
 seeds is the most characteristic difference between these plants and the Pteridophyta, are 
 reasons which have led to the acceptance of the term here adopted. 
 
 There are two classes in the subkingdom, which differ from each other as follows: 
 Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a scale; stigmas none. Class i. GYMXOSPERMAE. 
 
 'Ovules and seeds contained in a closed cavity (ovary). Class 2. AXGIOSPERMAK. 
 
 Class i. GYMNOSP^RMA^. 
 
 Ovules (macrosporanges) naked, not enclosed in an ovary, this represented 
 by a scale or apparently wanting. Pollen-grains (microspores) dividing at 
 maturity into two or more cells, one of which gives rise to the pollen-tube (male 
 prothallium ) , which directly fertilizes an archegone of the nutritive endosperm 
 (female prothallium) in the ovule. 
 
 The Gymnosperms are an ancient group, first known in Silurian time. They became most 
 numerous in the Triassic age. They are now represented by not more than 450 species of trees 
 and shrubs. 
 
 There are three orders, Coniferales, Cycadales and Gnetales, the first of which is represented in 
 our area by the Pine and Yew Families. 
 
 Family i. PINACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 313. 1836. 
 
 PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS. 
 
 Resinous trees or shrubs, mostly with evergreen narrow entire or scale-like 
 leaves, the wood uniform in texture, \vithout tracheae, the tracheids marked by 
 large depressed disks, the pollen-sacs and ovules borne in separate spikes 
 (aments). Perianth none. Stamens several together, subtended by a scale; fila- 
 ments more or less united ; pollen-sacs (anthers) 2-several-celled, variously de- 
 hiscent ; pollen-grains often provided with two lateral inflated sacs. Ovules 
 with two integuments, orthotropous or amphitropous, borne solitary or several 
 together on the surface of a scale, which is subtended by a bract in most gen- 
 era. Fruit a cone with numerous, several or few, woody, papery or fleshy 
 scales; sometimes berry-like. Seeds wingless or winged. Endosperm fleshy or 
 starchy, copious. Embryo straight, slender. Cotyledons 2 or several. 
 
 About 25 genera and 240 species of wide distribution, most abundant in temperate regions. 
 :Scales of the cone numerous (except in Lari.v); leaf-buds scaly. 
 
 Cone-scales woody; leaves needle-shaped, 2-5 in a sheath. i. Pinus. 
 
 Cone-scales thin; leaves linear-filiform, scattered or fascicled, not in sheaths. 
 Leaves fascicled on very short branchlets, deciduous. 2. Lan'.v. 
 
 Leaves scattered, persistent. 
 
 Cones pendulous; leaves jointed to short persistent sterigmata. 
 
 Leaves tetragonal, sessile. 3. Picea. 
 
 Leaves flat, short-petioled. 4. Tsuga. 
 
 Cones erect; sterigmata inconspicuous or none. 5. Abies. 
 
 ;Scales of the cone few (3-12); leaf -buds naked. 
 
 Cone-scales spiral, thick; leaves deciduous. 6. Taxodium. 
 
 Cone-scales opposite; leaves persistent. 
 
 Cone oblong, its scales not peltate. 7. Thuja. 
 
 Cone globose, its scales peltate. 8. Cliamaecyparis. 
 
 Fruit fleshy, berry-like, a modified cone. 9. Jnniperiis. 
 
50 PINACEAE. 
 
 i. PINUS L. Sp. PI. 1000. 1753. 
 
 Evergreen trees with two kinds of leaves, the primary ones linear or scale-like, decidu- 
 ous, the secondary ones forming the ordinary foliage, narrowly linear, arising from the axils 
 of the former in fascicles of 2-5 (rarely solitary in some western species), subtended by the 
 bud-scales, some of which are united to form a sheath. Staminate aments borne at the 
 bases of shoots of the season, the clusters of stamens spirally arranged, each in the axil of 
 a minute scale ; filaments very short ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. 
 Ovule-bearing aments solitary or clustered, borne on the twigs of the preceding season, com- 
 posed of numerous imbricated minute bracts, each with an ovule-bearing scale in its axil, 
 ripening into a large cone, which matures the following autumn, its scales elongating and 
 becoming woody. Seeds 2 on the base of each scale, winged above, the testa crustaceous. 
 [Name Celtic.] 
 
 Leaves 5 in a sheath; cone-scales little thickened at the tip. i. P. Strobus. 
 
 Leaves 2-3 in a sheath ; cone-scales much thickened at the tip. 
 Cones terminal or subterminal. 
 
 Leaves 2 in a sheath; cones i }4'-2^' long, their scales pointless. 2. P. resinosa. 
 
 Leaves 3 in a sheath; cones 4'-io' long, their scales prickle-tipped. 
 
 Cones light, 6'-io' long; leaves 10 -16' long. 3. P. palustris. 
 
 Cones very heavy and woody, 4'-6' long; leaves s'-io' long. 4. P. ponderosa. 
 
 Cones lateral. 
 
 Cone-scales with neither spine nor prickle; leaves in 2's. 5. P. divaricala. 
 
 Cone-scales tipped with a spine or prickle. 
 Leaves some or all of them in 2's. 
 
 Cones i Vz -2%' long, their scales tipped with prickles. 
 
 Leaves stout, i M '-2 M' long. 6. P. Virginiana. 
 
 Leaves slender, 3' -5' long. 7. P. echinata. 
 
 Cones 3^'-s' long, their scales tipped with very stout short spines. 
 
 8. P. pungens. 
 Leaves in 3's (very rarely some in 2's or 4's). 
 
 Leaves 6' -10' long; old sheaths 6"-io" long; cones oblong-conic. 9. P. Taeda. 
 Leaves 3' -5' long; old sheaths 3" -6" long; cones ovoid. 10. P. rigida. 
 
 i. Pinus Strobus ~L,. White Pine. Weymouth Pine. (Fig. no.) 
 
 Pinus Strobus L. Sp. PI. 1001. 1753. 
 
 A large fprest tree, reaching a maximum 
 height of 175 and a trunk diameter of ioj^, 
 the bark nearly smooth except when old, the 
 branches horizontal, verticillate. Leaves 5 
 in a sheath, very slender, pale green and glau- 
 cous, s'-s' long, with a single fibre-vascular 
 bundle, the dorsal side devoid of stomata ; sheath 
 loose, deciduous ; ovule-bearing aments ter- 
 minal, peduncled ; cones subterminal, droop- 
 ing, cylindric, often slightly curved, 4 / -6 / long, 
 about \' thick when the scales are closed, re- 
 sinous ; scales but slightly thickened at the 
 apex, obtuse and rounded or nearly truncate, 
 without a terminal spine or prickle. 
 
 In woods, often forming dense forests, Newfound- 
 land to Manitoba, south along the Alleghenies to 
 Georgia and to Illinois and Iowa. Ascends to 4300 
 ft. in North Carolina and to 2500 ft. in the Adiron- 
 dacks. Wood light brown or nearly white, soft, 
 compact, one of the most valuable of timbers; 
 weight per cubic foot, 24 Ibs. June. 
 
PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS 
 
 2. Pinus resinosa Ait. Canadian 
 Pine. Red Pine. (Fig. in.) 
 
 Pinus resinosa Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 367. 1789. 
 
 A tall forest tree, reaching a maximum height 
 of about 150 and a trunk diameter of 5, the 
 the bark reddish, rather smooth, flaky when 
 old. Leaves 2 in each sheath, slender, dark 
 green, &,'->' long, with 2 fibro-vascular bundles ; 
 sheaths 6 // -i2 // long when young; staminate 
 aments 6 // -g // long ; cones subterminal, spread- 
 ing, oval-conic, I ^'-2^' long, usually less than 
 i r thick while the scales are closed ; scales 
 thickened at the apex, obtuse, rounded and 
 devoid of spine or prickle. 
 
 In woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to 
 Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Minnesota. Wood 
 compact, not strong, light red; weight per cubic 
 foot 30 Ibs. May-June. 
 
 3. Pinus palustris Mill. Long-leaved Pine. Georgia Pine. (Fig. 112.) 
 
 Pinus palustris Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 14. 1768. 
 Pinus australis Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. i: 64. pi. 6. 
 
 1810. 
 
 A large tree, sometimes attaining a height of 100 
 and a trunk diameter of 5, the bark nearly smooth. 
 Leaves in 3's, slender, dark green, clustered at the 
 ends of the branches, much elongated (io / -i6 / long), 
 with 2 fibro-vascular bundles; sheaths I'-ift' long; 
 buds long ; staminate aments rose-purple, 2 / -3^ / long, 
 very conspicuous ; cones terminal, spreading or erect, 
 conic -cylindric, 6 / -io / long, 2 / -3 / thick before the 
 scales open ; scales thickened at the apex, which is 
 provided with a transverse ridge bearing a short cen- 
 tral recurved prickle. 
 
 In sandy, mostly dry soil, often forming extensive for- 
 ests, southern Virginia to Florida and Texas, mostly near 
 the coast. Wood hard, strong, compact, light red or 
 orange; weight per cubic foot 44 Ibs. This tree is the 
 chief source of our turpentine, tar, rosin, and their deriva- 
 tives. Also known as Southern Pine, Yellow Pine, Hard 
 Pine and Virginia Pine. March-April. 
 
 4. Pinus ponderosa Dougl. Western Yel- 
 low Pine. (Fig. 113.) 
 
 Pinus ponderosa Dougl. Lawson's Man. 354. 1836. 
 
 One of the largest North American trees, attaining 
 a maximum height of nearly 300 and a trunk diam- 
 eter of 15, but commonly much smaller. Branches 
 widely spreading or somewhat drooping ; bark light 
 red, scaly ; leaves in 3*3 (rarely some of them in 2's), 
 rather stout, s'-io' long, slightly scabrous ; cones 
 subterminal, very dense and heavy, ovoid-conic, 
 4 / -6 / long, i)4 / -2)4 / thick; scales much thickened at 
 the apex, the transverse ridge prominent, with a 
 triangular subulate short stout recurved prickle. 
 
 Montana to British Columbia, south to western Ne- 
 braska, Texas, Mexico and California; the shorter-leaved 
 eastern form which reaches our area has been distin- 
 guished from the western as var. scopulorum. Wood hard, 
 strong, light red ; weight per cubic foot 29 Ibs. One of the 
 most important lumber-trees of the west. April-May. 
 
PINACEAE. 
 
 5. Pinus divaricata (Ait.) Sudvv. Labra- 
 dor Pine. Gray Pine. (Fig. 114.) 
 
 Pinus sylvestris var. divaricata Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 366. 
 
 1789. 
 
 Pinus Banksiana Lamb. Pinus, i: 7. pi. j. 1803. 
 Pinus divaricata Sudw. Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 44. 1893. 
 
 A slender tree, usually 40 -60 high, but sometimes 
 reaching 100, and a trunk diameter of 3^, the 
 branches spreading, the bark becoming flaky. Leaves 
 in 2's, stout, stiff, more or less curved, spreading or 
 oblique, light green, crowded along the branches, sel- 
 dom over i x long ; fibro-vascular bundles 2 ; cones 
 commonly very numerous, lateral, oblong-conic, usu- 
 ally upwardly curved, i / -2 / long, 9 // -i5 // thick when 
 mature ; scales thickened at the end, the transverse 
 ridge a mere line with a minute central point in place 
 of spine or prickle at maturity; young scales spiny- 
 tipped. 
 
 In sandy soil, sometimes forming extensive forests, New Brunswick to Hudson Bay and the 
 Northwest Territory, south to Maine, northern New York, northern Illinois and Minnesota. Wood 
 soft, weak, compact, light brown; weight per cubic foot 27 Ibs. Also called Hudson Bay Pine and 
 Northern Scrub Pine. May-June. 
 
 6. Pinus Virginiana Mill. Jersey Pine. 
 Scrub Pine. (Fig. 115.) 
 
 Pinus Virginiana Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 9. 1768. 
 Pinus inops Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 367. 1789. 
 
 A slender tree, usually small, but sometimes at- 
 taining a height of 110 and a trunk diameter of 3, 
 the old bark dark colored, flaky, the branches 
 spreading or drooping. Leaves in 2's, dark green, 
 rather stout and stiff, spreading when old, iX / ~ 2 ^ / 
 long, with 2 fibro-vascular bundles ; young sheaths 
 rarely more than 2^ /x long ; cones commonly few, 
 lateral, recurved when young, spreading when old, 
 oblong-conic, i%.'-2%' long, their scales somewhat 
 thickened at the apex, the low transverse ridge 
 with a short central more or less recurved prickle. 
 
 In sandy soil, Long Island, New York to South Caro- 
 lina, west to southern Indiana and Kentucky, some- 
 times forming forests. Ascends to 3300 ft. in Virginia. 
 Wood soft, weak, brittle, light orange; weight per 
 cubic foot 33 Ibs. April-May. 
 
 7. Pinus echinata Mill. Yellow Pine. Spruce Pine. (Fig. 116. ) 
 
 Pinus echinata Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 12. 1768. 
 Pinus mitis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 204. 1803. 
 
 A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of about 
 100 and a trunk diameter of 4}4, the branches spread- 
 ing, the old bark rough in plates. Leaves some in 
 2's, some in 3's, slender, not stiff, dark green, 3'-5' 
 long, spreading when mature ; fibro-vascular bundles 
 2 ; young sheaths 5 // -8 // long ; cones lateral, oblong- 
 conic, about 2 / long, usually less than i' thick when 
 the scales are closed ; scales thickened at the apex, 
 marked with a prominent transverse ridge and armed 
 with a slender small nearly straight early deciduous 
 prickle. 
 
 In sandy soil, southern New York to Florida, west to 
 Illinois, Kansas and Texas. Wood heavy, strong, orange; 
 one of the most valuable timbers; weight per cubic foot 
 38 Ibs. Also called Short-leaved Pine and Bull Pine. 
 May-June. 
 
PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS. 
 
 53 
 
 8. Firms pungens Michx. f. Table- Mountain Pine. Hickory Pine. (Fig. 117.) 
 
 Finns pungens Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. i: 61. pi. 5. 
 1810. 
 
 A tree with a maximum height of about 60 and 
 trunk diameter of 3}4, the branches spreading, the 
 old rough bark in flakes. Leaves mostly in 2's, 
 some in 3*3, stout and stiff, light green, 2^ / -4 / 
 long, crowded on the twigs ; fibro-vascular bundles 
 2 ; young sheaths 5 // -8 // long ; cones lateral, usu- 
 ally clustered, long-persistent on the branches, 
 ovoid, 3^ / ~5 / l n R> 2/ -3 / thick while the scales are 
 closed, nearly globular when these are expanded ; 
 scales very thick and woody, their ends with a large 
 elevated transverse ridge, centrally tipped by a stout 
 reflexed or spreading spine 2 // -2}4 // long. 
 
 In woods, sometimes forming forests, western New 
 Jersey and central Pennsylvania to North Carolina and 
 Tennessee. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. 
 Wood soft, weak, brittle, light brown ; weight per 
 cubic foot 31 Ibs. May. 
 
 9. Pinus Taeda L. Loblolly Pine. Old-field Pine. (Fig. 118.) 
 
 Pinus Taeda L,. Sp. PI. 1000. 1753. 
 
 A large forest tree, reaching under favorable con- 
 ditions, a height of 150 and a trunk diameter of 
 5, the branches spreading, the bark thick and 
 rugged, flaky in age. Leaves in 3's (rarely some 
 of them in 2's), slender, not stiff, light green, as- 
 cending or at length spreading, 6 / -io / long ; fibro- 
 vascular bundles 2 ; sheaths S // -i2 // long when 
 young ; cones lateral, spreading, oblong-conic, 3 / -5 / 
 long, I'-i^' thick before the scales open ; scales 
 thickened at the apex, the transverse ridge promi- 
 nent, acute, tipped with a central short triangular 
 reflexed-spreading spine. 
 
 Delaware to Florida and Texas, mostly near the coast, 
 north through the Mississippi Valley to Arkansas. 
 Wood not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, light brown; 
 weight per cubic foot 34 Ibs. Springs up in old 
 fields or in clearings. Also called Frankincense Pine. 
 April-May. 
 
 10. Pinus rigida Mill. Pitch Pine. 
 
 Pinus rigida Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 10. 1768. 
 
 A forest tree reaching a maximum height of about 
 80 and a trunk diameter of 3, the branches spread- 
 ing, the old bark rough, furrowed, flaky in strips. 
 Leaves in 3*3 (very rarely some in 4's), stout and stiff, 
 rather dark green, $'-$' long, spreading when mature ; 
 fibro-vascular bundles 2 ; sheaths 4 // -6 // long when 
 young; cones lateral, ovoid, i^ / ~3 / long, becoming 
 nearly globular when the scales open, commonly 
 numerous and clustered ; scales thickened at the apex, 
 the transverse ridge acute, provided with a stout cen- 
 tral triangular recurved-spreading prickle. 
 
 In dry, sandy or rocky soil, New Brunswick to Georgia, 
 west to southern Ontario, West Virginia and Kentucky. 
 Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. This forms most of the 
 "pine barrens" of Long Island and New Jersey. Wood 
 soft, brittle, coarse-grained, light reddish-brown; weight 
 per cubic foot 32 Ibs. Also called Sap Pine and Candle- 
 wood Pine; produces numerous shoots from cut stumps. 
 April-May. 
 
 Torch Pine. (Fig. 119.) 
 
54 
 
 PINACEAE. 
 
 2. LARIX Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 480. 1763. 
 
 Tall trees with horizontal or ascending branches and small narrowly linear deciduous 
 leaves, without sheaths, in fascicles on short lateral scaly bud-like branchlets. Aments 
 short, lateral, monoecious, the staminate from leafless buds ; the ovule-bearing buds com- 
 monly leafy at the base and the aments red. Anther sacs 2-celled, the sacs transversely or 
 obliquely dehiscent. Pollen-grains simple. Cones ovoid or cylindric, small, erect, their 
 scales thin, spirally arranged, obtuse, persistent. Ovules 2 on the base of each scale, ripen- 
 ing into 2 reflexed somewhat winged seeds. [Name ancient, probably Celtic.] 
 
 About 9 species, natives of the north temperate and subarctic zones. Besides the following 2 
 others occur in the western parts of North America. 
 
 i. Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch. Ameri- 
 can Larch. Tamarack (Fig. 120.) 
 
 Pinus laricina Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 49. 1771. 
 Pimis pendula Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 369. 1789. 
 Larix Americana Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 203. 1803. 
 Larix laricina Koch, Dendrol. 2: Part 2, 263. 1873. 
 
 A slender tree, attaining a maximum height of 
 about 100 and a trunk diameter of 3, the branches 
 spreading, the bark close or at length slightly scaly. 
 Leaves pale green, numerous in the fascicles, $"- 
 \i" long, about ]^" wide, deciduous in late autumn; 
 fascicles borne on short lateral branchlets about 2 X/ 
 long ; cones short-peduncled at the ends of similar 
 branchlets, ovoid, obtuse, 6 // -8 // long, composed of 
 about 12 suborbicular thin scales, their margins 
 entire or slightly lacerate. 
 
 In swampy woods and about margins of lakes, New- 
 foundland to the Northwest Territory, south to New Jer- 
 sey, Pennsylvania, Indiana and Minnesota. Wood hard, 
 strong', very durable, resinous, light brown; weight per 
 cubic ft. 39 Ibs. Called also Hackmatack. March- April. 
 
 3. PICEA Link, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1827 : 179. 1827-1830. 
 
 Evergreen conical trees, with linear short 4-sided leaves spreading in all directions, 
 jointed at the base to short persistent sterigmata, on which they are sessile, falling away in 
 drying, the bare twigs appearing covered with low truncate projections. Leaf-buds scaly. 
 Staminate aments axillary, nearly sessile; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent, 
 the connective prolonged into an appendage; pollen-grains compound; ovule-bearing aments, 
 terminal, ovoid or oblong; ovules 2 on the base of each scale, reflexed, ripening into 2 more or 
 less winged seeds. Cones ovoid or oblong, obtuse, pendulous, their scales numerous, spirally 
 arranged, thin, obtuse, persistent. [Name ancient.] 
 
 About 14 species, natives of the north temp8rate and subarctic zones. 
 3 others occur in the northwestern parts of North America. 
 Twigs and sterigmata glabrous, glaucous; cones oblong-cylindric. 
 Twigs pubescent, brown; cones ovoid or oval. 
 
 Twigs stout; leaves mucronate; cones persistent. 
 
 Twigs slender; leaves very acute; cones deciduous. 
 
 i. Picea Canadensis Mill.) B.S.P. 
 White Spruce. (Fig. 121.) 
 
 Abies Canadensis Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 4. 1768. 
 
 Finns alba Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 371. 1789. 
 
 Abies alba Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 207. 1803. Not 
 
 Mill. 1768. 
 
 Picea alba Link, Linnaea, 15: 519. 1841. 
 Picea Canadensis B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 71. 1888. 
 
 A slender tree, attaining a maximum height of 
 about 150 and a trunk diameter of 3, but usually 
 much smaller. Twigs and sterigmata glabrous, 
 pale and glaucous; leaves light green, slender, 6"- 
 " long, very acute ; cones cylindric or oblong- 
 cylindric, pale, i^4 / -2 / long, 6 // -S // thick before the 
 scales open ; scales almost membranaceous, their 
 margins usually quite entire; bracts incised. 
 
 Newfoundland to Hudson Bay and Alaska, south to 
 Maine, northern New York, Michigan, the Black Hills, 
 Montana and British Columbia. Wood soft, weak, light 
 yellow; weight per cubic foot 25 Ibs. April-May. 
 
 Besides the following, 
 
 1. P. Canadensis. 
 
 2. P. Mariana. 
 
 3. P. rubra. 
 
PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS. 
 
 55 
 
 2. Picea Mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce. (Fig. 122.) 
 
 Abies Mariana Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 5. 
 
 1768. 
 
 Pintis nigra Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 370. 1789. 
 Abies nigra Desf. Hist. Arb. 2: 580. 1809. 
 Picea nigra Link, Linnaea, 15: 520. 1841. 
 Picea Mariana B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 71. 
 
 1888. 
 
 A slender tree, sometimes 90 high, the 
 trunk . reaching a diameter of 2-3, the 
 branches spreading, the bark only slightly 
 roughened. Twigs stout, pubescent ; ster- 
 igmata pubescent ; leaves thickly covering 
 the twigs, deep green, stout, straight or 
 curved, rarely more than ]/?,' long, obtuse or 
 merely mucronate at the apex ; cones oval or 
 ovoid, i'-\ l /2 f long, persistent on the twigs 
 for two or more seasons, their scales with en- 
 tire or merely erose margins. 
 
 Newfoundland to Hudson Bay and the 
 Northwest Territory, south to New Jersey, 
 along the higher Alleghenies to North Caro- 
 lina and to Michigan and Minnesota. Wood 
 soft, weak, pale red or nearly white ; weight 
 per cubic foot 28 Ibs. May-June. 
 
 Picea rubra (Lamb.) Link. 
 Spruce. (Fig. 123.) 
 
 Red 
 
 Pinus rubra Lamb. Pinus, i: 43. pi. 28. 1803. 
 Picea rubra Link, Linnaea, 15: 521. 1841. 
 Picea nigra var. rubra JJngelm. Gard. Chron. 
 
 (n.) 11:334. 1879. 
 
 A slender tree, sometimes reaching a 
 height of 100 and a trunk diameter of 4, 
 the branches spreading, the bark reddish, 
 nearly smooth. Twigs slender, sparingly 
 pubescent ; sterigmata glabrate ; leaves light 
 green, slender, straight or sometimes in- 
 curved, very acute at the apex, 5"-&" long; 
 cones ovoid or oval, seldom more than 
 i' long, deciduous at the end of the first 
 season or during the winter, their scales un- 
 dulate, lacerate, or a-lobed. 
 
 Nova Scotia to northern New York and along 
 the higher Alleghenies to southern Virginia. 
 Ascends to 4500 ft. in the Adirondacks. Wood 
 similar to that of the preceding species. May- 
 June. 
 
 4. TSUGA Carr. Trait. Conif. 185. 1855. 
 
 Evergreen trees with slender horizontal or drooping branches, flat narrowly linear 
 scattered short-petioled leaves, spreading and appearing 2-ranked, jointed to very short 
 sterigmata and falling away in drying. Leaf-buds scaly. Staminate aments axillary, short 
 or subglobose; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely dehiscent, the connective slightly pro- 
 duced beyond them ; pollen-grains simple. Ovule-bearing aments terminal, the scales 
 about as long as the bracts, each bearing 2 reflexed ovules on its base. Cones small, ovoid 
 or oblong, pendulous, their scales scarcely woody, obtuse, persistent. Seeds somewhat 
 winged. [Name Japanese.] 
 
 About 7 species, the following of eastern North America, 2 in northwestern North America, 2 or 
 3 Asiatic. 
 
 Cones 6"-io" long, their scales remaining appressed. i. T. Canadensis. 
 
 Cones i'-iK' long, their scales widely spreading at maturity. 2. T. Caroliniana. 
 
PINACEAE. 
 
 i. Tsuga Canadensis (L. ) Carr. 
 Hemlock. (Fig. 124.) 
 
 Pinus Canadensis L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1421. 1763. 
 Abies Canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 206. 
 
 1803. 
 Tsuga Canadensis Carr. Trait. Conif. 189. 1855. 
 
 A tall forest tree, sometimes 110 high, 
 the trunk reaching 4 in diameter, the lower 
 branches somewhat drooping, the old bark 
 flaky in scales. Foliage dense ; leaves ob- 
 tuse, flat, 6 // ~9 // long, less than \" wide, 
 dark green above, pale beneath, the petiole 
 less than one-half as long as the width of 
 the blade ; cones oblong, obtuse, as long as 
 or slightly longer than the leaves, their 
 scales suborbicular, obtuse, minutely lacerate 
 or entire, not widely spreading at maturity. 
 
 Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Delaware, 
 along the Alleghenies to Alabama and to Michi- 
 gan and Wisconsin. Ascends to 2000 ft. in the 
 Adirondacks. One of the most ornamental of 
 evergreens when young. Wood soft, weak, 
 brittle, coarse-grained, light brown or nearly 
 white ; weight per cubic foot 26 Ibs. Bark much 
 used in tanning. April-May. 
 
 2. Tsuga Caroliniana Engelm. 
 Carolina Hemlock. (Fig. 125.) 
 
 Tsuga Caroliniana Engelm. Coult. Bot. Gaz. 6:: 
 223. 1881. 
 
 Abies Caroliniana Chapm. Fl. S. States, Ed. 2, 
 650. 1883. 
 
 A forest tree attaining a maximum height 
 of about 80 and a trunk diameter of 4, the 
 lower branches drooping. Leaves narrowly 
 linear, obtuse, rather light green above, 
 nearly white beneath, 7 // -io // long, the peti- 
 ole nearly as long as the width of the blade ; 
 cones \ f -\]i' long, the scales firm but 
 scarcely woody, oblong, obtuse, widely 
 spreading at maturity. 
 
 Southwestern Virginia to South Carolina in- 
 the Alleghenies. Wood soft, weak, brittle, light 
 brown ; weight per cubic foot about 27 Ibs. A 
 more graceful and beautiful tree than the pre- 
 ceding at maturity. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North 
 Carolina. April. 
 
 5. ABIES Juss. Gen. 414. 1789. 
 
 Evergreen trees with linear flat scattered sessile leaves, spreading so as to appear 
 2-ranked, but in reality spirally arranged, not jointed to sterigmata, and commonly quite 
 persistent in drying, the naked twigs marked by the flat scars of their bases. Stam- 
 inate aments axillary; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely dehiscent, the connective pro- 
 longed into a short knob or point ; pollen-grains compound. Ovule-bearing aments lateral, 
 erect ; ovules 2 on the base of each scale, reflexed, the scale shorter than or exceeding the 
 thin or papery, mucronate or aristate bract. Cones erect, subcylindric or ovoid, their scales 
 deciduous from the persistent axis, orbicular or broader, obtuse. [Ancient name of the 
 firs.] 
 
 About 20 species, natives of the north temperate zone, chiefly in boreal and mountainous- 
 regions. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in the western parts of North America and i 
 in Mexico. 
 
 Bracts serrulate, mucronate, shorter than the scales. i. A. balsamea. 
 
 Bracts aristate, reflexed, longer than the scales. 2. A. Fraseri. 
 
PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS. 
 i. Abies balsamea (I,.) Mill. Balsam Fir. (Fig. 126.) 
 
 57 
 
 2. Abies Fraseri (Pursh) L/indl. 
 Fraser's Balsam Fir. (Fig. 127.) 
 
 Pinus Fraseri Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 639. 1814. 
 Abies Fraseri Lindl. Penny Cycl. i: 30. 1833. 
 
 A forest tree, reaching a maximum size 
 about that of the preceding species, the 
 smooth bark bearing similar resin " blisters. " 
 Leaves, especially the younger, conspicu- 
 ously whitened beneath, 5 // -io // long, nearly 
 i // wide, emarginate or some of them ob- 
 tuse at the apex ; cones oblong-cylindric or 
 ovoid-cylindric, 2 / ~3 / high, about \' thick, 
 their scales rhomboid, much broader than 
 high, rounded at the apex, much shorter 
 than the papery bracts, which are reflexed, 
 their summits emarginate, serrulate and 
 aristate. 
 
 On the high Alleghenies of southwestern Vir- 
 ginia, North Carolina and Tennessee. Wood 
 similar to that of the northern species, but 
 slightly lighter in weight. May. 
 
 Finns balsamea L. Sp. PI. 1002. 1753. 
 Abies balsamea Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 3, 
 1768. 
 
 A slender forest tree attaining a maximum 
 height of about 90 and a trunk diameter of 
 3, usually much smaller and on mountain 
 tops and in high arctic regions reduced to a 
 low shrub. Bark smooth, warty with resin 
 "blisters." Leaves fragrant in drying, less 
 than \" wide, 6 // -io // long, obtuse, dark 
 green above, paler beneath or the youngest 
 conspicuously whitened on the lower surface ; 
 cones cylindric, 2'-^' long, g // -i5 // thick, 
 upright, arranged in rows on the upper side 
 of the branches, violet or purplish when 
 young ; bracts obovate, serrulate, mucronate, 
 shorter than the broad rounded scales. 
 
 Newfoundland and Labrador to Hudson Bay 
 and the Northwest Territory, south to Massa- 
 chusetts, Pennsylvania, along the Alleghenies to- 
 Virginia and to Michigan and Minnesota. As- 
 cends to 5000 ft. in the Adirondacks. Wood 
 soft and weak, light brown; weight per cubic 
 foot 24 Ibs. Canada balsam is derived from the 
 resinous exudations of the trunk. May-June. 
 
 6. TAXODIUM L. C. Rich. Ann. Mus. Paris, 16: 298. 1810. 
 
 Tall trees with horizontal or drooping branches, and alternate spirally arranged sessile 
 linear or scale-like leaves, deciduous in our species, spreading so as to appear 2-ranked, 
 some of the twigs commonly deciduous in autumn. Leaf-buds naked. Staminate ainents 
 very numerous, globose, in long terminal drooping panicled spikes, appearing before the 
 leaves ; anthers 2-5-celled, the sacs 2-valved. Ovule-bearing aments ovoid, in small terminal 
 clusters, their scales few, bractless, each bearing a pair of ovules on its base. Cones globose 
 or nearly so, the scales thick and woody, rhomboid, fitting closely together by their mar- 
 gins, each marked with a triangular scar at its base. Seeds large, sharply triangular- 
 pyramidal. [Name Greek, referring to the yew-like leaves.] 
 
 Three known species, the following of southeastern North America, one Mexican, one Chinese. 
 
PINACEAE. 
 
 i. Taxodium distichum (I,.) L. C. Rich. Bald Cypress. (Fig. 128.) 
 
 Cupressus disticha I,. Sp. PI. 1003. 1753. 
 Taxodium distichum I,. C. Rich. Ann. Mus. Paris, 16: 
 298. 1810. 
 
 A large forest tree, attaining a maximum height 
 of about 150 and a trunk diameter of 14, the old 
 bark flaky in thin strips. Leaves narrowly linear, 
 flat, thin, 5 // -io // long, }/ 2 " or less wide, rather 
 light green, acute, those on some of the flowering 
 branches smaller, scale-like ; cones globose or 
 slightly longer than thick, pendent at the ends of 
 the branches, very compact, about i / in diameter ; 
 surfaces of the scales irregularly rugose above the 
 inversely triangular scar ; seeds 4 // -5 // long. 
 
 In swamps and along rivers, Delaware (possibly in 
 southern New Jersey) to Florida, west to Texas, north 
 in the Mississippi Valley region to southern Indiana, 
 Missouri and Arkansas. Wood soft, not strong, brown, 
 very durable; weight per cubic foot 27 Ibs. The roots 
 develop upright conic " knees " sometimes 4 high and 
 i thick. March-April. 
 
 7. THUJA L. Sp. PL 1002. 1753. 
 
 Evergreen trees or shrubs with frond-like foliage, the leaves small or minute, scale-like, 
 appressed, imbricated, opposite, 4-ranked, those of the ultimate branchlets mostly obtuse, 
 those of some of the larger twigs acute or subulate. Aments monoecious, both kinds ter- 
 minal, the staminate globose ; anthers opposite, 2-4-celled, the sacs globose, 2-valved. 
 Ovule-bearing aments ovoid or oblong, small, their scales opposite, each bearing 2 (rarely 
 2-5) erect ovules. Cones ovoid or oblong, mostly spreading or recurved, their scales 
 6-10, coriaceous, opposite, not peltate, dry, spreading when mature. Seeds oblong, broadly 
 or narrowly winged or wingless. [Name ancient.] 
 
 About 15 species, natives of North America and eastern Asia. Besides the following-, another 
 occurs from Idaho and Oregon to Alaska. 
 
 i. Thuja occidentalis L. White Cedar. 
 
 Arbor Vitae. (Fig. 129.) 
 Thuja occidentalis L,. Sp. PI. 1002. 1753. 
 
 A conical tree, reaching a height of 65 and a 
 trunk diameter of 5, the old bark deciduous in 
 ragged strips. Scale-like leaves of the ultimate 
 brauchlets nearly orbicular, obtuse, i // -ij^ // 
 broad, the two lateral rows keeled, the two other 
 rows flat, causing the twigs to appear much 
 flattened ; leaves of the older twigs narrower and 
 longer, acute or acuminate ; mature cones 4 // -6 // 
 long, their scales obtuse ; seeds broadly winged. 
 
 In wet soil and along the banks of streams, form- 
 ing almost impenetrable forests northward, New 
 Brunswick to James' Bay and Manitoba, south to 
 New Jersey, along the Alleghenies to North Caro- 
 lina and to Illinois and Minnesota. Ascends to 
 3500 ft. in the Adirondacks. Wood soft, brittle, 
 weak, coarse-grained, light brown; weight per cubic 
 foot 20 Ibs. May-June. 
 
 8. CHAMAECYPARIS Spach, Hist. Veg. ii: 329. 1842. 
 
 Evergreen trees, similar to the Thujas, with minute opposite appressed 4-ranked 
 scale-like leaves, or those of older twigs subulate, and small monoecious terminal aments. 
 Staminate aments as in Thuja, but the filaments broader and shield-shaped. Ovule-bearing 
 ameuts globose, their scales opposite, psltate, each bearing 2-5 erect ovules. Cones glo- 
 bose, the scales thick, peltate, each bearing 2-5 erect seeds, closed until mature, each with 
 a central point or knob. Seeds winged. [Greek, meaning a low cypress. ] 
 
 About 7 species, the following of the eastern United States, 2 in western North America. 3 or 4 
 Japanese. 
 
PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS. 
 
 59 
 
 i. Chamaecyparis thyoides (L/. ) B.S.P. Southern White Cedar. 
 
 (Fig. 130.) 
 
 Cupressus thyoides L. Sp. PI. 1003. 1753. 
 Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea Spach, Hist. Veg. n: 331. 
 
 1842. 
 Chamaecyparis thyoides B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 71. 
 
 1888. 
 
 A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of 
 about 90 and a trunk diameter of 4)4. Leaves of 
 the ultimate branchlets ovate, acute, scarcely l /i' f 
 wide, those of the lateral rows keeled, those of the 
 vertical rows slightly convex, each with a minute 
 round discoid marking on the centre of the back, 
 those of the older twigs narrower and longer, subu- 
 late ; cones about 3 // in diameter, blue, each of 
 their closely fitting scales with a small central 
 point ; seeds narrowly winged. 
 
 In swamps, Massachusetts to northern New Jersey, 
 south to Florida and Mississippi, mostly near the coast. 
 Wood soft, weak, close-grained, light brown; weight 
 per cubic foot 21 Ibs. April-May. 
 
 9. JUNIPERUS L. Sp. PI. 1038. 1753. 
 
 , Evergreen trees or shrubs with opposite or verticillate, subulate or scale-like, sessile 
 leaves, commonly of 2 kinds, and dioecious or sometimes monoecious, small globose axil- 
 lary or terminal aments. Leaf-buds naked. Staminate aments oblong or ovoid; anthers 
 2-6-celled, each sac 2-valved. Ovule-bearing aments of a few opposite somewhat fleshy 
 scales, or these rarely verticillate in 3*3, each bearing a single erect ovule or rarely 2. Cones 
 globose, berry-like by the coalescence of the fleshy scales, containing 1-6 wingless bony 
 -seeds. [Name Celtic.] 
 
 About 30 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, some of them extending into tropical re- 
 gions. Besides the following, 4 or 5 others occur in the western parts of North America. 
 
 Leaves all subulate, prickly pointed, verticillate; aments axillary. 
 
 Small erect tree or shrub; leaves slender, mostly straight. i. /. communis. 
 
 Low depressed shrub; leaves stouter, mostly curved. 2. J. nana. 
 
 Leaves of 2 kinds, scale-like and subulate, mostly opposite; aments terminal. 
 
 Tree; fruit on short straight branches. 
 
 Depressed shrub; fruit on short recurved branches. 
 
 3. J. Virginiana. 
 
 4. J. Sabina. 
 
 i. Juniperus communis L,. Juniper. (Fig. 131.) 
 
 Juniperus communis L- Sp. PI. 1040. 1753. 
 
 A low tree or erect shrub, sometimes attaining a 
 height of 25 and a trunk diameter of 10', usually 
 smaller, the branches spreading or drooping, the 
 bark shreddy. Leaves all subulate, rigid, spreading, 
 or some of the lower reflexed, mostly straight, prickly 
 pointed, verticillate in 3*3, often with smaller ones fas- 
 cicled in their axils, 5 // -io // long, less than i" wide, 
 channeled and commonly whitened on the upper sur- 
 face; aments axillary; berry-like cones sessile or very 
 nearly so, dark blue, 3 // -4 // diameter. 
 
 On dry hills, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to 
 New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Michigan, western Nebraska 
 and in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. Ascends 
 to 900 ft. in Pennsylvania. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 The fruit is used for flavoring gin. April-May. Fruit 
 ripe Oct. 
 
60 PINACEAE. 
 
 2. Juniperus nana Willd. L,ow Juniper. (Fig. 132.) 
 
 Juniperus Sibirica Burgsd. Anleit. n. 272. 1787.? 
 Juniperus nana Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 854. 1806. 
 Juniperus communis var. alpina Gaud. Fl. Helv. 6: 
 301. 1830. 
 
 A depressed rigid shrub, seldom over i8 x high, 
 forming circular patches often 10 in diameter. 
 Leaves similar to those of the preceding species, 
 but stouter, similarly channeled and often whitened 
 above, appressed-ascending, rather rigid, spiny 
 tipped, 4 // -6 // long, mostly incurved, densely 
 clothing the twigs, verticillate in 3*3 ; aments axil- 
 lary; berry -like cones blue, 4 // -5 // in diameter. 
 
 In dry, open places, Labrador to British Columbia, 
 south to Massachusetts, New York, Michigan and in the 
 Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah. Also in 
 Europe and Asia. The characteristic growth in a de- 
 pressed circular patch gives the plant a very different 
 aspect from the true Juniper. April-May. 
 
 3. Juniperus Virginiana L. Red Cedar. Savin. (Fig. 133.) 
 Juniperus Virginiana L. Sp. PI. 1039. J 753- 
 
 A tree, reaching a maximum height of about 
 100 and a trunk diameter of 5, conic when young, 
 but the branches spreading in age so that the out- 
 line becomes nearly cylindric. Leaves mostly 
 opposite, all those of young plants and commonly 
 some of those on the older twigs of older trees 
 subulate, spiny-tipped, 2 // -4 // long, those of the 
 mature foliage scale-like, acute or subacute, closely 
 appressed and imbricated, 4-ranked, causing the 
 twigs to appear quadrangular ; aments terminal ; 
 berry-like cones light blue, glaucous, about 3 X/ in 
 diameter, borne on straight peduncle-like branch- 
 lets of less than their own length, i-2-seeded. 
 
 In dry soil, New Brunswick to British Columbia, 
 south to Florida, Texas, northern Mexico and Arizona. 
 Also in the West Indies. Ascends to 2100 ft. in Vir- 
 ginia. Wood soft, not strong, straight-grained, com- 
 pact, odorous, red, the sap-wood white; weight per 
 
 cubic foot 31 Ibs. ; used in large quantities in the manufacture of lead pencils. 
 Fruit ripe Sept. -Oct. 
 
 April-May, 
 
 4. Juniperus Sabina L,. Shrubby Red 
 Cedar. (Fig. 134.) 
 
 Juniperus Sabina L,. Sp. PI. 1039. 1753. 
 Juniperus Sabina var. procumbens Pursh, Fl. Am. 
 Sept. 647. 1814. 
 
 A depressed, usually procumbent shrub, seldom, 
 more than 4 high. Leaves similar to those of the 
 preceding species, those of young plants and the 
 older twigs of older plants subulate, spiny-tipped,, 
 those of the mature foliage scale-like, appressed,. 
 4-ranked, acute or acuminate ; aments terminal ;. 
 berry-like cones light blue, somewhat glaucous, 
 4 // -5 // in diameter, borne on recurved peduncle- 
 like branchlets of less than their own length, 
 i-4-seeded. 
 
 On banks, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to 
 Maine, northern New York, Minnesota and Montana, 
 Also in Europe and Asia. April-May. 
 
YEW FAMILY. 
 
 6l 
 
 Family 2. TAXACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst Ed. 2, 316. 1836. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, resin-bearing except Taxus. Leaves evergreen or decid- 
 -tious, linear, or in several exotic genera broad or sometimes fan-shaped, the 
 pollen-sacs and ovules borne in separate clusters or solitary. Perianth wanting. 
 -Stamens much as in the Pinaceae. Ovules with either one or two integuments; 
 when two, the outer one fleshy, when only one, its outer part fleshy. Fruit 
 drupe-like or rarely a cone. 
 
 About 8 genera and 75 species, of wide geographic distribution, most numerous in the southern 
 hemisphere. The Maiden-hair Tree, Ginkgo biloba, of China and Japan, 
 
 is an interesting member of the group, now much planted for ornament. 
 
 with fan-shaped leaves, 
 
 i. TAXUS L. Sp. PI. 1040. 1753. 
 
 Evergreen trees or shrubs, with spirally arranged short-petioled linear flat mucronate 
 leaves, spreading so as to appear 2-ranked, and axillary and solitary, sessile or subsessile 
 very small ameuts; staminate aments consisting of a few scaly bracts and 5-8 stamens, their 
 filaments united to the middle ; anthers 4-6-celled. Ovules solitary, axillary, erect, sub- 
 tended by a fleshy, annular disk, which is bracted at the base. Fruit consisting of the fleshy 
 disk which becomes cup-shaped, red, and nearly encloses the bony seed. [Name ancient.] 
 
 About 6 species, natives of the north temperate zone. 
 Florida, one in Mexico and one on the Pacific Coast. 
 
 Besides the following, another occurs in 
 
 i. Taxus minor (Michx.) Britton. American Yew. 
 
 (Fig. I35-) 
 
 Taxus baccata var. minor Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 
 2: 245. 1803. 
 
 Taxus Canadensis Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 856. 1806. 
 Taxus minor Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 19. 
 1893- 
 
 A low straggling shrub, seldom over 5 
 high. Leaves dark green on both sides, nar- 
 rowly linear, mucronate at the apex, nar- 
 rowed at the base, 6 // -io // long, nearly i // 
 wide, persistent on the twigs in drying; the 
 
 staminate aments globose, i // long, usually 
 numerous; ovules usually few; fruit red and 
 pulpy, resinous, oblong, nearly 3 /x high, the 
 
 -top of the seed not covered by the fleshy 
 integument. 
 
 In woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south 
 
 -to New Jersey, in the Alleghenies to Virginia, 
 and to Minnesota and Iowa. Ascends to 2500 
 ft. in the Adirondacks. April-May. Very dif- 
 ferent from the European Yew, T. baccata, in 
 habit, the latter becoming a large forest tree, as 
 
 does the Oregon Yew, T. brevifolia. 
 
 Ground Hemlock. 
 
 Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE. 
 
 Ovules (macrosporanges) enclosed in a cavity (the ovary) formed by the 
 Enfolding and uniting of the margins of a modified rudimentary leaf (carpel), 
 or of several such leaves joined together, in which the seeds are ripened. The 
 pollen-grains (microspores) on alighting upon the summit of the carpel (stigma) 
 germinate, sending out a pollen-tube which penetrates its tissues and reaching 
 ;an ovule enters the orifice of the latter (micropyle), and its tip coming in 
 
62 
 
 TYPHACEAE. 
 
 contact with a germ-cell in the embryo-sac, fertilization is effected. In a few 
 cases the pollen-tube enters the ovule at the chalaza, not at the micropyle. 
 There are two sub-classes, distinguished as follows: 
 
 Cotyledon one; stem endogenous. Sub-class i. MONOCOTYLEDONES. 
 
 Cotyledons two; stem (with rare exceptions) exogenous. Sub-class 2. DICOTYLEDONES. 
 
 Sub-class i. MONOCOTYLEDONES. 
 
 Embryo of the seed with but a single cotyledon and the first leaves of the 
 germinating plantlet alternate. Stem composed of a ground-mass of soft tissue 
 (parenchyma) in which bundles of wood-cells are irregularly imbedded ; no 
 distinction into wood, pith and bark. Leaves usually parallel-veined, mostly 
 alternate and entire, commonly sheathing the stem at the base and often with 
 no distinction of blade and petiole. Flowers mostly 3-merous or 6-merous. 
 
 Monocotyledonous plants are first definitely known in Triassic time. They constitute between 
 one-fourth and one-third of the living angiospermous flora. The families are grouped in about to- 
 orders (see Introduction). 
 
 Family i. TYPHACEAE J. St. Hil. Expos. Fain, i: 60. 1805.* 
 
 CAT-TAII, FAMILY. 
 
 Marsh or aquatic plants with creeping rootstocks, fibrous roots and glabrous 
 erect, terete stems. Leaves linear, flat, ensiform, striate, sheathing at the base. 
 Flowers monoecious, densely crowded in terminal spikes, which are subtended 
 by spathaceous, usually fugacious bracts, and divided at intervals by smaller 
 bracts, which are caducous, the staminate spikes uppermost. Perianth of bris- 
 tles. Stamens 2-7, the filaments connate. Ovary i, stipitate, 1-2 -celled. Ovules 
 anatropous. Styles as many as the cells of the ovary. Mingled among the 
 stamens and pistils are bristly hairs, and among the pistillate flowers many sterile 
 flowers with clavate tips. Fruit nutlike. Endosperm copious. 
 
 The family comprises only the following genus: 
 
 i. TYPHAL. Sp. PI. 971. 
 Characters of the family. [ Name ancient.] 
 
 1753- 
 
 About 10 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Besides those here de- 
 scribed, another occurs in California. 
 
 Spikes dark brown or black, the pistillate and staminate usually contiguous, the former without 
 bracelets; stigmas spatulate or rhomboid; pollen 4-grained. i. T. latifolia. 
 
 Spikes light brown, the pistillate and staminate usually distant, the former with bractlets; stigmas 
 linear; pollen in simple grains. 2. T. angustifolia. 
 
 i. Typha latifolia I,. Broad-leaved Cat- 
 tail. (Fig. 136.) 
 
 Typha latifolia I,. Sp. PI. 971. 1753. 
 
 Stems stout, 4-8 high. Leaves 3 // -i2 // broad; 
 spikes dark brown or black, the staminate and 
 pistillate portions usually contiguous, each 3 / -i2 / 
 long and often \ f or more in diameter, the pistil- 
 late without bractlets ; stigmas rhomboid or spatu- 
 late ; pollen-grains in 4's ; fruit furrowed, bursting 
 in water ; seeds with a separable outer coat. 
 
 In marshes, throughout North America except the 
 extreme north. Ascends to 1600 ft. in the Adirondacks 
 and to 2200 ft. in Virginia. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 June-July. Fruit, Aug.-Sept. 
 
 *Text contributed by the late Rev. THOMAS MORONG. 
 
CAT-TAIL FAMILY. 63 
 
 2. Typha angustifolia L. Narrow-leaved 
 
 Cat-tail. (Fig. 137.) 
 
 Typha angustifolia L,. Sp. PI. 971. 1753. 
 
 Stems slender, 5-io high. Leaves mostly nar- 
 rower than those of the preceding species, 2 // -6 // 
 wide; spikes light brown, the staminate and pistil- 
 late portions usually distant, the two together 
 sometimes 15' long, the pistillate, when mature, 
 2 // -8 // in diameter, and provided with bractlets ; 
 stigmas linear or linear-oblong ; pollen-grains sim- 
 ple; fruit not furrowed, not bursting in water; outer 
 coat of the seed not separable. 
 
 Abundant in marshes along the Atlantic Coast from 
 Nova Scotia to Florida and Cuba, but also occurring- 
 rather rarely inland. Also in Europe and Asia. June- 
 July. Fruit, Aug.-Sept. 
 
 Family 2. SPARGANIACEAE Agardh, Theor. Syst. PI. 13. 1858.* 
 
 BUR-REED FAMILY. 
 
 Marsh or pond plants with creeping rootstocks and fibrous roots, erect or 
 floating simple or branched stems, and linear alternate leaves, sheathing at the 
 base. Flowers monoecious, densely crowded in globose heads at the upper part 
 of the stem and branches, the staminate heads uppermost, sessile or peduncled. 
 Spathes linear, immediately beneath or at a distance below the head. Perianth 
 of a few irregular chaffy scales. Stamens commonly 5, their filaments distinct; 
 anthers oblong or cuneate. Ovary sessile, mostly i -celled. Ovules anatropous. 
 Fruit mostly i -celled, nutlike. Embryo nearly straight, in copious endosperm. 
 
 The family comprises only the following- genus. 
 
 i. SPARGANIUM L> Sp. PI. 971. 1753. 
 Characters of the family. [Greek, referring to the ribbon-like leaves.] 
 About 10 species, of temperate and cold regions. Besides the following, one occurs in California. 
 Fruit sessile. 
 Fruit stalked. 
 
 Inflorescence branching. 
 Inflorescence simple. 
 
 Staminate heads 4-6, pistillate 2-6, s"-8" in diameter. 
 Staminate heads 1-2, pistillate 1-3, 2" -5" in diameter. 
 
 i. Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. Broad-fruited Bur-reed. 
 
 Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. in A. Gray, 
 Man. Ed. 2, 430. 1856. 
 
 Stemsstout, 3-8 high, branching. Leaves 
 linear, flat, slightly keeled beneathy-the low- 
 est 3-5 long, the upper shorter ; staminate 
 heads numerous ; pistillate heads 2-4 on the 
 stem or branch, sessile or more commonly 
 peduncled, hard, compact and io // -i6 // in di- 
 ameter when mature ; style I ; stigmas 1-2 ; 
 nutlets sessile, 3 // -5 // long, obtusely 4-5- 
 angled, narrowed at the base, the top rounded, 
 flattened or depressed, abruptly tipped with 
 the style ; scales as long or nearly as long as 
 the fruit and as many as its angles, often with 
 2 or 3 other exterior ones, somewhafc^patu- 
 
 1. 5". eurycarpum. 
 
 2. S. androcladum. 
 
 3. 5". simplex. 
 
 4. 5. minimum. 
 
 (Fig- 138.) 
 
 late, the apex rounded, denticulate or eroded. 
 
 In marshes and along streams, Newfoundland 
 to British Columbia, south to Virginia, Mis- 
 souri, Utah and California. Ascends to 2100 ft. 
 in Virginia. May- Aug. 
 
 *Text contributed by the late Rev. THOMAS 
 MORONG. 
 
SPARGANIACEAE. 
 
 2. Sparganium androcladum (Engelm. ) 
 Morong. Branching Bur-reed. (Fig. 139.) 
 
 Sparganium simplex var. androcladum Engelm. in A. 
 
 Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 481. 1867. 
 Sparganium androcladum Morong, Bull. Torr. Club, 15 : 
 
 78. 1888. 
 
 Stem slender, more or less branching, io / -2 high. 
 Pistillate heads 3-7, sessile or the lowest peduncled, 
 axillary or the peduncles and branches axillary; style 
 I ; stigma i ( rarely 2 ) ; fruiting heads 6 x/ -i2 x/ in di- 
 ameter ; nutlets fusiform, 2 // -3 // long, ~i l / 2 ff thick, 
 usually even, often strongly contracted at the middle, 
 tapering into the style ; scales oblong, as long as the 
 nutlets or shorter, the exterior ones narrower ; stalk 
 of fruit i x/ long or more. 
 
 In bogs or shallow water, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Brit- 
 ish Columbia, south to Florida and Louisiana. June-Aug. 
 
 Sparganium androcladum fluctuans Morong, Bull. Torr. 
 
 Club, 15: 78. 1888. 
 
 Sparganium simplex var. fluitans Engelm. in A. Gray, 
 Man. Ed. 5, 481 . 1867. Not Sparganium flu itans Fries. 
 Floating in deep water with long slender stems, and thin leaves i"~3K" wide; inflorescence 
 usually sparingly branched; fruiting heads 4" -6" in diameter. In cold ponds, New Brunswick to 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 3. Sparganium simplex Huds. Simple- 
 stemmed Bur-reed. (Fig. 140.) 
 Sparganium simplex Huds. Fl. Angl. Ed. 2, 401. 1788. 
 
 Stem slender, i^ / -24 / high, simple. Leaves more 
 or less triquetrous, 2 // -4 // wide ; inflorescence io // -8 / 
 long ; staminate heads 4-6; pistillate 2-6, sessile or the 
 lowest peduncled ; fruiting heads 5 // -8 // in diameter ; 
 nutlets fusiform or narrowly oblong, obtusely angled 
 at the apex, more or less contracted in the middle, 
 smaller than those of the preceding species and more 
 tapering at the summit ; scales denticulate, about 
 one-half as long as the nutlets ; stigma linear, as long 
 as the style or shorter, rarely 2 ; stalk of fruit about 
 l" long. 
 
 Borders of ponds and streams, Newfoundland to British 
 Columbia, south to Pennsylvania, Montana and California. 
 Ascends to 2500 ft. in the Catskill Mountains. June-Aug. 
 
 Sparganium simplex angustifolium (Michx. ) Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 481. 1867. 
 Sparganium angustifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 189. 1803. 
 
 Floating in deep water. Leaves very long, K"-i^" wide, their sheaths often inflated at the 
 
 base; staminate and pistillate heads 1-4; fruiting heads 3," -7" in 
 diameter. In mountain lakes and slow streams, Newfoundland 
 to Oregon, south to New York and California. 
 
 4. Sparganium minimum Fries. Small Bur- 
 reed. (Fig. 141.) 
 
 Sparganium minimum Fries, Sum. Veg. 2: 560. 1846. 
 
 Floating, stems very slender, 4 / ~3 long. Leaves thin and 
 lax, Y^'-iYi" wide ; inflorescence i' or more long ; stami- 
 nate heads 1-2 ; pistillate, 1-3, sessile, axillary, supra- 
 axillary or the lowest on an axillary peduncle; ripe fruit- 
 ing heads 2 // -5 // in diameter ; nutlets ovoid, slightly trian- 
 gular, tapering abruptly into the style, i // -2 // long, twice 
 as long as the denticulate scales ; stigma oval, often oblique, 
 about as long as the style ; stalk of the nutlet %"-%" 
 long, often apparently none. 
 
 In ponds and streams, New Brunswick to Manitoba and Ore- 
 gon, south to New Jersey, Michigan and Utah. Also in north- 
 ern Europe. Dwarf forms, growing out of water, sometimes 
 occur with stems 3'-6' high. June-Aug. 
 
PONDWEED FAMILY. 65 
 
 Family 3. NAIADACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 366. 1836. 
 
 Immersed aquatic plants with slender, often branching, leafy stems, the 
 leaves flat or filiform, and perfect, monoecious or dioecious spicate axillary 
 or spadiceous flowers. Perianth of 4 segments, or a hyaline envelope, or want- 
 ing. Stamens 1-4 or occasionally more, distinct and hypogynous in the per- 
 fect flowers, solitary or connate in the sterile. Anthers extrorse, i-2-celled. 
 Ovaries 1-9, mostly distinct, i -celled, mostly i-ovuled. Carpels rarely dehis- 
 cent. Seeds straight or curved. Endosperm none. 
 
 About 10 genera and too species of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in temperate 
 regions. The months noted in the descriptions indicate the fruiting period. 
 
 Flowers perfect. 
 
 Perianth of 4 distinct segments. i. Potamogeton. 
 
 Perianth none ; flowers naked. 2. Ruppia. 
 
 Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 
 Leaves entire. 
 
 Leaves i -nerved, I'-tf long, %" or less wide. 3. Zannichellia. 
 
 Leaves many-nerved, i-5 long, i"~4" wide. 4. Zoslera. 
 
 Leaves spiny-toothed on the margins. 5. Naias. 
 
 i. POTAMOGETON L,. Sp. PI. 126. 1753. 
 
 Leaves alternate or the uppermost opposite, often of 2 kinds, submerged and floating, 
 the submerged mostly linear, the floating coriaceous, lanceolate, ovate or oval. Spathes 
 stipular, often ligulate, free or connate with the base of the leaf or petiole, enclosing the 
 young buds and usually soon perishing after expanding. Peduncles axillary, usually 
 emersed. Flowers small, spicate, green or red. Perianth-segments 4, short-clawed (Fig. 154), 
 concave, valvate. Stamens 4, inserted on the claws of the perianth-segments. Anthers 
 sessile. Ovaries 4, sessile, distinct, i-celled, i-ovuled, attenuated into a short erect or 
 recurved style, or with a sessile stigma. Fruit of 4 ovoid or subglobose drupelets, the peri- 
 carp usually thin and hard or spongy. Seeds crustaceous, campylotropous, with an unci- 
 nate embryo thickened at the radicular end. [Greek, in allusion to the aquatic habitat.] 
 
 About 65 well-defined species, natives of temperate regions. Besides the following, 3 others 
 occur in the southern parts of North America. 
 
 :Stipules axillary and free from the leaf. 
 With floating and submerged leaves. 
 Submerged leaves bladeless. 
 
 Nutlets more or less pitted. i. P. natans. 
 
 Nutlets not pitted. 2. P. Oakesianus. 
 
 Submerged leaves with a proper blade. 
 
 Submerged leaves of 2 kinds, lanceolate and oval or oblong. 
 
 Uppermost broadly oval or elliptical, lowest lanceolate. 3. P. amplifolius. 
 Uppermost lanceolate and pellucid, lowest oblong and opaque. 
 
 4. P. pulcher. 
 Submerged leaves all alike, capillary or linear-setaceous. 
 
 i -nerved or nerveless. 25. P. Vaseyi. 
 
 3-nerved. 26. P. lateralis. 
 
 Submerged leaves all alike, linear. 
 
 Nearly the same breadth throughout, obtusely pointed, coarsely cellular-reticulated 
 
 in the middle. 5. P. Nuttallii. 
 
 Broader at base, acute, without cellular-reticulation. 9. P. heterophyllus. 
 
 Submerged leaves all alike, lanceolate. 
 
 Uppermost leaves petioled, lowest sessile. 6. P. alpinus. 
 
 All the leaves petioled. 
 
 Floating leaves large, broadly elliptic, rounded or subcordate at base. 
 
 ii. P. Illinoensis. 
 
 Floating leaves narrowly elliptical, tapering at base. 7. P. lonchites. 
 Floating leaves mostly obovate or oblanceolate, tapering at base. 
 
 8. P. Faxoni. 
 All the leaves sessile or subsessile. 
 
 Fruit only i line long, obscurely 3-keeled. 10. P. spathulaeformis. 
 
 Fruit \V 2 lines long, distinctly 3-keeled. 12. P. Zizii. 
 
 "With submerged leaves only. 
 
 Without propagating buds and without glands. 
 
 Leaves with broad blades, mostly lanceolate or ovate, many-nerved. 
 Leaves subsessile or short-petioled, mostly acute or cuspidate. 
 
 13. P. lucens. 
 
 Leaves semi-amplexicaul, obtuse and cucullate at the apex. 14. P. praelongus. 
 Leaves meeting around the stem, very obtuse at the apex, not cucullate. 
 
 15. P. perfoliatus. 
 Leaves with narrow blades, linear or oblong-linear, several-nerved. 
 
 Leaves oblong-linear, 5-y-nerved, obtuse at the apex. 16. P. Mysticus. 
 
 Leaves narrowly linear, 3-nerved, acute at the apex. 21. P. foliosus. 
 
 Leaves with narrow blades, capillary or setaceous, i -nerved or nerveless. 
 
 17. P. confervoides. 
 
 *Text contributed by the late Rev. THOMAS MORONG. 
 
66 
 
 NAIADACEAE. 
 
 With propagating buds or glands, or both. 
 With buds, but without glands. 
 Leaves serrulate, 3-y-nerved. 
 
 Leaves entire, with 3 principal and many fine nerves. 
 Commonly with glands, but no buds. 
 
 Stems long-branching from the base; leaves lax, flat, 3-nerved 
 cuspidate. 20. 
 
 Stems simple; leaves strict, revolute, 3-5-nerved, acuminate. 24. 
 With both buds and glands. 
 
 Glands large and translucent; buds rare. 
 Glands small, often dull; buds common. 
 Leaves linear, 5~7-nerved. 
 Leaves linear, 3-nerved. 
 Leaves capillary, i-nerved or nerveless. 
 Stipules adriate to the leaves or petioles. 
 
 With both floating and submerged leaves. 
 
 Submerged peduncles as long as the spikes, clavate, often recurved. 29. 
 Submerged peduncles none, or at most hardly a line long. 30. 
 
 With submerged leaves only. 
 
 Stigma broad and sessile. 31. 
 
 Style apparent; stigma capitate. 
 
 Fruit without keels or obscurely keeled. 32. 
 
 Fruit strongly 3-keeled. 
 
 Leaves entire, 3-5-nerved. 33. 
 
 Leaves minutely serrulate, finely many-nerved. 34. 
 
 1 8. P. crispus. 
 
 19. P. zosteraefolius. 
 
 , abruptly acute or 
 P. Hillii. 
 P. rutilus. 
 
 22. P. obtusifolius. 
 
 2.v 
 27- 
 
 2S. 
 
 P. Friesii. 
 
 P. pusillus. 
 
 P. gemmiparus. 
 
 P. diver sifolius. 
 P. Spirillus. 
 
 P. filiformis. 
 P. pectinatus. 
 
 P. interruptus. 
 P. Robbinsii. 
 
 i. Potamogeton natans L,. 
 
 Common Floating Pond weed. (Fig. 142.) 
 
 Potamogeton natans L- Sp. PI. 126. 1753. 
 
 Stems 2-4 long, simple or sparingly branched. 
 Floating leaves thick, the blade ovate, oval or ellip- 
 tic, 2 / -4 / long, \'-i' wide, usually tipped with a 
 short abrupt point, rounded or subcordate at the 
 base, many-nerved; submerged leaves reduced to 
 phyllodes or bladeless petioles which commonly 
 perish early and are seldom seen at the fruiting 
 period; stipules sometimes 4' long, acute, 2-keeled; 
 peduncles as thick as the stem, i'-\' long; spikes 
 cylindric, very dense, about 2 X long; fruit turgid, 
 2 // -2^ // long, about iX' 7 thick, scarcely keeled, 
 narrowly obovoid, slightly curved on the face; 
 style broad and facial; nutlet hard, more or less 
 pitted or impressed on the sides, 2-grooved on the 
 back; embryo forming an incomplete circle, the 
 apex pointing toward the base. 
 
 In ponds and streams, throughout North America ex- 
 cept the extreme north, extending into Mexico. Also 
 in Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 
 
 2. Potamogeton Oakesianus Robbins. Oakes' Pondweed. (Fig. 143.) 
 
 Potamogeton Oakesianus Robbins in A. Gray, Man. 
 Ed. 5, 485. 1867. 
 
 Stems very slender, often much branched from 
 below. Floating leaves elliptic, mostly ob- 
 tuse, rounded or slightly subcordate at the 
 base, i / -2 / long, 5 // -9 // wide, i2-2o-nerved; 
 petioles 2 / -6 / long; submerged leaves mere cap- 
 illary phyllodes, often persistent through the 
 flowering season ; peduncles i / -3 / long, com- 
 monly much thicker than the stem, mostly soli- 
 tary; spikes cylindric, ^'-I'long; stipules acute, 
 hardly keeled; fruit obovoid, about i^'long, i" 
 thick, nearly straight on the face, 3-keeled, the 
 middle keel sharp; style apical or subapical; sides 
 of the nutlet not pitted, but sometimes slightly 
 impressed; embryo circle incomplete, the apex 
 pointing toward the base. 
 
 In still water, Anticosti to northern Pennsylva- 
 nia and New Jersey. Summer. 
 
PONDWEED FAMILY. 67 
 
 3. Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm. L,arge-leaved Pondweed. (Fig. 144.) 
 
 Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. 
 
 (II.) 6: 225. 1848. 
 
 Stems long, simple or occasionally branched. 
 Floating leaves oval or ovate, abruptly pointed at 
 the apex, rounded at the base, 2 / -4 / long, i%'-'2.' 
 wide, many-nerved ; petioles 3 / ~5 / long ; sub- 
 merged leaves mostly petioled, large, the upper- 
 most often elliptic or oval, 3'-6 x long, i'-2%' 
 wide, the lowest lanceolate, often 8 / long, with 
 about 25 nerves, often with the sides of the blade 
 closed and assuming a falcate shape ; stipules 
 tapering to a long sharp point, sometimes 4' 
 long ; peduncles thickened upward, 2 / -8 / long ; 
 spikes cylindric, i / -2 / long; fruit 2 // -2)4 // long, 
 1%" thick, turgid, the pericarp hard, obliquely 
 obovoid, 3-keeled ; face more or less angled ; 
 style subapical ; embryo slightly incurved. 
 
 In lakes, Ontario to British Columbia, south to 
 Connecticut, Kentucky and Nebraska. July-Sept. 
 
 4. Potamogeton pulcher Tuckerm. Spotted Pondweed. (Fig. 145.) 
 
 Potamogeton pulcher Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. 
 
 45: 38. 1843. 
 
 Stems simple, terete, black-spotted, i-2 
 long. Floating leaves usually massed at the 
 top on short lateral branches, alternate, ovate 
 or round-ovate, subcordate, 2 / -4^ / long, 9"- 
 3X' wide, many-nerved ; peduncles about as 
 thick as the stem, 2 / -4 / long, spotted ; sub- 
 merged leaves of 2 kinds, the uppermost pellu- 
 cid, lanceolate, long-acuminate, undulate, 3 / -8 / 
 long, 6 // -i8 // wide, tapering at the base into a 
 short petiole, io-2o-nerved ; the lowest much 
 thicker, opaque, spatulate, oblong or ovate, on 
 petioles X /- 4 X l n g ; stipules obtuse or acumi- 
 nate, 2-carinate; fruit 2 // -2X // long, i^" thick, 
 turgid, tapering into a stout apical style, the 
 back sharply 3-keeled ; face angled near the 
 middle, with a sinus below ; embryo coiled. 
 
 In ponds and pools, Maine to Georgia and Mis- 
 souri. July. 
 
 5. Potamogeton Nuttallii Cham. & Sch. 
 
 Potamogeton Nuttallii Cham. & Sch. I^innaea, 2: 
 
 226. pi. 6. f. 25. 1827. 
 Potamogeton Claytonii Tuckerm. Am. Journ. 
 
 Sci. 45: 38. 1843. 
 
 Stems slender, compressed, mostly simple, 
 i-6 long. Floating leaves opposite, elliptic, 
 sometimes obovate, obtuse at the apex, short- 
 petioled, i^ / -3X / l n g> 4 // -i2 // wide, many- 
 nerved ; submerged leaves linear, 2-ranked, 2 / -7 / - 
 long, i // -3 // wide, 5-nerved, the 2 outer nerves 
 nearly marginal, the space between the 2 inner 
 and the midrib coarsely reticulated ; stipules 
 obtuse, hyaline, not keeled; peduncles I'-s' 
 long; spikes l /z'-\' long; fruit round-obovoid 
 iX // - 2// l n g. i // -i>^ // thick, 3-keeled, the sides 
 flat and indistinctly impressed ; style short, 
 apical ; embryo coiled one and one-third times. 
 
 In ponds and streams, Nova Scotia to Pennsyl- 
 vania and South Carolina. June-Aug. 
 
 NuttalPs Pondweed. (Fig. 146.) 
 
68 
 
 NAIADACEAE. 
 
 6. Potamogeton alpinus Balbis. Northern Pondweed. (Fig. 147.) 
 
 Potamogeton alpinus Balbis, Misc. Bot. 13. 1804. 
 Potamogeton rufescens Schrad. ; Cham. Adn. Fl. 
 Ber. 4. 1815. 
 
 Plant of a ruddy tinge, stems simple or branch- 
 ed, somewhat compressed. Floating leaves spat- 
 ulate or oblauceolate,obtuse,many-nerved, taper- 
 ing into petioles i / -5 / long ; submerged leaves 
 semi-pellucid, the lowest sessile, the uppermost 
 petioled, oblong-linear or linear-lanceolate, ob- 
 tuse or rarely acute, narrowed at the base, 3'- 
 i2 / long, 2 // ~9 // wide, y-iy-nerved ; stipules 
 broad, faintly 2-carinate, obtuse or rarely acute; 
 peduncles 2 / -8 / long ; spikes i / -ij^ / long ; fruit 
 obovoid, lenticular, reddish, i^'long, i x/ thick, 
 3-keeled, the middle keel sharp, the face arched, 
 beaked by the short recurved style ; apex of 
 the embryo pointing directly to the basal end. 
 
 In ponds, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, New 
 Jersey and California. Also in Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 7. Potamogeton lonchites Tuckerm. L,ong-leaved Pondweed. (Fig. 148.) 
 
 Potamogeton fluitans Roth, Fl. Germ, i: 72. 1788? 
 Potamogeton lonchites Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 
 
 6: 226. 1848. 
 
 Stem terete, much branched, 3-6 long. Float- 
 ing leaves rather thin, elliptic, pointed at both 
 ends, 2'-6' long, 6 // -i4 // wide, many-nerved, on 
 petioles 2 / -8 / in length; submerged leaves pellucid, 
 4 / -i3 / long, 2 // -i2 // wide, rounded at the base or 
 tapering into a petiole i / -4 / long; stipules I'-tf 
 long, acuminate, acute or obtuse, strongly or 
 faintly 2-carinate ; peduncles thickening upward, 
 2 / -3 / long; spikes cylindric, i / -2 / long; fruit about 
 2 // long, \"-\y 2 ff thick, obliquely obovoid, the face 
 nearly straight, the back 3-keeled, the middle keel 
 rounded or often with a projecting wing under the 
 style, not impressed on the sides; embryo slightly 
 incurved, apex pointing slightly inside of the base. 
 
 In ponds and slow streams, New Brunswick to Wash- 
 ington, south to Florida and California. July-Oct. 
 
 Potamogeton lonchites Noveboracensis Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 20. 1893. 
 Floating leaves thicker, 3' -5^' long, about 2' wide, 2o-24-nerved, abruptly pointed or obtuse at 
 the'apex ; peduncles sometimes 4'~5' and spikes 3' long. L,akes of central New York. 
 
 8. Potamogeton Faxoni Morong. 
 Faxon's Pondweed. (Fig. 149.) 
 
 Potamogeton Faxoni Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: 
 Part 2, 22. 1893. 
 
 Floating leaves numerous, mostly obovate or 
 oblanceolate, blunt-pointed or obtuse at the 
 apex, narrowed at the base, often strikingly 
 like those of P. spathulaeformis, 2 / -3 / ^ / long, 
 g//_ I2 // w j(j e) i3-i7-nerved, on petioles 2'-6 r 
 long; submerged leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute 
 or sometimes obtuse, 3 / ~5 / long, 6 // -i2 // wide, 
 5-i3-nerved, often with an irregular areolation 
 on each side of the midrib, borne on petioles 
 j4'-2' in length; peduncles slightly thicker than 
 the stem, 2'-$' long; spikes dense, i / -2 / long; 
 fruit not collected. 
 
 Little Otter Creek and Lake Champlain, Ferris- 
 burg, Vermont. 
 
PONDWEED FAMILY. 
 
 69 
 
 g. Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. Various-leaved Pondweed. 
 
 (Fig. 150.) 
 
 Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. Spicil. Fl. 
 
 Lips. 21. 1771. 
 
 Potamogeton heterophyllus var. maximus Mo- 
 rong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 25. 1893. 
 Potamogeton heterophyllus var. longipeduncu- 
 latus Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 24. 
 1893- 
 
 Stems slender, compressed, much branch- 
 ed, sometimes 12 long. Floating leaves 
 pointed at the apex, rounded or subcordate 
 at the base, 8 // -4 / long, 4 // -i4 // wide, 10-18- 
 nerved, on petioles i'-\' long; submerged 
 leaves pellucid, sessile, linear-lanceolate, 
 acuminate or cuspidate, rather stiff, iMi^' 
 long, i // -8 // wide, 3-9-nerved, the uppermost 
 often petioled ; peduncles often thickened 
 upsvard, i'-j' long, sometimes clustered, 
 stipules spreading, obtuse, 8 // -i2 // long; 
 spikes 9 // -iX / l n g; fruit roundish or 
 obliquely obovoid, T/'-iX" long, YZ"-*" 
 thick, indistinctly 3-keeled; style short, ob- 
 tuse, apical; apex of the embryo nearly touch- 
 ing the base, pointing slightly inside of it. 
 
 A very variable species, occurring in different forms throughout almost all North America ex- 
 cept the extreme north. Also in Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 Potamogeton heterophyllus gramimfolius (Fries) Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 24. 1893. 
 Potamogeton gramineus va.r. gramimfolius Fries, Novit. Ed. 2, 36. 1828. 
 
 Submerged leaves delicate, flaccid, linear, 2' -5' long, i"~3" wide. With the type. 
 
 Potamogeton heterophyllus myriophyllus (Robbins) Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 24. 1893. 
 Potamogeton gramineus var. myriophyllus Robbins in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 487. 1867. 
 
 Stems dichotomously branching, very leafy; submerged leaves delicate, about i' long and 2" 
 wide, 3-5-nerved, linear or the upper oblanceolate ; floating leaves elliptic or lanceolate-oblong; 
 rootstock tuberous. Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. 
 
 Potamogeton heterophyllus minimus Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 25. 1893. 
 Stems long and almost capillary, the internodes 3' -4' long; submerged leaves densely clustered 
 on short lateral branches, %'-\' long, scarcely %" wide, acuminate, i-nerved; floating leaves %'- 
 i %' long, 3" -9" wide, lanceolate, oval or ovate, usually clustered at the summit of the stem. Massa- 
 chusetts and New Hampshire. 
 
 10. Potamogeton spathulaeformis (Robbins) Morong. 
 
 Pondweed. (Fig. 151.) 
 
 Spatulate-leaved 
 
 Potamogeton gramineus var. (?) spathulaeformis 
 Robbins in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 487. 1867. 
 
 Potamogeton spathulaeformis Morong, Mem. Torr. 
 Club, 3: Part 2, 26. 1893. 
 
 Stems many, branched, 2-3 long. Floating 
 leaves obovate or elliptic, abruptly acute at the 
 apex, rather thin, 13-23-nerved, i / -2^ / long, 
 6 // -i3 // wide, borne on slender petioles ; sub- 
 merged leaves pellucid, spatulate-oblong or 
 linear-lanceolate, 2 / -4 / long, 3 // ~9 // wide, 5-13- 
 nerved, cuspidate or spinescent, sessile or sub- 
 sessile, often reduced to phyllodes with a very 
 narrow blade and a long acumination at the 
 base and apex ; peduncles often thickening up- 
 ward, i / -2 / long ; stipules obtuse, faintly keeled, 
 the apex slightly hooded ; spikes large ; fruit 
 about \" long, roundish or obliquely ovoid, ob- 
 scurely 3-keeled, with a curved or slightly 
 angled face ; embryo with the apex pointing 
 slightly inside of the base. 
 
 In Mystic Pond, Medford, Mass. Also in Europe. 
 Summer. 
 
NAIADACEAE. 
 
 ii. Potamogeton Illinoensis Morong. 
 Illinois Pond weed. (Fig. 152.) 
 
 Potamogeton Illinoensis Morong, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 
 5: 50. 1880. 
 
 Stem Stout, much branched above. Floating 
 leaves opposite, numerous, thick, 4 / -sX / l n g. 
 2 / -3^ / wide, many-nerved, oval or broadly ellip- 
 tic, short -pointed at the apex, rounded, subcor- 
 date or narrowed at the base; petioles \'-\ f long; 
 submerged leaves numerous, 4 / -8 / long, i / -2 / 
 wide, 13-ig-nerved, acuminate or the uppermost 
 acute, mostly tapering at the base into a short 
 broad flat petiole, rarely reduced to phyllodes; 
 stipules 2'-$' long, obtuse, strongly 2-carinate; 
 peduncles 2 / -4 / long; spikes i x -2 x long; fruit 
 roundish or obovoid, i^"-2 ff long, i // -i^ // 
 thick, dorsally 3-keeled ; style short, blunt. 
 
 In ponds, Illinois to Iowa and Minnesota. Aug. 
 
 12. Potamogeton Zizii Roth. Ziz's Pondweed. (Fig. 153.) 
 
 Potamogeton angustifolius Berch. & Presl, Rost. 
 
 19. 1821. Not DC. 1805. 
 Potamogeton Zizii Roth, Enum. i: 531. 1827. 
 
 Stems slender, branching. Floating leaves 
 elliptic, 1^2'-^ long, 6 // -i2 // wide, many- 
 nerved ; petioles mostly short ; submerged 
 leaves mostly lanceolate or oblanceolate, thin, 
 acute or cuspidate, 2 / -6 / long, 3 // -i5 // wide, 
 7-i7-nerved ; stipules 6 // -i8 // long, obtuse, 
 2-keeled ; peduncles thicker than the stem, 
 2^ / -6 / long ; spikes i / -2 / long ; fruit obliquely 
 obovoid, i^ // -2 // long, about i x/ thick, the face 
 dorsally 3-keeled; style short, blunt, facial; apex 
 of the embryo pointing directly to the base. 
 
 In lakes and streams, Quebec to Montana, south to 
 Florida and Wyoming. Also in Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 Potamogeton Zizii Methyensis (A. Benn.) Morong. 
 
 Potamogeton angustifolius var. Methyensis A. Ben- 
 nett, Britten's Journ. Bot. 29: 151. 1891. 
 Middle leaves narrow; upper leaves oval ; stipules 
 
 long; fruit small. Methy Lake, Canada. 
 
 13. Potamogeton lucens L,. Shining 
 
 Pondweed. (Fig. 154.) 
 Potamogeton lucens L- Sp. PI. 126. 1753. 
 
 Stem thick, branching below and often with 
 masses of short leafy branches at the summit. 
 Leaves all submerged, elliptic, lanceolate or the 
 uppermost oval, shining, acute or acuminate and 
 cuspidate, or rounded at both ends and merely 
 mucronulate, sessile or short-petioled, 2j4'-&' 
 long, 8 // -20 // wide, the tips often serrulate ; 
 stipules i / -3 / long, 2-carinate, sometimes very 
 broad ; peduncles 3 / -6 / long ; spikes 2'-2j4' 
 long, cylindric, very thick; fruit about \ l /z fr 
 long and \%" thick, roundish, the face usually 
 with a slight inward curve at the base ; apex 
 of the embryo pointing transversely inward. 
 
 In ponds, Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Califor- 
 nia and Mexico. Local. Also in Europe. Sept.-Oct. 
 Potamogeton lucens Connecticutensis Robbins in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 488. 1867. 
 Stems flexuous; leaves acuminate; fruit larger than that of the type (about 2" long), distinctly 
 3-carinate and with a facial style. Saltonstall's Pond, Conn., and White Plains, N. Y. 
 
PONDWEED FAMILY. 
 
 14- Potamogeton praelongus Wulf. White-stemmed Pondweed. (Fig. 155.) 
 
 Potamogeton praelongus Wulf. in Roem. Arch. 3 : 
 
 331- 1805. 
 
 Stems white, flexuous, flattened, much 
 branched, growing in deep water, sometimes 8 
 long. Leaves all submerged, oblong or oblong- 
 lanceolate, semi-amplexicaul, bright green, 2'- 
 i2 x long, J^'-iX' wide, with 3-5 main nerves; 
 stipules white, scarious, obtuse and commonly 
 closely embracing the stem ; peduncles 3 / -2O / 
 long, erect, straight, about as thick as the stem; 
 spikes i / -2 / long, thick, cylindric ; fruit dark 
 green, obliquely obovoid, 2 // -2^ // long, iX // ~ 
 2" thick, the back much rounded, often with the 
 upper curve nearly as high as the style ; the 
 middle keel sharp ; style short, obtuse, facial. 
 
 Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to New Jer- 
 sey, Minnesota and California. Also in Europe. 
 Fruits in June and July, and usually withdraws its 
 stems beneath the water as soon as the fruit is set. 
 
 15. Potamogeton perfoliatus L,. Clasp- 
 ing-leaved Pondweed. (Fig. 156.) 
 
 Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Sp. PI. 126. 1753. 
 
 Stems slender, much branched. Leaves all sub- 
 merged, orbicular or ovate, sometimes lanceolate, 
 usually obtuse and minutely serrulate at the apex, 
 cordate-perfoliate at the base, s'-is' long, 3 // -i2 // 
 wide; peduncles i>C long, usually erect or slightly 
 spreading ; spikes 8 // -i2 // long, often flowering 
 and fruiting under water ; fruit obliquely obovoid, 
 
 ^ // -i^ // long, i" thick, obscurely 3-carinate on 
 the back, the face slightly curved outwardly to- 
 ward the top, the sides with a shallow indentation 
 which runs into the face; style nearly facial; em- 
 bryo slightly incurved or with its apex pointing 
 directly toward the base. 
 
 In ponds and streams, Newfoundland to British 
 Columbia, south to Florida and California. Also in 
 Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 Potamogeton perfoliatus Richardsonii A. Bennett, Britten's Journ. Bot. 27: 25. 1889. 
 Potamogeton perfoliatus var. lanceplatus Robbins in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 488. 1867. Not Blytt 1861 . 
 Leaves i'-4^' long, 4" -8" wide at the broadened amplexicaul base, often curving inward 
 at the apex, i3-23-nerved. Fruit somewhat larger than that of the type, about 2" long and i#" 
 thick. Lake Champlain to Oregon, south to Delaware, Nebraska and California. 
 
 16. Potamogeton Mysticus Morong. Mystic 
 Pond Pondweed. (Fig. 157.) 
 
 Potamogeton Mysticus Morong, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 5: 50. 1880. 
 Whole plant very slender and delicate, stems irregu- 
 larly branching above, nearly filiform, terete, i-4 long. 
 Leaves all submerged, scattered, oblong-linear, z'-i^' 
 long, i // -3 // wide, 5-y-nerved, obtuse and rarely with 
 minute serrulations near the apex, abruptly narrowed at 
 the base and sessile or partly clasping; stipules obtuse, 
 about 6 // long, hyaline and with many fine nerves, mostly 
 deciduous, but sometimes persistent and closely sheathing 
 the stem ; spikes few, capitate, 4-6-flowered, borne on 
 erect peduncles i / -2 / long; immature fruit obovoid, less 
 than i // long, about YL" wide, obscurely 3-keeled on the 
 back, slightly beaked by the slender, recurved style. 
 
 Mystic Pond, Medford, and Miacount Pond, Nantucket, 
 Mass. Aug-Sept. 
 
NAIADACEAE. 
 
 17. Potamogeton confervoides Reichb. 
 
 Alga-like Pondweed. (Fig. 158.)- 
 
 Potamogeton confervoides Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. & Helv. 7: 
 
 13. 1845. 
 
 Potamogeton trichoides A. Gray, Man. 457. 1848. Not Cham. 
 Potamogeton Tuckermani Robbins ; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2,. 
 434. 1856. 
 
 Sterns slender, terete, much branched, the upper 
 branches repeatedly forking, 6 / -i8 / long. Leaves very 
 delicate, flat, setaceous, i / -2^ / long, the broadest scarcely 
 W wide, tapering to a long hair-like point, i-3-nerved 
 and often with a few cross-veins, bright green or yellow- 
 ish ; stipules delicate, obtuse, 2 // ~3 // long; peduncles 2 / -8 / 
 long, erect, somewhat thickened upward ; spikes capitate, 
 3 // -4 // long ; fruit roundish-obovoid, \"-\y 2 /f long and 
 about as thick, the back sometimes a little angular or sin- 
 uate, 3-keeled, the middle keel sharp, the face notched 
 near the base, the sides impressed with a shallow indenta- 
 tion which runs into the notch of the face ; apex of the 
 embryo nearly touching the base a little to one side. 
 
 In cold or mountain ponds, Maine and New Hampshire to- 
 New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Also in Europe. Aug.-Sept.. 
 
 Curled-leaved Pondweed. (Fig. 159.) 
 
 18. Potamogeton crispus L,. 
 
 Potamogeton crispus L,. Sp. PI. 126. 1753. 
 
 Stems branching, compressed. Leaves 2-ranked, 
 linear-oblong or linear-oblanceolate, sessile or semi- 
 amplexicaul, obtuse at the apex, serrulate, crisped, 
 YZ'-A,' long, 3 x/ -7 /x wide, 3-7-nerved, the midrib 
 often compound and the outer nerves very near the 
 margin ; stipules small, scarious, obtuse, early per- 
 ishing ; peduncles i / -2 / long, frequently recurved 
 in fruit, sometimes very numerous ; spikes about 
 YZ' long, appearing very bristly with the long- 
 beaked drupelets when in fruit ; fruit ovoid, about 
 lYz" long, i" or more wide, 3-keeled on the back, 
 the middle keel with a small projecting tooth near 
 the base, the face slightly curved, the style facial 
 and nearly as long as the drupelet ; embryo small, 
 its apex pointing directly toward its base. The 
 plant is mainly propagated by peculiar winter buds. 
 
 In fresh, brackish or even salt water, Massachusetts 
 
 to Pennsylvania and Virginia. Also in Europe. Aug. 
 
 
 
 19. Potamogeton zosteraefolius Schum. Eel-grass Pondweed. (Fig. 160. > 
 
 Potamogeton zosteraefolius Schum. Enum. PI. Saell. 50. 
 
 1801. 
 Potamogeton compressus Fries, Novit. Ed. 2, 44. 1828. 
 
 Not L. 1753. 
 
 Stems much flattened, sometimes winged, widely 
 branching. Leaves linear, obtuse and mucronate or 
 short-pointed at the apex, 2 / -i2 / long,i // -2 // wide, with 
 3 principal nerves and many fine ones ; stipules scari- 
 ous, obtuse, finely nerved, soon perishing ; peduncles 
 t-W-Af long; spikes cylindric, about YZ' l n g> I2 ~ 1 5- 
 flowered ; fruit obovoid with a broad base, about 2 r/ 
 long, iX // -i/^ // thick, 3-keeled on the back, the lateral 
 keels rather obscure; face arched, beaked with a 
 short recurved style ; embryo slightly incurved. The 
 plant is propagated by the terminal leaf-buds, which 
 sink to the bottom, and rest during the winter. 
 
 In still or running water, New Brunswick to New Jer- 
 sey, west to Oregon. Also in Europe. July-Aug. 
 
PONDWEED FAMILY. 
 
 20. Potamogeton Hillii Morong. Hill's 
 
 Pondweed. (Fig. 161.) 
 Potamogeton Hillii Morong, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 6: 290. 1881. 
 
 Stems slightly compressed, slender, widely branch- 
 ing, i-2 long. Leaves linear, acute or cuspidate, or 
 often almost aristate, i / -2^ / long, X // ~ I X // wide, 
 3-nerved, the lateral nerves delicate and nearer the 
 margins than the midrib; stipules whitish, many- 
 nerved, obtuse, 2/'-s" long; peduncles about y' long, 
 erect or slightly recurved, more or less clavate; spikes 
 capitate, 3-6-fruited; fruit obliquely obovoid, obtuse 
 at the base, about 2" long, \"-\W thick, 3-carinate 
 on the back, the middle keel sharp and more or less 
 undulate, flat on the sides, face slightly arched ; style 
 nearly facial, short; embryo coiled. 
 
 In ponds, eastern New York to Michigan. There are 
 two forms of the species, the one 2-glandular at the base 
 of the leaves, the other glandless. July-Sept. 
 
 21. Potamogeton foliosus Raf. Leafy Pondweed. (Fig. 162.) 
 
 Potamogetori foliosus Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 
 
 354- 1808. 
 Potamogeton pauciflorus'Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. 
 
 121. 1814. Not Lam. 1789. 
 
 Stems flattened, much branched, i-3 
 long. Leaves i / -2 / long, ^"-i" wide, 
 acute, 3-nerved, not glandular at the base; 
 stipules white, hyaline, obtuse or some- 
 times acute, 6 // -io // long; peduncles more 
 or less clavate, erect, about y>.' long; spikes 
 about 4-flowered; fruit lenticular or nearly 
 orbicular, about i // in diameter, 3-keeled 
 on the back, the middle keel winged, sin- 
 uate-dentate, often with projecting shoul- 
 ders or teeth at each end, the face strongly 
 angled or arched, sharp, often with a pro- 
 jecting tooth at the base; style apical. 
 
 In ponds and streams, New Brunswick to 
 British Columbia, south to Florida, New 
 Mexico and California. July-Aug. 
 
 Potamogeton foliosus Niagarensis (Tuckerm. ) Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 39. 1893. 
 Potamogeton Niagarensis Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) ?: 354. 1849. 
 
 Larger. Stems 2-3 long, leaves sometimes over 3' in length and i" wide, 3~5-nerved; stipules 
 larger and occasionally acute; spikes 8-i2-flowered. Niagara Falls to Michigan and California. 
 
 22. Potamogeton obtusifolius Mert. & 
 Koch. Blunt-leaved Pondweed. (Fig. 163.) 
 
 Potamogeton compressus Wahl. Fl. Suec. i: 107. 1824. 
 
 Not L- 1753- 
 Potamogeton obtusifolius Mert. & Koch, Deutsch. Fl. 
 
 1:855. 1823. 
 
 Stems usually slender, compressed, widely 
 branching, especially above. Leaves linear, 2 / ~3 / 
 long, ^ // -2 // wide, obtuse, often mucronate, usually 
 3-nerved with a broad midrib, sometimes 5-7-nerved, 
 2-glandular at the base, the glands large and trans- 
 lucent; stipules white or scarious, many-nerved, ob- 
 tuse, 6 // -9 // long, often as long as or longer than the 
 internodes; peduncles numerous, x'-i^'long, slen- 
 der, erect; spikes 3 X/ -4 X/ long, ovoid, 5-8-flowered; 
 fruit obliquely obovoid, about i^ // long and \" 
 thick, 3-keeled ; style short, blunt, nearly facial. 
 
 In still water, Quebec to Pennsylvania, west to Min- 
 nesota and Wyoming. Also in Europe. July-Aug. 
 
74 
 
 NAIADACEAE. 
 
 23. Potamogeton Friesii Ruprecht. Fries' Pondweed. (Fig. 164.) 
 
 Potamogeton compressus J. E. Smith, Engl. Bot. 3: 
 
 pi. 418. 1794. Not L. 1753- 
 Potamogeton pusillus var. major Fries, Novit. Ed. 2, 
 
 48. 1828. 
 Potamogeton Friesii Ruprecht, Beitr. Pfl. Russ. Reichs, 
 
 4: 43. 1845. 
 Potamogeton major Morong, Mem. Tprr. Club, 3: Part 
 
 2,41. 1893. Not P. pusillu s var. major M. & K. 1823. 
 
 Stems compressed, 2-4 long, branching. Leaves 
 i^ / -2^ / long, about i /x wide, acute, obtuse or cus- 
 pidate at the apex, mostly 5-nerved, rarely 7-nerved, 
 2 1 glandular at the base, the glands small ; stipules 
 white, hyaline, finely nerved, obtuse or acute, 6 X/ - 
 I2 // long; peduncles i / -i^ / long, often thicker 
 than the stem and sometimes thickening upward; 
 spikes, when developed, interrupted; fruit quite sim- 
 ilar to that of P. pusillus, but with a recurved style, 
 usually with a shallow pit on the sides, and with the 
 apex of the embryo pointing toward the basal end. 
 
 In still water, New Brunswick to New York, west to 
 British Columbia. Also in Europe. Propagating buds 
 occasional. July-Aug. 
 
 24. Potamogeton rutilus Wolfg. Slender Pondweed. (Fig. 165.) 
 Potamogeton rutilusWolfg. ; R. & S. Mant. 3: 362. 1827. 
 
 Stems very slender, 8 / -24 / long, compressed, sim- 
 ple or nearly so. Leaves I'-i^' long, %"- l /i" 
 wide, acute or acuminate, strict, nearly erect, 3-5- 
 nerved, revolute, the nerves prominent beneath, 
 often 2-glandular at base and bright green ; stipules 
 acute, 6 // -io // long, often longer than the intern odes 
 and hiding the bases of the leaves above, persistent, 
 becoming white and fibrous with age ; peduncles 
 6"-i8" long; spikes 3"-5" long, usually dense, but 
 sometimes interrupted ; fruit obliquely obovoid, 
 about i" long and y 2 " thick, obscurely keeled or 
 the back showing only 2 small grooves; apex of 
 the drupelet tapering into a short facial nearly 
 straight recurved style ; embryo circle not com- 
 plete, the apex pointing a little inside of the base. 
 
 Anticosti and James Bay to Michigan and Minnesota. 
 Also in Europe. Propagating buds usually wanting. 
 
 25. Potamogeton Vaseyi Robbins. Vasey's Pondweed. (Fig. 166.) 
 
 Potamogeton Vaseyi Robbins in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 
 
 485- 1867. 
 Potamogeton Vaseyi var. latifolius Morong, Mem. 
 
 Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 44. 1893. 
 
 Stems filiform, widely branching below, and with 
 many short lateral branches above, i-i}4 long, the 
 emersed fertile forms in shallow water, and the more 
 common sterile submerged forms in water from 6- 
 8 in depth. Floating leaves on the fertile stems 
 only, coriaceous, in 1-4 opposite pairs, oval oblong 
 or obovate, 4 // -5 // long, 2 // -3 // wide, with 5-9 
 nerves deeply impressed beneath, tapering at the 
 base into petioles 3 /x -4 /x long; submerged leaves 
 capillary, I'-i^' long; stipules white, delicate, 
 many-nerved, acute or obtuse, 2 // -3 // long ; pedun- 
 cles 3 /x -6 /x long, thickening in fruit; spikes 2 // ~3 // 
 long, 2-6-fruited ; fruit rouudish-obovoid, about i" 
 long and nearly as thick, 3-keeled, the middle keel 
 rounded, tipped with a straight or recurved style. 
 
 Eastern Massachusetts to southern Ontario and Ohio. 
 The plant is furnished with propagative buds. July-Aug. 
 
PONDWEED FAMILY. 
 
 75 
 
 26. Potamogeton lateralis Morong. Oppbsite-leaved Pond weed. (Fig. 167.) 
 
 Potamogeton lateralis Morong, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 5: 
 
 51. 1880. 
 
 Stems filiform, much branched. Floating 
 leaves on sterile shoots only, coriaceous, ellip- 
 tic, obtuse, 4 // -5 // long, \"-i ff wide, 5-7- 
 nerved, the nerves deeply impressed beneath, 
 usually in 1-3 opposite pairs which stand at 
 right angles to the stem, on petioles 3 // -io // 
 long; submerged leaves linear, acute, 1'-$' long, 
 ^ // -/4 // wide, i-3-nerved, 2-glandular at the 
 base, but the glands small and often obsolete; 
 stipules small, hyaline, many-nerved, obtuse, 
 deciduous ; peduncles and floating leaves lateral, 
 with a peculiar appearance, widely spreading 
 at maturity, sometimes recurved, thickening in 
 fruit, 4 // -i5 // long; spikes capitate or often in- 
 terrupted, 3-4-flowered; fruit obliquely obovoid, 
 about \" long, lenticular, the back much curved 
 and 2-grooved, the face arched and surmounted 
 by the nearly sessile stigma; curve of the em- 
 bryo oval, its apex nearly touching its base. 
 
 In lakes and slow streams, eastern Massachusetts to Michigan. Proliferous shoots at the sum- 
 mit of the stem and on the upper branches appear late in the season, as the plants are beginning to 
 decay. July-Aug. 
 
 Potamogeton pusillus I,. Small Pondweed. (Fig. 168.) 
 
 Potamogeton pusillus L,. Sp. PI. 127. 1753. 
 
 Stems filiform, branching, 6 / -2 long. 
 Leaves all submerged, linear, obtuse and mu- 
 cronate or acute at the apex, 2-glandular at the 
 base, i / ~3 / long, about l / z " wide, i-3-nerved, 
 the lateral nerves often obscure; stipules short, 
 hyaline, obtuse; peduncles usually 3 // -9 // , or 
 rarely 3' long; spikes 3-io-flowered; fruit ob- 
 liquely ellipsoid, about i x/ long and )4 // thick 
 curved and 2-grooved on the back or sometimes 
 with 3 distinct keels, the face slightly arched, 
 beaked by a straight or recurved style; apex of 
 the embryo slightly incurved and pointing ob- 
 liquely downward. Propagative buds occur in 
 greater or less abundance. 
 
 In ponds and slow streams, New Brunswick to 
 British Columbia, south to Virginia, Texas and 
 California. Also in Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 Potamogeton pusillus Panormitanus (Biv. ) Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 46. 1893. 
 Potamogeton Panormitanus Biv. Sic. PI. 1806-7. 
 
 Uppermost leaves subcoriaceous, spatulate, opposite, divaricate, 3-5-nerved, 4" -5" long, taper- 
 ing into a broad petiole as long as the blade. Ottawa, Ontario. Also in Europe. 
 
 Potamogeton pusillus polyphyllus Morong, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 5: 51. 1880. 
 
 Stem 3' -5' long, divaricately branching from the base and very leafy throughout; leaves 
 very obtuse, j-nerved.. Plant not known to flower, but abundantly provided with propagating buds 
 which are thickened, hardened ^md closely invested by imbricated leaves. Eastern Massachusetts. 
 
 Potamogeton pusillus Sturrockii A. Bennett in Hook. Stud. Fl. Ed. 3, 435. 1884. 
 
 A rare form with delicate bright green pellucid leaves, i'~3' long, obtuse or often apiculate at 
 the apex, less than i" wide, sometimes 5-nerved; fruit much smaller than that of the type, short- 
 beaked. Eastern Massachusetts. Also in Europe. 
 
7 6 
 
 NAIADACEAE. 
 
 28. Potamogeton gemmiparus (Robbins) Morong. 
 
 (Fig. 169.) 
 
 Potamogeton pusillusvar. (?) gemmiparus Rob- 
 bins in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 489. 1867. 
 
 Potamogeton gemmiparus Morong, Coult. Bot. 
 Gaz. 5: 51. 1880. 
 
 Stems filiform, terete, branching, 5 / -4 
 long. Leaves capillary, sometimes not as 
 wide as the stem, often with no perceptible 
 midrib, tapering to the finest point, 1'-$' 
 long, 2-glandular at the base ; stipules J^'-i' 
 long, acute or obtuse, mostly deciduous ; 
 spikes interrupted, 3-6-flowered ; peduncles 
 filiform or sometimes slightly thickened, 
 Yz'-'i' long ; fruit seldom formed, similar to 
 that of P. pusillus, except that it is natter 
 and somewhat impressed on the sides. 
 
 In ponds, eastern Massachusetts and Rhode 
 Island. It is commonly propagated by its abun- 
 dant buds, the leaves and stems are often alike 
 in thickness so that the plant seems to consist 
 of threads. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 Capillary PondweecL 
 
 29. Potamogeton diversifolius Raf. Rafinesque's Pond weed. (Fig. 170.) 
 
 Potamogeton hybridus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 
 101. 1803. Not Thuill. 1790. 
 
 Potamogeton diversifolius Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 
 5 : 354. 1808. 
 
 Stems flattened or sometimes terete, much 
 branched. Floating leaves coriaceous, the 
 largest i' long by Y 2 f wide, oval or elliptic 
 and obtuse, or lanceolate-oblong and acute ; 
 petioles generally shorter, but sometimes 
 longer than the blades, filiform or dilated ; 
 submerged leaves setaceous, seldom over 
 ]^ fr wide, i / -3 / long ; stipules obtuse or trun- 
 cate, 3 // ~5 // long, those of the floating leaves 
 free, those of the submerged leaves some- 
 times adnate ; emersed peduncles 3 // -y // 
 long ; submerged peduncles 2"-$" long, 
 clavate, as long as the spikes ; emersed spikes- 
 3 // -5 // long, occasionally interrupted ; fruit 
 cochleate, rarely over y 2 " long, 3-keeled, 
 the middle keel narrowly winged and usu- 
 ally with 7 or 8 knob-like teeth on the mar- 
 gin, the lateral keels sharp or rounded ; 
 embryo coiled i^ times. 
 In still water, Maine to Florida, west to Nebraska and Texas. June-Sept. 
 
 Potamogeton diversifolius multidenticulatus Morong, M2m. Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 48. 1893. 
 
 Differs from the type in the numerous teeth of the fruit, as many as 12 being sometimes found 
 on the middle keel, and each lateral keel with 6-8 more, the teeth often bristle-like and sometimes- 
 2-pronged. Connecticut to eastern Pennsylvania and Delaware. 
 
 Potamogeton diversifolius trichophyllus Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: part 2, 49. 1893. 
 
 Plant about 6' long, without floating leaves, the submerged leaves as fine as floss silk and 
 entirely nerveless. Lake Marcia, New Jersey. 
 
PONDWEED FAMILY. 
 
 77 
 
 30. Potamogeton Spirillus Tuckerm. Spiral Pondweed. (Fig. 171.) 
 
 Potamogeton Spirillus Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. 
 
 (11)6:228. 1848. 
 
 Steins compressed, branched, 6 / -2o / long, the 
 branches often short and recurved. Floating leaves 
 oval or elliptic, obtuse, the largest about i' long 
 and l /z' wide, with 5-13 nerves deeply impressed 
 beneath, their petioles often i' long ; submerged 
 leaves linear, i y z ff -i ff long, about y?." wide, mostly 
 5-nerved ; stipules of the upper floating leaves free ; 
 those of the submerged leaves adnate to the blade 
 or petiole ; spikes above water 3 // ~5 // long, contin- 
 uous, the lower mostly sessile, capitate and i-io- 
 fruited ; fruit cochleate, roundish, less than i" 
 long, flat and deeply impressed on the sides, 3- 
 keeled on the back, the middle keel winged and 
 sometimes 4-5 -toothed ; style deciduous ; embryo 
 spiral, about \y 2 turns. 
 
 In ponds and ditches, Nova Scotia and Ontario to 
 Minnesota, south to Virginia, Missouri and Nebraska. 
 June-Aug-. 
 
 31. Potamogeton filiformis Pers. Fili- 
 form Pondweed. (Fig. 172.) 
 
 Potamogeton filiformis Pers. Syn. i: 152. 1805. 
 
 Stems from a running rootstock, slender, 3-2o 
 long, filiform above, stout and thick towards the 
 base. Leaves numerous, 2 / -i2 / long, X // ~/^ // 
 wide, i-nerved with a few cross veins ; sheaths 
 about \" long and the free part of the stipule %' 
 long, scarious on the edges ; flowers on long, often 
 recurved peduncles, 2-12 in each whorl, the whorls 
 X'- 1 ' apart ; fruit \ ff -\y z " long, slightly less than 
 i /x wide, the sides even, the back not keeled, the 
 face nearly straight or obtusely angled near the 
 top ; stigma nearly or quite sessile, remaining on 
 the fruit as a broad truncate projection. 
 
 In ponds and lakes, Anticosti to western New York 
 and Michigan. August. 
 
 Potamogeton filiformis Macounii Morong; Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 4: 88. 1888. 
 ^ Leaves I'-J long, the largest I A" or more wide, obtuse, stiff, with a strong midrib and raised 
 or~*slightly revolute margins; fruit rarely more than i" long; peduncles only8"-io" long; plant 
 commonly with a compact bushy habit. In brackish or salt water lakes, prairie region of Canada. 
 
 32. Potamogeton pectinatus 1,. Fennel- 
 leaved Pondweed. (Fig. 173.) 
 
 Potamogeton pectinatus L- Sp. PI. 127. 1753. 
 
 Stems slender, much branched, i-3 long, the 
 branches repeatedly forking. Leaves setaceous, 
 attenuate to the apex, i-nerved, i / -6 / long, often 
 capillary and nerveless ; stipules half free, >^ / -i / 
 long, their sheaths scarious on the margins ; pe- 
 duncles filiform, 2 / -i2 / long, the flowers in verti- 
 cils ; fruit obliquely obovoid, with a hard thick 
 shell, i ^"-2" long, \"-\%" wide, without a mid- 
 dle keel, but with obscure lateral ridges on the 
 back, plump on the sides and curved or occasion- 
 ally a little angled on the face ; style straight or 
 recurved, facial ; embryo apex pointing almost 
 directly toward the basal end. 
 
 In fresh, brackish or salt water, Cape Breton to Brit- 
 ish Columbia, south to Florida, Texas and California. 
 Also in Europe. July-Aug. 
 
NAIADACEAE 
 
 33. Potamogeton interruptus Kitaibel. Interrupted Pondweed. (Fig. 174.) 
 
 Potamogeton interruptus Kitaibel in Schultes, OEst. Fl. 
 
 Ed. 2, 328. 1814. 
 Potamogeton flabellatus Bab. Man. Bot. Ed. 3, 324. 1851. 
 
 Stems arising from a running rootstock which often 
 springs from a small tuber, 2-4 long, branched, the 
 branches spreading like a fan. Leaves linear, obtuse 
 or acute, 3 / -5 / long, i^-iX" wide, 3~5-nerved with 
 many transverse veins ; narrow, i-nerved leaves occur 
 on some plants and these are acuminate, much like 
 those of P. pectinatus ; stipules partially adnate to the 
 leaf-blade, the adnate part %'-i' long, sometimes with 
 narrowly scarious margins, the free part shorter and 
 scarious, obtuse ; peduncles i / -2 / long ; spikes slightly 
 interrupted ; fruit broadly and obliquely obovoid, ob- 
 tuse at the base, the largest 2 X/ long and nearly as 
 broad, prominently keeled and with rounded lateral 
 ridges on the back, the face nearly or quite straight ; 
 style facial, erect. 
 
 In ponds and streams, Prince Edward Island to northern 
 Indiana and Michigan. Also in Europe. August. 
 
 Potamogeton Robbinsii Oakes. 
 
 34- 
 
 Robbins' Pondweed. (Fig. 175.) 
 
 Potamogeton Robbinsii Oakes, Hovey's Mag. 
 7: 180. 1841. 
 
 Stems stout, widely branching, 2-4 
 long, from running rootstocks sometimes 
 i long. Leaves linear, 3 / ~5 / long, 2 // ~3 // 
 wide, acute, finely many-nerved, crowded 
 in 2 ranks, minutely serrulate, auriculate 
 at the point of attachment with the stipule ; 
 stipules with the adnate portion and sheath- 
 ing base of the leaf about y z ' long, the free 
 part YZ'-I.' long, acute, persistent, white, 
 membranous, mostly lacerate ; peduncles 
 I'-T/ long, the inflorescence frequently 
 much branched and bearing from 5-20 
 peduncles; spikes interrupted, %'-i f long, 
 flowering under water; fruit obovoid, about 
 2" broad and \ l /i" wide, 3-keeled on the 
 back, the middle keel sharp, the lateral 
 ones rounded, the face arched, the sides 
 with a shallow depression which runs into 
 the face below the arch ; style subapical, 
 thick, slightly recurved ; apex of the em- 
 bryo pointing a little inside the basal end. 
 
 In ponds and lakes, New Brunswick to Oregon, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and 
 Michigan. The plant is freely propagated by fragments of the stems which throw out rootlets 
 from each joint, but this is the rarest of our species to form fruit. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 2. RUPP1A L. Sp. PI. 127. 1753. 
 
 Slender, widely branched aquatics with capillary stems, slender alternate i-nerved 
 leaves tapering to an acuminate apex, and with membranous sheaths. Flowers on a capil- 
 lary, spadix-like peduncle, naked, consisting of 2 sessile anthers, each with 2 large sepa- 
 rate sacs attached by their backs to the peduncle, having between them several pistillate 
 flowers in 2 sets on opposite sides of the rachis, the whole cluster at first enclosed in the 
 sheathing base of the leaf. Stigmas sessile, peltate. Fruit a small, obliquely pointed drupe, 
 several in each cluster and pedicelled ; embryo oval, the cotyledonary end inflexed, and 
 both that and the hypocotyl immersed. [Name in honor of Heinrich Bernhard Rupp, a Ger- 
 man botanist.] 
 
 In the development of the plants the staminate flowers drop off and the peduncle elongates, 
 bearing the pistillate flowers in 2 clusters at the end, but after fertilization it coils up and the fruit 
 is drawn below the surface of the water. 
 
PONDWEED FAMILY. 79 
 
 Three or four species, occurring in salt and brackish waters all over the world. The following 
 are the only ones known to occur in North America: 
 
 Sheaths 3" -4" long; drupes about i" long. i. R. maritima. 
 
 Sheaths %'-i l A' long; drupes i%"-2" long. 2. R. occidentalis. 
 
 i. Ruppia maritima L,. Mari- 
 time Ruppia. (Fig. 176.) 
 
 Ruppia maritima I,. Sp. PI. 127. 1753. 
 
 Stems often whitish, 2-3 long, the 
 internodes irregular, naked, i / -3 / long. 
 Leaves 1'-$' long, X x/ or l ess wide ; 
 sheaths 3 // -4 // long, with a short free 
 tip ; peduncles in fruit sometimes i 
 long; pedicels 4-6 in a cluster, ^'-i%' 
 long ; drupes with a dark hard shell, 
 ovoid, about i x/ long, often oblique or 
 gibbous at the base, pointed with the 
 long style, but varying much in shape ; 
 forms with very short peduncles and ped- 
 icels, and with broad, strongly marked 
 sheaths occur. 
 
 Common in brackish or salt water along 
 the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of North 
 America and in saline districts in the in- 
 terior. Widely distributed in the Old World 
 and in South America. July-Aug. 
 
 2. Ruppia occidentalis S. Wats. 
 Western Ruppia. (Fig. 177.) 
 
 Ruppia occidentalis S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 
 25: 138. Sept. 1890. 
 
 Ruppia lacustris Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 5: 372. 
 Nov. 1890. 
 
 Stems stouter, i-2 long, the branching 
 fan-like. Leaves s'-S' long, their large 
 sheaths % f -i%' long; branches and leaves 
 often thickly clustered at the nodes, the 
 sheaths overlapping each other ; drupes 
 larger, ij^ // -2 // long, ovoid or pyriform, 
 borne on pedicels about i x long, the pe- 
 duncles bright red when fresh and some- 
 times nearly 2 in length. 
 
 In saline ponds, Nebraska to British Co- 
 lumbia. Summer. 
 
 3. ZANNICHELLIA L. Sp. PI. 969. 1753. 
 
 Stems, flowers and leaf-buds all at first enclosed in a hyaline envelope, corresponding to 
 the stipule in Potamogcton. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same axil ; the stami- 
 nate solitary, consisting of a single 2-celled anther, borne on a short pedicel-like filament ; 
 the pistillate 2-5. O /ary flask-shaped, tapering into a short style ; stigma broad, hyaline, 
 somewhat cup-shaped, its margins angled or dentate. Fruit a flattish falcate nutlet, ribbed 
 or sometimes toothed on the back. Embryo bent and coiled at the cotyledonary end. [In 
 honor of J. H. Zannichelli, 1662-1729, Italian physician and botanist.] 
 
 Two or three species of very wide geographic distribution in fresh-water ponds and streams. 
 
Bo 
 
 NAIADACEAE. 
 
 i. Zannichellia palustris L,. Zan- 
 
 nichellia. (Fig. 178.) 
 
 Zannichellia palustris I,. Sp. PI. 969. 1753. 
 
 Stems capillary, sparsely branched, the 
 rhizome creeping, the roots fibrous. Leaves 
 i / -3 / long, % lf or less wide, acute, thin, i- 
 nerved with a few delicate cross- veins ; 
 spathe-like envelope separate from the leaves 
 and fruits at maturity ; fruits 2-6 in a cluster, 
 T //_2// long, sometimes sessile, sometimes 
 pedicelled, sometimes the whole cluster 
 peduncled ; style persistent, straight or 
 curved, X // -i // long ; plant flowering and 
 ripening its fruit under water. 
 
 In fresh or brackish ponds, pools or ditches, 
 nearly throughout North America, except the 
 extreme north, and widely distributed in the 
 Old World. July-Sept. 
 
 4. NAIAS L. Sp. PL 1015. 1753. 
 
 Slender, branching aquatics, wholly submerged, with fibrous roots. Leaves opposite, 
 alternate or verticillate, sheathing at the base. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, axillary, 
 solitary, sessile or pedicelled. Sterile flower with a double perianth, the exterior one entire 
 or 4-horned at the apex, the interior one hyaline, adhering to the anther ; stamen sessile or 
 stalked, i-4-celled, apiculate or 2-lobed at the summit. Fertile flowers of a single ovary 
 which tapers into a short style ; stigmas 2-4, subulate. Mature carpel solitary, sessile, ellip- 
 siod, its pericarp crustaceous. Seed conformed to the pericarp and embryo to the seed, the 
 raphe distinctly marked. [Greek, a water-nymph.] 
 
 About 10 species, occurring in fresh water all over the world. The following are the only ones 
 known in North America: 
 
 Sheaths broadly rounded, their margins entire or with a few large teeth. i. N. marina. 
 Sheaths narrowly and obliquely rounded, each margin with 5-10 minute teeth; leaves linear. 
 
 Seeds shining, with 30-50 rows of faint reticulations. 2. N.flexilis. 
 
 Seeds dull, with 16-20 rows of strongly marked reticulations. 3. N. Gnadalupensis. 
 
 Sheaths auriculate ; leaves delicately filiform. 4. N. gracillima. 
 
 i. Naias marina L/. Large Naias. 
 (Fig. 179.) 
 
 JVaias marina I,. Sp. PI. 1015. 1753. 
 JVaias major All. Fl. Ped. 2 : 221. 1785. 
 
 Dioecious, stem stout, compressed, commonly armed 
 with teeth twice as long as their breadth. Leaves op- 
 posite or verticillate, 6 // -i2 // long, about i x/ wide, with 
 6-10 spine-pointed teeth on each margin and fre- 
 quently several along the back ; sheaths with rounded 
 lateral edges ; fruit large, 2 // -2X // long, the pericarp 
 as well as the seed rugosely reticulated, tipped with a 
 long persistent style and 3 thread-like stigmas ; seed 
 not shining. 
 
 In lakes, Central New York to Florida, west to Califor- 
 nia. Summer. Also in Europe. 
 
 Naias marina gracilis Morong, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 10: 255. 1885. 
 Internodes i'~3' long, with a few teeth on the upper part; 
 leaves scarcely %" wide, with 15-24 large teeth on the mar- 
 gins and a few on the back ; sheaths with 2 or 3 teeth on 
 each margin; seed sculptured with about 25 rows of nearly 
 square or irregularly oblong reticulations. Central New York and Florida. 
 
 Naias marina recurvata Dudley, Cayuga Fl. 104. 1886. 
 
 Branches and leaves recurved ; leaves 3" -6" long, narrow, with 2-4 large teeth on each margin 
 and none on the back; internodes short, naked, or with i or 2 teeth; sheaths i -toothed on each 
 side. Cayuga Marshes, N. Y. 
 
PONDWEED FAMILY. 
 
 8l 
 
 2. Naias flexilis (Willd.) Rost. & Schmidt. Slender Naias. (Fig. 180.) 
 
 Caulinia flexilis Willd. Abh. Akad. Berlin, 95. 
 
 1803. 
 Naias flexilis Rost. &Schmidt,Fl.Sed.384. 1824. 
 
 Stem slender, forking. Leaves linear, pel- 
 lucid, acuminate or abruptly acute, J^'-i' 
 long, l /t"-\" wide, numerous and crowded 
 on the upper parts of the branches, with 25-30 
 minute teeth on each edge; sheaths obliquely 
 rounded with 5-10 teeth on each margin ; 
 fruit ellipsoid with very thin pericarp, i // -2 // 
 long, % f/ -%" i fl diameter ; style long, per- 
 sistent ; stigmas short; seed smooth, shin- 
 ing, straw-colored, sculptured, though some- 
 times quite faintly, with 30-40 rows of nearly 
 square or hexagonal reticulations which are 
 scarcely seen through the dark pericarp. 
 
 In ponds and streams throughout nearly all 
 North America. Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 Naias flexilis robiista Morong, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 10 : 255. 1885. 
 
 Stem stout, few-leaved, 3-^> long ; internodes 
 long. Massachusetts to Michigan and Texas. 
 
 3. Naias Guadalupensis (Spreng. ) 
 
 Morong. Guadaloupe Naias. 
 
 (Fig. 181.) 
 
 Caulinia Guadalupensis Spreng. Syst. i : 20. 
 
 1825. 
 Naias Guadalupensis Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 
 
 3 : Part 2, 60. 1893. 
 
 Stem nearly capillary, i-2 long, widely 
 branched from the base. Leaves numerous, 
 6 // -9 // long, X // ~X // wide, acute, opposite or 
 in fascicles of 2-5, frequently recurved, with 
 sheaths and teeth like those of N. flexilis but 
 generally with 40-50 teeth on each margin of 
 the leaf; fruit about \" long ; pericarp dark and 
 strongly marked by 16-20 rows of hexagonal or 
 rectangular reticulations which are transversely 
 oblong ; seed straw-colored, not shining. 
 
 In ponds and lakes, Nebraska to Oregon and 
 Texas, east to Florida. Also in tropical America. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 4. Naias gracillima (A. Br.) Morong. Thread-like Naias. (Fig. 182.) 
 
 Naias Indica var. gracillima A. Br. ; Bngelm. in 
 
 A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 681. 1867. 
 Naias gracillima .Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3- 
 
 Part 2, 61. 1893. 
 
 Dioecious, stem capillary, 6 / -i5 / long, much 
 branched, the branches alternate. Leaves nu- 
 merous, opposite or often fascicled in 3's~5's or 
 more, setaceous, X' 2/ l n g> usually with about 
 20 minute teeth on each margin ; sheaths auri- 
 cled, with 6 or 7 teeth on each auricle, the teeth 
 standing upon setaceous divisions of the sheath ; 
 stigmas very short ; fruit oblong-cylindric, X" 
 l n g> X /x i Q diameter, slightly curved inwardly 
 or straight, the pericarp straw-colored or pur- 
 plish, marked by about 25 rows of irregularly 
 oblong reticulations ; seed not shining. 
 
 In pools and ponds, eastern Massachusetts to 
 Delaware, Pennsylvania and Missouri. July-Sept. 
 
82 
 
 NAIADACEAE. 
 
 5. ZOSTERA L. Sp. PI. 968. 1753. 
 
 Marine plants with slender rootstocks and branching compressed stems. Leaves 2- 
 ranked, sheathing at the base, the sheaths with inflexed margins. Spadix linear, contained 
 in a spathe. Flowers monoecious, arranged alternately in 2 rows on the spadix. Starninate 
 flower merely an anther attached to the spadix near its apex, i-celled, opening irregularly 
 on the ventral side ; pollen thread-like. Pistillate flower fixed on its back near the middle ; 
 ovary i ; style elongated ; stigmas 2, capillary ; mature carpels flask-shaped, membra- 
 nous, rupturing irregularly, beaked by the persistent style ; seeds ribbed ; embryo ellipsoid. 
 [Greek, referring to the ribbon-like leaves.] 
 
 About 6 species of marine distribution. Besides the following one occurs in Florida and one 
 on the Pacific Coast. 
 
 i. Zostera marina L>. Eel-grass. Grass-wrack. (Fig. 183.) 
 
 Zostera marina L- Sp. PI. 968. 1753. 
 
 Leaves ribbon-like, obtuse at the apex, i- 
 6 long, i // -4 // wide, with 3-7 principal 
 nerves. Spadix i / -2^ / long ; flowers about 
 3 // long, crowded, usually from 10-20 of each 
 kind on the spadix ; ovary somewhat vermi- 
 form ; at anthesis the stigmas are thrust 
 through the opening of the spathe and drop 
 off before the anthers of the same spadix 
 open ; the anthers at anthesis work themselves 
 out of the spathe and discharge the glutinous 
 stringy pollen into the water; seeds cylindric, 
 strongly about 2o-ribbed, about i^ // long 
 and I /L" in diameter, truncate at both ends, 
 the ribs showing very clearly on the pericarp. 
 
 In bays, streams and ditches along the At- 
 lantic Coast from Greenland to Florida and on 
 the Pacific from Alaska to California. Also on 
 the coasts of Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 Family 4. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE Agardh, Theor. Syst. PI. 44. 1858.* 
 
 ARROW-GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 Marsh herbs with rush-like leaves and small spicate or racemose perfect 
 flowers. Perianth 4-6-parted, its segments in two series, persistent or decidu- 
 ous. Stamens 3-6. Filaments very short or elongated. Anthers mostly 
 2-celled and extrorse. Carpels 3-6, i-2-ovuled, more or less united until ma- 
 turity, dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds anatropous. Embryo straight. 
 
 Four genera and about 10 species of wide geographic distribution. 
 
 Leaves all basal; flowers numerous on naked scapes, spicate or racemed. i. Triglochin. 
 Stem leafy; flowers few in a loose raceme. 2. Scheuchzeria, 
 
 i. TRIGLOCHIN L. Sp. PI. 338. 1753. 
 
 Marsh herbs with basal half-rounded ligulate leaves with membranous sheaths. Flowers 
 in terminal spikes or racemes on long naked scapes. Perianth-segments 3-6, concave, the 3 
 inner ones inserted higher up than the outer. Stamens 3-6 ; anthers 2-celled, sessile or 
 nearly so, inserted at the base of the perianth-segments and attached by their backs. 
 Ovaries 3-6, i-celled, sometimes abortive ; ovules solitary, basal, erect, anatropous. Style 
 short or none. Stigmas as many as the ovaries, plumose. Fruit of 3-6 cylindraceous ob- 
 long or obovoid carpels, which are distinct or connate, coriaceous, costate, when ripe sepa- 
 rating from the base upward from a persistent central axis, their tips straight or recurved, 
 dehiscing by a ventral suture. Seeds erect, cylindraceous or ovoid-oblong, compressed or 
 angular. [Greek, in allusion to the three-pointed fruit of some species.] 
 
 About 9 species, natives of the temperate and subarctic zones of both hemispheres. Only the 
 following are known to occur in North America: 
 Carpels 3. 
 
 Fruit linear or clavate, tapering to a subulate base. i. T. palustris. 
 
 Fruit nearly globose. 2. T. striata. 
 
 Carpels 6 ; fruit oblong or ovoid, obtuse at the base. 3. T. maritima. 
 
 *Text contributed by the late REV. THOMAS MORONG. 
 
ARROW-GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 i. Triglochin palustris I,. Marsh Arrow- 
 grass. (Fig. 184.) 
 
 Triglochin palustris L- Sp. PI. 338. 1753. 
 
 Rootstock short, oblique, with slender fugacious 
 stolons. I/eaves linear, shorter than the scapes, 5'- 
 I2 / long, tapering to a sharp point ; ligule very short ; 
 scapes i or 2, slender, striate, 8 / -2o / high ; racemes 
 5 / -i2 / long ; pedicels capillary, in fruit erect-appressed 
 and 2^ // -T > ^2 // long ; perianth-segments 6, greenish- 
 yellow ; anthers 6, sessile ; pistil of 3 united carpels, 
 3-celled, 3-ovuled ; stigmas sessile; fruit 2 // ~3^ // 
 long, linear or clavate ; ripe carpels separating from 
 the axis and hanging suspended from its apex, the 
 axis 3-winged. 
 
 In bogs, New Brunswick to Alaska, south to New York, 
 Indiana and Montana. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Triglochin striata R. & P. Three- 
 ribbed Arrow-grass. (Fig. 185.) 
 
 Triglochin striata R. & P. Fl. Per. 3: 72. 1802. 
 Triglochin triandra Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 208. 1803. 
 
 Rootstocks upright or oblique. Scapes i or 2, 
 more or less angular, usually not over 10' high; 
 leaves slender, slightly fleshy, nearly or quite as 
 long as the scapes, # // -i // wide; flowers very 
 small, light yellow or greenish, in spicate racemes; 
 pedicels X // ~ I// l n g. n t elongating in fruit ; per- 
 ianth-segments 3, stamens 3; anthers oval, large; 
 pistil of 3 united carpels; fruit sub-globose or some- 
 what obovoid, about i //f in diameter, appearing 3- 
 winged when dry by the contracting of the car- 
 pels; carpels coriaceous, rounded and 3-ribbed on 
 the back; axis broadly 3-winged. 
 
 In saline marshes, Maryland to Florida and Louisi- 
 ana. Also in tropical America. June-Sept. 
 
 3. Triglochin maritima I,. Seaside 
 Arrow-grass. (Fig. 186.) 
 
 Triglochin maritima L. Sp. PI. 339. 1753. 
 Triglochin elata Nutt. Gen. i: 237. 1818. 
 Triglochin maritima var. elata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 
 2 > 437- 1852. In part. 
 
 Rootstock without stolons, often subligneous, 
 the caudex thick, mostly covered with the 
 sheaths of old leaves. Scape stout, nearly 
 terete, 6'-2 high; leaves half-cylindric, usually 
 about \" wide; raceme elongated, often 16' or 
 more long; pedicels decurrent, i // -i>^ // long, 
 slightly longer in fruit ; perianth segments 6, 
 each subtending a large sessile anther ; pistil of 
 6 united carpels ; fruit oblong or ovoid, 2^ // ~3 // 
 long, i^ // -2 // thick, obtuse at the base, with 6 
 recurved points at the summit; carpels 3- 
 angled, flat or slightly grooved on the back, or 
 the dorsal edges curving upward and winged, 
 separating at maturity from the hexagonal axis. 
 
 In salt marshes, along- the Atlantic seaboard from Labrador to New Jersey, and in fresh or saline 
 marshes across the continent to Alaska and California. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 
 
8 4 
 
 SCHEUCHZERIACEAE. 
 
 2. SCHEUCHZERIA L. Sp. PI. 338. 1753. 
 
 Rush-like bog perennials with creeping rootstocks, and erect leafy stems, the leaves 
 elongated, half-rounded below and flat above, striate, furnished with a pore at the apex and 
 a membranous ligulate sheath at the base. Flowers small, racemose. Perianth 6-parted, 
 regularly 2-serial, persistent. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the perianth-segments ; 
 filaments elongated; anthers linear, basifixed, extrorse. Ovaries 3 or rarely 4-6, distinct or 
 connate at the base, i-celled, each cell with i or 2 collateral ovules. Stigmas sessile, papil- 
 lose or slightly fimbriate. Carpels divergent, inflated, coriaceous, i-2-seeded, follicle-like, 
 laterally dehiscent. Seeds straight or slightly curved, without endosperm. [Name in honor 
 of Johann Jacob Scheuchzer, 1672-1733, Swiss scientist.] 
 
 A monotypic genus of the north temperate zone. 
 
 i. Scheuchzeria palustris L. 
 
 Scheuchzeria. (Fig. 187.) 
 
 Scheuchzeria palustris L,. Sp. PI. 338. 1753. 
 
 Leaves 4 / -i6 / long, the uppermost reduced to 
 bracts ; stems solitary or several, usually clothed 
 at the base with the remains of old leaves, 4 / -io / 
 tall ; sheaths of tb e basal leaves often 4' long with 
 a ligule y 2 ' long; pedicels 3 // -io // long, spreading 
 in fruit ; flowers white, few, in a lax raceme ; per- 
 ianth-segments membranous, i-nerved, i^ // long, 
 the inner ones the narrower; follicles 2 // -4 // long, 
 slightly if at all united at the base ; seeds oval, 
 brown, 2^ // -3 // long with a very hard coat. 
 
 In bogs, Labrador to Hudson Bay and British Co- 
 lumbia, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin 
 and California. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 Family 5. ALISMACEAE DC. Fl. Franc. 3 : 181. 1805. 
 
 WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY. 
 
 Aquatic or marsh herbs, mostly glabrous, with fibrous roots, scapose stems 
 and basal long-petioled sheathing leaves. Inflorescence racemose or paniculate. 
 Flowers regular, perfect, monoecious or dioecious, pedicelled, the pedicels ver- 
 ticillate and subtended by bracts. Receptacle flat or convex. Sepals 3, per- 
 sistent. Petals 3, larger, deciduous, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6 or 
 more ; anthers 2 -celled, extrorse or dehiscing by lateral slits. Ovaries numerous 
 or rarely few, i -celled, usually with a single ovule in each cell. Carpels be- 
 coming achenes in fruit in our species. Seeds uncinate-curved. Embryo horse- 
 shoe shaped. Endosperm none. Latex-tubes are found in all the species, 
 according to Micheli. 
 
 About 13 genera and 65 species, of wide distribution in fresh water swamps and streams. 
 
 Carpels in a ring upon a small, flat receptacle. i. Alisma. 
 Carpels crowded in many series upon a large convex receptacle. 
 Flowers perfect, staminate or polygamous. 
 
 Pedicels not recurved ; calyx spreading. 2. Echinodorus. 
 
 Pedicels recurved in fruit ; calyx appressed to the carpels. 3. Lophotocarpus. 
 
 Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 4. Sagittaria. 
 
 i. ALISMA L. Sp. PI. 342. 1753. 
 
 Perennial or rarely annual herbs with erect or floating leaves, the blades several-ribbed, 
 the ribs connected by transverse veinlets, or seemingly pinnately veined. Scapes short or 
 elongated. Inflorescence paniculate or umbellate-paniculate. Flowers small, numerous on 
 unequal 3-bracteolate pedicels, the petals white or rose-tinted. Stamens 6 or 9, subperigy- 
 nous. Ovaries few or many, borne in one or several whorls on a small flat receptacle, ripen- 
 ing into flattened achenes which are 2-3-ribbed on the curved back and i-2-ribbed on the sides. 
 [Greek, said to be in reference to the occurrence of the typical species in saline situations.] 
 
 About 10 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Only the following are 
 known to occur in North America. 
 
 Stamens 6, strongly compressed; flowers panicled. i. A. Plantago-aquatica. 
 
 Stamens 9, turgid; flowers umbelled. 2. A. tenellum. 
 
WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY 
 
 i. Alisma Plantago-aquatica I,. 
 
 Water Plantain. (Fig. 1 88.) 
 
 Alisma Plantago-aquatica L,. Sp. PI. 342. 1753. 
 
 Leaves ovate, acute at the apex, cordate, 
 rounded or narrowed at the base, the blades 
 3-io-ribbed, or when floating sometimes 
 lanceolate or even linear ; petioles i / -io / 
 long ; scapes occasionally 2 from the same 
 root, usually solitary, ^-3 high ; inflores- 
 cence a large loose panicle, 6 / -i5 / long; 
 pedicels verticillate in 3's-io's, subtended by 
 3 striate acuminate bracts ; petals }4 // -i // 
 long ; styles deciduous, the base remaining as 
 a small point or short beak on the inner 
 curve of the achene ; stigma small, terminal; 
 achenes obliquely gbovate, nearly i // long, 
 arranged in a circle, forming an obtusely 
 triangular truncate head. 
 
 In shallow water or mud throughout North 
 America. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Sept. 
 
 2. Alisma tenellum Mart. Dwarf Water Plantain. (Fig. 189.) 
 
 Alisma tenellum Mart.; R. & S. Syst. 7: 
 
 1600. 1830. * \ 
 
 Echinodorns parvulus Engelm. in A. 
 
 Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 438. 1856. 
 Echinodorus tenellus Buchenau, Abh. 
 
 Nat. Gesell. Bremen, 2: 18. 1869. 
 
 Plant delicate, stoloniferous, i / -5 / 
 high. Leaves lanceolate or linear- 
 lanceolate, the blades acute at both 
 ends, 4 // -i5 // long, 1"-$" wide ; 
 petioles longer or shorter than the 
 blades, narrowly dilated at the base; 
 scapes solitary, often surpassing the 
 leaves, commonly reclined; umbel 
 2-8-flowered ; pedicels very unequal, 
 often recurved in fruit ; bracts lanceo- 
 late, more or less connate at the base; 
 flowers white ; stamens 9 ; style much 
 shorter than the ovary ; ovaries nu- 
 merous ; achenes in several whorls, 
 coriaceous, turgid, obovate, not l /^ ff 
 long, enclosed by the erect persistent 
 sepals, the beak short, sharp. 
 
 In mud, Massachusetts to western On- 
 tario and Minnesota, south to Florida, 
 Missouri and Texas. April-Aug. 
 
 2. ECHINODORUS Rich.; Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. 460. 1848. 
 
 Perennial or annual herbs with long-petioled, elliptic, ovate or lanceolate often cordate 
 or sagittate leaves, 3-g-ribbed and mostly punctate with dots or lines. Scapes often longer 
 than the leaves ; inflorescence racemose or paniculate, the flowers verticillate, each verticil 
 with 3 outer bracts and numerous inner bracteoles ; flowers perfect ; sepals 3, distinct, per- 
 sistent ; petals white, deciduous ; receptacle large, convex or globose ; stamens 12-30 ; ovaries 
 numerous ; style obliquely apical, persistent ; stigma simple ; fruit achenes, more or less 
 compressed, coriaceous, ribbed and beaked, forming spinose heads. [Greek, in allusion to 
 the spiuose heads of fruit.] 
 
 About 14 species, mostly natives of America. Only the following are known in North America. 
 Scapes reclining or prostrate; style shorter than the ovary; beak of achene short, i. E. radicans. 
 Scapes erect ; style longer than the ovary; beak of achene long. 2. E. cordifolius. 
 
 SE 
 i 
 VERSITT, 
 J 
 
86 
 
 ALISMACEAE. 
 
 1. Echinodorus radicans (Nutt.) Engelm. Creeping Bur-head. (Fig. 190. ) 
 
 Sagitiaria radicans Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
 
 (II. ) 5 : 159. 1833-37. 
 Echinodorus radtcans Engelm. in A. Gray, 
 
 Man. Ed. 2, 438. 1856. 
 
 I/eaves coarse, ovate, obtuse, cordate, 2'- 
 8' long, J.)4 / ~7/4 / wide, marked with short 
 pellucid lines, the nerves 5-9, connected by 
 netted cross-veins. Petioles sometimes 20' 
 long ; scapes creeping, 2-4 long, slightly 
 scabrous, often rooting at the nodes ; verti- 
 cils distant ; bracts linear-lanceolate, acum- 
 inate, dilated at the base ; pedicels 3-12, un- 
 equal, i / -2^ / long, slender or filiform; sepals 
 persistent, much shorter than the heads ; 
 petals larger, obovate, about 3" long ; sta- 
 mens about 20 ; style shorter than the ovary ; 
 achenes numerous, about 2 X/ long, 6-10- 
 ribbed, with 2-several oval glands on each 
 side and beaks about one-fourth their length ; 
 fruiting heads 4 /x in diameter. 
 
 In swamps, Illinois to North Carolina and 
 Florida, west to Missouri and Texas. June-July. 
 
 2. Echinodorus cordifolius (I,.) Griseb. Upright Bur-head. (Fig. 191.) 
 
 Alisma cordifolia I,. Sp. PI. 343. 1753. 
 Echinodorus rostratus Engelm. in A. Gray, 
 
 Man. Ed. 2, 538. 1856. 
 Echinodorus cordifolius Griseb. Abh. Kon. 
 
 Gesell. Wiss. Gott. 7: 257. 1857. 
 
 I/eaves variable in form, often broadly 
 ovate, obtuse, cordate at the base, 6 / -8 / long 
 and wide, but in smaller plants sometimes 
 nearly lanceolate, acute at each end and but 
 i / -2 / long; petioles angular, striate, I'-io' 
 high ; scapes i or more, erect, 5 / -i6 / tall ; 
 flowers 3-6 in the verticils ; pedicels X'-J^' 
 long, erect after flowering ; bracts linear- 
 lanceolate, acuminate, dilated at the base ; 
 sepals shorter than the heads ; petals 2 x/ -3 /r 
 long; stamens often 12; styles longer than 
 the ovary ; fruiting heads very bur-like, 2 // - 
 3 X/ in diameter; achenes about i / J^ // long, 
 narrowly obovate or falcate, 6-8-ribbed; beak 
 apical, oblique, about one-half the length of 
 the achene. 
 
 In swamps and ditches, Illinois to Florida, 
 west to Missouri and Texas. Also in tropical 
 America. June-July. 
 
 3. LOPHOTOCARPUS T. Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 627. 1888. 
 [LOPHIOCARPUS Miquel, Fl. Arch. Ind. i: Part 2, 50. 1870. Not Turcz. 1843.] 
 
 Perennial, bog or aquatic herbs with basal long-petioled sagittate or cordate leaves, 
 simple erect scapes bearing flowers in several verticils of 2-3 at the summit, the lower per- 
 fect, the upper staminate. Sepals 3, distinct, persistent, erect after flowering and enclosing 
 or enwrapping the fruit. Petals white, deciduous. Receptacle strongly convex. Stamens 
 9-15, hypogynous, inserted at the base of the receptacle. Filaments flattened. Pistils 
 numerous ; ovule solitary, erect, anatropous ; style elongated, oblique, persistent. Achenes 
 winged or crested. Embryo horseshoe-shaped. [Greek, signifying crested fruit.] 
 
 About 3 species, the following of eastern North America, the others of tropical America. 
 
87 
 L,ophotocarpus. 
 
 WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY. 
 
 i. Lophotocarpus calycinus (Engelm.) J. G. Smith. 
 
 (Fig. 192.) 
 
 Sagittaria calycina Engelm.; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 
 
 Surv. 212. 1859. 
 Lopliiocarpus calycinus Micheli in DC. Monog. Phan. 
 
 3:61. 1881. 
 Lophotocarpus calycinus J. G. Smith, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 
 
 25. 1894. 
 
 Annual, leaves floating or ascending, entire, has- 
 tate or sagittate, the basal lobes spreading, ovate, 
 acute or acuminate, the apex acute or obtuse, the 
 blade varying from I'-S' long, sometimes 12' wide at 
 the base. Scape simple, weak and at length decum- 
 bent, mostly shorter than the leaves; verticils of 
 flowers 1-5 ; bracts membranous, orbicular or ovate 
 and obtuse, or those of stamiuate flowers lanceolate 
 and acute ; fertile pedicels very thick, recurved in 
 fruit, equalling or longer than the slender sterile 
 ones ; petals 3 // -4 // long ; stamens hypogynous ; fila- 
 ments flattened, papiltose, about as long as the an- 
 thers ; achene obovate, \ f/ long, narrowly winged on 
 the margins, tipped with a short horizontal triangular 
 beak. 
 
 In swamps, New Brunswick to Virginia and Louisiana, 
 across the continent to California, thus occurring nearly 
 throughout the United States. Foliage wonderfully vari- 
 able in form. July-Sept. 
 
 4. SAGITTARIA L. Sp. PI. 993. 1753. 
 
 Perennial aquatic or bog herbs, mostly with tuber-bearing or nodose rootstocks, fibrous 
 roots, basal long petioled nerved leaves, the nerves connected by numerous veinlets, 
 and erect, decumbent or floating scapes, or the leaves reduced to bladeless phyllodia 
 {figs. 197, 203). Flowers monoecious or dioecious, borne near the summits of the scapes 
 in verticils of 3*8, pedicelled, the staminate usually uppermost. Verticils 3-bracted. 
 Calyx of 3 persistent sepals, those of the pistillate flowers reflexed or spreading in our 
 species. Petals 3, white, deciduous. Stamens usually numerous, inserted on the convex 
 receptacle ; anthers 2-celled, dehiscent by lateral slits ; staminate flowers sometimes with 
 imperfect ovaries. Pistillate flowers with numerous distinct ovaries, sometimes with imper- 
 fect stamens ; ovule solitary ; stigmas small, persistent. Achenes numerous, densely aggre- 
 gated in globose or subglobose heads, compressed. Seed erect, curved ; embryo horseshoe- 
 shaped. [Latin, referring to the arrow-shaped leaves of some species.] 
 
 About 25 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following, some 10 
 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. 
 
 Fertile pedicels slender, ascending, not reflexed in fruit. 
 Leaf -blades sagittate. 
 
 Basal lobes one-fourth to one-half the length of the blade. 
 Beak of the achene more than one-fourth its length. 
 Beak of the achene erect. 
 
 Fruiting pedicels shorter than the bracts ; leaves broad. 
 Fruiting pedicels longer than the bracts ; leaves narrow. 
 Beak of the achene horizontal or oblique. 
 Beak of the achene less than one-fourth its length. 
 
 Petioles rather short, curving ; bracts long ; bog species. 
 Petioles elongated ; bracts short ; aquatic species. 
 Basal lobes two-thirds to three-fourths the length of the blade. 
 Leaves entire, or rarely hastate or cordate. 
 
 Filaments slender, tapering upward ; leaves seemingly pinnately veined. 
 
 Filaments glabrous ; bracts connate. 7. 5. ambigua. 
 
 Filaments cobwebby-pubescent ; bracts mostly distinct. 8. 5. lancifolia. 
 
 Filaments abruptly dilated, pubescent ; veins distinct to the base of the blade. 
 Fruiting heads sessile or very nearly so. 9. 5". rigida. 
 
 Both staminate and pistillate flowers pedicelled. 
 
 Leaves reduced to terete nodose phyllodia, rarely blade-bearing. 
 
 10. 5". feres. 
 
 Leaves rigid, blades elliptic-linear. n. S. cristala. 
 
 Leaves not rigid ; blades lanceolate or linear-oblong. 12. 5. graminea. 
 
 Fertile pedicels stout, reflexed in fruit ; filaments dilated. 
 
 Filaments pubescent ; leaf-blades ovate or ovate-elliptic. 13. 5". platyphylla 
 
 Filaments glabrous ; leaves linear-lanceolate or reduced to phyllodia. 14. 5. subulata. 
 
 1. 5". longirostra. 
 
 2. S 1 . Engelmannia. 
 
 3. 5". latifolia. 
 
 4. 5". arifolia. 
 
 5. 5". cuneata. 
 
 6. S. longiloba. 
 
88 
 
 ALISMACEAE. 
 
 i. Sagittaria longirostra (Micheli) J. G. Smith. 
 
 Ivong-beaked Arrow-head. 
 (Fig. 193.) 
 
 Sagittaria sagittaefolia var. longirostra Mi- 
 cheli in DC. Monog. Phan. 3 : 69. 1881. 
 
 Sagittaria longirostra J. G. Smith, Mem. Torr. 
 Club, 5 : 26. 1894. 
 
 Monoecious, glabrous, scapes erect, rather 
 stout, iX-3 tall. Leaves broad, sagittate, 
 4 / -i2 / long, abruptly acute at the apex, the 
 basal lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, 
 one-third to one-half the length of the blade ;. 
 scape usually longer than the leaves, 6- 
 angled below ; bracts triangular-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, 7 // -i5 // long, longer than the 
 fertile pedicels ; petals 8 // -i4 // long ; fila- 
 ments glabrous ; styles curved, twice as long 
 as the ovaries ; achene obovate, about 2 //r 
 long, winged on both margins, the ventral 
 margin entire or undulate, the dorsal eroded, 
 its sides with a short crest, its beak stout,, 
 erect or somewhat recurved. 
 
 In swamps and along ponds. New Jersey and. 
 Pennsylvania to Alabama. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Sagittaria Engelmanniana J. G. Smith. 
 
 Engelmann's Arrow-head. (Fig. 194.) 
 Sagittaria variabilis var. (?) gracilis S. Wats, in A. Gray, 
 
 Man. Ed. 6, 555. 1889. Not Engelm. 
 Sagittaria Engelmanmana J. G. Smith, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 
 
 25- 1894- 
 
 Monoecious, glabrous, scape erect or ascending, slen- 
 der, 8 / -2o / high. Leaves narrow, i^4 / -8 / long, i // -4 // 
 wide, acute or obtuse at the apex, the basal lobes nar- 
 rowly linear, acuminate, one-third to one-half the length 
 of the blade ; scape striate, about as long as the leaves ; 
 bracts lanceolate, acute, shorter than the slender fertile 
 pedicels, 4 // -6 // long; flowers 7 // -i2 // broad; filaments 
 glabrous ; style about twice as long as the ovaries ; achene 
 obovate, 2" long, winged on both margins and with 1-3 
 lateral wing-like crests on each face, the beak short, 
 stout, erect, about y?." long. 
 
 In shallow water, Massachusetts to Delaware, near the 
 coast, probably extending further south. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Broad-leaved Arrow-head. (Fig. 195.) 
 
 Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : 409. 1806. 
 Sagittaria variabilis Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. 461. 1848. 
 
 Monoecious or sometimes dioecious, glabrous or nearly 
 so, scape stout or slender, 4^4 tall, simple or branched. 
 Leaves exceeding variable in form and size, sometimes 
 linear-lanceolate and acuminate at the apex, sometimes- 
 wider than long and obtuse ; basal lobes from % to % as- 
 long as the blade ; bracts acute, acuminate or obtuse, the 
 upper ones sometimes united; flowers I'-i^' wide; 
 filaments slender, glabrous; achene i // -2 // long, broadly 
 winged on both margins, its sides even or i-ribbed, the 
 beak about one-third its length, horizontal or nearly so. 
 
 In shallow water, throughout North America, except the 
 extreme north, extending to Mexico. Variable. July-Sept. 
 
 Sagittaria latifolia pubescens (Muhl.) J. G. Smith, Mem. Torr. 
 
 Club, 5 : 26. 1894. 
 Sagittaria pubescens Muhl. Cat. 86. 1813. 
 
 Whole plant pubescent, varying from merely puberulent U> 
 densely hirsute. Ontario to New Jersey, Florida and Alabama^ 
 
WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY. 
 
 89 
 
 4. Sagittaria arifolia Nutt. Arum-leaved Arrow-head. (Fig. 196.) 
 
 Sagittaria sagittaefolia var. minor Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 
 
 395. 1814? 
 Sagittaria arifoha Nutt.; J. G. Smith, Ann. Rep. Mo. 
 
 Bot. Card. 6 : 32. pi. i. 1894. 
 
 Glabrous or nearly so, terrestrial or partially sub- 
 merged, scape weak, ascending, 8 / -2o / long. Leaves 
 sagittate, broad, acute at the apex, about as long as the 
 scape, their margins slightly curved, their basal lobes 
 acute or acuminate, one-fourth to one-third the length 
 of the blade ; petioles usually curving outwardly ; 
 bracts lanceolate, acute, usually equalling or Ipnger 
 than the fertile pedicels, often reflexed ; filaments 
 glabrous; petals 3 // ~5 // long; achene cuneate-obovate, 
 about i // long, winged on both margins, the sides 
 smooth, the beak short, erect. 
 
 Quebec to Minnesota and British Columbia, south to 
 Michigan, western Kansas, New Mexico and California. 
 Resembling' in foliage the European S. sagittaefolia L,., 
 but distinguished from that species by its achenes. 
 
 5. Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon. Floating Arrow-head. (Fig. 197.) 
 
 Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon, Bull. Torr. Club, 20 : 283. 
 pi. 159. 1893. 
 
 Aquatic, submerged, rooting in sand, scape very 
 slender, simple, terete, i-2 long, bearing the 
 flowers at the surface of the water. Leaves long- 
 petioled, the blade floating, sagittate, linear-lanceo- 
 late, acuminate, 2 / -4 / long, the basal lobes acumin- 
 ate, about one-fourth its length ; phyllodia of two 
 kinds, one petiole-like and as long as the leaves, 
 the other lanceolate, and clustered at the base of 
 the plant; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute, 2 // -3 // 
 long, much shorter than the slender fertile pedi- 
 cels ; flowers 6 // -8 // broad ; achene only }&" long, 
 obovate-cuneate, its beak very short, erect. 
 
 In shallow water, Minnesota to Washington and 
 British Columbia. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 6. Sagittaria longiloba Engelm. L,ong- 
 lobed Arrow-head. (Fig. 198.) 
 
 Sagittaria longiloba Engelm. in Torr. Bot. Mex. 
 Bound. Surv. 212. 1859. 
 
 Monoecious, glabrous, scape slender, simple or 
 rarely branched, i-2 tall. Leaves long-petioled, 
 the apex acute, the basal lobes linear-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, about three-fourths the length of the 
 blade ; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 3 // -4 // long, 
 much shorter than the very slender fertile pedicels 
 which are longer than the sterile ones ; stamens 
 numerous, the filaments longer than the anthers ; 
 achene about \" long, quadrate-obovate, somewhat 
 broader above than below, winged on both mar- 
 gins, its beak exceedingly short. 
 
 In shallow water, Nebraska to Colorado, south to 
 Texas and Mexico. 
 
AUSMACEAE. 
 
 7. Sagittaria ambigua J. G. Smith. 
 Kansas Sagittaria. (Fig. 199.) 
 
 Sagittaria ambigua J. G. Smith, Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. 
 Gard. 6 : 48. pi. 17. 1894. 
 
 Monoecious, glabrous, seape erect or ascending, 
 simple or sparingly branched, i-2 high. Leaves 
 lanceolate, entire, long-petioled, acute or acumin- 
 ate at both ends, seemingly pinnately veined, really 
 5-y-nerved, s'-S' long, equalling or shorter than 
 the scape ; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 5 // -8 // 
 long, much shorter than the slender fruiting pedi- 
 cels, connate at the base, papillose ; stamens 20- 
 25 ; filaments glabrous, longer than the anthers ; 
 acheue about \" long, oblong, curved, narrowly 
 winged on both margins, its sides smooth and even, 
 its beak short, oblique. 
 
 In ponds, Kansas and the Indian Territory. 
 
 8. Sagittaria lancifolia L,. I^ance-leaved Sagittaria. (Fig. 200.) 
 
 Sagittaria lancifolia ~L,. Atnoen. Acad. 5 : 409. 1760. 
 Sagittaria falcata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 397. 1814. 
 Sagittaria lancifolia falcata J. G. Smith, Mem. Torr. 
 Club, 5 : 25. 1894. 
 
 Monoecious, glabrous, scape rigid, erect, stout 
 or rather slender, striate, branched or simple, 
 longer than the leaves. Leaves lanceolate or ob- 
 long-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends, 
 firm, entire, the blades 5-g-nerved, S'-iJ^ long, 
 gradually narrowed into the long petioles, appar- 
 ently pinnately veined; flowers numerous, 5 // -i2 // 
 broad; bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, usually not 
 united at the base, glabrous or nearly so, equalling 
 or shorter than the fruiting pedicels ; stamens 
 numerous ; filaments cobwebby-pubescent, equal- 
 ling or longer than the anthers ; achene narrowly 
 obovate-cuneate, i // -i^ // long, winged on both 
 margins, its sides smooth, its beak tapering, oblique. 
 
 In swamps and shallow water, Delaware, to Florida 
 and Texas, near the coast. Widely distributed in trop- 
 ical America. 
 
 9. Sagittaria rigida Pursh. Sessile-fruiting Arrow-head. (Fig. 201.) 
 
 Sagittaria rigida Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 397. 1814. 
 Sagittaria heterophylla Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 396. 1814. Not 
 Schreb. 1811. 
 
 Monoecious, glabrous, scape simple, weak, curving, 
 ascending or decumbent, shorter than the leaves. Leaves 
 very variable, linear, lanceolate, elliptic or broadly ovate, 
 acute or obtuse at the apex, entire or with I or 2 short or 
 slender basal lobes ; bracts ovate, obtuse, 2 // -4 // long, 
 united at the base or sometimes distinct ; heads of fruit 
 sessile or very nearly so ; pedicels of the sterile flowers 
 YZ'-^' long; filaments dilated, mostly longer than the 
 anthers, pubescent; achene narrowly obovate, \ l / i "-'2 rf 
 long, winged on both margins, crested above, tipped with 
 a stout nearly erect beak of about one-fourth its length. 
 
 In swamps and shallow water, Quebec to Minnesota, south to 
 New Jersey, Tennessee, Missouri and Nebraska. Petioles 
 rigid when growing in running water. July-Sept. 
 
WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY. 9 1 
 
 10. Sagittaria teres S. Wats. Slender Sagittaria. (Fig. 202.) 
 
 Sagittaria teres S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 555. 1890. 
 
 Monoecious, glabrous, scape slender, erect, simple, 
 6'-iS / long, bearing only 1-3 verticils of flowers. Leaves 
 usually reduced to elongated terete nodose phyllodia or 
 some of them short and bract-like, one or two of the 
 longer ones occasionally bearing a linear blade ; bracts 
 ovate, obtuse, about i^" long, much shorter than the 
 filiform fruiting pedicels which are longer than the ster- 
 ile ones; flowers 6 // -8 // broad; stamens about 12, their 
 dilated filaments pubescent, shorter than the anthers ; 
 achene broadly obovate, \" long, the ventral margin 
 winged, the dorsal y-n-crested, the sides bearing several 
 crenate crests, the beak short, erect. 
 
 In ponds, Massachusetts to South Carolina. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 ii. Sagittaria cristata Erigelm. Crested Sagittaria. (Fig. 203.) 
 
 Saffi/taria cristata, Engelm. ; Arthur, Proc. Davenport 
 Acad. 4 : 29. 1882. 
 
 Monoecious, scape slender, erect, i-2% high, sim- 
 ple, bearing 4 or 5 verticils of flowers at or above the 
 surface of the water. Leaves long-petioled, spongy 
 and rigid, reduced to slender phyllodia or bearing 
 linear-lanceolate or elliptic blades 2 / ~4 / long and 
 3 // -i2 // wide ; bracts acute, 2 // -4 // long, much shorter 
 than the slender fertile pedicels ; flowers 8 // -io // 
 broad; stamens about 24; filaments dilated, pubescent, 
 at least at the middle, longer than the anthers; achene 
 obliquely obovate, the dorsal margin with a broad 
 crenate wing, the ventral straight-winged, each side 
 bearing 2 crenate crests, the beak short, oblique. 
 
 In shallow water, Iowa and Minnesota. Phyllodia are 
 commonly developed from the nodes of the rootstock. 
 July-Aug. 
 
 12. Sagittaria graminea Michx. Grass-leaved Sagittaria. (Fig. 204.) 
 
 Sagittaria graminea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 190. 1803. 
 
 Monoecious or dioecious, glabrous, scape simple, erect, 
 4 / -2 tall. Leaves long-petioled, the blades linear, lanceo- 
 late or elliptic, acute at both ends, 2 / -6 / long, %"-$" wide, 
 3-5-nerved, the nerves distinct to the base, some of them 
 occasionally reduced to flattened phyllodia; bracts ovate, 
 acute, i^ // -3 // long, much shorter than the slender or fili- 
 form fruiting pedicels, connate to the middle or beyond ; 
 flowers 4 // -6 // broad; stamens about 18 ; filaments dilated, 
 pubescent, longer than or equalling the anthers ; achene 
 obovate, ^ // -i // long, slightly wing-crested on the margins 
 and ribbed on the sides, the beak very short. 
 
 In mud or shallow water, Newfoundland to Ontario and South 
 Dakota, south to Florida and Texas. Early leaves often purplish. 
 July-Sept. 
 
92 ALISMACEAE. 
 
 13. Sagittaria platyphylla (Engelm.) J. G. Smith. 
 
 (Fig. 205.) 
 
 Ovate-leaved Sagittaria, 
 
 Sagittaria graminea var. platyphylla Engelm. in A- 
 Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 494. 1867. 
 
 Sagittaria platyphylla J. G. Smith, Ann. Rep. Mo. 
 Bot. Gard. 6 : 55. pi. 26. 1894. 
 
 Monoecious, glabrous, scape erect, simple, rather 
 weak, mostly shorter than the leaves. Leaves 
 rigid, the blades ovate, ovate-lanceolate or ovate- 
 elliptic, short-acuminate or acute at the apex, 
 rounded, gradually narrowed or rarely cordate or 
 hastate at the base, seemingly pinnately veined, 
 2 / -6 / long ; bracts broadly ovate, acute, connate at 
 the base, 2 // -4 // long ; flowers 8 // -i4 // broad ; fer- 
 tile pedicels stout, divergent in flower, reflexed in 
 fruit, Yz'-^/i' long ; filaments dilated, pubescent, 
 rather longer than the anthers ; achene obliquely 
 obovate, winged on both margins, the dorsal mar- 
 gin somewhat crested, the sides with a sharp wing- 
 like ridge. 
 
 In swamps and shallow water, southern Missouri to- 
 Mississippi and Texas. Phyllodia, when present,, 
 oblong or oblanceolate. July-Sept. 
 
 14. Sagittaria subulata (I,.) Buchenau. Subulate Sagittaria. (Fig. 206.) 
 
 Alisma subulata I/. Sp. PI. 343. 1753. 
 Sagittaria pusilla Nutt. Gen. 2 : 213. 1818. 
 Sagittaria subulata Buchenau, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, 
 2 : 490. 1871. 
 
 Monoecious or rarely dioecious, scape very slen- 
 der, 2 / -6 / high, few-flowered, about equalling the 
 leaves. Leaves all reduced to rigid phyllodia or 
 sometimes bearing linear or linear-lanceolate 
 blades, i / -i^ / long; bracts united to the apex or 
 becoming partly separated ; flowers 5 // -8 // broad ; 
 fertile pedicels reflexed and much longer than the 
 bracts in fruit ; stamens about 8 ; filaments about 
 equalling the anthers, dilated, glabrous ; achenes 
 rather less than \" long, obovate, narrowly winged, 
 with 2 or 3 crests on each side, the wings and crests 
 sometimes crenate ; beak short. 
 
 In tide -water mud, southern New York and Penn- 
 sylvania to Florida and Alabama. July-Sept. 
 
 Sagittaria subulata gracillima (S. Wats.) J. G. Smith, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 26. 1894. 
 Sagittaria natans var. (?) gracillima S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 556. 1890. 
 
 Submerged ; leaves 2-4 long, bladeless or bearing small 3-nerved lanceolate blades, i'-a' 
 long, 3"-4" wide ; scape simple, terete or compressed, about as long as the leaves ; flowers few, 8"- 
 10" broad. Eastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Perhaps a distinct species. Fruit not seen. 
 
 Family 6. VALLISNERIACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 54. 1829. 
 
 TAPE-GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 Submerged or floating aquatic herbs, the leaves various. Flowers regular,, 
 mostly dioecious, appearing from an involucre or spathe of 1-3 bracts or leaves. 
 Perianth 3-6-parted, the segments either all petaloid or the 3 outer ones small 
 and herbaceous, the tube adherent to the ovary at its base in the pistillate 
 flowers. Stamens 3-12, distinct or monadelphous. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 
 i -celled with 3 parietal placentae or 6-9-celled. Styles 3-9, with entire or 
 2 -cleft stigmas. Ovules anatropous or orthotropous. Fruit ripening under 
 water, indehiscent. Seeds numerous, without endosperm. 
 
 About 14 genera and 40 species of wide distribution in warm and temperate regions. Besides- 
 the following, another genus, Halophila, occurs on the coast of Florida. 
 Stem branched ; leaves whorled or opposite. i. Philotria. 
 
 Acaulescent ; stoloniferous ; leaves grass-like, elongated. 2. Vallisneria. 
 
 Stem stoloniferous ; leaves broad, rounded, cordate, petioled. 3. Limnobium. 
 
TAPE-GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 93 
 
 I. 
 
 i. PHILOTRIA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 175. 1818. 
 [ELODEA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 20. 1803. Not Elodes Adans. 1763.] 
 
 [UDORA Nutt. Gen. 2 : 242. 1818.] 
 
 Stems submerged, elnogated, branching, leafy. I/eaves opposite or whorled, crowded, 
 i-nerved, pellucid, minutely serrulate or entire. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, arising 
 from an ovoid or tubular 2-cleft spathe. Perianth 6-parted, at least the 3 inner segments peta- 
 loid. Staminate flowers with 9 stamens, the anthers oblong, erect. Ovary i-celled with 3 
 parietal placentae. Stigmas 3, nearly sessile, a-lobed. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few-seeded, 
 f Name from the Greek, referring to the leaves, which are often whorled in threes.] 
 
 About 8 species, inhabitants of fresh water ponds and streams in temperate and tropical America. 
 
 Philotria Canadensis (Michx.) Britton. Water-weed. Ditch-moss. 
 
 Water Thyme. (Fig. 207.) 
 
 Elodea Canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 20. 1803. 
 Anacharis Canadensis Planch. Ann. Sci. Nat. (III. 9: 
 
 75. 1849. 
 Philotria Canadensis Britton, Science (,11. ) 2 : 5. 1895. 
 
 Stems 4 / -3 long, according to the depth of water. 
 Leaves linear or elliptic, acute or obtuse, serrulate or 
 entire, verticillate in 3*3 or 4's or the lower opposite, 
 2 //_7// long, %"-?" wide ; flowers axillary, white, the 
 staminate minute, sessile, breaking off at the time of 
 flowering and rising to the surface where they shed 
 their pollen around the pistillate ones ; pistillate 
 flowers expanding on the surface of the water which 
 they reach by means of the slender calyx-tube which 
 varies in length from 2'-i , their spathes 5 // -7 // long; 
 stigmas spreading, papillose or pubescent. 
 
 Nearly throughout North America, except the extreme 
 north. Naturalized in Europe. It has been maintained 
 that there are four North American species. May- Aug. 
 
 2. VALLISNERIA L. Sp. PI. 1015. 1753. 
 
 Aquatic dioecious submerged perennials, with long grass-like floating leaves. Stam- 
 inate flowers with a 2-3-parted spathe on a short scape, numerous, nearly sessile on a conic 
 receptacle ; perianth 3-parted ; stamens generally 2 (1-3). Pistillate flowers on a very long 
 flexuous or spiral scape, with a tubular, 2-cleft, i-flowered spathe ; perianth-tube adnate to 
 the ovary, 3-lobed and with 3 small petals ; ovary i-celled with 3 parietal placentae ; stigmas 
 3, nearly sessile, short, broad, 2-toothed with a minute process just below each sinus ; ovules 
 unmerous, borne all over the ovary-wall, orthotropous. Fruit elongated, cylindric, crowned 
 with the perianth. [Named for Antonio Vallisneri, 1661-1730, Italian naturalist.] 
 
 A tnonotypic genus of wide distribution both 
 in the Old World and the New. 
 
 i. Vallisneria spiralis L. Tape- 
 grass. Eel-grass. (Fig. 208.) 
 
 Vallisneria spiralis ~L,. Sp. PI. 1015. 1753. 
 
 Plant rooting in the mud or sand, stolou- 
 iferous. Leaves thin, narrowly linear, 5- 
 nerved, obtuse, sometimes serrate near the 
 apex, X~6 long, 2 // -9 // wide, the 2 marginal 
 nerves faint; the staminate bud separates from 
 the scape at the time of flowering and ex- 
 pands upon the surface of the water ; pistil- 
 late flowers upon a long thread-like scape, 
 the spathe ^ / -i / long, enclosing a single 
 white flower ; ovary as long as the spathe ; 
 after receiving the pollen from the staminate 
 flowers the scape of the pistillate contracts 
 spirally ; ripe fruit 2 / -y / long. 
 
 In quiet waters, New Brunswick to Florida, 
 west to Minnesota, Iowa and Texas. The "wild 
 celery" of Chesapeake Bay, and a favorite food 
 of the canvas-back duck. Aug.-Sept. 
 
94 
 
 VALUSNERIACEAE. 
 
 3. LIMNOBIUM L. C. Richard, Mem. Inst. Paris, 32: 66. pi. 8. 1811. 
 
 Aquatic, stoloniferous herbs, the leaves fascicled at the nodes, petioled, broad, cordate. 
 Flowers monoecious, white, arising from sessile or stipitate, 2-leaved, membranous spathes. 
 Perianth 6 parted, the segments petaloid, the 3 outer oblong-oval, the 3 inner oblong-linear. 
 Staminate flowers 2-4 in a spathe, long-peduncled, the stamens united in a column bearing 
 6-12 anthers at different heights,_sometimes producing only 9-12 staminodia, the filaments 
 tipped with abortive anthers. Pistillate flowers sessile or short-peduncled with 3-6 vesti- 
 gial stamens ; ovary 6-9-celled with as many central placentae ; stigmas as many as the 
 cells, each 2-parted. Fruit a many-seeded berry. [ Greek referring to the aquatic habitat.] 
 
 Three or four species, natives of America. 
 
 i. Limnobium Spongia (Bosc. ) I,. C. Rich- 
 ard. Frog's-bit. (Fig. 209.) 
 
 Hydrocharis Spongia Bosc, Ann. Mus. Paris, 9 : 396. pi. 
 
 jo. 1807. 
 Limnobium Spongia I,. C. Richard, Mem. Inst. Paris, 
 
 32:66. pi. 8. 1811. 
 
 Hydrocharis cordifolia Nutt. Gen. 2 : 241. 1818. 
 Limnocharis Spongia I,. C. Richard ; Steud. Nomencl. 
 
 Ed. 2, Part. 2, 45. 1841. 
 
 Blades of the leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, cor- 
 date or reniform, faintly s-y-nerved and cross-veined, 
 purplish and spongy beneath, io // -2 / broad, on peti- 
 oles I'-io' in length. Stolons rooting and sending 
 up flowers and leaves at the nodes ; peduncles of the 
 staminate flowers $'-4? long, those of the pistillate 
 flowers stouter, i / -2 / long, nodding in fruit. 
 
 In shallow, stagnant water, L,ake Ontario, to Florida r 
 west to Illinois, Missouri and Louisiana. July-Aug. 
 
 Family 7. GRAMINEAE Jtiss. Gen. 28. 1789.* 
 GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs, of various habit, rarely shrubs or trees. Culms 
 (stems) generally hollow, but occasionally solid, the nodes closed. Leaves 
 sheathing, the sheaths usually split to the base on the side opposite the blade; a 
 scarious or cartilaginous ring, naked or hairy, rarely wanting, called the ligule, 
 is borne at the orifice of the sheath. Inflorescence spicate, racemose or panicu- 
 late, consisting of spikelets composed of two to many a-ranked imbricated 
 bracts, called scales (glumes), the two lowest in the complete spikelet always 
 empty, one or both of these sometimes wanting. One or more of the upper scales, 
 except sometimes the terminal ones, contains in the axil a flower, which is usually 
 enclosed by a bract-like awnless organ called the palet, placed opposite the scale 
 and with its back toward the axis (rachilla) of the spikelet, generally 2-keeled; 
 sometimes the palet is present without the flower, and vice versa. Flowers per- 
 fect or staminate, sometimes monoecious or dioecious, subtended by 1-3 minute 
 hyaline scales called the lodicules. Stamens 1-6, usually 3. Anthers 2-celled, 
 versatile. Ovary i -celled, i-ovuled. Styles 1-3, commonly 2 and lateral. Stigmas 
 hairy or plumose. Fruit a seedlike grain (caryopsis). Endosperm starchy. 
 
 About 3500 species, widely distributed throughout the world, growing in water and on all kinds 
 of soil. Those yielding food-grains are called cereals. The species are more numerous in tropical 
 countries, while the number of individuals is much greater in temperate regions, often forming ex- 
 tended areas of turf. The time of year noted is that of ripening seed. 
 
 KEY TO THE TRIBES AND GENERA. 
 
 A. Spikelets i or 2-flowered, when 2-flowered the upper fertile, lower staminate; rachilla arti- 
 culated below the scales or the subtending involucre, and not extending beyond the flow ' 
 Spikelets not flattened laterally. 
 
 Flowering scale and palet hyaline; none of the scales spiny. 
 
 Spikelets monoecious; staminate and pistillate in the same panicle. I. MAYDEAE. 
 Spikelets perfect, or one staminate or rudimentary, mostly silky. II. ANDROPOGONEAE. 
 Flowering scale and palet membranous; second scale spiny (in ours). III. ZOYSIEAE. 
 Flowering scale and palet coriaceous or chartaceous; spikelets mostly glabrous, involucrate in. 
 
 Nos. 13 and 14; scales 3 or 4. IV. PANICEAE. 
 
 Spikelets flattened laterally," i -flowered; scales 2. V. ORYZEAE. 
 
 * This family has been elaborated with the assistance of MR. GEO. V. NASH. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 95 
 
 B. Spikelets i-iuany-flowered; rachilla generally articulated above the two lower scales (below 
 them in Nos. 32, 40, 48 and 54) and frequently extending beyond the flower in i-flowered spikelets. 
 
 Culms herbaceous. 
 
 Spikelets upon pedicels in panicles, spike-like panicles or racemes, not in rows. 
 
 Spikelets with but i perfect flower, which is terminal except in 37 and part of 36. 
 Empty scales 4 (except in No. 20); palet i-nerved. VI. PHALARIDEAE. 
 
 Empty scales 2; palet 2-nerved. VII. AGROSTIDKAE. 
 
 Spikelets with 2 or more perfect flowers (except that one is staminate in Nos. 40 and 
 
 45); upper flower often imperfect. 
 Flowering scales generally shorter than the empty lower ones, usually with a bent 
 
 awn on the back. VIII. AVENKAK. 
 
 Flowering scales generally longer than the empty lower ones, unawned or with'a 
 
 straight awn from the apex. X. FESTTJCEAE. 
 
 Spikelets in two rows, forming a one-sided spike or raceme. IX. CHLORIDKAE. 
 
 Spikelets in two opposite rows, forming an equilateral spike (unilateral in Nardifs). 
 
 XI. HORDEAE. 
 
 Culms woody, at least at the base; tall reeds. XII. BAMBUSEAE. 
 
 Tribe I. MAYDEAE. 
 
 Fertile spikelets imbedded in the joints of the thick rachis. i. Tripsacum. 
 
 Tribe II. ANDROPOGONEAE. 
 
 Joints of the rachis not much thickened nor excavated for the reception of the spikelets. 
 Spikelets alike, perfect, one sessile, one pedicelled. 2. Erianthus. 
 
 Spikelets not alike, the sessile perfect, the pedicelled staminate, empty or wanting. 
 
 Inflorescence composed of spike-like silky racemes. 4. Andropogon. 
 
 Inflorescence paniculate; spikelets silky. 
 
 Pedicelled spikelet wanting (in our species). 5. Chrysopogon. 
 
 Pedicelled spikelet present and usually staminate. 6. Sorghum. 
 
 Joints of the rachis greatly thickened and excavated for the reception of the spikelets. 
 
 3. Manisuris, 
 
 Tribe III. ZOYSIEAE. 
 
 Spikelets in a terminal spike; second scale spiny. 
 
 7. Nazia. 
 
 Tribe IV. PANICEAE. 
 
 Spikelets without a subtending involucre of bristles or valves. 
 Scales 3. 
 
 Spikelets all alike in close i -sided spikes. 
 
 Spikelets with a swollen ring-like callus at the base. 10. Eriochloa. 
 
 Spikelets without a callus. 8. Paspaluin. 
 
 Spikelets of two kinds, one borne in loose linear panicles, the other solitary on subterranean 
 
 peduncles and maturing seed. 9. Amphicarpon. 
 
 Scales 4, rarely 3 by suppression of the lowest one. 
 
 Spikelets in 2's or 3's on one side of a long and slender flat or 3-angled rachis ; spikes digi- 
 tate or approximate in whorls. n. Syntherisma. 
 Spikelets single, pedicelled, in panicles or raceme-like sessile and panicled spikes; first 
 
 scale short, third empty or staminate, fourth fertile. 12. Panicum. 
 
 Spikelets subtended by an involucre consisting of: 
 
 i-many persistent bristles; spikelets in dense spikes, deciduous. 13. Ixo'phorus. 
 
 2 spine-bearing valves forming a bur enclosing the spikelets and deciduous with them. 
 
 14. Cenchrns. 
 
 Tribe V. ORYZEAE. 
 
 Spikelets monoecious; tall aquatic grasses. 
 
 Pistillate spikelets ovate, borne at the base of each branch of the panicle. 
 
 Pistillate spikelets linear, borne on the upper branches of the panicle. 
 Spikelets not monoecious; grasses of swamps or wet grounds. 
 
 15. Zizaniopsis. 
 
 1 6. Zi~ania. 
 
 17. Homalocenchrus. 
 
 Tribe VI. PHALARIDEAE. 
 
 Third and fourth scales 
 
 small and empty or rudimentary, not awned; stamens 3. 18. Phalaris. 
 
 empty, awned upon the back: stamens 2. 19. Anthoxanthuni. 
 
 subtending staminate flowers with 3 stamens; fertile flowers with 2 stamens. 
 
 20. Savastana. 
 
 Tribe VII. AGROSTIDEAE. 
 
 Flowering scale indurated at maturity, of firmer texture than the empty scales, and closely enve- 
 loping the grain. 
 Rachilla not prolonged beyond the palet. 
 
 Flowering scale with a three-branched awn; stamens mostly 3. 21. Aristida. 
 
 Flowering scale with a simple awn. 
 
 Flowering scale narrow; awn persistent. 
 
 Awn tortuous or twisted, stout; callus evident. 22. Stipa. 
 
 Awn straight, very slender; callus minute. 25. Muhlenbergia. 
 
 Flowering scale broad; awn slender, straight, deciduous; callus obtuse. 
 
 23. Oryzopsis. 
 
 Flowering scale awnless. 24. Milium. 
 
 Rachilla with a pedicel-like extension beyond the palet; stamens 2. 26. Brachyelytrum. 
 
96 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 Flowering scale hyaline or membranous at maturity; empty scales coarser; grain loose. 
 
 Spikelets in a dense spike-like panicle. (Some species of No. 31 may be looked for here. ) 
 Spikelets 3" or less long. 
 
 Spikelets readily deciduous at maturity. 
 
 Empty scales not awned. v 29. Alopecurus. 
 
 Empty scales awned. . 32. Polypogon. . 
 
 Spikelets not deciduous; empty scales persistent. 
 
 Flowering scales slightly exceeding the empty ones. 27. Heleochloa. 
 
 Flowering scales much shorter than the empty ones. 28. Phleum. 
 
 Spikelets 5" -6" long; tall seashore grasses. 37. Ammophila. / 
 
 Spikelets variously panicled; panicle not spike-like, except in a few species of No. 31. 
 Seed loosely enclosed in the pericarp, which opens readily at maturity. 
 
 Empty 'scales minute; low arctic grass. 30. Phippsia. 
 
 Empty scales not minute; no callus, awns or hairs. 31. Sporobolus. 
 
 Seed adherent to the pericarp. 
 
 Palet i -nerved; stamen i; flower plainly stalked: scales not hairy. 34. Cinna. 
 Palet 2-neryed; stamens 3; flower not plainly stalked. 
 
 Flowering scale bifid, with a delicate awn on its back; rachilla prolonged into a 
 
 short bristle. 39. Apera. 
 
 Flowering scale entire; rachilla not prolonged into a bristle. 
 
 Callus with a tuft of long hairs at the base (except in species of genus 36). 
 
 Rachilla extended beyond the palet. 36. Calamagrostis. - 
 
 Rachilla not extended beyond the palet. 38. Calamovilfa. 
 
 Callus naked, or with very short hairs. 
 
 Empty scales somewhat shorter than the flowering ones; arctic grass. 
 
 33. Arctagrostis. 
 Empty scales longer than the flowering ones; panicle open; Spikelets small. 
 
 35. Agrostis. / 
 
 Tribe VIII. AVENEAE. 
 
 Spikelets deciduous; lower flower perfect, upper staminate, awned; plant velvety. 40. Holcus. 
 Spikelets not deciduous; empty scales persistent, flowering ones deciduous. 
 
 Spikelets of 2 perfect flowers; rachilla not prolonged beyond the upper one. 41. Aira. 
 Spikelets 2-many-flowered; rachilla prolonged beyond the upper flower. 
 Awn of flowering scale upon the back, inserted below the teeth. 
 Flowers all perfect, or the upper ones staminate or wanting. 
 Spikelets less than 6" long; grain free, unfurrowed. 
 
 Flowering scale finely erose-dentate or 2-lobed. 42. Deschampsia. 
 
 Flowering scale cleft or 2-toothed, with the teeth sometimes produced into 
 
 awns. 43. Triselum. 
 
 Spikelets over 6" long; grain furrowed, usually adherent to the scales. 
 
 44. A vena. 
 
 Upper flower perfect, lower staminate, its scale strongly awned. 45. Arrhenatherum. 
 Awn from between the lobes or teeth of the flowering scale, generally twisted. 
 
 46. Danthonia. 
 
 Tribe IX. CHLORIDEAE. 
 
 Flowers perfect or some of them rudimentary. 
 
 i perfect flower in each spikelet; sometimes 2 in Nos. 53 and 54. 
 No empty scales above the flower. 
 Spikelets deciduous. 
 
 Rachis produced beyond the upper spikelet; Spikelets narrow. 48. Spartina. 
 Rachis not so produced; Spikelets globose, sometimes 2-flowered. 54. Beckmannia. 
 Spikelets not deciduous; empty scales persistent; low slender grasses. 
 
 Spikes 2-6, slender, digitate, i'-a' long. 47. Capriola. 
 
 Spikes many along a common axis, 2' -4' long. 52. Schedonnardus. 
 
 One-several empty scales above the flower. 
 
 IvOwer empty scales 4; spike solitary, dense. 49. Campulosus. 
 
 Lower empty scales 2. 
 
 Spikes in false whorls or closely approximate ; scales long-awned. 50. Chloris. 
 Spikes remote, or the lowest only approximate. 
 
 Spikelets scattered or remote on filiform spikes. 51. Gymnopogon. 
 
 Spikelets crowded, sometimes 2-flowered. 53. Bouteloua. 
 
 2-3 perfect flowers in each spikelet. 
 
 Spikelets densely crowded; spikes usually digitate. 
 
 Spikes with terminal spikelets. 55. Eleusine. 
 
 Spikes without terminal spikelets, the rachis extending beyond them into a point. 
 
 56. Dactyloctenium. 
 
 Spikelets distinctly alternating; spikes remote. 57. Leptochloa. 
 
 Spikelets dioecious, very unlike; spikes short; low prairie grass. 58. Bulbilis. 
 
 Tribe X. FESTUCEAE. 
 
 Rachilla with long hairs enveloping the flowering scale; tall aquatic grass. 60. Phragmites. 
 
 Rachilla and flowering scales naked or hairy, hairs much shorter than the scales. 
 
 Stigmas barbellate; spikelets in clusters of 3-6 in the axils of stiff spinescent leaves. 
 
 59. Munroa. 
 Stigmas plumose; spikelets not in the axils of leaves; inflorescence various. 
 
 Spikelets of two forms, the fertile i-3-flowered, surrounded by the sterile, consisting of 
 
 many empty pectinate scales. 76. Cynosurus. 
 
 Spikelets all alike. 
 
 Flowering scale 2-.vtoothed or pointed, usually 3-nerved; lateral nerves and callus 
 
 (an enlargement of the rachilla just below the flowering scale) generally hairy. 
 Spikelets with 3-many fertile flowers. 61. Sieglingia. 
 
 Spikelets i-3-flowered ; flowering scales keeled ; branches of the diffuse panicle 
 long and capillary. 62. Redfieldia. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 97 
 
 Flowering scale of some other structure. 
 
 Flowering scales i-3-nerved, all with perfect flowers, or the uppermost with a 
 
 staminate flower only or empty. 
 Panicle branches spirally arranged. 
 
 Panicle branches simple, in spike-like racemes. 63. Diplachne. 
 
 Branches of the panicle mostly again divided. 
 
 Spikelets loosely 2-4-flowered; conical rachilla articulated. 
 
 64. Molinia. 
 Spikelets densely a-yo-flowered; rachilla not articulated; ligule or 
 
 throat of sheath bearded. 65. Eragrostis. 
 
 Primary branches of the panicle distichous, usually branched again at the base. 
 Panicle spike-like or much contracted. 
 
 Second scale broader than the 2 flowering ones. 66. Eatonia. 
 
 Second scale not broader than the 3-7 flowering ones. 67. Koeleria. 
 Panicle diffuse, with long slender branches. 68. Catabrosa. 
 
 Flowering scales 3-many-nerved, with 2 or more of the upper scales empty, 
 
 appressed, convolute around each other. 
 
 Stamens 3; upper sterile scales usually club-shaped. 69. Melica. 
 
 Stamens 1-2; sterile scales not club-shaped. 70. Korycarpus. 
 
 Flowering scales 5-many-nerved, each with a perfect flower, or the upper sometimes 
 
 abortive. 
 
 Keel of the palet winged or with a linear appendage. 71. Pleuropogon. 
 
 Keel of the palet not appendaged. 
 
 Scales more or less strongly compressed and keeled. 
 
 Empty basal scales 3-6; Spikelets flat, 2-edged. 72. Uniola. 
 
 Empty basal scales 2; Spikelets flattened. 
 
 Panicle contracted; Spikelets dioecious. 73. Distichlis. 
 
 Panicle open; Spikelets perfect. 
 
 Flowering scales herbaceous, awn-pointed; Spikelets collected 
 
 in one-sided clusters. 75. Dactylis. 
 
 Flowering scales scarious-margined; rachis glabrous or with 
 
 webby hairs. 
 
 Spikelets large, cordate. 74. Briza. 
 
 Spikelets mostly smaller, not cordate. 
 
 Empty scales projecting beyond the uppermost flower- 
 ing ones; arctic grass. 78. Dupontia. 
 Uppermost scales exceeding the empty ones; flowering 
 
 scales 2-10, mostly webby at base. 77. Poa. 
 Flowering scales membranous; rachis hirsute with stiff hairs, 
 extended into a hairy appendage. 80. Graphephorum. 
 
 Scales rounded on the back, at least below. 
 
 Stigmas placed at or near the apex of the ovary. 
 
 Flowering scales with a basal rjng of hairs, prominently 7-nerved, 
 
 toothed at apex; water grass. 79. Scolochloa. 
 
 Flowering scales naked at the base: 
 
 Obtuse or subacute and scarious at the apex, usually toothed. 
 Plainly 5-7-nerved ; styles present. 81. Panicularia. 
 
 Obscurely 5-nerved ; no style or awns. 82. Puccinellia. 
 Acute, pointed or awned at apex; not webby. 83. Festuca. 
 Stigmas plainly arising below the apex of the ovary; Spikelets large, 
 usually drooping; scales mostly awned. 84. Bromus. 
 
 Tribe XI. HORDEAE. 
 
 Stigma i; spike unilateral; spikelets i-flowered, narrow. 85. Nardus. 
 
 Stigmas 2; spike symmetrical. 
 
 Spikelets solitary at the notches of the rachis. 
 
 Flowering scales with their backs turned to the rachis. 86. Lolium. 
 
 Flowering scales with their sides turned to the rachis. 
 
 Spikelets i-2-flowered in slender articulate spikes. 87. Lepturus. 
 
 Spikelets 2-many-flowered in stout inarticulate spikes. 88. Agropyron. 
 
 Spikelets 2-6 at each joint of the rachis; scales mostly long-awned. 
 
 Spikelets i-flowered or with the rudiment of a second flower. 89. Hordeum. 
 
 Spikelets 2-many-flowered. 
 
 Empty scales a little smaller than the flowering ones. 90. Elymus. 
 
 Empty scales very small or none. , 91. Hystrix. 
 
 Tribe XII. BAMBUSEAE. 
 
 Tall canes with large flat spikelets in panicles or racemes. 92. Arundinaria. 
 
 i. TRIPSACUM L. Syst. Ed. 10, 2: 1261. 1759. 
 
 [DIGITARIA Heist.; Adans. Fam. Pi. 2: 38. 1763.] 
 
 Tall perennial grasses with thick rootstocks, rather broad flat leaves and monoecious 
 flowers. Spikelets i-2-flowered, in terminal or axillary, solitary or clustered, elongated 
 spikes. Staminate spikelets in 2's at each node of the axis, 2-flowered, consisting of four 
 scales, the two outer coriaceous, the two in jer thinner, the palet hyaline; stamens 3. Pis- 
 tillate spikelets in excavations at the lower joints of the spike, i-flowered; stigmas exserted; 
 style slender. Grain partly enclosed in the excavations of the spikes, covered in front by the 
 horny exterior lower scale. [Name from the Greek, in allusion to the polished outer scales. J 
 
 About 3 species, natives of tropical and temperate America. Besides the following, another 
 occurs in the southern United States. 
 
9 8 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 i. Tripsacum dactyloides I,. Gama 
 Grass. (Fig. 210.) 
 
 Coix dactyloides ~L,. Sp. PI. 972. 1753. 
 Tripsacum dactyloides L,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1378. 1763. 
 Tripsacum dactyloides var. monostachyum A. Gray, 
 Man. 616. 1848. 
 
 Rootstock l /t'-\' thick, culms stout, erect, 4-8 
 tall. Leaves smooth and glabrous, i or more 
 long, X'" 1 /^' wide, long-acuminate, truncate or 
 subcordate at the base ; spikes terminal and in the 
 upper axils, solitary or 2-3 together, 4 / -9 / long, 
 the lower spikelets pistillate, the upper staminate 
 and very numerous ; outer scales of the staminate 
 spikelets linear and obtuse, 4" long, about i // 
 wide, faintly many-nerved ; exterior scale of the 
 pistillate spikelets horny, shining, closely appressed 
 in fruit. 
 
 In swamps or along streams, Connecticut to Florida, 
 Texas and Mexico, north to Illinois, Missouri and 
 Kansas. Also in South America. One of our largest 
 grasses, sometimes used for fodder. June-Sept. 
 
 2. ERIANTHUS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 54. 1803. 
 
 Tall generally robust perennial grasses, with thick creeping rootstocks, long flat leaves, 
 and perfect flowers in terminal panicles. Spikelets generally with a ring of hairs at the 
 base, 2 at each node of the jointed rachis, one sessile, the other with a pedicel, generally 
 i-flowered. Scales 4, the two outer indurated, the inner hyaline, the fourth bearing a terminal 
 straight or contorted awn ; palet small, hyaline ; stamens 3. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in 
 the scales. [Greek, referring to the woolly spikelets.] 
 
 About 17 species, natives of the temperate and tropical regions of both hemispheres. Besides 
 the following, two others occur in the Southern States. 
 
 Awn spiral. i. E. alopecuroides. 
 Awn straight. 
 
 Panicle lax; branches long and spreading; basal hairs longer than the outer scale of the 
 
 spikelet. 2. E. saccharoides. 
 Panicle compact or strict; branches short and erect or appressed; basal hairs equalling or 
 
 shorter than the outer scale of the spikelet. 
 
 Outer scale about 2^" long. 3. E. compactus. 
 
 Outer scale about 4" long. 4. E. brevibarbis. 
 
 i. Erianthus alopecuroides (I y .) Ell. Spiral-awned Beard-grass. (Fig. 211.) 
 
 Andropogon alopecurqides L. Sp. PI. 1045. 1753. 
 Erianthus alopecuroides Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i : 38. 
 1816. In part. 
 
 Culms stout, erect, 6-io tall; nodes naked or 
 barbed, the summit and the axis of the panicle 
 densely pubescent with appressed long rigid silky 
 hairs Sheaths glabrous ; leaves usually glabrous, 
 6 / -2 long, ^ / -i / wide, acuminate, narrowed and 
 sometimes hairy on the upper surface near the 
 base ; panicle oblong, 7 / -i2 / long, 2 / -3 / wide, 
 branches spreading, 3 / -5 / long, slender, loose, in- 
 ternodes about 2" long ; outer scales of the spike- 
 let about 3 /x long, exceeding the pedicel and about 
 two-thirds as long as the basal hairs, lanceolate, 
 acuminate ; inner scales shorter, the awn 6 // -8 // 
 long, scabrous, the portion included in the outer 
 scales tightly spiral, bent at point of exsertion, and 
 thence loosely spiral. 
 
 In damp soil, North Carolina to Kentxicky and Missouri, south to Georgia and Alabama. Com- 
 parison with the original specimens of L,innaeus proves that the name alopecuroides belongs to 
 this species. Sept. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 99 
 
 2. Erianthus saccharoides Michx. 
 
 Eriantlnts saccharoidps Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 
 
 55- 1803. 
 
 Culms robust, erect, 5-io tall, barbed at 
 the nodes, trie summit and the axis of the pan- 
 icle densely pubescent with appressed long 
 rigid silky hairs. Sheaths glabrous or spar- 
 ingly hairy below, densely pubescent at the 
 throat with long more or less spreading 
 silky hairs ; leaves scabrous or appressed- 
 pubescent, 6'-2 long, X /-I/ wide, long- 
 acuminate, somewhat narrowed towards the 
 base ; panicle lax, broadly oblong, 5 / -i5 / 
 long, 2 / -4 / wide, its branches spreading, 2'- 
 4' long, slender, internodes about 2 /x long ; 
 outer scales of the spikelet about 2 X/ long, 
 a little exceeding the pedicel and about one- 
 half as long as the basal hairs, lanceolate, 
 acuminate; inner scales shorter, the awn 
 io // -i2 // long, straight, scabrous. 
 
 Plume Grass. ( Fig. 212.) 
 
 In moist sandy soil, southeastern Virginia to 
 Florida and Louisiana. Also in Cuba. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 3. Erianthus compactus Nash. Con- 
 tracted Plume-grass. (Fig. 213.) 
 
 Eriantlnis compachis Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 
 419. 1895. 
 
 Culms erect, 4-8 tall, stout, the nodes 
 barbed, the summit and axis of the panicle 
 densely pubescent with appressed long rigid 
 silky hairs. Sheaths glabrous, or pubescent at 
 the top ; leaves scabrous above, sparingly ap- 
 pressed-pubescent beneath, 6 / -2 long, 3 // -6 // 
 wide, long-acuminate, narrowed toward the 
 base ; panicle narrowly oblong, 4 / -6 / long, about 
 \]/ 2 f wide; branches erect, i / -2 / long; spikelets 
 crowded; internodes about \" long; outer scales 
 of the spikelet about 2^ /r long, exceeding the 
 pedicels and about equalling the basal hairs, 
 lanceolate, acuminate; inner scales shorter, the 
 awn 5 // -io // long, straight, scabrous. 
 
 In moist soil, New Jersey to North Carolina and 
 Tennessee. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 4. Erianthus brevibarbis Michx. Short- 
 bearded Plume-grass. (Fig. 214.) 
 
 Erianthus brevtbarbis'M.ichy;. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 55. 1803. 
 Erianthus saccharoides Michx. sub-sp. brevibarbis 
 
 Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6: 131. 1889. 
 
 Culms stout, erect, 4-5 tall, nodes naked or 
 scantily barbed, the summit and axis of the panicle 
 smooth or scabrous. Sheaths glabrous ; leaves 
 rough, i2 / -iS / long, 3 // ~5 // wide, acuminate ; pan- 
 icle linear- oblong, S'-io' in length, I'-i^' wide, 
 branches erect, 2 '-5' long, internodes about 2^" 
 long; outer scales of the spikelet about 4" long, 
 twice the length of the pedicel and equalling or 
 twice as long as the basal hairs, lanceolate, long- 
 acuminate; inner scales shorter; awn 9 // -i2 // long, 
 straight, scabrous. 
 
 In moist soil, Virginia (according to Watson) to 
 North Carolina and Louisiana. Autumn. 
 
100 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 3. MANISURIS L. Mant. 2: 164. 1771. 
 [ROTTBOEUJA L. f. Dissert. Nova Gram. Gen. 23. 1779.] 
 
 Mostly tall perennials, with running rootstocks, narrow flat leaves and cylindrical jointed 
 spikes, terminal and from the upper axils. Spikelets in pairs at each node of the excavated 
 rachis, one sessile arid perfect, the other with a pedicel and either staminate or empty. Scales 
 of the perfect spikelet 4, the outermost thick and coriaceous, covering, together with the 
 pedicel of the sterile spikelet, the excavation in the rachis ; second scale chartaceous ; third 
 and fourth hyaline, the latter subtending a palet and perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles 
 distinct. Grain free. [Greek, in allusion to the tail-like spikes.] 
 
 About 25 species, widely distributed in tropical and temperate countries. 
 
 i. Manisuris rugosa (Nutt. ) Kuntze. 
 Wrinkled Manisuris. (Fig. 215.) 
 
 Rottboellia rugosa Nutt. Gen. i: 84. 1818. 
 Manisuris rugosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 780. 1891. 
 
 Manisuris rugosa Chapmani Scribn. Mem. Torr. 
 Club, 5: 28. 1894. 
 
 Smooth and glabrous, culms erect, 2-4 tall, 
 compressed, much branched above, branches 
 spreading. Sheaths compressed; leaves flat, 
 acuminate, 6 / -2 long, i // -3 // wide ; spikes par- 
 tially included in the sheath or more or less ex- 
 serted, i^4 / -2^2 / long; outermost scale of the 
 spikelets oblong-ovate to ovate, about 2" long, 
 strongly transversely rugose, the wrinkles con- 
 tinuous or interrupted. 
 
 In wet soil along the coast, Delaware to Florida, 
 west to Louisiana and Texas. June-Sept. 
 
 4. ANDROPOGON L. Sp. PI. 1045. 1753. 
 
 Perennial grasses with usually long narrow leaves, and terminal and axillary spikes, 
 Spikelets in pairs at each node of the jointed hairy rachis, one sessile and perfect, the other 
 with a pedicel and either staminate, empty or reduced to a single scale. Perfect spikelet 
 consisting of 4 scales, the outermost coriaceous, the second keeled and acute, the two inner 
 hyaline, the fourth more or less awned and subtending a palet and perfect flower. Stamens 
 1-3. Grain free. [Greek, in allusion to the bearded rachis.] 
 
 About 150 species, widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Besides the following-, 
 some 12 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. 
 
 Internodes of the rachis clavate -thickened: 
 
 Attenuate at base ; spikes solitary, distant, i. A. scoparitis. 
 
 Broad at base; spikes in pairs or digitate, occasionally panicled. 
 Hairs as long as the pedicel or longer. 
 
 Spikes in pairs; outer scales of sessile spikelet about 2^" long. 2. A. argyraeus. 
 Spikes 2-5 together; outer scales of sessile spikelet about 4" long. 
 
 3. A. Hallii. 
 
 Hairs less than one-half the length of the pedicel. 4. A. furcatus. 
 
 Internodes of the rachis not clavate-thickened, slender, more or less flexuous. 
 
 Spikes protruding from the side of the inflated spathe, never on long-exserted peduncles. 
 Branches of the culm short, distant, forming a loose elongated inflorescence. 
 
 5. A. Virginicus. 
 Branches of the culm elongated, forming at summit a compact bushy inflorescence. 
 
 6. A . glomeratus. 
 Spikes terminal on finally long-exserted peduncles; spathe narrow; upper sheaths elongated 
 
 and much inflated, imbricated; upper nodes densely bearded. 7. A. Elliot tii. 
 
 Internodes of the rachis much thickened on the margins, the intervening portion thin and translu- 
 cent; nodes of the culm not bearded. 8. A. Torreyanus. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 101 
 
 i. 
 
 Andropogon scoparius Michx. Broom Beard-grass. (Fig. 216.) 
 
 Andropogon scoparium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 57. 
 1803. 
 
 Culms from a creeping rootstock, smooth, 
 simple or much branched, 2-4 tall. Sheaths 
 smooth or scabrous, sometimes glaucous; leaves 
 6 / -i2 / long, i // -3 // wide, acuminate, scabrous; 
 spikes i / -2 / long, loose, solitary, on long-ex- 
 serted slender peduncles ; rachis slender, flex- 
 uous, joints and pedicels ciliate with long 
 spreading hairs; outermost scale of sessile spike- 
 let about 2>" l n g> acuminate, scabrous ; awn 
 spiral, more or less bent at point of exsertion, 
 5 // -6 // long, scabrous ; pedicelled spikelet re- 
 duced to a single awn-pointed scale. 
 
 In dry sandy fields, New Brunswick to Alberta, 
 south to Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Ascends 
 to 3000 ft. in Georgia. Specimens determined as 
 A. maritimus Chapm., from Cape May, N. J., ap- 
 pear to be referable to this species. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 2. Andropogon argyraeus Schultes. Silvery Beard-grass. (Fig. 217.) 
 
 Andropogon argenteus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 148- 
 
 1817. Not DC. 1813. 
 
 Andropogon argyraeus Schultes, Mant. 2: 450. 1824. 
 Andropogon Belvisii Desv. Opusc. 67. 1831. 
 
 Culms erect, smooth, 2-4 tall, simple at base, 
 generally much branched above. Sheaths some- 
 what compressed, glabrous or pubescent ; basal 
 leaves 6'-!; upper 2 / -8 / by \" wide, acuminate, 
 smooth to scabrous above, glabrous or pubescent 
 beneath; spikes in pairs, i / -2 / long, on more or 
 less exserted slender peduncles ; joints of the 
 rachis and pedicels pubescent with long silky white 
 spreading hairs ; outermost scale of sessile spike- 
 let about "2 l /z" long, acuminate, scabrous ; awn 
 loosely spiral, 6 x/ -9 /x long, scabrous ; pedicelled 
 spikelet reduced to a minute lanceolate acuminate 
 scabrous scale, which is early deciduous. 
 
 In dry sandy soil, Delaware to Missouri, south to 
 Florida and Texas. Culm leaves shorter and broader 
 than the basal ones. Sept. 
 
 3. Andropogon Hallii Hack. Hall's Beard-grass. 
 
 Andropogon Hallii Hack. Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 89: 
 127. 1884. 
 
 Culms robust from a creeping rootstock, 3-6 tall, 
 simple at base, branched above, smooth, more or less 
 glaucous. Sheaths somewhat glaucous; leaves 1 or 
 less long, 3 // -4 // wide, smooth ; spikes 2-5 together, 
 2 / -4 / long, the lateral ones often included in the 
 spathes ; joints of rachis and pedicels pubescent with 
 spreading silky white or yellow hairs of about their 
 own length ; outermost scale of sessile spikelet about 
 4" long, acuminate, glabrous at base, from sparingly 
 to copiously silky-pubescent toward the apex ; awn 
 2 // -5 // long, or sometimes wanting ; pedicelled spike- 
 let consisting of 4 scales, the outermost generally 
 larger than the corresponding scale of the sessile 
 spikelet and subtending a palet and three stamens. 
 
 Dry sandy soil, Kansas and Montana to Mexico. Aug.- 
 Sept. 
 
 (Fig. 218.) 
 
IO2 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 4. Andropogon furcatus Muhl. Forked 
 Beard-grass. (Fig. 219.) 
 
 Andropogon furcatus Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 919. 
 
 1806. 
 Andropogon provincialis subvar. furcatus Hack, in 
 
 DC. Mon. Phan. 5: 442. 1889. 
 
 Culms erect, stout, smooth and glabrous, 3-6 
 tall, simple at base, branched above. Sheaths 
 smooth and glabrous; leaves smooth or rough, 6 X - 
 i8 x long, 2 // -7 // wide, acuminate ; spikes 2-5, in 
 pairs or approximate at the summit, 2'-5' long ; 
 joints of rachis and pedicels ciliate with short 
 hairs ; outermost scale of sessile spikelet 3 // -4 // 
 long, twice the length of the rachis joints, scab- 
 rous ; awn 5 // -7 // long, loosely spiral ; pedicelled 
 spikelet consisting of 4 scales. 
 
 In dry or moist soil, Maine and Ontario to Manitoba, 
 south to Florida, Kansas and Texas. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 5. Andropogon Virginicus L. Virginia Beard-grass. (Fig. 220.) 
 
 Andropogon Virginicus L,. Sp. PI. 1046. 1753- 
 Cinna lateralis Walt. Fl. Car. 59. 1788. 
 Andropogon dissitiflorus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 
 
 57. 1803. 
 Andropogon vaginatus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 
 
 148. 1817. 
 
 Culms erect, smooth, 2-4 tall, simple at 
 base, branching above. Sheaths smooth; leaves 
 6 x -i long, i // -3 // wide, long-acuminate, scab- 
 rous on the margins; branches of culm short, 
 forming a loose and elongated inflorescence ; 
 spikes in pairs, occasionally 3 or 4, about i / long, 
 loose, protruding from the sides of the spathes; 
 rachis flexuous, slender, the joints and pedi- 
 cels pubescent with long spreading silky hairs; 
 lowest scale of sessile spikelet about \y z ' f long; 
 awn 4 // -o/ / long, straight, scabrous; pedicelled 
 spikelet generally wanting, occasionally a rudi- 
 mentary scale present. 
 
 In dry or moist fields, Massachusetts to Pennsyl- 
 vania and Illinois, south to Florida and Texas. 
 Also in Cuba. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 6. Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B. S. P. Bushy Beard-grass. (Fig. 221.) 
 
 Cinna glomerata Walt. Fl. Car. 59. 1788. 
 Andropogon macrourum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 56. 
 
 1803. 
 Andropogon glomeratus B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 67. 
 
 1888. 
 
 Culms erect, iX~3 tall, smooth, simple below, 
 much branched above, upper nodes of branches 
 barbed. Sheaths compressed, smooth to strongly 
 scabrous, glabrous or pubescent ; leaves i // -2 // 
 wide, scabrous,long-acuminate, the basal two-thirds 
 as long as or equalling the culm, those of the culm 
 6 / -i8 / long; branches elongated, forming a com- 
 pact terminal inflorescence ; spikes in pairs, about 
 i 7 long, loose, protruding from the sides of the 
 scabrous spathes ; rachis flexuous, the joints and 
 pedicels pubescent with long spreading silky hairs ; 
 outermost scale of sessile spikelet about i^" long ; 
 awn 6 // -9 // long, scabrous ; pedicelled spikelet 
 reduced to a single scale or wanting. 
 
 Damp soil, southern New York to central Pennsylva- 
 nia and Florida, mostly near the coast. Sept.-Oct. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 10' 
 
 7. Andropogon Elliottii Chapm. Elliott's Beard-grass. (Fig. 222.) 
 
 Andropogon Elliottii Chapm. Fl. S. States, 581. 
 1860. 
 
 Culms erect, i-3 tall, smooth, simple or 
 sparingly branched above, branches strongly 
 bearded at the upper nodes. Sheaths glabrous 
 or loosely villous, the lower narrow, the upper 
 elongated, inflated, imbricated; basal leaves 
 about one-half as long as the culm, smooth, 
 Y^'-iYz" wide, those of the culm filiform or 
 narrowly linear, 2 / -io / long, X //-1// wide; 
 in pairs, i / -2 / long, loose, finally long-exserted 
 on filiform peduncles ; rachis slender, flexuous, 
 its joints and the pedicels pubescent with long 
 spreading silky hairs; outermost scale of the 
 sessile spikelet i^ // -2 // long, scabrous on the 
 keel; awn 6 // -q // long, scabrous; pedicelled 
 spikelet a minute scale or wanting. 
 
 In dry or moist places, Pennsylvania to Florida 
 and Texas. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 8. Andropogon Torreyanus Steud. Torrey's Beard-grass. (Fig. 223.) 
 
 Andropogon glaucus Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i: 153. 
 
 1824. Not'Muhl. 1817. 
 Andropogon Torreyanus Steud. Nomencl. Ed. 2, 
 
 93- 1841. 
 
 A ndropogon Jamesii Torr. Marcy 's Rep. 302. 1853. 
 Andropogon saccharoides var. Torreyanus Hack. 
 
 in DC. Monog. Phan. 6: 495. 1889. 
 
 Culms erect, iK-3X tall, simple or 
 branched, glabrous, the nodes naked. Sheaths 
 smooth and glabrous, more or less glaucous ; 
 leaves 3'-7' long, 2 // -3 // wide, long-acuminate, 
 smooth and glabrous towards the base, scabrous 
 on margins and at the apex, glaucous ; spikes 
 I'-i^'long in a terminal long-exserted panicle 
 2 / -4 / long; joints of the rachis with a thin 
 translucent median line ; outermost scale of ses- 
 sile spikelet i%"-2" long, about equalling the 
 terminal hairs of the rachis-joints, lanceolate, 
 acute, pubescent at base with long silky hairs ; 
 awn 4 // -8 // long, spiral, bent, scabrous ; pedi- 
 celled spikelet reduced to a single narrow scale. 
 
 In dry soil, Kansas to Arizona and Mexico. 
 Aug.-Sept. 
 
 5. CHRYSOPOGON Trin. Fund. Agrost. 187. 1820. 
 
 Generally tall grasses, ours perennials, with long narrow flat leaves and terminal pani- 
 cles. Spikelets in pairs or 3's, one sessile and perfect, the lateral pedicelled, staminate, 
 empty, or reduced to the pedicel only. Perfect spikelet consisting of 4 scales, the two 
 outer indurated and shining, tl^e inner hyaline, the fourth awned and subtending a palet and 
 perfect flower, or the palet sometimes wanting. Stamens 3. Styles distinct ; stigmas plu- 
 mose. Grain free. [Greek, referring to the golden-yellow hairs on the spikelets.] 
 
 About 20 species, in temperate and tropical countries. 
 
104 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 j. Chrysopogon avenaceus (Michx.) Benth. Indian Grass. (Fig. 224.) 
 
 Andropogon avenaceiim Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 58, 
 1803. 
 
 Sorghum nutans A. Gray, Man. 617. 1848. 
 
 Sorghum avenaceum Chapm. PI. S. States, 583.. 
 1860. 
 
 Chrysopogon avenaceus Benth. Journ. I,inn. Soc. 
 19: 73. 1881. 
 
 Culms erect, 3-8 tall, from creeping root- 
 stocks, smooth, the nodes pubescent. Sheaths 
 smooth ; lower leaves i or more in length, 
 2 // -8 // wide, long-acuminate, scabrous ; panicle 
 4 / -i2 / long ; branches 2 / -4 / long, slender, erect- 
 spreading; spikelets in pairs, or in 3's at the ends 
 of the branches, erect or somewhat spreading ; 
 first scale of sessile spikelet 3" -4" long, acute, 
 pubescent with long hairs ; second scale glab- 
 rous ; awn 5 // -io // long, the column very little 
 if at all bent ; lateral spikelets reduced to 
 plumose pedicels. 
 
 In dry fields, Ontario to Manitoba, south to 
 Rhode Island, Florida and Arizona. Panicle brown- 
 ish-yellow. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 Chrysopogon nutans (L,. ) Benth., distinguished from this species by its longer awn (i2"-i5' A 
 long), supported on a column distinctly bent at about the middle, occurs in Tennessee and is 
 said to have been recently found in Kentucky. 
 
 6. SORGHUM Pers. Syn. i: 101. 1805. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses with long broad flat leaves and terminal ample panicles. 
 Spikelets in pairs at the nodes, or in 3*3 at the ends of the branches, one sessile and perfect, 
 the lateral pedicelled, staminate or empty. Sessile spikelet consisting of 4 scales, the 
 outer indurated and shining, obscurely nerved, inner hyaline, the fourth awned and sub- 
 tending a small palet and perfect flower, or palet sometimes wanting. Stamens 3. Styles 
 distinct. Grain free. [Name Indian.] 
 
 About 13 species, of wide distribution in tropical and warm-temperate regions. 
 
 i. 'Sorghum Halepense (L,. ) Pers. Johnson -grass. (Fig. 225.) 
 
 Holcus Halepensis L,. Sp. PI. 1047. 1753. 
 Andropogon Halepensis Brot. Fl. Lusit. i: 89. 1804. 
 Sorghum Halepense Pers. Syn. i: 101. 1805. 
 
 Culms erect, 3-5 tall, simple or sometimes 
 much branched, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths 
 smooth ; leaves i or more long, X /-I/ wide, 
 long-acuminate ; panicle open, from X-i^ 
 long, the generally whorled branches spreading 
 and naked towards the base ; outer scales of ses- 
 sile spikelet a // -3 // long, ovate-lanceolate, usually 
 purplish, pubescent with long appressed hairs ; 
 awn when present 4 // -8 // long, more or less bent; 
 pedicelled spikelets of 4 scales, the outer two 
 about 3" long, membranous, y-g-nerved, their in- 
 rolled margins ciliate, the inner two shorter and 
 narrower, hyaline, sometimes with staminate 
 flowers. 
 
 In fields and waste places, southern Pennsylvania 
 to Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. Widely dis- 
 tributed by cultivation in tropical America. Native 
 of southern Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 105 
 
 7. NAZIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 31. 1763. 
 [TRAGUS Hall. Hist. Stirp. Helv. 2 : 203. 1768.] 
 
 [LAPPAGO Schreb. Gen. 55. 1789.] 
 
 An annual grass, diffusely branched, with flat leaves and i-flowered deciduous spikelets, 
 either solitary or in clusters of 3-5 in a terminal spike. Scales of spikelet 2 or 3, the outer- 
 most small or wanting, the second rigid and covered with hooked prickles, the third mem- 
 branous, subtending a palet and perfect flower. [Name unexplained.] 
 
 A monotypic genus, native of tropical and 
 temperate regions of the Old World. 
 
 i. Nazia racemosa (L,. ) Kuntze. 
 
 Prickle-grass. (Fig. 226.) 
 
 Cenchrus racemosa L,. Sp. PI. 1049. 1753. 
 Lappago racemosa Willd. Sp. PI. 1:484. 1798. 
 l\ T a~ia racemosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 780. 
 
 1891. 
 
 Culms 2 / -i4 / tall, erect, simple to diffusely 
 branched, smooth below, pubescent above. 
 Sheaths smooth and glabrous ; leaves \ f -$' 
 long, i // -2 // wide, acuminate, rather strongly 
 ciliate ; spike i / ~4 / long, sometimes partially 
 included in the somewhat inflated upper 
 sheath; spikelets i-flowercd: first scale very 
 small, almost Iryaline ; second scale coria- 
 ceous, \y 2 " long, acute, 5-nerved, each nerve 
 armed with a row of hooked prickles ; third 
 scale \" long, keeled, sharp-pointed, i- 
 nerved, membranous, enclosing a palet of 
 like texture and a perfect flower. 
 
 Occasional in ballast and waste places about 
 the Atlantic seaports. Abundant from Texas to 
 Arizona and Mexico. Native of Europe and 
 Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 8. PASPALUM I,. Syst. Ed. 10, 2: 855. 1759. 
 
 Perennial grasses of various habit, with generally flat leaves and i-flowered spikelets 
 borne in 2-4 rows on i-sided spikes, which are single, in pairs, or panicled. Spikelets oblong 
 to orbicular, flat on the inner surface, convex on the outer. Scales 3, rarely 2 by the absence 
 of the outermost, the outer ones membranous, the inner one indurated and subtending a 
 palet and perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles separate ; stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid or 
 oblong, free. [An ancient Greek name for some grass, used by Hippocrates.] 
 
 About 160 species, of wide distribution in tropical and temperate regions, most abundant in 
 America. 
 
 Spikelets secund, with the back of the flowering scale turned toward the rachis. 
 
 Rachis membranous, dilated, its wings almost enclosing the spikelets at maturity. 
 Extending beyond the spikelets, long-acuminate; spikelets about %" long. 
 
 1. P. Hiiicroiialinti. 
 Not extending beyond the spikelets, acute; spikelets about i" long. 
 
 2. P. membra nai cum. 
 Rachis not membranous nor enclosing the spikelets at maturity. 
 
 Spikelets oval or elliptic, acute. 
 
 Spikelets glabrous or somewhat pubescent; spikes in pairs or occasionally in 3's. 
 
 3. P. dislichiitn. 
 Spikelets villous on margins; spikes 4-12. 4. P. dila/a/itni. 
 
 Spikelets from oval to orbicular, very obtuse. 
 
 Spikes i, or sometimes 2, on the 1-3 slender peduncles exserted from the upper sheath; 
 spikelets i" or less long. 
 
 Leaves and sheaths pubescent, the former generally long, narrow and erect; spike- 
 lets about y,." long. 5. P. set ace it ni. 
 Leaves and sheaths glabrous or somewhat pubescent, the former long and broad, 
 
 lax, ciliate; spikelets about i" long. 6. P. ciliatifoliuni . 
 
 Leaves and sheaths glabrous, the former short and broad, ciliate on the margins; 
 spikelets about K" long. 7. P. longipeduuculatum. 
 
 Spikes 2 or more on the single stout peduncle. 
 
 Spikelets iK"-i^" long: spikes generally spreading. 8. P. laeve. 
 Spikelets exceeding 1%" in length; spikes generally erect. 
 
 9. P. Florida n u in. 
 
 Spikelets not strictly secund, the back of the flowering scale turned away from the rachis. 
 Spikelets less than i" long, oblong. 10. P. compression. 
 
 Spikelets about 2" long, broadly lanceolate. n. P. paspaloides. 
 
106 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 i. Paspalum mucronatum Muhl. Water Paspalum. (Fig. 227.) 
 
 Paspalum mucronatum Muhl. Cat. 8. 1813. 
 Ceresia fluitans Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 109. 1817. 
 Paspalum fluitans Kunth, Rev. Gram, i: 24. 1829. 
 
 Culms ascending, 6 / -3 long, from a floating or 
 creeping base, branched. Sheaths very loose or in- 
 flated, smooth or scabrous, glabrous or pubescent ; 
 leaves 3 / -i2 / long, X /-I/ wide, acuminate, scabrous; 
 spikes 20-100, X / ~3 / l u g. alternate or whorled, 
 slender ; rachis flat, thin, exceeding the spikelets, 
 long-acuminate, scabrous, its margins nearly en- 
 closing the spikelets ; spikelets in two rows, 
 about l /z" long, elliptic, pubescent ; outer scales very 
 thin, 2-nerved, the first one usually a little the longer. 
 
 In water, Virginia to southern Illinois and Missouri, 
 south to Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. 
 Sept. 
 
 2. Paspalum membranaceum Walt. Walter's Paspalum. (Fig. 228.) 
 
 Paspalum membranaceum Walt. Fl. Car. 75. 1788. 
 Not Lam. 1791. 
 
 PaspalumWalterianum Schultes, Mant. 2: 166. 1824. 
 
 Culms erect or ascending, much branched, 
 smooth, creeping at the base. Sheaths a little in- 
 flated, smooth; leaves i^'-^/t' long, 2 / ^-3 // 
 wide, flat, smooth, acute ; spikes 3-7, alternate, 
 about i x long, the lower ones usually included in 
 the upper sheath ; rachis not exceeding the spike- 
 lets, flat, thin, i // -ij!^ // wide, acute, smooth, 
 many-nerved, its incurved margins partly enclos- 
 ing the spikelets; spikelets about \" long, crowded 
 in 2 rows, oval, obtuse, smooth; outer scales 5- 
 nerved; third scale lenticular, slightly shorter 
 than the outer ones. 
 
 Moist or wet grounds, New Jersey and Delaware to 
 southern Ohio, south to Florida and Texas. Sept. 
 
 3. Paspalum distichum Iy. Joint-grass. 
 (Fig. 229.) 
 
 Paspalum distichum Iy. Amoen. Acad. 5: 391. 1759. 
 
 Culms erect, 6 / -2 tall, extensively creeping at 
 base. Sheaths smooth, sometimes ciliate on the 
 margins, or sparsely pubescent; leaves flat, ifc/- 
 5' long, i // -2 // wide, acuminate, smooth ; spikes 
 i / -2^ / long, in pairs, or occasionally with a third, 
 exserted; rachis flat, y 2 "-\" wide, smooth; spike- 
 lets \}i"-i l /t" long, elliptic, somewhat pubescent 
 or glabrous, acute, nearly sessile in 2 rows; outer 
 scales 3-5-nerved, slightly exceeding the acute 
 third one which is sparingly bearded at the apex. 
 
 Virginia to Missouri and California, south to Flor- 
 ida, Texas and Mexico. Also in the West Indies, cen- 
 tral and South America. Aug. -Sept. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 107 
 
 4. Paspalum dilatatum Poir. Tall Paspalum. (Fig. 230.) 
 
 Paspalum dilatatum Poir. in L,am. Encycl. 5: 35. 1804. 
 Paspalum ovatum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 43. 1829. 
 
 Culms erect, 3-6 tall, smooth and glabrous. 
 Sheaths compressed, smooth and glabrous; leaves i 
 or more long, 2 // -5 // wide, long-acuminate, rather 
 scabrous on the margins, sometimes with a tuft of 
 hairs at the base; spikes 4-12, 2 / -5 / long, spreading, 
 alternate, %' / -2 / distant on the main axis ; rachis of 
 the spikes narrow, less than i" wide, somewhat flexu- 
 ous, scabrous; spikelets about \y 2 " long, in 3 or 4 
 rows, acute ; outer scales 5-nerved, the first villous on 
 the margins, the second glabrous or sparsely pubescent, 
 the third nearly orbicular, minutely puuctate-striate. 
 
 In moist soil, Virginia to Florida, west to Texas. 
 Ascends to 1000 ft. in Georgia. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 5. Paspalum setaceum Michx. Slender Paspalum. (Fig. 231.) 
 
 Paspalum setaceum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 43. 1803. 
 Paspalum pubescens Muhl. Gram. 92. 1817. 
 
 Culms mostly erect, i-2 tall, slender, smooth. 
 Sheaths and leaves generally very pubescent, the 
 latter 3 / -8 / long, i // -3 // wide, erect, acuminate; spikes 
 iX / ~3X / l otl g> more or less curved, generally solitary, 
 occasionally 2, on a long-exserted slender peduncle, 
 with usually i or 2 additional shorter peduncles from 
 the same upper sheath ; spikelets about ^" long, in 2 
 narrow rows, broadly obovate, very obtuse; empty 
 scales 3-nerved, glabrous or pubescent; third scale ob- 
 ovate, shining. 
 
 In dry fields, Massachusetts to Illinois, south to Florida 
 and Texas. Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 6. Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. Ciliate-leaved Paspalum. (Fig. 232.) 
 
 Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 44. 
 1803. 
 
 Paspalum dasyphyllum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 105. 
 1817. 
 
 Culms erect, i l / 2 -2% tall, smooth. Sheaths 
 varying from glabrous to pubescent ; leaves 4 / -g / 
 long, 3 // ~7 // wide acuminate, pubescent or glabrous, 
 ciliate, the upper one usually broad and cordate at 
 base ; spikes i or 2, occasionally 3, 2 / -4 / long ; 
 peduncles 1-3, exserted from the upper sheath ; 
 rachis very narrow, slightly flexuous and triangu- 
 lar, scabrous ; spikelets i // -i^ // long, in 2-4 rows, 
 crowded, oval, the first or convex scale sometimes 
 sparingly pubescent, the third scale with a distinct 
 depression on the back near the base. 
 
 In dry soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Kansas, 
 south to Florida and Texas. June-Aug. 
 
io8 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 Paspalum longipedunculatum L,e Conte. 
 
 (Fig. 233.) 
 
 IvOng-stalked Paspalum. 
 
 Paspalum debile Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. I: 44. 1803? 
 Paspalum longipedunculattim I/eConte, Journ. Phys. 91: 
 
 284. 1820. 
 Paspalum. arenarium Schrad.; Schultes, Mant. 2: 172. 
 
 1824? 
 
 Culms reclining or decumbent, i-ij^ long, smooth, 
 leafy at base. Sheaths glabrous or ciliate on the mar- 
 gins, pilose at the throat ; leaves i / -sX / l n g. 2 // -3 // 
 wide, glabrous or a little pilose, acuminate, ciliate on 
 the margins and along the mid-nerve ; peduncles 1-2 
 from the upper sheath ; spikes 1-2, \'~2%' long, more 
 or less curved ; rachis very narrow, more or less flexu- 
 ous ; spikelets about ^ // long, nearly globular; outer 
 scales 3-nerved, the first one glabrous or sometimes 
 sparsely pubescent; third scale slightly exceeding the 
 outer ones. 
 
 Sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida, Kentucky and 
 Tennessee. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 8. Paspalum laeve Michx. Field Pas- 
 palum. (Fig. 234.) 
 
 Paspalum laeve Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 44. 1803. 
 
 Bright green, culms rather stout, erect or ascend- 
 ing, i-3 tall, glabrous. Sheaths compressed, 
 glabrous or pubescent; leaves 3 / -i2 / long, 2 // -4 // 
 wide, acuminate, glabrous or pubescent, scabrous 
 on the margins; spikes 2-6, i/^ / -3 / long, more 
 or less spreading, alternate, about V apart on the 
 single stout peduncle, pilose in the axils ; spikelets 
 iX // ~ I /^ // long, oval to orbicular, close, crowded 
 in 2 rows, glabrous. 
 
 In moist fields, Rhode Island to Kentucky and Mis- 
 souri, south to Florida and Texas. Ascends to 1700 ft. 
 in North Carolina. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 9. Paspalum Floridanum Michx. Florida Paspalum. (Fig. 235.) 
 
 Paspalus Floridanus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 44. 1803. 
 Paspalum macrospermum Flugge, Monog. 172. 1810. 
 
 Culms stout, erect, 3-6 tall, from a creeping root- 
 stock, glabrous. Sheaths glabrous, or the lower 
 pubescent, sometimes glaucous; leaves 8 / -i5 / long, 
 $"-7" wide, acuminate, glabrous or pubescent; spikes 
 2-5 on the single stout peduncle, 2 / -5 / long, erect or 
 ascending, bearded in the axils ; rachis about \" wide, 
 flat on the back, scabrous on the margins ; spikelets 
 i%"-2 f/ long, broadly oval, glabrous, sometimes 
 glaucous, crowded in 2 rows ; outer scales 5-nerved ; 
 third scale striate. 
 
 Moist places, Delaware to Kentucky, south to Florida 
 and Texas. Sept. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 109 
 
 10. Paspalum compressum (Sw.) Nees. Flat Paspalum. (Fig. 236.) 
 
 Paspalum tristachyum Lam.Tabl. Encycl. i: 176. 
 
 1791? 
 Milium compressum Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. i: 183. 
 
 1797. 
 Paspalum plalycaulon Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 5: 
 
 34- 1804. 
 Paspalum compressum Nees, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 
 
 2: 23. 1829. 
 
 Stolons numerous, leafy, sometimes 2 
 long. Culms 6'-2 tall, slender, compressed, 
 glabrous ; sheaths loose ; leaves glabrous, 
 ometimes sparsely ciliate, obtuse, those of 
 the culm 2 / -4 / long, 2 // -3 // wide, those of 
 the stolons about i' long, i // -2 // wide ; 
 spikes 2-5, i / -2 / long, approximate at the 
 summit of the long and slender stalk ; spike- 
 lets not crowded nor secund, about i // long, 
 acute, the back of the flowering scale turned 
 oblong, away from the rachis. 
 
 Virginia to Florida and west to Louisiana. 
 Widely distributed in tropical America. Proba- 
 bly not native in the United States. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 11. Paspalum paspaloides (Michx.) Scribner. Crab-grass Paspalum. 
 
 (Fig. 237.) 
 
 i Digilaria paspaloides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 
 
 46. 1803. 
 Paspalum Michauxianum Kunth, Rev. Gram. 
 
 1:25. 1835. 
 Paspalum Elliottii S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. 
 
 Ed. 6, 629. 1890. 
 Paspalum paspaloides Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 
 
 5: 29. 1894. 
 
 Culms i-2^ tall, erect, from an ex- 
 tensively creeping base, slender, glabrous. 
 Sheaths and leaves glabrous or pubescent, the 
 latter 2 / -g / long, 3 // -6 // wide, obtuse ; spikes 
 i^ / ~3^ / long, in pairs, or sometimes with 
 an additional one, near the summit of the 
 1-2 slender stalks, which are long-exserted 
 from the upper sheath ; rachis flat, about W 
 wide, scabrous on the margins, the inter- 
 nodes about equalling the spikelets in length ; 
 spikelets about 2 /x long, broadly lanceolate, 
 acute, not crowded ; outer scales 5-nerved, 
 glabrous, the back of the third scale turned 
 away from the rachis. 
 
 Moist ground, Maryland to Florida, west to 
 Texas. July-Aug. 
 
 9. AMPHICARPON Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 175. 1818. 
 
 Erect perennial grasses, with flat leaves and spikelets of two kinds ; one kind borne in 
 terminal panicles, deciduous without perfecting fruit ; the other solitary, terminating subter- 
 ranean peduncles, and maturing seed. Scales 3, membranous, the innermost subtending a 
 palet and a perfect flower ; the scales of the subterranean spikelets become indurated and 
 enclose the grain. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. [Greek, in allusion to the two kinds 
 of spikelets.] 
 
 Species 2, inhabiting the southeastern United States, one of them restricted to Florida. 
 
no 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 i. Amphicarpon Amphicarpon (Pursh) 
 Nash. Amphicarpon. (Fig. 238.) 
 
 Milium amphicarpon Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1:62. pi. 2. 
 
 1814. 
 
 Milium ciliatum Muhl. Gram. 77. 1817. 
 Amphicarpum Purshii Kunth, Rev. Gram. 28. 1829-35. 
 Amphicarpon Amphicarpon Nash, Mem. Torr. Club, 
 
 5: 352. 1894. 
 
 Culms erect, ^'-iS' tall, slender, glabrous. 
 Sheaths papillose-hirsute; ligule pilose ; leaves i / -6 / 
 long, 2 // -6' / wide, erect, acuminate, hirsute and 
 ciliate ; panicle linear, 4 / -6 / long, branches 3-4, erect, 
 bearing few spikelets ; spikelets about 2 /x long, ellip- 
 tic ; outer scales 5-nerved, membranous, glabrous ; 
 subterranean spikelets ovoid in fruit, about 3 /x long, 
 acute, the scales all becoming much indurated. 
 
 In moist pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida near the 
 coast. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 10. ERIOCHLOA H.B.K. Nov. Gen. i: 94. 1815. 
 
 [HELOPUS Trin. Fund. Agrost. 103. 1820.] 
 
 Perennial grasses with flat leaves, and short-pedicelled spikelets borne in secund spikes, 
 which form a terminal panicle. Spikelets with an annular callus at the base and articulated 
 to the pedicel. Scales 3, the two outer membranous, acute, the inner one shorter, indurated 
 and subtending a palet and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose, 
 Grain free. [Greek, signifying wool-grass.] 
 Species about 5, in tropical and temperate countries. 
 
 i. Eriochloa punctata (L.) W. Hamilt. 
 Dotted Millet. (Fig. 239.) 
 
 Milium punctatum L,. Amoen. Acad. 5: 392. 1759. 
 Eriochloa polystachya H.B.K. Nov. Gen. i: 95. pi. jr. 
 
 1815- 
 Eriochloa punctata W. Hamilt. Prodr. PI. Ind. Occ. 5. 
 
 1825. 
 
 Culms erect or ascending, i-3 tall, glabrous. 
 Sheaths glabrous or sometimes pubescent; ligule a 
 fringe of short white hairs ; leaves 2 / -io / long, 2 X/ - 
 3 /x wide, acuminate, glabrous or pubescent ; spikes 
 4-25, i / -2 / long, sessile or nearly so ; rachis pubes- 
 cent ; spikelets about 2" long, ovate-lanceolate, 
 acuminate ; outer scales pubescent with appressed 
 silky hairs, the first a little exceeding the second, 
 the third about \" long, rounded at the apex and 
 bearing a pubescent awn about }/z" long. 
 
 Kansas to Texas and Mexico. Widely distributed 
 in tropical America. 
 
 ii. SYNTHERISMA Walt. Fl. Car. 76. 1788. 
 [DIGITARIA Scop. Fl. Carn. Ed. 2, i: 52. 1772. Not Heist. 1763.] 
 
 Annual grasses with flat leaves, and spikelets borne in pairs or sometimes in 3's, in 
 secund spikes which are digitate or approximate at the summit of the culm. Spikes often 
 purplish. Scales of the spikelet 4, sometimes 3 by the suppression of the lowest one ; the 
 fourth or innermost scale chartaceous, subtending a palet of similar texture and a perfect 
 flower. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. [GreeU, crop-making, in allusion to its abundance.] 
 
 About 20 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. 
 Rachis flat, broadly winged; spikes narrowly linear. 
 
 Spikelets i^"-iH" long; second scale about one-half as long; first minute, rarely wanting. 
 
 1. S. sail"!! inalis. 
 Spikelets about i" long; second scale about as long; first scale wanting, rarely present. 
 
 2. 5. linear is. 
 Rachis 3-angled, not winged; spikes filiform. 3. 5. filiformis. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. m 
 
 i. Syntherisma sanguinalis (L,.) Nash. Large Crab-grass Finger-grass. 
 
 (Fig. 240.) 
 
 Panicum sanguinale L. Sp. PI. 57- : 753- 
 
 Digitaria sanguinalis Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, i: 52. 
 
 1772. 
 
 Svntherisma praecox Walt. Fl. Car. 76. 1788. 
 Paspalum sanguinale \JXSXL. Tabl. Encycl. i: 176. 1791. 
 Svntherisma Sanguinalis Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 
 
 420. 1895. 
 
 Culms erect or decumbent, often rooting at the 
 lower nodes, i-3 long, smooth. Sheaths glab- 
 rous or pubescent ; leaves 2 / -6 / long, 2 // -4 // wide, 
 acuminate, glabrous or more or less pubescent ; 
 spikes 3-10, narrowly linear, 2 / -6 / long, digitate 
 or in approximate whorls at the summit of the 
 culm; rachis flat, winged; spikelets lX"-I#" 
 long, in pairs, one sessile or nearly so, acute, 
 lanceolate ; first scale minute, rarely wanting, 
 second one-third to one-half as long as the spikelet. 
 
 In cultivated or waste places, throughout North 
 America, except the extreme north. Naturalized from 
 Europe. Widely distributed as a weed in all cultivated 
 regions. July-Aug. 
 
 2. Syntherisma linearis (Krock.) Nash. Small Crab-grass. (Fig. 241.) 
 
 Panicum lineare Krock. Fl. Sil. i: 95. 1787. 
 Syntherisma serotina Walt. Fl. Car. 76. 1788. 
 Digitaria linmifusa Pers. Syn. i: 85. 1805. 
 Syntherisma glabra Schrad. Fl. Germ, i: 163. 1806. 
 Paspalum ambiguum DC. Fl. Gall. 123. 1806. 
 Panicum glabrum Gaud. Agrost. i: 22. 1811. 
 Syntherisma linearis Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 420. 
 
 1895- 
 
 Culms erect or decumbent, i /2-2 long, smooth 
 and glabrous. Sheaths and leaves glabrous, the 
 latter i / -3 / long, i // -2 // wide, acuminate ; spikes 
 2-4, 2 / -4 / long, narrowly linear, digitate or ap- 
 proximate at the summit of the culm ; rachis flat, 
 winged ; spikelets about \" long, in pairs, some- 
 times in 3's, one of them sessile or nearly so, el- 
 liptic, acute ; first scale rarely present, second and 
 third as long as the fourth. 
 
 In cultivated grounds and waste places, Nova Scotia 
 to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisi- 
 ana. Naturalized from Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 3. Syntherisma filiformis (L,.) Nash. Slender Finger-grass. (Fig. 242.) 
 
 Panicum filiforme L. Sp. PI. 57. 1753- 
 Paspalum filiforme Sw. Prodr. 22. 1788. 
 Syntherisma villosa Walt. Fl. Car. 77. 1788. 
 /)igilaria filiformis Muhl. Gram. 131. 1817. 
 Smtlifi-ixma filiformis Nash. Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 420. 
 "1895- 
 
 Culms erect, i-4 tall, slender, smooth. Sheaths 
 hirsute; leaves i / -8 / long, ^"-z" wide, erect, smooth 
 or scabrous; spikes 2-5, filiform, i / -5 / long, approxi- 
 mate at the summit of the culm, erect or nearly so ; 
 rachis 3-angled, very slender, not winged ; spikelets 
 2^"-i" long, elliptic, pubescent, in pairs, occasionally 
 in 3's, one sessile or short-pedicelled; first scale rarely 
 present; second three-fourths as long as or equalling 
 the third, which is equal in length to the fourth. 
 
 Dry sandy soil, Massachusetts to Michigan, south to 
 Florida, Nebraska and Texas. July-Sept. 
 
112 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 12. PANICUM L,. Sp. PI. 55. 1753. 
 
 Annuals or perennials of various habit, foliage and inflorescence. Spikelets i-2-flow- 
 ered, when 2-flowered the lower one statninate only. Scales 4, the 3 lower membranous, 
 empty, or the third with a stamiuate flower, varying in the same species; the inner or fourth 
 scale chartaceous, shining, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Awns 
 none, except in Nos. I and 2. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, 
 enclosed in the hardened fruiting scale and palet. [Old Latin name for some grass, prob- 
 ably the cultivated Sorghum, referring to its panicle, taken from Pliny.] 
 
 About 300 species, in temperate and tropical regions. The geographic distribution of many of 
 our species is not well ascertained. The old English name Panic or Panic-grass, is often applied 
 to any of the species. 
 
 Panicle oblong to ovoid; spike-like branches sessile, more or less spreading; spikelets in 2-4 rows, 
 secund; third scale, and sometimes the second and first, awn-pointed or awned. 
 
 Sheaths smooth; culms 2-4 tall; fourth scale ovate, abruptly pointed, i. P. Crus-galli. 
 
 Sheaths, at least the lower ones, hirsute; culms 4-6 tall; fourth scale ovate-lanceolate, 
 acuminate. 2. P. Walteri. 
 
 Panicle ovoid or oblong; primary branches spreading or ascending, secondary generally appressed, 
 
 occasionally divaricate, bearing numerous pointed spikelets not exceeding i^" in length. 
 Palet in the axil of the third scale conspicuous, enlarged, much exceeding the fourth scale; 
 
 spikelets open. 5. p. hians. 
 
 Palet in the axil of the third scale inconspicuous; spikelets closed. 
 
 Spikelets i^" long, curved. 6. P. rostratum. 
 
 Spikelets less than i^" long, straight or but slightly curved. 
 
 Culms stout; lateral panicles numerous; ligule short, naked or sparsely short-ciliate. 
 Spikelets about K" long, acute; secondary branches of mature panicle generally 
 
 appressed. 7. p. agrostidiforme. 
 
 Spikelets about i%" long, acuminate; secondary branches of the mature panicle 
 
 generally spreading or divaricate. 8. P. elongaium. 
 
 Culms slender, simple, or occasionally with a single lateral panicle; spikelets about 
 
 i" long, acuminate; ligule short, pilose. . 9. P. longifolium. 
 
 Branches of the panicle single, in pairs or fascicled, simple or subdivided, naked below; spikelets 
 
 on slender pedicels. 
 
 Basal leaves, or those near the base, much shorter and broader than the upper culm leaves; 
 spikelets turgid, obtuse or acutish; panicle not over 6' in length, generally much smaller. 
 Culm leaves broad, cordate and clasping at base. 
 Spikelets less than i" long. 
 
 Leaves erect or ascending, 2'-4' long; sheaths generally shorter than the inter- 
 nodes. 10. P. sphaerocarpon. 
 Leaves widely spreading, 5' -8' long; sheaths longer than the internodes. 
 
 ii. P. microcarpon. 
 Spikelets i" or more long. 
 
 Sheaths smooth, glabrous or softly pubescent. 
 
 Nodes strongly barbed; sheaths and leaves generally softly pubescent; spike- 
 lets elliptic, 2"-2^" long. 12. P. Porterianum. 
 Nodes, at least the upper ones, naked; sheaths glabrous. 
 
 Spikelets about i long, elliptic. 13. P. commuiatum. 
 
 Spikelets iK"-2" long, oval to obovoid; leaves generally ciliate. 
 
 14. P. macr'ocarpon. 
 Sheaths papillose -hispid; spikelets about i#" long; panicle generally much 
 
 included, sometimes long-exserted. 15. P. clandestinum. 
 
 Culm leaves lanceolate, rounded, truncate or subcordate at base, sometimes narrowed. 
 Spikelets i%"-2" long. 
 
 Panicle linear, loose; branches appressed. 16. P. xanthophysum. 
 
 Panicle ovoid to oblong, compact; branches more or less spreading. 
 
 Leaves spreading, 3"-6" wide; spikelets obovoid. 17. P. Scribnerianum. 
 Leaves erect, less than 2" wide, long-acuminate; spikelets elliptic. 
 
 1 8. P. Wilcoxiamim. 
 Spikelets less than iK" long. 
 
 Culm leaves 1-4, erect; culms mostly simple, never profusely branched late in the 
 
 season. ' 
 
 Sheaths and leaves glabrous. 19. P. boreale. 
 
 Sheaths and leaves pubescent. 20. P. laxiflorum. 
 
 Culm leaves generally numerous, usually spreading; culms simple early in the 
 
 season, later profusely branched. 
 
 Spikelets about 1 A" long. 21. P. nitidum. 
 
 Spikelets about i" long. 
 Sheaths glabrous. 
 
 Nodes naked, or the lower sometimes sparingly barbed ; spikelets about 
 
 i" long. 22. P. dichotomum. 
 
 Nodes barbed; spikelets about K" long. 23. P. barbulatum. 
 
 Sheaths pubescent. 
 
 Primary panicle 3' -6' long; spikelets fully i" long, primary culm leaves 
 
 4' -7' long. 24. P. viscidum. 
 
 Primary panicle 3' or less long; spikelets hardly i" long; primary culm 
 
 leaves less than 4' long. 25. P. pubescens. 
 
 Culm leaves long and very narrow, sometimes involute. 
 
 Leaves elongated, crowded at base, half as long as or equalling the culm; secondary 
 
 panicles borne on short basal branches. 26. P. depauperatum. 
 
 Leaves long and narrow, distributed along the culms, which are profusely branched 
 
 above late in the season. 27. P. angustifolium. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 113 
 
 Tiasal leaves and those of the culm the same, generally elongated; spikelets acute or acumi- 
 nate. 
 
 Spikelets 2" long or more. 
 Sheaths glabrous. 
 
 Panicle usually i long or more; branches spreading; leaves i long or more, flat. 
 
 28. P. virgatum. 
 Panicle i long or less; branches erect or appressed; leaves 6'-i long, involute on 
 
 the margins, at least at the apex, thick, glaucous. 29. P. amarum. 
 
 Sheaths papillose-pubescent. 30. P. miliaceum. 
 
 Spikelets i%" long or less. 
 
 Culms stout, finally decumbent and much branched, with lateral panicles from all the 
 
 upper sheaths. 
 
 Sheaths glabrous. 31. P. proliferum. 
 
 Sheaths pubescent. 32. P. capillare. 
 
 Culms slender, erect or decumbent, branched only at base. 
 
 Spikelets i"-i^" long, generally single on the ultimate divisions of the panicle. 
 Panicle narrow; branches erect, the lower ones about 3' long; axils naked. 
 
 33. P. flexile. 
 Panicle at length diffuse; branches 4-8 long; axils bearded. 
 
 34. P. autumnale. 
 Spikelets less than i" long, in pairs. 
 
 Spikelets smooth, elliptic, acute. 35. P. minus. 
 
 Spikelets warty, obovoid, acutish. 36. P. verrucosum, 
 
 Panicle linear; branches appressed; second scale of spikelet obtuse, gibbous at base. 
 
 37. P. gihbum. 
 
 i. Panicum Crus-galli L,. Barnyard Grass. Cockspur Grass. (Fig. 243.) 
 
 Panicum Crus-galli L- Sp. PI. 56. 1753. 
 
 Culms 2-4 tall, often branching at base. 
 Sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves 6'-2 long, 
 X /-I/ wide, glabrous, smooth or scabrous ; panicle 
 composed of 5-15 sessile erect or ascending 
 branches, or the lower branches spreading or re- 
 flexed; spikelets ovate, green or purple, densely 
 crowded in 2-4 rows on one side of the rachis; 
 second and third scales about \y z " long, scabrous 
 or hispid, the third scale more or less awned, 
 empty, the fourth ovate, abruptly pointed. 
 
 In cultivated and waste places, throughout North 
 America except the extreme north. Widely distrib- 
 uted as a weed in all cultivated regions. Naturalized 
 from Europe. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 Panicum colonum I,., a southern species, related to 
 this, but with awnless scales, has been found in south- 
 eastern Virginia, too late for illustration here. (See 
 Appendix. ) 
 
 2. Panicum Waited Pursh. Salt-marsh 
 Cockspur Grass. (Fig. 244. ) 
 
 Panicum hirtellum Walt. Fl. Car. 72. 1788. Not All. 
 
 1785- 
 
 Pamcum Walteri Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i: 66. 1814. 
 Panicum hispidum Muhl. Gram. 107. 1817. 
 Panicum Crus-galli var. hispidum Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 
 
 424. 1843. 
 
 Culms 3-6 tall, robust, smooth. Sheaths, at 
 least the lower ones, papillose-hispid ; leaves i or 
 more long, J^'-i' wide, generally smooth beneath, 
 strongly scabrous above ; panicle 6 / -i8 / long, con- 
 sisting of 10-40 ascending or spreading branches; 
 spikelets ovate-lanceolate, densely crowded in 2-4 
 rows on one side of the scabrous and hispid rachis, 
 brownish purple; second and third scales about 
 \Y-t' f long, scabrous and hispid, tipped with up- 
 wardly barbed awns, sometimes 10-20 times their 
 length; fourth scale ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 
 
 In marshes and ditches, principally within the influ- 
 ence of salt water, Ontario to Rhode Island, Florida 
 and Louisiana. Aug.-Oct. 
 
GRAMINEAE. 
 
 3. Panicum digitarioides Carpenter. Narrow Panicum. (Fig. 245.) 
 
 Panicum carinatum Torr. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, i: 
 J 37- !835. Not Presl, 1830. 
 
 Panicum digifarioides Carpenter; Steud. Syn. PI. 
 Gram. 75. 1855. 
 
 Panicum Curtisii Chapm. Fl. S. States, 573. 1860. 
 Not Steud. 1855. 
 
 Glabrous, culms erect from a long and stout 
 creeping rootstock, 3-5 tall, simple, stout, 
 smooth. Sheaths smooth ; leaves 4 / -io / long, 4 // - 
 8" wide, long-acuminate ; panicle linear, 6 / -i2 /r 
 long, its branches 1'-$' long, erect ; spikelets about 
 iX /x long, ovate, acute; first scale about one-half as 
 long as the spikelet, acute, 3-nerved; second about 
 i /x long, 5-nerved and a little exceeded by the 
 3-nerved third one; the fourth 3-nerved, slightly 
 shorter than the third. 
 
 In water, Delaware to Florida and Texas. July-Aug. 
 
 4. Panicum obtusum H.B.K. Blunt Panicum. (Fig. 246.) 
 
 Panicum obtusum H.B.K. Nov. Gen. i: 98. 1815. 
 
 Glabrous, culms erect, i-2 tall, simple or 
 branching at base, smooth. Sheaths smooth ; 
 leaves 2^ / -9 / long, \ /f -^" wide, usually erect, 
 long-acuminate; panicle linear, 2 / -6 / long; branches 
 % v -i^ / long, appressed ; spikelets about \Yz ff 
 long, crowded, oval or obovoid, obtuse, turgid ; 
 first scale shorter than the rest, obtuse, 5-nerved; 
 second, third and fourth scales about equal, the 
 second and third 5-nerved, the fourth chartaceous. 
 
 Kansas to Arizona, south to Texas and Mexico. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 5. Panicum hians Ell. Gaping Panicum. 
 
 (Fig. 247.) 
 
 Panicum divaricatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 50. 1803. 
 Not I,. 1758. 
 
 Panicum melicarium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 50. 1803? 
 Panicum hians Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 118. 1817. 
 
 Glabrous, culms erect, i-2> tall, generally simple, 
 sometimes creeping at base, smooth. Leaves 3 / -5 / long, 
 i "-3" wide, acuminate, generally erect; panicle 3'-8' 
 long; branches few, generally spreading, the longer ones 
 often drooping, the lower naked below the middle ; spike- 
 lets about \ ff long; fourth scale exceeded by the third 
 and its usually empty palet which is much enlarged, 
 generally forcing the spikelet wide open. 
 
 In moist ground, North Carolina to Missouri, south to 
 Florida and Texas. Aug.-Sept. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 6. Panicum rostratum Muhl. Beaked Panicum. (Fig. 248.) 
 
 Panicum anceps Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 48. 1803? 
 Panicum rostratum Muhl. Gram. 121. 1817. 
 
 Culms erect from a creeping scaly branched root- 
 stock, i)4 ~5 tall, much branched, compressed, 
 stout, smooth. Sheaths compressed, glabrous, or 
 the lower ones pubescent ; leaves i long or more, 
 2 // ~5 // wide, acuminate ; ligule very short ; panicles 
 pyramidal, 6 / -i2 / long; axis and ascending branches 
 scabrous ; spikelets i^" long, crowded, lanceo- 
 late, acuminate, curved, longer than the scabrous 
 pedicels ; first scale less than one-half as long as 
 the spikelet ; second scale about \y 2 /f long, curved 
 at the apex, scabrous above on the middle nerve; 
 third scale usually subtending a small empty palet. 
 
 Moist soil, New Jersey to Illinois and Missouri, 
 south to Florida and Texas. July-Sept. 
 
 7. Panicum agrostidiforme Lam. Agrostis-like Panicum. (Fig. 249.) 
 
 Panicum agrostidiforme L,am. Tabl. Encycl. i: 172. 
 
 1791. 
 
 Panicum agrostoides Trin. Unifl. 212. 1826. Not 
 
 Muhl. 1817. 
 
 Culms erect, i%-2. tall, much branched, com- 
 pressed, smooth. Sheaths compressed, glabrous, 
 or sometimes hairy at the throat ; ligule very short, 
 naked ; leaves i long or more, 2 // -4 // wide, acum- 
 inate ; panicles pyramidal, 4 / -i2 / long, terminating 
 the culm and branches ; primary branches of the 
 panicle spreading, secondary generally appressed ; 
 spikelets }" long, acute, straight ; first scale 
 3-nerved, acute ; second and third scales 5-nerved, 
 about twice as long as the first and longer than the 
 oval fourth scale, which is slightly stalked; small 
 palet of third scale usually empty. 
 
 Wet ground, Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida 
 and Texas. July-Sept. 
 
 8. Panicum elongatum Pursh. Long Panicum. (Fig. 250.) 
 
 Panicum elongatum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 69. 1814. 
 Panicum agrostoides Muhl. Gram. 119. 1817. 
 
 Culms erect, 3-5 tall, much branched, stout, 
 compressed, smooth. Sheaths smooth and glab- 
 rous, compressed ; leaves i long or more, 2 // -4 // 
 wide, acuminate, scabrous ; panicles pyramidal, 
 terminating the culm and branches, 4 / -i2 / long ; 
 primary branches spreading or ascending, the sec- 
 ondary usually divaricate ; spikelets about 1%" 
 long, crowded, acuminate ; first scale acute or 
 acuminate, one-third the length of the equal and 
 acuminate second and third; fourth scale narrowly 
 elliptic, about one-half as long as the third and 
 raised on a delicate stalk about %" long. 
 
 Moist soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Ken- 
 tucky, Tennessee and North Carolina. July-Sept. 
 
Il6 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 9. Panicum longifolium Torr. Long-leaved Panicum. (Fig. 251.) 
 Panicum longifolium Torr. Fl. U. S. 149. 1824. 
 
 Culms erect, i-2 tall, slender, simple, or occa- 
 sionally with a single lateral panicle, flattened, 
 smooth and glabrous. Sheaths smooth and glab- 
 rous ; leaves 8 / -i2 / long, i // -2 // wide, acuminate 
 into a long, slender point, rough, glabrous ; 
 ligule short, pilose ; panicles 5 / -9 / long ; primary 
 branches long and slender, spreading, secondary 
 very short, appressed, generally bearing 1-3 spike- 
 lets ; spikelets i // long, acuminate; first scale acute 
 about one-half as long as the acuminate second 
 one ; third scale equalling the second, acuminate, 
 one-third longer than the elliptic obtuse fourth one. 
 
 This seems to be a well-marked species. Its slender 
 simple very much flattened culms, the long and nar- 
 row leaves, and the long slender branches of the pan- 
 icle bearing the sp_ikelets almost racemosely, abund- 
 antly distinguish it from any others of this group. 
 Moist soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 IO. 
 
 Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell. Round-fruited Panicum. (Fig. 252.) 
 
 Panicum sphaerocarpon EH. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 125. 
 
 1817. 
 
 Culms generally erect, simple or somewhat 
 branched at base, io x -2 tall, smooth, or the nodes 
 sometimes pubescent. Sheaths usually shorter 
 than the internodes, glabrous, the margins ciliate ; 
 leaves 2 / -4 / long, 2 // -7 // wide, acuminate, cordate- 
 clasping at base, scabrous above, smooth beneath, 
 the margins cartilaginous and minutely serrulate, 
 ciliate towards the base; panicle ovoid, 2 / -4 / long ; 
 spikelets less than \" long, nearly spherical or 
 somewhat longer than thick, obtuse, purple ; 
 first scale broadly ovate, obtuse; third and fourth 
 scales three to four times as long as the first, subor- 
 bicular, 7-nerved; fourth scale oval, obtuse, ^ /x 
 long; palet of third scale usually empty. 
 
 Dry soil, southern Ontario, New York and Mis- 
 souri, to Florida, Texas and Mexico. July-Sept. 
 
 ii. Panicum microcarpon Muhl. Small-fruited Panicum. (Fig. 253.) 
 
 Panicum microcarpon Muhl. Gram. in. 1817. 
 
 Culms generally erect, 2-3 tall, simple, smooth. 
 Sheaths smooth, glabrous, longer than the inter- 
 nodes ; ligule none ; leaves 5 / -8 / long, l /i f -\' wide, 
 long-acuminate, smooth, cordate-clasping and spar- 
 ingly ciliate at the base ; panicle s'-S' long, ovoid 
 to oblong in outline ; branches slender, ascending ; 
 spikelets "%" long, obovoid to nearly spherical, 
 numerous ; first scale minute, second and third 
 about equal, 7-nerved, puberulent, the fourth 
 white and shining; palet of third scale usually 
 empty. 
 
 Woods and along thickets, southern New York to 
 Pennsylvania and Michigan, south to Florida, Louisi- 
 ana, Nebraska and Texas. July-Sept. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 117 
 
 12. Panicum Porterianum Nash. Porter's Panicum. (Fig. 254.) 
 
 Panicum latifolium Walt. Fl. Car. 73. 1788. Not L- 
 
 1753- 
 Panicum Walteri Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 282. 
 
 1816. Not Pursh, 1814. 
 Panicum latifolium var. molle Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 
 
 3: 33. 1892. Not P. molle Sw. 1788. 
 Panicum Porterianum Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 420. 
 
 1895- 
 
 Culms erect, i-2 tall, simple or somewhat dicho- 
 tomously branched above, the nodes densely barbed. 
 Sheaths generally softly pubescent ; leaves ovate to 
 broadly lanceolate, 2 / -4 / long, Yz f -\]^ f wide, cordate- 
 clasping at base, acute, usually softly pubescent ; pan- 
 icle included or somewhat exserted ; branches spread- 
 ing or ascending, bearing few elliptic short-pedicelled 
 appressed spikelets 2 // -2}^ // long ; first scale one-third 
 to one-half as long as the pubescent and equal second 
 and third ones ; fourth scale about as long as the third. 
 
 In woods, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, south to 
 Florida and Texas. June-Aug. 
 
 13. Panicum commutatum Schultes. Variable Panicum. (Fig. 255.) 
 
 Panicum nervosum Muhl. Gram. 116. 1817? Not 
 
 Lam. 1797. 
 Panicum commutatum Schultes, Mant. 2: 242. 1824. 
 
 Culms erect, i-2 tall, rather slender, glabrous, 
 or pubescent especially at the nodes, simple, finally 
 dichotomously branched above. Sheaths glabrous 
 or puberulent, generally ciliate ; leaves 2 / -4 / long, 
 X'- 1 ' wide, sparingly ciliate at the base, acute, 
 glabrous or puberulent, those of the branches gen- 
 erally broader and more crowded than those of the 
 main stem ; panicle 2 / -5 / long, lax, the branches 
 spreading; spikelets i // -iX // long, ellipsoid; first 
 scale about one-fourth as long as the spikelet, i- 
 nerved ; second and third scales equal, 7-nerved, 
 pubescent ; fourth scale oval, obtuse, apiculate, 
 about \" long; palet of third scale usually empty. 
 
 In dry woods and thickets, New York to Kentucky, 
 south to Florida and Texas. June-Aug. 
 
 14. Panicum macrocarpon I^e Conte. 
 Large-fruited Panicum. (Fig. 256.) 
 
 Panicum macrocarpon Le Conte; Torr. Cat. 91. 1819. 
 Culms i-3 tall, erect, simple or somewhat 
 branched above, smooth; the nodes, at least the 
 upper ones, naked. Sheaths smooth and glabrous, 
 ciliate; leaves 3 / -7 / long, 9 // -i - J^ / wide, cordate- 
 clasping at base, acuminate, smooth and glabrous 
 or nearly so on both surfaces, ciliate ; panicle 3 / -6 / 
 l n g generally long-exserted, rarely included, its 
 branches more or less ascending ; spikelets i _J^ // -2 // 
 long, turgid, oval to obovoid ; second and third 
 scales broadly oval, obtuse, g-nerved, pubescent, 
 the fourth oval, rather acute, i^" long. 
 
 The more simple culms, glabrous sheaths, leaves and 
 nodes and the turgid spikelets readily distinguish this 
 species from either P. Porterianum or P. clandesti- 
 num. Moist places, Vermont to New York, New 
 Jersey and Pennsylvania. July-Aug. 
 
Ii8 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 15. Panicum clandestinum L,. Hispid Panicum. (Fig. 257.) 
 
 Panicum clandestinum L. Sp. PI. 58. 1753. 
 Panicum pedunculattim Torr. Fl. U. S. 141. 1824. 
 
 Culms erect or ascending, i)4~4 tall, rather 
 stout, simple at first, much branched later in the 
 season. Sheaths longer than the internodes, much 
 crowded on the branches, papillose- hispid, especi- 
 ally the upper ones; leaves 2 / -8 / long, X / ~ I X / 
 wide, cordate-clasping at base, acuminate, smooth 
 and glabrous, the margins ciliate at base ; primary 
 panicle sometimes long-exserted ; panicles of the 
 branches below included in the sheaths, rarely 
 slightly exserted; spikelets \"-\W loog, ellipsoid; 
 first scale about one-third as long as the spikelet; 
 second and third oval, acutish, g-nerved, the fourth 
 oval, obtuse, apiculate, whitish, shining. 
 
 In thickets, Quebec to Michigan, south to Georgia, 
 Missouri and Texas. June-July. 
 
 16. Panicum xanthophysum A. Gray. 
 
 Slender Panicum. (Fig. 258.) 
 
 Panicum xanthophysum A. Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 
 233- 1835. 
 
 Culms erect, i-2 tall, simple. Sheaths spar- 
 ingly papillose-pubescent; ligule very short; leaves 
 3 / -6 / long, }/T, r -}i f wide, rounded at base, long- 
 acuminate, erect, smooth and glabrous; panicle 
 long-exserted, linear, i^ 7 -^ long, its branches ap- 
 pressed ; spikelets few, about i^" long, obovoid, 
 pubescent or glabrate; first scale about one-half as 
 long as the nearly equal obtuse second and third; 
 fourth scale indurated and shining, elliptic or oval. 
 
 Dry soil, Maine and Ontario to Manitoba, south to 
 New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Plant light green, 
 becoming yellowish in drying. June-Aug. 
 
 17. Panicum Scribnerianum Nash. Scribner's Panicum. (Fig. 259.) 
 
 * Panicum scoparium var. minor Scribn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. 
 
 7: 48. 1894. Not P. capillare var. minus Muhl. 1817. 
 Panicum scoparium S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 632. 
 
 1890. Not Lam. 1797. 
 Panicum pauciflorum A. Gray, Man. 613. 1848. Not 
 
 Ell. 1817. 
 Panicum Scribnerianum Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 421. 
 
 1895- 
 
 Culms erect, 6'-2 tall, simple or late in the season 
 dichotomously branched above, sparingly pubescent. 
 Sheaths strongly papillose-hispid, sometimes glabrate ; 
 leaves 2 / ~4 / long, 3 // -6 // wide, rounded or truncate at 
 base, acuminate, more or less spreading, smooth above, 
 scabrous beneath ; panicles small, the primary one ex- 
 serted, ovoid, iX / ~3 / l n R> tne secondary ones much 
 smaller and more or less included ; branches of the 
 primary panicle spreading, 8 x/ -i y 2 ' long, often 
 flexuous ; spikelets turgid, obovoid, about i%" long. 
 
 In dry or moist soil, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, 
 south to Virginia, Kansas and Arizona. June-Aug. 
 
i8. Panicum Wilcoxianum Vasey. 
 cox's Panicum. (Fig. 260.) 
 
 GRASS FAMILY. 
 Wil- 
 
 119 
 
 Panicum Wilcoxianum Vasey, 
 Agric. Bot. Div. 8: 32. 1889. 
 
 Bull. U. S. Dept. 
 
 Culms erect, 6 / -io / tall, sparingly pubescent. 
 Sheaths papillose-pubescent ; ligule a ring of hairs ; 
 leaves i^'-s' long, less than 2 /x wide, long-acum- 
 inate, strongly pubescent with long hairs ; panicle 
 about i l /z r long, oblong to ovoid, compact ; branches 
 less than \' long, spreading or ascending, flexuous ; 
 spikelets about iX // long, ellipsoid; first scale 
 about one-quarter as long as the spikelet ; second 
 and third scales about equal, pubescent ; fourth 
 scale about as long as the third, obtuse. 
 
 In dry soil, Nebraska. July-Aug. 
 
 19. Panicum boreale Nash. Northern Panicum. (Fig. 261.) 
 
 Panicum boreale Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 421. 1895. 
 
 Culms at first erect and simple, i-2 tall, later 
 decumbent and somewhat branched, smooth and 
 glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, 
 usually smooth, ciliate ; ligule short, ciliate ; leaves 
 3 / ~5 / long, X / ~X / wide, erect, truncate or rounded 
 at the sparsely ciliate base, acuminate ; panicle 2'- 
 4 X long, ovoid, its branches i / -2 / long, spreading or 
 ascending ; spikelets \ ff long, about equalling the 
 pedicels, ellipsoid, somewhat pubescent ; first scale 
 ovate, obtuse, about one-third as long as the spike- 
 let ; second and third scales oblong-ovate, 7-nerved, 
 pubescent, equalling the fourth, which is oval, 
 acute, and slightly more than %." long; palet of 
 third scale usually empty. 
 
 Moist soil, Newfoundland and Ontario to New York, 
 Vermont and Minnesota. Summer. 
 
 20. Panicum laxifldrum Lam. L,ax- flowered Panicum. (Fig. 262.) 
 
 Panicum laxiflorum I<am. Fncycl. 4; 748. 1797. 
 
 Culms erect, S'-iS' tall, simple, pubescent or glab- 
 rate. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, hirsute; 
 leaves 2> / -5 / long, 2 // -5 // wide, erect, generally nar- 
 rowed at base, long-acuminate, pubescent or glabrate ; 
 panicle 2 / -4 / long, its axis and erect or spreading 
 branches sometimes hirsute ; spikelets about \" long, 
 ellipsoid or narrowly obovoid, strongly pubescent ; 
 first scale minute, i-nerved ; second and third about 
 equal, g-nerved, very pubescent, as long as the shining 
 obtuse minutely apiculate fourth one ; third scale 
 usually with an empty palet. 
 
 Moist soil, Virginia to Kentucky, south to Florida. 
 Also reported from much further north. It has been con- 
 founded with the preceding species. June-Aug. 
 
I2O 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 21. Panicum nitidum Lam. Shining Panicum. (Fig. 263.) 
 
 Panicum nitidum Lam. Encycl. 4: 748. 1797. 
 
 Culms at first simple, ^'-iS' tall, later profusely 
 dichotomously branched, 2-3 long. Sheaths glab- 
 rous to pubescent ; ligule pilose ; leaves glabrous to 
 sparingly hirsute, truncate or slightly rounded at base, 
 the primary ones i'-$ f long, \ ]&"-$" wide, erect, 
 those of the branches ^ / -i / long, i x/ wide or less ; 
 primary panicle long-exserted, \'-2 f long, ovoid, 
 those of the branches smaller and exceeded by the 
 leaves ; spikelets about y^" long, obovoid, pubescent, 
 usually purple; first scale about one-third as long as 
 thespikelet, i-nerved; second and third scales broadly 
 oval or orbicular, 7-nerved, shining ; fourth scale 
 minutely apiculate, l /t' f long. 
 
 Common in dry sandy soil, in the Eastern and Middle 
 States, and probably much more widely distributed. 
 June-Aug. 
 
 22. Panicum dichotomum L,. Forked Panicum. (Fig. 264.) 
 
 Panicum dichotomum I,. Sp. PI. 58. 1753. 
 Panicum ramulosum Michx. Fl. Bbr. Am. i: 50. 
 
 1803. 
 
 Smooth and glabrous, or the lower nodes barbed, 
 culms erect, X-2 tall, at first simple, later pro- 
 fusely dichotomously branched at about the middle. 
 Leaves light green, widely spreading, generally 
 much narrowed toward the base, the primary 
 ones distant, 2 / ~3 / long, 2 // -3 // wide, those of 
 the branches i' long or less, X //-I// wide, some- 
 times involute ; primary panicle usually long- 
 exserted, i / -2 / long; branches lax, spreading, 
 bearing few spikelets ; secondary panicles smaller, 
 not exceeding the leaves, their branches with very 
 few spikelets ; spikelets about i x/ long, ellipsoid, 
 glabrous. 
 
 In woodlands and thickets, New York to Kentucky, 
 Missouri and southward. June-July. 
 
 Panicum barbulatum Michx. Barbed Panicum. (Fig. 265.) 
 
 Panicum barbulatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 49. 
 1803. 
 
 Culms at first simple, erect, 2-3 tall, later pro- 
 fusely branched for their whole length, 3-4 long, 
 prostrate or leaning, the nodes strongly barbed. 
 Leaves smooth and glabrous, generally truncate or 
 rounded at the base, the primary ones $'-' long, 
 about y 2 f wide, widely spreading, the lower ones 
 usually reflexed, those of the branches - ^ / -2 / long, 
 i // -2 // wide ; primary panicle 3 / -5 / long, exserted, 
 ovoid, its branches ascending, rigid ; secondary 
 panicles smaller, lax, not exceeding the leaves, the 
 branches bearing few spikelets ; spikelets about 
 "% fr long, ellipsoid, purple, glabrous; first scale 
 about one-third as long as the spikelet, acute. 
 
 Moist soil, New York to Tennessee, south to Florida 
 and Texas. June-Aug. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 121 
 
 24. Panicum viscidum Ell. Velvety Panicum. (Fig. 266.) 
 
 Panicum scoparium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 49. 1803. f 
 
 Not Lam. 1797. 
 Panicum viscidum EH. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 123. pi. 7. 
 
 / J. 1817- 
 
 Culms erect, 2-4 tall, simple or at length much 
 branched above, villous. Sheaths shorter than the 
 internodes, villous; leaves generally narrowed, some- 
 times rounded or truncate at base, softly pubescent, 
 those of the culm 4 / -7 / long, 5 // -8 // wide, distant, those 
 of the branches i / -2^ / long, 2 // ~5 // wide, crowded ; 
 primary panicle 3 / -6 / long, ovoid, branches ascending; 
 secondary panicles much smaller, not exceeding the 
 leaves ; spikelets ovoid to oval, about i^" l n g> P u ~ 
 bescent ; first scale broadly ovate, about one-fourth as 
 long as the spikelet ; second and third scales nearly 
 orbicular, g-nerved, pubescent, the fourth oval, apicu- 1 
 late, \" long. 
 
 Moist soil, New Jersey to Indiana and the Indian Terri- 
 tory, south to Florida and Texas. Not viscid. June-Aug. 
 
 Panicum pubescens L,am. Hairy Panicum. (Fig. 267.) 
 
 Panicum pubescens I^am. Encycl. 4: 748. 1797. 
 Panicum lanuginosum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 123. 
 
 1817. 
 
 Culms at first erect and simple, later profusely 
 branched and leaning or ascending, glabrous or pu- 
 bescent. Sheaths hirsute to villous, often papillose ; 
 leaves rounded, truncate or often narrowed at the 
 base, pubescent or glabrate, generally more or less 
 spreading, those of the culm 2 / -3 / long, those of the 
 branches much shorter; primary panicles less than 3' 
 long, ovoid, their branches ascending ; lateral pan- 
 icles much smaller, not exceeding the leaves ; spike- 
 lets hardly \" long, pubescent. 
 
 In dry soil, common in the Eastern and Middle States, 
 its western and southern range undetermined. June-Aug. 
 
 Panicum lanuginosum Ell., here regarded as referable to 
 this species, may prove to be distinct. 
 
 26. Panicum depauperatum Muhl. Starved Panicum. (Fig. 268.) 
 
 Panicum strictum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 69. 
 R. Br. 1812. 
 
 1814. Not 
 
 Panicum depauperalum Muhl. Gram. 112. 1817. 
 Panicum involutum Torr. Fl. U. S. 124. 1824. 
 
 Culms erect, i tall or less, simple or branched at 
 base. Sheaths glabrous to hirsute ; leaves erect, 
 elongated, ^ // -2 // wide, mostly crowded at base and 
 equalling or one-half as long as the culm, the upper 
 culm leaf often much exceeding the panicle ; primary 
 panicle generally much exserted from the upper 
 sheath, 1'-$' long, usually linear, its branches mostly 
 erect ; secondary panicles on very short basal branches 
 and often concealed by the lower leaves ; spikelets 
 about \y 2 " long. 
 
 In dry places, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Florida 
 and Texas. June-Sept. 
 
122 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 27. Panicum angustifolium Ell. Narrow-leaved Panicum. (Fig. 269.) 
 
 Panicum angustifolium Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 129. 1817. 
 Panicum consanguineum S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 
 6, 633, in part. 1890. Not Kunth, 1835. 
 
 Culms erect, i-2 tall, glabrous, at first simple, 
 later profusely branched above. Sheaths glabrous or 
 the basal ones pubescent, those on the culm shorter 
 than the internodes, those on the branches crowded ; 
 leaves elongated, i // -3 // wide, narrowed to the base, 
 firm, glabrous, those of the culm distant, those of the 
 branches shorter and crowded ; primary panicle long- 
 exserted, i'-3 x long, its branches ascending or erect ; 
 lateral panicles smaller, shorter than the leaves ; 
 spikelets few, about i%" long, elliptic to obovoid; 
 first scale one-fourth to one-third as long as the spike- 
 let; second and third oval, g-nerved, pubescent; fourth 
 oval, minutely pubescent at the apex. 
 
 Dry soil, North Carolina to Missouri, south to Florida 
 and Texas. June-Aug. 
 
 28. Panicum virgatum L,. Tall Smooth Panicum. (Fig. 270. ) 
 
 Panicum virgatum I,. Sp. PI. 59. 1753. 
 
 Culms erect from a creeping rootstock, 3-5 tall, 
 glabrous. Sheaths smooth and glabrous ; leaves elon- 
 gated, i or more long, 3 // -6 // wide, flat, long-acumin- 
 ate, narrowed toward the base, glabrous, rough on 
 the margins ; panicle 6 / -2o / long, the lower branches 
 4 / -io / long, more or less widely spreading or sometimes 
 nearly erect ; spikelets ovate, acuminate, 2 // -2X // 
 long ; first scale acuminate, about one-half as long as 
 the spikelet, 3~5-nerved ; second scale generally 
 longer than the others, 5~7-nerved, the third similar 
 and usually subtending a palet and staminate flower; 
 fourth scale shining, shorter than the others. 
 
 In moist or dry soil, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, 
 south to Florida, Kansas and Texas. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 29. Panicum amarum Ell. Sea-beach Panicum. (Fig. 271.) 
 Panicum amarum EH. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 121. 1817. 
 
 Smooth and glabrous, glaucous, culms arising from 
 long branching rootstocks, i-3 tall, decumbent. 
 Sheaths overlapping; leaves 6 x -i long, 3 // -6 // wide, 
 long-acuminate, thick and leathery, involute on the 
 margins, at least toward the apex, the uppermost leaf 
 generally exceeding the panicle ; panicle linear, less 
 than i long, its branches erect ; spikelets 2X // ~3 // 
 long; first, second and third scales acuminate, the first 
 one-half to two-thirds as long as the spikelet, the third 
 somewhat longer than the second, usually with a palet 
 and staminate flower, the fourth elliptic, about \^" long. 
 
 On sea-beaches, Connecticut to Florida. Sept. -Nov. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 123 
 
 30. Panicum miliaceum I,. 
 
 (Fig. 272.) 
 
 Millet. 
 
 Panicum miliaceum L,. Sp. PI. 58. 1753. 
 
 Culms erect or decumbent, rather stout, i or more 
 tall, glabrous or hirsute. Sheaths papillose-hirsute ; 
 leaves s'-io' long, l /$'-i f wide, more or less pubes- 
 cent ; panicle rather dense, ^-lo' long; branches erect 
 or ascending ; spikelets 2 / '~2 l /2 // long, acuminate ; 
 first scale about two-thirds as long as thespikelet, acum- 
 inate, s-j-nerved ; second scale 2 // -2^ // long, acum- 
 inate, i.vnerved, somewhat exceeding the y-i3-nerved 
 acuminate third one, which subtends an empty palet; 
 fourth scale shorter than the third, becoming indu- 
 rated, obtuse. 
 
 In waste places, Maine to New York, New Jersey and 
 Pennsylvania. Adventive from the Old World. July-Sept. 
 
 *^ 
 
 Panicum proliferum L,am. Spreading Panicum. (Fig. 273.) 
 
 Panicum proliferum I^am. Uncycl. 4: 747a. 1797. 
 Panicum geniculatum Muhl. Gram. 123. 1817. 
 
 Culms at first erect, i-2 tall, simple, later de- 
 cumbent and geniculate, 4-6 long, branched at all 
 the upper nodes. Sheaths loose, glabrous, some- 
 what flattened; ligule ciliate ; leaves 6'-2 long, 
 2 // -io // wide, long-acuminate, scabrous on the mar- 
 gins and occasionally on the nerves; panicle pyra- 
 midal, 4 / -i6 / long, lower branches 3 / -6 / long, at 
 length widely spreading; spikelets i // -i^ // long, 
 crowded, lanceolate, acute, glabrous, sometimes 
 purplish; first scale about one-fourth as long as the 
 spikelet, enclosing its base; second and third scales 
 about equal, acute, 5-y-nerved; fourth scale elliptic, 
 shining, somewhat shorter than or equalling the 
 third. 
 
 In wet soil, Maine to Pennsylvania and Nebraska, 
 south to Florida and Texas. July-Sept. 
 
 32. Panicum capillare L,. Witch Grass. 
 Tumble-weed. (Fig. 274.) 
 
 Panicum capillare L,. Sp. PI. 58. 1753. 
 
 Culms erect or decumbent, i-2 tall, simple or some- 
 times sparingly branched. Sheaths papillose-hirsute; 
 leaves 6'-: long, 3 // -8 // wide, more or less pubescent; 
 terminal panicle generally 8'-i4' long, lower branches 
 at first included in the upper sheath, finally exserted 
 and widely spreading, 6 / -io / long ; lateral panicles, 
 when present, smaller; spikelets i // -i^ // long, acu- 
 minate ; first scale one-fourth to one-half as long as 
 the spikelet ; second and third scales nearly equal, 
 very acute, the fourth ^" long. 
 
 In dry soil, common as a weed in cultivated fields, Nova 
 Scotia to British Columbia, south to Florida, Nevada and 
 Texas. July-Sept. 
 
 Panicum capillare Gattingeri Nash. 
 Panicum capillare var. campestre Gattinger, Tenn. Fl. 94. 1887. Not P. campestre Nees, 1829. 
 
 Culms more slender than in the type; terminal panicle rarely over 6' long, the lateral ones very 
 numerous. Moist places, New Jersey to Tennessee, Missouri and southward. 
 
I2 4 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 33- Panicum flexile (Gattinger) Scribn. Wiry Panicum. (Fig. 275.) 
 
 Panicum capillare var. flexile Gattinger, Tenn. Fl. 94, 
 
 1887. 
 
 Panicum flexile Scribn. Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 476. 1893, 
 
 Culms erect, 6 / -i8 / tall, slender, simple or 
 somewhat branched at base, bearded at the nodes. 
 Sheaths papillose-hirsute; leaves 4 / -o/ long, 2"-$" 
 wide, erect, long-acuminate, more or less pubes- 
 cent; panicle 4 / ~9 / long, narrowly ovoid to oblong 
 in outline, its branches ascending, the lower ones 
 2 / -3^ / long; spikelets \y 2 " long, much shorter than 
 thepedicels, acuminate; first scale about one-fourth 
 as long as the spikelet ; second and third scales 
 about equal, 5-7 nerved; fourth scale elliptic, some- 
 what shorter than the third. 
 
 In moist or dry soil, Pennsylvania to Tennessee and 
 Missouri. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 Panicum autumnale Bosc. Diffuse Panicum. (Fig. 276.) 
 
 Panicum nudum Walt. Fl. Car. 73. 1788? 
 Panicum divergens Muhl. Gram. 120. ,1,1817. "^ Not 
 
 H.B.K. 1815. m , 
 
 Panicum autumnale Bosc; Spreng. Syst. i:*32O. , 1825. 
 
 Culms erect or decumbent, i-2 tall, generally 
 much branched at the base, slender. Sheaths 
 shorter than the internodes, the upper glabrous, 
 the lower sometimes densely pubescent ; leaves 
 i%'-At r long, i /r -3 /x wide, ascending, acuminate, 
 glabrous ; panicle 5 / -i2 / long, bearded in the axils, 
 the lower branches 4 / -8 / long, at first erect with 
 the lower portion included in the upper sheath, 
 finally exserted and widely spreading at maturity ; 
 spikelets lanceolate, about \y 2 " long, acuminate, 
 glabrous or pubescent, on capillary pedicels of 
 many times their length ; first scale minute ; sec- 
 ond and third equal, acute, glabrous or sometimes 
 villous, the fourth lanceolate, \%" long. 
 
 In dry soil, Illinois to Georgia and Florida, west 
 to Minnesota, Kansas and Arizona. July-Sept. 
 
 35. Panicum minus (Muhl.) Nash. Wood Panicum. (Fig. 277.) 
 
 Panicum capillare var. minor Muhl. Gram. 124. 1817, 
 
 Panicum capillare var. sylvaticum Torr. Fl. 149. 1824. 
 
 Not P. sylvaticum Lam. 1797. 
 
 Panicum diffusum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i: 68. 1814, 
 
 Not Sw. 1788. 
 
 Panicum minus Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 421. 1895. 
 
 Culms erect, or occasionally decumbent, 8 / -2 
 long, slender, somewhat branched at base. Sheaths 
 hirsute ; leaves 2 / -4 / long, i // -3 // wide, erect, more 
 or less pubescent ; panicle 4 X ~9 X long, its lower 
 branches 3 / -4 / long, spreading or ascending; 
 spikelets about ^" long, elliptic, acute, smooth, 
 borne in pairs at the extremities of the ultimate 
 divisions of the panicle; first scale about one-third 
 as long as the equal acute second and third ones, 
 the fourth somewhat shorter than the third. 
 
 In dry woods and thickets, New Brunswick to 
 Georgia, west to Missouri. Aug.-Sept. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 125 
 
 36. Panicum verrucdsum Muhl. Warty Panicum. (Fig. 278.) 
 
 Panicum verrucosum Muhl. Gram. 113. 1817. 
 
 Panicum debile F,ll. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 129. 1817. Not 
 Desf. 1800. 
 
 Culms erect or decumbent, slender, generally much 
 branched at base. Sheaths glabrous, much shorter 
 than the internodes ; ligule short, ciliate ; leaves 2 / -7 / 
 long, i x/ -4 x/ wide, erect or ascending, glabrous, rough 
 on the margins ; panicle 3 / -i2 / long, its lower 
 branches 2 / -6 / long, naked below, strict and ascend- 
 ing, or lax and spreading; spikelets about ^" long, 
 elliptic, acutish, borne in pairs along the branches, 
 the first scale about one-quarter as long as the warty 
 second and third, the fourth scale apiculate. 
 
 Moist soil, Massachusetts to Florida, west to Louisiana, 
 mostly near the coast. July-Sept. 
 
 Panicum gibbum Ell. Gibbous Panicum. (Fig. 279.) 
 
 Panicum gibbum 1311. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 116. 1817. 
 
 Culms erect from a creeping base, 2-6 tall, 
 dichotomously branched below. Lower sheaths 
 densely hirsute, the upper generally glabrous ; leaves 
 $'-7' long, 2 // -io // wide, usually spreading, more or 
 less pubescent ; panicle 3 / -o/ long, dense and con- 
 tracted ; branches ^ / -i / long, erect; spikelets \Yz' f - 
 2 X/ long, elliptic, somewhat acute; first scale about one- 
 quarter as long as the spikelet ; second scale gibbous 
 at base, i i-nerved ; third scale about equalling the 
 second, 7-nerved, empty, the fourth one shorter than 
 the second. 
 
 Swamps, Virginia to Tennessee, south to Florida and 
 Louisiana. Also in Cuba. July-Sept. 
 
 13. IXOPHORUS Schlecht. Linnaea, 31: 420. 1861-2. 
 
 [SETARIA Beauv. Agrost. 113. 1812. Not Ach. 1798.] 
 
 Mostly annual grasses with erect culms, flat leaves, the inflorescence in spike-like panicles. 
 Spikelets i-flowered, or rarely with a second staminate flower, the basal bristles single or in 
 clusters below the articulation of the rachilla, and therefore persistent. Scales of the spike- 
 let 4, the three outer membranous, the third often subtending a palet and rarely a staminate 
 flower ; the inner or fourth scale chartaceous, subtending a palet of similar texture and a 
 perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, elongated. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, 
 enclosed in the scales. [Greek, in reference to the viscid spikelets of some species.] 
 
 Species about 10, in temperate and tropical regions. Those occurring in our range are intro- 
 duced from the Old World. 
 
 Bristles downwardly barbed. I i. /. verticillatus. 
 
 Bristles upwardly barbed. 
 
 Mature fourth scale of spikelet oval in outline, very convex, almost hemispheric, coarsely 
 
 transversely rugose. 2. /. glaucus. 
 
 Mature fourth scale generally elliptic in outline, only moderately convex, finely transversely 
 
 rugose or pitted, striate. 
 Spikes I'-jJs' long, K' or less thick; spikelets about i" long, always much exceeded by 
 
 the green bristles. 3. /. viridis. 
 
 Spikes 4' -9' long, ^'-2' thick; spikelets about i%" long, equalled or exceeded by the 
 usually purplish bristles. 4. /. Italicus. 
 
126 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 i. Ixophorus verticillatus (L,.) Nash. Foxtail-grass. (Fig. 280. ) 
 
 Panicum verticillatum I,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 82. 1762. 
 Setaria verticillata Beauv. Agrost. 51. 1812. 
 Chamaeraphis verticillata Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 
 
 196. 1893. 
 Ixophorus verticillatus Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 422. 
 
 1895- 
 
 Culms erect or decumbent, i-2 tall, more or less 
 branched. Sheaths glabrous; leaves 2 / -8 / long, %'- 
 Yz f wide, scabrous above; spikes 2 / -3 / long; spikelets 
 about \" long, equalled or exceeded by the down- 
 wardly barbed bristles; first scale less than one-half as 
 long as the spikelet, i-nerved; second and third scales 
 5-y-nerved, equalling the oval fourth one; palet of 
 third scale empty. 
 
 About dwellings and in waste places, Nova Scotia and 
 Ontario to New Jersey and Kentucky. Naturalized from 
 Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Ixophorus glaucus (L,. ) Nash. Yellow Foxtail. Pigeon-grass. (Fig. 281.) 
 
 Panicum glaucum ~L,. Sp. PI. 56. 1753. 
 Setaria glauca Beauv. Agrost. 51. 1812. 
 Chamaeraphis glauca Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 767. 1891. 
 Ixophorus glaums Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 423. 
 
 1895- 
 
 Culms erect or sometimes decumbent, i-4 tall, 
 more or less branched. Sheaths glabrous; leaves 
 2 / -6 / long, 2 // -4 // wide; spikes i / -4 / long; spikelets 
 ~i l /i"-\y^" long, oval, much shorter than the up- 
 wardly barbed yellowish brown bristles; first scale 
 i-3-nerved, somewhat shorter than the 5-nerved 
 second one; third scale 5-nerved, equalling the 
 fourth which is coarsely transversely rugose, very 
 convex, V-shaped in cross-section, about twice as 
 long as the second; palet of third scale usually 
 empty. 
 
 In waste places and cultivated grounds, through- 
 out North America except the extreme north. Often a 
 troublesome weed. Naturalized from Europe. July- 
 Sept. 
 
 3. Ixophorus viridis (I,.) Nash. Green Foxtail-grass. (Fig. 282.) 
 
 Panicum viride L,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 83. 1762. 
 Setaria viridis Beauv. Agrost. 51. 1812. 
 Chamaeraphis viridis Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 196. 
 
 1893- 
 Ixophorus viridis Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 423. 1895. 
 
 Culms erect or ascending, i-3 tall, simple 
 or branched. Sheaths glabrous; leaves $'-10' long, 
 2 // -6 // wide, usually scabrous above; spikes i'-^' 
 long; spikelets about i // long, elliptic, much shorter 
 than the green, or sometimes yellowish, upwardly 
 barbed bristles; first scale less than one-half as long 
 as the spikelet, i-3-nerved; second and third scales 
 5-nerved; fourth scale finely and faintly transversely 
 rugose, or pitted, striate, only moderately convex, 
 equalling or slightly exceeding the second; palet of 
 third scale usually empty. 
 
 In waste places and cultivated grounds, through- 
 out North America except the extreme north, and often 
 
 a troublesome weed. 
 Sept. 
 
 Naturalized from Europe. July- 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 127 
 
 4. Ixophorus Italicus (I,.) Nash. Italian 
 
 (Fig. 283.) 
 
 Panicnm Ilalicum L,. Sp. PI. 56. 1753. 
 Selaria Italica R. & S. Syst. 2: 493. 1817. 
 Chamaeraphis Italica Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 768. 1891. 
 Ixophorus Italicus Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 423. 1895. 
 
 Culms erect, 2-5 tall. Sheaths smooth or scab- 
 rous; leaves 6 x -i or more in length, X / ~ I K / wide, 
 generally scabrous; spikes 4 / ~9 / long, ^'-2' thick, 
 usually very compound ; spikelets about i% ff long, 
 elliptic equalled, or exceeded by the upwardly barbed 
 generally purplish bristles; first scale less than one- 
 half as long as the spikelet, i-3-nerved; second and 
 third 5-y-nerved; fourth scale equalling or somewhat 
 exceeding the second, finely and faintly transverse- 
 rugose, or pitted, striate, only moderately convex; 
 palet of third scale minute or wanting. 
 
 In waste places, escaped from cultivation, Quebec to 
 Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Native of the 
 Old World. July-Sept. 
 
 Millet. Hungarian Grass. 
 
 14. CENCHRUS I,. Sp. PI. 1049. 1753. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses with usually flat leaves. Inflorescence in spikes. Spike- 
 lets subtended by a spiny involucre which is deciduous with them at maturity. Scales 4; 
 the first hyaline; the second and third membranous, the latter sometimes having a palet 
 and staminate flower in its axil; the fourth chartaceous, subtending a palet of similar struc- 
 ture which encloses a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles united below. Stigmas plumose. 
 Grain free, enclosed in the scales. [Ancient Greek name for some grass, probably Millet.] 
 
 About 12 species, in tropical and temperate regions. Besides the following, some 4 others 
 occur in the southern parts of North America. 
 
 i. Cenchrus tribuloides L,. Bur-grass. 
 Hedgehog-grass. (Fig. 284.) 
 
 Cenchrus tribuloides I,. Sp. PI. 1050. 1753. 
 Cenchrus Carolinianus Walt. Fl. Car. 79. 1788. 
 
 Culms erect or decumbent from an annual root, 
 usually robust, 8'-2}4 long, branching freely. 
 Sheaths usually very loose, compressed, smooth; 
 leaves 2^ / -5 / long, 2 // -4 // wide, flat or somewhat 
 complanate; spikes i / -2}4 / long, sometimes par- 
 tially included in the upper sheath; involucres 
 crowded on the scabrous rachis, 2-flowered, glo- 
 bose, pubescent except at the base, forming spiny 
 burs, the spines stout; spikelets about T > // long. 
 
 On sandy shores and in waste places, Maine and On- 
 tario to Minnesota, south to Florida, Colorado and 
 Texas. Sometimes a noxious weed. Apparently per- 
 ennial in the Southern States. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 15. ZIZANIOPSIS Doell & Aschers. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2: Part 2, 12. 1871. 
 
 Tall aquatic monoecious grasses, with long flat leaves and paniculate inflorescence. 
 Spikelets i-flowered, the staminate borne at the top of the branches, the pistillate at the 
 base. Scales 2, nearly equal, membranous, the outer one in the pistillate spikelets broad, 
 acute and bearing an awn. Stamens 6. Styles united. Grain nearly globose, the pericarp 
 f*eadily separable. [Name in allusion to the resemblance of this grass to Zizania.~\ 
 
 A monotypic genus, of temperate and tropical America. 
 
128 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 i. Zizaniopsis miliacea (Michx.) Doell 
 & Aschers. Zizaniopsis. (Fig. 285.) 
 
 Zizania miliacea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 74. 1803. 
 
 Zizaniopsis miliacea Doell & Aschers. ; Baill. Hist. PI. 
 12: 293. 1893. 
 
 Culms 4-i5 tall from a long and creeping root- 
 stock, robust, glabrous. Sheaths loose, glabrous; 
 ligule 4 // -7 // long, thin-membranous ; leaves i 
 longer more, >^ / -i / wide, smooth, glabrous; panicle 
 dense, i-i^ long, narrow; branches erect; stam- 
 inate spikelets 3 // -4 // long, the outer scale 5-nerved, 
 the inner 3-nerved, both acute ; pistillate spikelets 
 about T > // long, the outer scale about equalling the 
 inner, bearing an awn \ f '-$" long, scabrous, 5- 
 nerved; inner scale 3-nerved, acute. 
 
 Swamps, Georgia to Ohio (according- to Riddell), 
 south to Florida and Texas. June-July. 
 
 16. ZIZANIA L. Sp. PI. 991. (1753.) 
 
 A tall aquatic monoecious grass with long flat leaves and an ample panicle. Spikelets 
 i-flowered, the pistillate borne on the upper branches of the panicle, the staminate on the 
 lower. Scales 2, membranous, the outer somewhat longer, acute in the staminate, long- 
 awned in the pistillate spikelets. Stamens 6. Styles nearly distinct. Grain linear, 5 // -8 // 
 long. [From an ancient Greek name for Darnel.] 
 
 A monotypic genus of North America and Asia. / / / / ///// 
 
 i. Zizania aquatica I,. Wild Rice. 
 Indian Rice. Water Oats. Reed. 
 
 (Fig. 286.) 
 Zizania aquatica I,. Sp. PI. 991. 1753. 
 
 Culms erect from an annual root, 3-io tall, 
 smooth and glabrous. Sheaths loose, glabrous ; 
 ligule about %' long, thin-membranous; leaves 
 i or more long, X / ~ I X / wide, more or less 
 roughened, especially above, glabrous ; panicle 
 i-2 long, the upper branches erect, the lower 
 widely spreading ; staminate spikelets 3 // -6 // 
 long, scales acute or awn-pointed, outer 5- 
 nerved, the inner 3-nerved ; scales of the linear 
 pistillate spikelets 4 // -i2 // long, the outer one 
 5-nerved, with an awn i / -2 / long, the inner 
 narrower, 3-nerved, awn-pointed. 
 
 In swamps, New Brunswick to Manitoba, south 
 to Florida, Louisiana and Texas. June-Oct. 
 
 17. HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg.; Hall. Hist. Stirp. Helv. 2: 201. 1768. 
 [IvEERSiA Sw. Nov. Gen. &. Sp. 21. 1788. Not Hedw. 1782.] 
 
 Marsh grasses with flat narrow generally rough leaves, and paniculate inflorescence. 
 Spikelets i-flowered, perfect, strongly flattened laterally, and usually more or less imbri- 
 cated. Scales 2, chartaceons, the outer one broad and strongly conduplicate, the inner 
 much narrower. Stamens 1-6. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid, 
 free. [Greek, in reference to the supposed resemblance of these grasses to Millet.] 
 
 About 5 species, natives of temperate and tropical countries. Besides the following', 2 others 
 occur in the southern United States. 
 Spikelets oblong, their width less than one-half their length, somewhat imbricated. 
 
 Spikelets i K"~i 5^" long; panicle-branches usually rigid. i. H. Virginicus. 
 
 _ Spikelets 2"-2^" long; panicle-branches generally lax. 2. H. oryzoides. 
 
 Spikelets oval, their width more than one-half their length, much imbricated. 3. H. lenticularis. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 129 
 
 i. Homalocenchrus Virginicus (Willd.) Britton. White Grass. (Fig. 287.) 
 
 Leersia Virginica Willd. Sp. PI. i: 325. 1797. 
 Asprella Virginica R. & S. Syst. 2: 266. 1817. 
 Homalocenchrus Virginicus Britton, Trans. N. Y. 
 Acad. Sci. 9: 14. 1889. 
 
 Culms glabrous, decumbent, i-3 long, much 
 branched, slender, smooth. Sheaths usually 
 shorter than the internodes; ligule short; leaves 
 2 x -6' long, i // -8 // wide, acute, usually narrowed 
 toward the base, scabrous; terminal panicle finally 
 long-exserted, 3' -8' long, its branches generally 
 spreading, usually naked below the middle; lateral 
 panicles smaller and usually included; spikelets 
 i^ // -i> // long, about Y^" wide, oblong, appressed; 
 outer scale hispid on the keel and margins; inner 
 scale hispid on the keel; stamens i or 2. 
 
 Swamps or wet woods, Maine to Ontario and Minne- 
 sota, south to Florida, Kansas and Texas. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 2. Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Poll. Rice Cut-grass. (Fig. 288.) 
 
 Phalaris oryzoides I,. Sp. PI. 55. 1753. 
 Homalocenchrus oryzoides Poll. Hist. PL Palat. i: 52. 1776. 
 Leersia oryzoides Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. i: 132. 1797. 
 
 Culms glabrous, decumbent, i-4 long, much 
 branched, rather stout, smooth. Sheaths shorter 
 than the internodes, very rough; ligule very short; 
 leaves 3 / -io / long, 2 // ~5 // wide, acute, narrowed to- 
 ward the base, scabrous ; terminal panicle 5 / -9 / long, 
 finally long-exserted, its branches lax, naked at the 
 base, at first erect, later more or less widely spreading ; 
 lateral panicles generally included; spikelets 2 // -2^ // 
 long, about %" wide, elliptic; scales pubescent, the 
 outer one hispid on the keel and on the margins; inner 
 scale much narrower, hispid on the keel; stamens 3; 
 anthers yellow. 
 
 It swamps and along streams, often forming dense 
 tangled masses, Nova Scotia to western Ontario, south to 
 Florida, Kansas and Texas. Also in the temperate parts 
 of Europe and Asia. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 3. Homalocenchrus lenticularis (Michx.) 
 Scribn. Catch-fly Grass. (Fig. 289.) 
 
 Leersia lenticularis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 39. 1803. 
 Homalocenchrus lenticularis Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 
 33- 1894. 
 
 Culms glabrous, erect, 2-4 tall, usually simple, 
 smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, scab- 
 rous; ligule very short; leaves 4 / -i2 / long, 4 // -io // 
 wide, acute, more or less narrowed at the base, scab- 
 rous; panicle 4^ '-9' long, finally exserted, its branches 
 lax, naked below, at first erect, later spreading; 
 spikelets much imbricated, 2 // -2^ // long, i // -ij^ // 
 wide, broadly oval; scales smooth or sparingly hispid- 
 scabrous, the outer one strongly 3-nerved, hispid on the 
 keel and margins, the inner much narrower, strongly 
 i-nerved, hispid on the keel ; stamens 2. 
 
 Wet grounds, Virginia to Illinois and Missouri, south 
 to Florida and Texas. July-Sept. 
 
GRAMINRAE. 
 
 18. PHALARIS L. Sp. PI. 54. 1753. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves, the inflorescence spike-like, capitate or a 
 narrow panicle. Spikelets crowded, i-flowered. Scales 5, the first and second about equal 
 in length, strongly compressed laterally, usually wing-keeled ; third and fourth scales much 
 smaller or reduced to mere rudiments ; fifth scale subtending a palet similar to itself and a 
 perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, 
 smooth, enclosed in the scales. [Greek, alluding to the shining grain.] 
 
 About 10 species, mostly natives of southern Europe, 
 the United States. 
 
 Besides the following, 3 others occur in 
 
 i. P. arundinacea. 
 
 Outer scales not winged; inflorescence a narrow panicle. 
 
 Outer scales broadly winged; inflorescence a spike or spike-like panicle. 
 
 Spikelets narrow; third and fourth scales much reduced, rigid, subulate, hairy. 
 
 2. P. Carolinian a. 
 
 Spikelets broad; third and fourth scales thin-membranous, broadly lanceolate, glabrous or 
 sparingly hairy. 3. P. Canariensis. 
 
 i. Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed Canary-grass. (Fig. 290.) 
 
 Phalaris arundinacea I,. Sp. PI. 55. 1753. 
 
 Glabrous, culms erect, 2 "-5 tall, simple, smooth. 
 Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule i // -3 // 
 long, obtuse, membranous ; leaves 3^ / -io / long, 3 X/ - 
 8" wide, acuminate, smooth or scabrous ; panicle 3'- 
 8 / long, dense, its branches ^ / -i}4 / long, erect or 
 sometimes slightly spreading ; spikelets 2^ // -3 // 
 long; outer scales scabrous, 3-nerved; third and fourth 
 scales less than one-half as long as the fifth, subulate, 
 rigid, hairy ; fifth scale about three-fourths as long as 
 the spikelet, chartaceous, pubescent with long ap- 
 pressed silky hairs, subtending a palet of similar 
 texture and a perfect flower. 
 
 In moist or wet soil, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, 
 south to New Jersey, Kentucky, Kansas and Nevada. 
 Also in Europe and Asia. July-Aug. The Ribbon-grass 
 or Painted-grass of cultivation, the so-called variety picta, 
 has leaves variegated with green and white stripes, is a 
 derivative of this species, and sometimes escapes from 
 gardens. 
 
 2. Phalaris Caroliniana Walt. Carolina Canary-grass. (Fig. 291.) 
 
 Phalaris Caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 74. 1788. 
 Phalaris intermedia Bosc. ; Poir. in I,am. Encycl. 
 
 Suppl. i: 300. 1810. 
 Phalaris Americana EH. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 101. 1817. 
 
 Culms i-3X tall, erect or sometimes decum- 
 bent at base, simple or somewhat branched, smooth 
 or roughish, glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter 
 than the internodes ; ligule i // -3 // long, rounded, 
 thin-membranous ; leaves 2 / -6 / long, 1"-$" wide, 
 smooth or slightly scabrous ; spike-like panicle i'- 
 4 / long, dense, its branches about ^' long, erect ; 
 spikelets 2) // long, the outer scales more or less 
 scabrous, 3-nerved, wing-keeled ; third and fourth 
 scales less than one-half as long as the fifth, subu- 
 late, hairy; fifth scale about two-thirds as long as the 
 spikelet, acuminate, pubescent with long appressed 
 silky hairs. 
 
 In moist soil, South Carolina to Missouri and Cali- 
 fornia, south to Florida and Texas. June-Aug. 
 
GRASS FAMILY 
 
 3. Phalaris Canariensis I,. Canary- 
 grass. (Fig. 292.) 
 
 Phalaris Canariensis I,. Sp. PI. 54. 1753. 
 
 More or less roughened, culms i-3 tall, 
 erect, simple or branched, glabrous. Sheaths 
 shorter than the internodes; ligule about i x/ 
 long, rounded; leaves 2 / -i2 / long, 2 // -6 // wide, 
 strongly scabrous; spikes y^'-i}/?.' long, ovoid or 
 oblong; spikelets 3 // -4 // long; outer scales gla- 
 brous or sparingly pubescent ; third and fourth 
 scales about half the length of the fifth, broadly 
 lanceolate, thin-membranous, sparingly hairy; 
 fifth scale about two-thirds as long as the spike- 
 let, acute, pubescent with appressed silky hairs. 
 
 In waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Vir- 
 ginia and Nebraska. Naturalized from Europe. 
 Outer scales usually nearly white with green veins. 
 The grain is the common food of canary birds. 
 July-Aug. 
 
 19. ANTHOXANTHUM L. Sp. PI. 28. 1753. 
 
 Fragrant annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and spike-like panicles. Spike- 
 lets i-flowered, narrow, somewhat compressed. Scales 5 ; the two outer acute or produced 
 into a short awn, the first shorter than the second ; third and fourth scales much shorter, 
 2-lobed, awned on the back ; the fifth scale shorter than the others, obtuse. Stamens 2. 
 Styles distinct. Stigmas elongated, plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scales. [Greek, 
 referring to the yellow hue of the spikelets in some species.] 
 
 A genus of 4 or 5 species, natives of Europe. 
 
 i. Anthoxanthum odoratum I,. 
 
 Sweet Vernal-grass. (Fig. 293.) 
 
 Anthoxanthum odoratum I,. Sp. PI. 28. 1753. 
 
 Culms i-2 tall, erect, simple or branched, 
 smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the 
 internodes ; ligule i // -2 // long, acute, membra- 
 nous ; leaves %'->' long, i // -3 // wide, glabrous 
 or nearly so; spike-like panicles i / -2^ / long, 
 branches short, erect or ascending; spikelets 4 X/ 
 long, crowded; outer scale* acute, glabrous or 
 pubescent, the first i-nerved, half as long as the 
 second which is 3-nerved ; the third and fourth 
 very hairy, the former with an awn nearly twice 
 its length inserted about the middle, the fourth 
 scale bearing near the base an awn more than 
 twice its length ; fifth scale about two-thirds as 
 long as the fourth, obtuse or rounded at the apex, 
 and bearing a fertile flower. 
 
 In fields and meadows throughout nearly the 
 whole of North America. Very fragrant in drying. 
 Naturalized from Europe. June-July. 
 
 20. SAVASTANA Schrank, Baier. Fl. i: 100. 1789. 
 [HIEROCHLOE J. G. Gmel. Fl. Sib. i: 101. 1747.] 
 
 Aromatic perennial grasses, with flat leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 
 3-flowered, the terminal flower perfect, the others staminate. Scales 5; the first and second 
 nearly equal, acute, glabrous; the third and fourth somewhat shorter, obtuse, entire, emar- 
 ginate, 2-toothed or 2-lobed, with or without an awn, enclosing a palet and stamens; fifth 
 scale often produced into a short awn, enclosing a palet and perfect flower. Stamens in 
 the staminate flowers 3, in the perfect 2. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, 
 enclosed in the scales. [Name unexplained.] 
 
 About 8 species, natives of temperate and cold regions. 
 
132 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 Third and fourth scales not awned, 
 
 Entire, culms i-2 tall. i. 5. odorata. 
 
 Erose -truncate, culms 6' tall or less. 2. 5. pauciflora. 
 
 Third and fourth scales awned. 3. 5". alpina. 
 
 i. Savastana odorata (L,. ) Scribn. Holy 
 Grass. Seneca Grass. (Fig. 294.) 
 
 Holcus odoratus L,. Sp. PI. 1048. 1753. 
 Hierochloa borealis R. & S. Syst. 2 : 513. 1817. 
 Savastana odorata Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 34. 1894. 
 
 Glabrous, culms i-2 tall, erect, simple, smooth. 
 Sheaths smooth ; ligule i // -2 // long ; lower leaves 
 elongated, 4 / -8 / long, i // -3 // wide, scabrous, the upper 
 ones ^2 / -2 / long ; panicle 2 / -4 / long, its branches i x - 
 2 X long, usually spreading, naked below ; spikelets 
 yellowish-brown and purple, 2 // -3 // long; first and 
 second scales about equal, glabrous; third and fourth 
 villous and strongly ciliate, entire, awn-pointed, the 
 fifth smaller than the others, villous at the apex. 
 
 Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Wiscon- 
 sin and Colorado. Also in northern Europe and Asia. 
 June-July. This and other sweet-scented grasses are 
 strewn before the churches in northern Europe, whence 
 the name Holy Grass. Also known as Vanilla Grass. 
 
 2. Savastana pauciflora (R. Br. ) Scribn. 
 
 Arctic Holy Grass. (Fig. 295.) 
 
 Hierochloa pauciflora R. Br. App. Parry's'Voy. 293. 1824. 
 Savastana pauciflora Scribn. Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, 5: 353. 
 1894. 
 
 Glabrous, culms 6 / high or less, erect, simple, smooth. 
 Sheaths mostly at the base of the culm, overlapping ; 
 ligule about Y*" l n g! leaves smooth, the basal ones 
 i / -2 / long, YI" wide, involute at least when dry; culm 
 leaves Yz f l n g or l ess > I/x wide, flat; panicle less than i' 
 long, contracted ; spikelets few, i^ // -2 // long; first and 
 second scales i>^ // -2 // long, smooth and glabrous; third 
 and fourth shorter, scabrous, erose-truucate, the fifth 
 shorter than the others, obtuse, villous at the apex. 
 
 Arctic America. Summer. 
 
 3. Savastana alpina (Sw.) Scribn. Alpine Holy Grass. (Fig. 296.) 
 
 Holcus alpinus Sw. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 937. 1806. 
 Hierochloa alpina R. & S. Syst. 2:515. 1817. 
 Savastana alpina Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 34. 1894. 
 
 Glabrous and smooth, culms 6 / -i8 / tall, erect, 
 simple. Sheaths shorter than the internodes ; 
 ligule less than i x/ long ; lower leaves elongated, 
 3 / -6 / long, about \" wide, the upper much shorter, 
 ^ / -2 / long, i // -2 // wide; panicle $ f -i% f long, 
 contracted, branches short, erect or ascending; oc- 
 casionally the panicle is larger with longer and 
 spreading branches ; spikelets 2^ // ~3^ // long, 
 crowded; first and second scales glabrous, 2 / ^ // - 
 sYi" l n g ; third and fourth shorter, scabrous, cili- 
 ate on the margins, the former bearing an awn 
 about i^long, the latter with a more or less bent awn 
 about 3 // long ; fifth scale shorter than the others, 
 acute, usually awn-pointed, villous at the apex. 
 
 Greenland to Alaska, south to the high mountains of 
 New England and New York. Also in northern Europe 
 and Asia. July-Aug. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 133 
 
 9. A 
 10. A 
 
 stricta. 
 dispersa. 
 
 21. ARISTIDA L. Sp. PI. 82. 1753. 
 
 Grasses varying greatly in habit and inflorescence. Leaves narrow, often involute-seta- 
 ceous. Spikelets narrow, i-flowered. Scales 3, narrow, the two outer carinate ; the third 
 ridged and convolute, bearing three awns occasionally united at the base, the lateral awns 
 rarely wanting or reduced tq rudiments. Palet 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. 
 Stigmas plumose. Grain free, tightly enclosed in the scale. [Latin, from arista, an awn.] 
 About 100 species, in the warmer regions of both hemispheres. Besides the following, some 
 20 others occur in the southern and westerh parts of North America. The English name Three- 
 au'iied Grass is applied to all the species. 
 Awns not articulated to the scale nor united at the base. 
 
 Lateral awns usually erect, not more than half as long as the horizontal or reflexed, central 
 
 one, generally much shorter or occasionally wanting. 
 Third scale, exclusive of awns, 3" long or less. 
 
 Central awn spiral at base, terminal straight portion 2" -3" long. i. A. dichotoma. 
 Central awn not spiral at base, terminal straight portion 3-7" long. 2. A . gracilis. 
 Third scale, exclusive of awns, 4" long or more. 
 
 Central awn spiral, lateral awns one-quarter to one-half as long. 3. A. basiramea. 
 Central awn not spiral or rarely so, reflexed, lateral awns less than one-sixth as long or 
 wanting. 4. A. ramosissima. 
 
 Lateral awns usually diverging, more than half as long as the horizontal or divergent central 
 
 one, generally about equalling it. 
 First scale exceeding the second. 
 
 Sheaths glabrous. 5. A. purpurascens. 
 
 Sheaths, at least the lower ones, woolly. 6. A. lanata. 
 
 First scale half as long as the second or equalling it. 
 
 First scale 5-nerved, or occasionally 7-nerved at base. 7. A. oligantha. 
 
 First scale i -nerved, sometimes with an obscure additional nerve on each side. 
 
 Central awn 1^-4' long; panicle 4' -6' long, lax, few-flowered. 8. A. purpurea. 
 Central awn i' long or less. 
 
 Culms simple; panicle strict, 6' -2 long. 
 Culms branched; panicle somewhat lax, not i long. 
 Awns articulated to the scale, more or less united at the base. 
 Column of the awns conspicuous, 3" long or more.- 
 Column of the awns inconspicuous, less than i" long. 
 
 i. Aristida dichotoma Michx. Poverty 
 Grass. (Fig. 297.) 
 
 Aristida dichotoma Michx. Fl. Bpr. Am. i: 41. 1803. 
 Aristida dichotoma var. Curtissii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 
 
 640. 1890. 
 
 Culms 6 / -2 tall, erect, slender, dichotomously 
 branched, smooth or roughened. Sheaths much 
 shorter than the internodes, loose, smooth and glab- 
 rous; ligule very short, ciliate; leaves I '-3' long, less 
 than i" wide, involute, acuminate, usually scabrous; 
 spike-like racemes or panicles 2 / -5 / long, slender; 
 spikelets about 3" long ; outer scales nearly equal or 
 the lower somewhat shorter, usually awn-pointed ; 
 third scale shorter than the second, the middle awn 
 horizontal, coiled at base, the terminal straight por- 
 tion 2 // ~3 // long, the lateral awns \" longer less, erect. 
 
 Dry sandy soil, Maine to Ontario, Missouri and the In- 
 dian Territory, south to Georgia and Texas. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 2. Aristida gracilis Ell. Slender Aristida. 
 (Fig. 298.) 
 
 Aristida gracilis EH. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 142. 1817. 
 Aristida gracilis var. depauperata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 
 5, 618. 1867. 
 
 Glabrous and smooth throughout, culms 6 / -2 
 tall, erect, simple or branched. Sheaths shorter 
 than the internodes ; ligule very short ; leaves \'- 
 4/ long, i" wide or less, flat, or involute when dry ; 
 panicle spike-like, s'-j' long, slender ; spikelets 
 about 3 // long ; outer scales equal, or the lower 
 somewhat shorter, awn-pointed ; third scale about 
 equalling the second, generally mottled, middle 
 awn horizontal, the terminal straight portion 3"- 
 7" in length, the lateral awns i // -3 // long, erect. 
 
 Dry soil, Massachusetts to Illinois and Nebraska, 
 south to Florida and Texas. Aug.-Sept. 
 
134 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 3. Aristida basiramea Engelm. Forked Aristida. (Fig. 299.) 
 
 Aristida basiramea Engelm.; Vasey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 9: 
 76. 1884. 
 
 Glabrous and smooth, culms 6 / -i8 / tall, erect, 
 slender, much branched. Sheaths shorter than the 
 internodes, loose; ligule very short, ciliate; leaves 2 / - 
 6' long, about I 7/ wide, involute-setaceous; spike-like 
 panicle 3' -5' long; first scale of spikelet half to three- 
 quarters as long as the second, which is 5 // -7 // in 
 length, both awn-pointed; third scale shorter than the 
 second; middle awn 6 // -9 // long, coiled at base, hori- 
 zontal, lateral awns one-quarter to one-half as long, 
 erect or divergent, somewhat spiral at the base. 
 
 In dry fields, Illinois to Manitoba, south to Virginia and 
 Kansas. July-Sept. 
 
 4. Aristida ramosissima Engelm. Branched Aristida. (Fig. 300.) 
 
 Aristida ramosissima Engelm.; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 618. 
 
 1867. 
 Aristida ramosissima var. uniaristata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 
 
 5, 618. 1867. 
 
 Glabrous, culms 6 x -2 tall, erect, slender, branched, 
 smooth. Sheaths much shorter than the internodes, 
 loose ; ligule very short ; leaves ij^'-s' long, i" wide 
 or less, flat, attenuate into a long point, smooth 
 beneath, scabrous above ; spikelets few, borne in loose 
 spikes from 2 x -4/ in length ; first scale awn-pointed ; 
 second scale 8 // -io // in length, exceeding the first, 
 terminated with an awn \"-$" long ; third scale as 
 long as the second; middle awn about i' long, hori- 
 zontal or reflexed and forming a hook, the lateral 
 awns erect, i // -2 // long, rarely wanting. 
 
 In dry soil, Illinois to Kentucky and Missouri. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 5. Aristida purpurascens Poir. Purplish Aristida. (Fig. 301.) 
 
 Aristida purptirascens Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 
 1:452. 1810. 
 
 Glabrous and smooth, culms i-2>^ tall, erect, 
 simple or sparingly branched at the base. Sheaths 
 longer than the iuternodes, crowded at the base of 
 the culm ; ligule very short ; leaves 4 / -8 / long, 
 about \" wide, flat, or becoming involute in drying, 
 attenuate into a long point; spike-like panicles 
 S'-iS' long, strict, or sometimes nodding, its 
 branches appressed ; outer scales of spikelet awn- 
 pointed, the first longer than the second ; the third 
 scale from two-thirds to three-quarters as long as 
 the first, middle awn 9" -12" long, horizontal, the 
 lateral awns somewhat shorter, erect or divergent. 
 
 In dry soil, Massachusetts to Minnesota, south to 
 Florida, Kansas and Texas. .Scales purplish. Sept. -Oct. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 135 
 
 6. Aristida lanata Poir. Woolly Aristida. (Fig. 302.) 
 
 Aristida lanata Poir. in Lam. Bncycl. Suppl. 1:453. 
 
 1810. 
 Aristida lanosa Muhl. Gram. 174. 1817. 
 
 Culms 2-4 tall, erect, simple, smooth and glab- 
 rous. Sheaths longer than the internodes, 
 crowded at the base of the culm, woolly; ligule 
 very short, minutely ciliate; leaves i long or 
 more, about 2 /x wide, attenuate into a long 
 slender point, smooth beneath, scabrous above; 
 panicle i-2 long, strict, branches erect or occa- 
 sionally somewhat spreading ; outer scales of the 
 spikelet awn-pointed, the first 5 // -7 // long, exceed- 
 ing the second; third scale slightly shorter than 
 the second, middle awn 8 // -i2 // long, usually hori- 
 zontal, the lateral awns about two-thirds , as long, 
 erect or divergent. 
 
 Dry sandy soil, Delaware to Florida, west to Texas. 
 Aug.-Sept. 
 
 7. Aristida oligantha Michx. Few-flowered Aristida. (Fig. 303.) 
 
 Aristida oligantha Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 41. 1803. 
 
 Glabrous, culms i-2 tall, erect, slender, dichot- 
 omously branched, smooth or roughish. Sheaths 
 exceeding the internodes, loose ; ligule very short, 
 minutely ciliate ; leaves i / -6 / long, % ff -\ ff wide, 
 smooth, the larger ones attenuate into a long slen- 
 der point ; spikelets few, borne in a lax spike-like 
 raceme or panicle ; first scale 5-nerved, occasion- 
 ally 7-nerved at base, acuminate or short-awned, 
 equalling or somewhat shorter than the second, 
 which bears an awn 2 // -4 // long; third scale shorter 
 than the first, awns divergent or spreading, the 
 middle one i - J^ / -2^ / long, the lateral somewhat 
 shorter. 
 
 Dry soil, New Jersey and Maryland to Nebraska, 
 south to Louisiana and Texas. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 8. Aristida purpurea Nutt. Purple Aristida. (Fig. 304.) 
 
 Aristida purpurea Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 
 5: 145- 1833-37. 
 
 Glabrous, culms S'-iS' tall, erect, slender, sim- 
 ple, smooth or rough. Sheaths usually shorter 
 than the internodes, smooth or slightly scabrous; 
 ligule short, ciliate; leaves i l /^'-\ f long, ^" wide, 
 involute, at least when dry, generally scabrous ; 
 spikelets few in spike-like racemes or panicles 
 which are 4 / -8 / in length; first scale one-nerved or 
 sometimes with an obscure additional nerve on 
 each side; second scale 7 // ~9 // long, about twice as 
 long as the first; third scale equalling or a little 
 exceeding the first, awns divergent, the middle one 
 I/ ~3/^ / long, the lateral ones a little shorter or 
 of the same length. 
 
 Dry soil, Minnesota to Idaho and British Columbia, 
 south to Kansas, Texas and Arizona. Plant purple or 
 purplish. July-Sept. 
 
I 3 6 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 g. Aristida stricta Michx. Erect Aristida. (Fig. 305.) 
 
 Aristida stricta Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 41. 1803. 
 
 Culms 2-4 tall, erect, simple, smooth and glab- 
 rous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth, 
 glabrous or pubescent at the apex ; ligule short ; 
 leaves involute-filiform, the basal i or more in 
 length, those of the culm 8 / -i2 / long, or the upper 
 shorter ; panicle spike-like, strict, or the top 
 sometimes nodding, 6 / -2 long, its branches erect ; 
 outer scales of the spikelet awn-pointed, the first 
 i-nerved or occasionally with an obscure additional 
 nerve on each side, shorter than the second ; 
 third scale equalling the first or a little shorter; mid- 
 dle awn 5 // -io // long, horizontal when old, the 
 lateral ones shorter, erect or divergent. 
 
 Dry soil, Virginia (according- to S. Watson), south to 
 Florida. July-Sept. 
 
 10. Aristida dispersa Trin. & Rupr. Bushy Aristida. (Fig. 306.) 
 
 Aristida Americana L,. Amoen. Acad. 5: 393. 1759? 
 A ristida fasciculata Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i : 154. 1824 ? 
 
 Aristida dispersa Trin. & Rupr. Mem. Acad. St. 
 Petersb. (VI. ) 5: 129. 1842. 
 
 Glabrous, culms i-2 tall, erect, slender, 
 branched, smooth, Sheaths shorter than the in- 
 ternodes , ligule short, ciliate ; leaves 2 / -6 / long, 
 i // wide or less, flat, attenuate into a long point, 
 smooth or scabrous ; panicle $'-7' long, at first 
 strict, the branches finally more or less spreading ; 
 first scale of spikelet i-nerved, or occasionally with 
 an obscure additional nerve on each side, shorter 
 than the second scale; third scale equalling or longer 
 than the second ; awns divergent, the middle one 
 4//_g" long, the lateral ones shorter. 
 
 Dry soil, Kansas to Texas, Mexico, New Mexico 
 and California. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 ii. Aristida tuberculosa Nutt. Sea-beach Aristida. (Fig. 307.) 
 
 Aristida tuberculosa Nutt. Gen. i: 57. 1818. 
 
 Glabrous, culms 6 / -2 tall, erect, dichotomously 
 branched, smooth. Sheaths shorter than the in- 
 ternodes; ligule short, ciliate; leaves 5 / -g / long, 
 about \ ff wide, attenuate into a long slender point, 
 smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 5 / -8 / long, 
 branches slender, ascending; outer scales of the 
 spikelet about equal, awned, the third scale 
 shorter; awns divergent or reflexed, more or less 
 coiled, united at base into a column 3 // -6 // long 
 which is articulated to the scale. 
 
 Sandy soil, especially on sea-beaches, Massachusetts 
 to Minnesota, south to Georgia. Also in the interior in 
 Illinois, Wisconsin and Minnesota. Aug.-Sept. 
 
GRASS FAMILY 
 
 12. Aristida desmantha Trin. & Rupr. 
 Western Aristida. (Fig. 308.) 
 
 Aristida desmantha Trin. & Rupr. Mem. Acad. St. 
 Petersb. (VI.) 5: 109. 1842. 
 
 Culms i-2 tall, erect, branched, smooth and 
 glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, 
 smooth, glabrous or the lower sometimes pubes- 
 cent ; ligule short ; leaves 6 / -i2 / long, less than 
 \" wide, attenuate into a slender point, smooth 
 beneath, scabrous above ; panicle about 6 / long, 
 the branches slender, ascending ; outer scales 
 of the spikelet about equal, the third one 
 shorter ; awns spreading or reflexed, somewhat 
 coiled, united at base into a column less than 
 \" long, which is articulated to the scale. 
 
 In dry soil, Kansas (?), the Indian Territory and 
 Texas. Aug.^Sept. 
 
 22. STIPA L. Sp. PI. 78. 1753. 
 
 Generally tall grasses, the leaves usually convolute, rarely flat, the inflorescence panicu- 
 late. Spikelets i-flowered, narrow. Scales 3; the two outer narrow, acute or rarely bearing 
 an awn, the third rigid, convolute, with a hairy callus at the base, and bearing a more or less 
 bent awn, which is spiral at the base, and articulated to the scale. Palet 2-nerved. Stamens 
 3, rarely fewer. Styles short, distinct Stigmas plumose. Grain narrow, free, tightly en- 
 closed in the scale. [Greek, in allusion to the tow-like plumes of some species.] 
 
 A genus of about 100 species, distributed throughout the temperate and tropical zones. Besides 
 the following, some 20 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. 
 
 Outer scales of the spikelet 2" -6" long: 
 
 Obtuse or blunt-pointed, 2" in length. i. 5". Macounii. 
 
 Acute, 4" -6" in length. 
 
 Awn less than five times the length of the scale. 2. S. viridula. 
 
 Awn more than seven times the length of the scale. 3. 5. avenacea. 
 
 Outer scales of the spikelet 10" long or more. 
 
 Base of panicle usually included in the upper sheath; third scale 4" -6" long; awn slender, 
 
 curled. 
 Panicle exserted from the upper sheath; third scale 7"-! 2" long, bent. 
 
 4. 5". comata. 
 
 5. S. spar tea. 
 
 i. Stipa Macounii Scribn. Macoun's Stipa. (Fig. 309.) 
 
 Stipa Richardsonii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 249. 
 1856. Not Link, 1833. 
 
 Stipa Macounii Scribn.; Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 5: 
 390. 1890. 
 
 Culms glabrous, i-2 tall, erect, simple, slen- 
 der, smooth or somewhat scabrous. Sheaths 
 shorter than the internodes ; ligule about i" 
 long, obtuse or truncate ; leaves 2 / ~5 / long, 
 ^ // -i // wide, flat, becoming involute-setaceous 
 in drying, scabrous ; panicle 2 / ~5 / long, con- 
 tracted, the branches i / -2 / long, erect, naked 
 below ; spikelets borne at the ends of the 
 branches ; outer scales about 2" long, obtuse or 
 blunt-pointed, glabrous; third scale somewhat 
 shorter, pubescent with long appressed silky 
 hairs, callus obtuse; awn 4 // -5 // long, contorted. 
 
 New Brunswick to the Northwest Territory, south 
 to Maine, New Hampshire, Lake Superior and 
 Montana. July. 
 
GRAMINEAE. 
 
 2. Stipa viridula Trin. Green Stipa. 
 (Fig. 310.) 
 
 Stipa viridula Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 2: 39. 
 
 1836. 
 Stipa spartea Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 237. 1840. Not Trin. 
 
 Glabrous, culms iX-3 tall, erect, simple, 
 smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule 
 i // -2 // long; leaves smooth or scabrous, the basal 
 ones involute-filiform, one-third to one-half as long as 
 the culm, those of the culm 3 / -g / long, broader; pan- 
 icle spike-like, strict and erect, branches appressed ; 
 outer scales of spikelet 3 // -4 // long, long-acuminate, 
 glabrous ; third scale shorter, more or less pubescent 
 with long appressed silky hairs, callus acute ; awn 
 ^'-iX' long, bent, loosely spiral at base. 
 
 Minnesota to British Columbia, south to Kansas, New 
 Mexico and California. July-Aug. 
 
 3. Stipa avenacea I,. Black Oat-grass. (Fig. 311.) 
 
 Stipa avenacea L. Sp. PI. 78. 1753. 
 Stipa barbata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 53. 1803. 
 Stipa Virginica Pers. Syn. 1:99. 1805. 
 Stipa bicolor Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 73. 1814. 
 
 Culms glabrous, i-2^ tall, erect or leaning, sim- 
 ple, smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes ; 
 ligule about i x/ long, obtuse ; leaves involute-fili- 
 form, smooth beneath, scabrous above, the basal 
 one-third to one-half the length of the culm, those 
 of the culm 3 / -5 / long ; panicle 5 / -8 / long, loose, 
 the branches lax, erect or finally spreading, naked 
 below; outer scales of the spikelet 4 // -5 // long, 
 acute, glabrous; third scale a little shorter, scabrous 
 near the summit, black, pilose at base and with a 
 ring of short hairs at the top, otherwise smooth and 
 glabrous; callus hard, acute; awn i}4 / -2/4 / long, 
 bent, loosely spiral below. 
 
 In dry woods, Rhode Island to Florida, mostly near 
 the coast. Also in western Ontario and Wisconsin. 
 May-June. 
 
 4. Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr. Western Stipa. (Fig. 312.) 
 
 Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 
 
 (VI.) 5: 75- 1842. 
 
 Glabrous, culms i-2 tall, erect, simple, 
 smooth. Sheaths usually longer than the in- 
 ternodes, smooth or scabrous, the uppermost 
 very long and inflated, enclosing the base of 
 the panicle ; ligule i // -2 // long, obtuse ; leaves 
 smooth or somewhat scabrous, the basal invo- 
 lute-filiform, one-quarter to one-half as long as 
 the culm, the culm leaves 3 / -6 / long, a little 
 broader than the basal ones, involute; panicle 
 6 / -9 / long, loose, the branches 3 / ~5 / in length, 
 erect-ascending, naked at base ; outer scales of 
 the spikelet 9 // -i2 // long, glabrous, acuminate 
 into an awn 2 // -4 // in length; third scale 4 // -6 // 
 long, callus acute; awn 4 / -8 / in length, slender, 
 curled, spiral and pubescent below. 
 
 On prairies, Alberta to British Columbia, south to 
 Nebraska, New Mexico and California. June-July. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 139 
 
 5. Stipa spartea Trin. Porcupine Grass. 
 (Fig. 313.) 
 
 Stipa spartea Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 1:82. 
 1831. 
 
 Culms glabrous, 2-4 tall, erect, simple, smooth. 
 Sheaths louger than the internodes, smooth or some- 
 what scabrous; ligule i // -2 // long, obtuse; leaves 
 smooth beneath, scabrous above, the basal one-third 
 to one-half as long as the culm, \" wide or less, usually 
 involute, those of the culm 6 / -i2 / long, about 2 /r 
 wide, generally flat, attenuate into a long slender 
 point; panicle finally long-exserted, 4 / -io / in length, 
 its branches 3 '-6' long, erect, naked below; outer 
 scales of spikelet i2 // -i8 // long, acuminate into a long 
 slender point, glabrous; third scale 7 // -i2 // long, callus 
 acute; awn 4 / -8 / long, stout, usually twice bent, 
 tightly spiral and pubescent below, doubly spiral ' 
 about the middle. 
 
 On prairies, Manitoba to British Columbia, south to Illinois and Kansas. June-July. 
 
 23. ORYZOPSIS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 51. 1803. 
 
 [URACHNU Trin. Fund. Agrost. 109. 1818.] 
 
 Usually tufted grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spike- 
 lets i-flowered, broad. Scales 3; the two lower about equal, obtuse or acuminate; the third 
 scale shorter or a little longer, broad, bearing a terminal awn which is early deciduous, 
 the callus at the base of the scale short and obtuse, or a mere scar. Stamens 3. Styles dis- 
 tinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, tightly enclosed in the convolute scale. 
 [Greek, in allusion to the supposed resemblance of these grasses to rice.] 
 
 About 24 species, distributed through temperate and subtropical regions, rarely extending into 
 the tropics. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in the western parts of North America. 
 Third scale of the spikelet glabrous or sparingly pubescent with short appressed hairs. 
 Spikelet, exclusive of awn, ij<"-2" long. 
 
 Awn less than i" long, much shorter than the scale ; outer scales i %"-z" in length. 
 
 1. O. juncea. 
 
 Awn 3" -4" long, more than twice as long as the scale ; outer scales about i^" in length. 
 
 2. O. micrantha. 
 Spikelet, exclusive of awn, 3" -4" long. 
 
 Culms nearly naked, leaves all crowded at the base; panicle 2' -3' long, its branches i' in 
 
 length or less, erect. 3. O. asperifolia. 
 
 Culms leafy to the top; panicle 6'-i2 ( long; branches 2' -4' in length, more or less spreading. 
 
 4. O. melanocarpa. 
 Third scale of the spikelet densely pubescent with long silky hairs. 5. O. cnspidata. 
 
 i. Oryzopsis juncea (Michx.) B.S. P. Slender Mountain Rice.- (Fig. 314.) 
 
 Stipa juncea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 54. 1803. 
 Oryzopsis Canadensis Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 433. 1843. 
 Oryzopsis juncea B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 67. 1888. 
 
 Culms glabrous, 6 / -2 tall, erect, slender, simple, 
 smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, usually 
 crowded at the base of the culm; ligule about \ ff long, 
 decurrent; leaves smooth or scabrous, erect, involute, 
 the basal about one-half the length of the culm, occa- 
 sionally equalling it, filiform, those of the culm \'-\' 
 long, the uppermost often very small or reduced to 
 the sheath only; panicle i / -2j^ / long, the branches 
 y 2 '\ f in length, erect or ascending, the lower half 
 naked; spikelets i^ // -2 // long, the outer scales about 
 equal, glabrous, whitish; third scale about the same 
 length or a little longer, pubescent with short ap- 
 pressed silky hairs, the awn less than \ ff long. 
 
 In dry rocky places, Quebec to British Columbia, south 
 to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. May-June. 
 
140 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 2. Oryzopsis micrantha (Trin. & Rupr. ) Thurb. 
 Mountain Rice. (Fig. 315.) 
 
 Small-flowered 
 
 Urachne micrantha Trin. & Rupr. Mem. Acad. St. 
 
 Petersb. (VI.) 5: 16. 1842. 
 Oryzopsis micrantha Thurb. Proc. Phila. Acad. 1863: 
 
 78. 1863. 
 
 Culms glabrous, i-2 l / 2 tall, erect, slender, sim- 
 ple, smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; 
 ligule about X // l n g> truncate ; leaves erect, scab- 
 rous, the basal one-half the length of the culm, less 
 than YZ" wide, usually more or less involute, the 
 culm leaves 2 / -8 / long, - J^ // -i // broad, the larger 
 attenuate into a long slender point; panicle 3 / -6 / 
 long, the branches finally spreading, the lower ones 
 i / -2 / long, naked for about two-thirds their length ; 
 spikelets i // -iX // long, the outer scales about 
 equal, acute, glabrous ; third scale shorter, glab- 
 rous, bearing an awn 3 // -4 // long. 
 
 South Dakota to Nebraska, New Mexico and Arizona. 
 June-July. 
 
 3. Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. White-grained Mountain Rice. (Fig. 316.) 
 
 Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 51. 1803. 
 Urachne asperifolia Trin. Unifl. i: 174. 1824. 
 
 Culms glabrous, ic/-2c/ tall, erect, simple, smooth 
 or scabrous. Sheaths i / -2 / long, crowded at base; 
 ligule very short, truncate ; leaves erect, scabrous, es- 
 pecially above, the basal ones elongated, often equal- 
 ling or exceeding the culm, 2 // -4 // wide, attenuate 
 into a long point, the i or 2 culm leaves much reduced, 
 less than y z f long ; panicle 2 x -3 7 long, contracted, the 
 branches i' in length or less, erect ; spikelet, exclusive 
 of awn, 3 // -4 // long; outer scales glabrous, usually 
 apiculate, the first somewhat shorter ; third scale 
 whitish, equalling the second or a little shorter, spar- 
 ingly pubescent, the awn 3>^ // -5 // long. 
 
 In woods, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to 
 New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Minnesota and in the Rocky 
 Mountains to New Mexico. May-June. 
 
 4. Oryzopsis melanocarpa Muhl. Black- 
 fruited Mountain Rice. (Fig. 317.) 
 
 Oryzopsis melanocarpa Muhl. Gram. 79. 1817. 
 Urachne racemosa Trin. Unifl. i: 174. 1824. 
 
 Glabrous, culms iX-3 tall, erect, simple, rougbish. 
 Sheaths smooth or scabrous, the lower ones usually 
 longer, the upper slightly shorter than the internodes; 
 ligule very short; leaves 5 / -i2 / long, 2 // -7 // wide, nar- 
 rowed toward the base, acuminate at apex into a long 
 slender point, scabrous especially above; panicle 
 branched or nearly simple, $'-12' long, its branches 
 2 / -4 / long, spreading or ascending, the lower half 
 naked ; outer scales of the spikelet about equal, 
 3 // -4 // in length, acute ; third scale shorter, acute, dark 
 colored, sparingly pubescent, the awn 8"-i2" long. 
 
 Rocky woods, Vermont and Ontario to Minnesota, south 
 to New Jersey, Kentucky and Missouri. July-Aug. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 141 
 
 ;. Oryzopsis cuspidata (Nutt.) Vasey. Silky Oryzopsis. (Fig. 318.) 
 
 ba membranacea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 728. 1814. Not 
 
 L. 1753- 
 
 Eriocoma cuspidata Nutt. Gen. i: 40. 1818. 
 Oryzopsis ctispidata Benth.; Vasey, Special Rep. U. S. 
 
 Dept. Agric. 63: 23. 1883. 
 Oryzopsis membranacea Vasey, Grasses S. W. Part 2, 
 
 pi. jo. 1891. 
 
 Culms glabrous, i-2 tall, erect, rigid, simple, 
 smooth. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, 
 smooth or somewhat rough; ligule i // -2 // long, acute; 
 leaves 6 / -i2 / long, less than \" wide, involute, stiff, 
 smooth or somewhat scabrous; panicle 6 x -i long, 
 diffuse, generally partially included in the upper 
 sheath, its branches widely spreading and many times 
 forked, the ultimate divisions flexuous; outer scales 
 of the spikelet 3 // ~4 // in length, long-acuminate, 
 glabrous; third scale about one-half as long, acute, 
 densely pubescent with long silky erect hairs nearly 
 twice its own length, the awn 2 // ~3 // long. 
 
 On prairies, Alberta to Washington, south to Nebraska, Arizona and Mexico. May-July. 
 
 24. MILIUM L. Sp. PL 61. 1753. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and terminal lax panicles. Spikelets i- 
 flowered. Scales 3, obtuse, not awned ; the outer about equal ; the third thin-membranous, 
 at length rigid, glabrous or pubescent ; palet scarcely shorter. Stamens 3. Styles short, 
 distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid or oblong, free, tightly enclosed in the rigid and 
 shining scale and palet. [Latin name for Millet.] 
 
 Species 5 or 6, chiefly in Europe and Asia. 
 
 i. Milium effusum L/. Tall Millet- 
 grass. (Fig. 319.) 
 
 Milium effusum L,. Sp. PI. 61. 1753. 
 
 Glabrous throughout, culms 2-6 tall, erect, 
 simple, smooth, Sheaths shorter than the in- 
 ternodes; ligule \W-T>" long, truncate, erose- 
 dentate; leaves 3 '-9' long, 3 // -8 // wide, nar- 
 rowed toward the base, acuminate, smooth or 
 scabrous ; panicle $'-10' in length, lax, its 
 branches 2 / -3 / long, slender, somewhat flexu- 
 ous, naked at base and dividing above the 
 middle, at length widely spreading ; spikelets 
 i^ // -i}4 // long; outer scales equal, smooth or 
 scabrous, the third scale shorter, smooth, white. 
 
 In woods, Cape Breton Island and Quebec to 
 western Ontario, south to Massachusetts, Pennsyl- 
 vania and Michigan. Also in northern Europe and 
 Asia. June-July. 
 
 25. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. Gen. 44. 1789. 
 [VASEYA Thurb. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1863 : 79. 1863.] 
 
 Mostly perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate inflorescence. 
 Rootstocks often scaly. Spikelets i-flowered, very rarely 2 flowered. Scales 3, very rarely 
 4 ; the outer ones empty, membranous or hyaline, acute and sometimes awned ; third 
 scale 3~5-nerved, subtending a palet and perfect flower, obtuse, acute, or very often pro- 
 duced into a capillary awn; palet 2-keeled. Stamens often 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas 
 plumose. Callus minute. Grain narrow, free, tightly enclosed in the scale. [In honor of 
 Henry Muhlenberg, 1756-1817, North American botanist.] 
 
 About 60 species, chiefly natives of America, a few Asiatic. 
 
142 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 Panicle contracted, narrow, spike-like, the short branches rarely spreading. 
 Flowering scale not awned but sometimes awn-pointed. 
 
 Outer scales not awned, about half as long as the flowering scale, acute, i. M. sobolifera. 
 Outer scales long-acuminate, awn-pointed or awned. 
 
 Outer scales about equal in length to the flowering scale, sharp-pointed, about i^' r 
 
 long. 2. M. Mexicana. 
 
 Outer scales exceeding the flowering scale, generally twice its length, awned, about 
 
 2 y?" long. 3. M. racemosa. 
 
 Flowering scale long-awned; awn usually twice the length of the scale, sometimes shorter. 
 Outer scales about equalling the flowering scale. 
 
 Basal hairs not more than one-half the length of the flowering scale. 
 
 Spikelets consisting of 3 scales and i perfect flower. 4. M. sylvatica. 
 
 Spikelets consisting of 4 scales, the third with a perfect flower, the fourth empty 
 
 and awned, 5. M. ambigua. 
 
 Basal hairs as long as the flowering scale. 6. M. comata. 
 
 Outer scales one-half to two-thirds as long as the flowering scale. 7. M. tenuiflora. 
 
 Outer scales less than one-quarter the length of the flowering scale. 
 
 I,ower scale minute, often wanting; flowering scale with an awn twice its length. 
 
 8. M. diffusa. 
 
 Lower scale about two-thirds as long as the second; flowering scale with an awn four 
 times its length or more. 9. M. microsperma. 
 
 Panicle open, its branches long and spreading. 
 
 Culms \% tall or more; panicle diffuse; leaves elongated, not rigid. 10. M. capillaris. 
 Culms i tall or less; leaves 2' long or less, rigid. 
 
 Secondary branches of the panicle single; basal leaves short, numerous, strongly recurved. 
 
 11. M. gracillima. 
 Secondary branches of the panicle fascicled; basal leaves few, not recurved. 
 
 12. M. pungens. 
 
 1. Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin. Rock Muhlenbergia. (Fig. 320. } 
 
 Agrostis sobolifera Muhl.; Willd. Enum. 95. 1809. 
 Muhlenbergia sobolifera Trin. Unifl. 189. 1824. 
 
 Glabrous, culms 2-3 tall, erect, slender, simple, 
 or sparingly branched above, smooth. Sheaths t 
 smooth, those of the culm shorter than the inter- 
 nodes, those of the branches overlapping and 
 crowded; ligule very short, truncate; leaves rough, 
 those of the culm 4 / -6 / long, iX // ~3 // wide, those 
 of the branches 1'-$' long, about i // wide ; panicle 
 3 / -6 / in length, slender, its branches %'-i' long; 
 outer scales about y 2 " long, half to two-thirds the 
 length of the spikelet, equal, or the lower some- 
 what shorter, acute, scabrous, especially on the 
 keel; third scale scabrous, obtuse, 3-nerved, the 
 middle nerve usually excurrent as a short point. 
 
 Rocky woods, Massachusetts to Minnesota, south to 
 Virginia, Tennessee and the Indian Territory. Sept- 
 Oct. 
 
 2. Muhlenbergia Mexicana (L,.) Trin. Meadow Muhlenbergia. (Fig. 321.) 
 
 Agrostis Mexicana I,. Mant. i: 31. 1767. 
 Agrostis filiformis Willd. Enum. 95. 1809. 
 Muhlenbergia Mexicana Trin. Unifl. 189. 1824. 
 
 Glabrous, culms 2-4 long, erect, or often prostrate, 
 much branched, smooth. Sheaths shorter than the 
 internodes, excepting at the extremities of the 
 branches, where they are crowded and overlapping, 
 smooth or scabrous ; leaves scabrous, those of the 
 culm 4'-6' long, i // ~3 // wide, the branch leaves 
 smaller; panicle 2 / -6 / long, contracted, its branches 
 spike-like, i / -2 / long, erect or appressed; spikelets 
 i%"-iW long; outer scales somewhat unequal, ex- 
 ceeding the flowering one, or slightly shorter, acumin- 
 ate or short-awned, scabrous especially on the keel ; 
 third scale acuminate, scabrous, particularly toward 
 the apex. 
 
 In swamps and borders of fields, New Brunswick to 
 western Ontario, south to North Carolina, Tennessee and 
 the Indian Territory. Aug. -Sept. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 3. Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx. ) B.S.P. 
 
 (Fig. 322.) 
 
 Agrostis racemosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 53. 1803. 
 Muhlenbergia glomerataTr'\n. Unifl. 191. 1824. 
 Muhlenbergia racemosa B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 67. 1888. 
 
 Culms i-3 tall, erect, usually much branched, 
 smooth and glabrous. Sheath smooth, those of 
 the culm shorter than the internodes, those of the 
 branches overlapping and often crowded; ligule 
 about y?. rf long, erose-truncate; leaves 2 / -5 / long, 
 !//_y/ wide, scabrous; panicle 2'-^%' in length, 
 usually dense and interrupted, the branches % f - 
 \ f long, erect or appressed, the spikelets much 
 crowded; outer scales of the spikelet acuminate, 
 2 //_y/ long, including the awn, smooth or sca- 
 brous, especially on the keel; third scale one-half 
 to two-thirds as long, acuminate, the strongly 
 scabrous midrib excurrent in a short point. 
 
 In wet places, Newfoundland to British Columbia, 
 south to New Jersey, Missouri and New Mexico. 
 Aug.-Sept. 
 
 Marsh Muhlenbergia. 
 
 4. Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr. Wood Muhlenbergia. (Fig. 323.) 
 
 Agrostis diffusa Muhl. Gram. 64. 1817. Not Host, 1809. 
 Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr. Fl. U. S. i: 87. 1824. 
 
 Culms i-3 tall, erect, branched, smooth or some- 
 what scabrous. Sheaths smooth or slightly scabrous, 
 those of the culm shorter than the internodes, those 
 of the branches overlapping and often crowded; ligule 
 about Yz" long, erose-truncate; leaves 2 / -y / long, i"- 
 3 /x wide, rough; panicle 3 / -y / in length, somewhat 
 lax, the branches 1.'-$' long, erect or ascending; outer 
 scales of the spikelet i l /"-T-Y*" l n g> awn-pointed, 
 scabrous; third scale equalling or somewhat exceed- 
 ing the outer ones, strongly scabrous, attenuate into a 
 slender awn 2-4 times its length. 
 
 In moist woods and along' streams, New Brunswick to 
 Ontario and Minnesota, south to North Carolina, Tennessee 
 and the Indian Territory. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 5. Muhlenbergia ambigua Torr. Minnesota 
 Muhlenbergia. (Fig. 324.) 
 
 Muhlenbergia ambigua Torr. Nicollet's Rep. 164. 1843. 
 
 Glabrous, culms i tall or lower, erect, branched, 
 smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligv.le 
 about YZ" long, erose-truncate; leaves i / -3 / long, 
 i // -2 // wide, scabrous; panicle i / -3 / long, rigid, its 
 branches Yt'~^' l n R. dense, appressed; outer scales of 
 the spikelet awn-pointed, unequal, the longer about 
 2 /x in length and exceeding the body of the third 
 scale which is scabrous, villous, and attenuate into an 
 awn 2-3 times its length; a fourth narrow awned scale 
 is nearly always present. 
 
 Along a lake shore in Minnesota. 
 
144 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 6. Muhlenbergia comata (Thurb.) Benth. 
 
 (Fig. 325.) 
 
 Hairy Muhlenbergia. 
 
 Vaseya comata Thurb. Proc. Phila. Acad. 1863: 79. 1863. 
 
 Muhlenbergia comata Benth.; Vasey, Cat. Grasses U. S. 39.. 
 1885. 
 
 Culms \-2% tall, erect, slender, smooth and glabrous. 
 Sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth or slightly 
 scabrous; ligule about }&" long, truncate, naked or mi- 
 nutely ciliate; leaves 2^ / -5 / long, i // -2 // wide, erect, 
 flat, rough; panicle often tinged with purple, 2 / -4 / in 
 length, dense, branches X / ~ I /^ / l orj g> erect; outer scales 
 of the spikelet equal, or the second a little the longer, 
 smooth, scabrous on the keel ; third scale shorter, 
 smooth and glabrous, bearing an awn 2-3 times its length, 
 the basal hairs silky, erect, fully as long as the scale. 
 
 On prairies; Kansas (?), Colorado to California. 
 Sept. 
 
 Aug.- 
 
 7. Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.) B.S.P. 
 
 (Fig. 326.) 
 
 Agrostis tenuiflora Willd. Sp. PL i: 364. 1798. 
 Agrostis pauciflora Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i: 63. 1814. 
 Muhlenbergia Willdenovii Trin. Unifl. 188. 1824. 
 Muhlenbergia tenuiflora B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 67. 
 1888. 
 
 Glabrous, culms 2-3 tall, erect, slender, simple or 
 sparingly branched, smooth. Sheaths usually shorter 
 than the internodes; ligule short and truncate; leaves 
 2 / ^ / -y / long, i // -4 // wide, narrowed toward the base, 
 acuminate, scabrous; panicle 5 / -9 / long, slender, its 
 branches i / -^}4 / long, appressed; outer scales of the 
 spikelet unequal, half to two-thirds the length of the 
 third one, awn-pointed, scabrous; third scale \% fr - 
 \y 2 ' f long, scabrous, bearing an awn 2-4 times its 
 length. 
 
 In rocky woods, Massachusetts to southern Ontario and 
 Minnesota, south to Alabama and Texas. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 Slender Muhlenbergia. 
 
 8. Muhlenbergia diffusa Schreb. Nimble 
 Will. Dropseed Grass. (Fig. 327.) 
 
 Muhlenbergia diffusa Schreb. Beschr. Gras. 2: 143. pi. 57. 
 1772-9. 
 
 Glabrous, culms i-3 long, decumbent, or often 
 prostrate or creeping and ascending, very slender, dif- 
 fusely branched. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, 
 loose; ligule short, fringed; leaves i^ / -3^ / l n g> 
 y 2 "--2." wide, scabrous; panicle 2 / -8 / long, slender 
 somewhat lax, its branches i / -2 / long, erect; outer 
 scales of the spikelet minute, the lower one often 
 wanting; the third scale, exclusive of the awn, about 
 \" long, strongly scabrous, particularly upon the 
 nerves; the awn y 2 "--i' f in length. 
 
 On dry hills and in woods, Maine and southern Ontario 
 to Minnesota, south to Florida, Kansas and Texas. 
 Aug.-Sept. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 145 
 
 Small-seeded Muhlenbergia. 
 
 9. Muhlenbergia microsperma (DC.) Trin. 
 
 (Fig. 328.) 
 
 Trichochloa microsperma DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 151.' 
 
 1813. 
 
 Muhlenbergia microsperma Trin. Unifl. 193. 1824. 
 Muhlenbergia debilis Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 
 
 (VI.) 6: 295. 1841. 
 
 Culms 6'-i}4 tall, erect, finally decumbent or 
 somewhat prostrate at base, slender, diffusely 
 branched. Sheaths usually shorter than the inter- 
 nodes, loose; ligule y 2 ' f long, truncate, toothed; 
 leaves X / ~~ 2 X / l n > I// wide or less, scabrous; 
 panicle 2 / -4 / in length, slender, open, the branches 
 \' long or less, ascending or erect; outer scales of 
 the spikelet unequal, obtuse or rounded at apex, 
 about one-third the length of the third scale, 
 which is iX // ~ I X // l n g exclusive of the awn 
 and strongly scabrous ; awn 6 // -i2 // in length. 
 
 n dry soil, Kansas to California, south to Mexico. 
 
 10. Muhlenbergia capillaris (L,am.) Trin. Long-awned Hair-grass. 
 
 (Fig. 329.) 
 
 Stipa capillaris L,am. Tabl. Encycl. i: 158. 1791. 
 Muhlenbergia capillaris Trin. Unifl. 191. 1824. 
 
 Glabrous, culms i}4-4 tall, erect, simple, 
 smooth or nearly so. Sheaths smooth, the lower 
 short and overlapping, the upper ones much 
 longer; ligule about 2 // in length; leaves 6 / -i long, 
 i // -2 // wide, scabrous; panicle y'-i in length or 
 more, diffuse, the capillary branches 4/-S' long, 
 at length widely spreading; spikelets on long hair- 
 like pedicels which are clavate-thickened at the 
 apex; outer scales unequal, acute or short-awned, 
 slightly scabrous; third scale, exclusive of the 
 awn, 2 X/ long, about twice as long as the first 
 one, scabrous, the awn 3 // -9 // in length. 
 
 In dry sandy or rocky soil, Massachusetts to New 
 Jersey and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. 
 Panicle usually light purple. Sept.-Oct. 
 
 ii. Muhlenbergia gracillima Torr. Filiform Muhlenbergia. (Fig. 330.) 
 
 Muhlenbergia gracillima Torr. Pac. R. R. Rept. 4: 155. 
 
 1875- 
 
 Glabrous, culms 4/-I4/ tall, from a slender creeping 
 rootstock, erect, slender, simple, rigid. Sheaths 
 smooth ; ligule i // -2 // long, entire and acuminate, or 
 variously cleft, with acuminate teeth; leaves i / -2 / long, 
 involute-setaceous, smooth or somewhat scabrous, 
 rigid, the basal numerous, usually strongly recurved, 
 the 1-3 culm leaves erect or ascending; panicle 2 / ~9 / 
 in length, open, the branches finally widely spreading, 
 I '-3' long, filiform ; spikelets about as long as the fili- 
 form pedicels which are clavate-thickened at the apex; 
 outer scales unequal, usually awn-pointed or short- 
 awned, slightly scabrous; third scale iX // ~ I /^ // l n g. 
 longer than the outer ones, sometimes twice as long, 
 scabrous; awn i // -2 // long. 
 
 On prairies, Kansas to Colorado, south to Texas and 
 New Mexico. Sept.-Oct. 
 
 
146 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 12. Muhlenbergia pungens Thurb. 
 Prairie Muhlenbergia. (Fig. 331.) 
 
 Muhlenbergia pungens Thurb. Proc. Acad. 
 Phila. 1863: 78. 1863. 
 
 Culms 6 / -i5 / tall from a creeping root- 
 stock, erect from a decumbent branching 
 base, rigid, minutely pubescent. Sheaths 
 overlapping, crowded at the base of the 
 culm, scabrous; ligule a ring of soft silky 
 hairs; leaves i / -2 / long, involute-setaceous, 
 rigid, scabrous; panicle 3 / -6 / in length, open, 
 the branches 2 / -2 / ^ / long, single, distant, 
 much divided from near the base, the divi- 
 sions apparently fascicled; spikelets on long 
 pedicels, which are clavate-thickened at the 
 apex; outer scales, when mature, equalling 
 or often shorter than the body of the third 
 one, scabrous, especially on the keel; third 
 scale, when mature, ^ // -i // long, scab- 
 rous, the awn shorter than its body. 
 
 On prairies, Nebraska to Utah, south to Texas 
 and Arizona. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 26. BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv. Agrost. 39. 1812. 
 
 A tall grass with flat leaves and a narrow panicle. Spikelets i-flowered, narrow, the 
 rachilla produced beyond the flower and sometimes bearing a minute scale at the summit. 
 Scales 3; the outer small and inconspicuous, the lower often wanting; the third much 
 longer, rigid, 5-nerved, acuminate into a long awn; palet scarcely shorter, rigid, sulcate on 
 the back, 2-nerved Stamens 2. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose, elongated. 
 Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, in allusion to the minute outer 
 scales.] 
 
 A monotypic genus of eastern North America. 
 
 i. Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. Brachyelytrum. (Fig. 332.) 
 
 Muhlenbergia erecta Schreb. Besch. Gras. 2: 139. pi. 
 
 50. 1772-9- 
 
 Brachyelytrum erectum Beauv. Agrost. 39. 1812. 
 Brachyelytrum aristatum R. & S. Syst. 2: 413. 1817. 
 Brachyelytrum aristatum. var. Engelmanni A. Gray, 
 
 Man. Ed. 5, 614. 1867. 
 
 Culms i-3 tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth 
 or rough, pubescent at and near the nodes. 
 Sheaths shorter than the internodes, scabrous to- 
 ward the apex, more or less villous especially at 
 the throat; ligule about ^' f long, irregularly 
 truncate; leaves 2 / -5 / long, 3 // -9 // wide, acuminate 
 at both ends, scabrous; panicle 2 / -6 / in length, slen- 
 der, branches \ f -^' long, erect or appressed ; outer 
 scales of the spikelet unequal, the upper less than 
 one-third as long as the flowering scale, the lower 
 minute or wanting; third scale, exclusive of the 
 the awn, 4> // -6 // long, 5-nerved, scabrous, espec- 
 ially on the midnerve, the awn erect, 9 // -i2 // 
 long; rachilla produced beyond the flower about 
 half the length of the third scale and lying in the 
 groove of the palet. 
 
 Moist places, Newfoundland to western Ontario and Minnesota, south to North Carolina, Tenn- 
 essee and Missouri. Ascends to 5000 ft. in North Carolina. July-Aug. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 147 
 
 27. HELEOCHLOA Host, Gram, i: 23. pi. 29,30. 1801. 
 
 [CRYPSIS Lam. Tabl. Encycl. i: 166. 1791. Not Ait. 1789.] 
 
 Perennial tufted grasses with flat leaves and spicate or paniculate inflorescence. Spike- 
 lets i-flowered. Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, somewhat unequal, membranous, acute, cili- 
 ate-keeled; the third scale similar, a little longer; palet shorter, hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 
 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, loosely enclosed in the scale. 
 [Greek, signifying meadow-grass.] 
 
 About 8 species, chiefly natives of the Mediterranean region, one or two also widely distri- 
 buted through middle Europe and Asia. 
 
 x. Heleochloa schoenoides (L.) Host. Rush Cat's-tail Grass. (Fig. 333.) 
 
 Phleum schoenoides I/. Sp. PI. 60. 1753. 
 
 Crypsis schoenoides I,am. Tabl. Encyl. i: 166. pi. 42. 
 
 1791. 
 Heleochloa schoenoides Host, Gram, i: 23. pi. jo. 1801. 
 
 Glabrous, culms 4 / -i8 / tall, erect or sometimes de- 
 cumbent at the base, branched, smooth. Sheaths 
 about half the length of the internodes, the upper 
 loose, the one immediately below the spike in- 
 flated and usually partially enclosing it; ligule a 
 ring of short hairs; leaves i f -$ f long, i // -2 // wide, 
 flat, acuminate, smooth beneath, scabrous above; 
 spikelets \}i" long, the empty scales acute, com- 
 pressed, ciliate-keeled, i-nerved, the lower shorter 
 than the upper ; third scale equalling or longer 
 than the second, acute, compressed, ciliate-keeled, 
 otherwise glabrous, i-nerved; palet shorter, obtuse. 
 
 In waste places, southern New York to Delaware. 
 Naturalized from Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 28. PHLEUM L. Sp. PI. 59. 1753. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence. Spikelets 
 i-flowered. Scales 3 ; the 2 outer empty, membranous, compressed, keeled, the apex 
 obliquely truncate, the midnerve produced into an awn; the third scale much shorter, 
 broader, hyaline, truncate, denticulate at the summit; palet narrow, hyaline. Stamens 3. 
 Styles distinct, somewhat elongated. Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid, free, enclosed in the 
 scale and palet. [Name Greek, taken from Pliny; originally applied to some very different 
 plant.] 
 
 About 10 species, inhabiting the temperate zones of both hemispheres. The following only 
 are natives of North America. The English name Cat's-tail Grass is applied to all the species. 
 Spikes usually elongated, cylindric; awns less than one-half the length of the outer scales; upper 
 
 sheath not inflated. I. p, pratense. 
 
 Spikes not elongated, ovoid to oblong and cylindric; awns about one-half the length of the outer 
 
 scales; upper sheath inflated. 2. P. alpinum. 
 
 i. Phleum pratense L. Timothy. Herd's 
 Grass. (Fig. 334.) 
 
 Phle urn pratense I/. Sp. PI. 59. 1753. 
 
 Glabrous and smooth or very nearly so throughout, 
 culms i-4 tall, erect, simple. Sheaths usually ex- 
 ceeding the internodes, sometimes shorter, the upper 
 one long and not inflated, or very slightly so; ligule 
 i // -2 // long, rounded; leaves s'-g' long, 2 X/ -3 X/ wide, 
 smooth or scabrous; spike usually elongated, cylindric, 
 iX / ~7 / in length, 2^ / . // -4 // in diameter; outer scales of 
 the spikelet, exclusive of the awn, i} ff long, ciliate 
 on the keel, the awn less than half their length. 
 
 In fields and meadows nearly throughout North Amer- 
 ica. Also in Europe and Asia. Widely cultivated for hay. 
 The scales are sometimes modified into small leaves. 
 July-Aug. 
 
I4 8 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 2. Phleum alpinum L,. Mountain Phleum. (Fig. 335.) 
 
 Phleum alpinum TL,. Sp. PI. 59. 1753. 
 
 Glabrous, culms 6 / -i8 / tall, erect or sometimes de- 
 cumbent at the base, simple, smooth. Sheaths often 
 much shorter than the internodes, sometimes longer, 
 the upper one usually much inflated; ligule about 
 i /x long, truncate; leaves smooth beneath, scabrous 
 above, the lower 2 / ~3 / long, i // ~4 // wide; upper leaf 
 generally very short, less than i x long; spike short, 
 ovoid to oblong and cylindric, }4 / -2 / in length, 3 // -6 // 
 in diameter; outer scales of the spikelet, exclusive of 
 the awn, i^ x/ long, strongly ciliate on the keel, the 
 awn about one-half their length. 
 
 Labrador to Alaska, south to the mountains of New 
 Hampshire, Vermont, Arizona and California. Also in 
 northern Europe and Asia and in Patagonia. Summer. 
 
 29. ALOPECURUS L. Sp. PI. 60. 1753. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses with erect or decumbent culms, usually flat leaves, and spi- 
 cate inflorescence. Spikelets i-flowered, flattened; scales 3, the 2 lower empty, acute, some- 
 times short-awned, more or less united below, compressed -keeled; keel ciliate or somewhat 
 winged; third scale truncate or obtuse, hyaline, 3-nerved, awned on the back, subtend- 
 ing a perfect flower and usually a palet; palet hyaline, acute, sometimes wanting. Stamens 
 3. Styles distinct or rarely united at the base. Stigmas elongated, hairy. [Greek, signify- 
 ing Fox-tail Grass, in allusion to the spikes.] 
 
 About 20 species, principally natives of the north temperate zone. 
 4~others occur in western North America. 
 
 Besides the following, some 
 
 Outer scales of the spikelet united for one-half their length, smooth to hispid on the keel. 
 
 i. A. agrestis. 
 
 Outer scales of the spikelet united for one-quarter their length or less,long-ciliate on the keel. 
 Scales i"-i%" in length. 2. A. geniculatus. 
 
 Scales 2"-3" in length. 
 
 Spike iJ4'-2K' long; outer scales glabrous or sparingly pubescent on the lateral nerves. 
 
 3. A. pratensis. 
 Spike iK' long or less; outer scales villous. 4. A. alpinus. 
 
 i. Alopecurus agrestis I,. Slender Foxtail. (Fig. 336.) 
 
 Alopecurus agrestis I/. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 89. 1762. 
 
 Smooth or slightly scabrous, culms i-2 tall, erect, 
 simple. Sheaths shorter than the internodes ; ligule 
 i // long, truncate ; leaves i% / -'j / long, i // -3 // wide, 
 scabrous, especially above ; spike itf'-tf long, 2 // -4 // 
 thick ; outer scales of the spikelet united at the base 
 for about half their length, narrowly wing-keeled, 
 2 // -2> // long, the nerves smooth or scabrous, some- 
 times hispid below, especially on the keel; third scale 
 equalling or slightly exceeding the outer ones, smooth 
 and glabrous, the awn inserted near the base, about 
 twice its length, bent. 
 
 In waste places and ballast, southern New York and 
 New Jersey. Adventive from Europe. Native also of 
 Asia. July-Aug. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 2. Alopecurus geniculatus I,. Marsh Foxtail. (Fig. 337.) 
 
 Alopecurus geniculatus L. Sp. PI. 60. 1753. 
 Alopecurus fulvus J. IJ. Smith, Engl. Bot. pi. 1467. 1805. 
 .Alopecurus aristulatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 43. 1803. 
 Alopecurus geniculatus var. aristulatus Torr. Fl. U. S. 
 
 1:97. 1824. 
 
 Glabrous or very nearly so, culms 6 / -i8 / tall, erect, 
 or sometimes decumbent at. the base, simple or spar- 
 ingly branched, smooth. Sheaths usually shorter 
 than the internodes, loose or somewhat inflated ; lig- 
 ule i^ // -3 // long; leaves \'-& long, ^ // -a // wide, sca- 
 brous, especially above ; spikes \'-T/ in length, i' f -\" 
 thick ; outer scales of the spikelet slightly united at the 
 base, i // -iX // l n g> obtuse or subacute, smooth, gla- 
 brous except on the pubescent lateral nerves and 
 strongly ciliate keel; third scale somewhat shorter, 
 obtuse, smooth and glabrous, the awn inserted at or 
 below the middle, equalling or exceeding it. 
 
 In wet soil, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south 
 'to Florida, Tennessee, Arizona and California. Also in 
 Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 149 
 
 3. Alopecurus pratensis I,. Meadow Foxtail. (Fig. 338.) 
 
 Alopecurus pratensis I,. Sp. PI. 60. 1753. 
 
 Nearly or quite glabrous, slender, culms i-2}4 tall, 
 erect, simple. Sheaths usually much shorter than the 
 internodes, loose or somewhat inflated; ligule about 
 Yz' f long, erose-truncate; leaves iX'-sX' long, i"- 
 3" wide, scabrous, at least above; spikes ity-2%' in 
 length, 4 // -6 // thick; outer scales of the spikelet unit- 
 ed at the base for about one-quarter their length, 2 /x - 
 3 /x long, acute, glabrous except the sparingly pubes- 
 cent lateral nerves and the strongly ciliate keel; third 
 scale slightly shorter, obtuse, smooth and glabrous, 
 the awn inserted about quarter way up the scale and 
 exceeding it. 
 
 In meadows, Nova Scotia to southern New York and 
 Ohio. Naturalized from Europe. June-July. 
 
 .4. Alopecurus alpinus J. E. Smith. Alpine 
 Foxtail. (Fig. 339.) 
 
 Alopecurus alpinus J. E. Smith, Engl. Bot. pi. 1126. 1803. 
 
 Culms glabrous and smooth or nearly so, 5 / -2 tall, 
 erect, sometimes decumbent at the base, simple. Sheaths 
 generally shorter than the internodes, loose, often inflated; 
 ligule i "-2" long, rounded at the apex; leaves I'-y' 
 long, i // -3 // wide, smooth beneath, slightly scabrous 
 above; spike i^' in length or less, $"->" thick; outer 
 scales of the spikelet united only at the base, 2." long, 
 obtuse, villous and ciliate; third scale about equalling the 
 outer ones, obtuse, glabrous except at the villous apex, 
 the awn inserted about one-third the way up, a little ex- 
 ceeding the scale. 
 
 Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, 
 .alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 Also in arctic and 
 
150 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 30. PHIPPSIA R. Br. Suppl. App. Parry's Voy. 275. 1824. 
 
 A low annual tufted grass, with flat leaves and spike-like panicles. Spikelets i-flowered; 
 scales 3; the 2 outer empty, minute, the first often wanting; the third scale thin-membran- 
 ous, keeled. Palet somewhat shorter, 2-keeled. Stamen i, rarely 2 or 3. Styles short, 
 distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, enclosed in the scale and palet, which readily 
 split and allow it to drop out. [In honor of John Constantine Phipps, 1744-1792, Arctic 
 navigator.] 
 
 A monotypic genus of the arctic regions. 
 
 i. Phippsia algida (Soland.) R. Br. Phippsia. (Fig. 340.) 
 
 Agrostis algida Solander, in Phipps' Voy. 200. 
 1810. 
 
 Phippsia algida R. Br. Suppl. App. Parry's Voy. 
 275. 1824. 
 
 Smooth and glabrous throughout, culms i / -5 / 
 tall, erect, simple; ligule % ff long; leaves i' in 
 length or less, %"-\" wide, obtuse; panicle 
 X'-iX 7 m length, contracted; branches }'-%' 
 long, erect or appressed; spikelets /^ // -|4f // 
 long; outer scales minute, unequal, acutish, 
 the first often wanting; third scale broad, i- 
 nerved, obtuse, or sub-truncate and somewhat 
 erose, the palet about two-thirds as long, broad, 
 2-keeled, erose-truncate, 
 
 Arctic regions of both the Old World and the 
 New. Summer. 
 
 31. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i: 169. 1810. 
 [ViifFA Beauv. Agrost. 16. 1812.] 
 
 Perennial or rarely annual grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and open or contracted 
 panicles. Spikelets generally small, i-flowered, occasionally 2-3-flowered. Scales in the 
 i-flowered spikelets 3, membranous; the 2 outer empty, the first somewhat shorter; the 
 third scale equalling or longer than the empty ones; palet 2-nerved. Stamens 2-3. Styles 
 very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, and often early deciduous. [Greek, 
 referring to the deciduous grain.] 
 
 About 80 species, in tropical and temperate regions, very numerous in America. Besides the 
 following, 4 or 5 others occur in the southern and western United States. 
 
 Panicle contracted, spike-like. 
 
 Spikelets more than i%" in length. 
 
 Panicle terminal; upper sheaths 3' long or more. 
 I,eaves glabrous or very nearly so. 
 
 Third scale of the spikelet acuminate, much longer than the second and usually 
 
 greatly exceeded by the palet. I. .S. asper. 
 
 Third scale of the spikelet acutish or obtuse, somewhat exceeding the second 
 
 and equalling or a little shorter than the palet. 2. 5". longifolius. 
 
 Leaves, at least the lower, papillose-hirsute. 3. 5". pilosus. 
 
 Panicles terminal and lateral; sheaths i l / 2 ' long or less. 4. S. vaginaeflorus. 
 
 Spikelets i^" long or less. 
 
 Sheaths inflated, the uppermost usually enclosing the base of the panicle. 
 
 5. 5". neglectus. 
 Sheaths not inflated; panicle exserted. 
 
 Branches of the panicle not crowded; third scale acuminate. 
 
 Outer scales of the spikelet obtuse or abruptly acute, less than half as long as the 
 
 third scale; ligule about i" long, acutish. 6. 5. brevifolius. 
 
 Outer scales of the spikelet acuminate and awn-pointed, more than half as long as 
 
 the third scale; ligule less than #" long, erose-truncate. 7. 5. cuspidatus. 
 Branches of the panicle densely crowded; third scale acute. 
 
 Culms decumbent and branched at the base, from a stout horizontal rootstock;; 
 
 panicle short. 8. S 1 . Virginicus. 
 
 Culms erect, simple, tufted; panicle usually elongated. 9. S. Indicus. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 151 
 
 Panicle open, the branches more or less spreading, at least at maturity. 
 
 Pedicels equalling or shorter than the spikelets; first scale about half as long as the second. 
 Branches of the panicle verticillate. 
 
 Spikelets J long, green. 10. S 1 . argutus. 
 
 . Spikelets i ^"-i^" long, purple. n. S. junceus. 
 
 Branches of the panicle alternate or sometimes sub-verticillate. 
 Spikelets about i" long; first scale lanceolate. 
 
 Sheaths naked or sparingly ciliate at the throat; panicle usually exserted. 
 
 12. .S. airoides. 
 Sheaths densely pilose at the throat; base of the panicle generally included. 
 
 13. S. cryptandrus. 
 Spikelets 2"-2K" long; first scale subulate. 14. 6". heterolepis. 
 
 Pedicels at least twice the length of the spikelets; first scale about equalling the second. 
 Culms erect, simple; leaves elongated. 
 
 Culms slender, from an annual root; outer scales about half the length of the spikelet. 
 
 15. S. serotinus. 
 Culms stout, from a horizontal rootstock: outer scales slightly shorter than the spikelet. 
 
 16. S. compressus. 
 Culms decumbent and branched below; leaves short. 17. 5". asperifolius. 
 
 i. Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth. Rough Rush-grass. (Fig. 341.) 
 
 Agrostis aspera Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 52. 1803. 
 Sporobolus asper Kunth, Enum. i : 210. 1833. 
 
 Sporobolus asper var. Drummondii Vasey, Contr. 
 U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 60. 1892. 
 
 Culms 2-5 tall, erect, simple, smooth and 
 glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; 
 ligule a mere ring, less than %'' long, naked; 
 leaves s'-is' long, i // -2 // wide at the base, 
 attenuate into a long slender involute tip, 
 smooth and glabrous beneath, scabrous above, 
 or somewhat hairy at the base; panicle 2 / ~5 / in 
 length, linear, strict, its branches i / -2 / long, ap- 
 pressed; spikelets 2> // ~4 // l n g> the outer scales 
 unequal, acute; third scale pubescent at the base, 
 much longer than the second and greatly ex- 
 ceeded by the long-acuminate almost awned 
 palet. 
 
 In dry soil, Delaware to Illinois, south to Florida 
 and Texas. Aug -Sept. 
 
 2. Sporobolus longifolius (Torr. ) Wood. 
 
 (Fig. 342.) 
 
 Agrostis longifolia Torr. Fl. U. S. i: 90. 1824. 
 Sporobolus asper Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 
 
 59. 1892. Not Kunth, 1833. 
 Sporobolus longifolius Wood, Class-book, 775. 
 
 1861. 
 
 Culms iX-3/4 tall, erect, simple or occa- 
 sionally branched, smooth and glabrous. 
 Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule very 
 short, minutely ciliate; leaves 4 / -i8 / long, i x/ - 
 2 /x wide at the base, attenuate into a long slen- 
 der involute tip, smooth and glabrous beneath, 
 scabrous and hairy at the base above ; panicle 
 more or less included in the upper sheath, 3'- 
 io / in length, linear, strict, the branches i / -2 / 
 long, erect; spikelets 2 // -2^ // long; outer scales 
 unequal, acutish, glabrous, the lower shorter; 
 third scale glabrous, acutish or obtuse, exceed- 
 ing the second and equalling or a little shorter 
 than the obtuse palet. 
 
 In dry soil, Maine to Pennsylvania, Missouri and 
 Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. Aug, -Sept. 
 
 Long-leaved Rush-grass. 
 
152 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 3. Sporobolus pilosus Vasey. Hairy Rush-grass. (Fig. 343.) 
 
 Sporobolus pilosus Vasey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 16: 26. 1891. 
 
 Culms i-i)4 tall, erect, rigid, stout, smooth and 
 glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, 
 crowded and overlapping at the base of the culm ; 
 ligule very short, minutely ciliate ; leaves 3'-6' long, 
 l // -2 // wide at base, erect, rigid, attenuate into a slen- 
 der involute tip, the lower papillose-hirsute on both 
 sides, the upper usually glabrous beneath, scabrous 
 above and somewhat hairy near the base ; panicle 
 2 / -3 / in length, included at the base, erect, strict, 
 its branches J^'-i' long, erect; spikelets 2^ x/ long, 
 the outer scales unequal, glabrous, obtuse, the lower 
 shorter ; third scale obtuse, glabrous, somewhat ex- 
 ceeding the second and equalling or a little longer 
 than the obtuse palet. 
 
 In dry soil, Kansas and Missouri. Aug.-Sept, 
 
 4. Sporobolus vaginaeflorus (Torr. ) Wood. Sheathed Rush-grass. 
 
 (Fig. 344.) 
 
 Vilfa vaginaeflora Torr. ; A. Gray, Gram, and Cyp. No. 3. 
 
 1834. 
 
 Sporobolus vaginaeflorus Wood, Classbook, 775. 1861. 
 Sporobolus minor Vasey; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 646. 1890. 
 
 Culms 8 / -iS / tall, erect, slender, smooth or scabrous. 
 Sheaths usually inflated, about half as long as the 
 internodes; ligule very short; leaves \ ff wide or less, 
 smooth and glabrous beneath, scabrous and hairy 
 near the base above, attenuate into a slender invo- 
 lute point, the lower elongated, the upper i / -3 / long, 
 setaceous ; panicles ^ X -2 X in length, the terminal one 
 exserted or sometimes partially included, strict, the 
 branches }/?.' long or less, erect, the lateral ones en- 
 closed in the sheaths; spikelets \^"-2% f ' long, the 
 outer scales unequal, acuminate, smooth, the lower one 
 shorter; third scale scabrous, especially toward the 
 apex, about as long as the second and equalling or 
 slightly exceeded by the very acute palet. 
 
 In dry soil, New York to Illinois and Missouri, south to 
 Georgia and Texas. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 Sporobolus neglectus Nash. Small Rush-grass. (Fig. 345.) 
 
 Sporobolus vaginaeflorus Vasey; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 
 
 645. 1890. Not Wood. 1863. 
 
 Sporobolus neglectus Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 464. 1895. 
 Culms 6 / -i2 / tall, erect from a usually decumbent 
 base, slender, often much branched, smooth and 
 glabrous. Sheaths about half as long as the inter- 
 nodes, inflated ; ligule very short ; leaves \" wide or 
 less at the base, smooth and glabrous beneath, sca- 
 brous and hairy near the base above, attenuate into a 
 slender point, the lower elongated, the upper I'-tf 
 long, setaceous; terminal panicle i'-2%' in length, 
 usually more or less included in the upper sheath, 
 strict; lateral panicles enclosed in the sheaths; spike- 
 lets about \Y^" long, the outer scales acute, the lower 
 one slightly shorter ; third scale acute, glabrous, a 
 little longer than the second and about equalling 
 the acute palet. 
 
 In dry soil, Massachusetts to Kentucky and Kansas. 
 Aug.-Sept. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 153 
 
 6. Sporobolus brevifolius (Nutt.) Scribn. Short-leaved Rush-grass. 
 
 (Fig. 346.) 
 
 Agrostis brevifolia Nutt. Gen. i: 44. 1818. 
 
 Sporobolus depauperatus Scribn. Bull. Torr. Club, 9: 103. 
 
 In part. 1882. 
 Sporobolus brevifolius Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 39. 1895. 
 
 Smooth and glabrous, culms 6'-i8' tall, arising from a 
 horizontal rootstock, erect, slender, decumbent and 
 branching at the base. Sheaths much shorter than the 
 internodes ; ligule ^"-i" long, acutish ; leaves % f -*2. f 
 long, involute-setaceous ; panicle %'-$' in length, usu- 
 ally about i^'i linear, its branches %'-Yz' l n g> erect 
 orappressed; spikelets iX // - I /^ // l n g> the outer scales 
 unequal, less than half as long as the third, obtuse or 
 abruptly acute, scabrous on the keel and at the apex ; 
 third scale long-acuminate, sometimes cuspidate, scabrous 
 toward the apex. 
 
 Anticosti Island and Maine to British Columbia, south in 
 the mountains to New Mexico and California. Summer. 
 
 7. Sporobolus cuspidatus (Torr.) Wood. 
 Prairie Rush-grass. (Fig. 347.) 
 
 Vilfa cuspidata Torr.; Hook. PI. Bor. Am. 2: 238. 1840. 
 Sporobolus cuspidatus Wood, Bot. & Fl. 385. 1870. 
 Sporobolus brevifolius Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 39. 
 In part. 1894. 
 
 Smooth and glabrous, culms i-2 tall, erect, sim- 
 ple or somewhat branched. Sheaths shorter than 
 the internodes ; ligule a mere ring, %" long or less, 
 erose-truncate ; leaves I'-tf long, less than i" wide 
 at the base, erect, involute-setaceous, at least when 
 dry; panicle !%'-$' in length, slender, its branches 
 X'-i'long, appressed; spikelets i^X'-i^'long, the 
 outer scales half to three-quarters as long, acuminate 
 or cuspidate, scabrous on the keel; third scale long- 
 acuminate and cuspidate, sparingly scabrous. 
 
 In dry soil, Manitoba to the Northwest Territory, south 
 to Missouri and Kansas. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 8. Sporobolus Virginicus (I,.) Kunth. Seashore Rush-grass. (Fig. 348.) 
 
 Agrostis Virginica I,. Sp. PI. 63. 1753. 
 Sporobolus Virginicus Kunth. Rev. Gram, i: 67. 
 
 1835- 
 
 Culms 6 r -2 tall, erect or sometimes decumbent, 
 simple or branched at the base, smooth and glab- 
 rous. Sheaths numerous, short, overlapping and 
 crowded at the lower part of the culm, smooth, 
 glabrous or sometimes pilose on the margins and 
 at the throat; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves 
 i '-8' long, 2 X/ wide or less at the base, distichous, 
 acuminate into a long point, involute on the mar- 
 gins and at the apex, smooth beneath, scabrous 
 above or sometimes sparingly hairy; panicle i / -3 / 
 long, 2 // -5 // thick, dense and spike-like, usually 
 exserted; spikelets i // -i^ // long, the outer scales 
 about equal, acute, smooth and glabrous; third 
 scale smooth and glabrous, acute, slightly shorter 
 than the second and about equalling the obtuse 
 palet. 
 
 On sandy shores, Virginia to Florida, west to Texas 
 and Mexico. Also in Cuba. Aug.-Sept. 
 
154 
 
 GRAMINEAE, 
 
 9. Sporobolus Indicus (L,.) R. Br. India Rush-grass. Smut-grass. 
 
 (Fig. 349.) 
 
 Agrostis Indica I,. Sp. PI. 63. 1753. 
 Sporobolus Indicus R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i: 170, 
 1810. 
 
 Glabrous and smooth throughout, culms i-4 
 tall, erect, tufted, simple or rarely sparingly 
 branched. Sheaths few, long, shorter than the in- 
 ternodes ; ligule a ring of very short hairs ; leaves 
 !//_2// w ide, attenuate into along slender point, the 
 lower 8 x -i long, the upper shorter ; panicle 4 / -i5 / 
 in length, usually elongated, narrow, spike-like \ 
 spikelets |^ // -i // long, the outer scales unequal, 
 about half as long as the third, obtuse, smooth and 
 glabrous, the lower one shorter and often erose- 
 truncate ; third scale acute, somewhat exceeding 
 the obtuse or acutish palet. 
 
 In meadows and waste places, Virginia to Florida, 
 west to Arkansas and California. Naturalized from 
 tropical regions; very abundant in Central and South 
 America. July-Sept. 
 
 10. Sporobolus argutus (Nees) Kunth. Pointed Dropseed-grass. (Fig. 350.) 
 
 Vilfa arguta Nees, Agrost. Bras. 2: 395. 1829. 
 Sporobolus argutus Kunth, Enum. i: 215. 1833. 
 
 Culms i tall or less, erect, or somewhat decum- 
 bent at the base, simple or sometimes branched, 
 smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the 
 internodes, their margins sometimes hirsute at the 
 top; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves i'-2' long, 
 i//_ 2 // w i<Je at the base, acuminate, smooth and 
 glabrous beneath, scabrous and often sparingly hairy 
 at the base above; panicle i}^ f -j/ i n length, the 
 branches J^'-i' long, verticillate, at first appressed, 
 finally widely spreading; spikelets %' // long; outer 
 scales smooth and glabrous, the first rounded or 
 obtuse, one-quarter the length of the acute second 
 one; third scale about equalling the second, acute. 
 
 Kansas, the Indian Territory and Colorado, south to 
 Texas and Mexico. Also in the West Indies. July- 
 Sept. 
 
 ii. Sporobolus junceus (Michx. ) Kunth.. 
 
 Purple Dropseed-grass. Wire-grass. 
 
 (Fig- 35i.) 
 
 Agrostis juncea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 52. 1803. 
 Sporobolus junceus Kunth, Rev. Gram, i: 68. 1835. 
 
 Glabrous and smooth throughout, culms i-2 tall,, 
 tufted, erect, slender, simple. Sheaths shorter than 
 the internodes ; ligule very short ; leaves filiform or 
 setaceous, the basal 6'-! long, numerous, those of 
 the culm few, 1'-$' long ; panicle s'-y' in length, 
 open, the branches verticillate, the lower i / -2 / long ) 
 widely spreading; spikelets iX"-!^", purple, the 
 outer scales very unequal, the first obtuse or acutish r 
 one-fourth to one-third the length of the acute second 
 one ; third scale subacute or blunt, equalling the 
 second and the obtuse palet. 
 
 Dry sandy soil, Virginia to Florida, west to Texas. Re- 
 ported from Minnesota and Wisconsin. Aug.-Sept. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 12. Sporobolus airoides Torr. Hair-grass Dropseed. 
 
 J\.grostis airoides Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i: 151. 1824. 
 SPorobolus airoides Torr. Pac. R. R. Rept. 7: Part 3, 21. 
 
 1856. 
 
 Culms i^-3 tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- 
 brous. Sheaths generally shorter than the internodes, 
 sometimes sparsely ciliate at the throat ; ligule very 
 short ; leaves smooth beneath, scabrous above and 
 sometimes sparingly hairy near the base, X // ~ I X // 
 wide at the base, attenuate into a long slender involute 
 point, the basal about one-half as long as the culm, the 
 upper culm leaves 2 / -5 / in length; panicle 5 / -i5 / long, 
 usually exserted, the branches alternate or the upper 
 -verticillate,, at length widely spreading, the lower 3'- 
 7' long; spikelets ^ // -i // long, the scales acute, gla- 
 brous, the outer unequal, the lower one about half as 
 long as the upper; third scale equalling the second 
 and the palet. 
 
 Prairies, Nebraska to California, south to Texas and 
 Arizona. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 13. Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray. 
 
 155 
 
 (Fig. 352.) 
 
 Sand Dropseed. (Fig. 353.) 
 
 Agrostis cryptandra Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i: 151. 1824. 
 Sporobolus cryptandrus A. Gray, Man. 576. 1848. 
 
 Culms i^-3^ tall, erect, simple or sometimes 
 branched at the base, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths 
 smooth, with a dense pilose ring at the summit, the 
 lower short, crowded and overlapping, the upper 
 much longer, generally enclosing the base of the pan- 
 icle; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves j > / -6 / long, 
 x //_ 2 // w i(3 ej fl a t ; glabrous beneath, scabrous above, 
 long-acuminate; panicle 6 / -io / in length, the base gen- 
 erally included in the upper sheath, rarely entirely 
 exserted, the branches spreading or ascending, alter- 
 nate, the lower i^ / -3 / long; spikelets i // -iX // long, 
 the scales acute, glabrous, the outer scabrous on the 
 keel, the lower one-third as long as the upper; third 
 scale somewhat longer or shorter than the second. 
 
 In sandy soil, coast of New England, along all the Great 
 Lakes, west to Dakota, south in the interior to Missouri, 
 Texas and Mexico. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 14. Sporobolus heterolepis A. Gray. 
 
 Vilfa heterolepis A. Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 233. 
 Sporobolus heterolepis A. Gray, Man. 576. 1848. 
 
 Culms i-3 tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. 
 Sheaths sometimes sparingly pilose at the summit, the 
 lower short, loose, and overlapping, the upper much 
 elongated and tight to the culm; ligule a ring of short 
 hairs; leaves involute-setaceous, glabrous, the margins 
 and upper part of the midrib very rough, the basal 
 about three-fourths the length of the culm, occasion- 
 ally equalling it, those of the culm shorter; panicle 
 3 / -io / in length, its branches erect or ascending, al- 
 ternate or sub-verticillate, the lower iJ^-sX' long; 
 spikelets 2 // -2^f // long, the scales smooth and gla- 
 brous, the outer unequal, acuminate, the lower sub- 
 ulate, about half the length of the broad second one, 
 often awn -pointed; third scale obtuse or acute, shorter 
 than the second or occasionally equalling it. 
 
 In dry soil, Quebec to Assiniboia, south to Pennsylvania, 
 Illinois and Arkansas. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 Northern Dropseed. 
 
 1835- 
 
 (Fig- 354-) 
 
156 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 Sporobolus serotinus (Torr. ) A. Gray. 
 
 (Fig. 355-) 
 
 L,ate-flowering Dropseed 
 
 Agrostis serotina Torr. Fl. U. S. i: 88. 
 Sporobolus serotinus A. Gray, Man. 577. 
 
 1824. 
 
 Glabrous and smooth or very nearly so. culms 
 6 / -i8 / tall, from an annual root, erect, slender, 
 simple. Sheaths short, confined to the lower part 
 of the culm; ligule less than J^ /x in length, irre- 
 gularly truncate; leaves y 2 " wide or less, slightly 
 scabrous above, flat, the basal one-third to half the 
 length of the culm, those of the culm 2 / -4 / long; 
 panicle $'-9' in length, the branches capillary, 
 erect or ascending, the lower I'-a^' long; spike- 
 lets about $&" long, the outer scales subequal, ob- 
 tuse, smooth or sometimes sparingly scabrous; 
 third scale twice the length of the outer ones, 
 acuminate. 
 
 In wet sandy soil, Maine to Michigan, south to New 
 Jersey. Sept. -Oct. 
 
 16. Sporobolus compressus (Torr.) Kunth. 
 
 (Fig- 356.) 
 
 Agrostis compressa Torr. Cat. PI. N. Y. 91. 1819. 
 Sporobolus compressus Knnth, Bnum. 1:217. 1833. 
 
 Culms i-2 tall, from a horizontal rootstock, stout, 
 simple, much compressed, smooth and glabrous. 
 Sheaths compressed, overlapping, sometimes scabrous 
 at the summit; ligule very short; leaves s'-io' long, 
 i" wide or less, folded, slightly rough; panicle 4/-io' 
 in length, the branches erect or ascending, the lower 
 a'-3' long; spikelets about %" long; outer scales sub- 
 equal, obtuse or somewhat acute, smooth and gla- 
 brous; third scale obtuse and apiculate, strongly scab- 
 rous, slightly exceeding the outer ones. 
 
 In bogs, Long Island and in the pine barrens of New 
 Jersey. Sept. -Oct. 
 
 17. Sporobolus asperifolius (Nees & Meyen) Thurber. 
 
 Dropseed. (Fig. 357.) 
 
 Flat-stemmed Dropseed. 
 
 Rough-leaved 
 
 Vilfa asperifolia Nees & Meyen; Trin. Mem. Acad. St. 
 
 Petersb. (VI. ) 6: 95. 1840. 
 Sporobohis asperifolius Thurber; S. Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 
 
 269. 1880. 
 
 Culms 6 / -i8 / tall, erect from a decumbent and 
 branched base, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths short, 
 crowded and overlapping, the upper usually enclosing 
 the base of the panicle ; ligule X /x l n g> erose-trun- 
 cate; leaves numerous, I'-SJ^' long, i"-!^" wide at 
 the base, acuminate, strict, often erect, flat, glabrous, 
 smooth beneath, very rough above ; panicle $'-8' in 
 length, included at the base, rarely entirely exserted, 
 the capillary branches spreading or ascending, the 
 lower 2 r -4' long; spikelets occasionally 2-3-flowered, 
 ^ // long; outer scales subequal, acute, glabrous, spar- 
 ingly scabrous; third scale obtuse or acute, glabrous, 
 somewhat exceeding the second. 
 
 Dry soil, Assiniboia to British Columbia, south to Mis- 
 souri, Nebraska, California and Mexico. Aug.-Sept. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 157 
 
 32. POLYPOGON Desf. Fl. Atl. i: 66. 1798. 
 
 Mostly annual grasses, with decumbent or rarely erect culms, flat leaves and spike-like 
 panicles. Spikelets i-flowered; scales 3; the 2 outer empty, each extended into an awn; third 
 scale smaller, generally hyaline, short-awned from below the apex, subtending a palet and 
 perfect flower; palet shorter than the scale. Stamens 1-3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas 
 plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, in allusion to the many long 
 awns which resemble a beard.] 
 
 About 10 species, widely distributed, in temperate and warm regions, rare in the tropics. 
 
 i. Polypogon Monspeliensis (Iy. ) Desf. Beard-grass. (Fig. 358.) 
 
 Alopecurus Monspeliensis I,. Sp. PI. 89. 1753. 
 
 Polypogon Monspeliensis Desf. Fl. Atl. i: 67. 
 1798. 
 
 Culms 2 tall or less, erect from a usually de- 
 cumbent base, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths 
 generally shorter than the internodes, loose, 
 sometimes slightly scabrous; ligule T-W-Qf r 
 long; leaves i>^ / -6 / long, iX // ~3 // wide, sca- 
 brous, especially above; panicle \ f -\ r in length, 
 dense and spike-like, the branches YZ' in length, 
 ascending ; spikelets crowded ; outer scales 
 about i // long, obtuse, slightly bifid, scabrous, 
 bearing a more or less bent awn 2 // -3 // long; 
 third scale much shorter, erose-truncate, hya- 
 line, bearing a delicate awn about %" l n g> 
 inserted below the apex. 
 
 In waste places, New Hampshire to South Caro- 
 lina, mostly near the coast. Very abundant in 
 western North America, from British Columbia to 
 Mexico. Naturalized from Europe. Native also 
 of Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 33. ARCTAGROSTIS Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 434. 1853. 
 
 A perennial grass with flat leaves and contracted panicle. Spikelets i-flowered. Scales 
 3; the 2 outer empty, unequal, somewhat acute, membranous; the third scale exceeding 
 the second, subtending a palet and perfect flower, obtuse; palet obtuse, 2- nerved. Stamens 
 2 or 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scale 
 and palet. Seed adherent to the pericarp. [Latin, signifying an arctic Agrostis-Vfez grass.] 
 
 A monotypic genus of arctic and subarctic regions. 
 
 i. Arctagrostis latifolia (R. Br.) Griseb. 
 Arctagrostis. (Fig. 359.) 
 
 Colpodium latifolium R. Br. Suppl. App. Parry's 
 
 Voy. 286. 1824. 
 Arctagrostis latifolia Griseb. in L,edeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 
 
 434- 1853. 
 
 Culms 6 / -2 tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent 
 at the base, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths 
 shorter than the internodes; ligule 2" long, trun- 
 cate; leaves I'-y' long, \"-^" wide, usually erect, 
 scabrous; panicle i / J^ / -8 / long, narrow, its branches 
 ^ / -2 / in length, ascending or erect; spikelets 
 i^ // -2 // long; outer scales unequal, acutish, the 
 lower about two-thirds to three-fourths the length 
 of the upper; third scale obtuse, exceeding the 
 second, hispid on the keel. 
 
 Greenland to Hudson Bay and Alaska. Also in 
 arctic Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
158 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 34. CINNA I,. Sp. PI. 5. 1753- 
 
 Tall grasses with flat leaves and panicled spikelets. Spikelets i -flowered. Scales 3; the 
 2 outer empty, keeled, acute; the third scale similar, but usually short-awned on the back, 
 subtending a palet and a stalked perfect flower; palet a little shorter, i-nerved. Stamen i. 
 Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain narrow, free, enclosed in the scale and 
 palet. Seed adherent to the pericarp. [Greek, taken from Dioscorides.] 
 
 Four known species, inhabiting the temperate regions of Europe and North America. Besides 
 the following, another occurs in the western United States. 
 
 Panicle narrow at maturity, its filiform branches erect or drooping; spikelets 2"-2}4" long; first 
 scale much shorter than the second. i. C. arundinacea. 
 
 Panicle open, its capillary branches flexuous and drooping; spikelets iK" long; first scale about 
 equalling the second. 2. C. latifolia. 
 
 i. Cinna arundinacea L,. Wood Reed-grass. (Fig. 360.) 
 
 Cinna arundinacea L. Sp. PI. 5. 1753. 
 
 Culms 2-5 tall, erect, simple, smooth and 
 glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter than the in- 
 ternodes, overlapping at the base of the culm, 
 smooth or roughish; ligule i"-2" long, trun- 
 cate; leaves 6 x -i long, 2 // -7 // wide, scabrous; 
 panicle 6 / -ia / in length, usually contracted, 
 sometimes purple, the filiform branches erect or 
 drooping, the lower i^ / -4X / long; spikelets 
 2 // -2 / J^ // in length, the scales acute, scabrous, 
 especially on the keel, the first one shorter than 
 the second; third scale slightly exceeded or 
 equalled by the second, usually bearing an awn 
 about }i' f long from the 2- toothed apex. 
 
 In moist woods and swamps, Newfoundland to 
 the Northwest Territory, south to North Carolina, 
 Louisiana, Missouri and Texas. Ascends to 1700 ft. 
 in North Carolina. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 2. Cinna latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. Slender Wood Reed-grass. (Fig. 361.) 
 
 Agroslis latifolia Treviran, in Goeppert, Beschr. d. 
 
 Bot. Gart. Breslau, 82. 1830. 
 Cinna pendula Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 
 
 6: 280. 1841. 
 Cinna latifolia Griseb. in I/edeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 435. 
 
 i853- 
 
 Culms 2-4 tall, erect, usually slender, simple, 
 smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the 
 internodes, sometimes slightly scabrous; ligule 
 i // -2 // long; leaves 4 / -io / long, a // -6 // wide, scab- 
 rous; panicle s'-io' in length, open, the capillary 
 branches generally spreading, flexuous and often 
 drooping, the lower ij^'-S'' in length; spikelets 
 iX // l n g; scales scabrous, the outer acute, strongly 
 hispid on the keel, the first about equalling the 
 second; third scale usually exceeded by the second 
 and bearing a rough awn - ^ // -i // long from the 2- 
 toothed apex. 
 
 In damp woods, Newfoundland to British Colum- 
 bia, south to New Jersey, in the Alleghanies to North 
 Carolina, to Wisconsin, and in the Rocky Mountains 
 to Colorado and Utah. Also in northern Europe. 
 Ascends to 5000 ft. in the Adirondacks. Aug. -Sept. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 159 
 
 35. AGROSTIS L. Sp. PI. 6. 1753. 
 [TRICHODIUM Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 41. 1803.] 
 
 Annual or perennial tufted grasses with flat or bristle-like leaves and paniculate inflores- 
 cence. Spikelets i-flowered. Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, membranous, keeled, acute ; 
 the third shorter, obtuse, hyaline, sometimes bearing a dorsal awn, subtending a perfect 
 flower; palet shorter than the scale, sometimes minute or wanting. Stamens usually 3. 
 Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. Seed adherent 
 to the pericarp. [Name Greek, referring to the field habitat of many species.] 
 
 A genus of about 100 species, widely distributed throughout the world, particularly numerous 
 in temperate regions. Besides the following some 15 others are found in western North America. 
 
 Palet conspicuous, at least one-third as long as the scale. i. A. alba. 
 
 Palet inconspicuous, minute or wanting. 
 
 Branches of the contracted panicle short, spikelet-bearing to the base; third scale awnless. 
 
 2. A. exarata. 
 Branches of the panicle slender, naked below, spikelet-bearing from about the middle to the 
 
 ends. 
 Third scale awned. 
 
 Awn very finely filiform and flexuous, at least twice the length of the spikelet which 
 
 is Yi," long. 3. A. Elliottiana. 
 
 Awn stouter, rigid, usually bent, less than twice the length of the spikelet. 
 Branches of the panicle generally ascending; spikelets i" long. 
 
 4. A. canina. 
 Branches of the panicle usually spreading; spikelets i%"-i l /4 long. 
 
 5. A. rubra. 
 Third scale not awned, or very rarely bearing a short awn. 
 
 Culms weak, usually decumbent and often prostrate at base; leaves lax; spikelets %" 
 
 long. 6. A. perennans. 
 
 Culms and leaves erect. 
 
 Branches of the panicle capillary, elongated, usually dividing above the middle, 
 
 the spikelets crowded at the extremities. 
 
 Spikelets K"-i" long; leaves short. 7. A. hiemalis. 
 
 Spikelets iK"-iK" long; leaves elongated. 8. A. altissima. 
 
 Branches of the panicle not elongated, dividing at or below the middle. 
 
 Spikelets about i" long; a grass of low elevations. 9. A. intermedia. 
 
 Spikelets i#"-i%" long; a high mountain grass. 10. A. Novae- Angliae. 
 
 i. Agrostis alba L,. Red-top. Florin. Herd's-grass. (Fig. 362.) 
 
 Agrostis alba I,. Sp. PI. 63. 1753. 
 
 Agrostis vulgaris With. Bot. Arr. Brit. PI. 
 Ed. 3, 132. 1796. 
 
 Agrostis alba var. vulgaris Thurber in A. 
 Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 647. 1890. 
 
 Culms 8 / -2^ tall, erect or decumbent 
 at the base, often stoloniferous, simple, 
 smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usually 
 shorter than the internodes, often crowded 
 at the base of the culm; ligule 4 // long or 
 less; leaves 2 / -8 / long, i // -3 // wide, sca- 
 brous; panicle 2 / -g / in length, contracted 
 or open, green or purplish, the branches 
 ascending or erect, the lower i / -3 / long; 
 spikelets \ f/ -\% ff long; outer scales about 
 equal, acute, smooth and glabrous, except 
 on the hispid or scabrous keel; third 
 scale shorter, obtuse or acute, the palet at 
 least one-third its length. 
 
 A most variable species occurring in fields 
 and meadows nearly throughout North Amer- 
 ica, extensively cultivated for fodder. Natu- 
 ralized from Europe, and perhaps also native 
 northward. We have been unable satisfac- 
 torily to separate A. sylvatica I,, from this. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 II 
 
i6o 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 2. Agrostis exarata Trin. Rough-leaved Bent-grass. (Fig. 363.) 
 
 Agrostis exarata Trin. Unifl. 207. 1824. 
 Agrostis asperifolia Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 
 (VI.) 6: Part 2, 317. 1845. 
 
 Culms i-3 tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent 
 at the base, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths 
 usually shorter than the internodes, smooth or 
 roughish; ligule i // -3^ // long, more or less decur- 
 rent; leaves i / -8 / long, i // -4 // wide, generally erect, 
 flat or involute, scabrous; panicle contracted, 2^'- 
 io / in length, often interrupted or glomerate, the 
 branches ~i% / -^ / in length, erect, spikelet-bearing 
 to the base; spikelets crowded, i // -2 // long, the 
 outer scales subequal, scabrous, especially on the 
 keel; third scale from less than one-half to three- 
 fourths the length of the second, obtuse or sub- 
 acute; palet minute. 
 
 Manitoba to Alaska, south to Wisconsin, Nebraska, 
 Texas and California. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 3. Agrostis Elliottiana Schultes. Elliott's Bent-grass. (Fig. 364.) 
 
 Agrostis arachnoides Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 134.. 
 
 1817. Not Poir. 1810. 
 Agrostis Elliottiana Schultes, Mant. 2: 202. 1824. 
 
 Culms 5^-14' tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth 
 and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, 
 smooth or slightly scabrous, strongly striate; 
 ligule \" long; leaves rough, X / ~ 2/ l n g> J// 
 wide or less; panicle 2 / ~5 / in length, usually 
 narrow, sometimes open, the branches slender, 
 naked below, erect or ascending, the lower i / -i^ / 
 long; spikelets ^ /x long; outer scales subequal, 
 scabrous on the keel, acute; third scale about three- 
 quarters as long as the first, erose-truncate, acute or 
 2-toothed, bearing a very finely filiform flexuous 
 barbellate awn, 2-4 times its length, inserted just 
 below the apex; palet short. 
 
 In dry soil, South Carolina to Kentucky and Mis- 
 souri, south to Florida and Texas. May-July. 
 
 4. Agrostis canina L. Brown Bent- grass. (Fig. 365.) 
 
 Agrostis canina I,. Sp. PI. 62. 1753. 
 
 Culms i-2 tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth and 
 glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule 
 ^"-ij^'long; leaves 1'-$' in length, i x/ wide or less, 
 scabrous; panicle 2 / -y / in length, contracted in fruit, 
 the branches slender, naked below, ascending or 
 spreading in flower, the lower i / -2^ / long; spikelets 
 i /x long, on appressed pedicels, the outer scales sub- 
 equal, acute, strongly scabrous on the keel; third scale 
 about two-thirds the length of the first, obtuse, smooth 
 and glabrous, bearing a straight or somewhat bent 
 dorsal awn i // -2 // long, inserted just above the middle; 
 palet minute or none. 
 
 In meadows, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Penn- 
 sylvania and Tennessee. Native northward; naturalized 
 om Europe southward. A variable species. July-Sept. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 5. Agrostis rubra I,. Red Bent-grass. (Fig. 366.) 
 
 Agrostis rubra L. Sp. PI. 62. 1753. 
 
 Agrostis rupestris Chapm. Fl. S. States, 551. 1860. Not 
 
 All. 1785- 
 Agrostis rubra var. Americana Scribn.; Macoun, Cat. 
 
 Can. PI. 5: 391. 1890. 
 
 Smooth or very nearly so, glabrous, culms 6 / -2 tall, 
 erect or sometimes decumbent at the base, simple. 
 Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes; ligule i" 
 long; leaves 2 x -4/ long, ^"-ij^" wide; panicle 2^'- 
 5' in length, open, the branches generally widely 
 spreading and more or less flexuous, rarely erect, the 
 lower i / -2>^ / long; spikelets i^f // -iX // long, the 
 outer scales acute, scabrous on the keel; third scale 
 shorter than the first, obtuse, bearing a usually bent 
 dorsal awn 2 // -2> // long, inserted below the middle. 
 
 Summits of the highest mountains of New England, 
 New York and North Carolina. The American plant 
 may be specifically different from the European. Summer. 
 
 6. Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. Thin-grass. (Fig. 367.) 
 
 Cornucopiae perennans Walt. Fl. Car. 74. 1788. 
 
 Agrostis perennans Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. 45: 44. 
 1843. 
 
 Culms i-2^ long from a decumbent or pros- 
 trate base, weak, slender, simple or sparingly 
 branched above, smooth and glabrous; ligule ^ /x 
 long; leaves 2 / -6 / long, i // -2 // wide, lax, scabrous; 
 panicle 4/-8 x in length, open, the branches i / -2 / 
 long, widely spreading, the branchlets and pedi- 
 cels divergent; spikelets %' f -\" long, the outer 
 scales acute, scabrous on the keel; third scale about 
 three-quarters the length of the first, smooth and 
 glabrous, not awned; palet small or wanting. 
 
 In shaded damp places, Quebec and Ontario to Wis- 
 consin, south to South Carolina and Tennessee. As- 
 cends to 6600 ft. in North Carolina. Panicle usually 
 light green, sometimes purplish. July-Sept. 
 
 7. Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B.S.P. Rough Hair-grass. (Fig. 368.) 
 
 Cornucopiae hyemalis Walt. Fl. Car. 73. 1788. 
 Agrostis scabra Willd. Sp. PI. i: 370. 1798. 
 Agrostis hyemalis B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N.Y. 68. 1888. 
 
 Culms i-2 tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth and 
 jlabrous. Sheaths generally shorter than the inter- 
 lodes; ligule i // -2 // long; leaves 2 / ~5 / long, % f/ -i% f/ 
 ride, usually erect, roughish; panicle 6 / -2 long, usu- 
 
 lly purplish, the capillary scabrous branches ascend- 
 
 ig, sometimes widely spreading, or often drooping, 
 
 le lower 3 / -6 / long, dividing above the middle, the 
 livisions spikelet-bearing at the extremities; spikelets 
 
 ("-\" long, the outer scales acute, scabrous toward 
 
 ic apex and on the keel; third scale two-thirds the 
 igth of the first or equalling it, obtuse, rarely bearing 
 
 short awn; palet usually very small. 
 
 In dry or moist soil throughout nearly the who e of 
 Jorth America except the extreme north. July-Aug. 
 
l62 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 8. Agrostis altissima (Walt.) Tuckerm. Tall Bent-grass. (Fig. 369.) 
 
 Cornucopiae altissima Walt. Fl. Car. 74. 1788. 
 
 Agrostis altissima Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. 45: 44. 
 1843. 
 
 Agrostis elata Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 
 Part 2, 364. 1845. 
 
 Culms 2-4 tall, erect, simple, smooth, usually 
 stiff. Sheaths overlapping, scabrous, the upper 
 one elongated; ligule i // -2 // long; leaves elongated, 
 6 / -i in length, i // -i^ // wide, scabrous; panicle 
 7 X -9 X long, the branches ascending or erect, some- 
 what scabrous, the lower 2 / ~4 / in length, spikelet- 
 bearing at the extremities; spikelets i^f // -i^ // 
 long, the outer scales acute, scabrous on the keel; 
 third scale shorter, obtuse, scabrous, occasionally 
 bearing a short awn ; palet small or wanting. 
 
 In sandy swamps, New Jersey to Florida and Ala- 
 bama. Panicle usually purplish. Aug-.-Oct. 
 
 9. Agrostis intermedia Scribn. Upland Bent-grass. (Fig. 370.) 
 
 Agrostis intermedia Scribn. Bull. Tenn. Agric. Exp. Sta. 
 7:76. 1894. 
 
 Culms i-3 tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. 
 Sheaths smooth, those at the base of the culm often 
 crowded and overlapping; ligule i // -2 // long; leaves 
 4 x -9 r long, I "-3" wide, scabrous; panicle 4 / ~9 / in 
 length, the branches i^ / -3 / long, ascending, dividing 
 at or below the middle, the divisions divergent, the 
 pedicels appressed; spikelets about i // long, the outer 
 scales acute or acuminate, scabrous on the keel; third 
 scale about three-fourths the length of the first, smooth; 
 palet small or wanting. 
 
 In dry soil, New York to Tennessee and Missouri. In- 
 termediate in aspect between A. altissima and A. peren- 
 nans. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 10. Agrostis Novae-Angliae Tuckerm. 
 New England Bent-grass. (Fig. 371.) 
 
 Agrostis Novae-Angliae Tuckerm. Hovey's Mag. 9: 
 
 143. April, 1843. 
 Agrostis altissima var. la.ra Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. 
 
 45: 44. October, 1843. 
 
 Culms S'-is' tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- 
 brous. Sheaths longer than the internodes, gener- 
 ally overlapping; ligule \" long; leaves i / -3^ / 
 long, \" wide or less, erect, usually involute, scab- 
 rous; panicle 3 ^'-7' in length, open, the branches 
 spreading or ascending, dividing at or below the 
 middle, the divisions divergent, the pedicels often 
 appressed; spikelets iX // ~ I ^ // l n g> tne outer 
 scales acute, strongly scabrous on the keel; third 
 scale somewhat shorter, obtuse. 
 
 Newfoundland, south to the high mountains of New 
 England, New York and North Carolina. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 163 
 
 36. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 31. 1763. 
 
 [DEYKUXIA Clarion; Beauv. Agrost. 43. pi. 9. f. 9, 10. 1812.] 
 
 Generally perennial grasses, of various habit, with flat leaves and paniculate inflorescence. 
 Spikelets i -flowered, the rachilla usually prolonged beyond the flower and pubescent. 
 Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, carinate, membranous; the third scale hyaline, shorter than 
 the outer, obtuse, usually copiously long-hairy at the base, or rarely the hairs scanty or short, 
 and bearing a straight, bent or twisted dorsal awn; palet shorter, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. 
 Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. Seed adher- 
 ent to the pericarp. [Greek, signifying Reed-grass.] 
 
 A genus of about 130 species, widely distributed throughout temperate and mountainous 
 regions, and particularly numerous in the Andes. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in 
 the western parts of North America. The English name Small-reed is applied to any of the species. 
 
 Panicle open, the branches spreading or ascending, usually long and lax. 
 
 vSpikelets i" long; outer scales acute. i. C. Macouniana. 
 
 Spikelets i^"-2" long; outer scales acute; awn slender. 2. C. Canadensis. 
 
 Spikelets 2"-$" long; outer scales acuminat2 ; awn stouter. 3. '. l.angsdorfii. 
 
 Panicle narrow or contracted, the branches erect, at least in fruit, usually short and strict. 
 Basal hairs one-third the length of the scale or less. 
 
 Awn strongly twisted, inserted near the base of the scale; leaves long. 4. C. Porter i . 
 Awn not twisted, bent, inserted just below the middle of the scale; leaves short. 
 
 5. C. brevisela. 
 Basal hairs one-half the length of the scale or more. 
 
 Spikelets i^"-a" long; prolongation of the rachilla hairy its whole length. 
 
 Leaves flat; basal hairs equalling or somewhat shorter than the scale. 6. C. confinis. 
 L,eaves involute in drying; basal hairs half as long as the scale. 7. C. neglecta. 
 Spikelets 3" -4" long; prolongation of the rachilla with a terminal tuft of hairs. 
 
 8. C. cinnoides. 
 
 i. Calamagrostis Macouniana Vasey. 
 Macoun's Reed-grass. (Fig. 372.) 
 
 Deyeuxia Macouniana Vasey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 10: 207. 
 
 1885. 
 Calamagrostis Macmimana Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. 
 
 Herb. 3:81. 1892. 
 
 Culms 2-3 tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. 
 Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule \" long; 
 leaves 3'-y x long, i // -2^ // wide, erect, acuminate, 
 scabrous; panicle open, $'-4%.' in length, the branches 
 ascending, or sometimes erect, the lower \'-\y 2 ' long, 
 naked at the base; spikelets i" long, the outer scales 
 acute, scabrous, the first shorter than the second; 
 third scale equalling the second, the awn a little ex- 
 ceeding it; basal hairs about as long as the scale. 
 
 Manitoba and Assiniboia. Summer. 
 
 i. Calamagrostis Canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Blue-joint Grass. 
 
 (Fig- 373-) ^s^sss-^^ 
 
 A ni ndo Canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 73. 1803. 
 Calamagrostis Canadensis Beauv. Agrost. 15. 1812. 
 
 Culms 2-5 tall, erect, simple, smooth or somewhat 
 scabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule 
 I// ~3 // l n g; leaves 6'-i long or more, \"-\" wide, 
 rough; panicle 4 / -7 / in length, open, usually purplish, 
 the branches spreading or ascending, the lower 
 I ^ / ~3 / l n g, naked at the base; spikelets \y 2 "- 
 2" long, the outer scales equal or subequal, acute, 
 strongly scabrous; third scale equalling or slightly 
 shorter than the second, scabrous, the awn delicate 
 and equalling the copious basal hairs which are about 
 as long as the scale or some of them shorter. 
 
 In swamps and wet soil, Newfoundland to Alaska, 
 south to North Carolina, New Mexico and California. 
 Ascends to 5000 ft. in the Adirondacks. July-Sept. 
 
1 64 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 Calamagrostis Langsdorfii (L,ink) Trin. 
 
 (Fig. 374.) 
 
 I/angsdorf's Reed-grass. 
 
 Arundo Langsdorfii Link, Enum. i: 74. 1821. 
 Calamagrostis Langsdorfii Trin. Unifl. 225. pi. 4. f. 10. 
 1824. 
 
 Culms 2-4 tall, erect, simple, smooth or roughish. 
 Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule i // -3 // 
 long; leaves 4 / -i2 / long, 2 // -4 // wide, scabrous; pan- 
 icle 2 / -6 / in length, the branches ascending or some- 
 times erect, the lower i / -2 / long, naked at the base; 
 spikelets 2 // -3 // long, the outer scales acuminate, 
 strongly scabrous; third scale equalling or shorter 
 than the second, scabrous, the stout awn as long as or 
 a little exceeding the copious basal hairs which are 
 usually somewhat shorter than the scale. 
 
 Newfoundland to Alaska, south to the mountains of 
 New England and New York, and to Manitoba and Wash- 
 ington. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 4. Calamagrostis Ported A. Gray. Porter 's,Reed-grass. (Fig. 375.) 
 
 Calamagrostis Porteri A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6: 79. 
 1862. 
 
 Culms 2-4 tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. 
 Sheaths shorter than the internodes, slightly scabrous, 
 with a villous ring at the summit; ligule i // -2 // long; 
 leaves 6 / -i2 / long, 2 // -4 // wide, rough; panicle 4 / -8 / 
 in length, the branches erect, the lower i / -2 / long; 
 spikelets i // -2^ // long, the outer scales strongly sca- 
 brous, acute; third scale shorter than or equalling the 
 second, obtuse, scabrous, the lateral basal hairs about 
 one-third the length of the scale, those at the back 
 short or wanting; awn bent, about equalling the scale, 
 the lower part twisted. 
 
 In dry woods, Pennsylvania and southern New York. 
 Aug. -Sept. 
 
 Calamagrostis breviseta (A. Gray) Scribn. 
 
 (Fig. 376.) 
 
 Pickering's Reed-grass. 
 
 Calamagrostis sylvatica var. breviseta A. Gray, Man. 
 
 582. 1848. 
 Calamagrostis Pickeringii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 547. 
 
 1856. 
 Calamagrostis breviseta Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 
 
 41. 1894. 
 
 Culms i2 / -i8 / tall, erect, rigid, simple, scabrous 
 below the panicle. Sheaths smooth and glabrous, 
 the lower overlapping, the upper one elongated; lig- 
 ule i // ~3 // long; leaves i^ / -4 / long, 2 X/ wide, erect, 
 smooth beneath, rough above; panicle 3 / ~4/^ / in 
 length, the branches ascending or erect, the lower 
 I'-i^' long; spikelets i^ // -2 // long, purple tinged, 
 the outer scales acute, scabrous on the keel; third 
 scale shorter than the second, obtuse, scabrous, the 
 basal hairs very short; awn bent, not twisted, 
 equalling or slightly exceeding the scale. 
 
 In wet places, Cape Breton Island to New Hamp- 
 shire and Massachusetts. Occurs in the alpine region 
 of the White Mountains. Aug.-Sept. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 165 
 
 6. Calamagrostis confinis (Willd.) Nutt. Bog Reed-grass. (Fig. 377.) 
 
 Arundo con_finis Willd. Enum. i: 127. 1809. 
 Calamagrostis conft nis Nutt. Gen. 1:47. 1818. 
 Calamagrostis robusta Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 82. 
 1892. 
 
 Culms i^-3 tall, erect, simple, smooth or rough. 
 Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule about \" long; 
 leaves 2 X/ wide or less, rough, flat, or involute at the apex, 
 the basal often one-half to two-thirds as long as the culm, 
 the stem leaves 2 / -io / long; panicle contracted, 2*4 / -<) / in 
 length, the branches i / -2 / long, erect; spikelets iX x/ - 2// 
 long, the scales somewhat scabrous, the outer acute; third 
 scale obtuse, the basal hairs equalling it or three-fourths 
 as long; awn more or less bent, from a little shorter to 
 slightly longer than the scale. 
 
 In bogs, Vermont, New York and Pennsylvania to Van- 
 couver Island, south in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. 
 Aug.-Sept. Specimens of this grass have been referred to 
 C. Lapponica (Link) Trin., but we have been unable to prove 
 the occurrence of that species within our area. 
 
 7. Calamagrostis neglecta (Ehrh.) Gaertn. 
 Narrow Reed-grass. (Fig. 378.) 
 
 Arundo neglecta Ehrh. Beitr. 6: 137. 1791. 
 Calamagrostis neglecta Gaertn. Fl. Wett. i: 94. 1799. 
 Calamagrostis stricta Beauv. Agrost. 15. 1812. 
 
 Glabrous and smooth throughout, culms i^-2^ 
 tall, erect, simple, slender. Sheaths shorter than the 
 internodes; ligule l /2." long or less, truncate; leaves 
 narrow, involute in drying, the basal one-third as long 
 as the culm, those of the culm 2 / -5 / long, erect; pan- 
 icle contracted, 2^ / -4 / in length, the branches \' long 
 or less, erect; spikelets 2 X/ long, the scales scabrous, 
 the outer acute; third scale obtuse, about three-fourths 
 as long as the second and nearly twice the length of 
 the basal hairs; awn bent, exceeding the scale. 
 
 Labrador and Newfoundland to Washington. 
 Europe. Summer. 
 
 Also in 
 
 8. Calamagrostis cinnoides (Muhl.) Scribn. Nuttall's Reed-grass. 
 
 (Fig. 379-) 
 
 Arundo cinnoides Muhl. Gram. 187. 1817. 
 Calamagrostis Nuttalliana Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 190. 
 
 1855- 
 Calamagrostis cinnoides Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 42. 
 
 1895- 
 
 Culms 3-5 tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- 
 brous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth 
 or rough, the lower sometimes sparingly hirsute, and 
 rarely with a villous ring at the summit; ligule i // -2 // 
 long; leaves 4'-! long or more, 2 // -5 // wide, attenuate 
 into a long point, scabrous, occasionally sparingly 
 hirsute; panicle 3 / -7 / in length, contracted, the 
 branches erect, the lower i / -2 / long; spikelets 3 // -4 // 
 long; scales strongly scabrous, the outer about equal, 
 acuminate and awn-pointed; third scale shorter, obtuse, 
 the basal hairs one-half to two-thirds its length; awn 
 stout, exceeding or equalling the scale; prolongation of 
 the rachilla bearing a terminal tuft of hairs. 
 
 In moist soil, New Hampshire and Massachusetts to Pennsylvania, south to Georgia. Ascends 
 to 2000 ft. in Pennsylvania. July-Aug. 
 
1 66 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 37. AMMOPHILA Host. Gram. Austr. 4: 24. pi. 41. 1809. 
 
 Tall perennial grasses with flat leaves, convolute above, and dense spike-like panicles.. 
 Spikelets i-flowered, the rachilla prolonged beyond the flower and hairy. Scales 3, rigid, 
 chartaceous, acute, keeled; the 2 outer empty, the lower i-nerved, the upper 3-nerved; 
 third scale 5-nerved, with a ring of short hairs at the base, subtending a chartaceous 2-nerved 
 palet and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, 
 loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, signifying sand-loving, in allusion to the 
 habitat of these grasses.] 
 
 Two species, the following widely distributed along the fresh and salt-water shores of the 
 northern hemisphere, the other European. 
 
 i. Ammophila arenaria (Iy.) L,ink. Sea Sand-reed. Sea Mat-weed. 
 Maram. (Fig. 380.) 
 
 Arundo arenaria I,. Sp. PI. 82. 1753. 
 Calamagrostis arenaria Roth, Fl. Germ, i: 34. 1788. 
 Ammophila arundinacea Host, Gram. Austr. 4: 24. 1809. 
 Ammophila arenaria Link, Hort. Berol. I: 105. 1827. 
 
 Glabrous, culms 2-4 tall, erect, rigid, stout, 
 smooth, arising from a long horizontal branching root- 
 stock. Sheaths smooth, the lower short, crowded and 
 overlapping, the upper longer; ligule a mere ring; 
 leaves 6 x -i long or more, rigid, attenuate into a long 
 slender involute point, smooth beneath, scabrous 
 above; spike-like panicle dense, 4 / -i2 / in length, 
 6 // -8 // thick, its branches i%' long or less, appressed; 
 Spikelets 5 // -6 // long, the scales scabrous, about equal 
 in length, the third usually with the rudiment of an 
 awn just below the apex; basal hairs i // -2 // long. 
 
 In sands of the sea coast from New Brunswick to Vir- 
 ginia, and inland along the shores of the Great Lakes. 
 Also on the coasts of northern Europe. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 38. CALAMOVILFA Hack. True Grasses, 113. 1890. 
 
 Tall grasses with stout horizontal rootstocks, elongated leaves, which are involute at the 
 apex, and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets i-flowered, the rachilla not prolonged beyond 
 the flower. Scales 3, I -nerved, acute, the 2 outer unequal, empty; third scale longer or shorter 
 than the second, with a ring of hairs at the base; palet strongly 2-keeled. Stamens 3. 
 Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free. Seed adherent to the pericarp. [Greek, 
 signifying a reed-like grass. ] 
 
 Three known species, natives of the temperate and subtropical regions of North America. 
 
 Spikelets 2" '-2%" long, the basal hairs less than half the length of the third scale, i. C. brevipilis. 
 Spikelets 3"~4" long, the basal hairs more than half the length of the third scale. 2. C. longifolia. 
 
 i. Calamovilfa brevipilis (Torr.) Hack. Short-haired Reed-grass. 
 
 - 38i.) 
 
 Arundo brevipilis Torr. Fl. U. S. i: 95. 1824. 
 Calamagrostis brevipilis A. Gray, Man. 582. 1848. 
 Calamovilfa brevipilis Hack. True Grasses, 113. 1890. 
 
 Glabrous and smooth or very nearly so, culms 2-4 
 tall, erect, simple. Sheaths shorter than the inter- 
 nodes; ligule a ring of very short hairs; leaves 6 / -i2 / 
 long, \y 2 " wide or less, attenuate into a long slender 
 involute tip, smooth beneath, slightly scabrous 
 above; panicle open, 5 / -io / in length, the branches as- 
 cending, the lower 2 X -4 X long; Spikelets 2 // -2j // long; 
 scales acute, scabrous toward the apex, the outer un- 
 equal, the first one-half as long as the second; third 
 scale exceeding the second, pubescent on the lower 
 half of the keel; basal hairs one-third the length 
 of the scale; palet nearly equalling the scale, pubes- 
 cent on the lower half of the keel. 
 
 In swamps, pine barrens of New Jersey. Local. Aug.- 
 Sept. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 I6 7 
 
 2. Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Hack. 
 
 (Fig. 382.) 
 
 Calai>iagTi>s/is longifolia Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 
 241. 1840. 
 
 Calamovilfa longifolia Hack. True Grasses, 113. 
 1890. 
 
 Culms 2-6 tall, erect, simple, stout, smooth 
 and glabrous. Sheaths crowded and overlap- 
 ping, glabrous or rarely pilose; ligule a ring of 
 hairs about i /x long; leaves S'-i long or more, 
 panicle narrow, often i long or more, pale, 
 the branches erect or ascending, the lower 4'- 
 io x long; spikelets 3 // -4 // long; scales acute, 
 smooth, the first shorter than the second; the 
 third a little longer or slightly shorter than the 
 second, and nearly twice the length of the 
 copious basal hairs; palet slightly shorter than 
 the third scale. 
 
 On sandy shores, western Ontario and Manitoba 
 to the Rocky Mountains, south to Indiana, Kansas 
 and Colorado. July-Sept. 
 
 L,ong-leaved Reed-grass. 
 
 39. APERA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 495. 1763. 
 
 Annual grasses with narrow flat leaves, and ample open or contracted panicles. Spikelets 
 i-flowered, small, the rachilla prolonged beyond the flower into a bristle. Scales 3; the 
 2 outer empty, unequal, thin, membranous, keeled, acute; the third scale a little shorter, 
 membranous, bearing a long slender awn inserted just below the shortly 2-toothed apex; 
 palet a little shorter than the scale, 2-keeled, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. 
 Stigmas plumose. Grain narrow, free, included in the scale. Seed adherent to the pericarp. 
 [Greek, signifying not mutilated, whole or entire; application uncertain.] 
 
 Two species, natives of Europe and western Asia. 
 
 i. Apera Spica-venti (L,.) Beauv. Silky Bent-grass. 
 
 (Fig. 383.) 
 
 Windlestraw. 
 
 Agroslis Spica-venti I,. Sp. PI. 61. 1753. 
 Apera Spica-venti Beauv. Agrost. 151. 1812. 
 
 Culms i-2 tall, erect, simple, slender, smooth 
 and glabrous. Sheaths usually longer than the 
 internodes, the upper one generally including 
 the base of the panicle; ligule i // -3 // long; 
 leaves i / -y / long, >^ // -2 // wide, scabrous; pan- 
 icle 3 / -9 / in length, the branches erect or as- 
 cending, capillary, iX'-3 x l n g; outer scales of 
 the spikelet i // -i^ // long, acute, smooth and 
 shining; third scale hairy or nearly smooth, bear- 
 ing a dorsal scabrous awn 3 // -4 // long; rudiment 
 at the end of the rachilla less than X /x long- 
 
 In waste places and on ballast, Maine to southern 
 New York and Pennsylvania. Adventive from 
 Europe. June-July. 
 
168 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 40. HOLCUS I,. Sp. PI. 1047. 1753. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and spike-like or open panicles. Spikelets 
 deciduous, 2-flowered; lower flower perfect, upper staminate. Scales 4; the 2 lower empty, 
 membranous, keeled, the first i-nerved, the second 3-nerved and often short-awned; flower- 
 ing scales chartaceous, that of the upper flower bearing a bent awn. Palet narrow, 2-keeled. 
 Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scale. 
 [Greek, taken from Pliny. ] 
 
 About 8 species, natives of the Old World. 
 
 i. Holcus lanatus I,. Velvet-grass. 
 Meadow Soft-grass. (Fig. 384.) 
 
 Holcus lanatus L,. Sp. PI. 1048. 1753. 
 
 Softly and densely pubescent, light green, culms 
 i^-3 tall, erect, often decumbent at the base, sim- 
 ple. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule 
 J^ // -i // long; leaves i / -6 / long, 2 // -6 // wide; spike- 
 lets 2 X/ long, the empty scales white-villous, the 
 upper awn-pointed; flowering scales i x/ long, 
 smooth, glabrous and shining, the lower sparsely 
 ciliate on the keel, somewhat obtuse, the upper 2- 
 toothed and bearing a hooked awn just below the 
 apex. 
 
 In fields, meadows and waste places, Nova Scotia to 
 Ontario and Illinois, south to North Carolina and 
 Tennessee. Also on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized 
 from Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 
 41. AIRA L. Sp. PI. 63. 1753. 
 
 Mostly annual grasses with narrow leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 
 small, 2-flowered, both flowers perfect. Scales 4; the 2 lower empty, thin-membranous, 
 acute, subequal, persistent; the flowering scales usually contiguous, hyaline, mucronate or 
 2-toothed, deciduous, bearing a delicate dorsal awn inserted below the middle; palet a little 
 shorter than the scale, hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. Grain enclosed 
 in the scale and palet, and often adhering to them. [Greek name for Lolium temulentum.'] 
 
 Four or five species, natives of Europe. 
 
 Panicle open; flowering scales about i" long; plants s'-io' tall. i. A. caryophyllea. 
 
 Panicle contracted; flowering scales about iK" long; plants 2' -4' tall. 2. A. praecox. 
 
 i. Aira caryophyllea I,. Silvery Hair-grass. (Fig. 385.) 
 
 Aira caryophyllea ~L,. Sp. PI. 66. 1753. 
 
 Smooth and glabrous throughout, culms s'-ic/ 
 tall, erect from an annual root, simple, slender. 
 Sheaths mostly basal; ligule \y 2 f/ long; leaves y 2 '~ 
 2 X long, involute-setaceous; panicle i / -4 / in length, 
 open, the branches spreading or ascending, the 
 lower i' long or less; spikelets i // -iX // l n g> the 
 empty scales acute; flowering scales very acute, 
 2-toothed, i" long, bearing an awn i>^ // -2 // long. 
 
 In fields and waste places, eastern Massachusetts to 
 Virginia. Also on the Pacific coast. Local. Natural- 
 ized from Europe. Panicle silvery, shining. May- 
 July. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 169 
 
 2. Aira praecox L,. Early Hair-grass. (Fig. 386.) 
 
 Aira praecox L,. Sp. PI. 65. 1753. 
 
 Glabrous and smooth throughout, culms 2 '-4' 
 tall, erect, from an annual root, simple, rigid. 
 Sheaths clothing the whole culm, the upper one 
 often enclosing the base of the panicle ; ligule about 
 lYz" long; leaves i 7 long or less, involute-setaceous; 
 panicle contracted, strict, J^'-i' in length; spike- 
 lets about i^ /x long, the empty scales acute; the 
 flowering scales acuminate, 2-toothed, about 1*4" 
 long, bearing an awn i^ // -2 // long. 
 
 In dry fields, southern New Jersey and Pennsyl- 
 vania to Virginia. Naturalized from Europe. May- 
 July. 
 
 42. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. Agrost. 91. pi. 18. f. 3. 1812. 
 
 Perennial grasses with flat or involute leaves, and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 
 2-flowered, both flowers perfect, the hairy rachilla extended beyond the flowers or rarely 
 terminated by a staminate one. Scales 4 (rarely more), the 2 lower empty, keeled, acute, 
 membranous, shining, persistent; the flowering scales of about the same texture, deciduous, 
 bearing a dorsal awn, the apex toothed. Palet narrow, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. 
 Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scale. [In honor of J. C. A. Loiseleur- 
 Deslongchamps, 1774-1849, French physician and botanist.] 
 
 About 20 species, inhabiting cold and temperate regions, a few occurring in the high mountains 
 of the tropics. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in the western parts of North America. 
 
 Upper flowering scale reaching or extending beyond the apex of the empty scales. 
 
 Flowering scales about i%" long, erose-truncate; leaves flat. i. D. caespitosa. 
 
 Flowering scales about 2" long, acute or obtuse; leaves involute. 2. D. flexuosa. 
 
 Empty scales extending much beyond the upper flowering scale. 3. D. atropurpurea. 
 
 i. Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. Tufted Hair-grass. (Fig. 387.) 
 
 Aira caespitosa L. Sp. PI. 64. 1753. 
 Deschampsia caespitosa Beauv. Agrost. 160. pi. 18. f.j. 
 1812. 
 
 Culms 2-4 tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- 
 brous. Sheaths much shorter than the internodes; 
 ligule ~L"-$" long; leaves flat, \"-\y 2 " wide, 
 smooth beneath, strongly scabrous above, the basal 
 ones numerous, one-quarter to one-half as long as 
 the culm, those of the culm 2 / -6 / long; panicle open, 
 3 / -9 / in length, the branches widely spreading or 
 ascending, often somewhat flexuous, naked at the 
 base, the lower 2 / -5 / long; spikelets i^ // -2 // long; 
 flowering scales about \}i" long, erose-truncate at 
 the apex, the awns somewhat shorter or a little 
 longer, the upper scale reaching to or extending 
 beyond the apices of the empty ones. 
 
 Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Illi- 
 nois, Minnesota and in the Rocky Mountains and 
 Sierra Nevada to New Mexico and California, mostly in 
 wet soil. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 
 
i yo 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 2. Deschampsia flexuosa (I,.) Trin. Wavy Hair-grass. (Fig. 388.) 
 
 Aira flexuosa L. Sp. PI. 65. 1753. 
 Deschampsia flexuosa Trin. Bull. Acad. Sci. St. 
 Petersb. i: 66. 1836. 
 
 Glabrous throughout, culms i-2*4 tall, erect, 
 slender, simple, smooth. Sheaths much shorter 
 than the internodes; ligule \' f long or less; 
 leaves involute-setaceous, smooth beneath, scab- 
 rous above, the basal very numerous, one-fifth 
 the length of the culm or less, those of the culm 
 i '-3' long; panicle open, 2 / -8 / in length, the 
 branches ascending or erect, sometimes widely 
 speading, naked at the base, flexuous, the lower 
 \y^'-^ f long; spikelets 2^ // -2>^ // long; flow- 
 ering scales about 2" long, acutely toothed at 
 the apex; awns bent and twisted, much ex- 
 ceeding the scale; upper scale reaching to or 
 extending beyond the apices of the empty ones. 
 
 In dry soil, Greenland and Newfoundland to On- 
 tario and Michigan, south to North Carolina and 
 Tennessee. Ascends to 5100 ft. in the Adirondacks, 
 Also in Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 3. Deschampsia atropurpurea (Wahl.) Scheele. Mountain Hair-grass. 
 
 (Fig. 389.) 
 
 Aira atropurpurea Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 37. 1812. 
 
 Deschampsia atropurpurea Scheele, Flora, 27: 56. 
 1844. 
 
 Glabrous and smooth or very nearly so, culms 
 6 / -i8 / tall, erect, simple, rigid. Sheaths shorter 
 than the internodes; ligule \" long or less, trun- 
 cate; leaves i // -2 // wide, erect, sometimes slightly 
 scabrous above, the basal 2^ / ~5 / long, those of the 
 culm shorter; panicle contracted, usually purple or 
 purplish, i / -2 / in length, the branches erect, or 
 sometimes ascending, the lower Yz'-iY^ long; 
 spikelets 2^ /x long; flowering scales about ~i%' f 
 long, erose-truncate at the apex; awns bent and 
 much longer than the scales; upper scale much 
 exceeded by the very acute outer ones. 
 
 On alpine summits of New York, New England, 
 Montana, Oregon and Washington, north to Labrador 
 and Alaska. Also in Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 43. TRISETUM Pers. Syn. i: 97. 1805. 
 
 Mostly perennial tufted grasses, with flat leaves and spike-like or open panicles. Spike- 
 lets 2-4-flowered, the flowers all perfect, or the uppermost staminate; rachilla glabrous or 
 pilose, extended beyond the flowers. Scales 4-6, membranous, the 2 lower empty, unequal,, 
 acute, persistent; flowering scales usually shorter than the empty ones, deciduous, 2-toothed,. 
 bearing a dorsal awn below the apex, or the lower one sometimes awnless. Palet narrow, 
 hyaline, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in 
 the scale. [Latin, referring to the three bristles (one awn and two sharp teeth) of the flow- 
 ering scales in some species. ] 
 
 About 50 species, widely distributed in temperate or mountainous regions. Besides the follow- 
 ing, about 8 others occur in the western parts of North America. 
 
 Flowering scales all bearing long dorsal awns. 
 
 Panicle contracted, dense; flowering scales 2J4" long or less. i. T. subspicatum. 
 
 Panicle open, loose; flowering scales 2 1 A" long or more. 2. T. flavescens. 
 
 Lower flowering scale not bearing a long dorsal awn, a rudiment sometimes present. 
 
 3. T. Pennsylvanicum- 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 171 
 
 i. Trisetum subspicatum (L,.) Beauv. Narrow False Oat. (Fig. 390.) 
 
 Aira subspicata L. Syst. Veg. Ed. 10, 673. 1759. 
 Avena moll is Michx. Fl. Bor. Atn. i: 72. 1803. 
 
 Trisetum subspicatum Beauv. Agrost. 180. 1812. 
 
 Trisetum subspicatum var. molle A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 
 572. 1856. 
 
 Softly pubescent or glabrous, culms 6 r -2 tall, erect, 
 simple. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, 
 ligule y 2 "-i /f long; leaves \'-/\? long, ^ // -2 // wide; 
 panicle spike-like, i / -5 / in length, often interrupted 
 below, its branches \y 2 f or less long, erect; spikelets 
 2-3-flowered, the empty scales hispid on the keel, 
 shining, the second about 2 l /t" long, the first shorter; 
 flowering scales 2 /x -2^ /x long, acuminate, scabrous, 
 each bearing a long bent and somewhat twisted awn. 
 
 In rocky places, Labrador to Alaska, south on the moun- 
 tains to North Carolina, New Mexico and California. Also 
 in Europe and Asia. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 2. Trisetum flavescens (L,.) R. & S. Yellow False Oat. (Fig. 391.) 
 
 Avena flavescens L- Sp. PI. 809. 1753. 
 Trisetum pratense Pers. Syn. i: 97. 1805. 
 Trisetum flavescens R. & S. Syst. 2: 663. 1817. 
 
 Culms i%-2% tall, erect, simple, smooth and 
 glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, 
 more or less -pubescent; ligule y 2 " long; leaves \%'~ 
 5' long, i // -3 // wide, scabrous, sometimes sparingly 
 hairy; panicle open, 2 / -5 / in length, the branches 
 ascending or erect, somewhat flexuous, naked be- 
 low, the lower i / -2 / long; spikelets 3-4-flowered; 
 empty scales smooth and glabrous, the second 
 acute, 2^ x/ long, the first about half as long, nar- 
 rower, acuminate; flowering scales 2*4 // -$ // long, 
 scabrous, bearing a long bent and twisted awn. 
 
 Introduced into Missouri and Kansas. Native of 
 Europe and Asia. Panicle yellow, turning dull brown. 
 July-Aug. 
 
 3. Trisetum Pennsylvanicum (L,.) Beauv. 
 Marsh False Oat. (Fig. 392.) 
 
 Avena Pennsylvanica L. Sp. PI. 79. 1753. 
 Avena palustris Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 72. 1803. 
 
 Trisetum Pennsvlvanicum Beauv. ; R. & S. Syst. 2: 658. 1817. 
 
 Trisetum palus'treforr. Fl. U. S. i: 126. 1824. 
 
 Culms i-3 tall, erect, simple, slender and often 
 weak, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the 
 internodes, sometimes scabrous; ligule }/ 2 " long; leaves 
 i / -6 / long, i // -3 // wide, rough; panicle 2'-8' in length, 
 yellowish, narrow, the branches ascending, the lower i / -2 / 
 long; spikelets 2-flowered; outer scales smooth, shining, 
 subequal, the second 2 // -2 / j4 // long; flowering scales 
 2 // -2^ // long, scabrous, the lower not long-awned, but a 
 rudimentary awn sometimes present, the upper with a 
 long bent and twisted awn. 
 
 In swamps and wet meadows. New York to Illinois, south 
 to Florida and Louisiana. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. 
 Panicle sometimes loose and nodding. June-July. 
 
172 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 44. AVENA L. Sp. PI. 79. 1753- 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses, with usually flat leaves and panicled spikelets. Spikelets 
 2-many -flowered, or rarely i-flowered; lower flowers perfect, the upper often staminate or 
 imperfect. Scales 4-many (rarely 3); the 2 lower empty, somewhat unequal, membranous, 
 persistent; flowering scales deciduous, rounded on the back, acute, generally bearing a dorsal 
 awn, the apex often 2-toothed. Palet narrow, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. 
 Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, deeply furrowed, enclosed in the scale and palet, free or 
 sometimes adherent to the latter. [Old Latin name for the Oat.] 
 
 About 50 species, widely distributed in temperate regions, chiefly in the Old World. Oats 
 (A vena saliva L,.) sometimes appears in waste places or in fields where it has been cultivated. 
 
 Empty scales of the spikelet 6" in length or less, shorter than the flowering scales. 
 
 Flowering scales with a ring of short hairs at the base; awn nearly as long as the scale. 
 
 i. A. stria ta. 
 
 Flowering scales naked at the base; awn not over one-half as long as the scale. 2. A. Smithii. 
 Empty scales of the spikelet 6" -9" in length, enclosing the flowering scales. 3. A. fatua. 
 
 Avena striata Michx. Purple Oat. (Fig. 393.) 
 
 Avena striata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 73. 1803. 
 
 Culms i-2 tall, erect, simple, slender, smooth 
 and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the inter- 
 nodes, smooth or slightly scabrous; ligule % fr 
 long or less; leaves erect, i / -6 / long, i // -3 // wide > 
 smooth beneath, usually scabrous above; panicle 
 2 ^'-5' in length, lax, the branches erect or 
 ascending, naked below, the lower i / -2j^ / long; 
 spikelets 3-6-flowered, the empty scales smooth, 
 the second 3 // -3^ // in length, 3-nerved, the first 
 two-thirds to three-quarters as long, i -nerved; 
 flowering scales 3 // -4 // long, with a ring of short 
 hairs at the base, strongly nerved, scabrous; 
 awns as long as the scales or longer. 
 
 In woods, New Brunswick to British Columbia, 
 south to northern Pennsylvania, Minnesota and 
 Dakota. Ascends to 3000 ft. in the Adirondacks. 
 Spikelets reddish-purple. July-Aug. 
 
 2. Avena Smithii Porter. Smith's Oat. (Fig. 394.) 
 
 Avena Smithii Porter; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 3, 640. 1867. 
 Melica Smithii Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 294. 1888. 
 
 Culms 2*4-5 tall, erect, simple, scabrous. Sheaths 
 shorter than the internodes, very rough; ligule 2" 
 long; leaves 4 / -8 / long, 3 // -6 // wide, scabrous; panicle 
 6 / -i2 / in length, the branches finally spreading; spike- 
 lets 3-6-flowered; empty scales smooth, the second 
 3 // -4 // in length, 5-nerved, the first shorter, obscurely 
 3-nerved; flowering scales 5" long, naked at the base, 
 strongly nerved, scabrous, bearing an awn one-fourth 
 to one-half their length. 
 
 Northern Michigan and Isle Royal. Summer. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 173 
 
 3. Avena fatua I,. Wild Oat. (Fig. 395.) 
 
 Avena fatua I,. Sp. PI. 80. 1753. 
 
 Culms i-4 tall, erect, simple, stout, smooth and 
 glabrous. Sheaths smooth, or scabrous at the summit, 
 sometimes sparingly hirsute, the lower often overlap- 
 ping; ligule i // -2 // long; leaves 3 / -8 / long, i // -4 // wide; 
 panicle open, 4 / -i2 / in length, the branches ascending; 
 spikelets 2-4-flowered, drooping; outer scales ^ / -i / in 
 length, smooth, enclosing the flowering scales; flower- 
 ing scales 6 // ~9 // long, with a ring of stiff brown 
 hairs at the base, pubescent with long rigid brown 
 hairs, bearing a long bent and twisted awn. 
 
 In fields and waste places, Dakota and Minnesota; 
 abundant on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe 
 or Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 45. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. Agrost. 55. pi. n. f. 5. 1812. 
 
 Tall perennial grasses, with flat leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2-flow- 
 ered; lower flower staminate, upper perfect; rachilla extended beyond the flowers. Scales 4,. 
 the 2 lower empty, thin-membranous, keeled, very acute or awn-pointed, unequal, persistent, 
 flowering scales rigid, 5-y-nerved, deciduous, the first bearing a long bent and twisted dorsal 
 awn, inserted below the middle, the second unawned; palet hyaline, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. 
 Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid, free. [Greek, referring to the awn 
 of the staminate scale.] 
 
 Six species, natives of the Old World. 
 
 i. Arrhenatherum 
 Oat-grass. 
 
 elatius (L. 
 (Fig. 396.) 
 
 Beauv. 
 
 Avena elatior'L,. Sp. PI. 79. 1753. 
 
 Arrhenatherum avenaceum Beauv. Agrost. 152. Name 
 
 only. 1812. 
 Arrhenatherum elatius Beauv.; M. & K. Deutsch. Fl. i: 
 
 546. 1823. 
 
 Glabrous, culms 2-4 tall, erect, simple. I/ower 
 sheaths longer than the internodes; ligule i // long; 
 leaves 2^ / -i2 / long, i // -4 // wide, scabrous; panicle &f- 
 12' in length, contracted, the branches erect, the lower 
 i / -2 / long; empty scales finely roughened, the second 
 4 X/ long, the first shorter; flowering scales about 4 X/ long. 
 
 In fields and waste places, Maine and Ontario to Geor- 
 gia and Tennessee. Also on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized 
 from Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 46. DANTHONIA DC. Fl. France, 3: 32. 1805. 
 
 Mostly perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and contracted or open panicles. 
 Spikelets 3-many-flowered, the flowers all perfect, or the upper staminate; rachilla pubes- 
 cent, extending beyond the flowers. Scales 5-many, the 2 lower empty, keeled, acute, sub- 
 equal, persistent, generally extending beyond the uppermost flowering one; flowering scales 
 rounded on the back, 2-toothed, deciduous, the awn arising from between the acute or awned 
 teeth, flat and twisted at base, bent; palet hyaline., 2-keeled near the margins, obtuse or 
 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. 
 [Name in honor of Etienne Danthoine, a Marseilles botanist of the last century.] 
 
 A genus of about 100 species, widely distributed in warm and temperate regions, chiefly in 
 South Africa. 
 
 Empty scales "%.' long or less; sheaths glabrous or sometimes sparingly pubescent at the base. 
 Teeth of the flowering scale about %." long, acute; culm leaves short; panicle contracted. 
 
 1. D. spicata. 
 Teeth of the flowering scale i"-i^" long, awned; culm leaves elongated; panicle usually open. 
 
 2. D. compressa. 
 Empty scales more than %' long; sheaths usually villous. 3. D. sericea. 
 
174 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 i. Danthonia spicata (I,.) Beauv. Common Wild Oat-grass. (Fig. 397.) 
 
 1817. 
 
 Avena spicata L,. Sp. PI. 80. 1753. 
 Danthonia spicata Beauv.; R. & S. Syst. 2: 690. 
 
 Culms i-2% tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- 
 brous, nearly terete. Sheaths shorter than the in- 
 ternodes, glabrous or often sparingly pubescent be- 
 low; ligule very short; leaves rough, i /x wide or 
 less, usually involute, the lower 4 / -6 / long, the 
 upper i / -2 / long; inflorescence racemose or pan- 
 iculate, i / -2 / in length, the pedicels and branches 
 erect or ascending; spikelets 5-8-flowered ; empty 
 scales 4 // -5 // long, glabrous; flowering scales 
 broadly oblong, sparingly pubescent with appressed 
 silky hairs, the teeth about y 2 f ' long, acute or short- 
 pointed, the bent and widely spreading awn closely 
 twisted at the base, loosely so above. 
 
 In dry soil, Newfoundland to Quebec and Dakota, 
 south to North Carolina and Louisiana. Ascends to 
 3000 ft. in Virginia. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Danthonia compressa Austin. Flattened Wild Oat-grass. (Fig. 398.) 
 
 Danthonia compressa Austin; Peck, Kept. Reg. N. Y. 
 State Univ. 22: 54. 1869. 
 
 Danthonia Alleni Austin, Bull. Torr. Club, 3: 21. 1872. 
 
 Culms i^-3 tall, erect, slender, simple, flattened, 
 smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the inter- 
 nodes; ligule pilose; leaves \" wide or less, rough, lax, 
 the basal from one-third to one-half the length of the 
 culm; lower culm leaves f>'-W long, the upper 3 '-6'; 
 panicle open, 2 / I ^ / -4 / in' length, the lower branches 
 generally spreading; spikelets 5-io-flowered; empty 
 scales 5 // -6 // long, glabrous; flowering scales oblong, 
 with a ring of short hairs at base, pubescent with ap- 
 pressed silky hairs, the awn erect or somewhat bent, 
 strongly twisted below, slightly so above, the teeth 
 \"-\ y 2 ff long, acuminate, awned. 
 
 In woods, Maine and Vermont to North Carolina and 
 Tennessee. Ascends to 6000 ft. in North Carolina. July- 
 Sept. 
 
 Danthonia sericea Nutt. Silky Wild Oat-grass. (Fig. 399.) 
 
 Danthonia sericea Nutt. Gen. i: 71. 1818. 
 
 Culms 1 1 / 2 -?> tall, simple, glabrous. Sheaths shorter 
 than the internodes, usualry villous; ligule pilose; 
 leaves rough and more or less villous, i // -i^ // wide, 
 the basal one-quarter to one-half the length of the 
 culm, usually flexuous, those of the culm i'-4' long, 
 erect; panicle 2> / -4^ / in length, contracted, the 
 branches erect or ascending; spikelets 4-io-flowered; 
 empty scales 7"-8" long, glabrous; flowering scales 
 oblong, strongly pubescent with long silky hairs, the 
 awn erect or somewhat bent, closely twisted below, 
 loosely so above, the teeth \"-\y 2 " long, acuminate, 
 awned. 
 
 In dry sandy soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey, south 
 to Florida. May-July. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 47. CAPRIOLA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 31. 1763. 
 
 [CYNODON Rich.; Pers. Syn. i: 85. 1805.] 
 
 Perennial grasses with short flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes digitate. 
 Spikelets i-flowered, secund. Scales 3; the 2 lower empty, keeled; flowering scale broader, 
 membranous, compressed; palet a little shorter than the scale, hyaline, 2-keeled. Stamens 
 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas short, plumose. Grain free. [Name mediaeval Latin for the 
 wild goat, that feeds on this grass in waste rocky places.] 
 
 Four known species, of which three are Australian, the following widely distributed. 
 
 i. Capriola Dactylon (I,.) Kuntze. 
 
 Bermuda-grass. Scutch-grass. 
 
 Dog's-tooth Grass. (Fig. 400.) 
 
 Panicum Dactylon L,. Sp. PI. 58. 1753. 
 
 Cynodon Dactylon Pers. Syn. i: 85. 1805. 
 
 Capriola Dactylon Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 764. 1891. 
 
 Culms 4 / -i2 / tall, erect, from long creeping and 
 branching stolons, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths 
 glabrous or somewhat hairy, crowded at the bases 
 of the culms and along the stolons; ligule pilose; 
 leaves i / -2 / long, i // -2 // wide, flat, rigid, smooth 
 beneath, scabrous above; spikes 4-5, X /-2/ "* 
 length, digitate; rachis flat; spikelets \" long; outer 
 scales hispid on the keel, narrow, the first shorter 
 than the second, about two-thirds as long as the 
 broad and strongly compressed third one. 
 
 In fields and waste places, southern New York to 
 Pennsylvania and Tennessee, south to Florida and 
 Texas. Abundant in the Southern States. Cultivated 
 for pasture. Naturalized from Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 48. SPARTINA Schreb. Gen. 43. 1789. 
 
 Perennial glabrous grasses, with long horizontal rootstocks, flat or involute leaves, and an 
 inflorescence of one-sided spreading or erect alternate spikes. Spikelets i-flowered, narrow, 
 deciduous, borne in two rows on the rachis, articulated with the very short pedicels below 
 the scales. Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, keeled, very unequal; the third subtending a perfect 
 flower, keeled, equalling or shorter than the second; palet often longer than its scale, 2- 
 nerved. Stamens 3. Styles filiform, elongated. Stigmas filiform, papillose or shortly 
 plumose. Grain free. [Greek, referring to the cord-like leaves of some species.] 
 
 About 7 species, widely distributed in saline soil, a few in fresh-water marshes. 
 First scale awn-pointed, equalling the third; second long-awned. i. 5". cynostiroid.es. 
 
 First scale acute, shorter than the third, usually one-half as long. 
 First scale strongly scabrous-hispid on the keel. 
 
 leaves y* wide or more, flat. 2. 5 1 . polystachya. 
 
 leaves y' wide or less. 
 
 Spikes ascending or erect; leaves narrow, involute; coast plant. 3. S. patens. 
 Spikes appressed; leaves usually flat at the base; western species. 4. S 1 . gracilis. 
 First scale smooth on the keel or occasionally slightly scabrous. 5. S. stricta. 
 
 i. Spartina cynosuroides (X.) Willd. 
 Tall Marsh-grass. (Fig. 401.) 
 
 Dactylis cynosuroides L. Sp. PI. 71. 1753. 
 .Spartina cynosuroides Willd. Enum. 80. 1809. 
 
 Culms 2-6 tall, erect, simple, smooth. Sheaths 
 long, overlapping, those at the base of the culm 
 crowded; ligule a ring of hairs; leaves i long or more, 
 3 // ~7 // wide, scabrous on the margins, becoming in- 
 volute in drying, attenuate into a long slender tip; 
 spikes 5-30, 2 / ~5 / long, often on peduncles % / -i / in 
 length, ascending or erect; rachis rough on the mar- 
 gins; spikelets much imbricated, 6 // ~7 // long; outer 
 scales awn-pointed or awned, strongly hispid-scabrous 
 on the keel; third scale as long as the first, the sca- 
 brous midrib terminating just below the emarginate or 
 2-toothed apex; palet sometimes exceeding the scale. 
 
 In swamps and streams of fresh or brackish water, Nova 
 Scotia to Assiniboia, New Jersey and Texas. Sometimes 
 glaucous. Called also Fresh-water Cord-grass. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 12 
 
I 7 6 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 2. Spartina polystachya (Michx.) Ell. Salt Reed-grass. (Fig. 402.) 
 
 Trachynotia polystachya Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 64. 
 1803. 
 
 Spartina polystachya EH. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 95. 1817. 
 
 Culms 4-9 tall, erect, stout, simple, smooth. 
 Sheaths overlapping, those at the base of the culm 
 crowded; ligule a ring of hairs; leaves i long or more, 
 Y 2 '-\ f wide, flat, scabrous at least on the margins, at- 
 tenuate into a long slender tip ; spikes 20-50, ascend- 
 ing, often long-peduncled, 2 / -4 / in length, the rachis 
 rough on the margins; spikelets much imbricated, 4"- 
 5" long, the outer scales acute, strongly scabrous-his- 
 pid on the keel, the first half the length of the sec- 
 ond; third scale scabrous on the upper part of the 
 keel, obtuse, longer than the first and exceeded by 
 the palet. 
 
 In salt and brackish marshes, Maine to New Jersey and 
 Florida. Called also Creek-thatch. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 3. Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. Salt-meadow Grass. (Fig. 403.) 
 
 Dactylis patens Ait. Hort. Kew. i: 104. 1789. 
 Spartina patens Muhl. Gram. 55. 1817. 
 Spartina juncea Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 94. 1817. 
 
 Culms i-3 tall, erect, or decumbent at base, 
 smooth. Lower sheaths overlapping and crowded; 
 ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves ^-i long, i // -2 // 
 broad, involute, attenuate into a long tip, smooth 
 and glabrous beneath; spikes 2-10, i / -2 / long, usually 
 ascending, more or less peduncled, the rachis slightly 
 scabrous; spikelets 3 // -4 // long; outer scales acute, 
 scabrous-hispid on the keel, the first usually rather 
 less than one-half as long as the second; third scale 
 somewhat scabrous on the upper part of the keel, 
 emarginate or 2-toothed at the apex, longer than the 
 first and exceeded by the palet. 
 
 On salt meadows, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to 
 Florida, west to Texas. This and Juncus Gerardi, the 
 "Black Grass," furnish most of the salt meadow hay of 
 the Atlantic coast. Aug-.-Oct. 
 
 4. Spartina gracilis Trin. Inland Cord-grass. (Fig. 404. ) 
 
 Spartina gracilis Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 6: 
 no. 1840.. 
 
 Culms i-3 tall, erect, simple, smooth. Sheaths 
 overlapping, those at the base of the culm short and 
 crowded; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves i long or 
 less, i // -3 // wide, flat or involute, attenuate into a 
 long tip; spikes 4-8, i / -2 / long, appressed, more or 
 less peduncled; spikelets s"-tf' long; outer scales, 
 acute, scabrous-hispid on the keel, the first half the 
 length of the second; third scale obtuse, slightly 
 shorter than the second and about equalling the obtuse 
 palet. 
 
 In saline soil, Assiniboia and British Columbia to 
 Nebraska and Nevada. Aug.-Sept. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 177 
 
 5. Spartina stricta (Ait.) Roth. Smooth Marsh-grass. (Fig. 405.) 
 
 Dactylis stricta Ait. Hort. Kew. i: 104. 1789. 
 Spartina stricta Roth, Cat. Bot. 3: 9. 1806. 
 
 Culms i-3 tall, erect, simple, smooth. 
 Sheaths overlapping, those at the base shorter 
 and looser, much crowded; ligule a ring of short 
 hairs; leaves 3 / -i2 / long, 2 // -4 // wide at the 
 base, involute, at least when dry; spikes 3-5, 
 erect or nearly so, \'-2 f long; spikelets 6 // -8 // 
 long, loosely imbricated; empty scales acute or 
 acutish, i-nerved, the first shorter than the 
 second, which exceeds or equals the third; palet 
 longer than the third scale. 
 
 Spartina stricta maritima (Walt.) Scribn. Mem. Torr. 
 
 Club, 5: 45. 1894. 
 
 Dactylis maritima Walt. Fl. Car. 77. 1788. 
 Spartina glabra Muhl. Gram. 54. 1817. 
 
 Culms taller,sometimes 9 high, and leaves longer; 
 spikes more numerous, usually appressed. 
 
 Spartina stricta alterniflora (Lois.) A. Gray, Man. 
 
 Ed. 2, 552. 1856. 
 Spartina alterniflora Lois. Fl. Gall. 2: 719. 1807. 
 
 Culms 4-6 tall; spikes slender, appressed, 3' -5' long, the spikelets barely overlapping. 
 
 Very variable. Common, in some one of its forms, along the coast from Maine to Florida and 
 Texas. Also on the coast of Europe. Our plant does not appear to be satisfactorily identified with 
 the European. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 49. CAMPULOSUS Desv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 2: 189. 1810. 
 
 [CTENiUM Panzer, Deutsch. Akad. Muench. 1813: 288. pi. 13. 1814.] 
 Tall pungent-tasted grasses, with flat or convolute narrow leaves and a curved spicate in- 
 florescence. Spikelets borne pectinately in two rows on one side of the flat curved rachis, 
 l-flowered. Lower 4 scales empty, the first very short, hyaline; the second, third, fourth 
 and fifth awned on the back, the latter subtending a perfect flower and palet, the uppermost 
 scales empty. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, loosely 
 enclosed in the scale. [Greek, in allusion to the curved spike.] 
 
 Seven known species, four of them American, the others in the eastern hemisphere. 
 
 i. Campulosus aromaticus (Walt.) Scribn. Toothache Grass. (Fig. 406.) 
 
 Aegilops aromatica Walt. Fl. Car. 249. 1788. 
 Ctenium Americanum Spreng. Syst. i: 274. 1825. 
 
 Campulosus aromaticus Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 
 5: 45. 1894. 
 
 Culms 3-4 tall, erect, simple, smooth or some- 
 what scabrous. Sheaths shorter than the inter- 
 nodes, rough; ligule i // long, truncate; leaves 
 \'-d f long, i // -2 // wide, flat or involute, smooth; 
 spike terminal, solitary, curved, 2 / ~4 / long, the 
 rachis extended into a point; spikelets about 3" 
 long; second scale thick and rigid, awn-pointed, 
 bearing just above the middle a stout horizontal 
 or recurved awn; third, fourth and fifth scales 
 membranous, scabrous, awned from below the 
 2-toothed apex, the fifth subtending a perfect 
 flower, the others empty. 
 
 In wet soil, especially in pine barrens, Virginia to 
 Florida. July-Sept. 
 
1 7 8 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 50. CHLORIS Sw. Prodr. 25. 1788. 
 
 Mostly perennial grasses with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes solitary, 
 few, or numerous and verticillate or approximate. Spikelets i-flowered, arranged in two 
 rows on one side of the rachis. Scales 4; the 2 lower empty, unequal, keeled, acute; third 
 and fourth usually awned, the former subtending a perfect flower; palet folded and 2-keeled. 
 Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. [Greek, 
 greenish-yellow, referring to the color of the herbage.] 
 
 About forty species, mostly natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following some 
 10 others occur in the southern United States. 
 
 i." Chloris verticillata Nutt. Prairie 
 Chloris. (Fig. 407.) 
 
 Chloris verticillata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 
 5: 150. 1833-37. 
 
 Culms (>'-&' tall, erect, or decumbent and root- 
 ing at the lower nodes, smooth, glabrous. Sheaths 
 shorter than the internodes, smooth, or roughish at 
 the summit; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves \ r -$ r 
 long, i // -2 // wide, obtuse, often apiculate, scabrous; 
 spikes slender, usually spreading, 2 / -4^ / long, in 
 one or two whorls, or the upper ones approximate; 
 spikelets, exclusive of the awns, about iX // l n g> 
 the first scale about one-half the length of the sec- 
 ond; the third i // long, obtuse, ciliate on the 
 nerves, especially on the lateral ones, bearing just 
 below the apex a scabrous awn about 2^ /x long; 
 fourth scale as long as or shorter than the third, 
 awned near the usually truncate apex. 
 
 On prairies, Kansas to Texas. May-July. 
 
 51. GYMNOPOGON Beauv. Agrost. 41. pi. g. f. 3. 1812. 
 
 Perennial grasses with flat and usually short rigid leaves, and numerous slender alter- 
 nate spikes. Spikelets i-flowered, almost sessile, the rachilla extended and bearing a small 
 scale which is usually awned. Scales 3 or 4; the 2 lower empty, unequal, narrow, acute; 
 third broader, fertile, 3-nerved, slightly 2-toothed at the apex, bearing an erect awn; the 
 fourth empty, small, awned; palet 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 
 Grain linear, free, enclosed in the rigid scale. [Greek, naked-beard, referring to the pro- 
 longation of the rachilla.] 
 
 Six known species, all but one of them natives of America. 
 
 Spikes bearing- spikelets their whole length; awn longer than flowering scale. i. G. ambiguus. 
 Spikes bearing spikelets above the middle; awn shorter than flowering scale. 2. G. brevifolius. 
 
 I. Gymnopogon ambiguus (Michx.) B.S.P. 
 
 (Fig. 408.) 
 
 Andropogon ambiguus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 58. 
 
 1803. 
 
 Gymnopogon racemosus Beauv. Agrost. 164. 1812. 
 Gymnopogon ambiguus B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 69. 
 
 Culms i2 / -i8 / tall, erect, or decumbent at the 
 base, simple or sometimes sparingly branched, 
 smooth and glabrous. Sheaths short, glabrous, 
 excepting a villous ring at the summit, crowded at 
 the base of the culm; ligule very short; leaves i'- 
 4 X long, 2 // -6 // wide, lanceolate, acute, cordate at 
 the base, spreading, smooth or a little scabrous 
 above; spikes slender, spikelet-bearing throughout 
 their entire length, at first erect, the lower 4 / -8 / 
 long, at length widely spreading; spikelets, exclu- 
 sive of awns, 2 // -2X // long; first scale shorter than 
 the second; third scale exceeded by the second, the 
 callus at the base hairy, the awn 2 // -3 // long. 
 !"' In dry sandy soil, southern New Jersey to Missouri, 
 south to Florida and Texas. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 Broad-leaved Gymnopogon. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 2. Gymnopogon brevifolius Trin. 
 
 Short-leaved Gymnopogon. 
 
 (Fig. 409.) 
 
 Gymnopogon brevifolius Trin. Unifl. 238. 1824. 
 
 Culms i-2 long, from a decumbent base, simple, 
 slender, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter 
 than the internodes, sometimes crowded near the 
 middle of the culm; ligule very short; leaves i / -2 / 
 long, i // -4 // wide, usually spreading, lanceolate, 
 acute, cordate at the base; spikes very slender, 
 spikelet-bearing above the middle, the lower 4'- 
 6' long, at first erect, finally widely spreading; 
 spikelets, exclusive of the awns, i^ x/ long; first 
 scale shorter than the second; third scale equalling 
 or exceeded by the second, short-awned, sparingly 
 villous or glabrous, the callus hairy. 
 
 In dry soil, New Jersey to Florida, west to Missis- 
 sippi. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 52. SCHEDONNARDUS Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 146. 1855. 
 
 An annual grass with branching culms, narrow leaves and slender spikes arranged along 
 a common axis. Spikelets i-flowered, sessile and alternate on the rachis. Scales 3; the 2 
 lower empty, narrow, membranous, acuminate; the flowering scale longer, of similar texture; 
 palet narrow, shorter. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain linear, free, 
 enclosed in the rigid scale. [Greek, in allusion to the resemblance of this grass to the 
 genus Nardus.~\ 
 
 A monotypic genus of central North America. 
 
 i. Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) 
 Trelease. Schedonnardus. (Fig. 410.) 
 
 Lepturus paniculatus Nutt. Gen. i: 81. 1818. 
 Schedonnardus Texamis Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 146. 
 
 1855- 
 
 Schedonnardtis paniculatus Trelease, Branner & Co- 
 ville, Rep. Geol. Surv. Ark. 1888: Part 4, 236. 1891. 
 
 Culms 8 / -i8 / tall, erect, slender, rigid, branch- 
 ing at the base, scabrous. Sheaths crowded at the 
 base of the culm, compressed, smooth and gla- 
 brous; ligule \ ff long, truncate; leaves i / -2 / long, 
 i // wide or less, flat, usually erect; spikes numer- 
 ous, rigid, widely spreading, alternate, the lower 
 2 / -4 / long, the axis and branches triangular; spike- 
 lets iX"" 1 /^" l n g) sessile and appressed, alter- 
 nate; scales hispid on the keel, the second longer 
 than the first and exceeded by the acute third one. 
 
 Manitoba and Assiniboia, south to Illinois, Texas 
 and New Mexico. Jnly-Sept. 
 
 53. BOUTELOUA Lag. Var. Cienc. y Litter. 2: Part 4, 134. 1805. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and numerous spikelets in one- 
 sided spikes. Spikelets i-2-flowered, arranged in two rows on one side of a flat rachis, the 
 rachilla extended beyond the base of the flowers, bearing 1-3 awns and 1-3 rudimentary scales. 
 Two lower scales empty, acute, keeled; flowering scale broader, 3-toothed, the teeth awn- 
 pointed or awued; palet hyaline, entire or 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas 
 plumose. Grain oblong, free. [In honor of Claudius Boutelou, a Spanish botanist.] 
 
 About 30 species, particularly numerous in Mexico and in the southwestern United States. 
 Spikes 1-4, erect or spreading; spikelets numerous, pectinately arranged. 
 
 Rachilla bearing the rudimentary scales and awns glabrous; second scale strongly papillose- 
 hispid on the keel. i. B. hirsuta. 
 Rachilla bearing the rudimentary scales and awns with a tuft of long hairs at the apex; second 
 
 scale scabrous and sparingly long-ciliate on the keel. 2. B. oligostachya. 
 
 Spikes numerous, spreading or reflexed; spikelets few or several, diverging from the rachis. 
 
 3. B. curtipendula. 
 
i8o 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 2. 
 
 i. Bouteloua hirsuta I,ag. Hairy Mesquite-grass. (Fig. 411.) 
 
 Bouteloua hirsuta I<ag. Var. Cienc. y L,itter. 2: Part 4, 
 141. 1805. 
 
 Culms 6'-2o' tall, erect, simple or sometimes 
 sparingly branched at the base, smooth and gla- 
 brous. Sheaths mostly at the base of the culm, 
 the lower short and crowded, the upper longer; lig- 
 ule a ring of short hairs; leaves i '-5' long, \" wide 
 or less, erect or ascending, flat, scabrous, spar- 
 ingly papillose-hirsute near the base, especially on 
 the margins; spikes 1-4, X /-2/ l n g> usually erect 
 or ascending, the rachis extending beyond the 
 spikelets into a conspicuous point; spikelets nu- 
 merous, 2^ // -3 // long, pectinately arranged; first 
 scale hyaline, shorter than the membranous second 
 one, which is strongly papillose-hirsute on the 
 keel; third scale pubescent, 3-cleft to the middle, the 
 nerves terminating in awns; rachilla without a tuft 
 of hairs under the rudimentary scales and awns. 
 In dry soil, especially on prairies, Illinois to Dakota, Texas and Arizona. July-Sept. 
 
 Bouteloua oligostachya (Nutt. ) Torr. Grama-grass. Mesquite-grass. 
 
 (Fig. 412.) 
 
 Atheropogon oligostachyus Nutt. Gen. i: 78. 1818. 
 Bouteloua oligostachya Torr.; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 553. 
 
 1856. 
 
 Culms 6 / -i 8' tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- 
 brous. Sheaths shorter than the interned es; ligule a 
 ring of short hairs; leaves I'-Af long, \" wide or less, 
 involute, at least at the long slender tip, smooth or 
 scabrous; spikes 1-3, i / -2 / long, often strongly curved, 
 the rachis terminating in a short inconspicuous point; 
 spikelets numerous, pectinately arranged, about 3" 
 long; first scale hyaline, shorter than the membranous 
 second one, which is scabrous and sometimes long- 
 ciliate on the keel, and sometimes bears a few papillae; 
 third scale pubescent, 3-cleft, the nerves terminating in 
 awns; rachilla with a tuft of long hairs under the rudi- 
 mentary scales and awns. 
 
 On prairies, Manitoba to Alberta, south to Wisconsin, 
 Texas and Mexico. July-Sept. 
 
 Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx. ) Torr. Racemed Bouteloua. (Fig. 413.) 
 
 Chloris curtipendula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 59. 1803. 
 Bouteloua racemosa Lag. Var. Cienc. y Litter. 2: Part 
 
 4, 141. 1805. 
 
 Bouteloua curtipendtila Torr. Emory's Rep. 153. 1848. 
 Bouteloua curtipendula var. aristosa A. Gray, Man. 
 
 Ed. 2, 553. 1856. 
 
 Culms i-3 tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- 
 brous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule 
 a ring of short hairs; leaves 2 / -i2 / long, 2" wide 
 or less, flat or involute, rough, especially above; 
 spikes numerous, 3 // -8 // long, widely spreading or 
 reflexed; spikelets 4-12, divergent from the rachis, 
 3^ /x -5 /x long, scales scabrous, especially on the 
 keel, the first shorter than or equalling the 
 second; the third 3-toothed, the nerves extended 
 into short awns; rachilla bearing at the summit a 
 small awned scale, or sometimes a larger 3-nerved 
 scale, the nerves extended into awns; anthers 
 vermillion or cinnabar-red. 
 In dry soil, Ontario to Manitoba, south to New Jersey, Kentucky, Texas and Mexico. July-Sept. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 181 
 
 54. BECKMANNIA Host, Gram. Austr. 3: 5. pi. 6. 1805. 
 
 A tall erect grass with flat leaves and erect spikes borne in a terminal panicle. Spike- 
 lets i-2-flowered, globose, compressed. Scales 3 or 4; the 2 lower empty, membranous, sac- 
 cate, obtuse or abruptly acute; the flowering scales narrow, thin membranous; palet hyaline, 
 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in 
 the scale and palet. [In honor of Johann Beckmann, 1739-1811, teacher of Natural History 
 at St. Petersburg.] 
 
 A monotypic genus of the north temperate zone. 
 
 i. Beckmannia erucaeformis (I,.) Host. 
 Beckmannia. (Fig. 414.) 
 
 Phalaris erucaeformis L,. Sp. PI. 55. 1753. 
 Beckmannia erucaeformis Host, Gram. Austr. 3: 5. 
 
 1805. 
 Beckmannia erucaeformis var. uniflora Scribn.; 
 
 Wats. & Coult. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 628. 1890. 
 
 Glabrous, culms iX-3 tall, erect, simple, 
 smooth. Sheaths longer than the internodes, 
 loose; ligule 2 // -4 // long; leaves 3 '-9' long, 2 // -4 // 
 wide, rough; panicle 4 / -io / in length, simple or 
 compound, the spikes about y z ' long; spikelets 
 i"-!^" long, i-2-flowered, closely imbricated in 
 two rows on one side of the rachis; scales smooth, 
 the outer saccate, obtuse or abruptly acute; flower- 
 ing scales acute, the lower generally awn-pointed, 
 the upper rarely present. 
 
 In wet places, western Ontario to British Columbia, 
 south to Iowa, Colorado and California. July-Sept. 
 
 55. ELEUSINE Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. i: 7. //. i. 1788. 
 
 Tufted annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes 
 digitate or close together at the summit of the culm. Spikelets several-flowered, sessile, 
 closely imbricated in two rows on one side of the rachis, which is not extended beyond them; 
 flowers perfect or the upper staminate. Scales compressed, keeled; the 2 lower empty; the 
 others subtending flowers, or the upper empty. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plu- 
 mose. Grain loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [From the Greek name of the town 
 where Ceres was worshipped.] 
 
 Species 6, natives of the Old World. Besides the following, two others have been found in 
 ballast fillings about the eastern seaports. 
 
 i. Eleusine Indica (I,. ) Gaertn. Wire- 
 grass. Crab-grass. Yard-grass. 
 
 (Fig. 415.) 
 
 Cynosurus Indicus t,. Sp. PI. 72. 1753. 
 Eleti sine Indica Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. i: 8. 
 
 1788. 
 
 Culms 6'-2 tall, tufted, erect, or decumbent at the 
 base, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths loose, overlap- 
 ping and often short and crowded at the base of the 
 culm, glabrous or sometimes sparingly villous; ligule 
 very short; leaves 3 / -i2 / long, i // -3 // wide, smooth or 
 scabrous; spikes 2-10, i / -3 / long, whorled or approxi- 
 mate at the summit of the culm or one or two some- 
 times distant; spikelets 3-6-flowered, i>^ // -2 // long; 
 scales acute, minutely scabrous on the keel, the first 
 i-nerved, the second 3-7-nerved, the others 3-5-nerved. 
 
 In fields, dooryards and waste places all over North 
 America except the extreme north. Naturalized from the 
 warmer regions of the Old World. June-Sept. 
 
182 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 56. DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd. Emim. 1029. 1809. 
 
 An annual grass with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes in pairs or digitate^ 
 Spikelets several- flowered, sessile, closely imbricated in two rows on one side of the rachis- 
 which is extended beyond them into a sharp point. Scales compressed, keeled, the 2 lower 
 and the uppermost ones empty, the others subtending flowers. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, 
 short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, rugose, loosely enclosed in the scale. [Greek, re- 
 ferring to the digitately spreading spikes.] 
 
 A monotypic genus of the warmer parts of the Old World. 
 
 i. Dactyloctenium Aegyptium (L,. ) Willd. Egyptian Grass. (Fig. 416.) 
 
 Cynosurus Aegyptius I,. Sp. PI. 72. 1753. 
 Eleusine Aegyptia Pers. Syn. i: 87. 1805. 
 Dactyloctenium Aegyptiacum Willd. F,num. 1029. 1809. 
 
 Culms 6 / -2 long, usually decumbent and exten- 
 sively creeping at the base. Sheaths loose, over- 
 lapping and often crowded, smooth and glabrous; 
 ligule very short; leaves 6 x in length or less, 1"-$"' 
 wide, smooth or rough, sometimes pubescent, 
 ciliate toward the base; spikes in pairs, or 3-5 and 
 digitate, X /-2/ l n g; spikelets 3-5-flowered; scales 
 compressed, scabrous on the keel, the second 
 awned, the flowering ones broader and pointed. 
 
 In waste places and cultivated ground, southern 
 New York, Pennsylvania and Virginia to Illinois and 
 California, south to Florida and Mexico. Widely dis- 
 tributed in tropical America. Naturalized from Asia 
 or Africa. July-Oct. 
 
 57. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv. Agrost. 71. pi. 15. f. i. 1812. 
 
 Usually tall annual grasses, with flat leaves and numerous spikes forming a simple pan- 
 icle. Spikelets usually 2-many-flowered, flattened, alternating in two rows on one side of 
 the rachis. Scales 4-many; the 2 lower empty, keeled, shorter than the spikelet; the flower- 
 ing scales keeled, 3-nerved. Palet 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 
 Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, in allusion to the slender spikes.] 
 
 About 12 species, natives of the warmer regions of both hemispheres. Besides the following,. 
 3 others occur in the southern United States. 
 
 i. Leptochloa mucronata (Michx.) 
 Kunth. Northern Leptochloa. 
 
 (Fig. 417.) 
 
 Eleusine mucronata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 65. 1803- 
 Leptochloa mucronata Kunth, Gram, i: 91. 1829-35. 
 
 Culms i-3 tall, erect, branched, smooth and 
 glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, 
 smooth and glabrous; ligule short, lacerate-toothed; 
 leaves 2 / -8 / long, i // -3 // wide, scabrous; spikes 
 numerous, slender, rigid, spreading or ascending, 
 the lower 2 / -6 / long; spikelets usually 3-flowered, 
 about \" long, the empty scales shorter than the 
 spikelet, acute, i-nerved, slightly scabrous on the 
 keel; flowering scales 2-toothed at the apex, 
 ciliate on the nerves. 
 
 In dry or moist soil, Virginia to Illinois, Missouri 
 and California, south to North Carolina, Louisiana 
 and Mexico. Also in Cuba. July-Sept. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 183 
 
 58. BULBILIS Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 4: 190. 1819. 
 [BUCHLOE Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. i: 432. pi. 14. figs. /-//. 1859.] 
 A perennial stoloniferous monoecious or apparently dioecious grass with flat leaves and 
 spicate inflorescence. Staminate spikelets borne in two rows on one side of the rachis, the 
 spikes at the summit of the long and exserted culms. Pistillate spikelets in spike-like 
 clusters of 2 or 3, on very short culms, scarcely exserted from the sheath. Stamens 3. 
 Styles distinct, long. Stigmas elongated, short-plumose. Grain ovate, free, enclosed in the 
 scale. [Name apparently from the supposed bulb-like base of old plants.] 
 A monotypic genus of central North America. 
 
 i. Bulbilis dactyloides (Nutt.) Raf. 
 Buffalo Grass. (Fig. 418.) 
 
 Sesleria dactyloides Nutt. Gen. i: 65. 1818. 
 Buchloe dactyloides Engelm. Trans. St. L,ouis Acad. 
 
 1:432. 1859. 
 Hlbilisdac/yloides'Ra.L;Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 763. 
 
 1891. 
 
 Culms bearing staminate flowers 4 / -i 2 / tall, 
 erect, slender, naked above, smooth and gla- 
 brous; those bearing pistillate flowers )4 / -3> / 
 long, much exceeded by the leaves; ligule a 
 ring of short hairs; leaves \" wide or less, more 
 or less papillose-hirsute, those of the staminate 
 culms i / -4 / long, erect, those of the stolons and 
 pistillate culms \ f long or less, spreading; stam- 
 inate spikes 2 or 3, approximate; spikelets 2 /r - 
 2 i ^ // long, flattened, 2-3-flowered, the empty 
 scales i-nerved, the flowering 3- nerved; pistil- 
 late spikelets ovoid, the outer scales indurated. 
 
 On plains and prairies, Minnesota to Dakota, 
 south to Arkansas, Texas and Mexico. A valuable 
 fodder grass. June-July. 
 
 59. MUNROA Torr. Pac. R. R. Rept. 4: 158. 1856. 
 
 A low diffusely branched grass, with flat pungently pointed leaves crowded at the nodes 
 and the ends of the branches. Spikelets in clusters of 3-6, nearly sessile in the axils of the 
 floral leaves, 2-5-flowered, the flowers perfect. Two lower scales empty, lanceolate, acute, 
 i-nerved, hyaline; flowering scales larger, 3-nerved; i or 2 empty scales sometimes present 
 above the flowering ones; palet hyaline. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, elongated. Stigmas 
 barbellate or short-plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [In honor of 
 Gen. William Munro, English agrostologist. ] 
 
 Three known species, the following of the plains of North America, the others South American. 
 
 i. Munroa squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr. 
 Munro's Grass. (Fig. 419.) 
 
 Crypsis squarrosa Nutt. Gen. i: 49. 1818. 
 Munroa squarrosa Torr. Pac. R. R. Rept. 4: 158. 
 1856. 
 
 Culms 2 / -S / long, tufted, erect, decumbent or 
 prostrate, much branched, smooth or rough. 
 Sheaths short, crowded at the nodes and ends 
 of the branches, smooth, pilose at the base and 
 throat, sometimes ciliate on the margins; ligule 
 a ring of hairs; leaves \' long or less, j^ // -i / 
 wide, rigid, spreading, scabrous, pungently- 
 poiuted; spikelets 2-5-flowered, the flowers per- 
 fect; empty scales i -nerved, shorter than the 
 flowering scales which are about 2^ // long, 3- 
 toothed, the nerves excurrent as short points 
 or awns, tufts of hairs near the middle; palets 
 obtuse. 
 
 On dry plains, South Dakota to Alberta, south to 
 Nebraska, Texas and Arizona. Aug.-Oct. 
 
1 84 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 60. PHRAGMITES Trin. Fund. Agrost. 134. 1820. 
 
 Tall perennial reed-like grasses, with broad flat leaves and ample panicles. Spikelets 3- 
 several-flowered, the first flower often staminate, the others perfect; rachilla articulated be- 
 tween the flowering scales, long-pilose. Two lower scales empty, unequal, membranous, 
 lanceolate, acute, shorter than the spikelet; the third scale empty or subtending a staminate 
 flower; flowering scales glabrous, narrow, long-acuminate, much exceeding the short palets. 
 Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the 
 scale and palet. [Greek, referring to its hedge-like growth along ditches] 
 
 Three known species, the following of the north tem- 
 perate zone, one in Asia, the third in South America. 
 
 i. Phragmites Phragmites (I,.) Karst. 
 Reed. (Fig. 420.) 
 
 Arundo Phragmites L,. Sp. PI. 81. 1753. 
 Phragmites communis Trin. Fund. Agrost. 134. 1820. 
 Phragmites Phragmites Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 379. 1880-83. 
 Culms 5-i5 tall, erect, stout, from long horizontal 
 rootstocks, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths overlap- 
 ping, loose; ligule a ring of very short hairs; leaves 
 6'-! long or more, Y^'-i' wide, flat, smooth, gla- 
 brous; panicle 6 / -i long or more, ample; spikelets 
 crowded on the ascending branches; first scale i- 
 nerved, half to two-thirds as long as the 3-nerved 
 second one; flowering scales 5 // -6 // long, 3-nerved, 
 long-acuminate, equalling the hairs of the rachilla. 
 
 In swamps and wet places nearly throughout the United 
 States, extending north to Nova Scotia, Manitoba and Brit- 
 ish Columbia. Also in Europe and Asia. Rarely ripen- 
 ing seed. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 61. SIEGLINGIA Bernh. Syst. Verz. Pfl. Erf. 40. 1800. 
 [TRIODIA R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i: 182. 1810.] 
 
 Perennial grasses with narrow leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2- 
 many-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper staminate. Scales 5-many, rigid, 1-3- 
 nerved; the 2 lower empty, shorter than the spikelet, keeled; flowering scales rounded on 
 the back, at least at the base, the apex lobed or toothed, 3-nerved, the nerves pilose, and 
 usually excurrent as short points between the lobes or teeth; palet broad, 2-keeled. Stamens 
 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. 
 {Name in honor of Professor Siegling, German botanist.] 
 
 About 30 species, widely distributed in temperate regions; a few in tropical America. Besides 
 the following, some 20 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. 
 Internodes of the rachilla less than one-quarter the length of the flowering scales. 
 
 Panicle open, the branches 4'-io' long. 
 Panicle spike-like, the branches 3' long or less. 
 
 Panicle 5' -12' long; spikelets numerous. 
 
 Panicle i'-a' long; spikelets few. 
 Internodes of the rachilla one-half the length of the flowering scales. 
 
 I. 
 
 1. S. seslerioides. 
 
 2. S. stricta. 
 
 3. S. decumbens. 
 
 4. 5". purpurea. 
 
 (Fig. 421.) 
 
 1803. 
 
 Sieglingia seslerioides (Michx.) Scribn. Tall Red-top. 
 
 Poa seslerioides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: i 
 Triodiacuprea]. F. Jacq. Eclog. Gram. 2: 21. pi. 16. 1814. 
 Sieglingia seslerioides Scribn. Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, 5: 
 
 48. 1894. 
 
 Culms 2-5 tall, erect, somewhat flattened, simple, 
 glabrous, often viscid above. Sheaths sometimes vil- 
 lous at the summit, the lower short, overlapping and 
 crowded, the upper longer, equalling or shorter than 
 the internodes; ligule a ring of very short hairs; leaves 
 4'-! long or more, $"->" wide, flat, attenuate into a 
 long tip, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 6'- 
 18' long, the branches finally ascending or spreading, 
 the lower 4 / -io / long, usually dividing above the mid- 
 dle; spikelets 4-8-flowered, $"-*," long, purple; joints 
 of the rachilla short; empty scales glabrous, obtuse, 
 generally slightly 2-toothed; flowering scales oval, the 
 nerves pilose, excurrent as short points. 
 
 In fields, New York to Kansas, south to Florida and 
 Texas. July-Sept. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 185 
 
 2. Sieglingia stricta (Nutt. ) Kuntze. 
 
 Windsoria stricta Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 
 
 5: 147. 1833-37. 
 Triodia stricta Vasey, Spec. Rept. U. S. Dept. Agric. 
 
 63: 35- 1883. 
 Sieglingia stricta Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 789. 1891. 
 
 Culms i*4-4 tall, erect, a little compressed, 
 simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter 
 than the internodes; Hgule a ring of short hairs; 
 leaves 6 x -i long or more, flat, long-acuminate, 
 smooth beneath, scabrous above; spike-like pan- 
 icle 5 / -i2 / in length, the branches appressed, the 
 
 Narrow Sieglingia. (Fig. 422.) 
 
 lower i / -2 / long; spikelets 4-io-flowered, 2 // -3 // 
 long, the joints of the rachilla very short; lower 
 scales usually about two-thirds as long as the spike- 
 let, rarely extending beyond the flowering scales, 
 acute, glabrous; flowering scales ovate, the nerves 
 pilose for more than half their length, the middle 
 and often the lateral excurrent as short points. 
 
 Moist soil, Mississippi to Kansas and Texas. 
 July-Oct. 
 
 3. Sieglingia decumbens (L. ) Kuntze. Heather-grass. (Fig. 423.) 
 
 Festuca decumbens !,. Sp. PI. 75. 1753. 
 Triodia decumbens Beauv. Agrost. 76. 1812. 
 Sieglingia decumbens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 789. 1891. 
 
 Culms 6 / -i8 / tall, erect, often decumbent at the 
 base, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths 
 shorter than the internodes, villous at the summit; 
 ligule a ring of very short hairs; leaves smooth 
 beneath, usually scabrous above, ^ // -i^ // wide, 
 the basal 3 / -6 / long, those of the culm I'-s' 
 long; panicle I'-a' long, contracted, the branches 
 i' long or less, erect; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 3 // ~5 // 
 long, the joints of the rachilla very short; lower 
 scales equalling the spikelet, acute; flowering scales 
 broadly oval, ciliate on the margins below, obtusely 
 3-toothed, with two tufts of hair on the callus. 
 
 Introduced into Newfoundland. Native of Europe 
 and Asia. Summer. 
 
 4. Sieglingia purpurea (Walt.) Kuntze. Sand-grass. (Fig. 424.) 
 
 Aira purpurea Walt. Fl. Car. 78. 1788. 
 Tricuspis purpurea A. Gray, Man. 589. 1848. 
 Sieglingia purpurea Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 789. 1891. 
 
 Culms i-3 tall, erect, prostrate or decumbent, 
 smooth and glabrous or the nodes pubescent. Sheaths 
 shorter than the internodes, rough; ligule a ring of 
 short hairs; leaves >^ / -2^ / long, \" wide or less, 
 rigid, scabrous, sometimes sparsely ciliate; panicle 
 i / ~3 / in length, the branches rigid, finally widely 
 spreading, the lower |^ / -i>^ / long; spikelets 2-5- 
 flowered, 2^ // -4 // long, the joints of the rachilla 
 half as long as the flowering scale; lower scales gla- 
 brous; flowering scales oblong, 2-lobed at the apex, 
 the lobes erose-truncate, the nerves strongly ciliate, 
 the middle one excurrent as a short point; palets 
 long-ciliate on the upper part of the keel. 
 
 In sand, especially on sea beaches, Maine to Texas, 
 and along the Great Lakes. Also from Nebraska to New 
 Mexico. Plant acid. Aug.-Sept. 
 
186 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 62. REDFIELDIA Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 14: 133. 1887. 
 A tall perennial grass, with long narrow leaves and an ample panicle. Spikelets 1-3- 
 flowered, the flowers all perfect. Empty scales 2, about equal, shorter than the spikelet, 
 i-nerved; flowering scales membranous, 3-nerved, with a ring of hairs at the base. Palet 2- 
 nerved, shorter than the scale. Stamens 3. Styles long, distinct. Stigmas short, plumose. 
 Grain oblong, free. [In honor of John H. Redfield, 1815-1895, American naturalist. 
 
 A monotypic genus of the western United States. 
 
 i. Redfieldia flexuosa (Thurb.) Vasey. 
 Redfieldia. (Fig. 425.) 
 
 Graphephorum (?) jiexuosum Thurb. Proc. Acad- 
 
 Phila. 1863: 78. 1863. 
 Redfieldia flexuosa Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 14; 
 
 133- 1887. 
 
 Culms i}4-4 tall, erect from a long horizon- 
 tal rootstock, simple, smooth and glabrous. 
 Sheaths smooth, the lower short and overlap- 
 ping, often crowded, the upper much longer; 
 ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves i-2 long, 
 i // -2 // wide, involute; panicle ample and diffuse, 
 8 / -22 / in length, the branches finally widely 
 spreading, flexuous, the lower T > / -8 / long; spike- 
 lets about 3" long, i-3-flowered, the empty 
 scales acute, glabrous; flowering scales with a 
 ring of hairs at the base, minutely scabrous,, 
 twice the length of the empty ones, acute, the 
 middle nerve usually excurrent as a short point. 
 
 On prairies, Nebraska and Wyoming to Colorado- 
 and the Indian Territory. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 63. DIPLACHNE Beauv. Agrost. 80. pi. 16. f. 9 . 1812. 
 
 Tufted grasses, with narrow flat leaves and long slender spikes arranged in an open pan- 
 icle, or rarely only one terminal spike. Spikelets several-flowered, narrow, sessile or 
 shortly pedicelled, erect. Two lower scales empty, membranous, keeled, acute, unequal; 
 flowering scales i-3-nerved, 2-toothed and mucronate or short-awned between the teeth. 
 Palet hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely 
 enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, referring to the 2-toothed flowering scales.] 
 
 About 15 species, natives of the warmer regions of both hemispheres. Besides the following; 
 species, about 6 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. 
 
 i. Diplachne fascicularis (Lam.) Beauv. 
 (Fig. 426.) 
 
 Festuca fascicularis lyam. Tabl. Encycl. i: 189. 
 
 1791. 
 Diplachne fascicularis Beauv. Agrost. 160. 1812. 
 
 Culms i-z% tall, erect, ascending, orroot- 
 ing at the lower nodes, simple or branched, 
 smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than 
 the internodes, loose, smooth or rough, the 
 upper one longer and enclosing the base of 
 the panicle; ligule i // -2 // long; leaves 3 / -i2 / 
 long, i // -3 // wide, slightly scabrous; panicle 
 4 / -i2 / in length, often exceeded by the upper 
 leaf, the branches erect or ascending, the 
 lower 2 / -5 / long; spikelets 5-io-flowered, 
 3 // -5 // long, short-pedicelled, erect; lower 
 scales glabrous, rough on the keel; flow- 
 ering scales scabrous, ciliate on the margins 
 toward the base, 3-nerved. 
 
 In brackish marshes, Rhode Island to Florida 
 and Texas. Also from Missouri and Nebraska 
 to Mexico, and in the West Indies. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 Salt-meadow Diplachne. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 187 
 
 64. MOLINIA Schrank, Baier. Fl. i: 100. 1789. 
 
 A perennial tufted grass, with narrow flat leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets 
 2-4-flowered. Two lower scales empty, somewhat obtuse or acute, unequal, shorter than the 
 spikelet; flowering scales membranous, rounded on the back, 3-nerved; palets scarcely shorter 
 than the scales, obtuse, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short. Stigmas short, plumose. Grain 
 oblong, free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Name in honor of Joh. Ignaz Molina, Chilian 
 missionary and naturalist.] 
 
 A monotypic genus of Europe and Asia. 
 
 i. Molinia coerulea (I,.) Moench. Molinia. 
 (Fig. 427.) 
 
 Aira coerulea L. Sp. PI. 63. 1753. 
 Molinia coerulea Moench, Meth. 183. 1794. 
 
 Culms i-3>^ tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. 
 Sheaths overlapping and confined to the lower part of the 
 culm, smooth and glabrous; ligule a ring of very short 
 hairs; leaves 4 7 -! long or more, i // -^ // wide, erect, acu- 
 minate, smooth beneath, slightly scabrous above; panicle 
 3 / -io / in length, green or purple, the branches usually 
 erect, i / ~4 / long; spikelets 2-4-flowered, 2> // -4 // long; 
 mpty scales acute, unequal; flowering scales about 2" 
 long, 3-nerved, obtuse. 
 
 Sparingly introduced on ballast and in waste places in New 
 York. Adventive from Europe. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 65. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. Agrost. 70. pi. 14. f. n. 1812. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses, rarely dioecious, from a few inches to several feet in height, 
 the spikelets in contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2-many-flowered, more or less flat- 
 tened. Two lower scales empty, unequal, shorter than the flowering ones, keeled, i-nerved, 
 or the second 3-nerved; flowering scales membranous, keeled, 3-nerved; palets shorter than 
 the scales, prominently 2-nerved or 2-keeled, usually persisting on the rachilla after the fruit- 
 ing scale has fallen. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, 
 loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek etymology doubtful, perhaps signifying a 
 low grass, or Love-grass, an occasional English name.] 
 
 A genus of about 100 species, widely distributed throughout all warm and temperate countries. 
 Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. 
 
 Culms often decumbent at the base and generally much branched, i^ tall or less. 
 Spikelets 2-5-flowered, i"-iK" long. 
 
 Culms branched only at the very base; pedicels and branches of the panicle long and 
 
 capillary. i. E. capillaris. 
 
 Culms branched above the base; pedicels and branches of the panicle short. 
 
 2. E. Frankii. 
 
 Spikelets 5-many-flowered, i^"-8" long. 
 Spikelets K" wide or less. 
 
 Flowering scales thin, usually bright purplish, the lateral nerves faint or wanting; 
 
 spikelets about %" wide. 3. E. pilosa. 
 
 Flowering scales firm, usually dull purple or green, the lateral nerves very prominent; 
 
 spikelets about %" wide. 4. E. Purshii. 
 
 Spikelets i" wide or more. 
 
 Lower flowering scales about y\" long; spikelets i" wide. 5. E. Eragroslis. 
 
 Lower flowering scales i"-i#" long; spikelets i^"-!^" wide. 6. E. major. 
 Culms erect or ascending, simple, rigid, i^-4 tall. 
 Spikelets not clustered. 
 
 Branches of the open panicle widely spreading, at least when old. 
 
 Spikelets closely sessile. 7. E. sessilispica. 
 
 Spikelets more or less pedicelled. 
 
 Pedicels long, commonly at least the length of the spikelets. 9. E. pectinacea. 
 Pedicels commonly much shorter than the spikelets. 
 
 Leaves elongated; branches of the panicle long and slender; spikelets scattered, 
 
 6-25-flowered. 10. E. refracta. 
 
 Leaves not elongated; branches of the panicle short and stout, rigid, spikelets 
 crowded, 5-ia-flowered. 8. E. curtipedicellata. 
 
 Branches of the elongated panicle erect or ascending, capillary, somewhat flexuous. 
 
 ii. E. trichodes. 
 
 Spikelets clustered on the very short erect or ascending branches. 12. E. secundifiora. 
 
 Culms extensively creeping; flowers dioecious. 13. E. hypnoides. 
 
i88 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 i. Eragrostis capillaris (L,. ) Nees. Capillary Eragrostis. (Fig. 428.) 
 
 Poa capillaris L,. Sp. PI. 68. 1753. 
 
 Poa tennis EH. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 156. 1817. 
 
 Eragrostis capillaris Nees, Agrost. Bras. 505. 
 
 1829. 
 
 Culms 8 / -i8 / tall, erect, slender, sparingly 
 branched at the base, smooth and glabrous. 
 Sheaths short, overlapping and crowded at the base 
 of the culm, glabrous or sparingly hairy, the upper 
 enclosing the base of the panicle; ligule a ring of 
 very short hairs; leaves 3 / -io / long, i // -2 // wide, 
 long-acuminate, smooth beneath, scabrous above 
 and sparingly hirsute near the base; panicle diffuse, 
 4 / -i5 / in length, the branches capillary, spreading 
 or ascending, i^'-s' long; spikelets ovate, 2-4- 
 flowered, little flattened, i // -i^ // long; empty 
 scales about equal, acute; flowering scales acute, 
 the lower $ f/ long, the lateral nerves obscure. 
 
 In dry places, Rhode Island to New York and Mis- 
 souri, south to Georgia and Texas. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 2. Eragrostis Frankii Steud. Frank's Era- 
 grostis. (Fig. 429.) 
 
 Eragrostis Frankii Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 273. 1855. 
 Eragrostis erythrogona Nees; Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 273. 
 
 Glabrous, culms 6 / -i5 / tall, tufted, erect, or often 
 decumbent at the base, branched, smooth. Sheaths 
 loose, shorter than the internodes; ligule a ring of 
 hairs; leaves 2 / -5 / long, i // -2 // wide, smooth beneath, 
 scabrous above; panicle 2 / -6 / in length, open, the 
 branches ascending, the lower \'-\y z f long; spikelets 
 ovate, 3-5-flowered, i // -i^ // long; empty scales acute, 
 the first shorter than the second; flowering scales 
 acute, the lower W long, the lateral nerves obscure. 
 
 In moist places, southeastern New York and northern 
 New Jersey to Minnesota, south to Mississippi, Louisiana 
 and Kansas. Sept.-Oct. 
 
 3. Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv. Tufted Eragrostis. (Fig. 430.) 
 
 Poa pilosa ~L,. Sp. PI. 68. 1753. 
 
 Poa Caroliniana Spreng. Mant. Fl. Hal. 33. 1807 ? 
 
 Eragrostis pilosa Beauv. Agrost. 162. 1812. 
 
 Culms 6 / -i8 / tall, tufted, erect, slender, branched, 
 smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the in- 
 ternodes, smooth, sometimes pilose at the throat; lig- 
 ule a ring of short hairs; leaves i / -5 / long, i" wide 
 or less, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 
 2 / -6 / in length, the branches at first erect, finally 
 widely spreading, I'-i^' long, often hairy in the 
 axils; spikelets 5-12-flowered, i>^ // -3 // long, about 
 y 2 " wide; lower scales acute, the first one-half as long 
 as the second; flowering scales acute, the lower ^ ff 
 long, thin, usually purplish, the lateral nerves faint 
 or wanting. 
 
 Waste places or cultivated ground, southern New Eng- 
 land to Illinois and Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. 
 Naturalized from Europe. Aug.-Sept. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 189 
 
 4. Eragrostis Purshii Schrad. Pursh's Eragrostis. (Fig. 431.) 
 
 Poa Caroliniana Spreng. Mant. Fl. Hal. 33. 1807? 
 
 Eragrostis Purshii Schrad. Linnaea, 12:451. 1838. 
 
 Eragrostis Caroliniana Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 49. 
 1895. 
 
 Culms 6 / -i8 / tall, tufted, usually decumbent at the 
 base and much branched, smooth and glabrous. 
 Sheaths loose, shorter than the internodes, smooth 
 and glabrous; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves iy z f - 
 3^' long, \" wide or less, smooth beneath, rough 
 above; panicle open, 3 / -8 / long, the branches spread- 
 ing, I'-^YZ' long, naked in the axils; spikelets 5-15- 
 flowered, dull purple or green, iX // ~4 // l n g> about 
 ffl' wide; empty scales acute, the lower about two- 
 thirds as long as the upper, scabrous on the keel; 
 flowering scales acute, firm, the lower ones ^" long, 
 the lateral nerves prominent. 
 
 In dry places, apparently throughout the United States, 
 extending into Ontario. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 5. Eragrostis Eragrostis (I,.) Karst. Low Eragrostis. (Fig. 432.) 
 
 Poa Eragrostis L. Sp. PI. 68. 1753. 
 Eragrostis poa.eoides~Re.avLv. Agrost. 162. 1812. 
 Eragrostis minor Host, Fl. Austr. i: 135. 1827. 
 Eragrostis Eragrostis Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 389. 1880-83, 
 
 Culms seldom over 15' tall, tufted, usually decum- 
 bent and much branched, smooth and glabrous. 
 Sheaths loose, shorter than the internodes, smooth, 
 sometimes a little pubescent, sparingly pilose at the 
 throat; ligule a ring of short hairs ; leaves i / -2^ /r 
 long, y z "--2. ff wide, smooth beneath, rough above 
 and somewhat pilose near the base; panicle 2 / ~4^ / in 
 length, the branches spreading or ascending, ^'-\y 2 r 
 r long; spikelets 8-i8-flowered, 3 // ~5 // long, about i"" 
 wide; empty scales acute, the first two-thirds as long 
 as the second; flowering scales obtuse, "%" long, the 
 lateral nerves prominent. 
 
 In waste places or cultivated ground, Ontario to New 
 England, New York and Pennsylvania. Locally natural- 
 ized from Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 6. Eragrostis major Host. Strong-scented Eragrostis. (Fig. 433.) 
 
 Eragrostis major Host, Gram. Austr. 4: 14. pi. 24. 
 
 1809. 
 Eragrostis poaeoides var. megastachya A. Gray, Man. 
 
 Ed. 5, 631. 1867. 
 
 Culms 6 X -2 tall, erect, or decumbent at the base, 
 usually branched, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths 
 shorter than the internodes, smooth, sparingly 
 pilose at the throat; ligule a ring of short hairs ; 
 leaves a / -y / long, i // ~3 // wide, flat, smooth be- 
 neath, scabrous above; panicle 2 / -6 / in length, the 
 branches spreading or ascending, i / -2 / long; spike- 
 lets 8-35-flowered, 2> // -8 // long, about i^" wide, 
 very flat; empty scales acute, the first slightly 
 shorter than the second; flowering scales obtuse, 
 \"-i% f/ long, the lateral nerves prominent. 
 
 In waste and cultivated places nearly throughout 
 the United States, and in Ontario. Naturalized from 
 Europe. Unpleasantly scented, handsome. Aug.-Sept. 
 
1 90 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 7. Eragrostis sessilispica Buckley. Prairie Eragrostis. (Fig. 434.) 
 
 Eragrostis sessilispica Buckley, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 
 97. 1862. 
 
 Diplachne rigida Vasey, Grasses S. W., Part 2. pi. 41. 
 1891. 
 
 Culms 8'-3% tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- 
 brous. Sheaths short, crowded at the base of the 
 culm, smooth, pilose at the summit; ligule a ring of 
 short hairs; leaves 2 / -6 / long, % v/ -i^ // wide, rough 
 above, glabrous or sparingly pilose beneath; panicle 
 8 / -i6 / in length, the branches stout, rigid, widely 
 diverging; spikelets scattered, closely sessile, ap- 
 pressed, 5-i2-flowered, 4 // ~7 // long, empty scales 
 about equal in length, acute; flowering scales very 
 acute, about 2 X/ long, the lateral nerves very prominent. 
 
 Prairies, Kansas to Texas. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 8. Eragrostis curtipedicellata Buckley. 
 Short-stalked Eragrostis. (Fig. 435.) 
 
 Eragrostis curtipedicellata Buckley, Proc. Acad. Phila. 
 1862: 97. 1862. 
 
 Culms 6 / -3 tall, erect, rigid, simple, smooth and 
 glabrous. Sheaths overlapping, smooth, pilose at the 
 summit; ligule a ring of shdrt hairs; leaves 2 / -8 / long, 
 j//_ 2 // -wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 
 4 / -i2 / in length, the branches widely spreading, \y 2 '- 
 4^' long; spikelets 5-i2-flowered, iX // ~3 // loug, on 
 pedicels of less than their own length; scales acute, the 
 empty ones somewhat unequal, the flowering ones 
 about y% ff long, scabrous on the midnerve, their lateral 
 nerves prominent. 
 
 Prairies, Kansas to Texas. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 9. Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Steud. Purple Eragrostis. (Fig. 436.) 
 
 Poa pectinacea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 69. 1803. 
 Eragrostis pectinacea Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 272. 1855. 
 Eragrostis pectinacea var. spectabilis A. Gray, Man. 
 Ed. 5, 632. 1867. 
 
 Culms i-2}4 tall, erect or ascending, rigid, 
 simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths overlapping, 
 smooth, glabrous or villous, the upper one often 
 enclosing the base of the panicle; ligule a ring of 
 hairs; leaves 5 / -i2 / long, 2 // -4 // wide, smooth be- 
 neath, scabrous above and sparingly villous at the 
 base; panicle 6 / -24 / in length, purple or purplish, 
 the branches 3 / -io / long, strongly bearded in the 
 axils, widely spreading or the lower often reflexed; 
 spikelets 5-i5-flowered, i^ // -4 // long, on pedicels 
 of at least their own length; scales acute, the empty 
 ones about equal, the flowering ones about %" 
 long, their lateral nerves very prominent. 
 
 In dry soil, Massachusetts to Illinois and South 
 Dakota, south to Florida and Texas. Aug.-Sept. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 191 
 
 jo. Eragrostis refracta (Muhl.) Scribn. Meadow Eragrostis. (Fig. 437.) 
 
 Poa refracta Muhl. Gram. 146. 1817. 
 
 Eragrostis campestrisfrin. Bull.Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. 
 
 i: 70. 1836. 
 Eragrostis refracta Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 49. 
 
 1894. 
 
 Culms i-3 tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth 
 and glabrous. Sheaths overlapping, smooth and 
 glabrous; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves 5 / -i2 / 
 long, i // -2 // wide, smooth beneath, rough above, 
 and villous toward the base; panicle 8 / -2o / long; 
 branches slender, 4 / -io / long, at length widely 
 spreading, the axils often bearded; spikelets 6-25- 
 flowered, 2j // -6 // long, on pedicels shorter than 
 themselves; empty scales acute, the first somewhat 
 shorter than the second; flowering scales very 
 acute, ^ r '-\" long, the lateral nerves prominent. 
 
 In moist soil, Delaware and Maryland to Florida, 
 west to Texas. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 ii. Eragrostis trichodes (Nutt.) Nash. Hair-like Eragrostis. (Fig. 438.) 
 
 Poa trichodes Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 146. 
 
 1833-37. 
 Eragrostis tennis A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 564. 1856. 
 
 Not Steud. 1855, nor Poa tennis Ell. 1817. 
 Eragrostis trichodes Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 465. 
 
 1895. 
 
 Culms 2-4 tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- 
 brous. Sheaths overlapping, smooth, pilose at the 
 throat; ligule a ring of very short hairs; leaves 
 6'-28' long, i // -2 // wide, smooth beneath, slightly 
 scabrous above, attenuate into a long slender 
 tip; panicle g / -26 / in length, narrow and elong- 
 ated, the branches erect or ascending, capillary, 
 subdividing, somewhat flexuous, 3 / -7 / long; lower 
 axils sometimes bearded; spikelets usually pale, 
 3-io-flowered, 2 / ^ // -4^ // long; lower scales very 
 acute, about equal; flowering scales acute, the lower 
 ones iX // ~ I X // l n g> their lateral nerves manifest. 
 
 In dry sandy soil, Ohio and Illinois to Nebraska, 
 south to Tennessee and Texas. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 12. Eragrostis secundiflora Presl. Clus- 
 tered Eragrostis. (Fig. 439.) 
 
 Poa interrupta Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 146. 
 
 I 833~37. Not L,am. 1791. 
 
 Eragrostis secundiflora Presl, Rel. Haenk. i: 276. 1830. 
 Eragrostis oxylepis Torr. Marcy's Report, 269. 1854. ' 
 
 Smooth and glabrous, culms 6 x -3 tall, erect, simple. 
 Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule a ring of 
 hairs; leaves 2 / -i2 / long, i // -2 // wide; panicle i^ / -6 / 
 in length, the branches Yz f -\Yz f l n g) erect or ascend- 
 ing; spikelets crowded or clustered, sessile or nearly so, 
 strongly flattened, 8-40- flowered, 3 // -io // long, \"- 
 i l /z ff wide; lower scales acute, about equal; flowering 
 scales i,^2 // -l%' // long, acute, usually purple-bordered, 
 the lateral nerves prominent. 
 
 In dry soil, Kansas and Missouri, south to Texas and 
 Louisiana. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 13 
 
192 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 13. Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B.S.P. Creeping Eragrostis. (Fig. 440.) 
 
 Poa hypnoides L,am. Tabl. Encycl. i: 
 
 185. 1791. 
 Eragrostis reptans Nees, Agrost. Bras. 
 
 514. 1829. 
 Eragrostis hypnoides B.S.P. Prel. Cat. 
 
 N. Y. 69. 1888. 
 
 Culms I'-iS' long, extensively 
 creeping, branched, smooth and gla- 
 brous, the branches erect or ascend- 
 ing, i / -6 / high. Sheaths shorter 
 than the internodes, villous at the 
 summit; ligule a ring of short hairs; 
 leaves i' long or less, l /i"-\" wide, 
 flat, smooth beneath, rough above; 
 spikelets dioecious, io-35-flowered, 
 2 // -8 // long; lower scales unequal, the 
 first one-half to two-thirds as long as 
 the second; flowering scales about 
 i l /\" long, the lateral nerves promi- 
 nent; scales of the pistillate flowers 
 more acute than those of the stami- 
 nate. 
 
 On sandy or gravelly shores, Ver- 
 mont and Ontario to Oregon, south to 
 Florida and Mexico. Also in the West 
 Indies. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 66. EATONIA Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 104. 1819. 
 
 Tufted perennial grasses, with flat or involute leaves and usually contracted panicles. 
 Spikelets 2-3-flowered; the rachilla extended beyond .the flowers. Two lower scales empty, 
 shorter than the spikelet, the first linear, acute, i-nerved, the second much broader, 
 3-nerved, obtuse or rounded at the apex, or sometimes acute, the margins scarious; flowering 
 scales narrower, generally obtuse. Palet narrow, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, 
 short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [In honor of 
 Amos Eaton, 1776-1842, American botanist.] 
 
 A genus of 4 or 5 species, confined to North America. 
 Empty scales unequal, the first shorter and about one-sixth as wide as the second. 
 
 Second scale obovate, often almost truncate. i. E. obtusata. 
 
 Second scale oblanceolate, obtuse or abruptly acute. 2. E. Pennsylvania. 
 
 Empty scales equal, the first not less than one-third as wide as the second. 3. E. nitida. 
 
 i. Eatonia obtusata (Michx.) A. 
 Gray. Blunt-scaled Hatonia. 
 
 (Fig. 441.) 
 
 Aira obtusala Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 62. 
 
 1803. 
 Eatonia obtusata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 558. 
 
 1856. 
 
 Culms i-2^ tall, erect, simple, often 
 stout, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter 
 than the internodes, usually more or' less 
 rough, sometimes pubescent; ligule J^ // -i // 
 long; leaves I'-g' long, i // -4 // wide, scab- 
 rous; panicle 2 / -6 / in length, dense and 
 generally spikelike, strict, the branches \ l /t' 
 long or less, erect; spikelets crowded, 
 \%"-\y z " long; empty scales unequal, often 
 purplish, the first narrow, shorter than and 
 about one-sixth as wide as the obtuse or 
 almost truncate second one; flowering scales 
 narrow, obtuse, W~\ rf long. 
 
 In dry soil, Massachusetts and Ontario to 
 Assiniboia, Florida and Arizona. June-Aug. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 193 
 
 2. Eatonia Pennsylvania (DC.) A. Gray. 
 
 (Fig. 442.) 
 
 Koeleria Pennsylvanica DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 
 117. 1813. 
 
 Eatonia Pennsylvanica A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 558. 
 1856. 
 
 Usually glabrous, culms i-3 tall, erect, 
 simple, slender, smooth. Sheaths shorter than 
 the internodes; ligule ^ /x long; leaves 2^ / -7 / 
 long, i // -3 // wide, rough ; panicle z'~l f i n 
 length, contracted, often nodding, lax, its 
 branches T.'-2%' long; spikelets i^"- 1 ^" 
 long, usually numerous, somewhat crowded 
 and appressed to the branches; empty scales 
 unequal, the first narrow, shorter than and 
 about one-sixth as broad as the obtuse or ab- 
 ruptly acute second one, which is smooth, or 
 somewhat rough on the keel; flowering scales 
 narrow, acute, iX /x 
 
 Pennsylvania Eatonia. 
 
 In hilly woods or moist soil, New Brunswick to 
 British Columbia, south to Georgia, Louisiana and 
 Texas. June-July. 
 
 Eatonia Pennsylvanica major Torr. ; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 558. 1856. 
 
 Culms taller; panicle longer and more compound; leaves longer and broader. Range appar- 
 ently nearly that of the typical form. 
 
 3. Eatonia nitida (Spreng.) Nash. Slen- 
 der Eatonia. (Fig. 443.) 
 
 Aira nitida Spreng. Fl. Hal. Mant. i: 32. 1807. 
 
 Eatonia Dudleyi Vasey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. n: 116. 
 
 1886. 
 
 Eatonia nitida Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 511. 1895. 
 
 Glabrous, culms i-2 tall, erect, very slender, 
 smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, 
 general!}' pubescent; ligule %" long; leaves %'-$' 
 long, i // wide or less, often pubescent, the upper- 
 most very short; panicle 2 / -6 / in length, lax, the 
 branches spreading at flowering time, afterwards 
 erect, i / -2^ / long; spikelets not crowded, i% ff 
 long; empty scales smooth, the first about one- 
 third as wide as and equalling the second, which 
 is obtuse or almost truncate, often apiculate ; 
 flowering scales narrow, i // -iX // l n g obtuse or 
 acutish, smooth. 
 
 In dry woods, southern New York and New Jersey 
 to Georgia and Alabama. May-June. 
 
 67. KOELERIA Pers. Syn. i: 97. 1805. 
 
 Tufted annual or perennial grasses, with flat or setaceous leaves and mostly spike- 
 like panicles. Spikelets 2-5-flowered. Two lower scales empty, narrow, acute, unequal, 
 keeled, scarious on the margins; the flowering scales 3-5-nerved. Palet hyaline, acute, 
 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the 
 scale and palet. [In honor of Georg Ludwig Koeler, German botanist.] 
 
 About 15 species of wide geographic distribution. The following, which may contain two 
 forms, occurs in North America. 
 
194 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 i. Koeleria cristata (I/.) Pers. 
 (Fig. 444.) 
 
 Koeleria. 
 
 Aira cristala I,. Sp. PI. 63. 1753. 
 
 Koeleria cristata Pers. Syn. i: 97. 1805. 
 
 Koeleria nitida Nutt. Gen. i: 74. 1818. 
 
 Koele ria cristata var. gracilis A. Gray, Man. 591. 1848. 
 
 Culms i-2^ tall, erect, simple, rigid, smooth, 
 often pubescent just below the panicle. Sheaths 
 often shorter than the internodes, smooth or sca- 
 brous, sometimes hirsute; ligule y z f/ long; leaves 
 i / -i2 / long, X // ~ I X // "wide, erect, flat or invo- 
 lute, smooth or rough, often more or less hirsute; 
 panicle i / ~7 / in length, pale green, usually con- 
 tracted or spike-like, the branches erect or rarely 
 ascending, i' long or less; spikelets 2-5-flowered, 
 2 // -3 // long, the scales rough, acute, the empty ones 
 unequal; flowering scales i^ // -2 // long, shining. 
 
 In dry sandy soil, especially on prairies, Ontario to 
 British Columbia, south to Pennsylvania, Nebraska, 
 Texas and California. Also in Europe and Asia. Very 
 variable. July-Sept. 
 
 68. CATABROSA Beauv. Agrost. 97. pi. i 9 . f. 8. 1812. 
 A perennial grass, with soft flat leaves and an open panicle. Spikelets usually 2-flow- 
 ered. Two lower scales empty, thin-membranous, much shorter than the flowering ones, un- 
 equal, rounded or obtuse at the apex; flowering scales membranous, erose-truncate. Palet 
 barely shorter than the scale. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. [Greek, in 
 allusion to the erose top of the flowering scales.] 
 
 A monotypic genus of arctic and mountainous 
 regions of the northern hemisphere. 
 
 i. Catabrosa aquatica (L,.) Beauv. 
 Water Whorl-grass. (Fig. 445.) 
 
 Aira aquatica i,. Sp. PI. 64. 1753. 
 Catabrosa aquatica Beauv. Agrost. 157. 1812. 
 
 Smooth and glabrous, culms 4 / -2 tall, erect, from 
 a creeping base, bright green, flaccid. Sheaths 
 usually overlapping, loose; ligule iX // ~ 2 X // l n g; 
 leaves iX / ~5 / l n g> I// ~3 // wide, flat, obtuse; pan- 
 icle i / -8 / in length, open, the branches whorled, 
 spreading or ascending, very slender, ,^ / -2 / long; 
 spikelets iX // ~ I ^ // l n g. the empty scales rounded 
 or obtuse, the first about half as long as the second, 
 which is crenulate on the margins; flowering scales 
 i // -i^ // long, 3-nerved, erose-truncate at the apex. 
 
 In water or wet soil, lyahradorand Quebec to Alaska, 
 south to Nebraska, Colorado and Utah. Also in Europe 
 and Asia. Summer. 
 
 69. MELICA L. Sp. PI. 66. 1753. 
 
 Perennial grasses, with usually soft flat leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spike- 
 lets i-several-flowered, often secund, the rachilla extended beyond the flowers and usually 
 bearing 2-3 empty club-shaped or hooded scales, convolute around each other. Two lower 
 scales empty, membranous, 3~5-nerved; flowering scales larger, rounded on the back, 7-13- 
 nerved, sometimes bearing an awn, the margins more or less scarious; palets broad, shorter 
 than the scales, two-keeled. Stamens three. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain 
 free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Name used by Theophrastus for Sorghum; said to be 
 in allusion to the sweet culms of some species.] 
 
 About 30 species, inhabiting temperate regions. Besides the following, some 15 others occur 
 in the Rocky Mountains and on the Pacific Coast. 
 Second scale much shorter than the 3-^-flowered spikelets. 
 
 Spikelets few; branches of the panicle spreading or ascending. i. M. diffusa. 
 
 Spikelets usually numerous; branches of the panicle erect. 2. M. parviflora. 
 
 Second scale nearly equalling the 2-flowered spikelet. 3. M. mutica. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 195 
 
 i. Melica diffusa Pursh. Tall Melic-grass. (Fig. 446.) 
 
 Mclica altissima Walt. Fl. Car. 78. 1788. Not I,. 
 
 I 753- 
 
 Melica diffusa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 77. 1814. 
 Melica mutica var. diffusa A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 
 
 626. 1867. 
 
 Culms i^-4 tall, erect, simple, smooth and 
 glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, 
 the lower often overlapping; ligule i // -2 // long; 
 leaves 4 / -7 / long, 2 // -4 // wide, rough; pan- 
 icle 6% / -Sy 2 / in length, open, the branches 
 spreading or ascending, the lower i}/^-?,' long; 
 spikelets usually numerous, about 3-flowered, 
 4X // -5X // long, nodding, on slender, more or 
 less flexuous pubescent pedicels; empty basal 
 scales very broad, obtuse or acutish, the first 
 shorter than the second, which is generally 
 much exceeded by the spikelet; flowering scales 
 3/^ // -4X // l n g> acute or obtuse, scabrous. 
 
 Pennsylvania to Missouri, south to Virginia, 
 Kentucky and Texas. May-June. 
 
 2. Melica parviflora (Porter) Scribn. Small Melic-grass. (Fig. 447-) 
 
 Melica mutica var. parviflora Porter; Porter & 
 Coulter, Fl. Colo. 149. 1874. 
 
 Melica Porteri Scribn. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1885: 44. 
 pi. i. f. 17, 18. 1885. 
 
 Melica parviflora Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 50. 
 1894. 
 
 Culms i^-2^ tall, erect, simple, smooth 
 and glabrous. Sheaths short, overlapping, 
 more or less rough; ligule i" long; leaves 
 5 '-9' long, i // -2 // wide, rough; panicle 5 / -7 / 
 in length, contracted, the branches erect, the 
 lower i / -2 / long; spikelets few, 4-5-flowered, 
 5 // -6^ // long, nodding, on somewhat flexuous 
 strongly pubescent pedicels; lower scales ob- 
 tuse or acutish, the first shorter than the second, 
 which is much exceeded by the spikelet; flower- 
 ing scales 3X // ~4 // l n S> acutish, scabrous. 
 
 Prairies, Kansas and Colorado to Arizona and 
 Texas. 
 
 3. Melica mutica Walt. Narrow 
 Melic-grass. (Fig. 448.) 
 
 Melica mutica Walt. Fl. Car. 78. 1788. 
 Melica mtitica var. glabra A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 
 626. 1867. 
 
 Culms i-3 tall, erect, usually slender, sim- 
 ple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths often over- 
 lapping, rough; ligule i // -2 // long; leaves 
 rough, 4 / -9 / long, i // -5 // wide, panicle $%'- 
 ioj^ / in length, narrow, the branches spreading 
 or ascending, i / -2 / long; spikelets about 2-flow- 
 ered, 3X // -4X // l n g) nodding, on more or less 
 flexuous pubescent pedicels; empty scales very 
 broad, acutish to obtuse, the first shorter than 
 the second, which is nearly as long as the spike- 
 let or sometimes equals it; flowering scales 3"- 
 4 X/ long, generally very obtuse, scabrous. 
 
 In rich soil, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, south to 
 Florida and Texas. June-July. 
 
196 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 American Korycarpus. 
 
 70. KORYCARPUS Zea, Act. Matrit. 1806. 
 [DIARINA Raf. Journ. Bot. 2; 169. 1809.] 
 [DIARRHENA Beauv. Agrost. 142. 1812.] 
 
 Erect grasses, with long flat leaves and narrow paniculate or racemose inflorescence. 
 Spikelets 3-5-flowered, the rachilla readily disarticulating between the flowers. Upper scales 
 empty, convolute. Two lower scales empty, the first narrow, 3-nerved, acute, the second 
 broader, 5-nerved; flowering scales broader than the lower ones, acuminate or mucronate, 
 rounded on the back, finally coriaceous and shining, 3-nerved. Palet 2-keeled. Stamens 2, 
 rarely i. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain beaked, free. [Greek, in allu- 
 sion to the beaked grain.] 
 
 Two known species, the following North American, the other Japanese. 
 
 i. Korycarpus diandrus (Michx.) Kuntze. 
 
 (Fig. 449.) 
 
 Festuca diandra Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 67. pi. 10. 1803. 
 Korycarpus arundinaceus Zea, Act. Matrit. 1806. 
 Diarrhena Americana Beauv. Agrost. 142. pi. 25. f. n. 
 
 1812. 
 Korycarpus diandrus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 772. 1891. 
 
 Culms iX-4 tall, erect, simple, very rough below the 
 panicle. Sheaths overlapping, confined to the lower 
 part of the culm, smooth or a little rough at the summit, 
 sometimes pubescent; ligule very short; leaves 8 / -24 / 
 long, 5 // -9 // wide, long-acuminate at the apex, usually 
 scabrous; panicle often reduced to a raceme, 2 / ~7^ / in 
 length, the branches erect, i / -2 / long; spikelets 3-5- 
 flowered, 6 // -8 // long, the lower scales unequal, the first 
 shorter than the second, which is much exceeded by the 
 spikelet; flowering scales somewhat abruptly acuminate; 
 palets shorter than the scales and exceeded by the 
 beaked grain. 
 
 In rich woods, Ohio to Kansas, south to Georgia, Tennes- 
 see and the Indian Territory. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 71. PLEUROPOGON R. Br. App. Parry's Voy. 289. 1824. 
 
 Erect grasses with flat leaves and racemose inflorescence. Spikelets 5-i4-flowered; 
 flowers perfect, or the upper staminate. Two lower scales empty, unequal, thin-membran- 
 ous, i-nerved, or the second imperfectly 3-nerved; flowering scaJes longer, membranous, 
 7-nerved, the middle nerve excurrent as a short point or awn. Palet scarcely shorter than 
 the scale, 2-keeled, the keels winged or appendaged. Stamens 3. Styles short. Stigmas 
 plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, side-beard, from the append- 
 ages to the palets.] 
 
 Three known species, the following arctic, the others Californian. 
 
 i. Pleuropogon Sabinii R. Br. Sabine's 
 Pleuropogon. (Fig. 450.) 
 
 Pleuropogon Sabinii R. Br. App. Parry's Voy. 289. 
 1824. 
 
 Smooth, culms 6 / or less tall, erect, simple, 
 glabrous. Sheaths one or two; ligule \" long; 
 leaves X /-I/ l n g> erect, glabrous; raceme i / -2 / 
 in length; spikelets 3-6, 5-8-flowered, about 5" 
 long, on spreading or reflexed pedicels i x/ or 
 less in length; lower scales smooth, the first 
 acute, shorter than the obtuse second; flowering 
 scales oblong, 2 // -2^ // long, erose-truncate at 
 the scarious summit, scabrous, the midnerve 
 sometimes excurrent as a short point; palet 
 slightly shorter than the scale, truncate and 
 somewhat 2-toothed at the apex, bearing an awn- 
 like appendage on each keel near the middle. 
 
 Arctic regions of both the Old World and the 
 New. Summer. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 197 
 
 72. UNIOLA L. Sp. PI. 71. 1753. 
 
 Erect and often tall grasses with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate inflorescence. 
 Spikelets 3-many-flowered, flat, 2-edged, the flowers perfect, or the upper staminate. 
 Scales flattened, keeled, sometimes winged, rigid, usually acute; the lower 3-6 empty, un- 
 equal; the flowering scales many-nerved, the uppermost scales often smaller and empty; 
 palets rigid, 2-keeled. Stamens 1-3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain com- 
 pressed, free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [Name diminutive of unus, one, of no 
 obvious application.] 
 
 About 8 species, natives of America. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southeastern 
 United States. 
 
 .Spikelets about K' in length; panicle spike-like. i. U. laxa. 
 Spikelets exceeding Vz' in length; panicle open. 
 
 Panicle lax, the branches pendulous; spikelets on long capillary pedicels. 2. U. latifolia. 
 
 Panicle strict, the branches erect, rigid; spikelets on short stout pedicels. 3. U. paniculata. 
 
 i. Uniola laxa (I,.) B.S.P. Slender Spike-grass. (Fig. 451.) 
 
 Holcus laxus L,. Sp. PI. 1048. 1753. 
 Uniola gracilis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 71. 
 
 1803. 
 Uniola laxa B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 69. 1888. 
 
 Smooth and glabrous, culms i>^ -4 
 tall, erect, simple, slender. Sheaths 
 shorter than the internodes; ligule very 
 short; leaves 5 / -i5 / long, i // -3 // wide, 
 usually erect, flat, attenuate into a long 
 tip, smooth or slightly rough ; pan- 
 icle spike-like, 4 / -i2 / in length, erect, 
 strict, or nodding at the summit, the 
 branches erect, i / -2 / long; spikelets 
 short-stalked or nearly sessile, 3-6- 
 flowered, about 3" long; lower scales 
 much shorter than the flowering ones, 
 which are i^ // -2 // long, acuminate, 
 spreading in fruit; palet arched, about 
 two-thirds as long as the scale; stamen i. 
 
 Sandy soil, Long Island to Pennsylvania 
 and Kentucky, south to Florida and Texas, 
 mostly near the coast. Ascends to 900 ft. in 
 North Carolina. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 2. Uniola latifolia Michx. Broad- 
 leaved Spike-grass. (Fig. 452.) 
 
 Uniola latifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 70. 
 1803. 
 
 Culms 2-5 tall, erect, simple, smooth 
 and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the in- 
 ternodes; ligule Y Z " long, lacerate-toothed; 
 leaves 4/-9' long, Jtf '-i' wide, flat, narrowed 
 into a somewhat rounded, often ciliate base, 
 acuminate at the apex, smooth, excepting on 
 the margins; panicle lax, 5X / ~ IO/ i n length, 
 its branches filiform and pendulous, the 
 lower 2 / ~5 / long; spikelets many-flowered, 
 oblong to ovate, ^'-1%' long, on long cap- 
 illary pendulous pedicels; lower scales much 
 smaller than the flowering ones, which are 
 4^ // -6 // long, ciliate-hispid on the winged 
 keel; stamen I. 
 
 In moist places, Pennsylvania to Illinois and 
 Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. Ascends 
 to 2000 ft. in North Carolina. Aug.-Sept. 
 
198 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 3. Uniola paniculata I,. Sea Oats. (Fig. 453.) 
 
 Uniola paniculata "L,. Sp. PI. 71. 1753. 
 
 Glabrous thoroughout, culms 3-8 tall, 
 erect, simple, smooth. Sheaths often longer 
 than the internodes; ligule a ring of hair& 
 about y 2 " long; leaves i long or more, about 
 X' wide, involute when dry, attenuate into a 
 long slender tip; panicle 9'-! in length or 
 more, the branches erect or ascending, strict, 
 rigid, the lower 2^ / -5 / long; spikelets many- 
 flowered, short-pedicelled, ovate to oval when 
 mature, X /-I/ l n g; lower scales much shorter 
 than the flowering ones, which are 4 // ~5 // 
 long and scabrous on the keels; stamens 3. 
 
 In sands of the seacoast, Virginia to Florida 
 and west to Texas. Also in the West Indies and 
 South America. Spikelets persistent into the 
 winter. Oct.-Nov. 
 
 73. DISTICHLIS Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 104. 1819. 
 
 Dioecious grasses, with rigid culms creeping or decumbent at the base, flat or convo- 
 lute leaves and spike-like paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets flattened, more numerous on 
 the statninate plants than on the pistillate, 6-i6-flowered; rachilla continuous in the stam- 
 inate spikelets, articulated in the pistillate. Two lower scales empty, narrow, keeled, acute, 
 shorter than the flowering ones; flowering scales broader, many-nerved, acute, rigid; palets 
 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles thickened at the base, rather long, distinct. Stigmas 
 long-plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, signifying two-ranked,, 
 probably in reference to the spikelets.] 
 
 Four known species, natives of America, inhabiting the sea coast or alkaline soil; one of them 
 is also found in Australia. 
 
 i. Distichlis spicata (L,.) Greene. Marsh Spike-grass. (Fig. 454.) 
 
 Uniola spicata L. Sp. PI. 71. 1753. 
 Distichlis maritima Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 104. 1819. 
 Uniola stricta Torr. Ann. I,yc. N. Y. i: 155. 1824. 
 Distichlis spicata Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. 2: 415. 
 
 1887. 
 
 Distichlis spicata var. stricta Scribn. Mem. Torr. 
 Club, 5: 51. 1894. 
 
 Glabrous throughout, culms 3 x -2 tall, erect 
 from a horizontal rootstock, or often decumbent at 
 the base. Sheaths overlapping and often crowded; 
 ligule a ring of very short hairs; leaves y 2 '-t>' long, 
 i//_ 2 // w ide, flat or involute; panicle dense and 
 spike-like, ^' / -2^ / in length, the branches i / 
 long or less, erect; spikelets 6-i6-flowered, 4 // ~9 // 
 long, pale green; empty scales acute, the first 1-3- 
 nerved, two-thirds as long as the 3~5-nerved 
 second one; flowering scales i^ // -2^ // long, 
 acute or acuminate. 
 
 On salt meadows along the Atlantic coast from 
 Maine to Florida, in saline soil throughout the inte- 
 rior, and on the Pacific coast north to British Columbia. 
 The main figure is that of the staminate plant. June- 
 Aug. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 74. BRIZA L. Sp. PI. 70. 1753. 
 
 199 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and open or rarely contracted 
 panicles. Spikelets large, flattened, tumid, many-flowered, nodding, the flowers perfect. 
 Scales thin-membranous, strongly concave, the 2 lower empty, 3~5-nerved, somewhat un- 
 equal; flowering scales imbricated, broader than the empty ones, 5-many-nerved; uppermost 
 scales often empty; palets much shorter than the scales, hyaline, 2-keeled or 2-nerved. 
 Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain usually free, enclosed in the scale 
 
 palet. [Greek name for some grain, perhaps rye.] 
 
 1. B. media. 
 
 2. B. minor-. 
 
 About 12 species, natives of the Old World and temperate South America. 
 
 Perennial; ligule y 2 " long or less, truncate; spikelets 5-i2-flowered, 2"-aK" long. 
 Annual; ligule i" long or more, acute; spikelets 3-6-flowered, i"-i^" long. 
 
 i. Briza media L,. Quake-grass. Quaking Grass. (Fig. 455.) 
 
 Briza media I,. Sp. PI. 70. 1753. 
 
 Smooth and glabrous, culms 6 / -2 tall, erect, 
 from a perennial root, simple. Sheaths shorter 
 than the internodes; ligule l /i /f long or less, 
 truncate; leaves i / ~3 / long, i // -2^ // wide; pan- 
 icle iK / ~5 / in length, the capillary branches 
 spreading or ascending, i / -2^ / long; spikelets 
 2 // -2^ // long, orbicular to deltoid-ovate, 5-12- 
 flowered; scales scarious-margined, the lower 
 ones about i // long; flowering scales i // - 
 lYz" long, broader than the lower ones, widely 
 spreading. 
 
 In fields and waste places, Ontario to Massachu- 
 setts and Rhode Island. Naturalized from Europe. 
 Native also of Asia. June-July. 
 
 2. Briza minor L. Lesser Quaking 
 Grass. (Fig. 456.) 
 
 Briza minor L,. Sp. PI. 70. 1753. 
 
 Smooth and glabrous, culms 4 / -i5 / tall, erect 
 from an annual root, simple. Sheaths shorter 
 than the internodes; ligule i // -3 // long, acute; 
 leaves i / ~5 / long, i // -4 // wide, sometimes sca- 
 brous; panicle 2 / -5 / in length, open, the capil- 
 lary branches spreading or ascending, i / -2^ / 
 long; spikelets 3-6-flowered, i // -i^ // long, 
 about 2 X/ broad, truncate at the base; scales 
 scarious-margined, the lower ones about i x/ 
 long; flowering scales much broader and deeply 
 saccate, about ^ /x long. 
 
 In ballast and waste places about Camden, N. J. ; 
 common in California, and widely distributed in 
 tropical America. Adventive or naturalized from 
 Europe. June-July. 
 
200 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 75. DACTYLIS L. Sp. PI. 71- 1753- 
 
 A tall perennial grass, with flat leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets 3-5-flow- 
 ered, short-pedicelled, in dense capitate clusters, the flowers perfect or the upper staminate. 
 Two lower scales empty, thin-membranous, keeled, unequal, mucronate; flowering scales 
 larger than the empty ones, rigid, 5-nerved, keeled, the midnerve extended into a point or 
 short awn; palets shorter than the scales, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas 
 plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Name used by Pliny for some grass 
 with finger-like spikes]. 
 
 A monotypic genus of Europe and Asia. 
 
 i. Dactylis glomerata L,. Orchard 
 Grass. (Fig. 457.) 
 
 Dactylis glomerata L,. Sp. PI. 71. 1753. 
 
 Culms 2-4 tall, tufted, erect, simple, smooth 
 and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the inter- 
 nodes, smooth or rough; ligule i // -2 // long; 
 leaves $'-*)' long, i // -3 // wide, flat, scabrous; 
 panicle ^ / -8 / in length, the branches spreading 
 or ascending in flower, erect in fruit, the lower 
 i / -2^4 / long, spikelet-bearing from above or be- 
 low the middle; spikelets in dense capitate clus- 
 ters, 3~5-flowered; lower scales i-3-nerved, the 
 first shorter than the second; flowering scales 
 2 //_y/ long, rough, pointed or short-awned, 
 ciliate on the keel. 
 
 In fields and waste places, New Brunswick to 
 Manitoba, south to South Carolina and Kansas. 
 Naturalized from Europe and cultivated for fodder. 
 June-July. 
 
 76. CYNOSURUS L. Sp. PI. 72. 1753. 
 
 Annual or perennial tufted grasses, with flat leaves and dense spike-like inflorescence. 
 Spikelets of two kinds, in small clusters; lower spikelets of the clusters consisting of nar- 
 row empty scales, with a continuous rachilla, the terminal spikelets of 2-4 broader scales, 
 with an articulated rachilla and subtending perfect flowers. Two lower scales in the fertile 
 spikelets empty, i-nerved, the flowering scales broader, i-3-nerved, pointed or short-awned; 
 upper scales narrower, usually empty. Scales of the sterile spikelets pectinate, spreading, 
 all empty, linear-subulate, i -nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas loosely 
 plumose. Grain finally adherent to the palet. [Greek, signifying dog's tail, referring to 
 the spike.] 
 
 About 5 species, natives of the Old World. 
 
 i. Cynosurus cristatus L,. Dog's-tail 
 Grass. (Fig. 458.) 
 
 Cynosurus cristatus I/. Sp. PI. 72. 1753. 
 
 Culms T-2}4 tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth 
 and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; 
 ligule YZ" long, truncate; leaves i/4 / ~5 / long, y^'-i" 
 wide, smooth, glabrous; spike-like panicle 2 / -4 / in 
 length, 2^ // -6 // wide, long-exserted; spikelets ar- 
 ranged in clusters, the terminal fertile, the lower 
 larger and sterile; scales of the former about i^ // 
 long, pointed or short-awned, the scales of the sterile 
 spikelets very narrow, pointed, strongly scabrous on 
 the keel. 
 
 In fields and waste places, Quebec and Ontario to south- 
 ern New York and New Jersey. Adventive from Europe. 
 June-Aug. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 1. P. annua. 
 
 2. P. Chapmaniana. 
 
 6. P. alpina. 
 
 5. P. laxa. 
 
 4. P. abbreyiata. 
 
 7. P. cenisia. 
 
 12. P. nemoralis. 
 ii. P. glauca. 
 22. P. glumaris. 
 culms generally tall. 
 3. P. compressa. 
 
 77. POAL. Sp. PI. 67. 1753. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and contracted or open pan- 
 icles. Spikelets 2-6-flowered, compressed, the rachilla usually glabrous; flowers perfect, or 
 rarely dioecious. Scales membranous, keeled; the 2 lower empty, i-3-nerved; the flower- 
 ing scales longer than the empty ones, generally with a tuft of cobwebby hairs at the base, 5- 
 nerved, the marginal nerves usually pubescent, often also the dorsal one; palets a little shorter 
 than the scales, 2-nerved or 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. 
 Grain free, or sometimes adherent to the palet. [Name Greek, for grass or herbage.] 
 
 A genus of about 100 species, widely distributed in all temperate and cold regions. The Eng- 
 lish name Meadow-grass is often applied to most of the species. Besides the following some 
 50 others occur in the western parts of North America. 
 L,ow annual or biennial grasses, the culms 12' tall or less. 
 
 Flowering scales distinctly 5-nerved, not webby at the base. 
 Flowering scales 3-nerved, or obscurely 5-nerved, webby at the base. 
 Perennials, mostly with tall culms (Nos. 4-7 low). 
 
 Grasses of far northern or high mountain regions, generally low. 
 
 Leaves short; panicle-branches short, generally widely spreading. 
 Leaves longer, gradually narrowed to the apex. 
 Spikelets less than 3" long. 
 
 Branches of the panicle erect, smooth, slender, lax. 
 Flowering scales glabrous or slightly pubescent. 
 Flowering scales strongly pubescent all over. 
 Branches widely spreading, flexuous, smooth. 
 Branches of the panicle rough, erect or ascending. 
 Lower flowering scale i -i#" long. 
 Lower flowering scale 2" long. 
 Spikelets exceeding 3" in length. 
 
 Grasses not exclusively of far northern or high mountain regions; 
 Culms strongly flattened. 
 Culms terete or but slightly flattened. 
 
 Panicle lax; branches long, slender, naked half their length, usually widely spreading. 
 Basal leaves much shorter than the culm. 
 
 Pedicels commonly shorter than the Spikelets. 
 
 Flowering scales obscurely nerved; Spikelets i]4"~2" long. 13. P. flava. 
 Flowering scales prominently nerved. 
 Lateral nerves silky-pubescent. 
 
 Spikelets 2 n -2 l A long; flowering scales not pubescent between the 
 
 nerves; ligule truncate. 8. P. pratensis. 
 
 Spikelets 3-4" long; flowering scales minutely pubescent below 
 between'the nerves; ligule acute. 9. P. pseudopratensis. 
 
 Lateral nerves naked; Spikelets i^" long. 10. P. trivialis. 
 
 Pedicels commonly equalling or much exceeding the spikelets. 
 Flowering scales rounded or retuse at the apex: 
 
 Not webbed at the base, pubescent below. 15. P. autumnalis. 
 
 Webbed at the base, glabrous. 14. P. deb His. 
 
 Flowering scales obtuse or acute, webbed at the base. 
 
 Flowering scales about i % " long, often pubescent between the nerves 
 
 toward the base. 16. P. sylvestris. 
 
 Flowering scales iK"-2" long, glabrous between the nerves: 
 
 Obscurely nerved, very acute, midnerve pubescent toward the base. 
 
 17. P. alsodes. 
 
 Plainly nerved; nerves pilose. 18. P. Wolfii. 
 
 Basal leaves about equalling the culm; culm leaves short. 19. P. breyifolia. 
 Panicle contracted; the branches short, erect or ascending, mostly spikelet-bearing 
 
 nearly to the base; western species. 
 Flowering scales erose -truncate, very pubescent below between the silky-pubescent 
 
 nerves. 20. P. arida. 
 
 Flowering scales acutish, nearly or quite glabrous. 21. P. Buckleyana. 
 
 A 
 
 i. Poa annua L,. Annual Meadow Grass. 
 
 Low Spear-grass. (Fig. 459.) 
 Poa annua L- Sp. PL 68. 1753. 
 
 Culms 2 x -i tall, from an annual root, erect or 
 decumbent at the base, somewhat flattened, smooth. 
 Sheaths loose, usually overlapping; ligule about 
 \" long; leaves ^'-4' long, X // ~ 1 X // wide, 
 smooth; panicle ^ / -4 / in length, open, branches 
 spreading, J^'-i^' long, naked at the base; spike- 
 lets 3-5-flowered, \y?." -i]/*" long ; lower scales 
 smooth, the first narrow, acute, i-nerved, about 
 two thirds as long as the broad and obtuse 3- 
 nerved second one; flowering scales i# // -i^ // 
 long, distinctly 5-nerved, the nerves pilose below. 
 
 In waste and cultivated places nearly throughout 
 North America. Naturalized from Europe. Native 
 also of Asia. May-Oct. 
 
202 
 
 , 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 2. Poa Chapmaniana Scribn. Chapman's Spear-grass. (Fig. 460.) 
 
 Poa cristata Chapm. Fl. S. States, 562. 1860. Not 
 
 Walt. 1788. 
 Poa Chapmaniana Scribn. Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 38. 
 
 1894. 
 
 Culms 3 / -6 / tall, erect from an annual root, 
 simple, rigid, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths 
 tight, mostly at the base of the culm; ligule W 
 long, truncate; leaves Yz'-V long, y 2 " wide or less, 
 smooth; panicle i / -2 / in length, the branches 
 usually erect, sometimes spreading or ascending, 
 %' long or less, naked at the base; spikelets 3-7- 
 flowered, \% ff -\y 2 " long; lower scales about 
 equal, 3-nerved, acute; flowering scales webbed at 
 the base, obtuse, 3-nerved, sometimes with two ad- 
 ditional obscure nerves, the prominent ones some- 
 times pilose for three-fourths their length. 
 
 In dry soil, Kentucky and Tennessee to Florida and 
 Alabama. April-May. 
 
 3. Poa compressa I,. Wire-grass. Flat-stemmed Meadow-grass. English 
 Blue-grass. (Fig. 461.) 
 
 Poa compressa L,. Sp. PI. 69. 1753. 
 
 Pale bluish-green, glabrous, culms 6 / -2 tall, decum- 
 bent at the base, from long horizontal rootstocks, smooth, 
 much flattened. Sheaths loose, flattened, shorter than 
 the internodes; ligule */?." long; leaves \'-\ f long, about 
 i // wide, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle usu- 
 ally contracted, the branches erect or ascending, i x 
 long or less, spikelet-bearing nearly to the base; spike- 
 lets 3-9-flowered, iX // ~3 // long; lower scales acute, 3- 
 nerved; flowering scales i // -iX // long, obscurely 3- 
 nerved, the nerves sparingly pubescent toward the 
 base. 
 
 Waste places and cultivated grounds and woods almost 
 throughout North America. Ascends to 2100 ft. in Virginia. 
 Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Varies from 
 weak and slender to quite stiff. June-Aug. 
 
 4. Poa abbreviata R. Br. Low Spear- 
 grass. (Fig. 462.) 
 
 Poa abbreviata R. Br. Bot. App. Parry's Voy. 287. 1824, 
 
 Culms 6 X tall or less, erect, simple, smooth and 
 glabrous. Sheaths and leaves crowded at the base 
 of the culm; ligule Yt" long; leaves %'-!' long, 
 X x/ wide; panicle contracted, ^ / -i / long, branches 
 very short and erect; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 2^" 
 long; lower scales acute, smooth and glabrous; 
 flowering scales about i% /f long, obtuse, strongly 
 pubescent all over, the intermediate nerves very 
 obscure. 
 
 Arctic America from Greenland and Labrador to the 
 Pacific. Summer. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 203 
 
 5. Poa lax a Haenke. Wavy Meadow-grass. Mountain Spear-grass. 
 
 (Fig. 463.) 
 
 Poa laxa Haenke, in Jirasek, Beob. Riesengeb. 118. 
 1791. 
 
 Smooth and glabrous, culms i tall or less, erect, 
 simple. Sheaths often overlapping; ligule about 
 \ ff long; leaves \ f -^ f long, j^ // -i // wide, acumi- 
 nate; panicle i / -3 / in length, the branches usually 
 erect, sometimes ascending, \' long or less; spike- 
 lets 3-5-flowered, 2 // -2^ // long; lower scales usu- 
 ally 3-nerved, acute, glabrous, rough on the keel 
 at its apex; flowering scales iX // -i^ // long, ob- 
 tuse, 3-nerved, or sometimes with an additional 
 pair of obscure nerves, the midnerve pilose on the 
 lower half, rough above, the lateral ones pilose for 
 one-third their length. 
 
 Greenland to Alaska, south to the mountains of New 
 England, to Manitoba and in the Rocky Mountains to 
 Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 6. Poa alpina L,. Alpine Spear-grass. 
 
 (Fig. 464.) 
 
 Poa alpina L. Sp. PI. 67. 1753. 
 
 Smooth and glabrous, culms 4 / -i8 / tall, erect, 
 simple. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule 
 \" long, truncate; leaves i / -3 / long, i // -2 // wide, 
 abruptly acute; panicle i / -3 / in length, the branches 
 generally widely spreading, i / long or less; spikelets 
 3-5-flowered, 2^ // -3 // long; lower scales broad, gla- 
 brous, rough on the keel, acute; flowering scales 
 about 2 /r long, obtuse, pilose for half their length, 
 pubescent between the nerves toward the base. 
 
 Labrador to Alaska, south to Quebec, Lake Superior, 
 and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in Europe 
 and Asia. Summer. 
 
 7. Poa cenisia All. Arctic Spear-grass. (Fig. 465.) 
 
 Poa cenisia All. Auct. Fl. Fed. 40. 1789. 
 
 Smooth and glabrous, culms 4 / -i5 / tall, erect, slen- 
 der, simple. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; lig- 
 ule \ ff long or less, truncate; leaves i / -4 / long, ^ // -i // 
 wide; panicle i / -4 / in length, open, the branches gen- 
 erally widely spreading and more or less flexuous, i / - 
 2}4' long; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 2 / ^ // -3^ // long; 
 lower scales acute or acuminate, i-3-nerved; flowering 
 scales about 2 // long, faintly 5-nerved, the nerves short- 
 pilose on the lower half, minutely pubescent between 
 the nerves, somewhat webbed at the base. 
 
 Greenland and Labrador to Alaska. 
 Summer. 
 
 Also in Europe. 
 
204 
 
 GRAMINKAE. 
 
 8. Poa pratensis L,. Kentucky Blue-grass. June Grass. (Fig. 466.) 
 
 Poa pratensis I,. Sp. PI. 67. 1753. 
 
 Poa pratensis van angustifolia Kunth, Enum i- 353 
 1833. 
 
 Glabrous, culms i-4 tall, from long running 
 rootstocks, erect, simple, smooth. Sheaths often 
 longer than the internodes; ligule %" long or less, 
 truncate; leaves smooth or rough, X // ~3 // wide, 
 those of the culm 2 X -6 X in length, the basal much 
 longer; panicle 2^ / -8 / in length, usually pyram- 
 idal, the branches spreading or ascending, some- 
 times flexuous, i / -3 / long, divided and spikelet- 
 bearing above the middle; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 
 2 /x -2^ x/ long, exceeding their pedicels; scales 
 acute, the lower unequal, glabrous, rough on 
 the keel, the lower i-nerved, the upper 3-nerved; 
 flowering scales i^ x/ long, webbed at the base, 5- 
 nerved, the marginal nerves and midnerve silky- 
 pubescent below, the intermediate ones naked. 
 
 In meadows, fields and woods, almost throughout North America. Widely cultivated for hay 
 and pasture. Also in Europe and Asia. In North America probably indigenous only in the northern 
 and mountainous regions. Variable. June-Aug. 
 
 9. Poa pseudopratensis Scribn. & Ryd. 
 Prairie Meadow-grass. (Fig. 467.) 
 
 Culms i-2^ tall, erect, simple, smooth and 
 glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, 
 smooth or slightly rough; ligule i" long, acute, 
 decurrent; leaves i // -3 // wide, smooth beneath, a 
 little rough above and on the margins, those of 
 the culm i / -3>^ / long, the basal 6 / -io / in length; 
 panicle 2 / -5 / long, open, the branches spreading 
 or ascending, i / -2 / long; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 
 2//_4// long, exceeding their pedicels; lower scales 
 nearly equal, acute, 3-nerved ; flowering scales 
 acutish, about i^" long, rough above, 5-nerved, 
 pubescent between the nerves below, the marginal 
 nerves and midnerve silky- pubescent about half 
 their length. 
 
 Manitoba and Assiniboia to Nebraska and Colorado. 
 
 10. Poa trivialis L,. 
 
 Roughish Meadow-grass. (Fig. 468.) 
 Poa trivialis ~L,. Sp. PI. 67. 1753. 
 
 Culms i-3 tall, usually more or less decumbent 
 at the base, simple, smooth or slightly scabrous. 
 Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, rough; 
 ligule 2 // -3 // long, acutish; leaves 2 / -7 / in length, 
 i // -2 // wide, generally very rough; panicle 4 / -6 / long, 
 open, the branches usually spreading or ascending, 
 i / -2 / long; spikelets 2- or sometimes 3-flowered, i y z " 
 long, exceeding their pedicels; scales acute, the empty 
 basal ones rough on the keel, the lower i -nerved, 
 shorter than the 3-nerved upper; flowering scales i /x - 
 \y 2 " long, webbed at the base, 5-nerved, the mid- 
 nerve silky-pubescent below, the lateral nerves 
 naked, the intermediate ones prominent. 
 
 In meadows and waste places, New Brunswick to- 
 Michigan and Virginia. Naturalized from Europe. 
 June-Aug. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 ii. Poa glauca Vahl. Glaucous Spear-grass. (Fig. 469.) 
 
 Poa glauca Vahl, Fl. Dan. pi. 964. 1790. 
 
 Poa caesia J. E. Smith, Eng. Bot. pi. 1719. 1807. 
 
 Culms 6 / -2 tall, erect, simple, rigid, glabrous, 
 somewhat glaucous. Sheaths overlapping, confined 
 to the lower half of the culm; ligule i /x long; leaves 
 i / -2 / long, i // wide or less, smooth beneath, scabrous 
 above; panicle 1'-$' in length, open, the branches 
 erect or ascending, X / ~ I ^ / 1 D S! spikelets 2-4- 
 flowered, 2j^ // -3 // long; empty basal scales acute, 
 3-nerved, glabrous, rough on the upper part of the 
 keel; flowering scales i>^ // -i^ // long, obtuse or acut- 
 ish, rough, not webbed at the base, the lower half of 
 the midnerve and marginal nerves silky-pubescent, 
 the intermediate nerves obscure and occasionally 
 sparingly pubescent at the base. 
 
 205 
 
 White Mountains of New Hampshire. 
 Summer. 
 
 Also in Europe. 
 
 12. Poa nemoralis L,. Wood Meadow-grass. 
 Northern Spear-grass. (Fig. 470. ) 
 
 Poa nemoralis L,. Sp. PI. 69. 1753. 
 
 Poa caesia var. strictior A. Gray, Man. Fd. 5, 629. 1867. 
 
 Culms 6 x -2 tall, erect, simple, slender, sometimes 
 rigid, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter 
 than the internodes; ligule yz rf -\ /f long, truncate; 
 leaves \ f -A/ long, \ ff wide or less, erect, smooth or 
 rough; panicle 2 / -5 / in length, open, the branches 
 erect or ascending, rarely spreading, i / -2 / long; spike- 
 lets 2-5-flowered, i^ // -2^ // long; lower scales acute 
 or acuminate, 1-3 -nerved; flowering scales obtuse or 
 acute, i f/ -i% /f long, faintly 5-nerved, somewhat webby 
 at base, the midnerve and the marginal nerves silky- 
 pubescent on the lower half. 
 
 Anticosti Island to British Columbia, south to Maine, 
 Minnesota, South Dakota, and in the Rocky Mountains 
 to Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 Fowl Meadow-grass. (Fig. 471.) 
 
 13. Poa flava L. False Red-top. 
 
 Poaflava I,. Sp. PI. 68. 1753. 
 
 Poa serotina Ehrh. Beitr. 6: 83. 1791. 
 
 Culms i}4-5 tall, erect, simple or rarely 
 branched, smooth, glabrous. Sheaths usually 
 shorter than the internodes, smooth and gla- 
 brous; ligule i // -2 // long; leaves 2 / -6 / long, 
 l // -2 // wide, smooth or rough; panicle 6 / -i3 / 
 in length, open, the branches spreading or as- 
 cending, 2 / ~5 / long, divided and spikelet-bear- 
 ing above the middle; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 
 i^ // -2 // long, exceeding their pedicels; lower 
 scales acute, glabrous, rough above on the 
 keel, the lower usually i -nerved, the upper 
 3-nerved; flowering scales obtuse, somewhat 
 webby at the base, i // -i^ // long, silky-pubes- 
 cent on the lower half of the marginal nerves 
 and the midnerve, the intermediate nerves ob- 
 scure or wanting. 
 
 In swampy places, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Vancouver Island, south to New Jersey, 
 Illinois and Nebraska. Also in Europe aud Asia. July-Aug. 
 
206 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 14. Poa debilis Torr. Weak Spear-grass. (Fig. 472.) 
 
 Poa debilis Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 459. 1843. 
 
 Culms i-2^ tall, erect, slender, simple, somewhat 
 flattened, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths compressed, 
 much shorter than the internodes; ligule X //-I// l n g; 
 leaves i / -4^ / long, \" wide or less, erect, smooth be- 
 neath, rough above ; panicle 2 / -6 / in length, open, 
 often nodding at the top, the branches erect or ascend- 
 ing, sometimes spreading, iX / ~3 / l Q g; spikelets 2-4- 
 flowered, i - J^ // -2 // long, their pedicels longer; empty 
 scales unequal, acute, the first i-nerved, shorter than 
 the 3-nerved second one; flowering scales i% /f long, 
 obtuse, sparingly webbed at the base, 5-nerved, the 
 nerves naked. 
 
 In woods, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Ontario 
 and Minnesota, south to Rhode Island, Pennsylvania and 
 Wisconsin. June-Augf. 
 
 Poa autumnalis Muhl. Flexuous Spear-grass. (Fig. 473.) 
 
 Poa autumnalis Muhl.; Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 159. 1817. 
 Poa flexuosa Muhl. Gram. 148. 1817. Not J. E. Smith. 
 1803. 
 
 Culms i-3 tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth and 
 glabrous. Sheaths usually much shorter than the in- 
 ternodes; ligule Yt fr long; leaves i x/ wide or less, 
 smooth beneath, rough above, those of the culm i^ x - 
 6 X long, the basal much longer; panicle s'-tf in 
 length, the branches long and slender, spikelet-bearing 
 at the extremities, 2 / ~5 / long; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 
 2^ // -3 // long; empty basal scales acute, the first 
 i-nerved, narrow, shorter than the broad 3-nerved 
 second; flowering scales rounded or retuse at the 
 apex, i^ 2 ' // -2 // long, not webbed at the base, pubes- 
 cent on the lower part, 5-nerved, the midnerve silky- 
 pubescent for three-fourths its length. 
 
 In woods, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Kentucky, 
 south to Florida and Texas. March-May. 
 
 f 
 
 16. Poa sylvestris A. Gray. Sylvan Spear-grass. (Fig. 474.) 
 
 Poa sylvestris A. Gray, Man. 596. 1848. 
 
 Culms i-3 tall, erect, slender, simple, slightly 
 flattened, smooth, glabrous. Sheaths shorter than 
 the internodes; ligule YZ" long or less; leaves smooth 
 beneath, rough above, i // -3 // wide, those of the 
 culm iJ^M)' in length, the basal much longer; pan- 
 icle 3 / -7 / in length, the branches spreading or ascend- 
 ing, i Yt-J/ long, spikelet-bearing at the extremities; 
 spikelets 2-4-flowered, i // -2 // long; empty basal scales 
 acute, the lower i-nerved, the upper longer and 3- 
 nerved; flowering scales about \]^ ff long, webbed at 
 the base, obtuse, often pubescent below, 5-nerved, the 
 midnerve pubescent nearly its entire length and the 
 marginal nerves below the middle. 
 
 In thickets and meadows, New York to Wisconsin, 
 south to North Carolina, Louisiana and Kansas. 
 Branches of the panicle sometimes reflexed when old. 
 June-July. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 207 
 
 17. Poa alsodes A. Gray. Grove Meadow-grass. (Fig. 475.) 
 
 Poa alsodes A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 562. 1856. 
 
 Culms 8 / -2^ tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth 
 and glabrous. Sheaths usually longer than the inter- 
 nodes; ligule y z " long; leaves usually rough, i // -2 // 
 wide, those of the culm 2 / -8 / in length, the basal 
 longer; panicle 3^2'-%' i length, the branches spread- 
 ing or ascending, iX / ~3 / l n g> spikelet-bearing at the 
 ends; spikelets 2-3-flowered, about 2^" long; scales 
 very acute, the empty basal ones unequal, the lower 
 i-nerved, the upper 3-nerved; flowering scales about 
 2 /x long, webbed at the base, the midnerve pubescent 
 near the base, the marginal nerves naked, the inter- 
 mediate ones very faint. 
 
 In woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Ontario and 
 Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Tennessee. May- 
 June. 
 
 18. Poa Wolfii Scribn. Wolf's Spear-grass. 
 (Fig. 476.) 
 
 Poa Wolfii Scribn. Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 228. 1894. 
 
 Culms 2-3 tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth and 
 glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule 
 X x/ long; leaves i /x wide or less, smooth beneath, 
 rough above, those of the culm 2 / -4 / in length, the 
 basal much longer; panicle $'-(/ in length, lax, its 
 branches erect or ascending, flexuous, i^ / -2^ / long; 
 spikelets 2-4-flowered, 2^ // ~3 // long; scales acute, 
 the lower unequal, 3-nerved, glabrous, rough on the 
 keel, the first shorter than the second; flowering scales 
 about 2 /x long, copiously webbed at the base, 5-nerved, 
 the marginal and midnerves silky-pubescent for more 
 than half their length, the intermediate nerves promi- 
 nent, naked. 
 
 Illinois, Tennessee and Kansas. 
 
 19. Poa brevifolia Muhl. Short-leaved Spear-grass. (Fig. 477.) 
 
 Poa brevifolia Muhl. Gram. 138. 1817. 
 
 Culms i-3 tall, erect or spreading, slender, 
 smooth, glabrous. Sheaths often shorter than the 
 internodes; ligule X // ~ I ^ // l n g; leaves smooth 
 beneath, rough above, i // -2 // wide, abruptly acute, 
 those of the culm l /t f -tf long, the uppermost 
 sometimes almost wanting; basal leaves usually 
 equalling or nearly as long as the culm; panicle 
 2^ / -5 / in length, open, the branches ascending, 
 widely spreading or often reflexed, i^ / -3 / long, 
 spikelet-bearing at the ends; spikelets 3-6-flow- 
 ered, 2^ // -3^ // long; empty basal scales unequal, 
 acute, glabrous, the lower i-nerved, the upper 3- 
 nerved; flowering scales slightly webbed at the 
 base, 2 // -2^ // long, obtuse, 5-nerved, the keel and 
 marginal nerves sparingly pubescent, the inter- 
 mediate nerves prominent, naked. 
 
 In rocky woods, New Jersey and Pennsylvania* ,to Illinois, south to North Carolina and 
 Tennessee. April-June. 
 
 14 
 
208 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 20. Poa arida Vasey. Prairie Spear-grass. (Fig. 478.) 
 
 Poa andina Nutt. ; S. Wats. Bot. King's Exp. 388. 1871. Not 
 
 Trin. 1836. 
 Poa arida Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb, i: 270. 1893. 
 
 Culms i-2 tall, erect, rigid, simple, smooth and gla- 
 brous. Sheaths usually overlapping, smooth or some- 
 what roughish; ligule i /x -2 x/ long, acute; leaves smooth 
 beneath, rough above, X // ~ I// wide, flat or folded, pun- 
 gently pointed, those of the culm %'-i' long, erect, the 
 basal leaves 3 / -6 / long; panicle contracted, 2'-$' in 
 length, the branches erect, spikelet-bearing nearly to the 
 base, \y z ' long or less; spikelets 4-7-flowered, 2X // -3^"' 
 long; lower scales nearly equal, acute, 3-nerved; flower- 
 ing scales i^ // -2 // long, erose-truncate at apex, strongly 
 silky-pubescent on the nerves for half their length, the 
 lower part very pubescent between the nerves; interme- 
 diate nerves very obscure. 
 
 On prairies, Kansas to Utah, north to British America. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 21. Poa Buckleyana Nash. Buckley's Spear-grass. (Fig. 479.) 
 
 Poa tenuifolia Buckley, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 96. 1862. 
 
 Not A. Rich. 1851. 
 Poa Buckleyana Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 465. 1895. 
 
 Culms 6 / -2 tall, erect, rigid, simple, smooth and 
 glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule 
 2 // -3 // long, acute; leaves i / -4 / long, about i x/ wide, 
 erect, flat, or becoming involute, smooth or rough; 
 panicle i / -4 / in length, contracted, the branches erect, 
 \ l /2 f long or less, spikelet-bearing nearly to the base; 
 spikelets 2-5-flowered, 2 // -T > // long; scales acute, the 
 lower nearly equal, scabrous on the keel; flowering 
 scales about 2 // long, obtuse or acutish, sparingly 
 pubescent on the nerves below, sometimes slightly 
 hispid toward the base between the nerves. 
 
 Kansas to California, north to British America. July- 
 Aug. 
 
 22. Poa glumaris Trin. I^arge-flowered Spear-grass. (Fig. 480. ) 
 
 Poa glumaris Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) i: 379. 
 1831. 
 
 Smooth and glabrous, culms 6'-$ tall, erect or as- 
 surgent, simple. Sheaths loose, usually shorter than 
 the internodes; ligule y z " long, truncate; leaves 
 4 / -io / long, i // -4 // wide; panicle 4 / -io / in length, the 
 branches erect or ascending, i / -2 / long; spikelets 3-5- 
 flowered, 4 // -6 // long; lower scales about equal, acute, 
 slighty scabrous on the keel, the first i-3-nerved, the 
 second 3-nerved, rarely 5-nerved; flowering scales 3"- 
 4 /x long, usually acutish, scabrous, 5-7-nerved, pubes- 
 cent at base and on the lower part of the midnerve and 
 lateral nerves, not webbed. 
 
 Anticosti Island and Nova Scotia to Quebec and Alaska. 
 Summer. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 78. DUPONTIA R. Br. Parry's Voy. App. 290. 1824. 
 
 209 
 
 Low grasses, with flat leaves and generally narrow panicles. Spikelets 2-4-flowered, the 
 flowers all perfect. Two lower scales empty, extending beyond the flowering scales, mem- 
 branous; flowering scales entire, membranous, with a tuft of hairs at the base. Stamens 3. 
 Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. [Name in honor of J. D. Dupont, French botanist.] 
 
 Two arctic species, both circumboreal. 
 
 i. Dupontia Fisheri R. Br. Fisher's 
 Dupontia. (Fig. 481.) 
 
 Dupontia Fisheri R. Br. Parry's Voy. App. 291. 
 
 1824. 
 
 Smooth and glabrous, culms 5 / -i2 / tall, erect, 
 simple. Sheaths overlapping; ligule i // long or 
 less; leaves i / -6 / long, i // -2 // wide, flat; panicle 
 usually contracted, 1%'-^%' long, the branches 
 less than 1)4' long, erect, or sometimes ascend- 
 ing; spikelets few, about 2-flowered, 3 // -4 // long; 
 empty basal scales thin, generally acute, the first 
 i -nerved, somewhat shorter than the second, 
 which is usually 3-nerved, the lateral nerves 
 often vanishing at about the middle; flowering 
 scales 2j^ // -3 // long, i -nerved or obscurely 
 3-nerved; basal hairs about y z " long. 
 
 Arctic regions of northeastern America, 
 arctic Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 Also in 
 
 79. SCOLOCHLOA Link, Hort. Berol. i: 136. 1827. 
 
 Tall aquatic or marsh grasses, with flat leaves and ample panicles. Spikelets 2-4-flow- 
 ered, the flowers perfect. Two lower scales empty, thin-membranous, 3-5 -nerved; flowering 
 scales rigid, with a tuft of hairs at the base, rounded on the back, 5-7-nerved, some of the 
 nerves usually excurrent as short points; palets about equalling the scales, 2-nerved. Stamens 
 3. Styles very short. Stigmas plumose. Grain hairy at the apex. [Greek, referring to the 
 rickle-like projecting nerves of the flowering scales. ] 
 
 Species 2, in the north temperate zones of both continents. 
 
 i. Scolochloa festucacea (Willd. ) 
 
 Link. Fescue Scolochloa. 
 
 (Fig. 482.) 
 
 Arundo festucacea Willd. Enum. i: 126. 1809. 
 
 Scolochloa festucacea Link, Hort. Berol. i: 137. 
 1827. 
 
 Graphephorum festucaceum A. Gray, Ann. Bot. 
 Soc. Can. i: 57. 1861. 
 
 Culms 3-5 tall, erect, smooth and glabrous. 
 Sheaths often overlapping; ligule i // -2 // long; 
 leaves 7 r -i long or more, 2 // -4 // wide, flat, sca- 
 brous on the margins; panicle 8 / -i2 / in length, 
 usually open, the branches ascending, naked at 
 the base, the lower $'-\' long; spikelets 3 // -4 // 
 long; empty basal scales acute, the first shorter 
 than the second; flowering scales scabrous, 
 7-nerved. 
 
 Iowa and Nebraska, north to Manitoba and As- 
 siniboia. July-Aug. 
 
2IO 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 80. GRAPHEPHORUM Desv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 2: 189. 1810. 
 
 Slender erect grasses, with flat leaves and a usually contracted nodding panicle. Spike- 
 lets 2-4-flowered, flattened, the rachilla hirsute and extending beyond the flowers. Two 
 lower scales empty, somewhat shorter than the flowering scales, thin-membranous, acute, 
 keeled; flowering scales membranous, obscurely nerved, entire, sometimes short-awned just 
 below the apex. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain glabrous. [Greek, 
 pencil-bearing, referring to the tuft of hairs at the end of the rachilla. ] 
 
 Two known species, natives of northern North America. Other Mexican grasses are referred 
 to this genus by authors. 
 
 i. Graphephorum melicoideum (Michx.) Beauv. Graphephorum. 
 
 (Fig. 483.) 
 
 Aira melicoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 62. 1803. 
 Graphephorum melicoideum Beauv. Agrost. 164. 
 
 pi. 15. f. 8. 1812. 
 
 Dupontia Cooleyi A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 556. 1852. 
 Graphephorum melicoides var. major A. Gray, 
 
 Ann. Bot. Soc. Can. i: 57. 1861. 
 
 Culms i-2> tall, erect, simple, rough just 
 below the panicle. Sheaths usually shorter 
 than the internodes, smooth, or the lower often 
 villous; ligule \' f long or less, truncate; leaves 
 i^ / -9 / long, i // -2 // wide, long-acuminate, 
 rough; panicle 2 / -6 / in length, the top usually 
 nodding, the branches erect, i x -2 x long; spike- 
 lets 2-4-flowered, 2X // ~3 // l n g; scales scabrous 
 on the keel, the empty ones unequal, the first 
 i-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved, shorter than the 
 3-nerved second; flowering scales 3-5-nerved, 
 acute. 
 
 In wet soil, Anticosti Island to Ontario, south to 
 Maine and Michigan. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 81. PANICULARIA Fabr. Emim. Hort. Helmst. 373. 1763. 
 [GI.YCERIA R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i: 179. 1810.] 
 
 Mostly perennial grasses, often tall, with flat leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spike- 
 lets few-many-flowered, terete or somewhat flattened. Two lower scales empty, obtuse or 
 acute, i-3-nerved; flowering scales membranous, rounded on the back, 5-g-nerved, the 
 nerves disappearing in the hyaline apex. Palets scarcely shorter than the scales, rarely 
 longer, 2-keeled. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain smooth, en- 
 closed in the scale and palet, free, or when dry slightly adhering to the latter. [Latin, 
 referring to the panicled spikelets.] 
 
 About 16 species, widely distributed in North America, a few in Europe and Asia. 
 
 Spikelets ovate or oblong, 4" long or less. 
 
 Flowering scales very broad, obscurely or at least not sharply nerved. 
 Panicle open, the branches ascending or spreading, often drooping. 
 Spikelets 3~5-flowered; lowest flowering scale about i" long. 
 Spikelets 5-1 2-flowered; lowest flowering scale about iM" long. 
 Panicle contracted, the branches erect. 
 Flowering scales narrow, sharply and distinctly y-nerved. 
 Panicle elongated, its branches erect "or appressed. 
 
 Panicle not elongated, open, its branches spreading or drooping, rarely erect. 
 Scales about i" long, obtuse or rounded at the apex. 
 
 Spikelets i%" long or less; branches of the panicle often drooping. 
 
 5. P. nervata. 
 Spikelets 2" -3" long; branches of the panicle ascending or spreading. 
 
 6. P. Americana 
 Scales i^"-i^" long, truncate and denticulate at the apex. 7. P. pallida. 
 
 Spikelets linear, 6" long or more. 
 
 Flowering scales i l A"-$' long, obtuse, longer than the obtuse palet. 8. P. fluitans. 
 
 Flowering scales about 4' ' long, acute, much shorter than the long-acuminate palet. 
 
 9. P. acutijlora. 
 
 1. P. laxa. 
 
 2. P. Canadensis. 
 
 3. P. obtusa. 
 
 4. P. elongata. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 211 
 
 i. Panicularia laxa Scribn. Northern Manna-grass. (Fig. 484.) 
 
 Panicularia laxa Scribn. Bull. Torr. Club, 21 : 37. 1894. 
 
 Glyceria laxa Scribn. ; Redf . & Rand, Fl. Mt. Desert, 
 180. 1894. 
 
 Culms 2-4 tall, erect, simple, smooth or slightly 
 scabrous. Sheaths overlapping, rough ; ligule 
 y"-i" long; leaves 8 / -i5 / long, 2 // -4 // wide, very- 
 rough; panicle 7 / -9 / in length, the branches spread- 
 ing or ascending, the lower $'-6' long; spikelets 3- 
 5-flowered, about 2" long; empty scales unequal, 
 scarious, acute, i-nerved, the first one-half to two- 
 thirds the length of the second; flowering scales 
 broad, about \" long, twice the length of the second 
 scale, obtuse, obscurely y-nerved. 
 
 In water or wet soil, Maine to Pennsylvania. Aug. 
 
 2. Panicularia Canadensis (Mich*.) Kuntze. 
 
 (Fig. 485.) 
 
 Rattlesnake Grass. 
 
 Briza Canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 71. 1803. 
 Glyceria Canadensis Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 
 
 i: 366. 1831. 
 Panicularia Canadensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 783. 1891. 
 
 Culms 2-3 tall, erect, simple, smooth or slightly 
 scabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, those 
 at the base of the culm overlapping; ligule i // long, 
 truncate; leaves 6 / -i long or more, 2 // -4 // wide, 
 rough; panicle 5%'-io' in length, the branches 
 spreading, ascending or often drooping, 2^ / ~5 / long; 
 spikelets 5-i2-flowered, 2 > // -4 // long, flattened, tur- 
 gid; empty scales unequal, acute, i-nerved; flower- 
 ing scales, broad, i%"-2" long, obtuse or acutish, 
 obscurely 7-nerved. 
 
 In swamps and marshes, Newfoundland and New 
 Brunswick to Ontario and Minnesota, south to New Jer- 
 sey, Ohio and Kansas. The handsomest species of the 
 genus. Ascends to 5000 ft. in the Adirondacks. July-Aug. 
 
 3. Panicularia obtusa (Muhl.) Kuntze. Blunt Manna-grass. (Fig. 486.) 
 
 Poa obtusa Muhl. Gram. 147. 1817. 
 
 Glyceria obtusa Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) i: 
 366. 1831. 
 
 Panicularia obtusa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 783. 1891. 
 
 Culms i-3 tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. 
 Sheaths sometimes rough, strongly striate, the lower 
 overlapping; ligule very short; leaves 6 / -i5 / long, 2"- 
 4" wide, usually stiff, erect or ascending, smooth be- 
 neath, more or less scabrous above; panicle 3 / -8 / in 
 length, contracted, dense, the branches erect; spikelets 
 3-7 -flowered, 2 // -3 // long; empty scales acute, scari- 
 ous, i-nerved; flowering scales about ij^" long, broad, 
 obtuse, obscurely y-nerved. 
 
 In swamps, New Brunswick to New York and central 
 Pennsylvania, south to Delaware and Maryland. Ascends 
 to 2300 ft. in the Catskill Mountains. July-Aug. 
 
212 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 4. Panicularia elongata (Torr.) Kuntze. 
 Long Manna-grass. (Fig. 487.) 
 
 Poa elongata Torr. Fl. U. S. i: 112. 1824. 
 
 Glyceria elongata Trin. Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. i: 
 
 68. 1836. 
 Panicularia elongata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 783. 1891. 
 
 Culms 2-3 tall, erect, simple, slender, smooth 
 and glabrous. Sheaths often shorter than the in- 
 ternodes; ligule X" long; leaves lax, 6'-i2 x long, 
 I /^ // ~3 // wide, long-acuminate, smooth beneath, 
 rough above; panicle elongated, contracted, nar- 
 row, usually nodding at the summit, 6 / -i2 / in 
 length, the branches erect or appressed, I / -2J5^ / 
 long; spikelets 3-4-flowered, i>^ // -2 // long; empty 
 scales unequal, acute, i-nerved; flowering scales 
 narrow, about i" long, obtuse or acutish, distinctly 
 7-nerved. 
 
 In wet woods, Newfoundland to Quebec and Minne- 
 sota, south to North Carolina and Kentucky. Ascends 
 to 4000 ft. in the Adirondacks. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 5. Panicularia nervata (Willd.) Kuntze. Nerved Manna-grass. 
 
 Poa nervata Willd. Sp. PI. i: 389. 1798. 
 
 Glyceria nervata Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 
 
 1:365. 1831. 
 Panicularia nervata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 783. 1891. 
 
 Culms i-3 tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth 
 and glabrous. Sheaths often shorter than the in- 
 ternodes, usually more or less rough; ligule %" 
 long, truncate; leaves 6 X -I2 X long, 2 // ~5 // wide, 
 acute, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle 3 / -8 / in 
 length, open, the branches filiform, spreading, as- 
 cending or often drooping, rarely erect, 2 / ~5 / long; 
 spikelets 3-7-flowered, i // -i>^ // long; empty scales 
 obtuse, i-nerved; flowering scales about ^' f long, 
 obtuse or rounded, with 7 sharp distinct nerves and 
 evident furrows between. 
 
 In wet places, Newfoundland to British Columbia, 
 south to Florida and Mexico. Ascends to 4000 ft. in 
 Virginia. Panicle often purple. June-Sept. 
 
 6. Panicularia Americana (Torr.) MacM. Reed Meadow-grass. Tall 
 Manna-grass. (Fig. 489.) 
 
 Poa aquatica var. Americana Torr. Fl. U. S. i: 108. 
 
 1824. 
 Glyceria grandis S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 
 
 667. 1890. 
 Panicularia Americana MacMillan, Met. Minn. 81. 
 
 1892. 
 
 Culms 3-5 tall, erect, stout, simple, smooth 
 and glabrous. Sheaths loose, smooth, or some- 
 times rough; ligule i // -2 // long, truncate; leaves 
 7 / -i long or more, 3 // -8 // wide, usually smooth 
 beneath, rough above; panicle 8 / -i5 / in length, 
 its branches spreading, ascending or rarely erect, 
 4 / -8 / long; spikelets 4-7-flowered, 2 // -3 // long; 
 empty scales acute, I -nerved; flowering scales about 
 \" long, obtuse or rounded at the apex, sharply 
 and distinctly 7-nerved, the furrows between the 
 nerves evident. 
 
 In wet soil, New Brunswick to Alaska, south to Ten- 
 nessee, Nebraska, Colorado and Nevada. Ascends to 
 2100 ft. in Pennsylvania. June-Aug. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 213 
 
 7. Panicularia pallida (Torr.) Kuntze. Pale Manna-grass. (Fig. 490.) 
 
 Wind so ria pallida Torr. Cat. N. Y. 91. 1819. 
 Glyceria pallida Trin. Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. i: 
 
 68. 1836. 
 Panicularia pallida Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 783. 1891. 
 
 Pale green, culms i-3 long, assurgent, simple, 
 smooth and glabrous. Sheaths loose, shorter than 
 the internodes; ligule 2 // -3 // long, acute; leaves 
 2 / -6 / long, i // -2 // wide, smooth beneath, rough 
 above; panicle i^'-y' in length, the branches 
 spreading, ascending or rarely erect, often flexu- 
 ous, i '-a' long; spikelets 4-8-flowered, 2^ // -3^ // 
 long; empty scales unequal, the first i-nerved, ob- 
 tuse, shorter than the 3-nerved and truncate sec- 
 ond; flowering scales iX // ~ I K // l n &> truncate 
 and denticulate at the apex, sharply and distinctly 
 y-nerved, with plain furrows between the nerves. 
 
 In shallow water, New Brunswick to Ontario, south 
 to Virginia, Tennessee and Indiana. Ascends to 2000 
 ft. in Pennsylvania. July-Aug. 
 
 S. Panicularia fluitans (I,.) Kuntze. Floating Manna-grass. (Fig. 491.) 
 
 Festuca fluitans L. Sp. PI. 75. 1753. 
 
 Glyceria fluitans R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i: 179. 1810. 
 
 Panicularia fluitans Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 782. 1891. 
 
 Culms 2-5 long, flattened, erect or decumbent, 
 usually stout, simple, smooth and glabrous, often root- 
 ing from the lower nodes. Sheaths loose, generally 
 overlapping, smooth or rough; ligule 2 // -3 // long; 
 leaves s'-i long or more, 2 // -6 // wide, scabrous, 
 often floating; panicle g'-i.^ long, the branches, at 
 least the lower ones, at first appressed, later ascend- 
 ing, and 3 / -6 / long; spikelets linear, 7-i3-flowered, 
 4 // -i2 // long; empty scales unequal, i-nerved, the 
 lower acute or obtuse, the upper obtuse or truncate; 
 flowering scales i^ // -3 // long, oblong, obtuse or 
 truncate, more or less scabrous, sharply 7-nerved. 
 
 In wet places or in water, Newfoundland to British 
 Columbia, south to New Jersey, Kentucky, Iowa and 
 California. Also in Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 9. Panicularia acutiflora (Torr.) Kuntze. 
 Sharp-scaled Manna-grass. (Fig. 492.) 
 
 Glyceria acutiflora Torr. Fl. U. S. i: 104. 1824. 
 Panicularia acutiflora Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 782. 1891. 
 
 Culms i-2 tall, flattened, erect from a decumbent 
 base, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths loose, 
 generally a little exceeding the internodes, smooth 
 and glabrous; ligule 2 X/ long, truncate; leaves 3 X -6 X 
 long, 2 // -3 // wide, smooth beneath, rough above ; 
 panicle 6'-i2 / in length, the branches erect or ap- 
 pressed, 2 / -4 / long; spikelets linear, 5-i2-flowered, i x - 
 1%' long; empty scales acute, smooth; flowering 
 scales about 4" long, lanceolate, acute, scabrous, ex- 
 ceeded by the long-acuminate palets. 
 
 In wet places, Maine to southern New York, Ohio and 
 Tennessee. Local. June-Aug. 
 
2I 4 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 82. PUCCINELLIA Parl. Fl. Ital. i: 366. 1848. 
 
 Perennial grasses, with flat or involute leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spike- 
 lets 3-several-flowered. Lower scales empty, obtuse or acute, unequal; flowering scales ob- 
 tuse or acute, rounded on the back, 5-nerved, the nerves very obscure or almost wanting. 
 Palet about equalling the scale. Stamens 3. Styles wanting. Stigmas sessile, simply plu- 
 mose. Grain compressed, usually adhering to the palet. [Name in honor of Benedetto 
 Puccinelli, Italian botanist.] 
 
 About 14 species, in all temperate regions. 
 
 Panicle open, its branches spreading or ascending, rarely erect. 
 
 Lower flowering scales i %"-z" long; plant stoloniferous. i. P. maritima. 
 I,ower flowering scales \~%" long or less; plants not stoloniferous. 
 
 Second empty scale less than half the length of the flowering scales, broad, obtuse or 
 
 truncate; spike lets crowded. 2. P. distans. 
 
 Second empty scale more than half the length of the flowering scales, narrow, obtuse or 
 
 acute; spikelets not crowded. 3. P. airoides. 
 
 Panicle contracted, its branches erect, rarely ascending; northern species. 4. P. angustata.. 
 
 /V. A 
 
 i. Puccinellia maritima (Huds.) 
 Parl. Goose-grass. Sea Spear- 
 grass. (Fig. 493.) 
 
 Poa maritima Huds. Fl. Angl. 35. 1762. 
 Glyceria maritima M. & K. Deutsch. Fl. i: 
 
 588. 1823. 
 Puccinellia maritima Parl. Fl. Ital. i: 370. 1848. 
 
 Stoloniferous, smooth, glabrous, culms 
 6 / -2 tall, erect, or decumbent at the base, 
 simple. Sheaths usually exceeding the in- 
 ternodes; ligule >^ // -i // long; leaves %'-$' 
 long, i // wide or less, flat to involute; pan- 
 icle 2 / -6 / in length, open, the branches as- 
 cending, or rarely erect, i / -2 / long; spikelets 
 3-io-flowered, 3 // -6 // long; empty scales un- 
 equal, the first usually i -nerved, the second 
 3-nerved; flowering scales ij^ // -2 // long, 
 broad, obtuse or truncate. 
 
 In salt marshes and on sea beaches, Nova 
 Scotia to Rhode Island. Also on the Pacific 
 coast, and on the coasts of Europe and Asia. 
 uly-Aug. 
 
 2. Puccinellia distans (L,.) Parl. Spreading Meadow-grass. (Fig. 494.) 
 
 Poa distans ~L,. Mant. 32. 1767. 
 
 Glyceria distans Wahl. Fl. Ups. 36. 1820. 
 
 Puccinellia distans Parl. Fl. Ital. i: 367. 1848. 
 
 Culms i-2 tall, erect, or sometimes de- 
 cumbent at the base, tufted, smooth and gla- 
 brous. Sheaths often shorter than the inter- 
 nodes, smooth and glabrous; ligule %"-\' r 
 long; leaves ^'-6' long, i"-2" wide, flat or 
 folded, usually stiff and erect, smooth be- 
 neath; panicle 2' '-7' in length, open, rarely 
 contracted, the branches spreading or ascend- 
 ing, whorled, the lower T-'-^/t' long, some- 
 times reflexed; spikelets crowded, 3-6-flow- 
 ered, i>^ // -2^ // long; empty scales obtuse 
 or acute, i -nerved, the second exceeding the 
 first and less than half the length of the ob- 
 scurely nerved and obtuse flowering scales, 
 which are y 2 "-\" long. 
 
 On salt meadows, sea beaches and in waste 
 places, Nova Scotia to New Jersey. Probably 
 naturalized from Europe. July-Aug. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 215 
 
 Slender Meadow-grass. 
 
 3. Puccinellia airoides (Nutt. ) Wats. & Coult. 
 
 (Fig. 495.) 
 
 Poa airoides Nutt. Gen. i: 68. 1818. 
 Panicularia distans airoides Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 
 
 5: 54. 1894. 
 Puccinelha airoides Wats. & Coult. in A. Gray, Man. 
 
 Ed. 6, 668. 1890. 
 
 Culms i-4 tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- 
 brous. Sheaths usually longer than the internodes; 
 ligule \" long; leaves 2 / -6 / long, \y 2 " wide or less, 
 flat or involute, usually erect, smooth beneath, 
 rough above; panicle open, its branches slender, 
 spreading or ascending, rarely erect, the lower 
 2 / ~3^ / long and often reflexed; spikelets scattered, 
 i-7-flowered, i^ // -3 // long; empty scales unequal, 
 the first acute, i-nerved, the second obtuse or 
 acute, 3-nerved, more than half the length of the 
 obtuse flowering scales, which are \' f -\]^ ff long. 
 
 In saline soil, Manitoba to the Northwest Territory, 
 Washington, Colorado and Nevada. July- Aug. 
 
 4. Puccinellia angustata (R. Br.) Nash. 
 Arctic Meadow-grass. (Fig. 496.) 
 
 Poa angustata R. Br. App. Parry's Voy. 287. 1824. 
 Panicularia angustata Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 
 
 5: 54. 1894. 
 Puccinelha maritima var. minor S. Wats, in A. 
 
 Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 668. 1890. 
 Puccinellia angustata Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 
 
 512. 1895. 
 
 Smooth and glabrous, culms 4 / -i2 / tall, erect, 
 simple. Sheaths usually overlapping; ligule \" 
 long; leaves / ^ / -2^ / long, \" wide or less; pan- 
 icle i / -2 / in length, contracted, the branches 
 short and erect or appressed ; spikelets 2-y-flow- 
 ered, 3 // -4 // long; empty scales obtuse or rounded 
 at the apex, the first i -nerved, the second 3- 
 nerved; flowering scales iX // - I /^ // l n g> usually 
 purplish, rounded at the apex. 
 
 Greenland and Hudson Bay to Alaska, south to 
 Maine. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 83. FESTUCA L. Sp. PI. 73. 1753- 
 
 Mostly tufted perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate inflores- 
 cence. Spikelets 2-several-flowered. Two lower scales empty, more or less unequal, acute, 
 keeled; flowering scales membranous, narrow, rounded on the back, 5-nerved, usually acute, 
 and generally awned at the apex. Palet scarcely shorter than the scale. Stamens 1-3. 
 Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain glabrous, elongated, often adherent to 
 the scale or palet. [Latin, stalk or straw.] 
 
 A genus of about 80 species, widely distributed, particularly numerous in temperate regions. 
 Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the western parts of North America. 
 Leaves i" wide or less. 
 
 Annuals; flowering scales awned. 
 
 First scale more than half as long as the second; awn short. i. F. octoflora. 
 
 First scale less than half as long as the second ; awn long. 2. F. Myuros. 
 
 Perennials; flowering scales short-awned or bristle-pointed. 
 Basal leaves filiform or setaceous, %" wide. 
 
 Culms from a rootstock or with stolons. 3. F. rubra. 
 
 Culms densely tufted, no rootstocks. 4. F. ovina. 
 
 Basal leaves flat, about i" wide, becoming involute in drying. 5. F. scabrella. 
 
 Leaves 2" wide or more, flat. 
 
 Flowering scales unawned or short-awned. 
 
 Flowering scales 2K"-3/^" long; spikelets 5-io-flowered. 6. F. elatior. 
 
 Flowering scales 2" long or less; spikelets 3-6-flowered. 
 
 Spikelets very broad; branches of the panicle spikelet-bearing from the middle or 
 
 below; flowering scales obtuse. 7. F. Shortii. 
 
 Spikelets lanceolate; branches elongated ; spikelets at ends; scales acute. 8. F. nutans. 
 Flowering scales long-awned. 9. F. gigantea. 
 
 
2l6 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 i. Festuca octoflora Walt. Slender Fescue-grass. (Fig. 497.) 
 
 Festuca octoflora Walt. Fl. Car. 81. 1788. 
 Festuca tenella Willd. Enum. i: 113. 1809. 
 
 Culms 4 / -i8 / tall, erect, from an annual root, 
 slender, rigid, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths 
 usually shorter than the internodes; ligule very 
 short; leaves ij^'-s' long, involute, bristle-form; 
 raceme or simple panicle often one-sided, 1/-6' in 
 length, contracted, its branches erect, or rarely as- 
 cending; spikelets 6-13-flowered, 3 // -5 // long; empty 
 scales acute, smooth, the first i-nerved, more than 
 half the length of the 3-nerved second one; flowering 
 scales, exclusive of awns, i^ // -2^ // long, usually 
 very scabrous, acuminate into an awn nearly as long 
 as the body or shorter, or sometimes awnless; 
 stamens 2. 
 
 Dry sandy soil, Quebec to British Columbia, south to 
 Florida, Texas and California. Leaves sometimes pubes- 
 cent. June-Aug. 
 
 2. Festuca Myuros L,. Rat's-tail Fescue-grass. (Fig. 498.) 
 
 Festuca Myuros L. Sp. PI. 74. 1753. 
 
 Smooth, glabrous, culms i-2 tall, erect from an 
 annual root, slender, simple. Sheaths often shorter 
 than the internodes, the upper sometimes enclosing 
 the base of the panicle; ligule %" long, truncate; 
 leaves 2' -5' long, subulate, involute, erect; panicle 
 usually one-sided, 4 / -i2 / in length, contracted, some- 
 times curved, its branches appressed; spikelets 3-6- 
 flowered; empty scales very unequal, acute, smooth, 
 the first i-nerved, less than half as long as the 3-nerved 
 second one; flowering scales, exclusive of the awns, 
 2 //_y/ long, narrow, scabrous, acuminate into an awn 
 much longer than the body; stamen I. 
 
 In waste places and fields, eastern Massachusetts to New 
 Jersey and Florida. Also on the Pacific coast. Natural- 
 ized from Europe. June-July. 
 
 3. Festuca rubra L. Red Fescue-grass. (Fig. 499.) 
 
 Festuca rubra L. Sp. PI. 74. 1753. 
 
 Culms i%-2% tall, fr-om running rootstocks, erect, 
 simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter 
 than the internodes; ligule very short, truncate; basal 
 leaves involute-filiform, 3 X -6 X long; culm leaves 
 shorter, erect, flat or involute in drying, minutely pu- 
 bescent above; panicle 2'-$' in length, sometimes red, 
 open at flowering time, contracted in fruit; spikelets 
 3-io-flowered, 4 // -6 // long; lower scales acute, un- 
 equal, the first i-nerved, shorter than the 3-nerved 
 second; flowering scales about 3" long, obscurely 5- 
 nerved, sometimes scabrous, bearing awns of less 
 than their own length. 
 
 Labrador to Alaska, south, especially on the mountains, 
 to Tennessee and Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 Summer. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 217 
 
 1882. 
 
 4. Festuca ovina L,. Sheep's Fescue-grass. (Fig. 500.) 
 
 Festuca ovina L. Sp. PI. 73. 1753. 
 
 Smooth, glabrous, culms 6 / -i4 / tall, erect, tufted, 
 slender, rigid, simple; no rootstocks. Sheaths usually 
 crowded at the base of the culm; ligule auriculate, 
 short; leaves filiform or setaceous, those of the culm 
 few, I'-tf long, erect, the basal ones numerous; pan- 
 icle i/^ / -3 / long, often one-sided, narrow, its branches 
 short, usually erect or appressed; spikelets 3-5- 
 flowered; empty scales unequal, acute, the first i- 
 tierved, the second 3-nerved; flowering scales i^ // -2 // 
 long, smooth, acute, usually short -awned. 
 
 In fields and waste places, Labrador to British Colum- 
 bia, south to New Jersey, Colorado and California. Vari- 
 able. Probably indigenous northward, but mostly natu- 
 ralized from Europe. Native also of Asia. The subarctic 
 and Rocky Mountain var. brevifolia S. Watson, may be a 
 distinct species. June-July. 
 
 The so-called var. vivipara, a state of this grass with the 
 scales wholly or partly transformed into small leaves, is 
 found on the mountains of New England and in arctic 
 America. 
 
 Festuca ovina duriuscula (L. ) Hack. Monog. Fest. Europ. 89. 
 Festuca duriuscula L. Sp. PI. 74. 1753. 
 
 Culms taller and stouter, the panicle usually more open and the flowering scales about 3" long. 
 Newfoundland to the Rocky Mountains, south to Virginia and Colorado. Naturalized from Europe. 
 
 5. Festuca scabrella Torr. Rough Fes- 
 cue-grass. (Fig. 501.) 
 
 Fustuca scabrella Torr.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 252. 
 pi. 233. 1840. 
 
 Culms i-3 tall, erect, simple, usually rough, 
 below the panicle. Sheaths overlapping, smooth; 
 ligule a ring of very short hairs; leaves rough, i // 
 wide or less, those of the culm i f -$ f long, erect, the 
 basal flat, much longer and readily deciduous from 
 the sheaths, involute in drying; panicle $'-4' in 
 length, open, its branches ascending or the lower 
 widely spreading; spikelets 3~5-flowered, about 4 // 
 long; empty scales scarious, unequal, smooth, the 
 first i-nerved, the second longer, 3-nerved; flower- 
 ing scales about 3" long, scabrous, often bearing a 
 short awn \" long or less. 
 
 Labrador and Quebec to Manitoba and British Co- 
 lumbia, south to California. Summer. 
 
 6. Festuca elatior L. Tall or Meadow 
 Fescue-grass. (Fig. 502.) 
 
 Festuca elatior L. Sp. PI. 75. 1753. 
 Festuca pratensis Huds. Fl. Angl. 37. 1762. 
 Festuca elatior var. pratensis A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 634. 
 1867. 
 
 Culms 2-5 tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- 
 brous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule 
 very short; leaves 4 / -i5 / long, 2 // ~4 // wide, flat, 
 smooth beneath, more or less rough above; panicle 
 4 / -i4 / in length, often nodding at the top, simple to 
 very compound, the branches ascending or erect, 2'- 
 & long; spikelets 5-g-flowered, 4> // -6 // long; empty 
 scales acute, the first i-3-nerved, the second 3-5- 
 nerved; flowering scales acute or short-pointed, smooth 
 and glabrous, a^"-^" long, indistinctly 5-nerved. 
 
 In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario, 
 south to North Carolina, Tennessee and Kansas. Natur- 
 alized from Europe and cultivated for hay. Variable. 
 July-Aug. 
 
218 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 7. Festuca Shortii Kunth. Short's Fescue-grass. (Fig. 503.) 
 
 Festuca Shortii Kunth; Wood, Class-book, 794. 1861. 
 Festuca nutans var. palustris Wood, Bot. & Fl. 399. 1873. 
 
 Culms 2-4 tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- 
 brous. Sheaths much shorter than the internodes^ 
 ligule very short; leaves 5 / -io / long, i // -3 // wide, flat, 
 smooth beneath, rough above; panicle 3 / -y / in length, 
 open, the branches spreading or ascending, rarely 
 erect, spikelet-bearing from the middle or below, the 
 lower iJ^ / -3^ / long; spikelets broadly obovate, when 
 mature, 3-6 flowered, 2> // -3 // long; empty scales 
 acute, unequal, scabrous on the nerves, the first i- 
 3-nerved, the second 3-nerved; flowering scales about 
 2 X/ long, smooth, obtuse or acutish, faintly nerved. 
 
 In woods and thickets, Pennsylvania (according: to 
 Porter) and Illinois to Kansas, south to Mississippi and 
 Texas. July-Aug. 
 
 8. Festuca nutans Willd. Nodding Fescue-grass. (Fig. 504.) 
 
 Festuca nutans Willd. Enum. i: 116. 1809. 
 
 Culms 2-3 tall, erect, simple, slender, glabrous 
 or sometimes pubescent. Sheaths much shorter 
 than the internodes, glabrous or pubescent; ligule 
 very short; nodes black; leaves 4 / -i2 / long, 2 // ~3 // 
 wide, rather dark green, flat, smooth beneath, 
 rough above; panicle 4.'-*)' in length, its branches 
 at first erect, the lower 2 ^'-5' long, finally spread- 
 ing and nodding, spikelet-bearing only at the ends; 
 spikelets lanceolate, 3-5-flowered, 2^ // -3 // long; 
 empty scales acute, scabrous on the keel, the 
 the first I -nerved, shorter than the 3-nerved second; 
 flowering scales about 2 X/ long, smooth, acute, very 
 faintly nerved. 
 
 In rocky woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Ne- 
 braska, south to Florida and Texas. Ascends to 2300 
 ft. in Virginia. June-Aug. 
 
 9. Festuca gigantea (I,.) Vill. Great Fescue- 
 grass. (Fig. 505.) 
 
 Bromus giganteus L. Sp. PI. 77. 1753. 
 Festuca gigantea Vill. Hist. PI. Dauph. 2: no. 
 
 1787. 
 
 Culms 2-4 tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. 
 Sheaths usually overlapping; ligule i // long; leaves 5'- 
 i long or more, bright green, 2 // -6 v/ wide, flat, rough; 
 panicle 7 / -i2 / in length, loose, narrow, the branches 
 erect or ascending, the lower 2 / -4 / long; spikelets 3-7- 
 flowered; empty scales acuminate, smooth and glabrous, 
 the first i-3-nerved, shorter than the 3~5-nerved second; 
 flowering scales, exclusive of awns, about 3 // long, 
 faintly 5-nerved, slightly scabrous, minutely 2-toothed 
 at the apex, bearing an awn 6 // -8 // long. 
 
 In waste places, Maine to southern New York. Adventive 
 from Europe. July-Aug. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 219 
 
 84. BROMUS L. Sp. PI. 76. 1753. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and terminal panicles, the pedicels thick- 
 ened at the summit. Sheaths sometimes not split. Spikelets few-many-flowered. Two 
 lower scales empty, unequal, acute; flowering scales rounded on the back, or sometimes 
 compressed-keeled, s-g-nerved, the apex usually 2-toothed, generally bearing an awn just 
 telow the summit; palet shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens usually 3. Stigmas ses- 
 sile, plumose, inserted below a hairy cushion-like appendage at the top of the ovary. Grain 
 adherent to the palet. [Greek name for a kind of oats.] 
 
 About 40 species, most numerous in the north temperate zone, 
 others occur in the western parts of North America. 
 
 Besides the following, some 14 
 
 Lower empty scale i -nerved, the upper 3-nerved. 
 Tall perennials, 2-4 high. 
 
 Sheaths glabrous or softly pubescent, the lower sometimes sparingly hirsute. 
 
 Leaves 2" -6" wide; culms stoutish; branches of the panicle more or less spreading or 
 
 drooping. i. B. ciliatus. 
 
 I/eaves less than 2" wide; culms slender; branches of the panicle erect. 
 
 2. B. erectus. 
 
 Sheaths strongly retrorse-hirsute. 3. B. asper. 
 
 Low annuals, i-2 high; spikelets drooping. 
 
 Spikelets numerous, on slender recurved unilateral pedicels; flowering scales 4"-6" long. 
 
 4. B. tectorum. 
 
 Spikelets few, the pedicels not unilateral; flowering scales 6"-8" long. 5. B. sterilis. 
 Lower empty scale 3-nerved, the upper s-g-nerved (3-nerved in No. 6). 
 Flowering scales rounded on the back, at least below. 
 Flowering scales awned. 
 
 Flowering scales pubescent. 
 
 Pubescence dense, consisting of long silky hairs. 
 
 Second empty scale 3-nerved; flowering scales 5" -6" long. 6. B. Porteri. 
 Second empty scale 5-y-nerved; flowering scales about 4" long. 
 
 7. B. Kalmii. 
 
 Pubescence of short appressed soft hairs, not dense. 8. B. hordeaceus. 
 
 Flowering scales glabrous or minutely roughened. 
 Awns straight. 
 
 Nerves of the turgid flowering scales obscure; palet about equalling the scale, 
 
 which is 3" -4" long. 9. B. secalinus. 
 
 Nerves of the flowering scale prominent; palet considerably shorter than the 
 
 scale, which is 4" -5" long. 10. B. racemosus. 
 
 Awns strongly bent near the base, divergent. n. B. squarrosus. 
 
 Flowering scales not awned, nearly as broad as long. 12. B. brizaeformis. 
 
 Flowering scales compressed-keeled. 
 
 Flowering scales pubescent; awn 2" -3," long. 13. B. breviaristatus. 
 
 Flowering scales minutely roughened; awn less than i" long, or none. 
 
 14. B. unioloides. 
 
 i. Bromus ciliatus L,. Fringed Brome-grass. Wood Chess. (Fig. 506.) 
 
 Bromus purgans L. Sp. PI. 76. 1753 ? 
 Bromus ciliatus L. Sp. PI. 76. 1753. 
 
 Culms 2-4 tall, erect, simple, glabrous or 
 pubescent. Sheaths often shorter than the 
 internodes, smooth or rough, often softly 
 pubescent, or the lower sometimes sparingly 
 hirsute; ligule very short; leaves 4 / -i2 / long, 
 2 "-6 // wide, smooth beneath, scabrous and 
 often pubescent above; panicle open, 4 / -io / 
 in length, its branches lax, widely spread- 
 ing or often drooping; spikelets 5-io-flow- 
 ered, \' long or less; empty scales very acute, 
 glabrous, rough on the keel, the first i- 
 nerved, the second longer, 3-nerved; flower- 
 ing scales 4 // -6 // long, obtuse or acute, 5-7- 
 nerved, appressed-pubescent on the margins 
 or over the entire surface; awn 2 // -4 // long. 
 
 In woods and thickets, Newfoundland to 
 Manitoba and British Columbia, south to Florida 
 and Texas. Variable. The form known as var. 
 purgans (B. pubescens Muhl. ) with the flower- 
 ing scales pubescent all over, may be distinct 
 July-Aug. 
 
220 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 2. Bromus erectus Huds. Upright Brome-grass. (Fig. 507.) 
 
 Bromus erectus Huds. Fl. Angl. 39. 1762. 
 
 Culms 2-3 tall, erect, simple, slender, smooth and 
 glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth 
 and glabrous, or slightly pubescent; ligule >^ x/ long, 
 erose-truncate; leaves sparingly pubescent, i // -2 // 
 wide, those of the culm 4 / -8 / long, the basal about 
 i long, very narrow; panicle 3 '-7' in length, the 
 branches erect or ascending, the lower \'-^' long; 
 spikelets J^'-i^' long, sometimes purplish, 5-10- 
 flowered; empty scales acuminate, the first i -nerved, 
 the second longer, 3-nerved; flowering scales 5 // -6 // 
 long, acuminate, very rough-pubescent, 5-nerved, the 
 intermediate nerves faint; awn 2 // ~3 // long. 
 
 In waste places about New York. Adventive from 
 Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 3. Bromus asper Murr. Hairy Brome- 
 grass. (Fig. 508.) 
 
 Bromus asper Murr. Prodr. Stirp. Goett. 42. 1770. 
 
 Culms 2-6 tall, erect, simple, rough. Sheaths 
 shorter than the internodes, strongly retrorse-hirsute, 
 especially the lower; ligule \%" long; leaves 8'-i 
 long or more, 3 // -6 // wide, rough or often hirsute; 
 panicle 6 / -i2 / in length, open, the branches usually 
 drooping; spikelets 5-io-flowered i / -i^ / long; empty 
 scales acute, scabrous on the nerves, the first i -nerved, 
 the second longer, 3-nerved; flowering scales about 6 X/ 
 long, acute, hispid near the margins and on the lower 
 part of the keel; awn 3 // -4 // long. 
 
 In waste places, New Brunswick to Michigan and Ken- 
 tucky. Naturalized from Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 4. Bromus tectorum L,."J < Downy Brome-grass. (Fig. 509.) 
 
 Bromus tectorum I,. Sp. PI. 77. 1753. 
 
 Culms 6 x -2 tall, erect from an annual root, simple, 
 smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usually longer than 
 the internodes, at least the lower ones softly pubes- 
 cent; ligule i // -2 // long; leaves i / -4 / long, i // -2 // 
 wide, softly pubescent; panicle 2 / -6 / in length, open, 
 the branches slender and drooping, somewhat one- 
 sided; spikelets numerous, 5-8-flowered, on capillary 
 recurved slender pedicels; empty scales acuminate, 
 usually rough or hirsute, the first i -nerved, the sec- 
 ond longer, 3-nerved; flowering scales 4 // -6 // long, 
 acuminate, 7-nerved, usually rough or hirsute; awn 
 6"-8" long, 
 
 In fields and waste places, Rhode Island to Ontario, 
 south to Maryland and Ohio. Naturalized from Europe. 
 Sometimes a troublesome weed. May-July. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 5. Bromus sterilis I,. Barren Brome-grass. (Fig. 510.) 
 
 Bromus sterilis L,. Sp. PI. 77. 1753- 
 
 Culms i-2 tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- 
 brous. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, 
 smooth or rough, the lower sometimes pubescent; 
 ligule i /x long; leaves 3 '-9' long, i // -3 // wide, us- 
 ually more or less pubescent; panicle 5 / -io / in 
 length, the branches ascending or often widely 
 spreading, not one-sided, stiff; spikelets few, 5-10- 
 flowered, spreading or pendulous; empty scales 
 acuminate, glabrous, the first i-nerved, the second 
 longer, 3-nerved; flowering scales 6 // -8 // long, acu- 
 minate, 7-nerved, scabrous on the nerves, the awn 
 y//_ I2 // long. 
 
 In waste places and ballast, eastern Massachusetts to 
 Pennsylvania and Ohio. Locally naturalized or adven- 
 tive from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-July. 
 
 221 
 
 6. Bromus Ported (Coulter) Nash. Porter's Chess. (Fig. 511.) 
 
 Bromus Kalmii var. Porteri Coulter, Man. Bot. Rocky 
 
 Mt. Region, 425. 1885. 
 Bromus Porteri Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 512. 1895. 
 
 Culms iX-3 tall, erect, simple, pubescent below 
 the nodes. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, 
 glabrous or sometimes softly pubescent; ligule y 2 ff 
 long, truncate; leaves i // -3 // wide, rough, those of 
 the culm 4 / ~9 / long, the basal narrow and about 
 one-half of the length of the culm; panicle 3 / -6 / in 
 length, its branches drooping and flexuous, at least 
 when old, the nodes of the axis pubescent; spikelets 
 5-io-flowered, 9 // -i5 // long, on slender flexuous 
 pedicels; empty scales pubescent, the first narrower 
 than the second, both 3-nerved; flowering scales 
 5 x/ -6 /x long, obtuse, 5-7-nerved, densely pubescent 
 with long silky hairs; awn i // -2 // long. 
 
 In dry soil, South Dakota to Montana, south to 
 western Nebraska, New Mexico and Arizona. July- 
 Aug. 
 
 7. Bromus Kalmii A. Gray. Kalm's 
 Chess. (Fig. 512.) 
 
 Bromus purgans L. Sp. PI. 76. 1753? 
 Bromus Kalmii A. Gray, Man. 600. 1848. 
 
 Culms i>-3 tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- 
 brous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, more or 
 less pubescent; ligule very short; leaves 2> / -7 / long, 
 I "-4" wide, sparingly pubescent; panicle 2 x -6' in 
 length, open, its branches usually flexuous; spikelets 
 6-io-flowered, 6 // -i2 // long, on slender flexuous pedi- 
 cels; empty scales pubescent, the first narrow, acute, 
 3-nerved, the second longer, broad, obtuse or mucro- 
 nate, 5-7-nerved ; flowering scales about 4 /x long, 7-9- 
 nerved, densely silky pubescent, the awn \ ff -\y 2 " in 
 length. 
 
 In woods and thickets, Quebec to Manitoba, south to 
 Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Illinois and Iowa. July- 
 Aug. 
 
222 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 8. Bromus hordeaceus I,. Soft Chess. (Fig. 513.) 
 
 Bromus hordeaceus 1,. Sp. PI. 77. 1753. 
 Bromus mollis I,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 112. 1762. 
 
 Culms 8 x -3 tall, erect, often slender, usually pubes- 
 cent below the panicle. Sheaths shorter than the in- 
 ternodes, mostly pubescent; ligule y 2 ff long; leaves 
 i '-7' long, i // -3 // wide, pubescent; panicle generally 
 contracted, its branches erect or ascending, i / -2 / long; 
 spikelets appressed-pubescent, on short pedicels; 
 empty scales acute, the first 3-nerved, the second 
 longer, 5~7-nerved; flowering scales broad, obtuse, 
 3^ // -4^ // long, 7-o,-nerved, bearing an awn ^"~\" in 
 length between the obtuse or acute teeth. 
 
 In fields and waste places, New York to Virginia. 
 Locally adventive from Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 9. Bromus secalinus I,. Cheat. Chess. (Fig. 514.) 
 
 Bromus secalinus I,. Sp. PI. 76. 1753. 
 
 Culms i-3 tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. 
 Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, generally 
 glabrous; ligule y^." long, erose; leaves 2 / -g / long, \"- 
 3 r/ wide, smooth or rough, sometimes hairy; panicle 2'- 
 8' in length, open, its branches ascending or drooping; 
 spikelets turgid, glabrous, erect or somewhat pendulous, 
 6-ioflowered; empty scales scabrous toward the apex, 
 the first 3-nerved, acute, the second longer and broader, 
 7-nerved, obtuse; flowering scales */'-$" long, broad, 
 turgid, obtuse, rough toward the apex, the nerves ob- 
 scure awnless, or bearing a straight awn 4 X/ long or less 
 between the obtuse short teeth; palet about equalling 
 the scale. 
 
 In fields and waste places almost throughout temperate 
 North America, often a pernicious weed in grain fields. 
 Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 10. Bromus racemosus 
 
 Smooth Brome-grass. 
 
 Upright Chess. 
 (Fig. 515-) 
 
 Bromus racemosus ~L,, Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 114. 1762. 
 
 Culms i-3 tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- 
 brous, or sparingly pubescent below the panicle. 
 Sheaths shorter than the internodes, glabrous or 
 pubescent; ligule i x/ long; leaves I'-g'long, % f/ ~4 f/ 
 wide, pubescent; panicle I'-io' in length, the 
 branches erect or ascending, the lower sometimes 
 2^' long; spikelets erect, 5-11 -flowered; empty 
 scales acute, the first 3-nerved, the second longer 
 and broader, s-g-nerved; flowering scales broad, 
 3^ // -4^ // long, obtuse, smooth and shining, the 
 nerves prominent; awn straight, 3 // -4 // in length; 
 palet considerably shorter than the scale. 
 
 In fields and waste places all over the eastern United 
 States and British America; also on the Pacific Coast. 
 Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June- 
 Aug. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 223 
 
 ii. Bromus squarrosus I,. 
 Brome. (Fig. 516.) 
 
 Corn 
 
 Bromus squarrosus I,. Sp. PI. 76. 1753. 
 
 Culms S'-iS' tall, erect, simple, smooth and 
 glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the interuodes, 
 softly pubescent; ligule % /f long; leaves i / -5 / 
 long, i // -2 // wide, softly pubescent; panicle 2 / -6 / 
 in length, open, the branches ascending or 
 drooping, often flexuous; spikelets nodding, 6- 
 12-flowered, on slender pedicels; empty scales 
 obtuse or acutish, the first 5-nerved, the second 
 longer, 7~9-nerved; flowering scales 4/^ // ~5^ // 
 long, obtuse, shining, minutely scabrous; awn 
 inserted below the apex, about as long as the 
 scale, bent at the base and divergent. 
 
 In ballast and waste places about the eastern sea- 
 ports. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. July- 
 Aug. 
 
 12. Bromus brizaeformis Fisch. & Mey. Quakegrass Brome. (Fig. 517.) 
 
 Bromus brizaeformis Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort. 
 Petrop. 3: 30. 1836. 
 
 Culms S'-z tall, erect, simple, often slender, 
 smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the 
 internodes, the lower pubescent with soft villous 
 hairs; ligule \" long, erose-truncate; leaves i / -7 / 
 long, 1"-$" wide, pubescent; panicle i^'-S' in 
 length, open, the branches ascending or often 
 drooping, flexuous; spikelets few, l /t'-\ f long, 
 laterally much compressed; empty scales very ob- 
 tuse, often purplish, glabrous or minutely pubes- 
 cent, the first 3-5-nerved, the second larger, 5-9- 
 nerved; flowering scales 3 // -4 // long, very broad, 
 obtuse, g-nerved, shining, glabrous or sometimes 
 minutely pubescent, unawned. 
 
 Sparingly introduced into Pennsylvania; also from 
 Montana to California. Native of northern Europe and 
 Asia. July-Aug. 
 
 13. Bromus breviaristatus (Hook.) Buckl. Short-awned Chess. (Fig.5i8.) 
 
 Ceratochloa breviaristata Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 253. 
 1840. 
 
 Bromus breviarislalus Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 98. 
 1862. 
 
 Culms i-4 tall, erect, simple, smooth or rough, 
 sometimes pubescent below the panicle. Sheaths pu- 
 bescent, at least the lower ones, which are often over- 
 lapping; ligule \" long, truncate; leaves 6'-! long or 
 more, 2 // -6 // wide, rough and often pubescent; pan- 
 icle 4 / -i5 / in length, its branches erect or ascending, 
 the lower 2 / -6 / long; spikelets 5-io-flowered; empty 
 scales acute, pubescent, the first 3-5-nerved, the sec- 
 ond longer, s-g-nerved; flowering scales compressed, 
 keeled, &'-]" long, acute, 7-9-nerved, appressed- 
 pubescent; awn 2"--^' long. 
 
 In dry soil, Manitoba to British Columbia, south to 
 Nebraska, Arizona and California. July-Aug. 
 
 15 
 
224 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 14. Bromus unioloides (Willd.) H.B.K. Schrader's Brome-grass. 
 Southern Chess. (Fig. 519.) 
 
 Festuca unioloidfsWittd. Hort. Berol. i: 3. pi. j. 
 
 1806. 
 
 Bromus unioloides H.B.K. Nov. Gen. i: 151. 
 
 1815. 
 Bromus Schraderi Kunth, Enum. i: 416. 1833. 
 
 Culms 6'-$ tall, erect, simple, smooth and 
 glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter than the in- 
 ternodes, the lower often overlapping, smooth 
 or rough, and glabrous or frequently pubes- 
 cent; ligule i // -2 // long; leaves 3 / -i3 / long, i"- 
 4 X/ wide, usually rough, at least above; panicle 
 2 / -io / in length, the branches erect or ascend- 
 ing, or the lower branches of the larger panicles 
 widely spreading; spikelets much compressed, 
 6-io-flowered; empty scales acute, the first 3-5- 
 nerved, the second longer, 5~9-nerved; flower- 
 ing scales 6 // -8 // long, very acute, minutely 
 scabrous, bearing an awn less than i // long or 
 awnless. 
 
 Kansas (?) to the Indian Territory, Texas and 
 Mexico. Widely distributed in South America. 
 May-July. 
 
 
 85. NARDUS L. Sp. PI. 53- 1753- 
 
 A low perennial tufted grass, with setaceous rigid leaves and a terminal one-sided slender 
 spike. Spikelets i-flowered, narrow, sessile and single in each notch of the rachis. Scales 
 2, the lower empty, adnate to the rachis, or almost wanting, the upper flower-bearing, nar- 
 row, with involute and hyaline margins; palet narrow, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Style elon- 
 gated, undivided. Stigma elongated, short-papillose. Grain linear, glabrous, enclosed in 
 the scale, usually free. [Name Greek, of uncertain application.] 
 
 A monotypic genus of the Old World. 
 
 i. Nardus stricta I,. Wirebent. Mat-grass. Nard. (Fig. 520.) 
 
 Nardus stricta I,. Sp. PI. 53. 1753. 
 
 Culms 5 / -i5 / tall, erect, simple, rigid, 
 roughish. Sheaths usually at the base of the 
 culm; ligule )4 // long, rounded; leaves seta- 
 ceous, stiff", rough, the i or 2 culm leaves 
 about \ f long, erect, the basal ones numer- 
 ous, 2 / -5 / long; spike 1'-$' in length, strict; 
 spikelets i-flowered, 3 X/ -4 X/ long, arranged 
 alternately in 2 rows on one side of the erect 
 slender rachis, often purplish; lower scale 
 empty, very short, adnate to the rachis, 
 sometimes almost wanting; flowering scale 
 3 // ~4 // long, scabrous, long-acuminate or 
 short-awned. 
 
 Introduced into Newfoundland and at Am- 
 herst, Mass. Adventive from Europe. July- 
 Aug. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 225 
 
 86. LOLIUM L. Sp. PI. 83. 1753. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and terminal spikes. Spikelets several- 
 flowered, solitary, sessile and alternate in the notches of the usually continuous rachis, com- 
 pressed, the edge of the spikelet (backs of the scales) turned toward the rachis. Scales 
 rigid; lower scale empty in the lateral spikelets, and the 2 lower empty in the terminal; 
 flowering scales rounded on the back, 5-y-nerved; palets 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles dis- 
 tinct, very short. Stigmas 2, plumose. Grain adherent to the palet. [Latin name for Darnel.] 
 
 About 6 species, natives of the Old World. 
 
 Empty scale shorter than the spikelet. i. L. perenne. 
 
 Empty scale equalling or extending beyond the flowering scales. , 2. L. temulentum. 
 
 i. Lolium perenne I,. Ray-grass. 
 Rye-grass. (Fig. 521.) 
 
 Lolium perenne I<. Sp. PI. 83. 1753. 
 
 Smooth and glabrous, culms 6'-2% tall, 
 erect, simple. Sheaths shorter than the in- 
 ternodes; ligule very short; leaves 2 / -5 / long, 
 i // -2 // wide; spike 3 / -8 / in length ; spikelets 
 5-io-flowered, 4 // -6 // long, the empty scale 
 shorter than the spikelet, strongly nerved; 
 flowering scales 2 // -3 // long, obscurely 
 nerved, acuminate or awned, the awn some- 
 times nearly as long as the body of the scale. 
 
 In waste places and cultivated grounds almost 
 throughout the northern United States and 
 southern British America. Naturalized from 
 Europe. Native also of Asia. Erroneously 
 called Darnel, this name belonging to the fol- 
 lowing species. July-Aug. 
 
 2. Lolium temulentum I,. Darnel. 
 Ivray. (Fig. 522.) 
 
 Lolium temulentum L- Sp. PI. 83. 1753. 
 
 Glabrous, culms 2-4 tall, erect, simple, smooth. 
 Sheaths overlapping; ligule i" long or less; leaves 
 4/-IC/ in length, i // -3 // wide, smooth beneath, 
 rough above; spike 4 / -i2 / in length; spikelets 4-8- 
 flowered, 5 // ~9 // long, the strongly nerved empty 
 scale equalling or extending beyond the obscurely 
 nerved flowering scales, which are awned or awn- 
 less. 
 
 In waste places and cultivated grounds, locally natur- 
 alized or adventive from Europe, New Brunswick to 
 Michigan and Georgia. Abundant on the Pacific Coast. 
 Locally a troublesome weed. June-Aug. 
 
 87. LEPTURUS R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i: 207. 1810. 
 
 Usually low annual grasses, with narrow leaves and strict or curved elongated slender 
 spikes. Spikelets i-2-flowered, sessile and single in alternate notches of the jointed rachis. 
 Empty scales 2, rarely i, narrow, rigid, acute, 5-nerved; flowering scales much shorter, hya- 
 line, keeled, one side turned to the rachis. Palets hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3, or fewer. 
 Styles short, distinct. Stigmas 2, plumose. Grain narrow, glabrous, free, enclosed in the 
 scale. [Greek, referring to the narrow spikes.] 
 
 Species 5 or 6, natives of the Old World. 
 
226 GRAMINEAE 
 
 i. Lepturus filiformis (Roth) Trin. 
 Slender Hardgrass. (Fig. 523.) 
 
 Rottboellia filiformis Roth, Catal. i: 21. 1797. 
 
 Lepturus filiformis Trin. Fund. Agrost. 123. 
 1820. 
 
 Culms s'-iz' long, decumbent, much 
 branched, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths 
 loose, shorter than the internodes; ligule % ff 
 long, auriculate; leaves _^ / -2 / long, i // wide 
 or less, usually involute, smooth beneath, 
 rough above; spikes i'-6' in length, slender, 
 strict or curved; spikelets 2 // -2)4 // long; 
 empty scales acute; flowering scales about 
 1 1^" long, i-nerved. 
 
 In waste places, southern Pennsylvania to 
 Virginia, near or along the coast. Adventive 
 from Europe. Summer. 
 
 88. AGROPYRON J. Gaertn. Nov. Comm. Petrop. 14: Part i, 539. 1770. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses, with flat or involute leaves and terminal spikes. Spikelets 
 3-many-flowered, sessile, single and alternate at each notch of the usually continuous rachis, 
 the side of the spikelet turned toward the rachis. Two lower scales empty; flowering scales 
 rigid, rounded on the back, 5-7-nerved, usually acute or awned at the apex; palets 2-keeled, 
 the keels often ciliate. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain 
 pubescent at the apex, usually adherent to the palet. [Greek, referring to the growth of 
 these grasses in wheat fields.] 
 
 About 32 species, in all temperate regions. Besides the following, some 5 others occur in the 
 western parts of North America. 
 
 Plants with running rootstocks. 
 Flowering scales glabrous. 
 Flowering 1 scales villous. 
 Plants without running rootstocks. 
 
 Flowering scale terminating in an awn shorter than its body. 
 
 Spikes short and broad; empty scales broad, 5-7-nerved. 3. A. violaceum. 
 
 Spikes long and slender; empty scales narrow, 3~5-nePved. 4. A. tenerum. 
 
 Flowering scale terminating in an awn longer than its body. 5. A. caninnm. 
 
 i. Agropyron repens (L,. ) Beauv. Couch- 
 grass. Quitch-grass. (Fig. 524.) 
 
 Triticum repens L. Sp. PI. 86. 1753. 
 Agropyron repens Beauv. Agrost. 146. 1812. 
 
 Culms l-4 tall, from a long jointed running root- 
 stock. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, 
 smooth and glabrous; ligule very short; leaves 3 / -i2 / 
 long, i // -5 // wide, smooth beneath, rough above; 
 spike 2 / -8 / in length, strict; spikelets 3-7-flowered; 
 empty scales strongly 5-7-nerved, usually acute or 
 awn-pointed, sometimes obtuse; flowering scales 
 smooth and glabrous, acute or short-awned at the 
 apex. 
 
 In fields and waste places, almost throughput North 
 America except the extreme north. Naturalized from 
 Europe and often a troublesome weed. Very variable. 
 Native also of Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 Agropyron repens glaucum (Desf. ) Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 57. 1894. 
 
 Triticum glaucum Desf. Tabl. Bot. Mus. 16. 1804. 
 Agropyrum glaucum R. & S. Syst. 2: 752. 1817. 
 
 Larger and stouter, pale green or glaucous; spikelets ^-is-flpwered, the empty scales long- 
 acuminate. Minnesota and Manitoba to Alaska, south to Missouri, Texas and Arizona. Reported 
 from New England. Probably a distinct species. 
 
 1. A. repens. 
 
 2. A. dasystachyum. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 227 
 
 2. Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook.) Vasey. 
 
 (Fig. 525.) 
 
 Ti'iticum repens var. dasystachyum Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 
 254. 1840. 
 
 Agropyrum dasystachyum Vasey, Spec. Rept. U. S. Dept. 
 Agric. 63: 45. 1883. 
 
 Glaucous, culms i-3 tall, erect, from long running 
 rootstocks, simple, smooth and glabrous; sheaths 
 shorter than the internodes; ligule very short; leaves 
 2 / ~9 / long, i // -3 // wide, flat, or becoming involute in 
 drying, smooth beneath, rough above; spike 2^ / -7 / in 
 length; spikelets 4-8-flowered; empty scales 3-5-nerved, 
 lanceolate, acuminate or short-awned, ^"-^/z" long; 
 flowering scales broadly lanceolate, 5-nerved, 4,^ // -6' / 
 long, acute or short-awned, densely villous. 
 
 Hudson Bay to the Northwest Territory and Wyoming 
 and to the shores of Lakes Huron and Superior. Summer. 
 
 3. Agropyron violaceum (Hornem.) Vasey. 
 
 (Fig. 526.) 
 
 Northern Wheat-grass. 
 
 Purplish Wheat-grass. 
 
 Triticum violaceum Hornem. Fl. Dan. pi. 2044. 1832. 
 Agropyrum violaceum Vasey, Spec. Rept. U. S. Dept. Agric. 
 63: 45. 1883. 
 
 Culms 6 X -2 tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. 
 Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes; ligule very 
 short; leaves 2 / -6 / long, i // -3 // wide, flat or involute, 
 rough or sometimes smooth beneath; spike \ f -\ f in 
 length, occasionally longer, a // -3 // broad; spikelets 3-6- 
 flowered; empty scales broad, usually purplish, scarious 
 on the margins, 5-y-nerved, 4 // -6 // long, acute or acum- 
 inate, sometimes awn-pointed, rarely long-awned; flow- 
 ering scales often purplish, 5-y-nerved, scarious on the 
 margins, 4 // -6 // long, acuminate or short-awned, the awn 
 rarely as long as the body. 
 
 Quebec to western Ontario and British Columbia, south to 
 the mountains of New England, New York and Pennsylvania, 
 and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Ascends to 5500 ft. 
 in the White Mountains. Also in northern Europe and Asia. 
 Summer. 
 
 4. Agropyron tenerum Vasey. Slender Wheat-grass. (Fig. 527.) 
 
 Agropyrum tenerum Vasey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 10: 
 
 258. 1885. 
 
 Glabrous, culms 2-3 tall, erect, simple, often 
 slender, smooth. Sheaths usually shorter than 
 the internodes, glabrous; ligule very short; 
 leaves s'-ic/ long, i // -2 // wide, flat or involute, 
 rough; spike 3 '-7' in length, usually narrow 
 and slender; spikelets 3-5-flowered; empty 
 scales 4 // -6 // long, acuminate or short-awned, 
 3-5-nerved, scarious on the margins; flowering 
 scales 5 // -6 // long, 5-nerved, awn-pointed or 
 short-awned, scarious on the margins, often 
 rough toward the apex. 
 
 In dry soil, Manitoba and Minnesota to British 
 Columbia, south to Nebraska, Colorado and Cali- 
 fornia. Reported from the Northeast Territory. 
 July-Aug. 
 
228 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 Awned Wheat-grass. 
 
 (Fig- 528.) 
 
 Agropypon caninum (L.) R. & S. 
 Wheat-grass. 
 
 Triticum caninum I,. Sp. PI. 86. 1753. 
 Agropyrum caninum R. & S. Syst. 2: 756. 
 
 Fibrous-rooted 
 
 1817. 
 
 Agropyrum unilaterale Cassidy, Bull. Colo. Agric. 
 Exp. Sta. 12: 63. 1890. 
 
 Culms i-3 tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- 
 brous. Sheaths usually shorter than the inter- 
 nodes, smooth, the lower sometimes pubescent; 
 ligule short; leaves 3 / -9 / long, i // -3 // wide, smooth 
 beneath, rough above; spike 3 / -8 / in length, 
 sometimes one-sided, often nodding at the top; 
 spikelets 3-6- flowered; empty scales 4^ // -6 // long; 
 3~5-nerved, acuminate, awn-pointed or bearing an 
 awn i // -3 // long; flowering scales 4 // -5 // long, usu- 
 ally scabrous toward the apex, acuminate into an 
 awn sometimes twice their own length. 
 
 New Brunswick to British Columbia, south to North 
 Carolina, Tennessee and Colorado. Also in Europe 
 and Asia. Native northward; southward locally natu- 
 ralized from Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 89. HORDEUM L. Sp. PI. 84. 1753. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and terminal cylindric spikes. Spikelets 
 i-flowered, usually in 3's at each joint of the rachis, the lateral generally short-stalked and 
 imperfect; rachilla produced beyond the flower, the lower empty scales often reduced to 
 awns and forming an apparent involucre around the spikelets. Empty scales rigid; flower- 
 ing scales rounded on the back, 5-nerved at the apex, awned; palet scarcely shorter than the 
 scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Grain usually adherent to the 
 scale, hairy at the summit. [Latin name for Barley.] 
 
 About 16 species, widely distributed in both hemispheres. 
 
 Flowering scales, exclusive of awns, 3"-4" long. 
 Awn of the flowering scale ^' long or less. 
 
 All the empty scales of each cluster bristle-like. i. H. nodosum. 
 
 Four of the empty scales of each cluster dilated above the base. 2. H. pusillum. 
 
 Awn of the flowering scale i' long or more. 3. H. jubatum. 
 
 Flowering scales, exclusive of awns, about 6" long. 4. H. murinum. 
 
 i. Hordeum nodosum L,. Meadow Barley. (Fig. 529.) 
 
 Hordeum nodosum I,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 126. 1762. 
 Hordeum pratense Huds.^Fl. Angl. Ed. 2, 56. 1762. 
 
 Culms 6 / -2 tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent, 
 simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter 
 than the internodes; ligule %" long, truncate; 
 leaves iX'-S'long, i // ~3 // wide, flat, rough; spike 
 I'-JtYz' in length; spikelets usually in 3's, the central 
 one containing a palet and perfect flower, the lateral 
 enclosing a staminate or rudimentary flower, or a 
 palet only; empty scales of each cluster awn-like; 
 flowering scale of the central spikelet 3 // -4 // long 
 exclusive of the awn, which is 3 // -6 // long, the cor- 
 responding scale in the lateral spikelets much 
 smaller and short-stalked. 
 
 In meadows and waste places, Indiana to Minnesota, 
 British Columbia and Alaska, south to Texas and 
 California. Also in Europe and Asia. June-July. 
 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 229 
 
 2. Hordeum pusillum Nutt. L,ittle Bar- 
 ley. (Fig. 530.) 
 
 Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Gen. i: 87. 1818. 
 
 Culms 4 / -i5 / tall, erect, or decumbent at the 
 base, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths loose, usually 
 shorter than the internodes, smooth and glabrous, 
 the upper often enclosing the base of the spike; 
 ligule very short; leaves X / ~3 / l n g> X // ~ 2// wide, 
 erect, smooth beneath, rough above; spike i / -3 / 
 in length; spikelets usually in 3's, the central one 
 containing a palet and perfect flower, the lateral 
 imperfect; scales awned, the empty ones scabrous, 
 those of the central spikelet and the lower ones of 
 the lateral spikelets dilated above the base; flower- 
 ing scale smooth, that of the central spikelet 3"- 
 4 /x long, short-awned, the corresponding scale in 
 the lateral spikelets smaller and very short-stalked. 
 
 In dry soil, Ontario to British Columbia, south to 
 Nebraska, Arkansas, Texas and California; also spar- 
 ingly introduced along the coast from Virginia to Flor- 
 ida. June-July. 
 
 Hordeum jubatum 
 
 Squirrel-tail Grass. (Fig. 531.) 
 
 Hordeum jubatum *L,. Sp. PI. 85. 1753. 
 
 Culms lo'-a^ tall, erect, simple, usually 
 slender, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usually 
 shorter than the internodes, generally loose, smooth 
 and glabrous; ligule y?' f long or less; leaves i / ~5 / 
 long, i // -2 // wide, erect, rough; spike 2 / -4 / in length; 
 spikelets usually in 3*3, the central one containing 
 a palet and perfect flower, the lateral imperfect; 
 empty scales consisting of slender rough awns i'- 
 2)4' long! flowering scale of the central spikelet 
 3 // -4 // long, scabrous at the apex, bearing a slender 
 rough awn i / -2^ / long; the corresponding scale in 
 the lateral spikelets short-awned, about 3" long in- 
 cluding its pedicel, sometimes reduced to a rudiment. 
 
 In dry soil, Ontario to Alaska, south to Kansas, 
 Colorado and California. Naturalized in the east from 
 Labrador and Quebec to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. 
 July-Aug. 
 
 4. Hordeum murinum I,. 
 
 Hordeum murinum L. Sp. PI. 85. 1753. 
 
 Culms 6 x -2 tall, erect, or decumbent at the base, 
 smooth and glabrous. Sheaths loose, shorter than 
 the internodes on the long culms, overlapping on the 
 short ones, the uppermost often inflated and enclosing 
 the base of the spike; ligule very short; leaves i / -6 / 
 long, i // ~3 // wide, rough; spikes 2 / -4 / in length; 
 spikelets usually in 3's; scales awned, the empty ones 
 awn-like, scabrous, those of the central spikelet 
 broader and ciliate on the margins, bearing awns 9"- 
 i2 /x long, those of the lateral spikelets similar, with 
 the exception of the second scale, which is not ciliate; 
 flowering scales scabrous at the apex, bearing an awn 
 about \' long, those of the lateral spikelets about 6" 
 long, the corresponding scale in the central spikelet 
 somewhat smaller. 
 
 On ballast and sparingly in waste places, southern New 
 York and New Jersey. Also from Arizona to California. 
 Adventive or naturalized from Europe. June-July. 
 
 Wall Barley. (Fig. 532.) 
 
230 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 go. ELYMUS L. Sp. PI. 83. 1753. 
 
 Tall grasses, with usually flat leaves and dense terminal spikes. Spikelets 2-several- 
 flowered, (rarely i-flowered) sessile, usually in pairs, occasionally in 3*3 or more, in alter- 
 nate notches of the continuous or jointed rachis, the empty scales forming an apparent invo- 
 lucre to the cluster. Two lower scales empty, narrow, acute or awned, entire or rarely cleft; 
 flowering scales shorter, rounded on the back, 5-nerved, usually bearing an awn. Palct a 
 little shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas 
 plumose. Grain sparsely hairy at the summit, adherent to the palet. [Greek, to roll up, 
 referring to the involute palet.] 
 
 About 30 species, natives of temperate regions. Besides the following, some 10 others occur in 
 the western parts of North America. 
 
 Joints of the rachis tardily separating at maturity; awns ascending or none. 
 Flowering scales conspicuously awned (rarely awnless in No. 2). 
 Spikelets divergent from the rachis of the broad spike. 
 
 Empty scales awl-shaped; spikes slender. i. E. striatus. 
 
 Empty scales not awl-shaped; spikes stout. 
 
 Empty scales lanceolate, s-y-nerved; awn short; spike erect. 2. E. Virginicus. 
 Empty scales narrowly lanceolate, 3~5-nerved; awn about the length of the scale;. 
 
 spike usually nodding. 3. E. Canadensis, 
 
 Spikelets appressed to the rachis of the narrow spike. 
 
 Empty scales narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or awn-pointed. 4. E. glaucus. 
 
 Empty scales awl-shaped, bearing awns equalling or exceeding their length. 
 
 5. E. Macounii. 
 Flowering scales unawned or awn-pointed. 
 
 Flowering scales glabrous. 6. E. condensatus. 
 
 Flowering scales villous. 7. E. arenarius. 
 
 Joints of the rachis early separating; awns widely diverging. 8. E. elymoides. 
 
 i. Elymus striatus Willd. Slender Wild 
 Rye. (Fig. 533.) 
 
 Elymus striatus Willd. Sp. PI. i: 470. 1797. 
 
 Elymus striatus var. villosus A. Gray, Man. 603. 1848. 
 
 Culms 2-3 tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth, gla- 
 brous. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, 
 glabrous or hirsute; ligule very short; leaves s'-g' 
 long, 2 // -5 // wide, smooth or slightly rough beneath, 
 pubescent above; spike 2> / -4^ / in length, broad, 
 slender, dense; spikelets divergent from the rachis, 1-3- 
 flowered; empty scales awl-shaped, 9 // -i2 // long, in- 
 cluding the slender rough awn, i-3-nerved, the nerves, 
 and often the whole scale, rough, hispid or hirsute; 
 flowering scales about 3" long, smooth, scabrous or 
 hispid, bearing a slender rough awn 8 // -i5 // in length. 
 
 In woods and on banks, Maine and Ontario to Tennessee 
 and Kansas. Spike often nodding. June-July. 
 
 2. Elymus Virginicus L,. Terrell-grass. 
 
 Elymus Virginicus L. Sp. PI. 84. 1753. 
 
 Elymus Virginicus var. submulicus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 
 
 2: 255. 1840. 
 
 Culms 2-3 tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- 
 brous. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, 
 often overlapping on the lower part of the culm, 
 smooth, sometimes pubescent, the uppermost often 
 inflated and enclosing the peduncle and the base of 
 the spike; ligule very short; leaves 5 / -i4 / long, 
 2 // -8 // wide, rough; spike 2 / -7 / in length, broad, 
 stout, upright; spikelets divergent from the rachis, 
 2-3- flowered; empty scales thick and rigid, lanceo- 
 late, 8 // -i2 // long, including the short awn, 5-7- 
 nerved; flowering scales 3 // -4 // long, smooth, rarely 
 sparingly scabrous, bearing a rough awn 2 X/ -9 X/ in 
 length, or rarely awnless. 
 
 In moist soil, especially along streams, Nova Scotia 
 and New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Florida and 
 Texas. Ascends to 2000 ft. in North Carolina. July- Aug. 
 
 Virginia Wild Rye. (Fig. 534.) 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 231 
 
 3. Elymus Canadensis 
 
 Nodding Wild Rye. (Fig. 535.) 
 
 Elymus Canadensis L. Sp. PI. 83. 1753. 
 Elymus glaucifolius Willd. Enum. i: 131. 1809. 
 Elymus Canadensis var. glaucifolius Torr. Fl. U. S. i: 
 137. 1824. 
 
 Culms 2^-5 tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- 
 brous. Sheaths usually overlapping; ligule very 
 short; leaves 4'-! long or more, 2 // -io // wide, 
 rough, sometimes glaucous; spike 4 / -i2 / in length, 
 broad, stout, often nodding, its peduncle much ex- 
 serted; spikelets divergent from the rachis, 3-5- 
 flowered; empty scales narrowly lanceolate or awl- 
 shaped, rigid, 3-5-nerved, 8 // -i6 // long, including the 
 long slender rough awns; flowering scales \"~l" long, 
 nearly smooth to hirsute, bearing a slender scabrous 
 straight or divergent awn io // -25 // in length. 
 
 On river banks, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Al~ 
 berta, south to Georgia, Texas and New Mexico. Ascends 
 to 2100 ft. in Virginia. July-Aug. 
 
 4. Elymus glaucus Buckl. Smooth Wild Rye. (Fig. 536.) 
 
 Elymus glaucus Buckl. Proc. Aead. Phila. 1862: 99. 1862. 
 
 Elymus Americanus V. & S. ; Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 4: 
 245. 1888. 
 
 Elymus Sibiricus var. Americamis Wats. & Coult. in A. 
 Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 673. 1890. 
 
 Culms 2-5 tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. 
 Sheaths often shorter than the internodes, usually 
 glabrous, rarely pubescent; ligule \ /f long or less; 
 leaves 4 / -i2 / long, 2 // -8 // wide, smooth beneath, 
 sometimes rough above; spike 3 / -8 / in length, nar- 
 row, slender; spikelets appressed to the rachis, 3-6- 
 flowered; empty scales narrowly lanceolate, 4 // -6 // 
 long, acuminate or awn-pointed, rigid, 3-5-nerved; 
 flowering scales smooth or slightly rough, 5 // -6 // long, 
 bearing a slender straight rough awn 6 // -9 // in length. 
 
 In moist soil, Ontario to British Columbia, south to 
 Michigan, Arizona and California. June-Aug. 
 
 5. Elymus Macounii Vasey. Macoun' s Wild 
 Rye. (Fig. 537.) 
 
 Elymus Macounii Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 13: 119. 1886. 
 
 Culms i-3 tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. 
 Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule very short, 
 truncate; leaves 2 / -6 / long, i // -2^ // wide, rough, es- 
 pecially above; spike 2'-$' in length, narrow, slender, 
 often somewhat flexuous; spikelets appressed to the 
 rachis, single at each node, or the lower sometimes in 
 pairs, 1-3- flowered; empty scales (occasionally 3) awl- 
 shaped, 3-nerved, rough, 3 // ~4 // long, bearing a slender 
 straight rough awn, 3 // -5 // in length; flowering scales 
 3K x/ -5 /x long, rough toward the apex, bearing a slender 
 straight awn 3 // -5 // long. 
 
 Prairies, Manitoba and Assiniboia, south to Nebraska and 
 New Mexico. July-Aug. 
 
232 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 6. Elymus condensatus Presl. Smooth I^yme-grass. (Fig. 538.) 
 
 Elymus condensatus Presl, Reliq. Haenk. i : 265. 1830. 
 
 Culms 2-io tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- 
 brous. Sheaths smooth and glabrous, the upper ones 
 shorter than the internodes; ligule 2 // ~3 // long, trun- 
 cate; leaves 6 / -i long or more, 3 // -i2 // wide, sca- 
 brous, at least above; spike 4 / -i5 / in length, usually 
 stout, strict, often interrupted below, sometimes com- 
 pound at the base; spikelets 3-6-flowered, 2-several at 
 each node of the rachis; empty scales awl-shaped, 
 4/^ // -6 // long, i-nerved, usually rough; flowering 
 scales 4 // -5 // long, generally awn-pointed, usually 
 rough, sometimes smooth. 
 
 In wet saline situations, Alberta to British Columbia, 
 south to northwestern Nebraska, Arizona and California. 
 July-Aug. 
 
 7. Elymus arenarius I,. Downy L,yme- 
 grass. Sea I^yme-grass. (Fig. 539. ) 
 
 Elymus arenarius ~L,. Sp. PI. 83. 1753. 
 
 Culms i^-8 tall, erect, simple, usually softly pu- 
 bescent at the summit. Sheaths smooth and glabrous, 
 often glaucous, those at the base overlapping, the 
 upper shorter than the internodes; ligule very short; 
 leaves $'-1 long or more, \W-$" wide, flat, or 
 becoming involute, smooth beneath, rough above; 
 spike 3 / -io / in length, usually strict; spikelets 3-6- 
 flowered, frequently glaucous; empty scales 8 // -i4 // 
 l n g> 3-5-nerved, acuminate, more or less villous; 
 flowering scales 8 // -io // long, acute or awn-pointed, 
 5-7-nerved, usually very villous. 
 
 On shores, Greenland and Labrador to the Northwest 
 Territory and Alaska, south to Maine, Lake Superior and 
 Washington. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 8. Elymus elymoides (Raf. ) Swezey. lyong-bristled Wild Rye. (Fig. 540.) 
 
 Sitanion elymoides Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 103. 1819. 
 Elymus Sitanion Schultes, Mant. 2: 426. 1824. 
 Elymus elymoides Swezey, Neb. Fl. PI. 15. 1891. 
 
 Culms 6 / -2 tall, erect, simple, smooth, glabrous. 
 Sheaths smooth or rough, sometimes hirsute, usu- 
 ally overlapping, the upper one often inflated and 
 enclosing the base of the spike; ligule short; 
 leaves 2 / ~7 / long, %"-z" wide, often stiff and 
 erect, usually rough, sometimes hirsute, flat or 
 involute; spike 2 / -6 / in length; spikelets i-5-flow- 
 ered; empty scales entire or divided, often to the 
 base, the divisions awl-shaped and bearing long 
 unequal slender awns, i / ~5/4 / in length; flowering 
 scales 3 // -5 // long, 5-nerved, scabrous, at least to- 
 ward the apex, bearing a long slender divergent 
 awn i / -3/^ / in length, the apex of the scale some- 
 times 2-toothed, the teeth often produced into short 
 awns; joints of the rachis separating at maturity. 
 
 In dry soil, South Dakota to Oregon, south to Kansas, Texas, Arizona and California. July-Aug. 
 
GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 233 
 
 91. HYSTRIX Moench, Meth. 294. 1794. 
 
 [ASPRELI.A Willd. Enum. 132. 1809. Not Schreb. 1789.] 
 
 [GYMNOSTICHUM Schreb. Beschr. Gras. 2: 127. pi. 47. 1810.] 
 
 Usually tall grasses, with flat leaves and terminal spikes. Spikelets 2-several-flowered, 
 in pairs, rarely in 3*3, at each node of the rachis. Empty scales wanting, or sometimes ap- 
 pearing as mere rudiments; flowering scales narrow, convolute, rigid, rounded on the back, 
 5-nerved above, terminating in an awn; palet scarcely shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. 
 Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, adhering to the 
 palet when dry. [Greek name of the Porcupine, referring to the long awns.] 
 
 Four known species, the following and a Cali- 
 fornian one occurring in North America. 
 
 i. Hystrix Hystrix (I,.) Millsp. 
 Bottle-brush Grass. (Fig. 541.) 
 
 Elymus Hystrix I,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 124. 1762. 
 Asprella Hystrix Willd. Enum. 132. 1809. 
 Gymnostichum Hystrix Schreb. Beschr. Gras. 2: 
 
 127. pi. 47. 1810. 
 Hystrix Hystrix Millsp. El. W. Va. 474. 1892. 
 
 Culms 2-4 tall, erect, simple, smooth and 
 glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter than the in- 
 ternodes; ligule very short; leaves 4X / ~9 / long, 
 3 // -6 // wide, smooth beneath, rough above; 
 spike 3 / -7 / in length, spikelets at length widely 
 spreading, 4 // -6 // long, exclusive of the awns; 
 empty scales awn-like, usually present in the 
 lowest spikelet; flowering scales 4 // -6 // long, 
 acuminate into an awn about i' in length. 
 
 In rocky woods, New Brunswick to Ontario, 
 south to Georgia, Illinois and Minnesota. Ascends 
 to 2100 ft. in Virginia. Spikelets very easily de- 
 tached, even when young. June-July. 
 
 92. ARUNDINARIA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 73. 1803. 
 
 Arborescent or shrubby grasses, with simple or branched culms and flat short-petioled 
 leaves which are articulated with the sheath. Spikelets borne in panicles or racemes, 
 2-many-flowered, large, compressed. Empty scales i or 2, the first sometimes wanting; 
 flowering scales longer, not keeled, many nerved; palets scarcely shorter than the scales, 
 prominently 2-keeled. Lodicules 3. Stamens 3. Styles 2 or 3. Stigmas plumose. Grain 
 furrowed, free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [From Arundo, the Latin name of the Reed.] 
 
 About 24 species, natives of Asia and America. Two are found in the southern United States. 
 
 i. Arundinaria tecta (Walt.) Muhl. 
 Scutch Cane. Small Cane. (Fig. 542.) 
 
 Arundo tecta Walt. Fl. Car. 81. 1788. 
 Arundinaria tecta Muhl. Gram. 191. 1817. 
 Arundinaria macrosperma var. suffruticosa 
 Munro, Trans. L,inn. Soc. 26: 15. 1868. 
 
 Culms 3-i5 tall, erect, shrubby, branch- 
 ing at the summit, smooth and glabrous. 
 Sheaths longer than the internodes, smooth or 
 rough, ciliate on the margins; ligule bristly; 
 leaves lanceolate, 3^ / -8 / long, 4 // -i2 // wide, 
 flat, more or less pubescent beneath, glabrous 
 above; racemes terminal, or on short leafless 
 culms; spikelets 7-io-flowered, I'-iJ^' long, on 
 pedicels \ f in length or less, which are some- 
 times pubescent; empty scales unequal, the first 
 usually very small, sometimes wanting; flower- 
 ing scales 6 // -io // long, acute or acuminate, 
 smooth, scabrous or pubescent. 
 
 In swamps and moist soil, Maryland to Indiana 
 and Missouri, Florida and Texas. May-July. 
 
234 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 Family 8. CYPERACEAE J. St. Mil. Expos. Fam. i: 62. 1805. 
 
 SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 Grass-like or rush-like herbs. Stems (culms) slender, solid (rarely hollow), 
 triangular, quadrangular, terete or flattened. Roots fibrous (many species per- 
 ennial by long rootstocks). Leaves narrow, with closed sheaths. Flowers per- 
 fect or imperfect, arranged in spikelets, one (rarely 2) in the axil of each scale 
 (glume, bract), the spikelets solitary or clustered, i -many-flowered. Scales 2- 
 ranked or spirally imbricated, persistent or deciduous. Perianth hypogynous, 
 composed of bristles, or interior scales, rarely calyx-like, or entirely wanting. 
 Stamens 1-3, rarely more. Filaments slender or filiform. Anthers 2 -celled. 
 Ovary i -celled, sessile or stipitate. Ovule i, anatropous, erect. Style 2-3- 
 cleft or rarely simple or minutely 2 -toothed. Fruit a lenticular plano-convex 
 or trigonous achene. Endosperm mealy. Embryo minute. 
 
 About 65 genera and 3000 species, of very wide geographic distribution. The dates given be- 
 low indicate the time of perfecting fruit. 
 
 Flowers of the spikelets all, or at least one of them, perfect; spikelets all similar. 
 Scales of the spikelets 2-ranked. 
 
 Perianth none; spikelets in solitary or umbelled terminal heads. 
 
 Spikelets with 2-several perfect flowers; scales several to numerous, i. Cyperus. 
 Spikelets with but i perfect flower; scales 2-4. 2. Kyllinga. 
 
 Perianth of 6-9 bristles; inflorescence axillary. 3. Dulich^um. 
 
 Scales of the spikelets spirally imbricated all around. 
 Spikelets with several to many perfect flowers. 
 
 Base of the style swollen, persistent as a tubercle on the achene. 
 
 Leaves reduced to basal sheaths; bristles usually present; spikelet solitary. 
 
 4. Eleocharis. 
 Culm leafy; bristles none; spikelets i-numerous. 
 
 Spikelets capitate, involucrate. 5. Dichromena. 
 
 Spikelets umbellate or cymose. 
 
 Spikelets in terminal and axillary compound cymes; most of the style per- 
 sistent. 6. Psilocarya. 
 Spikelets in a terminal umbel, base of style persistent. 7. Stenophyllus. 
 Base of the style enlarged or narrow, deciduous. 
 
 Flowers with no broad sepals nor interior perianth-scales. 
 
 Style swollen at the base; bristles none. 8. Fimbristylis. 
 
 Style not swollen at the base; bristles usually present. 
 
 Spikelets solitary-many; bristles 1-6, rarely none. 9. Scirpus. 
 
 Spikelets solitary or few; bristles 6-many, soft, smooth, very long, slender, 
 much exserted. 10. Eriophorum. 
 
 Flowers with a perianth of 3 stalked sepals or of i or 2 interior hyaline scales. 
 Perianth of 3 broad stalked sepals, usually alternating with as many bristles. 
 
 ii. Fuireno. 
 Perianth of i or 2 hyaline scales (sepals?); bristles none. 
 
 Perianth of a single minute posterior scale. 12. Hemicarpha. 
 
 Perianth of 2 scales, convolute around the ovary. 13. Lipocarpha. 
 
 Spikelets i-4-flpwered, some of the flowers imperfect. 
 
 Style, or its base, persistent as a tubercle on the achene. 14. Rynchospora. 
 
 Style wholly deciduous. 15. Cladium. 
 
 Flowers all monoecious or dioecious, usually borne in separate small spikelets. 
 Achene not enclosed in a utricle (perigynium). 
 
 Spikelets clustered or solitary, not in a terminal spike; achene bony. 16. Scleria. 
 Spikelets forming a terminal spike; arctic genera. 
 
 Scales 2-flowered, androgynous. 17. Elyna. 
 
 Scales i-flowered, monoecious. 18. Kobresia. 
 
 Achene enclosed in a utricle (perigynium). 
 
 Axis of the pistillate flower conspicuous, subulate, often' exserted beyond the perigynium. 
 
 19. Uncinia. 
 Axis of the pistillate flower rudimentary or none, not exserted. 20. Carex. 
 
 i. CYPERUS L. Sp. PL 44. 1753. 
 
 Annual or perennial sedges. Culms in our species simple, triangular, leafy near the 
 base, and with i or more leaves at the summit, forming an involucre to the simple or com- 
 pound, umbellate or capitate inflorescence. Rays of the umbel sheathed at the base, 
 usually very unequal, one or more of the heads or spikes commonly sessile. Spikelets flat 
 or subterete, composed of few or many scales, the scales falling away from the wingless or 
 winged rachis as they mature (nos. 1-19), or persistent and the spikelets falling away 
 from the axis of the head or spike with the scales attached (nos. 20-32). Scales concave, 
 conduplicate or keeled, 2-ranked, all flower-bearing or the lower ones empty. Flowers per- 
 fect. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, deciduous from the summit of the 
 lenticular or 3-angled achene. [Ancient Greek name for these sedges.] 
 
 About 650 species, of wide distribution in tropical and temperate regions. Besides the follow- 
 ing, some 40 others occur in the southern United States. The English names Galingale and Sweet 
 Rush are sometimes applied to all the species. 
 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 235 
 
 Style 2-cleft; achene lenticular, not 3-angled; scales falling from the racliis; spikelets flat. 
 Achene one-half as long as the scale; umbel nearly or quite simple. 
 
 Spikelets yellow; superficial cells of the achene oblong. i. C.flavescens. 
 
 Spikelets green or brown; superficial cells of the achene quadrate. 
 Scales obtuse or obtusish, appressed. 
 
 Scales membranous, dull; style much exserted. 2. C. diandrus. 
 
 Scales subcoriaceous, shining; style scarcely exserted. 3. C. rivularis. 
 
 Scales acute, somewhat spreading at maturity. 
 
 Achene narrowly obovate; spikelets 54'-i^' long. 4. C. Nuttallii. 
 
 Achene linear-oblong; spikelets 3" -9" long. 5. C. micrpdontus. 
 
 Achene nearly as long as the scale; umbel sometimes much compound. 6. C. flavicomus. 
 Style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled. 
 
 Scales falling away from the persistent rachis of the flattened spikelets. 
 Wings of the rachis, if present, permanently adnate to it. 
 
 Scales tipped with recurved awns; low annual, i'-6' tall. 7. C. inflexus. 
 
 Scales acute or obtuse : not awned. 
 
 Wings of the rachis none or very narrow. 
 
 Stamens 3; spikelets linear-oblong, 4" -12" long; scales acute. 
 
 C. compressus. 
 9. C. Schweinitzii. 
 
 10. C. pseudovegetus. 
 
 11. C. acttminatus. 
 
 12. C.fuscus. 
 
 18. C. erythrorhizos. 
 
 19. C. Halei. 
 
 Annual; culms smooth, 2' -id long. 
 Perennial; culms rough, i-2 I / 4 tall. 
 Stamen i; spikelets ovate, 2" '-4" long. 
 
 Tall perennial ; achene linear; scales acutish. 
 Low annual; achene oblong; scale-tips recurved. 
 Wings of the rachis distinct. 
 
 Low annual, adventive from Europe; scales brown. 
 Tall indigenous perennials (no. 13 sometimes annual?). 
 
 Lower leaves reduced to pointed sheaths. 13. C. Haspan. 
 
 Leaves all elongated-linear. 
 
 Scales mucronate, reddish brown or green. 14. C. dentatus. 
 
 Scales acute or obtuse, not mucronate. 
 
 Scales wholly or partly purple-brown; achene linear. 
 
 Scales tightly appressed. 15. C. rotundus. 
 
 Tips of the scales free. 16. C. Hallii. 
 
 Scales straw-colored; achene obovoid. 17. C. esculentus. 
 
 Wings of the rachis separating from it as interior scales; annuals. 
 Spikes loose; spikelets 3"-io" long. 
 Spikes dense, cylindric; spikelets i^"-2K" long. 
 
 Spikelets falling away from the axis of the spikes, the lower pair of scales commonly persistent. 
 Annuals; spikelets elongated, nearly terete. 
 Scales imbricated; achene obovoid. 
 
 Scales thin, dull brown; spikelets very slender. 20. C. speciosus. 
 
 Scales rigid, yellow-brown ; spikelets stout. 21. C.ferox. 
 
 Scales distant; achene linear-oblong. 22. C. Engelmanni. 
 
 Perennial by hard, tuber-like basal corms; spikelets more or less flattened. 
 Achene narrowly linear-oblong, 3-4 times as long as thick. 
 
 Spikelets flat, several-many-flowered. 23. C. strigosus. 
 
 Spikelets subterete, few-flowered. 
 
 Spikelets 6"-i 2" long, loosely spicate ; lower reflexed. 24. C. refractus. 
 Spikelets i l /4"-6" long, densely capitate or spicate. 
 
 Spikelets all reflexed; culms rough. 25. C. retrofractus. 
 
 Spikelets spreading or only the lower reflexed; culms smooth. 
 Heads oblong or cylindric. 
 
 Spikelets 3" -5" long, the lower reflexed. 26. C. Lancastriensis. 
 Spikelets i J4 "-2" long, the lower spreading. 27. C. cylindricus. 
 Heads globose. v 28. C. ovularis. 
 
 Achene oblong or obovoid, about twice as long as thick. 
 Rachis wingless or very narrowly winged. 
 
 Scales pale green, membranous, dull. 29. C.filiculmis. 
 
 Scales chestnut-brown, firm, shining. 30. C. Houghtoni. 
 
 Rachis-wings membranous, broad. 
 
 Scales firm, not appressed; spikelets loosely capitate. 31. C. Grayi. 
 Scales thin, closely appressed; spikelets densely capitate. 32. C. echinatus. 
 
 i. Cyperus flavescens I,. Yellow 
 Cyperus. (Fig. 543.) 
 
 Cyperus flavescens L- Sp. PI. 46. 1753. 
 
 Annual, culms very slender, tufted, leafy below, 
 3 / -i2 / tall, mostly longer than the leaves. Leaves 
 \ ff -\Yz ff wide, smooth, the longer usually exceed- 
 ing the inflorescence; clusters terminal and sessile 
 or on 1-4 short rays; spikelets in 3's-6's, linear, 
 subacute, yellow, many- flowered, flat, 4 // -9 // long, 
 T.}k ff -i ff broad; scales ovate, obtuse, i-nerved, ap- 
 pressed, twice as long as the orbicular-obovate 
 black obtuse lenticular shining achene; stamens 3; 
 style deeply 2-cleft, its branches slightly exserted; 
 superficial cells of the achene oblong. 
 
 In marshy ground, Maine to Michigan, Florida and 
 Mexico. Also in the Old World. Aug. -Oct. 
 
236 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 2. Cyperus diandrus Torr. L,ow Cyperus. (Fig. 544.) 
 
 Cyperus diandrus Torr. Cat. PI. N. Y. 90. 1819. 
 
 Cyperus diandrus elongatus Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 
 19: 226. 1892. 
 
 Annual, culms tufted, slender, 2 / -i5 / tall. I/eaves 
 about i // wide, those of the involucre usually 3, 
 the longer much exceeding the spikelets; clusters 
 sessile and terminal, or at the ends of 1-3 rays; 
 spikelets 4 // ~9 // long, linear-oblong, acute, flat, 
 many-flowered; scales ovate, green, brown, or 
 with brown margins, obtuse, i-nerved, appressed, 
 membranous, dull; stamens 2 or 3; style 2-cleft, 
 its branches much exserted; achene lenticular, 
 oblong, subacute, gray, not shining, one-half as 
 long as the scale, its superficial cells quadrate, 
 about as long as wide. 
 
 In marshy places New Brunswick to Minnesota, 
 south to South Carolina and Kansas. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 The var. elongatus is only a form with longer spike- 
 lets, found in southern New York and New Jersey. 
 
 3. Cyperus rivularis Kuuth. Shining 
 Cyperus. (Fig. 545.) 
 
 Cyperus rivularis Kunth, Enum. 2: 6. 1837. 
 
 Cyperus diandrus var. (?) castaneus Torr. Ann. L,yc. 
 N. Y. 3: 252. 1836. Not C. castaneus Willd. 1798. 
 
 Similar to the preceding species, culms slender, 
 tufted, 4 / -i5 / tall. Umbel usually simple; spikelets 
 linear or linear- oblong, acutish, 4 // -io // long; scales 
 green or dark brown or with brown margins, 
 appressed, firm, subcoriaceous, shining, obtuse; 
 stamens mostly 3; style 2-cleft, scarcely exserted; 
 achene oblong or oblong-obovate, lenticular, some- 
 what pointed, dull, its superficial cells quadrate. 
 
 In wet soil, especially along streams and ponds, 
 Maine to southern Ontario and Michigan, south to 
 Virginia and Missouri. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 4. Cyperus Nuttallii Eddy. Nuttall's Cyperus. (Fig. 546.) 
 
 Cyperus Nuttallii Eddy; Spreng. Neue Entd. i: 240, 
 1820. 
 
 Annual, culms slender, tufted, 4 / -i8 / tall, equal- 
 ling or often longer than the leaves. Leaves of the 
 involucre 3-5, spreading, the larger often 5' long;, 
 umbel simple or slightly compound, 3~7-rayed; 
 spikelets rather loosely clustered, linear, very acute,, 
 flat, spreading, J^'-i^' long, i // -i>^ // wide; scales 
 yellowish-brown with a green keel, oblong, acute, 
 rather loosely spreading at maturity; stamens 2- T 
 style 2-cleft, its branches somewhat exserted; achene 
 lenticular, narrowly obovate, obtuse or truncate, 
 dull, light brown, one-third to one-half as long as 
 the scale, its superficial cells quadrate. 
 
 Salt marshes, Maine to Mississippi. Aug. -Oct. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 237 
 
 5. Cyperus microdontus Torr. Coast Cyperus. (Fig. 547.) 
 
 Cyperus microdontus Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 255. 
 1836. 
 
 Annual, similar to the preceding species, culms 
 very slender, tufted, sometimes 20' high, usually 
 lower. Leaves about \" wide, those of the invo- 
 lucre much elongated; umbel commonly simple, 
 sessile, capitate, or i-6-rayed; spikelets linear, 
 acute, 3 // ~9 // long, less than i x/ wide, yellowish- 
 brown; scales ovate, acute, thin, appressed when 
 young, spreading at maturity; stamens 2; style 2- 
 cleft, its branches much exserted ; achene lenticular, 
 linear-oblong, short-pointed, light brown, one-half 
 as long as the scale, its superficial cells quadrate. 
 
 In wet soil, on or near the coast, Virginia to 
 Florida and Texas. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 6. Cyperus flavicomus Michx. Elegant Cyperus. (Fig. 548.) 
 
 Cyperus flavicomus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 27. 1803. 
 
 Annual, culms stout or slender, i-3 tall, leafy 
 below. Leaves smooth, or rough-margined, 2 // -3 // 
 wide, those of the involucre 3-8, the longer ones 
 much exceeding the inflorescence; umbels few- 
 several-rayed, often compound; primary rays %.'- 
 2, I < / long; spikelets numerous, usually densely clus- 
 tered, linear, acute, 4 // -io // long, i // -i^ // wide, 
 flat, many-flowered, spreading; scales oblong, ob- 
 tuse, thin, dull, yellowish-brown, scarious-mar- 
 gined, faintly 3-nerved; stamens 3; style 2-cleft, 
 little exserted; achenes obovate, lenticular, black, 
 mucronate, not shining, nearly as long as the 
 scales and often persistent on the rachis after these 
 have fallen away. 
 
 In wet or moist sandy soil, Virginia to Florida and 
 Louisiana. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 7. Cyperus inflexus Muhl. Awned Cyperus. (Fig. 549.) 
 
 Cyperus inflexus Muhl. Gram. 16. 1817. 
 
 Cyperus aristattis Boeckl. Linnaea. 35: 500, in part. 1868. 
 Not Rottb. 1773. 
 
 Annual, culms slender or almost filiform, tufted, i'- 
 6' tall, about equalled by the leaves. Leaves \" wide 
 or less, those of the involucre 2-3, exceeding the umbel; 
 umbel sessile, capitate, or i-3-rayed; spikelets linear- 
 oblong, 6-io-flowered, 2 // -3 // long; scales light brown, 
 lanceolate, rather firm, strongly several-nerved, taper- 
 ing into a long, recurved awn, falling from the rachis 
 at maturity; stamen i; style 3-cleft; rachis narrowly 
 winged, the wings persistent; achene 3-angled, brown, 
 dull, narrowly obovoid or oblong, obtuse, mucronulate. 
 
 In wet, sandy soil, Vermont to the Northwest Territory 
 and Oregon, south to Florida, Texas, California and 
 Mexico. Fragrant in drying. July-Sept. 
 
238 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 8. Cyperus compressus L. Flat Cyperus. (Fig. 550.) 
 
 Cyperus compressus L- Sp. PI. 46. 1753. 
 
 Annual, tufted, culms slender, erect or reclining, 
 smooth, s'-io' long. Leaves light green, about i" 
 wide, those of the involucre 2-3, the longer exceeding 
 the spikelets; umbel capitate or with 2-3 short rays; 
 spikelets narrowly lanceolate, acute, 4 // -io // long, 
 i%"-2 f/ wide, very flat, man y- flowered ; scales 
 light green with a yellow band on each side, ovate, 
 acuminate, firm, keeled, several-nerved, falling away 
 from the narrowly-winged rachis at maturity; stamens 
 3; style 3-cleft; achene sharply 3-angled, obovoid, ob- 
 tuse, dull, brown, about one-third as long as the 
 scale. 
 
 In fields, Maryland to Florida, west to Missouri and 
 Texas. Also in tropical America and in the warmer 
 parts of Asia and Africa. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 9. Cyperus Schweinitzii Torr. Schweinitz's Cyperus. (Fig. 551.) 
 
 Cyperus Schweinitzii Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 276. 
 1836. 
 
 Perennial by the thickened corm-like bases of the 
 culms, tufted, culms rather slender, rough, at least 
 above, .i-2^ tall, about equalled by the light 
 green leaves. Leaves i // -2^ // wide, rough-mar- 
 gined, those of the involucre 3-7, erect, the longer 
 exceeding the inflorescence; umbel simple, 3-9- 
 rayed, the rays erect, sometimes 4' long; spikelets 
 flat, in rather loose ovoid spikes, which are sessile 
 and at the ends of the rays, linear-oblong, 6-12- 
 flowered, 4 // -8 // long; scales convex, light green, 
 ovate, acute or acuminate, 9-i3-nerved, falling 
 away from the rachis at maturity; stamens 3; style 
 3-cleft; achene sharply 3-angled, oblong, brown, 
 acute at each end, nearly as long as the scale, its 
 superficial cells quadrate. 
 
 In sandy soil, especially along lakes and streams, 
 western New York and southern Ontario to the North- 
 west Territory, Minnesota and Kansas. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 10. Cyperus pseudovegetus Steud. Marsh. Cyperus. (Fig. 552.) 
 
 Cyperus pseudovege tus Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 24. 1855. 
 Cyperus calcaratus Nees; S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 
 6, 570. 1890. 
 
 Perennial by thickened tuber-like joints of the 
 rootstocks, culm rather stout, i-4 high, often 
 equalled by the leaves. Leaves i^ x/ -2 /x wide, 
 smooth, nodulose, the mid vein prominent; leaves of 
 the involucre 4-6, spreading, the longer much ex- 
 ceeding the inflorescence; umbel several -rayed, com- 
 pound, the primary rays often 4' long; spikelets 
 ovate, flat, many-flowered, light green, densely capi- 
 tate, 2 // -3 // long; scales keeled, conduplicate, i- 
 nerved, curved, acute, longer than the linear 
 3-angled slightly stalked achene ; stamen i ; style 
 3-cleft. 
 
 In marshes, Delaware to Florida, west to Kansas and 
 Texas. July-Sept. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 2 39 
 
 ii. Cyperus acuminatus Torr. & Hook. 
 Short-pointed Cyperus. (Fig. 553.) 
 
 Cyperus acuminatus Torr. & Hook. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 
 435- 1836. 
 
 Annual, culms very slender, tufted, 3 / -i5 / tall, 
 longer than or equalling the leaves. Leaves light 
 green, usually less than i" wide, those of the invo- 
 lucre much elongated; umbel i-4-rayed, simple; rays 
 short; spikelets flat, ovate-oblong, obtuse, 2 // -4 // 
 long, many-flowered, densely capitate; scales oblong, 
 pale green, 3-nerved, coarsely cellular, conduplicate, 
 with a short sharp more or less recurved tip; stamen 
 i; style 3-cleft; achene sharply 3-angled, gray, ob- 
 long, narrowed at each end, about one-half as long 
 as the scale. 
 
 In moist soil, Illinois to Louisiana, west to ^Kansas, 
 Oregon, Texas and California. July-Oct. 
 
 12. Cyperus fuscus L. Brown Cyperus. (Fig. 554.) 
 Cyperus fuscus L. Sp. PI. 46. 1753. 
 
 Annual, culms slender, tufted, 6'-i5 / high, longer 
 than or equalled by the leaves. Leaves rather dark 
 green, about \" wide, those of the involucre 4-6, 
 the longer much exceeding the inflorescence; um- 
 bel several-rayed, somewhat compound, the rays 
 short; spikelets linear, 2 // -7 // long, less than i" 
 wide, many-flowered, acute; scales ovate, subacute, 
 becoming dark brown or remaining greenish on 
 the keel, faintly about 3-nerved on the back, sepa- 
 rating from the narrowly winged rachis as they 
 mature; stamens 2 or 3; style 3-cleft; achene sharply 
 3-angled, oblong, pointed at each end, nearly as 
 long as the scale. 
 
 Revere Beach, Mass., and New London, Conn. Ad- 
 ventive or fugitive from Europe. Also in ballast about 
 the eastern seaports. July-Sept. 
 
 13. Cyperus Haspan L,. 
 
 Cyperus Haspan L. Sp. PI. 45. 1753. 
 
 Perennial by short rootstocks (sometimes an- 
 lual ?), roots fibrous, culms slender, weak, tufted, 
 3 -3 high. Lower leaves reduced to membran- 
 ous acuminate sheaths, those of the involucre 
 ibout 2, usually less than \' f wide, commonly little 
 seceding or shorter than the inflorescence; umbel 
 sveral-rayed, simple or compound, the longer 
 ays i / -2 / long; spikelets few, capitate, linear, 
 :ute, many -flowered, 3 // -6 // long, about X" 
 ide; scales oblong or oblong-lanceolate, reddish- 
 rown, acute, mucronulate, keeled, 3-nerved; 
 ichis narrowly winged; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, 
 :arcely exserted; achene 3-angled, broadly ob- 
 svoid, obtuse, nearly white, very much shorter 
 lan the scale. 
 
 In swamps, Virginia to Florida and Texas, mostly 
 the coast. Also in tropical America and in the 
 ler parts of Europe, Asia and Australia. July- 
 
 Sheathed Cyperus. (Fig. 555.) 
 
 16 
 
240 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 14. Cyperus dentatus Torr. Toothed Cyperus. (Fig. 556.) 
 
 Cyperus dentatus Torr. Fl. U. S. i: 61. 1824. 
 
 Perennial by scaly rootstocks which sometimes^ 
 bear small tubers, culms rather stiff, 8 / -2O / tall, 
 longer than or equalled by the leaves. Leaves 
 keeled, i // -2 // wide, those of the involucre 3-4, 
 one or two of them usually exceeding the inflores- 
 cence; umbel several-rayed, somewhat compound; 
 longer rays i / ~3 / long; spikelets linear, very flat, 
 many-flowered, mostly blunt, 5 // -io // long, nearly 
 2" wide; scales light reddish-brown, ovate-lanceo- 
 late, thin, keeled, s-y-nerved, mucronate, separa- 
 ting from the rachis when mature, their tips 
 spreading, causing the spikelet to appear toothed;, 
 stamens 3; style 3-cleft, the branches exserted; 
 achene 3-angled, obtuse, mucronate, light brown, 
 much shorter than the scale. 
 
 In sandy swamps and on river shores, Maine to- 
 northern New York, south to West Virginia and South 
 Carolina. Scales often modified into tufts of small 
 leaves. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 15. Cyperus rotundus L/. Nut-grass. (Fig. 557.) 
 
 Cyperus rotundus L. Sp. PI. 45. 1753. 
 Cyperus Hydra Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 27. 
 
 1803. 
 
 Perennial by scaly tuber-bearing rootstocks, 
 culm rather stout, 6 / -2o / high, usually longer than 
 the leaves. Leaves *%'-$'_ wide, those of the invo- 
 lucre 3-5, the longer equalling or exceeding the in- 
 florescence; umbel compound or nearly simple, 3- 
 8-rayed, the longer rays 2'-^%' long; spikelets 
 linear, closely clustered, few in each cluster, acute, 
 4 // -io // long, \ ff -\y z " wide; scales dark purple- 
 brown or with green margins and centre, ovate, 
 acute, closely appressed when mature, about 3- 
 nerved on the keel; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, its 
 branches exserted; achene 3-angled, about one-half 
 as long as the scale. 
 
 In fields, Virginia to Florida, west to Kansas and 
 Texas. Adventive in or about ballast deposits at the 
 eastern seaports. Also in tropical America, and widely 
 distributed in the Old World. July-Sept. 
 
 1 6. Cyperus Hallii Britton. Hall's 
 Cyperus. (Fig. 558.) 
 
 Cyperus Hallii Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 13: 211. 
 
 1886. 
 
 Perennial by scaly rootstocks, culm rather stout, 
 2-3 tall, about equalled by the leaves. Basal 
 leaves 2 // -3 // wide; involucral leaves 3-6, the longer 
 very much exceeding the inflorescence; umbel 
 compound, its longer rays 3 X -4 X long, the raylets 
 sometimes \' long; spikelets numerous, loosely 
 clustered, linear, y-is-flowered, 5 // -8 // long, \"- 
 i^ /x wide; involucels setaceous; scales ovate, acute, 
 strongly y-g-nerved, dark reddish-brown or with 
 lighter margins, their tips not appressed; stamens 
 3; style 3-cleft, its branches much exserted; achene 
 linear-oblong, 3-angled, about one-half as long as 
 the scale. 
 
 Kansas and the Indian Territory to Texas. July- 
 Sept. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 241 
 
 17. Cyperus esculentus L,. Yellow Nut-grass. (Fig. 559.) 
 
 Cyperus esculentus L. Sp. PI. 45. 1753. 
 Cyperus phymatodes Muhl. Gram. 23. 1817. 
 
 Perennial by scaly horizontal tuber-bearing root- 
 stocks, culm usually stout, i-2^ tall, commonly 
 shorter than the leaves. Leaves light green, -2. ff -\" 
 wide, the midvein prominent; those of the in- 
 volucre 3-6, the longer much exceeding the in- 
 florescence; umbel 4-io-rayed, often compound; 
 spikelets numerous in loose spikes, straw-color or 
 yellowish-brown, flat, spreading, 6 // -i2 // long, 
 t-Yz" wide, many-flowered; scales ovate-oblong, sub- 
 acute, 3-5- nerved; rachis narrowly winged; stamens 
 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, obtuse, 3-angled. 
 
 In moist fields, New Brunswick to Minnesota, south 
 to Florida and Texas. Also on the Pacific Coast from 
 California to Alaska, in tropical America, and widely 
 distributed in the Old World. Sometimes a trouble- 
 some weed. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 Cyperus esculentus angustispicatus Britton, Bull. Torr. 
 
 Club, 13: 211. 1886. 
 Spikelets very slender, i" wide or less. Massachusetts to South Carolina and Missouri. 
 
 18. Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. Red-rooted Cyperus. (Fig. 560.) 
 
 Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. Gram. 20. 1817. 
 
 Annual, culms tufted, stout or slender, 3 x -2 tall. 
 Leaves i^ // -4 // wide, rough-margined, the lower 
 longer than or equalling the culm, those of the in- 
 volucre 3-7, some of them 3-5 times as long as the 
 inflorescence; umbel mostly compound, several- 
 rayed; spikelets linear, subacute, 3 // -io // long, less 
 than \" wide, compressed, many-flowered, clus- 
 tered in oblong, nearly or quite sessile spikes; 
 scales bright chestnut brown, oblong-lanceolate, 
 mucronulatc, appressed, separating from the rachis 
 at maturity, the membranous wings of the rachis 
 separating as a pair of hyaline interior scales; sta- 
 mens 3; style 3-cleft; achene sharply 3-angled, ob- 
 long, pointed at both ends, pale, one-half as long 
 as the scale. 
 
 In wet soil, especially along streams, southern On- 
 tario to Massachusetts and Florida, west to Missouri, 
 Kansas, Texas and California. Aug.-Oct. 
 Cyperus erythrorhizos var. pumilus Engelm. is a low form, not worthy of varietal rank. 
 
 19. Cyperus Halei Torr. Hale's Cyperus. 
 (Fig. 561.) 
 
 Cyperus Halei Torr,; Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 13: 
 213. 1886. 
 
 Annual, culm stout, 2-3 tall, about equalled 
 by the leaves. Leaves $"-4," wide, very rough- 
 margined, those of the involucre 5-8, much elong- 
 ated; umbel compound, several -rayed; spikes cy- 
 lindric, sessile or very nearly so, exceedingly dense, 
 l /2 f -\' long; spikelets very numerous, linear, \Y*"~ 
 2^" long, Y*" wide, spreading; scales brown, 
 keeled, indistinctly 5-nerved, oblong, mucronu- 
 late, separating from the rachis at maturity, the 
 wings of the rachis separating as a pair of hyaline 
 scales, as in the preceding species; stamens 3; 
 style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled, minute. 
 
 In swamps, southern Missouri to Tennessee, Louisi- 
 ana and Florida. July-Sept. 
 
242 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 20. Cyperus speciosus Vahl. Michaux's Cyperus. (Fig. 562.) 
 
 Cyperus sfieciosusVahl, Bnum. 2: 364. 1806. 
 Cyperus Michauxiamis Schultes, Mant. 2: 
 123. 1824. 
 
 Annual , culms stout or slender, usually 
 tufted, 5'-2 tall, reddish toward the 
 base. Leaves rough -margined, iX // - 2 /^ // 
 wide, shorter than or equalling the culm, 
 the midvein prominent; leaves of the in- 
 volucre much exceeding the umbel; um- 
 bel compound or nearly simple, 3-7-rayed, 
 the primary rays I'-S,^' long; involucels 
 narrow; spikelets subterete, very nar- 
 rowly linear, loosely or densely clustered, 
 4 // -i2 // long, less than \" thick, 10-30- 
 flowered, falling away from the axis at 
 maturity; scales dull brown, thin, ap- 
 pressed, densely imbricated, ovate, ob- 
 tuse, faintly 3~5-nerved on the back; 
 rachis-wings broad, clasping the achene, 
 persistent; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, slight- 
 ly exserted; achene pale, 3-angled, about 
 one-half as long as the scale, its super- 
 ficial cells nearly quadrate. 
 
 In marshes, Rhode Island to Ohio and Minnesota, south to Florida, Texas and California. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 Cyperus speciosus ferruginescens (Boeckl. ) Britton, Mem. Torn Club, 5: 61. 1894. 
 Cyperus ferruginescens Boeckl. Linnaea, 36: 396. 1869-70. 
 
 Scales spreading or slightly recurved, reddish. Missouri to Texas and New Mexico. 
 
 Cyperus speciosus parvus (Boeckl.) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 13: 214. 1886. 
 Cyperus parvus Boeckl. I<innaea, 36: 397. 1869-70. 
 
 Culm i '-3' high; umbel very simple, generally of but a single cluster of short spikelets. Mis- 
 souri to New Mexico. 
 
 21. Cyperus ferox Vahl. Coarse Cyperus. (Fig. 563.) 
 
 Cyperus ferox Vahl, Enum. 2: 357. 1806. 
 
 Annual, closely related to the preced- 
 ing species, but with smooth-margined, 
 shorter and broader leaves, those of the 
 involucre sometimes but little exceeding 
 the inflorescence. Umbel simple or some- 
 what compound, often compact, the rays 
 mostly short; spikelets linear, subterete, 
 io-2o-flowered, 8 // -i2 // long, about i" 
 thick, falling away from the axis at 
 maturity; scales ovate-oblong, appressed, 
 imbricated, obtuse, rather firm, green and 
 7-9 nerved on the back, yellowish on the 
 sides; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; rachis 
 broadly winged; achene 3-angled, nar- 
 rowly obovoid, obtuse. 
 
 In wet soil, Missouri to California and 
 widely distributed in tropical America. 
 Aug.-Oct. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 243 
 
 22. Cyperus Engelmanni Steud. Engelmann's Cyperus. (Fig. 564.) 
 
 Cyperus Engelmanni Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 47. 1855. ] 
 
 Annual, culms slender, 6 x -2^ tall. Leaves 
 elongated, 2 // ~3 // wide, flaccid, roughish on the 
 margins, those of the involucre 4-6, the longer 
 exceeding the umbel; umbel often compound, the 
 raylets very short; spikelets often densely crowded, 
 very narrowly linear, subterete, 6 // -i2 // long, 
 5-i5-flowered ; rachis narrowly winged ; scales 
 greenish-brown, oblong, obtuse, thin, faintly 3-5- 
 nerved on the back, distant, the successive ones 
 on each side of the spikelet separated by a space 
 of about one-half their length; stamens 3; style 
 3-cleft; achene linear-oblong, 3-angled, two-thirds 
 as long as the scale. 
 
 In wet soil, Massachusetts to southern Ontario and 
 Wisconsin, south to New Jersey and Missouri. Aug.- 
 Oct. 
 
 23. Cyperus strigosus L,. Straw-colored Cyperus. (Fig. 565.) 
 
 Cyperus strigosus I,. Sp. PI. 47. 1753- 
 
 Perennial by basal tuber-like corms, culm 
 rather stout, i-3 tall. Leaves somewhat 
 rough-margined, 2 // ~3 // wide, the longer 
 ones of the involucre much exceeding the 
 umbel; umbel several-rayed, compound or 
 nearly simple, some of the primary rays 
 often 4 / -6 / long, their sheaths terminating in 
 2 bristles; involucels setaceous; heads ob- 
 long or ovoid; spikelets flat, linear, 4 // -o/ / 
 long, \" wide or less, 7~i5-flowered, sepa- 
 rating from the axis at maturity; scales 
 straw-colored, oblong-lanceolate, subacute, 
 strongly several-nerved, appressed or at 
 length somewhat spreading; stamens 3; 
 style 3-cleft; achene linear-oblong, 3-angled, 
 acute, about one-third as long as the scale. 
 
 In moist meadows, swamps or along streams, 
 Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Flor- 
 ida and Texas. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 Among the numerous forms of this species 
 the following may be defined as varieties: 
 
 Cyperus strigosus capitatus Boeckl. Linnaea, 36: 347. 1869-70. 
 
 Umbel simple or nearly so; spikelets 4" '-7" long, densely capitate in subglobose heads. Range 
 of the type. 
 
 Cyperus strigosus compositus Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 13: 212. 
 
 Umbel very compound; heads cylindric; spikelets 3" -6" long, 4-6-flowered. 
 York and Pennsylvania to Alabama. 
 
 1886. 
 
 Southern New 
 
 Cyperus strigosus robustior Kunth, Enum. 2: 88. 1837. 
 Umbel compound; spikelets 8"-i2" long, io-25-flowered. Range of the type. 
 
244- CYPERACEAE. 
 
 24. Cyperus refractus Engelm. Reflexed Cyperus. (Fig. 566.) 
 
 Cyperus refractus IJngelm. ; Boeckl. I^innaea, 36: 369. 
 1869-70. 
 
 Perennial by tuber-like corms, culm stout, 
 smooth, i-3 tall. Leaves i l /i' f -\" wide, rough- 
 margined, elongated; umbel 6-i3-rayed, usually 
 compound, the longer rays sometimes 8' long, 
 their sheaths terminating in i or 2 short teeth; in- 
 volucels setaceous; raylets filiform; spikelets very 
 narrowly linear, loosely spicate, acute, flattish, 
 5//_i2// long, y z ' f thick, 3-6-flowered, the upper 
 spreading, the lower reflexed; scales yellowish- 
 green, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, closely appressed, 
 9-ii-nerved, thin; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, its 
 branches much exserted; achene narrowly linear, 
 obtuse, apiculate, about 5 times as long as thick, 
 and one-half as long as the scale. 
 
 In dry fields, New Jersey to North Carolina and 
 Missouri. July-Sept. 
 
 25. Cyperus retrofractus (I,. ) Torr. Rough Cyperus. (Fig. 567.) 
 
 Scirpus retrofractus L. Sp. PI. 50. 1753. 
 
 Cyperus retrofractus Torr. ; A. Gray, Man. 519. 1848. 
 
 Perennial by tuber-like corms, culm slender, 
 rough-puberulent, at least above, mostly longer than 
 the puberulent leaves, i-3 tall. Leaves i^ // -2X // 
 wide, those of the involucre 4-7, the longer not 
 greatly exceeding the umbel, sometimes shorter; um- 
 bel simple; rays very slender, nearly erect, or spread- 
 ing, 2 / -6 / long, their sheaths 2-toothed; heads ob- 
 long or obovoid; spikelets linear- subulate, 3 // -6 // 
 long, about y?." thick, i-2-flowered, all soon strongly 
 reflexed, separating from the axis at maturity; flow- 
 ering scales lanceolate, acute, the upper one subu- 
 late, all strongly several-nerved; stamens 3; style 
 3-cleft; achene linear, 3-angled, obtuse, apiculate, 
 two-thirds as long as the scale. 
 
 In dry, sandy soil, southern New Jersey to Florida, 
 west to Kentucky, Arkansas and Texas. July-Sept. 
 
 26. Cyperus Lancastriensis Porter. L/ancaster Cyperus. (Fig. 568.) 
 
 Cyperus Lancastriensis Porter; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 
 
 555- 1867. 
 
 Perennial by ovoid or oblong corms, culm slender, 
 smooth, mostly longer than the leaves, i-2)4 tall. 
 Leaves 2 // -3 // wide, those of the involucre 4-7, the 
 longer much exceeding the inflorescence; umbel 
 simple, 5~9-rayed, the longer rays 2 / ~4 / long, their 
 sheaths nearly truncate; heads oval, obtuse, yz f -\' 
 long; spikelets densely clustered, 4 // -5 // long, linear, 
 subterete, 2-4-flowered, the lower reflexed, the mid- 
 dle ones spreading, all separating from the axis at 
 maturity; scales green, strongly several-nerved, the 
 flowering ones lanceolate, subacute; stamens 3; 
 style 3-cleft; achene linear, obtuse, apiculate, 2-3 
 times as long as thick, two-thirds as long as the 
 scale. ufe, 
 
 In dry 'fields, New Jersey andTPennsylvania to Vir- 
 ginia and'Alabama. July-Sept. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 245 
 
 (Fig. 569.) 
 
 27. Cyperus cylindricus (Ell.) Britton. Pine-barren Cyperus. 
 
 Mariscus cylindricus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 74. 1816. 
 Cyperus cylindricus Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 6: 339. 
 
 1879. 
 Cyperus Torreyi Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 13: 215. 
 
 1886. 
 
 Perennial by small hard corms, culms slender, 
 smooth, usually tufted, 4 / -i8 / tall, longer than the 
 leaves. Leaves smooth, \"-\y z " wide, the longer 
 ones of the involucre much exceeding the umbel; 
 umbel simple, several-rayed, the rays short, or the 
 longer i / -2j^ / long, the sheaths 2-toothed; heads 
 -very dense, cyliudric, %'-*/?.' long, a // -4 // in di- 
 ameter; spikelets ij^ // -2 // long, flattish, i-2-flow- 
 ered, spreading or the lower reflexed; scales green, 
 oblong; rachis winged; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; 
 achene linear-oblong, 3-angled, apiculate, slightly 
 more than one-half as long as the scale. 
 
 In sandy pine barrens and on the sea shore, southern 
 New York to Florida, west to Texas, mostly near the 
 coast. July-Sept. 
 
 28. Cyperus ovularis (Michx.) Torr. Globose Cyperus. (Fig. 570.) 
 
 Kyllingia ovularis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 29. 1803. 
 Cyperus ovularis Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 278. 1836. 
 
 Perennial by hard tuber-like corms, stem usually 
 strict, smooth, S'-2y^ tall, longer than the leaves. 
 Leaves smooth, 2 // -3 // wide, the longer ones of the 
 involucre much exceeding the umbel; umbel simple, 
 few-rayed, the rays rarely more than 2% f long; 
 sheath of the rays truncate or slightly toothed; heads 
 globose or sometimes a little longer than thick, 4"- 
 7 ff in diameter, very dense, the spikelets radiating 
 in all directions; spikelets 2 // -3^ // long, usually 3- 
 flowered, separating from the axis and leaving a scar 
 at maturity; rachis winged; scales ovate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, green, strongly sev- 
 eral-nerved; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene linear- 
 oblong, 3-angled, 2-3 times as long as thick. 
 
 In dry fields and on hills, southern New York to Flor- 
 ida, west to Illinois, Kansas and Texas. July-Sept. 
 
 29. Cyperus filiculmis Vahl. Slender Cyperus. (Fig. 571.) 
 
 Cyperus jiliculmis Vahl, Enum 2:328. 1806. 
 
 Perennial by hard oblong corms, culm smooth, 
 slender or almost filiform, ascending or reclined, 
 6 / -i8 / long, usually longer than the rough-mar- 
 gined leaves. Leaves i // -2 // wide, keeled, those 
 of the involucre, or some of them, much exceeding 
 the inflorescence; spikelets densely clustered in 
 1-7 globose heads, linear, acute, 5-u-flowered, sub- 
 terete or compressed, 2^ // -6 // long, \ ff wide or 
 less, tardily falling away from the axis at maturity; 
 rachis wingless; scales ovate, acute or obtuse, pale 
 green, strongly 7-n-nerved, appressed; stamens 3; 
 style 3-cleft; achene oblong or obovoid, 3-angled, 
 obtuse, apiculate, dull gray, two-thirds as long as 
 the scale, about twice as long as thick. 
 
 In dry fields and on hills, Rhode Island to Ontario 
 and Minnesota, south to Florida, Kansas, Texas and 
 northern Mexico. June-Aug. 
 
246 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 Cyperus Houghtoni Torr. Houghton's Cyperus. (Fig. 572.) 
 
 Cyperus Houghtoni Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 277- 
 
 1836. 
 
 Perennial by tuber-like corms, culms very 
 slender, smooth, erect, i-2 tall. Leaves shorter 
 than the culm, \" wide or less, smooth, those or 
 involucre 3-5, the longer much exceeding the um- 
 bel; umbel simple, i-5-rayed, the rays mostly 
 short, their sheaths 2-toothed; spikelets loosely 
 capitate, linear, compressed, acute, 4 // -8 // long, 
 about \" wide, ii-15-flowered, falling away from 
 the axis when mature; scales chestnut brown, firm, 
 somewhat spreading, shining, oblong, obtuse, 
 truncate or apiculate, strongly about n-nerved;. 
 rachis very narrowly winged; stamens 3; style 
 3-cleft; achene broadly oblong, less then twice as 
 long as thick, 3-angled, brown, apiculate, nearly 
 as long as the scale. 
 
 In sandy soil, Massachusetts to Minnesota, Kansas 
 and Oregon. July- Aug. 
 
 31. Cyperus Grayi Torr. Gray's 
 Cyperus. (Fig. 573.) 
 
 Cyperus Grayi Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 268. 1836. 
 
 Perennial by thick hard oblong or ovoid corms, 
 culms tufted, ascending or reclined, stiff, smooth, 
 very slender, 6 / -2o / long. Leaves shorter than 
 the culm, bright green, i // wide or less, those of 
 the involucre 4-8, the longer somewhat exceeding 
 the umbel; umbel 4-io-rayed, simple, the longer 
 rays 3 / -4 / long; sheaths of the rays truncate or 
 nearly so; spikelets 2^ // ~5 // long, loosely capitate, 
 compressed, linear, rigid, spreading; scales green, 
 ovate, obtuse or subacute, strongly i3-i5-nerved, 
 rather widely spreading when old; joints of the 
 rachis broadly winged; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; 
 achene oblong or oblong-obovoid, obtuse, apicu- 
 late, about two-thirds as long as the scale. 
 
 In sands of the sea shore and in pine barrens, Massa- 
 chusetts to Florida. July-Sept. 
 
 Cyperus echinatus (Ell.) Wood. Baldwin's Cyperus. 
 
 (Fig. 574-) 
 
 pi. 3- 
 
 Mariscus echinatus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 75. 
 
 / /. 1816. 
 
 Cyperus Baldwinii Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 270. 1836. 
 Cyperus echinatus Wood, Class-book, 734. 1863. 
 
 Perennial by tuber-like corms, culm slender, 
 smooth, erect, mostly longer than the leaves. 
 Leaves pale green, i^ // -2 // wide, those of the in- 
 volucre 5-10, the longer usually much exceeding 
 the umbel; umbel simple, 6-i3-rayed; the rays fili- 
 form, their sheaths short, mucronate; spikelets 2"- 
 3" long, linear, flat, densely or loosely capitate in 
 globose heads; scales thin, pale green, appressed, 
 ovate-lanceolate, acute, 9-13-nerved, with narrow 
 scarious margins; joints of the rachis broadly 
 winged; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene oblong- 
 obovoid, obtuse, one-half as long as the scale, about 
 twice as long as thick. 
 
 In dry soil, sometimes a weed in cultivated fields, 
 North Carolina to Florida, west to Missouri and Texas, 
 July- Aug. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 247 
 
 2. KYLLINGA Rottb. Descr. & Ic. 12. pi. 4. f. 3, 4. 1773. 
 
 Annual or perennial sedges, with slender triangular culms, leafy below, and with 2 or 
 more leaves at the summit forming an involucre to the strictly sessile, simple or compound 
 dense head of spikelets. Spikelets numerous, compressed, falling away from the axis of 
 the head at maturity, consisting of only 3 or 4 scales, the i or 2 lower ones small and empty, 
 the middle one fertile, the upper empty or staminate. Joints of the rachis wingless or nar- 
 rowly winged. Scales 2-ranked, keeled. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, 
 deciduous from the summit of the achene. Achene lenticular or 3-angled. [In honor of 
 Peter Kylling, a Danish botanist of the seventeenth century.] 
 
 About 20 species, natives of tropical and temperate regions. Besides the following, 2 others 
 occur in the southern United States. 
 
 i. Kyllinga pumila Michx. Lx^w 
 Kyllinga. (Fig. 575.) 
 
 Kyllingia pumila Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 28. 
 1803. 
 
 Annual, culms densely tufted, filiform, 
 erect or reclined, 2 / -i5 / long, mostly longer 
 than the leaves. Leaves light green, rough- 
 ish on the margins, usually less than \' f 
 wide, those of the involucre 3-5, elongated, 
 spreading or reflexed; head oblong or ovoid- 
 oblong, 3 // -4 // long, simple or commonly 
 with i or 2 smaller ones at the base; spike- 
 lets about \Yz" long, flat, i -flowered, the 2 
 empty lower scales more or less persisent on 
 the rachis after the fall of the rest of the 
 spikelet; scales ovate, acuminate or acute, 
 thin, about 7 -nerved; stamens 2; style 2-cleft; 
 achene lenticular, obtuse. 
 
 In moist or wet soil, Virginia to Florida, west 
 to Illinois, Missouri, Texas and Mexico. Aug.- 
 Sept. 
 
 3. DULICHIUM L> C. Richard; Pers. Syn. i: 65. 1805. 
 
 A tall perennial sedge, with terete hollow jointed culms, leafy to the top, the lower 
 leaves reduced to sheaths. Spikes axillary, peduncled, simple or compound. Spikelets 
 2-ranked, flat, linear, falling away from the axis at maturity (?) many-flowered. Scales 
 2-ranked, carinate, conduplicate, decurrent on the joint below. Flowers perfect. Perianth 
 of 6-9 retrorsely barbed bristles. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft at the summit, persistent as a 
 beak on the summit of the achene. Achene linear-oblong. [Name said to be from Dulci- 
 chimum, a Latin name for some sedge.] 
 
 A monotypic genus of eastern North America. 
 
 i. Dulichium arundinaceum (L/.) 
 Britton. Dulichium. (Fig. 576.) 
 
 Cyperus arundinaceus I,. Sp. PI. 44. 1753. 
 Cyperus spathaceus I,. Syst. Ed. 12, 2: 735. 1767. 
 Dulichium spaihaceum Pers. Syn. i: 65. 1805. 
 Dulichium arundinaceum Britton, Bull. Torr. 
 Club, 21 : 29. 1894. 
 
 Culm stout, i-3 tall, erect. Leaves num- 
 erous, flat, i / -3 / long, 2 // ~4 // wide, spreading 
 or ascending, the lower sheaths bladeless, 
 brown toward their summits. Spikes shorter 
 than or the uppermost exceeding the leaves; pe- 
 duncles 2 v/ -i2 // long; spikelets narrowly linear, 
 spreading, 6 // -i2 // long, about \" wide, 6-12- 
 flowered; scales lanceolate, acuminate, strongly 
 several-nerved, appressed, brownish ; bristles of 
 the perianth rigid, longer than the achene; 
 style long-exserted, persistent. 
 
 In wet places, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Min- 
 nesota, south to Florida and Texas. Aug.-Oct. 
 
CYPERACEAE. 
 
 4. ELEOCHARIS R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i: 224. 1810. 
 Annual or perennial sedges. Culms simple, triangular, quadrangular, terete, flattened or 
 grooved, the leaves reduced to sheaths or the lowest very rarely blade-bearing. Spikelets 
 solitary, terminal, erect, several-many-flowered, not subtended by an involucre. Scales con- 
 cave, spirally imbricated all around. Perianth of 1-12 bristles, usually retrorsely barbed, 
 wanting in some species. Stamens 2-3. Style 2-cleft and achene lenticular or biconvex, or 
 3-cleft and achene 3-angled, but sometimes with very obtuse angles and appearing turgid. 
 Base of the style persistent on the summit of the achene, forming a terminal tubercle. 
 [Greek, referring to the growth of most of the species in marshy ground.] 
 
 About 100 species, widely distributed. Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the 
 southern and western parts of North America. 
 Spikelet scarcely or not at all thicker than the culm. 
 Culm stout; spikelet many-flowered. 
 
 Culm terete, nodose. i. E. interstincta. 
 
 Culm quadrangular, continuous. 2. E. mutata. 
 
 Culm slender, triangular, continuous; spikelet few-flowered, subulate. 3. E. Robbinsii. 
 Spikelet manifestly thicker than the culm. 
 
 Style mostly 2-cleft; achene lenticular or biconvex. 
 
 Upper sheath scarious, hyaline; plants perennial by slender rootstocks. 
 
 Scales pale green or nearly white; achene K" long. 
 Scales dark reddish-brown ; achene %" long. 
 Upper sheath truncate, oblique or toothed, not scarious. 
 Annual, with fibrous roots. 
 Achene jet black. 
 
 Culms i '-3' tall; achene %" long; bristles 2-4. 
 Culms 3'-io' tall; achene I / 4" long; bristles 5-8. 
 Achene pale brown. 
 
 Spikelet ovoid or oblong; tubercle deltoid, acute. 
 Spikelet oblong-cylindric; tubercle broad, low. 
 Perennial by horizontal rootstocks. 
 Style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled or turgid. 
 Achene reticulated or cancellate. 
 
 Spikelet compressed; culm filiform. 
 Spikelet terete ; culm slender. 
 
 Achene transversely cancellate; bristles none. 
 Achene reticulated; bristles present, stout. 
 Tubercle conic, smaller than the achene. 
 Tubercle cap-like, as large as or larger than the achene. 
 Achene smooth or papillose. 
 
 Achene smooth, white; culms capillary. 
 Achene papillose or smooth, brown, black or yellow. 
 Tubercle depressed or short-conic. 
 Achene smooth. 
 
 Tubercle flat, covering the top of the black achene. 
 Tubercle ovoid-conic, acute, contracted at the base. 
 Achene papillose. 
 
 Achene 3-ribbed on the angles. 
 Achene obtuse-angled, not ribbed. 
 Culm filiform; scales obtuse. 
 Culm flat; scales acute. 
 Tubercle subulate or narrowly pyramidal. 
 
 Culms filiform, wiry, densely tufted, 4'-io' long. 
 Culms flattened, slender, i-2 long. 
 
 4. E. ochreata. 
 
 5. E. olivacea. 
 
 6. E. atropurpurea. 
 
 7. E. capitata. 
 
 8. E. ovata. 
 
 9. E. Engelmanni. 
 
 10. E. palustris. 
 
 11. E. acicularis. 
 
 12. E. Wolfii. 
 
 13. E. tor tilts. 
 
 14. E. tuberculosa. 
 
 15. E. microcarpa. 
 
 16. E. melanocarpa. 
 
 17. E. albida. 
 
 18. E. tricostata. 
 
 19. E. tenuis. 
 
 20. E. acuminata. 
 
 21. E. intermedia. 
 
 22. E. rostellata. 
 
 i. Eleocharis interstincta (Vahl) R. &S. Knotted Spike-rush. (Fig. 577.) 
 
 Scirpus interstinctus Vahl, Enum. 2: 251. 1806. 
 Scirpus equisetoides EH. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 79. 1816. 
 Eleocharis interstincta R. & S. Syst. 2: 148. 1817. 
 Eleocharis equisetoides Torr. Ann, Lye. 3: 296. 1836. 
 
 Perennial by stout rootstooks, culms terete, hol- 
 low, nodose, papillose, i>-3 tall, the sterile ones 
 sharp-pointed. Sheaths oblique, membranous, 
 brown or green, the lower sometimes bearing short 
 blades; spikelet terete, cylindric, many-flowered, 
 subacute, i / -i_J^ / long, i" in diameter, not thicker 
 than the culm; scales ovate, orbicular or obovate, 
 obtuse or the upper acute, narrowly scarious-mar- 
 gined, faintly many-nerved, persistent; bristles 
 about 6, rigid, retrorsely barbed, as long as the body 
 of the achene or shorter, stamens 3; style 3-cleft, 
 exserted; achene obovoid, brown, shining, with 
 minute transverse ridges, convex on one side, very 
 obtusely angled on the other, 2 or 3 times as long 
 as the conic acute black broad-based tubercle. 
 In water, Massachusetts to Michigan, the West Indies and Mexico. July-Sept. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 249 
 
 2. Eleocharis mutata (X.) R. & S. Quadrangular Spike-rush. (Fig. 578.) 
 
 Scirpus mutatus L. Am. Acad. 5: 391. 1760. 
 Scirpus quadrangulatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 30. 
 
 1803. 
 
 Eleocharis quadrangulata R. & S. Syst. 2: 155. 1817. 
 Eleocharis mutala R. & S. Syst. 2: 155. 1817. 
 
 Perennial by stout rootstocks, culms sharply 4- 
 angled, stout, not nodose, papillose, 2-4 tall. 
 Sheaths purplish-brown or green, membranous, 
 sometimes bearing short blades; spikelet terete, 
 acute, cylindric, i / -2 / long, -2" in diameter, many- 
 flowered, about as thick as the culm; scales coria- 
 ceous, broadly ovate or obovate, obtuse or the upper 
 subacute, scarious-margined and sometimes with- a 
 narrow brown band within the margins, faintly 
 many-nerved, persistent; bristles about 6, rigid, re- 
 trorsely barbed, about as long as the achene; sta- 
 mens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, biconvex or 
 slightly angled on the back, minutely cancellate, 
 about twice as long as the conic acute tubercle, 
 which is truncate or contracted at the base. 
 
 In ponds, streams and swamps, northern New Jersey to Michigan, south to Alabama, Missouri, 
 Texas and Guatemala. Also in the West Indies and South America. July-Sept. 
 
 3. Eleocharis Robbinsii Oakes. Robbins' 
 Spike-rush. (Fig. 579.) 
 
 Eleocharis Robbinsii Oakes, Hovey's Mag. 7: 178. 1841. 
 
 Perennial by slender rootstocks, culms slender, 3- 
 angled, continuous, 6 / -2 long, sometimes producing 
 numerous filiform flaccid sterile branches from the base. 
 Sheaths appressed, obliquely truncate; spikelet subulate, 
 few-flowered, not thicker than the culm, 6 // -io // long, 
 i" in diameter; scales lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 
 obtuse or subacute, strongly concave, faintly several- 
 nerved, persistently clasping the rachis, narrowly scari- 
 ous-margined; style 3-cleft; bristles 6, equalling the 
 achene and tubercle, retrorsely barbed; achene obovoid, 
 light brown, biconvex or very obtusely angled on the 
 back, somewhat longer than the conic-subulate flattened 
 tubercle, which has a raised ring around its base. 
 
 In shallow water, New Brunswick to Michigan, south to 
 Florida. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 4. Eleocharis ochreata (Nees) Steud. Pale Spike-rush. (Fig. 580.) 
 
 Eleogenus ochreatus Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2: Part i, 
 
 102. 1842. 
 Eleocharis ochreata Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 79. 1855. 
 
 Perennial by very slender rootstocks, culms very 
 slender, or filiform, erect, pale green, 3-angled, a'-io' 
 tall. Upper sheath with a white, hyaline, scarious 
 limb; spikelet oblong or ovoid, subacute, 2-3 times as 
 thick as the culm, about 2" long, \% ff in diameter, 
 several-flowered ; scales pale green, oblong-lanceolate, 
 obtuse or the upper acute, thin, hyaline with a faint 
 midvein; style 2-cleft; bristles about 6, slender, re- 
 trorsely barbed, somewhat longer than the achene; 
 achene %' f long, lenticular, obovate, smooth, brown, 
 2-4 times as long as the conic acute tubercle, which 
 is often constricted at the base. 
 
 In wet soil, southern Virginia to Florida and Missis- 
 sippi. Also in Wyoming and Montana and in tropical 
 America. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 
250 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 5. Eleocharis olivacea Torr. Bright green Spike-rush. (Fig. 581.) 
 
 Eleocharis olivacea Torr. Ann. I,yc. N. Y. 3: 300. 1836. 
 
 Perennial by running rootstocks, often tufted and 
 matted, culms very slender, bright green, erect or re- 
 clining, flattened, i'-4' long. Upper sheath with a 
 white hyaline limb; spikelet ovoid, acute or obtuse, 
 much thicker than the culm, several-many-flowered, 
 about i" long, \" in diameter; scales ovate, thin, 
 acute, reddish-brown, with a green midvein and nar- 
 row, scarious margins; stamens 3; style 2-cleft; bris- 
 tles 6-8, slender, retrorsely barbed, longer than the 
 achene and tubercle; achene obovoid, similar to that 
 of the preceding species but twice as large, 3-4 times 
 the length of the conic acute tubercle. 
 
 In wet soil, Maine to southern Ontario and Pennsylva- 
 nia, south to South Carolina, mostly near the coast. 
 Aug.-Sept. 
 
 6. Eleocharis atropurpurea (Retz) Kunth. Purple Spike-rush. (Fig. 582.) 
 
 Scirpus atropurpureus Retz, Obs. 5: 14. 1789. 
 Eleocharis atropurpurea Kunth, Knum. 2: 151. 
 
 1837- 
 
 Annual, roots fibrous, culms tufted, very slender, 
 l / -3^ / high. Upper sheath i-toothed; spikelet ovoid, 
 many-flowered, subacute, i%"-2" long, i" in diam- 
 eter or less; scales minute, ovate-oblong, obtuse or 
 the upper acute, persistent, purple-brown with green 
 midvein and very narrow scarious margins; stamens 
 2 or 3; style 2-3 -cleft; bristles 2-4, fragile, white, 
 minutely downwardly hispid, about as long as the 
 achene; achene jet black, shining, % ff long, smooth, 
 lenticular; tubercle conic, minute, depressed but 
 rather acute, constricted at the base. 
 
 In moist soil, Nebraska and eastern Colorado to Central 
 America, east to Florida; widely distributed in tropical 
 America. July-Sept. 
 
 7. Eleocharis capitata (I,.) R. Br. Capitate Spike-rush. (Fig. 583.) 
 
 Scirpus capitatus I,. Sp. PI. 48. 1753. 
 
 Eleocharis capitata R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i: 225. 
 1810. 
 
 Annual, roots fibrous, culms densely tufted, nearly 
 terete, almost filiform, rather stiff, 2 / -io / tall. Upper 
 sheath i-toothed; spikelet ovoid, obtuse, much thicker 
 than the culm, iX // - 2 J^ // long, \"-\]^" thick, many- 
 flowered; scales broadly ovate, obtuse, firm, pale or 
 dark brown with a greenish midvein, narrowly scari- 
 ous-margined, persistent; stamens mostly 2; style 2- 
 cleft; bristles 5-8, slender, downwardly hispid, as 
 long as the achene; achene obovate, jet black, 
 smooth, shining, nearly ^"long; tubercle depressed, 
 apiculate, constricted at the base, very much shorter 
 than the achene. 
 
 In moist soil, Maryland to Florida, west to Indiana and 
 Texas. Widely distributed in tropical regions. July-Sept. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 251 
 
 8. Eleocharis ovata (Roth) R. & S. Ovoid Spike-rush. (Fig. 584.) 
 
 Scirpus ovatus Roth, Catal. Bot. i: 5. 
 Eleocharis ovata R. & S. Syst. 2: 152. 
 
 1797. 
 1817. 
 
 Annual, roots fibrous, culms tufted, slender or 
 filiform, rather deep green, nearly terete, mostly 
 erect, 2 / -i6 / tall. Upper sheath i -toothed; spike- 
 let ovoid or oblong, obtuse, many-flowered, 2 // -5 // 
 long, i // -i / ^ // in diameter; scales thin, oblong-or- 
 bicular, very obtuse, brown with a green midvein 
 and scarious margins ; bristles 6-8 (sometimes fewer 
 or wanting), deciduous, usually longer than the 
 achene; stamens 2 or 3; style 2-3 -cleft; achenepale 
 brown, shining, lenticular, obovate-oblong, smooth, 
 y 2 " long or more; tubercle deltoid, acute, com- 
 pressed, scarcely constricted at the base, about 
 one-fourth as long as the achene and narrower. 
 
 In wet soil. New Brunswick to Ontario and British 
 Columbia, south to Florida, Oregon, Nebraska and 
 Texas. Also in Europe. Variable. July-Sept. 
 
 9. Eleocharis Engelmanni Steud. Engelmann's Spike-rush. (Fig. 585.) 
 
 Eleocharis Engelmanni Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 79. 1855. 
 Eleocharis ovata var. Engelmanni Britton, Journ. N. 
 Y. Micros. Soc. 5: 103. 1889. 
 
 Annual, similar to the preceding species, but 
 culms commonly taller, sometimes i8 7 high. Up- 
 per sheath obliquely truncate or i-toothed; spike- 
 let oblong-cylindric or ovoid-cylindric, obtuse or 
 subacute, 2 // -8 // long, i // -i^ // in diameter, many- 
 flowered; scales pale brown with a green midvein 
 and narrow scarious margins, ovate, obtuse, de- 
 ciduous; style 2-cleft; bristles about 6, not longer 
 than the achene; achene broadly obovate, brown, 
 smooth, lenticular; tubercle broad, low, covering 
 the top of the achene, less than one-fourth its 
 length. 
 
 In wet soil, Massachusetts to southern New Jersey, 
 west to Indiana, Arkansas, Texas and California. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 10. Eleocharis palustris (I,.) R. & S. Creeping Spike-rush. (Fig. 586.) 
 
 Scirpus palustris L,. Sp. PI. 47. 1753. 
 Eleocharis palustris R. & S. Syst. 2: 151. 1817. 
 Eleocharis palustris var. vigens Bailey; Britton, Journ. 
 N. Y. Micros. Soc. 5: 104. 1889. 
 
 Perennial by horizontal rootstocks, culms stout, 
 terete or somewhat compressed, striate, i-5 tall. 
 Basal sheaths brown, rarely bearing a short blade, the 
 upper one obliquely truncate; spikelet ovoid-cylin- 
 dric, 3 // -i2 // long, iJ^ // -2 // in diameter, many-flow- 
 ered, thicker than the culm; scales ovate-oblong or 
 ovate-lanceolate, purplish- brown with scarious mar- 
 gin and a green midvein, or pale green all over; bris- 
 tles usually 4, slender, retrorsely barbed, longer than 
 the achene and tubercle, sometimes wanting; sta- 
 mens 2-3; style 2-3-cleft; achene lenticular, smooth, 
 yellow, over y z " long; tubercle conic-triangular, 
 constricted at the base, flattened, one-fourth to one- 
 half as long as the achene. 
 
 In ponds, swamps and marshes, Labrador to British Columbia, south to Florida, Texas and 
 California. Also in Europe and Asia. Aug.-Sept. 
 
252 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 Eleocharis paliistris glaucescens (Willd.) A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 558. 1867. 
 Scirpus glaucescens Willd. Enum. 76. 1809. 
 
 Culms slender or nearly filiform, 8'-i8' tall; spikelet oblong, 2" -5" long; achene smaller; 
 tubercle narrower. In wet meadows and marshes, range nearly of the type in North America. 
 Perhaps a distinct species. 
 
 The so-called variety calf a is a form without bristles. 
 
 Eleocharis paliistris Watsoni Clarke, Britten's Journ. Bot. 25: 268. 1887. 
 Eleocharis Watsoni Bab. Ann. Nat. Hist. (II.) 5: 10. 1852. 
 
 Culms stout, 6'-io' tall; spike ovoid; scales dark purple-brown. Labrador and Prince Edward 
 Island to Hudson Bay. 
 
 ii. Eleocharis acicularis (I,.) R. & S. Needle Spike-rush. (Fig. 587.) 
 
 Scirpus acicularis ~L,. Sp. PI. 48. 1753. 
 Eleocharis acicularis R. & S. Syst. 2: 154. 1817. 
 
 Perennial by filiform stolons or rootstocks, 
 culms tufted, finely filiform or setaceous, 
 obscurely 4-angled and grooved, weak, erect 
 or reclining, 2 / -8 / long. Sheaths truncate; 
 spikelet compressed, narrowly ovate or lin- 
 ear-oblong, acute, broader than the culm, 3- 
 lo-flowered, !%"-$" long, y z ff wide; scales 
 oblong, obtuse or the upper subacute, thin, 
 pale green, usually with a narrow brown 
 band on each side of the midvein, deciduous, 
 many of them commonly sterile; bristles 3- 
 4, fragile, fugacious, shorter than the achene; 
 stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid- 
 oblong, pale, obscurely 3-angled with a rib 
 on each angle and 6-9 lower intermediate 
 ribs connected by fine ridges; tubercle conic, 
 acute, one-fourth as long as the achene. 
 
 In wet soil, throughout North America, ex- 
 cept the extreme north. Also in Europe and 
 Asia. Sometimes entirely sterile. July-Sept. 
 
 12. Eleocharis Wolfii A. Gray. 
 
 Spike-rush. (Fig. 588.) 
 
 Wolf's 
 
 Scirpus Wolfii A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10: 77. 1874. 
 
 Eleocharis Wolfii A. Gray; Britton, Journ. N. Y. 
 Micros. Soc. 5: 105. 1889. 
 
 Perennial by short rootstocks, culms very slen- 
 der, erect, flattened and 2-edged, S'-iS' tall. Upper 
 sheath oblique, scarious, hyaline-tipped; spikelet 
 oblong or ovoid-oblong, terete, acute, thicker than 
 the culm, 2 // ~3 // long, nearly \" in diameter; 
 scales ovate, obtuse or the upper acute, thin, pale 
 green with purplish-brown bands, tardily decidu- 
 ous; bristles none (or perhaps early deciduous); 
 style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, obscurely 3-angled, 
 longitudinally g-ribbed, the ribs transversely con- 
 nected by minute ridges; tubercle depressed-conic, 
 much shorter than the achene. 
 
 In wet meadows, Illinois and Iowa. June- Aug. 
 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 253 
 
 13. Eleocharis tortilis (Link) Schultes. Twisted Spike-rush. (Fig. 589.) 
 
 Scirpus tortilis Link, Jahrb. 3: 78. 1820. 
 Eleocharis tortilis Schultes, Mant. 2: 92. 1824. 
 
 Annual, roots fibrous, culms tufted, filiform, sharply 
 3-angled, pale green, erect or reclining, twisting when 
 old, i-i)4 long. Sheaths obliquely truncate, i- 
 toothed; spikelet ovoid or oblong, subacute, several- 
 flowered, 2 // -3 // long, about i" thick, much thicker 
 than the culm; scales firm, pale, ovate, mostly obtuse; 
 bristles 4-6, rigid, retrorsely barbed, about equalling 
 the achene and tubercle; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; 
 achene obovoid, obscurely 3-angled, strongly reticu- 
 lated, longitudinally about i8-ribbed; tubercle cap-like 
 or conic, truncate at the base, one-fourth to one-half 
 as long as the achene. 
 
 In 
 coast 
 
 14. 
 
 wet soil, Delaware to Florida and Texas, near the 
 July-Sept. 
 
 Eleocharis tuberculosa (Michx.) R. & S. 
 
 (Fig. 590.) 
 
 Large-tubercled Spike-rush. 
 
 Scirpus tuberculosus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 30. 1803. 
 Eleocharis tuberculosa R. & S. Syst. 2: 152. 1817. 
 
 Annual, culms tufted, slightly compressed, very 
 slender, rather stiff, striate, bright green, S'-a tall. 
 Upper sheath obliquely truncate or i -toothed; spike- 
 let ovoid, obtuse or subacute, many-flowered, 3 // -6 // 
 long, nearly 2 // in diameter; scales broadly ovate, ob- 
 tuse, pale greenish-brown with a darker midvein, 
 broadly scarious-margined, firm, tardily deciduous; 
 bristles 6, rigid, downwardly or rarely upwardly 
 barbed, about as long as the achene and tubercle; 
 stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, pale, trigon- 
 ous, strongly reticulated, longitudinally about 18- 
 ribbed; tubercle cap-like or conic, nearly or quite as 
 large as the achene. 
 
 In wet soil, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas, near 
 the coast. July-Sept. 
 
 15. Eleocharis microcarpa Torr. Small-fruited Spike-rush. (Fig. 591.) 
 
 Eleocharis microcarpa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 312. 
 
 1836. 
 Eleocharis Torreyana Boeckl. L,innaea, 36: 440. 1870. 
 
 Annual, culms finely filiform, densely tufted, some- 
 what 4-sided, erect or reclining, often proliferous by 
 developing secondary culms in the axils of the spike- 
 let, sometimes rooting at the summit, 2 / -8 / long. 
 Upper sheath obliquely truncate; spikelet oblong, 
 subacute, terete or nearly so, much thicker than the 
 culm, many-flowered, iX // ~ 2 K // l n g'> scales ovate, 
 acute, brownish-red with a green midvein and lighter 
 margins, early deciduous except the lowest which is 
 commonly larger than the others, persistent and 
 bract-like; bristles 3-6, slender, shorter than or 
 equalling the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene 
 white, 3-angled, obovoid, smooth, minute; tubercle 
 conic-pyramidal, much shorter than the achene. 
 
 In wet sandy soil, southern New Jersey to Florida and Texas, mostly near the coast. Also in 
 Cuba. June-Aug. 
 
254 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 16. Eleocharis melanocarpa Torr. Black-fruited Spike-rush. (Fig. 592.) 
 
 Eleocharis melanocarpa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 311. 1836. 
 
 Perennial by short rootstocks, culms flattened, striate, 
 tufted, slender, erect, wiry, io / -2o / tall. Upper sheath 
 truncate, i -toothed; spikelet oblong or cylindric-oblong, 
 obtuse, 3 // -6 // long, \y 2 "-i" in diameter, many-flow- 
 ered, thicker than the culm; scales ovate, obtuse, brown, 
 with a lighter mid vein and scarious margins; bristles 3- 
 4, fragile, downwardly hispid, equalling or longer than 
 the achene, fugacious or perhaps sometimes wanting; 
 stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled, obpyramidal, 
 black, smooth, its superficial cells nearly quadrate; tu- 
 bercle depressed, covering the summit of the achene, 
 light brown, pointed in the middle. 
 
 In wet sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts and Rhode 
 Island to Florida, near the coast. Also in northern Indiana. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 17. Eleocharis albida Torr. White Spike-rush. (Fig. 593.) 
 
 Eleocharis albida Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 304. 1836. 
 
 Annual, roots fibrous, culms very slender, tufted, 
 nearly terete, striate, erect, 4 / -8 / tall. Upper sheath 
 very oblique and toothed on one side; spikelet ovoid- 
 globose or oblong, obtuse, 2 // -4 // long, i^'-a" in 
 diameter, many-flowered, thicker than the culm; 
 scales pale green or nearly white, rather firm, ovate, 
 obtuse, deciduous; bristles about 6, downwardly 
 barbed, persistent, as long as the achene; stamens 3; 
 style 3-cleft; achene broadly obovoid, nearly black 
 when ripe, 3-angled, smooth; tubercle ovoid-conic, 
 contracted or truncate at the base, about one-fourth 
 as long as the achene. 
 
 In wet soil, Maryland to Florida, Texas and eastern 
 Mexico, near the coast. June-Aug. 
 
 Eleocharis tricostata Torr. Three-ribbed Spike-rush. (Fig. 594.) 
 
 Eleocharis tricostata Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 310. 1836. 
 
 Perennial by short rootstocks, culms very slender, 
 erect, compressed, striate, i-2 tall. Upper sheath 
 obliquely truncate, toothed on one side; spikelet ob- 
 long, becoming oblong-cylindric, obtuse, many-flow- 
 ered, 5 // -9 // long, \"-\%" in diameter; scales ovate, 
 thin, deciduous, obtuse, brown with a green midvein 
 and scarious margins; bristles none; stamens 3; style 
 3-cleft; achene obovoid, 3-angled, brown, dull, papil- 
 lose, strongly ribbed on each of its angles; tubercle 
 conic, acute, light brown, constricted at the base, 
 minute, very much shorter than the achene. 
 
 In wet soil, southern New York to Florida. July-Sept. 
 
ig. 
 
 SEDGE FAMILY. 255 
 
 Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) Schultes. Slender Spike-rush. (Fig. 595.) 
 
 Scirpus tennis Willd. Enuni. i: 76. 180 
 Eleocharis tenuis Schultes, Mant. 2: 92. 
 
 1824. 
 
 Perennial by rootstocks, culms tufted, filiform, 
 mostly erect, 4-angled with concave sides, 8 / -i6 / tall. 
 Upper sheath obliquely truncate, toothed on one 
 side; spikelet narrowly oblong, mostly acute, many- 
 flowered, thicker than the culm, 3 // -5 // long, about 
 i // in diameter; scales thin, obovate or ovate-oblong, 
 obtuse, the mid vein greenish, the margins scarious; 
 bristles 2-4, shorter than the achene, fugacious or 
 wanting; achene obovoid, obtusely 3-angled, yellow- 
 ish-brown, papillose; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; tubercle 
 conic, short, acute. 
 
 In wet soil, Cape Breton Island to Ontario and Mani- 
 toba, south to Florida and Texas. The achenes are more 
 or less persistent on the rachis of the spikelet after the 
 fall of the scales. May-July. 
 
 20. Eleocharis acuminata (Muhl. ) Nees. Flat-stemmed Spike-rush. 
 
 (Fig. 596.) 
 
 Scirpus acuminatus Muhl. Gram. 27. 1817. 
 Eleocharis compressa Sulliv. Am. Journ. Sci. 42: 50. 1842. 
 Eleocharis acuminata Nees, Linnaea, 9: 294. 1835. 
 
 Perennial by stout rootstocks, similar to the pre- 
 ceding species but stouter, culms flattened, striate, 
 slender but rather stiff, tufted, 8 x -2 tall. Upper 
 sheath truncate, sometimes slightly i -toothed; spike- 
 let ovoid or oblong, obtuse, thicker than the culm, 
 many-flowered, 3 // -6 // long; scales oblong or ovate- 
 lanceolate, acute or the lower obtusish, purple-brown 
 with a greenish midvein and hyaline white margins, 
 deciduous; bristles 1-5, shorter than or equalling the 
 achene, fugacious, orwanting; stamens3; style 3-cleft, 
 exserted; achene obovoid, very obtusely 3-angled, 
 light yellowish brown, papillose, much longer than 
 the depressed-conic acute tubercle. 
 
 In wet soil, Anticosti to Manitoba, south to Georgia, 
 Louisiana and Missouri. Achenes persistent on the 
 rachis as in E. tenuis. June-Aug. 
 
 21. Eleocharis intermedia (Muhl.) Schultes. Matted Spike-rush. (Fig. 597.) 
 
 .Scirpus intermedius Muhl. Gram. 31. 1817. 
 Eleocharis intermedia Schultes, Mant. 2: 91. 1824. 
 
 Annual, roots fibrous, culms filiform, densely 
 tufted, diffusely reclining or ascending, usually 
 matted, grooved, 4 / -i2 / long. Upper sheath ob- 
 liquely truncate, toothed on one side ; spikelet 
 ovoid-oblong, acute, 8-2o-flowered, thicker than 
 the culm; scales oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or the 
 upper subacute, light purple-brown with a green 
 midvein, tardily deciduous or the lower one per- 
 sistent; bristles persistent, downwardly barbed, 
 longer than the achene and tubercle; stamens 3; 
 style 3-cleft; achene 3-augled, obovoid, light brown, 
 finely reticulated; tubercle conic-subulate, very 
 acute, slightly constricted at the base, one-fourth 
 to one-half as long as the achene. 
 
 In marshes, Ontario to Minnesota, south to New 
 Jersey, Ohio, Illinois and Iowa. July-Sept. 
 
 17 
 
256 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 22. Eleocharis rostellata Torr. Beaked Spike-rush. (Fig. 598.) 
 
 Scirpus rostellatus Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 318. 1836. 
 Eleocharis rostellata Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 347. 1843. 
 
 Perennial by a short caudex, culms slender, 
 wiry, the fertile erect or ascending, the sterile 
 reclining and rooting at the summit, grooved, 
 i-5 long. Upper sheath truncate; spikelet 
 oblong, narrowed at both ends, thicker than 
 the culm, io-2o-flowered, 3 // -6 // long, about 
 \" in diameter; scales ovate, obtuse or the 
 upper acute, green with a somewhat darker mid- 
 vein, their margins slightly scarious; bristles 
 4-8, retrorsely barbed, longer than the achene and 
 tubercle; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene oblong- 
 obovoid, obtusely 3-angled, its surface finely re- 
 ticulated; tubercle conic-subulate, about one-half 
 as long as the achene or shorter, capping its sum- 
 mit, partly or entirely falling away at maturity. 
 
 In marshes and wet meadows, Vermont and western 
 New York to British Columbia, south to Florida, 
 Texas, Mexico and California. Also in Cuba. Aug.- 
 Sept. 
 
 5. DICHROMENA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 37. 1803. 
 
 Leafy-stemmed sedges, perennial by rootstocks, the spikelets crowded in a terminal head 
 involucrate by the upper leaves, which are often white at the base. Spikelets compressed, 
 several-many-flowered. Scales spirally imbricated all around, several of them with imper- 
 fect flowers, or empty. Perianth none. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft, its branches subulate. 
 Achene lenticular, transversely rugose, crowned with the broad persistent base of the style 
 (tubercle). [Greek, alluding to the two-colored involucral leaves.] 
 
 About 8 species, natives of America. Besides the following, another occurs in the southwest- 
 ern United States. 
 
 Leaves of the involucre linear; tubercle truncate at the base. i. D. colorata. 
 
 Leaves of the involucre lanceolate, long-acuminate; tubercle decurrent on the edges of the achene. 
 
 2. D. latifolia. 
 
 i. Dichromena colorata (L,.) A. S. Hitchcock. 
 
 (Fig. 599-) 
 
 Schoenus coloratus L- Sp. PI. 43. 1753. 
 
 Dichromena leucocephala Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 
 1:37. 1803. 
 
 Dichromena colorata A. S. Hitchc. Ann. Rep. 
 Mo. Bot. Card. 4: 141. 1893. 
 
 Glabrous, culm slender, erect, rather 
 sharply triangular, i-2 tall. Leaves dis- 
 tant, narrowly linear, about i // wide, much 
 shorter than the culm, those of the involucre 
 4-6, reflexed when mature, yellowish white 
 at the base; head globose, 6 // -io // in diame- 
 ter; spikelets narrowly oblong, acute; scales 
 membranous, lanceolate, nearly white, i- 
 nerved, subacute at the apex; achene ob- 
 ovate, brown, papillose or wrinkled trans- 
 versely, nearly truncate at the summit, com- 
 pressed, covered by the tubercle which is not 
 decurrent on its edges. 
 
 In moist sandy soil, pine-barrens of New 
 Jersey to Florida and Texas. Also in tropical 
 America. June-Sept. 
 
 Narrow-leaved Dichromena. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 257 
 
 2. Dichromena latifolia Bakhv. Broad-leaved Dichromena. (Fig. 600.) 
 
 Dichromena latifolia Baldw.; Kll. Bot. S. C. & 
 Ga. i: 90. 1816. 
 
 Similar to the preceding species but the 
 culm stouter, obtusely triangular or nearly 
 terete, the leaves lanceolate or linear-lance- 
 olate, tapering gradually to a long-acumi- 
 nate apex from a broad base, i^ // -4 // wide, 
 sometimes overtopping the culm, but the 
 lowest much shorter, those of the involucre 
 7-10, strongly reflexed when old. Head 
 globose, 6 // -g // in diameter; spikelets ob- 
 long, subacute; scales ovate-lanceolate, 
 nearly white, rather obtuse; achene nearly 
 orbicular in outline, pale brown, faintly 
 wrinkled transversely and longitudinally, 
 so as x to appear reticulated; tubercle decur- 
 rent on the margins of the achene. 
 
 In wet pine barrens, Virginia to Florida and 
 Texas. June-Aug-. 
 
 6. PSILOCARYA Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 359. 1836. 
 
 Annual sedges, with fibrous roots, slender leafy stems and ovoid or oblong, many-flow- 
 ered terete spikelets in terminal and axillary, mostly compound umbels, the rays and raylets 
 bracted at the base. Scales of the spikelets spirally imbricated all around, all fertile, 
 deciduous. Flowers perfect. Perianth none. Stamens i or 2. Style 2-cleft, enlarged at 
 the base. Achene lenticular or biconvex, smooth or transversely wrinkled, capped by the 
 persistent base of the style (tubercle), or nearly the whole style persistent as a beak. 
 [Greek, referring to the absence of perianth-bristles.] 
 
 About 10 species, natives of temperate and tropical America, 
 occurs in the southeastern United States. 
 
 Achene strongly wrinkled, much longer than the subacute tubercle. 
 Achene smooth or but little wrinkled; tubercle subulate. 
 
 Besides the following, another 
 
 1. P. nitens 
 
 2. P. scirpoides. 
 
 i. Psilocarya nitens (Vahl) Wood. Short-beaked Bald-rush. (Fig. 601.) 
 
 Scirpus nitens Vahl, Emim. 2: 272. 1806. 
 
 Psilocarya rhvnchosporoides Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 
 3: 361. 1836. 
 
 Rhynchospora nitens A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 568. 
 1867. 
 
 Psilocarya nitens Wood, Bot. & Fl. 364. 1870. 
 
 Glabrous, culms tufted, slightly angled, 3'- 
 15' tall. Leaves narrowly linear, about \" wide, 
 smooth, sometimes overtopping the culm, 
 sheathing at the base, the midvein prominent; 
 umbels mostly loose; spikelets ovoid, 2 // ~3 // 
 long, rather less than i" in diameter; scales 
 brown, broadly ovate, thin, i-nerved, obtuse, 
 acute or apiculate; achene lenticular, nearly 
 orbicular, light brown, strongly wrinkled trans- 
 versely; tubercle shorter than the acheue, sub- 
 acute, 2-lobed at the base. 
 
 In wet soil, Long Island, N. Y., and Delaware to 
 Florida and Texas, near the coast. July-Oct. 
 
258 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 2. Psilocarya scirpoides Torr. Long-beaked Bald-rush. (Fig. 602.) 
 
 Psilocarya scirpoides Torr. Ann. I<yc. N. Y. 3: 360. 
 1836. 
 
 Rhynchospora scirpoides A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 568. 
 
 r ^ Similar to the preceding species and perhaps 
 not specifically distinct. Umbels commonly 
 more numerous; spikelets oblong or ovoid-ob- 
 long; achene nearly orbicular in outline, bicon- 
 vex, not as flat as that of P. nitens, dark brown, 
 faintly transversely wrinkled or smooth, some- 
 times longitudinally striate, slightly contracted 
 at the base into a short stipe; tubercle subulate, 
 as long as or sometimes longer than the achene, 
 its base decurrent on the edges. 
 
 In wet soil, eastern Massachusetts and Rhode 
 Island. July-Sept. 
 
 7. STENOPHYLLUS Raf. Neog. 4. 1825. 
 
 Mostly annual sedges, with slender erect culms, leafy below, the leaves narrowly linear 
 or filiform, with ciliate or pubescent sheaths. Spikelets umbellate, capitate or solitary, sub- 
 tended by a i-several-leaved involucre, their scales spirally imbricated all around, mostly 
 deciduous. Flowers perfect. Perianth none. Stamens 2 or 3. Style 2-3-cleft, glabrous, 
 its base much swollen and persistent as a tubercle on the achene as in Eleocharis. Achene 
 3-angled, turgid or lenticular. [Greek, referring to the narrow leaves.] 
 
 A genus of some 20 species, natives of temperate and warm regions. Besides the following, 
 5 others occur in the southern United States. 
 
 i. Stenophyllus capillaris (L.) Britton. 
 
 (Fig. 603.) 
 
 Scirpus capillaris L,. Sp. PI. 49. 1753. 
 Fimbristylis capillaris A. Gray, Man. 530. 
 
 1848. 
 Stenophyllus capillaris Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 
 
 21 : 30. 1894. 
 
 Annual, roots fibrous, culms filiform, 
 densely tufted, erect, grooved, smooth, 2 / -io / 
 tall. Leaves filiform, roughish, much shorter 
 than the culm, their sheaths more or less 
 pubescent with long hairs; involucral leaves 
 1-3, setaceous, shorter than, or one of them 
 exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets nar- 
 rowly oblong, somewhat 4-sided, 2^ // ~4 // 
 long, less than i // thick, several in a termi- 
 nal simple or sometimes compound umbel, 
 or in depauperate forms solitary; scales ob- 
 long, obtuse or emarginate, puberulent, dark 
 brown with a green keel; stamens 2; style 3- 
 cleft; achene yellow-brown, narrowed at the 
 base, very obtuse or truncate at the summit, 
 % ff long, 3-angled, transversely wrinkled; 
 tubercle minute, depressed. 
 
 In dry or moist soil, throughout North Amer- 
 ica except the extreme north. Also in tropical 
 America. July-Sept. 
 
 Hair-like Stenophyllus. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 259 
 
 8. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl, Enum. 2: 285. 1806. 
 
 Annual or perennial sedges. Culms leafy below. Spikelets umbellate or capitate, 
 terete, several to many- flowered, subtended by a i-many-leaved involucre, their scales spirally 
 imbricated all around, mostly deciduous, all fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 
 2-3-cleft, pubescent or glabrous, its base much enlarged, falling away from the summit of 
 the achene at maturity. Achene lenticular, biconvex, or 3-angled, reticulated, cancellate, or 
 longitudinally ribbed or striate in our species. [Greek, in allusion to the fringed style of 
 some species.] 
 
 A large genus, the species widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Besides the 
 following, some 4 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. 
 Style 2-cleft; achene lenticular or biconvex. 
 
 Culms 8' -3 tall; spikelets umbellate; style mostly pubescent. 
 Perennial; leaves involute. 
 
 Scales coriaceous, shining, glabrous. 
 Scales membranous, dull, puberulent. 
 Annual; roots fibrous; leaves flat. 
 
 Culms i '-4' tall, very slender; spikelets capitate; style glabrous below. 
 Style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled. 
 
 1. F, spadicea. 
 
 2. F. castanea, 
 T,. F. lax a. 
 
 4. F. Vahlii. 
 
 5. F. autumnalis. 
 
 i. Fimbristylis spadicea (I,.) Vahl. Stiff Fimbristylis. (Fig. 604.) 
 
 Scirpus spadiceus L. Sp. PI. 51. 1753. 
 Fimbrislylis spadicea Vahl, Enum. 2: 294. 1806. 
 
 Perennial by a thickened base, glabrous, 
 culms stiff, slender, 3-angled, wiry, i-3 tall, 
 usually longer than the strongly involute rigid 
 leaves. Leaves about i // wide when unrolled, 
 their sheaths dark brown; leaves of the involu- 
 cre 3-6, erect, the longer sometimes exceeding 
 the usually compound umbel; umbel several- 
 rayed, the rays nearly erect, 2 / -6 / long; cen- 
 tral spikelets of the umbels and umbellets ses- 
 sile, the others pedicelled; spikelets ovoid or 
 ovoid -cylindric, acute, 2X /X - 0// long, about \" 
 in diameter; scales oval, obovate, or orbicular, 
 obtuse or subacute, coriaceous, glabrous, shin- 
 ing, dark brown with a green midvein; stamens 
 2; style 2-cleft; achene lenticular, obovate, 
 brown, reticulated. 
 
 In marshes and shallow water, Virginia to Flor- 
 ida, near the coast. Widely distributed in tropical 
 America. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Fimbristylis castanea (Michx.) Vahl. Marsh Fimbristylis. (Fig. 605.) 
 
 Scirpus castaneus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:31. 1803. 
 Fimbristylis castanea Vahl, Enum. 2: 292. 1806- 
 Fimbristylis spadicea var. castanea A. Gray, Man. 
 Ed. 5, 566. 1867. 
 
 Perennial by a thick base, culms slender, 3- 
 angled, 8 / -2 tall, usually exceeding the leaves. 
 Leaves involute, less than i // wide when un- 
 rolled, their sheaths green and more or less 
 pubescent; leaves of the involucre 2-4, short; 
 umbel simple or compound, the rays X /-2/ 
 long; central spikelets sessile; spikelets oblong, 
 obtuse or subacute, 3 // -5 // long, \ re -iW in 
 diameter; scales thin, brown with a lighter 
 midvein, broadly oblong or nearly orbicular, 
 dull, puberulent, obtuse or mucronate; stamens 
 2-3; style 2-cleft; achene obovate or oblong, 
 biconvex, pale brown, longitudinally striate 
 and reticulated. 
 
 On salt meadows, southern New York to Florida 
 and Louisiana. Also in wet soil in the interior 
 from Michigan and Illinois to Kansas and Texas, 
 and in tropical America. July-Sept. 
 
260 
 
 CYPERACEAE, 
 
 Fimbristylis laxa Vahl. Weak Fimbristylis. (Fig. 606.) 
 
 Fimbristylis laxa Vahl, Enum. 2: 292. 1806. 
 Fimbristylis Baldwiniana Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 
 
 344. 1836. 
 
 Annual, roots fibrous, culms slender, flattened, 
 striate, densely tufted, erect or ascending, 2 / -i5 / 
 long, usually longer than the leaves. Leaves flat, 
 about l / 2 " wide, glabrous or sparingly ciliate, pale 
 green and appearing glaucous, those of the involu- 
 cre 3-5, one of them often exceeding the umbel; 
 umbel simple or slightly compound, the central 
 spikelet sessile; spikelets ovoid or ovoid-oblong, 
 3 // -6 // long, about \" in diameter; scales ovate, thin, 
 pale greenish-brown, subacute or mucronulate; sta- 
 men i; style 2-cleft, pubescent; achene biconvex, 
 obovoid, light brown, longitudinally ribbed, the ribs 
 tubercled and connected by very fine cross-lines. 
 
 In moist soil, southern Pennsylvania to Florida, 
 west to Illinois, Missouri and Texas. Also in tropical 
 America. July-Sept. 
 
 4. FimbHstylis Vahlii (L,am.) Link. Vahl' s Fimbristylis. (Fig. 607.) 
 
 Scirpus Vahlii Lam. Tabl. Encycl. i: 139. 1791. 
 Fimbristylis Vahlii Link, Hort. Berol. i: 287. 
 
 1827. 
 Fimbristylis congesta Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 345. 
 
 1836. 
 
 Annual, culms very slender, densely tufted, 
 compressed, striate, erect or ascending, i'-4' 
 high, longer than or equalling the leaves. 
 Leaves setaceous or almost filiform, rough, 
 those of the involucre 3-5, erect, much exceed- 
 ing the simple capitate cluster of 3-8 spikelets; 
 spikelets oblong-cylindric, obtuse, 2 // -4 // long, 
 about Yz" thick, many-flowered; scales lanceo- 
 late, pale greenish-brown, acuminate; stamen 
 i; style 2-cleft, glabrous below; achene minute, 
 biconvex, yellowish-white, cancellate by longi- 
 tudinal and transverse ridges. 
 
 In moist soil, Missouri to Texas, east to North 
 Carolina and Florida. Also in ballast about the 
 eastern seaports. July-Oct. 
 
 Fimbristylis autumnalis (I,.) R. &S. Slender Fimbristylis. (Fig. 608.) 
 
 Scirpus autumnalis L- Mant. 2: 180. 1771. 
 Fimbristylis autumnalis R. & S. Syst. 2: 97. 1817. 
 
 Annual, roots fibrous, culms very slender, densely 
 tufted, flat, roughish on the edges or smooth, erect, 
 ascending or spreading, s'-is' long, usually much 
 exceeding the leaves. Leaves narrowly linear, flat, 
 Yz ff -\" wide, long-acuminate, glabrous, those of 
 the involucre 2-3, usually all shorter than the um- 
 bel; umbel compound or decompound, the primary 
 rays X / ~ I X / lBg> tne secondary filiform; spike- 
 lets linear-oblong, acute, 2 // -5 // long, ]/?." thick 
 or less, several-many flowered* scales ovate-lanceo- 
 late, subacute, strongly mucronate, greenish-brown, 
 the midvein prominent; stamens 1-3; style 3-cleft; 
 achene obovoid, nearly white, 3-angled with a ridge 
 on each angle, very finely reticulated and some- 
 times roughened. 
 
 In moist soil, Maine to Michigan, south to Florida 
 and Louisiana. Also in tropical America. June-Sept. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 261 
 
 g. SCIRPUS L. Sp. PI. 47. 1753. 
 
 Annual or perennial very small or very large sedges, with leafy culms or the leaves re- 
 duced to basal sheaths. Spikelets terete or somewhat flattened, solitary, capitate, spicate or 
 umbellate, subtended by a i-several-leaved involucre or the involucre wanting in some 
 species. Scales spirally imbricated all around, usually all fertile, the 1-3 lower sometimes 
 empty. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 1-6, slender or rigid, short or elongated, barbed, 
 pubescent or smooth bristles, or none in some species. Stamens 2-3. Style 2-3-cleft, not 
 swollen at the base, wholly deciduous from the achene, or its base persistent as a subulate 
 tip. Achene triangular, lenticular or plano-convex. [Latin name of the Bulrush, said to 
 be from sirs, the Celtic word for rushes.] 
 
 About 200 species of very wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 6 others 
 occur in the southern and western parts of North America. 
 
 Spikelet solitary, terminal, bractless or subtended by a single bract or short leaf. 
 No involucral bract. 
 
 Culms i '-2' high; achene smooth; plant of saline soil. i. S. nanus. 
 
 Culms 3'-io' high; achene reticulated; plant of fresh-water marshes. 2. S. pauciflorus. 
 Involucral bract present, erect. 
 
 Bract shorter than or but little exceeding the spikelet; plants not aquatic. 
 
 Culm terete; leaf of upper sheath subulate; bristles smooth. 3. S. caespitosus. 
 
 Culms triangular; leaf of upper sheath linear; bristles upwardly barbed. 
 
 Leaves shorter than the culm; scales acute. 4. 5. Clintoni. 
 
 Leaves about as long as the culm; scales cuspidate. 5. 5. planifolius. 
 
 Bract at least twice as long as the spikelet; plant aquatic. 6. 5. subterminalis. 
 
 Spikelets normally more than i, usually several or numerous, often appearing lateral; involucral 
 
 bract only i . 
 Spikelets few, 1-12, appearing lateral. 
 
 Culms not sharply 3-angled; achene plano-convex; annuals. 
 
 Achene strongly transversely rugose. 7. S 1 . Hallii. 
 
 Achene smooth or very slightly roughened. 
 
 Bristles downwardly barbed, about equalling the achene. 8. 5". debilis. 
 
 Bristles minute or wanting. 9. S. Smithii. 
 
 Culms sharply 3-angled; plants perennial by rootstocks, 
 
 Achene plano-convex; bristles shorter than or equalling the achene. 
 
 Spikelets acute, much overtopped by the slender involucral leaf; scales awned. 
 
 10. S. Americanus. 
 Spikelets obtuse; involucral leaf short, stout; scales mucronulate. 
 
 11. S. Olneyi. 
 Achene 3-angled, ridged on the back. 
 
 Bristles longer than the achene; involucral leaf erect. 12. 5". Torreyi. 
 
 Bristles as long as the achene; involucral leaf abruptly bent. 13. 5. mucronatus. 
 Spikelets several or numerous, umbelled; tall sedges. 
 
 Culm sharply triangular, equalled by the long leaves. 14. 5. cylindricus. 
 
 Culm terete; leaves reduced to sheaths. 
 
 Bristles downwardly barbed; achene gray, abruptly mucronate. 15. 5. lacustris. 
 Bristles short-plumose below; achene nearly white, narrowed above. 
 
 16. 5". Californicus. 
 
 Spikelets several, spicate. 17. 5". rufus. 
 
 Spikelets several, capitate or umbellate, large; involucral leaves 2 or more. 
 Achene lenticular or plano-convex; spikelets capitate. 
 
 Capitate cluster simple; achene obovate-oblong, pale brown. 18. S 1 . campestris. 
 
 Capitate cluster often compound; achene orbicular-obovate, dark brown. 
 
 19. S. robustus. 
 
 Achene sharply 3-angled; spikelets umbellate. 20. S. fluviatilis. 
 
 Spikelets very numerous in compound umbels or umbelled heads, small; involucral leaves sev- 
 eral; tall sedges. 
 
 Bristles downwardly barbed; spikelets in umbelled heads. 
 Spikelets ovoid or oblong, i l A"-2%" long. 
 
 Bristles equalling or slightly exceeding the achene; leaves 3" -8" wide. 
 Style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled; bristles 6. 
 
 Spikelets 3-8 in each head; bristles barbed throughout; scales obtuse. 
 
 21. .S. sylvaticus. 
 Spikelets 8-20 in each head; bristles not barbed below; scales acute. 
 
 22. 5. atrovirens. 
 Style 2-cleft; achene plano-convex; bristles 4. 23. 5". microcarpus. 
 
 Bristles flexuous, twice as long as the achene; leaves 2" '-3" wide. 24. S 1 . polyphyllus. 
 
 Spikelets cylindric, 3" -5" long. 25. S. Peckii. 
 Bristles smooth or slightly pubescent; umbel mostly decompound. 
 Bristles shorter than or scarcely exceeding the scales. 
 
 Bristles about as long as the achene; scales subacute. 26. .S. divaricatus. 
 
 Bristles much longer than the achene; scales mucronate. 27. 5. lineatus. 
 
 Bristles much exserted beyond the scales when mature. 28. 5. cyperinus. 
 
262 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 i. Scirpus nanus Spreng. Dwarf Club-rush. (Fig. 609.) 
 
 Scirpus nanus Spreng. Pug. i: 4. 1815. 
 Eleocharis pygmaea Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 313. 
 
 1836, 
 
 Annual, roots fibrous, culms filiform, flattened, 
 grooved, tufted, erect or ascending, i / -2 / high,, 
 bearing a scarious bladeless sheath near the base. 
 Spikelet solitary, terminal, ovoid-oblong, rather 
 acute, 3-8-flowered, \ fr -\y 2 " long, not subtended 
 by a bract; scales ovate or lanceolate, pale green, 
 the lower obtuse, the upper subacute; bristles about 
 6, downwardly barbed, longer than the achene; 
 stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene oblong, 3-angled,. 
 pale, pointed at each end, smooth. 
 
 Muddy places in salt marshes, Cape Breton Island 
 to Florida and Texas, and about salt springs in New 
 York and Michigan. Also on the Pacific Coast of 
 North America and on the coasts of Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Scirpus pauciflorus Lightf. Few-flowered Club-rush. (Fig. 610.) 
 
 Scirpus pauciflorus Lightf. Fl. Scot. 1078. 1777. 
 Eleocharis pauciflorus Link, Hort. Berol. i: 284. 1827. 
 
 Perennial by filiform rootstocks, culms very slender, 
 little tufted, 3-angled, grooved, leafless, 3 / -io / tall, the 
 upper sheath truncate. Spikelet terminal, solitary, not 
 subtended by an involucral bract, oblong, compressed, 
 4-io-flowered, a // -3 // long, nearly i // wide; scales 
 brown with lighter margins and midvein, lanceolate, 
 acuminate; bristles 2-6, hispid, as long as the achene or 
 longer; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid-oblong, 
 gray, rather abruptly beaked, its surface finely re- 
 ticulated. 
 
 In wet soil, Anticosti and Ontario to western New York, 
 Minnesota and British Columbia, south in the Rocky Moun- 
 tains to Colorado, and in the Sierra Nevada. Also in 
 northern Euope. July-Oct. 
 
 3. Scirpus caespitosus L,. Tufted Club-rush. (Fig. 6n.) 
 
 Scirpus caespitosus L. Sp. PI. 48. 1753. 
 
 Perennial, culms smooth, terete, densely tufted r 
 light green, erect or ascending, almost filiform, wiry r 
 4/-I5' long. Basal sheaths numerous, membran- 
 ous, imbricated, acuminate, the upper one bearing a 
 short very narrow blade; Spikelet solitary, terminal, 
 few-flowered, ovoid-oblong, about 2" long, sub- 
 tended by a subulate involucral leaf of about 
 its own length; scales yellowish-brown, ovate, 
 obtuse or subacute, deciduous; bristles 6, smooth, 
 longer than the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; 
 achene oblong, smooth, 3-angled, brown, acute. 
 
 In bogs and on moist rocks, Greenland to Alaska, 
 south to the mountains of New England, the Adiron- 
 dacks, western New York, Illinois, Minnesota and 
 British Columbia, in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, 
 and on the higher summits of the southern Alleghe- 
 nies. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 263 
 
 4. Scirpus Clinton! A. Gray. Clinton's Club-rush. (Fig. 612.) 
 
 Scirpus Clintoni A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 38: 290. 
 1864. 
 
 Perennial, culms tufted, triangular, very slender, 
 erect, 4 / -i5 / tall, roughish on the angles. Lower 
 sheaths imbricated, one or more of them bearing short 
 subulate blades, the upper one bearing a flat, narrowly 
 linear blade shorter than the culm; spikelet solitary, 
 terminal, ovoid, few-flowered, i%"-2" long, sub- 
 tended by a subulate involucral bract of less than its 
 own length or somewhat longer; scales ovate, pale 
 brown, acute; bristles 3-6, filiform, upwardly barbed, 
 as long as the achene or longer; style 3-cleft; achene 
 oblong, brown, sharply 3-angled, smooth, obtuse. 
 
 In dry fields and thickets, New Brunswick to western 
 New York and Michigan, south to North Carolina. Local. 
 June-Aug. 
 
 5. Scirpus planifolius Muhl. Wood Club-rush. 
 
 Scirpus planifoHus}Axd&. Gram. 32. 18,17. 
 
 Perennial, culms triangular, slender, tufted, rather 
 weak, roughish on the angles, 6 / -i5 / tall. Lower 
 sheaths bearing short subulate blades, the upper with 
 a flat narrowly linear rough-margined leaf about as 
 long as the culm; spikelet solitary, terminal, ovoid- 
 oblong, acute, several-flowered, subtended by a short 
 involucral bract; scales ovate-lanceolate, yellowish- 
 brown with a green mjdvein, which is extended be- 
 yond the acute apex into a sharp cusp; bristles 4-6, 
 upwardly barbed, about equalling the achene; stamens 
 3; style 3-cleft, pubescent; achene oblong, 3-angled; 
 smooth, light brown, rather obtuse. 
 
 In woods and thickets, Rhode Island to Delaware, 
 western New York and Missouri. May -July. 
 
 6. Scirpus subterminalis Torr. Water Club-rush. (Fig. 614.) 
 
 Scirpus subterminalis Torr. Fl. U. S. i: 47. 1824. 
 
 Perennial (?), aquatic, culms slender, terete, nodu- 
 lose, i-3>2 long. Leaves slender, channeled, 6 / -2 
 long, %"-%" wide; spikelet solitary, terminal, ob- 
 long-cylindric, narrowed at each end, several-flow- 
 ered, 3 // -5 // long, subtended by a subulate erect invo- 
 lucral leaf J/z'-i' long, thus appearing lateral ; scales 
 ovate-lanceolate, acute, membranous, light brown 
 with a green midvein; bristles about 6, downwardly 
 barbed, as long as the achene or shorter; stamens 3; 
 style 3-cleft to about the middle; achene obovoid, 3- 
 angled, dark brown, smooth, rather more than \" 
 long, obtuse, abruptly beaked by the slender base of 
 the style. 
 
 In ponds and streams or sometimes on their borders, 
 New Brunswick to the Northwest Territory and Wash- 
 ington, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan. 
 The so-called variety terrestris is an emersed form with 
 erect culms and shorter spikelets. July-Aug. 
 
264 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 7. Scirpus Hallii A. Gray. Hall's Club-rush. (Fig. 615.) 
 
 Scirpus Hallii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, Add. 1863. 
 Scirpus supinus var. Hallii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 563. 
 1867. 
 
 Annual, culms very slender, smooth, tufted, ob- 
 tusely triangular, erect, striate, 5'-! 2 X tall. I/ower 
 sheaths oblique, and acuminate or mucronate on one 
 side, the upper one commonly bearing a filiform 
 blade ^'-2^'long; spikelets capitate in clusters of 
 1-7, oblong-cylindric, obtuse, many-flowered, j/ f - 
 6 // long, about i // thick, appearing lateral by the 
 extension of the solitary involucral leaf which is 
 i / ~4 / long; scales ovate-lanceolate, light greenish 
 brown, acuminate, keeled, cuspidate by the ex- 
 current tip of the mid vein; bristles wanting; 
 stamens mostly 2; achene obovate-orbicular or 
 slightly broader than high, black, plano-convex, 
 mucronulate strongly wrinkled transversely, about 
 y 2 " in diameter. 
 
 In wet soil, Massachusetts to Florida, west to Illinois, Colorado, Texas and Mexico. The lowest 
 sheaths occasionally subtend a flower with very long styles. July-Sept. 
 
 8. Scirpus debilis Pursh. Weak-stalked Club-rush. (Fig. 616.) 
 
 Scirpus debilis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 55. 1814. 
 
 Annual, smooth, culms slender, terete or nearly 
 so, tufted, erect or ascending, 6 / -2 high. Sheaths 
 obliquely truncate, the upper one rarely bearing a 
 short subulate blade; spikelets capitate in clusters 
 of 1-12, ovoid-oblong, subacute, many-flowered, 
 appearing lateral, the solitary involucral leaf nar- 
 rowly linear, \}4.'-tf long, erect or divergent; 
 scales light yellowish-brown with a green midvein, 
 broadly ovate, obtuse or acute; bristles 4-6, 
 downwardly barbed, somewhat unequal and about 
 as long as the achene; stamens 2-3; style 2-cleft or 
 rarely 3-cleft; achene plano-convex, broadly ob- 
 ovate or orbicular, smooth or slightly roughened, 
 dark brown, shining, obtuse, mucronulate. 
 
 In wet soil, Maine to Minnesota, south to Georgia, 
 Alabama and Nebraska. July-Sept. 
 
 *r 
 
 g. Scirpus Smithii A. Gray. Smith's 
 Club-rush. (Fig. 617.) 
 
 Scirpus Smilhii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 563. 1867. 
 
 Annual, similar to the preceding species, but the 
 culms usually lower and more slender or nearly fili- 
 form, 3 / -i2 / tall, the sheaths oblique and acumi- 
 nate or the upper one bearing a subulate blade. 
 Spikelets 1-4, in an apparently lateral cluster, 
 ovoid, acute, 2 // -3 // long, the involucral leaf very 
 narrow, elongated, erect; scales oblong, obtuse, 
 mucronulate, pale brown with a narrow, green mid- 
 vein; bristles usually wanting, sometimes 1-3, and 
 very much shorter than the achene; style 2-cleft; 
 achene plano-convex, obovate or orbicular, brown, 
 rather dull, smooth or minutely roughened, obtuse, 
 mucronulate. 
 
 In wet muddy places, Vermont to Minnesota, south 
 to Delaware, Pennsylvania and Michigan. Perhaps 
 only a form of the preceding. July-Sept. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 265 
 
 1805. 
 1806. 
 
 io. Scirpus Americanus Pers. Three-square. Chair-maker's Rush. 
 
 (Fig. 618.) 
 
 Scirpus Americanus Pers. Syn. i: 68. 
 Scirpus pungens Vahl, Fnum, 2: 255. 
 
 Perennial by long rootstocks, culms sharply tri- 
 angular with concave sides or one of the sides 
 nearly flat, erect, stiff, i-4 tall. Leaves 1-3, 
 narrowly linear, keeled, shorter than the culm; 
 spikelets oblong-ovoid, acute, 4 // -6 // long, capitate 
 in clusters of 1-7, appearing as if lateral; involucral 
 leaf solitary, slender, \ l / 2 f -\' long; scales broadly 
 ovate, brown, often emarginate or sharply 2-cleft 
 at the apex, the midvein extended into a subulate 
 awn sometimes \" long, the margins scarious, 
 ciliolate or glabrous; bristles 2-6, downwardly 
 barbed, shorter than or equalling the achene; 
 stamens 3; style usually 2-cleft; achene obovate, 
 plano-convex, smooth, dark brown, mucronate. 
 
 In fresh water and brackish swamps throughout 
 North America. Also in Chile. June-Sept. 
 
 Scirpus Americanus longispicatus Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. n: 78. 1892. 
 Spikelets linear-cylindric, 5"-! 2" long; bristles as long as the broadly obovate achene. South 
 shore of Lake Ontario; Colorado and New Mexico. 
 
 ii. Scirpus Olneyi A. Gray. Olney's 
 Bulrush. (Fig. 619.) 
 
 Scirpus Olneyi A. Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5: 238. 
 
 1845- 
 
 Similar to the preceeding species, perennial by long 
 stout rootstocks, culms stout, sharply 3-angled with 
 concave sides, 2-7 tall. Leaves 1-3, I'-s' long, 
 or sheaths sometimes leafless; spikelets capitate in 
 dense clusters of 5-12, oblong or ovoid-oblong, ob- 
 tuse, 2> // -4 // long, the solitary involucral leaf short, 
 stout, erect, %'-!%' l n g; scales oval or orbicular, 
 dark brown with a green midvein, emarginate or mu- 
 cronulate, glabrous; bristles usually 6, slightly shorter 
 than or equalling the achene, downwardly barbed; 
 stamens 2-3; style 2-cleft; achene obovate, plano- 
 convex, brown, mucronate. 
 
 In salt marshes, Rhode Island to Florida, Texas, 
 Mexico and California, extending north along the Pacific 
 Coast to Oregon. Also in Arkansas. June-Sept. 
 
 12. Scirpus Torreyi Olney. Torrey's 
 Bulrush. (Fig. 620.) 
 
 Scirpus Torrevi Olney, Proc. Providence Frank. Soc. 
 i: 32. 1847. 
 
 Perennial by short or slender rootstocks, culms 
 sharply 3-angled, rather slender, nodulose, 2-4 
 tall. Leaves narrowly linear, elongated, nodulose, 
 light green, sometimes overtopping the culm; 
 spikelets 1-4, in an apparently lateral capitate clus- 
 ter, oblong, narrowed at each end, 5 // -8 // long; 
 involucral leaf 2 / -6 / long, erect; scales ovate 
 or lanceolate, shining, chestnut-brown, glabrous, 
 obtuse or the upper acute, mucronulate; bristles 
 about 6, downwardly barbed, longer than the 
 achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, 
 smooth, shining, light brown, 3-angled, one of its 
 sides broader and flatter than the others. 
 
 In swamps, Vermont to Rhode Island and Pennsyl- 
 vania, west to Minnesota and Manitoba. July-Sept. 
 
266 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 13. Scirpus mucronatus I,. Bog Bulrush. 
 (Fig. 621.) 
 
 Scirpus mucronatus L- Sp. PI. 50. 1753. 
 
 Perennial, culms stout, somewhat tufted, sharply 
 3-angled, smooth, i-3 tall. Spikelets 5-12 in a 
 capitate cluster, oblong, obtuse, many-flowered, 
 4//_9// long, rather more than \" in diameter, sub- 
 tended by the solitary linear abruptly spreading in- 
 volucral leaf; scales broadly ovate, obtuse, light 
 brown with a narrow green midvein, mucronate; 
 bristles 6, stout, rigid, downwardly barbed, as long 
 as the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene ob- 
 ovoid, smooth, shining, dark brown, 3-angled, two- 
 of the sides narrower and more convex than the 
 third. 
 
 In a swamp in Delaware county, Pennsylvania. 
 Probably adventive or fugitive from Europe. Widely 
 distributed in the Old World. July-Sept. 
 
 14. Scirpus cylindricus (Torr.) Britton. Canby's Bulrush. (Fig. 622.) 
 
 Scirpus maritimus var. cylindricus Torr. Ann. 
 
 Lye. N. Y. 3: 325. 1836. 
 
 Scirpus leptolepis Chapm. Fl. S. States, 520. 1860. 
 Scirpus Canbyi A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 38: 
 
 289. 1864. 
 Scirpus cylindricus Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 
 
 11:79. 1892. 
 
 Perennial by stout rootstocks, culm stout, 
 sharply 3-angled above, 3-6 high, the linear 
 nodulose keeled and channeled dark green 
 leaves nearly or quite as long. Involucral leaf 
 solitary, 4 / -io / long, erect; spikelets in an appa- 
 rently lateral simple or compound umbel, droop- 
 ing, oblong-cylindric, acutish, 6 // -io // long; 
 primary rays of the umbel \'-\' long, bracted 
 by i or more subulate-linear leaves; scales ovate 
 or ovate-lanceolate, pale brown with scarious 
 margins, acute, mucronulate; bristles 6, stout, 
 rigid, about as long as the achene, serrate; sta- 
 mens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, 3-angled, 
 light brown, smooth, abruptly subulate-pointed. 
 
 In ponds and swamps, Maryland to Florida and Louisiana, mostly near the coast. July-Sept. 
 
 15. Scirpus lacustris L,. Great Bulrush. Mat-rush. (Fig. 623.) 
 
 Scirpus lacustris L. Sp. PI. 48. 1753. 
 Scirpus validus Vahl, Enum. 2: 268. 1806. 
 
 Perennial by stout rootstocks, culm stout, terete, 
 smooth, erect, 3-9 tall, sometimes nearly i' in di- 
 ameter, sheathed below, the upper sheath occasion- 
 ally extended into a short leaf. Involucral leaf soli- 
 tary, erect, shorter than the umbel, appearing as if 
 continuing the culm; umbel compound, appearing 
 lateral, its primary rays slender, spreading, i'-4' 
 long, bracts linear-lanceolate, scarious; spikelets ob- 
 long-conic, becoming oblong-cylindric, sessile or some 
 of them peduncled, in capitate clusters of 1-5, obtuse 
 or acute, 2>^ // -8 // long, i>^ // -2 // in diameter; scales 
 ovate or oblong, with a rather strong midvein which 
 is sometimes excurrent into a short tip; bristles 4-6, 
 downwardly barbed, equalling or longer than the 
 achene ; stamens 3 ; style 2-cleft; achene plano-con- 
 vex, obovate, gray, abruptly mucronate, dull. 
 In ponds and swamps, throughout North America. Also in the Old World. June-Sept 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 267 
 
 California Bulrush. 
 
 16. Scirpus Californicus (C. A. Meyer) Britton. 
 
 (Fig. 624.) 
 
 Elytrospennum Californicum C. A. Meyer, Mem. 
 
 Acad. St. Petersb. (V.) i: 201. pi. 2. 1831. 
 Scirpus Tatora Kunth, Enum. 2: 166. 1837. 
 Scirpus Californicus Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 
 
 ii : 79. 1892. 
 
 Perennial, similar to the preceding species, the 
 leaves reduced to basal sheaths. Involucral leaf 
 very short, stoutly subulate, umbel compound; 
 spikelets 3 // ~5 // long, acute, peduncled or some of 
 them sessile; scales brown, ovate, awn-pointed by 
 the excurrent mid vein; bristles shorter than or 
 equalling the achene, short-plumose below; sta- 
 mens 2-3; style 2-cleft; achene obovate, plano-con- 
 vex, nearly white, narrowed above into a short 
 point, contracted at the base, its surface finely cel- 
 lular-reticulated. 
 
 In swamps, Florida to Louisiana, New Mexico and 
 California, and widely distributed in tropical America. 
 Not certainly known within our area. June-Aug. 
 
 17. Scirpus rufus (Huds. ) Schrad. Red Clubrush. (Fig. 625.) 
 
 Schoenus rufus Huds. Fl. Angl. Ed. 2, 15. 1778. 
 Scirpus rufus Schrad. Fl. Germ, i: 133. 1806. 
 
 Perennial by slender rootstocks, culms tufted, 
 smooth, slender, erect, somewhat compressed, 3'- 
 15' tall. Leaves half-terete, smooth, shorter than 
 the culm, channeled, >2 / ~3 / long, less than i / 
 wide, the lowest reduced to bladeless sheaths; 
 spikelets red-brown, few-flowered, narrowly ovoid- 
 oblong, subacute, about 3" long, erect in a termi- 
 nal 2-ranked spike Yz f -\ f long; involucral leaf soli- 
 tary, erect, narrowly linear, equalling or longer 
 than the spike; scales lanceolate, acute, i-nerved; 
 bristles 3-6, upwardly barbed, shorter than the 
 achene, deciduous; stamens 3; style 2-cleft; achene 
 oblong, pointed at both ends, light brown, plano- 
 convex or slightly angled in front, i% ff -2" long. 
 
 In marshes, New Brunswick and Quebec to the North- 
 west Territory. Also in northern Europe. Summer. 
 
 18. Scirpus campestris Britton. Prairie Bulrush. (Fig. 626.) 
 
 Perennial by slender rootstocks, culm slender, 
 smooth, sharply triangular, i-2 tall. Leaves 
 usually pale green, smooth, shorter than or over- 
 topping the culm, i // -2 // wide, those of the invo- 
 lucre 2 or 3, the longer much exceeding the inflor- 
 escence; spikelets 3-10 in a dense terminal simple 
 head, oblong-cylindric, mostly acute, 8 // -i2 // long, 
 2>^ // -4 // in diameter; scales ovate, membranous, 
 puberulent or glabrous, pale brown, 2-toothed at 
 the apex, the midvein excurrent into an ascending 
 or spreading awn about \" long; bristles 1-3, much 
 shorter than the achene or none; style 2-cleft 
 (sometimes 3-cleft?); achene lenticular, obovate or 
 oblong-ovate, mucronulate, yellow-brown, its sur- 
 face strongly cellular-reticulated. 
 
 On wet prairies and plains, Manitoba and Minnesota 
 to Nebraska, Kansas and Mexico, west to Nevada. 
 May- Aug. 
 
268 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 ig. Scirpus robustus Pursh. Salt Marsh Bulrush. (Fig. 627.) 
 
 Scirpus robustus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 56. 1814. 
 Scirpus maritimus var. macrostachyus Michx. Fl. 
 
 Bor. Am. i: 32. 1803. Not 5. macrostachyus Lam. 
 
 Perennial by large rootstocks, culm stout, stiff, 
 sharply 3-angled with flat sides, smooth, 2-5 
 tall. Leaves equalling or overtopping the culm, 
 dark green, smooth, 2^ // ~5 // wide, the midvein 
 prominent; involucral leaves 2-4, elongated, erect, 
 similar to those of the culm, often i / long; spike- 
 lets ovoid-oblong, obtuse or subacute, stout, 8 // -i2 // 
 long, 4 // -5 // in diameter, 6-20 together in a dense 
 often compound terminal cluster; scales ovate, 
 brown, puberulent, thin, lacerate or 2-toothed at 
 the apex, the midvein excurrent into an, at length, 
 reflexed awn iX // -25^ // long; bristles 1-6, fragile, 
 shorter than the achene or none; stamens 3; style 
 3-cleft; achene compressed, very flat on the face, 
 convex or with low ridge on the back, obovate- 
 orbicular, dark brown, shining, i^ // long. 
 
 In salt marshes, Nova Scotia to Texas. July-Oct. 
 
 20. Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) A. Gray. River Bulrush. (Fig. 628.) 
 
 Scirpus maritimus var. fltiviatilis Torr. Ann. Lye. N. 
 
 Y. 3: 324. 1836. 
 Scirpus fluviatilis A. Gray, Man. 527. 1848. 
 
 Perennial by large rootstocks, culm stout, smooth, 
 sharply triangular with nearly flat sides, 3-6 tall. 
 Leaves 4 // -8 // wide, smooth, equalling or overtopping 
 the culm, attenuate to a very long tip, the midvein 
 prominent; those of the involucre 3-5, erect or spread- 
 ing, some of them 5 / -io / long; spikelets in a terminal 
 umbel, solitary, or 2-3 together at the ends of its long 
 spreading or drooping rays, or the central spikelets 
 sessile, oblong-cylindric, acute, 8 // -i2 // long, about 
 3^ x/ in diameter; scales ovate, scarious, puberulent, 
 the midvein excurrent into a curved awn i^ // -2 // 
 long; bristles 6, rigid, downwardly barbed, about as 
 long as the achene; style 3-cleft; achene sharply 
 3-angled, obovoid, rather dull, short-pointed, 2 /x long. 
 
 In shallow water along- lakes and streams, Quebec to 
 Minnesota, New Jersey, Illinois and Kansas. June-Sept. 
 
 21. Scirpus sylvaticus L. Wood Bulrush. (Fig. 629.) 
 
 Scirpus sylvaticus L- Sp. PI. 51. 1753. 
 
 Perennial by long rootstocks, culm triangular, 
 stout, smooth, 4-6 tall, often overtopped by the 
 upper leaves. Leaves flat, 5 // -8 // wide, rough on 
 the margins, more or less rugulose, the midvein 
 prominent, those of the involucre 5-8, the larger 
 similar to those of the culm and often i long or 
 more; umbel terminal, very large, sometimes 8' 
 broad, about 3 times compound, the spikelets ovoid 
 or ovoid-oblong, mostly acute, i^ // -2^ // long, 
 borne in capitate clusters of 2-8 at the ends of the 
 raylets; bractlets of the involucels small, scarious, 
 linear or lanceolate; scales ovate-oblong, obtuse, 
 brown with a green centre; bristles 6, downwardly 
 barbed, slightly exceeding the achene; stamens 3; 
 style 3-cleft; achene oblong, 3-angled, obtuse, 
 nearly white, mucronulate, not shining. 
 
 In swamps, Massachusetts to North Carolina. Also 
 in Europe June-Aug. - 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 269 
 
 22. Scirpus atrovirens Muhl. 
 
 Scirpus atrovirens Muhl. Gram. 43. 1817. 
 
 Perennial by slender rootstocks, culms triangu- 
 lar, rather slender, leafy, 2-4 high. Leaves 
 elongated, nodulose, rough on the margins, dark 
 green, 3 // -6 // wide, one or two of them usually ex- 
 ceeding the inflorescence; umbel i-2-compound or 
 simple; spikelets ovoid-oblong, acute, densely capi- 
 tate in 6's-2o's at the ends of the rays or raylets; 
 involucels short; scales greenish-brown, oblong, 
 acute, the midvein excurrent; bristles usually 6, 
 downwardly barbed above, naked below, about as 
 long as the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene 
 oblong-obovoid, 3-angled, pale brown, dull. 
 
 In swamps, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Geor- 
 gia and Louisiana. June-Aug. 
 
 Scirpus atrovirens pallidus Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. 
 
 Sci. 9: 14. 1889. 
 
 Whole plant pale green; scales awned; spikelets ob- 
 long-cylindric, very numerous in -the capitate clusters. 
 Minnesota to the Northwest Territory and Colorado. 
 
 Dark green Bulrush. (Fig. 630.) 
 
 23. Scirpus microcarpus Presl. Small- 
 fruited Bulrush. (Fig. 631.) 
 
 Scirpus microcarpus Presl, Rel. Haenk. i: 195. 1828. 
 Scirpus sylvaticus var. digynus Boeckl. Linnaea, 36: 
 
 727. 1870. 
 
 Perennial, the culms 3-5 tall, often stout, 
 overtopped by the rough-margined leaves. Longer 
 leaves of the involucre usually exceeding the inflor- 
 escence; spikelets ovoid-oblong, acute, i^ // -2 // 
 long, 3-25 together in capitate clusters at the ends 
 of the usually spreading raylets; scales brown with 
 a green midvein, blunt or subacute; bristles 4, 
 barbed downwardly nearly or quite to the base, 
 somewhat longer than the achene; stamens 2; style 
 2-cleft; achene oblong-obovate, nearly white, plano- 
 convex or with a low ridge on the back, pointed. 
 
 In swamps and wet woods, Nova Scotia to Quebec 
 and Alaska, south to New Hampshire, northern New 
 York, Minnesota, Nevada and California. July-Sept. 
 
 24. Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl. 
 
 Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl, Enum. 2: 274. 1806. 
 
 Perennial by slender rootstocks, culms slender, 
 sharply triangular, i^-4 tall, very leafy, the 
 leaves 2 // -3 // wide, exactly 3-ranked, inconspicu- 
 ously nodulose, rough -margined, the upper rarely 
 overtopping the culm; leaves of the involucre 3-6, 
 the longer commonly somewhat exceeding the in- 
 florescence; umbel more or less compound; spike- 
 lets ovoid, about \ l / z fr long, capitate in 3's-io's at 
 the ends of the raylets; scales ovate, bright brown, 
 mostly obtuse, mucronulate; bristles 6, flexuous or 
 twice bent, downwardly barbed above the middle, 
 twice as long as the achene; stamens 3; style 3- 
 cleft; achene obovoid, 3-angled with a broad face 
 and narrower sides, short-pointed, dull. 
 
 In swamps, wet woods and meadows, Massachusetts 
 to Minnesota, south to Alabama and Arkansas. Some 
 of the scales of the spikelets occasionally develop into 
 linear leaves. July-Sept. 
 
 L-eafy Bulrush. (Fig. 632.) 
 
CYPERACEAE. 
 
 25. Scirpus Peckii Britton. Peck's Bul- 
 rush. (Fig. 633.) 
 
 Scirpus Peckii Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. u- 82 
 1892. 
 
 Perennial by rootstocks, culms slender, trian- 
 gular, i^-3^ tall, leafy. Leaves elongated, 
 2"-5" wide, rough-margined, the upper overtop- 
 ping the culm, those of the involucre 3-5, the 
 longer of them exceeding the inflorescence; umbel 
 i-2-compound, large; spikelets cylindric, obtusish, 
 3 // ~5 // long, in capitate clusters of 2-10 at the ends 
 of the raylets or some of them distinctly pedun- 
 cled; scales dark brown, keeled, mucronate, falling 
 early; bristles 4-6, downwardly barbed from be- 
 low the middle to the summit, longer than the 
 achene; style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled, }" long, 
 oblong, narrowed at each end, slender-beaked. 
 
 In swamps, Connecticut and New York. July-Sept. 
 
 26. Scirpus divaricatus Ell. Spreading Bulrush. (Fig. 634.) 
 
 Scirpus divaricatus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 88. pi. 2. 
 f. 4. 1816. 
 
 Perennial (?). Roots fibrous, culms obtusely 
 triangular, smooth, rather slender, 2^-4 tall. 
 Leaves 2 // -4 // wide, rough-margined, the upper 
 and those of the involucre not exceeding the in- 
 florescence; umbel decompound, the primary rays 
 very slender, sometimes 6' long, widely spreading 
 or drooping; raylets filiform; involucels setaceous; 
 spikelets mostly solitary at the ends of the raylets, 
 sessile or peduncled, linear-oblong, obtuse, 3 // -6 // 
 long, YZ" thick; scales ovate, greenish-brown, sub- 
 acute or obtuse, with a prominent midvein and 
 scarious margins; bristles 6, flexuous, longer than 
 the achene, somewhat pubescent, not barbed, 
 shorter than the scales; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; 
 achene sharply 3-angled, oblong, narrowed at both 
 ends, apiculate, nearly white, not shining. 
 
 In swamps, Kentucky to Missouri, south to Florida and Louisiana. The spikelets sometimes 
 partially develop into tufts of leaves. June-Aug. 
 
 27. Scirpus lineatus Michx. Reddish Bulrush. (Fig. 635.) 
 
 Scirpus lineatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 32. 1803. 
 
 Perennial by stout rootstocks, culms rather 
 slender, triangular, erect, i-3 high, leafy, the 
 upper leaves and those of the involucre not exceed- 
 ing the inflorescence. Leaves 2 // -4 // wide, light 
 green, flat, rough-margined; umbels terminal and 
 commonly also axillary, decompound, the rays 
 very slender, becoming pendulous ; spikelets mostly 
 solitary at the ends of the slender raylets, oblong, 
 obtuse, 3 x/ -5 /x long, about i // in diameter; scales 
 ovate or oblong, reddish-brown with a green mid- 
 vein, their tips slightly spreading; bristles 6, 
 weak, smooth, entangled, much longer than the 
 achene, equalling the scales or slightly protruded 
 beyond them at maturity; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; 
 achene oblong or oblong-obovoid, pale brown, nar- 
 rowed at both ends, 3-angled, short-beaked. 
 
 In swamps and wet meadows, Ontario to Georgia, 
 west to Oregon and Texas. June-Sept. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 271 
 
 Wool-grass. (Fig. 636.) 
 
 28. Scirpus cyperinus (I,.) Kunth. 
 
 Eriophorum cyperinum L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 77. 1762. 
 Scirpus cyperinus Kunth, Enum. 2: 170. 1837. 
 Scirpus Eriophorum var. cyperinus A. Gray, Man. Ed. 
 
 2, 501. 1856. 
 
 Perennial by stout rootstocks, culms stout or slen- 
 der, smooth, obtusely triangular or nearly terete, 
 stiff, leafy, 2-6 tall. Leaves elongated, z"-^" wide, 
 rough-margined, the upper often overtopping the 
 culm, those of the involucre 3-6, the longer much ex- 
 ceeding the inflorescence; umbel terminal, com- 
 pound, the rays at length somewhat drooping; spike- 
 lets ovoid-oblong, obtuse, i>^ // -2^ // long, in capitate 
 clusters of 3-15 at the ends of the raylets; scales ovate 
 or lanceolate, acute or subacute; bristles 6, entangled, 
 smooth, much longer than the achene, much exserted 
 beyond the scales and grayish-brown at maturity; 
 stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled, oblong, 
 slender-beaked, nearly white. 
 
 In swamps, Newfoundland to Ontario, Virginia and 
 Kentucky. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 . Scirpus cyperinus Eriophorum (Michx. ) Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. n: 82. 
 Scirpus Eriophorum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 33. 1803. 
 
 1892. 
 
 Eriophorum cyperinum var. laxtim Wats. & Coult. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 582. 1890. 
 
 Spikelets mostly peduncled. Range of the type, but extending to Florida and Louisiana. 
 
 10. ERIOPHORUM L> Sp. PI. 52. 1753. 
 
 Bog sedges, perennial by rootstocks, the culms erect, triangular or nearly terete, the 
 leaves linear, or i or 2 of the upper ones reduced to bladeless sheaths. Spikelets terminal, 
 solitary, capitate or umbelled, subtended by a i-several-leaved involucre, or naked. Scales 
 spirally imbricated, usually all fertile. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 6 or numerous filiform 
 smooth soft bristles, which are white or brown, straight or crisped, and exserted much 
 beyond the scales at maturity. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft. Achene 3-angled, oblong, ellip- 
 soid or obovoid. [Greek, signifying wool-bearing, referring to the soft bristles.] 
 
 About 10 species, in the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, one occurs in Alaska. 
 Spikelet solitary; involucral leaf short or none. 
 
 Bristles only 6, white, crisped, very long. i. E. alpinum. 
 
 Bristles numerous, straight or slightly crisped. 
 Bristles bright white. 
 
 Culm with 2 inflated bladeless sheaths; achene obovoid, obtuse. 2. E. vaginatum. 
 Only the upper sheath bladeless, or all blade-bearing; achene linear-oblong, acute. 
 
 3. E. Scheuchzeri. 
 
 Bristles reddish-brown. 4. E. russeolum. 
 
 Spikelets several, umbellate or capitate; involucre i-4-leaved. 
 
 Achene obovoid, obtuse; spikelets umbellate. 5. E. polystachyon. 
 
 Achene linear-oblong, acute ; spikelets capitate or some of them peduncled. 
 
 Leaves channeled; bristles 4-6 times as long as the scale, bright white. 6. E. gracile. 
 Leaves flat; bristles 3 times as long as the scale, brown (rarely white). 7. E. Virginicum. 
 
 Eriophorum alpinum L,. Alpine Cotton-grass. (Fig. 637.) 
 
 Eriophorum alpinum L- Sp. PI. 53. 1753- 
 
 Perennial by short rootstocks, sending up numer- 
 ous filiform triangular roughish culms, 6 / -io / high. 
 Leaves subulate, 3 // -io // long, triangular, chan- 
 neled, borne very near the base of the culm, the 
 lower sheaths often scarious and bladeless; spikelet 
 solitary, terminal, small, erect; involucral bract sub- 
 ulate, mostly shorter than the spikelet, sometimes 
 wanting; young spikelet ovoid-oblong, subacute; 
 scales oblong lanceolate, yellowish-brown, firm, ob- 
 tuse or subacute, the midvein slender; bristles 6, 
 white, crisped, 4-7 times as long as the scale; achene 
 narrowly obovoid-oblong, brown, apiculate, dull. 
 
 In bogs and on high mountains, Newfoundland to 
 Hudson Bay and the Northwest Territory, south to Ver- 
 mont, northern New York and Minnesota. Also in 
 Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 18 
 
 I. 
 
272 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 2. Eriophorum vaginatum L,. Sheathed Cotton-grass. (Fig. 638.) 
 
 Eriophorum vaginatum L,. Sp. PI. 52. 1753. 
 
 Culms tufted, stiff, obtusely triangular, smooth, 
 slender, 8 / -i6 / tall, leafless, except at the base, 
 bearing two distant inflated sheaths, the upper one 
 usually above the middle. Leaves stiff, filiform, 
 triangular, channeled, slightly rough, shorter than 
 or sometimes overtopping the culm; involucral 
 leaf wanting; spikelet solitary, ovoid, erect; scales 
 ovate-lanceolate or the lowest lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, purple-brown, thin; bristles numerous, white, 
 straight, glossy, 4-5 times as long as the scale; an- 
 thers linear; achene obovoid, obtuse, brown, dull, 
 minutely apiculate. 
 
 In bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Mas- 
 sachusetts, Pennsylvania and Minnesota. Also in 
 northern Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 3. Eriophorum Scheuchzeri Hoppe. Scheuchzer's Cotton-grass. (Fig. 639. ) 
 
 Eriophorum Scheuchseri Hoppe, Taschenb. 1800: 104. 
 1800. 
 
 Eriophorum capitatum Host, Gram. Aust. i: 30. pi. j8. 
 1801. 
 
 Similar to the preceding species but the sheaths all 
 blade-bearing or only the upper one bladeless, culms 
 slender, smooth, nearly terete, lo'-sc/ tall. Leaves 
 filiform, channeled, usually much shorter than the 
 culm; spikelet solitary, terminal, erect; involucre 
 none; scales ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, pur- 
 ple-brown, membranous; bristles numerous, white 
 or slightly yellowish, weak, nearly straight, 4-5, 
 times as long as the scale; "anthers cordate-ovate;" 
 achene narrowly oblong, acute, brown, dull, subu- 
 late-beaked. 
 
 In bogs, Newfoundland and Labrador to Manitoba, 
 Alaska rind Oregon. Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 4. Eriophorum russeolum Fries. Russet Cotton-grass. (Fig. 640.) 
 
 Eriophorum russeolum Fries, Novit. Mant. 3: 67. 1842. 
 
 Culms solitary or little tufted, triangular, erect, 
 smooth, 8 / -i8 / tall, much longer than the leaves. 
 Upper sheath inflated, bladeless, mucronate, rarely 
 with a short subulate blade, usually borne below the 
 middle of the culm; leaves filiform, triangular-chan- 
 neled, mucronate, i / -4 / long; spikelet solitary, erect; 
 involucre none; scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 thin, purplish-brown with nearly white margins; 
 bristles numerous, bright reddish-brown, 3-5 times 
 as long as the scale; achene oblong, narrowed at each 
 end, apiculate. 
 
 Scarcely differs from the preceding species except in 
 the color of the bristles and the shorter-pointed achene. 
 In bogs, Newfoundland to Quebec. June-Aug. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 273 
 
 5. Eriophorum polystachyon L,. Tall Cotton-grass. (Fig. 641.) 
 
 Eriophorum polystachyon L. Sp. PI. 52. 1753. 
 
 Kriufiliontm lafifolium Hoppe, Taschenb. 1800: 103. 1800. 
 
 Culin stiff, smooth, obtusely triangular above, 
 nearly terete below, i^-3 tall, all the sheaths blade- 
 bearing. Leaves flat, roughish-margined, iX // -4 // 
 wide, tapering to a triangular channeled rigid point, 
 the upper shorter than or rarely overtopping the 
 culm, those of the involucre 2-4, the longer commonly 
 equalling or exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets 
 3-12, ovoid, or oblong, drooping, in a terminal simple 
 or more or less compound umbel; rays filiform, smooth 
 or rough; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 
 purple-green or brown; bristles numerous, bright 
 white, about i / long, 4-5 times as long as the scale; 
 achene obovoid, obtuse, light brown. 
 
 In bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New Jersey, 
 Georgia and Nebraska. Also in Europe and Asia. June- 
 Aug. 
 
 6. Eriophorum gracile Koch. Slender Cotton-grass. (Fig. 642.) 
 
 Eriophorum gracile Koch; Roth, Catal. Bot. 2: 259. 
 1800. 
 
 I'.riophorum triquetrum Hoppe, Taschenb. 1800: 106. 
 1800. 
 
 Culm slender, obtusely triangular, rough on the 
 angles, i-2 tall, the sheaths all blade-bearing. 
 Leaves narrowly linear, \" wide or less, triangular- 
 channeled, rough-margined, the upper not overtop- 
 ping the culm; involucral leaf commonly only i, 
 stiff, erect; spikelets 3-8, capitate or subumbellate, 
 the longer-peduncled ones drooping; scales ovate or 
 oblong, obtuse or subacute, greenish brown, the mid- 
 vein rather strong, often with a weaker nerve on 
 each side; bristles numerous, bright white, 8 // -i2 // 
 long, 4 6 times as long as the scale; achene linear- 
 oblong, acute, pointed. 
 
 In bogs, Newfoundland to Hudson Bay and Alaska, 
 south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Missouri. Also 
 in Europe and Asia. June-Sept. 
 
 7. Eriophorum Virginicum L/. Virginia 
 Cotton-grass. (Fig. 643.) 
 
 Eriophorum I'irginicum L. Sp. PI. 53. 1753. 
 
 Culm stiff, rather slender, obtusely triangular 
 above, terete below, smooth, i^-4 tall, rather 
 leafy. Leaves narrowly linear, flat, i // -2^ // wide, 
 rough-margined, somewhat channeled toward the 
 apex, the upper often overtopping the culm, those 
 if the involucre 2-4, spreading or deflexed, 2 / -6 / 
 long, i or 2 of them much longer than the spikelets; 
 spikelets several or numerous in a dense terminal 
 capitate cluster usually broader than high, erect or 
 the outer ones spreading; scales ovate, acute, brown 
 with a green centre, about 5-nerved; bristles numer- 
 ous, dingy brown, about 3 times as long as the scale; 
 achene linear-oblong, acute, apiculate, light brown. 
 
 In bogs, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Florida 
 and Nebraska. June-Sept. 
 
 Eriophorum Virginicum album A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 566. 1867. 
 Bristles white. Northern New York. 
 
274 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 ii. FUIRENA Rottb. Descr. & Ic. 70. pi. 19. f. 3. 1773. 
 
 Perennial sedges, with leafy triangular culms (in a southern species the leaves reduced 
 to inflated sheaths), and many-flowered terete spikelets in terminal and axillary clusters, or 
 rarely solitary. Scales spirally imbricated all around, awned, the i or 2 lower commonly 
 empty. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 3 ovate oblong or cordate-ovate, stalked, often awned 
 sepals, usually alternating with as many downwardly barbed bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3- 
 cleft, not swollen at the base, deciduous. Achene stalked or nearly sessile, sharply 3-angled, 
 acute or mucronate, smooth. (In honor of Georg Fuiren, 1581-1628, Danish physician.) 
 
 About 20 species, natives of warm-temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following, i or 
 2 others occur in the southern United States. 
 
 Sepals awned from the apex or awnless. 
 Sepals awned on the back below the apex. 
 
 1. F. squarrosa. 
 
 2. F. simplex. 
 
 i. Fuirena squarrosa Michx. Squarrose Fuirena. (Fig. 644.) 
 
 Fuirena squarrosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 37. 
 
 1803. 
 Fuirena squarrosa var. pumila Torr. Fl. U. S. 
 
 1:68. 1824. 
 
 Rootstock short, stout, sometimes tuber- 
 bearing; culms tufted, glabrous or nearly 
 so, 2 / -2 tall. Leaves flat, nearly or quite 
 glabrous or the lower sheaths pubescent; 
 spikelets sessile and i-io together in ter- 
 minal and usually also lateral capitate 
 clusters, ovoid or ovoid-oblong, acute or 
 obtuse, 3 // -6 // long, about 2 / J^ // in dia- 
 meter; scales ovate or oblong, brown, 
 pubescent, mostly obtuse, 3-nerved, tipped 
 with a stout spreading or recurved awn of 
 nearly their own length; sepals oblong, 
 long-stalked, usually narrowed at both 
 ends, tapering into a slender terminal 
 downwardly barbed or sometimes smooth 
 awn; bristles mostly longer than the 
 achene, sometimes as long as the sepals. 
 
 In wet meadows and marshes, Massachusetts 
 to Florida and Louisiana, near the coast. Also 
 in Michigan and Nebraska. July-Sept. 
 
 Fuirena squarrosa hispida (Ell.) Chapm. Fl. S. States, 514. 1860. 
 Fuirena hispida Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 579. 1821. 
 
 Sheaths and leaves hirsute; sepals ovate, cordate at the base or abruptly narrowed into the 
 stalk, awnless or very short-awned at the apex; bristles usually shorter than or equalling the 
 achene; plant usually taller. New York to Florida, west to Alabama and Texas. Perhaps a dis- 
 tinct species. 
 
 2. Fuirena simplex Vahl. Western 
 Fuirena. (Fig. 645.) 
 
 Fuirena simplex Vahl, Enum. 2: 384. 1806. 
 Fuirena squarrosa var. aristulata Torr. Ann. 
 Lye. N. Y. 3: 291. 1836. 
 
 Similar to the preceding species, root- 
 stock short, thick; culms slender, $'-2 tall, 
 glabrous. Leaves flat, glabrous or ciliate; 
 scales tipped with a spreading or reflex ed 
 awn; sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse and usually 
 notched at the apex, obtuse, truncate or sub- 
 cordate at the base, longer or shorter than 
 their stalks, awned on the back from below 
 the apex, the awn varying in length, smooth 
 or downwardly barbed; bristles retrorsely 
 hispid, equalling or exceeding the sessile or 
 short-stalked achene. 
 
 In moist soil, Kansas to Texas and Mexico. 
 June-Sept. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 275 
 
 12. HEMICARPHA Nees & Am. Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 17: 263. 1834. 
 
 Low tufted mostly annual sedges, with erect or spreading, almost filiform culms and 
 leaves, and terete small terminal capitate or solitary spikelets subtended by a i-3-leaved in- 
 volucre. Scales spirally imbricated all around, deciduous, all subtending perfect flowers. 
 Perianth of a single hyaline sepal (bract?) between the flower and the rachis of the spike- 
 let; bristles none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-cleft, deciduous, not swollen at the base. Achene 
 oblong, turgid or lenticular. (Greek, in allusion to the single sepal.) 
 
 About 3 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following, another 
 occurs in the southwestern United States. The genus differs from Scirpus, with which it is united 
 by some authors, mainly in the presence of the perianth-scale. 
 
 i. Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl) 
 Britton. Hemicarpha, (Fig. 646.) 
 
 Scirpus micranthus Vahl, Enum. 2: 254. 1806. 
 Hemicarpha siibsquarrosa Nees, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 
 
 2: Part i, 61. 1842. 
 Hemicarpha micrantha Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 
 
 15: 104. 1888. 
 
 Annual, glabrous, culms densely tufted, com- 
 pressed, grooved, diffuse or ascending, i / -5 / 
 long, mostly longer than the setaceous smooth 
 leaves. Spikelets ovoid, many-flowered, ob- 
 tuse, about i /x long, capitate in 2's-4's or soli- 
 tary; involucral leaves or one of them usually 
 much exceeding the spikelets; scales brown, 
 obovate, with a short blunt spreading or re- 
 curved point; sepal inconspicuous; stamen i; 
 achene obovate-oblong, obtuse, mucronulate, 
 little compressed, light brown, its surface min- 
 utely cellular-reticulated. 
 
 In moist, sandy soil, Rhode Island to Pennsylva- 
 nia, Florida, Texas and Mexico. July-Sept. 
 
 Hemicarpha micrantha aristulata Coville, Bull. 
 
 Torr. Club, 21: 36. 1894. 
 
 Scales pale, cuneate-obovate, tapering into squar- 
 rose awns about their own length. Kansas to Texas. 
 
 13. LIPOCARPHA R. Br. App. Tuckey Exp. Congo, 459. 1818. 
 
 Low annual sedges, with slender tufted culms leafy at the base, and terete many-flow- 
 ered spikelets in a terminal head, subtended by a i-several-leaved involucre. Scales firm, 
 spirally imbricated all around, all fertile or several of the lower ones empty, at length de- 
 ciduous. Flowers perfect. Perianth of two small sepals (bracts?) one on each side of the 
 flower; bristles none. Stamens 1-2. Style 2-3-cleft, deciduous, its base not swollen. 
 Achene plano-convex or 3-angled. (Greek, alluding to the thick sepals in some species.) 
 
 About 7 species, widely distributed in warm and tropical regions. 
 
 i. Lipocarpha maculata (Michx.)Torr. 
 American L/ipocarpha. (Fig. 647.) 
 
 Kyllingia maculata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 29. 
 
 1803. 
 Lipocarpha maculata Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 288. 
 
 1836. 
 
 Annual, glabrous, roots fibrous, culms tufted, 
 grooved, compressed, smooth, longer than the 
 narrowly linear somewhat channeled leaves, 3'- 
 ic/ tall. Leaves of the involucre 2-4, the larger 
 i '-5' long; spikelets ovoid-oblong, obtuse, 2^ // - 
 3 X/ long, \ ff in diameter, 2-6 together in a termi- 
 nal capitate cluster; scales rhombic or lanceo- 
 late, acute at the apex, curved, the sides nearly 
 white, or flecked with reddish-brown spots, the 
 midvein green; exterior sepal convolute around 
 the achene, nerved, hyaline; stamen i; achene 
 oblong, yellowish, contracted at the base. 
 
 In wet or moist soil, eastern Virginia to Florida. 
 Also near Philadelphia, where it is probably adven- 
 tive. July-Sept. 
 
276 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 14. RYNCHOSPORA Vahl, Enum. 2: 229. 1806. 
 
 Leafy sedges, mostly perennial by rootstocks, with erect 3-angled or terete culms, nar- 
 row flat or involute leaves, and ovoid oblong or fusiform, variously clustered spikelets. 
 Scales thin, i-nerved, imbricated all around, usually mucronate by the excurrent midvein, 
 the lower empty. Upper flowers imperfect, the lower perfect. Perianth of 1-20 (mostly 6) 
 upwardly or downwardly barbed or scabrous bristles, wanting in some species (no. 2). Sta- 
 mens commonly 3. Style 2-cleft, 2-toothed or rarely entire. Achene lenticular or swollen, 
 not 3-angled, smooth or transversely wrinkled, capped by the persistent base of the style 
 (tubercle), or in some species by the whole style. [Greek, referring to the beak-like tubercle.] 
 
 About 200 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in warm regions. Besides 
 the following, some 27 others occur in the southern United States. 
 
 Style entire or 2-toothed, persistent as a long-exserted subulate beak. i. R. corniculata. 
 
 Style deeply 2-cleft, only its base persistent as a tubercle. 
 
 Bristles minute or wanting. 2. R. pallida. 
 
 Bristles plumose. 3. R. oligantha. 
 
 Bristles downwardly barbed or rarely smooth. 
 
 Scales white or nearly so; bristles 9-15. 4. R. alba. 
 
 Scales brown ; bristles 6. 
 
 Leaves filiform; achene oblong. 5. R. capillacea. 
 
 Leaves narrowly linear, flat; achene obovate. 
 
 Bristles equalling the achene; tubercle one-half as longer less. 6. R. Knieskernii. 
 Bristles reaching or exceeding the end of the tubercle, which is as long as the achene. 
 Spikelets few-several in numerous rather loose clusters. 7. R. glomerata. 
 Spikelets very numerous in 2-6 very dense globose heads. 8. R. axillaris. 
 Bristles upwardly barbed. 
 
 Spikelets very numerous in 2-6 very dense globose heads. 8. R. axillaris. 
 
 Spikelets few-several in rather loose clusters. 
 Achene smooth. 
 
 Leaves setaceous; achene obovate, shining. 9. R.fusca. 
 
 Leaves narrowly linear, flat; achene broadly oval, dull. 10. R. gracilenta. 
 
 Achene transversely wrinkled. 
 
 Spikelets ovoid, in erect cymose clusters; achene longer than the bristles. 
 Leaves flat; spikelets nearly or quite sessile. n. R. cymosa. 
 
 Leaves involute ; spikelets distinctly pedicelled. 12. R. Torreyana. 
 
 Spikelets spindle-shaped, in drooping panicles; achene shorter than the bristles. 
 
 13. R. inexpansa. 
 
 i. Rynchospora corniculata (Lam.) A. Gray. Horned Rush. (Fig. 648.) 
 
 Schoenuscorniculatus'Lam. Tabl. Encycl. i: 137. 1791. 
 Rhynchospora corniculata A. Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 
 205. 1835. 
 
 Culm obtusely triangular, stout or rather slender, 
 smooth, 3-7 tall. Leaves flat, broadly linear, 
 6 / -i8 / long, 3 // -8 // wide, rough-margined; umbels 
 terminal and axillary, sometimes i broad, usually 
 compound; spikelets spindle-shaped, 4 /x -6 x/ long 
 in flower, capitate at the ends of the rays and ray- 
 lets; primary rays slender, sometimes 6 / long; 
 scales lanceolate, thin, acute, light brown; bristles 
 about 6, subulate or filiform, rigid, upwardly 
 scabrous, shorter than, equalling or exceed- 
 ing the achene; style subulate, entire or min- 
 utely 2-toothed at the apex, 2-4 times longer 
 than the achene, upwardly scabrous, %'-\ r long, 
 persistent and much exserted beyond the scales 
 when mature; achene obovate, flat on both sides, 
 2" long, dark brown, smooth, its surface minutely 
 cellular-reticulated.. 
 
 In swamps, Delaware to Florida, west to Ohio, Mis- 
 souri and Texas. July-Sept. 
 
 Rhynchospora corniculata macrostachya (Torr. ) Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. n: 84. 1892. 
 Rhynchospora macrostachya Torr. Ann. L} r c. N. Y. 3: 206. 1835. 
 
 Bristles about twice as long as the achene. Range of the type, but extending north to Massa- 
 chusetts and Rhode Island. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 2. Rynchospora pallida M. A. Curtis. Pale Beaked-rush. 
 
 Rhynchospora pallida M. A. Curtis, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 
 7: 409. 1849. 
 
 Rootstocks slender, culms sharply triangular, i%- 
 2% tall. Leaves l /2."-\" wide, flattish, nearly 
 smooth, the lowest reduced to many-nerved lanceo- 
 late acuminate scales; spikelets numerous, spindle- 
 shaped, narrow, 2 // ~3 // long, aggregated in a com- 
 pound convex terminal head, or occasionally also in 
 a filiform-stalked cluster from the upper axil; upper- 
 most leaves subulate, little exceeding the spikelets; 
 scales pale greenish brown, lanceolate, acuminate; 
 bristles minute and early deciduous, or wanting; 
 style 2-cleft; achene lenticular, obovate-oblong, 
 smooth, brown, somewhat shining, y?." long, tipped 
 by a short tubercle. 
 
 In pine barren bogs, New Jersey to North Carolina. 
 Aug.-Sept. 
 
 3. Rynchospora oligantha A. Gray. Few-flowered Beaked-rush. (Fig. 650.) 
 
 Rhynchospora oligantha A. Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 
 212. 1835. 
 
 Rootstocks short, culms tufted, almost thread-like, 
 leafy only toward the base, 6 / -i6 / tall. Leaves fili- 
 form, resembling and shorter than the culm or some- 
 times equalling it; spikelets 1-4, terminal, narrowly 
 oblong, acute, 3 // -4 // long, sessile or peduncled, sub- 
 tended by i or 2 filiform bracts; scales ovate, pale 
 brown, acute, cuspidate; bristles usually 6, densely 
 plumose below the middle, upwardly scabrous above, 
 equalling or shorter than the achene; style 2-cleft; 
 acherie obovoid-oblong, obtuse, turgid-lenticular, 
 pale brown, dull, transversely .wrinkled; tubercle 
 with a flat depressed border and a flattened conic 
 acute central projection about one-fifth as long as 
 achene. 
 
 In wet sandy soil, Delaware to Florida and Texas, 
 near the coast. June-Aug. 
 
 4. Rynchospora alba (L,.) Vahl. White Beaked-rush. (Fig. 651.) 
 
 Schoenus albus L. Sp. PI. 44. 1753. 
 Rynchospora alba Vahl, Unum. 2: 236. 1806. 
 
 Pale green, rootstocks short, culms slender or 
 almost filiform, glabrous, 6 / -2O / tall. Leaves bris- 
 tle-like, W~W wide, shorter than the culm, the 
 lower very short; spikelets several or numerous, in 
 1-4 dense corymbose terminal and axillary clusters, 
 narrowly oblong, acute at both ends, 2 // ~3 // long; 
 scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, white, acute; bris- 
 tles 9-15, downwardly barbed, slender, about as 
 long as the achene and tubercle; style 2-cleft; 
 achene obovate-oblong, smooth, pale brown, lentic- 
 ular; tubercle triangular-subulate, flat, one-half as 
 long as the achene. 
 
 In bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Florida- 
 Kentucky, Minnesota and Oregon. Also in northern 
 Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 
 
2 7 8 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 5. Rynchospora capillacea Torr. Capillary Beaked-rush. (Fig. 652.) 
 
 Rhynchospora capillacea Torr. Comp. 41. 1826. 
 
 Culms filiform, tufted, glabrous, 6 / -2o / tall. 
 Leaves filiform, less than y" wide, much shorter 
 than the culm, the lower very short; spikelets few, 
 in 1-3 terminal and axillary loose clusters, oblong, 
 acute at both ends, 2 // ~3 // long; scales ovate- oblong, 
 chestnut-brown, keeled, mucronate; bristles 6, slen- 
 der, downwardly barbed, about equalling or becom- 
 ing longer than the achene and tubercle; achene 
 narrowly oblong, short-stalked, light brown, nri- 
 
 '// // \ \ \\lll // / nutely wrinkled, lenticular; style 2-cleft; tubercle 
 
 compressed, triangular-subulate, dark brown, about 
 one-half as long as the achene. 
 
 In bogs, Vermont and Ontario to Minnesota, south 
 to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan. July- Aug. 
 
 Rynchospora capillacea laeviseta E. J. Hill, Am. Nat. 
 
 2 \J ^^^^ :37o. 1876. 
 
 3 tl /WTCT"'^ Bristles smooth. Northern Indiana and Michigan. 
 
 6. Rynchospora Knieskernii Carey. Knies- 
 kern's Beaked-rush. (Fig. 653.) 
 
 Rhynchospora Knieskernii\Q.a.rzy, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 
 
 4: 25. 1847. 
 
 Culms slender, tufted, smooth, S'-iS' tall. Leaves 
 narrowly linear, flat, about y 2 " wide, much shorter 
 than the culm; spikelets numerous, in several distant 
 compact clusters, oblong, acute, about i x/ long; 
 scales chestnut-brown, ovate; bristles 6, downwardly 
 barbed, equalling the achene; achene obovate, lenticu- 
 lar, brown, minutely wrinkled; style 2-cleft; tubercle 
 triangular-subulate, pale, one-half as long as the 
 achene or le*ss and slightly decurrent on its edges. 
 
 Pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia. July-Aug. 
 
 7. Rynchospora glomerata (L,.) VahL 
 Clustered Beaked-rush. (Fig. 654.) 
 
 Schoenus glomeratus L. Sp. PI. 44. 1753. 
 Rynchospora glomerata Vahl, Enum. 2: 234. 1806. 
 
 Rootstocks slender, culms smooth, triangular, 
 slender or rather stout, i-3 high. Leaves 
 flat, i // -2 // wide, rough-margined, shorter than 
 the culm; spikelets several or numerous, in 3-7 
 corymbose- capitate axillary rather loose clusters, 
 oblong, narrowed at both ends, i^'-a" long; 
 scales lanceolate, rich dark brown; bristles 6, 
 downwardly barbed, longer than or equalling the 
 achene and tubercle; achene obovate, lenticular, 
 smooth, dark brown; tubercle subulate, about 
 as long as the achene. 
 
 In moist soil, Maine to Ontario and Michigan, 
 south to Florida and Texas. July-Sept. 
 
 Rynchospora glomerata paniculata (A.? Gray) Chapm. Fl. S. States, 528. 1860. 
 Rhynchospora paniculata A. Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 211. 1835. 
 
 Culm stouter, sometimes 4^ tall; leaves usually wider; spikelets very numerous in compound 
 clusters. Maryland to Florida and Louisiana. 
 
 Rynchospora glomerata minor Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. n: 90. 1892. 
 
 Culms very slender, 5-10' tall; leaves I A" wide or less; clusters 2 or 3, small, with 3-10 spike- 
 lets. Massachusetts and New Hampshire. 
 
 Rynchospora glomerata discutiens Clarke; Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. n: 89. 1892. 
 Bristles smooth, or barbed at the apex only. New Jersey to North Carolina. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 279 
 
 8. Rynchospora axillaris (Lam.) Brit- 
 ton. Capitate Beaked-rush. (Fig. 655.) 
 
 Schoenns a.villaris Lam. Tabl. Encycl. i : 137. 1791. 
 Rhvnchospora cepJialantlia \. Gray, Ann. Lye. X. 
 
 V. 3: 218. 1835. 
 Rhvnchospora a.villaris Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 
 
 15: 104. 1888. 
 
 Culms stout, 3-angled, 2-4 tall. Leaves 
 flat, keeled, i // -i^ // wide; spikelets spindle- 
 shaped, 2 j j // -3 // long, exceedingly numerous, 
 in several short-peduncled axillary and. terminal 
 very dense globose heads sometimes lo" in di- 
 ameter; scales dark brown, ovate-oblong, acute; 
 bristles usually 6, longer than or equalling the 
 achene and tubercle, downwardly or upwardly 
 barbed; acheue broadly obovate, brown, smooth, 
 lenticular; tubercle subulate, about as long as 
 the achene, somewhat decurrent on its edges. 
 
 In swamps, Long- Island to Florida and Louisi- 
 ana, near the coast. July-Sept. 
 
 Rynchospora axillaris microcephala Britton, Trans. X. Y. Acad. Sci. n: 89. 1892. 
 Heads only 4" -5" in diameter; spikelets i K" long; achene one-half as large as that of the type. 
 Xew Jersey to Florida and Louisiana. 
 
 9. Rynchospora fusca (L,. ) R. &S. Brown 
 Beaked-rush. (Fig. 656.) 
 
 Schoenusfnscus L- Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1664. 
 Rhvnchospora fusca R. & S. Syst. 2: Si 
 
 1763. 
 1817. 
 
 Rootstocks short, culms slender, 3-angled, smooth, 
 tufted, 6 / -i8 / tall. Leaves setaceous, channeled, 
 scarcely y?." wide, much shorter than the culm; 
 spikelets spindle-shaped, acute, about -2^/2" long, 
 several, or rather numerous, in 1-4 loose clusters; 
 scales oblong-lanceolate, brown, shining, concave; 
 bristles 6, upwardly barbed, often unequal, the longer 
 ones usually exceeding the achene and tubercle; 
 achene narrowly obovate, turgid-lenticular, smooth, 
 shining; tubercle triangular-subulate, nearly as long 
 as the achene, its margins serrulate or nearly smooth. 
 
 In bogs, Xew Brunswick to Delaware, west along the 
 St. Lawrence and Great Lakes to Michigan. Also in 
 Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 10. Rynchospora gracilenta A. Gray. 
 
 Slender Beaked-rush. (Fig. 657.) 
 
 RJivnchospora gracilenta A. Gray, Ann. Lye. X. Y. 3: 
 216. 1835. 
 
 Culms very slender or filiform, smooth, obtusely 
 triangular, i-2 tall. Leaves flat or becoming invo- 
 lute in drying, rather less than i /x wide, elongated 
 but shorter than the culm; spikelets narrowly ovoid, 
 acute, 2 /r long, few, in 1-4 loose clusters, the lower 
 clusters borne on filiform stalks; scales ovate, brown, 
 mucronate; bristles 6, upwardly barbed, equalling the 
 achene and tubercle; achene broadly oval or nearly 
 orbicular, dark brown, lenticular, dull, smooth; tu- 
 bercle narrowly subulate, flat, widened at the base, 
 pale, about as long as the achene. 
 
 In pine barren swamps, Xew Jersey to Florida and 
 Texas, near the coast. June-Aug. 
 
280 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 ii. Rynchospora cymosa Ell. Grass-like Beaked-rush. (Fig. 658.) 
 
 Rhynchospora cymosa Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 58. 1816. 
 Schoenus cymosns Muhl. Gram. 8. 1817. 
 
 Light green, culms tufted, sharply 3-angled, 
 smooth, i-2 tall. Leaves flat, narrowly linear, 
 grass-like, i%"-2" wide or the basal ones broader, 
 the uppermost sometimes overtopping the culm; 
 spikelets ovoid-oblong, acute, iX x/ l n g. sessile or 
 nearly so, capitate in 2's~7's on the ultimate 
 branches of the axillary and terminal clusters; 
 bracts setaceous; scales dark brown, broadly ovate 
 or suborbicular; bristles 6, upwardly barbed, 
 shorter than the achene; achene broadly obovate 
 or oblong, lenticular, transversely wrinkled; style 
 2-cleft; tubercle conic, one-fourth to one-third as 
 long as the achene. 
 
 In moist soil, New Jersey to Kentucky and Missouri, 
 south to Florida and Texas. Also in Cuba. June-Aug. 
 
 12. Rynchospora Torreyana A. 
 
 Gray. Torrey's Beaked-rush. 
 (Fig. 659.) 
 
 Rhynchospora Torreyana A. Gray, Ann. Lye. 
 N. Y. 3: 197. 1835. 
 
 Culms terete or obscurely 3-angled, smooth, 
 slender, i^-3 tall. Leaves involute, the 
 lower i^ // -2 // wide at the base and elong- 
 ated, the upper bristle-like, distant; spike- 
 lets ovoid, \ l /i ff long, peduncled, numerous, 
 in 1-4 loose distant clusters; scales brown, 
 ovate, mucronate; bristles 6, upwardly 
 barbed, shorter than the oblong-obovate 
 transversely wrinkled lenticular achene; 
 style 2-cleft; tubercle flat, conic,, one-fourth 
 to one-third as long as the achene. 
 
 In wet pine barrens, New Jersey to South 
 Carolina. July-Aug. 
 
 13. Rynchospora inexpansa 
 (Michx.) Vahl. Nodding Beaked- 
 rush. (Fig. 660.) 
 
 Schoenus inexpansus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 35. 
 
 1803. 
 Rhvnchospora inexpansa Vahl, Enum. 2: 232. 
 
 i"8o6. 
 
 Rootstocks slender, culms tufted, smooth, 
 slender, 3-angled, 2-3 tall. Leaves smooth, 
 \" wide or less, flat, the lower elongated, 
 the upper bristle-like, remote; spikelets 
 spindle-shaped, acute at both ends, about 3" 
 long, numerous, in 1-4 narrow finally droop- 
 ing panicles; scales brown, lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate; bristles 6, upwardly hispid, very slen- 
 der, about twice as long as the achene; 
 achene narrowly oblong, transversely wrin- 
 kled; style 2 cleft; tubercle flat, triangular- 
 subulate, one-half as long as the achene. 
 
 Moist soil, Virginia to Louisiana. June-Aug. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 281 
 
 
 15. CLADIUM P. Br. Civ. & Nat. Hist. Jam. 114. 1756. 
 
 Perennial leafy sedges, similar to the Rynchosporas, the spikelets oblong or fusiform, 
 few-flowered, variously clustered. Scales imbricated all around, the lower empty, the mid- 
 dle ones mostly subtending imperfect flowers, the upper usually fertile. Perianth none. 
 Stamens 2 or sometimes 3. Style 2-3-cleft, deciduous from the summit of the achene, its 
 branches sometimes 2-3-parted. Achene ovoid or globose, smooth or longitudinally striate. 
 Tubercle none. [Greek, referring to the branched inflorescence of some species.] 
 
 About 30 species, natives of tropical and temperate regions. Besides the following, another oc- 
 curs in the southern United States and one in California. 
 
 i. Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. 
 Twig-rush. (Fig. 66 1.) 
 
 Schoenus mariscoides Muhl. Gram. 4. 1817. 
 
 Cladium mariscoides TOTT. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 372. 1836. 
 
 Culm slender, erect, rather stiff, obscurely 3-angled, 
 smooth, ij^-3 tall. Leavesabout \" wide, concave, 
 with a long compressed tip, nearly smooth; umbels 
 2 or 3, compound, the I or 2 axillary, slender stalked; 
 spikelets oblong, narrowed at both ends, acute, 2j^ //f 
 long, capitate in 3's-io's on the raylets; scales chest- 
 nut-brown, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, the mid- 
 vein slightly excurrent; upper scale subtending a 
 perfect flower with 2 stamens and a filiform 3-cleft 
 style, the next lower one with 2 stamens and an ab- 
 ortive ovary; achene ovoid, acute, finely longitudi- 
 nally striate, about \ ff long. 
 
 In marshes, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, 
 south to Florida and Iowa. July-Sept. 
 
 16. SCLERIA Berg, Kongl. Acad. Sv. Handl. 26: 142. pi. 4,5. 1765. 
 
 Leafy sedges, mostly perennial by rootstocks, the spikelets small, clustered in terminal, 
 or terminal and axillary fascicles, or sometimes interruptedly spicate. Flowers monoecious, 
 the staminate and pistillate spikelets separated or borne in the same clusters. Fertile spike- 
 lets i-flowered. Staminate spikelets many-flowered. Scales imbricated all around, the 
 1-3 lower and sometimes also the upper ones of the fertile spikelets empty. Perianth none. 
 Style 3-cleft, slender or sometimes swollen at the base, deciduous. Ovary supported on a 
 disk (hypogynium), or this wanting. Stamens 1-3. Achene globose or ovoid, obtuse, crus- 
 taceous or bony, white in our species. [Greek, in allusion to the hard fruit.] 
 
 About 100 species, natives of tropical and temperate regions. Besides the following, some 4 
 others occur in the southern United States. 
 Spikelets in terminal, or terminal and lateral clusters; achene supported on a hypogynium. 
 
 Achene smooth. 
 
 Hypogynium supporting 8 or 9 small tubercles under the achene. 
 
 Hypogynium covered with a rough white crust. 
 Achene reticulated or irregularly rugose. 
 
 Culms erect or ascending; achene reticulated; leaves i"-i l A" wide. 
 
 Culms spreading; achene irregularly rugose; leaves 2" -4" wide. 
 Achene papillose. 
 Spikelets interruptedly glomerate-spicate; no hypogynium. 
 
 1. S. oligantha. 
 
 2. S 1 . triglomerata. 
 
 3. 5". reticularis. 
 
 4. S. Torreyana. 
 
 5. S. pauciflora. 
 
 6. .S. verticillata. 
 
 i. Scleria oligantha Michx. Few-flowered 
 Nut-rush. (Fig. 662.) 
 
 Scleria oligantha Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 167. 1803. 
 
 Rootstocks thick, hard, clustered. Culms slender, 
 erect, sharply 3-angled, nearly smooth, i^-2^ 
 tall, the angles somewhat winged. Leaves smooth or 
 slightly rough at the apex, 2 // ~3 // wide, the lower 
 short, acute, the upper elongated; clusters terminal, 
 usually also i or 2 axillary, and filiform-stalked; 
 bracts slightly ciliate or glabrous; achene ovoid, ob- 
 tuse but sometimes pointed, bright white, smooth, 
 shining; hypogynium a narrow obtusely triangular 
 border supporting 8 or 9 small tubercles under the 
 achene. 
 
 In moist soil, Virginia to Florida and Texas, near the 
 coast. June-Aug. 
 
28 2 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 2. Scleria triglomerata Michx. Tall Nut-rush. (Fig. 663.) 
 
 Scleria triglomerata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 168. 1803. 
 Rootstocks hard, short, clustered, culms 3- 
 angled, slender or rather stout, erect or ascending, 
 rough or nearly smooth on the angles, i^-3 tall. 
 Leaves flat, smooth or slightly rough-margined, 
 glabrous or nearly so, iJ^ // -2^ // wide, the lower 
 short, acute, the upper tapering to a long tip, rarely 
 exceeding the culm; flower-clusters terminal, and 
 usually also i or 2 smaller ones from the axils; 
 bracts glabrous or slightly ciliate; achene ovoid or 
 ovoid globose, obtuse but somewhat pointed, bony, 
 obscurely 3-angled, smooth, bright white, shining, 
 about \" high, supported on a low obtusely trian- 
 gular, papillose-crustaceous hypogynium. 
 
 In meadows and thickets, Vermont to Wisconsin, 
 south to Florida and Texas. July-Sept. 
 
 Scleria triglomerata minor Britton. 
 Scleria triglomerata var. gracilis Britton, Ann. N. Y. 
 Acad. Sci. 3: 230. 1885. Not 5. gracilis Ell. 1824. 
 Culms very slender, i-2 long; flower clusters smaller; achene ovoid, subacute, one-half as 
 large as that of the type. Southern New Jersey. 
 
 3. Scleria reticularis Michx. Reticulated 
 Nut-rush. (Fig. 664.) 
 
 Scleria reticularis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 167. 1803. 
 
 Rootstocks small, culms very slender, erect, 3- 
 angled, i-2^ tall. Leaves narrowly linear, smooth, 
 glabrous or nearly so, i // -iX // wide, not overtopping 
 the culm; spikelets in a terminal cluster and 1-3 re- 
 mote short-stalked axillary rather loose ones; bracts 
 glabrous; achene globose, crustaceous, dull white 
 when mature, reticulated by longitudinal and trans- 
 verse ridges, l / z ff in diameter, glabrous; hypogynium 
 3-lobed, its lobes appressed to the base of the achene. 
 
 In moist meadows, eastern Massachusetts to Florida, 
 west to Missouri. Also in Cuba. July-Sept. 
 
 Scleria reticularis pubescens Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 
 
 3: 232. 1885. 
 
 Reticulations on the achene pubescent; lateral clusters 
 usually longer stalked. New Jersey to Florida and Cuba. 
 
 Scleria reticularis obscura Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 3: 232. 1885. 
 Reticulations very obscure, the top of the achene almost smooth. Rhode Island to North Carolina. 
 
 4. Scleria Torreyana Walp. Torrey's Nut-rush. (Fig. 665.) 
 
 Scleria Torreyana Walp. Ann. 3: 696. 1852-53. 
 
 Scleria laxa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 376. 1836. Not 
 
 R. Br. 1810. 
 
 Culms weak but rather thick, spreading or dif- 
 fuse, 3-angled, nearly or quite smooth, i-2}4 long. 
 Leaves linear, nearly flat, smooth, glabrous, i>^ // -4 // 
 wide, not exceeding the culm; spikelets in a loose 
 terminal cluster, and 1-3 filiform -stalked smaller ax- 
 illary ones; bracts glabrous; achene globose, some- 
 what pointed, nearly \" in diameter, irregularly ru- 
 gose with low ridges somewhat spirally arranged, the 
 ridges usually pubescent, and connected by shorter 
 longitudinal ones, the surface thus indistinctly reticu- 
 lated; hypogynium 3-lobed, the lobes appressed to 
 the base of the achene. 
 
 In moist soil, southern New Jersey to Florida, Texas 
 and Mexico. Also in Cuba. Forms of this species with 
 obscurely reticulate achenes and narrow leaves are with 
 difficulty separated from the preceding. June-Aug. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 283 
 
 5. Scleria pauciflora Muhl. Papillose Nut-rush. (Fig. 666. ) 
 
 Scleria pauciflora Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 318. 1805. 
 
 Rootstocks thick, hard, clustered, culms slender, 
 rather stiff, erect, usually tufted, glabrous or 
 sparingly pubescent, 3-angled, 9 / -2 tall. Leaves 
 very narrowly linear, erect, less than \" wide, the 
 lower short, the upper elongated and often over- 
 topping the culm, their sheaths often densely pu- 
 berulent; spikelets in a small terminal cluster and 
 sometimes also in i or 2 axillarj* short-stalked 
 ones; bracts ciliate or glabrous; achene oblong or 
 globular, %" in diameter or rather more, crusta- 
 ceous, papillose, the lower papillae elongated and 
 reflexed; hypogynium a narrow obtusely triangu- 
 lar border supporting 6 very small tubercles some- 
 what approximate in pairs. 
 
 In dry soil, New Hampshire to Ohio and Missouri, 
 south to Florida and Texas. Also in Cuba. June-Sept. 
 
 6. Scleria verticillata Muhl. L,ow Nut-rush. (Fig. 667.) 
 
 Scleria verticillata Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 4. 317- 
 1805. 
 
 Hypoporum verticillatum Nees, Linnaea, 9: 303. 
 1835- 
 
 Annual (?) roots fibrous, culms very slender 
 or filiform, 3-angled, smooth or nearly so, erect, 
 4/-2 tall. Leaves very narrowly linear, %"- 
 }/}." wide, erect, shorter than the culm, the 
 lower very short; sheaths sometimes pubescent; 
 spikelets in several separated clusters, the in- 
 florescence simple or sparingly branched; 
 bracts bristle-like; scales glabrous; achene glo- 
 bose, y?. ff in diameter, crustaceous, usually 
 tipped with the base of the style, marked by 
 sharp distinct transverse ridges, or somewhat 
 reticulated by additional longitudinal ridges ; 
 hypogynium none. 
 
 In moist meadows, eastern Massachusetts to On- 
 tario and Michigan, south to Florida, Texas and 
 Mexico, and in the West Indies. Plant, especially 
 the roots, fragrant in drying. July-Sept. 
 
 17. ELYNA Schrad. Fl. Germ, i: 155. 1806. 
 
 Low tufted arctic and mountain sedges, with erect slender mostly leafless culms, the 
 narrowly linear leaves clustered at the base, and small 2-flowered spikelets in a narrow ter- 
 minal cylindric spike. Scales of the spikelet 3 or 4, distinct, usually only one of them 
 flower-bearing; the staminate flower of 3 stamens, the pistillate of a single pistil. Bristles 
 or perianth wanting. Style slender, 3-cleft, not jointed to the oblong ovary. Achene 
 obtusely 3-angled, sessile. [Greek, signifying covering, perhaps in allusion to the overlap- 
 ping scales.] 
 
 Four or five species, the following occurring in the arctic and alpine regions of the northern 
 hemisphere, the others in the mountains of Europe and Asia. 
 
284 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 i. Elyna Bellardi (All.) C. Koch. Arctic Elyna. (Fig. 668.) 
 
 Carex Bellardi All. Fl. Fed. 2: 264. pi. 92. f. 2. 1785. 
 Kobresia scirpina Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 205. 1805. 
 Elyna spicata Schrad. Fl. Germ, i: 155. 1806. 
 Elyna Bellardi C. Koch, lyinnaea, 21: 616. 1848. 
 
 Densely tufted, culms very slender, 4 / -i8 / tall, 
 longer than the very narrow leaves. Old sheaths 
 fibrillose, brown; margins of the leaves more or 
 less revolute; spike subtended by a short bract, or 
 bractless, densely flowered or sometimes inter- 
 rupted below, 8"- 1 5" long, i^ // -2 // in diam- 
 eter; achenes rather less than t /x long, l /t ff thick, 
 appressed. 
 
 In arctic America from Greenland to Bering Sea, 
 south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in 
 Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 18. KOBRESIA Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 205. 1805. 
 
 Slender arctic and mountain sedges, with erect culms leafy below, and few-several- 
 flowered spikelets clustered in a terminal spike. Scales of the spikelets i-flowered, the 
 lower usually pistillate, and the upper staminate. Stamens 3. Perianth-bristles or peri- 
 gynium wanting. Ovary oblong, narrowed into a short style; stigmas 3, linear. Achene 
 obtusely 3-angled, sessile. [Name in honor of Von Kobres, a naturalist of Augsburg.] 
 
 Three or four species, the following widely distributed in arctic and mountainous regions, 
 the others Himalayan. 
 
 i. Kobresia bipartita (All.) Britton. 
 Arctic Kobresia. (Fig. 669.) 
 
 Carex bipartita All. Fl. Fed. 2: 265. pi. 89. f. 5. 1785. 
 Kobresia caricina Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 206. 1805. 
 
 Kobresia bipartita Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 101. 
 1894. 
 
 Culms solitary or tufted, smooth or very nearly 
 so, 4 / -i2 / tall. Leaves about y z ff wide, infolded at 
 least in drying, usually shorter than the culm, the 
 old sheaths becoming fibrillose; spike i / long or 
 less, composed of several or numerous linear ap- 
 pressed or ascending spikelets; scales somewhat 
 serrulate on the keel, rather more than }/ 2 ' f long; 
 mature achenes slightly longer than the scales. 
 
 Greenland to the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Also 
 in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 19. UNCINIA Pers. Syn. 2: 534. 1807. 
 
 Culms erect, leafy, or the leaves all basal. Spike simple, erect, terminal, the scales im- 
 bricated, i-flowered, the lower pistillate, the upper staminate. Scales ovate or oblong, con- 
 cave, not keeled, obtuse or the lower acute. Stamens 3, rarely I or 2. Pistil enclosed in a 
 utricle (perigynium), borne at the base of a slender axis, which is usually exserted beyond 
 the orifice of the perigynium, at least in fruit, and sometimes hooked. Stigmas mostly 3. 
 Achene 3-angled. [Latin, referring to the hooked projecting axis of the southern species.] 
 
 About 30 species, all but the following natives of the southern hemisphere. Our species dif- 
 fers from Carex only in the elongation of the subulate axis within the perigynium; those of the 
 southern hemisphere are very different in habit. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 i. Uncinia microglochin (Wahl.) Spreng. Northern Uncinia. 
 
 28 5 
 670.) 
 
 Carex microglochin Wahl. Kongl. Acad. Handl. (II.) 
 
 24: 140. 1803. 
 
 Care.v oligantha Boott, 111. 174. pi. 580. 1867. 
 Uncinia microglochin Spreng. Syst. 3: 830. 1826. 
 
 Perennial by short stolons, culms very slender, 
 weak, 4 / -i2 / long. Leaves }& ff -i ff wide, much 
 shorter than the culm; spike 4 // -8 // long, usually 
 pistillate for more than one-half its length; scales 
 oblong-lanceolate, i-nerved, deciduous; perigynia 
 very narrowly lanceolate, 3" -4." long, less than 
 yi" thick, strongly reflexed in fruit; achene ob- 
 long, obtusely 3-angled, much shorter than the 
 perigynium; axis of the pistillate flower bristle- 
 like, long-exserted beyond the orifice of the peri- 
 gynium. 
 
 Greenland to James Bay and British Columbia. Also 
 in the arctic and mountainous parts of Europe and 
 Asia and at the Strait of Magellan. Plant with the 
 aspect of Carex pauciflora. Summer. 
 
 20. CAREX 1^. Sp. PI. 972. 1753. 
 
 Grass-like sedges, perennial by rootstocks. Culms mostly 3-angled. Leaves 3-ranked, 
 the upper elongated or very short (bracts) and subtending the spikes of flowers, or wanting. 
 Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary in the axils of bracts (scales). Spikes either wholly 
 pistillate, wholly staminate, or bearing both staminate and pistillate flowers (androgynous). 
 Perianth none Stamiuate flowers of 3 stamens, the filaments filiform. Pistillate flowers 
 of a single pistil with a style and 2 or 3 stigmas, borne on a very short axis in the axil of a 
 sac -like bractlet or second bract called the perigynium (utricle), which completely encloses 
 the achene. Achene 3-angled, lenticular or plano-convex. 
 
 A vast genus, of more than 1000 species, widely distributed, most abundant in the temperate 
 zones. Besides the following about an equal number occur in the western and southern parts of 
 North America. Specimens can only be satisfactorily determined when nearly or quite mature. 
 The genus is divided into the two subgenera, EUCAREX (nos. 1-142) and VIGNEA (nos. 143-205). 
 
 I. Staminate flowers numerous, in one or more terminal spikes, which are sometimes pistillate at 
 the base or summit ; or the spike solitary and the staminate flowers uppermost or basal, rarely dioe- 
 cious ; stigmas mostly 3 and the achene 3-angled or swollen (stigmas 2 and the achene lenticular 
 or compressed in nos. 12-16 ; 49-59 ; 67-72); pistillate spikes stalked or sessile, the lower commonly 
 stalked. Nos. 1-142. EUCAREX. 
 
 A. PERIGYNIA MOSTLY LONG-BEAKED, i^"-io" LONG, OFTEN INFLATED, THE BEAK USUALLY 
 
 AS LONG AS THE BODY OR LONGER (SHORT-BEAKED IN NOS. II-l6, 34 AND 35); PISTILLATE SPIKES 
 MOSTLY LARGE (SMALL IN NOS. I, 13 AND 14), GLOBOSE, OVOID, OBLONG OR CYLINDRIC. NOS. 1-35. 
 
 (a) Perigynia membranous or papery. Nos. 1-31. 
 
 1. Spike solitary, few-flowered, staminate above; perigynia strongly reflexed, subulate. PAUCI- 
 
 FLORAE. i. C. pauciflora. 
 
 2. Spikes normally several, the staminate uppermost; if solitary, staminate at the base. (See no. 
 
 30.) Nos. 2-31. 
 
 * Perigynia ovoid, conic with a narrowed base, or subulate, tapering into the beak. Nos. 2-28. 
 t Teeth of the perigynium-beak slender, short or none; not stiff nor awned. Nos. 2-24. 
 i Teeth of the perigynium-beak lanceolate or subulate. Nos. 2-10. LUPULINAE. 
 
 Pistillate spikes ovoid or globose, few-many-flowered. 
 Perigynia subulate, reflexed when mature. 
 Perigynia conic or ovoid, not reflexed. 
 
 Plants yellow or yellowish; perigynia little inflated. 
 Leaves i"-2" wide; staminate spikes sessile. 
 Leaves 2" -6" wide; staminate spike mostly stalked. 
 Plants green; perigynia much inflated; staminate spike stalked. 
 Leaves 2" '-3" wide; heads loosely flowered. 
 Leaves 3" -5" wide; heads globose, dense. 
 Pistillate spikes oblong or cylindric, densely many-flowered. 
 Pistillate spikes oblong; achene longer than thick. 
 
 Perigynia strongly several-nerved, shining; leaves i"-2" wide. 
 
 2. C. Collinsii. 
 
 3. C. abacta. 
 
 4. C. folliculata. 
 
 5. C. intumescens. 
 
 6. C. Asa-Grayi. 
 
 C. Louisianica. 
 C. lupulina. 
 
 Perigynia many-nerved, dull; leaves 2" -5 wide. 
 Pistillate spikes cylindric; achene not longer than thick. 
 
 Perigynia yellowish, tapering into a beak twice as long as the body. 9. C. lupuliformis. 
 Perigynia greenish-brown, abruptly narrowed into a beak 2-3 times as long as the body. 
 
 10. C. grandis. 
 
286 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 Jt Teeth of the perigynium-beak short or almost wanting (long in no. 17) nos. 11-24. VESICARIAE. 
 
 Spikes small, i' long or less, oblong or subglobose; stigmas often 2. 
 Spikes green or greenish yellow. 
 
 Leaves involute ; perigynia ovoid ; pistillate spikes few-several-flowered. 11. C. oligosperma. 
 Leaves flat; perigynia oblong-elliptic; pistillate spikes many-flowered. 12. C. Raeana. 
 Spikes dark brown or purple ; arctic species, 
 leaves flat. 
 
 Perigynia little inflated, papery. 
 
 Beak of perigynium nearly or quite entire. 13. C. miliaris. 
 
 Beak of perigynium sharply and minutely 2-toothed. 14. C. saxatilis. 
 
 Perigynia much inflated, very fragile. 15. C. membranopacta. 
 
 Leaves involute when dry. 16. C. ambusta. 
 
 Spikes large, i'-6' long, cylindric or oblong-cylindric; stigmas 3. 
 
 Scales acute, acuminate or smooth-awned, or the lower slightly roughened. 
 Perigynia ascending or spreading, not reflexed. 
 
 Spikes narrowly cylindric, i'-6' long, 3" -4" thick. 
 
 Leaves 2" -6" wide; culm stout. 17. C. utriculata. 
 
 Leaves i"-2%" wide; culm slender. 18. C. monile. 
 
 Spikes cylindric or oblong cylindric, i'-a' long, 6" thick. 
 
 Scales smooth-awned. 19. C. Tuckermani. 
 
 Scales acute, acuminate or the upper obtuse. 20. C. bullata. 
 
 Perigynia, at least the lower ones, reflexed when mature. 
 
 Spikes all clustered at the summit or the lower i or 2 separated; perigynia all reflexed 
 , when old. 21. C. retrorsa. 
 
 Spikes scattered; only the lower perigynia reflexed. 22. C. Hartii. 
 
 Scales tapering into rough awns, or subulate and scabrous. 
 
 Spikes cylindric, about 6" thick; perigynia tapering into the beak. 23. C. lurida. 
 Spikes narrowly cylindric, 3" -4" thick; perigynia abruptly narrowed into the beak. 
 
 24. C. Bailey i. 
 
 ft Teeth of the perigynium-beak stiff; setaceous or awned. Nos. 25-28. PSEUDOCYPERAE. 
 
 Spikes all erect or ascending. 25. C. Schweinitzii. 
 
 Spikes, at least the lower ones, slender-stalked and drooping. 
 
 Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric, ^'-2' long; perigynia ascending. 26. C. hystricina. 
 Pistillate spikes narrowly cylindric, i'-2 I A' long; perigynia reflexed. 
 
 Teeth of the beak erect or little spreading. 27. C. Pseudo-cyperus. 
 
 Teeth of the beak recurved-spreading. 28. C. comosa. 
 
 ** Perigynia obovoid, very abruptly contracted into the beak; spikes exceedingly dense. Nos. 29- 
 
 31. SQUARROSAE. 
 
 Scales linear-subulate, longer than the perigynia. 29. C. Frankii. 
 
 Scales lanceolate, about one-half as long as the perigynia. 
 
 Spikes 1-3, subglobose or oval, staminate below; achene linear-oblong. 30. C. squarrosa. 
 
 Spikes 2-6, oblong-cylindric, usually staminate at both ends; achene ovoid. 31. C. typhinoides. 
 
 (b) Perigynia firm, hard or leathery. Nos. 32-35. PALUDOSAE. 
 
 Leaves bright green, not glaucous; teeth of the perigynium-beak slender, conspicuous. 
 
 Scales lanceolate, acute or acuminate; leaves glabrous. 32. C. trichocarpa. 
 
 Scales ovate-lanceolate, rough-awned; leaves often pubescent. 33. C. aristata. 
 
 Leaves pale green, glaucous; teeth of the perigynium-beak short. 
 
 Pistillate spikes about 4" thick; teeth of the perigynium-beak manifest. 34. C. riparia. 
 
 Pistillate spikes about 2" thick; teeth of the perigynium-beak minute. 35. C. acutiformis. 
 
 B. PERIGYNIA SHORT-BEAKED OR BEAKLESS, LITTLE OR NOT AT ALL INFLATED, y 2 "-2 l A" 
 
 LONG, THE BEAK COMMONLY NOT MORE THAN ONE-HALF AS LONG AS THE BODY ( LONG-BEAKED 
 IN NOS. 43, 82, 83, 96); SPIKES SMALL, AND OBLONG OR GLOBOSE; OR ELONGATED, LINEAR OR 
 NARROWLY CYLINDRIC. NOS. 36-142. 
 
 (a) Spikes 2 or more, the staminate one always uppermost, sometimes partly pistillate. (No. 140 
 may be looked for here). Nos. 36-132. 
 
 1. Pistillate spike or spikes many-flowered, mostly i' long or more (or shorter in nos. 44, 48, 53-55, 
 61, 63-65, 73, 75, 76, 85, 89-92), linear, narrowly cylindric or oblong. Nos. 36-92. 
 
 * Perigynia with a straight short beak (long-beaked in no. 43 ; nearly beakless in no. 36), firm or leathery 
 in texture ; pistillate spikes erect (or nodding in no. 37); stigmas 3. Nos. 36-43. 
 
 Uppermost spike staminate from the base to about the middle. SHORTIANAE. 36. C. Shortiana. 
 Upper one or more spikes entirely staminate, or occasionally pistillate at the base. 
 
 Perigynia papillose; beak very short, nearly or quite entire. ANOMALAE. 37. C. scabrata. 
 Perigynia pubescent (sometimes glabrous in no. 39), the beak sharply 2-tO3thed. HIRTAE. 
 Staminate spike or spikes sessile or nearly so. 38. C. vestita. 
 
 Staminate spike or spikes distinctly stalked. 
 Leaves glabrous; native species. 
 
 Leaves flat or their margins slightly revolute. 
 
 Scales only half as long as the perigynia; southern coast species. 
 
 39. C. Walteriana. 
 Scales equalling or but slightly shorter than the perigynia; northern species. 
 
 Leaves 2"-$%" wide; perigynia \Vz" thick, the nerves prominent, 
 
 40. C. Houghtonii, 
 Leaves i"-a" wide; perigynia i" thick, the nerves obscured by the dense 
 
 pubescence. 41. C. lanuginosa. 
 
 Leaves strongly involute, i" wide or less. 42. C. filiformis. 
 
 Leaves or their sheaths pubescent; introduced species; beak long. 43. C. hirta. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 287 
 
 =** Perigynia beakless or very short-beaked (see no. 36), and with orifices nearly or quite entire, thin 
 
 in texture, not inflated, closely investing the achene; pistillate spikes erect or 
 
 drooping, often brown or purple ; stigmas often 2. Nos. 44-72. 
 
 t Pistillate spikes erect or somewhat spreading (drooping when mature in no. 45). Nos. 44-58. 
 
 Terminal spike staminate below, pistillate above (rarely all staminate in no. 47); stigmas 3. 
 
 ATRATAE. 
 
 .Scales shorter than or equalling the perigynia; arctic and alpine species. 
 Orifice of the perigynium minutely 2-toothed; scales obtuse or acutish. 
 
 Pistillate spikes 2"-s" long, erect. 44. C. alpina. 
 
 Pistillate spikes 4"-i2" long, drooping when old. 45. C. atratiformis. 
 
 Orifice of the perigynium entire; scales acute or awned. 
 
 Perigynium ovate, the style usually protruding. 46. C. stvlosa. 
 
 Perigynium obovate, the style not protruding. 47. C. Parryana. 
 
 Scales manifestly longer than the perigynia; bog species. 48. C. fusca. 
 
 'Terminal spike staminate throughout (occasionally pistillate at the top in no. 53); stigmas 2, 
 
 rarely 3 in No. 55. RIGIDAK. 
 
 Lower sheaths becoming very fibrillose; tufted bog species. 49. C. stricta. 
 
 Lower sheaths not at all fibrillose, or slightly so. 
 
 Scales shorter than or equalling the perigynia (or longer in no. 50). 
 Culms i-2 l A tall; scales acute or acuminate. 
 
 Pistillate spikes linear-cylindric. 50. C. Haydeni. 
 
 Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric. 51. C.Nebraskensis. 
 
 Culms 8' -4 tall; scales obtuse or the lower acute. 
 .Scales green. 
 
 Leaves 2" -3" wide; pistillate spikes 2" -3" thick; perigynia nerveless. 
 
 52. C. aquatilis. 
 Leaves i" wide; pistillate spikes i"-2" thick; perigynia faintly few-nerved. 
 
 53. C. lenticularis. 
 Scales purple or brown. 
 
 Scales shorter than the perigynia; marsh and meadow species. 
 
 54. C. Goodenovii. 
 Scales equalling or longer than the perigynia; arctic and alpine species. 
 
 55. C. Bigeloi'ii. 
 Culms only I'-f tall; arctic species. 56. C. subspathacea. 
 
 Scales distinctly longer than the perigynia; northern salt marsh species. 
 
 Basal leaves i " wide or less; scales little longer than the perigynia. 57. C. salina. 
 Basal leaves i"~3" wide; scales much longer than the perigynia. 58. C. cuspidata. 
 
 1 1 Pistillate spikes drooping, mostly on slender or filiform stalks (erect in nos. 66 and 71 . ) Nos. 59-72 
 
 Culms slender; pistillate spikes %' -2%' long; stigmas 3 (2 in no. 59). 
 
 Pistillate spikes linear; scales shorter than the perigynia. PRASINAE. 
 
 Perigynia twisted toward the top; scales purple-brown. 59. C. lorta. 
 
 Perigynia straight; scales green. 60. C. prasina. 
 
 Pistillate spikes oblong, globose or cylindric; scales equalling the perigynia or longer. 
 
 Bracts manifestly sheathing; arctic species. FERRUGINEAE. 61. C. misandra. 
 
 Bracts sheathless; scales mostly dark. PENDULINAE. 
 
 Pistillate spikes narrowly cylindric; southern coast species. 62. C. littoralis. 
 
 Pistillate spikes oblong or globose; northern species. 
 Scales not longer than the perigynia. 
 
 Pistillate spikes 3" -6" long, few-flowered; scales obtuse. 63. C. rariflora. 
 Pistillate spikes 5"-io" long, several-flowered; scales acute. 
 
 64. C. limosa. 
 Scales distinctly longer than the perigynia. 
 
 Perigynia oval or suborbicular. 65. C. Magellanica. 
 
 Perigynia elliptic-lanceolate. 66. C. podocarpa. 
 
 Culms tall, usually stout; pistillate spikes i'~4' long; scales 1-8 times as long as the perigynia; 
 
 stigmas 2 (or 3 in nos. 70 and 71 ). CRYPTOCARPAE. 
 Perigynia smooth. 
 
 Scales purple-brown; arctic species. 67. C. cryptocarpa. 
 
 Scales green; plants not arctic. 
 
 Perigynia nerveless or faintly nerved, much shorter than the scales. 
 
 Perigynia nearly orbicular, biconvex. 68. C. maritima. 
 
 Perigynia obovoid, obtuse. 69. C. crinita. 
 
 Perigynia oblong or elliptic, acute. 70. C. gynandra. 
 
 Perigynia strongly several-nerved, about equalling the scales. 71. C. macrokolea. 
 Perigynia granular or papillose. 72. C. glauca. 
 
 **# Perigynia tapering to a distinct beak (nearly or quite beakless in nos 73-77), membranous in 
 
 texture (firm in no. 88), inflated or loosely investing the achene; pistillate spikes 
 
 mostly drooping, often narrowly linear. Nos. 73-92. 
 
 t Terminal spike staminate below, pistillate above; beak of the perigynium short or none. Nos. 
 
 73-81- 
 J Spikes all erect or nearly so. VIRESCENTES. 
 
 Perigynium densely pubescent. 
 
 Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric, 4"-io" long; perigynia oval or ovoid, few-nerved. 
 
 73. C. virescens. 
 Pistillate spikes narrowly cylindric, 6"-i8" long; perigynia oblong, strongly several-nerved. 
 
 74. C. costellata. 
 Perigynium nearly glabrous, at least when mature. 
 
 Spikes 2^"-3^ thick; perigynia imbricated, flattened; top of the achene not bent. 
 
 75. C. triceps. 
 Spikes 2" thick; perigynia not imbricated, swollen; top of the achene bent, or tipped with a 
 
 bent style. 76. C. CarOliniana. 
 
 19 
 
288 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 | J Pistillate spikes drooping or spreading (erect or little spreading in no. 78). GRACILLIMAE. 
 
 Perigynia i"-a" long, slightly swollen; spikes linear or linear-cylindric. 
 
 Plant glabrous; perigynia obtuse. 77. C. gracillima, 
 Sheaths pubescent; perigynia pointed at both ends. 
 
 Perigynia i" long; spikes erect or somewhat spreading. 78. C. aestivalis. 
 
 Perigynia 2" long; spikes drooping, at least when old. 79. C. oxylepis. 
 Perigynia 2"-2 l A" long, manifestly swollen; spikes oblong or oblong-cylindric. 
 
 Perigynia faintly few-nerved; scales ovate, acute or short-awned. 80. C. formosa. 
 
 Perigynia strongly many-nerved; scales lanceolate, long-awned. 81. C. Davisii. 
 
 It Terminal spike entirely staminate, or sometimes pistillate at the base. Nos. 82-92. ( See no. 140. > 
 
 Perigynia manifestly beaked, nerved or nerveless; pistillate spikes drooping, at least when old. 
 Beak of the perigynium cylindric or subulate, 1-2 times as long as the body. SYLVATICAE. 
 Perigynia broadly oval, smooth, spreading. 82. C. longirostris. 
 
 Perigynia narrowly conic, tuberculate-hispid, appressed. 83. C. Assiniboinensis. 
 
 Beak of the perigynium not more than one-half as long as the body. 
 
 Leaves pubescent. FLEXILES. 84. C. caslanea. 
 
 Leaves glabrous. 
 
 Pistillate spikes narrowly oblong, 2" -6" long; perigynium i" long; arctic and alpine 
 
 species. CAPILLARES. 85. C. capillaris. 
 
 Pistillate spikes linear, i'~3' long; perigynium 2" -3" long. DEBILES. 
 Perigynia membranous, few-nerved; pistillate spikes slender. 
 
 Leaves 2 %"-$' wide; scales two-thirds as long as the perigynia. 
 
 86. C. arctata. 
 Leaves i"-2%" wide; scales one-half as long as the perigynia. 
 
 87. C. tennis. 
 Perigynia coriaceous, strongly many-nerved; pistillate spikes thicker. 
 
 88. C. oblita. 
 Perigynia beakless or minutely beaked, finely many-striate ; spikes erect or nearly so. GRISEAE. 
 
 Leaves slightly or not at all glaucous. 
 
 Perigynia little longer or shorter than the scales. 
 
 Pistillate spikes dense, usually many-flowered; leaves 2" -3" wide, spreading, soft. 
 
 89. C. grisea, 
 Pistillate spikes loosely several-flowered; leaves i"-2" wide, mostly erect and rigid. 
 
 90. C. amphibola. 
 Perigynia 2-3 times longer than the scales. 91. C.flaccosperma. 
 
 Plant very glaucous all over. 92. C. glaucodea. 
 
 2. Pistillate spikes small, few-many-flowered, mostly 3"-! 2" long (sometimes longer in nos. IO3- 
 104, 116). Nos. 93-132. (See also nos. 44, 48, 53-55, 61, 63-65, 68, 73, 75, 80, 84, 85 and 89-92.) 
 
 * Perigynia glabrous. Nos. 93-120. (See no. 123.) 
 t Pistillate spikes many-flowered, #'-i' long, usually dense. Nos. 93-99. 
 
 Pistillate spikes scattered, distant, long-stalked or the 2 upper ones close together and nearly ses- 
 sile. GRANULARES. 
 Bracts elongated, mostly overtopping the spikes; perigynia strongly many-nerved. 
 
 93. C. granularis. 
 
 Bracts short, rarely overtopping the spikes ; perigynia obscurely few-nerved. 94. C. Craicei. 
 Pistillate spikes close together and nearly sessile at the summit of the culm, or the lowest distant 
 
 and stalked. 
 Beak of the perigynium stout, 2-toothed; plants glabrous. EXTENSAE. 
 
 Leaves strongly involute; perigynia brown, the beak shorter than the body. 
 
 95. C. extensa. 
 Leaves flat, i"-2 l /4" wide; perigynia yellow when mature, 2" -3" long, the beak about as 
 
 long as the body. 96. C. flava. 
 
 Leaves flat, i" wide or less; perigynia dark green, i" long, the beak one-half as long as the 
 
 body. 97- C. viridula. 
 
 Beak of the perigynium short, entire or none; leaves, or their sheaths, more or less pubescent. 
 PALLESCENTES. 
 
 Perigynia faintly few-nerved, beakless. 98. C. pallescens. 
 
 Perigynia strongly many-nerved, cylindric-beaked. 99. C. abbreviate. 
 
 tt Pistillate spikes few-several-flowered, often loose. Nos. 100-120; 136-138. 
 t Scales of the spike normal, not elongated and leaf -like. Nos. 100-120. 
 \ Leaves i"-i8" wide; bracts leafy, usually large. Nos. 100-119. 
 O Perigynia green (yellow or purple in no. 116). Nos. 100-117. 
 
 Perigynia finely many-striate. OLIGOCARPAE. 
 Sheaths glabrous. 
 
 Perigynia narrowed at both ends, beakless. 
 Perigynia with a short entire beak. 
 Sheaths pubescent. 
 Perigynia with few or many, mostly strong nerves. LAXIFLORAE. 
 Plants not at all glaucous, or very slightly so. 
 Beak of the perigynium straight, slender. 
 
 Culms slender, spreading; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, stalked, spreading. 
 
 103. C. altocaulis. 
 
 Culms stout, erect; pistillate spikes i or 2, erect. 104. C. polymorpha. 
 
 Beak of the perigynium bent, short or none. 
 Leaves mostly narrow, i"-6" wide. 
 Scales, at least the upper, obtuse. 
 
 Bracts elongated; spikes loosely flowered; culms slender. 105. C. tetanica. 
 Bracts short; spikes densely flowered; culms stout. 106. C. Meadii. 
 
 100. C. conoidea. 
 
 101. C. oligocarpa. 
 
 102. C. Hitchcockiana. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 289 
 
 Scales acute, cuspidate, acuminate, or awned. 
 Perigynia obtusely 3-angled. 
 
 Perigynia obovoid, i^"-i}4" long. 
 Perigynia oblong, narrow, about 2" long. 
 Perigynia sharply 3-angled. 
 
 Spikes drooping or spreading; leaves i"-2" wide, or wider in the variety. 
 
 109. C. digitalis. 
 Spikes erect; leaves 3" -6" wide. 
 Leaves broad, 6"-i8" wide. 
 
 Bracts leafy, the upper usually overtopping the spikes. 
 Bracts mostly reduced to purple leafless sheaths. 
 Plants distinctly glaucous. 
 
 Pistillate spikes drooping on hair-like stalks. 
 Pistillate spikes erect. 
 
 Basal leaves much longer than the culm. 
 Basal leaves shorter than the culm or equalling it. 
 Leaves 6" -12" wide. 
 Leaves i"-2" wide. 
 
 Scales acute; perigynia yellow, purple or mottled. 
 
 107. C. laxiflora. 
 
 1 08. C. styloflexa. 
 
 no. C. Careyana. 
 
 in. C. Albursina. 
 
 112. C. plantaginea. 
 
 113. C. laxiculmis. 
 
 114. C. ptychocarpa. 
 
 115. C. platyphylla. 
 
 116. C. panicea. 
 Scales obtuse, or the lower acute; perigynia pale green. 117. C. livida. 
 
 OO Perigynia white, yellow or becoming brown. BICOLORES. 
 
 Perigynia beakless. 118. C. aurea. 
 
 Perigynia with a short cylindric beak; arctic species. 119. C. bicolor. 
 
 % Leaves and culms almost capillary; bracts reduced to bladeless sheaths. DIGITATAE. 
 
 120. C. setifolia. 
 
 % % Scales of the spikes leaf-like, elongated. PHYLLOSTACHYAE. 
 Lower scales i" wide or less, not concealing the perigynia. 
 
 Body of the perigynium oblong; beak flattened. 
 
 Body of the perigynium globose; beak subulate. 
 Lower scales i"-2" wide, concealing the perigynia. 
 
 136. C. Willdenovii. 
 : 37- C. Jamesii. 
 138. C. durifolia. 
 
 ** Perigynia more or less pubescent (becoming glabrous in no. 123)- Nos. 121-132. 
 Culm-leaves present, often short; bracts mainly reduced to bladeless purplish sheaths. PEDUX- 
 
 CULATAE. 
 
 Staminate spike short-stalked or sessile. 
 
 Perigynia about twice as long as the scales. 121. C. concinna. 
 
 Perigynia not longer than the scales. 122. C. Richardsoni. 
 
 Staminate spike long-stalked, commonly with some pistillate flowers at its base. 
 
 123. C. pedunculata. 
 Leaves all basal; bracts short or long, not sheathing. 
 
 Neither the culm nor the leaves pubescent; perigynia rounded. MONTANAE. 
 
 Plant not stoloniferous. 124. C. pedicellata. 
 
 Plants stoloniferous, the stolons sometimes short. 
 Culms, or some of them, longer than the leaves. 
 Scales smooth or very nearly so. 
 
 Staminate spike conspicuous, 3"-q" long. 
 Staminate spike stout, ^"-i 1 /^" thick. 
 
 Plant dark green; Staminate spike very prominent; perigynia broadly 
 oval. 125. C. Pennsyli>anica. 
 
 Plant light green; Staminate spike shorter; perigynia -oblong. 
 
 126. C. varia. 
 
 Staminate spike very slender, not over %" thick. 127. C. Novae- Angliae. 
 Staminate spike inconspicuous, rarely over 2" long (longer in the variety. ) 
 
 128. C. deflexa. 
 
 Scales, at least the lower, rough-awned. 129. C. praecox. 
 
 Culms, or most of them, much shorter than the leaves. 
 
 Scales light green with purple margins; perigynia oblong. 130. C. nigromarginaia. 
 Scales green with lighter scarious margins; perigynia oval. 131. C. umbellata. 
 Plant pubescent all over; perigynia sharply 3-angled. TRIQUETRAE. 132. C. pubescens. 
 
 (b) Spike solitary (except in no. 140), sometimes dioecious. Nos. 133-142. 
 
 saves i'-a' wide, thick, spreading. PHYSOCEPHALAE. 133. C. Fraseri. 
 
 eaves ^"-3" wide. 
 
 Staminate and pistillate spikes on different culms. SCIRPINAE. 
 
 Leaves longer than the culm; perigynia obovoid; southern species. 134. C. picta. 
 Leaves shorter than the culm; perigynia oval; northern species. 135. C. scirpoidea. 
 
 Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same spike. 
 
 Scales of the spike leaf-like, elongated. PHYLLOSTACHYAE. 
 Lower scales i" wide or less, not enclosing the perigynia. 
 
 Body of the perigynium oblong, its beak flattened. 136. C. Willdenovii. 
 
 Body of the perigynium globose, its beak subulate. 137. C. Jamesii. 
 
 Lower scales i"-2 l A" wide, enclosing the perigynia. 138. C. durifolia. 
 
 Scales of the spike short, normal. 
 
 Leaves ^ -i" wide; arctic and western species. RUPESTRES. 
 
 Spike solitary, androgynous; perigymum-beak stout, long. 139. C. rupestris. 
 Spikes 2-4, the Staminate uppermost; perigynium-beak short. 140. C. supina. 
 Leaves }<" wide or less. 
 
 Perigynia obtuse, beakless; swamp species. LEPTOCEPHALAE. 
 
 141. C. leptalea. 
 Perigynia obovoid-oval, beaked; prairie species. FILIFOLIAE. 
 
 142. C. filifolia. 
 
290 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 II. Staminate flowers few, at the summits or bases of the always sessile spikes, or sometimes 
 forming whole spikes, or variously intermixed with the pistillate ; stigmas always 2 ; achene lenti- 
 cular, compressed, ellipsoid or plano-convex. Nos. 143-205. VIGNEA. 
 
 1. STAMINATE FLOWERS AT THE SUMMITS OF THE SPIKES. Nos. 143-173. 
 (a) Spike solitary, terminal, mostly brown, plants often dioecious. Nos. 143-146. DIOICAE. 
 
 Perigynia nerveless, or faintly few-nerved. 
 
 Perigynia with a short nearly entire beak. 143. C. capitata. 
 
 Perigynia beakless, the orifice 2-toothed. 144. C. nardina. 
 Perigynia strongly several-nerved on the outer face. 
 
 Beak of the perigynium very short. 145. C. Redpwskyana. 
 
 Beak slender, rough, about half as long as the body of the perigynium. 146. C. exilis. 
 
 (b) Spikes several or many, clustered, separated or sometimes panicled. Nos. 147-151. 
 * Spikes densely aggr. gated into a globose or ovoid head, often appearing like a solitary terminal spike. 
 
 Scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, not awned. FOETIDAE. 
 
 Perigynia strongly many-nerved. 147. C. chordorhiza. 
 
 Perigynia faintly several-nerved. 
 
 Culms and leaves usually curved; scales shorter than the perigynia. 148. C. incni'va. 
 Culms mostly straight, erect; scales equalling the perigynia. 149. C. stenophylla. 
 
 Scales lanceolate, awned, or long-acuminate. ARENARIAE. 
 
 Scales 2-4 times longer than the perigynia; western species. 150. C. Douglasii. 
 
 Scales about equalling the perigynia; introduced sea-coast species. 151. C. arenaria. 
 
 '''' Clusters of spikes looser, often compound or the spikes distinctly separated (more or less 
 aggregated in nos. 170-173). Nos. 152-173. 
 
 t Spikes yellowish or brown at maturity, often in compound or panicled clusters. Nos. 152-163. 
 
 Perigynia strongly several-nerved, especially on the outer face. Nos. 152-154. VULPINAE. 
 
 Beak of the perigynium shorter than the body. 152. C. co njun eta. 
 
 Beak of the perigynium equalling or longer than the body. 
 
 Spikes crowded in an oblong cluster; beak 1-2 lengths of the body. 153. C. stipata. 
 Spikes in a large branching cluster; beak 3-4 lengths of the body. 154. C. Crus-corvi. 
 Perigynia nerveless or faintly nerved. Nos. 155-163. MULTIFLORAE. 
 
 Spikes very numerous in a branched decompound cluster, small. 155. C. decomposita. 
 
 Spikes several or many in an oblong or narrow, simple or somewhat compound cluster. 
 Leaves i" wide or less. 
 
 Beak of the perigynium shorter than the body; western species. 156. C. marcida. 
 Beak as long as the body; northern marsh species. 157. C. teretiusciila. 
 
 Leaves i"-3" wide. 
 
 Scales acuminate, cuspidate or awned. 
 Perigynia i^"-2^" long. 
 
 Perigynia ovate or ovate-lanceolate, the beak about as long as the body. 
 
 158. C. alopecoidea. 
 Perigynia broadly ovate or orbicular, the beak about one-third as long as the 
 
 body. 159. C. gravida. 
 
 Perigynia i^" long or less. 
 
 Leaves as long as the culm or longer. 160. C. vulpinoidea. 
 
 Leaves shorter than the culm. 
 
 Perigynia ovate-elliptic, the base narrowed. 161. C. xanthocarpa. 
 
 Perigynia lanceolate, the base truncate. 162. C. setacea. 
 
 Scales blunt, scarious-tipped. 163. C. Sartwellii. 
 
 ~\ f Spikes green or greenish when mature, aggregated or separated, in simple clusters. Nos. 164- 
 
 173. MUHLENBERGIANAE. 
 
 Perigynia ellipsoid, nearly terete; spikes i-5-flowered, widely separated, or the upper close together. 
 
 164. C. tenet la. 
 
 Perigynia lanceolate, ovate or roundish, compressed or plano-convex; spikes several-many-flowered. 
 Spikes separated or the upper close together; perigynia mostly radiating, or reflexed. 
 Leaves V^'-iYi" wide. 
 
 Beak of the perigynium one-third to one-half as long as the body; native woodland 
 
 species. 
 Perigynia ovate-lanceolate, i"-i%" long. 
 
 Perigynia stellately radiating. 165. C. rosea. 
 
 Perigynia reflexed when mature. 166. C. retroflexa. 
 
 Perigynia narrowly lanceolate, i^"-2" long. 167. C. Texensis. 
 
 Beak of the perigynium more than half as long as the body; introduced field species. 
 
 1 68. C. muricata. 
 
 Leaves 2^"-4^" wide. 169. C. sparganioidcs. 
 
 Spikes all aggregated or the lower separated; perigynia spreading or ascending. 
 
 Leaves thin, lax, 2"-^" wide; perigynia about 2" long. 170. C. cephaloidea. 
 
 Leaves stiffer, l A"-2" wide. 
 
 Perigynia i" long or less, nerveless or faintly few-nerved. 
 
 Leaves i "-2 wide; perigynia ovate. 171. C. cephalophora. 
 
 Leaves l A"-i" wide; perigynia orbicular-ovate; southern. 172. C. Leavenworthii. 
 Perigynia \%" long, strongly nerved (except in var. Xalapensis). 
 
 173. C. Muhlenbergii. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 291 
 
 2. STAMINATE FLOWERS VARIOUSLY MINGLED WITH THE PISTILLATE IN THE SPIKKS OR 
 OCCASIONALLY FORMING WHOLE SPIKES. (See HOS. 143-146.) 
 
 Perigynia radiately spreading or re flexed. 174. C. sterilis. 
 Perigynia erect or appressed_. 
 
 Perigynia wingless, the inner face flat. 187. C. bromoides. 
 
 Perigynia winged, the inner face concave. 190. C. siccata. 
 
 3. STAMINATE FLOWERS AT THE BASES OF THE SPIKES. Nos. 174-205. 
 
 (a) Perigynia without a marginal wing. Nos. 174-187. ELONGATAE. 
 
 Perigynia radiately spreading, or reflexed when old. 
 
 Perigynia distinctly nerved on both faces, the beak rough. 
 
 Perigynia lanceolate; beak more than half as long as the body. 174. C. sterilis. 
 
 Perigynia ovate; beak about one-third as long as the body, abrupt. 175. C. Atlantica. 
 Perigynia faintly nerved on the outer face, nerveless or nearly so on the inner; beak smoothish. 
 
 176. C. interior. 
 
 Perigynia ascending, appressed or somewhat spreading when old, not radiating. 
 Perigynia ovate, oval, oblong or elliptic. 
 
 Bracts short, scale-like or none, the lowest occasionally longer than its spike. 
 vSpikes distinctly separated or the upper close together. 
 
 Heads silvery green or nearly white. 177. C. canescens. 
 
 Heads brown or brownish. 
 
 Spikes few-flowered, 2" -3" long; perigynia less than i" long, the beak manifest. 
 
 178. C. brunnescens. 
 Spikes dense, many-flowered; perigynia about i" long, the beak very short. 
 
 179. C. Norvegica. 
 Spikes densely clustered at the top of the culm, or the lower separated. 
 
 Spikes green or greenish brown. 
 
 Spikes several in an ovoid cluster; perigynia ovate, rough-beaked. 
 
 1 80. C. arc/a. 
 Spikes only 2-4; perigynia elliptic, beakless. 181. C. tenuiflora. 
 
 Spikes dark brown; arctic species. 
 Culms slender, stiff, erect. 
 
 Leaves involute; scales about equalling the perigynia. 182. C. Heleonastes. 
 
 Leaves flat; scales shorter than the perigynia. " 183. C. lagopina. 
 
 Culms weak, spreading or reclining. 184. C. glareosa. 
 
 Bracts bristle-form, much elongated, much exceeding the 2-4 oblong nerved perigynia. 
 
 185. C. trisperma. 
 Perigynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. 
 
 Perigynia nerveless; spikes oblong or subglobose. 186. C. Deweyana. 
 
 Perigynia strongly several-nerved; spikes narrowly oblong-cylindric. 187. C. bromoides. 
 
 (b) Perigynia with a narrow or broad marginal wing. Nos. 188-205. OVALES. 
 
 Perigynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 times as long as wide. 
 
 Top of the culm nodding; arctic and northwestern species. 188. C. pratensis. 
 
 Culms strictly erect, mostly stiff. 
 
 Perigynia nerveless, broadly winged; northwestern species. 189. C. xerantica. 
 
 Perigynia several-nerved on both faces. 
 
 Perigynia broadly winged; staminate flowers intermixed with the pistillate. 
 
 190. C. siccata. 
 Perigynia narrowly winged ; staminate flowers all basal. 
 
 Spikes %' -\' long; perigynia about 4" long. 191. C. Muskingnmensis. 
 
 Spikes 2" -8" long; perigynia 2" -3" long. 
 
 Spikes oblong or oval; perigynia ascending or erect. 
 
 Spikes green-brown, blunt. 192. C. tribuloides. 
 
 Spikes bright brown, pointed; perigynia lanceolate. 193. C. scoparia. 
 vSpikes rather dark brown, blunt; perigynia ovate-lanceolate. 
 
 194. C. leporina. 
 
 Spikes subglobose; perigynia spreading, at least when old. 195. C. cristateUa. 
 Perigynia ovate, not more than twice as long as wide (longer in some forms of no. 198. ) 
 
 Perigynia narrowly winged above; heads greenish brown. 196. C. adiista. 
 
 Perigynia broadly wing-margined. 
 Perigynia spreading or ascending. 
 
 Spikes silvery green. 197. C. foenea. 
 
 Spikes yellowish brown or greenish. 198. C. straminea. 
 
 Perigynia erect or appressed. 
 
 Heads silvery green or nearly white; sea-beach species. 199. C. silicea. 
 
 Heads brown-green ; meadow or marsh species. 200. C. tenera. 
 
 Perigynia orbicular, very broadly ovate or somewhat obovate, sometimes wider than long. 
 Heads green-brown. 
 
 Perigynia spreading or ascending; achene sessile. 201. C. festucacea. 
 
 Perigynia erect, 2"-2V2" broad; achene short-stalked. 202. C. alata. 
 
 Heads silvery green, yellowish or whitish. 
 
 Perigynium-wing firm; achene sessile. 203. C. albolutescens. 
 
 Perigynium-wing membranous; achene stalked. 204. C. Bicknellii. 
 
 Perigynia narrowly linear-lanceolate, tapering into a subulate beak 2-3 times as long as the body. 
 CYPEROIDEAE. 205. C. sychnocephala. 
 
292 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 i. Carex pauciflora Lightf. Few-flowered 
 Sedge. (Fig. 671.) 
 
 Carex pauciflora L,ightf. Fl. Scot. 543. pi. 6. 1777. 
 
 Glabrous, culms erect or assurgent, very slender, 
 3 / -2 high. Leaves very narrow, shorter than the 
 culm, the lowest reduced to toothed sheaths; spike 
 solitary, androgynous, the staminate and pistillate 
 flowers each 2-5, the staminate uppermost; peri- 
 gynium green, narrow, scarcely inflated, 3 // -4 // 
 long, about y z ff in diameter, several-nerved, taper- 
 ing from below the middle into a slender or almost 
 subulate beak, strongly reflexed and readily de- 
 tachable when mature, 2-3 times longer than the 
 deciduous lanceolate or ovate scale; stigmas 3. 
 
 In bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Massa- 
 chusetts, Pennsylvania, Michigan and Washington. 
 June-Aug. 
 
 2. Carex Collinsii Nutt. Collins' Sedge. (Fig. 672.) 
 
 Carex subulata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 173. 1803. Not 
 
 Gmel. 1791. 
 
 Carex Collinsii Nutt. Gen. 2: 205. 1818. 
 Carex Michauxii Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 10: 273. 1826. 
 
 Not Schwein. 1824. 
 
 Glabrous, culms very slender, erect or reclining, 6 / -2 
 long. Leaves narrow, the broadest about 2^ /x wide, the 
 uppermost not exceeding the culm; staminate spike ter- 
 minal, stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, distant, 2-8-flowered, 
 short-stalked, or the stalk of the lowest sometimes i^' 
 long; bracts similar to the upper leaves, "elongated; peri- 
 gynium light green, scarcely inflated, subulate, 5 // ~7 // 
 long, tapering from below the middle into an almost fili- 
 form beak, faintly many-nerved, strongly reflexed when 
 mature, about 3 times as long as the hyaline lanceolate- 
 acuminate persistent scale, its teeth reflexed at maturity; 
 stigmas 3. 
 
 In bogs, Rhode Island to eastern Pennsylvania, south to 
 South Carolina and Georgia. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Pennsyl- 
 vania. Attributed to Canada by Michaux. June-Aug. 
 
 3. Carex abacta Bailey. Yellowish Sedge. (Fig. .673.) 
 
 Carex rostrata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 173. 1803. 
 
 Stokes, 1787. 
 Carex xanthophysa Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 14: 353. f. 57, 
 
 58. 1828. Not Wahl. 1803. 
 Carex Michauxiana Boeckl. Linnaea, 40: 336. 1877. Not 
 
 C. Michauxii Schwein. 1824. 
 Carex abacta Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 427. 1893. 
 
 Glabrous, whole plant yellowish, culm erect or slightly 
 assurgent at the base, rather stiff, slender, i-2 high. 
 Leaves narrow, the broadest about 2" wide, the upper- 
 most often exceeding the culm ; staminate spike termi- 
 nal, closely sessile; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, several-flow- 
 ered, the upper sessile or very nearly so and closely 
 approximated, the lowest, when present, remote and 
 borne on a stalk y z f -i f long; bracts similar to the leaves, 
 usually erect and overtopping the culm ; perigynia slen- 
 der, narrow, scarcely inflated, erect or spreading, taper- 
 ing into a subulate 2-toothed beak, 5 // -7 // long, less 
 than i" thick at the base, rather strongly many-nerved, 
 about twice as long as the lanceolate or ovate, acute or 
 acuminate scale; stigmas 3. 
 
 In bogs and wet meadows, Newfoundland to New Hampshire, New York and Pennsylvania, 
 west to Michigan. Ascends to 5000 ft. in New Hampshire. Also in Japan. July-Sept. 
 
 Not 
 
293 
 
 SEDGE FAMILY. 
 4. Carex folliculata L,. Long Sedge. (Fig. 674.) 
 
 Carex folliculata L. Sp. PI. 978. 1753. 
 
 Glabrous, light green or yellowish, culm stout or slen- 
 der, erect or reclining, i^-3 long. Leaves broad and 
 -elongated, sometimes overtopping the culm, often %' 
 wide; staminate spike stalked or nearly sessile; pistillate 
 spikes 2-4, usually distant, all except the uppermost slen- 
 der-stalked, several -many-flowered, the lower often nod- 
 ding on a stalk 2 / ~3 / long; bracts commonly overtopping 
 the spikes; perigynia ovoid, somewhat inflated, ascending 
 or spreading, green, rather prominently many-veined, 
 -6 // -8 // long, \" or a trifle more in diameter near the base, 
 tapering from below the middle into a slender 2-toothed 
 beak, one-third to one-half longer than the awned broadly 
 scarious-margined persistent scale; teeth of the peri- 
 gynium nearly erect; stigmas 3. 
 
 In swamps and wet woods, Newfoundland to Maryland, 
 Avest to Michigan and West Virginia. May-Sept. 
 
 5. Carex intumescens Rudge. Bladder Sedge. (Fig. 675.) 
 
 Carex intumescens Rudge, Trans. Linn. Soc. 7: 97. 
 pi. 9. f. j. 1804. 
 
 Glabrous, culms slender, commonly tufted, erect 
 or slightly reclined, i^-3 high. Leaves elon- 
 gated, dark green, shorter than or sometimes equal- 
 ling the culm, roughish, iX // ~3 // wide; bracts simi- 
 lar, overtopping the culm; staminate spike narrow, 
 mostly long-stalked; pistillate spikes 2 (1-3) ses- 
 sile or very short-stalked, globose or ovoid; peri- 
 gynia 1-30, spreading or the upper erect, 6 // -io // 
 long, much inflated, about 3" in diameter above 
 the base, many-nerved, tapering from below the 
 middle into a subulate 2-toothed beak, the teeth 
 somewhat spreading at maturity; scales narrowly 
 lanceolate, acuminate or aristate, about one-half as 
 long as the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In swamps, bogs and wet woods, Newfoundland to 
 Manitoba, south to Florida and Louisiana. May-Oct. 
 
 Carex intumescens Fernaldi Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 418. 1893. 
 Perigynia narrower, 1-5 in each spike, all erect or slightly spreading. Maine to New York. 
 
 6. Carex Asa-Grayi Bailey. Gray's Sedge. (Fig. 676.) 
 
 Carex intumescens var. globularis A. Gray, Ann. Lye. 
 
 N. Y. 3: 236. 1834. Not C. globularis L,. 1753. 
 Carex Grayi Carey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 4: 22. 1847. 
 
 Not C. Gray ana Dewey, 1834. 
 
 Carex Asa-Grayi Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 427. 1893. 
 Carex Asa-Grayi hispidula Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 
 
 20: 427. 1893. 
 
 Glabrous, culms stout, erect or slightly assur- 
 .gent at the base, 2-3 tall. Leaves elongated, 
 dark green, 3" -4%" wide, the upper commonly 
 overtopping the culm; bracts similar to the upper 
 leaves, usually much overtopping the culm; stami- 
 nate spike mostly long-stalked; pistillate spikes I or 
 2, globose, dense, about i / in diameter; perigynia 
 10-30, ovoid, glabrous or pubescent, much inflated, 
 many-nerved, about 4" in diameter above the base, 
 tapering to a sharp a-toothed beak; scales ovate or 
 lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, scarious, about 
 one-third as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In swamps and wet meadows, Vermont to Michigan, 
 :south to Georgia and Missouri. June-Sept. 
 
294 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 7. Carex Louisianica Bailey. Louisiana 
 Sedge. (Fig. 677.) 
 
 Carex Halei Carey; Chaptn. Fl. S. States, 543. 1860.. 
 
 Not Dewey, 1846. 
 C. Louisianica Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20:428. 1893. 
 
 Culms slender, erect, smooth or very nearly so, i-2 a 
 tall. Leaves i // -2 // wide, roughish, the upper over- 
 topping the spikes; bracts similar to the upper leaves, 
 rough; pistillate spikes 1-3, oblong, about \ f long, 8 /7 - 
 io // thick, erect, the lower slender-stalked, the upper 
 nearly sessile; staminate spike solitary, long-stalked; 
 perigynia ovoid, much inflated, smooth, strongly sev- 
 eral-nerved, shining when mature, $"-6" long, about 
 2} // in diameter at the rounded base, tapering gradu- 
 ally into the long 2-toothed beak, the small teeth 
 slightly spreading; scales oblong-lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, about one-half as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3.. 
 
 Swamps, Missouri to Texas and Florida. June-Aug. 
 
 8. Carex lupulina Muhl. Hop Sedge. (Fig. 678.) 
 
 Carex gigantea Rudge, Trans. Linn. Soc. 7: 99. pi. 10. 
 
 f. 2. 1804. ? 
 
 Carex lupulina Muhl. ; Schk. Riedg. 2: 54. f. 123, 1806. 
 Carex lupulina var. pedunculata Dewey in Wood, 
 
 Bot. & Flor. 376. 1870. 
 
 Glabrous, culms stout, erect or reclining, i-4 
 tall. Leaves elongated, nodulose, 2j^ // -6 // wide, 
 the upper ones and the similar bracts much over- 
 topping the culm; staminate spike solitary or rarely 
 several, nearly sessile or slender-peduncled, rather 
 stout; pistillate spikes 2-5, densely many-flowered, 
 sessile or the lower slender-stalked, oblong, \Yz'- 
 2.y 2 ' long, often i / in diameter; perigynia ascending 
 or spreading, often short-stalked, much inflated, 
 many-nerved, 6 // -9 // long, about \W in diameter 
 just above the base, tapering from much below the 
 middle into a subulate 2-toothed beak; achene longer 
 than thick; scales lanceolate, acuminate or aristate, 
 one-third as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In swamps and ditches, Hudson Bay to western 
 Ontario, Florida and Texas. June-Aug. 
 
 Carex lupulina Bella-villa (Dewey) Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 12. 1889. 
 Carex Bella-villa Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 41: 229. 1866. 
 
 Culm slender; pistillate spikes remote, slender-stalked, sometimes staminate at the summit, 
 the perigynia widely spreading at maturity, the staminate spike sometimes branched and with i or 
 2 perigynia at its base. Eastern New York to southern Ontario. 
 
 A hybrid with C. retrorsa is described by Professor Dudley (Cayuga Fl. 119. 1886). 
 
 9. Carex lupuliformis Sartwell. Hop-like 
 Sedge. (Fig. 679.) 
 
 Carex lupulina var. polystachya Schw. & Torr.. Ann.- 
 
 Lyc. i: 337. 1825. Not C. polystachya Sw. 
 Carex lupuliformis Sartw. ; Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.> 
 
 9: 29. 1850. 
 
 Glabrous, culm stout, erect, I > -3 tall. Leaves and 
 bracts similar to those of the preceding species, much 
 elongated; staminate spike solitary, stalked or nearly- 
 sessile, sometimes 4' long; pistillate spikes 3-6, stalked 
 or the upper sessile, densely many-flowered, 2 / -3 / long, 
 6 // -io // in diameter, often staminate at the top; peri- 
 gynia yellowish, at first appressed, later ascending, ses- 
 sile, much inflated, several-nerved, 5 // -8 // long, about 
 2" in diameter above the base, tapering from below the 
 middle to a subulate 2-toothed beak; achene as long as 
 thick, its angles mamillate; scales lanceolate, awned r 
 shorter than or equalling the perigynia. 
 
 Swamps, Rhode Island to Del. and Minnesota. June-Aug- 
 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 10. Carex grandis Bailey. Large Sedge. (Fig. 680.) 
 
 Carex gigantea Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. n: 164. 1826. 
 
 Not Rudge, 1804. 
 Care.r grandis Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 13. 1889. 
 
 Glabrous, culms slender, erect or reclining, 2-3 
 high. Leaves rather dark green, elongated, 4 // -6 // 
 wide, the uppermost sometimes surpassing the 
 culm; bracts similar to the leaves, much overtop- 
 ping the culm; staminate spike sessile or pedun- 
 cled, sometimes bearing perigynia at its base; pis- 
 tillate spikes 3-5, all stalked or the upper sessile, 
 cylindric, \ f -^' long, sometimes staminate at the 
 summit; perigynia much swollen at the base, and 
 about 2" in diameter, 5 // -6 // long, many-nerved, 
 spreading at maturity, 3-4 times as long as the sca- 
 rious lanceolate acuminate or aristate scale, abruptly 
 contracted into a subulate 2-toothed beak 2-3 times 
 as long as the inflated portion; stigmas 3. 
 
 In swamps, Delaware to Kentucky and Missouri, 
 south to Florida, Louisiana and Texas. June-Aug. 
 
 ii. Carex oligosperma Michx. Few-seeded Sedge. (Fig. 68 1.) 
 
 Carex oligosperma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 174. 1803. 
 Glabrous, culms very slender, erect, rather stiff, 
 
 i ^-3 tall. Leaves about i y^" wide, not exceed- 
 ing the culm, involute when old; bracts similar, 
 overtopping the culm ; staminate spike stalked, nar- 
 rowly linear; pistillate spikes I or 2, globose or ob- 
 long, 5 // -io // long, sessile or the lower short- 
 stalked, few-several-flowered, the upper some- 
 times reduced to i or 2 perigynia and with a 
 staminate summit; perigynia ovoid, erect, in- 
 flated, strongly few-nerved, yellowish green, 2 // - 
 2^ /x long, about \}" in diameter, tapering from 
 the middle into a minutely 2-toothed beak; scales 
 acute or mucronate, shorter than the perigynia; 
 stigmas 3. 
 
 In bogs, Labrador to the Northwest Territory, south 
 to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Michigan. June- 
 Sept. Ascends to 4000 ft. in the Adirondacks. 
 
 12. Carex Raeana BoDtt. Rae's Sedge. (Fig. 682.) 
 
 Care.r miliaris var. aurea Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, 
 
 i: 37. 1889. Not C. aurea Nutt. 1818. 
 Care.r pulla A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 602. 1867. Not 
 
 Gooden. 1797. 
 Carex Raeana Boott; Richards. Arct. Exp. 2: 344. 
 
 1851. 
 
 Culm stouter than that of C. miliaris, very 
 rough above, i^-3 tall. Leaves i // -i>^ // wide, 
 flat, shorter than the culm, nodulose, somewhat 
 scabrous on the margins, the lower bracts narrower, 
 about equalling the culm; staminate spikes 1-4, 
 slender-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, erect, cylin- 
 dric or oblong, 6 // -i2 // long, sessile or the lower 
 short-stalked; perigynia oblong-elliptic, yellowish- 
 green, few-nerved, acute, narrowed into a rather 
 conspicuous 2-toothed beak; scales lanceolate, 
 acute or acuminate, yellowish or brown-margined, 
 slightly shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2 or 3. 
 
 On lake and river shores, northern Maine to Lab- 
 rador. Summer. 
 
2g6 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 13. Carex miliaris Michx. Northeastern Sedge. (Fig. 683.) 
 
 Carex miliaris Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 174. 1803. 
 Carex miliaris var. maif>- Baile}', Mem. Torr. Club, 
 1:36. 1889.? 
 
 Glabrous, culm very slender, erect, roughish 
 above, i-2 tall. Leaves flat, about \" wide, 
 elongated, nodulose, the upper about equalling the 
 culm; bracts similar to the leaves, often overtop- 
 ping the culm; staminate spikes I or 2, stalked, 
 narrowly linear; pistillate spikes 1-3, oblong or 
 linear-oblong, many-flowered, 4 // -i / long, the up- 
 per sessile, the lowest, when three, stalked; peri- 
 gynia inflated, ovoid, faintly few-nerved, i // - 
 \W long, dark brown or brown-tipped, tapering 
 into a short, nearly entire beak, slightly longer 
 than the ovate or ovate-lanceolate, wholly or 
 partly brown, obtuse or acute scale; stigmas 2. 
 
 Borders of lakes and streams, Labrador and northern 
 Quebec. Reported from northern Minnesota. Summer. 
 
 14. Carex saxatilis I,. 
 
 (Fig. 684.) 
 
 Russet Sedge. 
 
 Carex saxatilis L- Sp. PI. 976. 1753. 
 Carex pulla Gooden. Trans. Linn. Soc. 3: 78. 
 
 1797. 
 
 Glabrous, culms erect, slender, 3 / -i2 / tall. 
 Leaves flat, \"-\y 2 " broad, the upper not overtop- 
 ping the culm; bracts short; staminate spike soli- 
 tary, short-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-4, all stalked 
 or the upper nearly or quite sessile, oblong, densely 
 many-flowered; perigynia dark purple-brown, as- 
 cending, ovoid, slightly inflated, nerveless or very 
 faintly few-nerved, tipped with a short minutely 2- 
 toothed beak; scales oblong, subacute, greenish 
 purple, about as long as the perigynia; stigmas 
 usually 2. 
 
 Greenland to James Bay and Alaska. Also in arctic 
 Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 15. Carex membranopacta Bailey. Fragile Sedge. (Fig. 685.) 
 
 Carex compacta R. Br. in Ross' Voy. App. cxliii. 
 
 1819. Not Krock. 1814. 
 Carex membranacea Hook. Parry's 2d Voy. App. 406. 
 
 1825. Not Hoppe. 
 Carex membranopacta Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 
 
 428. 1893. 
 
 Similar to C. saxatilis but stouter and taller, 
 6 / -i8 / high. Leaves flat, not exceeding the culm, 
 i% /f wide; bracts short, the lower commonly 
 longer than its spike, the upper subulate ; stannnate 
 spikes 1-3, short-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3 (com- 
 monly 2), sessile or the lower short -peduncled, 
 narrowly oblong, obtuse, densely many-flowered, 
 about \' long and \ ff in diameter; perigynia spread- 
 ing, brown-purple, ovoid, fragile, much inflated, 
 about \y 2 " long, tipped with a short nearly entire 
 beak, little nerved, about as long as the ovate-ob- 
 long greenish-purple or white-margined scales. 
 
 Greenland, through arctic America to Kamptchatka. 
 Summer. 
 

 SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 297 
 
 16. Carex ambusta Boott. 
 
 Care* ambusta Boott, 111. 64. pi. 172. 1858. 
 
 Similar to C. saxatilis, culms slender, erect, 8'- 
 i8 x tall, nearly or quite smooth. Leaves nearly or 
 quite smooth, elongated, mostly less than i" wide, 
 involute in drying, nearly erect, shorter than the 
 culm; bracts similar to the upper leaves, sometimes 
 equalling or overtopping the culm; staminate spike 
 solitary, stalked; pistillate spikes I or 2, oblong, 
 erect, obtuse, densely many-flowered, slender- 
 stalked or the upper nearly sessile, 6 // -9 // long, 
 about $Yz f ' in diameter; perigynia oblong-lanceo- 
 late, \Y 2 " long, rather more than y 2 " wide, spread- 
 ing or ascending, biconvex, smooth, firm, not at all 
 inflated, dull, faintly few-nerved at the base, green 
 below, dark brown at the summit, tapering into a 
 short minutely 2-toothed beak; scales lanceolate, 
 dark brown, as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 Labrador, British Columbia to Alaska. Summer. 
 
 Blackened Sedge. (Fig. 686.) 
 
 17 
 
 Carex utriculata Boott. Bottle Sedge. (Fig. 687.) 
 
 Carex utriculata Boott; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 221. 
 
 1840. 
 Carex utriculata var. minor Boott, loc. cit. 1840. 
 
 Glabrous, culms stout, erect, 2-4 tall. Leaves 
 elongated, nodulose, the upper mostly exceeding 
 the culm, 2 /x -6 r/ wide, the midvein prominent; 
 bracts overtopping the culm; staminate spikes 2-4, 
 linear, stalked, the lower occasionally pistillate at 
 the top and usually subtended by a very slender 
 bract; pistillate spikes 3 or 4, nearly erect, cylin- 
 dric, densely many-flowered or sometimes looser 
 near the base, 2 / -6 / long, the lower short-stalked, 
 the upper sessile, sometimes staminate at the sum- 
 mit; perigynia spreading when old, ovoid, light 
 green, somewhat inflated, few-nerved, 2 // -2^ // 
 long, narrowed into a sharp 2-toothed beak; scales 
 lanceolate, the lower awned and slightly longer 
 than the perigynia, the upper acute; stigmas 3. 
 
 Marshes, Anticosti to British Columbia, Delaware, 
 Ohio, Minnesota, Nevada and California. June-Sept. 
 
 Carex monile Tuckerm. 
 
 Necklace Sedge. (Fig. 688.) 
 
 1843. 
 
 Carex monile Tuckerm. Enum. Meth. 20. 
 Carex Olneyi Boott, 111. 15. pi. 42. 1858. 
 
 Glabrous, culm slender, erect or reclining, i>-3 
 ill. Leaves elongated, rather light green, i>^ // -2^ // 
 wide, sometimes exceeding the culm, little or not at 
 all nodulose; bracts similar, often overtopping the 
 culm; staminate spikes 1-4, usually 2 or 3, slender- 
 stalked, commonly subtended by short bracts; pistil- 
 late spikes 1-3, erect-spreading, cylindric, i / -3 / long, 
 about 4 /r in diameter, many-flowered, rather loose at 
 maturity, the upper sessile, the lower one, when 3, 
 slender-stalked and usually remote; perigynia yellow- 
 ish green, ascending or spreading, ovoid, inflated, 
 about 2^" long, rather strongly 8-io-nerved, tapering 
 into a sharp 2-toothed beak; scales lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate or awned, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In marshes and wet meadows, Nova Scotia to British 
 Columbia, south to New Jersey, Missouri, in the Rocky 
 Mountains to Colorado, and to California. June-Aug. 
 
298 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 Carex monile monstrosa Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 40. 1889. A form with the terminal spike 
 more or less pistillate, the pistillate spikes very small and loosely flowered, usually on very long 
 stalks, found several years ago along the Concord River, Mass., has not since been collected. 
 
 19. Carex Tuckermani Qpwey. Tuck- 
 
 erman's Sedge. (Fig. 689.) 
 C. Tuckermani Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 49:48. 1845. 
 Glabrous, culm very slender, usually roughish 
 above, erect or reclining, 2-3^ long. Leaves 
 and bracts much elongated, commonly much 
 overtopping the culm, i>^ // -2>^ // wide, some- 
 times sparingly nodulose; staminate spikes 2 or 
 3; pistillate spikes stout, cylindric, i / -2 / long, 
 about %' in diameter; the upper sessile or nearly 
 so, the lower stalked and usually spreading; 
 perigynia very much inflated, yellowish -green, 
 ovoid, prominently few-nerved, ascending, 
 abruptly contracted into a subulate 2-toothed 
 beak; scales lanceolate, smooth-awned, about 
 half as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In bogs and meadows, New Brunswick to Ontario, 
 New Jersey, Michigan and Minnesota. June-Aug. 
 
 20. Carex bullata Schk. Button Sedge. 
 (Fig. 690.) 
 
 Carex- bullata Schk. Riedg. Nachtr. 85. /. 166. 1806. 
 
 Glabrous, culms very slender, erect, i-2^ high, rough- 
 ish above. Leaves and bracts very narrow and elongated, 
 rather stiff, commonly overtopping the culm, rarely more 
 than I 2." wide, rough-margined, sparingly nodulose; stamin- 
 ate spikes mostly 2, long stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, usually 
 2, light green, varying from almost sessile to long-stalked 
 and spreading, many-flowered, oblong or oblong-cylindric , 
 i / -i^ / long, 4^ // -6 // in diameter; perigynia much inflated, 
 ovoid, 2^ // ~3 // long, spreading when mature, tapering into 
 a subulate rough 2-toothed beak, shining, strongly nerved, 
 2-3 times longer than the lanceolate acuminate or acute 
 scale, or the uppermost scales obtuse; stigmas 3. 
 
 In swamps, Massachusetts to North Carolina. June-Aug. 
 
 Carex retrorsa Schwein. Retrorse Sedge. 
 
 21. 
 
 (Fig. 691.) 
 
 Carex retrorsa Schwein. Ann. I,yc. N. Y. i: 71. 
 1824. 
 
 Glabrous, culm stout, erect, smooth or slightly 
 rough above, i-3^ tall. Leaves elongated, 
 thin, rough-margined, sparingly nodulose, 2^"- 
 Z% f/ wide, the upper commonly exceeding the 
 culm, the bracts similar, usually much overtop- 
 ping the culm; staminate spikes 1-3, short- 
 stalked; pistillate spikes 3-6, ascending or 
 spreading, all close together at the summit and 
 sessile or very nearly so or the lowest distant 
 and stalked, cylindric, densely many-flowered, 
 i / -2 / long, about l / 2 ' in diameter; perigynia 
 ovoid, membranous, strongly few-nerved, yel- 
 lowish green, about $" long, reflexed at ma- 
 turity, tapering into a subulate 2-toothed beak; 
 scales lanceolate, acute, smooth, one-third to 
 one-half as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In swamps and wet meadows, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, 
 Michigan and Minnesota. Also in Oregon (according to Bailey). Aug.-Sept. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 299 
 
 22. Carex Hartii Dewey. Hart Wright's 
 Sedge. (Fig. 692.) 
 
 Carex Hartii Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 41: 226. 1866. 
 
 Glabrous, culms slender, nearly smooth i l / 2 -2 l / 2 long. 
 Leaves elongated, rough on the margins and lower side of 
 the midvein, 2 // -3 // wide, the upper and the similar bracts 
 much overtopping the culm; staminate spikes I or 2, the 
 lower sometimes pistillate at the base, borne on a stalk 
 Y 2 '-\' long; pistillate spikes 2-4, scattered, rather loosely 
 many -flowered, the upper sessile, the lower slender- 
 stalked, i '-2' long, about y 2 ' thick, all erect or ascending; 
 perigynia inflated, ovoid-conic, spreading or the lower 
 slightly reflexed, prominently few-nerved, about 3" long ) 
 gradually tapering into the long 2-toothed beak, 2-3 times as 
 long as the lanceolate acute or acuminate scale; stigmas 3. 
 
 In marshes, Ontario and New York to Michigan. Appa- 
 rently intergrades with the preceding species. June-Aug. 
 
 23. Carex lurida Wahl. Sallow Sedge. 
 (Fig. 693.) 
 
 C. lurida Wahl. Kongl. Acad. Handl. (II.) 24: 153. 1803. 
 Carex tentaculata Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 266. 1805. 
 
 Glabrous, culm slender, erect, smooth or slightly 
 scabrous above, i %-$ tall. Leaves elongated, rough, 
 rarely more than -2" wide, the upper and the similar 
 bracts usually much overtopping the culm; staminate 
 spike usually solitary, short-stalked, elongated; pistil- 
 late spikes, 1-4, cylindric, densely many-flowered, i'- 
 2' long, about y 2 ' in diameter, the upper sessile, the 
 lower peduncled and spreading or drooping; peri- 
 gynia inflated, ovoid, tapering into a long subulate 
 beak, ascending or the lower spreading, \" long, thin, 
 yellowish green, rather conspicuously nerved, longer 
 than the rough-awned scale; stigmas 3. 
 
 In swamps and wet meadows, Nova Scotia to Minne- 
 sota, Florida and Texas. June-Oct. 
 
 C. tentaculata altior Boott, is a-liybrid with C. lupulina. 
 
 Carex lurida flaccida Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 73. 1889. 
 
 Pistillate spikes *A'-i' long, brown, all sessile or very nearly so, clustered at the summit, rather 
 more loosely flowered. Northern New York to North Carolina and Tennessee. 
 
 Carex lurida parvula (Paine) Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 2p: 418. 1893. 
 Carex tentaculata var. parvula Paine, Cat. PI. Oneida, 105. 1865. 
 
 Culm 6'-i8' high; pistillate spikes only i or 2, scarcely more than %' long, globose or oblong, 
 sessile or very nearly so; perigynia 3" long. New Hampshire to Pennsylvania and Iowa. 
 
 Carex lurida exundans Bailey. 
 
 Culms long and spreading; pistillate spikes i5^'-2^' long, on very long stalks; scales subulate, 
 the lower often much longer than the perigynia. Occasional with the typical form. 
 
 24. Carex Baileyi Britton. Bailey's Sedge. 
 (Fig. 694.) 
 
 Carex tentaculata var. gracilis Boott, 111. 94. 1860. Not 
 
 C. gracilis, R. Br. 1810. 
 Carex Baileyi Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 220. 1895. 
 
 Glabrous, culms erect or reclining, very slender, mi- 
 nutely scabrous above, i-2 long. Leaves roughish, 
 elongated, \y 2 "-2 f ' wide, the upper and the similar 
 bracts exceeding the culm; staminate spike solitary, 
 short-peduncled; pistillate spikes 1-3, narrowly cylin- 
 dric, very densely many-flowered, all erect or ascend- 
 ing, 9 // -2 / long, about 4 r/ in diameter, the upper ses- 
 sile, the lower more or less stalked; perigynia inflated, 
 ovoid, 2^ // -3 // long, ascending, abruptly contracted 
 into the subulate 2-toothed beak, prominently several- 
 nerved, the lower about equalling, the upper longer than 
 the linear-subulate ciliate-scabrous scale; stigmas 3. 
 
 Bogs, Vermont to Virginia and Tennessee. June-Aug. 
 
300 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 Carex Schweinitzii Dewey. Schweinitz's Sedge. (Fig. 695.) 
 
 Carex Schweinitzii Dewey; Schwein. Ann. L,yc. N. 
 
 Y. i: 71. 1824. 
 
 Glabrous, light green, culm erect, roughish 
 above, i-2> tall. Leaves elongated, 2^ // -4 // 
 wide, the basal ones and the similar bracts com- 
 monly overtopping the culm, those of the culm 
 mostly shorter; staminate spike solitary or some- 
 times 2, often pistillate at the base or in the mid- 
 dle; pistillate spikes 3-5, ascending, linear-cylin- 
 dric, not very densely flowered, 1%'-$' long, 
 about 4 // thick, the upper usually sessile, the lower 
 stalked; perigynia thin, somewhat inflated, ovoid- 
 conic or oblong, tapering into the subulate, 2- 
 toothed beak, about 2^" long and \" in diameter, 
 ascending, rather prominently few-nerved, equal- 
 ling or the upper longer than the lanceolate or 
 linear, usually ciliate-scabrous scale; stigmas 3. 
 
 In swamps and bogs, Massachusetts to Ontario, 
 Michigan, New Jersey and Missouri. June-Aug. 
 
 26. Carex hystricina Muhl. Porcupine Sedge. (Fig. 696.) 
 Carex hystricina Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 282. 1805. 
 
 Glabrous, light green, culms slender, erect or reclining, 
 somewhat rough above, i-2 tall. Leaves elongated, 
 minutely scabrous, i^'-a^" wide, the upper and the 
 similar bracts overtopping the culm ; staminate spike slen- 
 der-stalked, sometimes pistillate at the summit; pistil- 
 late spikes 1-4, oblong-cylindric, densely many-flowered, 
 yi'-ity long, about 4%" in diameter, the upper sessile 
 or nearly so, the lower slender-stalked and drooping; 
 perigynia ascending, somewhat inflated, ovoid-conic, 
 2> // -3 // long, strongly many-nerved, tapering into the 
 subulate 2-toothed beak, equalling or the upper longer 
 than the narrow rough scales; stigmas 3. 
 
 In swamps and low meadows, Nova Scotia to the North- 
 west Territory, south to Georgia and Nebraska. June-Aug. 
 
 Carex hystricina Dudleyi Bailey. Mem. Torr. Club, i: 54. 
 1889. 
 
 Culms often reclining, 2-3 long; leaves 2^"~4" wide: 
 staminate spike long-stalked; pistillate spikes iVz '-2% 
 long, 5" in diameter, filiform-stalked. Maine to Connecticut, 
 western New York, Pennsylvania and Michigan. 
 
 27. Carex Pseudo-Cyperus L,. Cyperus-like Sedge. (Fig. 697.) 
 
 Carex Pseudo-Cyperus L,. Sp. PI. 978. 1753- 
 
 Glabrous, culms rather stout, rough on the sharp 
 angles, at least above, 2-3 high. Leaves elon- 
 gated, rough on the margins, nodulose, 2>^ // -5 // 
 wide, the upper and the similar bracts overtopping 
 the culm; staminate spike short-stalked; pistillate 
 spikes 2-5, linear-cylindric, densely many-flowered, 
 all slender-stalked and spreading or drooping, i'- 
 2*4' long, 3 X/ -4 X/ in diameter, the stalk of the low- 
 est one sometimes 2' long; perigynia light green, 
 slightly inflated, conic, prominently many-ribbed, 
 somewhat flattened, at length reflexed, tapering 
 into a short 2-toothed beak, the short teeth slightly 
 spreading; scales linear with a broad base, ciliate- 
 scabrous, about equalling the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In bogs, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Maine, New York, 
 and Michigan. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 28. Carex comosa Boott. Bristly Sedge. 
 (Fig. 698.) 
 
 Carex comosa Boott, Trans. Linn. Soc. 20: 117. 1846. 
 Carex Pseitdo-Cyperus var. comosa W. Boott, in S. 
 Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 252. 1880. 
 
 Similar to the preceding species, culms commonly 
 stouter, the leaves sometimes y^ r wide. Staminate 
 spike short-stalked, sometimes pistillate at the 
 summit; pistillate spikes 2-6, usually 3-5, stalked 
 or the uppermost nearly sessile, all spreading or 
 drooping, stouter and bristly, about l / 2 ' in diameter; 
 perigynia more slender, little inflated, strongly re- 
 flexed when mature, tapering into a slender, prom- 
 inently 2-toothed beak, the teeth subulate and 
 recurved-spreading; scales mostly shorter than 
 the perigynia, very rough; stigmas 3. 
 
 In swamps and along the borders of ponds, Nova 
 Scotia to southern Ontario and Washington, south to 
 Georgia, Louisiana and California. May-Oct. 
 
 Carex Frankii Kunth. Frank's Sedge. (Fig. 699.) 
 
 Carex Frankii Kunth, Enum. 2: 498. 1837. 
 Carex stenolepis Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 420. 
 Not Less. 1831. 
 
 301 
 
 1836, 
 
 30. Carex squarrosa I,. 
 
 Carex squarrosa L. Sp. PI. 973. 1753. 
 
 Glabrous, culms slender, erect or reclining, rough 
 above on the angles, 2-3 tall. Leaves elongated, 
 rarely more than 2 /x wide, rough-margined, the 
 bracts similar and somewhat overtopping the culm; 
 spikes 1-3, erect, stalked, oblong or globose, ex- 
 ceedingly dense, rarely over i' long, 6 // -io // in 
 diameter, the upper one club-shaped, staminate at 
 the base or sometimes for one-half its length or 
 more; perigynia yellowish green, becoming tawny, 
 spreading or the lowest reflexed, somewhat inflated 
 but firm, obovoid, i"-i j^" in diameter, few-nerved, 
 abruptly narrowed into the subulate minutely 2- 
 toothed beak, twice as long as the scarious lanceo- 
 late acuminate or awn-tipped scale; achene linear- 
 oblong, tapering into the stout style; stigmas 3. 
 
 In swamps and bogs, Connecticut to Indiana, Michi- 
 gan and Nebraska, south to Georgia, Louisiana and 
 Arkansas. June-Sept. 
 
 Glabrous, much tufted, culms stout, smooth,, 
 erect, very leafy, i-2^ tall. Leaves elongated, 
 roughish, 2 - ^ // -4 // wide, the upper ones and the 
 similar bracts commonly overtopping the culm; 
 staminate spike stalked, sometimes pistillate at the 
 summit; pistillate spikes 3-6, exceedingly dense, 
 cylindric, erect, J^'-i^' long, about 4" in diam- 
 eter, the upper nearly or quite sessile, the lower 
 slender-stalked; perigynia green, slightly inflated, 
 about i // in diameter, few-nerved, obovoid with a 
 depressed summit from which arises the subulate 
 2-toothed beak; scales linear -subulate, longer than 
 the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In swamps and wet meadows, eastern Pennsylvania 
 to eastern Virginia and Georgia, west to Illinois, Mis- 
 souri, Louisiana and Texas. June-Sept. 
 
 Squarrose Sedge. (Fig. 700.) 
 
302 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 31. Carex typhinoides Schwein. Cat-tail Sedge. (Fig. 701.) 
 
 Career typhinoides Schwein. Ann. Lye. i: 66. 1824. 
 Carex squarrosa var. typhinoides Dewey, Am. Journ. 
 
 Sci. n: 316. 1826. 
 
 Similar to the preceding species, but darker 
 green, the leaves much broader, often \"-*>" wide, 
 the similar bracts much overtopping the culm; 
 spikes 2-6, cylindric, very dense, i / -i^ / long, 4"- 
 1 ff in diameter, often staminate at both ends, the 
 terminal one commonly tapering to a conic sum- 
 mit; basal staminate flowers much less numerous 
 than in C. squarrosa; perigynia dull straw-color, 
 obovoid, ascending or the lowest spreading or re- 
 flexed, inflated, abruptly contracted into the slender 
 2-toothed beak, which is of ten upwardly bent; scales 
 oblong-lanceolate, obtusish; achene ovoid-elliptic, 
 sharply 3-angled with concave sides, tipped with 
 the subulate straight style. 
 
 In swamps, Quebec to Virginia, Louisiana and Mis- 
 souri. July- Aug. 
 
 32. Carex trichocarpa Muhl. Hairy-fruited Sedge. 
 
 Carex trichocarpa Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 302. 1805. 
 Carex trichocarpa var. imberbis A. Gray. Man. Ed. 5, 
 
 597. 1867. 
 Carex laeviconica Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 24: 47. 1857. 
 
 Culm usually stout and tall, smooth below, very 
 rough above. Leaves elongated, glabrous, rough- 
 margined, 2 // -3 // wide, the upper ones and the similar 
 bracts commonly overtopping the culm; staminate 
 spikes 2-6, long-stalked; pistillate spikes cylindric, 
 densely flowered except at the base, i / -4 / long, 5 x/ -8 /x 
 in diameter, the upper sessile or nearly so and erect, 
 the lower slender-stalked and sometimes spreading or 
 drooping; perigynia ovoid-conic, pubescent or gla- 
 brous, prominently many-ribbed, 4 // -5 // long, i // -i^ // 
 in diameter, tapering gradually into the stout con- 
 spicuously 2-toothed beak, the teeth somewhat spread- 
 ing; scale hyaline, acute or acuminate, one-half as long 
 as the perigynia or longer; stigmas 3. 
 
 In marshes and wet meadows, Quebec to Michigan, 
 south to Georgia, Missouri and Kansas. June-Aug. 
 
 Carex aristata R. Br. 
 
 (Fig. 702.) 
 
 Awned Sedge. (Fig. 703.) 
 
 Carex aristata R. Br. Frank. Journ. 751. 1823. 
 Carex trichocarpa var. aristata Bailey, Coult. Bot. 
 
 Gaz. 10: 294. 1885. 
 
 Culms stout erect, smooth or roughish above, 
 sharp-angled, 2-5 tall. Leaves elongated, 2^"- 
 5 // wide, more or less scabrous, often pubescent 
 beneath and on the sheaths; bracts similar, the 
 lower often overtopping the culm ; staminate spikes 
 as in the preceding species; pistillate spikes 3-5, 
 remote, cylindric, sessile or the lower short -stalked, 
 loosely flowered at the base, dense above, \'-\' 
 long, sometimes 8" in diameter; perigynia ascend- 
 ing, conic, glabrous, conspicuously many-ribbed, 
 4//_6// long, gradually tapering into the conspicu- 
 ously 2-toothed beak, the teeth divergent; scales 
 oblong-lanceolate, rough-awned, thin-margined, 
 one-half to two-thirds as long as the perigynia. 
 
 In bogs, Ontario to the Northwest Territory, New 
 York, Michigan, Utah and Oregon. June-Aug. 
 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 303 
 
 34- Carex riparia Curtis. River-bank Sedge. (Fig. 704.) 
 
 Carex riparia Curtis, Fl. Lond. 4: pi. 60. 1821. 
 
 Glabrous, pale green, culms stout or rather slender, 
 smooth, or somewhat rough above, erect, 2-3^ tall. 
 Leaves elongated, sometimes nodulose, slightly sca- 
 brous, somewhat glaucous, 3 // -6 // wide, about equal- 
 ling the culm; lower bract similar to the leaves, the 
 upper mostly narrower and shorter; stamiuate spikes 
 1-5; pistillate spikes 2-5, cylindric, i^ / ~4 / long, about 
 .4" in diameter, the upper erect, sessile or nearly so, 
 the lower more or less stalked and sometimes spread- 
 ing or drooping; perigynia narrowly ovoid, firm, 
 scarcely inflated, ascending, tapering gradually into a 
 short 2-toothed beak, the teeth divergent; scales 
 lanceolate or oblanceolate, long-aristate or acute, the 
 lower longer, the upper equalling or shorter than the 
 perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In swamps, Newfoundland to James' Bay and Manitoba, 
 south to Florida, Louisiana, Texas and Idaho. Also in 
 Europe. May-Aug. 
 
 Carex acutiformis Ehrh. Swamp Sedge. (Fig. 705.) 
 
 Carex acutiformis Ehrh. Beitr. 4: 43. 1789. 
 Carex paludosa Gooden. Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: 202. 
 
 1794. 
 
 Culms stout, erect, sharp-angled, 2-3 tall, 
 smooth below, often rough above. Leaves 2^ // - 
 6" wide, flat, pale green, equalling or sometimes 
 exceeding the culm; lower bracts similar to the 
 leaves, the upper short and narrow; staminate 
 spikes 1-3, stalked; pistillate spikes 3-5, nar- 
 rowly linear-cylindric, i^ / -3 / long, 2 // -2X // thick, 
 the upper sessile or nearly so and erect, the others 
 slender-stalked, spreading or drooping; perigynia 
 ovoid, iX // long, not inflated, strongly many- 
 nerved, tapering into a very short and minutely 
 2-toothed beak ; scales awn-tipped, longer than the 
 perigynia or the upper equalling them; stigmas 3. 
 
 In swamps and wet meadows, eastern Massachu- 
 setts. Naturalized from Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 36. Carex Shortiana Dewey. Short's Sedge. 
 
 Carex Shortiana Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 30: 60. 1836. 
 Glabrous, culms rather slender, erect, rough 
 above, i-3 tall, usually overtopped by the upper 
 leaves. Leaves elongated, roughish, 2 // -2^ // 
 wide; bracts short, narrow, rarely much exceed- 
 ing the spikes; spikes 3-7, linear-cylindric, densely 
 many-flowered, ^'-i^' long, i^ // -2 // in diam- 
 eter, erect, the lower stalked, the uppermost 
 staminate below for about one-half its length; 
 perigynia dark brown at maturity, compressed, 2- 
 edged, orbicular or obovate, nerveless, slightly 
 wrinkled, abruptly and minutely beaked, equal- 
 ling or shorter than the scales, which are hyaline, 
 scarious-margiued, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 
 acute or obtuse and persistent; orifice of the peri- 
 gynium entire or very nearly so; stigmas 3. 
 
 In moist meadows and thickets, Pennsylvania to 
 Virginia and Tennessee, west to Illinois, Missouri 
 and the Indian Territory. May-July. 
 
 20 
 
 (Fig. 706.) 
 
304 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 37. Carex scabrata Schwein. Rough Sedge. (Fig. 707.) 
 
 Carex scabrata Schwein. Ann. l,yc. N. Y. i: 69. 
 1824. 
 
 Glabrous, culms slender, erect or reclining, 
 rough above, leafy, i-3 long. Leaves rough, 
 much elongated, 2j^ // -7 // wide, the bracts sim- 
 ilar but narrower and usually exceeding the 
 culm; staminate spike short-stalked; pistillate 
 spikes 3-6, erect, the upper short-stalked, the 
 lower sometimes spreading or drooping, all 
 liuear-cylindric, densely many-flowered, i / -2 / 
 long, 2^ // -4 // in diameter; perigynia greenish- 
 brown, ovoid, somewhat inflated, strongly 
 nerved, papillose, tipped with a short rough 
 minutely 2-toothed or entire beak; scales lanceo- 
 late, acute or short-awned, prominently i-nerved, 
 shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In moist woods and thickets, New Hampshire 
 and Ontario to Michigan, South Carolina and Ten- 
 nessee. Ascends to 4200 ft. in Virginia. May- Aug. 
 
 38. Carex vestita Willd. Velvet Sedge. 
 (Fig. 708.) 
 
 Carex vestita Willd. Sp. PL 4: 263. 1805. 
 
 Culms strict and slender, erect or reclining, i%-2^ 
 tall, rough above. Leaves distant, ij^ // -2^ // wide, 
 not overtopping the culm; bracts similar, but nar- 
 rower, short, rough-ciliate on the margins; stamiuate 
 spike solitary, rarely 2, almost sessile; pistillate spikes 
 1-5, oblong, 5 // -io // long, 3 // -4 // in diameter, erect, 
 commonly staminate at the summit, sessile or the 
 lower very short-stalked; perigynia ovoid, ascending 
 or the lower spreading, densely pubescent, less than 
 i // in diameter, prominently few-ribbed, tapering 
 gradually into a short conic 2-toothed whitish beak, 
 slightly shorter than or equalling the ovate acute 
 membranous scales; stigmas 3. 
 
 In sandy woods, Massachusetts to eastern New York 
 and Pennsylvania, south to Georgia. June-July. 
 
 39. Carex Walteriana Bailey. Walter's Sedge. (Fig. 709.) 
 
 Carex striata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 174. 1803. Not 
 
 Gilib. 1792. 
 
 Carex Walteriana Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 429. 1893. 
 Carex Walteriana var. brevis Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 
 
 429. 1893. 
 
 Culms slender, strict, erect, usually rough above, 
 i-2}4 tall. Leaves narrow and elongated, smooth 
 or roughish, i // -2 // wide, nodulose, not overtopping 
 the culm; lowest bract similar, very long, the upper 
 smaller and often almost filiform; staminate spikes 
 2-5, long-stalked; pistillate spikes I or 2, when 2 the 
 lower remote from the upper, sessile or very short- 
 stalked, oblong-cylindric, erect, i / -i^ / long, about 
 4 // in diameter, rather loosely many-flowered; peri- 
 gynia ovoid, purple-brown, many-nerved, slightly in- 
 flated, ascending, glabrous, or partly or wholly pubes- 
 cent, i^ x/ in diameter, tapering into a short 2-toothed 
 beak, the teeth short; scales ovate, acute, short-aristate 
 or obtuse, membranous, one-half the length of the 
 perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 In pine-barren bogs, southern New Jersey to Florida, near the coast. May-July. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 305 
 
 (Fig. 710.) 
 
 40. Carex Houghtonii Torr. Houghton's Sedge. 
 
 Care.r Iloughtonii Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 413. 1836. 
 Culms rather stout, rough above, erect, i-2^ 
 tall, exceeding the leaves. Leaves and lowest 
 bract 2 // -3^ // wide, rough, their margins more or 
 less re volute; upper bracts much shorter; stami- 
 nate spikes 1-3, stalked, sometimes pistillate at the 
 base; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, oblong-cylindric, ]/%'- 
 \y^ f long, 3 // -4 // in diameter, erect, rather loosely 
 several-many-flowered, the upper sessile, the lower 
 stalked; perigynia broadly ovoid, \}/ 2 " in .diam- 
 eter, light green, ascending, densely pubescent, 
 prominently many-ribbed, narrowed into a short 
 conspicuously 2-toothed beak; scales lanceolate, 
 short-awned, hyaline-margined, strongly i-nerved, 
 somewhat shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In sandy or rocky soil, Nova Scotia to the Northwest 
 Territory, south to Maine, Ontario, Michigan and Min- 
 nesota. June-Sept. 
 
 Carex lanuginosa Michx. Woolly Sedge. (Fig. 711.) 
 
 Carex lanuginosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 175. 1803. 
 Cttrenefiliformisvas. lalifolia Boeckl. Linnaea, 41: 309. 
 
 1876. 
 Carex filiformis var. lanuginosa B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 
 
 63. 1888. 
 
 Culm slender, but usually rather stouter than that 
 of C. filiformis, sharp-angled and rough above. 
 Leaves and lower bracts elongated, flat, not involute, 
 i // -2 // wide, more or less nodulose, sometimes over- 
 topping the culm; staminate spikes 1-3, long-stalked, 
 sometimes pistillate at the base; pistillate spikes 1-3 
 usually distant, sessile or the lower slender-stalked, 
 cylindric, 9 // -i8 // long, 2^ // -3 // in diameter; peri- 
 gynia like those of C. filiformis; but rather broader; 
 scales acuminate or aristate. 
 
 In swamps and wet meadows, Nova Scotia, to British 
 Columbia, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Kansas, 
 New Mexico and California. June-Aug. 
 
 Carex lanuginosa Kansana Britton. 
 Plant pale; leaves %"-i" wide, very rough; perigynia y z " in diameter, the ribs conspicuous. 
 Missouri and Kansas. 
 
 42. Carex filiformis L,. Slender Sedge. (Fig. 712.) 
 
 Carex filiformis L- Sp. PI. 976. 1753. 
 
 Culms very slender, erect or reclining, rather 
 stiff, smooth, obtusely angled, 2-3 long. Leaves 
 very narrow, involute, about \ ff wide, rough on the 
 inrolled margins, not overtopping the culm; lower 
 bract similar, often equalling the culm; upper bracts 
 filiform; staminate spikes 1-3, commonly 2, stalked; 
 pistillate spikes 1-3, cylindric, 9 // -i5 // long, about 
 3 X/ in diameter, erect, sessile or the lower distant 
 and short- peduncled; perigynia green, ascending, 
 oval, densely pubescent, faintly nerved, about i // 
 in diameter, tapering into a short 2-toothed beak ; 
 scales ovate, membranous, sometimes purplish, 
 acute or short-awned, shorter than or equalling 
 the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In wet meadows and swamps, Newfoundland to 
 British Columbia, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
 Michigan and Minnesota. Ascends to 2000 ft. in the 
 Adirondacks. Also in Europe. June-Aug. 
 
306 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 43. Carex hirta L,. Hairy Sedge. (Fig. 713.) 
 
 Carex hirta L. Sp. PI. 975. 1753. 
 
 Rootstocks extensively creeping, culms rather 
 slender, erect, nearly smooth, 6 / -2 tall. Leaves flat, 
 pubescent, especially on the sheaths, rough, i^ // - 
 lYz" wide, the basal ones much elongated, often ex- 
 ceeding the culm, the upper and the similar bracts 
 shorter; staminate spikes 2 or 3, stalked; pistillate 
 spikes 2 or 3, remote, erect, oblong-cylindric, g^-iS" 
 long, about 3" in diameter, rather loosely many- 
 flowered; perigynia ovoid-oblong, green, ascending, 
 densely pubescent, i // in diameter, 2 // long, few- 
 ribbed, tapering into a stout prominently 2-toothed 
 beak; teeth often as long as the beak; scales mem- 
 branous, lanceolate, aristate, 3-nerved, somewhat 
 shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In fields and waste places, Massachusetts to eastern 
 New York and Pennsylvania. Naturalized or adventive 
 from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 44. Carex alpina Sw. 
 
 Carex alpina Sw.; Lilj. Sv. Flora, Ed. 2, 26. 
 Carex Vahlii Schk. Riedgr. 87. 1801. 
 
 Alpine Sedge. 
 1798. 
 
 (Fig. 714.) 
 
 Culms slender, erect, rough above, leafy only 
 below the middle, 6 / -2 tall. Leaves roughish, 
 y^'-T.y^' wide, shorter than or rarely equalling 
 the culm; spikes 2-4 (commonly 3), clustered at 
 the summit, the terminal i or 2 staminate below, 
 oblong or globose, 2 // ~5 // long, sessile or the 
 lower peduncled; perigynia oval, orbicular or 
 obovoid, light green, about \" long, tipped with 
 a very short and minutely 2-toothed beak, nerve- 
 less or with a few very faint nerves, equalling or 
 slightly shorter than the ovate black or purple- 
 brown obtuse or acutish scales; stigmas 3. 
 
 In rocky places, Quebec to James' Bay and Atha- 
 basca, western Ontario and Isle Royale, Lake Super- 
 ior, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also 
 in Europe. Summer. 
 
 45. Carex atratiformis Britton. 
 
 Black Sedge. (Fig. 715.) 
 
 Carex ovata Rudge, Trans. Linn. Soc. 7: 96. pi. 9. 1804. 
 
 Not Burm. 1768. 
 
 Carex atrata var. ovata Boott, 111. 114. 1862. 
 Carex atratiformis Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 222. 1895. 
 
 Glabrous, culms slender, erect, sharp-angled, rough 
 above, 8 x -2 tall, usually leafy only below. Leaves 
 smooth or roughish, i // -2 // wide, rarely over 6 / long, 
 much shorter than the culm; spikes 2-5, dense, ob- 
 long or oblong-cylindric, 4 // -i2 // long, about i 1 /^' in 
 diameter, the terminal one usually staminate at the 
 base and sessile, or nearly so, the others slender 
 stalked, drooping when mature; lower bracts X / ~ I K / 
 long, very narrow, the upper ones subulate; perigynia 
 flattened, ovate or nearly orbicular, puncticulate, as- 
 cending, about i // long, tipped with a very short, 
 2-toothed beak; scales black or reddish-brown, ob- 
 long, obtuse or subacute, slightly narrower than the 
 perigynia and about equalling them; stigmas 3. 
 
 Newfoundland to the mountains of New England, west 
 to the Northwest Territory. Summer. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 307 
 
 46. Carex stylosa C. A. Meyer. Variegated Sedge. (Fig. 716.) 
 
 Care.v stvlosa C. A. Meyer, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 
 Div. Sav. i: 222. pi. 12. 1825-31. 
 
 Culms slender, erect, i-i> tall, rough and 
 leafless above. Leaves i^ // wide, shorter than or 
 sometimes equalling the culm; staminate spike 
 solitary, nearly sessile, often pistillate for one-half 
 its length or more; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, oblong- 
 cylindric, erect, 4 // -6 // long, about i%" in diam- 
 eter, the lowest slender-stalked and subtended by 
 a linear-subulate bract; perigynia ovate, slightly 
 inflated, brown, minutely granulate all over, less 
 than \" long, nerveless and beakless, the orifice 
 entire and closed by the usually protruding style; 
 scales black with white veins, obtusish, shorter 
 than the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 Labrador and Greenland to Alaska. Summer. 
 
 47. Carex Parryana Dewey. Parry's Sedge. (Fig. 717.) 
 
 Carex Parryana Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 27: 239. 
 1835- 
 
 Glabrous, culms very slender, smooth, erect, stiff, 
 8 / -2o / tall, leafless above. Leaves about ~i ff wide, 
 much shorter than the culm, their margins some- 
 what involute; spikes 1-4, dense, erect, linear-cyl- 
 indric, 5 // -i2 // long, i^ /x in diameter, the upper 
 sessile and staminate below or throughout, the low- 
 est stalked and subtended by an almost filiform 
 bract; perigynia plano-convex, obovate, pale, less 
 than \" long, minutely papillose, faintly few- 
 nerved, very minutely beaked, the orifice entire; 
 scales ovate, acute or mucronulate, dark brown 
 with lighter margins, about as long as the peri- 
 gynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 Hudson Bay to the Northwest Territory, south in the 
 Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Summer. 
 
 Carex fusca All. Brown Sedge. (Fig. 718.) 
 
 Care.v fusca All. Fl. Fed. 2: 269. 1785. 
 Carex BuxbaumiiVfahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 
 24: 163. 1803. 
 
 Glabrous, culms slender, stiff, erect, sharp-angled, 
 rough above, i-3 tall. Leaves rough, erect, i // -2 // 
 wide, shorter than or sometimes equalling or exceed- 
 ing the culm; spikes 2-4, oblong or cylindric, erect, all 
 sessile and close together or the lowest sometimes 
 distant and very short-stalked, 4 // -i8 // long, about 
 4 7/ in diameter when mature, the terminal one stam- 
 inate at the base or rarely throughout; perigynia el- 
 liptic or somewhat obovate, flat, ascending, \" long, 
 very light green, faintly few-nerved, beakless, the 
 apex minutely 2-toothed; scales ovate, awn-tipped, 
 black or dark brown with a green midvein, longer 
 than the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Georgia, 
 Kentucky, Utah and California. Also in Europe. May- 
 July. 
 
308 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 49. Carex stricta L,am. Tussock Sedge. (Fig. 719.) 
 
 Carex stricta Lam. Encycl. 3: 387. 1789. 
 
 Glabrous, rather dark green, culms slender, stiff, erect, 
 usually in dense clumps, sharply 3-angled, rough above, 
 i^-4 tall. Leaves long, rarely overtopping the culm, 
 very rough on the margins, i // -2 // wide, their sheaths 
 becoming prominently fibrillose; lower bract similar, 
 sometimes equalling the culm; staminate spikes solitary 
 or sometimes 2, stalked; pistillate spikes 2-5, linear-cyl- 
 indric, often staminate at the top, very densely flowered, 
 or loose at the base, % f -2 f long, about 2 /x thick, erect 
 or somewhat spreading, all sessile or the lower stalked; 
 perigynia ovate- elliptic, ascending, acute, faintly few- 
 nerved, \" long or less, minutely beaked, the orifice en- 
 tire or nearly so; scales brown-purple with green margins 
 andmidvein, oblong or lanceolate, appressed; stigmas 2. 
 
 In swamps, Newfoundland to Ontario, south to Georgia 
 and Texas. Hybridizes with C.fMformis. July-Sept. 
 Carex stricta angustata (Boott) Bailey in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 600. 1890. 
 Carex angustata Boott; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 218. 1840. ? 
 
 Pistillate spikes longer, 2' -4' long, erect; scales lanceolate, acute, often longer than the peri- 
 gynia. Range apparently nearly that of the type. 
 
 Carex stricta xerocarpa (S. H. Wright) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 222. 1895. 
 Carex xerocarpa S. H. Wright, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 42: 334. 1866. 
 
 Pistillate spikes almost filiform, about i" in diameter, erect. New York to Illinois. 
 
 50. Carex Haydeni Dewey. Hay den's Sedge. (Fig. 720.) 
 Carex aperta Carey in A. Gray, Man. 547. 1848. Not 
 
 Boott, 1840. 
 
 C. Haydeni Dewey, Am. Journ. (II.) 18: 103. 1854. 
 C. stricta var. decora Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 13: 85. 1888. 
 
 Glabrous, similar to C. stricta but smaller, culm 
 slender, rough above, seldom over 2 high. Leaves 
 \ /f -\Yz fr wide, rough-margined, shorter than or some- 
 times a little overtopping the culm, their sheaths 
 slightly or not at all fibrillose; lower bract foliaceous, 
 about equalling the culm; pistillate spikes linear-cy- 
 lindric, 6 // -i5 // long, about z ff in diameter, erect or 
 somewhat spreading, all sessile or nearly so, some- 
 times with a few staminate flowers at the summit; 
 perigynia orbicular, obtuse, about ]/2." broad, faintly 
 2-4-nerved, minutely beaked, the orifice entire; 
 scales lanceolate, purplish, spreading, very acute, 
 about twice as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 Swamps, New Brunswick to Rhode Island and Nebraska. 
 
 51. Carex Nebraskensis Dewey. Nebraska Sedge. (Fig. 721.) 
 
 Carex Nebraskensis Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 18: 
 102. 1854. 
 
 Glabrous, culms rather stout, erect, sharp-angled, 
 smooth, or rough above, i-2j4 tall. Leaves pale 
 green, i / ^ // -2>^ // wide, rough-margined, not ex- 
 ceeding the culm, their sheaths more or less nodu- 
 lose; lower bract foliaceous, sometimes equalling 
 the culm, the upper much shorter and narrower; 
 staminate spikes commonly 2, stalked; pistillate 
 spikes 2-4, dense, oblong-cylindric, erect, 9 // -i5 // 
 long, about 3" in diameter, sessile or the lower 
 short- stalked; perigynia ascending, elliptic or 
 somewhat obovate, prominently several-ribbed 
 when mature, short-beaked, the beak 2-toothed; 
 scales ovate or lanceolate, acute or mucronate, 
 brown with a green midvein or green all over, the 
 upper shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 Nebraska to Oregon and New Mexico. May-Aug. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 309 
 
 52. Carex aquatilis Wahl. Water Sedge. (Fig. 722.) 
 
 Carex aquatilis Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 24: 
 
 165. 1803. 
 
 Glabrous, glaucous and pale green, culms rather 
 stout, erect, sharp-angled above, smooth or nearly so, 
 2-4 tall. Leaves elongated, sometimes equalling 
 the culm, 2 // -3j^ // wide, their sheaths nodulose; bracts 
 similar to the leaves, the lower much overtopping the 
 culm; staminate spikes 1-3, stalked; pistillate spikes 
 narrowly linear-cylindric, often staminate at the sum- 
 mit, erector slightly spreading, i / -2^ / long, 2 // -3 // in 
 diameter, sessile and dense, or the lower narrowed 
 and loosely flowered at the base and short- stalked; 
 perigynia elliptic, green, nerveless, minutely beaked, 
 the orifice entire; scales oblong, shorter than or equal- 
 ling the perigynia and much narrower; stigmas 2. 
 
 In swamps and along streams, Newfoundland to Alaska, 
 south to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Minnesota 
 and British Columbia. Also in Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 A hybrid between this species and C. stricta is described by Professor I,. H. Bailey. 
 
 53. Carex lenticularis Michx. Lenticular Sedge. (Fig. 723.) 
 
 Carex lenticularis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 172. 1803. 
 Glabrous, pale green, culms very slender, erect, 
 sharp-angled, slightly rough above, i-2 tall. 
 Leaves elongated, rarely over \" wide, shorter 
 than or rarely overtopping the culm, slightly 
 rough-margined, their sheaths not fibrillose; lower 
 bracts similar to the leaves, usually much overtop- 
 ping the spikes; staminate spikes solitary or rarely 
 2, sessile or short-stalked, often pistillate above; 
 pistillate spikes 2-5, clustered at the summit or 
 the lower distant, sessile or the lower short-stalked, 
 erect, linear-cylindric, 4 // -i / long, i^ // -2 // in di- 
 ameter; perigynia ovate or elliptic, acute, minutely 
 granulate r -_faintly few-nerved, appressed, tipped 
 with a minute entire beak; scales green, appressed, 
 shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 On shores, Labrador to the Northwest Territory, 
 south to Maine, yermont, Ontario and Minnesota. As- 
 cends to 4500 ft. in the White Mountains. June-Aug. 
 
 54. Carex Goodenovii J. Gay. Goodenough's Sedge. (Fig. 724.) 
 
 Carex caespitosa Gooden. Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: 195. pi. 
 
 21. 1794. NotL. 1753- 
 
 C. Goodenomi]. Gay, Ann.Sci. Nat. (II.) n: 191. 1839. 
 Care.r vulgaris E. Fries, Mant. 3: 153. 1842. 
 Carex rigida var. strictiformis Bailey, Britten's 
 
 Journ. Bot. 28: 172. 1890. 
 
 Glabrous, culms stiff, erect, sharp-angled, smooth 
 or sometimes rough above, i-2 tall. Leaves 
 elongated, smooth or nearly so, glaucous, i // -2 // 
 wide, not exceeding the culm, their sheaths not 
 fibrillose; lower bracts usually foliaceous, some- 
 times equalling the culm; staminate spike sessile 
 or stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, all sessile or nearly 
 so, erect, densely many-flowered, narrowly cylin- 
 <3ric, 2 // -2^ // in diameter, 5 // -i2 // long; perigynia 
 flattened, broadly oval or ovate, faintly few-nerved, 
 green, appressed, less than i" long, minutely 
 beaked, the orifice nearly entire; scales purple- 
 brown to black with a green midvein, very obtuse, 
 shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In wet grounds, Newfoundland to Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. June-Aug. 
 
3io 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 55. Carex Bigelovii Torr. Bigelow's Sedge. (Fig. 725.) 
 
 Carex Bigelovii Torr.; Schwein. Ann. l,yc. N. Y. i: 
 
 67. 1824. 
 
 Carex hyperborea Drej. Rev. Crit. Car. 43. 1841. 
 Carex vulgaris var. hyperborea Boott, 111. 167. 1867. 
 
 Glabrous and smooth throughout or very nearly 
 so, culms sharp-angled, erect, S'-iS 7 tall. Leaves 
 i^ // -2 // wide, not exceeding the culm, the lower 
 bracts similar, but shorter; sheaths slightly or not 
 fibrillose; staminate spike stalked, sometimes pis- 
 tillate at the base, pistillate spikes 2-4, linear- 
 cylindric, loosely flowered at the base, dense above, 
 6 // -ia // long, i^ // -2 // thick, the upper sessile, 
 the lower often slender -stalked; perigynia oval, 
 ascending, about \" long, very faintly nerved, 
 scarcely beaked, the orifice entire; scales purple- 
 brown with a narrow green midvein and often 
 with green margins, obtuse or the lower acute, 
 equalling or a little exceeding the perigynia; 
 stigmas 2, rarely 3. 
 
 Greenland and Labrador to the higher mountains of northern New England and New York. 
 Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 56. Carex subspathacea Wormsk. 
 Hoppner's Sedge. (Fig. 726.) 
 
 Carex subspathacea Wormsk. Fl. Dan. 9: 4. pi. 1530. 
 
 1818. 
 Carex Hoppneri Boott; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 219. pi. 
 
 220. 1840. 
 
 Glabrous, culm stiff, smooth, i / -7 / tall. Leaves 
 rigid, smooth, about \" wide, often overtopping 
 the culm; lower bracts foliaceous; staminate spike 
 solitary, stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, erect, sessile 
 or very short-stalked, 3 // -6 // long, about \ l / t " in 
 diameter; perigynia oval or ovoid, very short 
 beaked, pale green, faintly few-nerved, about i" 
 long; scales ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse or acute, 
 shorter than or equalling the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 Greenland to Hudson Bay. Summer. 
 
 57. Carex salina Wahl. Salt-marsh Sedge. (Fig. 727.) 
 
 Carex salina Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 
 24:165. 1803. 
 
 Glabrous, culm slender, smooth, erect, 6 / -i8 / 
 tall. Leaves very narrowly linear, ^"-i" wide, 
 sometimes overtopping the culm, the lower bract 
 similar; staminate spikes I or 2, stalked; pistillate 
 spikes 1-3, slender-stalked or the upper sessile^ 
 erect, loosely few-several-flowered, ^ / -i / long, 
 \y 2 "--2." thick; perigynia ovate-elliptic, pale, 
 faintly few-nerved, ascending, \y z " long, tapering 
 into a very short entire beak; scales ovate, brown 
 with a green midvein, acute or cuspidate, some- 
 what longer than the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In salt marshes, Greenland to Hudson Bay. Also in 
 arctic Europe. Summer. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 58. Carex cuspidata Wahl. Cuspidate Sedge. (Fig. 728.) 
 
 Carex cuspidata Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 
 
 24: 164. 1803. 
 Carex salina var. cuspidata Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 246. 
 
 1812. 
 
 Glabrous, culms rather stout, smooth or rough 
 above, erect, i-2^ tall. Basal leaves often 
 equalling the culm, i^ // -3 // wide, smooth, their 
 sheaths more or less nodulose; leaves of the culm 
 shorter, similar to the lower bracts, which usually 
 overtop the spikes; staminate spikes 1-3, stalked; 
 pistillate spikes 2-4, narrowly cylindric, often stami- 
 nate at the summit, erect, the upper often sessile, 
 the lower stalked; perigynia elliptic, green, 2-4- 
 nerved, with a very short entire beak ; scales 
 lanceolate, pale, acuminate or abruptly contracted 
 into a serrate awn, much longer than the perigynia; 
 stigmas 2. 
 
 In marshes, Labrador to the coast of Massachusetts. 
 Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 Carex torta Boott. Twisted Sedge. (Fig. 729.) 
 
 Carex torta Boott; Tuckerm. Enum. Meth. n. 1843. 
 Glabrous, rather light green, culm very slender, 
 erect or reclining, smooth or slightly scabrous 
 above, 1)4-^ long. Leaves about 2 X/ wide, the 
 basal shorter than or equalling the culm, those 
 of the culm very short; sheaths not fibrillose; 
 lower bract commonly foliaceous; staminate 
 spikes 1-3, stalked; pistillate spikes 3-5, all but 
 the upper spreading or drooping, linear, i / ~3 / 
 long, about 2 X/ in diameter, sometimes com- 
 pound, often loosely flowered toward the base; 
 perigynia oblong or narrowly ovate, green, nerve- 
 less, narrowed and more or less twisted above, 
 \ ff -\Y^" long; scales ovate, obtuse or subacute, 
 purple-brown with a green midvein, shorter and 
 mostly narrower than the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In marshes and wet thickets, Maine and Vermont 
 to North Carolina and Missouri. Ascends to 2600 ft. 
 in Virginia. June-July. 
 
 60. Carex prasina Wahl. Drooping Sedge. (Fig. 730.) 
 
 Carex prasina Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 24: 
 
 161. 1803. 
 Carex miliacea Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 290. 1805. 
 
 Glabrous, rather light green, culm slender, smooth 
 or nearly so, reclining, sharply 3-angled, i-2^ 
 .long. Leaves shorter than or equalling the culm, 
 flaccid, roughish, i>^ // -2X // wide; lower bract simi- 
 lar, commonly overtopping the spikes; staminate 
 spike solitary, short-stalked, often pistillate at the 
 summit; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, narrowly linear-cylin- 
 dric, drooping, the lower filiform-stalked, the upper 
 sometimes nearly sessile, i f -2%' long, 2 /x in diam- 
 eter, rather loosely many-flowered; perigynia light 
 green, lanceolate, very obscurely nerved, tapering 
 into a slender minutely 2-toothed beak; scales ovate, 
 acute, acuminate, or short-awned, pale green, shorter 
 than the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In meadows and moist thickets, Vermont and Ontario 
 to New Jersey and Pennsylvania, south in the Allegha- 
 nies to Georgia. Ascends to 4200 ft. in Virginia. May- 
 July. 
 
312 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 61. Carex misandra R. Br. Short-leaved Sedge. (Fig. 731.) 
 
 Carex misandra R. Br. Suppl. Parry's Voy. cclxxxiii. 
 
 1824. 
 
 Glabrous arid smooth, culms very slender, erect, 
 i / -i5 / tall. Leaves \"-iy 2 ff wide, clustered at the 
 base, usually much shorter than the culm, seldom 
 over 2^ x long; bracts narrowly linear, sheathing, not 
 overtopping the spikes; terminal spike often partially 
 pistillate at base or summit, slender-stalked; pis- 
 tillate spikes i or 2, filiform-stalked, 3 // -7 // long, 
 about 2 X/ thick, rather few-flowered, drooping; peri- 
 gynia narrowly lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, 
 narrowed at the base, i%" long, ascending, dark 
 brown, denticulate above; scales oval, obtuse, purple- 
 black with narrow white margins, somewhat shorter 
 than the perigynia; stigmas 2 or 3. 
 
 Throughout arctic America, extending south in the 
 Rocky Mountains to the higher summits of Colorado. 
 Also in arctic Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 62. Carex littoralis Schwein. 
 
 (Fig. 732.) 
 
 Barratt's Sedge. 
 
 Carex littoralis Schwein. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i: 70. 1824. 
 Carex Barrattii Schwein. & Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i: 
 361. 1825. 
 
 Glabrous, pale green and somewhat glaucous, 
 culms erect, slender, smooth, i-2 tall, leafless 
 above. Leaves i^ // -2 // wide, smooth, usually 
 much shorter than the culm, the lower sheaths 
 fibrillose; bracts not sheathing, the lower usually 
 short and narrow, sometimes elongated and over- 
 topping the culm; staminate spikes 1-3, usually 
 rather long-stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, drooping 
 or the upper ascending, slender-stalked, linear- 
 cylindric, y 2 f -i f long, 3" in diameter, mostly 
 staminate at the summit; perigynia oblong, green, 
 faintly few-nerved, i"-!^" long, tipped with a 
 minute entire beak; scales brown-purple with 
 lighter margins, obtuse, equalling or shorter than 
 the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In pine-barren swamps, eastern Long Island and 
 New Jersey to North Carolina. May-July. 
 
 63. Carex rariflora J. E. Smith. Loose-flowered Alpine Sedge. (Fig. 733.) 
 
 Carex rariflora J. E. Smith, Engl. Bot. pi. 2516. 1813. 
 Glabrous, culms very slender, rather stiff, erect, 
 4 / -i2 / tall, smooth, or roughish above. Leaves \" 
 wide or less, shorter than the culm, the lower very 
 short; bracts subulate, purple at the base; staminate 
 spike solitary, long-stalked, sometimes with a few 
 pistillate flowers at the base; pistillate spikes i or 2, 
 narrowly oblong, few-flowered 3 // -6 // long, 2" in di- 
 ameter, nodding on filiform stalks; perigynia pale, 
 oblong, acute at each end, \ l / 2 ' f long, Y^" wide, mi- 
 nutely beaked, few-nerved, the orifice entire; scales 
 oval, purple-brown with a greenish midvein, obtuse 
 or mucronate, equalling or a little longer than the 
 perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In wet places, Greenland and Labrador to Hudson Bay, 
 south to Mt. Katahdin, Maine, and to northern Minne- 
 sota. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 313 
 
 64. Carex limosa I,. Mud Sedge. 
 (Fig. 734.) 
 
 Carex limosa L,. Sp. PI. 977. 1753. 
 
 Glabrous, rather light green, culms slender, 
 rough above, erect, lo'-a tall. Leaves \" wide or 
 less, shorter than the culm, the midvein promi- 
 nent, the margins somewhat involute in drying; 
 bracts linear-filiform, the lower Y^'-^Y^ long; 
 staminate spike solitary, long-stalked; pistillate 
 spikes I or 2, filiform -stalked and drooping, ob- 
 long, 5 // -io // long, about 3 X/ thick; perigynia pale, 
 oval, narrowed at both ends, \Y* ff long, ascending, 
 tipped with a minute entire beak, several-nerved, 
 about as long as the oval green or purplish-brown 
 cuspidate or acute scale; stigmas 3. 
 
 In bogs, Labrador to the Northwest Territory, south 
 to Maine, New Jersey, Ohio, Minnesota and Idaho. 
 Ascends to 4000 ft. in the White Mountains. Also in 
 Europe. Summer. 
 
 65- 
 
 1789. 
 1826. 
 
 Carex Magellanica L,am. Magellan Sedge. (Fig. 735.) 
 
 Carex Magellanica Lam. Encycl. 3: 385. 
 Carex irrigua Smith; Hoppe, Caric. 72. 
 
 Glabrous, culms slender, smooth or nearly so, 
 erect or reclining, 6 / -2 tall. Leaves flat, i // -2 // 
 wide, somewhat rough on the margins, commonly 
 shorter than the culm, the lower bract similar and 
 usually overtopping the spikes; staminate spike 
 solitary, or rarely 2, often partially pistillate; pis- 
 tillate spikes 1-3, oblong, filiform-stalked and 
 drooping, 4 // -8 // long, about 3" in diameter; peri- 
 gynia biconvex, oval, pale, minutely granulate-pa- 
 pillose, oval or suborbicular, few-nerved, i // -i^ // 
 long, tipped with a very minute beak, the orifice 
 entire; scales lanceolate, long-acuminate or awned, 
 dark green or purplish-brown, i_^-2 times as long 
 as the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In bogs, Newfoundland and Labrador to Manitoba, 
 south to Maine, Pennsylvania and Michigan. Also in 
 the Uinta Mountains, Utah, in Europe, and in south- 
 ern South America. Ascends to 4600 ft. in the Adiron- 
 dacks. Summer. 
 
 66. Carex podocarpa R. Br. L,ong-awned Arctic Sedge. (Fig. 736. ) 
 
 Carex podocarpa R. Br. Frank..Jourii. App. Ed. 2, 36. 
 1823. 
 
 Glabrous, culms very slender, erect or reclining, 
 rough above, io / -2 long. Leaves a little rough 
 on the margins, i^ // -2 // wide, shorter than the 
 culm, the lowest reduced to short sheaths; lower 
 bract similar to the upper leaves, the upper much 
 shorter and narrower; staminate spikes i or 2, 
 stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, cylindric, dense, 
 many-flowered, ty-ity long, 3" in diameter, 
 stalked or sessile, the lower often nodding; peri- 
 gynia elliptic-lanceolate, flat, about 2 / '/ // long, 
 acute at both ends, appressed, faintly nerved, the 
 orifice entire; scales purple-black, ovate, acuminate, 
 longer than the perigynia, the midvein produced 
 into a subulate awn 2 // -6 // long; stigmas 2 or 3. 
 
 Arctic America. Closely related to C. alrofusca 
 Schk. Summer. 
 
314 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 67. Carex cryptocarpa C. A. Meyer. 
 Hidden-fruited Sedge. (Fig. 737.) 
 
 Carex cryptocarpa C. A. Meyer, Mem. Acad. St. 
 Petersb. i: 226. pi. 14. 1825-31. 
 
 Glabrous, culm stout, erect, sharply 3-angled, 
 rough above, i^ -3 tall. Leaves smooth, 2 // ~3 // ' 
 wide, the basal shorter than or equalling the culm, 
 the upper ones and the lower bract shorter; stami- 
 nate spikes 2-4, stalked; pistillate spikes 2-5, all 
 filiform-stalked and drooping, densely flowered, \ f - 
 3' long, 3 // -4 // in diameter; perigynia oblong or 
 oval, green, faintly several-nerved, \Yz' f long, 
 tipped with a very short entire beak; scales purple- 
 brown, ascending, lanceolate, acuminate, 2 or 3 
 times longer than the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 Arctic America from Greenland to Alaska. Summer. 
 Carex cryptocarpa variegata (Drejer) Britton, Mem. 
 
 Torr. Club, 5: 76. 1894. 
 Carex filipendula var. variegata Drejer, Rev. Crit. 
 
 Car. 46. 1841. 
 
 Lower than the type, seldom over itall; pistillate spikes about 2, ovoid or short oblong, 6" -9" 
 long; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute, little longer than the perigynia. Range of the species. 
 
 68. Carex maritima Muller. Seaside Sedge. (Fig. 738.) 
 
 C. maritima Muller, Fl. Dan. 4: 12: 6. pi. yoj. 1777. 
 
 Glabrous, light green, culms slender, or rather 
 stout, erect, sharply 3-angled, smooth, or roughish 
 above, i-2*4 tall. Leaves 1"-$" wide, roughish 
 on the margins and midvein, rarely overtopping 
 the culm, the lower bracts similar; staminate spikes 
 1-3, slender-stalked, often pistillate at the base ; 
 pistillate spikes 2-4, cylindric, often staminate at 
 the summit, densely many-flowered, I'-s' long, 
 4"-6 // thick, drooping on filiform stalks; perigynia 
 oval or nearly orbicular, ascending, pale, biconvex, 
 rather less than \" long, nerveless or with a few 
 faint nerves, tipped with a very short and nearly 
 or quite entire beak; scales ascending, green, lin- 
 ear-subulate, ciliate-scabrous, 3-8 times as long as 
 the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In salt meadows, Newfoundland and Labrador to 
 Massachusetts. Also in Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 69. Carex crinita Lam. Fringed 
 Sedge. (Fig. 739.) 
 
 Carex crinita Lam. Encycl. 3: 393. 1789. 
 
 Glabrous, culms stout, 3-angled, rough or very 
 nearly smooth, erect or somewhat recurving, 2- 
 5 tall. Leaves flat, rough-margined, 3 // -5 // wide, 
 the upper sometimes overtopping the culm, the 
 lowest very short and sheathing; staminate spikes 
 i or 2, stalked, often pistillate at the base or in 
 the middle; pistillate spikes 3-5, narrowly cylin- 
 dric, densely many-flowered, i / ~4/4 / long, 3 v/ -4 //r 
 in diameter, all stalked, drooping and commonly 
 secund; perigynia obovoid, obtuse, about i // long 
 and nearly as thick, nerveless, abruptly tipped by 
 the very short entire beak; scales green, subulate, 
 ciliate-scabrous, spreading, 2-6 times as long as 
 the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In swamps and wet woods, Nova Scotia and Ontario to Florida and Texas. June-Aug. 
 
 A hybrid with C. torta, occurring in New Hampshire, is described by Prof. L- H. Baile3\ 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 Carex crinita minor Boott. 111. 18. 1858. 
 
 315 
 
 Culms slender, io'-2o' tall; leaves i l A "-2%" wide; pistillate spikes i'-i]4' long, 2" thick, spread- 
 ing or slightly drooping; perigynia little more than ^ in diameter. Maine to southern New York. 
 
 70. Carex gynandra Schwein. Nodding Sedge. (Fig. 740.) 
 
 Carex gynandra Schwein. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i: 70. 1824. 
 Care.r crinita var. gynandra Schwein. & Torr. Ann. 
 
 Lye. N. Y. i: 360. 1825. 
 
 Similar to the preceding species, culms stout, 
 2-4 tall. Leaves 3 // -6 // wide, glabrous or their 
 sheaths often finely pubescent; pistillate spikes 
 i '-4' long, narrowly cylindric, stalked, drooping; 
 perigynia oblong or elliptic, faintly few-nerved or 
 nerveless, compressed, not at all or slightly in- 
 flated, ij^ // -2 // long, and about one-half as broad, 
 tapering gradually to an acute entire orifice; scales 
 subulate, rough, ascending, 2-4 times as long as the 
 perigynia; stigmas 2, rarely 3. 
 
 In swamps, Nova Scotia (according to Macoun) to 
 northern New York, Florida and Louisiana. Ascends 
 to 5000 ft. in New Hampshire. June-Aug. 
 
 Carex gynandra Porteri (Olney) Britton. 
 Carex Porteri Olney, Car. Bor. Am. 12. 1871. ^ /7\\\ //^!P' 
 
 Smaller, bearing the same relation to the species 
 that minor does to C. crinita. Maine. 
 
 71. Carex macrokolea Steud. Southern 
 Glaucous Sedge. (Fig. 741.) 
 
 Carex macrokolea Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 223. 1855. 
 Carex verrucosa EH. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 555. 1824. Not 
 Muhl. 1817. 
 
 Glabrous, light green and glaucous, culms stout, 
 erect, slightly rough on the angles above, 2-4 tall. 
 Leaves flat or in drying somewhat involute, rough, 
 iX // ~3 // wide, often equalling the culm, tapering to a 
 very long narrow tip, the lower bracts similar, shorter; 
 staminate spikes i or 2, short-stalked, often pistillate 
 at the summit; pistillate spikes 2-8, cylindric, dense, 
 i / -2 / long, erect, sessile or the lower stalked; peri- 
 gynia dark brown, broadly ovoid, 3-angled, i^ // long, 
 usually several-nerved, abruptly contracted into a 
 sharp beak about one-fourth as long as the body; scales 
 oblong, scarious-margined, rough-awned, as long as 
 the perigynia or longer; stigmas 2 or 3. 
 
 In swamps, Missouri to Florida and Texas. June-Aug. 
 
 72. Carex glauca Scop. Glaucous Sedge. (Fig. 742.) 
 
 Carex glauca Scop. Fl. Carn. Ed. 2, 2: 223. 1772. 
 
 Glabrous, pale green and glaucous, culms slender, 
 erect, smooth or roughish above, i-2 tall, the 
 Tootstocks long and stout. Leaves shorter than or 
 equalling the culm, smooth or nearly so, about 2 /7 
 wide; lower bract similar to the leaves, but nar- 
 rower; staminate spikes mostly 2, stalked; pistillate 
 spikes 2 or 3, ascending or at length drooping, 
 slender-stalked, linear-cylindric, i / -2 / long, 3 X/ 
 thick, densely many-flowered, commonly staminate 
 at the summit; perigynia brown, ellipsoid, faintly 
 few-nerved, or nerveless, minutely granulate or 
 papillose, nearly i // long, minutely beaked, the 
 orifice entire; scales ovate or lanceolate, brown 
 with a green midvein, acute or obtusish, about as 
 long as the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In meadows, Nova Scotia and Ontario. Adventive 
 from Europe. June-Aug. 
 
74- Carex costellata 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 73. Carex virescens Muhl. Downy Green 
 Sedge. (Fig. 743.) 
 
 Carex virescens Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 251. 1805. 
 
 Culms very slender, erect or somewhat reclining, 
 rough above, 6 / -i8 / tall. Leaves light green, pubes- 
 cent, especially on the sheaths; spikes 2-5, very short- 
 stalked, erect or nearly so, oblong-cylindric, densely 
 many- flowered, 4 // -io // long, about i*&" in diameter, 
 the terminal one staminate below; perigynia 3-sided, 
 broadly oval or ovoid, rather less than \" long, as- 
 cending, densely pubescent, few-nerved, green, beak- 
 less, the orifice entire; scales oblong-ovate, cuspidate 
 by the excurrent midvein, scarious-margined, slightly 
 shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In dry woods and thickets, Maine and Ontario to Michi- 
 gan, south to North Carolina and Missouri. Ascends to 
 2000 ft. in Pennsylvania. June-July. 
 
 Britton. Ribbed Sedge. (Fig. 744.) 
 1824. 
 
 Carex costata Schwein. Ann. L,yc. N. Y. i: 67. 
 
 Net Presl. 1819. 
 Carex virescens var. costata Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 
 
 9: 260. 1825. 
 C. costellata Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 223. 1895. 
 
 Similar to the preceding species, but taller and 
 more spreading; culms slender, i-2)4 long. 
 Leaves i^ // -2 // wide, pubescent, especially on 
 the sheaths, shorter than the culm, the upper one 
 and the similar lower bract sometimes overtop- 
 ping the spikes; spikes 2-5, narrowly cylindric, 
 many-flowered, rather loose, )4 / -^)4 / long, i^ // 
 in diameter, erect or slightly spreading, the termi- 
 nal one staminate below, the lower one commonly 
 filiform-stalked; perigynia oblong, densely pu- 
 bescent, narrowed at each end, strongly several- 
 ribbed, i" long, rather more than y z /f thick, 
 beakless, the orifice entire; scales ovate, scarious- 
 margined, acuminate or cuspidate, shorter than 
 the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In woods, Maine and Ontario to North Carolina, where it ascends to 4000 ft. 
 
 Carex triceps Michx. 
 
 June-Aug. 
 
 (Fig. 745.) 
 
 1803. 
 
 Hirsute Sedge. 
 
 Carex triceps Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 170. 
 
 Carex hirsuta Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 252. 1805. 
 
 Carex triceps var. hirsuta Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 
 
 35 ; 1889. 
 
 Light green, culms slender, rough above, erect 
 or reclining, 6 / -3 - ^ long. Leaves i // -2 // wide, 
 pubescent, at least on the sheaths, shorter than the 
 culm, the lower bract similar; spikes 2-5, oblong 
 or oblong-cylindric, dense, erect, sessile or very 
 nearly so, 3 // -8 // long, 2%"-$%" in diameter, 
 usually clustered at the summit, the terminal one 
 staminate at the base; perigynia oval or obovoid, 
 flattened, not inflated, green or greenish-brown, 
 few-nerved, imbricated, usually pubescent when 
 young, when mature YZ"-\" long, beakless, the 
 orifice minutely notched or entire; scales ovate, 
 scarious-margined, cuspidate or short-awned, rather 
 shorter than the perigynia; acheneelliptic-obovoid, 
 its summit not bent; stigmas 3. 
 In woods, fields and swamps, Massachusetts to southern Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida 
 and Texas. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. April-Aug. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 317 
 
 76. Carex Caroliniana Schwein. Carolina 
 Sedge. (Fig. 746.) 
 
 Carc.r Caroliniana Schwein. Ann. Lye. i: 67. 1824. 
 Carex Smithii Porter; Olney, Car. Bor. Am. 2, name 
 
 only. 1871. Not Tausch. 1821. 
 C. triceps var. Smilhii Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 13: 88. 1888. 
 
 Culms very slender, erect, rough above, i-2 - J^ 
 tall. Leaves \"-\y 2 " wide, rather dark green, 
 glabrous except on the sheaths, the upper and the 
 similar but narrower bracts usually much overtop- 
 ping the spikes; spikes 2-4, oblong, dense, sessile 
 or nearly so, 4 // -6 // long, 2 // in diameter; erect, 
 clustered at the summit, the upper one staminate at 
 the base; perigynia subglobose or obovoid, swollen, 
 not imbricated, about y^." in diameter, nerveless 
 or faintly nerved, brown, beakless, glabrous at least 
 when mature, the orifice entire; scales brown, ovate, 
 mucronate; achene pyriform, bent at the summit 
 or tipped with the bent style. 
 
 In meadows, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to North Carolina and Arkansas. May-July. 
 
 77. Carex gracillima Schwein. Graceful Sedge. (Fig. 747.) 
 
 Carex gracillima Schwein. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1:66. 1824. 
 Carex gracillima var. humilis Bailey, Mem. Torr. 
 Club, 1:71. 1889. 
 
 Glabrous, culms slender, erect or spreading, 
 roughish above, i-3 long. Leaves dark green, 
 i^ // -3 // wide, shorter than the culm, the basal 
 ones wider than the upper; lower bract foliaceous, 
 sometimes overtopping the spikes; spikes 3-5, nar- 
 rowly cylindric, usually densely flowered except at 
 the base, i / -2X / long, about 2 /x thick or some- 
 times much smaller, filiform-stalked and drooping, 
 the upper one partly or wholly staminate; peri- 
 gynia ovoid-oblong, obtuse, slightly swollen, few- 
 nerved, glabrous, i // long; scales thin, ovate-ob- 
 long, very obtuse or the lower cuspidate, pale, 
 scarious-margiued, one-half as long as the peri- 
 gynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In moist woods and meadows, Nova Scotia to Mani- 
 toba, North Carolina, Ohio and Michigan. May-July. 
 
 Professor Bailey has described a hybrid with C. hirsuia, occurring- at Phillipstown, N. Y. 
 Carex Sullivantii Boott, is a hybrid of this species with C. pubescens. 
 
 78. Carex aestivalis M. A. Curtis. Summer Sedge. (Fig. 748.) 
 
 Carex aesiivalis~Nl. A. Curtis; A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. 
 42: 28. 1842. 
 
 Culms very slender or filiform, erect or nearly so, 
 smooth, or roughish near the summit, i-2 tall. 
 Leaves flat, i // -iX // wide, elongated but usually 
 shorter than the culm, their sheaths usually pubes- 
 cent, the blades sometimes slightly so; lower bracts 
 similar to the leaves but narrower; spikes 3-5, nar- 
 rowly linear, erect or somewhat spreading, i / -2 / 
 long, about i^" thick, loosely many-flowered or 
 the upper ones dense, the terminal one staminate at 
 the base or also at the summit; perigynia oblong, 
 pointed at both ends, 3-sided, glabrous, few-nerved, 
 \" long, Yz" thick, beakless, the orifice entire; 
 scales ovate-oblong, obtuse, or the lower cuspidate 
 or short-awned, green, thin, one-half as long as the 
 perigynia or more; stigmas 3. 
 
 In mountain woods, Massachusetts and northern 
 New York to Georgia. June-Aug. 
 
3i8 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 Carex oxylepis Torr. & Hook. Sharp-scaled Sedge. (Fig. 749.) 
 
 Carex oxylepis Torr. & Hook. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 409. 
 1836. 
 
 Culms slender, smooth, erect, i-2 tall. Leaves 
 flat, \W-$ ff wide, pubescent, especially on the 
 sheaths, shorter than or equalling the culm, the 
 lower bract similar but narrower; spikes 4 or 5, 
 linear- cylindric, i / -2 / long, about 2 /x in diameter, 
 rather densely many-flowered, filiform -stalked and 
 at maturity spreading or drooping, the terminal 
 one staminate at the base or sometimes wholly 
 staminate; perigynia oblong, sharply 3-angled, 
 pointed at both ends, slightly swollen, 2 X/ long, 
 less than \" thick, several -nerved, the orifice en- 
 tire; scales ovate-lanceolate with broad white scar- 
 ious margins, short-awned, about one-third shorter 
 than the perigynia, the awn scabrous; stigmas 3. 
 
 Southern Missouri to Tennessee and South Carolina, 
 south to Texas and Florida. April-May. 
 
 80. Carex formosa Dewey. Handsome Sedge. (Fig. 750.) 
 
 Carex formosa Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 8: 98. 1824. 
 
 Culms slender, smooth, erect, i-2^ tall. Leaves 
 flat, pubescent, especially on the sheaths, the basal 
 2 // ~3 // wide, often as long as the culm; lower bract 
 similar to the shorter culm -leaves; spikes 3-5, oblong- 
 cylindric, dense, X / -iX / lng, nearly 3" in diameter, 
 filiform-stalked, spreading or drooping, the lower 
 distant, the upper one staminate at the base; peri- 
 gynia ovoid, glabrous, ascending, swollen, faintly 
 few-nerved, 2" long, i" thick, tipped with a very 
 short and slightly notched beak; scales lanceolate or 
 ovate, green, with scarious margins, acute, cuspidate 
 or the lower short-awned, shorter than the perigynia 
 or the lower equalling them; stigmas 3. 
 
 In dry woods and thickets, Massachusetts and Vermont 
 to southern Ontario, New York and Michigan. June-July. 
 
 81. Carex Davisii Schwein. & Torr. Davis' Sedge. (Fig. 751.) 
 
 Carex Davisii Schwein. & Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i: 
 
 326. 1825. 
 Carex Torreyana Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 10:47. 1826. 
 
 Similar to the preceding species, culms stouter, 
 iX-3 tall. Leaves 1%''-$" wide, flat, pubescent, 
 especially on the sheaths, the basal ones often as 
 long as the culm ; lower bract foliaceous, commonly 
 overtopping the spikes; spikes 3-5, clustered near 
 the summit or the lower one distant, dense, y 2 '- 
 \Yz f long, 3 // in diameter, all filiform-stalked and at 
 length spreading or drooping, the terminal one stam- 
 inate at the base; perigynia ovoid, much swollen, 
 glabrous, strongly several-nerved, 2 // -2^ // long, 
 rather more than i // thick, tipped with a very 
 short but conspicuously 2-toothed beak; scales lan- 
 ceolate or oval, long-awned, spreading, equalling 
 or longer than the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In moist thickets and meadows, Massachusetts to 
 New York and Minnesota, south to Georgia, Kentucky 
 and the Indian Territory. May-July. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 319 
 
 82. Carex longirostris Torr. Long-beaked Sedge. (Fig. 752.) 
 
 Carex longirostris Torr.; Schwein. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i: 
 
 71. 1824. 
 
 Glabrous, light green, culms very slender, rough- 
 ish above, erect or reclining, lo'-^ long. Leaves 
 flat, slightly scabrous, i // -i^ // wide, usually not ex- 
 ceeding the culm, the bracts similar, shorter, some- 
 times overtopping the spikes; staminate spikes 1-3, 
 slender-stalked, rarely pistillate at the base; pistillate 
 spikes 2-4, oblong-cylindric, loosely flowered, X /-2/ 
 long, $"-\' f in diameter, all filiform-stalked and nod- 
 ding or the upper one nearly sessile; perigynia broadly 
 oval, spreading, smooth, slightly inflated, pale, 
 strongly i-nerved on each side, the body about i x/ 
 long, contracted into a very slender beak of nearly 
 twice its length; scales lanceolate, spreading, long- 
 acuminate, scarious-margined, 3 // ~4 // long; stigmas 3. 
 
 On banks and in moist thickets, New Brunswick to 
 Ontario and the Northwest Territory, south to Massachu- 
 setts, Pennsylvania, Michigan and Nebraska. June-Sept. 
 
 Carex longirostris minor Boott, seems to be but a dwarf form of the species. 
 
 83. Carex Assiniboinensis W. Boott. 
 Assiniboia Sedge. (Fig. 753.) 
 
 Carex Assiniboinensis W. Boott, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 9:91. 
 1884. 
 
 Glabrous and nearly smooth, culms filiform, re- 
 clining, 2-2^ long, longer than the leaves. 
 Leaves and bracts \" or less wide, the lower re- 
 duced to short purplish sheaths; staminate spike 
 long-stalked; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, distant, loosely 
 few-flowered, 7 // -i5 // long, drooping on filiform 
 stalks; the flowers alternate; perigynia very nar- 
 rowly conic, appressed, obtusely 3-angled, subulate- 
 beaked, above T > // long and \' f thick above the base, 
 densely tuberculate-hispid, narrowed into a short 
 stalk; scales lanceolate, scarious-margined, awned, 
 about the length of the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In wet soil, northern Minnesota and Manitoba. 
 Summer. 
 
 84. Carex castanea Wahl. 
 
 Carex castanea Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 
 
 24: 155. 1803. 
 Carex flexilis Rudge, Trans. Linn. Soc. 7: 98. pi. 10. 
 
 1804. 
 
 Culms slender or filiform, nearly erect, rough 
 above, i-3 tall. Leaves iX // ~ 2 X // wide, pubes- 
 cent, shorter than the culm; bracts linear-filiform, 
 %'-!%' long; staminate spike stalked; pistillate 
 spikes 1-4, oblong or oblong-cylindric, rather 
 loosely flowered, %'-i' long, about 3" thick, 
 drooping on filiform stalks, sometimes close to- 
 gether at the summit; perigynia glabrous, pale 
 brown, ascending, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3- 
 angled, few-nerved, tapering gradually into a 2- 
 toothed beak one-half as long as the body, scales 
 thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or cuspidate, 
 lacerate or entire, rather shorter than the perigynia; 
 stigmas 3. 
 
 In dry thickets and on banks, Newfoundland to 
 Connecticut, west to Minnesota. June-July. 
 
 Chestnut Sedge. 
 
 I 
 
 (Fig. 754.) 
 
320 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 85. Carex capillaris L. Hair-like Sedge. 
 
 (Fig. 755-) 
 
 Carex capillaris L,. Sp. PI. 977. 1753. 
 
 Glabrous, culms slender or filiform, smooth or 
 roughish above, erect, 2 / -i4 / tall. Leaves Y^"-\ fr 
 wide, much shorter than the culm, flat or somewhat 
 involute in drying, roughish; lower bract similar, the 
 upper much narrower, all sheathing; spikes all fili- 
 form-stalked, the terminal one stamiuate; pistillate 
 spikes 1-3, narrowly oblong, 2 // -6 // long, \ ff thick, 
 nodding, 2- 12- flowered; perigynia oblong, 3-angled, 
 light green, almost nerveless, about \ ff long, rather 
 less than ]/?" thick, the slender beak about one-third 
 as long as the body; scales oval, scarious-margined, 
 shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 Greenland to Alaska, Maine, the White Mountains, 
 northern New York, Michigan, and in the Rocky Moun- 
 tains to Colorado and Utah. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
 86. Carex arctata Boott. Drooping Wood 
 
 Sedge. (Fig. 756.) 
 Carex arctala Boott; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 227. 1840. 
 
 Glabrous, culms slender, erect or reclining, i-2% 
 long, roughish above. Leaves flat, roughish-mar- 
 gined, much shorter than the culm, the basal ones 
 3 // -5 // wide; staminate spike solitary, short-stalked; 
 pistillate spikes 2-5, linear, I'-T/ long, \y 2 ff thick, 
 loosely many-flowered, erect, ascending, or at length 
 drooping and filiform-stalked, the lower one usually 
 remote; perigyuia oblong, or thickest below the mid- 
 dle, rather strongly few-nerved, narrowed at each 
 end, about 2 /x long, less than \" thick, 3-angled, 
 tapering into a short 2-toothed beak; scales ovate, 
 cuspidate or short-awned, about one-third shorter 
 than the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In dry woods and thickets, New Brunswick to Minne- 
 sota, south to Pennsylvania and Michigan. May-June. 
 
 Carex Knieskerni Dewey, is probably a hybrid with C. castanea or C. formosa. 
 
 Carex arctata Faxoni Bailey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 13: 87. 1888. 
 
 Spikes nearly erect, 2-4 of them clustered near the summit, usually shorter, the staminate one 
 very short; perigynia 2"-2W' long. Quebec to New Hampshire, Minnesota and Michigan. 
 
 87. Carex tenuis Rudge. Slender-stalked Sedge. (Fig. 757.) 
 
 Carex tenuis Rudge, Trans. L,inn. Soc. 7: 97. pi. 9. 
 Carex debilis Boott, 111. pi. 272. 1860. Not Michx. 
 C. debilis var. Rudgei Bailey, Mem.Torr. Club, 1:34. 
 
 Culms slender, rough above, erect or commonly re- 
 clining, 4 x -3 long. Leaves shorter than the culm or 
 equalling it, light green, i^ // -2^ // wide; lower bracts 
 similar to the culm-leaves, sometimes overtopping the 
 spikes; staminate spike short-stalked; pistillate spikes 
 2-5, linear, i / -3 / long, \ l / 2 " thick, filiform-stalked 
 and spreading or drooping; perigynia spindle-shaped, 
 glabrous or puberulent, faintly few-nerved, obtusely 
 3-angled, 3" long, less than \" thick, tapering into a 
 short 2-toothed beak; scales ovate or oblong, acute, 
 cuspidate or obtuse, scarious-margined, one-half as 
 long as the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In woods, Newfoundland to Michigan, Virginia, the 
 mountains of North Carolina and Kentucky. May-Aug. 
 
 A hybrid with C. virescens occurs at Revere, Mass. 
 
 Carex tenuis interjecta (Bailey) Britton. 
 Carex debilis var. interjecta Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 418. 1893. 
 
 Pistillate spikes very slender, often compound at the base, erect or nearly so, filiform-stalked, 
 very loosely flowered, the perigynia alternate, only about 2" long. New York and Pennsylvania. 
 
 1804. 
 1803. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 321 
 
 Carex tenuis erectior Britton. 
 Carex debilis var. strictior Bailej', Mem. Torr. Club, i: 34. 
 
 Not C. strictior Dewey, 1846. 
 dilate spikes ere< 
 White Mountains. 
 
 Carex oblita Steud. Dark-green Sedge. (Fig. 758.) 
 1855. 
 
 Mostly taller and stouter than the type, and erect; leaves about 2" wide; pistillate spikes erect 
 or but slightly spreading; perigynia 2^ long, one-third longer than the scales, wmi-e luvuinfainG 
 
 88. 
 
 i 
 
 Carex oblita Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 231. 
 
 Carex glabra Boott, 111. 93. 1860. 
 
 Carex venustavar. minor Boeckl. Linnaea, 41: 255. 1876. 
 
 Glabrous, culms slender, erect or reclining, sharply 
 3-angled, smooth or very nearly so, i-3 long. 
 Leaves 2 // -2^ // wide, shorter than the culm, slightly 
 rough; lower bract similar to the culm-leaves but nar- 
 rower, sometimes overtopping the spikes; staminate 
 spike solitary, filiform-stalked, sometimes partially 
 pistillate; pistillate spikes 3-5, narrowly cylindric, i'- 
 zy 2 ' long, about 2^" thick, loosely flowered, slender- 
 stalked, the upper mostly close together and spreading 
 or ascending, the lower distant, drooping; perigynia 
 dark green, 3-angled, glabrous, 3" long, less than i /x 
 thick, ascending, rather strongly many-nerved, taper- 
 ing into a short 2-toothed beak; scales obtuse, about 
 one-third the length of the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In bogs, central New York and Pennsylvania to New Jersey and North Carolina. June-Ang. 
 
 89. Carex grisea Wahl. Gray Sedge. (Fig. 759.) 
 
 Carex grisea Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 
 
 24: 154. 1803. 
 
 Glabrous, culms rather stout, erect or somewhat 
 spreading, smooth or nearly so throughout, i-2^ 
 long. Leaves light green and sometimes slightly 
 glaucous, flat, 2 // -3^ // wide, the basal shorter than 
 or equalling the culm; bracts similar to the leaves, 
 spreading, much overtopping the spikes; staminate 
 spikes solitary, sessile; pistillate spikes 3-5, dense, 
 oblong, several-many-flowered, 4 // -i2 // long, about 
 2" thick, the upper usually sessile and close to- 
 gether, the lower slender-stalked and distant; peri- 
 gynia oblong, i}/?." long, i x/ thick, nearly terete or 
 irregularly angled by overlapping, subacute but 
 beakless, finely many-striate, longer or the lower 
 equalling or shorter than the ovate scarious-mar- 
 giued cuspidate or awned scales; stigmas 3. 
 
 In woods and thickets, Maine to Ontario and Minne- 
 sota, south to North Carolina and Kansas. May-July. 
 
 90. Carex amphibola Steud. Narrow-leaved Sedge. (Fig. 760.) 
 
 Carex amphibola Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 234. 1855. 
 Carex grisea var. angustifolia Boott, 111. 34. 1858. 
 Carex grisea var. (?) rigida Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 
 56. 1889. 
 
 Glabrous, culms very slender, slightly scabrous 
 above, erect, or spreading, i-2 long. Leaves \' f - 
 i" wide, mostly erect and somewhat rigid, the basal 
 shorter than the culm; bracts similar to the upper 
 leaves, erect, not over \" wide, overtopping the 
 spikes; staminate spike solitary, short; pistillate 
 spikes 2-4, erect, >^ / -i / long, less than 2" thick, 
 loosely several-flowered, the upper sessile, the lower 
 on long filiform stalks; perigynia oblong or obovoid, 
 firm, pointed but beakless, 3-angled, many-striate, 
 more or less 2-ranked, 2" long, about \" thick, 
 longer than or the lower equalling the ovate scarious- 
 margined awned spreading scales; stigmas 3. 
 
 In dry soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Ohio and 
 lissouri, south to Florida and Texas. April-June. 
 
322 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 91. Carex flaccosperma Dewey. Thin-fruited Sedge. (Fig. 761.) 
 
 Carex laxiflora var. (?) mutica Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 
 
 3: 414. 1836. Not C. mutica R. Br. 1823. 
 Carex flaccosperma Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 2: 
 
 245. 1846. 
 
 Similar to Carex grisea and C. glaucodea ; 
 slightly glaucous, rather deep green, culms erect, 
 i-2 tall. Leaves thin and flat, the basal ones 
 3 // -6 // wide, shorter than or equalling the culm; 
 the bracts leafy, much overtopping the spikes; 
 staminate spike sessile or nearly so; pistillate 
 spikes 2-4, oblong, erect, the lower slender-stalked; 
 perigynia oblong, 3-angled, striate-nerved, sub- 
 acute, 2^ //r long; scales broadly ovate, green, not 
 at all or very slightly scarious-margined, acute, 
 cuspidate or the upper obtuse, 2-3 times shorter 
 than the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 Southern Missouri to Texas, east to North Carolina 
 and Florida. June-July. 
 
 92. Carex glaucodea Tuckerm. Glauces- 
 cent Sedge. (Fig. 762.) 
 
 Carex grisea var. mutica Carey in A. Gray, Man. 552. 
 
 1848. Not C. mutica R. Br. 1823. 
 Carex glaucodea Tuckerm. ; Olney, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 
 
 395. 1868. 
 
 Similar in habit to Carex grisea, but pale and very 
 glaucous all over, culms smooth, erect or spreading, 
 6 / -i8 / long. Leaves 2 // -4 // wide, the basal shorter 
 than or equalling the culm; bracts foliaceous, over- 
 topping the spikes; staminate spike sessile; pistillate 
 spikes 3-5, erect, densely several-many flowered, the 
 lower slender-stalked; perigynia oblong, many-striate, 
 l^ // -2 // long, sub-acute, beakless, mostly nearly 
 twice as long as the ovate scarious-margined acute 
 cuspidate or short-awned scales; stigmas 3. 
 
 In open fields and meadows, Massachusetts to Pennsyl- 
 vania, Illinois, Virginia and Arkansas. May-July. 
 
 93. Carex granularis Muhl. Meadow Sedge. (Fig. 763.) 
 
 Carex granularis Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 279. 1805. 
 
 C. granularis recta Dewey; Wood's Class-book, 763. 1860. 
 Glabrous, light green and slightly glaucous, culms 
 slender, erect or spreading, smooth or nearly so, 6 / - 
 2^ long. Leaves flat, roughish or smooth, i^ // -3 // 
 wide, the basal shorter than the culm; bracts similar 
 to the culm-leaves and usually much exceeding the 
 spikes; staminate spike solitary, sessile or short- 
 stalked; pistillate spikes 3-5, distant or the upper 
 two contiguous, erect or slightly spreading, narrowly 
 oblong or cylindric, J^'-iX' long, 2" thick, densely 
 many-flowered, slender-stalked or the upper sessile 
 perigynia ovoid, brown, somewhat swollen, strongly 
 many-nerved, ascending, about \" long, tipped with 
 a short, usually entire, bent or nearly straight beak; 
 scales ovate, thin, acute or cuspidate, shorter than or 
 sometimes equalling the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In moist meadows, New Brunswick to Ontario and 
 Manitoba, south to Florida and Louisiana. May-July. 
 
 Carex granularis Shriveri Britton. 
 Carex Haleana Olney, Car. Bor. Am. 6. 1871. Not C. Halei, Dewey, 1846. 
 
 Basal leaves broader, 2^"-8" wide, glaucous; perigynia about one-half the size of the type, the 
 more conspicuous point slightly bent. Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and Virginia. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 323 
 
 94. Carex Crawei Dewey. Crawe's 
 Sedge. (Fig. 764.) 
 
 Carex Craivei Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 2: 246. 1846. 
 Carex hcterostachya Torr. Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 2: 248. 
 
 1846. 
 
 Glabrous, culms low, stiff, erect, 3 / -i5 / tall. 
 Leaves rather stiff, flat, i // -2 // wide, erect or nearly so, 
 shorter than the culm, the bracts similar, rarely over- 
 topping the spikes; staminate spikes 1-3, long-stalked; 
 pistillate spikes 1-4, distant, cylindric, erect, y^'-\' 
 long, 2 // -3 // thick, densely many- flowered, stalked or 
 the upper sessile, the lowest often borne near the base 
 of the culm; perigynia ovoid, ascending, nerved, us- 
 ually minutely resinous dotted, i"-ij4" long, taper- 
 ing into a very short entire beak; scales obovate or 
 oval, thin, acute or cuspidate, shorter than the peri- 
 gynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In moist meadows and on banks, Quebec to Manitoba, 
 south to Pennsylvania and Tennessee. May-July. 
 
 95. Carex extensa Gooden. L/ong-bracted 
 Sedge. (Fig. 765.) 
 
 Carex extensa Gooden. Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: 175. 1794. 
 Glabrous, bright green, culms stiff, erect, io'-2 
 tall. Leaves i // -2 // wide, strongly involute, erect, 
 shorter than the culm, the lower bract similar, much 
 exceeding the spikes, the upper shorter, sometimes 
 deflexed; staminate spike sessile, rarely pistillate at 
 the base; pistillate spikes 1-3, erect, sessile and close 
 together or the lowest short-stalked and distant, ob- 
 long, densely many-flowered, 5 // -8 // long, about 3" 
 thick; perigynia ovoid or ovoid-oblong, brown, i^ x/ 
 long, narrowed at the base, slightly swollen, strongly 
 many-ribbed, tapering into a short stout 2-toothed 
 beak; scales ovate, acute, brown with a greenish 
 midvein, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 Borders of salt meadows, Coney Island, N. Y., and 
 near Norfolk, Va. Naturalized from Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 96. Carex flava L,. Yellow Sedge. (Fig. 766.) 
 
 Carex flava L- Sp. PI. 975. 1753. 
 
 Carex flava var. graminis Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 
 30. 1889. 
 
 Glabrous yellow-green, culms very slender but stiff 
 and erect, smooth or nearly so, i-2 tall. Leaves 
 i // -2 - J^ // wide, flat, the radical shorter than or some- 
 times exceeding the culm, the lower bract elongated, 
 spreading or ascending; staminate spike solitary, 
 stalked or sessile; pistillate spikes 1-4, oblong or glo- 
 bose-oblong, erect, sessile and close together or the 
 lower one distant and short -stalked, densely flowered, 
 3 // -6 // long, about $" thick; perigynia narrowly ovoid, 
 yellow, and spreading or deflexed when mature, 2 // - 
 3" long, strongly several-nerved, the subulate 2- 
 toothed beak about as long as the body; scales lanceo- 
 late or oval, acute or subacute, shorter and narrower 
 than the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In swamps and wet meadows, Newfoundland to the Northwest Territory, south to Rhode Island, 
 New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Montana. Also in Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 Carex Oederi IJhrh., found by the late I. C. Martindale at Atco, N. J. (according to Prof. Bailey), 
 is a waif from Europe, otherwise not known from America. 
 
324 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 Carex viridula Michx. Green Sedge. (Fig. 767.) 
 
 Carex viridula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 170. 1803.. 
 Carex flava var. viridula Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: T.I. 
 1889. 
 
 Glabrous, bright green, culms slender, smooth, erect, 
 4 / -i5 / tall, often exceeded by the erect narrow basal 
 leaves. Leaves \" or less wide, the bracts similar us- 
 ually strictly erect and much overtopping the spikes; 
 stamiuate spike sessile, sometimes pistillate at the top; 
 pistillate spikes 2-5, all close together and sessile or the 
 lower distant and short-stalked, oblong-cylindric or ob- 
 long, 2 // -6 // long, i ff or less in diameter; perigynia 
 ovoid-oblong, i // or less long, strongly few-nerved, nar- 
 rowed at the base, tapering into a 2-toothed beak about 
 one-half as long as the body; scales ovate, shorter than 
 the perigynia and about as wide; stigmas 3. 
 
 In bogs and on wet rocks, Newfoundland to Hudson Bay 
 and the Northwest Territory, south to Maine, Pennsylvania, 
 Minnesota, Utah and Washington. Summer. 
 
 Carex fulva Gooden., a species of this group, was found many years ago at Tewksbury, Mass., 
 evidently a waif from Europe, and is reported from Newfoundland. 
 
 Carex distans I,., a related species, has been collected on ballast at Philadelphia. 
 
 98. Carex pallescens L,. Pale Sedge. (Fig. 768.) 
 Carex pallescens L. Sp. PL 977. 1753. 
 
 Light green, culms slender, erect, rough above, 
 4 / -2o / tall. Leaves flat, \"-\Yz ff wide, pubescent at 
 least on the sheaths, shorter than the culm; lower 
 bract similar to the culm-leaves, erect or nearly so 
 and exceeding the spikes; staminate spikes solitary, 
 stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong, erect or some- 
 what speading, slender stalked or the upper one ses- 
 sile, densely many-flowered, \"-^' f long, -2"- 
 2.yi" in diameter usually clustered; perigynia short- 
 oblong, pale, i // long, y 2 " thick, obtuse, thin, faintly 
 few-nerved, beakless, the orifice entire; scales ovate, 
 membranous, cuspidate or short-awned, equalling or 
 the upper shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In fields and meadows, Nova Scotia to western On- 
 tario, south to Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Illinois and 
 Wisconsin. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Vermont. Also in 
 Europe. May-July. 
 
 Carex abbreviata Prescott. Torrey's Sedge. (Fig. 769.) 
 
 Carex Torreyi Tuckerm. Enum. Meth. 21. 1843. Not 
 C. Torreyana Schwein. 1824. 
 
 Carex abbreviata Prescott; Boott, Trans. Linn. Soc. 
 20: 141. 1846. 
 
 Pale green, culms slender, rather stiff, erect, 10'- 
 2o x tall, finely ciliate-pubesceut. Leaves about \ rf 
 wide, erect, elongated but shorter than the culm, 
 finely and usually densely pubescent; lower bract 
 YZ'-I' long, spreading or ascending, pubescent; 
 staminate spike solitary, short-stalked; pistillate 
 spikes 1-3, short oblong, dense, 3 // -5 // long, about 
 3" thick, sessile or the lower one short stalked, 
 erect, clustered; perigynia broadly oblong or ob- 
 ovoid, glabrous, about \" long and more than y 2 " 
 thick, strongly many-nerved, obtuse, abruptly 
 tipped by a short cylindric beak, scales cuspi- 
 date, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In dry soil, New York to the Northwest Territory, 
 south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. June-July. 
 
SKDGE FAMILY. 
 
 325 
 
 ioo. Carex conoidea Schk. Field Sedge. 
 (Fig. 770.) 
 
 Carex conoidea Schk. Riedgr. Nachtr. 67. f. 168. 1806. 
 Glabrous, culms slender, rather stiff, erect, S'-iS' 
 tall. I/eaves \ f '-\y 2 " wide, the basal sometimes 
 equalling the culm; lower bracts similar to the culm- 
 leaves, sometimes overtopping the spikes; staminate 
 spike long-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, distant, erect, 
 oblong or oblong-cylindric, 5 // -i2 // long, 2^ /r thick, 
 not densely flowered, the upper nearly sessile, the 
 lower slender- stalked; perigynia oblong, obtusely 3- 
 angled, narrowed to each end, acute, finely many- 
 striate, beakless, i // -i / ^ // long, about l /i f ' thick, the 
 orifice entire; scales broadly ovate, scarious -margined, 
 abruptly contracted into a rough awn, the lower 
 longer than the perigynia, the upper shorter than or 
 equalling them; stigmas 3. 
 
 In meadows, Nova Scotia to Ontario, south to Rhode 
 Island, New Jersey, Ohio and Illinois. May-June. 
 
 101. Carex oligocarpa Schk. 
 
 Few-fruited Sedge. (Fig. 771.) 
 
 Riedg. Nachtr. 58. f. 170. 
 
 c '/in:r oligocarpa Schk. 
 1806. 
 
 Glabrous, culms very slender or almost filiform, 
 spreading or reclining, roughish, 8 / -i8 / long. 
 Leaves about \" wide, spreading, soft, the basal 
 shorter than or equalling the culm, the bracts simi- 
 lar, usually exceeding the spikes; staminate spike 
 solitary, long-stalked or nearly sessile; pistillate 
 spikes 2-4, erect or nearly so, distant, loosely few- 
 flowered, 4 // -8 // long, less than 2 X/ thick, erect, the 
 lower filiform-stalked, the upper sessile; perigynia 
 oblong, firm, pale, finely many-striate, ascending, 
 i' f -\%" long, abruptly narrowed into a short 
 straight or oblique entire beak; scales ovate, tipped 
 with a rough spreading awn, longer than or equal- 
 ling the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In dry woods and thickets, Vermont and Ontario to 
 Michigan, south to New Jersey, West Virginia, Ken- 
 tucky and Missouri. May-July. 
 
 102. Carex Hitchcockiana Dewey. Hitchcock's Sedge. (Fig. 772.) 
 
 Carex Hitchcockiana Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 10: 274. 
 1826. 
 
 Culms slender, erect, somewhat rough, i-2 tall. 
 Leaves i}4 // ~3 // wide, the basal mostly shorter than 
 the culm, the upper and similar bracts much over- 
 topping the spikes, their sheaths pubescent, their 
 blades somewhat so; staminate spike stalked or 
 nearly sessile; pistillate spikes 2-4, loosely few- 
 flowered, erect, rather distant, stalked or the upper 
 sessile; perigynia ovoid, obtusely 3-angled, finely 
 many-striate, ascending, iX /x l n g. nearly i // 
 thick, tipped with a short stout oblique entire 
 beak; scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, scarious- 
 margined, rough-awned, longer than or equalling 
 the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In woods and thickets, Vermont and Ontario to 
 Michigan, south to New Jersey, West Virginia, Ken- 
 tucky and Missouri. May-July. 
 
326 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 Carex altocaulis (Dewey) Britton. Sheathed Sedge. (Fig. 773.) 
 
 Carex vaginala var. altocaulis Dewey, Am. Journ. ScL 
 
 (11)41:227. 1866. 
 Carex Saltuensis Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 7. 1889. 
 
 Glabrous, light green but not glaucous, culms very 
 slender, weak, spreading or reclining, i-2 long. 
 Leaves iX // - 2// wide, shorter than the culm, the up- 
 per ones and the bracts usually very short; staminate 
 spike long-stalked; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, distant, 
 slender-stalked, ascending, spreading or recurved, less 
 than i x long, loosely several-flowered, their stalks 
 partly enclosed by the long sheaths; perigynia ob- 
 long, 3-angled, narrowed at the base, faintly few- 
 nerved 2 X/ long, nearly i" thick, tipped with a beak 
 about one-fourth the length of the body, the orifice 
 2-toothed, oblique; scales oval or ovate-lanceolate, 
 acute or the upper obtuse, shorter than or the lower 
 equalling the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In swamps, Quebec and Vermont to Ontario, New York 
 and Minnesota. Summer. 
 
 104. Carex polymorpha Muhl. Variable Sedge. (Fig. 774.) 
 Carex polymorpha Muhl. Gram. 239. 1817. 
 
 Glabrous, rather dark green, culms stiff, strictly 
 erect, smooth or nearly so, i-2 tall. Leaves flat, 
 i^ // -2 // wide, nearly erect, the basal sometimes as 
 long as the culm, the others much shorter; bracts 
 usually little longer than the pistillate spike; stam- 
 inate spikes i or 2, long-stalked; pistillate spikes 
 commonly solitary, sometimes 2, erect, short-stalked 
 or sessile, densely many-flowered or sometimes looser 
 at the base, I'-i^' long and 4" thick, occasionally 
 staminate at the summit; perigynia ovoid-oblong, 
 obscurely 3-angled, fully 2" long and i" in diameter, 
 the beak more than one-half as long as the body, the 
 orifice oblique; scales red-brown, obtuse or the lower 
 acute, somewhat shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In swamps or wet meadows, Massachusetts to northern 
 New Jersey, south to North Carolina. Local. Ascends 
 to 2000 ft. in Pennsylvania. June-Aug. 
 
 105. Carex tetanica Schk. Wood's Sedge. (Fig. 775.) 
 
 Carex tetanica Schk. Riedgr. Nachtr. 68. figs. 100, 207 v 
 
 1806. 
 Carex tetanica var. Woodii Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club r 
 
 i: 53. 1889. 
 
 Light green and glabrous, culms slender, erect 
 or nearly so, rough above, i-2 tall. Leaves flat, 
 !//_ 2 // w ide, the basal about equalling the culm^ 
 bracts narrow, elongated, sometimes overtopping 
 the spikes; staminate spike stalked, the stalk 
 sometimes 3' long; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, erect, 
 distant, narrowed at the base, loosely or compactly 
 several-many-flowered, \' long or less, or the lower 
 filiform-stalked and drooping; perigynia oblong, 
 green, prominently many-nerved, about i^'long, 
 less than i // thick, oblique, the summit curved 
 outwardly and tapering to an entire orifice, beak- 
 less; scales ovate-oblong, obtuse or the lower mu- 
 cronate, shorter than the perigynia or the lower 
 equalling them; stigmas 3. 
 
 In meadows and wet woods, Ontario to Manitoba,. 
 North Carolina and Louisiana. June-July. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 327 
 
 Michigan, 
 long stalk 
 
 106. Carex Meadii Dewey. Mead's Sedge. (Fig. 776.) 
 
 Carex Meadii Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 43: 90. 1842. 
 Carex tetanica var. Meadii Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 
 
 1 1 8. 1886. 
 Carex tetanica var. Carteri Porter, Proc. Acad. Phila. 
 
 1887: 76. 1887. 
 Carex tetanica var. Canbyi Porter, Proc. Acad. Phila. 
 
 1887: 76. 1887. 
 
 Similar to the preceding species, culm stouter, 
 very rough above, la'-iS' tall. Basal leaves usually 
 shorter than the culm; bracts short, not overtopping 
 the spikes; staminate spike long-stalked; pistillate 
 spikes 1-3, sometimes staminate at the summit, occa- 
 sionally compound at the base, oblong-cylindric, 
 densely flowered, y?.'-\ f l orj g> about 3" in diameter, 
 erect, stalked or the upper one sessile; perigynia 
 broadly oblong, prominently many-nerved, green, 
 \Yi f ' long, about i // in diameter, tipped with a mi- 
 nute slightly bent beak; scales ovate, green with 
 purple-brown margins, acute, mucronate or the upper 
 obtuse, the upper short, the lower sometimes exceed- 
 ing the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In swamps and wet meadows, Rhode Island to Pennsylvania and Georgia, west to 
 Assiniboia, Nebraska and Arkansas. The lowest spike is sometimes borne on a very 
 arising from the axil of one of the basal leaves. May-July. 
 
 107. Carex laxiflora Lam. Loose-flowered Sedge. (Fig. 777.) 
 
 Carex laxiflora L,am. Encycl. 3: 392. 1789. 
 
 Glabrous, rather pale green, culms erect or reclin- 
 ing, slender, roughish above, 6 x -2 long. Leaves 
 
 i^ // -3 // wide, soft, the basal mostly shorter than the 
 culm, the bracts similar to the culm-leaves sometimes 
 overtopping the spikes; staminate spike usually 
 stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, distant, linear-cylindric, 
 loosely several-many-flowered, % f -i f long, i%"-2" 
 thick, all slender-stalked and spreading or drooping 
 or the upper one erect and sessile; perigynia ascend- 
 ing, obovoid, more or less oblique, iX // ~ I X // l n g. 
 rather more than l / 2 ' f thick, narrowed at the base, 
 strongly many-nerved, tapering into a short stout 
 outwardly bent entire beak; scales ovate with broad 
 white scarious margins, acute, cuspidate or awned, 
 shorter than or exceeding the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In meadows and thickets, Maine and Ontario to Min- 
 nesota, south to Florida, Alabama and the Indian Terri- 
 tory. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. May-July. 
 
 Carex laxiflora blanda (Dewey) Boott, 111. 37. 1858. 
 Carex blanda Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 10: 45. 1826. 
 Carex laxiflora var. striatula Carey in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 524. 1856. 
 
 Pistillate spikes cylindric, mostly densely flowered, the upper sessile or nearly so, erect, con- 
 tiguous to the usually sessile staminate one, the lower slender-stalked. Range of the type. Per- 
 haps distinct. 
 
 Carex laxiflora varians Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 32. 1889. 
 
 Stouter and taller than the preceding; leaves 2^"-354" wide; pistillate spikes sometimes i^' 
 long and 2%" thick, dense, often compound at the base, the upper sessile or short-stalked and con- 
 tiguous to the sessile staminate one, the lower long-stalked. New Hampshire to southern New 
 York and Missouri. Range undetermined. 
 
 Carex laxiflora patulifolia (Dewey) Carey in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 524. 1856. 
 Carex anceps var. patulifolia Dewey, Wood's Bot. 423. 1845. 
 
 Glaucous or pale green; basal leaves 2^"-4^" wide; staminate spike usually stalked; pistillate 
 spike i' long or more, loosely flowered, scattered; perigynia oblong or ellipsoid, the beak nearly 
 straight. Halifax, Nova Scotia (according to Macoun), Massachusetts to Michigan, south to Vir- 
 ginia and Tennessee. 
 
 Carex laxiflora divaricata Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 33. 1889. 
 
 Perigynia larger than in the other forms, contracted into a stipe one-half as long as the body. 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
CYPERACEAE. 
 
 108. Carex styloflexa Buckley. Bent 
 
 Sedge. (Fig. 778.) 
 
 Carex styloflexa Buckley, Am. Journ. Sci. 45: 174. 1843. 
 Carex laxlflora var. styloflexa Boott, 111. 37. 1858. 
 
 Glabrous, culms leaning, slender, smooth, i-2 tall. 
 I/eaves i^"-?," wide, flat, shorter than the culm; 
 bracts short, rarely exceeding the spikes; staminate 
 spike solitary, usually long-stalked but sometimes 
 nearly sessile; pistillate spikes 1-4, distant, loosely 
 few-several-flowered, less than 8 X/ long, the lower 
 drooping on filiform stalks; perigynia oblong, trian- 
 gular, many-nerved, about 2" long, \ ff thick, some- 
 what oblique, tapering gradually to both ends and 
 thus slender-beaked; scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
 scarious-margined, acute, cuspidate or short-awned, 
 shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In woods and thickets, southern New York and Penn- 
 sylvania to Florida, Louisiana and Texas. May-July. 
 
 109. Carex digitalis Willd. Slender Wood Sedge. (Fig. 779.) 
 Carex digitalis Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 298. 1805. 
 
 Glabrous, bright green, not at all glaucous, culms 
 slender or almost filiform, nearly or quite smooth, us- 
 ually reclining, 4 / -i8 / long. Leaves flat, i // -2 // wide, 
 the basal sometimes exceeding the culm, the upper 
 ones and the bracts similar but shorter, the latter com- 
 monly overtopping the spikes; staminate spike 
 stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, linear, loosely alter- 
 nately flowered, X /-I/ l n g> the upper one sessile or 
 nearly so, the others filiform-stalked and widely 
 spreading or drooping; perigynia oblong, sharply 
 triangular, many-nerved, brown when ripe, narrowed 
 at both ends, i" long, more than l / 2 " thick, the very 
 short beak slightly oblique; scales lanceolate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, scarious-margined, acute, acuminate or 
 short-awned, shorter than or the lower about equal- 
 ling the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In woods and thickets, Maine and southern Ontario to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. 
 Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. May-July. 
 
 Carex digitalis copulata Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 47. 1889. 
 
 Larger in every way, culms sometimes 2 long, reclining; leaves 2^-4" wide; pistillate spikes 
 shorter and denser; perigynia larger. Michigan and southern Ontario. 
 
 no. Carex Careyana Torr. Carey's Sedge. (Fig. 780.) 
 
 Carex Careyana Torn; Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 30: 
 
 60. / 88. 1836. 
 
 Glabrous, bright green, culms slender, erect 
 or somewhat reclining, smooth or nearly so, i- 
 2 tall. Basal leaves flat, 3 // -6 // wide, much 
 shorter than the culm; bracts linear-lanceolate 
 with very long sheaths, the blades i / -3 / long; 
 staminate spike usually large, long-stalked; 
 pistillate spikes 1-3 (commonly 2), erect, loosely 
 few-several-flowered, less than \' long, the 
 upper sessile or short-stalked, the lower on a 
 long filiform stalk; perigynia ovoid-oblong, 
 very sharply 3-angled, many-nerved, fully 2" 
 long and over i" thick, brown, the short beak 
 slightly oblique, entire; scales ovate with white 
 hyaline margins, cuspidate or awned, shorter 
 than the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In woods, New England (according to Bailey); 
 New York to Michigan and Virginia. May-June. 
 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 329 
 
 (Fig. 781.) 
 
 in. Carex Albursina Sheldon. White Bear Sedge. 
 
 Carex laxiflora var. latifolia Boott, 111. 38. 1858. Not 
 
 C. latifolia Moench. 
 Carex Albursina Sheldon, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 284. 
 
 1893- 
 
 Glabrous, rather deep green, culms stout, nearly 
 smooth, flattened, usually spreading, S'-a long. 
 Basal leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, shorter than the culm, Yz'-ity wide; bracts 
 similar to the narrower culm-leaves, the upper over- 
 topping the spikes; staminate spikes sessile or nearly 
 so; pistillate spikes 2-4, distant and narrowly linear, 
 stalked or the upper sessile and close together, ^ / - 
 i% f loBg. very loosely flowered; perigynia obovoid, 
 obtusely 3-angled, strongly many-nerved, 2 /x long, 
 i // thick, tipped with a very short bent entire beak; 
 scales ovate-oblong, scarious-margined, obtuse or the 
 lower acute, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In woods, Massachusetts to New York, Ohio and Min- 
 nesota, south to Virginia and Michigan. Ascends to 
 2300 ft. in Virginia. June-Aug. The specific name is 
 in alhision to White Bear Lake, Minn. 
 
 112. Carex plantaginea L,am. Plantain- 
 leaved Sedge. (Fig. 782.) 
 
 Carex plantaginea Lam. Uncycl. 3: 392. 1789. 
 
 Glabrous, rather dark green, culms slender, erect 
 or reclining, 6'-2 long. Leaves y 2 f -i f wide, shorter 
 than or equalling the culm, persistent through the 
 winter and until the new culms develop in the fol- 
 lowing spring; bracts short, usually with purple or 
 purplish clasping sheaths; staminate spike long- 
 stalked, purple; pistillate spikes 3 or 4, erect, all 
 slender-stalked, i' or less long, loosely flowered, the 
 stalks of the upper ones enclosed in the sheaths; 
 perigynia oblong, outwardly curved, many-nerved, 
 \Yz' f long, about \" thick, longer than or equalling 
 the ovate cuspidate scales; stigmas 3. 
 
 In woods, New Brunswick and Ontario to Manitoba, 
 south to Virginia and Wisconsin. Ascends to 2100 ft. in 
 Virginia. May-July. 
 
 113. Carex laxiculmis Schwein. Spreading Sedge. (Fig. 783.) 
 
 Carex laxiculmis Schwein. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i: 70. 1824. 
 Carex retrocurva Dewey, Wood's Bot. 423. 1845. 
 
 Glabrous, blue-green and glaucous, culms filiform, 
 smooth or very nearly so, ascending or diffuse, 6 / -2 
 long. Basal leaves elongated, 3 // -5 // wide, often 
 longer than the culms; bracts similar to the narrower 
 culm-leaves, usually short; staminate spike long- 
 stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong, loosely few- 
 flowered, 3 // -6 // long, about 2 /x thick, drooping on 
 long hair-like stalks or the upper short-stalked and 
 erect; perigynia ovoid- oblong, sharply 3-angled, 
 many-nerved, about \ ff long and rather more than 
 Yz" thick, narrowed at both ends, scarcely beaked, 
 longer than the ovate green cuspidate or short-awned 
 scales; stigmas 3. 
 
 In woods and thickets, southern Ontario to Michigan, 
 south to Rhode Island and Virginia. Ascends to 5600 ft. 
 in Virginia. May-June. 
 
330 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 114. Carex ptychocarpa Steud. Thicket 
 
 Sedge. (Fig. 784.) 
 Carex ptychocarpa Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 234. 1855. 
 
 Glabrous, pale green and glaucous, culms erect, 
 very slender, smooth, only 2'-6' tall. Leaves flat, 
 the basal 2 // -4 // wide, much longer than the culm; 
 bracts foliaceous, usually overtopping the spikes;: 
 staminate spike small, sessile; pistillate spikes 2 or 
 3, sessile and close together at the summit or the 
 lower one slender-stalked and nearly basal, all 
 erect, loosely few-flowered, 4 // -8 // long; perigynia 
 oblong, pale, 3-angled, rather strongly many- 
 nerved, i" long, rather more than }/ 2 " thick, 
 pointed at both ends, minutely straight-beaked, 
 the orifice entire; scales ovate, thin, obtuse, about 
 one-half as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In moist woods and thickets, Massachusetts and New 
 Jersey to Florida and Louisiana. June-Sept. 
 
 115. Carex platyphylla Carey. 
 
 Am. 2 
 
 Broad-leaved Sedge. 
 
 173- 
 
 (Fig. 785-) 
 
 Carex plantaginea Michx. Fl. Bor 
 
 1803. Not Lam. 1789. 
 Carex platyphylla Carey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 4: 23. 
 
 1847. 
 
 Glabrous, pale green and glaucous, culms slen- 
 der, spreading or reclining, 4 / -i5 / long. Leaves 
 flat and broad, y^ f -\ f wide, shorter than the culm; 
 bracts linear-lanceolate with long clasping sheaths, 
 i // -2^ // wide, not overtopping the spikes, usually 
 less than 2' long; staminate spike stalked; pistil- 
 late spikes 2-4, distant, erect, all slender-stalked 
 or the upper one nearly sessile, loosely several- 
 flowered, 5 // -io // long, their stalks commonly en- 
 closed in the sheaths, perigynia oblong, 3-angled, 
 many-nerved, slightly bent at the narrowed sum- 
 mit, \"-\y 2 " long, rather more than y*" thick, 
 equalling or somewhat longer than the ovate-ob- 
 long acute cuspidate or short-awned scales; 
 stigmas 3. 
 
 In woods and thickets, Quebec and Ontario to Michigan, south to Virginia and Illinois, 
 to 2500 ft. in Virginia. May-June. 
 
 Ascends 
 
 116. Carex panicea 
 
 L,. Grass-like Sedge. Carnation-grass. (Fig. 786.) 
 Carex panicea L- Sp. PI. 977. 1753. 
 
 Glabrous, pale bluish green and glaucous, culms 
 slender, smooth, erect, stiff, i-2 tall. Leaves flat, 
 i // -2 // wide, the basal ones shorter than or equalling 
 the culm, those of the culm and the bracts much shorter 
 and narrower; staminate spikes i or 2, stalked; pistil- 
 late spikes 2 or 3, distant, filiform-stalked or the upper 
 nearly sessile, erect, \' or less long, about 2_^ // thick, 
 rather loosely several-many-flowered, the upper some- 
 times stamiuate at the summit; perigynia oval, about 
 i/^" long and nearly \' f in diameter, slightly swollen 
 and obscurely 3-angled, yellow, purple or mottled, 
 faintly few-nerved, tipped with a very short entire 
 somewhat oblique beak; scales ovate, acute, purple or 
 purple-margined, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In fields and meadows, Nova Scotia to Maine and Rhode 
 Island. Naturalized from Europe. June-July. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 331 
 
 117. Carex livida (Wahl.) Willd. 
 
 limosa var. livida Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. 
 Handl. (II.) 24: 162. 1803. 
 Carex livida Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 285. 1805. 
 
 Glabrous, pale green and very glaucous, culms 
 slender, strictly erect, smooth, i-i^ tall. I/eaves 
 z //_ 2 // w jde, the basal shorter than or sometimes 
 about equalling the culm, involute in drying; bracts 
 narrow, usually short; staminate spike solitary, 
 short-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, 5 // -i2 // long, 
 about 2 X/ thick, erect and clustered at the summit 
 of the culm, narrowly cylindric, densely several- 
 flowered or looser at the base, the third, when pres- 
 ent, distant or sometimes nearly basal, stalked; 
 perigynia oblong, very pale, nearly -2" long, less 
 than \" thick, finely nerved, straight, beakless, 
 narrowed to an entire orifice; scales ovate, obtuse 
 or the lower subacute, rather shorter than the 
 perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In bogs, Labrador and Hudson Bay to Alaska, south 
 to Connecticut, the pine barrens of New Jersey, central 
 New York and Michigan. Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 Livid Sedge. (Fig. 787.) 
 
 118. Carex aurea Nutt, 
 
 Golden-fruited Sedge. (Fig. 788.) 
 
 Carex aurea Nutt. Gen. 2: 205. 1818. 
 
 Glabrous, light green, culms very slender, erect or 
 reclining, 2 / -i5 / long. Leaves flat, i"-!^" wide, the 
 basal equalling or exceeding the culm; bracts similar 
 to the culm-leaves, commonly much overtopping the 
 spikes; terminal spike short-stalked, staminate or an- 
 drogynous; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong or linear-ob- 
 long, erect and clustered near the summit or the lower 
 one distant, filiform-stalked, loosely or compactly 
 few-flowered, 2 // -io // long, about i^ // thick; perigy- 
 nia obovoid or subglobose, white or nearly white when 
 young, becoming fleshy, yellow or brown and about 
 i // in diameter when mature, many-nerved, beakless, 
 the orifice entire; scales ovate, membranous acute, 
 blunt, cuspidate or short-awned, shorter than or the 
 lower exceeding the perigynia; stigmas mostly 2. 
 
 In wet meadows, springs and on wet rocks, New- 
 foundland to the Northwest Territory and British Co- 
 lumbia, south to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Michi- 
 gan, Utah and Washington. Summer. 
 
 119. Carex bicolor All. Parti-colored 
 Sedge. (Fig. 789.) 
 
 Carex bicolor All. Fl. Ped. 2: 267. 1785. 
 
 Similar to the preceding species, but somewhat 
 glaucous; culms slender, erect, 2 / -i8 / tall. Basal 
 leaves i // -2 // wide, shorter than or equalling the 
 culm; spikes 2-4, mostly clustered at the summit 
 of the culm, dense, the terminal one partially stam- 
 inate; perigynia oblong, white, compressed, few- 
 nerved, less than \" long, not fleshy at maturity, 
 abruptly tipped with a very short entire nearly 
 cyliudric beak; scales brown-purple with white 
 midvein and margins, oval, obtuse or acute, shorter 
 than the perigynia. 
 
 Greenland and Labrador (according to Boott). Also 
 in E/urope. Summer. 
 
332 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 120. Carex setifolia (Dewey) Britton. Bristle-leaved Sedge. (Fig. 790.) 
 
 Carex alba var. setifolia Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. n: 316. 
 
 1826. 
 Carex eburnea Boott. ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 226. pi. 225. 
 
 1840. 
 
 Glabrous, pale green, culms filiform, smooth, weak, 
 4 / -r5 / long. Leaves filiform, shorter than the culm, 
 less than X /x wide; bracts reduced to bladeless, 
 sheaths 2 // -5 // long; staminate spikes solitary, ses- 
 sile or very nearly so, 3 // -4 // long; pistillate spikes 
 2-4, erect, slender-stalked, 2 // -4 // long, rather less 
 than \" thick, loosely few-flowered, the upper com- 
 monly overtopping the staminate, the lower one 
 sometimes distant; perigynia oblong, pointed at 
 both ends, 3-angled, \ ff long, ]/?." or less thick, 
 polished and nearly black when mature, very faintly 
 few-nerved, tapering into a short entire beak; scales 
 ovate, obtuse or the lower acute, thin, hyaline, 
 shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In dry sandy or rocky soil, preferring limestone rocks, New Brunswick to the Northwest Ter- 
 ritory, south to Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Nebraska. May-July. 
 
 121. Carex concinna R. Br. Low North- 
 ern Sedge. (Fig. 791.) 
 
 Carex concinna R. Br. Frank. Journ. 763. 1823. 
 
 Culms filiform, smooth, 2 / -6 / tall. Leaves about 
 \" wide, flat, pale green, much shorter than the 
 culm; bracts reduced to green bladeless sheaths or 
 the lower one with an erect subulate blade 3 // -6 // 
 long; staminate spike solitary, sessile; pistillate 
 spikes 1-3, sessile and clustered or the lower one 
 somewhat distant and short-stalked, erect, 2 // ~4 // 
 long, about \" thick, compactly few-flowered; peri- 
 gynia oblong-ovoid, 3-angled, pubescent, short- 
 beaked, few-nerved, about twice as long as the ovate 
 obtuse or subacute green or purplish scales; stigmas 3. 
 
 In rocky places, Quebec and Ontario to British Colum- 
 bia. Summer. 
 
 122. Carex Richardsoni R. Br. Richardson's Sedge. (Fig. 792.) 
 
 Carex Richardsoni R. Br. Frankl. Journ. 751. 1823. 
 
 Culms slender, rough, erect, 4 / -i2 / tall. Leaves 
 flat, about \" wide, the basal shorter than or some- 
 times equalling the culms, those of the culm very 
 short; bracts bladeless, sheathing, %'-i'\ong, usually 
 brown-purple with a white hyaline acute summit; 
 staminate spike solitary, short-stalked; pistillate 
 spikes i or 2, erect, narrowly cylindric, short-stalked, 
 4//_9// long, compactly several -flowered, close to- 
 gether, their stalks partly or wholly enclosed in the 
 sheaths; perigynia obovoid, pubescent, about i // long, 
 minutely beaked; scales mostly longer than the peri- 
 gynia, ovate, obtuse or subacute, purple, conspicu- 
 ously white-margined; stigmas 3. 
 
 In dry soil, Ontario to the Northwest Territory and 
 British Columbia, south to western New York, Illinois 
 Michigan and South Dakota. Summer. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 333 
 
 123. Carex pedunculata Muhl. Long-stalked Sedge. (Fig. 793.) 
 
 Carex pedunculata Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 222. 1805. 
 Densely matted, rather bright green, culms very 
 slender, roughish above, diffuse or reclining, 3 / -io / 
 long. Leaves flat, i // -iX // wide, the basal com- 
 monly longer than the culms; sheaths green, the 
 upper almost bladeless, the lower with short leaf-like 
 blades; staminate spike long-stalked, usually with 
 some pistillate flowers at its base; pistillate spikes 2- 
 6, 3 // -6 // long, few-flowered, filiform-stalked and 
 spreading or drooping, scattered, commonly borne 
 at every node, some of them appearing basal; peri- 
 gynia obovoid, sharply 3-angled, puberulent or be- 
 coming glabrous, 2 X/ long, pale green, nerveless, 
 narrowed below into a stipe, tipped with a minute 
 and somewhat oblique entire beak; scales green or 
 purplish, ovate, abruptly cuspidate or the lower sub- 
 ulate-awned, equalling or the lower considerably 
 exceeding the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In dry woods, Anticosti to Manitoba, south to Virginia, Pennsylvania and Minnesota. May-July. 
 
 124. Carex pedicellata (Dewey) Britton. Fibrous-rooted Sedge. (Fig. 794.) 
 
 Carex varia Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. n: 102. 1826. Not 
 
 Muhl. 1805. 
 
 C. varia var. pedicellata Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. ii: 162. 1826. 
 Carex communis Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 41. 1889. 
 Carex pedicellata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 87. 1894. 
 
 Light green, not stoloniferous, fibrous-rooted, culms 
 slender, roughish above, erect or reclining, 6 / -2o / long. 
 Leaves i // -2 // wide, shorter than the culms; lower bract 
 narrowly linear or subulate, X /-2/ l n g> staminate spike 
 short-stalked, 4 // -i2 // long; pistillate spikes 2-4, short- 
 oblong, few-flowered, sessile and usually separated, or 
 the lowest short- stalked; perigynia oval or oblong, 
 rather less than i x/ long and a little more than y 2 f/ in 
 diameter, pale, pubescent, slightly i-ribbed on each 
 side, tipped with a subulate 2-toothed beak one-fourth 
 the length of the body; scales green, ovate, acute, about 
 equalling the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In dry soil, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Georgia, Ohio and 
 Michigan. Ascends to 5700 ft. in Virginia. May-July. 
 Carex pedicellata Wheeleri (Bailey) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 88. 1894. 
 Carex communis var. Wheeleri Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 41. 1889. 
 
 Usually lower than the species and the leaves much shorter than the culm; staminate spike only 
 2" -3" long; pistillate spikes closer together. Nova Scotia to Connecticut and Michigan. 
 
 125. Carex Pennsylvanica L,am. Pennsylvania Sedge. (Fig. 795.) 
 
 Carex Pennsylvanica Lam. Encycl. 3: 388. 1789. 
 
 Dark or dull green, stoloniferous, culms slender, erect, 
 smooth or roughish, 6 / -i5 / tall. Leaves Y^'-^/t" wide, 
 the basal shorter than or sometimes exceeding the culm, 
 the old sheaths persistent andfibrillose; lower bract sub- 
 ulate or scale-like, rarely over y z r long; staminate spike 
 sessile or very short-stalked, Yz f -\' long; pistillate 
 spikes 1-3, short-oblong, few-flowered, sessile, contigu- 
 ous or the lower somewhat distant; perigynia broadly 
 oval, about \" long and more than y 2 " in diameter, pu- 
 bescent, i-ribbed on each side, narrowed at the base, 
 tipped with a 2-toothed beak about one-fourth the length 
 of the body; scales ovate, purplish, acute or cuspidate, 
 equalling or a little longer than the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In dry soil, New Brunswick to Manitoba and the North- 
 west Territory, south to North Carolina, Tennessee and Kan- 
 sas. Ascends to 5000 ft. in North Carolina. May-June. 
 
334 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 126. Carex varia Muhl. 
 
 (Fig. 796.) 
 
 Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. 
 
 Emmons' Sedge. 
 
 Carex varia Muhl.; Wahl. 
 
 (II.) 24: 159. 1803. 
 
 C. Emmonsii Dewey; Tprr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 411. 1836. 
 C. variavar. colorata Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, 1:41. 1889. 
 
 Rather bright green, stoloniferous, culms filiform, 
 erect or somewhat spreading, roughish above, 6 / -i8 / 
 long. Leaves elongated, ^"-iX" wide, nearly al- 
 ways shorter than the culms; lower bract scale-like or 
 subulate, rarely i' long; staminate spike 2"-\" long, 
 sessile, sometimes scarcely overtopping the upper pis- 
 tillate one, but usually rather prominent; pistillate 
 spikes 2-4, mostly close together, 2 // -3 // long, few- 
 flowered; perigynia oblong, pubescent, about \" long 
 Yt" thick, narrowed at the base, tipped with a subu- 
 late minutely 2-toothed beak commonly one-half the 
 length of the body; scales ovate, green or purplish- 
 brown, acute, about as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In dry soil, Nova Scotia to western Ontario and Mani- 
 toba, south to Georgia and Texas. May-July. 
 
 127. Carex Novae-Angliae Schwein. 
 
 New England Sedge. (Fig. 797.) 
 C. Novae-Angliae Schwein. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i: 67. 1824. 
 Rather dark green, stoloniferous, culms fiiliform, 
 erect or reclining, 4 / -8 / long. Leaves about ffi r 
 wide, soft, elongated, often exceeding the culms; 
 staminate spike short-stalked, very narrow or almost 
 filiform, 3 x/ -8 /x long; pistillate spikes 1-4, distant, 
 subglobose, few-flowered, sessile or the lower short- 
 stalked; lower bract filiform, short or sometimes 
 overtopping the spikes; perigynia narrowly obovoid 
 or oblong, i /x long, Y*" thick, pubescent, tipped by 
 a subulate 2-toothed beak about one-fourth the length 
 of the body; scales ovate, greenish-brown, acute or 
 cuspidate; stigmas 2 or 3. 
 
 In wet shaded places, New Brunswick to Maine, Massa- 
 chusetts and northern New York. Summer. 
 
 128. Carex deflexa Hornem. Northern Sedge. 
 
 Carex deflexa Hornem. Plantel. Hd. 3, i: 938. 1821. 
 Carex deflexa var. Deanei Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, x: 
 
 42. 1889. 
 Carex Peckii Howe; Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 
 
 Nat. Hist. 47: 166. 1894. 
 
 Aspect of smaller forms of the preceding species; 
 culms filiform, erect or spreading, i / -i2 / long, shorter 
 than or exceeding the narrow bright green leaves. 
 Bracts subulate or very narrowly linear, X / ~ 2/ l n g; 
 staminate spike sessile, i // -3 // long, sometimes ob- 
 lique, inconspicuous; pistillate spikes 1-4, 2 // ~4 // 
 long, oblong, few-flowered, the upper sessile, the 
 lower slender-stalked and somewhat separated, com- 
 monly also i or 2 nearly basal filiform-stalked spikes 
 from the lowest sheaths; perigynia oblong, much 
 narrowed at the base, pubescent, \" or less long, 
 tipped with a flat 2-toothed beak about one-fourth 
 the length of the body; scales ovate or ovate-lanceo- 
 late, green, acute or cuspidate; stigmas 3 or 2. 
 
 In open places, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Maine, Vermont and Pennsylvania, mostly at high 
 altitudes. Summer. Carex Peckii Howe (C. albicans Willd., an older name) may be distinct. 
 
 Carex deflexa Farwellii Britton. 
 Carex deflexa var. media Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 43. 1889. Not C. media R. Br. 1823. 
 
 Densely tufted; culms stiff, erect, 6'-is' tall, commonly much longer than the leaves; stam- 
 
 (Fig. 798.) 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 335 
 
 "mate spike conspicuous, 3" -5" long, sessile or short-stalked; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, scattered, the 
 lower slender-stalked and subtended by a foliaceous bract which often overtops the culm; peri- 
 gyniai"-i}4" long. Northern Michigan to British Columbia and Oregon, south in the Rocky 
 Mountains to Colorado. Perhaps a distinct species. 
 
 129. Carex praecox Jacq. Vernal Sedge. (Fig. 799.) 
 
 Carex praecox Jacq. Fl. Austr. 5: 23. pi. 446. 1778. 
 
 Dark green, stoloniferous, culms very slender, erect 
 or reclining, smooth, 3 / -i2 / long. Leaves ^"-i^" 
 wide, almost always much shorter than the culm; 
 lower bract subulate, ]i'-\' long; staminate spike 
 sessile or very short-stalked, usually large and con- 
 spicuous; pistillate spikes 1-3, all close together at 
 the summit, oblong, several-flowered, 3 // -6 // long, 
 about T-Yz" in diameter, sessile or the lower short- 
 stalked, sometimes pistillate at the summit; peri- 
 gynia oblong or obovoid, sharply 3-angled, pubescent, 
 brown, about \" long; tipped with a very minute 
 beak; scales ovate, purple-brown with a lighter mid- 
 vein, acute, cuspidate or the lower rough-awned, 
 about equalling the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 Eastern Massachusetts to New York. Naturalized from 
 Europe. Native also of Asia. May-June. 
 
 130. Carex nigro-marginata Schwein. 
 Black-edged Sedge. ( Fig. 800. ) 
 
 C. nigro-marginata Schwein. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i : 68. 1824. 
 
 Bright green, strongly stoloniferous, culms fili- 
 form, erect or spreading, 2 / -8 / long. Leaves i // -a // 
 wide, very much longer than the culms, rather stiff, 
 often 12' or more long; bracts very short and subu- 
 late or wanting; staminate spike sessile, inconspicu- 
 ous, 2 // -3 // long, purple; pistillate spikes 1-3, few- 
 flowered, sessile at the base of the staminate, about 
 3 /x long; perigynia oblong, narrowed at the base into 
 a short stipe, pubescent or nearly glabrous, i // -i^ // 
 long, about y 2 " thick, i-ribbed on each side, tipped 
 with a cylindric-subulate 2-toothed beak one-third to 
 one-half as long the body; scales ovate, acute or cuspi- 
 date, green with purple margins or variegated, rather 
 longer than the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 Dry soil, New York to North Carolina. May-July. 
 
 131. Carex umbellata Schk. Umbel-like Sedge. (Fig. 801.) 
 
 Carex umbellata Schk. Riedgr. Nachtr. 75. f. 777. 1806. 
 Carex umbellata var. vicina Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. n: 
 
 317- pi. D. f. fj. 1826. 
 
 Rather light green, closely tufted and matted, sto- 
 loniferous, culms filiform, very nearly smooth, i'-6' 
 long, erect or reclining. Leaves X"" 1 /^" wide, usu- 
 ally much exceeding the culm, sometimes i long, 
 the old sheaths fibrillose; staminate spike solitary, 
 terminal, %' or less long, commonly conspicuous; 
 pistillate spikes 1-3, all filiform-stalked from the basal 
 sheaths or i or 2 of them sessile or very nearly so at 
 the base of the staminate, ovoid-oblong, several-flow- 
 ered, 2 /x -4 /x long; perigynia oval, finely pubescent, 
 pale, obtusely 3-angled, the body rather less than \" 
 long, tipped with a subulate 2-toothed beak of nearly 
 its length; scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or short- 
 awned, about as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 Dry soil, Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, New 
 Jersey, the Indian Territory and Oregon. May-July. 
 
 22 
 
336 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 132. Carex pubescens Muhl. Pubescent Sedge. (Fig. 802.) 
 
 Carex pubescens Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 281. 1805. 
 
 Pubescent all over, bright green, stoloniferous, 
 culms slender, usually reclining, i-2 long. 
 Leaves flat, soft, elongated, shorter or longer than 
 culm, 2 // -3^ // wide; lower bracts i / -3 / long, oc- 
 casionally overtopping the spikes; staminate spike 
 sessile or nearly so, sometimes with pistillate 
 flowers at its base; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong- 
 cylindric, rather loosely several-many-flowered, 
 erect, 4 // -io // long, 2 // -2^ // thick, the upper ses- 
 sile, the lower somewhat separated and short- 
 stalked; perigynia sharply 3-angled, obovoid, nar- 
 rowed to a stipe-like base, densely pubescent, and, 
 including the subulate straight minutely 2-toothed 
 beak, about 2 /x long; scales ovate, scarious-mar- 
 gined, rough-awned or cuspidate, about as long as 
 the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 In woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to North Dakota 
 New Jersey, Kentucky and Missouri. June-Aug. 
 
 133. Carex Fraseri Aiidr. Fraser's Sedge. 
 
 Carex Fraseri Andr. Bot. Rep. pi. 6j$. 1811. 
 Carex Fraseriana Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 1391. 1811. 
 
 Glabrous, culms smooth, slender, reclining, 10'- 
 i8 / long. Basal leaves 8 / -i6 / long, i / -2 / wide, per- 
 fectly flat, firm, spreading, finely many-nerved with 
 no midvein, obtuse or subacute at the apex, their 
 margins usually finely crumpled in drying; culm 
 leaves reduced to clasping basal sheaths; spike soli- 
 tary, bractless, terminal, androgynous, }/ z '-\' long, 
 staminate above, pistillate below, the pistillate por- 
 tion dense, about y?.' in diameter in fruit; perigyuia 
 ovoid, pale green, diverging, thin and somewhat 
 swollen, faintly many nerved, fully 2" long and 
 rather more than i /x in diameter, tipped with a 
 short nearly truncate beak; scales ovate, obtuse, 
 much shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3. - 
 
 In rich woods, southwestern Virginia, West Virginia, 
 eastern Tennessee, and North Carolina. Ascends to 
 4000 ft. in North Carolina. Locally abundant. Our 
 largest-leaved species. May-July. 
 
 Carex picta Steud. Boott's Sedge. 
 
 (Fig. 803.) 
 
 (Fig. 804.) 
 
 Carex Boottiana Benth.; Boott, Bost. Journ. Nat. 
 
 Hist. 5: 112. 1845. Not H. & A. 1841. 
 Carex picta Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 184. 1855. 
 
 Dioecious, foliage glabrous, light green, culm 
 slender, smooth, erect or reclining, 6 / -i2' long, 
 usually much shorter than the leaves. Leaves 
 flat, \W-2> f wide; spike solitary and terminal or 
 rarely with a small accessory one near its base, 
 erect, densely many-flowered, the staminate 
 about i' long, the pistillate cylindric but narrowed 
 at the base, i / -2>^ / long, 3 /x -4 x/ thick, subtended 
 by a short purple sheath; perigynia obovoid, 
 strongly many-nerved, pubescent at least toward 
 the obtuse summit, about i j" long, narrowed at 
 the base; scales purple, usually with green mar- 
 gins and midvein, shining, obovate, acute or cus- 
 pidate, longer and wider than the periygnia. 
 
 In woods, Indiana to Alabama and Louisiana. 
 Local. Summer. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 337 
 
 135. Carex scirpoidea Michx. Scirpus- 
 like Sedge. (Fig. 805.) 
 
 Carex scirpoidea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 171. 1803. 
 
 Dioecious, foliage glabrous, rather bright green, 
 culms erect, slender but stiff, f>'-i%' tall, slightly 
 rough. Leaves X // ~ I// wide, nearly erect, usually 
 much shorter than the culm; spike solitary or rarely 
 with an additional and very small one near its base, 
 linear-cylindric, densely many-flowered, 8 // -i5 // 
 long, rJ^ // -2 // in diameter, subtended by a short or 
 sometimes subulate bract; perigynia oval, few- 
 nerved, densely pubescent, i // long, l /z ff thick, nar- 
 rowed at the base, tipped with a very short beak; 
 scales ovate-oval, dark purple with a narrow green 
 midvein, acute, about as long as the perigynia; 
 stigmas 3. 
 
 In rocky soil, Greenland to Alaska, south to the higher 
 mountains of New England, Lake Huron, Utah and Cali- 
 fornia. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 136. Carex Willdenovii Schk. Willdenow's Sedge. (Fig. 806.) 
 
 Carex Willdenovii Schk. Riedgr. Nachtr. 33. f. 7^5. 
 1806. 
 
 Glabrous and pale green, culms very short, erect, 
 i '-4' high. Leaves much elongated, nearly erect, 
 rather stiff, i // -i^ // wide, often i long, very much 
 overtopping the spikes, lowest reduced to blade- 
 less sheaths; spikes 1-5, androgynous, staminate 
 above, pistillate below or sometimes completely 
 staminate, about ]/?.' long, appearing nearly basal, 
 one or more of them on filiform stalks 3 / -7 / long, 
 the stalks of the others much shorter; body of the 
 perigynium oblong, smooth, i // -i^ // long, rather 
 less than \" thick, narrowed into a flattened 2- 
 edged rough beak of about its own length; scales 
 lanceolate, acute, acuminate or awned, finely sev- 
 eral-nerved, the lower i or 2 commonly bract-like, 
 foliaceous and often overtopping the staminate 
 portion of the spike; stigmas 3. 
 
 In dry woods and thickets, Massachusetts to Ohio, Michigan and Manitoba, south to Florida, 
 Kentucky and Texas. April-July. 
 
 137. Carex Jamesii Schwein. James' Sedge. (Fig. 807.) 
 
 Carex Jamesii Schwein. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i: 67. 1824. 
 Carex Steudelii Kunth, Enum. 2: 480. 1837. 
 
 Similar to the preceding species, but the leaves 
 rather narrower, soft, spreading or ascending, very 
 much surpassing the spikes, the lowest mere 
 clasping sheaths. Spikes androgynous, one or 
 more of them filiform-stalked, the terminal stami- 
 nate portion very slender, the pistillate flowers 
 only 1-4 and slightly separated ; body of the peri- 
 gynium subglobose, \" in diameter, contracted at 
 the base, abruptly tipped by a subulate rough 
 beak of more than its own length; lower scales 
 bract-like, foliaceous, commonly much overtop- 
 ping the staminate portion of the spike, the upper 
 shorter and sometimes not exceeding the perigynia; 
 stigmas 3. 
 
 In dry woods and thickets, southern Ontario and 
 New York to Indiana and Michigan, south to West 
 Virginia and Missouri. April-May. 
 
 
338 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 138. Carex durifolia Bailey. Back's Sedge. (Fig. 808.) 
 
 Carex Backii Boott; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 210. pi. 209. 
 1840. Not C. Backana Dewey, 1836. 
 
 Carex durifolia Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 428. 1893. 
 
 Glabrous, culms scarcely i / high. Leaves as- 
 cending or spreading, 6 / -i2 / long, iX // ~3 // wide, 
 very much overtopping the spikes; spikes 1-3, 
 nearly basal, androgynous, I or 2 of them very 
 slender-stalked, the staminate flowers few, termi- 
 nal, inconspicuous, the pistillate 2-6, subtended by 
 leafy bract-like elongated scales which nearly en- 
 close the inflorescence; perigynia oval, smooth, 
 gradually tapering into a stout subulate beak 
 nearly or quite as long as the body, which is about 
 \Yz' f long and i x/ thick; stigmas 3. 
 
 In woods and thickets, Ontario to Manitoba, south to 
 Massachusetts, New York, Ohio and Michigan. Also 
 in Colorado (according to Bailey). May-June. 
 
 L-^ 
 
 139. Carex rupestris All. Rock Sedge. 
 (Fig. 809.) 
 
 Carex rupestris All. Fl. Fed. 2: 264. pi. 92. f. i. 1785. 
 Carex Drummondiana Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 29: 
 251. 1836. 
 
 Culms rather stout, obtusely 3-angled, erect, i'- 
 6' tall. Leaves X // ~ I// wide, involute in drying, 
 often curved, shorter than or exceeding the culm; 
 bract subulate, erect, shorter than the terminal soli- 
 tary androgynous spike or wanting; spike 6 // -i2 // 
 long, the pistillate flowers few, basal; perigynia 
 erect, smooth, obovoid or elliptic, firm, faintly few- 
 nerved, about 2" long, the beak stout, cylindric, 
 about one-half as long as the body; scales purple- 
 brown, ovate, obtuse or subacute, wider and longer 
 than the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 
 Labrador and Greenland to British Columbia, south 
 in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in northern 
 Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 140. Carex supina Willd. Weak Arctic Sedge. (Fig. 810. ) 
 
 Carex siipina Willd. ; Wahl, Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. 
 
 (II.) 24: 158. 1803. 
 
 Glabrous, densely tufted, culms slender or nearly 
 filiform but erect, sharply 3-angled, 4 / -io / tall. 
 Leaves about y 2 ' f wide, rough-margined, flat, shorter 
 than the culm, erect or reclining; lower bract short, 
 subulate; staminate spike solitary, sessile or very 
 nearly so, 3 // -6 // long; pistillate spikes 1-3, sessile 
 near the summit of the culm, subglobose or oblong, 
 few-flowered, 2 // -3 // long, the upper one sometimes 
 consisting of only 1-3 flowers; perigynia ovoid, 
 smooth, hard, nerveless, about \" long, less than l /^ f 
 thick, 3-angled, tipped with a very short beak; scales 
 ovate, brown-purple or lighter-margined, obtuse or 
 subacute, equalling or rather longer than the peri- 
 gynia; stigmas 3. . 
 
 Northern Minnesota (according to Bailey) and Mani- 
 toba to arctic America and Greenland. Also in northern 
 Fyurope and Asia. Summer. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 339 
 
 141. Carex leptalea Wahl. 
 
 Carer leptalea Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl 
 24: 139. 1803. 
 
 Carex polytrichoides Willd.; Wahl. loc. cit. as syno- 
 nym. 1803. 
 
 Light green and glabrous, culms filiform, smooth, 
 erect or spreading, 6 / -i8 / long. Leaves not over 
 %" wide, mostly shorter than the culm; spike soli- 
 tary, terminal, androgynous, narrowly linear, 2 // - 
 7 // long, rather less than i // thick, staminate 
 above, pistillate below; perigynia few, linear-ob- 
 long, light green, many-nerved, narrowed at the 
 base, obtuse and beakless at the summit, about \y 2 " 
 long and slightly more than y 2 " thick; scales 
 membranous, the upper obtuse and shorter than 
 the perigynia, the lower acute, the lowest some- 
 times attenuated into a subulate awn nearly as 
 long as the spike; stigmas 2-3. 
 
 In bogs and swamps, Newfoundland to British Co- 
 lumbia, south to Florida, Louisiana, Texas, Colorado 
 and Oregon. Ascends to 4300 ft. in North Carolina. 
 June-Aug. 
 
 Bristle-stalked Sedge. 
 
 (ii.) 
 
 (Fig- 811.) 
 
 Carex filifolia Nutt. Thread-leaved Sedge. (Fig. 812.) 
 
 Carex filifolia Nutt. Gen. 2: 204. 1818. 
 
 Densely tufted, pale green and glabrous, culms very 
 slender, smooth, erect, 3 x -i4/ tall, equalling or longer 
 than the leaves. Leaves filiform, rather stiff, about 
 ]^" wide, their sheaths persistent and ultimately 
 fibrillose; spike solitary, erect, bractless, staminate 
 above, pistillate below, 3 // -i5 // long, the pistillate 
 part about 2 r/ in diameter; perigynia obo void -oval, 
 triangular, few-nerved or nearly nerveless, rough or 
 somewhat pubescent at the summit, i // long, rather 
 more than Y^" thick, abruptly tipped by a short cyl- 
 iudric hyaline entire beak; scales broadly oval, con- 
 cave with wide scarious margins, obtuse or cuspidate, 
 about as long as the perigynia but much broader; 
 stigmas 3. 
 
 In dry soil, Manitoba to British Columbia, south to 
 Nebraska, Colorado and California. May-July. 
 
 143. Carex capitata L,. Capitate Sedge. 
 (Fig. 813.) 
 
 Carex capitata L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1376. 1763. 
 
 Culms very slender or filiform, stiff, strictly erect, 
 2 / -i8 / tall, smooth or very nearly so. Leaves filiform, 
 involute, erect, shorter than the culm; spike solitary, 
 terminal, ovoid, bractless, 2 // ~4 // high, about i ff in 
 diameter, staminate above, pistillate below; perigynia 
 oblong-elliptic, ascending or nearly erect, light brown, 
 nerveless or very faintly few nerved, i /r long, l /i' f 
 thick, tipped with a nearly entire dark brown beak 
 about one-fourth as long as the body; scales broadly 
 ovate, membranous, brown, obtuse or acute, shorter 
 and rather broader than the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 Greenland and Labrador to the Northwest Territory and 
 on the higher summits of the White Mountains of New 
 Hampshire. Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 
340 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 144. Carex nardina Fries. Nard Sedge. 
 (Fig. 814.) 
 
 Carex nardina Fries, Mant. 2: 55. 1839. 
 
 Culms filiform, smooth, erect, 2 / -5 / tall, very 
 densely tufted. Leaves filiform, erect, about as long 
 as the culms; spike solitary, terminal, erect, ovoid- 
 oblong, 3 // -6 // long, less than 2 r/ in diameter, bract- 
 less, staminate above, pistillate below; perigynia ob- 
 long-elliptic, yellowish brown, nerveless, nearly erect, 
 narrowed at both ends, nearly 2 // long, slightly over 
 YZ" wide, somewhat hispid above, beakless, the ori- 
 fice 2-toothed; scales ovate, brown, thin, acute or 
 cuspidate or the upper obtuse, rather longer than the 
 perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 Labrador and Hudson Bay to British Columbia. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 145. Carex Redowskyana C. A. Meyer. Redowsky's Sedge. (Fig. 815.) 
 
 Carex Redowskyana C. A. Meyer, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 
 Div. Sav. i: 207. pi. 4. 1825-31. 
 
 Carex gynocrates Wormsk.; Drejer, Rev. Crit. Car. 16. 1841. 
 
 Culms very slender, stiff, erect, 3 / -8 / tall. Leaves al- 
 most bristle-form, erect, shorter than or equalling the 
 culm; spike solitary, oblong, terminal, erect, 2 // -8 // 
 long, staminate above, pistillate below, the pistillate 
 part 2 /x -3 /x thick, or sometimes wholly staminate or pis- 
 tillate; perigynia ovoid-ellipsoid, stipitate, dark brown, 
 i // -i^ // long, spreading or reflexed when mature, 
 strongly several-nerved, little compressed, rough above, 
 narrowed into a very short 2-toothed beak; scales ovate, 
 light brown spreading, acute or cuspidate, shorter than 
 or equalling the perigynia ; stigmas 2. 
 
 In bogs, Labrador to the Northwest Territory, south to 
 Vermont, Pennsylvania (according to Bailey), Michigan and 
 in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in Europe and 
 Asia. Summer. 
 
 146. Carex exilis Dewey. Coast Sedge. (Fig. 816.) 
 
 Carex exilis Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 14: 351. 1828. 
 
 Culms very slender or filiform, stiff, strictly erect, 
 nearly or quite smooth, io / -2 tall. Leaves involute- 
 filiform, equalling or usually shorter than the culm; 
 spike solitary, terminal, erect, bractless, 3 // -i8 // 
 long, staminate below and pistillate above or some- 
 times staminate above and pistillate below, occa- 
 sionally quite dioecious, very rarely with a small 
 auxiliary spike at its base; perigynia ovoid-ellip- 
 soid, somewhat impressed at the base, brown, about 
 i-W long, rather strongly several-nerved on the 
 outer face, faintly few-nerved on the inner, spread- 
 ing or reflexed at maturity, narrowed into a slender 
 rough 2-toothed beak about one-half as long as the 
 body; scales ovate, acute, equalling or shorter than 
 the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In bogs, Newfoundland and Labrador to southern 
 New Jersey, mostly near the coast. Reported from 
 Minnesota. May-July. 
 
SEDGE FAMIIA. 341 
 
 147. Carex chordorhiza L,. f. Creeping Sedge. (Fig. 817.) 
 
 Carex chordorhiza L,. f. Suppl. 414. 1781. 
 
 Rootstocks slender, creeping, culms slender, erect 
 or nearly so, S'-iS' tall. Leaves i // -i^ // wide, 
 shorter than the culm, somewhat involute in drying, 
 straight, the lower ones of the culm reduced to short 
 sheaths; spikes 2-4, aggregated into a terminal ovoid 
 or oblong head 4 // -6 // long; staminate flowers termi- 
 nal; perigynia ellipsoid, slightly more than \" long 
 and nearly \' f wide, flat on the inner side, convex on 
 the outer, strongly many-nerved, abruptly tipped by 
 a short entire beak; scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
 acute or acuminate, equalling the perigynia or a little 
 longer; stigmas 2. 
 
 In bogs and shallow water, Anticosti to Hudson Bay 
 and the Northwest Territory, south to Maine, New York, 
 northern Pennsylvania, Illinois and Iowa. Also in Eu- 
 rope. Summer. 
 
 Carex incurva L/ightf. Curved Sedge. (Fig. 818.) 
 
 Carex incurva I^ightf. Fl. Scot. 544. //. 24. f. i. 1777. 
 
 Densely tufted, culms rather stiff, smooth, often 
 curved, i / -6 / long. Leaves less than \ ff wide, 
 shorter than or equalling the culm, usually curved; 
 spikes 2-5, sessile and aggregated into an ovoid or 
 globose dense head 5 // -8 // in diameter, appearing 
 like a solitary spike; staminate flowers few, borne 
 at the tops of the spikes; perigynia ovate, slightly 
 swollen, compressed, \ l / 2 " long, \" wide, con- 
 tracted at the base and narrowed above into a short 
 conic entire beak, faintly several-many-nerved, 
 scales ovate, brown or brownish, acute or subacute, 
 membranous, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 Greenland and Hudson Bay to British Columbia, 
 south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in 
 Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 149. Carex stenophylla Wahl. Invo- 
 lute-leaved Sedge. (Fig. 819.) 
 
 Carex stenophylla Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. 
 (II.) 24: 142. 1803. 
 
 Densely tufted and strongly stoloniferous, pale 
 green, culms smooth, stiff, erect, 3 / -8 / high. 
 Leaves involute, about ]/*" wide, shorter than or 
 equalling the culm; inflorescence much as in the 
 preceding species; perigynia ovate or ovate- oval, 
 about i" long, faintly several-nerved, flat on the 
 inner face, low-convex on the outer, gradually 
 narrowed into a short entire beak; scales ovate, 
 brownish, membranous, acute or acuminate, about 
 equalling the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In dry soil, Manitoba to British Columbia, south to 
 Iowa, Nebraska and Colorado. Also in Europe and 
 Asia. June-Aug. 
 
342 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 150. 
 
 Carex Douglasii Boott. Douglas' Sedge. (Fig. 820.) 
 
 Carex Douglasii Boott; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 213. pL 
 214. 1840. 
 
 Light green, rootstock extensively creeping, culms- 
 slender, erect, smooth or nearly so, 4 / -i2 / tall. 
 Leaves \" wide or less, somewhat involute in drying, 
 sometimes longer than the culm, tapering to a long 
 point; spikes narrowly oblong, acute, 4 // -6 // long, 
 several or numerous in a dense terminal oblong or 
 ovoid cluster i / -2 / long; staminate flowers terminal 
 or variously distributed, whole spikes occasionally 
 staminate or the plants even dioecious; perigynia 
 ovate-lanceolate, about \y 2 " long, faintly several - 
 nerved, on both sides, narrowed at the base, the 
 slender tapering beak more than one-half as long as 
 the body; scales pale greenish brown, lanceolate, 
 scarious, smooth-awued, 2-4 times longer than the 
 perigynia and completely concealing them; stigmas 2. 
 
 In dry soil, Manitoba to Nebraska and New Mexico,, 
 west to British Columbia and California. June-Aug. 
 
 151. Carex arenaria I,. Sand Sedge. 
 Sand-star. (Fig. 821.) 
 
 Carex arenariaJL,. Sp. PI. 973. 1753. 
 
 Rootstock extensively creeping, culms erect, slen- 
 der, slightly scabrous above, 4 / -i5 / high. Leaves \" 
 or less wide, very long-pointed, shorter than the culm; 
 lower bract subulate, sometimes \Y^. f long; spikes ob- 
 long, 3 // -5 // long, aggregated into a terminal ovoid 
 cluster i / -2 / long, the terminal commonly staminate, 
 the middle ones staminate at the top, the lower usu- 
 ally wholly pistillate; perigyuia lanceolate, i^ // -2 // 
 long, strongly several- nerved on both sides, the flat 
 strongly 2-toothed beak nearly as long as the body 
 and decurrent on its summit; scales lanceolate, light 
 brown, long-acuminate or awned, about equalling the 
 perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 Adventive or 
 
 On sea beaches near Norfolk, Virginia, 
 naturalized from Europe. June-July. 
 
 152. Carex conjuncta Boott. Soft Fox Sedge. (Fig. 822.) 
 
 Carex vulpina Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 541. 1848. 
 
 Not L. 1753. 
 Carex conjuncta Boott, 111. 122. 1862. 
 
 Light green, culms smooth or roughish above, 
 sharply 3-angled when fresh, flat when pressed, 
 soft, erect, i^-3 tall. Leaves shorter than or 
 sometimes equalling the culm, soft, flat, rough - 
 margined, 2^ // -3^ 2 ' // wide; bracts small and 
 bristle-like or wanting; spikes several or numer- 
 ous, in a terminal elongated sometimes branched 
 cluster, or the lower separated, the staminate 
 flowers few, terminal; perigynia ovate-lanceolate 
 or lanceolate, pale, \Yt" long, thickened at the 
 base, strongly several-nerved, tapering into a 
 roughish 2-toothed beak shorter than the body; 
 scales oblong-lanceolate, cuspidate or short awned, 
 about as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In moist meadows and thickets, New Jersey ( accord - 
 ingto Bailey), southeastern Pennsylvania to Kentucky,. 
 Illinois and Minnesota. June-Aug. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 343 
 
 (Fig. 823.) 
 
 153. Carex stipata Mithl. Awl-fruited Sedge 
 
 Carex stipata Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 233. 1805. 
 
 Culms smooth, rather weak, erect or nearly so, 
 sharply 3-angled before drying, i-3^ tall. Leaves 
 flat, 2" -4." wide, shorter than the culm, the upper 
 ones sometimes overtopping the spikes; bracts short, 
 bristle-form or wanting; spikes numerous, yellowish 
 brown, crowded into a terminal oblong cluster i / I ^ / - 
 4 X long, the lowest sometimes branched, the stami- 
 nate flowers few, always terminal; perigynia lanceo- 
 late, strongly several-nerved, 2 // -2^ // long, about \" 
 wide at the base, gradually tapering into a rough 
 flattened 2-toothed beak 1-2 times as long as the 
 body, giving the clusters a peculiarly bristly aspect; 
 scales ovate or lanceolate, thin, hyaline, acuminate, 
 shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In swamps and wet meadows, Newfoundland to Ontario 
 and British Columbia, south to Florida, Tennessee, Mis- 
 souri, New Mexico and California. Ascends to 4200 ft. 
 in Virginia. May-July. 
 
 154. Carex Crus-Corvi Shuttlw. Raven's- foot Sedge. (Fig. 824.) 
 
 Carex Crus-Corvi Shuttlw.; Kunze, Riedg. Suppl. 128. 
 
 pi. J2. 1844. 
 Carex Halei Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II. ) 2: 248. 1846. 
 
 Pale green and glaucous, culms stout, 3-angled, 
 rough above, erect, 2-4 tall. Leaves flat, 2j //r - 
 6 r/ wide, rough-margined, sometimes equalling the 
 culm, usually shorter; spikes yellowish brown, 
 staminate above, very numerous in a large com- 
 pound branching terminal cluster 4'-! 2 X long, i f - 
 3' thick; perigynia elongated-lanceolate, strongly 
 several-nerved, about 4 /y long, with a short hard 
 base and a subulate rough 2-toothed beak 3 or 4 
 times as long as the body; scales ovate or lanceo- 
 late, thin, very much shorter than the perigynia; 
 stigmas 2. 
 
 In swamps, Indiana to southern Minnesota, south to 
 Florida, Louisiana and Texas. May-July. 
 
 155. Carex decomposita Muhl. L,arge- 
 panicled Sedge. (Fig. 825.) 
 
 Carex decomposita Muhl. Gram. 264. 1817. 
 
 Dark green, culms smooth, very obtusely angled 
 or terete below, rather stout, erect, iX~3 ta ^- 
 Leaves 2 // -4 // wide, rough, rather stiff, longer than 
 the culm, equitant at the base; spikes yellowish 
 brown, staminate above, small and very numerous 
 in a terminal decompound cluster 2 / -5 / long, the 
 lower branches ascending and i / -2 / long; bracts 
 subulate, ciliate or wanting; perigynia short-ob- 
 ovate, less than i" long, hard, somewhat shin- 
 ing, faintly few-nerved, abruptly tipped with a 
 very short slightly 2-toothed beak; scales ovate, 
 scarious-margined, about equalling the perigynia; 
 stigmas 2. 
 
 In swamps, New York to Ohio and Michigan, south 
 to Florida and Louisiana. May-Aug. 
 
344 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 156. Carex marcida Boott. Clustered Field 
 Sedge. (Fig. 826.) 
 
 Carex marcida Boott; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 212. pi. 2ij. 
 
 1840. 
 
 Light green, culms slender, sharply 3-angled, 
 rough, at least above, i-2 tall. Leaves \" wide or 
 less, much shorter than the culm; bracts short, subu- 
 late from a broader base, or wanting; spikes several, 
 staminate at the summit or some of them wholly 
 staminate, clustered in a terminal oblong or oblong- 
 cylindric head about \ l / 2 f long, the lower ones some- 
 times compound; perigynia ovate, dark brown, about 
 \" long, faintly nerved, tapering into a flat serrate 
 beak shorter than the body; scales ovate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, brownish, membranous, acute or cuspi- 
 date, about equalling the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In dry soil, Manitoba to British Columbia, south to 
 Nebraska, Kansas, New Mexico and Nevada. June-Sept. 
 
 157. Carex teretiuscula Gooden. Lesser Panicled Sedge. (Fig. 827.) 
 
 Carex teretiusctila Gooden. Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: 163. 
 
 pi. 19. 1794. 
 
 Rather light green, culms slender, erect or re- 
 clining, very rough, at least above, i-2% long. 
 Leaves mostly less than \" wide, shorter than or 
 sometimes equalling the culm; bracts very small or 
 none; spikes several or numerous, staminate above, 
 in a narrowly oblong compact or interrupted ter- 
 minal cluster i / -2 / long; perigynia ovate-oval, 
 smooth, dark brown, hard, shining, few-nerved on 
 the outer side, the body slightly more than *" 
 long, truncate or rounded at the base, short -stalked, 
 tapering into a flat conic beak about its own length; 
 scales thin, ovate, brownish, acute or short-awned, 
 about equalling the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In swamps and wet meadows, Nova Scotia to Hud- 
 son Bay and British Columbia, Rhode Island, Pennsyl- 
 vania and Nebraska. Also in Europe. May-July. 
 
 Carex teretiuscula prairea (Dewey) Britton. 
 Carex prairea Dewey, Wood's Classbook, 578. 1855. 
 
 Carex teretiuscula var. ramosa Boott, 111. 145. 1867. Not C. ramosa Schk. 
 Cluster of spikes compound, branched, the top commonly nodding. 
 Columbia, south to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Oregon. 
 
 158. Carex alopecoidea Tuckerm. Foxtail Sedge. (Fig. 828.) 
 
 Carex cephalophora var. maxima Dewey, Am. Journ. 
 
 Sci. 43: 92. 1842. Not C. maxima Scop. 1772. 
 Carex alopecoidea Tuckerm. Bnum. Meth. 18. 1843. 
 
 Light green, culms stout but soft, sharply 3- 
 angled, erect or reclining, 2-3 long, roughish 
 above. Leaves flat, iX // ~3 // wide, shorter than or 
 equalling the culm; bracts almost filiform, com- 
 monly short; spikes several or numerous in a com- 
 pact or somewhat interrupted cluster i / -2 / long, 
 rarely also a separated cluster subtended by a leaf- 
 like bract; staminate flowers terminal; perigynia 
 ovate or ovate-lanceolate, short-stipitate, i>^ // -2 // 
 long, pale brown, faintly few-nerved on the outer 
 side, the tapering rough 2-toothed beak nearly as 
 long as the body; scales ovate or oval, light brown, 
 cuspidate or short-awned, about as long as the 
 perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In meadows, New York and Pennsylvania to Michi- 
 gan and Manitoba (according to Macoun). Local. 
 
 1806. 
 Ontario 
 
 to British 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 345 
 
 Carex alopecoidea sparsispicata Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 8: 350. 1849. 
 Spikes distinctly separated. Southeastern Michigan. 
 
 159. Carex gravida Bailey. Heavy Sedge. 
 (Fig. 829.) 
 
 Carex gravida Bailey. Mem. Torr. Club, i: 5. 1889. 
 Carex gravida var. laxifolia Bailey, loc. cit. 6. 1889. 
 
 Light green, culms slender, i^-3 tall, sharply 
 3-angled, erect, rough above. Leaves flat, i%"- 3" 
 wide, spreading or ascending, equalling or shorter 
 than the culm; bracts filiform, usually very short; 
 spikes several, in an oblong or ovoid-oblong dense 
 heavy head i / -i^ / long, pale, subglobose, thestami- 
 nate flowers terminal; perigynia flat, spreading, 
 broadly ovate or suborbicular, i^ // -2 // long, at least 
 \ ff wide, rounded at the base, sessile or short- stalked, 
 narrowed into a 2-toothed beak about one-third as long 
 as the body, several-nerved on the outer face or nerve- 
 less; scales ovate- lanceolate, acute, cuspidate or short- 
 awued, about as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 Illinois to South Dakota and Nebraska. May-July. 
 
 160. Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Fox Sedge. (Fig. 830.) 
 
 Care.v vulpinoidea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 169. 1803. 
 Culms slender, stiff, sharply 3-angled, rough 
 above, i-3 tall. Leaves i // -2>^ // wide, elon- 
 gated, often exceeding the culm; bracts bristle-like, 
 short or sometimes 2 / ~3 / long; spikes ovoid-oblong, 
 densely flowered, 2 // -4 // long, very numerous in a 
 compactor somewhat interrupted cluster, i^ / -5 / 
 long, the lower ones sometimes compound, stami- 
 nate flowers terminal; perigynia ovate or the body 
 broader than long, less than i // long, rather more 
 than Yz" wide, greenish brown, flat, several-nerved 
 on the outer face, nerveless or 1-3 nerved on the 
 inner, ascending or spreading, tipped with a lanceo- 
 late 2-toothed beak about half as long as the body; 
 scales lanceolate, acuminate or awned, about as 
 long as the perigynia, but narrower; stigmas 2. 
 
 In swamps and wet meadows, New Brunswick to 
 Manitoba, south to Florida, Louisiana, Nebraska and 
 Texas. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. June- Aug. 
 
 161. Carex xanthocarpa Bicknell. Yellow-fruited Sedge. (Fig. 831.) 
 
 Carex xanthocarpa Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 22. 
 1896. 
 
 Culms rather stout, rough above, i-5 tall, 
 much longer than the leaves. Leaves i^ // -3 // 
 wide; head oblong or ovoid, usually dense, } f -i l /t f 
 long; spikes numerous, ovoid, many-flowered, 
 short; staminate flowers terminal; bracts mostly 
 short and inconspicuous; perigynia bright yellow, 
 plano-convex, ovate-elliptic, about i%" long, with 
 a. narrowed or cuneate base and a short minutely 
 2-toothed beak, nerveless, or obscurely few-nerved 
 on the outer face; scales acuminate, short-awned. 
 
 In fields, Massachusetts to New York and Ohio. 
 June-Aug. 
 
 Carex xanthocarpa annectens Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 
 
 23: 22. 1896. 
 
 Lower and slender; leaves i"-2" wide; head not over 
 i %' long; bracts usually numerous and longer than the 
 globose spikes; perigynia ovate or suborbicular. Abun- 
 dant in the vicinity of New York. 
 
CYPERACEAE. 
 
 162. Carex setacea Dewey. Bristly- 
 spiked Sedge. (Fig. 832.) 
 
 Carex setacea Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 9: 61. 1825. 
 Carex scabrior Sartw. ; Boott, 111. 3: 125. 1862. 
 
 Culms i%-4 tall, erect, rough above. Leaves 
 i-2 long, i // -3 // wide, shorter than the culm; 
 head narrowly oblong, i l /t'-2y 2 ' long, 3 // -5 // thick, 
 sometimes branched at the base; bracts bristle-like, 
 longer than the spikes or shorter; spikes ovoid or 
 ovoid-oblong, 2^ // ~4 // long, usually close together; 
 perigynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering 
 from a more or less truncate base to a narrow rough 
 2-toothed beak, few-nerved, \%"-i l / 2 " long. 
 
 New York and Massachusetts. Probably of wider 
 distribution. June-Aug. 
 
 (Fig. 833.) 
 
 163. Carex Sartwellii Dewey. Sartwell's Sedge. 
 
 Carex Sartwellii Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 43: go. 1842. 
 Culms slender, stiff, erect, rough above, 3-angled 
 i-3 tall. Leaves i"-2" wide, mostly shorter 
 than the culm, long-attenuate at the apex; bracts 
 setaceous, usually very small, or i or 2 of the lower 
 sometimes elongated; spikes ovoid or oblong, 2 X/ - 
 4 /x long, usually densely aggregated in a narrow 
 cluster i / -2 / long, or the lower somewhat separated; 
 staminate flowers terminal or whole spikes oc- 
 casionally staminate; perigynia elliptic-lanceolate 
 or ovate-lanceolate, about \" long and rather more 
 than y z f/ wide, ascending, strongly several-nerved 
 on both faces, tapering into a short 2-toothed 
 beak; scales ovate, obtuse or subacute, pale brown, 
 scarious-margined, about equalling the perigynia; 
 stigmas 2. 
 
 In swamps, Ontario to British Columbia, south to 
 central New York, Illinois, Michigan, Arkansas and 
 Utah. May-July. 
 
 164. Carex tenella Schk. Soft-leaved 
 Sedge. (Fig. 834.) 
 
 Carex tenella Schk. Riedgr. 23. f. 104. 1801. 
 
 Light green, rootstocks very slender, culms al- 
 most filiform, rough, commonly reclining, 6 / -2 
 long. Leaves soft, about l /z" wide, spreading, 
 shorter than or sometimes equalling the culm; 
 spikes very small, only i-5-flowered, distant or the 
 upper close together, the staminate flower or flow- 
 ers uppermost; perigynia ovoid-ellipsoid, nearly 
 terete, hard, finely many-nerved, about \" long and 
 rather more than y z " thick, tipped with a very 
 minute entire beak; scales ovate, hyaline, acute, 
 shorter than or the lower equalling the perigynia; 
 stigmas 2. 
 
 In bogs, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south 
 to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Colorado and 
 California. Also in Europe. June-July. 
 
 Carex Eleocharis Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 6, a very slender erect species, with 2 or 3 small 
 brown i-3-flowered spikes aggregated in a terminal head i^"-2" long, ovoid slightly swollen mar- 
 ginless plano-convex short-beaked perigynia, collected by Prof. Macoun on the Saskatchewan 
 Plains, probably occurs within the northwestern limits of our area. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 347 
 
 165. Carex rosea Schk. Stellate Sedge. 
 (Fig. 835.) 
 
 Carex rosea Schk. Riedgr. Nachtr. 15. f. 179. 1806. 
 
 Rather bright green, culms very slender or filiform, 
 erect or reclining, rough above, i-2}4 long. Leaves 
 flat, soft, spreading, i" or less wide, shorter than the 
 culm; lower bract filiform or bristle-like, Y^'-iY-i' 
 long; spikes 4-8, subglobose, 2 // ~3 // in diameter, 5-15- 
 flowered, the 2 or 3 upper close together, the others 
 distant; staminate flowers few, terminal; perigynia 
 ovate-lanceolate, flat, bright green, stellately diverging, 
 nerveless, shining, i // -i>^ // long, rather more than ]/?." 
 wide, tapering into a stout 2-toothed beak about one- 
 fourth the length of the body; scales ovate-oblong, 
 white, hyaline, half as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In woods and thickets, Newfoundland to Ontario and 
 Manitoba, south to North Carolina, Nebraska and Mis- 
 souri. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. May-July. 
 
 Carex rosea radiata Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 10: 276. 
 
 1826. 
 
 Culms filiform, spreading; leaves about J /2" wide; spikes only 2-6-flowered, scattered;' perigynia 
 ending, lanceolate, about %" wide. Ontario to Massachusetts, North Carolina and Kentucky. 
 
 166. Carex retroflexa Muhl. Reflexed Sedge. (Fig. 836.) 
 
 Carex retroflexa Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 235. 1805. 
 C. rosea var. retroflexa Torr. Ann. Lye. 3: 389. 1836. 
 Culms very slender, erect, rather stiff, 8 / -i8 / tall, 
 smooth or roughish above. Leaves about %" in 
 width, mostly shorter than the culm; lower bract 
 bristle-form, sometimes 2' long, usually shorter; 
 spikes 4-8, subglobose, 4-9-flowered, the upper all 
 close together, the lower 2 or 3 separated; stami- 
 nate flowers terminal or rarely variously intermixed 
 with the pistillate; perigynia oblong-lanceolate or 
 ovate-lanceolate, radiating or reflexed at maturity, 
 about \Yz" long and a little more than ]^ ff wide, 
 smooth, green-brown, compressed, but not as flat 
 as those of the preceding species, somewhat corky- 
 thickened at the base, tapering upwardly into a 2- 
 toothed beak about one-third the length of the 
 body; scales ovate, hyaline, about half as long as 
 the perigyuia; stigmas 2. 
 In woods and thickets, Massachusetts to Ontario, Michigan, Florida, and Texas. May-July. 
 
 167. Carex Texensis (Torr.) Bailey. Texas Sedge. (Fig. 837.) 
 
 Carex rosea var. Texensis Torr. ; Bailey, Mem. Torr. 
 
 Club, i: 57. 1889. 
 Carex Texensis Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 97. 1894. 
 
 Similar to the preceding species, culms very 
 slender, erect, smooth, 6 / -i8 / tall. Leaves spread- 
 ing or ascending, soft, about y z ff wide, shorter than 
 the culm; lower bract commonly filiform, some- 
 times elongated; spikes 4-7, 4-io-flowered, all close 
 together in a narrow head %'-*%' l n g> or tne 
 lower ones separated; perigynia narrowly lanceo- 
 late, green, nerveless, smooth, radiating or widely 
 spreading, i^ // -2 // long, y z " wide, the tapering 
 beak about one-half as long as the body; scales 
 lanceolate or ovate, hyaline, acute or acuminate, 
 less than one-half as long as the perigynia; stig- 
 mas 2. 
 
 Southern Illinois (according to Bailey); Alabama to 
 Texas. April-May. 
 
 
348 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 168. Carex muricata L,. Lesser Prickly 
 Sedge. (Fig. 838.) 
 
 Carex muricata I,. Sp. PI. 974. 1753. 
 
 Bright green, culms slender, erect or reclining, 
 roughish, at least above, i-2^ long. Leaves i"- 
 \Yz' f wide, shorter than the culm, bracts very short 
 and subulate; spikes 5-10, 4-io-flowered, all clus- 
 tered into an oblong head, or the lower i or 2 
 somewhat distant; perigynia ovate or ovate-lanceo- 
 late, 2" long, \" wide, smooth, shining, nerveless, 
 ascending when young, spreading or radiating 
 when mature, not reflexed, tapering into a rough- 
 edged 2-toothed beak as long as the body; scales 
 ovate or ovate-oblong, green or brownish, acute, 
 somewhat shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In meadows and fields, eastern Massachusetts to 
 southern New York, Ohio and Virginia. Naturalized 
 from Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 169. Carex sparganioides Muhl. Bur-reed Sedge. (Fig. 839.) 
 
 Carex sparganioides Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 237. 
 
 1805. 
 
 Rather dark green with nearly white sheaths, 
 culms stout or slender, rough, sharply 3-angled, 2- 
 3 tall. I/eaves broad and flat, 2^ // -4^ // wide, 
 shorter than or sometimes overtopping the culm, 
 the lower very short; spikes 6-12, oblong or sub- 
 globose, 2^ // -4 // in diameter, several-many-flow- 
 ered, the upper aggregated, the lower 2-4 com- 
 monly separated, sometimes compound and sub- 
 tended by bristle-like bracts; perigynia flat, ovate, 
 \Yz ff long, \" wide, spreading or radiating, pale, 
 narrowly wing-margined, rounded at the base, usu- 
 ally few- nerved on the outer face, the rough 2- 
 toothed beak one-fourth to one-third the length of 
 the body; scales ovate, hyaline, acute or cuspidate, 
 about one half as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In woods and thickets, Massachusetts to Ontario and 
 Michigan, south to Virginia, Kentucky and Missouri. 
 Ascends to 2100 ft. in Virginia. June-Aug. 
 
 170. Carex cephaloidea Dewey. Thin-leaved Sedge. (Fig. 840.) 
 
 Carex muricata var. cephaloidea Dewey, Am. Journ. 
 
 Sci. ii : 308. 1826. 
 Carex cephaloidea Dewey, Rep. PI. Mass. 262. 1840. 
 
 Similar to the preceding species, culms slender 
 or rather stout, erect but not stiff, rough above, 2- 
 3 tall. Leaves flat, 2 // ~4 // wide, thin and lax, 
 somewhat shorter than the culm; bracts bristle- 
 form, usually short, sometimes wanting; spikes 4- 
 8, subglobose, aggregated but commonly distinct, 
 in an oblong cluster 9 // -i5 // long, the staminate 
 flowers terminal; perigynia ovate or ovate-lanceo- 
 late, greenish brown, nearly 2" long, \" wide, as- 
 cending, nerveless or faintly few-nerved, tapering 
 into a rough 2-toothed beak one-fourth to one-third 
 as long as the body; scales ovate, white, membran- 
 ous with a green midvein, short-cuspidate or awned, 
 about one-half as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In dry fields and on hills, Massachusetts to Pennsyl- 
 vania, Illinois, Michigan and Wyoming. May-July. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 349 
 
 171. Carex cephalophora Muhl. Oval- 
 headed Sedge. (Kig. 841.) 
 
 Carex cephalophora Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 220. 1805. 
 Pale green, culms slender, erect, rough above, io / - 
 2 tall. Leaves i // -2 // wide, sometimes overtopping 
 the culm, usually shorter; bracts of the lower spikes 
 short, bristle-form; spikes few, subglobose, densely 
 clustered in a terminal short-oblong head 4 // -8 // long, 
 the staminate flowers terminal; perigynia broadly 
 ovate, \" long or less, pale, nerveless or very faintly 
 few-nerved, tipped with a 2-toothed beak about one- 
 fourth the length of the body; scales ovate, thin, 
 rough- curpidate or awned, equalling or a little 
 shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In dry fields and on hills, Maine and Ontario to Mani- 
 toba, south to Florida, Missouri and Texas. Ascends to 
 2500 ft. in Virginia. May-July. 
 
 Carex Leavenworthii Dewey. L,eaven worth's Sedge. (Fig. 842.) 
 
 Carex Leavemvorthii Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 2: 
 
 246. 1846. 
 Carex cephalophora var. angustifolia Boott, 111. 123. 
 
 1862. 
 
 Similar to the preceding species but smaller, culms 
 very slender or almost filiform, erect, roughish, 6 / -i5 / 
 tall. Leaves much narrower, i ^ // -iX // wide, mostly 
 shorter than the culm; bracts of the lower spikes 
 short, bristle-form or wanting; spikes 4-7, densely 
 crowded in an oblong head 4 // -8 // long, similar to 
 that of C. cephalophora but usually smaller, the lower 
 sometimes compound, the staminate flowers terminal; 
 perigynia orbicular-ovate, rather less than \" long 
 and about as wide, tipped with a very short 2-toothed 
 beak; scales ovate, acute or cuspidate, shorter and 
 narrower than the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In meadows, Missouri to Louisiana, Arkansas and 
 Texas. May-June. 
 
 173. Carex Muhlenbergii Schk. Muhlenberg's Sedge. 
 
 Carex Muhlenbergii Schk. Riedgr. Nachtr. 12. f. 178. 
 1806. 
 
 Light green, culms slender but stiff and erect, 
 sharply 3-angled, rough, at least above, i-2> tall. 
 Leaves i // -2 // wide, usually shorter than the culm, 
 somewhat involute in drying; bracts bristle-form, 
 usually short; spikes 4-10, ovoid or subglobose, dis- 
 tinct but close together in an oblong head 9 // -i5 // 
 long, the staminate flowers terminal; perigynium 
 broadly ovate-oval, \y 2 " long, \" wide, strongly 
 nerved on both faces, ascending, tipped with a short 
 2-toothed beak; scales hyaline with a green mid vein, 
 ovate-lanceolate, rough-cuspidate or short-awned, 
 narrower and mostly longer than the perigynia; 
 stigmas 2. 
 
 In dry fields and on hills, Massachusetts to Ontario 
 and Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. May-July. 
 
 1894: 
 
 Carex Muhlenbergii Xalapensis (Kunth.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 86. 
 Carex Xalapensis Kunth, Enum. 2: 380. 1837. 
 Carex Muhlenbergii var. enervis Boott, 111. 124. 1862. 
 
 Perigynia nearly or quite nerveless; leaves broader and longer. Southern New York to 
 souri, Texas and Mexico. 
 
 Mis- 
 
350 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 174. Carex sterilis Willd. Little Prickly Sedge. (Fig. 844.) 
 
 Carex sterilis Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 208. 1805. 
 
 C. echinata var. microstachys Boeckl. Linnaea, 39: 125. 1875. 
 
 Carex sterilis var. angustata Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 
 
 425. 1893. 
 Carex sterilis var. excelsior Bailey, loc. cit. 424. 1893. 
 
 Culms slender, stiff, erect or rarely spreading, 8'-i8' 
 tall, rough, at least above. Leaves ^"-i" wide, shorter 
 than, the culm; bracts very short or sometimes bristle- 
 form; spikes 3-5, subglobose or short-oblong, contigu- 
 ous or separated, about 2_J^ // thick; staminate flowers 
 basal, usually numerous at the bottom of the upper 
 spike, or whole spikes occasionally staminate, or plants 
 rarely quite dioecious; perigynia pale, lanceolate, com- 
 pressed, spreading or reflexed when old, 1%" long, y z " 
 wide, several-nerved on both faces, thickened at the 
 base, tapering into a sharp-edged 2-toothed rough beak 
 more than one-half as long as the body; scales ovate, 
 hyaline, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 In moist soil, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Florida, Louisiana, Colorado and 
 California. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. Variable. May-July. 
 
 Carex sterilis cephalantha Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 425. 1893. 
 Carex echinata var. cephalantha Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 58. 1889. 
 
 Stouter, sometimes 2 tall. Spikes 4-8, contiguous or separated; flowers more numerous; peri- 
 gynia rather larger ; spikes very bristly. Range nearly that of the species ; perhaps merely a stout form. 
 
 175. Carex Atlantica Bailey. Eastern Sedge. (Fig. 845.) 
 
 Carex stellulata var. conferta Chapm. Fl. S. States, 534. 
 
 1860. Not C. conferta Koch. 
 Carex Atlantica Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 425. 1893. 
 
 Similar to large forms of the preceding species but 
 stouter, culms very rough above, i-2^ tall. Leaves 
 \"-\Y 2 ff wide, stiff, flat or in drying somewhat invo- 
 lute, the upper sometimes overtopping the spikes; 
 spikes 4-7, spreading, subglobose or short-cylindric, 
 nearly $" in diameter, several-many-flowered, the 
 staminate flowers numerous at the base of the terminal 
 one, or this rarely entirely staminate; perigynia broadly 
 ovate, flat, sharp-margined, i // -i^ // long, i // wide, 
 cordate or rounded at the base, strongly several- 
 nerved on the outer face, few-nerved on the inner, 
 spreading or reflexed at maturity, abruptly tipped 
 with a stout, rough 2-toothed beak about one-third as 
 long as the body; scales shorter than the perigynia. 
 
 In swamps, Newfoundland to Florida. June-July. 
 
 176. Carex interior Bailey. Inland Sedge. (Fig. 846.) 
 
 Carex interior Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 426. 1893. 
 
 Similar to C. sterilis, culms very slender, wiry, 
 rather stiff, erect, i-2 tall. Leaves only about 
 %" wide, shorter than the culm; bract of the lower 
 spike very short; spikes 2-4, nearly globular, 
 somewhat separated, several-flowered, i" in dia- 
 meter, the terminal one staminate at the base; 
 perigynia ovate or ovate-lanceolate, i // or less 
 long, about ]/?." wide, faintly few-nerved on the 
 outer face, nearly nerveless on the inner, thickened, 
 rounded or subcordate at the base, spreading or re- 
 flexed when old, tapering into a nearly smooth 
 2-toothed beak one-third to one-half as long as the 
 body; scales ovate, acute or obtusish, shorter than 
 the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 Wet soil, Maine to Minnesota, Florida and Kansas. 
 Differs from C. sterilis in its shorter, shorter-beaked 
 and weaker-nerved perigynia. May-July. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 351 
 
 Brownish Sedge. (Fig. 848.) 
 
 Carex interior capillacea Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 426. 1893. 
 Leaves about y t ' ' wide ; perigynia ovate, cordate, strongly nerved. Massachusetts to Pennsylvania. 
 
 177. Carex canescens L,. Silvery Sedge. (Fig. 847.) 
 
 Carex canescens L. Sp. PI. 9/4. i"53- 
 
 Pale green and somewhat glaucous, culms slender, 
 erect, roughish above, io'-2^ tall. Leaves flat, 
 Y 2 "-\" wide, shorter than the culm; bracts very short 
 or none, or the lowest occasionally bristle-form and 
 longer than its spike; spikes 4-9, short-oblong or sub- 
 globose, sessile, densely many-flowered, 2^ /x -5 /x 
 long, about 2" in diameter, scattered or the upper 
 close together; staminate flowers basal; perigynia 
 oval or ovate-oval, silvery green or nearly white, 
 faintly few-nerved, ascending, blunt-edged, rather 
 less than \" long, about }/ 2 " wide, rough above, 
 tipped with a minute entire beak; scales hyaline, 
 ovate, acute or obtuse, slightly shorter than or as long 
 as the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In swamps and bogs, Newfoundland to British Colum- 
 bia, south to Virginia, Michigan, Colorado and Oregon. 
 Ascends to 4200 ft. in Virginia. Also in Europe and 
 Asia. May-July. 
 
 178. Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. 
 
 Carex curta var. brunnescens Pers. Syn. 2: 539. 1807. 
 C. canescens var. alpicola Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 232. 1812. 
 C. brunnescens Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 3: 286. 1813. 
 
 Rather dark green, not glaucous, culms slender, stiff, 
 erect, roughish above, 8 / -i8 / tall. Leaves \" wide or 
 less, shorter than the culm; lower bract bristle-form 
 and longer than its spike, or short, or none; spikes 4-8, 
 subglobose or short-oblong, few-flowered, rarely over 
 2 y z ff long, scattered, or the upper close together; stami- 
 nate flowers basal; perigynia ascending or spreading, 
 brown, smaller than those of the preceding species, less 
 than i" long, tipped with a manifest beak about one- 
 fourth as long as the body; scales ovate, membranous, 
 brownish, about equalling the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In wet places, mostly at high altitudes, Labrador to 
 British Columbia, New York and New England, on the 
 southern Alleghenies, and the Rocky Mountains. Also in 
 Europe. Ascends to 6600 ft. in North Carolina. Summer. 
 
 Carex brunnescens gracilior Britton. 
 Carex canescens var. vulgaris Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 13: 86. 1888. Not C. vulgaris Fries, 1842. 
 
 Culms nearly filiform, weak, often spreading; spikes 4-S-flowered; perigynia spreading, longer- 
 beaked. Range of type, mostly at lower altitudes. Perhaps a distinct species. 
 
 179. Carex Norvegica Willd. Norway 
 Sedge. (Fig. 849.) 
 
 Carex Norvegica Willd.; Schk. Riedgr. 50. 1801. 
 
 Bright green, culms slender but stiff and erect, 
 slightly scabrous above, 6 / -i6 / tall. Leaves \" wide 
 or less, shorter than the culm ; bracts very short or 
 wanting; spikes 3-6, brown, oblong or subglobose, 
 scattered or rather close together, densely many- 
 flowered, 3 // -6 // long, about 2 /x in diameter; stami- 
 nate flowers basal, very numerous at the bottom of 
 the upper spike; perigynia ascending, about \" 
 long, elliptic, blunt-edged, narrowed at both ends, 
 brownish, finely many-nerved, tipped with a very- 
 short rough beak; scales ovate or oval, brown, ob- 
 tuse, rather shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 Along salt meadows, Maine to Anticosti. Reported 
 from Minnesota. Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 23 
 
352 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 180. Carex arcta Boott. Northern Clustered Sedge. (Fig. 850.) 
 
 Care.vcanescensvar. polystachya~Boott; Richards. Arct. 
 
 Exp. 2: 344. 1851. Not C. polystachya Sw. 1803. 
 Carex arcta Boott, 111. 155. pi. 497. 1867. 
 
 Rather light green but not glaucous, culms slen- 
 der, usually strictly erect, i-2% tall, rough above, 
 longer than or sometimes overtopped by the leaves 
 which are flat and about \" wide. Lower bract 
 bristle-form and longer than its spike, or short, or 
 wanting; spikes oblong, many-flowered, 3 // ~4 // 
 long, about 2> /x in diameter, all aggregated into a 
 terminal ovoid cluster about \' long, the staminate 
 flowers basal; perigynia pale, ovate, many-nerved, 
 mostly spreading, tapering into a rough beak about 
 one-half as long as the body; scales membranous, 
 pale brown, usually acute, shorter than the peri- 
 gynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In swamps and wet woods, Maine and New Bruns- 
 wick to Manitoba, Minnesota and British Columbia. 
 "3" June-July. 
 
 181. Carex tenuinora Wahl. Sparse-flowered Sedge. (Fig. 851.) 
 
 Carex tenuiflora Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 
 24: 147. 1803. 
 
 Light green, culms very slender or filiform, erect or 
 reclining, rough above, 8'-2 long. Leaves %" wide 
 or rather more, flat, usually much shorter than the 
 culm ; spikes only 2-4, clustered at the summit, sub- 
 globose, few-flowered, about 2> x/ in diameter, bract- 
 less or the lowest with a short bract; perigynia pale, 
 elliptic, very obscurely few-nerved, narrowed at both 
 ends, \"-\]^ /f long, more than y 2 " wide, narrowed 
 at both ends, beakless, spreading; staminate flowers 
 basal; scales nearly white, hyaline, acute or obtusish, 
 about equalling the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In bogs, New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Maine, 
 Vermont, central New York and Michigan. Local. Also 
 in Europe. Summer. 
 
 182. Carex Heleonastes Ehrh. Hudson 
 Bay Sedge. (Fig. 852.) 
 
 Carex Heleonastes Ehrh. ; I,, f. Suppl. 4H- ^Si- 
 Culms slender, stiff, erect, very rough above, 6'- 
 18' high. Leaves rigid, erect, becoming involute, 
 less than i x/ wide, shorter than the culm; bracts 
 very short or none; spikes 3-5, subglobose, several- 
 flowered, brown, about 2^ x/ in diameter, clustered 
 at the summit, the staminate flowers basal ; perigynia 
 broadly ovate or ovate-elliptic, blunt-edged, faintly 
 several-nerved, about i" long, more than y 2 " wide, 
 tipped with a short sharp beak; scales ovate, brown 
 with broad hyaline margins, about as long as the 
 perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 Hudson Bay to Manitoba and the Canadian Rocky 
 Mountains. Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
353 
 
 SEDGE FAMILY 
 
 183. Carex lagopina Wahl. Arctic Hare's- 
 foot Sedge. (Fig. 853.) 
 
 Carex lagopina Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 
 24: 145. 1803. 
 
 Culms rough, stiff, erect, 6 / -i6 / tall. Leaves flat, 
 not involute, \' f or less wide, shorter than the culm, 
 bracts very short or wanting; spikes 3-6, oblong, 
 dark brown, narrowed at the base, 3 // -4 // long, 
 i^ // -2 // thick, densely many-flowered, clustered at 
 the summit or the lower somewhat separated, the 
 staminate flowers basal; perigynia elliptic or obo- 
 vate, rather less than i // long, firm, several-nerved, 
 narrowed at the base, rather abruptly tipped by the 
 beak; scales ovate, brown, hyaline-margined, acute, 
 shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 Labrador and Greenland to Alaska, south in the 
 Rocky Mountains to Utah. Also in northern Europe 
 and Asia. Summer. 
 
 Carex glareosa Wahl. Weak Clustered Sedge. (Fig. 854.) 
 
 Carex glareosa Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 
 24: 146. 1803. 
 
 Closely resembles the preceding species, but has 
 weak spreading or reclining culms 2 / -i8 / long. 
 Leaves narrower, flat, about y^" wide; spikes 2 
 or 3, oblong or subglobose, several-flowered, 2 // -4 // 
 long, about i^ x/ in diameter, brown, subtended by 
 very small scale-like bracts, the staminate flowers 
 basal; perigynia oblong-oval, strongly several- 
 nerved, less than \" long, about %" wide, 
 short beaked; scales ovate, acute or obtusish, rich 
 brown, about as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 Greenland and Hudson Bay to Gaspe, Quebec, west 
 through arctic America to Alaska. Also in northern 
 Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 Carex glareosa ursina (Dewey) Bailey, Carex Cat. 3. 
 
 1884. 
 Carex ursina Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 27: 240. 1835. 
 
 Lower densely tufted; spikes smaller. Perhaps a 
 mere form of the species. Arctic America. 
 
 185. Carex trisperma Dewey. Three- 
 fruited Sedge. (Fig. 855.) 
 
 Carex trisperma Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 9: 63. 1825. 
 Bright green, culms filiform, weak, usually reclin- 
 ing or spreading, very slightly roughened, i-2^ 
 long. Leaves flaccid, flat, about y^" wide, shorter 
 than the culms; spikes 2 or 3, only 2-'4-flowered, 
 widely separated, the lowest subtended by a bristle- 
 form bract Yz'-z' long! perigynia oblong, ascending, 
 green, i^ // -2 // long, rather more than %" wide, 
 very finely many-nerved, narrowed at both ends and 
 tipped with a very short nearly entire beak; scales 
 ovate or ovate-lanceolate, hyaline w r ith a green mid- 
 vein, acute, somewhat shorter than the perigynia; 
 stigmas 2. 
 
 In swamps and wet woods, Ne\vfoundland to Mani- 
 toba, south to Maryland, Ohio, Michigan and (accord- 
 ing to Webber) to Nebraska. Ascends to 2500 ft. in 
 Vermont. June-Aug. 
 
354 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 186. Carex Deweyana Schwein. Dewey's 
 
 Sedge. (Fig. 856.) 
 
 Carex Deweyana Schwein. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i: 65. 1824. 
 Pale green, culms slender, spreading, nearly or 
 quite smooth, i-2 long. Leaves i // -i^ // wide, 
 flat, soft, shorter than the culm; bracts bristle-form, 
 the lower commonly elongated; spikes 3-6, oblong 
 or subglobose, few-flowered, about 2^ // in diam- 
 eter, sessile, distinctly separated or the upper ones 
 contiguous; staminate flowers basal; perigynia lan- 
 ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, thin, nerveless, 2 // -2^ // 
 long, rather less than i // wide, the inner face flat, 
 the tapering rough strongly 2-toothed beak at least 
 one-half as long as the body; scales nearly white, 
 hyaline with a green midvein, cuspidate or acute, 
 equalling the perigynia, or shorter; stigmas 2. 
 
 In dry woods, Nova Scotia to Manitoba and Oregon, 
 south to Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Michigan, New 
 Mexico and Utah. May-July. 
 
 187. Carex bromoides Schk. Brome-like Sedge. 
 C. bromoides Schk. Riedgr. Nachtr. 8. f. 176. 1806. 
 
 Bright green, culms slender, erect or reclining, 
 roughish above, i-2 long. Leaves \" wide or 
 less, flat, soft, equalling or shorter than the culm; 
 bracts subulate or bristle-form, the lowest com- 
 monly elongated, sometimes overtopping the spikes; 
 spikes 3-7, narrowly oblong-cylindric, 4 // -8 // long, 
 about i l / 2 f/ thick, erect or ascending, mostly close 
 together, loosely several-many-flowered, the stam- 
 inate flowers either basal, basal and terminal, or 
 forming whole spikes, the plant occasionally quite 
 dioecious; perigynia linear-lanceolate, firm, pale, 
 strongly several-nerved, 2 // -2^ // long, y z " wide, 
 the inner face flat, the tapering rough 2-toothed 
 beak at least one-half as long as the body ; scales ob- 
 long-lanceolate, green, acute or acuminate, shorter 
 than the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In bogs and swamps, Nova Scotia to Ontario and 
 Michigan, south to Florida and Louisiana. June-Aug. 
 
 (Fig- 857-) 
 
 188. Carex pratensis Drejer. 
 
 Northern Meadow Sedge. (Fig. 858.) 
 Carex pratensis Drejer, Rev. Crit. Car. 24. 1841. 
 Light green, culms slender, erect when young, 
 the summit later nodding, nearly smooth, i- 
 1)4 tall. Leaves about \" wide, shorter than 
 the culm, but the upper sometimes overtopping 
 the spikes; lower bract bristle-form, usually 
 short; spikes 3-6, oblong or club-shaped, sepa- 
 rated or the upper contiguous, silvery -brown and 
 shining, $"-$" long, about 2^" in diameter, 
 several-flowered, the staminate flowers basal; 
 perigynia lanceolate, thin, pale, nerveless on the 
 inner face, few-nerved on the outer, 2^" long, 
 nearly i // wide, wing-margined, tapering into a 
 beak nearly as long as the body; scales mem- 
 branous, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, about 
 as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 Labrador to western Ontario, Michigan, Manitoba 
 and Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Col- 
 orado. Summer. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 355 
 
 189. Carex xerantica Bailey. White-scaled Sedge. (Fig. 859.) 
 
 Carex xerantica Bailey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 17: 151. 
 1892. 
 
 Similar to the preceding species but the culms 
 are stout, stiff, and strictly erect, even when mature. 
 Leaves about V wide, involute in drying, shorter 
 than the culm; spikes about 5, oblong, densely 
 many-flowered, close together or the lower slightly 
 separated, 4 // -6 // long, about 2 X/ in diameter, the 
 staminate flowers basal; perigynia lanceolate, pale, 
 lYz" long, i // wide, nerveless, conspicuously wing- 
 margined, the inner face concave, the rough taper- 
 ing beak about as long as the body; scales silvery 
 white, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, equalling or 
 a trifle longer than the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 Western Manitoba and adjacent Northwest Terri- 
 tory. May-July. 
 
 190. Carex siccata Dewey. Dry-spiked Sedge. Hillside Sedge. (Fig. 860.) 
 
 Carex siccata Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 10: 278. 1826. 
 
 Rootstocks long and stout, culms slender, erect, 
 rough above, i-2 tall. Leaves erect, about \" 
 wide, the upper sometimes overtopping the culm, 
 the lower short; bracts short or the lowest bristle - 
 form and elongated ; spikes 3-6, oblong or subglo- 
 bose, 2^ // -4 // long, brownish or brown, clustered 
 or more or less separated, the staminate flowers 
 basal or variously situated or whole spikes stami- 
 nate; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, firm, about 2^ /x 
 long and nearly i // wide, wing-margined, strongly 
 several-nerved on both sides, the inner face, con- 
 cave by the incurved margins, the tapering rough 
 beak nearly as long as the body; scales ovate-lan- 
 ceolate membranous, acute or acuminate, about 
 equalling the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In dry fields and on hills, Ontario and Manitoba to 
 British Columbia, south to Rhode Island, New York, 
 Michigan, Arizona and California. May-July. 
 
 191. Carex Muskingumensis Schwein. Muskingum Sedge. 
 
 Carex Muskingumensis Schwein. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ir 66. 
 
 1824. 
 Carex arida Schwein. & Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i: 312. 1825. 
 
 Culm stout, stiff, erect, very rough above, 2-3 tall. 
 Leaves flat, long-pointed, i^ // -2^ // wide, shorter than 
 the fertile culms, those of sterile culms crowded near the 
 summit; bracts very short and scale-like; spikes 6-12, ob- 
 long-cylindric, densely many-flowered, 6 // -i2 // long, 
 about 2^ x/ in diameter, erect, close together, pale brown, 
 narrowed and staminate at the base; perigynia narrowly 
 lanceolate, ascending, about 4" long and rather less than 
 l /t" wide, strongly several-nerved, very flat, narrowed to 
 both ends, scarious-margined, rough-ciliate, the tapering 
 2-toothed beak at least as long as the body; scales 
 lanceolate, acuminate, one-third to one-half as long as 
 the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In moist woods and thickets, Ohio to Michigan, Manitoba 
 and Missouri. June-Aug. 
 
 (Fig. 86r.) 
 
356 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 Carex tribuloides Wahl. Blunt Broom Sedge. (Fig. 862.) 
 
 Carex tribuloides Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 24. 
 
 145. 1803. 
 
 Carex lagopodioides Schk. Riedgr. Nachtr. 20. f. 777. 1806. 
 C. tribuloides var. turbata Bailey, Mem.Torr. Club, 1:55. 1889. 
 
 Bright green, culms usually stout, erect, roughish 
 above, 8'-$ tall. Leaves flat, i // -3 // wide, shorter 
 than or the uppermost overtopping the culm; lower 
 bract bristleform, sometimes elongated; spikes 6-20, ob- 
 long or sometimes top-shaped, blunt, densely clustered or 
 sometimes separated, 3 // -6 // long, about "2. l /t" thick; 
 staminate flowers basal; perigynia lanceolate, thin, 
 greenish brown, flat, ascending or erect, 2 // -2^ // long, 
 X // -i // wide, several-nerved on each face, with a sharply 
 2-toothed, rough wing-margined beak; scales lanceolate, 
 whitish, acute, about half as long the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In meadows, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Florida and 
 Arizona. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. July-Sept. 
 
 Carex tribuloides Bebbii Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 55. 1889. 
 More slender, spikes fewer, smaller (about 3" long, commonly bractless, mostly clustered in a 
 dense head i' long; perigynia broader and shorter. Range of the type. 
 
 Carex tribuloides moniliformis (Tuckerm. ) Britton. 
 Carex scoparia var. moniliformis Tuckerm. Enum. Meth. 17. 1843. 
 Carex tribuloides var. reducla Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 118. 1886. 
 
 Slender, the culm much exceeding the leaves; spikes all or all but the uppermost separated, 
 2 %" -4" long, the'rachis somewhat zigzag. Maine and New Brunswick to New York, west to North 
 Dakota. 
 
 193. Carex scoparia Schk. Pointed Broom 
 Sedge. (Fig. 863.) 
 
 Carex scoparia Schk. Riedgr. Nachtr. 20. f. 775. 1806. 
 Carex scoparia var. minor Boott, 111. 116. pi. j6o. 1862. 
 
 Culms slender, erect, roughish above, }4-2)4 tall. 
 Leaves less than i}4 // wide; lower bract bristle-form or 
 wanting; spikes 3-10, oblong, narrowed at both ends, 
 bright brown, 3 // -8 // long, 2 // -3 // in diameter, densely 
 many-flowered, usually aggregated into an ovoid head 
 8 // -i8 // long; staminate flowers basal; perigynia lanceo- 
 late, ascending or erect, 2"-$" long, rather less than \" 
 wide, narrowly wing-margined, several-nerved on both 
 faces, tapering into the ciliate 2-toothed beak; scales 
 thin, brown, acuminate or cuspidate, shorter than the 
 perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In moist soil, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Florida and Col- 
 orado. Ascends to 6200 ft. in North Carolina. July-Sept. 
 
 194. Carex leporina ~L,. Hare's-foot Sedge. 
 (Fig. 864.) 
 
 Carex leporina L. Sp. PI. 973. 1753. 
 
 Culms slender, erect, roughish above, i-ij tall. 
 Leaves about \" wide, flat, shorter than the culm; 
 bracts very short and scale-like or wanting; spikes 
 4-7, oblong, blunt at the summit, narrowed and stam- 
 inate at the base, 4 // -6 // long, about 3" thick, dark 
 brown, shining, clustered but distinct, in a terminal 
 oblong head about i' long; perigynia ascending or ap- 
 pressed, ovate-lanceolate, 2" long, nearly \" wide, 
 rather narrowly wing-margined, several-nerved on 
 both faces, the rough tapering 2-toothed beak nearly 
 as long as the body; scales lanceolate, brown, mem- 
 branous, acute, narrower and shorter than the peri- 
 gynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 Eastern Massachusetts. Adventive from Europe. Na- 
 tive in the Rocky Mountains. June-Aug. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 357 
 
 195. Carex cristatella Bntton. Crested Sedge. (Fig. 865.) 
 
 Carex crislata Schwein. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i: 66. 1824 
 
 Not Clairv. 1811. 
 Carex tribuloides var. cristata Bailey, Proc. Am. 
 
 Acad. 22: 148. 1886. 
 
 Culms slender or rather stout, i 1 ^-^ tall, 
 stiff, erect, roughish above, longer than the leaves. 
 Leaves i^ // -2 // wide; lower bracts bristle-form, 
 X'-iX' long; heads 6-15, globose or subglobose, 
 2 //_y/ j n diameter, all densely aggregated into an 
 oblong head i' long or more or the lower slightly 
 separated; staminate flowers basal; perigynia lan- 
 ceolate or ovate lanceolate, spreading or ascending, 
 squarrose when mature, green or greenish brown, 
 iX // - 2// l n g> l ess than i" wide, narrowly wing- 
 margined, several-nerved on both faces, tapering 
 into a ciliate 2-toothed beak; scales lanceolate, 
 nearly white, much shorter than the perigynia; 
 stigmas 2. 
 
 In meadows and thickets, New Brunswick to Mani- 
 toba, south to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Illinois and 
 Nebraska. Ascends to 2100 ft. in Virginia. July-Sept. 
 
 196. Carex adusta Boott. Browned Sedge. (Fig. 866.) 
 
 Carex adusta Boott; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 215. 1840. 
 Culms stout, stiff, erect, entirely smooth, i>- 
 2% tall, growing in dense tufts. Leaves about i" 
 wide, long-pointed, shorter than the culm; bracts 
 subulate, tapering from a broad nerved base, the 
 lower i or 2 usually elongated, nearly erect, often 
 exceeding the spikes; spikes 5-12, subglobose or 
 short-oval, several-flowered; densely clustered and 
 apparently confluent, or slightly separated, bright 
 greenish brown ; staminate flowers basal; perigynia 
 broadly ovate, firm, very narrowly wing-margined 
 or wingless, rough above, plano-convex, 2 // -2J^ // 
 long, i // -iX // wide, tapering into a 2-toothed 
 beak, several-nerved on the outer face, nerveless 
 on the inner, ascending; scales lanceolate, acute or 
 cuspidate, about equalling the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In dry soil, New Brunswick to the Northwest Terri- 
 tory, New York and Michigan. June-July. 
 
 Carex foenea Willd. Hay Sedge. f Fig. 867.) 
 
 Carex foenea Willd. Enurn. 957. 1809. 
 
 Carex argyrantha Tuckerm.; Wood, Class-book, 753. 1860. 
 
 Rather light green, culm slender, smooth, erect or the 
 summit nodding, i-3>^ tall. Leaves flat, soft, i // -2 // 
 wide, shorter than the culm; bracts very short or wanting, 
 or the lowest occasionally manifest; spikes 4-10, subglo- 
 bose or short-oblong, narrowed at the base, 2>i // -3 // in di- 
 ameter, silvery green, all separated on a sometimes zigzag 
 rachis or the upper contiguous; staminate flowers basal; 
 perigynia ovate, thin, about i^" long and nearly \" 
 wide, broadly wing-margined, strongly several-nerved on 
 both faces, tapering into a short rough 2-toothed beak; 
 scales hyaline, lanceolate, acuminate, about equalling the 
 perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In dry woods, often on rocks, New Brunswick to Pennsyl- 
 vania, Minnesota and British Columbia. June-July. 
 
 Carex foenea perplexa Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 27. 1889. 
 
 Culms stouter, spikes commonly aggregated and larger, less contracted at the base, the summit 
 of the culm erect or nearly so; perigynia thicker. Maine and Virginia to Minnesota. 
 
358 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 108. Carex straminea Willd. Straw Sedge. (Fig. 868.) 
 
 Carex straminea Willd.; Schk. Riedgr. 49. f. 34. 1801. 
 
 Culms very slender, roughish above, i-2)4 long, the 
 top commonly nodding or recurved. Leaves \" wide or 
 less, long-pointed, shorter than the culm; bracts short or 
 the lower bristle-form and exceeding its spike; spikes 3- 
 8, subglobose or slightly obovoid, 2 // -2^ // thick, yellow- 
 ish brown or greenish, separated on the commonly zigzag 
 rachis, or contiguous; staminate flowers basal; perigynia 
 spreading or ascending, ovate, brown, about \y 2 " long, 
 rather more than y 2 " wide, strongly several-nerved on 
 the outer face, fewer-nerved on the inner, wing-margined, 
 the tapering rough 2-toothed beak about as long as the 
 body; scales lanceolate, acute, about equalling the peri- 
 gynia, but narrower; stigmas 2. 
 
 In dry fields, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Pennsylvania, 
 Michigan, and probably farther south. June-July. 
 Carex straminea mirabilis (Dewey) Tuckerm. Enum. Meth. 
 
 18. 1843. 
 Carex mirabilis Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 30: 63. 1836. 
 
 Larger, culm slender, 2-5 long; leaves \"-z%" wide; spikes larger, 3"-4" thick, rather 
 greener; perigynia spreading, narrower, longer than the scales. Range of the type, extending- 
 south to North Carolina and Missouri. Perhaps better regarded as a distinct species. 
 
 199. Carex silicea Olney. Sea-beach Sedge. 
 (Fig. 869.) 
 
 Carex silicea Olney, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 393. 1868. 
 
 C. straminea var. moniliformis Tuckerm. Enum. Meth. 17. 
 
 1843. Not C. scoparia var. moniliformis Tuckerm. 1843. 
 Carex foenea var. sabulonum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 580. 1867. 
 
 Not C. sabulosa Turcz. 1837. 
 
 Culms slender, rather stiff, erect but the summit re- 
 curved or nodding, roughish above, i-2^ tall. Leaves 
 \" wide or rather less, involute in drying, shorter than 
 the culm; bracts always very short; spikes 5-8, ovoid-conic 
 or ovoid-oblong, silvery -green, nearly white or becoming 
 brownish, erect, conspicuously contracted and staminate 
 at the base, 4 // -6 // long, about 2^ /x thick, all separated 
 or the uppermost close together; perigyuia ovate-oval, 
 short-beaked, finely nerved on bath faces, wing-mar- 
 gined, appressed, about 2 // long, more than \' f wide, 
 longer and broader than the lanceolate scales; stigmas 2. 
 
 In sands of the sea coast, Nova Scotia to New Jersey. June-Aug. 
 
 200. Carex tenera Dewey. Marsh Straw Sedge. (Fig. 870.) 
 
 Carex tenera Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 8: 97. f. 9. 1824. 
 C. straminea var. aperta Boptt, 111. 120. pi. 385. 1862. 
 C. straminea var. tenera Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 381. 1885. 
 Culm very slender, erect or the summit nodding, 
 roughish above i-2 high. Leaves shorter than the 
 culm, usually less than i" wide, tapering to a very 
 long point; bracts usually short or wanting, some- 
 times bristle-form; spikes 4-6, oval, obtuse, densely 
 many-flowered, separated or the upper contiguous, 
 greenish-brown, 4 // -5 // long, staminate and commonly 
 much contracted at the base; perigynia ovate to ovate- 
 lanceolate, ascending, appressed, strongly several- 
 nerved on both faces, wing-margined, the tapering 
 rough beak more than half as long as the body; scales 
 lanceolate, about as long as the perigynia, but much 
 narrower; stigmas 2. 
 
 In wet soil, common along brackish marshes, Maine 
 and Ontario to Virginia and Louisiana. May-June. 
 Carex tenera invisa ( W. Boott) Britton. 
 Carex straminea var. invisa W. Boott, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 9: 86. 1884. 
 
 Spikes smaller, subglobose or short-oblong, not more than 3" thick, the lower one usually sub- 
 tended by a filiform bract 'A' -3%' long. Maine to Delaware. 
 
SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 359 
 
 (Fig. 871.) 
 
 201. Carex festucacea Willd. Fescue Sedge. 
 
 Carex festucacea Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 242. 1805. 
 
 Carex straminea var. brei'iorDewey, Am. Journ. Sci. n: 
 
 158. 1826. 
 C. straminea var. festucacea Tuck. En. Meth. 18. 1843. 
 
 Culms slender or rather stout, nearly or quite 
 smooth, stiff, strictly erect, i-4 tall. Leaves rather 
 stiff, erect, i // -2 // wide, shorter than the culm; spikes 
 3-8, green r brown oblong or nearly globular, clustered 
 at the summit but not at all confluent, 2 // -4 // in diam- 
 eter, the lower one sometimes subtended by a short 
 filiform bract; perigynia orbicular or very broadly 
 ovate, broadly wing-margined, about \Yz" in diam- 
 eter, little if at all longer than wide, spreading or as- 
 cending, several-nerved on both faces, the roughish 
 beak about one-third the length of the body; scales 
 lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtusish, about 
 as long as and narrower than the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In dry or moist soil, New Brunswick to Minnesota, 
 south to Florida and Kansas. May-July. 
 
 202. Carex alata Torr. Broad-winged Sedge. (Fig. 872.) 
 
 Carex alata Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 396. 1836. 
 Carex straminea var. alata Bailey, Carex Cat. 1884. 
 
 Culms stiff, rather stout, strictly erect, roughish 
 above, i-3> tall. Leaves grass-like, but somewhat 
 rigid, i // -2 // wide, shorter than the culm, spikes ob- 
 long or oblong-conic, green-brown, very densely 
 many-flowered, 5 // -8 // long, \ ff -" thick, usually con- 
 spicuously staminate and contracted at the base, 
 pointed or obtuse at the summit, all distinct but 
 usually little separated, bractless, or the lower one 
 subtended by a short filiform bract; perigynia orbicu- 
 lar or obovateorbicular, very broadly winged, 2 // -2^ // 
 in diameter, faintly few-nerved or almost nerveless, 
 erect and appressed, or somewhat curved upward, the 
 short beak not more than one-fourth as long as the 
 body; scales lanceolate, acuminate, scarcely over %'' 
 wide, a little shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2; 
 achene distinctly stipitate. 
 In moist soil, Massachusetts to Florida, mostly near the coast. May-June. 
 
 203. Carex albolutescens Schwein. Greenish- white Sedge. (Fig. 873.) 
 
 Carex albolutescens Schwein. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i: 66. 1824. 
 Carex straminea var.foenea Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 395. 
 
 1836. Not C. foenea Willd. 1809. 
 Carex albolutescens var. cumulala Bailey, Bull. Torr. 
 
 Club, 20: 422. 1893. 
 
 Similar to the preceding species, but usually lower, 
 culms i-2 tall, stout, strictly erect, rough above. 
 Leaves \"--2." wide, shorter than the culm; bracts fili- 
 form or wanting, the lower one sometimes exceeding 
 its spike; spikes 3-8, oblong, usually narrowed at 
 both ends, staminate below, silvery green when young 
 but becoming brownish, 4 // -6 // long, mostly less than 
 3 /x thick, clustered, but distinct, the lowest sometimes 
 separated, and very rarely stalked; perigynia broadly 
 ovate, not twice as long as wide, broadly winged, 
 strongly nerved on both faces, appressed, about 2 /x 
 long, the roughish beak about one-third as long as the 
 body; scales lanceolate, acuminate, about as long as the 
 perigynia, but much narrower; achene nearly or quite 
 sessile; stigmas 2. 
 
 In wet soil, most abundant along salt meadows, but also occurring inland, New Brunswick to 
 eastern Pennsylvania and Florida. May-July. 
 
360 
 
 CYPERACEAE. 
 
 204- Carex Bicknellii Britton. Bicknell's 
 Sedge. (Fig. 874.) 
 
 Carex slraminea var. Crawei Boott, 111. 121. pi. jS8. 
 1862. Not C. Crawei Dewey. 1846. ' 
 
 Culms loosely tufted, 2-3^ high, erect or the 
 top inclined, rough above, much longer than the 
 leaves. Leaves mostly nearly basal, 6 / -i2 / long, 
 i^ // -2^ // wide; bracts usually very short; spikes 
 3-7, ovoid, subglobose, or somewhat obovoid, \"- 
 6" long, close together or the lower separated, sil- 
 very green or becoming yellowish, staminate at 
 the base; perigynia very broadly ovate, thin, sev- 
 eral-nerved on the outer face, 2 // -3 // long, the 
 broad membranous wing %" wide, the rough 2- 
 toothed beak one-fourth to one-half as long as the 
 body; achene stalked. 
 
 In dry soil, southern New York to Minnesota and 
 Missouri. June-July. 
 
 205. Carex sychnocephala Carey. Dense Long-beaked Sedge. (Fig. 875.) 
 
 C. sychnocephala Carey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II. ) 4: 24. 1847. 
 
 Culms erect, rather stout, quite smooth, s'-iS' 
 high. Leaves about i" wide, shorter than the 
 culm; lower bracts similar to the leaves, much 
 elongated, 3 / -i2 / long, about i" wide at the base, 
 nearly erect; spikes 4-10, green-brown, oblong, 
 densely many-flowered, staminate at the base, ag- 
 gregated and confluent into an oblong or ovoid 
 head \' or less long; perigynia narrowly linear- 
 lanceolate 2^ // -3 // long, about y 2 " wide at the 
 base, tapering into a subulate rough 2-toothed 
 beak 2-3 times as long as the slightly margined and 
 few-nerved body; scales linear-lanceolate, long- 
 acuminate, hyaline, shorter and rather narrower 
 than the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 
 In meadows and thickets, Ontario and central New 
 York to Manitoba, Minnesota and British Columbia. 
 July-Aug. 
 
 Family 9. ARACEAE Neck. Act. Acad. Theod. Palat. 2: 462. 1770.* 
 
 ARUM FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs with basal long-petioled simple or compound leaves, and spathaceous 
 inflorescence, the spathe enclosing or subtending a spadix. Rootstock tuberous 
 or a corm, in our species mostly with an acrid or pungent sap. Spadix very 
 densely flowered, the staminate flowers above, the pistillate below, or the plants 
 wholly dioecious, or with perfect flowers in some species. Perianth wanting, or 
 of 4-6 scale-like segments. Stamens 4-10 in our species; filaments very short; 
 anthers 2-celled, commonly with a thick truncate connective, the sacs opening 
 by dorsal pores or slits. Ovary i -several-celled; ovules i-several in each cell; 
 style short or wanting; stigma terminal, mostly minute and sessile. Fruit a 
 berry or utricle. Seeds various. Endosperm copious, sparse or none. 
 
 About 105 genera and 900 species, mostly of tropical regions, a few in the temperate zones. 
 
 Flowers without a perianth. 
 
 Flowers monoecious or dioecious, borne at the base of the spadix. 
 
 Flowers monoecious, covering the whole spadix. 
 
 Flowers perfect. 
 Flowers with a perianth. 
 
 Spadix enclosed in a shell-like fleshy spathe. 
 
 Spadix naked, terminating the scape. 
 
 Spadix naked, borne at the base of a leaf-like spathe. 
 
 *Text contributed by the late REV. THOMAS MORONG. 
 
 1. Arisaema. 
 
 2. Pellandra. 
 
 3. Calla. 
 
 4. Spathyema. 
 
 5. Oron'tium. 
 
 6. Acorns. 
 
ARUM FAMILY. 
 
 361 
 
 i. ARISAEMA Mart. Flora, 14: 459. 1831. 
 
 Perennial herbs with acrid corms, simple scapes and i to 3 slender-petioled divided 
 leaves unfolding with the flowers. Spadix included or exserted, bearing the flowers near its 
 base. Spathe convolute, open or contracted at the throat. Flowers dioecious or monoe- 
 cious, without any perianth, the staminate of 4 almost sessile 2-4-celled anthers which open 
 by confluent slits at the apex, the pistillate with an ovoid or globose i-celled ovary contain- 
 ing i or many orthotropous ovules; style very short or none, tipped with a peltate-capitate 
 stigma. Fruit a globose red berry, the clusters usually large and conspicuous when ripe. 
 Seeds with copious endosperm and an axial embryo. [Greek, in reference to the red- 
 blotched leaves of some species.] 
 
 About 50 species, mostly natives of temperate and subtropical Asia. Besides the following', 
 another occurs in the mountains of North Carolina. 
 
 Spathe hooded, open at the throat, enclosing the spadix. 
 Spathe convolute; summit of the spadix exserted. 
 
 i. Arisaema triphyllum (L,.) Torr. Jack-in-the-pulpit. 
 
 (Fig. 876.) 
 
 Arum triphyllum L. Sp. PI. 965. 17^3. 
 
 Arisaema atrorubens Blume, Rumphia, i: 97. 1835. 
 
 Arisaema triphyllum Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 239. 1843. 
 
 Leaves i or 2, nearly erect, io'-3 high, usually 
 exceeding the scape, 3-foliolate, the segments ovate, 
 entire, or sometimes lobed, acute rounded or nar- 
 rowed at the base, $'-7' long, i^ / ~3>^ / wide, 
 sessile or very short-stalked; flowers commonly 
 dioecious, yellow, borne on the basal part of the 
 spadix; spadix 2 / -3 / long, its naked summit blunt, 
 colored; spathe green, and purple-striped, curving 
 in a broad flap over the top of the spadix, acumi- 
 nate; filaments very short and thick; ovaries 
 crowded; ovules 5 or 6; berries smooth, shining, 
 about 5" in diameter, forming a dense ovoid head 
 i '-3' long. 
 
 In moist woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Florida, 
 west to Ontario, Minnesota, Kansas and Louisiana. 
 Ascends to 5000 ft. in North Carolina. April-June. 
 Fruit ripe June-July. The acrid bulb made edible by 
 boiling. 
 
 2. Arisaema Dracontium (L/.) Schott. Green Dragon. 
 
 (Fig. 877.) 
 
 1. A. triphyllum, 
 
 2. A. Dracontium. 
 
 Indian Turnip. 
 
 Dragon-root. 
 
 Arum Dracontium L. Sp. PI. 964. 1753. 
 Arisaema Dracontium Schott, Melet. i: 17. 1832. 
 
 Corms clustered. Leaves usually solitary, 8'-4 
 long, pedately divided into 5-17 segments, much 
 longer than the scape; segments obovate or oblong, 
 3 / -io / long, 9 // -4 / wide, abruptly acute at the apex, 
 narrowed to a sessile or nearly sessile base, entire or 
 the lateral ones somewhat lobed; scape sheathed by 
 membranous scales at the base; spathe greenish or 
 whitish, narrowly convolute, acuminate, i / -2 / long, 
 enwrapping the spadix, the upper part of which tapers 
 into a slender appendage exserted i / -7 / beyond its 
 apex; inflorescence of the staminate plant nearly as 
 long as the tubular part of the spathe; in the monoe- 
 cious plant the pistillate flowers are borne on the lower 
 part of the spadix; ovary turbinate, with 6-8 bottle- 
 shaped ovules ; stigmas depressed ; berries reddish- 
 orange in large ovoid heads. 
 
 Mostly in wet woods and along streams, but sometimes 
 in dry soil, Maine to Ontario and Minnesota, south to 
 Florida, Kansas and Texas. May-June. 
 
3 62 
 
 ARA.CEAE. 
 
 2. PELTANDRA Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 103. 1819. 
 
 Bog herbs, with entire sagittate acute or acuminate leaves, the long petioles sheathing 
 the shorter scape at the base. Spathe elongated, convolute, or expanded above. Flowers 
 monoecious, covering the whole spadix. Perianth none. Staminate flowers uppermost, 
 consisting at first of irregularly 4-sided oblong flat-topped shields, from the edges of which 
 appear 6-10 imbedded anthers opening by apical pores, the shields ultimately shrivelling 
 and leaving the linear-oblong anthers nearly free. Ovaries ovoid, surrounded at base by 4 
 or 5 white fleshy scale-like staminodia, i-celled; ovules solitary or few, amphitropous; style 
 erect, short, thick, tipped with a small stigma. Fruit a green or red berry, i-3-seeded, when 
 ripe forming large globose heads at the extremity of the finally recurved scape, and enclosed 
 in the persistent leathery base of the spathe. Seeds surrounded by a tenacious jelly; endo- 
 sperm none. [Greek, referring to the shield-shaped stamin'ate disks.] 
 
 The genus consists of the two following species: 
 
 Spathe narrow, convolute its whole length, green. i. P. Virginica. 
 
 Spathe with a whitish dilated summit. 2. P. sagittaefolia. 
 
 i. Peltandra Virginica (I,.) Kunth. Green Arrow-arum. (Fig. 878.) 
 
 Arum Virginicum L. Sp. PI. 966. 1753. 
 Peltandra undulata Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 103. 1819. 
 Peltandra Virginica Kunth, IJnum. 3: 43. 1841. 
 
 Leaves bright green, somewhat hastate-sagit- 
 tate, 4 / ~30 / long, 3 / -8 / wide, acute or acuminate 
 at the apex, firm, strongly veined. Root a tuft 
 of thick fibres; scape nearly as long as the leaves, 
 recurving and immersing the fruiting spadix at 
 maturity; spathe green, 4 / -8 / long, long-conic, 
 closely investing the spadix throughout, the 
 strongly involute margins undulate; spadix 
 shorter than the spathe, the pistillate flowers 
 covering about one-fourth of its length, the rest 
 occupied by staminate flowers; ovaries globose- 
 ovoid; style nearly l /t" long; stigma a little 
 thicker than the style; berries green when ripe. 
 
 In swamps, or shallow water, Maine and On- 
 tario to Michigan, south to Florida and Louisiana. 
 May-June. 
 
 2. Peltandra sagittaefolia (Michx.) Morong. 
 
 (Fig. 879.) 
 
 Calla sagittaefolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 187. 
 1803. 
 
 Peltandra alba Raf. New Fl. N. A. i: 88. 1836. 
 
 Xanthosoma sagittaefolia Chapm. Fl. S. States, 
 441. 1860. NotSchott. 
 
 Pt-ltaiidra sagittaefolia Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 
 5: 102. 1894. 
 
 Leaves sagittate, sometimes wider than those 
 of the preceding species, acuminate or acute, 
 the basal lobes diverging, obtuse or subacute; 
 petioles 8 / -2o / long, equalling or longer than 
 the scape; spathe 3 '-4' long, with a whitish ex- 
 panded acuminate apex; spadix scarcely more 
 than one-half as long as the spathe, the stami- 
 nate flowers borne on its upper half; ovaries 
 ovoid ; style scarcely any ; stigma broad, 
 depressed, lobed; ripe berries red. 
 
 In marshes and springs, southern Virginia (ac- 
 cording to Gray) to Florida. May-July. 
 
 White Arrow-arum. 
 
ARUM FAMILY. 
 
 363 
 
 3. CALLA L. Sp. PI. 968. 1753. 
 
 A bog herb with slender acrid rootstocks, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular cordate 
 leaves, and a large white persistent spathe. Spathe ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, acuminate, 
 open. Spadix cylindric, much shorter than the spathe, densely covered with flowers. 
 Flowers perfect or the very uppermost staminate; perianth none. Stamens about 6; fila- 
 ments linear, longer than the anthers; anther-sacs divaricate, opening by slits. Ovary 
 ovoid, i-celled; style very short; stigma small, flat, circular. Ovules 6-9, anatropous. 
 Berries obconic, depressed. Seeds hard, smooth, oblong, striate toward the micropyle and 
 pitted at the other end. Endosperm copious. [An ancient name, taken from Pliny.] 
 
 A monotypic genus of the cooler portions of 
 the north temperate zone. 
 
 i. Calla palustris L,. Water Arum. 
 
 (Fig. 880.) 
 Calla palustris L. Sp. PI. 968. 1753. 
 
 Petioles 4 / -8 / long, spreading or ascending. 
 Blades thick, entire, i^ / -4 / wide, cuspidate or 
 abruptly acute at the apex, deeply "cordate at 
 the base; scape as long as the petioles, sheathed 
 at the base; rootstocks covered with sheathing 
 scales and with fibrous roots at the nodes; 
 spathe i / -2^ / long and about i / wide, with an 
 abruptly acuminate involute apex; spadix 
 about V long; berries red, distinct, few-seeded, 
 forming a large head when mature. 
 
 In bogs, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Vir- 
 ginia, Wisconsin and Iowa. Also in Europe and 
 Asia. May-June. Fruit ripe July-Aug. 
 
 4. SPATHYEMA Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 352. 1808. 
 [SYMPLOCARPUS Salisb.; Nutt. Gen. i: 105. 1818.] 
 
 A fetid herb, with large ovate cordate leaves, thick straight rootstocks and a short erect 
 partly underground scape. Spathe swollen, shell-like, thick, pointed, completely enclosing 
 the spadix. Spadix globose or oblong, short-stalked, entirely covered by the perfect flowers. 
 Perianth of 4 hooded sepals. Filaments slightly dilated; anthers 2-celled, short, extrorse, 
 opening longitudinally. Ovary nearly buried in the tissue of the spadix, i-celled with a soli- 
 tary suspended anatropous ovule. Style pyramidal, 4-sided, thick, elongated; stigma minute. 
 Berries immersed in the spongy axis of the spadix, becoming adnate to the succulent peri- 
 anth in ripening, i-seeded, forming large heads. Seeds large. Embryo large, fleshy; endo- 
 sperm none. [Greek, referring to the spathe.] 
 
 A monotypic genus of eastern North America and northeastern Asia. 
 
 i. Spathyema foetida (I,.) Raf. Skunk Cabbage. (Fig. 881.) 
 
 Dracontium foetidum L,. Sp. PI. 967. 1/53. 
 Spathyema foetida Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 352. 1808 
 Symplocarpus foetidus Nutt. Gen. i: 106. 1818. 
 
 Leaves numerous, in large crowns, i-3 long, often 
 i wide, strongly nerved, abruptly acute at the apex, 
 thin, entire, their petioles deeply channeled. Root- 
 stock thick, descending, terminating in whorls of 
 fleshy fibers; spathe preceding the leaves, erect, 3'-6' 
 high, i / -3 / in diameter at the base, convolute, firm; 
 purple-brown to greenish yellow, often mottled, its 
 short scape usually subterranean, spadix about \' in 
 diameter in flower, greatly enlarging and sometimes 
 6' in diameter in fruit; mature seeds 4 // -6 // long. 
 
 In swamps and wet soil, Nova Scotia to Ontario and 
 Minnesota, south to Florida and Iowa. Feb. -April. 
 Fruit ripe Aug. -Sept. 
 
 
364 
 
 ARACEAE. 
 5. ORONTIUM L. Sp. PI. 324. 1753. 
 
 Aquatic herbs, with thick rootstocks buried in the mud, oblong-elliptic nerved leaves 
 without a distinct midvein, and slender terete scapes terminated by a cylindric spadix. 
 Spathe enclosing the spadix when very young, soon parting and remaining as a sheathing 
 bract at its base, or falling away. Flowers perfect, bright yellow, covering the whole 
 spadix. Sepals 4-6, scale-like, imbricated upon the ovary (lower flowers commonly with 6, 
 upper with 4). Stamens as many as the sepals; filaments linear, wider than the anthers, 
 abruptly narrowed above; anthers small, with two diverging sacs opening by oblique slits. 
 Ovary partly imbedded in the axis of the spadix, depressed, obtusely angled, I -celled; ovule 
 solitary, half-anatropous; stigma sessile. Fmit a green utricle. Endosperm none; embryo 
 long-stalked. [Ancient name of some water plant, said to be from the Syrian river 
 Orontes.] 
 
 A monotypic genus of eastern North America. 
 
 i. Orontium aquaticum 1 
 
 (Fig. 882.) 
 
 Golden-club. 
 
 Orontium aquaticum L. Sp. PI. 324. 1753. 
 
 Leaves ascending or floating, depending on the depth 
 of water, deep dull green above, pale beneath, the blade 
 5 / -i2 / long, 2 / -s / wide, entire, acute or cuspidate at the 
 apex, narrowed at the base into a petiole 4 / -2o / long. 
 Scape 6 / -24 / long, flattened near the spadix; spadix i / -2 / 
 long, 3 // -4 // in diameter, frequently attenuate at the 
 summit, much thickened in fruit; spathe bract-like, 2 / -4 / 
 long, 2-keeled on the back; usually falling away early; 
 utricle depressed, roughened on top with 9 or 10 tubercles. 
 
 In swamps and ponds, Massachusetts to central Penn- 
 sylvania, south to Florida and Louisiana, mostly near the 
 coast. Ascends to 2000 ft. on the Pocono plateau of Pennsyl- 
 vania. April-May. 
 
 6. ACORUS L,. Sp. PL 324. 1753. 
 
 Erect herbs, with very long horizontal branched rootstocks, sword-shaped leaves, and 3- 
 angled scapes keeled on the back and channeled in front, and a seemingly lateral cylindric 
 spadix, the scape appearing as if extending long beyond it, but this upper part is in reality 
 a spathe. Flowers perfect, densely covering the whole spadix. Perianth of 6 membranous 
 concave sepals. Stamens 6; filaments flattened, much longer than the anthers; anthers reni- 
 form or sagittate, 2-celled, the cells confluent at maturity. Ovary oblong, 3~4-celled with 
 2-8 anatropous ovules in each cell; stigma sessile, depressed-capitate. Fruit a 2-3-celled 
 gelatinous berry, few-seeded. Endosperm copious. [Name ancient] 
 
 Two known species, the following widely distributed in the north temperate zone, the other 
 Japanese. 
 
 i. Acorus Calamus L. Sweet Flag. 
 Calamus-root. (Fig. 883.) 
 
 Acorus Calamus L. Sp. PI. 324. 1753. 
 
 Leaves linear, erect, 2-6 tall and i' wide or less, 
 sharp-pointed and sharp-edged, with a ridged mid- 
 vein running their whole length, 2-ranked, closely 
 sheathing each other and the scape below. Spathe 
 a leaf-like extension of the scape projecting 8'-3o' 
 beyond the spadix; spadix spike-like, 2 / -3> / long, 
 about y 2 ' in diameter, compactly covered with 
 minute greenish-yellow flowers. 
 
 In swamps and along streams, Nova Scotia to On- 
 tario and Minnesota, south to Louisiana and Kansas. 
 Also in Europe and Asia. In our territory fruit is 
 rarely, if ever, formed. The hard ovary is usually 
 found to be imperfect, with 2 or 3 abortive cells and 
 ovules. The plant is propagated by its large rootstocks, 
 which furnish the drug Calamus. Interior of stalk 
 sweet. May-July. 
 
DUCKWEED FAMILY. 
 
 365 
 
 Family 10. LEMNACEAE Dumort. Fl. Belg. 147. 1827.* 
 
 DUCKWEED FAMILY. 
 
 Minute perennial floating aquatic plants, without leaves or with only very 
 rudimentary ones. The plant body consists of a disc-shaped elongated or irreg- 
 ular thallus, which is loosely cellular, densely chlorophyllous and sometimes 
 bears one or more rootlets. The vegetative growth is by lateral branching, the 
 branches being but slightly connected by slender stalks and soon separating. 
 In the autumn these disconnected branches fall to the bottom of the ditch or 
 pond, but rise and again increase in size in the spring. The inflorescence con- 
 sists of one or more naked monoecious flowers borne on a slight lateral promi- 
 nence on the edge or upper surface of the plant. Each flower commonly con- 
 sists of but a single stamen or a single flask-shaped pistil. The anther is pro- 
 vided with two to four pollen-sacs, containing spherical minutely barbellate 
 grains. The pistil is gradually narrowed to the funnel-shaped scar-like stigmatic 
 apex, and produces 1-6 erect or inverted ovules. The fruit is a i-6-seeded utricle. 
 
 The family comprises the smallest of the flowering plants and contains 3 genera, all of which 
 are represented in North America, and about 26 species of wide distribution. 
 
 Thallus prominently nerved; with a membranous spathe and a cluster of several rootlets; ovules 2 
 
 i. Spirodela. 
 
 Thallus slightly nerved; with a membranous spathe and a single rootlet; ovules 1-6. 2. Lemna. 
 Thallus nerveless; without spathe or rootlets; ovule i. 3. Wolffia. 
 
 i. SPIRODELA Schleid. Linnaea, 13: 391. 1839. 
 
 Thallus disc-shaped, y-12-nerved. The lateral branches subtended by a single bipartite 
 basilar rudimentary leaf. The thinly-capped rootlets as well as the nerves are provided 
 with a single bundle of vascular tissue. The ovary produces two anatropous ovules. Fruit 
 unknown. [Greek, in allusion to the cluster of rootlets.] 
 
 Two species, the following, and 5". oligorhiza, a native 
 of southern Asia, Australia and the Fiji Islands. 
 
 i. Spirodela polyrhiza (I,.) Schleid. 
 Greater Duckweed. (Fig. 884.) 
 
 Lemna polyrhiza I<. Sp. PI. 970. 1753. 
 
 Spirodela polyrhiza Schleid. Linnaea, 13: 392. 1839. 
 
 Thallus round-obovate, 2 // -s" long, thick, flat and 
 dark green above, slightly convex and purple beneath, 
 palmately 5-u-nerved. Each thallus bears a central 
 cluster of from 5-11 elongated rootlets. Rootcap 
 pointed. 
 
 In rivers, ponds, pools and shallow lakes, Nova Scotia 
 to British Columbia, south to South Carolina, Texas, 
 northern Mexico and Nevada. Widely distributed in the 
 Old World and in tropical America. Seldom collected in 
 flower. ., 
 
 2. LEMNA L. Sp. PI. 970. 1753. 
 
 Thallus disc -shaped, usually provided with a central nerve and with or without two or 
 four lateral nerves. Each thallus produces a single rootlet, which is devoid of vascular tis- 
 sue and is commonly provided with a thin blunt or pointed rootcap. The ovary contains 
 from one to six orthotropous amphitrOpous or anatropous ovules. Fruit ovoid, more or less 
 ribbed. Endosperm in one or three layers. [Greek, in allusion to the growth of these 
 small plants in swamps.] 
 
 Seven species, in temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following species, Lemna An- 
 
 golensis is a native of Lower Guinea and Lemna paucicostata has been found in Asia, Africa and 
 South America. 
 Ovule i, amphitroppus or orthotropous; endosperm in three layers. 
 
 Thalli of two kinds, ovule amphitropous. i. L. trisulca. 
 Thalli all alike. 
 
 Thallus without lateral nerves; ovule orthotropous. 2. L. Valdiviana. 
 
 Thallus with lateral nerves; ovule orthotropous. 3. L. perpusilla. 
 
 Thallus with lateral nerves; ovule amphitropous. 4. L. minor. 
 
 Ovules 2-6, anatropous; endosperm in one layer. 5. L. gibba. 
 
 * Text contributed by Mr. EDMUND P. SHELDON. 
 
366 
 
 LEMNACEAE. 
 
 i. Lemna trisulca 
 
 Ivy-leaved Duckweed. 
 (Fig. 885.) 
 
 Star Duckweed. 
 
 Lemna trisulca L. Sp. PI. 970. 1753. 
 
 Thallus lanceolate, submerged and devoid of stomata in 
 the primary aquatic form, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 6 // -o/ / 
 long, floating and provided with stomata in the later flower- 
 ing stage. The later and more common form is narrowed at 
 the base to a slender stipe, thin, denticulate, with or without 
 rootlets, and slightly 3-nerved. Several individuals often 
 remain connected, so as to form a chain-like series. Root- 
 cap pointed; fruit symmetrical; seed deeply i2-is-ribbed. 
 
 In ditches, springs, ponds, shallow lakes and sloughs, Nova 
 Scotia to the Pacific Ocean, south to New Jersey and New Mex- 
 ico. Also in Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. July-August. 
 
 2. Lemna Valdiviana Philippi. Valdivia Duck- 
 weed. (Fig. 886.) 
 
 Lemna Valdiviana Philippi, L,innaea, 33: 239. 1864. 
 
 Tha11us oblong-elliptical, i ff -i% /f long, thin, subfalcate 
 and shortly stalked at the base, provided with numerous 
 stomata, except on the borders, nerveless; rootcap short and 
 blunt; spathe reniform; fruit ovoid-oblong, unsymmetrical; 
 seed prominently 2O-ribbed. 
 
 In pools and rivers, southern New York and New Jersey and 
 southward, west to California, Arizona and New Mexico. Also 
 in South America. June-July. 
 
 3. Lemna perpusilla Torr. Minute Duckweed. 
 
 (Fig. 887.) 
 
 Lemna perpusilla Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 245. 1843. 
 
 Thallus small, \"-\ l /z" long, obovate, often purplish tinged 
 beneath, unsymmetrical and abruptly narrowed to a very short 
 stalk, provided throughout with numerous stomata, more or 
 less 3-nerved; rootcap pointed; fruit ovoid; seed 4o-6o-ribbed. 
 
 In ponds, rivers, springs and lakes, New York and New Jersey to 
 Minnesota, Nebraska and Missouri. June-July. 
 
 4. Lemna-minor L. Lesser Duckweed. (Fig. 888.) 
 
 Lemna minor I,. Sp. PI. 970. 1753- 
 
 Thallus obovate or subcircular, i // -3 // long, thickish, rarely 
 reddish or purplish tinged, short-stalked when young, pro- 
 vided throughout with stomata, obscurely 3-nerved, very rarely 
 4~5-nerved. Rootcap obtuse or subtruncate. Fruit symmetri- 
 cal, subturbinate. Seed with a prominent protruding hilum, 
 deeply and unequally 12-15-ribbed. 
 
 In ponds, lakes and stagnant waters, throughout North America 
 below 58 N. lat. Also in Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. 
 Summer. 
 
DUCKWEED FAMILY. 
 
 5. Lemna gibba L,. Gibbous Duckweed. 
 (Fig. 889.) 
 
 Lemna gibba L. Sp. PI. 970. 1753. 
 
 Thallus slightly unsymmetrical, obovate or short-obovate, 
 i^ // -3 // long, thickish or more or less strongly gibbous be- 
 neath, short-stalked when young, soon separating, provided 
 with stomata which are sparse beneath, obscurely 3-5 -nerved; 
 rootcap mostly short-pointed, rarely long-pointed or obtuse; 
 fruit symmetrical; seed thick, deeply and unequally ribbed. 
 
 In ponds and rivers, Nebraska, Texas, Arizona and California. 
 Also in Mexico, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. June-July. 
 
 3. WOLFFIA Horkel; Schleid. Linnaea, 13: 389. 1839. 
 
 Thallus small, globose, ovoid-oblong, subcylindric or irregular, rootless, nerveless and 
 leafless. The vegetative growth is from a cleft near one end of the plant, the branch being 
 mostly sessile and soon detached. The ovary contains one orthotropous ovule. Fruit spher- 
 ical or short ovate, smooth. Endosperm in a single layer. [Name in honor of Nath. Matth. 
 v. Wolff, 1724-1784, Polish physician and naturalist.] 
 
 A genus of 12 species, mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. The following and two 
 Mexican species, W. lingulata and W. gladiata, comprise all the known North American forms. 
 
 i. Wolffia Columbiana Karst. 
 Wolffia. (Fig. 890.) 
 
 Columbia 
 
 Wolffia Columbiana Karst. Bot. Unters. i: 103. 1865-67. 
 
 Thallus spherical or subellipsoidal l /$ f '-*/$" long, with 
 a limited number of stomata (i to 6), loosely cellular and 
 clear green throughout, not dotted nor gibbous. 
 
 Floating as minute alga-like grains just beneath the sur- 
 face of the water in stagnant ponds, pools and shallow lakes, 
 Ontario to Connecticut and New Jersey, west to Minnesota 
 and Missouri, south to Louisiana. Also in Mexico and South 
 America. June-July. 
 
 2. Wolffia Brasiliensis Wedd. 
 Wolffia. (Fig. 891.) 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Wolffia Brasiliensis Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. ( III. ) 12: 170. 1849. 
 
 Thallus oblong, smaller than the last, X // ~K // l n g> 
 flattish, densely cellular, with numerous stomata and 
 dark green above, gibbous, more loosely cellular, with 
 fewer stomata and paler beneath; brown-dotted through- 
 out with minute pigment cells. 
 
 Floating on the surface of stagnant waters, Ontario, Con- 
 necticut to New Jersey, west to Minnesota and Missouri, 
 south to Louisiana. Also in Brazil. June-July. 
 
 Family n. MAYACACEAE Walp. Ann. 3: 662. 1853. 
 MAYACA FAMILY. 
 
 Slender branching aquatic moss-like herbs, with linear sessile i -nerved entire 
 soft leaves, notched at the apex. Flowers solitary, peduncled, white, perfect, 
 and regular, the peduncles bracted at the base. Perianth persistent, consisting 
 of 3 lanceolate green herbaceous sepals and 3 obovate white spreading petals. 
 Stamens 3, hypogynous, alternate with the petals; filaments filiform; anthers 
 
 24 
 
MAYACACEAE. 
 
 oblong, somewhat 4-sided, 2-celled. Ovary superior, sessile, i -celled with 3 
 parietal placentae; ovules several or numerous, orthotropous; style filiform; 
 stigmas terminal, entire or with 3 short lobes. Capsule i -celled, 3-valved. 
 Seeds ovoid or globose, the testa reticulated; embryo at the apex of the mealy 
 endosperm. 
 
 The family consists of the following genus: 
 
 i. MAYACA Atibl. PI. Guian. i: 42. 1775. 
 Characters of the family. [Aboriginal name of these plants in Guiana.] 
 
 About 7 species are known, all natives of warm 
 and tropical America. Only the following occurs in 
 the United States. 
 
 i. Mayaca Aubleti Michx. Mayaca. 
 
 (Fig. 892.) 
 
 Mayaca Aubleti Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 26. 1803. 
 Mayaca Michauxii Schott & Endl. Melet. i : 24. 1832. 
 
 Stems tufted, 3 / -i5 / long, usually little 
 branched. Leaves densely clothing the stem and 
 widely speading, linear-lanceolate, translucent, 
 2 //_y/ long, about %" wide; peduncles 2 // -6 // 
 long, very slender, recurved in fruit; flowers 3 X/ - 
 4 X/ broad, axillary, but borne near the ends of 
 branches, lateral, rarely more than one on each 
 branch; capsule oblong-oval, about as long as the 
 sepals, tipped until dehiscence by the subulate 
 style. 
 
 In fresh water pools and streams, southeastern Vir- 
 ginia to Florida and Texas. May-July. 
 
 Family 12. XYRIDACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 388. 1836. 
 
 YELLOW- EYED GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 Perennial or annual tufted herbs with basal narrow equitant commonly 
 2-ranked leaves, and erect simple leafless scapes. Flowers perfect, mostly yel- 
 low, nearly or quite regular, solitary and sessile in the axils of coriaceous imbri- 
 cated bracts (scales), forming terminal ovoid globose or cylindric heads. Sepals 
 3, the tw r o lateral ones small, keeled, persistent, the other one larger, membran- 
 ous (wanting in the South American genus Abolboda). Corolla inferior, with 
 a narrow tube and 3 spreading lobes. Stamens 3, inserted on the corolla, usually 
 alternating with as many plumose or bearded staminodia. Ovary sessile, i -celled 
 or incompletely 3-celled; ovules numerous or few, on 3 parietal placentae, ortho- 
 tropous; style terminal (unappendaged in Xyris, in Abolboda appendaged at the 
 base), 3-branched above; stigmas apical. Fruit an oblong 3-valved capsule. 
 Seed-coat longitudinally striate. Embryo apical. Endosperm mealy or some- 
 what fleshy. 
 
 Two genera, Xyris L. and Abolboda H. & B., comprising some 60 species, mostly of tropical 
 distribution in both the Old World and the New. 
 
 i. XYRIS L,. Sp. PI. 42. 1753. 
 
 Characters of the family as given above. [Greek name for some plant with 2-edged 
 leaves.] 
 
 Besides the following species there are some 9 others in the southern United States. 
 Lateral sepals wingless, the keel fringed with short hairs. i. X.flexuosa. 
 
 Lateral sepals winged, the keel fimbriate or lacerate. 
 
 Scapes not bulbous-thickened at the base; leaves flat or but slightly twisted. 
 Lateral sepals about as long as the bracts, their keels lacerate. 
 
 Head oblong, i*A"-$' long; northern. 2. X. montana. 
 
 Head oval or ovoid, 3" -8" long; southern. 
 
 Keel of lateral sepals lacerate to below the middle. 3. X. communis. 
 
 Keel of lacerate sepals lacerate only above the middle. 4. X. Caroliniana. 
 
 Lateral sepals longer than the bracts, their keels long-fimbriate. 5. X.firnbriata. 
 
 Scapes conspicuously bulbous-thickened at the base; leaves spirally twisted. 6. X. torta. 
 
YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY. 369 
 
 i. Xyris flexuosa Muhl. Slender Yellow-eyed Grass. (Fig. 893.) 
 
 Xvrisflexuosa Muhl. Cat. 5. 1813. 
 
 Scapes slender, straight or sometimes slightly 
 twisted, 4 / -iS / tall, 2-edged above, bulbous-thickened 
 at the base. Leaves narrowly linear, flat or becoming 
 twisted when old, i / -6 / long, ^ // -i^ // wide; head glo- 
 bose, or short-oblong, obtuse, 3 X/ -4 X/ high; bracts 
 broadly oval or slightly obovate, entire or somewhat 
 lacerate at the apex; lateral sepals linear, about as long 
 as the bracts, curved, finely fringed with short hairs 
 on the wingless keel; expanded flowers $"-4," broad. 
 
 In swamps and bogs, Maine to Minnesota, south to 
 Georgia and Texas. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Xyris montana H. Ries. Northern 
 Yellow-eyed Grass. (Fig. 894. ) 
 
 Xyris flexuosa var. pusilla A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 548. 
 
 1867. Not X. pusilla R. Br. 1810. 
 Xyris montana H. Ries, Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 38. 1892. 
 
 Scapes very slender, straight or slightly twisted, 
 2-edged above, 2 / -i2 / tall, not bulbous-thickened at 
 the base. Leaves narrowly linear, i / -6 / long, Yz ff -\ ff 
 wide, not at all twisted or but very slightly so; head 
 oblong or ovoid, subacute, iX // ~3 // l n g'> bracts oval 
 or obovate, rounded and finely lacerate at the apex; 
 lateral sepals linear, irregularly serrate-fimbriate on 
 the winged keel above the middle, about as long as 
 the bracts. 
 
 In bogs, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Michigan, south 
 to the Pocono Mountains of Pennsylvania and to New 
 Jersey. Our only species occurring on mountains. July- 
 Aug. 
 
 3. Xyris communis Kunth. Southern Yellow-eyed Grass. (Fig. 895.) 
 
 Xyris communis Kunth, Enum. 4: 12. 1843. 
 Xyris difformis Chapm. Fl. S. States, 500. 1860. 
 
 Scapes slender, slightly twisted, 2-edged above, 
 
 i -edged below, not thickened at the base, 6 / -i8 / 
 
 ill. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, flat, 3 / -io / 
 
 long, i // -4 // wide; head ovoid, or subglobose, blunt 
 
 or subacute, about }/?.' long; scales ovate or oval, 
 
 lostly entire; lateral sepals lanceolate, the winged 
 
 ceel fimbriate from the apex to below the middle; 
 
 corolla-lobes obovate, 2 // -3 // long. 
 
 In bogs, Maryland to Florida and Louisiana. Widely 
 distributed in tropical America. June-Aug. 
 
370 XYRIDACEAE. 
 
 4. Xyris Caroliniana Walt. Carolina Yellow-eyed Grass. (Fig. 896.) 
 
 Xyris Caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 69. 1788. 
 Xyris Jupacai Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 23. 1803. 
 Xyris elala Chapm. Fl. S. States, 501. 1860. 
 
 Scapes mostly slender, straight or somewhat 
 twisted, 2 edged above, i-2 tall, not thickened at 
 the base. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, flat, 
 4 / -i5 / long, i // -5 // wide, head globose, ovoid or 
 broadly oval, blunt, 4 // -8 // long; scales oval or 
 slightly obovate, entire or somewhat lacerate; lat- 
 eral sepals linear, about as long as the bracts, the 
 narrowly winged keel lacerate or incised-serrate 
 only above the middle. 
 
 In swamps and bogs, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania, 
 Florida and Louisiana, mostly near the coast. Young 
 states of this plant may be mistaken for X. montana. 
 June-Aug. 
 
 5. Xyris fimbriata Ell. Fringed Yellow- 
 eyed Grass. (Fig. 897.) 
 
 Xyris fimbriata EH. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 52. 1816. 
 
 Scapes rather stout, roughish, straight or some- 
 what twisted, strongly 2-edged above, 2-4 high. 
 Leaves flat, one-half as long as the scapes or more, 
 3 // -6 // wide; head oblong-cylindric, %'-i' long or 
 sometimes globose-ovoid and about YT.' in diameter; 
 scales obovate, their margins entire or the apex 
 lacerate; lateral sepals longer than the bracts, ex- 
 serted, long-fringed on the winged keel above the 
 middle. 
 
 In wet pine barrens, southern New Jersey to Florida 
 and Mississippi, mostly near the coast. July-Sept. 
 
 6. Xyris torta J. K. Smith. Twisted Yellow-eyed Grass. (Fig. 898.) 
 
 Xyris torta J. E. Smith in Rees' Cycl. 1819. 
 
 Scapes stout, much spirally twisted, i-edged be- 
 low, or 2-edged at the summit, smooth or very 
 nearly so, the base conspicuously bulbous-thick- 
 ened and with the sheathing leaves sometimes i' 
 in diameter. Leaves narrowly linear from a broad 
 shining nearly black base, rigid, rather shorter 
 than the scapes, spirally twisted (very markedly so 
 when old); head oblong or oblong-cylindric, acute 
 or subacute, %'-!' long; bracts oblong- obovate, 
 minutely lacerate-serrulate at the apex or entire; 
 lateral sepals linear, exserted, the winged keel 
 fringed with rather short processes above the 
 middle. 
 
 In dry pine barrens, southern New Jersey to Florida, 
 west to Texas, mostly near the coast, extending north 
 to Arkansas (according to Watson and Coulter). May- 
 Aug. 
 
PIPEWORT FAMILY. 
 
 371 
 
 Family 13. ERIOCAULACEAE Ljndl. Veg. Kingd. 122. 1847.* 
 
 PIPEWORT FAMILY. 
 
 Bog or aquatic herbs, perennial or perhaps sometimes annual, with fibrous 
 mostly knotted or spongy roots, tufted grass-like basal leaves, and monoecious 
 (androgynous) occasionally dioecious very small flowers, in terminal solitary 
 heads, on long slender scapes. Head of flowers involucrate by bracts, each 
 flower borne in the axil of a scarious scale. Perianth of 2 series of segments or 
 rarely of one series. Stamens in the staminate flowers as many or twice as 
 many as the sepals. Ovary 2-3-celled. Ovules 2 or 3. Fruit a 2-3-celled, 
 2-3-seeded capsule, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds pendulous, orthotropous; 
 endosperm farinaceous. 
 
 Six genera and about 340 species, widely distributed in warm and tropical regions, a few ex- 
 tending into the temperate zones. The family is most abundantly represented in South America. 
 
 Perianth of 2 series of segments; sepals and petals 2 or 3; stamens distinct; anthers 2-celled. 
 
 Stamens twice as many as the inner perianth-segments (petals). i. Eriocaulon. 
 
 Stamens as many as the inner perianth-segments. 2. Dupatya. 
 
 Perianth simple, of 3 segments (sepals); stamens 3, monadelphous below; anthers i -celled. 
 
 3. Lachnocaulon. 
 
 i. ERIOCAULON L. Sp. PI. 87. 1753. 
 
 Acaulescent or very short stemmed herbs, the scapes erect, or when immersed delicate, 
 angular, with a long sheathing bract at the base. Leaves mostly short, spreading, acuminate, 
 parallel-nerved. Head of flowers woolly, white, lead-colored or nearly black. Staminate 
 flowers: Outer perianth-segments 2 or 3, distinct or sometimes connate, the inner united be- 
 low into a tube, alternate with the outer ones, each with a minute spot or gland near its mid- 
 dle or apex; stamens' mostly 4-6, one opposite each perianth-segment, the filaments of those 
 opposite the inner segments the longer; pistil small, rudimentary or none. Pistillate flowers: 
 Outer perianth-segments as in the staminate flowers, the inner indistinct, narrow; stamens 
 wanting; ovary sessile or stalked; style columnar or filiform, stigmas 2 or 3 filiform. Fruit 
 a thin-walled capsule. Seeds oval, covered with minute processes. [Greek, in allusion to 
 the wool at the base of the scape in some species.] 
 
 About 1 10 species, of very wide geographic distribution in tropical and warm regions. Besides 
 the following, 3 others occur in the southern United States, and 3 in Mexico. 
 
 Leaf-blades as long as the sheaths, coarsely 3-8-fenestrate-nerved; scapes y-angled; heads 2" -3" in 
 diameter. r. E. septangulare. 
 
 Leaf -blades shorter than the sheaths, finely 6-2o-fenestrate-nerved; scapes io-i2-angled, heads 
 3" -6" in diameter. 2. E. compressum. 
 
 Leaf-blades much longer than the sheaths, finely io-5o-nerved; scapes io-i4-angled; heads 4" -8" 
 in diameter. 3. E. decangulare. 
 
 i. Eriocaulon septangulare With. Seven-angled Pipewort. (Fig. 899.) 
 
 Eriocaulon septangulare With. Bot. Arr. Brit. PI. 784. 
 
 1776. 
 
 Nasmythia articulala Huds. Fl. Angl. Ed. 2, 415. 1778. 
 Eriocaulon articulation Morong, Bull. Torr. Club, 18: 
 
 353- 1891. 
 
 Stem a mere crown. Leaf-blades pellucid, 3-8- 
 fenestrate-nerved, l /2 f -T>' long, usually as long as 
 the sheaths; scapes weak, twisted, about y-angled, 
 smooth, i / -8 / tall, or when submersed sometimes 
 4-io long; involucral bracts glabrous, or the 
 innermost bearded at the apex, oblong, usually 
 shorter than the flowers; marginal flowers usually 
 staminate; scales of the receptacle spatulate or ob- 
 ovate, abruptly pointed, brown above, white-woolly; 
 staminate flowers about \%" high; pistillate flowers 
 scarcely more than half as large; perianth-segments 
 of both kinds of flowers white-bearded. 
 
 In still water or on shores, Newfoundland to Ontario 
 and Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Also in 
 western Europe. July-Oct. 
 
 *Text contributed by the late Rev. THOMAS MORONG. 
 
372 
 
 ERIOCAULACEAE. 
 
 2. Eriocaulon compressum Lam. Flattened Pipe wort. (Fig. 900.) 
 
 Eriocaulon compressum I^am. Encycl. 3: 276- 
 1789. 
 
 Eriocaulon gnaphalodes Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 
 2: 165. 1803. 
 
 Leaf-blades 6-2O-fenestrate-nerved, usually 
 shorter than the sheaths and tapering to a 
 long sharp point, rigid, or when submersed 
 thin and pellucid. Stem a mere crown; 
 scapes 6 x -3 tall; smooth, flattened when 
 dry, io-12-angled; involucral bracts rounded, 
 obtuse, scarious, shining, smooth, imbricated 
 in 3 or 4 series; heads 3 // -6 // in diameter, 
 frequently dioecious; receptacle glabrous; 
 flowers i / ^ // -2 // high, otherwise similar to 
 those of the preceding species. 
 
 In still shallow water, southern New Jersey to 
 Florida and Texas. Also in Cuba. At flowering 
 time the styles and stigmas are much exserted, 
 standing above the heads like projecting threads. 
 May-Oct. 
 
 3. Eriocaulon decangulare L,. Ten-angled Pipe wort. (Fig. 901.) 
 
 Eriocaulon decangulare I,. Sp. PI. 87. 1753. 
 
 Sterns short and thick, i / -2 / long. Leaf-blades 
 finely many-nerved, tapering to a blunt point, 
 6 / -2o / long, 2 // -8 // wide, usually much longer 
 than the sheaths; scapes stout, rigid, glabrous, 
 io-14-angled, i-3 tall; heads 4 // -8 // in diam- 
 eter; involucral bracts ovate, often eroded, 
 denticulate at the apex and pubescent below, 
 imbricated in 4 or 5 series; receptacle pubescent 
 with many-celled hairs; flowers 2 /x high, densely 
 woolly at the base; scales longer than the 
 flowers, acute, white-bearded; as are the spatu- 
 late perianth-segments. 
 
 In swamps, southern New Jersey and Pennsyl- 
 vania to Florida and Texas. Also in Cuba. June- 
 Get. 
 
 2. DUPATYA Veil. Fl. Flum. 35. 1825. 
 [PAEPALANTHUS Mart. Nov. Act. Leop. 17: Part i, 10. 1830.] 
 
 Perennial or rarely annual herbs, our species with the habit of Eriocaulon. Stems very 
 short. Leaves awl-shaped, tufted. Scapes slender, several-angled, erect, twisted in growth, 
 sheathed at the base by a long acute bract. Flowers androgynous, in globular or hemi- 
 spheric heads, each in the axil of a scale or the scales sometimes obsolete. Involucral 
 bracts imbricated in 3 or 4 series. Perianth of 2 series, each of 2 or 3 segments in the stami- 
 nate flowers, the outer segments distinct, the inner connate; stamens 2 or 3, inserted on the 
 inner perianth and opposite its lobes. Pistillate flowers with the outer segments distinct, 
 the inner often connate above the 2-celled, 2-3-ovuled ovary; style cleft into 2 or 3 entire or 
 2-cleft stigmas. Fruit a 2-3-celled, 2-3-seeded capsule, loculicidally dehiscent. [Name in 
 honor of Dupaty,~\ 
 
 About 215 species, mostly natives of tropical America. Only the following is known in the 
 United States. 
 
PIPE WORT FAMILY. 
 
 373 
 
 i. Dupatya flavidula (Michx.) Kuntze. Dupatya. (Fig. 902.) 
 
 Eriocaulon flavidulum Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 166. 1803. 
 Paepalanthus flavidulus Ktinth, Enum. 3: 532. 1841. 
 Dupatya flavidula Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 745. 1891. 
 
 Leaves 3-5-nerved, i / -a / long, awl-shaped, woolly 
 at the base, glabrous or sparingly pubescent above. 
 Scapes numerous, 5-angled, pubescent, 4 / -i2 / high; 
 sheaths longer than the leaves, slightly inflated 
 above, pubescent; involucral bracts straw-colored, 
 glabrous, obtuse, oval, shining, somewhat pubes- 
 cent at the base; receptacles glabrous or slightly 
 pubescent; scales very thin, scarious-white, linear, 
 slightly pubescent, about as long as the flowers; 
 flowers about iX" high; perianth 6-parted; outer 
 perianth of the staminate flowers stalked, woolly, 
 the inner a campanulate tube with 3 stamens; pis- 
 tillate flowers with both sets of perianth-segments 
 distinct, the inner much narrower than the outer; 
 style 3-parted; stigmas 3. 
 
 Tn moist pine barrens, southern Virginia to Florida. 
 March-July. 
 
 3. LACHNOCAULON Kunth, Enum. 3: 497. 1841. 
 
 Tufted herbs with the habit of Eriocaulon, the leaves linear. Scape several-angled, 
 sheathed at the base by an entire bract about as long as the leaves; heads globose. Recep- 
 tacle pilose. Flowers androgynous. Perianth of 3 segments. Staminate flowers with 3 
 stamens united below into a thickened tube which is coalescent with a body, variously re- 
 garded as a corolla or as a rudimentary pistil, bearing at its apex 3 fimbriate or entire lobes 
 alternate with the filaments; anthers i-celled, minute. Pistillate flowers with a sessile 3- 
 celled, 3-ovuled ovary surrounded by copious woolly hairs at the base; styles united belowj 
 spreading above into 3 divisions which are 2-parted, there being thus 6 stigmas. [Greek, 
 referring to the woolly scapes of some species.] 
 
 Four known species, natives of the southern United States. 
 
 i. Lachnocaulon anceps (Walt.) Morong. Hairy Pipewort. (Fig. 903.) 
 
 Eriocaulon ancefisWa.lt. Fl. Car. 83. 1788. 
 
 Lachnocaulon Michauxii Kunth, Enum. 3: 497. 
 1841. 
 
 Lachnocaulon anceps Morong, Bull. Torr. Club, 
 18: 360. 1891. 
 
 Leaves glabrous or sparingly pubescent, 
 i '-3' long, tapering to an obtuse callous 
 point. Scapes slender, 2 / -2o / tall, 2-4- 
 angled, clothed with long soft appressed up- 
 wardly pointed hairs; sheaths equalling or 
 shorter than the leaves; heads globose, \ f/ - 
 3" in diameter; involucral bracts ovate or 
 oblong, shorter than the flowers, usually 
 brown; flowers about i" high; scales brown, 
 spatulate, surrounded at the base by the yel- 
 lowish silky hairs of the receptacle and 
 white-bearded at the apex; perianth of the 
 staminate flowers short-stalked, pubescent at 
 the base, woolly and fimbriate at the summit; 
 segments of the pistillate perianth white, 
 glabrous, obtuse; ovary densely villous 
 around the base; seeds strongly ribbed. 
 
 In moist pine barrens, Virginia to Florida. The white pistillate flowers mingled with the brown 
 :staminate ones impart a mixed gray and dark appearance to the heads. March-June. 
 
374 
 
 BROMELIACEAE. 
 
 Family 14. BROMELIACEAE J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. i: 122. 1805. 
 
 PINE-APPLE FAMILY. 
 
 Epiphytic herbs (some tropical species terrestrial), mostly scurfy, with 
 elongated entire or spinulose-serrate leaves. Flowers spiked, panicled, or soli- 
 tary, regular and perfect, usually conspicuously bracted. Perianth of 3 thin 
 distinct or somewhat united sepals, and 3 clawed distinct or united petals. 
 Stamens 6, usually inserted on the base of the corolla. Ovary inferior or 
 superior, 3-celled; ovules numerous in each cell, anatropous; style short or 
 elongated; stigmas 3. Capsule 3-valved in our species. Seeds numerous, the 
 testa membranous. Embryo small, situated at the base of the copious endosperm. 
 
 About 35 genera and 900 species, all natives of tropical and subtropical America. 
 
 i. TILLANDSIA I,. Sp. PI. 286. 1753. 
 
 Epiphytic plants of various habit, with narrow entire leaves and white, yellow or purple 
 flowers. Sepals distinct and separate or very nearly so. Petals distinct. Stamens hypogy- 
 nous or the three inner ones inserted on the bases of the petals; filaments filiform; anthers 
 linear or linear- oblong. Ovary superior; style subulate; stigmas short. Capsule septicidally 
 3-valved. Seeds erect, narrow, supported on a long funiculus which splits up into fine threads. 
 [Dedicated to Elias Tillands, Swedish (?) botanist of the seventeenth century.] 
 
 About 350 species, natives of warm and tropical America. Besides the following some 9 others 
 occur in the southern United States. 
 
 i. Tillandsia usneoides L. Long 
 Moss. Florida Moss. (Fig. 904.) 
 
 Renealmia usneoides L. Sp. PI. 287. 1753. 
 Tillandsia usneoides 1,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 411. 
 
 1762. 
 
 Stems very slender, thread-like, flexuous, 
 hanging clustered in festoons from the branches 
 of trees, 3-2o long, gray and, like the filiform 
 leaves, densely silvery-scurfy all over. Leaves 
 scattered, \ f -$ f long, scarcely y z " thick, their 
 bases somewhat dilated; flowers sessile and 
 solitary or rarely 2 together in the axils of the 
 leaves; sepals about 3" long, pale green; petals 
 yellow, the blade about 2 // long; stamens about 
 as long as the calyx; capsule linear, 9 // -i5 // 
 long, at length splitting into 3 linear valves. 
 
 Eastern Virginia to Florida, west to Texas and 
 Mexico. Very widely distributed in tropical 
 America. 
 
 Family 15. COMMELINACEAE Reichenb. Consp. 57. 
 SPIDERWORT FAMILY. 
 
 1828. 
 
 Perennial or annual leafy herbs with regular or irregular perfect and often 
 showy flowers in cymes, commonly subtended by spathe-like or leafy bracts. 
 Perianth of 2 series; a calyx of mostly 3 persistent sepals, and a corolla of 
 mostly 3 membranous and deciduous or fugacious petals. Stamens mostly 6, 
 hypogynous, rarely fewer, all similar and perfect or 2 or 3 of them different 
 from the others and sterile; filaments filiform or somewhat flattened; anthers 
 2-celled, mostly longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, sessile or very 
 nearly so, 2-3-celled; ovules i or several in each cell, anatropous or half ana- 
 tropous; style simple; stigmas terminal, entire or obscurely 2-3-lobed. Seeds 
 solitary or several in each cell of the capsule. Capsule 2-3-celled, loculicidally 
 2-3-valved. Embryo small. Endosperm copious. 
 
 About 25 genera and 350 species, mostly natives of tropical regions a few in the temperate zones. 
 
 Perfect stamens 3, rarely 2; petals unequal; bracts spathe-like. i. Commelina. 
 
 Perfect stamens 6, rarely 5; petals all alike; bracts leafy. 2. Tradescantia . 
 
 
SPIDERWORT FAMILY. 
 
 375 
 
 Besides the following, 
 
 1. C. nudiflora. 
 
 2. C. hirtella. 
 
 3. C. communis. 
 
 i. COMMELINA L. Sp. PI. 40. 1753. 
 
 Erect ascending or procumbent, somewhat succulent, branching herbs, with short-peti" 
 oled or sessile leaves, and irregular mostly blue flowers in sessile cymes subtended by 
 spathe-like bracts. Sepals somewhat unequal, the larger ones sometimes slightly united. 
 Petals blue, unequal, 2 of them larger than the third. Perfect stamens 3, rarely 2, one of 
 them incurved and its anther commonly larger. Sterile stamens usually 3, smaller, their 
 anthers various. Filaments all glabrous. Capsule 3-celled. Seeds i or 2 in each cavity, 
 the testa firm, roughened, smooth or reticulated. [Dedicated to Kaspar Commelin, 1667- 
 1731, Dutch botanist] 
 
 About 95 species of wide distribution in warm and temperate regions. 
 some 3 others occur in the southern United States. 
 Ventral cavities of the ovary 2-ovuled, the dorsal i-ovuled. 
 
 Capsule 3-celled, commonly 5-seeded. 
 
 Creeping, glabrous or nearly so; margins of the spathe not united. 
 Stout, erect, the sheaths bearded; margins of the spathe united. 
 
 Capsule 2-celled, 4-seeded. 
 All 3 cavities of the ovary only i-oyuled. 
 
 Cavities of the capsule all dehiscent. 4. C. erecta. 
 
 Dorsal cavity of the capsule indehiscent. 5. C. Virginica. 
 
 i. Commelina nudiflora I,. Creep- 
 ing Day-flower. (Fig. 905.) 
 
 Commelina nudiflora L. Sp. PI. 41. 1753. 
 Commelina communzsWa.lt. Fl. Car. 68. 1788. 
 
 Not L,. 1753. 
 Commelina agraria Kunth. Enum. 4: 38. 1843. 
 
 Glabrous or very nearly so throughout, 
 stems procumbent or creeping, rooting at 
 the nodes, i-2^ long. Leaves lanceolate 
 or ovate-lanceolate, i / -3 / long, 4 // -8 // wide, 
 acute or acuminate at the apex, their sheaths 
 sometimes ciliate; spathe acute or acumi- 
 nate, 8 // -i2 // long, peduncled, the 2 bracts 
 not united by their margins; flowers few in 
 each spathe, 3 // -6 // broad; ventral cells of 
 the ovary 2-ovuled, the dorsal i-ovuled; 
 capsule commonly 5-seeded ( 2 seeds in each 
 of the ventral cells, i in the dorsal); seeds 
 oblong, reticulated, about \" long. 
 
 Along strenms and in waste places, New Jer- 
 sey to Indiana and Missouri, south to Florida, 
 Texas and through tropical America to Para- 
 guay. Widely distributed in Asia and Africa. 
 July-Oct. 
 
 2. Commelina hirtella Vahl. Bearded Day-flower. (Fig. 906.) 
 
 Commelina longifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 23. 
 
 1803. Not L,am. 1791. 
 
 Commelina hirtella Vahl. Enum. 2: 166. 1806. 
 Commelina erecta A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2. 486. 1856. 
 
 Not L,. 1753. 
 
 Stem stout, erect or ascending, 2-4 high. 
 Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, roughish, 4 / -7 / 
 long, i / -i)4 / wide, their sheaths / ^ / -i / long, 
 fringed with rather stiff and long brownish hairs 
 and sometimes pubescent; spathes sessile or short- 
 peduncled, often clustered at the summits of the 
 stem and branches, the 2 bracts acute, united by 
 their margins, rather strongly cross-veined; ven- 
 tral cells of the ovary 2-ovuled, the other i- 
 ovuled; capsule 5-seeded; seeds ellipsoid, brown, 
 somewhat more than \" long, smooth, minutely 
 puberulent. 
 
 In moist soil, southern New Jersey to Missouri, 
 south to Florida and Texas. Aug.-Oct. 
 
376 
 
 COMMELINACEAE. 
 
 3. Commelina communis L,. Asiatic Day-flower. (Fig. 907.) 
 
 Commelina communis L. Sp: PI. 40. 1753. 
 Commelina Willdenovii Kunth. Emmi. 4: 37. 
 
 1843. 
 
 Glabrous or nearly so, stems ascending or de- 
 cumbent, rather slender, sometimes rooting at the 
 nodes, i-3 long. Leaves lanceolate or oblong- 
 lanceolate, 3 / -5 / long, i / -i^ / wide, acuminate at 
 the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, smooth ; 
 sheath white-membranous with green veins, some- 
 times ciliate, 8 // -i2 // long; spathes few, peduncled, 
 their 2 bracts acute or acuminate, nearly i / long, 
 glabrous or sometimes pubescent, distinct; flowers 
 deep blue, ]/ 2 ' or more broad; ventral cells of the 
 ovary 2-ovuled, the dorsal i-ovuled; capsule 2- 
 celled, each cell 2-seeded; seeds compressed, dark 
 brown, roughened. 
 
 Southern New York and eastern Pennsylvania. 
 Adventive or naturalized from Asia. July-Oct. 
 
 4. Commelina erecta I,. Slender Day- 
 flower. (Fig. 908.) 
 
 Commelina erecta L- Sp. PI. 41. 1753. 
 
 Somewhat pubescent or glabrous, stems com- 
 monly tufted, erect or ascending, i-2 tall, the 
 roots somewhat thickened. Leaves linear- lanceo- 
 late, 3 / -6 / long, 4 // -i / wide, acuminate at the apex, 
 narrowed at the base; sheaths J^'-i' long, often 
 pubescent; spathes peduncled or sessile, the 2 
 bracts more or less pubescent, acute or acuminate, 
 distinct, io // -2o // long; flowers % f or more broad; 
 ovary 3-celled, each cell i-ovuled; capsule papery, 
 all its cells dehiscent, each i-seeded; seeds ash- 
 colored, nearly or quite smooth, puberulent. 
 
 In moist soil, southern Pennsylvania (according to 
 Watson), south to Florida, Texas and in tropical 
 America. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 5. Commelina Virginica L,. Virginia Day-flower. (Fig. 909.) 
 
 Commelina Virginica L. Sp. Pi. Ed. 2, 61. 1762. 
 
 Similar to the preceding species, somewhat pu- 
 bescent or glabrous, stems diffusely branched, rather 
 stouter, ij4-T, high. Leaves lanceolate or linear- 
 lanceolate, 3 / -5 / long, s^-ia" wide, acuminate at 
 the apex; sheaths inflated, often pubescent, the 
 orifice sometimes fringed; spathes several, usually 
 peduncled, the 2 bracts acute or acuminate, 8 // -i2 // 
 long, distinct; flowers i' broad or less, showy; cap- 
 sule 3-celled, each cell i-seeded, the dorsal one in- 
 dehiscent and roughened. 
 
 In moist soil, southern New York to Illinois and 
 Michigan, south to Florida, Nebraska, Texas and 
 through tropical America to Paraguay. June-Sept. 
 
SPIDERWORT FAMILY. 
 
 377 
 
 2. TRADESCANTIA L. Sp. PI. 288. 1753. 
 
 Pereiinial, somewhat mucilaginous herbs, with simple or branched stems, mostly nar- 
 row and elongated leaves, and showy regular flowers in terminal or terminal and axillary 
 umbels subtended by leaf-like or scarious bracts. Sepals 3, distinct, herbaceous. Petals 
 3, obovate, ovate or orbicular, sessile. Stamens 6, all alike and fertile, or those opposite the 
 petals shorter; filaments bearded or glabrous. Ovary 3-celled, the cells 2-ovuled. Capsule 
 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved, 3-i2-seeded. [In honor of John Tradescant, gardener to 
 Charles I, died 1638.] 
 
 About 35 species, natives of tropical and temperate America. Besides the following, some 6 
 others occur in the southern United States. 
 
 Umbel or umbels sessile, subtended by long leaf-like bracts. 
 Umbels solitary or 2-4; stem straight; leaves narrow. 
 Stem glabrous or merely pubescent, 8' -2 1 A tall. 
 
 Sepals oblong-lanceolate, 4"-io" long; flowers i'-a' broad. i. T. } r irginiana. 
 
 Sepals lanceolate, 3" -4" long; flowers less than i' broad. 2. T. montana. 
 
 Whole plant long-villous; nearly or quite acaulescent. 3. T. brevicaulis. 
 
 Umbels 3-8, axillary and terminal; stem mostly flexuous; leaves broad. 4. T. pilosa. 
 Umbel peduncled, subtended by small scarious bracts; leaves narrow. 5. T. rosea. 
 
 Spiderwort. (Fig. 910.) 
 
 i. Tradescantia Virginiana L 
 
 Tradescantia Virginiana L. Sp. PI. 288. 1753. 
 
 Glabrous or slightly pubescent, succulent, 
 glaucous or green, stems stout, S / -T > tall. 
 Leaves more or less channeled, or in some 
 forms nearly flat, linear or linear-lanceolate, 
 long-acuminate, often more than i long, 4 // -i / 
 wide; bracts foliaceous, commonly rather wider 
 and shorter than the leaves; umbels solitary 
 and terminal or rarely 2-4, loosely several- 
 many-flowered; pedicels glabrous or pubescent, 
 slender; flowers blue or purplish, rarely white, 
 i / -2 / broad, very showy; sepals oblong or ob- 
 long-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, glabrous or 
 pubescent, 4 // -io // long, much longer than the 
 capsule. 
 
 In rich soil, mostly in woods and thickets, south- 
 ern New York to Ohio and South Dakota, south to 
 Virginia, Kentucky and Arkansas. Ascends to 4000 
 ft. in Virginia; variable, perhaps includes several 
 species; May-Aug. 
 
 Tradescantia Virginiana occidentalis Britton. 
 
 Leaves narrowly linear, 2"-$" wide; flowers commonly smaller. Wisconsin to Missouri, Texas 
 and New Mexico. May be a distinct species. 
 
 2. Tradescantia montana Shuttlw. 
 Mountain Spiderwort. (Fig. 911.) 
 
 Tradescantia montana Shuttlw. in Distrib. PI. 
 Rugel. 
 
 Green and glabrous or somewhat pubescent, 
 stems slender, simple or sparingly branched, 
 i-2 tall. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo- 
 late, 4 / -io / long, 2 // -6 // wide, mostly distant, 
 their sheaths enlarged; bracts similar to the 
 leaves but shorter; umbels mostly solitary and 
 terminal, sessile in the bracts, rather densely 
 flowered; pedicels and calyx glabrous or pubes- 
 cent; flowers less than i' broad; sepals lanceo- 
 late, acute, about 3" long. 
 
 In woods and thickets, mountains of southwest- 
 ern Virginia to Kentucky and Georgia. June-Aug. 
 
378 COMMELINACEAE. 
 
 3. Tradescantia brevicaulis Raf. Short-stemmed Spiderwort. (Fig. 912.) 
 
 Tradescantia brevicaulis Raf. Atl. Journ. 150. 1832. 
 
 Tradescantia Virginica var. villosa S. Wats, in A. 
 Gray, Man. Ed. 6. 539. 1890. 
 
 Villouswith long spreading hairs, stems only i x - 
 6' high, the plant often appearing nearly acaules- 
 cent; leaves mostly basal, 6' '-12' long, 4 // -8 // wide, 
 grass-like, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, at 
 least at the base, glabrous or villous toward the 
 apex; bracts similar to the leaves, but usually more 
 elongated; umbel 4-i2-flowered, sessile in the 
 bracts, the pedicels slender, i / -2 / long, villous; se- 
 pals oblong; corolla about i' broad, blue or 
 rose-purple. 
 
 In dry soil, Illinois, Kentucky and Missouri. April- 
 May. 
 
 4. Tradescantia pilosa L,elim. Zigzag Spiderwort. (Fig. 913.) 
 
 Tradescantia pilosa J. G. C. Lehm. Sem. Hort. Hamb. 
 16. 1827. 
 
 Tradescantia fiexuosa Raf. Atl. Journ. 150. 1832. 
 
 More or less puberulent or short pilose, stem 
 stout, i-3 high, commonly flexuous, often 
 branched. Leaves broadly lanceolate, acuminate 
 at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, 6 / -i5 / 
 long, y^'-i' wide, dark green above, paler beneath; 
 bracts usually narrower and shorter than the leaves; 
 umbels 3-8, terminal and axillary or on short axil- 
 lary branches, densely many-flowered; pedicels 
 and calyx pubescent and more or less glandular, 
 rarely nearly glabrous; corolla lilac-blue, <j"-is" 
 broad. 
 
 Southern Pennsylvania to Illinois and Missouri, 
 south to Florida, Blooms later than T. Virginiana, 
 where the two occur together. June-Aug. 
 
 5. Tradescantia rosea Vent. Roseate 
 Spiderwort. (Fig. 914.) 
 
 Tradescantia rosea Vent. PI. Nouv. Jard. Cels. pi. 
 24. 1800. 
 
 Glabrous, stem very slender, erect, mostly 
 quite simple, 6 / -i2 / tall. Leaves very narrowly 
 linear, grass-like, nearly erect, channeled, 4 / -7 /- 
 long, i"-ij4"-mde, clasping at the base; bracts 
 very short and scarious; umbel terminal, long- 
 peduncled, few-flowered, subtended by small 
 pointed bracts; pedicels slender, short; sepals 
 lanceolate, acute, 2 // -3 // long, shorter than the 
 petals; corolla rose-color, 6 // -8 // broad; fila- 
 ments hairy; style slender, long-exserted. 
 
 In dry woods, Maryland to Missouri, south to 
 Florida and Texas. April- Aug. 
 
PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY. 
 
 379 
 
 Family 16. PONTEDERIACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fain. 59. 1829.* 
 
 PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY. 
 
 Perennial aquatic or bog plants, the leaves petioled, with thick blades, or 
 long and grass-like. Flowers perfect, more or less irregular, solitary or spiked, 
 subtended by leaf -like spathes. Perianth free from the ovary, corolla-like, 6- 
 parted. Stamens 3 or 6, inserted on the tube or the base of the perianth; fila- 
 ments filiform, dilated at the base or thickened at the middle; anthers 2 -celled, 
 linear-oblong or rarely ovate. Ovary 3-celled with axile placentae, or i -celled 
 with 3 parietal placentae; style filiform or columnar; stigma terminal, entire or 
 minutely toothed; ovules anatropous, numerous, sometimes only i of them per- 
 fecting. Fruit a many-seeded capsule, or a i -celled, i -seeded utricle. Endo- 
 sperm of the seed copious, mealy; embryo central, cylindric. 
 
 About 5 genera and 25 species, inhabiting fresh water in the warm and temperate regions of 
 America, Asia and Africa. 
 
 Flowers 2-lipped, stamens 6; fruit a i-seeded utricle. i. Pontederia. 
 
 Flowers regular; stamens 3; fruit a many-seeded capsule. 2. Heteranthera. 
 
 i. PONTEDERIA L. Sp. PI. 288. 1753. 
 
 Leaves thick with many parallel veins, the petioles long, sheathing, arising from a hori- 
 zontal rootstock. Stem erect, i-leaved, with several sheathing bract-like leaves at the base. 
 Flowers blue, ephemeral, numerous, spiked, the spike (or spadix) peduncled and subtended 
 by a thin bract-like spathe. Perianth 2-lipped, the upper lip of 3 ovate lobes, the middle 
 lobe longest, the lower lip of 3 linear-oblong spreading lobes. Stamens 6, borne at unequal 
 distances upon the perianth-tube, 3 of them opposite the lower lip, the others opposite the 
 upper lip; anthers oblong, subversatile, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, 2 of the cells abortive and 
 empty. Fruit a i-seeded utricle, enclosed in the thickened tuberculate-ribbed base of the 
 perianth. [In honor of Giulio Pontedera, 1688-1757, professor of botany in Padua.] 
 
 Seven or eight species, natives of America. 
 
 i. Pontederia cordata L,. Pickerel-weed. (Fig. 915.) 
 
 Pontederia cordata L. Sp. PI. 288. 1753. 
 
 Stem rather stout, i-4 tall. Leaves ovate, 
 cordate-sagittate, 4 / -8 / long, 2 / -6 / wide at the 
 base, the apex and basal lobes obtuse; basal lobes 
 often with long narrow stipule-like appendages on 
 the sheathing petiole; spadix and inflorescence 
 glandular-pubescent; perianth about 4" long, it 
 and the filaments, anthers, and style bright blue, 
 its tube curved, slightly longer than the lobes, 
 middle lobe of the upper lip with 2 yellow spots at 
 the base within; ovary oblong, tapering into the 
 slender style; stigma minutely 3-6-toothed. 
 
 Borders of ponds and streams, Nova Scotia to Min- 
 nesota, south to Florida and Texas. After flowering 
 the lobes and upper part of the perianth-tube wither 
 above, while the persistent base hardens around the 
 fruit. The flowers are trimorphous. June-Oct. 
 
 Pontederia cordata lancifolia (Muhl. ) Morong, Mem. 
 
 Torr. Club, 5: 105. 1894. 
 Pontederia lancifolia Muhl. Cat. 34. 1813. 
 Pontederia cordata var. angustifolia Torr. Fl. N. U. 
 S. i:343- 1824. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, rounded or narrowed at the base, 
 a'-io' long, 3" -8" wide. Ontario to New Jersey, Cuba and Texas. 
 
 2. HETERANTHERA R. & P. Prodr. Fl. Per. 9. 1794. 
 
 [SCHOI,I,ERA Schreb. Gen. 785. 1789. Not Roth. 1788.] 
 
 Herbs with creeping, ascending or floating stems, the leaves petioled, with cordate, ovate, 
 oval or reniform blades, or grass-like. Spathes i- flowered or several-flowered. Flowers 
 small, white, blue or yellow. Lobes of the perianth nearly or quite equal, linear. Stamens 
 3, equal or unequal, inserted on the throat of the perianth. Ovary fusiform, entirely or in- 
 completely 3-celled by the intrusion of the placentae; ovules numerous; stigma 3-lobed. 
 Fruit an ovoid many-seeded capsule, enclosed in the withered perianth-tube. Seeds ovoid, 
 many-ribbed. [Greek, referring to the unequal anthers of some species.] 
 
 About 9 species, 2 in tropical Africa, the others American ; only the following in the United States. 
 
 *Text contributed by the late Rev. THOMAS MORONG. 
 
PONTEDERIACEAE. 
 
 Leaves mostly reniform, sometimes cordate -ovate. 
 Leaves ovate or oval, sometimes slightly cordate. 
 Leaves linear, grass-like, floating. 
 
 1. H. reniformis. 
 
 2. H. iimosa. 
 
 3. H. dubia. 
 
 i. Heteranthera reniformis R. & P. Mud 
 Plantain. (Fig. 916.) 
 
 Heteranthera reniformis R. & P. Fl. Per. i: 43. 1798. 
 Leptanthus reniformis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 25. 1803. 
 
 Stems creeping in the mud, rooting at the nodes. Leaves 
 cordate or reniform, rarely cordate-ovate and acute, the 
 blades 6 // -i5 // long, 8 // -i6 // wide; petioles sheathing, i'-/)/ 
 long; spathe 2-5-flowered; tube of the perianth straight or 
 slightly curved, slender, about \" long, its lobes shorter; 
 flowers white or pale blue; anthers basifixed, the 2 upper 
 oval, the other on a longer filament and linear. 
 
 In mud or shallow water, Connecticut to New Jersey, Illinois 
 and Kansas, south to Louisiana, and in South and Central 
 America. 
 
 2. Heteranthera Iimosa (Sw.) Willd. 
 Smaller Mud Plantain. (Fig. 917.) 
 
 Pontederia Iimosa Sw. Prodr. 57. 1788. 
 
 Heteranthera Iimosa Willd. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. 
 Fr. Berlin, 3: 439. 1801. 
 
 Leptanthus ovalis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 25. 1803. 
 
 Stems commonly much branched from the base, 
 6 / -i5 / long. Leaves numerous, oval or ovate, ob- 
 tuse at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the 
 base, i / long or less; petioles 2'-$' long; spathes 
 i-flowered, often on peduncles \' long or more; 
 flowers white or blue, usually larger than those of 
 the preceding species; filaments equal or nearly 
 so; anthers linear, often sagittate. 
 
 In mud or shallow water, Virginia to Kentucky and 
 Missouri, south to Florida, Louisiana and throughout 
 tropical America. 
 
 3. Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacM. Water Star-grass. (Fig. 918.) 
 
 Commelina dubia Jacq. Obs. Bot. 3: 9. />/. 59. 1768. 
 Leptanthus gramineus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 25. 1803. 
 Heteranthera graminea Vahl. Enum. 2: 45. 1806. 
 Schollera graminea A. Gray, Man. 511. 1848. 
 Heteranthera dubiaMacM. Met. Minn. 138. 1892. 
 
 Aquatic, stem slender, forked, often rooting at the 
 nodes, 2-3 long. Leaves linear, flat, elongated, acut- 
 ish, finely parallel-nerved, their sheaths thin, furnished 
 at the top with small acute stipule-like appendages; 
 flowers light yellow, the perianth-segments narrow; 
 stamens nearly equal; tube of the perianth \' f -\Yz" long; 
 spathe i-2-flowered; filaments dilated below; anthers 
 linear, i" long, sagittate; style shorter than the stamens; 
 stigma several -lobed; capsule i -celled with 3 parietal 
 placentae, many-seeded. 
 
 In still water, Ontario to Oregon, south to Florida and 
 Mexico. Also in Cuba. Occasionally occurs in a small 
 form on muddy shores. July-Oct. 
 
RUSH FAMILY. 381 
 
 Family 17. JUNCACEAE Vent. Tabl. 2: 150. 1799.* 
 RUSH FAMILY. 
 
 Perennial or sometimes annual, grass-like, usually tufted herbs, commonly 
 growing in moist places. Inflorescence usually compound or decompound, pani- 
 culate, corymbose, or umbelloid, rarely reduced to a single flower, bearing its 
 flowers singly, or loosely clustered, or aggregated into spikes or heads. Flowers 
 small, regular, with or without bractlets (prophylla). Perianth 6-parted, the 
 parts glumaceous. Stamens 3 or 6, rarely 4 or 5, the anthers adnate, introrse, 
 2-celled, dehiscing by a slit. Pistil superior, tricarpous, i -celled or 3-celled, 
 with 3-many ascending anatropous ovules, and 3 filiform stigmas. Fruit a locu- 
 licidal capsule. Seeds 3-many, small, cylindric to subglobose, with loose or 
 close seed-coat, with or without caruncular or tail-like appendages. 
 
 Seven genera and about 200 species, widely distributed. 
 
 Leaf-sheaths open; capsule i- or 3-celled, many-seeded; placentae parietal or axial, i. Juncus. 
 Leaf-sheaths closed; capsule i-celled, 3-seeded, its placenta basal. 2. Juncoides. 
 
 i. JUNCUS I,. Sp. PI. 325 (1753). 
 
 Usually perennial plants, principally of swamp habitat, with glabrous herbage, stems 
 leaf -bearing or scapose, leaf -sheaths with free margins, and leaf blades terete, gladiate, grass- 
 like, or channeled. Inflorescence paniculate or corymbose, often unilateral, sometimes con- 
 gested, bearing its flowers either singly and with 2 bractlets (prophylla), or in heads and with- 
 out bractlets, but each in the axil of a bract; bractlets almost always entire; stamens 6 to 3; 
 ovary i-celled or by the intrusion of the placentae 3-celled, the placentae correspondingly 
 parietal or axial; seeds several-many, usually distinctly reticulated or ribbed, often tailed. 
 
 About 150 species, most abundant in the north temperate zone. The species bloom in summer. 
 [Latin, tTomjungo, to bind, in allusion to the use of these plants for withes.] 
 
 A. Lowest leaf of the inflorescence terete, not conspicuously channeled, erect, appearing like a con- 
 tinuation of the stem, the inflorescence therefore appearing lateral; stem leaves none. 
 
 1. Flowers bracteolate, inserted singly on the branches of the inflorescence. GENUINI. 
 
 Perianth-parts green, or in age straw-colored. 
 
 Perianth-parts equalling or exceeding the capsule, all acute. 
 
 Stamens 3; leaf of the inflorescence much shorter than the stem. 
 
 Capsule without a distinct apical papilla. I. J. effustis. 
 
 Capsule with a distinct apical papilla. 2. J. conglomeratus. 
 
 Stamens6; leaf of inflorescence about equalling the stem, or longer. 3. J.filiformis. 
 Perianth-parts reaching only the middle of the capsule, inner obtuse. 4. J. gymnocarpus. 
 Perianth-parts with a chestnut-brown stripe down either side of the midrib. 5. J. Balticus. 
 
 2, Flowers not bracteolate, inserted in heads on the branches of the inflorescence. THALASSICI. 
 
 Perianth-parts pale brown; seed tailless. 6. J. Roemerianus. 
 
 Perianth-parts green, or in age straw-colored; seed tailed. 7. J. maritimus. 
 
 B. Lowest leaf of the inflorescence not appearing like a continuation of the stem, or if so, con- 
 spicuously channeled along the upper side, the inflorescence usually appearing terminal. 
 
 1. LEAF-BLADE TRANSVERSELY FLATTENED (INSERTED WITH ITS FLAT SURFACE FACING THE 
 STEM), OR TERETE AND CHANNELED, NOT PROVIDED WITH SEPTA. 
 
 # Flowers bracteolate, inserted singly on the branches of the inflorescence, sometimes clustered or 
 
 congested, but never in true heads. POIOPHYLLI. 
 Annual; inflorescence, exclusive of its leaves, more than one-third the height of the plant. 
 
 8. J. bufonius, 
 
 Perennial; inflorescence, excluding leaves, not one-third the height of the plant. 
 Leaf -blade flat, but sometimes involute in drying. 
 
 Inflorescence i-3-flowered; leaves with fimbriate auricles. 9. J. trifidus. 
 
 Inflorescence, except in depauperate specimens, several-many-flowered; leaves with 
 
 entire auricles. 
 
 Cauline leaves i or 2, rarely wanting; perianth-parts obtuse. 10. J. Gerardi. 
 Cauline leaves none; perianth parts acute or acuminate. 
 
 Inflorescence usually much exceeded by its lowest leaf; flowers seldom plainly 
 secund; perianth i%"-2%" long, usually exceeding the capsule; capsule ob- 
 ovpid, broadly rounded at the apex, the placentae intruded half way to the 
 axis. ii. J. tenuis. 
 
 Inflorescence rarely exceeded by its lowest leaf; flowers plainly secund on the 
 branches; perianth i^"-2" long, equalling the capsule; capsule oblong, 
 3-sided, truncate at the apex; placentae meeting in the axis. 12. /. secundus. 
 Leaf-blade terete, channeled along the upper side. 
 
 Lowest leaf of inflorescence not four lengths of the panicle; capsule oblong to obovoid. 
 Seed tailed. 13- / Vaseyi. 
 
 Seed not tailed. 
 
 Perianth i%"-i%" long, plainly exceeded by the capsule. 14. J. Greenei. 
 Perianth iK"-2" long, not exceeded by the capsule. 15. J. dichotomus. 
 Lowest leaf of the inflorescence rarely less than four times as long as the panicle; 
 capsule globose-ovoid. 16. J. setaceus. 
 
 *Text contributed by Mr. FREDERICK V. COVH.I.E. 
 
382 
 
 JUNCACEAE. 
 
 %% Flowers not bracteolate, in true heads on branches of the inflorescence. GRAMINIFOLII. 
 Stem erect; capsule oblong or obovoid, obtuse at the apex. 
 
 Stamens 3, with red-brown anthers; capsule not mucronate. 17. J. ma.rgina.tus. 
 
 Stamens 6, with yellow anthers; capsule mucronate. 18. J. longistylis. 
 
 Stem creeping, floating, or ascending; capsule subulate. 19. J, repens. 
 
 2. LEAF-BLADE NOT TRANSVERSELY FLATTENED, COMMONLY TERETE, HOLLOW, PROVIDED 
 WITH SEPTA. 
 
 * Leaf -blade usually channeled along the upper side; septa usually imperfect, not externally evi- 
 dent; inflorescence of 1-4 heads; plants of arctic or alpine range. ALPINI. 
 Body of the seed l /2 U in length or more. 
 
 Leaf-sheath not auriculate. 20. J. castaneus. 
 
 Leaf-sheath auriculate. 21. J. stygius. 
 
 Body of the seed less than %" in length. 
 
 Lowest leaf of inflorescence foliose, erect; capsule deeply retuse at apex. 22. J. biglumis. 
 Lowest leaf of inflorescence membranous, spreading; capsule obtuse and mucronate at the 
 
 apex. 23. J. triglumis. 
 
 ^^f Leaf -blade not channeled along the upper side (except in J. bulbosus), the septa perfect (ex- 
 cept in J. polycephalus), and usually externally evident; inflorescence, except in depauper- 
 ate specimens, of several to many heads; plants not of arctic-alpine range. SEPTATI. 
 
 t Stamens 6, one opposite each perianth-part. 
 
 Heads reduced to one, or rarely two flowers. 24. J. pelocarpus. 
 
 Heads 2-many-flowered. 
 
 Epidermis not roughened. 
 
 Plants with two kinds of leaves, one normal, the other basal, submersed, and capillary. 
 Plant low, less than 10' high. 25. J. bulbosus. 
 
 Plant tall, more than 10' high. 26. J. militaris. 
 
 Plants without submersed capillary leaves. 
 
 Capsule oblong, either abruptly acuminate or bluntly acute. 
 
 Branches widely spreading; capsule sharply acute, tapering into a conspicuous 
 
 point. 27. J. articulatus. 
 
 Branches usually strict; capsule broadly acute, or obtuse, with a short point. 
 
 28. J. Richardsonianus. 
 Capsule subulate. 
 
 Leaf -blades erect; inner perianth-parts longer than the outer. 29. J. nodosus. 
 
 Leaf-blades abruptly divergent from the stem; outer perianth-parts longer than the 
 
 inner. 30. J. Torreyi. 
 
 Epidermis of the leaves roughened with minute tubercles. 31. J. Caesariensis. 
 
 tt Stamens 3, none opposite the inner perianth-parts. 
 
 Capsule less than three-fourths as long as the perianth. 32. J. brachy corpus. 
 
 Capsule more than three-fourths as long as the perianth. 
 
 Capsule tapering evenly into a prominent subulate beak. 
 
 Leaf-blade vertically flattened and with incomplete septa, only rarely compressed and with 
 complete septa. 33. J. polycephalus. 
 
 Leaf-blade terete or nearly so, the septa complete. 
 
 Uppermost cauline leaf with a well-developed blade. 34. J. scirpoides. 
 
 Uppermost cauline leaf with a rudimentary blade rarely exceeding i' in length. 
 
 35- J- megacephaliis. 
 
 Capsule obtuse to acute at the apex, sometimes mucronate, but not prolonged into a beak. 
 Seed V-i" long. 
 
 Perianth about i" long, the fruiting head not more than 2" high. 36. J. brachycephalns. 
 Perianth i ^"-2" long, or if shorter, the fruiting head 2" high or more. 37. J. Canadensis. 
 Seed "-}<" long. 
 
 Perianth and mature capsule i"-2" long. 
 
 Perianth i^"-2" long, or if less the whole plant not 20' high. 38. J. acuminates. 
 Perianth i"-i#" long, the whole plant more than 20' high. 39. J. robustus. 
 Perianth and mature capsules 2" -3" long. 40. J. diffusissimus. 
 
 i. Juncus effusus L,. Common Rush. Bog Rush. Soft Rush. (Fig. 919.) 
 
 Juncus effusus L. Sp. PI. 326. 1753. 
 
 Plant i>^-4 high, densely tufted, erect. Root- 
 stock stout, branching, proliferous; stem soft, 
 merely striate beneath the inflorescence; basal leaf- 
 blades reduced to filiform rudiments; inflorescence 
 many-flowered, i / -4 / high, in one form congested 
 into a still smaller compact cluster; lowest bract of 
 the inflorescence a'-io' long, much shorter than the 
 stem; perianth i ff -i%" long, its parts green, lan- 
 ceolate, acuminate; stamens 3, the anthers shorter 
 than the filaments; capsule obovoid, 3-celled, muti- 
 cous, regularly dehiscent; seed \' f -%" in length, 
 obliquely oblong, reticulate in about 16 longitudi- 
 nal rows, the reticulations smooth and two or three 
 times broader than long. 
 
 In swamps and moist places, nearly throughout 
 North America, except the arid and high northern por- 
 tions. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. Also in Europe 
 and Asia. 
 
RUSH FAMILY. 
 
 383 
 
 2. Juncus conglomerates L. Glomerate Rush. (Fig. 920.) 
 
 Juncus conglomeratus L- Sp. PI. 326. 1753. 
 Juncus Leersii Mars. Fl. Neu-Vorpom. 451. 1869. 
 
 Plant \-2 l / 2 high, densely tufted, erect. Root- 
 stock stout, with proliferous branches; stem dis- 
 tinctly ribbed just beneath the inflorescence; leaf- 
 blades wanting or reduced to minute filiform rudi- 
 ments; inflorescence congested, seldom more than 
 io // high; lowest bract of the inflorescence 2 / -6 / 
 long, much shorter than the stem; perianth iX // -2 // 
 long, its parts green, lanceolate, acuminate; stamens 
 3, about two-thirds as long as the perianth; anthers 
 shorter than the filaments; capsule nearly as long 
 as the perianth, obovoid, obtuse or retuse at apex, 
 tipped with the base of the style; seed \ ff -%" in 
 length, obliquely oblong, acute or abruptly apiculate 
 at both ends, reticulate in about 16 longitudinal rows, 
 the reticulations smooth and two or three times 
 broader than long. 
 
 In the sphagnum bogs of Newfoundland. Resembling in appearance specimens of J. effusus 
 with congested inflorescence. Also in northern Europe and Asia. 
 
 3. Juncus filiformis I,. Thread Rush. (Fig. 921.) 
 
 Juncus filiformis L,. Sp. PI. 326. 1753. 
 
 Perennial, stems 4 / -25 / tall, erect, about ]/?." in dia- 
 meter, arising from a creeping rootstock; basal leaves 
 reduced to bladeless sheaths; involucral leaf usually 
 longer than the stem; inflorescence rarely with more 
 than 20 flowers or more than i' high, commonly with 
 less than 8 flowers and less than io x/ high; perianth 
 iX"-!^" long, its parts nearly equal, green with 
 hyaline margins, narrowly lanceolate, acute, or the 
 inner obtuse; stamens 6, about half as long as the 
 perianth; anthers shorter than the filaments; style 
 very short; capsule obovoid, green, barely pointed, 
 about three-fourths as long as the perianth, 3-celled; 
 seed obliquely oblong, about %" long, pointed at 
 either end, with an irregularly wrinkled coat, seldom 
 developing reticulations. 
 
 Labrador to British Columbia, south to the mountains 
 of Pennsylvania, to Michigan, and in the Rocky Moun- 
 tains to Utah and Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
 4. Juncus gymnocarpus Coville. Pennsylvania Rush. (Fig. 922.) 
 
 Juncus Smithii Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 444. 
 
 1866. Not Kunth, 1841. 
 J. gymnocarpus Coville, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 106. 1894. 
 
 Stems erect, i-2)4 high, about i" thick, arising 
 at intervals from a creeping proliferous rootstock 
 about i y z ff in diameter; basal leaves reduced to blade- 
 less clasping sheaths; panicle commonly 7 // -i5 // high, 
 spreading, its subtending leaf usually 4/-IC/ long; 
 perianth \" in length or a little less, its parts with a 
 green midrib, equal, lanceolate, the outer acute, the 
 inner obtuse; stamens 6, nearly as long as the peri- 
 anth, the anthers shorter than the filaments; capsule 
 almost twice as long as the perianth, broadly ovoid, 
 conspicuously mucronate, brown and shining, barely 
 dehiscent, 3-celled; seed obliquely obovoid or oblong, 
 somewhat misshapen by compression in the capsule, 
 about Ys" long, none with perfect markings seen. 
 
 In swamps, mountains of Schuylkill and Lebanon 
 counties, Pennsylvania. 
 
 25 
 
JUNCACEAE. 
 
 5. Juncus Balticus Willd. Baltic Rush. 
 (Fig. 923.) 
 
 Juncus Balticus Willd. Berlin Mag. 3: 298. 1809. 
 
 Stems erect, 8 / -36 / high, ^ // -iX // thick, arising 
 at intervals from a stout creeping rootstock I // -I^ /A 
 thick; basal leaves reduced to bladeless sheaths; 
 panicle commonly i / -2^ / high; perianth i^ // -2X //r 
 long, its parts lanceolate, acute, or the inner some- 
 times obtuse, nearly equal, brown with a green mid- 
 rib and hyaline margins; style y z ff -\ ff long; stigmas 
 a little shorter; stamens 6, about two-thirds the 
 length of the perianth; anthers about fy /f in length, 
 much longer than the filaments; capsule about as 
 long as the perianth, pale to dark brown, narrowly 
 ovoid, conspicuously mucronate, 3-celled; seeds 
 usually with a loose coat, nearly */?." long, oblong 
 to narrowly obovoid, oblique, about 4o-striate. 
 
 On shores, Labrador to Alaska, southern New York, 
 Ohio and Nebraska; far south in the western moun- 
 tains. Also in Europe and Asia. Variable. 
 
 6. Juncus Roemerianus Scheele. Roemer's Rush. (Fig. 924.) 
 
 Juncus Roemerianus Scheele, Linnaea, 22: 348. 1849. 
 
 Stems 2o / -4 tall, erect, arising singly from a 
 tough scaly horizontal rootstock 2J^ // -5 // thick; 
 inner sheaths bearing erect blades of about the 
 same length as the stem; inflorescence 2^ / -6 / 
 high, diffusely spreading, its leaf 4 / -io / long; 
 heads 2-6-flowered; perianth pale brown, \"-\^" 
 long, the parts linear-oblong, the outer acuminate, 
 the inner shorter and bluntly acute; flowers imper- 
 fectly dioecious; stamens 6, on fertile plants re- 
 duced to sterile staminodia; capsule brown, about 
 as long as the perianth, narrowly obovoid, obtuse 
 or truncate, mucronate, 3-celled; placenta very 
 thick and spongy, about one-third as broad as the 
 valve; seed dark brown, X // ~^ // l n g> obovoid, 
 abruptly apiculate, indistinctly reticulate or dis- 
 tinctly 2o-26-ribbed and the intervening spaces im- 
 perfectly cross-lined. 
 
 In brackish marshes, New Jersey to Texas. Long 
 confused by American authors with the following species. 
 
 7. Juncus maritimus Lam. Sea Rush. (Fig. 925.) 
 
 Juncus maritimus Lam. Encycl. 3: 264. 1789. 
 
 Stems 2o / -4o / high, i // -2 // thick, erect from a stout 
 horizontal rootstock. Outer basal leaves reduced to 
 bladeless sheaths, the innermost foliose, with a long 
 terete stout blade about equalling the stem; leaf of the 
 inflorescence erect, sometimes i long, sometimes 
 barely exceeding the panicle; panicle 3 / -8 / high, its 
 branches stiff, erect; heads 2-6-flowered; perianth 
 i^ // -i^ // long.its parts green, lanceolate, with hya- 
 line margins, the outer acuminate, the inner a little 
 shorter; flowers perfect; stamens 6, two-thirds as long 
 as the perianth ; filaments about as long as the anthers;, 
 capsule i^ // -i^ // long, narrowly ovoid, acute, mu- 
 cronate, brown above, 3-celled, with thin placentae; 
 seed brown, about y^" long, the body narrowly and 
 obliquely oblong, about y$," in length, 2o-3O-ribbed, 
 indistinctly reticulate, tailed at either end. 
 
 Coney Island, New York. Common on the coasts of 
 the eastern hemisphere. 
 
RUSH FAMILY. 
 
 385 
 
 Toad Rush. (Fig. 926.) 
 
 8. Juncus bufonius L,. 
 
 Juncus bufonius L,. Sp. PI. 328. 1753. 
 
 Plant branching from the base, annual, erect, sel- 
 dom exceeding S / in height, the stems in large plants 
 with i or 2 leaves below the inflorescence; leaf-blade 
 flat, X // ~X // wide, in low plants often much narrower 
 and filiform-involute; inflorescence about one-half as 
 high as the plant, with blade-bearing leaves at the 
 lower nodes; flowers inserted singly on its branches, 
 in one form fasciculate; perianth-parts 2 // -3> // long, 
 lanceolate, acuminate, equal; stamens usually 6, 
 sometimes 3, seldom half as long as the perianth; 
 anthers shorter than the filaments; capsule about two- 
 thirds as long as the perianth; narrowly oblong, ob- 
 tuse, mucronate, 3-celled; seed broadly oblong, with 
 straight tips, l /f,"-% /f l n g> minutely reticulate in 
 30-40 longitudinal rows, the areolae broader than long. 
 
 A cosmopolitan species, occurring throughout North 
 America, except the extreme north, and frequenting dried- 
 up pools, borders of streams and roadsides in clayey soil. 
 
 9. Juncus trifidus L,. Highland Rush. (Fig. 927.) 
 
 Juncus trifidits L. Sp. PI. 326. 1753. 
 
 Densely tufted, 4 / -i2 / high; stems closely set on a 
 stout rootstock, erect, about X /x thick; basal leaves 
 reduced to almost bladeless sheaths, the uppermost 
 with a rudimentary blade and fimbriate auricles; stem 
 leaf i, inserted near the inflorescence, with a narrower 
 slender, flat or involute blade; inflorescence a cluster 
 of 1-3 flowers, the lowest subtending bract similar to 
 the stem leaf, the succeeding one much smaller or 
 wanting; perianth dark brown, i}^ // -i^ // long; sta- 
 mens 6; anthers about as long as the filaments; capsule 
 equalling the perianth, coriaceous, 3-celled, obovoid 
 with a conspicuously mucronate-aristate top; seeds 
 few, narrowly obovoid, acute at the base, irregularly 
 angled, minutely striate both longitudinally and trans- 
 versely. 
 
 Greenland and Labrador, south on the higher moun- 
 tains of New England and New York to Sam's Point, 
 N. Y. Also in northern Europe and Asia. 
 
 10. Juncus Gerardi Lois. Black-grass. (Fig. 928.) 
 
 Juncus Gerardi Lois. Journ. de Bot. 2: 284. 1809. 
 
 Tufted, 8 / -28 / high, with creeping rootstocks. 
 Basal leaves with rather loosely clasping auriculate 
 sheaths, the long blades flat, or when dry involute; i 
 or 2 cauline leaves usually present, similar to the 
 basal; inflorescence paniculate, sometimes exceeded 
 by its lowest bract; panicle erect, strict or slightly 
 spreading; perianth i // -i^ v/ long, its parts oblong, 
 obtuse, with green midrib and broad dark brown 
 margins, straw-colored in age; stamens 6, barely ex- 
 ceeded by the perianth; anthers much longer than 
 the filaments; capsule one-fourth to one-half longer 
 than the perianth, obovoid, mucronate, dark brown, 
 shining, 3-celled; seed dark brown, obovate, acute at 
 base, broadly obtuse and often depressed at the sum- 
 mit, marked by 12-16 conspicuous ribs, the interven- 
 ing spaces cross-lined. 
 
 On salt meadows. Gulf of St. Lawrence to Florida; rare 
 in western New York and the vicinity of the Great Lakes. 
 Occurs also on the northwest coast, and in Europe. 
 
3 86 
 
 JUNCACEAE. 
 
 ii. Juncus tenuis Willd. Slender Rush. Yard Rush. (Fig. 929.) 
 
 Juncus tenuis Willd. Sp. PI. 2: 214. 1799. 
 
 Tufted, 8'-3o' high; basal leaves with blades %"- 
 }" wide, sometimes involute in drying, about half 
 the height of the stem; stem leaves none; inflorescence 
 usually much exceeded by its lowest leaf, 4' high or 
 less, the flowers rarely secund; perianth i%"-2% ff 
 long, its parts lanceolate, acuminate, exceeding the 
 capsule, widely divergent, touching the capsule for 
 about half their length; stamens 6, about half as long 
 as the perianth; anthers shorter than the filaments; 
 capsule oblong to obovoid, rounded at the top, imper- 
 fectly 3-celled; seed \ f/ -%" long; narrowly oblong 
 to obovoid, with oblique ends, reticulated in about 16 
 rows, the areolae two or three times broader than long. 
 
 In dry or moist soil, especially on paths, almost through- 
 out North America, now migrating to all parts of the world. 
 Variable. 
 
 12. Juncus secundus Beauv. Secund Rush. (Fig. 930.) 
 
 Juncus secundus Beauv.; Poir. Encycl. Sup. 3: 160. 1813. 
 Juncus tenuis var. secundus Engelm. Trans. St. L,ouis 
 Acad. 2: 450. 1866. 
 
 Tufted, 6 / -i6 / high; leaves usually less than one- 
 third the height of the plant; inflorescence longer 
 than its lowest leaf or only slightly exceeded by it, 
 io // -4 / high, the flowers secund on the usually some- 
 what incurved branches; perianth-parts i% // -i%{ // 
 long, equalling or barely exceeding the capsule and 
 appressed to it for about two-thirds their length, often 
 reddish above; stamens 6, about one-half as long as 
 the perianth; capsule narrowly ovoid, 3-sided above 
 the middle with straight sides and a truncate apex, 
 completely 3-celled, the placentae meeting in the axis; 
 seed i // -i // long, narrowly oblong to ovoid, obliquely 
 tipped, with 12-16 longitudinal rows of areolae two or 
 three times broader than long. 
 
 In dry soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to North Caro- 
 lina. Occasional in the middle Mississippi Valley. 
 
 13. Juncus Vaseyi Engelm. Vasey's Rush. (Fig. 931.) 
 
 Juncus Vaseyi Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 448. 
 ' 1866. 
 
 Stems erect, tufted, i-2>^ high, %" in diameter 
 or less; basal leaves with minutely auriculate sheaths, 
 the uppermost bearing a terete channeled blade half 
 to three-fourths as long as the stem; stem leaves none; 
 inflorescence i%' m height or less, 4-40- flowered, the 
 lowest bract usually not exceeding the inflorescence; 
 perianth i ^"-2" long, the parts subulate-lanceolate, 
 with hyaline margins, the inner slightly shorter; 
 stamens 6, about two-thirds as long as the perianth; 
 anthers shorter than the filaments; style almost want- 
 ing; stigmas short; capsule slightly exceeding the 
 perianth, narrowly oblong, obtuse or truncate, with a 
 short tip, 3-celled; seed long-tailed, with a linear-ob- 
 long oblique body about %" long, 2o-24-ribbed, the 
 intervening spaces with faint transverse markings. 
 
 Maine and Ontario to Michigan, Illinois and Iowa. 
 
387 
 
 (Fig. 932.) 
 
 RUSH FAMILY. 
 14. Juncus Greenei Oakes & Tuckerm. Greene's Rush. 
 
 Juncus Greenei Oakes & Tuckerm. Am. J. Sci. 45: 37. 1843. 
 Stems erect, densely tufted, 8 / -2^ high, Basal 
 leaves with slender terete channeled blades one-half or 
 rarely two-thirds the length of the stem; stem leaves 
 none, or a single one below the inflorescence; panicle 
 io // -2o // high, rather compact, somewhat umbelloid, 
 much exceeded by its lowest bract; perianth iX // - I X // 
 long, its parts stiff, lanceolate, sharply acute, with 
 brownish red stripes and apex, the inner shorter; sta- 
 mens 6, half to two-thirds as long as the perianth; an- 
 thers about as long as the filaments; style and stigmas 
 very short; capsule one-fourth to one-half longer than 
 the perianth, ovate-lanceolate in outline, truncate at the 
 summit, 3-celled; seed obliquely oblong, \ ff -%" long, 
 slightly reticulated in about 20-24 rows, the areolae 
 nearly square. 
 
 New Brunswick to New Jersey, near the coast; Michigan, 
 Wisconsin, Minnesota and Ontario. 
 
 15. Juncus dichotomus Ell. Forked Rush. (Fig. 933.) 
 
 Juncus dichotomus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 406. 1817. 
 Closely tufted, i-3 high; leaves all basal ex- 
 cept those of the inflorescence; sheaths usually red- 
 dish, the blades terete, channeled along the upper 
 side, about one-half the height of the stem; inflor- 
 escence paniculate, subsecund, i}4 / -3^ / high, usu- 
 ally exceeded by its lowest bract; perianth about 
 2" long, its parts subulate-lanceolate, green when 
 young, straw-colored when old; stamens 6, about 
 one-half as long as the perianth, the anthers shorter 
 than the filaments; capsule slightly shorter than 
 the perianth, oblong, obtuse, mucronate, i-celled, 
 the placentae intruded half way to the center; seed 
 oblong, dark brown, obliquely apiculate, less than 
 % ff long, reticulate in about 14 longitudinal rows, 
 the smooth areolae about as long as broad. 
 
 In dry soil, Maine to Florida and Texas, near the 
 coast. 
 
 16. Juncus setaceus Rostk. Awl-leaved Rush. 
 
 Juncus setaceus Rostk. Monog. June. 13. pi. i.f. 2. 1801. 
 Densely tufted from stout branching rootstocks. 
 Stems terete, spreading and recurved above, i,J^ -3 
 long; leaves all basal except those of the inflores- 
 cence, the uppermost sheath usually bearing a long 
 terete blade similar to the stem, but channeled; the 
 other sheaths with filiform blades less than y z ' in 
 length; involucral leaf appearing like a continua- 
 tion of the stem, 4 x -i long; inflorescence appearing 
 lateral, 2' long or less; perianth i // -2^ // long, its 
 parts lanceolate, acuminate, rigid, widely divergent in 
 fruit; stamens 6; anthers usually longer than the fila- 
 ments; capsule globose, shining, mucronate, i-celled, 
 with intruded placentae, barely dehiscent; seed sub- 
 globose, # // -> // long, reticulate in about 12 longi- 
 tudinal rows, the areolae large. 
 
 In marshes, Delaware to Florida and Texas, near the 
 coast, extending north in the Mississippi Valley to Mis- 
 
 (Fig- 934-) 
 
 
388 
 
 JUNCACEAE. 
 
 17. Juncus marginatus Rostk. Grass-leaved Rush. (Fig. 935.) 
 
 Juncus marg-inatus'Rostk. Monog. June. 38. pi. 2.f. ?. 1801. 
 Juncus marginatus var. paucicapitatus Engelm/ Trans. 
 St. Louis Acad. 2: 455. 1866. 
 
 Steins erect, tufted, (>'-T,O' high from branching 
 rootstocks, somewhat bulbous at the base, compressed, 
 2-4-leaved. Leaf-sheaths auriculate; blades W-1%" 
 broad, 2-4 conspicuous veins in addition to the mid- 
 rib; inflorescence 4' high or less, the panicle com- 
 posed of 2-20 turbinate to subspherical 5-io-flowered 
 heads; perianth i^"-!^" long, the outer parts ovate, 
 acute, the inner slightly longer, obovate, obtuse, with 
 hyaline margins; stamens 3, nearly as long as the peri- 
 anth; anthers ovate, reddish brown when dry, much 
 shorter than the filaments; capsule equalling the peri- 
 anth, obovoid, truncate or retuse, almost 3-celled, the 
 placentae deeply intruded; seed oblong, \ ff -% ff long, 
 pointed at either end, !2-i6-ribbed. 
 
 Grassy places, Maine to Ontario, Florida and Nebraska. 
 
 Juncus marginatus aristulatus (Michx.) Coville, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 8: 123. 1893. 
 Juncus aristulatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 192. 1803. 
 Juncus marginatus var. biflorus Wood, Classbook, Ed. 2, 725. 1861. 
 
 Taller, sometimes 3^ high; leaf-blades i"-2^" broad; heads usually 20-100, mostly 2-5-flow- 
 ered. New York to Florida and Mexico, mostly near the coast; Mississippi Valley to Michigan. 
 
 Juncus marginatus setosus Coville, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 8: 124. 1893. 
 Inner perianth-parts ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate; seeds smaller. Kansas to Mexico. 
 
 18. Juncus longistylis Torr. I^ong-styled 
 Rush. (Fig. 936.) 
 
 Juncus longistylis Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 223. 1859. 
 
 Stems erect, loosely tufted, 8 / ~3O / high, rather stiff, 
 slender, compressed, i-3-leaved, the leaves mostly below 
 the middle. Leaf blades ^"-lY^" wide, acute, striate, 
 the midrib well defined; inflorescence 2' high or less, 
 usually of 2-10 irregular 3-8-flowered heads, or reduced 
 to a single larger one; perianth 2^ // -3 // long, the parts 
 equal, brown, lanceolate, acuminate, with hyaline mar- 
 gins; stamens 6, half to two-thirds as long' as the peri- 
 anth, the yellow linear anthers longer than the filaments; 
 style about Y^' long; stigmas i // -i^ // long; capsule 
 shorter than the perianth, oblong, brown, angled above, 
 obtuse or depressed at the summit, mucronate, 3-celled; 
 seed oblong, white-tipped, about ]i" long, i4-2o-ribbed. 
 
 Western Nebraska and the Rocky Mountain region. 
 
 19. Juncus repens Michx. Creeping Rush. (Fig. 937.) 
 
 Juncus repens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 191. 1803. 
 
 Perennial by prostrate rooting branches; stems tufted, 
 compressed, ascending, floating or prostrate, 2 / -2O / long. 
 Leaves with compressed sheaths io // in length, auricu- 
 late, the blades I'-^X' l n g> ^"-i" broad, filiform-acu- 
 minate; inflorescence of 1-8 heads, one or more heads 
 often occurring also at the lower nodes; heads 5-10- 
 flowered; flowers 3 // -5 // long, the outermost slightly 
 recurved; perianth -parts subulate-lanceolate, the outer 
 keeled, about one-third shorter than the inner; stamens 
 3, half to one third the length of the perianth; filaments 
 longer than the yellow anthers; capsule subulate, beak- 
 less, about as long as the outer perianth-parts, 3-celled, 
 the valves membranous, breaking away from the axis in 
 dehiscence; seed oblong, acute at either end, i // -i // 
 long, finely reticulate in 25-40 longitudinal rows. 
 
 In swamps and streams, Delaware to Florida, Cuba and 
 Texas, and in I,ower California. 
 
RUSH FAMILY. 
 
 20. Juncus castaneus Smith. Chestnut Rush. 
 
 (Fig. 938.) 
 
 389 
 
 Clustered Alpine Rush. 
 
 Juncus castaneus Smith, Fl. Brit, i: 383. 1800. 
 
 Stems erect, 4 / -2O / high, terete, leafless, or with a 
 single leaf, arising singly from a slender rootstock. 
 Basal leaves 3-5, the outer sheaths short, loose, the 
 inner clasping, sometimes 4' long, not auriculate, 
 their blades tapering from an involute-tubular base to 
 a slender channeled acutish apex; inflorescence strict, 
 usually exceeded by its lowest bract, the other bracts 
 membranous and mostly equalling the flowers; heads 
 1-3, 3- 1 2 -flowered; pedicels Y^'-i'/i" long; perianth 
 brown or black, 2 // ~3X // long, its parts lanceolate, 
 acute; stamens nearly as long as the perianth; anthers 
 about Yy." long; capsule brown, paler toward the base, 
 1^-2 times as long as the perianth, narrowly oblong, 
 tapering to an acute summit, imperfectly 3-celled; 
 seed iX //f - 2// l n g, contracted into long slender tails, 
 the body about y z " long. 
 
 Newfoundland to Alaska, south along the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. In Europe and Asia . 
 
 21. Juncus stygius L,. Moor Rush. (Fig. 939.) 
 
 Juncus stygius L. Syst. Nat. Ed. 10, 2: 987. 1759. 
 J> stygius var. Americanus Buch. in Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 12: 
 393. 1890. 
 
 Rootstock none; stems $'-1 high, single, or few 
 together, erect, i-3-leaved below, leafless above; leaf- 
 sheaths 5 // -io // long, clasping, nerved, auriculate; 
 blades erect or nearly so, io // -4 / long, slightly com- 
 pressed, channeled on the upper side, tapering to a 
 blunt point; inflorescence of 1-4 heads; heads 1-4- flow- 
 ered; lowest bract usually exceeding the flowers; peri- 
 anth i)4 // -z}4 // long, pale, its parts lanceolate, 3-nerved, 
 equal, with membranous margins, obtuse or acute; 
 stamens half as long as the perianth or more; anthers 
 oblong, shorter than the filaments; capsule 3 // ~4 // 
 long, pale brown, spindle-shaped, acute, mucronate, 
 3-celled below, few-seeded; seed spindle-shaped, i% f/ - 
 i)4 // long, with a loose coat, the body about %" long, 
 narrowed into thick tails. 
 
 Newfoundland to Maine, northern New York, Michigan 
 and Minnesota; also in British Columbia and Europe. 
 
 22. Juncus biglumis I,. Two-flowered Rush. (Fig. 940.) 
 
 Juncus biglumis L. Sp. PI. 328. 1753. 
 
 Stems i / -8 / high, loosely tufted on a branched root- 
 stock, erect, nearly terete. Leaves 1-5, all basal, the 
 outermost sheath usually 4" long or less, the inner- 
 most sometimes much longer, inconspicuously or not 
 at all auriculate, the blades nearly terete; inflores- 
 cence a capitate cluster of 1-4 flowers, its lowest 
 bract erect, foliose, green with brown membranous 
 margins below; perianth ij // -i^ // long, dark brown, 
 its parts membranous, oblong, obtuse, nearly equal; 
 stamens equalling the perianth; anthers linear-oblong; 
 capsule longer than the perianth, cylindric-oblong, 
 3-sided, retuse at the summit, with 3 keeled 
 shoulders, purplish black, or with purple-mar- 
 gined valves, imperfectly 3-celled; seed /^ // ~t // l n g, 
 fusiform, the body narrowed into short stout tails. 
 
 Baffin Bay to Alaska and British Columbia. Also in 
 Europe and Asia. 
 
390 
 
 JUNCACEAE. 
 
 23. Juncus triglumis L,. Three-flowered Rush. (Fig. 941.) 
 
 Juncus triglumis L. Sp. PI. 328. 1753. 
 
 Stems 3 / -y / high, loosely tufted on a branched root- 
 stock, erect, terete. Leaves 1-5, all basal, with sheaths 
 clasping and conspicuously auriculate, the blades sub- 
 terete, blunt, X x/ i n diameter, usually less than half 
 the height of the plant; inflorescence a capitate clus- 
 ter of 1-5 (usually 3) flowers, the lowest 2 or 3 bracts 
 nearly equal, divergent, about as long as the flowers, 
 usually brown, obtuse and membranous; perianth 
 i^ // -2 // long, its parts oblong- lanceolate, obtuse; sta- 
 mens nearly as long as the perianth; anthers linear, 
 short; capsule about equalling the perianth, oblong, 
 obtuse, mucronate, 3-angled, imperfectly 3-celled; seed 
 about i x/ long, its body oblong, abruptly contracted 
 into long slender tails. 
 
 Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska, south in the 
 Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
 24. Juncus pelocarpus E. Meyer. Brownish-fruited Rush. (Fig. 942.) 
 Juncus pelocarpus E. Meyer, Syn. Lux.. 30. 1823. ( 
 
 Rootstock slender; stems 3 / -2o / high, i-5-leaved; 
 basal leaves 2-4, with loose auriculate sheaths, mostly 
 with slender terete blades seldom exceeding 5' in 
 length; stem leaves 1-5, similar to the basal; inflores- 
 cence 4/ in height or less; secondary panicles rarely 
 produced from the axils of the upper leaves; panicle 
 loose, with distant heads of I or sometimes 2 
 flowers; perianth |^ // -iX // lon g tlie parts linear- 
 oblong, green to reddish-green, obtuse or the inner 
 sometimes acute, the outer usually the shorter, 
 all of them frequently modified into rudimentary 
 leaves; stamens 6, about two-thirds as long as the 
 perianth; anthers slightly exceeding the filaments; 
 style commonly X" afl d stigmas i" Iqng; capsule 
 subulate-linear, its slender beak exceeding the peri- 
 anth, i-celled; seed oblong to obovoid, \"-%" long, 
 reticulate in about 24 rows, the areolae smooth. 
 
 Newfoundland to New Jersey and Minnesota. 
 
 Juncus pelocarpus subtilis (E. Meyer) Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 456. 
 Juncus subtilis E. Meyer, Syn. Luz. 31. 1823. 
 
 Much smaller, depressed, i-few-flowered. Northern Maine and adjacent Canada. 
 
 25. Juncus bulbosus I,. Bulbous Rush. (Fig. 943.) 
 Juncus bulbosus L. Sp. PI. 327. 1753. 
 
 Tufted, 2 / -8 / high; stems erect, or procumbent and 
 rooting at the joints, usually bulbous. Leaves of two 
 kinds, the basal mostly submersed, filiform, the caul- 
 ine stouter, all with auriculate sheaths 10" long or less, 
 the septa of the blades inconspicuous; panicle of i-io 
 heads; heads top-shaped to hemispheric, 4-i5-flowered, 
 some of the flowers often transformed into tufts of small 
 leaves; perianth i l / $"-i}4 // \ong, its parts nearly equal, 
 linear-lanceolate, obtuse, brown, or with a green mid- 
 rib; stamens 3, shorter than the perianth; anthers a 
 little shorter than the filaments; capsule narrowly ob- 
 long, obtuse, mucronate, slightly exceeding the peri- 
 anth, brown above, i-celled; seed narrowly oblong, 
 about X" l n g. acute at base, obtuse and apiculate 
 above, 25~3O-ribbed. 
 
 Labrador and Newfoundland. Common in Europe. 
 
 1866. 
 
RUSH FAMILY. 
 26. Juncus militaris Bigel. Bayonet Rush. 
 
 Juncus miliiaris Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 139. 1824. 
 
 Stems 2o x -4 high, erect, stout, \W-$" thick below, 
 arising from a stout rootstock. Leaves of two kinds, 
 the submersed borne in dense fascicles on the root- 
 stock and developing filiform, nodose blades some- 
 times 20 X long; basal leaves reduced to loose bladeless 
 sheaths, sometimes io / long; stem leaves i or 2, the 
 lower with a long stout terete blade i // -2 // thick at 
 the base, the upper, when present, reduced to a blade- 
 less sheath; inflorescence 3 / -6 / high, its bracts with 
 obsolete blades; heads top-shaped to semiglobose, 6- 
 12-flowered; perianth i 1 /^"-^" long, its parts nar- 
 rowly linear-subulate, the inner longer than the outer; 
 stamens 6, nearly as long; anthers slightly exceeding 
 the filaments; capsule ovoid, acuminate, beaked, i- 
 celled, few-seeded, about equalling perianth; seed 
 obovoid, about }^' f long, reticulated in about 24 rows. 
 
 Shallow margins of lakes, ponds or streams, Nova 
 Scotia to northern New York and Maryland. 
 
 391 
 
 (Fig. 944.) 
 
 27. 
 
 Jointed Rush. 
 
 Juncus articulatus L,. 
 (Fig. 945.) 
 
 Juncus articulatus L- Sp. PI. 327. 1753. 
 
 Rootstock branching; stems erect or ascending, 8'- 
 2 high, tufted, somewhat compressed, 2-4-leaved; 
 basal blade-bearing leaves only i or 2, usually dying 
 early; stem leaves with rather loose sheaths and con- 
 spicuously septate blades; inflorescence rarely exceed- 
 ing 4' in height, its branches spreading; heads hemi- 
 spheric to top-shaped, 6- 12- flowered; perianth \"-\ l / z ' f 
 long, the parts nearly equal, lanceolate, acuminate, 
 reddish brown with a green midrib or green through- 
 out; stamens 6, one-half to three-fourths as long as the 
 perianth; anthers shorter than the filaments; capsule 
 longer than the perianth, brown, 3-angled, sharply 
 acute, tapering into a conspicuous tip, i-celled; seed 
 oblong-obovoid, about X x/ l n g> reticulate in about 
 16-20 rows, the areolae finely cross-lined. 
 Labrador to Massachusetts, New York, Michigan and British Columbia. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 On ballast ground about Philadelphia and Camden a form occurs with obtuse perianth-parts and 
 
 broadly acute capsules, apparently introduced. 
 
 28. Juncus Richardsonianus Schult. 
 
 /. Richardsonianus Schult. in R. & S. Syst. 7: 201. 1829. 
 funcus alpinus var. insignis Fries; Engelm. Trans. St. 
 
 Louis Acad. 2: 458. 1866. 
 
 Stems erect, 6 / -2o / high in loose tufts, from creeping 
 rootstocks, i-2-leaved; stem leaf or leaves usually borne 
 below the middle; panicle 2^'-S / high, sparse, its 
 branches strict or slightly spreading; heads 3-i2-flow- 
 ered; perianth i // -i^ // long, the inner parts shorter 
 than the outer, obtuse, usually purplish toward the 
 apex, the three outer paler, obtuse, mucronate or acute; 
 stamens 6, half to two-thirds as long as the perianth; 
 anthers much shorter than the filaments; capsule ovoid- 
 oblong, slightly exceeding the perianth, straw-color or 
 brown, broadly acute or obtuse, with a short tip; seed 
 about %" in length, narrowly obovoid to oblong, 
 apiculate, acute or acuminate at the base, lightly reti- 
 culate in about 20 rows, the areolae finely cross-lined. 
 
 Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Pennsylvania, 
 Nebraska and Washington. 
 
 Richardson's Rush. (Fig. 946.) 
 
392 
 
 JUNCACEAE. 
 29. Juncus nodosus L,. Knotted Rush. (Fig. 947.) 
 
 Juncus nodosus L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 466. 1762. 
 
 Stems 6 / -2 high, erect, arising singly from tuber- 
 like thickenings of a slender, nearly scaleless root- 
 stock; stem leaves 2-4, and like the basal ones 
 with long erect blades, the upper overtopping the 
 inflorescence; panicle shorter than its lowest bract, 
 seldom exceeding 2^', bearing 1-30 heads; heads 
 spherical, several-many-flowered, 3^ // -6 // in di- 
 ameter; perianth \\"-i^ rf long, its parts lanceo- 
 late-subulate, usually reddish brown above, the 
 inner longer than the outer; stamens 6, about one- 
 half as long as the perianth; anthers equalling the 
 filaments; capsule lanceolate-subulate, 3-sided, i- 
 celled, exceeding the perianth; seed oblong, acute 
 below, apiculate above, rarely more than \" long, 
 reticulate in 20-30 rows, the areolae finely cross- 
 lined. 
 
 Nova Scotia to Virginia, Nebraska and British Colum- 
 bia. Also in Nevada. 
 
 30. Juncus Torreyi Coville. Torrey's Rush. (Fig. 948.) 
 
 Juncus Torreyi Coville, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 303. 1895. 
 J. nodosus var. megacephalus Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 326. 1843. 
 funcus megacephalus Wood, Bot. Ed. 2, 724. 1861. Not 
 
 jr. megacephalus M. A. Curtis, 1835. 
 
 Stems &'-4o' high; rootstock slender, with tuberi- 
 form thickenings at intervals of a few centimeters, 
 each supporting a single stem; stem stout, i-4-leaved; 
 blade stout, terete, 5"-i' thick, abruptly divergent 
 from the stem; inflorescence congested, consisting of 
 1-20 heads, exceeded by its lowest bract; heads ^''-S" 
 in diameter; perianth 2 // -2> // long, its parts subulate, 
 the outer longer than the inner; stamens 6, about 
 half as long as the perianth; capsule subulate, 3-sided, 
 i-celled, its beak %"-%" long, exceeding the peri- 
 anth and holding the valves together throughout de- 
 hiscence; seed \"-%" in length, oblong, acute at 
 both ends, reticulate in about 20 longitudinal rows, the 
 areolae finely cross-lined. 
 
 Western New York to Texas and the Pacific Coast. 
 
 Juncus Caesariensis Coville. New Jersey Rush. (Fig. 949.) 
 
 /. Caesariensis Coville, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 106. 1894. 
 Juncus asper Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 478. 
 
 1868. Not Sauz6, 1864. 
 
 Stems 2o / -4o / high, stout, erect, i%" in thickness, 
 slightly roughened; basal leaves few, the uppermost, 
 like the cauline, with inconspicuously articulate 
 sheaths and long erect terete roughened blades; inflor- 
 escence i / -4 / high, with spreading branches, its low- 
 est bract with a small blade sometimes ij^' long; 
 heads 2-5-flowered; perianth 2 // -2> // long, the parts 
 lanceolate-acuminate, stiff, green, striate, the inner 
 longer than the outer; stamens 6, about half as long 
 as the perianth; filaments about equalling the an- 
 thers; style and stigmas long; capsule lanceolate-ob- 
 long, 3-sided, mucronate-acuminate, incompletely 
 3 -celled; seed tailed at both ends, altogether about i" 
 long, the body about " long, closely striate, almost 
 devoid of transverse lines. 
 
 Sandy swamps of southern New Jersey. 
 
RUSH FAMILY. 
 
 393 
 
 32. Juncus brachycarpus Engelm. 
 
 Juncus brachy carp-its Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 
 
 467. 1868. 
 
 Rootstocks bearing 1-6 stems; stems erect, 8 / -^6 / 
 high, terete, i-4-leaved; blades terete, i // thick or 
 less, seldom exceeding 6 / in length, the upper much 
 shorter; inflorescence sometimes 4' high and with 20 
 spherical heads, or smaller and even reduced to a 
 single head; perianth iX // ~ 2// long, its parts subulate, 
 the inner about three-fourths as long as the outer; 
 stamens 3, about half as long as the perianth; capsule 
 one-half to two-thirds as long as the perianth, oblong, 
 acute, mucronate, i-celled, dehiscent through the tip; 
 seed oblong, acute at both ends, about \" long, reticu- 
 late in about 18 longitudinal rows, the areolae smooth 
 and nearly square. 
 
 Southern Ontario, through the Mississippi Valley to 
 Oklahoma, Texas and Mississippi; also from North Caro- 
 lina to Maryland. 
 
 Short-fruited Rush. 
 
 950.) 
 
 33- 
 
 Juncus polycephalus Michx. Many-headed Rush. (Fig. 951.) 
 
 Juncus polycephalus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 192. 1803. 
 Juncus scirpoides vox. polycephalus Engelm. Trans. 
 
 St. Louis Acad. 2: 468. 1868. 
 Juncus Engelmanni Buch. Krit. Verz. June. 67. 1880. 
 
 Stem stout, about 3 high, compressed, 2-4- 
 leaved. Leaves 2O / in length or less, the upper 
 shorter; blades vertically flattened, i^ // -4 // broad, 
 the septa incomplete, or the blades rarely narrower, 
 merely compressed, and with complete septa; in- 
 florescence 3 / ^ / -i2 / high, its leaves with nearly 
 obsolete blades; heads globose, 3X // ~5 // * n diam- 
 eter; perianth i^ // -2 // long, its parts subulate; 
 stamens 3, one-half to three-fourths as long as the 
 perianth; anthers shorter than the filaments; cap- 
 sule subulate, i-celled, exceeding the perianth, 
 the valves remaining united by the slender beak, 
 their margins finally involute; seed narrowly ob- 
 long, about X /x l n g. acute at each end, with 
 nearly straight tips, reticulate in about 12 rows, 
 the areolae smooth. 
 
 In swamps, Virginia? to Florida and Texas. 
 
 34. Juncus scirpoides Lam. Scirpus-like Rush. 
 
 Juncus scirpoides Lam. Encycl. Meth. Bot. 3: 267. 1789. 
 Juncus scirpoides var. macrostemon Engelm. Trans. St. 
 Louis Acad. 2: 467. 1868. 
 
 Stems 8'-3 high, erect, terete, in clusters from 
 short, horizontal rootstocks. Stem leaves 1-3; blades 
 terete, \" thick or less, usually less than 4' long, the 
 septa perfect; basal leaves similar, but with longer 
 blades; inflorescence strict or slightly spreading, 
 sometimes 6' in length; heads 2-30, either simple, 
 globose, 3 // -4 // in diameter in flower, and 4 // ~5/^ // in 
 fruit, or lobed, and of slightly greater diameter; peri- 
 anth iX // -i^ // long, its parts subulate, the inner 
 somewhat shorter; stamens equalling the inner peri- 
 anth-parts, the short anthers exserted at the mouth of 
 the perianth; capsule subulate, i -celled, its long beak 
 exceeding the perianth; seed oblong, abruptly apicu- 
 late at either end, \ ff -%" long, reticulate in 14-20 
 longitudinal rows, the areolae smooth. 
 
 New York to Florida and Louisiana. 
 
 (Fig. 952.) 
 
394 
 
 JUNCACEAE. 
 
 35. Juncus megacephalus M. A. Curtis. Carolina Rush. (Fig. 953.) 
 
 Juncus megacephalus M. A. Curtis, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 
 
 i: 132. 1835. 
 Juncus scirpoides var. echinatus Engelm. Trans. St. Louis 
 
 Acad. 2: 468. 1868. 
 
 Stems i-3 high, tufted from a branching root- 
 stock, stout, 2-3-leaved. Leaves with auricled sheaths, 
 the blades of the basal S / long or less, those of the 
 stem with successively shorter blades, the uppermost 
 rarely 10" in length; inflorescence 6 X high or less, its 
 lowest leaf almost bladeless, the others scarious; pan- 
 icle of 1-40 heads; heads spherical, 4 // -6 // in diameter; 
 perianth i^ // -i^ // long, its parts subulate, the outer 
 longer than the inner; stamens 3, half to two-thirds 
 the length of the inner perianth-parts; anthers in- 
 cluded, shorter than the filaments; capsule subulate, 
 beaked, equalling the perianth, 3-sided, i-celled; seed 
 oblong, 1 // -J4 // long, acute at either end, reticulate i 
 12-14 rows, the areolae smooth. 
 
 Virginia ? North Carolina to Florida. 
 36. Juncus brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buch. Small-headed Rush. (Fig. 954.) 
 
 Juncus brachycephalus Buch. in Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 12: 
 
 268. 1890. 
 Juncus Canadensis var. brachycephalus Engelm. Trans. 
 
 St. Louis Acad. 2: 474. 1868. 
 
 Stems i-2j^ high, tufted from a branching root- 
 stock, erect or occasionally reclining and rooting at 
 the nodes, 2-4-leaved; leaves all with well developed 
 blades, the lower commonly 4 / -8 / long; inflorescence 
 commonly 2 / ^ / -6 / high, with spreading branches, its 
 lowest bract foliose; heads top-shaped, 2-5-flowered; 
 perianth i // -i^ // long, its parts green, or reddish 
 brown above, with hyaline margins, lanceolate, obtuse 
 or sometimes acute, the outer shorter than the inner; 
 stamens 3; anthers much shorter than the filaments; 
 capsule reddish brown, about one-half longer than the 
 perianth, ovoid-oblong, acute to obtuse, tipped, 3-sided, 
 i-celled; seed %"-%" long, with narrowly oblong 
 body, short-tailed at either end, 20-30 ribbed, somewhat 
 cross-barred, the intervening spaces finely cross-lined. 
 
 New York to Pennsylvania, Illinois and Wisconsin. 
 
 37. Juncus Canadensis J. Gay. Canada Rush. (Fig. 955.) 
 
 J. Canadensis]. Gay; Laharpe, Monog. Jonc. 134. 1825. 
 Juncus Canadensis longicaudatus Engelm. Trans. St. 
 
 Louis Acad. 2: 474. 1868. 
 
 Stems i-4 high, erect, stout, 2-4-leaved, few in a 
 tuft, from a branched rootstock. Basal leaves usually 
 decayed at flowering-time; stem leaves with large loose 
 auriculate sheaths commonly 2 / -4 / long, and a stout 
 erect blade usually 4 / -io / long; panicle 3 / -io / in 
 height, the branches moderately spreading; heads 
 usually crowded, top-shaped to hemispheric or sub- 
 spheric, 5-4o-flowered; perianth i^ // -2 // long, the 
 parts narrowly lanceolate, acute, the inner longer 
 than the outer; stamens 3, one-half to two-thirds as 
 long as the perianth, anthers much shorter than the 
 filaments; capsule lanceolate, acute, mucronate, 3- 
 sided, i-celled, reddish-brown, exceeding the perianth 
 by Yz ff or less; seed yi' f to nearly \" long, tailed at 
 either end, the body with a smooth shining coat, 
 about 4o-striate. 
 
 New Brunswick to Minnesota, Georgia and Louisiana. 
 
RUSH FAMILY. 
 
 395 
 
 Juncus Canadensis subcaudatus Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 474. 1868. 
 Stems is'-3o' high, slender, frequently weak and reclining; heads few, scattered; seed with 
 very short tails. Rhode Island to Pennsylvania and Georgia. 
 
 Juncus Canadensis brevicaudatus Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 436. 1866. 
 Juncus Canadensis var. coarctatus Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 474. 1868. 
 
 Stems erect, 8' -30' tall, slender, closely tufted; panicle contracted; heads 2-6-flowered; seed 
 f"-f" in length, long-tailed. Nova Scotia to Minnesota and New Jersey. 
 
 38. Juncus acuminatus Michx. Sharp-fruited Rush. (Fig. 956.) 
 
 J 'it licit s acuminatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 192. 
 1803. 
 
 Plant io / -3 high; rootstock short and incon- 
 spicuous. Stems few or several in a tuft, erect, 
 i -3-leaved ; blades of the lower leaves 4 / -8 / long, 
 j^//_!// thick, the upper shorter; inflorescence 
 2 / -6 / high, and with 5-50 heads, rarely larger, 
 or reduced even to a single head, its branches 
 usually spreading; heads top-shaped, hemi- 
 spheric or subspheric, 3-20- flowered ; perianth 
 iX // ~ I ^ // l n g> its parts lanceolate-subulate 
 nearly equal; stamens 3, about one-half as long 
 as the perianth; anthers shorter than the fila- 
 ments; capsule ovate-lanceolate, broadly acute, 
 mucronate, i-celled, equalling the perianth, 
 light brown at maturity, the valves separating 
 through the apex; seed oblong, about ] ff in 
 length, tipped at either end, reticulate in 16-20 
 longitudinal rows, the areolae transversely 
 many-lined. 
 
 Maine to southern Ontario and Minnesota, south 
 to Georgia and Mexico. Also on the northwest 
 coast. Heads often proliferous. 
 
 Juncus acuminatus debilis (A. Gray) Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 463. 1868. 
 Juncus debilis A. Gray, Man. 506. 1848. 
 
 Smaller, densely tufted, io'-2o' high, the stems often weak and procumbent; perianth shorter, 
 i"-i^" long; capsule linear-oblong, obtuse, about one-third longer than the perianth, short-tipped. 
 New jersey to South Carolina. 
 
 39. Juncus robustus (Engelm.) Coville. Stout Rush. (Fig. 957.) 
 
 Juncus acuminatus var. robustus Engelm. Trans. 
 St. Louis Acad. 2: 463. 1868. 
 
 Plant about 3 high. Stems single or few in 
 a tuft, stout, nearly terete, commonly i^ // -2 // 
 thick below, i-2-leaved; blades erect, terete, con- 
 spicuously many-septate, 8 / -2 long, i // -i^ / ' 
 thick, usually reaching or exceeding the inflores- 
 cence; inflorescence 4 / -io / high, with moderately 
 spreading branches and innumerable (com- 
 monly 300-500) heads, the blade of its lowest leaf 
 sometimes half as long as the inflorescence; heads 
 2-io-flowered; perianth \"-\%" long, its parts 
 nearly equal, lanceolate-subulate; stamens 3, one- 
 half to two-thirds as long as the perianth; capsule 
 equalling or one-third exceeding the perianth, 
 straw-colored at maturity, narrowly to broadly 
 oblong, obtuse with a short tip, 3-sided when 
 dry, i -celled, the valves separate and involute 
 after dehiscence; seed nearly as in J. acuminatus. 
 
 Southern Illinois to southeastern Kansas, Okla- 
 homa, Louisiana and Texas. 
 
396 JUNCACEAE. 
 
 Juncus diffusissimus Buckley. Diffuse Rush. (Fig. 958.) 
 
 Juncus diffusissimus Buckley, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 
 9. 1862. 
 
 Plant i-2 high. Stems few in a tuft, from a 
 short-branched inconspicuous rootstock, erect, slen- 
 der, terete or slightly compressed, 2-4-leaved; blades 
 4 / -8 / long, l /t"-W thick; inflorescence diffusely 
 branched, widely spreading, 4 / -S / high and broad, 
 its lowest bract with a blade either obsolete or some- 
 times nearly as long as the panicle; heads 3-i2-flow- 
 ered; perianth iX // - I ^ // long, its parts subulate, 
 equal; stamens half to two-thirds as long as the 
 perianth; anthers shorter than the filaments; cap- 
 sule narrowly linear-lanceolate in outline, 2 // -2^ // 
 long, acute to obtuse at the apex, with a short tip, 
 3-sided, light brown, i-celled; seed oblong to ob- 
 ovoid, \"-%" long, acute at the base, abruptly 
 tipped, reticulate in about i6rows, finely cross-lined. 
 
 Southeastern Kansas to Mississippi and Texas. 
 
 2. JUNCOIDES Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 47. 1763. 
 
 [LuzuLA DC. Fl. Fr. 3: 158. 1805.] 
 
 Perennial plants, with herbage either glabrous or sparingly webbed, stems leaf-bearing, 
 leaf-sheaths with united margins, and leaf-blades grass-like. Inflorescence umbelloid, pan- 
 iculate, or corymbose, often cpngested; flowers always bracteolate, the bractlets usually 
 lacerate or denticulate; stamens 6 in our species; ovary i-celled, its 3 ovules with basal in- 
 sertion; seeds 3, indistinctly reticulate, sometimes carunculate at base or apex, but not 
 distinctly tailed. [Greek, meaning likefuncus.] 
 
 About 40 species, widely distributed, mostly flowering in spring. 
 
 Inflorescence umbelloid, i or 2 flowers on each of its branches. i. J. pilosum. 
 
 Inflorescence theoretically paniculate, the flowers often crowded in spikelike clusters. 
 
 Outer perianth-parts shorter than the inner; introduced species. 2. J. nemorosum. 
 
 Perianth-parts equal or nearly so; native species. 
 
 Flowers 1-3 together, on the branches of an open panicle. 3. J. parviflorum. 
 
 Flowers crowded into one or more thick spikes or spike-like clusters. 
 
 Inflorescence nodding. 4. /. spicatum. 
 
 Inflorescence erect or spreading, or its individual branches rarely nodding. 
 
 Inflorescence of 1-3 spike-like or capitate flower-clusters, or the leaf-blades sharp- 
 pointed. 
 Inflorescence crowded into a single cluster; leaves flat, usually with a blunt 
 
 apex. 5- / nivale. 
 
 Inflorescence in 1-4 clusters; leaves narrowed above, involute-channeled, apex 
 very sharp. 6. J. hyperboreum. 
 
 Inflorescence of 2-12 spike-like or capitate clusters; leaf -blades with blunt points. 
 
 7. J. campestre. 
 
 i. Juncoides pilosum (L,.) Kuntze. Hairy Wood-rush. (Fig. 959.) 
 
 Juncus pilpsus L,. Sp. PI. 329. 1753. 
 Luzula pilosa Willd. Enum. PI. 393. 1809. 
 Juncoides pilosum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 725. 1891. 
 
 Tufted, often somewhat stoloniferous. Stems erect, 
 2-4-leaved, l / 2 -i high; leaf-blades i^ // -4 // wide, 
 flat, slightly webbed, especially when young, acumin- 
 ate into a blunt 'almost gland-like point; stem leaves 
 with similar but successively shorter blades; inflores- 
 cence an umbelloid flower-cluster, with a bract 5 // -i2 // 
 high, the filiform pedicels equal or nearly so, i- 
 flowered or sometimes 2-flowered; perianth i# // -i> // 
 long, its parts triangular-ovate, acuminate, brown 
 with hyaline margins, about twice as long as the 
 toothed bractlets; capsule about one-fourth exceeding 
 the perianth, its valves ovate, acuminate; seed about 
 W long, its body about i // in length, provided at the 
 summit with a conspicuous hooked caruncle. 
 
 New Brunswick to Alaska, south to New York, Mich- 
 igan and Oregon, and in the Alleghanies to North Caro- 
 lina. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
RUSH FAMILY. 
 
 397 
 
 2. Juncoides nemorosum (Poll.) Kuntze. 
 
 Juncus nemorosus Poll. Hist. PI. Pal. i: 352. 1776. 
 Juncoides nemorosum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 724. 1891. 
 
 Loosely tufted or somewhat stoloniferous. Stems 
 slender, i-2)4 high, i-6-leaved below the inflor- 
 escence; leaf-blades i^ // ~3 // wide, ciliate, flat, ta- 
 pering to a slender sharp tip; inflorescence diffusely 
 paniculate or corymbose, the few lower bracts foli- 
 ose, and the lowermost branch often inserted 4' be- 
 low the next or more; flowers in clusters of 3-8, the 
 bractlets ovate, entire or sparingly denticulate 
 above, about one-third as long as the perianth; 
 perianth about 1%" in length, its parts from red- 
 dish brown with pale margins to dirty white 
 throughout, ovate-lanceolate, acute, the outer about 
 one-fifth shorter than the inner; capsule ovoid, 
 acuminate, barely equalling the perianth; seed 
 obliquely ovoid about f " long. 
 
 A European species, naturalized at Riverdale, N. Y. 
 
 3. Juncoides parviflorum (Ehrh.) Coville. 
 
 (Fig. 961.) 
 
 Forest Wood-rush. (Fig. 960.) 
 
 Small-flowered Wood-rush. 
 
 Juncus parviflorus Ehrh. Beitr. 6: 139. 1791. 
 Luzula parviflor'a Desv. Journ. de Bot. i: 144. 1808. 
 J. parviflorum Coville, Contr. Nat. Herb. 4: 209. 1893. 
 
 Stems single or few in a tuft, stoloniferous, erect 
 io / -3o / high, 2-5-leaved; leaves glabrous, their 
 blades 1%"-$" wide, tapering to a sharp or blunt 
 apex; inflorescence a nodding decompound pan- 
 icle, commonly i^'-^ high, its lowest bract 
 foliose, seldom more than one-fourth the length of 
 the panicle; flowers borne singly, or sometimes 2 
 or 3 together, on the branches of the inflorescence, 
 on slender pedicels; bractlets ovate, entire or 
 rarely somewhat lacerate, perianth |^ // -iX // i n 
 length, its parts ovate, acuminate, slightly exceeded 
 by the green to brown ovoid capsule; seed nar- 
 rowly oblong, yz"-}i" in length, attached to its 
 placenta by slender implexed fibers. 
 
 Labrador to British Columbia, New Hampshire, New 
 York and Minnesota; in the mountains to Arizona and 
 California. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
 4. Juncoides spicatum (L/.) Kuntze. Spiked Wood-rush. (Fig. 962.) 
 
 Juncus spicatus L. Sp. PI. 330. 1753. 
 
 Juncoides spicatum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 725. 1891. 
 
 Luzula spicata DC. Fl. Fr. 3: 161. 1805. 
 
 Closely tufted, without rootstocks. Stems erect, 4'- 
 i6 x high, distantly i-3-leaved, tapering to a filiform 
 summit; leaf-blades ^ // -i>^ // broad, often involute, 
 especially above, tapering to a sharp apex, sparingly 
 webby, especially at the base; inflorescence a nodding, 
 spike-like, often interrupted panicle, commonly %'- 
 i' in length, usually exceeded by its lowest involute- 
 foliose bract; bractlets ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 equalling the perianth, sparingly lacerate; perianth 
 brown, with hyaline margins, \ ff -\%" long, its parts 
 lanceolate, aristate-acuminate; capsule broadly ovoid, 
 bluntly acute, about two-thirds as long as the peri- 
 anth; seed narrowly and obliquely obovoid, about 
 i X" long. 
 
 Labrador to Alaska, mountains of New England, Colo- 
 rado and California. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
398 
 
 JUNCACEAE. 
 
 5. Juncoides nivale (L,aest. ) Coville. Arctic Wood-rush. (Fig. 963.) 
 
 Luzula campestris var. nivalis Laest. Kongl. Vet. Akad. 
 
 Handl. 334. 1822. 
 
 Juncoides nivale Coville, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 108. 1894. 
 Luzula arctica Blytt, Norg. Fl. i: 299. 1861. 
 
 Stems tufted, 2 / -4 / high, erect, i or 2-leaved. 
 Leaves with sheaths glabrous at the mouth, their 
 blades i // -2 // broad, seldom exceeding \y 2 ' in length, 
 very minutely roughened on the back, at least to- 
 ward the apex, flat and tapering to a usually blunt 
 and callous tip; inflorescence an erect oblong to ovate, 
 spike-like cluster, y z ' in height or less, exceeding its 
 lowest semifoliaceous bract; bractlet and perianth 
 dark purple, the former ovate and sparingly lacerate 
 at the hyaline apex; perianth-parts ^"-i" in length, 
 narrowly oblong, more or less broadly acute at the 
 paler apex, sometimes denticulate above; capsule 
 subspheric, obtuse or broadly acute, exceeding the 
 perianth; seed narrowly oblong, about y^" long. 
 
 Baffin Bay to Alaska. Also [in arctic and alpine 
 Europe and Asia. 
 
 6. Juncoides hyperboreum (R. Br.) Sheldon. Northern Wood-rush. 
 
 (Fig. 964.) 
 
 Luzula hyperborea R. Br. Suppl. App. Parry's Voy. 
 
 183. 1821. 
 Juncodes hyperborenm Sheldon, Bull. Geol. Surv. 
 
 Minn. 9: 63. 1894. 
 
 Stems tufted, commonly 4 / -8 / high, erect, 1-2- 
 leaved above the base. Leaves with sheaths spar- 
 ingly ciliate at the mouth, the blades erect, ^"-i y 2 ff 
 wide at the base, commonly 2^ / -y / long, usually 
 involute in age, not roughened on the back, taper- 
 ing into a very sharp point; inflorescence erect, ex- 
 ceeding its lowest foliose bract, consisting of a single 
 oblong cluster y z ' in length or less, or its one or 
 two lower divisions on peduncles >^ / -i>^ / long; 
 bracts and bractlets membranous, fimbriate; peri- 
 anth-parts brown, paler above, about iX" l or >g> 
 ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, or slightly 
 lacerate at the apex; capsule about three-fourths as 
 long as the perianth, ovoid, obtuse; seed rather 
 narrowly oblong, about \" long. 
 
 Arctic America, Labrador and the higher mountains of New England. Europe and Asia. 
 
 7. Juncoides campestre (I,.) Kuntze. Common Wood-rush. (Fig. 965.) 
 
 funcus campestris L. Sp. PI. 329. 1753. 
 Luzula campestris DC. Fl. Fr. 3: 161. 1805. 
 Juncoides campestre Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 722. 1891. 
 
 Stems densely tufted, erect, 4 / -2o / high, 2-4-leaved. 
 Leaf-blades flat, \' f -^ ff broad, tapering at the apex 
 to a blunt almost gland-like point, sparingly webbed 
 when young; inflorescence umbelloid; lower bracts 
 foliose, the lowest often exceeding the inflorescence, 
 its several branches straight, unequal, each bearing an 
 oblong to short-cylindric dense spike; floral bracts 
 ovate, acuminate; bractlets similar but smaller, fimbri- 
 ate at the apex; perianth \' f -\y 2 " long, brown, its 
 parts lanceolate-ovate, acuminate; capsule obovoid or 
 broadly oblong; seed with an oblong body about ^" 
 in length, supported on a narrower white loosely 
 cellular, strophiole-like base about one-half as long. 
 
 In woodlands, almost throughout the United States and 
 British America. Also in Europe and Asia. Variable. 
 One of our earliest flowering plants. 
 
BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY. 
 
 399 
 
 1. Tofieldia. 
 
 2. Abama. 
 
 3. 'Xerophyllum. 
 
 4. Helonias. 
 
 5. Chamaelirinm. 
 
 6. Chrosperma. 
 
 7. Stenanthium. 
 
 8. Zygadenns. 
 
 Family 18. MELANTHACEAE R. Br. Prodr. i: 272. 1810. 
 
 BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY. 
 
 Leafy-stemmed herbs (some exotic genera scapose), with rootstocks or 
 rarely with bulbs, the leaves broad or grass-like, parellel- veined, the veins often 
 connected by transverse veinlets. Flowers perfect, polygamous, or dioecious, 
 regular, racemose, panicled or solitary. Perianth of 6 separate or nearly separ- 
 ate, usually persistent segments. Stamens 6, borne on the bases of the per- 
 ianth-segments. Anthers small, 2-celled, oblong or ovate, or confluently 
 i -celled and cordate or reniform, mostly versatile and extrorsely dehiscent (in- 
 trorse in Tofieldia and Abaina}. Ovary 3-celled, superior or rarely partly in- 
 ferior; ovules few or numerous in each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous. 
 Styles 3, distinct, or more or less united. Fruit a capsule with septicidal 
 dehiscence (loculicidal in Abama and Uvularia}. Seeds commonly tailed or 
 appendaged. Embryo small, in usually copious endosperm. 
 
 About 36 genera and 140 species, widely distributed. 
 Flowers numerous in terminal erect racemes or panicles. 
 Anthers oblong or ovate, 2-celled. 
 Anthers introrsely dehiscent. 
 
 Capsule septicidal; flowers involucrate by 3 bractlets. 
 Capsule loculicidal; flowers not involucrate. 
 Anthers extrorsely dehiscent. 
 Flowers perfect. 
 
 Leaves basal, oblanceolate; seeds numerous. 
 Stem very leafy; leaves linear; seeds few. 
 Flowers dioecious: stem Ieaf3 r . 
 Anthers cordate or reniform, confluently i-celled. 
 Plants glabrous. 
 
 Perianth-segments not gland-bearing. 
 
 Flowers perfect; perianth-segments obtuse. 
 Flowers polygamous; perianth-segments acuminate 
 Perianth-segments bearing i or 2 glands, or a spot. 
 Stem and inflorescence pubescent. 
 
 Perianth -segments clawed, free from the ovary. 9. Melanthiuni. 
 
 Perianth-segments not clawed, adnate to the base of the ovary. 10. I'eratruni. 
 Flowers solitar3', terminal or opposite the leaves, drooping. n. L r i'iilaria. 
 
 i. TOFIELDIA Huds. Fl. Angl. Ed. 2, 157. 1778. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with short erect or horizontal rootstocks, fibrous roots, slender erect 
 stems leafless above or nearly so, linear somewhat 2-ranked and equitant leaves clustered at 
 the base, and small perfect white or green flowers in a terminal raceme. Pedicels bracted at 
 the base, solitary or clustered. Flowers usually involucrate by 3 scarious somewhat united 
 bractlets below the calyx. Perianth -segments oblong or obovate, subequal, persistent, gland- 
 less. Stamens 6; filaments filiform; anthers ovate, sometimes cordate, introrse. Ovary ses- 
 sile, 3-lobed at the summit; styles 3, short, recurved. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-beaked, septicid- 
 ally dehiscent to the base, many-seeded. Seeds tailed or appendaged in most species. 
 [Dedicated to Tofield, an English correspondent of Hudson.] 
 
 About 15 species, natives of the north temperate zone, i or 2 in the Andes of South America. 
 Besides the following another occurs in the southeastern States and two in northwestern America. 
 Stem glabrous; seeds unappendaged. i. T. paljts/ris. 
 
 Stem viscid-pubescent; seeds appendaged. 
 
 Capsule oblong, 3" high; perianth segments thin. 2. T. glut i now. 
 
 Capsule ovoid, i,V-2" high; perianth-segments rigid in fruit. 3. T. raceiosa. 
 
 i. Tofieldia palustris Huds. Scottish 
 Asphodel. (Fig. 966.) 
 
 Tofieldia palustris Huds. Fl. Angl. Kd. 2, 157. 1773. 
 
 Glabrous, stem slender, scape-like, leafless or bearing 
 a few leaves near the base, 2 / -io / tall. Leaves tufted, 
 X '-4' long, ^ // -2 // wide; raceme oblong or subglobose in 
 flower, dense, elongating to an inch or less in fruit, the 
 lower flowers first expanding; pedicels usually solitary, 
 minutely involucrate, l /z f '-\" long in fruit; flowers 
 greenish white, \" broad; perianth-segments obovate. 
 obtuse, much shorter than the oblong-globose minutely 
 beaked capsule; seeds oblong, unappendaged. 
 
 Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south to Quebec, the 
 hores of Lake Superior, and the Canadian Rocky Moun- 
 lins. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 26 
 
400 
 
 MELANTHACEAE. 
 
 2. Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.) Pers. Glutinous Tofieldia. (Fig. 967.) 
 
 Narthecium glutinosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 
 210. 1803. 
 
 Tofieldia glutinosa Pers. Syn. i: 399. 1805. 
 
 Stem viscid-pubescent with black glands, 6'- 
 2o / tall, bearing 2-4 leaves near the base. Basal 
 leaves tufted, 2 / -y / long, 1."-$" wide; raceme 
 oblong and ^ / -i^ / long in flower, longer in 
 fruit, the upper flowers first expanding; pedicels 
 commonly clustered in 3*3 (i's-4's), ascending, 
 viscid-pubescent, becoming 2 // -6 // long in fruit; 
 involucral bracts minute, united nearly or quite 
 to their apices, borne just beneath the flower; 
 flowers 3 // -4 // broad; perianth-segments oblong, 
 mostly obtuse, membranoiis; capsule oblong, 
 about 3 X/ high, i)4 // in diameter, thin-walled, 
 twice as long as the perianth, the beaks y^' f 
 long or less; seeds tailed at each end. 
 
 In bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Maine, 
 Ohio, Michigan, Wyoming and Oregon, and in the 
 southern Alleghenies. May-June. 
 
 3. Tofieldia racemosa (Walt.) B.S. P. Viscid Tofieldia. (Fig. 968.) 
 
 Melanthium racemosum Walt. Fl. Car. 126. 1788 
 Narthecium pubens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 209. 
 
 1803. 
 
 Tofieldia pubescens Pers. Syn. i: 399. 1805. 
 Tofieldia racemosa B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 55. 1888. 
 
 Similar to the preceding species but rather 
 stouter and taller, stem i-3 high, the glutin- 
 ous pubescence rougher. Leaves very narrowly 
 linear, 6 / -i8 / long, iX // ~3 // wide; raceme \ f - 
 4' long in flower, often loose, somewhat longer 
 in fruit, the uppermost flowers first expanding; 
 pedicels mostly clustered in 3's, ascending, 2 X/ - 
 3 /x long in fruit; involucral bractlets about ^ x/ 
 long, united to above the middle, borne just be- 
 neath the flower; perianth- segments narrowly 
 obovate, obtuse, rigid; capsule ovoid, i^'long, 
 little longer than the calyx, its beaks ]/ 2 ff long; 
 seeds tailed at each end. 
 
 In swamps, southern New Jersey to Florida and 
 Alabama. This and the two preceding species are 
 also known as False Asphodel. June-Sept. 
 
 v 
 
 2. ABAMA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 47. 1763. 
 
 [NARTHECIUM Juss. Gen. 47. 1789.] 
 
 Perennial herbs, with creeping or horizontal rootstocks, fibrous roots, erect simple 
 stems and linear grass-like basal leaves, those of the stem short and distant. Flowers small, 
 greenish-yellow, perfect, borne in a terminal raceme. Pedicels bracted at base and usually 
 bearing a small bractlet. Perianth -segments persistent, linear or linear lanceolate, obscurely 
 3-5-nerved, glandless. Stamens 6; filaments subulate, woolly; anthers linear-oblong, erect, 
 introrse. Ovary sessile; style very short or none; stigma slightly 3-lobed. Capsule oblong, 
 loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded, the linear seeds tailed at each end. [Greek, signify- 
 ing without step, the plants reputed to cause lameness in cattle.] 
 
 Four known species, natives of the northern hemisphere, 
 occurs in northwestern America. 
 
 Besides the following, another 
 
BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY. 401 
 
 i. Abama Americana (Ker.) Morong. 
 American Bog-asphodel. (Fig. 969.) 
 
 Narthecium Americanum Ker, Bot. Mag. pi. 7505. 1812. 
 Narthecium ossifragum var. Americanum A. Gray, Man. 
 
 Ed. 5, 536. 1867. 
 Abama Americana Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 109. 
 
 1894. 
 
 Glabrous, stems wiry, stiff, erect, lo'-iS' tall. Basal 
 leaves 3 / -8 / long, i //r wide or less, finely y-g-nerved; 
 lower stem leaves X /-2/ l n g> the upper much smaller; 
 raceme i / -2 / long, dense; perianth-segments narrowly 
 linear, 2 // -3 // long, slightly exceeding the stamens; 
 filaments white-woolly; pedicels ascending, 3 // -4 // 
 long in fruit; capsule about 5 /x long, i // in diameter at 
 the middle, erect, nearly twice as long as the perianth- 
 segments, tapering to a subulate beak; seeds, including 
 the appendages, 3 // -4 // long. 
 
 In pine barren swamps, southern New Jersey. June- 
 Sept. 
 
 3. XEROPHYLLUM Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 210. 1803. 
 
 Tall perennial herbs, with thick short woody rootstocks, simple erect leafy stems, the 
 leaves narrowly linear, rough-margined, the upper ones shorter than the lower. Flowers 
 very numerous, medium-sized, white, in a large dense terminal raceme, the lower ones first 
 expanding. Perianth withering-persistent, its segments oblong or ovate, 5-y-nerved, spread- 
 ing, glandless. Stamens 6, rather shorter than the perianth-segments; filaments subulate, 
 glabrous; anthers oblong. Ovary sessile, 3-grooved; styles 3, filiform, reflexed or recurved, 
 stigmatic along the inner side; ovules only 2-4 in each cell. Capsule ovoid, 3-grooved, loc- 
 ulicidally and sometimes also septicidally dehiscent. Seeds 5, oblong, not at all appeudaged, 
 or only minutely so. [Greek, signifying a dry leaf.] 
 
 Three species, the following of the southeastern United States, the others of western America. 
 
 i. Xerophyllum asphodeloides (L. ) 
 Nutt. Turkey-beard. (Fig. 970.) 
 
 Helonias asphodeloides "L. Sp. PI. Kd. 2, 485. 1762. 
 Xerophyllum setifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 211. 
 
 1803. 
 Xerophyllum asphodeloides Nutt. Gen. i: 235. 1818. 
 
 Stem stout, becoming stiff, 2)4~5 tall, densely 
 leafy below and at the base, sparsely leafy above. 
 Leaves very narrowly linear, slightly dilated at the 
 base, the lower 6 / -i8 / long, i // wide or less, except 
 at the broader base, the upper successively shorter 
 and narrower; flowering raceme 3 / -6 / long, 2 / ~3 / 
 in diameter, its summit conic; flowering pedicels 
 spreading, filiform. 9 // -i8 // long, in fruit erect; 
 perianth-segments ovate-oblong, obtuse, about 3'- 
 long; styles rather longer than the ovary; capsule 
 ellipsoid, obtuse, 2" long, i // -i_^ // in diameter; 
 seeds mostly 2 in each cell. 
 
 In dry pine barrens, southern New Jersey to eastern 
 Tennessee and Georgia. May-July. Ascends to 5000 
 ft. in North Carolina. 
 
 4. HELONIAS L. Sp. PI. 342. 1753. 
 
 A perennial glabrous bog herb, with a stout rootstock, thick fibrous roots, basal ob- 
 lanceolate persistent leaves and rather large perfect purple flowers, racemed at the summit 
 of an erect hollow bracted scape. Perianth-segments spreading, spatulate, persistent. 
 Stamens 6, hypogynous, longer than the perianth-segments; filaments filiform; anthers ovate. 
 Ovary ovoid, 3-grooved, 3-celled, slightly 3-lobed, many-ovuled; styles 3, stigmatic along 
 the inner side, deciduous. Capsule obovoid, deeply 3-lobed, the lobes divergent, veutrally 
 dehiscent above. Seeds numerous, linear, white-appendaged at each end. [Name from the 
 Greek, in allusion to its growth in swamps.] 
 
 A monotypic genus of eastern North America. 
 
402 
 
 MELANTHACEAE. 
 
 i. Helonias bullata L. Swamp Pink. 
 (Fig. 971.) 
 
 Helonias bullata L. Sp. PI. 342. 1753. 
 
 Leaves several or numerous, dark green, thin, 
 clustered at the base of the scape, 6 / -i5 / long, 
 ^ / -2 / wide, pointed or blunt, finely parallel- 
 nerved. Scape stout, bracted below, the bracts 
 lanceolate, acute or acuminate, membranous; 
 raceme dense, \'-$ f long in flower, becoming 
 4 / -7 / long in fruit; perianth-segments about 3" 
 long, equalling or rather longer than the stout 
 pedicels; capsules about $" long, the valves 
 papery; seeds i^ /y -2 // long. 
 
 In bogs, northern New Jersey, southern New 
 York and eastern Pennsylvania (?) to Virginia. 
 Local. The scape sometimes bears a few leaves 
 at its base. April-Mas'. 
 
 5. CHAMAELIRIUM Willd. Mag. Nat. Fr. Berl. 2: 18. 1808. 
 
 An erect glabrous slightly fleshy herb, with a bitter tuberous rootstock. Basal leaves 
 spatulate, those of the stem lanceolate. Flowers small, white, dioecious, in a long narrow 
 bractless spike-like raceme. Perianth of 6 linear-spatulate i-nerved segments. Staminate 
 flowers with 6 stamens, the filaments filiform, the anthers subglobose, 2-celled; pistillate 
 flowers with a 3-celled oblong ovary, 3 short styles, stigmatic along the inner side, and usu- 
 ally with 6 staminodia. Capsule oblong, slightly 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds 6- 
 12 in each cavity, broadly winged at both ends, narrowly winged on the sides. [Greek, 
 signifying a low lily.] 
 
 A monotypic genus of eastern North America. 
 
 i. Chamaelirium luteum (I,. ) A. 
 Gray. Blazing-star. (Fig. 972.) 
 
 Veralrum luteum L. Sp. PI. 1044. I 753- 
 Chamaelirium Carolinianum Willd. Mag. Nat. Fr. 
 
 Berl. 2: 19. 1808. 
 Chamaelirium luleum A. Gray, Man. 503. 1848. 
 
 Staminate plant i^-2^ tall, the pistillate 
 often taller, sometimes 4 high and more leafy. 
 Basal leaves 2 / -8 / long, X / ~ I X / wide, mostly 
 obtuse, tapering into a long petiole; stem leaves 
 lanceolate, the or upper linear, acute or acum- 
 inate, sessile or the lower short-petioled; stam- 
 inate raceme or nodding finally erect, 3 / -9 / long, 
 the pedicels spreading, i // -2 // long; pistillate 
 raceme erect; flowers nearly 3 X/ broad; capsule 
 oblong or somewhat obovoid, 4 // ~7 // long, 
 2// -3 // in diameter. 
 
 In moist meadows and thickets, Massachusetts to 
 southern Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida 
 and Arkansas. Called also Devil's-bit, Unicorn-root 
 and Drooping Starwort. May-July. 
 
 6. CHROSPERMA Raf. Neog. 3. 1825. 
 [AMIANTHIUM A. Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 4: 121. 1837.] 
 
 An erect glabrous herb, with an ovoid-oblong coated bulb, and numerous long blunt 
 basal leaves, a few short ones on the stem. Flowers perfect, white, in a dense terminal 
 raceme, the lower ones first expanding. Perianth of 6 distinct glandless persistent obtuse 
 segments. Stamens inserted on the bases of the sepals; anthers small, reniform. Ovary 
 ovoid, 3-lobed, 3-celled. Capsule 3-celled, dehiscent above the middle, the cavities 1-2- 
 seeded, its 3 divergent lobes tipped with the subulate styles. Seeds ovoid, reddish brown. 
 [Greek, referring to the colored seeds.] 
 
 A monotypic genus of eastern North America. 
 
BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY. 43 
 
 i. Chrosperma muscaetoxicum (Walt.) Kuntze. Fly-poison. (Fig. 973.) 
 
 Mt'lanthium muscaetoxicum Walt. Fl. Car. 125. 
 
 TTS8 
 
 lyoo. 
 
 Amianthium muscaetoxicum A. Gray, Ann. Lye. 
 N. Y. 4: 122. 1837. 
 
 Chrosperma muscaeto.vicum Kunze, Rev. Gen. 
 PI. 708. 1891. 
 
 Bulb iX / -2 / long, nearly i' in diameter. 
 Stem i^-4 tall. Basal leaves 2 // -is // wide, 
 shorter than the stem, the upper few and dis- 
 tant, bract-like; raceme at first ovoid-conic, be- 
 coming cylindric, 2 X -5 X long; pedicels ascend- 
 ing, 4 // -io // long; bractlets ovate, i // -2 // long; 
 sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse, 2 // -3 // long; fila- 
 ments filiform, about equalling the sepals; 
 capsule 2 // ~3 // in diameter above the middle, 
 scarcely as long; seeds about i l /z /f long. 
 
 In dry sandy woods, Long Island and eastern 
 Pennsylvania to Florida, Tennessee and Arkansas. 
 Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia and to 2100 ft. in 
 Pennsylvania. May-July. 
 
 7. STENANTHIUM Kunth, Enum. 4: 189. 1842. 
 
 Erect glabrous bulbous herbs, with leafy stems and small white or greenish, polygamous 
 flowers in an ample terminal panicle. Leaves narrowly linear, keeled. Perianth-segments 
 narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, glandless, spreading, persistent, adnate to the base of the 
 ovary. Stamens shorter than the perianth -segments, inserted on their bases; anthers small, 
 cordate or reniform. Ovary ovoid. Capsule ovoid-oblong, 3-lobed, finally dehiscent to the 
 base, the lobes with short slightly divergent beaks. Seeds about 4 in each cavity, oblong, 
 angled, somewhat flattened. [Greek, in allusion to the narrow perianth-segments.] 
 
 The genus comprises only the two following species: 
 
 Leaves 2"-$" wide; capsule reflexed. i. 5". gramineum. 
 
 Leaves 3"-io" wide; capsule erect. 2. S. robuslum. 
 
 i. Stenanthium gramineum (Ker) Morong. Grass-leaved Stenanthium. 
 
 (Fig. 974.) 
 
 Helonias graminea Ker, Bot. Mag. pi. 1599. 
 
 1813. 
 Veratrum angustifolium Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 
 
 242. 1814. 
 Stenanthium angustifolium Kunth, Enum. 4: 
 
 190. 1843. 
 Stenanthium gramineum Morong, Mem. Torr. 
 
 Club, 5: no. 1894. 
 
 Stem slender, 3-4 tall. Leaves grass- 
 like, some of them often i long or more, 
 2 //_3// wide, the upper, reduced to small 
 linear lanceolate bracts subtending the 
 branches of the panicle; panicle open, sim- 
 ple or somewhat compound, i-2 long, its 
 branches nearly filiform, often flexuous, 
 spreading or drooping; bracts ^ // -i // long, 
 equalling or longer than the pedicels; flowers 
 4//_6// broad; perianth -segments linear lan- 
 ceolate; capsule ovoid-oblong, with a top- 
 shaped base, 3 // ~4 // long, reflexed. 
 
 In dry soil, Virginia and Kentucky to Florida 
 and Alabama, chiefly in the mountains. As- 
 cends to 6000 ft. in North Carolina. Fruit 
 apparently scarce. Aug-Sept. 
 
404 MELANTHACEAE. 
 
 2. Stenanthium robustum S. Wats. 
 Stout Stenanthium. (Fig. 675.) 
 
 Stenanthium robustum S. Wats. Proc. Am. 
 Acad. 14: 278. 1879. 
 
 Stem stout, 3-5 tall, usually very leafy. 
 Leaves often i long or more, the lower 4 // - 
 10" wide, the upper reduced to bracts; pan- 
 icle denser than that of the preceding species, 
 commonly longer, usually compound, its 
 branches spreading or ascending; flowers 
 greenish or white, 6 // -8 // broad; capsule 
 ovoid-oblong, 4 // -6 // long, erect, longer than 
 its pedicel, the very short beaks recurved- 
 spreading. 
 
 In moist soil, southern Pennsylvania and Ohio 
 to South Carolina and Tennessee. July-Sept. 
 
 8. ZYGADENUS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 213. 1803. 
 
 Glabrous erect perennial herbs, from bulbs or rootstocks, with leafy stems. Leaves 
 narrowly linear. Flowers perfect or polygamous, greenish, yellowish or white, in a terminal 
 panicle or raceme. Perianth withering-persistent, its segments lanceolate or ovate, separate 
 or united below, sometimes adnate to the lower part of the ovary, bearing i or 2 glands or a 
 spot just above the narrowed base. Stamens free from the perianth segments and about 
 equalling them in length; anthers cordate or reniform. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled, the cavi- 
 ties not diverging, dehiscent to the base. Seeds several or numerous in each cavity, oblong 
 or linear, angled. [Greek, referring to the two glands of some species.] 
 
 About 10 species, natives of North America and Mexico, i in Siberia. 
 Plant with a thick rootstock; glands of the perianth-segments 2, orbicular. 
 Plants bulbous; gland only i, sometimes faint or a mere spot. 
 Gland distinctly obcordate; perianth-segments 4" -5" long. 
 Gland not obcordate; perianth-segments 2"-4" long. 
 
 Gland with a poorly defined or irregular margin; perianth free from the ovary; western 
 
 species 
 
 Leaves 3"-8" wide; flowers mostly perfect. 3. Z. Nutlallii. 
 
 Leaves 2" -3" wide; flowers polygamous. 4. Z. venenosus. 
 
 Gland a mere yellow spot; perianth adnate to the ovary; eastern coast species. 
 
 5. Z. leimanthoides. 
 
 i. Zygadenus glaberrimus Michx. 
 Large-flowered Zygadenus. (Fig. 976.) 
 
 Zygadenus glaberrimus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 
 214. 1803. 
 
 Rather dark green, slightly glaucous, stem 
 stout, 2-4 tall, from a thick rootstock. Leaves 
 3 // -6 // wide, long-acuminate, channelled, often 
 i long or more, the upper gradually smaller, 
 appressed, passing into the short ovate bracts of 
 the panicle; panicle 6 / -i2 / long, its branches 
 rather stout, stiff, ascending; panicle 6 / -i2 / 
 long, its branches rather stout, stiff, ascending; 
 pedicels stout, longer than the bractlets; flowers 
 white, mostly perfect, \ f -\y 2 ' broad, perianth- 
 segments lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, nar- 
 rowed into a short claw, bearing 2 orbicular 
 glands; styles subulate; capsule narrowly ovoid, 
 shorter than the perianth. 
 
 1. Z. glaberrimus. 
 
 2. Z. elegans. 
 
 In swamps, Virginia to Florida, near the coast. 
 July-Sept. 
 
BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY. 
 
 405 
 
 2. Zygadenus elegans Pursh. Glaucous Zygadenus. (Fig. 977.) 
 
 Zygadenus elegansfvs&a., Fl. Am. Sept. 241. 1814. 
 Melanthium glaucunt Nutt. Gen. i: 232. 1818. 
 
 nus glaucus Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 56. 
 
 Plant very glaucous, bulb ovoid, about i' 
 long, its coats membranous. Stem slender, 
 6'-3 tall; leaves 2 // -y // wide, keeled, the lower 
 4 / -i2 / long, the upper much shorter; bracts 
 lanceolate, rather large, green or purplish; in- 
 florescence a simple raceme or a large panicle, 
 sometimes i long, open, its branches slender, 
 ascending; flowers greenish, 8 // -io // broad; per- 
 ianth-segments oval or obovate, obtuse, united 
 below and adnate to the base of the ovary, bear- 
 ing a single large obcordate gland just above the 
 short claw; capsule oblong, nearly \' long, ex- 
 ceeding the perianth. 
 
 In moist places, New Brunswick to Alaska, south 
 to Vermont, New York, Missouri, and in the Rocky 
 Mountains to New Mexico. June-Aug. Ascends 
 to 4000 ft. in the Black Hills. 
 
 3. Zygadenus Nuttallii (A. Gray) 
 
 S. Wats. Nuttall's Zygadenus. 
 
 (Fig. 978.) 
 
 Amianthium Nuttallii A. Gray, Ann. I,yc. N. Y. 4: 
 123. 1837. 
 
 Zygadenus Nuttallii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 
 279. 1879. 
 
 Light green, scarcely glaucous, stem i-2 high. 
 Bulb large, coated; leaves 3 // -8 // wide, shorter 
 than the stem, strongly conduplicate, the upper 
 very short; inflorescence racemose or paniculate 
 bracts membranous, scarious, shorter than the 
 slender pedicels; flowers mostly perfect, about 6 //r 
 broad; perianth -segments oval or ovate, obtuse, 
 free from the ovary, thin, short-clawed, bearing a 
 roundish spot-like gland ; capsule 4 // -6 // long. 
 
 On prairies, Kansas and Colorado to Texas. May- 
 June. 
 
 4. Zygadenus venenosus S. Wats. Poi- 
 sonous Zygadenus. (Fig. 979.) 
 
 Zvgadenus venenosiis S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 
 ~ 279. 1879. 
 
 Pale green, stem slender, 6'-2 tall, from a small 
 coated bulb. Lea.ves conduplicate, roughish, 2"- 
 $" wide, shorter than the stem, the upper small 
 and distant; inflorescence a simple or somewhat 
 branched raceme, 2 / -4 / long in flower, elongating 
 in fruit, the slender pedicels longer than the scar- 
 ious lanceolate bracts; flowers yellow or yellowish, 
 polygamous, about 4" wide; perianth -segments 
 ovate or elliptic, obtuse -or acutish, short-clawed, 
 free from the ovary, bearing a roundish gland 
 with an irregular margin; fruiting pedicels erect; 
 capsule longer than the perianth. 
 
 .South Dakota and Montana to British Columbia, 
 south to Nebraska, Utah and California. May-June. 
 
406 
 
 MELANTHACEAE. 
 
 Zygadenus leimanthoides (A. Gray) S. Wats. 
 
 (Fig. 980. ) 
 
 Pine-barren Zygadenus. 
 
 Amianthium leimanthoides A. Gray, Ann. Lye. 
 
 N. Y. 4: 125. 1837. 
 Zygadenus leimanthoides S. Wats. Proc. Am. 
 
 Acad. 14: 280. 1879. 
 
 Stem slender, i-4 high, from a narrowly 
 ovoid fibrous-coated bulb, its base sheathed 
 by short leaves which soon become fibrous. 
 Leaves 2 // -4 // wide, green on both sides, 
 often i long, blunt, or the upper acuminate 
 and much shorter; panicle 4 / -i2 / long, its. 
 branches densely many-flowered, spreading 
 or ascending; bractlets much shorter than 
 the slender pedicels; flowers mostly perfect, 
 white or greenish, about 4 X/ broad; perianth- 
 segments oblong, obtuse sessile, not clawed, 
 adnate to the very base of the ovary, bearing 
 a basal yellowish spot; capsule ovoid, 4" 
 high, much longer than the perianth. 
 
 In swamps or wet soil, especially in pine bar- 
 rens, southern New Jersey to Georgia. Ascends- 
 to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. July-Aug. 
 
 9. MELANTHIUM L. Sp, PI. 339. 1753. 
 
 Tall leafy herbs, perennial by thick rootstocks, the stem, at least its upper part, and the 
 inflorescence, pubescent. Leaves oval, oblanceolate or linear, sheathing or the upper sheath- 
 less. Flowers greenish, white or cream -colored, darker in withering, monoecious or poly- 
 gamous, slender pedicelled in a large terminal panicle. Perianth of 6 spreading separate 
 persistent clawed segments, free from the ovary. Stamens shorter than the segments and 
 adnate to them; anthers cordate or reniform, their sacs confluent. Ovary ovoid; styles 3, 
 subulate, spreading. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled, the cavities several-seeded, tipped by the 
 styles. Seeds very flat and broadly winged, several in each cavity. [Greek, signifying 
 black flower.] 
 
 The genus comprises only the following species: 
 Perianth-segments with 2 glands at the base of the blade. 
 
 Blade of the perianth-segments oblong, entire; leaves linear. i. M. Virginicum. 
 
 Blade of the perianth-segments nearly orbicular, undulate; leaves oblanceolate. 
 
 2. M. latifolium. 
 Perianth segments oblanceolate, glandless; leaves oval. 3. M. parviflorum* 
 
 i . Melanthium Virginicum L/. 
 
 flower. (Fig. 981.) 
 
 Bunch- 
 
 Melanthium Virginicum L. Sp. PI. 339. 1753- 
 
 Stems rather stout, 2% -5 high. Leaves 
 linear, acuminate, often i long, 4 // -i2 // wide, 
 the lower sheathing, the upper smaller, sessile, 
 the uppermost very small; panicle 6 / -i8 / long, 
 usually dense, its branches ascending; pedicels 
 much longer than the ovate-oblong bracts; 
 flowers 6 // -io // broad, greenish yellow, turning 
 brown; perianth-segments obtuse, the blade ob- 
 long, flat, entire, sometimes obcordate, at least 
 twice as long as the claw, bearing 2 dark glands 
 at its base; capsule 5 // -7 // long, the persistent 
 styles erect, \"-\y 2 " long; seeds 8-10 in each 
 cavity, 2 // ~3 // long. 
 
 In meadows, wet woods and marshes, Rhode 
 Island to New York and Minnesota, south to Flor- 
 ida and Texas. June-Aug. 
 
BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY. 
 
 407 
 
 2. Melanthium latifolium Desr. Crisped Bunch-flower. (Fig. 982.) 
 
 Melanthium hybridum Walt. Fl. Car. 125. 1788? 
 Melanthium latifolium Desr. in L,am. Encycl. 4: 
 25. 1797. 
 
 Stem stout or slender, 2-4 tall. Leaves ob- 
 lanceolate, acute, 6 // -2 / wide, the lower clasp- 
 ing, the upper sessile and much smaller; pan- 
 icle usually i long or more, its branches 
 ascending or spreading; flowers 6 // -8 // broad, 
 greenish white, turning darker; blade of the 
 perianth-segments orbicular or ovate, undulate 
 and crisped, longer than the claw or about 
 equalling it, bearing 2 glands at the base; cap- 
 sule 6" -8" long, its cavities 4-8 seeded; seeds 
 rather larger than those of the preceding 
 species; flow y ers fragrant. 
 
 In dry woods and on hills, Connecticut to Penn- 
 sylvania and South Carolina. Ascends to 2000 ft. in 
 North Carolina. Pedicels 3" -8" long. July-Aug. 
 
 Melanthium latifolium longipedicellatum A. Brown, 
 
 Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 152. 1896. 
 Lowei leaves 6"-io" wide, and upper pedicels 
 12" long. West Virginia. 
 
 3. Melanthium parviflorum (Michx.) 
 S. Wats. Small-flowered Melan- 
 thium. (Fig. 983.) 
 
 Veratrunn parviflorum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 
 250. 1803. 
 
 Melanthium parviflorum S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 
 14: 276. 1879. 
 
 Stem slender, 2-5 tall. Lower leaves broadly 
 oval or oblanceolate, acute, 4 / -8 / long, \y z f -\ f 
 wide, with narrow sheathing bases, the upper 
 narrowly linear-lanceolate, acuminate; panicle 
 i-2 long, loose and open, its very slender 
 branches divergent or ascending; pedicels fili- 
 form, much longer than the bracts, somewhat 
 longer than the perianth-segments; flowers 4 // - 
 6 // broad, greenish; perianth -segments oblance- 
 olate, glandless, short-clawed or sessile; capsule 
 5 /x -6 x/ long, the cavities 4-6-seeded; seeds 3 // -4 // 
 long. 
 
 In dry woods, mountains of Virginia to South 
 Carolina. June-Aug. 
 
 10. VERATRUM L> Sp. PI. 1044. 1753. 
 
 Tall perennial herbs, with thick short poisonous rootstocks, the leaves mostly broad, 
 clasping, strongly veined and plaited, the stem and inflorescence pubescent. Flowers green- 
 ish or yellowish or purple, rather large, polygamous or monoecious, on short stout pedicels 
 in large terminal panicles. Perianth-segments 6, glandless or nearly so, not clawed, adnate 
 to the base of the ovary. Stamens opposite the perianth-segments and free from them, 
 short, mostly curved. Anthers cordate, their sacs confluent. Ovary ovoid; styles 3, persist- 
 ent. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled, the cavities several-seeded. Seeds very flat, broadly winged. 
 [Ancient name of the Hellebore.] 
 
 About 10 species, natives of north temperate zone. Besides the following another occurs in 
 the southern United States and 2 on the Pacific coast. 
 
 Flowers yellowish green; perianth-segments pubescent, ciliate. i. V. viride. 
 
 Flowers purple; perianth-segments glabrous or nearly so. 2. V. Woodii 
 
408 
 
 i. Veratrum viride Ait. 
 
 MELANTHACEAE. 
 
 American White Hellebore. 
 (Fig. 984.) 
 
 Indian Poke. 
 
 Veratrum viride Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 422. 1789. 
 
 Rootstock erect, 2 / -3 / long, i'-2' thick, with 
 numerous fibrous-fleshy roots. Stem stout, 2-8 
 tall, very leafy; leaves acute, the lower broadly 
 oval or elliptic, 6' -12' long, 3 / -6 / wide, short-peti- 
 oled or sessile, sheathing, the upper successively 
 narrower, those of the inflorescence small; panicle 
 S'-2 long, densely many-flowered, its lower 
 branches spreading or somewhat drooping; pedi- 
 cels i // -3 // long, mostly shorter than the bracts; 
 flowers yellowish green, 8 // -i2 // broad; perianth- 
 segments oblong or oblanceolate, ciliate-serrulate, 
 twice as long as the stamens; ovary glabrous; cap- 
 sule io // -i2 // long, 4 // -6 // thick, many-seeded; 
 seed 4 // -5 // long. 
 
 In swamps and wet woods, Quebec to Alaska, south 
 to Georgia, Tennessee, Minnesota and British Colum- 
 bia. Ascends to 4000 ft. in the Adirondacks. May- 
 July. 
 
 2. Veratrum Woodii Robbins. Wood's 
 False Hellebore. (Fig. 985.) 
 
 Veratrum Woodii Robbins 'in Wood, Classbook, 
 Ed. 41, 557. 1855. 
 
 Rootstock short, erect. Stem slender, 2-5 
 tall; leaves mostly basal, oblong or oblanceolate, 
 often i long, 2 / -4 / wide, narrowed into 
 sheathing petioles about as long as the blade; 
 upper leaves small and linear-lanceolate; panicle 
 open, i-2 long, its branches ascending; pedi- 
 cels shorter than the perianth, about as long as the 
 bracts; flowers 6 // -8 // broad, purple; perianth- 
 segments oblanceolate, obtuse, nearly or quite 
 glabrous, entire, little longer than the stamens; 
 ovary pubescent when young, becoming gla- 
 brous; capsule 6 // -8 // long, few-seeded. 
 
 In dry woods and on hills, southern Indiana to 
 Missouri. June-July. 
 
 ii. UVULARIA L. Sp. PI. 304. 1753. 
 
 Erect forked herbs, perennial by rootstocks. Stem leafy above, scale-bearing below, the 
 leaves alternate, sessile or perfoliate. Flowers large, solitary at the ends of the branches or 
 rarely 2 together, peduncled, drooping. Perianth bell-shaped or narrower; segments dis- 
 tinct, deciduous, each bearing a nectary at the base. Stamens 6, free, or adnate to the very 
 bases of the perianth -segments; filaments filiform; anthers linear, the sacs longitudinally 
 dehiscent. Ovary 3-lobed, 3-celled, short-stalked or sessile; styles united to about the mid- 
 dle, stigmatic along the inner side above; ovules several in each cell. Capsule ovoid or ob- 
 ovoid, 3-angled or 3-winged, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds globose, 1-3 in each cavity. 
 [Name Latin, from uvula, a palate, in allusion to the hanging flowers.] 
 
 Five or six species, natives of eastern North America. 
 
 Capsule obtusely 3-angled, truncate or rounded; leaves perfoliate. 
 
 Glabrous, glaucous; perianth-segments papillose within. i. U. perfoliata. 
 
 I/eaves pubescent beneath ; perianth-segments smooth. 2. U. grandiflora. 
 Capsule acutely 3-angled or 3-winged, acute at each end; leaves sessile. 
 
 Leaves thin, slightly rough-margined, narrowed at both ends. 3. U. sessilifolia. 
 
 Leaves firm, manifestly rough -margined, sometimes subcordate. 4. U. pudenda. 
 
BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY. 
 
 409 
 
 Perfoliate Belhvort. (Fig. 986.) 
 
 i. Uvularia perfoliata L,. 
 
 Crularia pcrfoliata L. Sp. PI. 304. 1753. 
 
 Glabrous and glaucous or pale green. Stems 6'- 
 20' high, slender, forked above the middle, usually 
 with 1-3 leaves below the fork; leaves oval, oblong 
 or ovate-lanceolate, acute at the apex, rounded or 
 sometimes narrowed at the base, smooth-margined, 
 2 / -5 / long when mature, small at flowering time; 
 flowers io // -i6 // long, pale yellow; peduncle becom- 
 ing Yz'-i f long in fruit; perianth-segments granu- 
 lar-papillose within, sometimes but slightly so; sta- 
 mens shorter than the styles or equalling them, the 
 connective sharp-tipped; capsule obovoid, truncate, 
 thicker than long, 4"-$" long, obtusely 3-angled, 
 with concave sides and grooved angles, its lobes 
 dehiscent above. 
 
 In moist woods and thickets, Quebec and Ontario to 
 Florida and Mississippi. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Vir- 
 ginia. Flowers fragrant. May-June. 
 
 2. Uvularia grandiflora J. E. Smith. 
 Large-flowered Belhvort. (Fig. 987.) 
 
 Uvularia grandiflora J. E. Smith, Ex. Bot. 1:99. pi. 
 
 .,-/. 1804-5. 
 
 Stems rather stouter than that of the preceding 
 species, naked or with i or 2 leaves below the fork, 
 Leaves perfoliate, oblong, oval or ovate, pubescent 
 beneath, at least when young, glabrous above, be- 
 coming 2 / ~5 / long; flowers lemon-yellow, I'-i.^' 
 long; perianth-segments smooth on both sides or 
 very slightly granular within; stamens exceeding 
 the styles, the connective blunt; capsule obtusely 
 3-angled, truncate, \"-$" long, the lobes dehiscent 
 above. 
 
 In rich woods, Quebec to Minnesota, south to Geor- 
 gia, Tennessee and Iowa. April-June. 
 
 3. Uvularia sessilifolia L,. Sessile-leaved Belhvort. (Fig. 988.) 
 
 rvularia sessilifolia L. Sp. PI. 305. 1753. 
 Oakesia sessilifolia S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 269. 
 1879. 
 
 Glabrous, stem slender, naked or bearing i or 2 
 leaves below the fork. Leaves oblong or oblong- 
 lanceolate, 1%'-$' long when mature, thin, sessile, 
 acute at each end, roughish-rnargined, pale or 
 glaucous beneath; flowers greenish yellow, 8 // -i5 // 
 long; perianth -segments smooth; styles exceeding 
 stamens; anthers blunt; peduncle ^ / -i / long in 
 fruit; capsule sharply 3-angled, narrowed at both 
 ends, short-stipitate, about \' long, 6 // -8 // thick. 
 
 In moist woods and thickets, New Brunswick and 
 Ontario to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Arkansas. 
 May-June. 
 
 Uvularia sessilifolia nitida (Britton) Morong, Mem. 
 
 Torr. Club, 5: in. 1894. 
 
 Oakesia sessilifolia var. (?) nitida Britton, Trans. N. 
 Y. Acad. Sci. 9: 13. 1889. 
 
 Leaves smaller, bright green on both sides: flowers 
 light yellow; capsule scarcely stipitate. Pine barrens 
 of New Jersey. Perhaps referable to the following 
 species. 
 
410 MELANTHACEAE. 
 
 4. Uvularia puberula Michx. Mountain 
 Bell wort. (Fig. 989.) 
 
 Uvularia puberula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 199. 1803. 
 Oakesia puberula S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 269. 1879. 
 
 Stem rather stout, sparingly rough-pubescent with 
 short hairs, at least on the forks. Leaves oblong, oval 
 or ovate; rough -margined, firm and i l /2 f -T>' long when 
 mature, sessile, acute at the apex, obtuse, subcordate 
 or sometimes narrowed at the base, shining, green on 
 both sides, the midvein sometimes pubescent; flowers 
 light yellow, about i' long; styles exceeding the 
 stamens; capsule sharply 3-angled, acute at both ends, 
 sessile or very nearly so on the short peduncle, io // 
 12" long. 
 
 In mountain woods, Virginia and West Virginia to 
 South Carolina. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. May- 
 June. 
 
 Family 19. LILIACEAE Adans. Fam. PI. : 42. 1763. 
 
 LII<Y FAMILY. 
 
 Scapose or leafy-stemmed herbs from bulbs or corms, or rarely with root- 
 stocks or a woody caudex (Agave'), the leaves various. Flowers solitary or 
 clustered, regular, mostly perfect. Perianth parted into 6 distinct or nearly dis- 
 tinct segments, or these more or less united into a tube, inferior or partly 
 superior (Aletris}. Stamens 6, hypogynous or borne on the perianth or at the 
 bases of its segments; anthers 2 -celled, mostly introrse, sometimes extrorse. 
 Ovary 3-celled; ovules few or numerous in each cavity, anatropous or amphitro- 
 pous; styles united; stigma 3-lobed or capitate. Fruit a loculicidal capsule 
 (septicidal in Calochortus} , or in Agave sometimes fleshy and indehiscent. 
 Seeds various, wdnged or wingless. Embryo in copious endosperm. 
 
 About 125 genera and 1300 species, widely distributed. 
 
 * Plants bulbous, or with rootstocks, or fibrous-fleshy roots. 
 Ovary superior, not adnate to the perianth. 
 
 Roots fibrous-fleshy; scape tall; flowers orange or yellow. i. Hemerocallis. 
 
 I,ow fleshy herb with a short rootstock; flowers white. 2. Leucocrimtm. 
 
 Plants with bulbs or corms. 
 Flowers umbelled. 
 Perianth 6-parted. 
 
 Odor characteristically onion-like; ovules i or 2 in each cavity. 3. Allium. 
 Odor not onion-like; ovules several in each cavity. 
 Perianth funnelform, the tube about as long as the lobes. 
 Flowers solitary, racemed, corymbed or panicled. 
 Anthers not introrse. 
 
 Perianth-segments all alike or nearly so; capsule loculicidal. 
 Anthers versatile ; tall herbs. 
 Anthers not versatile; low herbs. 
 
 Stem leafy; flowers leafy-bracted. 
 Leaves only 2, appearing basal; flowers bractless. 
 Outer segments narrower than the inner; capsule septicidal. 
 Anthers introrse. 
 
 Perianth of 6 separate segments. 
 
 Filaments filiform. 10. Quamasia. 
 
 Filaments flattened. ii. Ornithogalum. 
 
 Perianth globose, oblong or urn-shaped. 12. Muscari. 
 
 Ovary half inferior; roots fibrous; flowers racemed. 13. Aletris. 
 
 **Stem a woody caudex; leaves rigid, mostly bearing marginal fibres. 14. Yucca. 
 
 4. Nothoscordn i . 
 
 5. Androstephiuni* 
 
 6. Lilium. 
 
 7. Fritillaria. 
 
 8. Erythronitim. 
 
 9. Calochortns. 
 
 i. HEMEROCALLIS L. Sp. PI. 324. 1754. 
 
 Tall glabrous herbs, with fibrous fleshy roots, basal linear leaves and large mostly orange 
 or yellow flowers clustered at the ends of leafless scapes. Perianth funnelform, its lobes ob- 
 long or spatulate, much longer than the cylindric tube. Stamens 6, inserted at the summit 
 of the perianth -tube, shorter than the lobes, declined; filaments filiform; anthers linear- 
 oblong, the sacs introrsely dehiscent. Ovary oblong, 3-celled; ovules numerous in each cav- 
 ity; style slender, declined, tipped with a small capitate stigma. Capsule oblong or ovoid, 
 thick-walled, 3-angled, transversely wrinkled, loculicidally 3-valved. [Greek, signifying 
 beautiful for a day.] 
 
 About 5 species, natives of Kurope and Asia. 
 
LILY FAMILY. 
 
 411 
 
 i. Hemerocallis fulva L,. Day Lily. 
 (Fig. 990.) 
 
 Hemerocallis fulva L. Sp. PL Ed. 2, 462. 1762. 
 
 Scapes 3-6 high, stout, mostly longer 
 than the leaves. Leaves 4 // -6 // wide, chan- 
 neled, tapering to an acute tip; scape bearing 
 several short bracts above; flowers 6-15, 
 short-pedicelled, tawny orange, panicled, 4'- 
 5 X long, opening for a day; tube of the peri- 
 anth i / -i^ / long, the lobes oblong, some- 
 what spreading, netted-veined; the three 
 outer nearly flat, acutish; the 3 inner undu- 
 late and blunt. 
 
 In meadows and along streams. New Bruns- 
 wick and Ontario to Virginia and Tennessee. 
 Escaped from cultivation. Native of Europe 
 and Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 Hemerocallis flava L., the Yellow Day Lily, 
 with bright yellow flowers, their lobes parallel- 
 veined, is occasionally found near old gardens. 
 
 2. LEUCOCRINUM Nutt.; A. Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 4: no. 1837. 
 
 A low acaulescent rather fleshy herb, from a short rootstock, the roots thick, fibrous. 
 Outer leaves membranous, acute, short; inner leaves linear, elongated, the innermost re- 
 duced to bracts. Flowers large, white, umbellate from the subterranean axils. Pedicels fili- 
 form. Perianth with a very narrow tube and a salverform limb, persistent, the 6 linear-ob- 
 long lobes spreading, nerved, shorter than the tube. Stamens borne near the top of the 
 perianth -tube, shorter than the lobes; filaments filiform; anthers linear, their sacs introrsely 
 dehiscent. Ovary ovoid, 3-celled; style filiform 
 stigma small. Capsule oval or obovoid, 3-angled, 
 sessile, obtuse, loculicidal. Seeds several in each 
 cavity, angled. [Greek, meaning white lily.] 
 
 A monotypic genus of northwestern North America 
 
 i. Leucocrinum montanum Nutt. 
 L/eucocrinum. (Fig. 991.) 
 
 Leucocrinum montanum Nutt.; A. Gray, Ann. Lye. 
 N. Y. 4: 1 10. 1837. 
 
 Root-fibres very thick, numerous. Inner leaves 
 a'-io' long, i // -3 // wide; flowers 3-8; pedicels ^ / - 
 2' long; perianth-limb about %' broad, the lobes 
 acute; perianth-tube i / -2 / long, less than \" in di- 
 ameter; filaments 3 // -4 // long; anthers coiled, at 
 least when dry; capsule 3 // -4 // long, erect, leath- 
 ery; seeds 4-6 in each cavity, black. 
 
 In sandy soil, South Dakota and western Nebraska 
 to California. Ascends to 5500 ft. in the Black Hills. 
 April-June. 
 
 3. ALLIUM L. Sp. PI. 294. 1753. 
 
 Bulbous herbs, characteristically odorous (alliaceous), the bulbs solitary, or clustered on 
 short rootstocks. Leaves narrowly linear, or rarely lanceolate or oblong, sheathing, basal, or 
 sometimes also on the stem. Stem (usually a scape) simple, erect. Flowers white, purple, 
 pink or green, in a terminal simple umbel, subtended by 2 or 3 membranous separate or 
 united bracts. Pedicels slender, not jointed. Perianth persistent, the 6 segments separate, 
 or united by their very bases. Stamens inserted on the bases of the perianth-segments; fila- 
 ments filiform or dilated, sometimes toothed; anther-sacs introrsely dehiscent. Ovary ses- 
 sile or nearly so, completely or incompletely 3-celled; style filiform, jointed, usually decidu- 
 ous; stigmas small; ovules 1-6 in each cavity. Capsule loculicidal. [Latin for garlic.] 
 
 About 275 species of wide distribution. Besides the following, some 40 others occur in the 
 western United States. 
 
412 
 
 LILIACEAE. 
 
 i. 
 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate, absent at flowering time. i. A. tricoccum. 
 
 Leaves linear, present at flowering time. 
 
 Bulb-coats membranous, not fibrous reticulated. 
 
 Umbel capitate; pedicels shorter than the flowers. 2. A. Schoenoprasum. 
 
 Umbel loose; pedicels much longer than the flowers. 
 
 Flowering umbel nodding. 3. A. cernuum. 
 
 Flowering umbel erect. 
 
 Leaves flat or channeled, all nearly basal. 4. A. stellatum. 
 
 Leaves terete, hollow, several on the stem; flowers often replaced by bulblets. 
 
 5. A. vineale. 
 
 Bulb-coats fibrous-reticulated. 
 Capsule not crested. 
 
 Flowers mostly replaced by bulblets; scape i-2 tall. 6. A. Canadense. 
 
 Flowers rarely replaced by bulblets. 
 
 Scape i-2 tall; pedicels 8" -12" long; perianth segments thin. 
 
 7. A. mutabile. 
 Scape 4' -8' tall; pedicels 4" -6" long; perianth-segments rigid in fruit. 
 
 8. A. Nuttallii. 
 Capsule-valves with 2 short crests. .9. A. reticulatum. 
 
 Allium tricoccum Ait. Wild Leek. (Fig. 992.) 
 
 A Ilium tricoccum Ait. Hort. Kew. i: 428. 1789. 
 
 Bulbs ovoid, clustered, i / -2 / high, seated on 
 a short rootstock, their coats fibrous-reticulated. 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptic, appearing 
 early in the spring, but withering and disappear- 
 ing before flowering time, 6 / -i2 / long, \'--i' 
 wide, narrowed at both ends, tapering into a 
 long petiole; scape 4 / -i5 / tall; bracts of the um- 
 bel usually 2, at first enclosing the flowers, 
 membranous, acuminate, deciduous; umbel 
 many -flowered, erect; pedicels slender, becom- 
 ing rigid, 6 // -io // long; flowers white; perianth- 
 segments oblong, obtuse, 2 // -3 // long; filaments 
 lanceolate-subulate, about as long as the peri- 
 anth; ovule i in each cavity of the ovary; cap- 
 sule deeply 3-lobed, about 3 X/ broad, i^ // -2 // 
 high, its valves not crested; seeds globose, 
 black, smooth. 
 
 In rich woods, New Brunswick to Minnesota, 
 south to North Carolina and Tennessee. Often 
 grows in large beds. Ascends to 4500 ft. in North 
 Carolina. June-July. 
 
 2. Allium Schoenoprasum I,. Chives. Chive Garlic. (Fig. 993.) 
 
 Allium Schoenoprasum L- Sp. PI. 301. 1753. 
 
 Bulbs narrowly ovoid, clustered, i' high or 
 less, their membranous coats not fibrous-reticu- 
 lated. Scape rather stout, 8 / -2 high, bearing 
 below the middle i or 2 elongated linear terete 
 hollow leaves about ^ // in diameter, or the leaves 
 all basal; bracts of the umbel 2, broadly ovate, 
 veiny; umbel many-flowered, capitate, the pedi- 
 cels i // -3 // long; flowers rose-color, longer than 
 the pedicels; perianth -segments 4 // -6 // long, 
 lanceolate, acuminate; stamens much shorter 
 than the perianth; filaments subulate, half- 
 terete; ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary; 
 capsule obtusely 3-lobed, about half as long as 
 the perianth. 
 
 In moist or wet soil, New Brunswick to Alaska, 
 south to Maine, northern New York, Michigan, 
 Wyoming and Washington. Also in Europe and 
 Asia. June-July. 
 
413 
 
 (Fig. 994. 
 
 LILY FAMILY. 
 3. Allium cernuum Roth. Nodding Wild Onion. 
 
 A. cernuum Roth; Roem. Arch, i: Part 3, 40. 1798. 
 
 Bulbs usually clustered on a short rootstock, nar- 
 rowly ovoid, with a long neck, i / -2^ / high, the 
 coats not fibrous-reticulated. Scape slender, slightly 
 ridged, i-2 high; leaves linear, channeled or nearly 
 flat, i // -2 // wide, mostly shorter than the scape, 
 bluntish, umbel many-flowered, nodding in flower, 
 subtended by 2 short deciduous bracts; pedicels fili- 
 form, 8 // -i5 // long; flowers white, rose or purple; 
 perianth-segments ovate-oblong, acute or obtusish, 
 2 //_y/ long; stamens longer than the perianth; fila- 
 ments nearly filiform; ovules 2 in each cavity of 
 the ovary; capsule 3-lobed, rather shorter than the 
 perianth, each valve bearing 2 short processes near 
 the summit. 
 
 On banks and hillsides, New York to Minnesota and 
 British Columbia, South Carolina, South Dakota, and in 
 the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. Variable. As- 
 cends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. July-Aug. 
 
 4. Allium stellatum Ker. Prairie Wild 
 
 Onion. (Fig. 995.) 
 
 Allium stellatum Ker, Bot. Mag. pi. 1576. 1813. 
 Bulbs solitary or several together, narrowly 
 ovoid, i / -2 / long, their coats membranous. Scape 
 slender, S'-iS' tall, somewhat ridged above; leaves 
 linear, ^"-i^" wide, nearly flat; umbel several- 
 many-flowered, erect, subtended by 2 lanceolate or 
 ovate acuminate bracts; pedicels filiform, 6 // -io // 
 long; flowers rose-color; perianth- segments ovate- 
 oblong, acute, 2 // ~3 // long, equalling or rather 
 shorter than the stamens; filaments filiform, slightly 
 widened at the base ; capsule shorter than the peri- 
 anth, 3-lobed, about 6-seeded, each valve bearing 2 
 erect processes or crests below the apex. 
 
 On rocky banks, Illinois and Minnesota to Missouri 
 and Kansas. July-Aug. 
 
 5. Allium vineale L,. Wild Garlic. Field Garlic. Crow Garlic. (Fig. 996.) 
 
 Allium vineale I,. Sp. PI. 299. 1753. 
 
 Bulb ovoid, i / high or less, its coats membran- fj 
 ous. Stem i-3 tall, bearing 2-4 narrowly linear 
 terete hollow somewhat channeled leaves below the 
 middle at flowering time, the early basal leaves 
 similar, numerous, 4 / -io / long; bracts of the umbel 
 2, lanceolate, acuminate, deciduous; umbel few- 
 many-flowered, erect, the flowers often wholly or 
 in part replaced by small ovoid bulblets which are 
 tipped with a long capillary appendage; pedicels 
 3 // -i2 // long, filiform, the lower spreading or 
 drooping; flowers green or purple, about 2" long; 
 perianth-segments ovate lanceolate, stamens in- 
 cluded or slightly exserted ; filaments flattened, 
 broad, the 3 interior ones bearing a tooth on each 
 side just below the anther; capsule 3-lobed, shorter 
 than the perianth. 
 
 In fields and meadows, Connecticut to Ohio, Missouri 
 and Virginia. Naturalized from Europe. A trouble- 
 some weed in the Middle States, infesting pastures, 
 and tainting the flavor of spring butter. June-July. 
 
414 
 
 LILIACEAE. 
 
 6. Allium Canadense L. Meadow 
 Garlic. (Fig. 997.) 
 
 Allium Canadense L,. Sp. PI. 1195. 175.3- 
 
 Bulb ovoid, solitary, usually less than i / high, 
 the outer coats fibrous-reticulated. Scape terete, 
 8'-2 tall; leaves basal or nearly so, narrowly lin- 
 ear, flat or flattish above, slightly convex beneath, 
 i // -i^ // wide, usually shorter than the scape; 
 bracts of the umbel 2 or 3, white, broadly ovate, 
 acuminate; flowers usually or often replaced by 
 ovoid bulblets; pedicels, when present, about %' 
 long; flowers pink or white, the perianth-segments 
 oblong-lanceolate, acute, about as long as the 
 stamens; filaments widened at the base, none of 
 them toothed; capsule valves not crested. 
 
 In moist meadows and thickets, Maine to Minnesota, 
 south to Florida, Louisiana and Arkansas. Ascends to 
 2500 ft. in Virginia. May-June. 
 
 Allium mutabile Michx. 
 Onion. (Fig. 998.) 
 
 Wild 
 
 Allium mutabile Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 195. 1803. 
 
 Bulbs ovoid, solitary or several together, \' 
 high or less, their coats prominently fibrous- 
 reticulated. Scape terete, i-2 tall ; leaves 
 basal, channeled, V-z" wide, shorter than the 
 scape; bracts of the umbel 2 or 3, long-acumi- 
 nate; umbel erect, many-flowered, rarely bulblet- 
 bearing; pedicels filiform, 8 // -i2 // long; flowers 
 pink, rose or white, 2> // -4 // long; perianth- 
 segments lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, 
 acuminate, or obtusish, thin, longer than the 
 stamens; filaments somewhat widened below; 
 capsule rather shorter than the perianth, its 
 valves not crested. 
 
 In moist soil, North Carolina to Nebraska, south 
 to Florida and Texas. April-June. 
 
 8. Allium Nuttallii S. Wats. Nuttall's 
 Wild Onion. (Fig. 999.) 
 
 Allium Nuttallii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 227. 1879. 
 
 Bulbs usually solitary, ovoid, y-t'-'i' high, their coats 
 fibrous-reticulated. Culm slender, terete or nearly so, 
 4'-8' tall; leaves basal, Y^'-i" wide, shorter than the 
 scape or sometimes equalling it; bracts of the umbel 
 3 or 2, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate; 
 umbel several-flowered; no bulblets seen; pedicels 
 slender, 4 // -6 // long; flowers rose or white, about 3" 
 long; perianth-segments ovate, acute or acuminate, 
 firm, becoming rigid in fruit; stamens shorter than the 
 perianth; capsule shorter than the perianth, its valves 
 not crested. 
 
 On prairies, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and Ari- 
 zona. April-June. 
 
3_ 
 
 LILY FAMILY. 415 
 
 g. Allium reticulatum Don. Fraser's 
 Wild Onion. (Fig. 1000. ) 
 
 Allium reticulatum Nutt. Fraser's Cat. Name only. 
 
 1813. 
 Allium reitculatum Don, Mem. Wern. Soc. 6: 36. 
 
 1826-31. 
 
 Similar to the preceding species, the bulb rather 
 larger, its coats prominently fibrous-reticulated. 
 Scape s'-io 7 tall, slender ; leaves usually less than 
 i x/ wide; bracts of the several-flowered umbel 
 mostly 2, acuminate; pedicels slender, 3 // -6 // long; 
 flowers white or pink, 2^ // ~3 // long; perianth- 
 segments longer than the stamens, thin; capsule 
 shorter than the perianth, each of its valves bearing 
 2 short crests just below the summit. 
 
 Assiniboia and South Dakota to New Mexico and 
 Arizona. May-July. 
 
 4. NOTHOSCORDUM Kunth, Enum. 4: 457. 1843. 
 
 Scapose herbs, similar to the onions, but without alliaceous odor, with membranous- 
 coated bulbs, narrowly linear basal leaves and small yellow or yellowish-green flowers in an 
 erect terminal simple 2-bracted umbel. Perianth 6-parted to the base, withering-persistent, 
 its segments i-nerved. Stamens 6, inserted on the bases of the perianth-segments; fila- 
 ments filiform or subulate; anther-sacs introrsely dehiscent. Ovary sessile, 3-celled; ovules 
 several in each cavity; style filiform, jointed near the base, but commonly persistent; stigma 
 small, capitate. Capsule 3-lobed, loculicidal. Seeds angled or flattish, black. [Greek, 
 signifying false garlic.] 
 
 About lo species, the following in the southern United States and Mexico, 8 or 9 in tropical and 
 South America, i Chinese. 
 
 i. Nothoscordum bivalve (L/. ) Britton. 
 Yellow False Garlic. (Fig. 1001.) 
 
 Ornithogalum bivalve L. Sp. PI. 306. 1753. 
 Allium ornilliogaloid.es Walt. Fl. Car. 121. 1788. 
 Allium stHatum^acQ. Coll. Suppl. 51. 1796. 
 Nothoscordum striatum Kunth, Enum. 4: 459. 1843. 
 
 Bulb globose, less than \' in diameter, its 
 coats membranous. Leaves ,^ // -2^ // wide, 
 flat, blunt or acutish, shorter than the scape 
 or equalling it; bracts of the umbel lanceolate, 
 acuminate, membranous, persistent; umbel 6- 
 12-flowered; pedicels filiform, usually unequal, 
 becoming rather rigid and i / -2 / long in fruit; 
 flowers 5 // -6 // long; perianth-segments thin, 
 oblong- lanceolate, acute, longer than the sta- 
 mens; capsule obovoid or somewhat depressed, 
 obtusely 3-lobed, a // -3 // high, the style as long 
 or slightly longer. 
 
 In sandy soil, Virginia to Tennessee and Ne- 
 braska, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico. As- 
 cends to 1500 ft. in Georgia. March-July. 
 
 5. ANDROSTEPHIUM Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 218. 1859. 
 
 Scapose herbs from a small membranous-coated corm. Leaves basal, narrowly linear. 
 Flowers rather large, blue, in a terminal erect several-bracted umbel. Perianth funnelform, 
 withering-persistent, the tube about as long as the 6 oblong lobes. Stamens 6, inserted on 
 the throat of the perianth; filaments dilated, united to the middle or above into an erect 
 crown-like tube with toothed lobes alternating with the linear-oblong anthers. Ovary ses- 
 sile, 3-celled; ovules several in each cavity; style filiform; stigma 3-grooved. Capsule mem- 
 branous, 3-angled, loculicidal. Seeds few, large, oval, black. [Greek, referring to the crown.] 
 
 Two species, natives of the southwestern United States. 
 
 27 
 
LILIACEAE. 
 
 i. Androstephium coeruleum (Scheele) 
 Greene. Androstephium. (Fig. 1002.) 
 
 Milla cocrulea Scheele, Linnaea, 25: 260. 1852. 
 Androstephium violaceum Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 
 
 219. 1859. 
 Androstephium coeruleum Greene, Pittonia, 2: 57. 1890. 
 
 Corm subglobose, less than i' in diameter. Scape 
 2 / -8 / tall, simple; leaves, i // -2 // wide, half terete, 
 equalling the scape, or sometimes longer; bracts of the 
 umbel 2-4, scarious, lanceolate, acuminate, persistent, 
 shorter than the pedicels; umbel 2-y-flowered; pedi- 
 cels rather stout, X'" 1 ^' l n g; perianth io // -i4 // 
 long, the lobes about as long as the tube; filament- 
 tube about 5 /x long, its lobes exceeding the anthers; 
 style about as long as the filament-tube; capsule &,"- 
 6" high; seeds nearly 5" long, very thin, narrowly 
 winged. 
 
 Prairies, Kansas to Texas. March-April. 
 
 6. LILIUM L. Sp. PL 302. 1753. 
 
 Tall bulbous herbs, with simple leafy stems, and large erect or drooping showy 
 flowers. Perianth fuunelform or campanulate, diciduous, of 6 separate spreading or re- 
 curved segments, each with a nectar-bearing groove at its base within. Stamens 6, mostly 
 shorter than the perianth, hypogynous, slightly attached to the segments; filaments filiform 
 or subulate; anthers linear, versatile, their sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 3-celled; 
 ovules numerous; style long, somewhat club-shaped above; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule oblong 
 or obovoid, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, flat, horizontal, packed in 2 rows in 
 each cavity. [Latin, from the Greek name of the Lily, said to be from the Celtic It, white.] 
 
 About 45 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 8 others 
 occur in western North America. 
 
 Flower or flowers erect; perianth-segments narrowed into long claws. 
 Perianth-segments merely acute. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, nearly all verticillate. 
 Leaves narrowly linear, nearly all alternate. 
 
 Perianth-segments long-acuminate; leaves all alternate, appressed. 
 Flowers drooping or spreading; perianth-segments not clawed. 
 
 Leaves or most of them verticillate, their axils not bulbiferous; native species. 
 Leaves finely roughened on the veins beneath. 
 
 Perianth-segments recurved or spreading. 4. L. Canadense. 
 
 Perianth-segments not recurved; mountain species. 5. L. Grayi. 
 
 Leaves perfectly smooth ; perianth-segments recurved. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate; stem 3-io tall; flowers 1-40. 6. L. superbum. 
 
 Leaves oblanceolate; stem 2-3 tall ; flowers 1-3. 7. L. Carolinianum. 
 
 Leaves all alternate, crowded, the upper axils bulb-bearing; escaped from gardens. 
 
 8. L. tigrinum. 
 
 i. Lilium Philadelphicum L. Red 
 
 Lily. Wood Lily. Philadelphia 
 
 Lily. (Fig. 1003.) 
 
 Lilium Philadelphicum L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 435. 1762. 
 
 Bulb i x in diameter or less, composed of nar- 
 row jointed fleshy scales. Stem i-3 tall, with 
 a few distant scales below, leafy above; leaves 
 lanceolate, acute at both ends or the lower some- 
 times obtuse, i / ~4 / long, 3 // -7 // wide, all verti- 
 cillate in 3's-8's, or a few of them alternate, thin, 
 the margins finely roughened; flowers 1-5, erect, 
 2^ / -4 / high; perianth reddish orange, its seg- 
 ments spatulate, somewhat spreading, acute or 
 obtusish, the blade ]^ f -\ f wide, rather gradually 
 narrowed into the claw, purple spotted below; 
 capsule obovoid-oval, \%'-2' high; seeds ^"-^" 
 long, narrowly winged. 
 
 In dry woods and thickets, Maine to Ontario, 
 south to North Carolina and West Virginia. As- 
 cends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. June-July. 
 
 1. L. PhiladelphicKui. 
 
 2. L. umbellaturn. 
 
 3. L. Catesbaei. 
 
LILY FAMILY. 
 
 2. Lilium umbellatum Pursh. Western 
 Red Lily. (Fig. 1004.) 
 
 Lilium andinum Nutt. Fras. Cat. Without description. 
 
 1813. 
 Lilium umbellatum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 229. 1814. 
 
 Bulb similar to that of the preceding species, the 
 stem usually more slender, i-2 tall. Leaves linear, 
 blunt or the upper acute, ascending, or sometimes 
 appressed, i / -3 / long, i // -2)^ // wide, all alternate or 
 the uppermost verticillate, their margins finely rough- 
 ened; flowers 1-3, erect, 2 / -3 / high; perianth-seg- 
 ments red, orange or yellow, narrowed into the claw, 
 acute, spotted below, the claw shorter than the blade; 
 capsule oblong, 3 / -4 / long, about 8 /x thick; seeds like 
 those of L. Philadelphicum. 
 
 In dry soil, Ohio to Minnesota and the Northwest Ter- 
 ritory, south to Missouri, Arkansas and Colorado. As- 
 cends to 4000 ft. in the Black Hills. June-July. 
 
 417 
 
 3. Lilium Catesbaei Walt. Southern 
 Red Lily. (Fig. 1005.) 
 
 Lilium Catesbaei Walt. Fl. Car. 123. 1788. 
 
 Bulb y 2 f -\' high, composed of narrow leaf-bear- 
 ing scales, their leaves narrowly linear, 2 / -4 / long, 
 often falling away before the plant flowers. Stem 
 slender, i-2 high; stem leaves all alternate, nar- 
 rowly linear or linear -lanceolate, acute or acumi- 
 nate, erect or appressed, i / ~3 / long, i // ~3 // wide; 
 flower (always?) solitary, erect; perianth-segments 
 scarlet with a yellow purple-spotted base and a 
 slender claw, spreading or somewhat recurved, 3'- 
 5' long, y 2 '-i f wide, long-acuminate, wavy-mar- 
 gined; capsule i' high or less; seeds 2 // ~3 // long. 
 
 In moist pine barrens, North Carolina to Florida and 
 Alabama. Reported from Kentucky and Missouri. 
 July-Aug. 
 
 4. Lilium Canadense L. Wild Yellow Lily. Canada Lily. 
 
 Lilium Canadense L. Sp. PI. 303. 1753. 
 
 Bulbs subglobose, i / -2 / in diameter, borne on 
 a stout rootstock, composed of numerous thick 
 white scales. Stem 2-5 tall, slender or stout; 
 leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, verticil- 
 late in 4's-io's or some of them alternate, acu- 
 minate, 2 / -6 / long, 3 // -i5 // wide, finely rough- 
 ened on the margins and on the veins beneath; 
 flowers 1-16, nodding on long peduncles; pedun- 
 cles sometimes bearing a small leaf-like bract; 
 perianth-segments 2 / -3 / long, yellow or red, 
 usually thickly spotted below, recurved or 
 spreading, not clawed; capsule oblong, erect, 
 iX / ~ 2/ l n g- 
 
 In swamps, meadows and fields, Nova Scotia to 
 Ontario and Minnesota, south to Georgia, Alabama 
 and Missouri. Ascends to 6000 ft. in North Caro- 
 lina. Red-flowered forms with slightly spreading 
 perianth-segments resemble the following species, 
 and forms with strongly recurved segments, L. 
 superbum. June-July. 
 
I 
 
 ULIACEAE. 
 
 5. Lilium Grayi S. Wats. Asa Gray's 
 Lily. (Fig. 1007.) 
 
 Lilium Grayi S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 256. 1879. 
 
 Rootstock bearing small subglobose bulbs with 
 thick ovate scales. Stem slender, 2-3 high; 
 leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the 
 apex, narrowed at the base, i'-^' long, YZ'-I' wide, 
 verticillate in 3's-8's or the lowest commonly 
 smaller and scattered, all finely roughened on the 
 veins beneath; flowers 1-3, long-peduncled, spread- 
 ing or slightly drooping, 2 / ~3 / long, red or tinged 
 with yellow at the base; perianth -segments oblong- 
 spatulate, not clawed, acute, spotted; capsule fig- 
 shaped, about i^' high. 
 
 Peaks of Otter, Virginia, and on the higher moun- 
 tain summits in North Carolina. July-Aug. 
 
 6. Lilium superbum L. Turk' s-cap Lily. (Fig. 1008.) 
 
 Lilium superbum I,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 434. 1762. 
 
 Bulbs globose, i / -2 / in diameter, borne on 
 short rootstocks, their scales white, thick, ovate. 
 Stem stout or slender, 3-8 high; leaves lan- 
 ceolate or linear-lanceolate, smooth on both 
 sides, acuminate at both ends, 2 / -6 / long, %'- 
 \y 2 ' wide, verticillate in 3's-8's or the upper al- 
 ternate, the veinlets not prominently anastomo- 
 sing; flowers orange, orange-yellow or rarely 
 red, 3-40, or rarely solitary, nodding, long-pe- 
 duncled, forming, when numerous, a large pan- 
 icle; perianth-segments 2^ / -4 / long, lanceolate, 
 acuminate, purple-spotted, at length usually 
 strongly recurved from below the middle; cap- 
 sule obovoid, i^ / -2 / high. 
 
 " In meadows and marshes, Maine to Ontario and 
 Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Tennessee. 
 Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. July-Aug. 
 
 Lilium Carolinianum Michx. 
 Lily. (Fig. 1009.) 
 
 Carolina 
 
 Lilium Carolinianum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 197. 1803. 
 
 Lilium superbum var. Carolinianum Chapm. Fl. S. 
 States, 484. 1860. 
 
 Bulbs borne on short rootstocks, globose, i / -2 / in 
 diameter, composed of numerous fleshy scales. Stem 
 2-3 high, slender; leaves oblanceolate or obovate, 
 smooth, verticillate or the upper and lower alternate, 
 acute, obtuse or short-acuminate at the apex, nar- 
 rowed at the base, the veinlets prominently anasto- 
 mosing; flowers 1-3, orange-red, 3'-4' long, long- 
 peduncled, nodding; perianth-segments lanceolate, 
 acuminate, purple-spotted below, strongly arched 
 backward with their tips sometimes counivent. 
 
 In dry woods, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. As- 
 cends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. Aug. 
 
LILY FAMILY. 
 
 419 
 
 8. Lilium tigrinum Andr. Tiger L,ily. 
 (Fig. icio.) 
 
 Lilium tigrinum Andr. Bot. Rep. 9: errata. 1809. 
 
 Bulb solitary, globose, about i^' in diameter, 
 composed of numerous oblong-lanceolate, ap- 
 pressed scales. Stem stout, purple or nearly 
 black, white-pubescent above, 2-5 tall, leafy 
 nearly to the base; leaves lanceolate, all alter- 
 nate, glabrous or slightly pubescent, 4 X -6 X long, 
 5 // -io // wide, the upper bearing blackish bulb- 
 lets, of 3 or 4 scales, in their axils, which some- 
 times emit roots while attached to the plant; 
 flowers 5-25, orange-red, nodding, 3 / -4>^ / long; 
 perianth-segments lanceolate, papillose, re- 
 curved, purple-spotted. 
 
 Escaped from gardens, Maine and Massachusetts. 
 Native of China and Japan. Summer. 
 
 7. FRITILLARIA L. Sp. PI. 803. 1753. 
 
 Bulbous herbs with simple leafy stems, and rather large nodding solitary or racemed 
 leafy-bracted flowers. Perianth mostly campanulate, deciduous, of 6 separate and nearly 
 equal oblong or ovate segments, each with a nectar-pit or spot at the base. Stamens 6, hy- 
 pogynous; filaments filiform or somewhat flattened; anthers linear or oblong. Ovary 
 nearly or quite sessile, 3-celled; ovules numerous in each cavity; style slender or filiform, 
 3-lobed or 3-cleft, the lobes stigmatic along the inner side. Capsule obovoid or globose, 6- 
 angled, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, flat, obovate or suborbicular, margined or 
 winged. [Latin, fTomfritillus, a dice-box or chess-board, in allusion to the form or to the 
 checkered markings of the perianth in some species.] 
 
 About 50 species, natives of the north temperate 
 zone. Besides the following, about 12 others occur in 
 western North America. 
 
 i. Fritillaria atropurpurea Nutt. Purple 
 Fritillaria. (Fig. ion.) 
 
 Fritillaria atropurpurea Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 
 54- 1834. 
 
 Bulb l / z ' in diameter or less. Stem 6 / -i5 / high, 
 slender, leafless below; leaves linear, alternate, ses- 
 sile, *%'-$%' long, i^ // -2 // wide or less; flowers 
 1-6, purple or purplish green and mottled; peri- 
 anth-segments narrowly oblong, obtusish, 6 // -io // 
 long; peduncles y z f -\ f long; stamens one-half to 
 two-thirds as long as the perianth; style 3-cleft to 
 about the middle, the lobes linear; capsule erect, 
 acutely angled, 5 // -6 // high. 
 
 North Dakota to Nebraska, Wyoming and California. 
 June-July. 
 
 8. ERYTHRONIUM L. Sp. PI. 305. 1753. 
 
 Low herbs, from deep membranous-coated corms, sometimes propagated by offshoots, 
 the stem simple, bearing a pair of broad or narrow unequal leaves, usually below the middle, 
 the leaves thus appearing basal. Flowers large, nodding, bractless, solitary, or several in 
 some western species. Many plants are flowerless and i-leaved, these leaves often wider and 
 longer petioled than those of the stem. Perianth-segments separate, lanceolate, oblong or 
 oblanceolate, deciduous, with nectariferous groove, and sometimes 2 short processes at the 
 
420 
 
 LILIACEAE. 
 
 base. Stamens 6, hypogynous, shorter than the perianth; anthers linear oblong, not versa- 
 tile. Ovary sessile, 3-celled; ovules numerous or several in each cavity; style filiform or 
 thickened above, 3-lobed or 3-cleft. Capsule obovoid or oblong, somewhat 3-angled, locu- 
 licidal. Seeds compressed, or somewhat angled and swollen. [Greek, in allusion to the red 
 flowers of some species.] 
 
 About 12 species, all but one North American. The species are erroneously called Dog's-tooth 
 Violet. 
 
 Stem with no offshoot; flowers io"-2 ; long. 
 
 Offshoots produced at the base of the corm; perianth-segments recurved. 
 
 Flowers yellow; stigmas very short. I. E. Americanum. 
 
 Flowers white, blue or purple; stigmas i"-i%" long, recurved. 2. E. albidum. 
 
 No offshoots, propagating by basal corms; perianth-segments not recurved. 
 
 3. E. mesachoreum. 
 Stem with a fleshy offshoot below the leaves; flowers rose, about ^' long. 4. E. propullans. 
 
 i. Erythronium Americanum Ker. Yellow Adder' s-tongue. (Fig. 1012.) 
 
 Erythronium Americanum Ker, Bot. Mag. 
 
 pi. 1113. i Je. 1808. 
 Erythronium angustatum Raf. Med. Rep. 
 
 (II.) 5: 354- 20 Jl. I808. 
 
 Erythronium bracteatum Bigel.; Beck, Bot. 
 N. & Mid. States, 365. 1833. 
 
 Corm ovoid, 6 // -io // high, producing off- 
 shoots from its base. Stem %-i long; 
 leaves oblong or oblong -lanceolate, 3 / -8 / 
 long, X'~ 2 ' wide, acute or short-acuminate 
 at the apex, flat, usually mottled with 
 brown, but sometimes green all over, nar- 
 rowed into clasping petioles; peduncle 
 about as long as the leaves, rarely bearing a 
 bract ; flower yellow, or rarely purplish 
 tinged; perianth-segments oblong, io // -2 / 
 long, 3 // -4 // wide, recurved, dotted within, 
 the 3 inner auricled at the base; style club- 
 shaped, with 3 very short stigmatic ridges; 
 capsule obovoid, contracted into a short 
 stipe, 6 // -io // high; seeds curved, rounded 
 on the back, about i l /t' f long, pointed at 
 both ends. 
 
 In moist woods and thickets, Noya Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida, Missouri 
 and Arkansas. Ascends to 5500 ft. in Virginia. March-May. 
 
 2. Erythronium albidum Nutt. 
 
 White Adder' s-tongue. 
 
 (Fig. 1013.) 
 
 Erythronium albidum Nutt. Gen. i: 223. 1818. 
 
 Similar to the preceding species, the plant 
 propagating by offshoots from the base of the 
 corm, the leaves mottled or green all over, 
 sometimes rather narrower. Flower white, 
 blue or purple; perianth-segments oblong, 
 recurved, none of them auricled at the base; 
 style somewhat thickened upward; stigmas 
 linear, finally recurving, i"-!^'" long; 
 capsule obovoid or oblong, 5 // ~9 // ^high. 
 
 In moist woods and thickets, Ontario to Min- 
 nesota, south to Georgia, Tennessee and Texas. 
 Not common eastward. March-May. 
 
LILY FAMILY. 
 
 3. Erythronium mesachoreum 
 
 Knerr. Midland Adder' s- 
 
 tongue. (Fig. 1014.) 
 
 Ervtlironium mesachoreum Knerr, Midland 
 College Monthly, 2: 5. 1891. 
 
 Corm ovoid, io /x high or less, not de- 
 veloping offshoots, the new corms formed 
 at or within the base of the old one. 
 Leaves narrowly oblong or linear-oblong, 
 not mottled, 4 / -io / long, X'-i' wide, 
 somewhat folded; flower lavender tinted, 
 i / -2 / long; perianth-segments not re- 
 curved, sometimes a little spreading; style 
 slender; stigmas recurved; capsule ob- 
 ovoid, larger than that of E. albidum, 
 X'-iX' high. 
 
 On prairies, Iowa to Missouri, Nebraska 
 and Kansas. Blooms before E. albidum 
 when the two grow in proximity. The flow- 
 ering- plants are said to appear before the 
 i -leaved flowerless ones. 
 
 421 
 TTNIVERS. 
 
 4. Erythronium propullans A. 
 
 Gray. Minnesota Adder 's- 
 
 tongue. (Fig. 1015.) 
 
 Eryihronium propullans A. Gray, Am. Nat. 
 298. pi. 74. 1871. 
 
 Corm ovoid, io // high or less, not develop- 
 ing offshoots. Stem ascending, 6 / -8 / long, 
 bearing a fleshy curved offshoot i / -2 / long 
 from a slit near the base of the petiole- 
 sheath; leaves oblong, acute, z f -^. f long, 
 slightly mottled or green; flower rose or 
 pink, about %' long, borne on a filiform 
 peduncle shorter than the leaves, perianth- 
 segments with a yellow base, apparently not 
 recurved, none of them auricled; stigmas 
 mere ridges. 
 
 In rich woods, Minnesota. Also in southern 
 Ontario (according to Macoun). May. 
 
 9. CALOCHORTUS Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 240. 1814. 
 
 Branched or simple herbs, with coated corms, narrowly linear leaves and large showy 
 peduncled flowers, erect in the following species. Perianth segments separate, spreading or 
 conuivent, yellow, blue, purple, white or variegated; the 3 outer sepal-like, narrow; the 3 
 inner petaloid, gland-bearing, and barbed or spotted within, sometimes with a nectar-pit 
 near the base. Stamens 6, hypogynous; filaments short, subulate; anthers erect, linear or 
 oblong. Ovary 3-celled; ovules numerous; style very short or none; stigmas 3, recurved. 
 Capsule oblong or linear, 3-angled, mostly septicidal, the valves sometimes 2-cleft. Seeds 
 flat. [Greek, signifying beautiful herb.] 
 
 About 35 species, natives of western North America and Mexico. 
 
 Anthers obtuse; gland of inner perianth-segments orbicular or oval. i. C. Nuttallii. 
 
 Anthers acute; gland transverse, curved or reniform. 2. C. Gunnisoni. 
 
 
422 LIUACEAE. 
 
 1. Calochortus Nuttallii T. & G. Nuttall's Mariposa Lily. (Fig. 1016.) 
 
 Fritillaria alba Nutt. Gen. i: 222. 1818.? 
 
 Calochortus Nuttallii T. & G. Pac. R. R. Rep. 
 2: 124. 1855. 
 
 Corm ovoid-oblong, 6 // -io // high. Stem 
 slender, few-leaved, branched or sometimes 
 simple, 3 / -i5 / tall; leaves 1'-$' long, i /x - 
 2 l /z /f wide, the lowest commonly bearing a 
 bulb in its axil; peduncles 2 / -6 / long; outer 
 perianth-segments lanceolate or ovate-lance- 
 olate, green with lighter margins, acute or 
 acuminate, shorter than the inner, some- 
 times with a dark or hairy spot within; inner 
 perianth-segments broadly obovate-cuneate, 
 I'-i^' long, io // -i2 // wide, white, lilac or 
 yellowish, with a yellow base and a purple 
 or purplish spot, the gland orbicular or oval 
 and more or less pubescent; filaments $"-4," 
 long, about equalling the oblong obtuse 
 sagittate anthers; capsule about i%' long, 
 3//_4// thick, acuminate, the valves obliquely 
 cross-lined. 
 
 South Dakota to Nebraska and California. 
 June-July. 
 
 2. Calochortus Gunnisoni S. Wats. 
 
 Gunnison's Mariposa Lily. 
 (Fig. 1017.) 
 
 Calochorlus Gunnisoni S. Wats. Bot. King's 
 Exp. 348. 1871. 
 
 Stem slender, often simple, 6 / -i5 / high. 
 Leaves usually less than \ ff wide, involute, 
 at least when dry, none of the axils bulb- 
 bearing in any specimen seen; peduncles \'- 
 4' long; outer perianth-segments lanceolate 
 or oblong-lanceolate, scarious-margined, acu- 
 minate; inner perianth-segments similar to 
 those of the preceding species, lilac, yellow- 
 ish below the middle, purple-lined and 
 banded, the gland transverse, oblong, curved 
 or reniform, pubescent; anthers acute; cap- 
 sule narrowly oblong, narrowed at both ends, 
 about \%' long. 
 
 South Dakota and Nebraska to Arizona and 
 New Mexico. June-July. 
 
 10. QUAMASIA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 265. 1818. 
 
 [CAMASSIA Lindl. Bot. Reg. pi. 1486. 1832.] 
 
 Scapose herbs, with membranous-coated edible bulbs, linear basal leaves, and rather 
 large, blue, purple or white bracted flowers in a terminal raceme. Perianth of 6 separate 
 equal spreading persistent 3~7-nerved segments. Pedicels jointed at the base of the flower. 
 Stamens inserted at the bases of the perianth-segments; filaments filiform; anthers oblong 
 or linear-oblong, versatile, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, sessile; ovules numerous in each cav- 
 ity; style filiform, its base persistent; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule oval, 3-angled, loculicidal. 
 Seeds black, shining. [From quamash, the Indian name.] 
 
 About 4 species, natives of North America. 
 
LILY FAMILY. 
 
 423 
 
 i. Quamasia hyacinthina (Raf. ) Britton. Wild Hyacinth. (Fig. 1018.) 
 
 Lemotryshyacinthina Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 51. 1836. 
 Scilla Fraseri A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 469. 1856. 
 
 Camassia Fraseri Torr. Pac. R. R. Rep. 4: 147. 
 1857- 
 
 Bulb ovoid, I'-iX' long, its outer coat 
 usually nearly black. Scape slender, i-2 
 tall, sometimes bearing i or 2 short linear 
 scarious leaves; basal leaves narrowly linear, 
 acuminate, shorter than the scape, i%"- 
 4" wide; raceme open, 3 / -8 / long in flower, 
 longer in fruit; flowers several or many; 
 pedicels filiform, 6 // -io // long, about as 
 long as the bracts and the perianth-seg- 
 ments; bracts long-acuminate; perianth- 
 segments narrowly oblong, 3-5-nerved, blue 
 or nearly white, longer than the stamens; 
 capsule about 4 X/ high, 5 // -6 // thick, the 
 valves transversely veined. 
 
 In meadows and along streams, Pennsylva- 
 nia to Minnesota, Alabama and Texas. Ascends 
 to 21 oo ft. in Virginia. April-May. 
 
 
 
 ii. ORNITHOGALUM L,. Sp. PI. 306. 1753. 
 
 Scapose herbs, with coated bulbs, narrow basal fleshy leaves, and large white or yellow 
 flowers in a terminal bracted corymb or raceme. Perianth-segments equal or nearly so, sepa- 
 rate, white, or sometimes green without, persistent, faintly several-nerved. Stamens hypo- 
 gynous; filaments flattened, often broad; anthers versatile, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, sessile; 
 ovules several or numerous in each cavity; style short or columnar, 3-sided; stigma capitate, 
 3-lobed or 3-ridged. Capsule subglobose, 3-sided or 3-lobed, loculicidal. Seeds black. 
 [Greek, signifying bird's milk, said to be in allusion to the egg-white color of the flowers 
 in some species.] 
 
 About 75 species, natives of Europe, Asia and Africa. 
 
 Flowers corymbose, erect; pedicels long, slender. i. O. umbellatum. 
 
 Flowers racemose, drooping; pedicels very short, stout. 2. O'. nutans. 
 
 i. Ornithogalum umbellatum L/. 
 
 Star-of- Bethlehem. (Fig. 1019.) 
 
 Ornithogalum umbellatum L. Sp. PI. 307. 1753. 
 
 Tufted, bulbs ovoid, ^ / -i^ / long. the 
 coats membranous. Scape slender, 4 / -i2 / 
 high; leaves narrowly linear, i // -2^ // wide, 
 dark green with a light midvein, blunt, 
 equalling or longer than the scapes; flowers 
 corymbose, opening in sunshine; bracts mem- 
 branous, linear-lanceolate, mostly shorter 
 than the pedicels; pedicels erect or ascend- 
 ing, the lower i'-$ f long; perianth -segments 
 oblong-lanceolate, acute, white above, green 
 with white margins beneath, 6 // -io // long, 
 about twice as long as the stamens; filaments 
 somewhat flattened, not toothed. 
 
 In fields and meadows, Massachusetts to Penn- 
 sylvania and Virginia. Locally very abundant. 
 Naturalized from Europe. May-June. 
 
424 
 
 LILIACEAE. 
 
 2. Ornithogalum nutans L,. Droop- 
 ing Star-of -Bethlehem. 
 (Fig. 1020.) 
 
 Ornithogalum nutans I Y . Sp. PI. 308. 1753. 
 
 Bulb ovoid, i x -2 x long. Scape stout, i-2 
 high; leaves usually equalling the scape or 
 longer, blunt, 2 // -4 // wide; flowers several or 
 numerous, racemose, nodding; raceme 3 / -8 / 
 long, loose; pedicels stout, 2 // -6 // long; 
 bracts lanceolate, long-acuminate, much 
 longer than the pedicels, often as long as the 
 flowers; perianth-segments thin, oblong-lan- 
 ceolate, about \' long and 4" wide, nearly 
 twice as long as the stamens; filaments broad, 
 flat, 2-toothed at the apex. 
 
 Escaped from gardens in eastern and southern 
 Pennsylvania. Native of Europe. April-May. 
 The bulbs of this and other species have for cen- 
 turies past been a portion of the food of Italy, 
 the Levant, and other parts of the Old World. 
 
 12. MUSCARI Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 7. 1759. 
 
 Low bulbous scapose herbs, with basal linear fleshy leaves, and nodding bracted race- 
 mose flowers, deep blue (rarely white) in the following species. Bulbs membranous-coated. 
 Perianth globose, urn-shaped, or oblong, with 6 teeth or short lobes, tardily deciduous. 
 Stamens 6, inserted on the perianth-tube, included; anthers ovate, versatile, introrse. Ovary 
 3-celled, sessile; ovules 2 in each cavity; style short; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule 3-sided or 3- 
 winged, usually 6-seeded, loculicidal. Seeds black, angled. [From the musk-like odor of 
 the flowers of some species.] 
 
 About 40 species, natives of Europe, Asia and Africa. 
 
 Perianth globose, i"-i l A" in diameter; leaves erect. i. M. botryoides. 
 
 Perianth oblong, urn-shaped, 2"-^" long; leaves recurved. 2. M. racemosum. 
 
 i. Muscari botryoides (L,. ) Mill. Grape-Hyacinth. (Fig. 1021.) 
 
 Hyacinthus botryoides 'L,. Sp. PI. 318. 1753. 
 
 Muscari botryoides Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, no. i. 
 1768. 
 
 Bulb \' high or less. Scape 4 / -io / high; 
 leaves about as long as the scape, erect or 
 nearly so, i // -4 // wide, channeled, blunt or 
 acutish; raceme oblong-cylindric, i / -i)4 / long, 
 dense, or becoming longer and looser in fruit; 
 pedicels shorter than the faintly odorous flowers; 
 bracts very short; perianth globose, i // -i^ // in 
 diameter, 6-toothed, the teeth white, recurved; 
 valve of the capsule obovate. 
 
 In meadows and thickets and along roadsides, 
 escaped from gardens, Massachusetts to Ohio and 
 Virginia. Naturalized or adventive from southern 
 Europe. Native also of Asia. April-June. 
 
LILY FAMILY. 
 
 425 
 
 2. Muscari racemosum (I,.) Mill. 
 
 Starch Grape-Hyacinth. 
 
 (Fig. 1022.) 
 
 Hyacinthus racemosiis L. Sp. PI. 318. 1753. 
 
 Muscari racemosum Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 2. 
 1768. 
 
 Similar to the preceding species. Leaves i // - 
 2" wide, recurved or spreading, channelled 
 above; raceme oblong or ovoid, many-flowered, 
 dense, i / -2^ / long; pedicels shorter than the 
 starchy-scented flowers or sometimes equalling 
 them, slender, much longer than the bracts; 
 perianth oblong, urn-shaped, constricted at the 
 throat, 2 // -3 // long, with 6 deltoid recurved 
 white teeth; capsule-valves suborbicular, retuse. 
 
 Escaped from gardens, southern New York to 
 Pennsylvania and Maryland. Native of southern 
 Europe. April-May. 
 
 13. ALETRIS L. Sp. PI. 319. 1753. 
 
 Scapose perennial bitter fibrous-rooted herbs, with basal spreading lanceolate leaves, and 
 small white or yellow bracted perfect flowers in a terminal spike-like raceme. Perianth ob- 
 long or campanulate, roughened without, 6-lobed, its lower part adnate to the ovary. 
 Stamens 6, inserted on the perianth at the bases of the lobes, included; filaments short; an- 
 thers introrse. Ovary 3-celled; ovules numerous, anatropous; style subulate, or short, 3- 
 cleft above; stigmas minutely 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid, enclosed by the persistent perianth, 
 3-celled, many-seeded, loculicidal. Seeds oblong, ribbed. Embryo small. Endosperm 
 fleshy. [Greek, signifying to grind corn, apparently in allusion to the rough, mealy 
 flowers. ] 
 
 About 8 speoies, natives of eastern North America and eastern Asia. 
 
 Perianth white, oblong. i. A.farinosa. 
 
 Perianth yellow, bell-shaped. 2. A. ajirea. 
 
 i. Aletris farinosa L. Star-grass. Colic-root. (Fig. 1023.) 
 
 Aletris farinosa L. Sp. PI. 319. 1753. 
 
 Roots numerous, tough, scape i^-3 tall, 
 slender, terete, striate, bearing several or nu- 
 merous small distant bract-like leaves. Basal 
 leaves several, lanceolate or linear-lanceo- 
 late, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the 
 base, spreading, pale yellowish green, 2 / -6 / 
 long, 3 // -io // wide; raceme 4 / -i2 / long in 
 flower, or longer in fruit, dense, erect, pedi- 
 cels \ /f long or less; bracts subulate, longer 
 than the pedicels sometimes 2 to each flower; 
 perianth tubular-oblong, white, or the oblong 
 lobes yellowish, s"-\" long, about i^" 
 thick; style subulate; capsule ovoid, about 
 z" long, loculicidal above, each of its 3 
 valves tipped with a subulate portion of the 
 style. 
 
 In dry, mostly sandy soil, Maine to Ontario 
 and Minnesota, south to Florida and Tenneseee. 
 Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. Yellow flowered 
 forms of this or a distinct species occur in the 
 Southern States. May-July. 
 
LILIACEAE. 
 
 2. Aletris aurea Walt. Yellow Colic- 
 root. (Fig. 1024.) 
 
 Aletris aurea Walt. Fl. Car. 121. 1788. 
 
 Basal leaves shorter than those of the preced- 
 ing species, i>^ / -3 / long, 3 // -S // wide, acumi- 
 nate, narrowed into short petioles. Scape i- 
 2 l /2 tall, bearing a few subulate bract-like 
 leaves; raceme 8'-2 long, usually loose; pedi- 
 cels i // long or less, shorter than the bracts; 
 perianth bell-shaped or ovoid-globose, bright 
 yellow, 2 // -3 // long, i^ // -2 // in diameter, its 
 lobes oval; style short; capsule ovoid, about as 
 long as the perianth. 
 
 Southern New Jersey (according to Gray and to 
 Rusby); Virginia to Florida and Texas. June-Aug. 
 
 14. YUCCA L,. Sp. PI. 319. 1753- 
 
 Large plants, with a short sometimes subterranean caudex, or tall woody and leafy stem, 
 or bracted scape, the leaves linear or lanceolate, usually rigid and sharp-pointed, bearing 
 long marginal thread-like fibres in our species. Flowers large, bracted, nodding in a ter- 
 minal raceme or panicle. Perianth campanulate, or nearly globular, white in our species, 
 of 6 ovate, or ovate-lanceolate separate or slightly united segments. Stamens hypogynous, 
 shorter than the perianth; filaments thickened above, often papillose; anthers small, versa- 
 tile. Ovary sessile, 3-celled; or imperfectly 6-celled; ovules numerous; style columnar, 
 short, with 3 stigmatic lobes. Fruit a loculicidal or septicidal capsule, or fleshy, or spongy 
 and indehiscent. Seeds numerous, flattened, horizontal. [The Haytien name.] 
 
 About 16 species, natives of North and Central America. 
 
 Fruit fleshy, indehiscent, drooping. 
 Fruit an erect capsule. 
 
 Leaves 2" -5 wide; scape short, bearing a long raceme. 
 
 Leaves io"-2' wide; scape 2-io high, bearing a large panicle. 
 
 1. Y. baccata. 
 
 2. Y, glauca. 
 
 3. Y.filamentosa, 
 
 i. Yucca baccata Torr. Spanish 
 Bayonet. (Fig. 1025.) 
 
 Yucca baccata Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 221. 
 1859- 
 
 Caudex very short, or sometimes 2-S tall, 
 covered with the reflexed dead leaves. Leaves 
 iX~3 long, i '-2' wide with a much wider 
 base, acuminate, with a stout brown point, 
 concave, the marginal fibres 2'-$' long; pan- 
 icle peduncled ; pedicels stout, 8 // -2o // long; 
 flowers 4 / -5 / broad; perianth-segments 2}4'- 
 3^ / long, 8 // -i2 // wide; style slender, as long 
 as the ovary, or shorter; fruit oval, dark pur- 
 ple, fleshy, indehiscent, edible, drooping 2'- 
 3' long, i^ / -2 / in diameter, with a 6-grooved 
 beak of one-half its length or less; seeds 3 // 8" 
 long, i"-i>" thick. 
 
 Western Kansas (?) southern Colorado to Texas, 
 California and Mexico. April-June. Fruit ripe 
 Sept.-Oct. 
 
LILY FAMILY. 
 
 427 
 
 2. Yucca glauca Nutt. Bear-grass. 
 (Fig. 1026.) 
 
 Yucca glauca Nutt. Fraser's Cat. 1813. 
 Yucca angustifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 227. 1814. 
 Caudex very short, the leaves all basal, nar- 
 rowly linear, smooth, very stiff, sharp-pointed, 
 i-3 long, 2 // ~5 // wide, with a broader base, 
 concave, at least when dry, the marginal fibres 
 filiform, usually numerous; scape short; flowers 
 ij^ / -3 / broad, racemose or in a little-branched 
 panicle i-4 long; perianth-segments ovate, i / - 
 lYz' long; style short; stigmas shorter than the 
 ovary; pedicels stout, erect and I'-i^' long in 
 fruit; capsule oblong, 2 / ~3 / long, about \' thick, 
 6-sided; seeds very flat, about Y^ f broad. 
 
 In dry soil, Iowa and South Dakota to Wyoming-, 
 south to Missouri, Texas and Arizona. May-June. 
 
 Family 20. 
 
 3. Yucca filamentosa L. Adam's Needle. 
 (Fig. 1027.) 
 
 Yucca filamentosa L. Sp. PI. 319. 1753. 
 
 Caudex very short, or sometimes i high. Leaves 
 lanceolate, narrowed above the broad i>ase, acumi- 
 nate and sharp-pointed, flat, roughish, i-2)4 long, 
 9 // -2 / wide; scape 2-io high; panicle large, its 
 branches divergent or ascending, the lower often i 
 long or more; flowers numerous; perianth -segments 
 i^ / ~ 2 X / l n g> ovate; stigmas slender, but shorter 
 than the ovary; pedicels rarely more than y z f long; 
 capsule oblong, i^ / -2 / long, about io x/ thick. 
 
 In sandy soil, Maryland to Florida, Tennessee and 
 Louisiana. Much cultivated for ornament. Escaped 
 from gardens in southern Pennsylvania. May-July. 
 
 1829. 
 
 CONVALLARIACEAE Link. Handb. i: 184. 
 
 LlI/V-OF-THE-VALIvEY FAMILY. 
 
 Scapose or leafy-stemmed herbs, with simple or branched rootstocks, never 
 with bulbs or corms. Flowers solitary, racemose, panicled or umbelled, regular 
 and perfect. Leaves broad, parallel-veined and sometimes with cross-veinlets, 
 alternate, verticillate or basal, or in Asparagiis and its allies reduced to scales 
 bearing filiform or flattened branchlets in their axils. Perianth inferior 4-6- 
 parted with separate segments, or oblong, cylindric or urn-shaped and 6-lobed 
 or 6-toothed. Stamens 6, hypogynous or borne on the perianth; anthers in- 
 trorsely, extrorsely or laterally dehiscent. Ovary 2-3-celled, superior; ovules 
 anatropous or amphitropous; style slender or short; stigma mostly 3-lobed. 
 Fruit a fleshy berry. Seeds few or numerous. Embryo small. Endosperm copious. 
 
 About 23 genera and 215 species, widely distributed. 
 Leaves reduced to scales; leaf-like branchlets filiform. 
 Leaves broad; stems simple or somewhat branched. 
 Leaves alternate or basal. 
 
 Leaves basal ; flowers umbelled or solitary. 
 Leaves alternate (solitary in flowerless plants of no. 4). 
 Perianth-segments separate. 
 
 Flowers racemed, umbelled, panicled or solitary, terminal. 
 Flowers racemed or panicled. 
 
 Perianth-segments 6. 3. Vagnera. 
 
 Perianth-segments 4. 4. Unifolium. 
 
 Flowers umbelled or solitary. 5. Disporum. 
 
 Flowers solitary or two together, axillary. 6. Streptopus. 
 
 Perianth cylindric or oblong, 6-toothed. 7. Polygonatum. 
 
 Leaves nearly basal ; flowers racemed; perianth 6-toothed. 8. Convallaria. 
 
 i. Asparagus. 
 
 2. Clintonia. 
 
423 
 
 CONVALLARIACEAE. 
 
 Leaves in i or 2 whorls below the flower or flowers. 
 Leaves in 2 whorls; flowers umbelled. 
 Leaves in i whorl; flowers solitary. 
 
 9. Medeola. 
 10. Trillium. 
 
 i. ASPARAGUS L. Sp. PI. 313. 1753. 
 
 Stem at first simple, fleshy, scaly, at length much branched; the branchlets filiform and 
 mostly clustered in the axils of the scales in the following species, flattened and linear, 
 lanceolate or ovate in some others. Flowers small, solitary, umbelled or racemed. Peri- 
 anth-segments alike, separate or slightly united at the base. Stamens inserted at the bases 
 of the perianth-segments; filaments mostly filiform; anthers ovate or oblong, introrse. 
 Ovary sessile, 3-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; style slender, short; stigmas 3, short, re- 
 curved. Berry globose. Seeds few, rounded. 
 [Ancient Greek name.] 
 
 About 100 species, natives of the Old World. 
 
 i. Asparagus officinalis L,. Asparagus. 
 (Fig. 1028.) 
 
 Asparagus officinalis L. Sp. PI. 313. 1753. 
 
 Rootstock much branched. Young stems succu- 
 lent, edible, stout, later branching, and becoming 
 3-7 tall, the filiform branchlets z"~^' f l n g> less 
 than %" thick, mostly clustered in the axils of 
 minute scales. Flowers mostly solitary at the 
 nodes, green, drooping on filiform jointed pedun- 
 cles; perianth campanulate, about 3" long, the 
 segments linear, obtuse; stamens shorter than the 
 perianth; berry red, about 4 7/ in diameter. 
 
 Escaped from cultivation and naturalized, especially 
 along salt marshes, New Brunswick to Virginia, and 
 locally in waste places in the interior. Native of 
 Europe. May-June, or flowering also in the autumn. 
 
 2. CLINTONIA Raf. Journ. Pys. 89: 102. 1819. 
 
 Somewhat pubescent scapose herbs, with slender rootstocks, erect simple scapes, and few 
 broad petioled sheathing basal leaves, the bractless flowers umbelled at the summit of the 
 scape in our species. Perianth-segments distinct, equal or nearly so, erect-spreading. Sta- 
 mens 6, inserted at the bases of the perianth-segments; filaments filiform; anthers oblong, 
 laterally dehiscent. Ovary 2-3-celled; ovules 2-several in each cavity; style stout or slender; 
 stigma obscurely 2-3-lobed. Berry globose or oval. [Name in honor of De Witt Clinton, 
 1769-1828, American naturalist, Governor of the State of New York.] 
 
 Six species, the following of eastern North America, 2 of western North America, 2 Asiatic. 
 
 1. C. borealis. 
 
 2. C. umbellulata. 
 
 Flowers greenish-yellow, drooping, 8"-io" long; berry blue. 
 Flowers white, not drooping, 4" -5" long; berry black. 
 
 i. Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf. Yellow Clintonia. (Fig. 1029.) 
 
 Dracaena borealis Ait. Hort. Kew. i: 454. 1789. 
 Clintonia borealis Raf. Atl. Journ. 120. 1832. 
 
 Scape 6 / -i5 / high, pubescent above or nearly 
 glabrous. Leaves 2-5, usually 3, oval, oblong or 
 obovate, thin, shorter than the scape, i / ^ / -3X / 
 wide, ciliate, short-acuminate or cuspidate; um- 
 bel 3-6-flowered; flowers drooping, greenish 
 yellow, 8 // -io // long; pedicels 3 // -i5 // long, slen- 
 der, pubescent, erect or ascending in fruit; peri- 
 anth-segments obtuse or acutish; stamens about 
 as long as the perianth; ovary 2-celled; ovules 
 numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity, style slen- 
 der, some what thickened above, about equalling 
 the stamens; berry oval, blue, several-seeded, 
 about 4 // in diameter. 
 
 In moist woods and thickets, Newfoundland to 
 Ontario and Minnesota, south to North Carolina and 
 Wisconsin. Ascends to 4500 ft. in Virginia. A 
 flower is occasionally borne on the scape below the 
 umbel, and rarely a small leaf. May-June. 
 
LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY FAMILY. 
 
 429 
 
 2. Clintonia umbellulata (Michx.) Torr. White Clintonia. (Fig. 1030.) 
 
 Dracaena umbellulata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 
 
 i: 202. 1803. 
 Clintonia ciliata Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 102. 
 
 1819. 
 C. umbellata Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 301. 1843. 
 
 Scape more or less pubescent, S'-iS' 
 high, sometimes bearing a small leaf. 
 Leaves 2-5, oblong, oblanceolate or obo- 
 vate, shorter than the scape or equalling 
 it, acute or cuspidate, ciliate on the mar- 
 gins and sometimes also on the midvein 
 beneath, \ l /i'-\ f wide; umbel several- 
 many-flowered; pedicels ascending or 
 erect, slender, pubescent, at first short, 
 becoming - J^ / -i^ / long in fruit; flowers 
 white, odorous, often purplish dotted, 
 4 // -5 // long; perianth-segments obtusish; 
 ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; 
 style slender; berry globose, black, about 
 3 X/ in diameter, few-seeded. 
 
 In woods, New York and New Jersey to 
 Georgia and Tennessee. Ascends to 4000 ft. 
 in Virginia. May-June. 
 
 3. VAGNERA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 496. 1763. 
 [SMII.ACINA Desf. Ann. Mus. Paris, 9: 51. 1807.] 
 
 Rootstocks slender, or short and thick. Stem simple, scaly below, leafy above, the 
 leaves alternate, short-petioled or sessile ovate, lanceolate or oblong. Inflorescence a ter- 
 minal raceme or panicle. Flowers white or greenish white, small. Perianth of 6 separate 
 spreading equal segments. Stamens 6, inserted at the bases of the perianth-segments; fila- 
 ments filiform or slightly flattened; anthers ovate, iutrorse. Ovary 3-celled, sessile, sub- 
 globose; ovules 2 in each cavity; style short or slender, columnar; stigma 3-grooved or 3- 
 lobed. Berry globular. Seeds usually I or 2, subglobose. [Named in honor of Wagner.] 
 
 About 25 species, natives of North America, Central America and Asia. Besides the following, 
 one or two others occur in the western United States. 
 Flowers numerous, panicled. 
 Flowers few-several, racemose. 
 
 Plant io'-i8' high; leaves numerous. 
 
 Plant 2' -i 5' high; leaves 2-4. 
 
 i. Vagnera racemosa (L,.) Morong. Wild Spikenard. 
 
 Convallaria racemosa L. Sp. PI. 315. 1753. 
 Smilacina racemosa Desf. Ann. Mus. Paris, 9: 51. 
 
 1807. 
 Vagnera racemosa Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 
 
 114. 1894. 
 
 Rootstock rather thick, fleshy. Stem some- 
 what angled, slender or stout, erect or ascend- 
 ing, leafy, finely pubescent above, or nearly 
 glabrous, sometimes zigzag, i-3 high. Leaves 
 oblong-lanceolate or oval, sessile or the lower 
 short-petioled, 3 / -6 / long, i / -3 / wide, acumi- 
 nate, finely pubescent beneath and sometimes 
 also above, their margins minutely ciliate; 
 panicle densely many-flowered, i / -4 / long, 
 peduncled; pedicels shorter than the flowers, 
 or equalling them; flowers about 2" broad; 
 perianth-segments oblong, equalling the 
 ovary; berry red, aromatic, speckled with pur- 
 ple, 2 // -3 // in diameter. 
 
 In moist woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to 
 British Columbia, south to Georgia, Missouri and 
 Arizona. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. May- 
 July. 
 
 Vagnera amplexicaulis (Nutt. ) Greene, of western North America, distinguished from this by 
 its clasping leaves and lonjer style, may occur in western Nebraska. 
 
 1. V. racemosa. 
 
 2. I', stellata. 
 
 3. V. trifolia. 
 
 (Fig. 1031.) 
 
430 
 
 CONVALLARIACEAE. 
 
 2. Vagnera stellata (L.) Morong. Star-flowered Solomon's Seal. 
 
 (Fig. 1032.) 
 
 Convallaria stellata I,. Sp. PI. 316. 1753. 
 Smilacina stellata Desf. Ann. Mus. Paris, 9: 52. 
 
 1807. 
 Vagnera stellata Morong-, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 
 
 114. 1894. 
 
 Rootstock stout, fleshy. Stem rather 
 stout, erect, glabrous, 8 / -2O / tall, straight 
 or somewhat zigzag, leafy. Leaves oblong- 
 lanceolate or lanceolate, sessile and some- 
 what clasping, minutely pubescent beneath, 
 2 / -5 / long, Yz'-iYz' wide, acute, acuminate, 
 or blunt at the apex, flat or somewhat con- 
 cave; raceme sessile or short-peduncled, i'- 
 2' long, several -flowered; pedicels i // -4 // 
 long, usually shorter than the flowers; peri- 
 anth-segments oblong, obtuse, longer than 
 the stamens; style about as long as the 
 ovary; berry green with 6 black stripes or 
 black, 3 // -5 // in diameter. 
 
 In moist soil, Newfoundland to British Co- 
 lumbia, south to New Jersey, Virginia, Ken- 
 tucky, Kansas and California. Also in northern 
 Europe. May-June. 
 
 Unifolium liliaceum Greene, Pittonia, i: 280, a related plant with conspicuously folded leaves 
 and longer pedicels, of western North America, from the Black Hills to the Pacific Coast, may be 
 distinct from this species. 
 
 3. Vagnera trifolia (I,.) Morong. 
 
 Three-leaved Solomon's Seal. 
 
 (Fig. 1033.) 
 
 Convallaria trifolia L. Sp. PI. 316. 1753. 
 Smilacina trifolia Desf. Ann. Mus. Paris, 9: 
 
 52. 1807. 
 Vagnera trifolia Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 
 
 114. 1894. 
 
 Glabrous, rootstock slender. Stem slen- 
 der, erect, 2 / -i5 / high, 2-4-leaved (usually 
 3-leaved); leaves oval, oblong or oblong- 
 lanceolate, sessile, sheathing, 2 / ~5 / long, 
 ^ / -2 / wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, 
 narrowed at the base; raceme few-flowered, 
 peduncled, i / -2 / long; perianth-segments 
 oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, finally 
 somewhat reflexed, longer than the sta- 
 mens; style about as long as the ovary; 
 berry dark red, ^Yz"-^" i n diameter. 
 
 In bogs and wet woods, Newfoundland to 
 British Columbia, south to Connecticut, New 
 Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan. Also in 
 northern Asia. May-June. 
 
 4. UNIFOLIUM Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 54. 1763. 
 
 [MAIANTHEMUM Wigg. Prim. Fl. Hols. 14. 1780.] 
 
 Low herbs, with slender rootstocks, erect simple few-leaved stems, petioled or sessile 
 leaves and small white flowers in a terminal raceme, the pedicels commonly 2-3 together. 
 Perianth of 4 separate spreading segments. Stamens 4, inserted at the bases of the seg- 
 ments; filaments filiform; anthers introrse. Ovary sessile, globose, 2-celled; ovules 2 in 
 each cavity; style about as long as the ovary, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Berry globular, i-2-seeded. 
 [Many plants bear only a solitary long-petioled leaf, arising from the rootstock, whence the 
 Latin name.] 
 
 Two known species, the following of eastern North America, the other of Europe, Asia and 
 northwest America. 
 
LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY FAMILY. 
 
 431 
 
 i. Unifolium Canadense (Desf.) Greene. False Lily-of -the- valley. 
 Two-leaved Solomon's Seal. (Fig. 1034.) 
 
 Maianthemum Canadense Desf. Ann. Mus. 
 
 Paris, 9: 54. 1807. 
 Smilacina bifolia var. Canadensis A. Gray, 
 
 Man. Ed. 2, 467. 1856. 
 Unifolium Canadense Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, 
 
 15: 287. 1888. 
 
 Glabrous or pubescent. Stem slender, 
 erect, often zigzag, i~3-leaved (usually 2- 
 leaved), 2 / ~7 / high; leaves ovate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, i / ~3 / long, acute, acuminate, or 
 blunt and cuspidate at the apex, cordate at 
 the base with a narrow or closed sinus, ses- 
 sile, short-petioled, or the lowest sometimes 
 with a petiole y 2 f long; solitary leaves of the 
 stemless plants on petioles i / -4 / long; ra- 
 ceme rather dense, many-flowered, i / -2 / 
 long; pedicels mostly longer than the flow- 
 ers; perianth-segments oblong, obtuse, be- 
 coming reflexed, about i^long, rather longer 
 than the stamens; berry pale red, speckled, 
 about '2" in diameter. 
 
 In moist woods and thickets, Newfoundland 
 to the Northwest Territory, south to North Car- 
 olina, Iowa and South Dakota. Ascends to 5000 
 ft. in Virginia. May-July. 
 
 5. DISPORUM Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. i: 331. 1812. 
 [PROSARTES Don, Ann. Nat. Hist. 4: 341. 1840.] 
 
 More or less pubescent herbs with slender rootstocks, branching stems, scaly below, 
 leafy above, and alternate somewhat inequilateral sessile or clasping leaves, the flowers ter- 
 minal, drooping, whitish or greenish yellow, solitary or few in simple umbels. Perianth 
 of 6 narrow equal separate deciduous segments. Stamens 6, hypogynous; filaments filiform 
 or somewhat flattened, longer than the anthers; anthers oblong, or linear, extrorse. Ovary 
 3-celled; ovules 2 or sometimes several in each cavity; style slender; stigma 3-cleft or en- 
 tire. Berry ovoid or oval, obtuse. [Greek, referring to the 2 ovules in each cavity of the 
 ovary, in most species.] 
 
 About 15 species, natives of North America and Asia. Besides the following, some 5 others 
 occur in western North America. 
 
 Stamens shorter than the perianth; fruit smooth, 2-6-seeded. i. D. lanuginosum. 
 
 Stamens as long as the perianth; fruit roughened, 4~i8-seeded. 2. D. trachycarpum. 
 
 i. Disporum lanuginosum (Michx.) Nichols. Hairy Disporum. (Fig. 1035.) 
 
 Streptopus lanuginosus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 
 
 201. 1803. 
 Prosartes lanuginosa Don, Trans. Linn. Soc. 
 
 18: 532. 1841. 
 Disporum lanuginosum Nichols. Diet. Gard. 
 
 i: 485. 1884. 
 
 Finely and rather densely pubescent, 
 i^-2^ high. Leaves ovate lanceolate, 
 or oblong-lanceolate, 2 / -4^ / long, i / --2 / 
 wide, long-acuminate at the apex, rounded 
 at the base, 7-i5-nerved; flowers solitary or 
 2 ~3 together, greenish, 6 // -9 // long; pedi- 
 cels filiform, about \' long; perianth nar- 
 rowly campanulate, its segments linear- 
 lanceolate, acuminate, somewhat spreading, 
 glabrous, one-third to one-half longer than 
 the stamens; ovary oblong; style slender, 
 longer than the stamens or equalling them, 
 ^^cleft; berry oval, red, pulpy, 2-6-seeded, 
 5 // ~7 // long. 
 
 In woods, Ontario to western New York, 
 Georgia and Tennessee. Ascends to 4000 ft. in 
 Virginia. May-June. 
 
432 
 
 CONVALLARIACEAE. 
 
 Rough- fruited Disporum. 
 
 2. Disporum trachycarpum (S. Wats.) B. & H. 
 
 (Fig. 1036.) 
 
 Prosartes trachycarpa S. Wats. Bot. King's 
 
 Exp. 344. 1871. 
 Disporum trachycarpum B. & H. Gen. PI. 3: 
 
 832. 1883. 
 
 Puberulent, at least when young, i-2 
 high. Leaves ovate, oval or oblong-lanceo- 
 late, lYz'-sYz' long, i f -2% f wide, acute or 
 short-acuminate at the apex, rounded or 
 subcordate at the base, 5-11 -nerved; flowers 
 solitary or 2-3 together, yellowish-white, 
 4 // -7 // long; pedicels %'-i' long; perianth 
 narrowly campanulate, its segments nar- 
 rowly oblong or oblanceolate, acute, little 
 spreading, about equalling the stamens, 
 ovary depressed-globose; style slender, 
 about equalling the stamens, 3-lobed; berry 
 roughened, depressed-globose or somewhat 
 obovoid, 4 // -5 // in diameter, apparently 
 leathery rather than pulpy, 4~i8-seeded. 
 
 Manitoba and the Northwest Territory to- 
 South Dakota, Nebraska, Washington and Ari- 
 zona. May-Aug. 
 
 6. STREPTOPUS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 200. 1803. 
 
 Branching herbs, with stout or slender rootstocks, thin sessile or clasping alternate 
 many-nerved leaves, the flowers solitary or 2 together, extra-axillary, slender-peduncled, 
 greenish or purplish, small, nodding. Peduncles bent or twisted at about the middle. 
 Perianth somewhat campanulate, its 6 separate segments recurved or spreading, deciduous, 
 the outer flat, the inner keeled. Stamens 6, hypogynous; filaments short, flattened; anthers- 
 sagittate, extrorse. Ovary 3-celled; ovules numerous in 2 rows in each cavity; style slender, 
 3-cleft, 3-lobed or entire. Berry globose or oval, red, many-seeded. [Greek, twisted-stalk, 
 in reference to the bent or twisted peduncles.] 
 
 About 5 species, natives of the north temperate zone, 
 on the Pacific Coast. 
 
 Leaves glaucous beneath, clasping; flowers greenish-white. 
 Leaves green on both sides, sessile; flowers purple or rose. 
 
 i. Streptopus amplexifolius (L,.) 
 DC. Clasping-leaved Twisted- 
 stalk. (Fig. 1037.) 
 
 Uvularia amplexifolia L. Sp. PI. 304. 1753. 
 
 Streptopus amplexifolius DC. Fl. France, 3: 
 174. 1805. 
 
 Rootstock short, stout, horizontal, covered 
 with thick fibrous roots. Plant iX-3 
 high; stem glabrous, usually branching be- 
 low the middle, leaves 2 / ~5 / long, i / -2 / wide, 
 acuminate at the apex, cordate-clasping at 
 the base, glabrous, glaucous beneath; pe- 
 duncles i / -2 / long, i-2-flowered; flowers 
 greenish white, 4 // -6 // long; perianth-seg- 
 ments narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; an- 
 thers subulate-pointed; stigma simple, ob- 
 tuse or truncate; berry oval, 5 // -8 // long. 
 
 In moist woods, Labrador to Alaska, south to 
 North Carolina, Ohio, Michigan and New Mex- 
 ico. Ascends to 4000 ft. in the Adirondacks. 
 May-July. 
 
 Besides the following, another occurs 
 
 1. S. amplexifolius^ 
 
 2. 5". roseus. 
 
LILY-OF-THE- VALLEY FAMILY. 
 
 433 
 
 2. Streptopus roseus Michx. 
 sile-leaved Twisted-stalk. 
 (Fig. 1038.) 
 
 Ses- 
 
 Sfref>top2is roseus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 201. 
 1803. 
 
 Plant i-2y 2 high, from a short stout 
 rootstock covered with fibrous roots. 
 Branches sparingly pubescent; leaves 2 / - 
 ^Yz' long, acuminate at the apex, sessile, 
 rounded, or slightly clasping at the base, 
 green on both sides, their margins finely 
 ciliate; peduncles Y^ f -\' long, usually pu- 
 bescent, i-flowered, rarely 2-flowered; 
 flowers purple or rose, 4 // -6 // long; peri- 
 anth-segments lanceolate, acuminate; an- 
 thers 2-horned; style 3-cleft, the spreading 
 branches stigmatic along the inner side; 
 berry globose or oval, 5 // -6 // in diameter. 
 
 In moist woods, Labrador to Alaska, Geor- 
 gia, Michigan and Oregon. Ascends to 5600 ft. 
 in Virginia. May-July. 
 
 7. POLYGONATUM Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 54. 1763. 
 
 Glabrous or pubescent herbs, with thick, horizontal jointed and scarred rootstocks, 
 simple arching or erect stems, scaly below, leafy above, the leaves ovate or lanceolate, ses- 
 sile and alternate in our species (opposite or verticillate in some exotic ones). Flowers 
 greenish or pinkish, axillary, drooping, peduncled, solitary or 2-10 in an umbel, the pedi- 
 cels jointed at the base of the flower. Perianth tubular or oblong-cylindric or somewhat 
 expanded above the base, 6-lobed, the short lobes not spreading. Stamens 6, included; 
 filaments adnate to the perianth for half their length or more; anthers sagittate, introrse. 
 Ovary 3-celled; ovules 2-6 in each cavity; style slender; stigma small, capitate or slightly 
 3-lobed. Berry globular, pulpy, dark blue or nearly black, with a bloom, in our species. 
 [Greek, in allusion to the jointed rootstocks]. 
 
 About 20 species, natives of the north temperate zone. 
 
 Leaves pubescent beneath; filaments filiform, roughened. 
 
 Plant glabrous throughout; filaments smooth, somewhat flattened. 
 
 1. P. biflorum. 
 
 2. P. commutalum. 
 
 i. Polygonatum biflorum (Walt. ) Ell. Hairy Solomon's Seal. (Fig. 1039.) 
 
 5 / NT IP Mil 1 A ^^ Convallaria difloraWa.lt. Fl. Car. 122. 1788. 
 
 
 Polygonatum biflorum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 
 1:393. 1817- 
 
 Stem slender, glabrous, often zigzag 
 above, 8 / -T, high. Leaves lanceolate, 
 oval or ovate, 2 / ~4 / long, ^2 / -2 / wide, 
 acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed 
 or sometimes obtuse at the base, pubes- 
 cent especially on the veins and pale be- 
 neath, glabrous above, the upper com- 
 monly narrower than the lower; peduncles 
 i-4-flowered (often 2-flowered), glabrous; 
 perianth 4 // -6 // long, about I 1 /?." thick, 
 filaments filiform, adnate to the perianth 
 for about three-fourths its length, papil- 
 lose-roughened; berry 3 // -4 // in diameter. 
 
 In woods and thickets, New Brunswick to 
 Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida and 
 West Virginia. April-July. 
 
434 
 
 CONVALLARIACEAE. 
 
 Smooth Solomon's Seal. 
 
 2. Polygonatum commutatum (R. &S.) Dietr. 
 
 (Fig. 1040.) 
 
 Convallaria commutata R. & S. Syst. 7: 1671. 
 1830. 
 
 Polygonatum commutatum Dietr. ; Otto & Dietr. 
 Gartenz. 3: 223. 1835. 
 
 Polygonatum giganteum Dietr.; Otto & Dietr. 
 Gartenz. 3: 222. 1835. 
 
 Glabrous throughout, stem stout or slen- 
 der, i-8 high. Leaves lanceolate, oval or 
 ovate, i^ / -6 / long, 3 / -4 / wide, rather darker 
 green above than beneath, acute, acuminate 
 or blunt at the apex, narrowed, rounded or 
 somewhat clasping at the base, the upper 
 often narrower than the lower; peduncles i- 
 8-flowered, glabrous; perianth 6 // -io // long, 
 i^ // -2 // thick; filaments somewhat flat- 
 tened, smooth, adnate to the perianth for 
 half its length or more; berry 4 // -6 // in 
 diameter. 
 
 In moist woods and along streams, rarely in 
 dry soil, Rhode Island to Ontario and Manitoba, 
 south to Georgia, Louisiana, Utah and New 
 Mexico. Variable in size and in leaf-form. 
 May-July. 
 
 8. CONVALLARIA L> Sp. PI. 314. 1753. 
 
 A low glabrous herb, with horizontal rootstocks, very numerous fibrous roots, and 2 or 
 sometimes 3 erect broad leaves, narrowed into sheathing petioles, the lower part of the stem 
 bearing several sheathing scales. Flowers white, racemed, fragrant, nodding. Raceme 
 i-sided. Perianth globose-campanulate, 6 lobed, deciduous, the short lobes recurved. 
 Stamens 6, included; filaments short, adnate to the lower part of the perianth; anthers ob- 
 long, introrse. Ovary 3-celled; ovules several in each cavity; style slender, 3-grooved; 
 stigma small, capitate, slightly 3-lobed. Berry globose, pulpy. [Latin from Convallis, 
 valley, and the Greek for lily.] 
 
 A monotypic genus of Europe, Asia and the higher Alleghenies. 
 
 Convallaria majalis L,. Lily-of-the-valley. (Fig. 1041.) 
 
 Convallaria majalis L- Sp. PI. 314. 1753. 
 
 Stem 4 / ~9 / high. Leaves oblong, or oval, 
 appearing nearly basal, acute at both ends, 
 5 / -i2 / long, i '-2^' wide; basal scales large, 
 I'-A,' long, one of them subtending an erect 
 angled scape shorter than the leaves; raceme 
 i / -3^ / long, loosely several-flowered; pedi- 
 cels filiform, recurved, 3 // -6 // long, exceed- 
 ing or sometimes shorter than the lanceolate 
 bracts; perianth 3 // ~4 // long, its lobes i // 
 long or less; filaments shorter than the an- 
 thers; berry about $" in diameter. 
 
 On the higher mountains of Virginia, North 
 Carolina and South Carolina. Common in cul- 
 tivation. May-June. 
 
LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY FAMILY. 
 
 435 
 
 g. MEDEOLA L. Sp. PI. 339. 1753. 
 
 A slender erect unbranched herb, loosely provided with deciduous wool. Rootstock 
 thick, white, tuber-like, with somewhat the odor and taste of cucumbers, the slender fibrous 
 roots numerous. Leaves of flowering plants in 2 whorls; lower whorl of 5-9 oblong-lance- 
 olate or obovate leaves; upper whorl of 3-5 ovate or oval leaves, subtending, like an invo- 
 lucre, the sessile umbel of small greenish yellow declined flowers. Perianth of 6 separate 
 equal oblong recurved segments. Stamens 6, hypogynous; filaments slender, smooth, 
 longer than the oblong extrorse anthers, the sacs laterally dehiscent. Ovary 3-celled; ovules 
 several in each cavity; styles 3, recurved, stigmatic along the inner side. Berry globose, 
 pulpy. [Name from Medea, a sorceress, referring to the supposed healing properties.] 
 
 A monotypic genus of eastern North America. 
 
 i. Medeola Virginiana L. Indian Cucumber-root. (Fig. 1042.) 
 
 Medeola Virginiana L. Sp. PI. 339. 1753. 
 
 Rootstock fleshy, 1'-$' long. Stem i- 
 2% tall, bearing the lower whorl of leaves 
 above the middle, or in flowerless plants at 
 the summit; leaves of the lower whorl ses- 
 sile, 2^ / ~5 / long, i / -2 / wide, acuminate at the 
 apex, narrowed at the base, 3-5-nerved and 
 reticulate-veined; leaves of the upper whorl 
 i / -2 / long, Yz'-V wide, short-petioled or ses- 
 sile; umbel 2-9-flowered; pedicels filiform, 
 i / long or less, declined in flower, erect or 
 ascending in fruit; perianth-segments 3 // ~5 // 
 long, obtuse; berry dark purple, 4 // -7 // in 
 diameter. 
 
 In moist woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to 
 Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and 
 Tennessee. Ascends to 2800 ft. in Virginia. 
 May-June. 
 
 10. TRILLIUM L. Sp. PI. 339. 1753. 
 
 Glabrous erect unbranched herbs, with short scarred rootstocks and 3 leaves whorled at 
 the summit of the stem, subtending the sessile or peduncled solitary bractless flower. Soli- 
 tary long-petioled leaves are sometimes borne on the rootstock. Perianth of 2 distinct 
 series of segments, the outer 3 (sepals) green, persistent, the inner 3 (petals) white, pink, 
 purple or sometimes greenish, deciduous or withering. Stamens 6, hypogynous; filaments 
 short; anthers linear, mostly introrse. Ovary sessile, 3-6-angled or lobed, 3-celled; ovules 
 several or numerous in each cavity; styles 3, stigmatic along the inner side. Berry globose 
 or ovoid, many-seeded. Seeds horizontal. [Latin, in allusion to the 3-parted flowers and 
 the 3 leaves.] 
 
 About 20 species, natives of North America and Asia. Besides the following, some 7 others 
 occur in the southern and western parts of North America. The species are known as Three-leaved 
 Nightshade and Birthroot. Phyllody, i. e., the reversion of petals or sepals to leaves, is occasional 
 in the genus, and the floral parts are sometimes in 4's instead of 3's. 
 
 Flower sessile. 
 
 Leaves sessile; sepals not reflexed. 
 Leaves petioled; sepals reflexed. 
 Flower peduncled. 
 
 Leaves oval or ovate, obtuse or obtusish, i'-2' long. 
 Leaves broadly ovate or rhombic, acuminate, 2' -7' long. 
 
 Leaves sessile, or narrowed at the base and short-petioled. 
 Petals obovate or oblanceolate, i%'-2 l /4' long. 
 Petals ovate or lanceolate, %'-\.%' long. 
 
 Peduncle iK'~4' long, erect or declined; petals spreading. 5. T. erectum. 
 Peduncle i^' long or less, recurved beneath the leaves; petals recurved. 
 
 6. T. cernuum. 
 Leaves distinctly petioied, obtuse or rounded at the base. 7. T. undulatum. 
 
 T. sessile. 
 
 T. recurvatum. 
 
 3. T. nivale. 
 
 4. T. grandiflorum. 
 
CONVALLARIACEAE. 
 
 i. Trillium sessile L. Sessile-flowered 
 Wake-robin. (Fig. 1043.) 
 
 Trillium sessile L. Sp. PI. 340. 1753. 
 
 Stem 4 / -i2 / tall. Leaves ovate, oval or nearly 
 orbicular, sessile, acute or obtuse and cuspidate at 
 the apex, \y z '-& long, often blotched; flower ses- 
 sile, erect; sepals lanceolate, acute or obtuse, 
 spreading, y i f -'2' long, petals lanceolate, acute or 
 obtuse, somewhat longer than the sepals, erect- 
 speading, purple or green; anthers 3 // -7 // long, 
 longer than filament, the connective prolonged 
 beyond the sacs; berry globose, 6-angled, about 
 y 2 f in diameter. 
 
 In moist woods and thickets, Pennsylvania to Ohio 
 and Minnesota, south to Florida, Mississippi and 
 Arkansas. Flowers pleasantly odorous. April-Mas'. 
 
 2. Trillium recurvatum Beck. Prairie 
 Wake-robin. (Fig. 1044.) 
 
 Trillium recurvatum Beck, Am. Journ. Sci. n: 
 
 178. 1826. 
 
 Stem e'-iS' tall. Leaves ovate, oval or ob- 
 long, T-Yz'-Af long, acute at the apex, narrowed 
 into petioles 3 // -9 // long, sometimes blotched; 
 flower sessile, erect; sepals lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, 6 // -i5 // long, reflexed between the peti- 
 oles; petals spatulate or oblong, nearly erect, 
 clawed, acute or acuminate, equalling the se- 
 pals or somewhat longer; anthers Af'-l" long, 
 much longer than the filaments, the connective 
 prolonged beyond the sacs; berry ovoid, 6- 
 winged above, about <$ fr long. 
 
 In woods and thickets, Ohio to Minnesota, Mis- 
 sissippi and Arkansas. April-June. 
 
 3. Trillium nivale Riddell. Early 
 Wake-robin. (Fig. 1045.) 
 
 Trillium nivale Riddell, Syn. Fl. W. States, 93. 
 
 1835- 
 
 Stem 2 / -6 / high. Leaves ovate, oval or 
 nearly orbicular, i / -2 / long, obtuse at the apex, 
 rounded or narrowed at the base, petioled; pet- 
 ioles, 2 // -6 // long; flowers peduncled; peduncle 
 Yi'-i' long, erect, bent, or recurved beneath the 
 leaves; sepals narrowly oblong or oblong-lance- 
 olate, obtuse, J^'-i' long; petals white, oblong 
 or oval, obtuse, longer than the sepals, erect- 
 spreading; anthers about as long as the fila- 
 ments, the connective not prolonged beyond 
 the sacs; styles slender; berry globose, 3-lobed, 
 about YZ' in diameter. 
 
 In woods and thickets, Pennsylvania to Ohio and 
 Minnesota, south to Kentucky and Iowa. March 
 May. 
 
LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY FAMILY. 
 
 437 
 
 4. Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. 
 
 (Fig. 1046.) 
 
 Trillium rhomboideum var. grandiflorum Michx. Fl. 
 
 Bor. Am. i: 216. 1803. 
 Trillium grandiflorum Salisb. Par. Lond. i: pi. i. 1805. 
 
 Stems usually stout, 8 / -i8 / high. Leaves broadly 
 rhombic-ovate or rhombic-oval, 2^ / -6 / long, acumin- 
 ate at the apex, narrowed to the sessile or nearly ses- 
 sile base; peduncle erect or somewhat inclined, i%'~ 
 3' long; sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acu- 
 minate but sometimes bluntish, i / -2 / long, spreading; 
 petals erect-spreading, oblanceolate; obovate or rarely 
 ovate-oblong, obtuse or cuspidate, strongly veined, 
 white or pink, thin, longer than the sepals; anthers 
 about l /2 f long, longer than the filaments; styles 
 slender, 3 // -4 // long, ascending or erect; berry globose, 
 black, slightly 6-lobed, 8 // -i2 // in diameter. 
 
 In woods, Quebec to Ontario and Minnesota, south to 
 Florida and Missouri. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. 
 May-June. 
 
 A monstrous form, with two long-petioled leaves, was 
 collected by Dr. Pitcher in Michigan. 
 
 Large-flowered Wake-robin. 
 
 5. Trillium erectum I,. Ill-scented 
 Wake-robin. (Fig. 1047.) 
 
 Trillium erectum ~L,. Sp. PI. 340. 1753. 
 
 Stem stout, 8'-i6' high. Leaves very broadly 
 rhombic, 3 / -; / long, often as wide or wider, sessile, 
 acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base; pe- 
 duncle i #'-4' long, erect, inclined or declined be- 
 neath the leaves; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 
 spreading, %'-i%' long; petals lanceolate or ovate, 
 acute or acutish, spreading, equalling the sepals or 
 a little longer, dark purple, pink, greenish or 
 white; anthers longer than the filaments; styles 
 short, spreading or recurved; berry ovoid some- 
 what 6-lobed, reddish, 8 // -i2 // long. 
 
 In woods, Nova Scotia to James Bay and Manitoba, 
 south to North Carolina, Tennessee and Missouri. As- 
 cends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. Also in Japan. Flowers 
 unpleasantly scented. April-June. 
 
 6. Trillium cernuum L,. Nodding 
 Wake-robin. (Fig. 1048.) 
 
 Trillium cernuum I,. Sp. PI. 339. 1753- 
 
 Stem usually slender, 8 / -2o / high. Leaves simi- 
 lar to those of the preceding species, broadly 
 rhombic, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the 
 base, sessile, or with the petioles i // -2 // long; pe- 
 duncle j^ / -iX / l n g> recurved beneath the leaves, 
 the flower drooping; sepals lanceolate or ovate-lan- 
 ceolate, acuminate, 6 // -i2 // long; petals white or 
 pink, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rolled 
 backward, wavy-margined, equalling the sepals, or 
 a little longer; anthers about as long as the sub- 
 ulate filaments; styles rather stout, recurved; berry 
 ovoid, red-purple, pendulous, 8 // -io // long. 
 
 In rich woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minne- 
 sota, south to Georgia and Missouri. Sometimes con- 
 founded with forms of the preceding. April-June. 
 
CONVALLARIACEAE. 
 
 7. Trillium undulatum Willd. Painted 
 Wake-robin. (Fig. 1049.) 
 
 Trillium undulatum Willd. Neue Schrift. Gesell. Nat. 
 
 Fr. Berlin, 3:422. 1801. 
 Trillium erythrocarpum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 216. 1803. 
 
 Stem usually slender, 8 x -2 high. Leaves ovate, 
 3 / -8 / long, 2 / -5 / wide, petioled, long-acuminate at the 
 apex, obtuse or rounded at the base; petioles 2 // -io // 
 long; flowers peduncled, erect or somewhat inclined, 
 i / -2 / ^ / long; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 9 // -i5 // 
 long, spreading; petals ovate or ovate- lanceolate, acu- 
 minate or acute, white with purple veins or stripes, 
 thin, longer than the sepals, widely spreading, wavy- 
 margined; anthers about equalling the filaments; styles 
 slender; berry ovoid, obtuse, bluntly 3-angled, bright 
 red, shining, 6 // -io // in diameter. 
 
 In woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Wisconsin, south 
 to Georgia and Missouri. Ascends to 5600 ft. in Virginia. 
 May-June. 
 
 Family 21. SMILACEAE Vent. Tabl. 2: 146. 1799.* 
 
 SMILAX FAMILY. 
 
 Mostly vines, with woody or herbaceous, often prickly stems. L,eaves 
 alternate, netted- veined, usually punctate or lineolate, several-nerved, petioled. 
 Petiole sheathing, bearing a pair of slender tendril-like appendages (stipules?), 
 persistent, the blade falling away. Flowers small, mostly green, dioecious, in 
 axillary umbels. Perianth-segments 6. Stamens mostly 6, distinct; filaments 
 ligulate; anthers basifixed, 2-celled, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, the cavities op- 
 posite the inner perianth-segments; ovules i or 2 in each cavity, orthotropous, 
 suspended; style very short or none; stigmas 1-3. Fruit a globose berry con- 
 taining 1-6 seeds. Seeds brownish; endosperm horny, copious; embryo small, 
 oblong, remote from the hilum. 
 
 Genera 3; species about 200, in warm and temperate regions; only the following in North America. 
 
 i. SMILAX L. Sp. PI. 1028. 1753. 
 
 Rootstocks usually very large and tuberous, stems usually twining, and climbing by 
 means of the spirally coiling appendages of the petiole. Lower leaves reduced to scales^ 
 upper leaves entire or lobed. Flowers regular. Perianth-segments distinct, deciduous. 
 Pedicels borne on a globose or conic receptacle, inserted in small pits, generally among 
 minute bractlets. Filaments inserted on the bases of the perianth-segments. Staminate 
 flowers without an ovary. Pistillate flowers usually smaller than the staminate, with an 
 ovary and usually with 1-6 abortive stamens. Berry black, red or purple (rarely white), 
 with 3 strengthening bands of tissue running through the outer part of the pulp, connected 
 at the base and apex. Embryo lying under a tubercle at the upper end of the seed. [An- 
 cient Greek name, perhaps not originally applied to these plants.] 
 
 About 195 species of wide distribution, most abundant in tropical America and Asia. Besides 
 the following, about 5 others occur in the southern United States, and i in California and Oregon. 
 Stem annual, herbaceous, unarmed. 
 
 Petioles tendril-bearing; stems climbing. 
 
 Leaves usually ovate, thin. i. .S. herbacea. 
 
 Leaves_ usually hastate, coriaceous. 2. S. tamnifolia. 
 
 Petioles without tendrils or nearly so; stems erect. 3. .S. ecirrhata. 
 
 Stem perennial, woody, usually armed with prickles. 
 Berries black or bluish-black. 
 Fruit ripening the first year. 
 
 Leaves glaucous. 4. S 1 . glauca. 
 
 Leaves green on both sides. 
 
 Leaves rounded or lanceolate, 5-nerved. 5. 5. rotundifolia. 
 
 Leaves ovate, y-nerved. 6. 5". hispida. 
 
 Leaves round-ovate, often narrowed at the middle, 7-g-nerved. 7. 5. Pseudo-China. 
 Leaves deltoid or deltoid-hastate, s-j-nerved, often with i or 2 additional nerves on. 
 
 each side. 8. S. Bona-nox. 
 
 Fruit ripening the second year; leaves elliptic or lanceolate, evergreen. 9. S. laurifolia. 
 Berries red. 
 
 Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, base rounded; berries bright red. 10. S. Walleri. 
 Leaves lanceolate, acute at the base; berries dull red. u. S. lanceolata. 
 
 *Text contributed by the late Rev. THOMAS MORONG. 
 
SMILAX FAMILY. 
 
 439 
 
 i. Smilax herbacea L> Carrion-flower. (Fig. 1050.) 
 
 2" 
 
 S. pulverulenta Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 238. 1803. 
 Coprosmanthus herbaceus Kunth, Enutn. 5: 264. 
 1850. 
 
 Tubers short, thick, scarred, numerous. Stem 
 herbaceous, glabrous, terete or obtusely angled, 
 unarmed, commonly much branched. Petioles 
 4 // ~3>/4 / long; tendrils numerous; leaves ovate, 
 rounded or lanceolate, acute, acuminate or cus- 
 pidate at the apex, obtuse or cordate at the base, 
 thin, frequently downy beneath, y-g-nerved, 
 i^'-S' long, i f ~3%' wide, the margins entire or 
 denticulate; peduncles 4/-9 / long, usually 6-10 
 times as long as the petioles, flattened; umbels 
 I5~8o-flowered; pedicels 3 // -8 // long; flowers car- 
 rion-scented when open; stamens sometimes 5 or 
 7; filaments 2-3 times as long as the anthers; ber- 
 ries bluish black, 2-4-seeded, 3 // -4 // in diameter. 
 
 In woods and thickets, New Brunswick to Ontario 
 and Dakota, south to Florida, Louisiana and Ne- 
 braska. April-June. 
 
 2. Smilax tamnifolia Michx. Halberd- 
 leaved Smilax. (Fig. 1051.) 
 
 5". tamnifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 238. 1803. 
 Coprosmanthus tamnifolius Kunth, Enum. 5:267. 1850. 
 
 Glabrous, herbaceous; stem and branches terete 
 or obtusely angled, unarmed. Petioles %'-i%' long, 
 the sheath tendril-bearing, very short or none; 
 leaves coriaceous, mostly ovate-hastate, with broad 
 obtuse lobes at the base, slightly narrowed at about 
 the middle, acute obtuse or acuminate at the apex, 
 truncate or subcordate at the base, entire, green on 
 both sides, i / M v ~3 / long, K / -2 / wide, 5-7-nerved; 
 peduncles 1-3 from the same axil, I'-tf long, usu- 
 ally much longer than the leaves, often flattening 
 in drying; umbels io-3O-flowered; pedicels 2 // -3 // 
 long; segments of the staminate flowers slightly 
 pubescent; filaments 1-2 times as long as the an- 
 thers; berries black, 2 // ~3 // in diameter, i-3-seeded. 
 
 In dry soil, southern New Jersey and Pennsylvania 
 to South Carolina and Tennessee. May-July. 
 
 3. Smilax ecirrhata (Engelm.) S. Wats. 
 Upright Smilax. (Fig. 1052.) 
 
 Coprosmanthus herbaceus var. ecirrhata Engelm.; 
 
 Kunth, Enum. 5: 266. 1850. 
 Smilax ecirrhatus S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 
 
 520. 1890. 
 
 Stem herbaceous, glabrous, simple, erect, 6 / -2 
 tall. Tendrils none, or sometimes present on 
 the uppermost petioles; leaves often whorled at 
 the summit of the stem, ovate, acute, obtuse, cus- 
 pidate or acuminate at the apex, rounded or cordate 
 at the base, thin, 5-g-nerved, 2^ / ~5^ / long, iX'- 
 4' wide, sometimes larger, more or less pubescent 
 beneath and erose-denticnlate on the margins; 
 petioles io // -i8 // long; peduncles long, often pu- 
 bescent; staminate flowers commonly not more 
 than 25 in the umbels; pedicels 2 // -5 // long; an- 
 thers shorter than the filaments or equalling them. 
 
 In dry soil, Virginia to Minnesota and Florida. 
 May-June. 
 
440 
 
 SMILACEAE. 
 
 4. Smilax glauca Walt. Glaucous- 
 leaved Greenbrier. (Fig. 1053.) 
 
 Smilax glaitca Walt. Fl. Car. 245. 1788. 
 Smilax spinulosa J. F y . Smith; Torr. FI. N. Y. 2: 
 303. 1843. 
 
 Rootstock deep, knotted and tuberous. Stem 
 terete; branches and twigs angled, armed with 
 rather stout numerous or scattered prickles, or 
 sometimes unarmed; petioles 3 // -6 // long, ten- 
 dril-bearing; leaves ovate, acute or cuspidate at 
 the apex, sometimes cordate at the base, entire, 
 glaucous beneath and sometimes also above, 
 mostly 5-nerved, i^ / -6 / long, Yt'-^' wide; 
 peduncles flattened 6 // -i6 // long; umbels 6-12- 
 flowered; pedicels 2 // ~4 // long; berries bluish 
 black, ripening the first year, about $ /f in dia- 
 meter, 2-3-seeded. 
 
 In dry sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts to Flor- 
 ida, west to Kansas and Texas. May-June. 
 Smilax spinulosa J. E. Smith, is a form with numerous small prickles on the lower part of the 
 stem, and more elongated, sometimes halberd-shaped leaves. It occurs in southern New York, 
 but is not well understood. 
 
 5. Smilax rotundifolia L,. Greenbrier. Catbrier. Horsebrier. (Fig. 1054.) 
 
 Smilax rotundifolia I,. Sp. PI. 1030. 1753. 
 
 Smilax caduca L. Sp. PI. 1030. 1753. 
 
 Smilax quadrangularis Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 775. 1806. 
 
 Rootstocks long, sparingly tuberous. Stem 
 woody, terete, the branches and young shoots 
 often 4-angled, glabrous; prickles scattered, stout, 
 straight or a little curved, sometimes none; peti- 
 oles 3 // -6 // long; leaves thick and shining when 
 mature, thin when young, ovate, nearly orbicular, 
 or lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, ob- 
 tuse or cordate at the base, entire or the margins 
 erose-denticulate, 5-nerved, 2 / -6 / long, io // -6 / 
 wide; peduncles flattened 3 // -i / long; umbels 6- 
 25-flowered; pedicels i // -4 // long; perianth- seg- 
 ments pubescent at the tip; filaments 2-3 times as 
 long as the anthers; berries black, i-3-seeded, 
 about T > // in diameter, maturing the first year. 
 
 In woods and thickets, Ontario to Minnesota, south 
 to Florida and Texas. April-June. 
 
 ^ 
 
 6. Smilax hispida Muhl. Hispid Green- 
 brier. (Fig. 1055.) 
 
 Smilax- hispida Muhl.; Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 302. 1843. 
 Glabrous, stem terete below, and commonly 
 thickly hispid with numerous slender straight 
 prickles, the branches more or less angled; peti- 
 oles 4 // -9 // long, tendril-bearing, rarely denticu- 
 late; leaves thin, green on both sides, ovate, 
 abruptly acute and cuspidate at the apex, obtuse 
 or subcordate at the base, y-nerved, or the older 
 ones sometimes with an additional pair of faint 
 nerves, 2 / ~5 / long, i / -5 / wide, the margins usually 
 denticulate; peduncles flattened, 9" -2' long; um- 
 bels io-26-flowered; pedicles slender, 2 // ~3 // long; 
 filaments a little longer than the anthers; berries 
 bluish black, about 3" in diameter, maturing the 
 first year. 
 In thickets, Ontario to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to Virginia and Texas. May-July. 
 
SMILAX FAMILY. 441 
 
 7. Smilax Pseudo-China L,. L/ong- 
 
 stalked Greenbrier. (Fig. 1056.) 
 Smilax Pseudo-China I,. Sp. PI. 1031. 1753. 
 
 Glabrous throughout, rootstock often bearing 
 large tubers, stem terete, the branches angled. 
 Lower part of the stem beset with straight 
 needle-shaped prickles, the upper part and the 
 branches mostly unarmed; petioles 3 // -i2 // 
 long; leaves firm, or becoming quite leathery 
 when old, green on both sides or occasionally 
 glaucous beneath, ovate, often narrowed at 
 about the middle or lobed at base; acute or cus- 
 pidate at the apex, y-g-nerved, 2^ / -5 / long, 
 i - ^ / -3^ / wide, often denticulate on the mar- 
 gins; peduncles flattened, i / -3 / long, umbels 
 I2~4o-flowered; pedicels 3 // -4 // long; stamens 
 6-10; anthers as long as the filaments or longer; 
 berries black, 8-16 in the umbels, 2 // ~3 // in 
 diameter, i-3-sceded, maturing the first year. 
 
 In dry or sandy thickets, Maryland to Nebraska, 
 south to Florida and Texas. March-Aug. 
 
 8. Smilax Bona-nox L. Bristly Greenbrier. (Fig. 1057.) 
 
 Smilax Bona-nox L,. Sp. PI. 1030. 1753. 
 Smilax hastata Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 782. 1806. 
 Smilax tamnoides A. Gray, Man. 485. 1848. Not I,. 
 Rootstocks bearing large tubers, stem terete or 
 slightly angled, the branches often 4-angled. 
 Prickles scattered or numerous, stout or needle- 
 like, often wanting on the branches; petioles 3"- 
 6 // long, often prickly; leaves thick, ovate or com- 
 monly deltoid-hastate, sometimes narrowed at the 
 middle, glabrous, green and usually shining on 
 both sides, often spiny on the margins and on the 
 veins beneath, acute or abruptly cuspidate at the 
 apex, obtuse, truncate or cordate at the base, 5-9- 
 nerved, ^Yt'-^Yz' long, 8 // -3 / wide; peduncles 
 slender, flattened, 7 "-is" long; umbels 15-45- 
 flowered; pedicels 2 /x -4 x/ long; stigmas 1-3; ber- 
 ries 8-20 in the umbels, 2 // -3 // in diameter, mostly 
 i-seeded, ripening the first year. 
 
 In thickets, Massachusetts to Kansas, Florida and 
 Texas. April-July. 
 
 9. Smilax laurifolia L. Laurel-leaved Greenbrier. (Fig. 1058.) 
 
 Smilax laurifolia I v . Sp. PI. 1030. 1753. 
 
 Rootstocks bearing tubers sometimes 6 / thick, 
 stem stout, high-climbing, terete, striate, armed 
 with strong straight prickles, the branches angled, 
 mostly unarmed. Petioles stout, 3 // -8 // long; 
 leaves leathery, evergreen, elliptic or oblong- 
 lanceolate, acute or abruptly cuspidate at the apex, 
 narrowed at the base, entire, 3-nerved, or some- 
 times with an additional pair of nerves near the 
 margins, 2 / -4j / long, >^ / -2 / wide; peduncles 
 stout, angled, 2 // -io // long; umbels 6-3O-flowered; 
 pedicels 2 // -3 // long; anthers usually about one- 
 third shorter than the filaments; stigma i, some- 
 times 2; berries black, ovoid, 2 // -3 // thick, not 
 ripening until the second year. 
 
 In moist woods and thickets, southern New Jersey 
 to Florida and Texas, north in the Mississippi Valley 
 to Arkansas. March-Sept. 
 
 2 
 
442 
 
 SMILACEAE. 
 
 10. Smilax Walter! Pursh. Walter's 
 
 Greenbrier. (Fig. 1059.) 
 Smilax Walteri Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 249. 1814. 
 
 Glabrous, stem angled, prickly below, the 
 branches commonly unarmed. Petioles 2 // -6 //r 
 long, stout, angled; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceo- 
 late, rarely lobed at the base, cordate or subcor- 
 date, obtuse or abruptly acute at the apex, entire, 
 5-7-nerved, 2 / -5 / long, -LO"-^' wide; peduncles 
 2 // -5 // long, flattened, thickening in age; umbels 
 6-i5-flowered; pedicels very slender, 2 // ~3 // long; 
 berries globose, coral-red (rarely white), 3 // ~4 // in 
 diameter, 2-3-seeded, ripening the first year. 
 
 In wet soil, pine barrens of New Jersey to Florida, 
 Tennessee and Louisiana. April-June. 
 
 2 
 
 ii. Smilax lanceolata L,. Lance-leaved 
 
 Greenbrier. (Fig. 1060.) 
 Smilax lanceolata I,. Sp. PI. 1031. 1753. 
 
 Glabrous, stem terete, usually prickly, the 
 branches slender, long, slightly angled, mostly un- 
 armed. Petioles i // -2 // long; leaves rather thin, 
 lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, nar- 
 rowed at the base, entire, shining above, 5-7- 
 nerved, 2 / -3^ / long, 6 // -2o // wide; peduncles 
 thick, angled, 3 // -8 // long; umbels 8-4o-flowered ; 
 pedicels 2 // -7 // long; filaments longer than the 
 anthers; berries dark red, globose, 2 // -3 // in diam- 
 eter, usually 2-seeded, ripening the first year. 
 
 In thickets, Virginia to Arkansas, Florida and Texas. 
 March-Aug. 
 
 Family 22. HAEMODORACEAE R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i: 299. 
 
 1810. 
 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Perennial herbs with erect stems, narrowly linear leaves, and regular or 
 somewhat irregular small perfect flowers in terminal cymose panicles. Perianth 
 6-parted or 6-lobed, adnate to the ovary, persistent. Stamens 3, opposite the 
 3 inner perianth-segments. Ovary wholly or partly inferior, 3-celled or rarely 
 i -celled; ovules usually few in each cavity, half-anatropous; style mostly slen- 
 der; stigma small, entire or 3-grooved. Fruit a loculicidally 3-valved capsule. 
 Seeds few or rarely numerous; embryo small, in fleshy endosperm. 
 
 About 9 genera and 35 species, mostly natives of South Africa and Australia, a few in tropical 
 America; only the following genus in the north temperate zone. 
 
 i. GYROTHECA Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. i: 327. 1812. 
 [LACHNANTHES Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 47. 1816.] 
 
 A rather stout herb, with a short rootstock, red fibrous roots and equitant leaves, the 
 basal ones longer than those of the stem. Flowers numerous, yellowish, small, in a dense 
 terminal woolly cymose panicle. Perianth 6-parted to the summit of the ovary, the outer 
 segments smaller than the inner. Filaments filiform, longer than the perianth; anthers 
 linear-oblong, versatile. Ovary 3-celled; ovules few in each cavity, borne on fleshy pla- 
 centae; style very slender, declined. Capsule enclosed by the withering-persistent perianth, 
 nearly globular, 3-valved. Seeds about 6 in each cavity, flattened, nearly orbicular, peltate. 
 (Greek, referring to the round fruit. ) 
 
 A monotypic genus of southeastern North America and the West Indies. 
 
BLOODWORT FAMILY. 443 
 
 i. Gyrotheca capitata (Walt.) Morong. Red-root. (Fig. 1061.) 
 
 Anonymo capitata Walt. Fl. Car. 69. 1788. 
 Gyrotheca tinctoria Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. 
 
 i: 327. 1812. 
 Lachnanthes tinctoria Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 
 
 47. 1816. 
 Gyrotheca capitata Morong. Bull. Torr. Club, 
 
 20: 472. 1893. 
 
 Stem iX ~ 2 K tall, glabrous below, pu- 
 bescent or woolly above. Leaves 2 // ~5 // 
 wide, acuminate, the basal ones shorter 
 than the stem, the upper reduced to bracts; 
 panicle 2 / ~5 / broad when expanded, dense 
 and almost capitate when young, white- 
 woolly; flowers 4 // -5 // broad, bracteolate, 
 the perianth yellow and glabrous within; 
 style about as long as the stamens; pedicels 
 stout, about as long as the capsule, rather 
 shorter than the bractlets; capsule about $" 
 in diameter. 
 
 In swamps, eastern Massachusetts to New 
 Jersey and Florida, mostly in pine barrens 
 near the coast. Also in Cuba. July-Sept. 
 
 </ u u ^ Jfif u ~^ \4 ^; 
 
 Family 23. AMARYLLIDACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2: 328. 1836. 
 
 AMARYLLIS FAMILY. 
 
 Perennial herbs (some tropical species woody or even arboreous), with bulbs 
 or rootstocks, scapose or sometimes leafy stems and usually narrow and entire 
 leaves. Flowers perfect, regular or nearly so. Perianth 6-parted or 6-lobed, 
 the segments or lobes distinct, or united below into a tube which is adnate to 
 the surface of the ovary (adnate only to the lower part of the ovary in Lophiola). 
 Stamens 6 in our genera, inserted on the bases of the perianth-segments or in 
 the throat of the perianth opposite the lobes. Anthers versatile or basifixed, 
 2-celled, the sacs usually longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary wholly or partly 
 inferior, usually 3-celled. Style filiform, entire, lobed, or divided into 3 stig- 
 mas at the summit. Ovules usually numerous, rarely only i or 2 in each cavity 
 of the ovary, anatropous. Fruit capsular, rarely fleshy. Seeds mostly black, 
 the embryo small, enclosed in fleshy endosperm. 
 
 About 70 genera and 800 species, principally natives of tropical and warm regions, some in the 
 temperate zones. 
 
 Bulbous herbs with flowers on scapes. 
 
 Flower solitary; perianth without a crown. 
 
 Anthers versatile; tube of the perianth not greatly elongated. i. Zephyranthes. 
 
 Anthers erect; tube of the perianth several times the length of its lobes. 2. Cooperia. 
 Flowers clustered; perianth with a membranous crown connecting the lower parts of the fila- 
 ments. 3. Hymenocallis. 
 Bulbless herbs, with rootstocks or corms. 
 
 Perianth adnate to the whole surface of the ovary; leaves mostly basal. 
 
 Tall, fleshy-leaved; anthers versatile. 4. Agave. 
 
 Low, linear-leaved; anthers not versatile. 5. Hypoxis. 
 
 Perianth adnate only to the lower part of the ovary; stem leafy; flowers woolly. 6.. Lophiola. 
 
 i. ZEPHYRANTHES Herb. App. Bot. Reg. 36. 1821. 
 
 Glabrous herbs with coated bulbs, narrow leaves, and erect i -flowered scapes, the flower 
 large, erect, pink, white or purple. Perianth funnelform, naked in the throat, with 6 mem- 
 branous equal erect-spreading lobes united below into a tube, subtended by an entire or 2- 
 cleft-bract. Stamens inserted on the throat of the perianth, equal or nearly so; anthers ver- 
 satile. Ovary 3-celled; style long, filiform, 3-cleft at the summit; ovules numerous, in 2 
 rows in each cavity of the ovary. Capsule thin-walled, subglobose or depressed, 3-lobed, 
 loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds mostly flattened, black or nearly so. [Greek, signifying 
 wind-flower.] 
 
 About 30 species, natives of America. Besides the following, 4 others occur in the southern 
 United States. 
 
444 
 
 AMARYLLIDACEAE. 
 
 i. Zephyranthes Atamasco (I,.) Herb. 
 
 Atamasco Lily, Stagger-grass. 
 
 (Fig. 1062.) 
 
 Amaryllis Atamasco I,. Sp. PI. 292. 1753. 
 Zephyranthes Atamasco Herb. App. Bot. Reg. 36. 
 1821. 
 
 Bulb ovoid, about i / long. Leaves fleshy, 
 somewhat concave, shining, 6 / -i5 / long, about 
 iW-$" wide, blunt, usually shorter than the 
 scape; scape terete, erect, 2 // ~3 // in diameter; 
 bract membranous, 2-cleft into acuminate lobes, 
 longer than the ovary; flowers 2 / ~3^ / high, 
 white with a purplish tinge or sometimes light 
 purple; perianth-segments oblong-lanceolate, 
 acute, shorter than the tube; stamens shorter 
 than the tube; stamens shorter than the peri- 
 anth; style longer than the stamens; capsule 
 depressed, about y 2 f high. 
 
 In moist places, southern Pennsylvania (?) : east- 
 ern Virginia, Florida and Alabama. Perianth 
 rarely 8-lobed. March-June. 
 
 2. COOPERIA Herb. Bot. Reg. pi. 1835. 1836. 
 
 Low herbs with coated bulbs, very narrow grass-like leaves and slender i-flowered scapes, 
 the flower large, long, erect, subtended by a membranous spathe-like bract. Perianth salver- 
 form with 6 oval or ovate spreading lobes united into a tube several times their length, the 
 tube cylindric or slightly dilated at the summit. Stamens inserted on the throat of the peri- 
 anth; filaments short; anthers linear, erect. Ovary 3-celled; style filiform ; stigma slightly 
 3-lobed; ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity of the ovary. Capsule depressed, globose 
 or obovoid, 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds numerous, horizontal, black. [In honor 
 of Daniel Cooper, i8i7?-i842, Curator, Botanical Society of London.] 
 
 Two known species, natives of the southwest- 
 ern United States and Mexico. 
 
 i. Cooperia Drummondii Herb. 
 Drummond's Cooperia. 
 
 (Fig. 1063.) 
 
 Cooperia Drummondii Herb. Bot. Reg. pi. 1835. 
 1836. 
 
 Bulb globose, about i / in diameter. Leaves 
 6 / -i2 / long, 2 // -3 // wide, erect; scape slender, 
 hollow, about as long as the leaves; spathe-like 
 bract i / -2 / long, 2-cleft above into acuminate 
 lobes 4 // -6 // long; flower 3 / ~5 / high, white or 
 pinkish; tube of the perianth very slender, 
 about \y z ff in diameter, slightly expanded just 
 below the limb; segments oblong, obtuse and 
 cuspidate or acutish, nearly i' long, 3 // -4 // 
 wide, ovary sessile ; capsule somewhat obovoid, 
 about y 2 ' in diameter, deeply lobed. 
 
 On prairies, Kansas to Louisiana, Texas, Mexico 
 and New Mexico. April-July. 
 
 3. HYMENOCALLIS Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. i: 338. 1812. 
 
 Mostly tall bulbous herbs with usually lanceolate or linear-oblong leaves, and large 
 white sessile or short-pedicelled umbelled flowers on erect solid scapes, each flower subtended 
 by 2 long membranous bracts. Perianth of 6 spreading or recurved narrow equal elongated 
 lobes, united below into a long cylindric tube. Stamens inserted in the top of the perianth- 
 tube, the lower parts of the long filaments connected by a membranous cup-like crown; an- 
 thers linear, versatile. Ovary 3-celled; ovules only i or 2 in each cavity; style filiform, long- 
 exserted; stigma small, entire or nearly so. Capsule ovoid or globose, rather fleshy. Seeds 
 usually only i or 2, large, green, fleshy. [Greek, beautiful membrane, referring to the crown.] 
 
 About 30 species, all American. Besides the following, 10 others occur in the southern States. 
 
AMARYLLIS FAMILY. 445 
 
 i. Hymenocallis occidentalis (L,e Conte) 
 Kunth. Hymenocallis. (Fig. 1064.) 
 
 Pancratium Carolinianum L. Sp. PI. 291. 1753.? 
 Pancratium occidentale LeConte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 146. 
 
 1830. 
 Hymenocallis occidentalis Kunth, Enum. 5: 856. 1850. 
 
 Bulb large. Leaves linear-oblong, narrowed at each 
 end, fleshy glaucous, i-2 long, 9 // -2 / wide; scape 
 stout, equalling or longer than the leaves; bracts 
 linear-lanceolate, i^ / -2^ / long; umbel several-flow- 
 ered; perianth-tube i^ /x -2 x/ in diameter, 3 / ~5 / long, 
 the linear lobes nearly as long; crown funnelform, 
 narrowed below, I'-itf' long, its margins entire, 
 erose or 2 -toothed between the filaments; free part of 
 the filaments about i x long, white; anthers about %' 
 long and y 2 " wide, yellow; style extending for 2'-$' 
 beyond the crown, green; 4ruit 6 // ~9 // in diameter. 
 
 In moist soil, Georgia to southern Illinois and Mis- 
 souri. July-Sept. 
 
 4. AGAVE L, Sp. PL 323. 1753. 
 
 Fleshy herbs, some tropical species very tall, with a short crown-like or erect rootstock 
 (caudex) and tall bracted scapes, the leaves large, thick, sometimes spiny-toothed, basal, or 
 clustered at the top of the caudex, and large, bracted flowers in terminal spikes or com- 
 pound clusters. Perianth tubular or funnelform, withering-persistent, of 6 erect or spread- 
 ing equal or nearly equal lobes, united below into a tube. Stamens inserted on the peri- 
 anth at the bases of the lobes, exserted; filaments flattened or filiform; anthers versatile. 
 Ovary 3-celled; style slender, exserted, 3-lobed; ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity of 
 the ovary. Capsule ovoid, subglobose or oblong, 3-lobed, thick -walled, many-seeded. Seeds 
 compressed, somewhat cuneate, black. [Greek, signifying noble. ] 
 
 About 140 species, all American. Besides the following 1 , some 12 others occur in the southwest- 
 ern States. 
 
 i. Agave Virginica L,. False Aloe. 
 (Fig. 1065.) 
 
 Agave Virginica L. Sp. PI. 323. 1753. 
 
 Glabrous throughout, rootstock a short crown 
 with numerous fibrous roots, Scape 2-6 tall, 
 rather slender, sometimes nearly %' in diameter at 
 the base, its bracts distant, long-acuminate, the 
 lower 3 / -6 / long; leaves narrowly oblong, ^-2 
 long, Yz'-^Yz' wide, acuminate, their margins en- 
 tire or denticulate; spike i-2 long, loose; flowers 
 greenish yellow, odorous, solitary in the axils of 
 short bracts, sessile or the lowest distinctly pedi- 
 celled; perianth nearly tubular, slightly expanded 
 above, 8 // -i2 // long, the tube about twice as long as 
 the erect lobes; filaments at length about as long as 
 the perianth; capsule 5 // -8 // in diameter, slightly 
 longer than thick, abruptly contracted into a short 
 stalk. 
 
 In dry soil, Maryland to Indiana and Missouri, south 
 to Florida and Texas. 
 
 5. HYPOXIS L. Syst. Ed. 10, 2: 986. 1759. 
 
 Low, mostly villous herbs with a corm or short rootstock, grass-like leaves and slender 
 few-flowered scapes, the flowers rather small. Perianth 6-parted, its segments equal or 
 nearly so, separate to the summit of the ovary, spreading, withering-persistent, the 3 outer 
 ones greenish on the lower side in our species. Stamens inserted on the bases of the peri- 
 anth-segments; filaments short; anthers erect, sagittate or entire. Ovary 3-celled; style 
 short; stigmas 3, erect; ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity. Capsule subglobose or 
 oblong, thin-walled, not dehiscent by valves. Seeds globular, black, laterally short-beaked 
 by their stalks. [Greek, originally given to some plant with sour leaves.] 
 
 About 50 species, widely distributed. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southern States. 
 
446 AMARYLLIDACEAE. 
 
 i. Hypoxis hirsuta (I,.) Coville. Star- 
 grass. (Fig. 1066.) 
 
 Ornithogalum hirsutum L,. Sp. PI. 306. 1753. 
 Hypoxis erecta L. Syst. Ed. 10, 2: 986. 1759." 
 Hypoxis hirsuta Coville, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 118. 1894. 
 Conn ovoid, oblong or globose, */'-%' in diameter, 
 with numerous fibrous roots. Leaves basal, nar- 
 rowly linear, i // -2^ // wide, more or less villous, 
 mostly longer than the scapes; scapes slender, erect, 
 villous above, usually glabrous below, 2 / -6 / high; 
 flowers 1-6, umbellate; bracts subulate, shorter than 
 the pedicels; perianth-segments narrowly oblong, 
 spreading, mostly obtuse, bright yellow within, 
 greenish and villous without, 3 // -5 // long; stamens 
 somewhat unequal; style rather shorter than the sta- 
 mens, 3-angled, the stigmas decurrent on the angles; 
 capsule about i ]/?," in diameter; seeds angled, black. 
 
 In dry soil, Maine and Ontario to Assiniboia, Florida 
 and Texas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. May-Oct. 
 
 6. LOPHIOLA Ker, Bot. Mag. pi. 1596. 1814. 
 
 An erect perennial herb with slender rootstocks, fibrous roots erect sparingly leafy stems, 
 the leaves narrowly linear and mostly basal, and numerous small yellowish flowers in a ter- 
 minal woolly cymose panicle. Perianth campanulate, persistent, of 6 nearly equal woolly 
 erect-spreading segments, slightly united at the base, and adnate to the lower part of the ovary. 
 Stamens inserted on the bases of the perianth -segments; filaments filiform, short; anthers 
 basifixed. Ovary 3-celled; style subulate, at length 3-cleft; ovules numerous, in 2 rows in 
 each cavity. Capsule ovoid, tipped with the style, finally loculicidally 3-valved at the sum- 
 mit. Seeds oblong, numerous, ribbed. [Greek, referring to the tufts of wool on the perianth. ] 
 A monotypic genus of southeastern North America. 
 
 i. Lophiola Americana (Pursh) Coville. 
 L,ophiola. (Fig. 1067.) 
 
 Conostylis Americana Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 224. 1814. 
 Lophiola aurea Ker, Bot. Mag. pi. 1596. 1814. 
 Lophiola Americana Coville, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 
 118. 1894. 
 
 Stem stiff, erect, terete, glabrous below, white- 
 woolly above, i-2 tall. Leaves equitant, gla- 
 brous, much shorter than the stem, the upper ones 
 reduced to bracts; panicle densely white-woolly, 
 composed of numerous few-several-flowered cymes; 
 pedicels short, rather stout, erect or ascending; 
 perianth-segments linear-lanceolate, about 2" long, 
 woolly outside, longer than the stamens and with a 
 tuft of wool at the base within ; capsule about as long 
 as the persistent style, shorter than the perianth. 
 
 Pine barren bogs, New Jersey to Florida. June-Aug. 
 
 Family 24. DIOSCOREACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 359. 1836. 
 
 YAM FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous or slightly woody twining vines with fleshy or woody rootstocks, 
 slender stems, petioled, mostly cordate, several-nerved and reticulate-veined 
 leaves, alternate or the lower opposite or verticillate, and small inconspicuous 
 dioecious or monoecious (in some exotic genera perfect) regular flowers in 
 spikes, racemes or panicles. Perianth 6-parted, that of the pistillate flowers 
 persistent. Staminate flowers with 6 or 3 stamens, sometimes with a rudimen- 
 tary ovary. Pistillate flowers with an inferior 3-celled ovary, 3 styles and 3 ter- 
 minal stigmas, sometimes also with 3 or 6 staminodia; ovules 2 (rarely i) in 
 each cavity of the ovary, pendulous, anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a 
 3-valved, 3-angled capsule in the following genus. Endosperm of the seed 
 fleshy or cartilaginous, enclosing the small embryo. 
 
 About 9 genera and 175 species, mostly natives of America, a few in the Old World. 
 
 
i. 
 
 YAM FAMILY. 
 DIOSCOREA L. Sp. PI. 1032. 1753. 
 
 447 
 
 Characters of the family as defined above. [Name in honor of the Greek naturalist 
 Dioscorides.] 
 
 There are about 160 species, most numerous in tropical regions, a few extending- into the tem- 
 perate zones. The large fleshy rootstocks of several tropical species furnish the yams of commerce. 
 
 i. Dioscorea villosa L,. Wild Yarn-root. (Fig. 1068.) 
 
 Dioscorea villosa L,. Sp. PI. 1033. 1753. 
 
 Rootstock knotted, horizontal, woody, %'-\ r ' 
 thick. Stem 6-i5 long, twining or rarely sub- 
 erect, glabrous; leaves ovate, entire, slender- 
 petioled, alternate or the lower opposite or in 4's, 
 acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base, 2 / -6 / 
 long, i '-4' wide, 9-i3-nerved, thin, green and 
 glabrous or nearly so above, pale and more or 
 less pubescent beneath; petioles often longer than 
 the blades; flowers greenish yellow, nearly ses- 
 sile, the staminate i // -i^ // broad in drooping 
 panicles 3 / -6 / long, the pistillate about T > // long in 
 drooping spicate racemes; capsules membranous, 
 yellowish green, 7 // -i2 // long, strongly 3-winged, 
 containing 2 or sometimes only i flat thin-winged 
 seed in each cavity. 
 
 In moist thickets, Rhode Island to Ontario and Min- 
 nesota, south to Florida and Texas. Ascends to 4000 
 ft. in Virginia. June-July. Fruit ripe Sept., per- 
 sistent on the vines into the winter. 
 
 Family 25. IRIDACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 382. 1836. 
 
 IRIS FAMILY. 
 
 Perennial herbs with narrow equitant 2 -ranked leaves and perfect regular or 
 irregular mostly clustered flowers subtended by bracts. Perianth of 6 segments 
 or 6-lobed, its tube adnate to the ovary, the segments or lobes in two series, 
 convolute in the bud, withering-persistent. Stamens 3, inserted on the perianth 
 opposite its outer series of segments or lobes; filaments filiform, distinct or 
 united; anthers 2-celled, extrorse. Ovary inferior, mostly 3-celled; ovules 
 mostly numerous in each cell, anatropous; style 3-cleft, its branches sometimes 
 divided. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidally dehiscent, 3-angled or 3-lobed (some- 
 times 6-lobed), many-seeded. Endosperm of the seed fleshy or horny; embryo 
 straight, small. 
 
 About 57 genera and 1000 species, of wide distribution. 
 
 Style-branches opposite the anthers, very broad, petal-like. i. Iris. 
 
 Style-branches alternate with the anthers, slender or filiform. 
 
 Style-branches 2-cleft; plants bulbous. 2. Nemastylis. 
 
 Style-branches undivided; plants not bulbous. 
 
 Filaments all distinct; seeds fleshy. 3. Gemmingia. 
 
 Filaments united; seeds dry. 4. Sisyrinchiuin. 
 
 i. IRIS L. Sp. PI. 38. 1753- 
 
 Herbs with creeping or horizontal, often woody and sometimes tuber-bearing rootstocks, 
 erect stems, erect or ascending equitant leaves, and large regular terminal sometimes pan- 
 icled flowers. Perianth of 6 clawed segments united below into a tube, the 3 outer dilated, 
 spreading or reflexed, the 3 inner narrower, smaller, usually erect, or in some species about 
 as large as the outer. Stamens inserted at the base of the outer perianth-segments; anthers 
 linear or oblong. Ovary 3-celled; divisions of the style petal-like, arching over the stamens, 
 bearing the stigmas immediately under their mostly 2-lobed tips; style-base adnate to the 
 perianth-tube. Capsule oblong or oval, 3-6-angled or lobed, mostly coriaceous. Seeds nu- 
 merous, vertically compressed in i or 2 rows in each cell. [Greek, rainbow, referring to the 
 variegated flowers.] 
 
 About 100 species, mostly in the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 8 others 
 occur in the southern and western parts of North America. The names Flozver-de-luce and Fleur- 
 de-lis are applied to the species. 
 
 29 
 
448 
 
 IRIDACEAE. 
 
 Stems tall, usually several-flowered, leafy; outer perianth-segments larger than the inner. 
 Flowers blue, variegated with yellow, white or green (rarely all white). 
 None of the perianth-segments crested; native species. 
 Leaves jj'-i' wide. 
 
 Leaves somewhat glaucous. i. /. versicolor. 
 
 Leaves bright green, not glaucous. 
 
 Outer perianth-segments 3' -A.' long; flowers sessile. 
 Outer neri > inth-spe r ments 2^-3' long; flowers pedicelled. 
 
 2. /. hexagona. 
 
 3. /. Caroliniana. 
 
 Outer peri-mth-segments 
 Leaves much narrower, 2"-$" wide. 
 Capsule obtusely angled, 3-6-lobed 
 
 Capsule 3-lobed; northern. 4. /. Hookeri, 
 
 Capsule 6-lobed; western. 5. /. Missouriensis. 
 
 Capsule sharply 3-angled. 6. /. prismatica. 
 
 Outer perianth-segments strongly crested; introduced. 7. /. Germanica. 
 
 Flowers reddish or red -brown. 8. I.fulva. 
 
 Flowers bright yellow; introduced species. 9. /. Pseudacorus. 
 Stems low, seldom over 6' tall, i-3-flowered; outer and inner perianth-segments nearly equal. 
 Outer perianth-segments crested; leaves lanceolate. 
 
 Perianth-tube very slender, exceeding the bracts. 10. /. cristata. 
 
 Perianth-tube expanded above, not exceeding the bracts. n. /. lacustris. 
 Outer perianth-segments crested, claws slightly pubescent ; leaves linear. 12. I.verna. 
 
 i. Iris versicolor I,. ' Larger Blue Flag. (Fig. 1069.) 
 
 Iris versicolor L. Sp. PI. 39. 1753. 
 Iris Virginica L. Sp. PI. 39. 1753. 
 
 Rootstock horizontal, thick, fleshy, covered 
 with the fibrous roots. Stems terete or nearly so, 
 straight or flexuous, 2-3 tall, often branched 
 above, leafy; leaves erect, shorter than the stem, 
 somewhat glaucous, 6 // -i2 // wide; bracts com- 
 monly longer than the pedicels, the lower one 
 sometimes foliaceous; flowers several, violet-blue, 
 variegated with yellow, green and white; perianth- 
 segments glabrous, crestless, the outer ones spatu- 
 late, 2 / ~3 / long, longer and wider than the inner; 
 perianth-tube dilated upward, shorter than the 
 ovary; capsule oblong, obscurely 3-lobed, about 
 \ l /t, f long and 8 // in diameter; seeds 2 // -3 // broad, 
 in 2 rows in each cell. 
 
 In marshes, thickets, and wet meadows, Newfound- 
 . land to Manitoba, south to Florida and Arkansas. 
 May-July. 
 
 2. Iris hexagona Walt. Southern Blue Flag. (Fig. 1070.) 
 
 Iris hexagona Walt. Fl. Car. 66. 1788. 
 
 Rootstock stout, thick. Stems terete, usually 
 simple, straight or flexuous, leafy, i-3 tall; leaves 
 Y^'-T-Yz' wide, green, not glaucous, the lower often 
 2-3 long; flowers solitary in the upper axils, ses- 
 sile, similar to those of /. versicolor, but larger, the 
 broader outer crestless perianth segments often 4' 
 long and over i' wide, much wider than the erect 
 inner ones; perianth-tube rather longer than the 
 ovary, a little dilated upward; capsule oblong cylin- 
 dric, 6-angled, about 2' long; seeds in 2 rows in 
 each cavity. 
 
 In swamps, South Carolina and Florida to Kentucky, 
 Missouri and Texas. April-May. 
 
IRIS FAMILY. 
 
 449 
 
 3. Iris Caroliniana S. Wats. Carolina 
 Blue Flag. (Fig. 1071.) 
 
 Iris Caroliniana S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 514. 
 1890. 
 
 Rootstock stout, fleshy. Stem rather stout, simple 
 or branched 2-3 tall, equalled or exceeded by the 
 bright green leaves which are 8 // -iX / wide; flowers 
 solitary or 2 or 3 together, lilac, variegated with yel- 
 low, purple and brown, pedicelled; pedicels somewhat 
 shorter than the bracts; outer perianth-segments 
 broadly spatulate, 2%'-$' long, with narrow claws, 
 the inner narrower and nearly erect; perianth-tube 
 about y z ' long above the ovary; capsule oblong, ob- 
 tusely 3-angled, i - ^ / -2 / long; seeds in i row in each 
 cavity, 4" -5" broad. 
 
 In swamps, southern Virginia and eastern North Caro- 
 lina. May-June. 
 
 4. Iris Hookeri Penny. Hooker's Blue 
 Flag. (Fig. 1072.) 
 
 Iris Hookeri Penny; Steud. Nomencl. Ed. 2, Part i, 
 822. 1840. 
 
 Rootstock rather slender. Stems slender, simple 
 or branched, terete, io / -2o / tall. Leaves mostly 
 basal, narrowly linear, bright green, shorter than 
 or equalling the stem, 2 // -4 // wide; flowers solitary 
 or 2 together, pedicelled, the pedicels shorter than 
 the bracts; perianth-segments glabrous, crestless, 
 the inner ones oblanceolate, much shorter and 
 smaller than the outer; capsule short-oblong, i / - 
 \Yz' long, 7 // -io // in diameter, thin-walled, trans- 
 versely veined, obtusely 3-lobed; seeds in 2 rows in 
 each cavity, about i^ // broad. 
 
 On river shores, Newfoundland to Quebec and 
 Maine. Summer. 
 
 5. Iris Missouriensis Nutt. Western 
 Blue Flag. (Fig. 1073.) 
 
 Iris Missouriensis Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 58. 
 1834. 
 
 Rootstock stout. Stem rather slender, usually 
 simple, terete, 6 / -2 tall, i-2-flowered; leaves 
 mostly basal, green, sometimes purplish below, 
 shorter than or about equalling the stem, 2 // -4 // 
 wide; flowers pale blue and variegated, pedicelled; 
 pedicels slender, ^ / -2 / long, usually shorter than 
 the scarious bracts; perianth-segments glabrous, 
 crestless, the outer ones 2 / -2> / long, the inner 
 somewhat shorter, the tube 3 // -4 // long above the 
 ovary; capsule oblong, I'-i^' long, about l /t f in 
 diameter, obtusely 6-angled, faintly veined. 
 
 In wet soil, South Dakota to Montana and Nevada, 
 south to Colorado and Arizona. May-July. 
 
45 IRIDACEAE. 
 
 6. Iris prismatica Pursh. Slender Blue Flag. (Fig. 1074.) 
 
 Iris Virginica Muhl. Cat. 4. 1813. Not I,. 1753. 
 
 Iris prismaiica Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 30. 
 Iris gracilis Bigel. Fl. Bost. 12. 1814. 
 
 1814. 
 
 Rootstock rather slender, tuberous-thickened. 
 Stems slender, often flexuous, i-3 tall, usually 
 simple, bearing 2 or 3 leaves; leaves almost grass- 
 like, \Yz' '' '-zyi' ' f wide, mostly shorter than the 
 stem; flowers solitary or 2 together, blue veined 
 with yellow, slender-pedicelled; pedicels com- 
 monly longer than the bracts; outer perianth-seg- 
 ments i^ / -2 / long, glabrous and crestless, the in- 
 ner smaller and narrower, the tube 2"-$" long 
 above the ovary; capsule narrowly oblong, acute at 
 each end, sharply 3-angled, I'-i^' long, T,"-\" 
 thick; seeds about \" broad, thick, borne in i row 
 in each cavity. 
 
 In wet grounds, New Brunswick to Pennsylvania and 
 North Carolina, mainly near the coast. May-June. 
 
 7. Iris Germanica L,. Fleur-de-lis. 
 
 (Fig. 1075.) 
 
 Iris Germanica L- Sp. PI. 38. 1753. 
 
 Rootstock thick. Stems stout, usually branched 
 and several-flowered, 2-3 tall, bearing several 
 leaves. Leaves glaucous, 8 // -2 / wide, the basal ones 
 mostly shorter than the stem; bracts scarious; flowers 
 nearly sessile in the bracts, large and very showy, 
 deep violet-blue veined with yellow and brown or 
 sometimes white; outer perianth -segments broadly 
 obovate, $ f -\ r long, their claws strongly crested; inner 
 perianth-segments narrower, arching. 
 
 Escaped from gardens to roadsides in Virginia. 
 of Europe. May-June. 
 
 Native 
 
 Iris Duerinckii Buckley, Am. Journ. Sci. 45: 176, de- 
 scribed from specimens collected at St. Louis, Mo., but 
 doubtless cultivated, appears to be /. aphylla L., a native 
 of central Europe. 
 
 8. Iris fulva Ker. Red-brown Flag. 
 (Fig. 1076.) 
 
 Iris fulva Ker, Bot. Mag. pi. 1496. 1812. 
 Iris cuprea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 30. 1814. 
 
 Rootstock stout, fleshy. Stems rather slender, 
 2-3 tall, simple or branched, several-flowered and 
 bearing 2-4 leaves; leaves pale green and some- 
 what glaucous, shorter than or equalling the stem, 
 3 // -8 // wide; pedicels y f -i f long, shorter than the 
 bracts; flowers reddish brown, variegated with 
 blue and green; perianth -segments glabrous, crest- 
 less, the outer ones \Y^'-2' long, the inner smaller, 
 spreading; style-branches 2 // ~3 // wide. 
 
 In swamps, southern Illinois to Georgia and Louisi- 
 ana, west to Missouri, Arkansas and Texas. May-June. 
 
IRIS FAMILY. 
 Yellow Flag. 
 
 g. Iris Pseudacorus L. 
 
 (Fig. 1077.) 
 
 Iris Pseudacorus L. Sp. PI. 38. 1753. 
 
 Rootstock thick. Stems i^-3 high, usually sev- 
 eral-flowered; leaves pale green and glaucous, stiff, 
 4 // -8 // wide, the lower equalling or longer than the 
 stem; flowers bright yellow, short-pedicelled; peri- 
 anth-segments glabrous and crestless, the outer 
 broadly obovate, 2 / -2j^ / long, the inner oblong, 
 nearly erect, scarcely longer than the claws of the 
 outer ones; capsule oblong, 2 / -3 / long. 
 
 In marshes, Massachusetts to New York (Ohio?) and 
 New Jersey. Naturalized or adventive from Europe. 
 May-July. 
 
 10. Iris cristata Ait. Crested Dwarf 
 Iris. (Fig. 1078.) 
 
 Iris cristata Ait. Hort. Kew. i: 70. 1789. 
 
 Rootstock slender, branched, creeping, tuber- 
 ous-thickened. Stems only i / -3 / high, 1-2- 
 flowered; leaves lanceolate, bright green, 4 / ~9 / 
 long, 3 // -9 // wide, much exceeding the stems; 
 scape flattened, flowers blue, pedicelled; peri- 
 anth-segments obovate, i / -i^ / long, the outer 
 crested, little longer than the naked inner ones, 
 the tube very slender, i j^ / -2^ / long above the 
 ovary, longer than the bracts; capsule oval, 
 sharply triangular, narrowed at each end, >"- 
 9" high, 4 // -5 // thick. 
 
 On hillsides and along streams, Maryland to 
 southern Ohio and Indiana, south to Georgia, Ten- 
 nessee and Missouri. April-May. 
 
 
 ii. Iris lacustris Nutt. Dwarf Lake 
 Iris. (Fig. 1079.) 
 
 Iris lacustris Nutt. Gen. i: 23. 1818. 
 
 Similar to the preceding species in size and 
 foliage, or the leaves rather narrower, some- 
 times wavy-margined. Flowers blue; perianth- 
 tube only YT.'-I' long, shorter than the bracts 
 and the sometimes yellowish perianth- segments, 
 somewhat expanded upward; capsule ovoid, 
 about 8 // high, borne on a pedicel of about its 
 own length. 
 
 Shores of L,akes Huron and Superior. Local. 
 Reported from the following localities: Presque 
 Isle, Mackinac City, Bois Blanc Island and Drum- 
 mond's Island, Mich.; Bruce Peninsula and South- 
 ampton, Ont. May. 
 
452 IRIDACEAE. 
 
 12. Iris verna L,. Dwarf Iris. (Fig. 1080. ) 
 
 Iris verna L,. Sp. PI. 39. 1753. 
 
 Rootstock slender. Stems i'-3' high, usually i- 
 flowered. Leaves narrowly linear, $'-8' high, 2 // ~5 // 
 wide; flowers violet-blue or rarely white, pedicelled; 
 perianth -segments crestless, the outer about i^'long, 
 obovate, narrowed into slightly pubescent slender yel- 
 low claws, the inner somewhat smaller, glabrous; 
 capsule obtusely triangular, short. 
 
 On shaded hillsides and in woods, southern Pennsylva- 
 nia to Virginia, Kentucky and Georgia. Rootstock de- 
 scribed as " pungently spicy. " April-May. 
 
 2. NEMASTYLIS Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 157. 1833-37. 
 
 [EusTvus Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5: 235. 1845.] 
 
 Bulbous herbs with erect slender terete usually branched stems and elongated linear 
 folded leaves. Flowers rather large, in our species blue or purple, solitary or several to- 
 gether, fugacious, subtended by 2 herbaceous bracts. Perianth of 6 spreading nearly equal 
 obovate segments, distinct nearly or quite to the summit of the ovary. Filaments more or 
 less united; anthers short; style short, its branches alternate with the anthers, each slen- 
 derly 2-parted; stigmas small, terminal. Capsule oblong, ovoid or obovoid, loculicidally 
 dehiscent at the summit. [Greek, referring to the thread-like style-branches.] 
 
 About 10 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 3 others occur in the 
 southern United States. 
 
 i. Nemastylis acuta (Bart.) Herb. 
 Northern Nemastylis. (Fig. 1081.) 
 
 Ixia acuta Bart. Fl. N. A. 2: 89. pi. 66. 1822. 
 Nemastylis gemmiflora Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
 
 (II.) 5: 1 57. 1833-37. 
 Nemastylis acuta Herb. Bot. Mag. pi. 3779. 1839-40. 
 
 Bulb dark colored, ovoid, scaly, i' or less long. 
 Stem i-2 tall, bearing 3 or 4 leaves, 3 / -io / long, 
 iX A '-2^' " wide; bracts lanceolate, each pair sub- 
 tending i or 2 flowers; flowers light blue or pur- 
 ple, i / -2 / broad, slender-pedicelled; pedicels rather 
 shorter than the bracts; perianth-segments oblong- 
 obovate, obtuse; style-branches exserted between 
 the free parts of the filaments, their filiform divi- 
 sions 2 // -3 // long; capsule obovoid, 5 // -6 // high, 
 3 // _4 // j n diameter. 
 
 On prairies, Tennessee to Kansas and Arkansas, 
 south to Louisiana and Texas. April-June. 
 
 3. GEMMINGIA Fabr. Enum. PI. Hort. Helm. 1759. 
 
 [BEI,AMCANDA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 60. 1763.] 
 [PARDANTHUS Ker, in Koenig & Sims, Ann. Bot. i: 246. 1805.] 
 
 An erect perennial herb, with short stout rootstocks and Tim-like leaves. Flowers in 
 terminal bracted clusters, rather large, orange and purple-mottled. Perianth of 6 oblong 
 spreading nearly equal withering-persistent segments, distinct very nearly to the summit of 
 the ovary. Stamens inserted on the bases of the segments; filaments distinct; anthers linear- 
 oblong. Style very slender, enlarged above, the 3 slender undivided branches alternate with 
 the anthers. Capsule fig-shaped, obovoid, thin-walled, loculicidally 3-valved, the valves re- 
 curving, finally falling away, exposing the mass of black fleshy seeds, which are borne on a 
 central axis. 
 
 A monotypic genus of eastern Asia. 
 
IRIS FAMILY. 
 
 453 
 
 i. Gemmingia Chinensis (L.) Kuntze. Blackberry L41y. (Fig. 1082.) 
 
 Ixia Chinensis L. Sp. PI. 36. 1753. 
 
 Belamcanda Chinensis DC. in Red. Lil. 3: PL 121. 
 1807. 
 
 Pardanthus Chinensis Ker, in Koenig & Sims, 
 Ann. Bot. i: 246. 1805. 
 
 Stem rather stout, i^-4 tall, leafy. Leaves 
 pale green, nearly erect, equitant, folded, 8'- 
 io / long, 8 // -i2 // wide, the two sides united 
 above the middle; bracts lanceolate, much 
 shorter than the leaves, the upper ones sea 
 rious; flowers several or numerous, i^ / -2 / 
 broad; perianth-segments obtuse at the apex, 
 narrowed at the base, persistent and coiled to- 
 gether on the ovary after flowering, mottled 
 with crimson and purple on the upper side; 
 capsule about i x high and rather more than y^ 
 in diameter, truncate or rounded at the sum- 
 mit; mass of globose seeds erect, resembling 
 a blackberry, whence the common name. 
 
 On hills and along roadsides, southern New 
 York to Georgia, Indiana and Missouri. Natural- 
 ized from Asia. June-July. Fruit ripe July-Sept. 
 
 4. SISYRINCHIUM L,. Sp. PI. 954. 1753. 
 
 Perennial tufted slender herbs, with short rootstocks, simple or branched 2-edged or 2- 
 winged stems, linear grass-like leaves, and rather small mostly blue terminal flowers um- 
 bellate from a pair of erect green bracts. Perianth-tube short or none, the 6 spreading seg- 
 ments oblong or obovate, equal, mostly aristulate. Filaments united to above the middle 
 in our species. Ovary 3-celled, each cavity several ovuled. Style-branches filiform, un- 
 divided, alternate with the anthers. Capsule globose, oval or obovoid, loculicidally 3- 
 valved. Seeds subglobose or ovoid, smooth or pitted, dry. 
 
 About 70 species, all American. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in the Western 
 States. Those here described have all been referred to 5. Bermudiana L-, by American authors. 
 
 ^he two bracts equal or nearly so; stems usually branched above. 
 
 Leaves i"-3" wide; capsule subglobose, 2"-$'' in diameter when mature, i. 5". graminoides. 
 
 Leaves %"-i l A" wide; capsule oval, i"-2" in diameter when mature. 2. S. Atlanticum. 
 
 The lower of the bracts longer than the upper; stems mostly simple. 3. 5". angusti folium . 
 
 i. Sisyrinchium graminoides Bicknell. Stout Blue-eyed Grass. (Fig. 1083.) 
 
 Sisyrinchium anceps S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 
 
 6, 515. 1890. Not Cay. 
 .Sisyrinchium graminoides Bicknell, Bull. Torr. 
 
 Club, 23: 133. 1896. 
 
 Rather light green, somewhat glaucous; stem 
 troadly 2-winged, stout, erect, or reclining, 8'- 
 18' tall, usually terminating in two unequal 
 branches subtended by a conspicuous grassy leaf. 
 Basal leaves equalling or shorter than the stem, 
 !//_// w i(j e j often lax and grass-like; edges of 
 stems and leaves usually perceptibly rough-ser- 
 rulate; bracts i / long or less, green, nearly or 
 quite equal but the outer one occasionally pro- 
 longed; umbels 2-4-flowered; pedicels filiform, 
 8 // -i2 // long, exceeding the bracts, finally often 
 spreading or recurved; flowers 6 // -9 // broad; 
 petals sparsely pubescent on outer surface; cap- 
 sule subglobose, 2^ // ~3 // in diameter when 
 mature; seeds black, nearly globular, about ^ /x - 
 YT," in diameter, pitted. 
 
 In grassy places, in moist or dryish soil, sometimes 
 in woods, Massachusetts to Florida and Louisiana. 
 Plant dark in drying. April-June. 
 
Eastern Blue-eyed Grass, 
 
 454 IRIDACEAE. 
 
 2. Sisyrinchium Atlanticum Bicknell. 
 
 (Fig. 1084.) 
 
 Sisyrinchium Atlanticum Bicknell, Bull. Torr. 
 Club, 23: 134. 1896. 
 
 Similar to the preceding, but paler, glaucous 
 green, often more tufted, the stem more slender 
 and weaker, rather narrowly 2-winged, very 
 smooth-edged, sometimes 2 long and reclin- 
 ing, terminating in two or three mostly sub- 
 equal branches, often also with one or two lat- 
 eral ones; branches slender and wiry, often 
 recurved and forming a distinct angle with 
 the floral bracts. Leaves narrower, rarely over 
 i // wide, the basal ones usually much shorter 
 than the stem; bracts nearly or quite equal, 
 narrow, mostly somewhat scarious, often pur- 
 plish; flowers slightly smaller; outer surface of 
 perianth and young capsule minutely downy; 
 capsules 2-7, usually 5, on generally erect pedi- 
 cels, 7 // -io // long; oval, i // -2 // long and %"- 
 i% f/ in diameter; seeds oval, subglobose, X //- 
 Yz" in diameter, dark, faintly pitted or nearly 
 smooth. 
 
 In moist fields, meadows and brackish marshes, often in sandy soil, Newfoundland to Florida, 
 mainly near the coast. May-June. 
 
 3. Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. 
 Pointed Blue-eyed Grass. (Fig. 1085.) 
 
 S. angustifolium Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 7. 1759. 
 Sisyrinchium anceps Cav. 6: 345. pi. 190. f. 2. 1788. 
 5. mucronatum Michx. PI. Bor. Am. 2: 33. 1803. 
 
 Pale glaucous green, stems 2-edged, scarcely 2- 
 winged, slender, rigid, erect, s'-iAf tall, simple, or 
 very rarely forking into 2 branches above. Leaves 
 commonly all basal, rigid and often almost setaceous, 
 the edges rough or smooth, X // ~ I X // wide, shorter 
 than the stem; bracts very unequal, sometimes pur- 
 plish, the lower one usually about twice as long as 
 the upper; flowers 6 // -8 // broad; pedicels erect, about 
 8 // long, shorter than the lower bract; capsule sub- 
 globose, 2 // -3 // in diameter; seeds large, %"-}' r 
 long, somewhat obovoid, faintly pitted or nearly 
 smooth, brown. 
 
 In fields and meadows, Newfoundland to British Co- 
 lumbia, Virginia, Kansas and Colorado. May-Aug. 
 
 Family 26. MARANTACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. 1830. 
 ARROWROOT FAMILY. 
 
 Tall herbs, perennial by rootstocks or tubers, or sometimes annual, with 
 scapose or leafy stems, mostly large entire long-petioled sheathing leaves, often 
 swollen at the base of the blade, the veins pinnate, parallel. Flowers perfect or 
 sometimes polygamous, irregular, in panicles, racemes or spikes. Perianth su- 
 perior, its segments distinct to the summit of the ovary or united into a tube, 
 normally in 2 series of 3, the outer (sepals) usually different from the inner 
 (petals). Perfect stamen i; anthers 1-2 -celled. Staminodia mostly 5, often 
 petal-like, separate or united by their bases, very irregular. Ovary i-3-celled, 
 inferior; ovule i in each cavity, anatropous; style slender, curved, terminal; 
 stigma simple. Fruit capsular or berry-like, i-3-celled. Seed solitary in each 
 cavity. Embryo central, in copious endosperm. 
 
 About 12 genera and 160 species, mostly in the tropics, a few in warm-temperate regions. 
 
ARROWROOT FAMILY, 
 i. THALIA L. Sp. PL 1193. 1753. 
 
 455 
 
 Annual (or perennial?) herbs, with large long-petioled basal leaves, erect simple scapes 
 and terminal panicled spikes of bracted usually purple flowers. Sepals 3, membranous, sepa- 
 rate, equal. Petals 3, separate or somewhat coherent at the base. Staminodia slightly united 
 below, one of them (labellum) broad, crested. Anther i-celled. Ovary i-celled or with 2 
 additional small empty cavities. Base of the style adnate to the base of the stamen-tube. 
 Stigma 2-lipped, dorsally appendaged. Capsule globose or ovoid. Seed solitary, erect. 
 Embryo strongly curved. [In honor of Johann Thalius, German naturalist of the sixteenth 
 century.] 
 
 About 7 species, all American. Besides the following, another occurs in the Southern States. 
 
 i. Thalia dealbata Roscoe. Powdery 
 Thalia. (Fig. 1086.) 
 
 Thalia dealbata Roscoe, Trans. t,inn. Soc. 8: 340. 
 1807. 
 
 Plant finely white-powdery nearly all over. 
 Scapes rather stout, terete, 3-6 tall; petioles i- 
 2^ long, terete; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute or 
 acuminate at the apex, rounded, narrowed or sub- 
 cordate at the base, }4-i long, 3 / -5 / wide; pan- 
 icle 8 / -i8 / long, its spikes numerous, usually erect 
 or ascending; bracts of the panicle narrow, decid- 
 uous, not longer than the spikes; bractlets ovate, 
 unequal, coriaceous, about l / z f long; flowers pur- 
 ple, longer than the bractlets; capsule ovoid, 
 about 4 X/ in diameter. 
 
 In ponds and swamps, South Carolina to Louisiana, 
 Missouri and Texas. 
 
 Family 27. BURMANNIACEAE Blume, Enum. PI. Jav. i: 27. 1830.* 
 
 BURMANNIA FAMILY. 
 
 Low annual herbs, with filiform stems and fibrous roots. Leaves basal or 
 reduced to cauline scales or bracts. Flowers regular, perfect, the perianth with 
 6 small thick lobes, its tube adnate to the ovary. Stamens 3 or 6, included, in- 
 serted on the tube of the perianth; anthers 2 -celled, the sacs transversely dehis- 
 cent. Style slender; stigmas 3, dilated; ovary inferior, with 3 central or parietal 
 placentae. Ovules numerous. Capsule many-seeded. Seeds minute, oblong; 
 endosperm none. 
 
 Ten genera and about 60 species, widely distributed in tropical regions. The family is repre- 
 sented in North America by the following genus and Apteria of the Gulf States. 
 
 i. BURMANNIA L. Sp. PI. 287. 1753. 
 
 Erect herbs, with simple stems and small alternate scale-like or bract-like leaves. Tube 
 of the perianth strongly 3-angled or 3-winged, the 3 outer lobes longer than the inner. Sta- 
 mens 3, opposite the inner perianth-lobes. Filaments very short; connective of the anthers 
 prolonged beyond the sacs into a 2-cleft crest. Ovary 3-celled, with 3 thick 2-lobed central 
 placentae; stigmas globose or 2-lobed. Capsule crowned by the persistent perianth, open- 
 ing by irregular lateral ruptures. [In honor of Johann Burmann, Dutch botanist of the 
 eighteenth century.] 
 
 About 20 species, natives of warm regions, 
 eastern States. 
 
 Besides the following another occurs in the south- 
 
 * Text contributed by the late Rev. THOMAS MORONG. 
 
BURMANNIACEAE. 
 
 i. Burmannia biflora I,. Northern 
 Burmannia. (Fig. 1087.) 
 
 Burmannia biflora L. Sp. PI. 287. 1753. 
 Tripterella coerulea Nutt. Gen. i: 22. 1818. 
 
 Stems very slender, 2 / -6 / high, from a few 
 fibrous roots, simple or forked above. Flowers 
 i or several, often 2, terminal. Angles of the 
 perianth-tube conspicuously winged, the outer 
 lobes ovate, acute, the inner linear and in- 
 curved; seeds very numerous, oblong-linear, 
 sparingly striate, escaping through irregular 
 fissures in the sides of the capsule. 
 
 In swamps and bogs, Virginia to Florida and 
 Louisiana. Sept.-Nov. 
 
 Family 28. 
 
 i8 3 6. : 
 
 ORCHIDACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 336. 
 
 ORCHID FAMILY. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with corms, bulbs or tuberous roots, sheathing entire leaves, 
 sometimes reduced to scales, the flowers perfect, irregular, bracted, solitary, 
 spiked or racemed. Perianth superior, of 6 segments, the 3 outer (sepals) sim- 
 ilar or nearly so, 2 of the inner ones (petals) lateral, alike; the third inner one 
 (lip) dissimilar, often markedly so, usually larger, often spurred, sometimes in- 
 ferior by torsion of the ovary or pedicel. Stamens variously united with the 
 style into an unsymmetrical column; anther i or in Cypripedium 2, 2-celled; pol- 
 len in 2-8 pear-shaped usually stalked masses (pollinia) , united by elastic threads, 
 the masses waxy or powdery, attached at the base to a viscid disk (gland). 
 Style often terminating in a beak (rostellum) at the base of the anther or be- 
 tween its sacs. Stigma a viscid surface, facing the lip beneath the rostellum, 
 or in a cavity between the anther-sacs (clinandrium). Ovary inferior, usually 
 long and twisted, 3-angled, i-celled; ovules numerous, anatropous, on 3 parie- 
 tal placentae. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds very numerous, minute, mostly spindle 
 shaped, the loose coat hyaline, reticulated; endosperm none; embryo fleshy. 
 
 About 410 genera and 5000 species, of wide distribution, most abundant in the tropics, many of 
 those of warm regions epiphytes. 
 
 Anthers 2; lip a large inflated sac. i. Cypripedinm. 
 
 Anthers solitary. 
 
 Anther-sacs divergent; pollinia with acaudicle which is attached at base to a viscid disk or gland. 
 Glands enclosed in a pouch. 2. Orchis. 
 
 Glands not enclosed in a pouch. 3. Habenaria. 
 
 Anther-sacs parallel; pollinia not produced into a caudicle (except apparently in no. 14). 
 Pollinia granulose or powdery. 
 
 Flowers solitary or few; anther incumbent on a column 4" long or less. 
 Lip crested with straight, somewhat fleshy hairs. 
 
 Column clavate; lip free. 4. Pogonia. 
 
 Column linear, dilated above, the lip adherent to its base. 5. Arethiisa. 
 Lip bearded with long club-shaped hairs. 15. Limodornni. 
 
 Flowers numerous, in spikes or racemes; anther erect, jointed to a column not over 2" 
 
 long. 
 
 Anther operculate; leaves broad, alternate. 
 Anther not operculate. 
 
 Leaves green, borne on the stem. 
 
 I/eaves alternate ; spike mostly twisted. 
 Leaves 2, opposite; spike not twisted. 
 Leaves white-reticulated, basal. 
 Pollinia smooth and waxy. 
 
 Plants with corms or solid bulbs; leaves basal or cauline. 
 Leaves unfolding before or with the flowers. 
 
 Leaf cauline; lip ovate, or auricled at the base. 
 Leaf or leaves basal. 
 
 Leaves 2; lip flat; flowers racemed. 
 Leaf i ; lip saccate ; flower solitary. 
 
 6. Epipactis. 
 
 7. Gyrost achys. 
 
 8. Listera. 
 
 9. Periamium. 
 
 10. Achroanthes. 
 
 11. Leptorchis. 
 
 12. Calypso. 
 
 *Text contributed by the late Rev. THOMAS MORONG. 
 
ORCHID FAMILY. 
 
 457 
 
 1. C. arie/inii)ii. 
 
 2. C. acaule. 
 
 3. C. reginae. 
 
 4. C. caudidum. 
 
 5. C. hirsutum. 
 
 6. C. parviflorum. 
 
 Leaf i, basal, unfolding after the flowering- time. 
 
 Flowers long-spurred; lip 3-lobed. 14. Tipularia. 
 
 Flowers not spurred; lip 3-ridged. 17. Aplectrum. 
 Plants with coralloid roots, bulbless, the leaves reduced to scales. 
 
 Pollinia 4, in 2 pairs; flowers gibbous or spurred. 13. Corallorhiza, 
 
 Pollinia 8, united; flowers not gibbous nor spurred. 16. Hexalectris. 
 
 i. CYPRIPEDIUM L. Sp. PI. 951. 1753. 
 
 Glandular-pubescent herbs, with leafy stems or scapes and tufted roots of thick fibres. 
 Leaves large, broad, many-nerved. Flowers solitary or several, drooping, large, showy. 
 Sepals spreading, separate, or 2 of them united under the lip. Lip a large inflated sac. 
 Column declined, bearing a sessile or stalked anther on each side and a dilated petaloid 
 sterile stamen above, which covers the summit of the style. Pollinia granular, without a 
 caudicle or glands. Stigma terminal, broad, obscurely 3-lobed. [Name Greek, Venus' sock 
 or buskin.] 
 
 About 40 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following, some 4 
 others occur in western North America. 
 Sepals separate ; stem leafy, i -flowered. 
 Lateral sepals more or less united. 
 Plant 2-leaved ; scape i-flowered. 
 Stem leafy to the top, i-several-flowered. 
 Sepals and petals not longer than the lip. 
 Sepals and petals longer than the lip. 
 Sterile stamen lanceolate; lip white. 
 Sterile stamen triangular; lip yellow. 
 Lip iK'-2' long, pale yellow. 
 Lip 7" -i 5" long, bright yellow. 
 
 1. Cypripedium arietinum R. Br. 
 
 Ram's-head Ladies' Slipper. 
 (Fig. 1088.) 
 
 Cypripedium arietinum R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. lid. 
 
 2, 5: 222. 1813. 
 
 Stem 8 / -i2 / high, i-flowered. Leaves 3 or 4, el- 
 liptic or lanceolate, 2 / -4 / long, ^'-3' wide; sepals 
 separate, lanceolate, 8 // -io // long, longer than the 
 lip; petals linear, greenish brown, about as long as 
 the sepals; lip 7 // -8 // long, red and white, veiny, 
 prolonged at the apex into a long blunt spur, some- 
 what distorted at the upper end which resembles a 
 ram's head, whence the specific name. 
 
 In cold and damp woods, Quebec to Ontario, New 
 York and Minnesota. May-Aug. 
 
 2. Cypripedium acaule Ait. Moccasin 
 
 Flower. Noah's Ark. Stemless 
 
 Ladies' Slipper. (Fig. 1089.) 
 
 Cypripedium acaule Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 303. 1789. 
 
 Scape 6 / -i2 / high, i-flowered. Leaves 2, 
 basal, elliptic, 6 / -8 / long, 2'-$' wide, thick; oc- 
 casionally a smaller leaf is borne on the scape; 
 sepals greenish purple, spreading, i^ / -2 / long, 
 lanceolate, the 2 lateral ones united; petals nar- 
 rower and somewhat longer than the sepals; 
 lip often over 2' long, somewhat obovoid, folded 
 inwardly above, pink with darker veins or 
 sometimes white, the upper part of its interior 
 surface crested with long white hairs; sterile 
 stamen triangular, acuminate, keeled inside. 
 
 In sandy or rocky woods, Newfoundland to On- 
 tario, south to North Carolina, Kentucky and Min- 
 nesota. Ascends to 4500 ft. in Virginia. The hairs 
 on the lower part of the bract and on the base of the 
 ovary are often tipped with scarlet glands. Flower 
 fragrant. May-June. 
 
ORCHIDACEAE. 
 
 3. Cypripedium reginae Walt. Showy 
 Ladies' Slipper. (Fig. 1090.) 
 
 Cypripedium reginae Walt. Fl. Car. 222. 1788. 
 Cypripedium album Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 303. 1789. 
 
 Cypripedium. spectabile Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. i: 
 78. 1791. 
 
 Stem stout, i-2 high, leafy to the top. 
 Leaves elliptic, acute, 3 / -7 / long, i'-4' wide, 
 flowers 1-3; sepals round-ovate, white, not 
 longer than the lip, the lateral ones united for 
 their whole length; petals somewhat narrower 
 than the sepals, white; lip much inflated, over 
 i' long, variegated with purple and white stripes; 
 stamen cordate-ovate. 
 
 In swamps and woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario 
 and Minnesota, south to Georgia. June-Sept. 
 
 4. Cypripedium candidum Willd. Small 
 White Ladies' Slipper. (Fig. 1091.) 
 
 Cypripedium candidum Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 142. 1805. 
 
 Stem 6 / -i2 / high, leafy. Leaves 3 or 4, elliptic 
 or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, $'-$' long, 8 // - 
 i6 // wide, with several obtuse sheathing scales be- 
 low them; bracts i'-z f long, lanceolate; flower soli- 
 tary; sepals lanceolate, longer than the lip, green- 
 ish, purple spotted; petals somewhat longer and 
 narrower than the sepals, wavy -twisted, greenish; 
 lip white, striped with purple inside, about io // 
 long; sterile stamen lanceolate. 
 
 In bogs and meadows, New York and New Jersey to 
 Minnesota and Missouri. May-July. 
 
 5. Cypripedium hirsutum Mill. 
 
 Large Yellow Ladies' Slipper. 
 
 (Fig. 1092.) 
 
 Cypripedium hirsutum Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, 
 
 no. 3. 1768. 
 Cypripedium pubescens Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 143. 
 
 1805. 
 
 Stems leafy, i-2 high. Leaves oval or 
 elliptic, s'-s' long, iX / ~3 / wide, acute or 
 acuminate; sepals ovate-lanceolate, usually 
 longer than the lip, yellowish or greenish, 
 striped with purple; petals narrower, usually 
 twisted; lip much inflated, i'-2' long, pale 
 yellow with purple lines; its interior with a 
 tuft of white jointed hairs at the top; sterile 
 stamen triangular; stigma thick, somewhat 
 triangular, incurved. 
 
 In woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Ontario 
 and Minnesota, south to Alabama and Nebraska. 
 Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. Petals often 
 elongated. May-July. 
 
ORCHID FAMILY. 
 
 459 
 
 6. Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. 
 
 Small Yellow Ladies' Slipper. 
 
 (Fig. 1093.) 
 
 Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. Trans. L,inn. 
 Soc. i: 77. 1791. 
 
 Stems i-2 high, slender, leafy. Leaves 
 oval, elliptic or lanceolate, 2 / -6 / long, \'-2% f 
 wide; sepals and petals longer than the lip; 
 petals usually twisted; lip 7 // -i5 // long, 
 bright yellow, more or less marked with pur- 
 ple stripes, spots or blotches; sterile stamen 
 triangular, yellow and purple spotted like 
 the lip. 
 
 In woods and thickets, Newfoundland to 
 British Columbia and Washington, south along 
 the mountains to Georgia, and to Missouri. As- 
 cends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. Similar to the 
 preceding species, with which it appears to in- 
 tergrade, or of which it may be but a form, but 
 usually distinguished by the smaller size and 
 brighter yellow color of the lip. Sepals and 
 petals sometimes purple. May-July. 
 
 2. ORCHIS L, Sp. PI. 939. 1753. 
 
 Roots of numerous fleshy fibres, stems in our species scape-like, i-2-leaved at the base. 
 Flowers in short terminal spikes. Sepals separate, subequal, spreading or connivent. Petals 
 similar to the sepals. Lip connate with the base of the column, produced below into a 
 spur. Column short, scarcely extending beyond the base of the lip. Anther 2-celled, the 
 sacs contiguous and slightly divergent; pollinia granulose, i large mass in each sac, pro- 
 duced into a slender caudicle, the end of which is attached to a small gland. Stigma a hol- 
 lowed surface between the anther-sacs, the rostellum a knob-like projection under the an- 
 ther. Glands enclosed in a pouch. Capsule oblong, erect, without a beak. [Name 
 ancient.] 
 
 About 8p species, natives of the north temperate zone. 
 North America. 
 
 Plant 2-leaved at the base. 
 Plant i -leaved at the base. 
 
 Only the following are known in 
 
 1. O. spectabilis. 
 
 2. O. rotundifolia. 
 
 i. Orchis spectabilis L,. Showy Orchis. (Fig. 1094.) 
 
 Orchis spectabilis L. Sp. PI. 943. 1753. 
 
 Stems 4 / -i2 / high, thick, fleshy, 5-angled. 
 Leaves 2, near the base of the stem, with i or 2 
 scales below them, obovate, sometimes 8 / long and 
 4/ wide, but usually smaller, clammy to the touch; 
 spike 3-6-flowered; flowers about i' long, violet- 
 purple mixed with lighter purple and white; bracts 
 foliaceous, sheathing the ovaries; sepals united in 
 an arching galea; petals connivent under the sepals, 
 more or less attached to them; lip whitish, diver- 
 gent, entire, about as long as the petals; spur ob- 
 tuse, about 8" long; column violet on the back; 
 capsule about i/ long, strongly angled. 
 
 In rich woods, New Brunswick to Ontario and Min- 
 nesota, south to Georgia, Kentucky and Nebraska. 
 Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. April-June. 
 
460 ORCHIDACEAE. 
 
 2. Orchis rotundifolia Pursh. Small Round-leaved Orchis. (Fig. 1095.) 
 
 Orchis spectabilis Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 588 1814. 
 
 Platanthera rotundifolia L,indl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 292. 
 1835- 
 
 Stein slender, S'-ic/ high, i-leaved near the base. 
 Leaf varying from nearly orbicular to oval, iX'~3 / 
 long, i / -2 / wide, with I or 2 sheathing scales below it; 
 spike 2-6-flowered ; flowers 6 // -8 // long, subtended by 
 small bracts; lateral sepals spreading, sometimes 
 longer than the petals; sepals and petals oval, rose- 
 color; lip white, purple spotted, longer than the 
 petals, 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger, dilated, 2-lobed 
 or notched at the apex; spur slender, shorter than the 
 lip. 
 
 In damp woods, Greenland to the Rocky Mountains, 
 Maine, New York and Minnesota. June-July. 
 
 3. HABENARIA Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 44. 1805. 
 
 Herbs, with thick fibrous or tuberous roots, our species with leafy stems. Flowers 
 greenish, white, purple or yellow, mostly in spikes or racemes. Sepals equal or nearly so, 
 separate, or coherent at the base, the lateral ones usually spreading. Petals mostly smaller 
 than the sepals; lip spreading, or drooping, with a spur at its base, entire, or 3~5-cleft, or 
 lacerate. Column very short. Anther-sacs elevated, more or less divergent. Pollinia 
 coarsely granular; caudicles short; glands naked. [Latin; a rein or strap.] 
 
 About 400 species, widely distributed. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the 
 southern and western parts of North America. 
 
 Leaves only 2, basal. 
 Scape bracted. 
 Scape naked. 
 Leaf solitary. 
 
 Leaves several or numerous. 
 Lip not 3-parted. 
 Lip entire. 
 
 Ovary not twisted. 
 
 Ovary more or less twisted. 
 
 Lip lanceolate; flowers greenish yellow. 
 Lip rhombic, dilated at the base; flowers white. 
 Lip crenulate or erose-dentate; flowers orange-yellow. 
 Lip 2-3-toothed. 
 
 Lip toothed at the apex. 
 
 Spur sac-like, shorter than the ovary. 
 Spur slender, longer than the ovary. 
 Lip with an obtuse tooth on each side at the base, and a central 
 
 Lip pectinately fringed. 
 
 Spur half as long as the ovary; flowers yellow. 
 Spur longer than the ovary. 
 Flowers bright yellow. 
 Flowers white. 
 Lip 3-parted. 
 
 Segments of the lip deeply fringed. 
 
 Segments narrow; fringe of a few threads. 
 Segments broadly fan-shaped ; fringe copious. 
 
 Segments fringed to the middle; flowers white. 
 Segments fringed to about one-third or less; flowers lilac. 
 Raceme 2' -2^' thick; lip Vz -\' broad. 
 Raceme i'-iM' thick; lip 4" -6" broad. 
 Segments of the lip cut-toothed; flowers violet-purple. 
 
 1. H. orbiculata. 
 
 2. H, Hookeriana. 
 
 3. H. obtusata. 
 
 4. H. nivea. 
 
 5. H. hyperborea. 
 
 6. H. dilatata. 
 
 7. H. integra. 
 
 8. H. bracteafa. 
 
 9. H. clavellata. 
 tubercle. 
 
 10. H.flava. 
 
 11. H. cristata. 
 
 12. H. ciliaris. 
 
 13. H. blephariglottis. 
 
 14. H. lacera. 
 
 15. H. leucophaea. 
 
 16. H. grandiflora. 
 
 17. H- psy codes. 
 
 18. H. peramoena. 
 
ORCHID FAMILY. 
 
 461 
 
 Large Round-leaved Orchis. 
 
 1. Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torr. 
 
 (Fig. 1096.) 
 
 Orchis orbiculata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 588. 1814. 
 Habenaria orbiculata Torr. Comp. 318. 1826. 
 
 Scape stout, bracted, i-2 high, occasionally 
 bearing a small leaf. Basal leaves 2, orbicular, 
 spreading flat on the ground, shining above, sil- 
 very beneath, 4 / -y / in diameter; raceme loosely 
 many- flowered; pedicels nearly ^' long, the fruit- 
 ing ones erect; flowers greenish white; upper sepal 
 short, rounded; lateral sepals spreading, falcate- 
 ovate, obtuse 4 // -5 // long; petals smaller; lip ob- 
 long-linear, entire, obtuse, white, about 6" long; 
 spur much longer than the ovary, often i^' long; 
 anther-sacs prominent, converging above; glands 
 small, orbicular, nearly X x apart, their faces turned 
 toward the axis. 
 
 In rich woods, Newfoundland to British Columbia, 
 south to North Carolina and Minnesota. Ascends to 
 4500 ft. in Virginia. July-Aug. 
 
 2. Habenaria Hookeriana A. Gray. Hooker's Orchis. (Fig. 1097.) 
 
 Habenaria Hookeriana A. Gray, Ann. L,yc. .N. Y. 3: 
 
 229. 1836. 
 Habenaria orbiculata Goldie, Kdinb. Phil. Journ. 6: 
 
 331. 1822. Not Orchis orbiculata Pursh, 1814. 
 Habenaria Hookeri var. oblongifolia Paine, Cat. PI. 
 
 Oneida. 83. 1865. 
 
 Scape 8 / -i5 / high, not bracted. Leaves 2, basal, 
 fleshy, shining, spreading or ascending, oval, or- 
 bicular or obovate, z'-SY*' l n g; raceme rather 
 loosely many-flowered, 4 / -8 / long; bracts acute, 
 about as long as the yellowish green flowers; lat- 
 eral sepals greenish, lanceolate, acute, spreading, 
 about 4 // long; petals narrowly linear or awl- 
 shaped; lip linear-lanceolate, acute, 4 // -5 // long; 
 anther-sacs widely diverging below; glands small, 
 their faces turned inward; spur slender, acute, 8 /A 
 long or more, as long as the ovary or considerably 
 longer. 
 
 In woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to New 
 Jersey, Pennsylvania and Iowa. June-Sept. 
 
 3. Habenaria obtusata (Pursh) Richards. 
 Small Northern Bog Orchis. (Fig. 1098. ) 
 
 Orchis obtusata Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 588. 1814. 
 Habenaria obtusata Richards, App. Frank. Journ. 750. 
 1823. 
 
 Scape slender, naked, 4 / -io / high, 4-angled. 
 Leaf solitary, basal, obovate, 2'-*,' long, 5 // -i2 // 
 wide; spike I'-a^' long, loose flowers greenish 
 yellow, about 3 X/ long; upper sepal erect, round- 
 ovate, green with whitish margins; lateral sepals 
 spreading, oblong, obtuse; petals shorter, dilated 
 or obtusely 2-lobed at the base, connate with the 
 base of the column ; lip entire, lanceolate, obtuse, 
 deflexed, about 3" long; spur about as long as the 
 lip, slender, nearly straight, blunt; anther-sacs 
 widely divergent below, glands small, rather thick. 
 
 In bogs, New Brunswick to British Columbia, south 
 to Maine, New York and Colorado. July-Sept. 
 
ORCHIDACEAE. 
 
 4. Habenaria nivea (Nutt.) Spreng. 
 
 Southern Small White Orchis. 
 
 (Fig. 1099.) 
 
 Orchis nivea Nutt. Gen. 2: 188. 1818. 
 Habenaria nivea Spreng. Syst. 3: 689. 1826. 
 
 Stem slender, angled, la'-is' high. Leaves 
 linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 4 / -8 / long, the upper 
 much shorter and passing into the bracts of the 
 spike; spike 2 x -4/ long, loosely many-flowered; 
 flowers small, white; lateral sepals broadly oblong, 
 dilated or slightly eared at the base, spreading, 
 about 3 X/ long; petals and upper sepal smaller; 
 spur capillary, as long as the ovary or longer; 
 stigma appendaged by 2 small horns affixed to the 
 back of the anther; ovary straight. 
 
 In pine barren bogs, Delaware to Florida and Ala- 
 bama. Aug. 
 
 5. Habenaria hyperborea (I,.) R. Br. 
 Tall Leafy Green Orchis. (Fig. noo.) 
 
 Orchis hyperborea L- Mant. 121. 1767. 
 
 Habenaria hyperborea R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 
 2, 5: 193. 1813. 
 
 Stem rather stout, 8'-3 high. Leaves lanceo- 
 late, mostly acute, 2 / -i2 / long, 6 // -i8 // wide; spike 
 narrow, 3'-8' long; flowers small, greenish or 
 greenish yellow; sepals and petals ovate, obtuse, 
 2 // -3 // long; upper sepal slightly crenulate at the 
 apex; lip lanceolate, entire, obtuse, about 3" long; 
 spur about equalling the lip, shorter than the 
 ovary, blunt, slightly incurved, sometimes clavate; 
 anther-sacs parallel, diverging at the base; glands 
 small ; ovary more or less twisted. 
 
 In bogs and wet woods, Nova Scotia to Alaska, south 
 to New Jersey, Colorado and Oregon. Ascends to 4000 
 ft. in Vermont. May-Aug. 
 
 6. Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Hook. 
 Tall White Bog Orchis. (Fig. 1 1 01 . ) 
 
 Orchis dilalata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 588. 1814. 
 Habenaria dilatata Hook. F,xot. Fl. 2: pi. 93. 1825. 
 
 Stem slender, leafy, i-2 high. Leaves lanceo- 
 late, 3 / -i2 / long, 3 // -io // wide, obtuse or acute; 
 spike 2 / -io / long; bracts acute, the lower longer 
 than the ovary, the upper shorter; flowers small, 
 white; sepals ovate, obtuse, nearly 3" long; lip en- 
 tire, dilated or obtusely 3-lobed at the base, obtuse 
 at the apex, about as long as the blunt incurved 
 spur; anther-sacs nearly parallel; glands close to- 
 gether, strap-shaped, nearly as long as the pollinia 
 and caudicle; stigma with a trowel -shaped beak be- 
 tween the bases of the anther-sacs; ovary more or 
 less twisted. 
 
 In bogs and wet woods, Nova Scotia to Alaska, south 
 to Maine, New York, Utah and Oregon. Ascends to 
 5000 ft. in New Hampshire. June-Sept. 
 
ORCHID FAMILY. 
 
 7. Habenaria Integra (Nutt.) Spreng. 
 
 Small Southern Yellow Orchis. 
 (Fig. 1 102.) 
 
 Orchis Integra Nutt. Gen. 2: 188. 1818. 
 Habenaria integra Spreng. Syst. 3: 689. 1826. 
 
 Stem i-2 high, angled, with 1-3 linear- 
 lanceolate leaves below, and numerous bract-like 
 ones above. Lower leaves 2 / -8 / long, acute; 
 spike i '-3' long, densely flowered; flowers 
 orange-yellow; upper sepals and petals conni- 
 vent; lateral sepals longer, oval or obovate, 
 spreading; lip oblong, mostly crenulate or erose, 
 sometimes entire ; spur straight, longer than the 
 lip, shorter than the ovary; stigma with 2 lateral 
 fleshy appendages and a narrow beak. 
 
 In wet pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida and 
 Louisiana. The upper surface of the leaves is often 
 reticulated with hexagonal cells. July. 
 
 8. Habenaria bracteata (Willd.) R. Br. L/ong-bracted Orchis. (Fig. 1103.) 
 
 Orchis bracteata Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 34. 1805. 
 Habenaria bracteata R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew: Ed. 2, 
 
 5: 192. 1813. 
 Habenaria viridis var. bracteata Reichenb. Ic. Fl. 
 
 Germ. 13: 130. / 435. 1851. 
 
 Stem slender or stout, leafy, 6'-2 high. Leaves 
 lanceolate, ovate or oval, or the lowest sometimes 
 obovate, obtuse or acute, 2 '-5' long, the upper 
 much smaller; bracts longer than the ovaries, the 
 lower ones 2 or 3 times as long; spike 3 / -5 / long, 
 loosely flowered; flowers green or greenish; sepals 
 ovate-lanceolate, spreading, dilated or somewhat 
 gibbous at the base, about 3 // long; petals very nar- 
 row, sometimes thread-like; lip 3 x/ -4 r/ long, ob- 
 long-spatulate, 2-3-toothed or lobed at the apex, 
 more than twice as long as the white sac-like spur; 
 anther-sacs divergent at the base. 
 
 In woods and meadows, New Brunswick to British 
 Columbia, south to North Carolina and Nebraska. 
 Also in Europe. Ascends to 3600 ft. in Virginia. May- 
 Sept. 
 
 9. Habenaria clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. 
 Small Green Wood Orchis. (Fig. 1104.) 
 
 Orchis clavellata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 155. 1803, 
 Orchis tridentata Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 41. 1805. 
 Habenaria tridentata Hook. Exot. Fl. 2: pi. Si. 1825. 
 Habenaria clavellata Spreng. Syst. 3: 689. 1826. 
 
 Stem 8 / -i8 / high, angled, i-leaved near the base, 
 often with several small bract-like leaves above, or 
 one of these larger. Basal leaf oblanceolate, 2 / -6 / 
 long; bracts shorter than the ovaries; spikes ^ / -2 / 
 long, loosely flowered; flowers small, greenish or 
 whitish; sepals and petals ovate, lip dilated and 3- 
 toothed at the apex, the teeth often small and in- 
 conspicuous; spur longer than the ovary, incurved, 
 clavate; stigma with 3 club-shaped appendages; 
 anther-sacs nearly parallel; capsule ovoid, 3 // -4 // 
 long, nearly erect. 
 
 In wet or moist woods, Newfoundland to Minnesota, 
 south to Florida and Louisiana. Ascends to 6000 ft. in 
 North Carolina. July-Aug* 
 
 30 
 
ORCHIDACEAE. 
 
 10. Habenaria flava (L/.) A. Gray. 
 Tubercled Orchis. Small Pale- 
 green Orchis. (Fig. 1105.) 
 
 Orchis flava L- Sp. PI. 942. 1753. 
 Orchis virescens Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 37. 1805. 
 Habenaria virescens Spreng. Syst. 3: 688. 1826. 
 Habenaria flava A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. 38: 308. 
 1840. 
 
 Stem rather stout, i-2 high, leafy. Leaves 
 lanceolate or elliptic, acute or obtuse, 4 / -ia / 
 long, 8 // -3 / wide; spike 2 / -6 / long; bracts acu- 
 minate, longer than the ovaries; petals greenish ; 
 sepals and petals ovate or roundish, about 3 //r 
 long; sepals greenish yellow, lip a little longer 
 than the petals, entire or crenulate, with an ob- 
 tuse tooth on each side and a central tubercle at 
 the middle of the base; anther-sacs parallel, the 
 sides forming a rounded cavity, in which lie the 
 orbicular incurved glands; capsule about 4 // long. 
 
 In moist soil, Ontario to Minnesota, south to Flor- 
 ida and Louisiana and Missouri. June-July. 
 
 ii. Habenaria cristata (Michx.) R. Br. 
 Crested Yellow Orchis. (Fig. 1106.) 
 
 Orchis cristata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 156. 1803. 
 
 Habendria cristata R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 5: 
 194. 1813. 
 
 Stem slender, angled, 8 / -2 high. Leaves nar- 
 rowly lanceolate, 2 / -8 / long, 3 // -8 // wide, the upper 
 much smaller, similar to the bracts; bracts as 
 long as the flowers; spike 2 / -4 / long, dense; flowers 
 orange; sepals roundish-ovate, about iX /x l n g, the 
 lateral ones spreading; petals narrower, pectinate- 
 fringed; lip slightly longer than the sepals, not 3- 
 parted, but deeply fringed to the middle or beyond; 
 spur 2 // ~3 // long, about half as long as the ovary; 
 anther-sacs divergent at the base, widely separated. 
 
 In bogs, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana. 
 July-Aug. 
 
 12. Habenaria ciliaris (L.) R. Br. 
 Yellow Fringed Orchis. (Fig. 1107.) 
 
 Orchis ciliaris L Sp. PI. 939- !753- 
 
 Habenaria ciliaris R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 
 
 5: 194. 1813. 
 
 Stem slender, i-2^ high. Leaves lanceo- 
 late, acute, 4 / -8 / long, 6 // -i8 // wide, the upper 
 smaller; spike closely many -flowered, 3 / -6 / long, 
 sometimes nearly 3' thick; flowers orange or 
 yellow, large, showy; sepals orbicular or broadly 
 ovate, oblique at the base, 2 // ~4 / ^ long; the lat- 
 eral ones mostly reflexed; petals much smaller, 
 oblong or cuneate, usually toothed ; lip oblong, 
 5//_y// long, copiously fringed more than half- 
 way to the middle; spur I'-ij^' long, very 
 slender; anther-sacs large, divergent at the base, 
 bearing a small white tubercle on the outer side. 
 
 In meadows, Vermont (?) and Ontario to Michi- 
 gan, south to Florida and Texas. July-Aug. 
 
ORCHID FAMILY. 
 
 465 
 
 13. Habenaria blephariglottis (Willd.) Torr. White Fringed Orchis. 
 
 - (Fig. 1108, 
 
 Orchis ciliaris var. alba Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 156. 
 
 1803. Not O. alba Lam. 1778. 
 Orchis blephariglottis Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 9. 1805. 
 Habenaria blephariglottis Torr. Comp. 317. 1826. 
 Habenaria ciliaris var. alba Morong, Bull. Torr. Club, 
 
 20: 38. 1893. 
 
 Steins and leaves similar to those of the preced- 
 ing species. Spikes densely or rather loosely 
 many -flowered ; flowers pure white, usually a little 
 smaller than those of H. ciliaris ; lip narrower, 
 oblong; petals toothed or somewhat fringed at the 
 apex ; fringe of the lip copious or sparse. 
 
 In bogs and swamps, Newfoundland to Minnesota 
 and New Jersey. Intermediate forms between this and 
 the preceding- species, with light yellow flowers, are 
 probably hybrids. Blooms a few days earlier than 
 ciliaris where the two grow together. July-Aug. 
 
 Habenaria blephariglottis holopetala (Lindl.) A. Gray, 
 
 Man. Ed. 5, 502. 1867. 
 Platanthera holopetala Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 291. 
 
 1835- 
 
 One or both of the petals entire; lip often sparingly 
 fringed. With the type. Probably a mere form. 
 
 14. 
 
 Habenaria lacera (Michx.) R. Br. Ragged Orchis. (Fig. 1109.) 
 
 Orchis lacera Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 156. 1803. 
 Habenaria lacera R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i: 312. 
 1810. 
 
 Stem rather slender, i-2 high. Leaves firm, 
 lanceolate, 5 / -8 / long, io // -i8 // wide, the upper 
 gradually smaller; spike 2 / -6 / long, loose; flowers 
 greenish yellow; sepals ovate, obtuse, about 3" 
 long, the upper one a little broader than the others, 
 petals linear, entire, obtuse, about as long as the 
 sepals; lip 3-parted, the segments narrow, deeply 
 fringed, the fringe of a few threads, about %' long; 
 spur y // -8 // long, curved, shorter than the ovary, 
 clavate at the apex; anther-sacs divergent at the 
 base, their bases beaked and projecting upward; 
 glands oblong-linear, hyaline, as long as the cau- 
 dicle. 
 
 In swamps and wet woods, Nova Scotia to Minne- 
 sota, south to Georgia and Missouri. June-July. 
 
 15. Habenaria leucophaea (Nutt.) A. Gray. 
 Prairie White-fringed Orchis. (Fig. 1 1 10. ) 
 
 Orchis leucophaea Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 161. 
 
 I833-37- 
 Habenaria leucophaea A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 502. 1867. 
 
 Stem stout, angled, i>-2> high. Leaves lanceo- 
 late, 4 / -8 / long; spike 3'-$' long, very thick, loosely 
 flowered; flowers large, white, fragrant, sometimes 
 tinged with green; sepals broadly ovate; petals obovate, 
 minutely cut toothed, about 3" long; lip 3-parted, 6"- 
 *]" long, the segments broadly wedge-shaped and 
 copiously fringed. Spur \'-\y 2 ' long, longer than the 
 ovary; anther-sacs widely diverging at the base; cau- 
 dicles long and slender; glands transversely oval; ovary 
 often recurved. 
 
 On moist prairies, western New York to Minnesota, 
 Kentucky and Arkansas. July. 
 
466 
 
 ORCHIDACEAE. 
 
 16. Habenaria grandiflora (Bigel.) Torr. Large Purple-fringed Orchis. 
 
 (Fig. mi.) 
 
 Orchis grandiflora Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 321. 1824. 
 Orchis fimbriata Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 39. 180.5. Not 
 
 Dryand. 1789. 
 
 Habenaria grandiflora Torr. Comp. 319. 1826. 
 Habenaria fimbriata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 503. 1867. 
 
 Not R. Br. 1813. 
 
 Stem i-5 high. Leaves oval or lanceolate, 4'- 
 10' long, io // -3 / wide, obtuse, or the upper smaller 
 and acute; raceme 3 / -i5 / long, sometimes 2^' 
 thick, densely flowered; flowers lilac or purplish, 
 sometimes white or nearly so, fragrant; upper 
 sepal and petals erect, connivent; petals oblong or 
 oblanceolate, more or less toothed, %' long; lip 3- 
 parted, y 2 '-\ f broad, about >' long, the segments 
 broadly fan-shaped, copiously fringed to about the 
 middle, anther-sacs divergent at the base; glands 
 orbicular, turned inward; spur filiform, clavate, 
 i'-i#' long. 
 
 2 
 
 In rich woods and meadows, New Brunswick to On- 
 tario and Michigan, south to North Carolina. June-Aug. 
 
 17. Habenaria psycodes (L,.) A. Gray. 
 Smaller Purple-fringed Orchis. (Fig. 1112.) 
 
 Orchis psycodes L. Sp. PI. 943- *753- 
 
 Orchis fimbriata Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 297. 1789. 
 
 Habenaria psycodes A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. 38: 310. 
 
 1840. 
 
 Stem rather slender, i-3 high. Leaves oval, 
 elliptic or lanceolate, 2 / -io / long, 8 // -3 / wide, the 
 upper smaller; raceme 2 / -6 / long, i / -\% / thick, 
 loosely or densely several-many-flowered; flowers 
 lilac, rarely white, fragrant; lower sepals ovate, ob- 
 tuse, about 4 X/ long, the upper one a little nar- 
 rower; petals oblong or oblanceolate, toothed on 
 the upper margin; lip 3-parted, 4 // -6 // broad, the 
 segments fan-shaped and copiously fringed, the 
 fringe of the middle segment shorter than that of 
 the lateral ones; spur somewhat clavate at the apex, 
 about 8 // long, longer than the ovary. 
 
 In meadows, swamps and wet woods, Newfoundland 
 to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Indiana. 
 Ascends to 6000 ft. in North Carolina. July-Aug. 
 
 2 
 
 18. Habenaria peramoena A. Gray. 
 
 Fringeless Purple Orchis. (Fig. 1113.) 
 
 Orchis fissa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 589. 1814. Not 
 
 Willd. 1805. 
 H. peramoena A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. 38: 310. 1840. 
 
 Stem \-2 l / 2 high. Leaves elliptic or lanceo- 
 late, 4 / -8 / long, yz'-iYz' wide, the upper gradually 
 smaller; spike a'-y' long, i / -2^ / thick, densely or 
 rather loosely many-flowered; flowers large, showy, 
 violet-purple; lateral sepals round-ovate, 3 X/ -4 X/ 
 long, the upper one smaller; petals smaller, round- 
 obovate, clawed, entire, or slightly erose; lip l"- 
 \Q" long, 3-parted, the segments fan-shaped, cut- 
 toothed, not fringed, the middle one 2-lobed; spur 
 about as long as the ovary, curved, clavate; anther- 
 sacs widely divergent, little separated; glands or- 
 bicular, oblique. 
 
 In moist meadows, New Jersey to Illinois, Virginia 
 and Kentucky. July-Aug. 
 
ORCHID FAMILY. 
 
 467 
 
 i.. P. ophioglossoides. 
 
 2. P. trianthophora. 
 
 3. P. divaricata. 
 
 4. POGONIA Juss. Gen. PI. 65. 1789. 
 
 Mostly low herbs, the flowers terminal, solitary or in racemes, the leaves usually alternate 
 or verticillate. Sepals and petals separate, erect or ascending. Lip erect from the base of 
 the column, spurless. Column elongated, club-shaped at the summit. Anther terminal, 
 stalked, attached to the back of the column, its sacs parallel; pollinia 2, i in each sac, pow- 
 dery-granular, without a caudicle. Stigma a flattened disk below the anther. Capsule ob- 
 long or ovoid, erect or drooping. [Greek, bearded, from the bearded lip of some species.] 
 
 About 30 species, widely distributed. Only the following are known in North America. 
 
 Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike. 
 
 Lip crested. 
 
 Lip not crested. 
 Sepals longer and narrower than the petals. 
 
 Stem bearing a single leaf near the middle. 
 
 Stem bearing a whorl of leaves at the top. 
 
 Lip crested along a narrow line down the face; peduncle as long as the capsule or longer. 
 
 4. P. verticillata. 
 Lip crested over the whole face and lobes; peduncle shorter than the capsule. 
 
 5. P. affinis. 
 
 i. Pogonia ophioglossoides (L,.) Ker. 
 
 Rose Pogonia. Snake-mouth. 
 
 (Fig. 1114.) 
 
 Arethusa ophioglossoides L- Sp. PL 951. 1753. 
 
 Pogonia ophioglossoides Ker in Lindl. Bot. Reg. 
 pi. 148. 1816. 
 
 Stem 8 / -i5 / high, i-3-leaved, not rarely with 
 a long-petioled basal leaf. Stem leaf or leaves 
 Yz'-Z' long, lanceolate or ovate, erect, bluntly 
 acute; flowers fragrant, pale rose-color, slightly 
 nodding, large, solitary or occasionally in pairs, 
 subtended by a foliaceous bract; sepals and petals 
 about equal, elliptic or oval, 6 // -io // long; lip 
 spatulate, free or somewhat appressed to the 
 column below, crested and fringed; column much 
 shorter than the petals, thick, club-shaped. 
 
 In meadows and swamps, Newfoundland to On- 
 tario, Florida and Kansas. Also in Japan. Roots 
 fibrous. June-July, 
 
 2. Pogonia trianthophora (Sw.) B.S. P. Nodding Pogonia. (Fig. 1115.) 
 
 Arethusa irianthophora Sw. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. 
 (II.) 21 1230. 1800. 
 
 Pogonia pendula Lindl. Bot. Reg. pi. 908. 1825. 
 Pogonia trianthophora B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 52. 
 
 Stem glabrous, 3 / -8 / high, from a tuberous root, 
 often clustered. Leaves 2-8, alternate, ovate, 3 /x - 
 9 X/ long, clasping; flowers 1-7, on axillary pedun- 
 cles, pale purple, at first nearly erect, soon droop- 
 ing; perianth 6 // -8 // long; sepals and petals about 
 equal, connivent, elliptic, obtuse; lip clawed, some- 
 what 3-lobed, roughish or crisped above, not crested, 
 about as long as the petals; capsule oval, drooping, 
 about 6 /x long. 
 
 In rich woods, Canada (?), Rhode Island to Florida, 
 Wisconsin and Kansas. Ascends to 3500 ft. in North 
 Carolina. Local. Aug.-Sept. 
 
468 
 
 ORCHIDACEAE. 
 
 3. Pogonia divaricata (L.) R. Br. Spread- 
 ing Pogonia. (Fig. 1116.) 
 
 Arethusa divaricata L,. Sp. PI. 951. 1753. 
 
 Pogonia divaricata R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 5: 
 203. 1813. 
 
 Stem i-2 high, bearing a leaf near the middle, 
 and a foliaceous bract near the flower. Leaf lanceo- 
 late, or narrowly elliptic, obtuse, clasping, a / -4 / 
 long; flower terminal, solitary, about \' long; 
 sepals linear, longer and narrower than the petals, 
 diverging dark colored; petals flesh -color, lanceo- 
 late, narrowed at the apex, lip as long as the petals, 
 3-lobed, crenulate or wavy -margined, greenish, 
 veined with purple, crested, but not bearded, the 
 upper lobe long. 
 
 In swamps, southern New Jersey to Florida and Ala- 
 bama. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. Reported 
 from Wisconsin. July. 
 
 4. Pogonia verticillata (Willd.) Nutt. 
 Whorled Pogonia. (Fig. 1117.) 
 
 Arethusa verticillata Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 81. 1805. 
 Pogonia verticillata Nutt. Gen. 2: 192. 1818. 
 
 Stem io / -i2 / high, from long fleshy roots, 
 bearing a whorl of 5 leaves at the summit. 
 Leaves obovate, abruptly pointed at the apex, 
 sessile, \ r -^ f long; flower solitary, erect or de- 
 clined; peduncle 6 // -8 // long, in fruit usually 
 equalling or exceeding the capsule; sepals lin- 
 ear, i^ / -2 / long, about i" wide, spreading, 
 dark purple; petals linear, erect, obtuse, green- 
 ish yellow, about io // long; lip 3-lobed, crested 
 along a narrow band, the upper part expanded, 
 undulate; capsule erect, i / or more long. 
 
 In moist woods, Ontario to Wisconsin, Indiana 
 and Florida. Ascends to 4500 in Virginia. May- 
 June. 
 
 5. Pogonia affinis Austin. Smaller 
 Whorled Pogonia. ( Fig. 1 1 1 8. ) 
 
 Pogonia affinis Austin; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 507. 
 1867. 
 
 Smaller than the preceding species, stem 8'- 
 io / high. Leaves in a whorl of 5 at the summit, 
 i / -2 / long; flowers 2 or solitary, greenish yellow; 
 peduncle 2 // -4 // long, much shorter than the 
 ovary and capsule; sepals equalling the petals, 
 or but little longer, somewhat narrowed at the 
 base; lip crested over nearly the whole face and 
 lobes; capsule erect, i' long or less. 
 
 In moist woods, Connecticut to southern New 
 York and New Jersey. Rare and local. The species 
 is imperfectly known. Our figure is taken from 
 Mr. Austin's original sketches. June. 
 
ORCHID FAMILY. 
 
 469 
 
 5. ARETHUSA L. Sp. PI. 950. 1753. 
 
 Low herbs, with small bulbs and mostly solitary flowers on bracted scapes, the solitary leaf 
 linear, hidden at first in the upper bract, protruding after flowering. Sepals and petals about 
 equal, connivent and hooded above, coherent below. Lip dilated and recurved-spreading at the 
 apex, crested on the face with straight somewhat fleshy hairs, slightly gibbous at the base. 
 Column adherent to the lip below, linear, narrowly winged and dilated at the summit. 
 Anther operculate, of 2 approximated sacs incumbent upon the column; pollinia 4, 2 in each 
 sac, powdery-granular. Capsule erect, ellipsoid, strongly angled. [Dedicated to the nymph 
 Arethusa. ] 
 
 Two known species, the following occurring in 
 North America, the other in Japan. 
 
 i. Arethusa bulbdsa L. 
 (Fig. 1119.) 
 
 Arethusa. 
 
 Arethusa bulbosa L,. Sp. PI. 950. 1753. 
 
 Scape glabrous, 5 / -io / high, bearing 1-3 loose 
 sheathing bracts. Leaf linear, many-nerved, be- 
 coming 4 / -6 / long; flower solitary (rarely 2), aris- 
 ing from between a pair of small unequal scales, 
 rose-purple, i / -2 / high; sepals and petals linear to 
 elliptic, obtuse, arched over the column; lip usually 
 drooping beneath the sepals and petals, the apex 
 broad, rounded, often fringed or toothed, variegated 
 with purplish blotches, bearded, crested down the 
 face in three white hairy ridges; capsule about i / 
 long, ellipsoid, strongly 6-ribbed, rarely maturing. 
 
 In bogs, Newfoundland to Ontario and Minnesota, 
 south to North Carolina and Indiana. May-June. 
 
 6. EPIPACTIS R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 5: 201. 1813. 
 
 Tall stout herbs with fibrous roots and simple leafy stems. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, 
 plicate, clasping. Flowers leafy -bracted, in terminal racemes. Sepals and petals all separ- 
 ate. Spur none. Lip free, sessile, broad, concave below, constricted near the middle, the 
 upper portion dilated and petal-like. Column short, erect. Anther operculate, borne on the 
 margin of the clinandrium, erect, ovate or semiglobose, its sacs contiguous. Pollinia 2- 
 parted, granulose, becoming attached to the glandular beak of the stigma. Capsule oblong, 
 beakless. [Greek name for Helleborine. ] 
 
 About 10 species, widely distributed. Besides the following, another occurs in the western 
 United States. 
 
 i. Epipactis viridiflora (Hoffm.) Reichb. 
 Helleborine. (Fig. 1120.) 
 
 Serapias viridiflora Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 2: 182. 1804. 
 Epipactis latifolia var. viridiflora Irm. Linnaea, 16: 
 451. 1842. 
 
 Epipactis viridiflora Reichb. Fl. Exc. 134. 1830. 
 Epipactis Helleborine A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 504. 1890 
 Not Crantz. 1769. 
 
 Stem i-2 high, glabrous below, pubescent 
 above. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, obtuse or acute, 
 I ^ / -3 / long, 9"-i/4' wide; flowers greenish yel- 
 low to purple; pedicels 2 // -$ // long; sepals 4 // -5 // 
 long, lanceolate; petals narrower; lip expanded 
 into a slightly undulate apex, tapering to a point; 
 bracts lanceolate, longer than the flowers. 
 
 Near Toronto, Ontario; Syracuse and Buffalo, New 
 York; the only American stations known. Widely 
 distributed in Europe. Sometimes confounded with 
 the European E. latifolia, but differs in having the lip 
 free from callosities, its apex acute, the sepals and 
 petals longer and more tapering. July-Aug. 
 
4?o 
 
 ORCHIDACEAE. 
 
 7. GYROSTACHYS Pers. Syn. 2: 511. 1807. 
 [SPIRANTHES L. C. Richard, Mem. Mus. Paris, 4: 42. iSiS.] 
 
 Erect herbs, with fleshy-fibrous or tuberous roots and slender stems or scapes, leaf -bear- 
 ing below or at the base. Flowers small, spurless, spiked, i-3-rowed, the spikes more or less 
 twisted. Sepals free, or more or less coherent at the top, or united with petals into a 
 galea. Lip sessile or clawed, concave, erect, embracing the column and often adherent to 
 it, spreading and crisped, or rarely lobed or toothed at the apex, bearing minute callosities at 
 the base. Column arched below, obliquely attached to the top of the ovary. Anther with- 
 out a lid, borne on the back of the column, erect. Stigma ovate, prolonged into an acumi- 
 nate beak, at length bifid, covering the anther and stigmatic only underneath. Pollinia 2, i 
 in each sac, powdery. Capsule ovoid or oblong, erect, [Greek, referring to the twisted spikes] . 
 
 About 80 species, widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Besides the following, 
 another occurs in the Southern States and one in California. The flowers are often fragrant. 
 
 i. G. Romanzoffiana. 
 
 Flowers 3-ranked; stems not twisted, or but slightly so. 
 Sepals and petals more or less connivent into a hood. 
 Lateral sepals separate, free. 
 
 Spike short, about 2' long, 4" -5" thick; callosities none, or mere thickenings of the basal 
 
 margins of the lip. 2. G. plantaginea. 
 
 Spike 4' -6' long, 6"-io" thick; callosities nipple-shaped. 
 
 Spike 6" '-7" thick; callosities hairy, straight. 3. G. cernua. 
 
 Spike 8"-io" thick; callosities glabrous, incurved. 4. G. odorata. 
 
 Flowers merely alternate, appearing secund from the spiral twisting of the stem. 
 
 Stem leafy; lower leaves elongated, mostly persistent through the flowering season. 
 
 5. G. praecox. 
 Stem a bracted scape; leaves basal, mostly withering before the flowering season. 
 
 Root a single tuber; spike about i' long. 6. G. simplex. 
 
 Root a cluster of tubers; spike i'- v V long. 7. G. gracilis. 
 
 i. Gyrostachys Romanzoffiana (Cham.) 
 MacM. Hooded Ladies' Tresses. (Fig. 1121.) 
 
 Spiranthes Romanzoffiana Cham. Linnaea, 3: 32. 1828. 
 Gyrostachys Romanzoffiana MacM. Met. Minn. 171. 1892, 
 
 Stem 6 / -i5 / high, glabrous, leafy below, bracted 
 above, the inflorescence rarely puberulent. Lower 
 leaves $'-8' long, linear or linear-oblanceolate; spike 
 2 / ~4 / long, 4 // -7 // thick; bracts shorter than the 
 flowers; flowers in 3 rows, white or greenish, ringent, 
 $"-4" long, spreading horizontally, very fragrant; 
 sepals and petals broad at the base, all more or less 
 connivent into a hood ; lip oblong, broad at the base, 
 contracted below the dilated crisped apex, thin, trans- 
 parent, veined; callosities mere thickenings of the 
 basal margins of the lip, or none. 
 
 In bogs, Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to Maine, Penn- 
 sylvania, Minnesota and California. July-Aug. 
 
 2. Gyrostachys plantaginea (Raf.) Britton. Wide-leaved Ladies' Tresses. 
 
 (Fig. 1 122.) 
 
 Neottia plantaginea Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 206. 1818. 
 Spiranthes cernua var.? latifolia Torr. Comp. 320. 1826. 
 Spiranthes plantaginea Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 284. 1843. 
 5. latifolia Torr.; Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 467. 1840. 
 Gyrostachys latifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 664. 1891. 
 
 Stem 4 / -io / high, glabrous or pubescent, bracted 
 above, bearing 4 or 5 lanceolate or oblanceolate leaves 
 below. Leaves i / -5 / long; spike i / -2 / long, 4 // -5 // 
 thick, dense; floral bracts mostly much shorter than the 
 flowers; flowers spreading, about 3" long; petals and 
 sepals white; lateral sepals free, narrowly lanceolate, 
 the upper somewhat united with the petals; lip pale 
 yellow on the face, oblong, not contracted in the mid- 
 dle, the wavy apex rounded, crisped or fringed, the 
 base short-clawed; callosities none, or mere thicken- 
 ings of the lip margins. 
 
 Moist banks and woods, New Brunswick to Minnesota, 
 south to Virginia and Michigan. June-Aug. 
 
ORCHID FAMILY 
 
 3. Gyrostachys cernua (L.) Kuntze. 
 Nodding Ladies' Tresses. (Fig. 1123.) 
 
 Ophrys cernua L. Sp. PI. 946. 1753. 
 Spiranthes cernua 'L,. C. Rich. Orch. Ann. 37. 1817. 
 Gyrostachys cernua Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 664. 1891. 
 Stem 6 / -25 / high (rarely taller), usually pubes- 
 cent above, mostly bearing 2-6 acuminate bracts. 
 Leaves nearly basal, linear-oblanceolate or linear, 
 3 / -i4 / long, the blade narrow, the petiole 2 / -io / 
 long; spike 4 / -5 / long, 6" -7" thick; flowers white 
 or yellowish, fragrant, nodding or spreading, about 
 5 X/ long, in 3 rows; lateral sepals free, the upper 
 arching and connivent with the petals; lip oblong, 
 or sometimes ovate, the broad apex rounded, crenu- 
 late or crisped; callosities nipple-shaped, straight, 
 hairy. 
 
 In wet meadows and swamps, Nova Scotia to Ontario 
 and Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana. Aue - 
 Oct. 
 
 4. Gyrostachys odorata (Nutt.) Kuntze. 
 Fragrant Ladies' Tresses. (Fig. 1124.) 
 
 Neottia odorata Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil. 7: 98. 1834. 
 Spiranthes odorata Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 467. 1840. 
 Gyrostachys odorata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 664. 1891. 
 
 Stem stout, i-2 high, strongly pubescent above. 
 Lower and basal leaves 8 / -i5 / long, y // -2 / wide, 
 tapering into sheathing petioles, the upper reduced 
 to bracts; spike $'-6' long, S^-io" thick, floral 
 bracts often exceeding the flowers, long-acuminate; 
 flowers yellowish white, fragrant, 5" long; lateral 
 sepals free; lip as long as the petals, oblong, broad 
 at the base, contracted above the middle, the 
 dilated apex crisped or toothed; callosities nipple- 
 shaped, incurved, glabrous. 
 
 On river banks, often in the water, North Carolina 
 to Kentucky, Florida and Louisiana. Sept. -Oct. 
 
 5. Gyrostachys praecox (Walt.) Kuntze. Grass-leaved Ladies' Tresses. 
 
 (Fig. 1125.) 
 
 Limodorum praecox Walt. Fl. Car. 221. 1788. 
 Spiranthes graminea var. Walteri A. Gray, Man. 
 
 Ed. 5, 505. 1867. 
 Spiranthes praecox S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 
 
 6, 505. 1890. 
 
 Gyrostachys praecox Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 663. 
 1891. 
 
 Stem slender, io / ~3o / high, glandular-pubes- 
 cent above, leafy. Leaves linear, 4 / -i2 / long, 
 with narrow grass-like blades and long sheath- 
 ing petioles, mostly persistent through the flow- 
 ering season, the upper smaller; spike usually 
 much twisted, 2 / -8 / long, 4 // -6 // thick; bracts 
 about as long as the ovaries; flowers white or 
 yellowish, about 4" long, spreading; lateral 
 sepals free, the upper somewhat connivent with 
 the petals; lip about 3" long, short -clawed, ob- 
 long, contracted above, the dilated apex obtuse, 
 crenulate, often dark-striped in the middle; ros- 
 tellum very acute; callosities small, glabrous. 
 
 In grassy places, southern New York to Florida 
 and Louisiana. July-Aug. 
 
-472 
 
 ORCHIDACEAE. 
 
 6. Gyrostachys simplex (A. Gray) 
 
 Kuntze. Little Ladies' Tresses. 
 
 (Fig. 1126.) 
 
 Spiranthes simplex A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 506. 1867. 
 
 Gyrostachys simplex Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 664. 
 1891. 
 
 Steins very slender, $'-<)' high, with small de- 
 ciduous bracts above. Leaves basal, ovate or 
 oblong, short, abruptly narrowed into a petiole, 
 mostly disappearing at or before the flowering 
 time; spike slender, about i / long and $" thick, 
 glabrous, little twisted; flowers white, i"-!^" 
 long; lip thin, striped, obovate-oblong, crisped 
 at the summit, short-clawed; callosities nipple- 
 shaped, slender; root a solitary spindle-shaped 
 tuber. 
 
 In dry sandy soil, Massachusetts to Maryland. 
 Aug. -Sept. 
 
 Slender Ladies' Tresses. 
 
 7. Gyrostachys gracilis (Bigel.) Kuntze. 
 
 (Fig. 1127.) 
 
 -Neottia gracilis Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 322. 1824. 
 Spiranthes gracilis Beck, Bot. 343. 1833. 
 Gyrostachys gracilis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 664. 
 1891. 
 
 Stem slender, 8 / -2 high, from a cluster of 
 spindle-shaped tuberous roots, glabrous, or rarely 
 pubescent above, bearing small deciduous bracts. 
 Leaves basal, obovate, or ovate-lanceolate, peti- 
 oled, the blades X /-2/ l n g> 4 // -io // wide, mostly 
 perishing before the flowering season; spike \'- 
 3' long, 4 // -6 // thick, loose, usually much 
 twisted; flowers white, fragrant, 2 // -2^ // long; 
 sepals a little longer than the lip, the lateral 
 ones free; lip about 2 X/ long, oblong, dilated and 
 crenulate or wavy-crisped at the apex, usually 
 thick and green in the middle, white and hya- 
 line on the margins, slightly clawed at the base; 
 callosities small, nipple-shaped. 
 
 In dry fields and open woods, Nova Scotia to 
 Minnesota, Florida, Louisiana and Kansas. As- 
 cends to 2500 ft. in North Carolina. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 8. LISTERA R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 5:-2oi. 1813. 
 
 Small herbs, with fibrous or sometimes rather fleshy-fibrous roots, bearing a pair of op- 
 posite green leaves near the middle, and I or 2 small scales at the base of the stem. Flowers 
 in terminal racemes, spurless. Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or reflexed, free. 
 Anther without a lid, erect, jointed to the column. Pollinia 2, powdery, united to a minute 
 gland. Capsule ovoid or obovoid. [Name in honor of Martin Lister, 1638 (?)-i7i2, a cor- 
 respondent of Ray.] 
 
 About 10 species, natives of the north temperate and arctic zones, 
 other occurs in northwestern North America. 
 
 Lip broadly wedge-shaped, 2-lobed at the apex. 
 Lip narrowly linear or setaceous. 
 
 Lip 2-cleft, twice as long as the petals. 
 
 Lip 2-parted, 4-8 times as long as the petals. 
 
 Besides the following, an- 
 
 1. L. convallarioides. 
 
 2. L. cordata. 
 
 3. L. atistralis. 
 
ORCHID FAMILY. 
 
 i. Listera convallarioides (Sw.) Torr. 
 
 (Fig. 1128.) 
 
 Epipactis convallarioides Sw. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl, 
 
 (II.) 21 : 232. 1800. 
 Listera convallarioides Torr. Comp. 320. 1826. 
 
 Stem 4 / -io / high, glandular-pubescent above the 
 leaves. Leaves smooth, round-oval or ovate, obtuse 
 or cuspidate at the apex, sometimes slightly cordate 
 or reniform at the base, 3~9-nerved. Raceme iK / ~3 / 
 long, loosely 3- 12 -flowered; flowers greenish yellow, 
 pedicels filiform, bracted, 3 // -4 // long; petals and 
 sepals linear-lanceolate, much shorter than the lip; 
 lip broadly wedge shaped, with 2 obtuse lobes at the 
 dilated apex, generally with a tooth on each side at 
 base; column elongated, but shorter than the lip, a 
 little incurved, with 2 short projecting wings above 
 the anther; capsule obovoid, about 3 7/ long. 
 
 In woods, Nova Scotia to Alaska and California, south 
 to Vermont, along the mountains to North Carolina. 
 Ascends to 4500 ft. in North Carolina. June-Aug. 
 
 473 
 
 Broad-lipped Twayblade. 
 
 2. Listera cordata (L.) R. Br. Heart- 
 leaved Twayblade. (Fig. 1129.) 
 
 Ophrys cordata L. Sp. PI. 946. 1753. 
 
 Listera cordata R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 5: 201. 
 1813. 
 
 Stem very slender, glabrous or nearly so, 3 / -io / 
 high. Leaves sessile, cordate, ovate, mucronate, 
 Yz'-\ f long; racemes rather loose, ^ / -2 / long, 4-20- 
 flowered; flowers purplish, minute; pedicels bracted, 
 about i // long; sepals and petals oblong-linear, 
 scarcely i" long; lip narrow, often with a subulate 
 tooth on each side at the base, twice as long as the 
 petals, 2-cleft, the segments setaceous and ciliolate; 
 column very small, the clinandrium just appearing 
 above the anther; capsule ovoid, 2 // long. 
 
 In moist woods, Nova Scotia to Alaska, New Jersey 
 and Oregon. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 3. Listera australis Lindl. Southern 
 Twayblade. (Fig. 1130.) 
 
 Listera australis Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 456. 1840. 
 
 Stem slender, 4 / -io / high, more or less pubes- 
 cent above. Leaves ovate, acutish, mucronate, 
 glabrous, shining, 8 // -io // long, 3-7-nerved; ra- 
 ceme 2 / -3 / long, loosely 8-i5-flowered; flowers 
 yellowish green with purplish stripes; sepals and 
 petals minute; lip ^'-Yz' long, 2-parted, split 
 nearly to the base, 4-8 times as long as the petals, 
 its segments linear-setaceous; column very small; 
 capsule ovoid. 
 
 In bogs, New York and New Jersey to Florida 
 and Alabama and Louisiana. A third leaf is rarely 
 t>orne below the flowers. 
 
474 
 
 ORCHIDACEAE. 
 
 g. PERAMIUM Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. i: 301. 1812. 
 
 [GOODYERA R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 5: 197. 1813.] 
 
 Herbs with bracted erect scapes, the leaves basal, tufted, often blotched with white, the 
 roots thick fleshy fibres. Flowers in bracted spikes. Lateral sepals free, the upper one 
 united with the petals into a galea. Lip sessile, entire, roundish ovate, concave or saccate; 
 without callosities, its apex reflexed. Anther withont a lid, erect or incumbent, attached to 
 the colnmn by a short stalk; pollinia one in each sac, attached to a small disk which coheres 
 with the top of the stigma, composed of angular grains. 
 
 About 25 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. 
 
 Spike one-sided. i. P. repens. 
 Spike not one-sided. 
 
 Flowers 2" -3" long; galea ovate, its short tip usually not recurved. 2. P. pubescens. 
 
 Flowers 3" -4" long; galea ovate-lanceolate, its long tip recurved. 3. P. Menziesii* 
 
 i. Peramium repens (1,. ) Salisb. Lesser Rattlesnake Plantain. (Fig. 1131.) 
 
 Satynum repens L,. Sp. PI. 945. 1753- 
 
 Goodyera repens R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 
 5: 198. 1813. 
 
 Peramium repens Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. i: 
 301. 1812. 
 
 Scape s'-io' high, glandular-pubescent, 
 bearing several small scales. Leaves ovate, 
 the blade 6 // -i5 // long, 4 // -8 // wide, some- 
 what reticulated or blotched with white, 
 tapering into a sheathing petiole spike short, 
 i-sided; flowers greenish white, 2"-?," long; 
 galea concave, ovate, with a short spreading 
 or slightly recurved tip; lip saccate, with a 
 narrow recurved or spreading apex; column 
 very short; anther 2-celled; pollinia not pro- 
 longed into a caudicle. 
 
 In woods, Nova Scotia to Alaska (?), south to 
 Florida and Minnesota and Colorado. Also in 
 Europe and Asia. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Vir- 
 ginia. July-Aug. 
 
 2. Peramium pubescens (Willd.) MacM. 
 
 (Fig. 1132.) 
 
 Downy Rattlesnake Plantain. 
 
 Neottia pubescens Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 76. 1805. 
 
 Goodyera pubescens R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew, Ed. 
 2, 5: 198. 1813. 
 
 Peramium pubescens MacM. Met. Minn. 172. 1892. 
 
 Usually larger than the preceding species, 
 scape 6 / -2o / high, densely glandular-pubescent, 
 bearing 5-10 lanceolate scales. Leaves i / -2 / 
 long, 8 // -i / wide, strongly white-reticulated, 
 oval or ovate; spike not i-sided; flowers 2 // ~3 // 
 high, greenish white; lateral sepals ovate; galea 
 ovate, its short tip usually not recurved; lip 
 strongly saccate with a short broad obtuse 
 recurved or spreading tip. 
 
 In dry woods, Newfoundland to Ontario and 
 Minnesota, south to Florida and Tennessee. As- 
 cends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. July-Aug. 
 
ORCHID FAMILY. 
 
 475 
 
 3. Peramium Menziesii (Lindl.) Morong. Menzies' Rattlesnake Plantain. 
 
 (Fig. 1133.) 
 
 Spiranthes decipiens Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 203. 
 1839? 
 
 Goodyera Menziesii Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 
 492. 1840. 
 
 Peramium Menziesii Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 
 5: 124. 1894. 
 
 Scape stout, 8 / -i^ / high, glandular-pubes- 
 cent. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, i^ / -2^ / 
 long, 8 // -i5 // wide, the blade acute at both 
 ends, often without white blotches or reticula- 
 tions; spike not I -sided; flowers $"-\" long; 
 galea concave, ovate-lanceolate, the tip long, 
 usually recurved, lip swollen at the base, 
 with a long narrow recurved or spreading 
 apex; anther ovate, pointed, on the base of 
 the column, which is prolonged above the 
 stigma into a gland-bearing awl-shaped beak. 
 
 In woods, Quebec to British Columbia, New 
 Hampshire, New York, Minnesota, Arizona and 
 California. Aug. 
 
 10. ACHROANTHES Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 352. 1808. 
 [MICROSTYUS Nutt. Gen. 2: 196. 1818.] 
 
 Low herbs, from a solid bulb, our species i-leaved, and with i-several scales at the base 
 of the stem. Flowers small, white or green, in a terminal raceme. Sepals spreading, separ- 
 ate, the lateral ones equal at the base. Petals filiform or linear, spreading. Lip cordate or 
 eared at the base, embracing the column. Anther erect between the auricles, 2-celled; pol- 
 linia 4, smooth and waxy, 2 in each sac, the pairs cohering at the summit, without caudicles 
 or glands. Capsule oval, sometimes nearly globose, beakless. [Greek, in allusion to the 
 green flowers ?] 
 
 About 40 species, widely distributed. Besides the following, about 4 others occur in the south- 
 ern and western parts of North America. 
 
 Leaf sheathing the base of the stem. 
 Leaf clasping the stem near the middle. 
 
 1. A. monophylla. 
 
 2. A. unifolia. 
 
 i. Achroanthes monophylla (L,.) 
 
 Greene. White Adder 's-mouth. 
 
 (Fig. 1134.) 
 
 Ophrys monophyllos L. Sp. PI. 947. 1753. 
 
 Microstylis monophylla Lindl. Bot. Reg. pi. 
 1290. 1829. 
 
 Achroanthes monophylla Greene, Pittonia, 2: 
 183. 1891. 
 
 Stem slender, 4 / -6 / high, smooth, glabrous, 
 striate. Leaf sheathing the stem at its base, 
 the blade i / -2 / long, %'-!%' wide; raceme 
 i '-3' long, narrow, 3 // ~5 // thick; flowers 
 whitish, about \" long; pedicels nearly erect, 
 bracted, i // -2 // long; sepals acute; lip tri- 
 angular or ovate, acuminate, the lateral lobes 
 obtuse; capsule oval, about $" long. 
 
 In woods, Quebec to Minnesota, Pennsylvania 
 and Nebraska. July. 
 
476 
 
 ORCHIDACEAE. 
 
 2. Achroanthes unifolia (Michx.) 
 
 Raf. Green Adder' s-mouth. 
 
 (Fig. 1135.) 
 
 Malaxis unifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2- 157 
 1803. 
 
 Achroanthes unifolia Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5- 
 352. 1808. 
 
 Microstylis ophioglossoid.es Nutt. Gen. 2- 196. 
 1818. 
 
 Stem glabrous, striate, 4 / -io' high. Leaf 
 clasping the stem near the middle, oval or 
 nearly orbicular, i / -2^ / long, io // -i^ / wide; 
 raceme 1.'-$' long, sometimes i' thick; flow- 
 ers greenish, about \" long, the pedicels 
 very slender, spreading, 3 // ~5 // long; sepals 
 oblong; lip broad, 3-toothed at the apex; 
 capsule oval or subglobose. 
 
 In woods and thickets, Newfoundland to On- 
 tario and Minnesota, south to Florida, Alabama 
 and Missouri. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Car- 
 olina. July. 
 
 ii. LEPTORCHIS Thouars, Nouv. Bull. Soc. Plilom. 314. 1808. 
 
 [LIPARIS L,. C. Richard, Mem. Mus. Paris, 4: 43. 1818.] 
 
 Low herbs, with solid bulbs, the base of the stem sheathed by several scales and 2 broad 
 shining leaves. Flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, spread- 
 ing, petals usually very narrow. Column elongated, incurved, thickened and margined 
 above. Pollinia 2 in each sac of the anther smooth and waxy, the pairs slightly united, 
 without stalk, threads or glands. Lip nearly flat, often bearing 2 tubercles above the base. 
 [Greek, signifying a slender orchid.] 
 
 About zoo species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions; only the following 
 known to occur in North America. 
 
 Raceme many-flowered; lip as long as the petals. 
 Raceme few-flowered; lip shorter than the petals. 
 
 1. L. liliifolia. 
 
 2. L. Loeselii. 
 
 i. Leptorchis liliifolia (I,.) Kuntze. Large Twayblade. (Fig. 1136.) 
 
 Ophrys liliifolia L. Sp. PI. 946. 1753. 
 
 Liparis liliifolia I<. C. Rich. Lindl. Bot. Reg. 
 pi. 882. 1825. 
 
 Leptorchis liliifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 671. 
 1891. 
 
 Scape 4 / -io / high, 5-io-striate. Leaves 
 ovate or oval, 2 / -5 / long, i / -2>^ / wide, ob- 
 tuse, keeled below, the sheaths large and 
 loose. Raceme sometimes 6' long; flowers 
 numerous, showy; sepals and petals some- 
 what reflexed; petals very narrow or thread- 
 like; lip erect, large, 5 // -6 // long, about as 
 long as the petals, wedge-obovate; column 
 "iYz" long, incurved, dilated at the summit; 
 pedicels slender, ascending or spreading, 
 4 // -8 // long; capsule somewhat club-shaped, 
 about 6" long, the pedicel thickened in fruit. 
 
 In moist woods and thickets, Maine to Min- 
 nesota. Georgia and Missouri. Ascends to 3000 
 ft. in Virginia. May-July. 
 
ORCHID FAMILY. 477 
 
 2. Leptorchis Loeselii (I,.) MacM. Fen 
 Orchis. Loesel's Tway blade. (Fig. 1137.) 
 
 Opluys Loeselii L. Sp. PL 947. 1753. 
 
 Liparis Loeselii L. C. Rich.; Lindl. Bot.~Reg. pi. 882. 
 
 1825. 
 Leptorckis Loeselii MacM. Met. Minn. 173. 1892. 
 
 Scape 2'-S x high, strongly 5-y-ribbed. Leaves 
 elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 2 / -6 / long, ^ / -2 / 
 wide, obtuse; raceme few-flowered; flowers green- 
 ish, smaller than those of the preceding species, 
 2 // -3 // long; sepals narrowly lanceolate, spreading; 
 petals linear, somewhat reflexed; lip obovate, 
 pointed, rather shorter than the petals and sepals, 
 its tip incurved; column half as long as the lip or 
 less; capsule about 5" long, wing-angled, on a 
 thickened pedicel. 
 
 In wet thickets and on springy banks, Nova Scotia 
 to the Northwest Territory, south to Maryland and 
 Missouri. Also in Europe. May-July. 
 
 12. CALYPSO Salisb. Par. Lond. pi. 89. 1807. 
 
 Bog herb, with a solid bulb and coralloid roots, the low i-flowered scape sheathed by 2 
 or 3 loose scales and a solitary petioled leaf at the base. Flower large, showy terminal, 
 bracted. Sepals and petals similar, nearly equal. Lip large, saccate or swollen, 2-parted 
 below. Column dilated, petal-like, bearing the lid-like anther just below the summit. Pol- 
 linia 2, waxy, each 2-parted, without caudicles, sessile on a thick gland, the stigma at the 
 base. [Dedicated to the goddess Calypso.] 
 
 A monotypic species of the cooler portions of the north temperate zone. 
 
 i. Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes. Calypso. 
 (Fig. 1138.) 
 
 Cypripedium bulbosum L- Sp. PI. 951. 1753. 
 Calypso borcalis Salisb. Par. Lond. ^ pi. 89. " 1807. 
 Calypso bulbosa Oakes, Cat. Vermont PL 28. 1842. 
 
 Bulb 5 X/ in diameter or less. Scape ^ / -6 / high; leaf 
 round-ovate, \'-\y 2 ' long, nearly as wide, obtusely 
 pointed at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, 
 the petiole i / -2 / long; flowers variegated, purple, pink 
 and yellow, the peduncle jointed; petals and sepals 
 linear, erect or spreading, 5 // -7 // long, with 3 longitu- 
 dinal purple lines; lip large, saccate, 2-divided below, 
 spreading or drooping, with a patch of yellow woolly 
 hairs near the point of division; column erect, broadly 
 ovate, shorter than the petals; capsule about l / z ' long, 
 many-nerved. 
 
 Labrador to Alaska, south to Maine, Michigan, Califor- 
 nia, and in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona. Also in 
 Europe. Flower somewhat resembling that of a small 
 Cypripedium. May-June. 
 
 13. CORALLORHIZA R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 5: 209. 1813. 
 
 Scapose herbs, saprophytes or root-parasites, with large masses of coralloid branching 
 roots, the leaves all reduced to sheathing scales. Flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals 
 nearly equal, the lateral ones united at the base with the foot of the column, forming a 
 short spur or gibbous protuberance, the other one free, the spur adnate to the summit of the 
 ovary. Petals about as long as the sepals, i-3-nerved. Lip i-3-ridged. Column nearly 
 free, slightly incurved, somewhat 2-winged. Anther terminal, operculate. Pollinia 4, in 2 
 pairs, oblique, free, soft-waxy. [Greek, from the coral-like roots.] 
 
 About 15 species, \videlydistributed in the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 
 4 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. 
 Spur small or sac-like, adnate to the top of the ovary. 
 Lip not deeply 3-lobed. 
 
 Lip 2-toothed or 2-lobed above the base. i. C. Corallorhiza. 
 
 Lip entire, or merely denticulate. 
 
 Flowers about 3" -4" long; lip not notched; column narrowly winged. 2. C. odontorhiza. 
 Flowers 7" long; lip notched; column manifestly winged. 3. C. Wisteriana. 
 
 Lip deeply 3-lobed; flowers 6" -9" long. 4. C. multiflora. 
 
 No spur or sac. 5. C. striata. 
 
478 ORCHIDACEAE. 
 
 i. Corallorhiza Corallorhiza (I,.) Karst. Early Coral-root. (Fig. 1139.) 
 
 Ophrys Corallorhiza L,. Sp. PI. 945. 1753. 
 
 Corallorhiza innala R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 
 5: 209. 1813. 
 
 Corallorhiza Corallorhiza Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 448. 
 1880-83. 
 
 Scape glabrous, 4 / -ia' high, clothed with 2-5 
 closely sheathing scales. Raceme i / -3 / long, 3-12- 
 flowered; flowers dull purple, about y 2 ' long, on 
 very short minutely bracted pedicels; sepals and 
 petals narrow, about 3 X/ long; lip shorter than the 
 petals, oblong, whitish, 2-toothed or 2-lobed above 
 the base; spur, a sac or small protuberance adnate 
 to the summit of the ovary; capsule 4 // -6 // long, 
 oblong or somewhat obovoid. 
 
 In woods, Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to New Jer- 
 sey, in the mountains to Georgia, and to Michigan and 
 Washington. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Vermont. Also in 
 Europe. May-June. 
 
 2. Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Willd. ) 
 
 Nutt. Small-flowered Coral-root. 
 
 (Fig. 1140.) 
 
 Cymbidium odontorhizon Willd. Sp. PI. 4'- IID - 
 1805. 
 
 Corallorhiza odontorhiza Hutt. Gen. 2: 197. 1818. 
 
 Scape slender, purplish, 6 / -is / high. Raceme 
 2 x -4 7 long, 6-2o-flowered; flowers 3 // -4 // long, 
 purplish, sepals and petals lanceolate, 2 X/ long 
 or less, marked with purple lines; lip as long as 
 the petals, broadly oval or obovate, entire or 
 denticulate, narrowed at the base, not notched, 
 whitish; spur, a small sac adnate to the top of 
 the ovary; wings of the column very narrow. 
 
 In woods, Massachusetts to Michigan, Florida 
 and Missouri. Ascends to 3000 ft. in North Caro- 
 lina. July-Sept. 
 
 3. Corallorhiza Wisteriana Conrad. 
 Wister's Coral-root. (Fig. 1141.) 
 
 Corallorhiza Wisteriana Conrad, Journ. Acad. Phila. 
 6: 145. 1829. 
 
 Stem slender, but usually stouter than that of the 
 preceding species, %'-\& high, bearing several 
 sheathing scales. Raceme 2 / -5 / long, loose, 6-15- 
 flowered; flowers about 7" long, slender-pedicelled, 
 ascending or erect; lip broadly oval or obovate, 
 4 // -5" long, 4 // -5 // wide; abruptly clawed, white 
 with crimson spots, crenulate, notched at the apex; 
 lamellae, 2 short prominent ridges; spur, a some- 
 what conspicuous protuberence adnate to the top of 
 the ovary; column strongly 2-winged toward the 
 base; capsule elliptic-oblong or oblong-obovoid, 
 about 5" long, drooping when ripe. 
 
 In woods, Massachusetts to Ohio, Florida and Texas. 
 Feb. -May. 
 
ORCHID FAMILY. 479 
 
 4. Corallorhiza multiflora Nutt. Large Coral-root. (Fig. 1142.) 
 
 Corallorhiza multiflora Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila 
 3: 138. pi. 7- 1823. 
 
 Scape 8'-2c/ high, purplish, clothed with sev- 
 eral appressed scales. Raceme 2 / -8 / long, 10- 
 3o-flowered ; flowers 6 // ~9 // high, brownish pur- 
 ple, short -pedicelled; sepals and petals some- 
 what counivent at the base, linear-lanceolate, 
 about 3" long; lip white, spotted and lined with 
 purple, oval or ovate in outline, deeply 3-lobed, 
 crenulate, the middle lobe broader than the 
 lateral ones, its apex curved; spur manifest, yel- 
 lowish; capsule ovoid or oblong, 5 // -8 // long, 
 drooping. 
 
 In woods, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south 
 to Florida, Missouri and California. A form with 
 yellow scapes and flowers occurs in Nebraska (ac- 
 cording to Williams). July-Sept. 
 
 5. Corallorhiza striata Lindl. Striped Coral-root. (Fig. 1143.) 
 
 Corallorhiza striata L,indl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 534. 
 1840. 
 
 Corallorhiza Macraei A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 453. 1856. 
 
 Scape stout, purplish, 8 / -2o / high. Raceme z'-6' 
 long, io-25-flowered. Flowers dark purple; sepals 
 and petals narrowly elliptic, striped with deeper 
 purple lines, 6 X/ -7 X/ long, spreading; lip oval or ob- 
 ovate, entire or a little undulate, somewhat nar- 
 rowed at the base, about as long as the petals; spur 
 none, but the perianth has a gibbous saccate base; 
 capsule ellipsoid, reflexed, 8 // -io // long. 
 
 In woods, Ontario and northern New York to Michi- 
 gan, Oregon and California. July. 
 
 14. TIPULARIA Nutt. Gen. 2: 195. 1818. 
 
 Slender scapose herbs, with solid bulbs, several generations connected by offsets, the 
 flowers in a long loose terminal raceme. Leaf solitary, basal, unfolding long after the flow- 
 ering season (in autumn), usually after the scape has perished. Scape with several thin 
 sheathing scales at the base. Flowers green, nodding, bractless. Sepals and petals similar, 
 spreading. Lip 3-lobed, produced backwardly into a very long spur. Column erect, wing- 
 less or very narrowly winged. Anther terminal, operculate, 2-celled. Pollinia 4, ovoid, 
 waxy, 2 in each anther-sac, separate, affixed to a short stipe, which is glandular at the base. 
 [Latin, similar to Tipula, a genus of insects, in allusion to the fol*n of the flower.] 
 
 Two known species, the following of eastern North America, the other Himalayan. 
 
 31 
 
480 
 
 ORCHIDACEAE. 
 
 i. Tipularia unifolia (Muhl.) B.S.P. Crane-fly Orchis. (Fig. 1144.) 
 
 Limodorum unifolium Muhl. Cat. 81. 1813. 
 Tipularia discolor Nutt. Gen. 2: 195. 1818. 
 Tipularia unifolia B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 51. 1888. 
 
 Scape glabrous, I5 / -2O / high, from a hard, often 
 irregular solid bulb or corm. Leaf arising in 
 autumn from a fresh lateral corm, ovate, 2 X -3 X long, 
 dark green, frequently surviving through the win- 
 ter, i / -2 / wide. Raceme s'-io' long, very loose; 
 flowers green, tinged with purple; pedicels filiform, 
 bractless; 4 // -6 // long; sepals and petals 3 // -4 //r 
 long, narrow; lip shorter than the petals or equal- 
 ling them, 3-lobed, the middle lobe narrow, pro- 
 longed, dilated at the apex, the lateral lobes short, 
 triangular; spur very slender, straight or curved, 
 often twice as long as the flower; column narrow, 
 erect, shorter than the petals, the beak minutely 
 pubescent; capsule ellipsoid, 6-ribbed, about 6" 
 long. 
 
 In woods, Vermont to Michigan, south to Florida 
 and Louisiana. Local and rare. July-Aug. 
 
 15. LIMODORUM L. Sp. PI. 950. 1753. 
 [CAI.OPOGON R. Br. in Alt. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 5: 204. 1813.] 
 
 Scapose herbs, with round solid bulbs which arise from the bulb of the previous year, a 
 leaf appearing the first season, succeeded -in the following year by the scape. Flowers sev- 
 eral in a loose terminal spike or raceme. Sepals and petals nearly alike, separate, spread- 
 ing. Column elongated, 2-winged above. Anther terminal, operculate, sessile; pollinia 
 solitary, i in each sac, loosely granular. Lip spreading, raised on a narrow stalk, dilated at 
 the apex, bearded on the upper side with long club-shaped hairs. [Greek, a meadow-gift.] 
 
 i. Limodorum tuberosum L. Grass- 
 pink. Calopogon. (Fig. 1145.) 
 
 Limodorum tuberosum L. Sp. PI. 950. 1753. 
 Cymbidium pulchellum Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 105. 1805. 
 Calopogon pulchellus R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 
 5: 204. 1813. 
 
 Scape slender, naked, i-i^ high. Leaf lin- 
 ear-lanceolate, 8 / -i2 / long, 3 // -io // wide, sheath- 
 ing, with several scales below it; spike 4'- 15' long, 
 3-i5-flowered; flowers about \' long, purplish 
 pink, subtended by small acute bracts; sepals ob- 
 liquely ovate-lanceolate, acute, about io // long; 
 petals similar; column incurved; anther-sacs par- 
 allel, attached by a slender thread to the back of 
 the column; lip as long as the column, broadly 
 triangular at the apex, crested along the face with 
 yellow, orange and rose-colored hairs ; capsule 
 oblong, nearly erect. 
 
 In bogs and meadows, Newfoundland to Ontario and 
 Minnesota, south to Florida and Missouri. June-July. 
 
 16. HEXALECTRIS Raf. Neog. 4. 1825. 
 
 Scapose herbs, from thick scaly rootstocks and fleshy coralloid roots, the leaves'reduced 
 to purplish scales, sheathing the scape. Flowers bracted in a loose terminal raceme. Peri- 
 anth not gibbous or spurred at the base, the petals and sepals similar, nerved, spreading. 
 Lip obovate, with several crested ridges down the middle, somewhat 3-lobed, the middle 
 lobe a little concave. Column free, thick, slightly incurved. Pollinia 8, united in a cluster. 
 Capsule ellipsoid, the fruiting pedicels thick. [Greek, signifying six crests.] 
 
 A monotypic genus of the southeastern United States and Mexico. 
 
2 
 
 ORCHID FAMILY. 481 
 
 i. Hexalectris aphyllus (Nutt.) Raf. Crested Coral-root. (Fig. 1146.) 
 
 Bletia aphylla Nutt. Gen. 2: 194. 1818. 
 Hexalectris squamosus Raf. Fl. Tell. 4: 48. 1836. 
 
 Hexalectris aphyllus Raf.; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 501. 
 1890. 
 
 Scape stout, 8 / -2o / high, its upper scales lanceo- 
 late, the lower sheathing and truncate or acute. 
 Raceme 4 / -7 / long, 8-i2-flowered; flowers large, 
 brownish purple, i x high or more; pedicels short, 
 stout; sepals and petals narrowly elliptic, obtuse or 
 acutish, spreading, striped with purple veins, 6 // - 
 9 /x long, longer than the broad lip; middle lobe of 
 the lip rounded or crenulate, the lateral ones 
 shorter, rounded; column slightly spreading at the 
 summit, shorter than the lip; capsule ellipsoid, 
 nearly \ f long, the fruiting pedicels 4 // -5 // long. 
 
 In rich woods, North Carolina to Kentucky and Mis- 
 souri, south to Florida and northern Mexico. Aug. 
 
 17. APLECTRUM Nutt. Gen. 2: 197. 1818. 
 
 Scapose herbs, from a corm, produced from the one of the previous season by an offset, 
 the scape clothed with several sheathing scales. Leaf solitary, basal; developed in autumn 
 or late summer, broad, petioled. Flowers in terminal racemes, the pedicels subtended by 
 small bracts. Petals and sepals similar, narrow. Lip clawed, somewhat 3-ridged, spur 
 none. Column free, the anther borne a little below its summit. Pollinia 4, lens-shaped, 
 oblique. [Greek, meaning without a spur.) 
 
 A monotypic North American genus. 
 
 i. Aplectrum spicatum (Walt.) B.S.P. Adam-and-Eve. Putty-root. 
 
 (Fig. 1147.) 
 
 Arethusa spicata Walt. Fl. Car. 222. 1788. 
 Cymbidium hyemale Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 107. 1805. 
 Aplectrum hyemale Nutt. Gen. 2: 198. 1818. 
 
 Aplectrum spicatum B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. sr. 
 
 1888. 
 
 Scape glabrous, i-2 high, bearing about 3 
 scales. Leaf arising from the corm, at the side 
 of the scape, elliptic or ovate, 4 / -6 / long, %'-$' 
 wide, usually lasting over winter; raceme 2 / -4 / 
 long, loosely several-flowered; flowers dull yel- 
 lowish brown mixed with purple, about i' long, 
 short-pedicelled; sepals and petals linear-lance- 
 olate, about y z f long; lip shorter than the petals, 
 obtuse, somewhat 3-1 obed and undulate; column 
 slightly curved, shorter than the lip; capsule 
 oblong-ovoid, angled, about io /x long. 
 
 In woods and swamps, Ontario to the Northwest 
 Territory and Oregon, south to Georgia, Missouri 
 and California. Several old corms usually remain 
 attached to the latest one. May-June. 
 
 T 
 
482 
 
 SAURURACEAE. 
 Sub-class 2. DlCOTYLEDONES. 
 
 Embryo of the seed with two cotyledons (in a few genera one only, as in 
 Cyclamen, Pinguicula and some species of Capnoides) , the first leaves of the 
 germinating plantlet opposite. Stem exogenous, of pith, wood and bark (endo- 
 genous in structure in Nymphaeaceae), the wood in one or more layers sur- 
 rounding the pith, traversed by medullary rays and covered by the bark. 
 Leaves usually pinnately or palmately veined, the veinlets forming a network. 
 Parts of the flower rarely in 3*5 or 6's. 
 
 Dicotyledonous plants are first definitely known in Cretaceous time. They constitute between 
 two-thirds and three-fourths of the living angiospermous flora. 
 
 Series i. Choripetalae. 
 
 Petals separate and distinct from each other, or wanting. 
 
 The series is also known as Archichlamideae, and comprises most of the families formerly 
 grouped under Apetalae (without petals) and Polypetalae (with separate petals). Exceptions to 
 the typical feature of separate petals are found in the Leguminosae, in which the two lower petals 
 are more or less united; in the Fumariaceae, where the two inner petals or all four of them are 
 sometimes coherent; the Polygalaceae, in which the three petals are united with each other, and 
 with the stamens; Oxalis in Geraniaceae; and Ilicaceae, whose five petals are sometimes joined 
 at the base. 
 
 Family i. SAURURACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 184. 1836. 
 
 LIZARD'S TAIL FAMILY. 
 
 Perennial herbs with broad entire alternate petioled leaves, and small perfect 
 incomplete bracteolate flowers, in peduncled spikes. Perianth none. Stamens 
 6-8, or sometimes fewer, hypogynous; anthers 2 -celled, the sacs longitudinally 
 dehiscent. Ovary 3-4-carpelled, the carpels distinct or united, i-2-ovuled; 
 ovules orthotropous. Fruit capsular or berry-like, composed of 3-4 mostly in- 
 dehiscent carpels. Seeds globose or ovoid, the testa membranaceous. Endo- 
 sperm copious, mealy. Embryo minute, cordate, borne in a small sac near the 
 end of the endosperm. 
 
 Three genera and 4 species, natives of North America and Asia. The family differs from 
 the Piperaceae in having more than one carpel to the ovary. It is represented in North America 
 by the following and by Anemopsis, occurring in California and Arizona. 
 
 i. SAURURUS L. Sp. PI. 341. 1753. 
 
 Marsh herbs, with slender rootstocks, jointed stems and cordate leaves, their petioles 
 sheathing the stem at the nodes, and small white flowers, in i or 2 dense elongated spikes 
 opposite the leaves. Bractlets adnate to the flowers or to their minute pedicels. Stamens 
 6-8. Filaments filiform, distinct. Carpels united at the base. Styles as many as the car- 
 pels, recurved, stigmatic along the inner side. Fruit rugose, depressed-globose, separating 
 into 3 or 4 one-seeded carpels. [Name Greek, meaning the tail of a lizard, in allusion to the 
 long slender spike.] 
 
 Two species, the following of eastern North America, the other of eastern Asia. 
 
 i. Saururus cernuus L,. Lizard' s-tail. 
 (Fig. 1148.) 
 
 Saururus cernuus L. Sp. PI. 341. 1753. 
 
 Somewhat pubescent when young, becoming 
 glabrous, stem rathei slender, erect, sparingly 
 branched, 2-5 high. Leaves ovate, thin, pal- 
 niately s-g-ribbed and with a pair of strong ribs 
 above, which run nearly to the apex, dark green, 
 entire, deeply cordate at the base, acuminate, 
 3 / -6 / long, 2 / -3> / wide; petioles stout, shorter 
 than the blades, striate; spikes few, very dense, 
 longer than their peduncles, 4 / -6 / long, the apex 
 drooping in flower; flowers fragrant; stamens 
 white, spreading, about -2" long; fruit slightly 
 fleshy, \y 2 " in diameter, strongly wrinkled 
 when dry. 
 
 In swamps and shallow water, Connecticut to 
 Florida, west to southern Ontario, Minnesota and 
 Texas. June-Aug. 
 
WALNUT FAMILY. 483 
 
 Family 2. JUGLANDACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 180. 1836. 
 
 WAI.NUT FAMILY. 
 
 Trees with alternate pinnately compound leaves, and monoecious bracteolate 
 flowers, the staminate in long drooping aments; the pistillate solitary or several 
 together. Staminate flowers consisting of 3-riumerous stamens with or without 
 an irregularly lobed perianth adnate to the bractlet, very rarely with a rudi- 
 mentary ovary. Anthers erect, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent; 
 filaments short. Pistillate flowers bracted and usually 2 -bracteolate, with a 
 3-5-lobed (normally 4-lobed) calyx or with both calyx and petals, and an 
 inferior i -celled or incompletely 2-4-celled ovary. Ovule solitary, erect, orthot- 
 ropous; styles 2, stigmatic on the inner surface. Fruit in our genera a drupe 
 with indehiscent or dehiscent, fibrous or woody exocarp (husk; ripened calyx; 
 also regarded as an involucre), enclosing the bony endocarp or nut which is 
 incompletely 2-4-celled. Seed large, 2-4-lobed. Endosperm none. Cotyledons 
 corrugated, very oily. Radicle minute, superior. 
 
 Six genera and about 35 species, mostly of the warmer parts of the north temperate zone, 
 extending in America south along the Andes to Bolivia. The young leaves in the bud are stipulate 
 in at least two species of Hicoria. 
 
 Husk indehiscent; nut rugose. 
 
 Husk at length splitting into segments; nut smooth or angled. 
 
 1. Juglans. 
 
 2. Hicoria. 
 
 i. JUGLANS L. Sp. PI. 997. 1753. 
 
 Trees, with spreading branches, superposed buds, fragrant bark, and odd-pinnate leaves, 
 with nearly or quite sessile leaflets, the terminal one sometimes early perishing. Staminate 
 flowers in drooping cylindric aments, borne on the twigs of the previous year; perianth 3-6- 
 lobed; stamens 8-40 in 2 or more series. Pistillate flowers solitary or several together on a 
 terminal peduncle at the end of shoots of the season, the calyx 4-lobed, with 4 small petals 
 adnate to the ovary at the sinuses; styles fimbriate, very short. Drupe large, globose or 
 ovoid, the exocarp somewhat fleshy, fibrous, indehiscent, the endocarp bony, rugose or 
 sculptured, 2-4-celled at the base, indehisceut, or in decay separating into 2 valves. [Name 
 a contraction of the Latin Jovis glans, the nut of Jupiter.] 
 
 About 8 species, natives of the north temperate zone, one in the West Indies, i or 2 in the 
 Andes of South America. Besides the following i or 2 others occur in the southwestern United 
 States. 
 
 Fruit globose, obtuse, not viscid; petioles puberulent. 
 Fruit oblong, pointed, viscid; petioles pubescent. 
 
 i. Juglans nigra L. Black Walnut. 
 (Fig. 1149.) 
 
 Juglans nigra L. Sp. PI. 997. 1753- 
 
 A large forest tree with rough brown bark, 
 maximum height about 150, trunk diameter 8, 
 the twigs of the season and petioles puberulent, 
 the older twigs glabrous or very nearly so. 
 Leaflets 13-23, ovate-lanceolate, more or less 
 inequilateral, acuminate at the apex, rounded or 
 subcordate at the base, serrate with low teeth, 
 glabrous or very nearly so above, pubescent be- 
 neath, $'-$' long, i / -2 / wide; staminate aments 
 solitary in the axils of leaf-scars of the preced- 
 ing season, 3 / ~5 / long; drupes usually solitary 
 or 2 together, globose or a little longer than 
 thick, i ^'-3' in diameter, glabrous but papil- 
 lose, not viscid; nut corrugated, slightly com- 
 pressed, 4 celled at the base. 
 
 In rich woods, Massachusetts to southern Onta- 
 rio and Minnesota, south to Florida, Kansas and 
 Texas. Wood strong, hard, rich brown; weight per 
 cubic foot 38 Ibs. April-May. Fruit ripe Oct.-Nov. 
 
 1. J. nigra. 
 
 2. J. cinerea. 
 
4 8 4 
 
 JUGLANDACEAE. 
 
 2. Juglans cinerea L. Butternut. White 
 Walnut. Oil-nut. (Fig. 1150.) 
 
 Juglans cinerea L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1415. 1763. 
 
 A forest tree, resembling the Black Walnut, but 
 smaller, rarely over 100 high and 3 in trunk dia- 
 meter, the bark gray, smoother, the twigs, petioles 
 and leaflets viscid-pubescent, at least when young. 
 Leaflets 11-19, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at the 
 apex, scarcely inequilateral, obtuse, rounded or trun- 
 cate at the base, serrate with low teeth; drupes 
 racemed, oblong, densely viscid-pubescent, 2 / -3 / long 
 and about one-half as thick, pointed; nut 4-ribbed, 
 deeply sculptured, and with sharp longitudinal ridges, 
 firmly adherent to the husk, 2-celled at the base. 
 
 In rich or rocky woods. New Brunswick and Ontario to 
 North Dakota, south to Delaware, in the Alleghenies to 
 Georgia, to Mississippi and Arkansas. Ascends to 2500 ft. 
 in Virginia. Wood soft, rather weak, light brown; weight 
 per cubic foot 25 Ibs. April-May. Fruit ripe Oct. -Nov. 
 
 1808. 
 
 1. H. Pecan. 
 
 2. H. minima. 
 
 3. H. aquatica. 
 
 2. HICORIA Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 352. 
 
 [CARYA Nutt. Gen. 2: 221. 1818.] 
 
 Trees, with close or shaggy bark, odd-pinnate leaves and serrate or serrulate leaflets. 
 Staminate flowers in slender drooping aments, borne in 3*3 on a common peduncle at the 
 base of the shoots of the season, or clustered and sessile or nearly so in the axils of leaf- 
 scars at the summit of twigs of the preceding year; calyx adnate to the bract, 2-3-lobed or 
 2-3-cleft; stamens 3-10; filaments short. Pistillate flowers 2-6, together on a terminal pedun- 
 cle; bract fugacious or none; calyx 4-toothed; petals none; styles 2 or 4, papillose or fitnbri- 
 ate, short. Fruit subglobose, oblong or obovoid, the husk separating more or less com- 
 pletely into 4 valves; nut bony, smooth or angled, incompletely 2-4-celled; seed sweet and 
 delicious or very bitter and astringent. [Prom the aboriginal name Hicori.] 
 
 About 10 species, natives of eastern North America, one in Mexico. 
 Bud-scales valvate ; lateral leaflets lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, falcate. 
 Nut not compressed or angled; seed sweet. 
 Nut somewhat compressed or angled; seed intensely bitter. 
 Leaflets 7-9; nut smooth. 
 Leaflets 9-13; nut angled. 
 Bud-scales imbricate; lateral leaflets not falcate. 
 
 Husk of the fruit freely splitting to the base; middle lobe of the staminate calyx at least twice 
 
 as long as the lateral ones. 
 Bark shaggy, separating in long plates; foliage glabrous or puberulent. 
 
 Leaflets 5 (rarely 7); nut rounded at the base, 6"-io" long. 4. H. ovata. 
 
 Leaflets 7-9; nut usually pointed at both ends, i'-i^' long. 5. H. laciniosa. 
 
 Bark close, rough; foliage very pubescent and fragrant. 6. H. alba. 
 
 Husk of fruit thin, not freely splitting to the base; lobes of the staminate calyx nearly equal. 
 Lateral leaflets ovate-lanceolate, not falcate; fruit rounded or scarcely ridged. 
 
 Fruit nearly globular; nut thin-shelled; bark shaggy (.7. H. microcarpa. 
 
 Fruit obovoid; nut thick-shelled; bark close. ^J ^.^H. glabra. 
 
 i. Hicoria Pecan (Marsh.) Britton. Pecan. 
 
 (Fig. 1151.) 
 
 Juglans Pecan Marsh. Arb. Am. 69. 1785. 
 
 Carya olivaeformis Nutt. Gen. 2: 221. 1818. 
 
 Hicoria Pecan Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 282. 1888. 
 
 A large slender tree, with somewhat roughened bark, 
 maximum height of 170 and trunk diameter 6. Young 
 twigs and leaves pubescent; mature foliage nearly gla- 
 brous; bud-scales few, small, valvate; leaflets 11-15, fal- 
 cate, oblong-lanceolate, short-stalked, inequilateral, acu- 
 minate, 4 / -7 / long; stamiuate aments sessile or nearly so 
 in the axils of leaf-scars near the end of twigs of the pre- 
 ceding season or sometimes on the young shoots, $'-(>' 
 long; middle lobe of the staminate calyx linear, much 
 longer than the broadly oblong lateral ones; fruit oblong- 
 cylindric, i^ / -2^ / long; husk thin, 4-valved; nut smooth, 
 oblong, thin-shelled, pointed, 2-celled at base, dissepi- 
 ments thin, very astringent; seed delicious. 
 
 In moist soil, especially along streams, Indiana to Iowa and 
 Missouri, south to Kentucky and Texas. Wood hard, brittle, 
 light brown; weight 45 Ibs. April-May. Fruit ripe Sept.-Oct. 
 
WALNUT FAMILY. 
 
 485 
 
 2. Hicoria minima (Marsh.) Britton. Bitter-nut. Swamp Hickory. (Fig. 1152.) 
 
 Juglans alba minima Marsh. Arb. Am. 68. 1785. 
 Juglans sulcata Willd. Berl. Baumz. 154. 1796. 
 Carya amara Nutt. Gen. 2: 222. 1818. 
 Hicoria minima Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 284. 1888. 
 
 A slender tree, sometimes 100 high, with trunk 3 
 in diameter, the bark close and rough. Bud-scales 
 6-8, small, valvate, caducous, young foliage puberu- 
 lent, becoming nearly glabrous; leaflets 7-9, sessile, 
 long-acuminate, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3 / -6 / 
 long, / ^ / -i^ / wide, the lateral ones falcate; staminate 
 aments slightly pubescent, peduncled in 3*3 at the 
 bases of shoots of the season or sometimes on twigs of 
 the previous year; lobes of the staminate calyx about 
 equal, the middle one narrower; fruit subglobose, nar- 
 rowly 6-ridged I'-i^' in diameter; husk thin, tardily 
 and irregularly 4-valved; nut little compressed, not 
 angled, short-pointed, 9 // -i2 // long, thin-shelled; 
 seed very bitter. 
 
 In moist woods and swamps, Quebec to southern On- 
 tario and Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Ascends to 3500 
 ft. in Virginia. Wood hard and strong, dark brown; weight 
 per cubic 00147 Ibs. May-June. Fruit ripe Sept.-Oct. 
 
 3. Hicoria aquatica (Michx. f.) Britton. 
 Water Hickory. (Fig. 1153.) 
 
 Juglans aquatica Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. i: 182. pi. 5. 
 
 1810. 
 
 Carya aquatica Nutt. Gen. 2: 222. 1818. 
 Hicoria aquatica Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 284. 1888. 
 
 A swamp tree, attaining a maximum height of about 
 100 and a trunk diameter of 3, the bark close, the 
 young foliage pubescent, becoming nearly glabrous when 
 mature. Leaflets 9-13, lanceolate, or the terminal one 
 oblong, long-acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the 
 base, 3'-5' l n g> /^ / ~ I/ wide, the lateral strongly falcate; 
 staminate aments and calyx as in the preceding species; 
 fruit oblong, ridged, i'-i}4' long, pointed; husk thin, 
 tardily splitting ; nut oblong, thin-shelled, angular; 
 seed bitter. 
 
 In wet woods and swamps, Virginia to Florida, west to 
 Illinois, Arkansas and Texas. Wood soft, strong, dense, 
 dark brown; weight per cubic foot 46 Ibs. March-April. 
 Fruit ripe Sept.-Oct. 
 
 4. Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britton. Shag-bark. Shell-bark Hickory. (Fig. 1154.) 
 
 Juglans ovata Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 6. 1768. 
 Carya alba Nutt. Gen. 2: 221. 1818. Not Juglans alba L,. 
 Hicoria ovata Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 283. 1888. 
 
 A large tree, sometimes 120 high, with a trunk di- 
 ameter of 4; bark shaggy in narrow plates; young 
 twigs and leaves puberulent, becoming glabrous. 
 Leaflets 5, or sometimes 7, oblong, oblong-lanceolate 
 or the upper obovate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed 
 to the sessile base, 4 / -6 / long, those of young plants 
 much larger, bud-scales S-io, imbricated, the inner be- 
 coming very large and tardily deciduous; staminate 
 aments in 3*3, on slender peduncles at the bases of 
 shoots of the season; middle lobe of the staminate calyx 
 linear, longer than the lateral ones; fruit subglobose, 
 i X / ~ 2 X / l n g; husk thick, soon splitting into 4 valves; 
 nut white, somewhat compressed, 4-celled at the base, 
 2-celled (rarely 3-celled) above, pointed, slightly 
 angled, thin-shelled; seed sweet. 
 
 In rich soil, Quebec to southern Ontario and Minnesota, 
 south to Florida, Kansas and Texas. Wood strong and 
 tough, light brown; weight per cubic foot 52 Ibs. Some- 
 times called White Walnut. May. Fruit ripe Sept.-Nov. 
 
486 
 
 JUGLANDACEAE. 
 
 5. Hicoria laciniosa (Michx. f.) Sarg. Big Shag-bark. King-nut. (Fig. 1155.) 
 
 Carya sulcata Nutt. Gen. 2: 221. 1818. Not Juglans sul- 
 cata Willd. 1796. 
 
 Juglans laciniosa Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. i: 199. pi. 8. 
 1810. 
 
 Hicoria sulcata Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 283. 1888. 
 
 Hicoria laciniosa Sarg. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 354. 1894. 
 
 A large tree, reaching about the size of the preceding 
 species, the bark separating in long narrow plates, the 
 young foliage densely puberulent, the mature leaves 
 somewhat so beneath. L/eaflets 7-9, (rarely 5 ) acute or 
 acuminate, oblong-lanceolate or the upper obovate, some- 
 times 8 / long by 5' wide; staminate aments peduncled in 
 3's at the base of shoots of the season; middle lobe of the 
 staminate calyx linear, twice as long as the lateral ones; 
 fruit oblong, 2 / ~3 / long; husk thick, soon splitting to the 
 base; nut oblong, somewhat compressed, thick-shelled, 
 pointed at both ends, yellowish-white; seed sweet. 
 
 In rich soil, New York and Pennsylvania to Indiana, Iowa, 
 Tennessee, Kansas and the Indian Territory. Wood strong 
 and tough, darker than the preceding; weight 50 Ibs. per 
 cubic foot. May. Fruit ripe Sept.-Oct. 
 
 6. Hicoria alba (1^. ) Britton. White-heart Hickory. Mocker-nut. (Fig. 1156.) 
 
 Juglans alba L,. Sp. PL 997. 1753. 
 
 Jtiglans tomentosa L,am. Encycl. 4: 504. 1-797. 
 
 Carya tomentosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 221. 1818. 
 
 Hicoria alba Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 283. 1888. 
 
 A large tree, maximum height 100, and trunk 
 diameter 3^, the foliage and twigs persistently 
 tomentose-pubescent, fragrant when crushed, the bark 
 rough and close; bud-scales very large, imbricated; 
 leaflets 7-9, oblong-lanceolate or the upper oblanceo- 
 late or obovate, sessile, long-acuminate, narrowed or 
 rounded and somewhat inequilateral at the base; stami- 
 nate aments peduncled in 3*3, tomentose; middle lobe 
 of the staminate calyx linear, much longer than the 
 lateral ones; fruit globose or oblong-globose, T-Y^'~2>Yz f 
 long; husk thick, freely splitting to the base; nut gray- 
 ish-white, angled, pointed at the summit, little com- 
 pressed, thick-shelled, 4-celled at the base; seed sweet. 
 
 In rich soil, eastern Massachusetts to southern Ontario, 
 Illinois and Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas. As- 
 cends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. Wood very hard and tough, 
 dark brown; weight per cubic foot 51 Ibs. Called also 
 Fragrant Hickory. May-June. Fruit ripe Oct.-Nov. 
 
 7. Hicoria microcarpa (Nutt.) Britton. Small-fruited Hickory. (Fig. 1157.) 
 
 Juglans alba odorata Marsh. Arb. Am. 68. 1785? 
 Carya microcarpa Nutt. Gen. 2: 221. 1818. 
 H. microcarpa Britton, Bull. Torr. Club. 15: 283. 1888. 
 H. glabra var. odorata Sarg. Silva, 7: 167. pi. 354. 1895. 
 
 A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of about 
 90 and a trunk diameter of 3^, the bark close, when 
 older separating in narrow plates, the foliage glabrous 
 throughout. Bud-scales 6-8, imbricated, the inner 
 ones somewhat enlarging; leaflets 5-7, oblong, or 
 ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed or 
 sometimes rounded at the base, zYz'^' l n S! stami- 
 nate aments glabrous, peduncled in 3's at the base of 
 shoots of the season; middle lobe of the staminate 
 calyx equalling or somewhat longer than the lateral 
 ones; fruit globose or globose-oblong, less than T. f long, 
 the husk thin, tardily and incompletely splitting to 
 the base; nut subglobose, nearly white, slightly com- 
 pressed, not angled, thin-shelled, pointed; seed sweet. 
 
 In rich woods, Massachusetts to Michigan, south to Vir- 
 ginia, Illinois and Missouri. Wood hard, strong, tough,, 
 light brown. May-June. Fruit ripe Sept.-Oct. 
 
WALNUT FAMILY. 
 
 487 
 
 (Fig. 1158.) 
 
 1829. 
 
 8. Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britton. Pig-nut Hickory. 
 
 Juglans glabra Mill. Card. Diet. Ed.'S, No. 5. 1768. 
 Carya porcina Nutt. Gen. 2: 222. 1818. 
 Hicoria glabra Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 284. 1888. 
 A tree, sometimes 120 high and with a trunk diam- 
 eter of 5, bark close, rough; foliage glabrous, or 
 sometimes pubescent. Bud-scales 8-10, imbricated, 
 the inner ones enlarging; leaflets 3-7, rarely 9, ob- 
 long, oblong-lanceolate or the upper obovate, sessile, 
 acuminate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, 
 $'-6' long, in young plants much larger; staminate 
 aments glabrous, peduncled in 3*5; lobes of the stami- 
 nate calyx about equal in length, the middle one nar- 
 rower; fruit obovoid or obovoid-oblong, ij^-a 7 long; 
 husk thin, the valves very tardily dehiscent; nut 
 brown, angled, pointed, very thick-shelled; seed 
 astringent and bitter, not edible. 
 
 In dry or moist woods, Maine to southern Ontario and 
 Minnesota, south to Florida, Kansas and Texas. Wood 
 hard, strong, tough, rather dark brown; weight per cubic 
 foot 51 Ibs. May-June. Fruit ripe Oct.-Nov. 
 
 Family 3. MYRICACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 95. 
 
 BAYBERRY FAMILY. 
 
 Shrubs or trees with alternate, mostly coriaceous and aromatic simple leaves 
 and small monoecious or dioecious flowers, in linear, oblong or globular bracted 
 aments. Flowers solitary in the axils of the bracts. Perianth none. Staminate 
 flower with 2-16 (usually 4-8) stamens inserted on the receptacle; filaments 
 short, distinct or somewhat united; anthers ovate, 2-celled, the sacs longitudin- 
 ally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers with a solitary i -celled ovary, subtended by 
 2-8 bractlets; ovule solitary, orthotropous; style very short; stigmas 2, linear. 
 Fruit a small oblong or globose drupe or nut, the exocarp often waxy. Seed 
 erect. Endosperm none. Cotyledons plano-convex. Radicle very short. 
 
 Two genera and 35 species of wide geographic distribution. 
 
 Ovary subtended by 2-4 bractlets; leaves serrate or entire, exstipulate. i. Myrica. 
 
 Ovary subtended by 8 linear persistent bractlets; leaves pinnatind, stipulate. 2. Complonia. 
 
 i. MYRICA L. Sp. PI. 1024. 1753. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees with entire, dentate or lobed, mostly resinous dotted leaves, our 
 species usually dioecious. Staminate arneuts oblong or narrowly cylindric, expanding be- 
 fore or with the leaves. Stamens 4-8. Pistillate aments ovoid or subglobose; ovary sub- 
 tended by 2-4, mostly short, deciduous or persistent bractlets. Drupe globose or ovoid, its 
 exocarp waxy. [Ancient Greek name of the Tamarisk.] 
 
 Besides the following species, another occurs in the Southern States and 2 on the Pacific coast. 
 Bractlets of pistillate aments persistent, clasping the drupes; low bog shrub, i. M. Gale. 
 Bractlets of pistillate aments deciduous, the ripe drupes separated. 
 
 Slender tree; leaves mostly acute, narrow; drupe less than i" in diameter. 2. M. cerifera. 
 
 >; leaves mostly obtuse, broader; drupe i"-i l A" in diameter. 3. M. Carolinensis. 
 
 i. Myrica Gale L,. Sweet Gale. (Fig. 1159.) 
 
 Myrica Gale L,. Sp. PI. 1024. 1753. 
 
 A shrub, usually strictly dioecious, the twigs dark 
 brown. Leaves oblanceolate, obtuse and dentate at 
 the apex, narrowed to a cuneate entire base, short- 
 petioled, dark green and glabrous above, pale and 
 puberuleut or glabrous beneath, i / -2)4 / long, $"- 
 io // wide, unfolding after the aments; staminate 
 aments linear-oblong, 6 // -io // long, crowded; pis- 
 tillate ameuts ovoid-oblong, obtuse, about \" long 
 and 2 X/ in diameter in fruit, their bracts imbricated; 
 drupe resinous -waxy, not longer than the 2 ovate 
 persistent bractlets, which clasp it on each side and 
 are adnate to its base. 
 
 In swamps and along ponds and streams, Newfound- 
 land to Alaska, southern New York, Virginia, Michigan 
 and Washington. Also in Europe and Asia. Ascends 
 to 3000 ft. in the Adirondacks. April-May. 
 
 Shrub; 
 
MYRICACEAE. 
 2. Myrica cerifera L,. Wax-myrtle. (Fig. 1160.) 
 
 Myrica cerifera L. Sp. PI. 1024. 1753. 
 
 A slender dioecious tree, maximum height 
 about 40, trunk diameter i)^ , the bark gray, 
 nearly smooth. Leaves narrow, oblong or ob- 
 lanceolate, mostly acute at the apex, entire or 
 sparingly dentate, narrowed or somewhat cune- 
 ate at the base, fragrant when crushed, short- 
 petioled, dark green above, paler and sometimes 
 pubescent beneath; golden-resinous, i / -3 / long, 
 3//_<j<v wide, unfolding with or before the 
 aments; staminate aments cylindric; pistillate 
 aments short, oblong; ripe drupes separated, 
 globose, bluish-white, waxy, less than \" in di- 
 ameter, tipped with the minute base of the 
 style, long persistent, the bracts and bractlets 
 deciduous. 
 
 In sandy swamps or wet woods, Maryland to Flor- 
 ida and Texas, north to Arkansas. March-April. 
 Leaves mostly persistent through the winter. 
 Wood light, brown; weight per cubic foot 35 Ibs. 
 
 3. Myrica Carolinensis Mill. Waxberry. Bayberry. (Fig. 1161.) 
 
 Myrica Carolinensis Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 
 3- 1768. 
 
 A shrub, 2-8 high, with smooth gray bark, 
 the twigs glabrous or often pubescent. Leaves 
 oblanceolate or obovate, glabrous above, often 
 pubescent beneath, resinous, i'-\' long, 6 // -i8 // 
 wide, serrate with a few low teeth above the 
 middle, or entire, obtuse or sometimes acute at 
 the apex, narrowed at the base, short- petioled; 
 staminate aments cylindric or oblong, $,"-<)" 
 long; pistillate aments short, oblong; ripe 
 drupes separated, globose, bluish white, very 
 waxy, \ ff -\y 2 " in diameter, long-persistent, the 
 bracts and bractlets deciduous. 
 
 In dry or moist sandy soil, Nova Scotia to Flor- 
 ida and Alabama and on the shores of Lake Erie. 
 Occurs also in bogs in northern New Jersey and 
 Pennsylvania. April-May. The fruit was much 
 used as a source of wax by the early settlers of the 
 eastern United States, and is still utilized along the 
 coast of New England. 
 
 2. COMPTONIA Banks; Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 58. pi. 90. 1791. 
 
 A low, monoecious or dioecious branching shrub with terete brown branches and nar- 
 row, deeply pinnatifid, stipulate leaves, the young foliage pubescent. Aments expanding 
 with the leaves, the staminate ones and their flowers as in Myrica. Fertile aments globose- 
 ovoid, on monoecious plants appearing below the staminate, several-flowered. Ovary sub- 
 tended by 8 linear-subulate persistent bractlets, which form an involucre to the ovoid-ob- 
 long bony nut. [Name in honor of Rev. Henry Compton, 1632-1713, bishop of Oxford.] 
 
 A monotypic genus of eastern North America. 
 
BAYBERRY FAMILY. 489 
 
 i. Comptonia peregrina (1,.) Coulter. 
 Sweet Fern. (Fig. 1162.) 
 
 Liquidambar peregrina L. Sp. PI. 999. 1753. 
 Myrica asplenifolia L- Sp. PI. 1024. 1753. 
 Liquidambar asplenifolia L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1418. 1763. 
 C. asplenifolia Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 58. 1791. 
 C. peregrina Coulter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 127. 1894. 
 
 A shrub, i-2^ tall, the branches erect or 
 spreading. Leaves linear-oblong or linear-lanceo- 
 late in outline, short-petioled, obtuse or subacute 
 at the apex, deeply pinnatifid into numerous ob- 
 lique rounded entire or sparingly dentate lobes, 3'- 
 6 / long, X / ~/^ / wide, fragrant when crushed, the 
 sinuses very narrow; stipules semi-cordate, mostly 
 deciduous; staminate aments clustered at the ends 
 of the branches, i' or less long, their bracts reni- 
 form, acute; pistillate aments bur-like in fruit, the 
 subulate bractlets longer than the light brown, 
 shining, striate, obtuse nut. 
 
 In dry soil, especially on hill-sides, Nova Scotia to 
 Manitoba, south to North Carolina, Indiana and Michi- 
 gan. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Virginia. April-May. 
 
 Family 4. LEITNERIACEAE Drude, Phanerog. 407. 1879. 
 
 CORK-WOOD FAMILY. 
 
 Dioecious shrubs or small trees, with large entire petioled alternate exstipulate 
 (or sometimes stipulate ?) leaves, and flowers of both sexes in aments, which ex- 
 pand before the leaves. Staminate flowers with no perianth; stamens 8-12, in- 
 serted on the receptacle; filaments distinct; anthers oblong, erect, 2-celled, the 
 sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers with a solitary i -celled ovary, 
 subtended by 3 or 4 minute glandular-lacerate bractlets (perianth?); style ter- 
 minal, simple, grooved and flattened, slender, recurved and stigmatic above, 
 caducous; ovule solitary, laterally affixed to the ovary wall, amphitropous. Fruit 
 an oblong drupe with thin exocarp and hard endocarp. Testa thin. Endosperm 
 thin, fleshy. Cotyledons flat, cordate at the base; radicle short, superior. 
 
 A family related morphologically to the Myricaceae, but its anatomical characteristics point to 
 affinity with Liquidambar and Platanus. It comprises only the following monotypic genus of 
 the southern United States. 
 
 i. LEITNERIA Chapm. Fl. S. States, 427. 1860. 
 
 Characters of the family. [In honor of Dr. E. F. Leitner, a German naturalist, killed in 
 Florida during the Seminole war.] 
 
 i. Leitneria Floridana Chapm. Leit- 
 neria. Cork-wood. (Fig. 1163.) 
 
 Leitneria Floridana Chapm. Fl. S. States, 428. 1860. 
 
 A shrub or small tree, attaining a maximum 
 height of about 20 and a trunk diameter of 5', the 
 bark gray and rather smooth, the young twigs, 
 leaves and aments densely pubescent. Leaves ob- 
 long or elliptic-lanceolate, acute, obtuse or cuspi- 
 date at the apex, narrowed at the base, bright 
 green, firm, $'-6' long, i / ~3 / wide, when mature, 
 glabrous or nearly so above, finely pubescent, at 
 , least on the veins, and rugose-reticulated beneath; 
 petioles 9 // -i5 // long; staminate aments ascending, 
 i '-2' long, their bracts triangular-ovate, acute, to- 
 mentose; pistillate aments shorter, borne toward 
 the ends of the twigs; drupe slightly compressed, 
 about io // long, 3 // ~4 // thick, rugose-reticulated. 
 
 In swamps, southern Missouri to Texas, and in 
 Florida. Wood lighter than cork and probably the 
 lightest wood known, weighing only about 12 1 A Ibs. 
 per cubic foot. March. 
 
490 
 
 SALICACEAE. 
 
 Family 5. SALICACEAE Ivindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 186. 1836. 
 
 WILLOW FAMILY. 
 
 Dioecious trees or shrubs with light wood, bitter bark, brittle twigs, alternate 
 stipulate leaves, the stipules often minute and caducous. Flowers of both 
 sexes in aments, solitary in the axil of each bract. Aments expanding before 
 or with the leaves. Staminate aments often pendulous; staminate flowers con- 
 sisting of from one to numerous stamens inserted on the receptacle, subtended 
 by a gland-like or cup-shaped disk; filaments distinct or more or less united; 
 anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate aments pendulous, 
 erect or spreading, sometimes raceme-like; pistillate flowers of a sessile or short- 
 stipitate i -celled ovary subtended by a minute disk; placentae 2-4, parietal; 
 ovules usually numerous, anatropous; style short, slender, or almost wanting; 
 stigmas 2, simple or 2-4-cleft. Fruit an ovoid, oblong or conic 2-4-valved cap- 
 sule. Seeds small or minute, provided with a dense coma of long, mostly white, 
 silky hairs. Endosperm none. Cotyledons plano-convex. Radicle short. 
 
 The family includes only the 2 following genera, consisting of 200 or more species, mostly 
 natives of the north temperate and arctic zones. 
 
 Bracts fimbriate or incised; stamens numerous; stigmas elongated. i. Populus. 
 
 Bracts entire ; stamens 2-10; stigmas short. 2. Salix. 
 
 i. POPULUS L. Sp. PI. 1034. 1753. 
 
 Trees with scaly resinous buds, terete or angled twigs arid broad or narrow, usually long- 
 petioled leaves, the stipules minute, fugacious. Bracts of the aments fimbriate or incised. 
 Disk cup-shaped, oblique, lobed or entire. Staminate aments dense, pendulous. Staminate 
 flowers with from 4-60 stamens, their filaments distinct. Pistillate aments sometimes 
 raceme-like through the elongation of the pedicels, pendulous, erect or spreading. Ovary 
 sessile; style short, stigmas 2-4, entire or 4-lobed. Capsule 2-4-valved. Coma of the seeds 
 often very long and conspicuous. [Name ancient, used for these trees by Pliny.] 
 
 About 25 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, some 3 others 
 occur in the western parts of North America. 
 
 ^c Petioles terete or channeled, scarcely or not at all flattened laterally. (POPLARS.) 
 Leaves persistently and densely white-tomentose beneath. i. P. alba. 
 
 Leaves glabrous or very nearly so when mature, crenulate. 
 
 Foliage strictly glabrous (except in P. balsamifera candicans); capsule very short-pedicelled. 
 
 Leaves broadly ovate, rounded or cordate at the base. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate or ovate -lanceolate, mostly narrowed at the base. 
 
 Leaves acute, short-petioled. 
 
 Leaves acuminate, long-petioled. 
 Foliage densely tomentose when young; capsules slender-pedicelled. 
 
 >^ Petioles strongly flattened laterally. (ASPENS. ) 
 Leaves coarsely undulate-dentate. 
 Leaves crenulate-denticulate. 
 
 Leaves ovate or suborbicular, short-pointed. 
 Leaves broadly deltoid, abruptly acuminate. 
 
 Leaves obtuse at the base; capsules nearly sessile. 
 Leaves truncate at the base; capsules slender-pedicelled. 
 
 2. P. balsamifera. . 
 
 3. P. angustifolia. 
 
 4. P. acuminata. 
 
 5. P. heterophylla. 
 
 6. P. grandidentata. 
 j. P. tremuloides. 
 
 8. P. nigra. 
 
 9. P. deltoides. 
 
 i. Populus alba L,. Abele. White or 
 Silver-leaf Poplar. (Fig. 1164.) 
 
 Populus alba L. Sp. PI. 1034. 1753. 
 
 A large tree, with smooth light gray bark, at- 
 taining a maximum height of about 120 and a 
 trunk diameter of 6. Young foliage densely 
 white-tomentose, the leaves becoming glabrate 
 and dark green above, persistently tomentose 
 beneath, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular in 
 outline, apex acute, base truncate or subcordate, 
 3-5-lobed or irregularly dentate, 2^-4' long; 
 petioles nearly terete, shorter than the blade; 
 staminate aments i / -2 / long. 
 
 In yards and along roadsides, springing up from 
 suckers of older trees. New Brunswick to Virginia. 
 Native of Europe and Asia. Wood soft, nearly 
 white ; weight 38 Ibs. per cubic foot. March-May. 
 
WILLOW FAMILY. 
 
 491 
 
 2. Populus balsamifera L. Tacamahac. 
 
 Balsam Poplar. (Fig. 1165.) 
 Populus balsamifera L. Sp. PI. 1034. 1753. 
 
 A large tree, with nearly smooth gray bark, reach- 
 ing a maximum height of about 80 and a trunk 
 diameter of 7, the branches stout, spreading, the 
 large buds very resinous, the foliage glabrous. 
 Leaves broadly ovate, dark green and shining 
 above, pale beneath, acute or acuminate at the 
 apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, crenulate, 
 3 / -5 / long, petioles terete; aments and bracts some- 
 what pubescent; stamens 18-30; lobes of the stigmas 
 broad; capsule ovoid, 2-valved, short-pedicelled. 
 
 In moist or dry soil, especially along streams and 
 lakes, Newfoundland to Hudson Bay and Alaska, south 
 to Maine, New York, Michigan, Idaho and British 
 Columbia. Wood soft, weak, brown, compact; weight 
 per cubic foot 23 Ibs. April. 
 
 Populus balsamifera candicans (Ait.) A. Gray, Man. 
 
 Ed. 2, 419. 1856. BALM OF GILEAD. 
 Populus candicans Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 406. 1789. 
 
 Leaves broader, cordate at the base; petioles usually pubescent. New Brunswick to New Jer- 
 sey, west to Minnesota, mostly escaped from cultivation, apparently indigenous northward. 
 
 3. Populus angustifolia James. Narrow-leaved Cottonwood. (Fig. 1166.) 
 
 Populus angustifolia James, Long's Exp. i: 497. 1823. 
 Populus balsamifera var. angustifolia S. Wats. Bot. 
 King's Exp. 327. 1871. 
 
 A slender tree, maximum height about 65, trunk 
 diameter 2; crown narrowly pyramidal, branches as- 
 cending, foliage glabrous. Twigs terete, gray; leaves 
 lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or ovate, spreading, dry- 
 ing brownish, gradually acuminate or acute at the 
 apex or some of them obtuse, narrowed, rounded or 
 rarely subcordate at the base, -2'-^%' long, j^'-iX' 
 wide, finely crenulate from base to apex; petioles 
 plano-convex, not flattened laterally; %'-%' long; 
 lateral veins 8-15 on each side of the blade; stami- 
 nate aments oblong-cylindric, I'-z^' long; lobes of 
 the stigmas broad; capsules ovoid, short-pedicelled. 
 
 In moist soil, especially along streams, Northwest Ter- 
 ritory to Dakota, Nebraska, New Mexico, and Arizona. 
 Wood soft, weak, brown, compact; weight per cubic foot 
 24 Ibs. April-May. 
 
 4. Populus acuminata Rydberg. Black 
 Cottonwood. (Fig. 1167.) 
 
 Populus acuminata Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 50. 
 
 1893- 
 
 A slender tree, with terete twigs, reaching ap- 
 proximately the dimensions of the preceding spe- 
 cies, the crown broadly pyramidal with spreading 
 branches, the foliage glabrous. Leaves rhomboid- 
 lanceolate, spreading or drooping, drying green, 
 abruptly or gradually long-acuminate at the apex, 
 cuneate, obtuse or rounded at the base, 2 / -6 / long, 
 i / -2^ / wide, crenulate or the base entire; petioles 
 slender, i'-2%' long; staminate aments about i l /2 f 
 long; pistillate aments slender, drooping, z / ~5 / 
 long; capsules ovoid, obtuse, distinctly pedicelled. 
 
 Range apparently nearly that of the preceding 
 species. April-May. 
 
492 
 
 SALICACEAE. 
 
 Populus heterophylla L/. 
 
 Swamp or Downy Poplar. (Fig. 1168.) 
 
 Populus heterophylla L. Sp. PI. 1034. 1753. 
 
 An" irregularly branching tree, sometimes 80 
 high and with a trunk 3 in diameter, the bark 
 rough. Young foliage densely tomentose. Leaves 
 long-petioled, broadly ovate, obtuse or subacute at 
 the apex, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the 
 base, crenulate-denticulate, 5 / -6 / long, or those of 
 young plants much larger, glabrous or somewhat 
 floccose beneath when mature; petioles terete; 
 bracts glabrous or nearly so; staminate aments 
 stout, 3 / ~4 / long, 9 // -i2 // in diameter, drooping; 
 stamens numerous; pistillate aments raceme-like, 
 peduncled, erect or spreading, loosely flowered; 
 capsules ovoid, acute, 2-valved, 4 // -6 // long, shorter 
 than or equalling their pedicels. 
 
 In swamps, southern Connecticut and New York to 
 Georgia, west to Louisiana, north in the Mississippi Val- 
 ley to Indiana and Arkansas. Wood soft, weak, com- 
 pact, brown , weight per cubic foot 26 Ibs. April-May. 
 
 6. Populus grandidentata Michx. L,arge-toothed Aspen. (Fig. 1169.) 
 
 Populus grandidentata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 243. 1803. 
 
 A forest tree with smooth, greenish-gray bark, 
 maximum height about 75, and trunk diameter 
 2^. Leaves ovate-orbicular, those of very young 
 plants densely white-tomentose beneath, some- 
 times i long, with irregularly denticulate margins, 
 those of older trees tomentose when young, gla- 
 brous when mature, short-acuminate, coarsely un- 
 dulate-dentate, obtuse or truncate at the base 2)^'- 
 4 X long; petioles slender, flattened laterally; bracts 
 silky, irregularly 4-7-cleft; staminate aments 2/- 
 4 X long, about 5" in diameter, drooping; pistillate 
 aments somewhat pubescent, dense, z'~5 f l n g ^ n 
 fruit, also drooping; stigma-lobes narrow; capsule 
 conic, acute, 2-valved, about 3" long, rather less 
 than \" in diameter, papillose. 
 
 In rich woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minne- 
 sota, south to New Jersey and in the Alleghanies to 
 North Carolina and Tennessee. Wood soft, weak, light 
 brown, compact; weight per cubic foot 29 Ibs. April. 
 
 7. Populus tremuloides Michx. Ameri- 
 can Aspen. (Fig. 1170.) 
 
 Populus tremuloides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 243. 1803. 
 P. At/ieniensisl^udwig, Neue Wilde Baumz. 35. 1753. (?) 
 A slender tree, with smooth, light green bark, 
 reaching a maximum height of about 100 and a 
 trunk diameter of 3, the young foliage glabrous, 
 excepting the ciliate margins of the leaves. Pet- 
 ioles very slender, flattened laterally, causing the 
 leaves to quiver in the slightest breeze; leaves 
 broadly ovate or orbicular, short-acuminate at the 
 apex, finely crenulate all around, truncate, rounded 
 or subcordate at base, i'-2%' broad, or those of 
 very young plants much larger; bracts silky, deeply 
 3-5-cleft into linear lobes; aments drooping, the 
 staminate i^'- 2 /^' l n g 3"-4" in diameter, the 
 pistillate longer, dense; stigma-lobes linear; cap- 
 sule like that of the preceding species, but some- 
 what smaller. 
 
 In dry or moist soil, Newfoundland to Hudson Bay and Alaska, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
 Kentucky, in the Rocky Mountains to Mexico and to Lower California. Ascends to 3000 ft. m the 
 Adirondacks. Wood soft, weak, light brown; weight per cubic foot, 25 Ibs. March-May. 
 
WILLOW FAMILY. 493 
 
 8. Populus nigra L,. Black Poplar. 
 (Fig. 1171.) 
 
 Populus nigra L. Sp. PI. 1034. 1753. 
 
 A large tree, sometimes 100 tall and the trunk 
 4 in diameter, usually much smaller. Twigs te- 
 rete; young foliage somewhat pubescent, the ma- 
 ture leaves firm, nearly or quite glabrous; petioles 
 slender, flattened laterally; leaves broadly deltoid, 
 abruptly acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneate or 
 obtuse at the base, crenate, 2 / -4 / long; staminate 
 aments i / -2 / long; stamens about 20; pistillate 
 aments 2 / -5 / long in fruit, spreading; capsule ob- 
 long, very obtuse, borne on pedicels of much less 
 than their own length. 
 
 Valleys of the Hudson and Delaware Rivers, natu- 
 ralized from Europe. April-May. 
 
 The Lombardy Poplar, Populus dilatata, commonly 
 planted for ornament, occasionally spreads by sending 
 up shoots from its subterranean parts. 
 
 Populus deltoides Marsh. Cottonwood. Necklace Poplar. (Fig. 1172.) 
 
 Populus deltoides Marsh. Arb. Am. 106. 1785. 
 Populus Carolinensis Moench, Verz. PI. 81. 1785. 
 Populus mo nil if era Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 406. 1789. 
 Populus angulata Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 407. 1789. 
 
 A large tree, the greatest of the poplars, attain- 
 ing a maximum height of 150 and a trunk diam- 
 eter of 7^, the bark grayish-green, somewhat 
 rough when old. Foliage glabrous; leaves broadly 
 deltoid-ovate, abruptly acuminate at the apex, cren- 
 ulate, truncate at the base, 4 / -7 / long; petiole flat- 
 tened laterally, stout, about as long as the blade; 
 bracts glabrous, deeply fimbriate; staminate amenta 
 drooping, 3'-$' long, 5 // -6 // in diameter; pistillate 
 aments loosely flowered, becoming 6 / -io / long in 
 fruit; capsule ovoid, acute, 4 // ~5 // long, 2-4-valved, 
 shorter than or equalling their pedicels. 
 
 In moist soil, especially along streams and lakes,. 
 Quebec to the Northwest Territory, south to New Jer- 
 sey, Florida, Colorado and New Mexico. Wood soft, 
 weak, dark brown; weight per cubic foot 24 Ibs. 
 April-May. Also called Carolina Poplar. 
 
 2. SALIX L,. Sp. PI. 1015. 1753. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with single-scaled buds, the scales with an adherent membrane within, 
 mostly narrow and short-petioled leaves and persistent or early deciduous broad or minute 
 stipules. Bracts of the aments entire. Disk gland like, ^mall or minute. Staminate amenta 
 dense, erect, spreading or drooping. Staminate flowers with i-io, mostly 2, stamens, their 
 filaments distinct or sometimes united. Pistillate aments usually erect or spreading. Ovary 
 sessile or short-stipitate. Style short or filiform. Stigmas 2, entire or 2-cleft. Capsule 
 mostly 2-valved. [Name ancient.] 
 
 About 160 species, of wide geographic distribution throughout the north temperate and arctic- 
 zones, a few in the southern hemisphere. Besides the following, some 45 others occur in the 
 northern and western parts of North America. 
 
 >fc Filaments pubescent, at least toward the base; stamens more than 2 (3-7). 
 No glands on petioles or stipules. 
 
 Capsule ovoid, about twice as long as its pedicel. 
 Leaves short-petioled, lanceolate. 
 
 Leaves narrowly lanceolate, green on both sides. 
 Leaves lanceolate, silvery-white beneath. 
 Leaves slender-petioled, broadly lanceolate. 
 Capsule long-conic, much longer than its pedicel. 
 Petioles and stipules prominently glandular. 
 
 1. S. nigra. 
 
 2. S. Wardi. 
 
 3. .S". amygdaloides- 
 5. 5. fragilis. 
 
 4. S. lucida. 
 
 ** Filaments pubescent; stamens only 2. 
 Trees, cultivated and natiiralized or adventive. 
 
494 
 
 SALICACEAE. 
 
 Capsule glabrous; filaments distinct. 
 
 Branches not drooping; leaves lanceolate. 
 Leaves glabrous on both sides. 
 Leaves silky on both sides when young. 
 Leaves linear-lanceolate; branches drooping. 
 Capsules tomentpse ; filaments united; leaves oblanceolate. 
 River-bank shrub, with linear-lanceolate leaves. 
 Low arctic shrubs, with obovate or oval obtuse leaves. 
 Leaves glabrous, strongly reticulated beneath. 
 Leaves densely tomentose silky beneath. 
 
 10. 
 ii. 
 
 S 1 . fragilis. 
 S. alba. 
 S. Babylonica. 
 S. purpiirea. 
 S. fluviatilis. 
 
 S. reticidata. 
 S. vestita. 
 
 Filaments glabrous; capsule tomentose or pubescent. 
 
 1 6. 
 17. 
 
 sericea. 
 . petiolaris. 
 
 Stigmas sessile or very nearly so. 
 Leaves tomentose beneath. 
 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate, slender-petioled; aments expanding with the leaves. 
 
 12. 5". Bebbiana. 
 Leaves oblanceolate, short-petioled; aments expanding before the leaves. 
 
 Leaves 2' -4' long; fruiting aments about i' long. 13. 5. humilis. 
 
 Leaves i'-2' long; fruiting aments ^' long. 14. 5. tristis. 
 
 Mature leaves glabrous or slightly silky beneath. 
 
 Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute. 15. 5. discolor. 
 
 Leaves elongated-lanceolate, long-acuminate. 
 
 Capsule short-pedicelled, i^" long; leaves black in drying. 
 Capsule slender-pedicelled, 2" -3" long; leaves green in drying. 
 Style filiform, equalling or longer than the stigmas. 
 Leaves persistently tomentose or silky beneath. 
 
 Arctic or alpine shrubs; aments unfolding with the leaves. 
 Fruiting aments i' or less long. 
 Pubescence silvery-silky. 
 Pubescence tomentose. 
 Fruiting aments 2' -3' long. 
 Low bog shrub; leaves oblong. 
 
 Introduced tree ; leaves linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate. 
 Mature leaves glabrous beneath. 
 
 Leaves 2' -3' long, shining above. 
 
 Leaves %'-^ long, dull; low arctic shrubs. 
 
 Leaves oblong or lanceolate, short-petioled. 
 Leaves elliptic or broadly obovate, long-petioled. 
 
 sfcsfc^^ Filaments glabrous; capsule glabrous. 
 Large shrubs, with serrate or serrulate leaves. 
 Mature leaves glabrous. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate or ovate -lanceolate, acuminate. 
 Shrubs. 
 
 Leaves green both sides, narrow; capsules 2" -3" long. 
 Leaves very glaucous beneath, broad; capsules 3" -5" long. 
 Tree 3o-5o high. 
 Leaves elliptic, obovate or oblong, merely acute. 
 
 Leaves glaucous beneath; capsule slender-pedicelled. 
 Leaves green both sides; capsule nearly or quite sessile. 
 Leaves densely silky-pubescent. 
 Low bog shrub, with entire glabrous leaves. 
 Low diffuse glabrous alpine and arctic shrubs. 
 
 Leaves oblong or obovate, narrowed at the base; aments many-flowered. 33. 
 Leaves orbicular, cordate at the base; pistillate aments few-flowered. 34. 
 
 18. ,. argyrocarpa. 
 
 19. 5". desertorum. 
 
 20. S. glauca. 
 
 21. S. Candida. 
 
 22. S. viminalis. 
 
 23. S. phyllicifolia. 
 
 24. S. Brownii. 
 
 25. S. arctica. 
 
 26. 5 1 . cordata. 
 
 27. S. glaucophylla. 
 
 28. S. Missouriensis. 
 
 29. 5. balsamifera. 
 
 30. S. Barclayi. 
 
 31. S. adenophylla. 
 
 32. 5. myrtilloides. 
 
 S. Uva-ursi. 
 S. herbacea. 
 
 i. Salix nigra Marsh. Black Willow. (Fig. 1173.) 
 
 Salix nigra Marsh. Arb. Am. 139. 1785. 
 
 A tree, with rough flaky dark brown bark, 
 attaining a maximum height of about 120 and a 
 trunk diameter of 3. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 
 acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the 
 base, short-petioled, serrulate, somewhat pubescent 
 when young, glabrous and green above, somewhat 
 paler, and sometimes pubescent on the veins be- 
 neath when mature, 2%' -5' long, 2 // ~9 // wide; 
 stipules various, persistent or deciduous; aments ex- 
 panding with the leaves, on short lateral branches, 
 the staminate i / -2 / long, the pistillate iX / ~3 / l n S 
 and spreading in fruit; stamens 3-7, distinct, their 
 filaments pubescent below; scales deciduous; stig- 
 mas nearly sessile; capsule ovoid, acute, glabrous, 
 about twice as long as its pedicel. 
 
 Along streams and lakes, New Brunswick to west- 
 ern Ontario, Florida and California. Hybridizes with 
 5. alba. Wood soft, weak, light brown; weight per 
 cubic foot 28 Ibs. April-May. 
 
 Salix nigra falcata (Pursh) Torn Fl. N. Y. 2: 209. 1843. 
 Salix falcata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2: 614. 1814. 
 
 Leaves narrower, 2" -3" wide, falcate, green on both sides. Massachusetts to Florida. 
 
WILLOW FAMILY. 495 
 
 2. Salix Wardii Bebb. Ward's Willow. (Fig. 1174.) 
 
 Salix nigra var. Wardi Bebb; Ward, Bull. U. S. Nat. 
 
 Mus. 22: 114. 1881. 
 Salix Wardi Bebb, Card. & For. 8: 363. 1895. 
 
 A tree, sometimes 30 high, the trunk reaching S' 
 in diameter, the branches spreading or drooping, 
 the bark dark reddish brown, covered with small 
 scales. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 
 long-acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded, sub- 
 cordate, or some of them narrowed at the base, 
 2%'-l' long, YZ'-^^ wide, bright green above, sil- 
 very white and usually somewhat pubescent be- 
 neath; stipules often large, sometimes persistent; 
 aments expanding with the leaves, terminal, the 
 staminate 2 / -4 / long, the pistillate as long or shorter; 
 stamens 3-6, separate; filaments pilose at the base; 
 scales villous without, deciduous; capsule conic, 
 glabrous, about twice as long as its pedicel. 
 
 Along' streams and lakes, Maryland to Tennessee, 
 Missouri and the Indian Territory, south to Florida. 
 Wood dark brown. March-May. 
 
 3. Salix amygdaloides Anders. Peach-leaved Willow. (Fig. 1175.) 
 
 Salix amygdaloides Anders. Ofv. Handl. Vet. Akad. 
 1858: 114. 1858. 
 
 A small tree, similar to the preceding species, 
 sometimes 70 high and the trunk 2 in diameter, 
 the brown bark scaly. Leaves lanceolate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, pubescent when young, glabrous when 
 old, dark green above, paler and slightly glaucous 
 beneath, long-acuminate at the apex, narrowed at 
 the base, s^'-s' long, about i' wide, sharply ser- 
 rulate, slender-petioled ; petioles 3 // ~7 // long, 
 glandless; stipules commonly fugacious; aments 
 appearing with the leaves, terminal on short lateral 
 branches, the staminate i / -2 / long, the pistillate 
 loose, spreading and 2^ / -4 / long in fruit; stamens 
 more than 2; filaments distinct, pubescent at the 
 base; scales deciduous; stigmas nearly sessile; cap- 
 sule narrowly ovoid, acute, glabrous, at length 
 about as long as its filiform pedicel. 
 
 On lake and river shores, Quebec to British Colum- 
 bia, New York, Missouri and New Mexico. Wood 
 soft, weak, light brown; weight 28 Ibs. April-May. 
 
 4. Salix lucida Muhl. Shining Willow. Glossy Willow. (Fig. 1176.) 
 
 .Salix lucida Muhl. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 
 
 4: 239. pi. 6. f. 7. 1803. 
 
 A tall shrub, or sometimes a tree 20 high, the 
 bark smooth or slightly scaly, the twigs yellowish- 
 brown, shining. Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceo- 
 late or ovate, mostly long-acuminate, narrowed 
 or rounded at the base, sharply serrulate all around, 
 green and glossy on both sides or bearing a few, 
 scattered hairs when very young, 3'-$' long, i / -i^ / 
 wide when mature; stipules small, semi-cordate or 
 oblong, very glandular, commonly persistent; peti- 
 oles stout, 3 // -6 // long, glandular at the base of the 
 blade; aments on short, lateral leafy branches, the 
 staminate stout, i / -2 / long, the pistillate dense, 
 2 / ~3 / long in fruit, often long-persistent; bracts de- 
 ciduous; stamens about 5; filaments pubescent be- 
 low; stigmas nearly sessile; capsule narrowly ovoid, 
 acute, glabrous, much longer than its pedicel. 
 
 In swamps and along streams and lakes, Newfound- 
 land to the Northwest Territory, New Jersey, Kentucky 
 and Nebraska. A most beautiful willow. April-May. 
 
 32 
 
496 
 
 SALICACEAE. 
 
 5. Salix fragilis L.. Crack Willow. 
 
 Brittle Willow. (Fig. 1177.) 
 Salix fragilis L,. Sp. PI. 1017. 1753. 
 
 A tall, slender tree, with roughish gray bark r 
 attaining a maximum height of about 80 and a 
 trunk diameter of 7, twigs reddish green, very 
 brittle at the base. Leaves lanceolate, long-acu- 
 minate, narrowed at the base, sharply serrulate, 
 glabrous on both sides, rather dark green above, 
 paler beneath, 3 '-6' long, ^ / -i / wide; glandu- 
 lar at the base of the blade; petioles 3"-8" long, 
 glandular above; stipules semicordate, fugacious;, 
 staminate aments i / -2 / long; stamens 2, or some- 
 times 3-4; filaments pubescent below, distinct; 
 pistillate aments 3 / ~5 / long in fruit, rather loose; 
 stigmas nearly sessile; capsule long-conic, gla- 
 brous, 2^ // -3 // long, short-pedicelled. * 
 
 Escaped from cultivation, Massachuseetts to- 
 New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Native of Europe. 
 Hybridizes with the following' species. The twigs 
 break away and grow into new plants. April-May. 
 Salix fragilis decipiens (HofTm. ) Anders., with yellowish or red twigs and smaller brighter green 
 leaves, appears to be known only in cultivation within our area. 
 
 6. Salix alba L> White Willow. 
 
 Huntingdon Willow. (Fig. 1178.) 
 Salix alba L,. Sp. PI. 1021. 1753. 
 
 A lai'ge tree, sometimes 90 tall and a trunk diam- 
 eter of 8; bark gray, rough; twigs brittle at the 
 base. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute 
 or acuminate, narrowed at the base, serrulate, silky- 
 pubescent on both sides when young, less so and pale 
 or glaucous beneath when mature, 2 / -4^ / long, 4 // - 
 8 x/ wide; stipules ovate-lanceolate, deciduous; peti- 
 oles 2 // -4 // long, glandless or sparingly glandular; 
 aments on short lateral leafy branches; scales decid- 
 uous; stamens 2; filaments distinct, pubescent at the 
 base; pistillate aments linear-cylindric, i^ / -2>^ / 
 long; stigmas nearly sessile; capsule ovoid, acute, 
 glabrous, short-pedicelled or sessile. 
 
 In moist soil, especially along streams, New Bruns- 
 wick and Ontario to Pennsylvania, sparingly escaped 
 from cultivation. Native of Europe. April-May. 
 
 Salix alba coerulea (J. E. Smith) Koch, Dendr. 2: 512. 
 Salix coerulea J. E. Smith, Engl. Bot. pi. 2431. 1801. 
 
 Mature leaves bluish-green, glabrous, glaucous beneath. 
 Salix alba vitellina (L,.) Koch, Dendr. 2: 512. 
 Salix vitellina L,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1442. 1763. 
 
 Mature leaves glabrous above; twigs yellowish-green. 
 
 BLUE WILLOW. 
 
 Occasional in the Eastern States. 
 860. GOLDEN OSIER. 
 
 The commonest form in North America. 
 
 7. Salix Babylonica L,. Weeping Willow. 
 
 Ring Willow. (Fig. 1179.) 
 Salix Babylonica L. Sp. PI. 1017. 1753. 
 
 A large tree, with rough gray bark, sometimes at- 
 taining a height of 70 and a trunk diameter of 6, the 
 twigs slender, green, elongated, drooping. Leaves 
 narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate at the apex, ser- 
 rulate all around, narrowed at the base, sparsely pubes- 
 cent when young, glabrous when mature, green 
 above, paler beneath, ^-f long, 3 // -6 // wide, some- 
 times curling into rings; petioles 3 // -6 // long, glandu- 
 lar above; aments appearing on short lateral leafy 
 branches; scales ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, deciduous;, 
 stamens 2; style almost none; capsule ovoid-conic, 
 sessile, glabrous. 
 
 Widely cultivated and sometimes spreading by the dis- 
 tribution of its twigs. Native of Asia. April-May. 
 
WILLOW FAMILY. 
 
 497 
 
 Purple Willow. (Fig. 1180.) 
 
 8. Salix purpurea L/. 
 
 Salix purpurea L. Sp. PI. 1017." 1753. 
 
 A slender shrub or small tree, with purplish flex- 
 ible twigs, maximum height about 12; branches 
 often trailing; bark smooth and very bitter. Leaves 
 oblanceolate or spatulate, acute, serrulate, narrowed 
 at the base, short -petioled, glabrous, green above, 
 paler and somewhat glaucous beneath, i>^ / -3 / long, 
 2^ // ~4 // wide, some of them commonly subop- 
 posite; stipules minute; petioles i // -2 // long, not 
 glandular; aments appearing before the leaves, 
 dense, leafy-bracted at the base, the staminate 
 about i' long, the pistillate I'-a' long, sessile or 
 nearly so; stamens 2; filaments and sometimes 
 also the anthers united, pubescent; scales purple, 
 persistent; stigmas very nearly sessile; capsules 
 ovoid-conic, obtuse, tomentose, 2j^ // long. 
 
 Sparingly escaped from cultivation in the Atlantic 
 States. Native of Europe. Also called Bitter, Rose 
 and Whipcord Willow. April-May. 
 
 9. Salix fluviatilis Nutt. Sandbar Willow. River-bank Willow. (Fig. 1181.) 
 
 Salix longifolia Muhl. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Ber- 
 lin, 4: 238. pi. 6. f. 6. 1803. Not Lam. 1778. 
 Salix fiuviattlis Nutt. Sylva, i: 73. 1842. 
 
 A much-branched shrub, 2-i2 high, forming 
 thickets,. or sometimes a slender tree, 2o-3o tall, and 
 with a trunk i in diameter, the young foliage silky- 
 pubescent, the mature leaves glabrous, or nearly so, 
 those of seedlings pinnately dentate or lobed. Leaves 
 linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, 2^ / -4 / long, 2^ x/ - 
 5 /x wide, acuminate, remotely denticulate with some- 
 what spreading teeth, short-petioled, bright green; 
 petioles not glandular; stipules minute or none; 
 aments on short, leafy branches, linear-cylindric, the 
 staminate dense, I'-i^' long, the pistillate looser, 
 about i' long in fruit; scales deciduous; stamens 2; 
 filaments pubescent, distinct; stigmas broad, sessile; 
 capsule ovoid-conic, glabrous or silky, about 2" long. 
 Along streams and lakes, Quebec to the Northwest 
 Territory and Oregon, south to Virginia, Kentucky and 
 New Mexico. Wood soft, reddish-brown; weight per 
 cubic foot 31 Ibs. April-May. 
 
 10. Salix reticulata L,. Net-veined 
 Willow. (Fig. 1182.) 
 
 Salix reticulata L. Sp. PI. 1018. 1753. 
 
 A procumbent shrub, 3 / -io / high, often sending 
 out roots from the twigs, the young shoots 4-sided, 
 purple-green. Leaves elliptic or obovate, thick, ob- 
 tuse, narrowed, rounded or subcordate at the base, 
 slender-petioled, glabrous or somewhat silky -pubes- 
 cent when young, dark green above, not shining, 
 glaucous and strongly reticulate-veined beneath, i'- 
 2' long; petioles 4 // -i2 // long, channeled, not glan- 
 dular; leaves obscurely crenulate or entire; stipules 
 oblong, obtuse; aments terminal, long-stalked, 
 dense; scales obtuse; stamens 2; filaments distinct, 
 pubescent at the base; stigmas sessile; capsule ovoid- 
 conic, sessile, glabrous or pubescent, about 3" long. 
 
 Labrador and Quebec to Alaska, south in the Rocky 
 Mountains to Colorado. Also in northern Europe and 
 Asia. June. 
 
SALICACEAE. 
 
 ii. Salix vestita Pursh. Hairy Willow. 
 (Fig. 1183.) 
 
 Saline vestita Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 610. 1814. 
 
 A low shrub, similar to the preceding species, the 
 twigs 4-sided, green. Leaves obovate, thick, mostly 
 retuse or emarginate at the apex, slightly crenulate, 
 narrowed or rounded at the base, dark green and 
 glabrous above, persistently tomentose-silky be- 
 neath, short-petioled, i / -2 / long; petioles 2 // -4 // 
 long, channeled, not glandular; aments terminal, 
 unfolding after the leaves, stalked; stamens 2; fila- 
 ments distinct; capsules narrowly ovoid-conic, 
 sessile, densely silky-tomentose, about $' f long. 
 
 Labrador and Quebec to the Northwest Territory. 
 June. 
 
 12. Salix Bebbiana Sarg. Bebb's Willow. (Fig. 1184.) 
 
 Salix rostrata Richards. Frank. Journ. App. 753. 
 
 1823. Not Thuill. 1799. 
 Salix Bebbiana Sarg. Card. & For. 8: 463. 1895. 
 
 A shrub, 6-i8 tall, or sometimes a tree 25 
 high, the twigs pubescent or puberulent, terete. 
 Leaves elliptic, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 
 acute, acuminate or some of them blunt at the 
 apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, sparingly 
 serrate or entire, dull green and puberulent 
 above, pale, reticulate-veined and tomentose be- 
 neath or nearly glabrous on both sides when very 
 old; petioles 2 // -6 // long; stipules semicordate, 
 acute, deciduous; aments sessile, expanding with 
 or before the leaves, dense, thestaminate i / -i^ / 
 long, the pistillate 2' long in fruit; scales villous, 
 persistent or deciduous; stamens 2; filaments 
 distinct, glabrous; stigmas nearly sessile; capsule 
 very narrowly long-conic, densely pubescent, 
 twice as long as the filiform pedicel. 
 
 In dry soil and along streams, Anticosti to Hud- 
 son Bay and British Columbia, south to New Jersey, 
 Pennsylvania, Nebraska and Utah. April-May. 
 
 Salix humilis Marsh. Prairie Willow. (Fig. 1185.) 
 
 Salix humilis Marsh. Arb. Am. 140. 1785. 
 
 A shrub, 2-8 tall, the twigs tomentose 
 or pubescent, terete. Leaves oblanceolate, 
 petioled, 2'-$' long, 4 // -8 // wide, acute at 
 both ends or the lower broader and obtuse 
 at the apex, sparingly denticulate, the mar- 
 gins slightly revolute, the upper surface 
 dark green, dull, puberulent or glabrous, the 
 lower densely and persistently gray-tomen- 
 tose; petioles 2 // -3 // long; stipules obliquely 
 lanceolate or ovate, acute, commonly per- 
 sistent ; aments unfolding much before the 
 leaves, sessile, ovoid-oblong, short, dense, 
 the pistillate about i / long in fruit; stamens 
 2; filaments glabrous; stigmas nearly sessile; 
 capsule narrowly conic, densely pubescent, 
 much longer than its pedicel. 
 
 In dry soil, Nova Scotia to western Ontario, 
 south to North Carolina, Tennessee and Ne- 
 braska. Hybridizes with 6". discolor. April- 
 May. 
 
WILLOW FAMILY. 
 
 499 
 
 Sage Willow. (Fig. 1186.) 
 
 14- Salix tristis Ait. Dwarf Gray Willow. 
 
 Salix tristis Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 393. 1789. 
 
 A tufted, slender shrub, i-2 tall, the twigs 
 terete, puberulent, the roots long and thick. 
 Leaves oblanceolate or linear-oblong, acute or 
 obtusish, somewhat undulate, green and pu- 
 berulent or glabrous above, persistently and 
 densely white-tomentose beneath, numerous, 
 crowded, i / -2 / long, their margins revolute; 
 petioles about \" long; stipules minute, decid- 
 uous; aments expanding much before the leaves, 
 dense, very small, comparatively few-flowered, 
 sessile, the pistillate globose-ovoid and about 
 l /z' long in fruit; scales persistent; stamens 2; 
 filaments glabrous; stigmas sessile or nearly so; 
 capsule ovoid with a long, slender beak, tomen- 
 tulose, about 3 // long, much longer than its 
 filiform pedicel. 
 
 In dry soil, Nova Scotia (?), Maine to Minnesota, 
 south to Florida and Tennessee. March-April. 
 
 15. Salix discolor Muhl. Glaucous Willow. Pussy Willow. (Fig. 1187.) 
 
 Salix discolor Muhl. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Ber- 
 lin, 4: 234. pi. 6. f. i. 1803. 
 Salix eriocephala Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 225. 1803. 
 
 A shrub or low tree, maximum height 25, trunk 
 diameter i; twigs puberulent or glabrous; young 
 leaves sometimes pubescent. Mature leaves usually 
 glabrous, bright green above, glaucous and nearly 
 white beneath, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute at 
 both ends, irregularly serrate or nearly entire, slen- 
 der-petioled, $'-$' long, 8 // -i8 // wide; petioles 3"- 
 \2" long; stipules obliquely lanceolate or semicor- 
 date, commonly deciduous; aments unfolding much 
 before the leaves, dense, the pistillate i %'-?>' long in 
 fruit; scales persistent, obtuse, brown-purple, vil- 
 lous; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; stigmas nearly 
 sessile; capsule narrowly conic, tapering to a slender 
 beak, tomentose, 2^ // ~3 // long, much longer than 
 its pedicel. 
 
 In swamps or on moist hillsides, Nova Scotia to Man- 
 itoba, Delaware and Missouri. Wood soft, weak, yel- 
 low-brown; weight per cubic foot 27 Ibs. March-April. 
 
 Salix discolor prinoides (Pursh) Anders, in DC. Prodr. 16: Part 2, 209. 1868. 
 Salix prinoides Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 613. 1814. 
 
 Pistillate aments looser; capsules less tomentose; leaves commonly narrower. Range of the type. 
 
 16. Salix sericea Marsh. Silky Willow. 
 (Fig. 1188.) 
 
 Salix sericea Marsh. Arb. Am. 140. 1785. 
 
 A shrub, 5-i2 tall, with slender purplish puberulent 
 twigs, the young leaves densely silky-pubescent. Ma- 
 ture leaves glabrous or nearly so, lanceolate, acuminate, 
 narrowed or obtuse at the base, serrulate all around with 
 gland-tipped teeth, dark green above, paler and some- 
 what glaucous beneath, turning brown or black in dry- 
 ing, 2^ / -4 / long, 5 // -io // wide; stipules narrow, de- 
 ciduous; petioles 2 // ~7 // long, sometimes glandular; 
 aments expanding before the leaves, sessile, usually 
 with a few leafy bracts at the base, dense, the staminate 
 about \' long, the pistillate i / -i^ / long in fruit; scales 
 villous, persistent; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style 
 very short; capsule ovoid-oblong, obtuse, pubescent, 
 short-pedicelled, about \y z " long. 
 
 In swamps and along steams, Maine to Michigan and 
 Virginia. May. \\^' [f ' 3~ 
 
500 
 
 SALICACEAE. 
 
 17. Salix petiolaris J. E. Smith. 
 Slender Willow. (Fig. 1 1 89. ) 
 
 Salix petiolaris J. E. Smith, Trans. Linn. Soc. 6: 
 122. 1802. 
 
 A shrub, similar to the preceding species, but 
 the young leaves only slightly silky, the 
 branches slender, upright or ascending. Ma- 
 ture leaves lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, 
 serrulate with blunt cartilaginous teeth, remain- 
 ing green in drying, 4 // -S // wide; petioles 2 // -5 // 
 long; stipules deciduous; aments expanding be- 
 fore the leaves, the pistillate short-peduncled, 
 usually rather loose, about i / long in fruit; sta- 
 mens 2; filaments glabrous; stigmas nearly ses- 
 sile; capsule tapering from an ovoid or oblong 
 base, pubescent, 2 // -3 // long, about twice as 
 long as the filiform pedicel. 
 
 In swamps, New Brunswick to the Northwest 
 Territory, south to Tennessee and Michigan. May. 
 Salix petiolaris gracilis Anders, in DC. Prodr. 16: Part 2, 235. 1868. 
 Salix gracilis Anders. Proc. Am. Acad. 4: 67. 1858. 
 
 Pedicels nearly as long as the capsules; leaves rather narrower. Range undetermined. 
 
 18. Salix argyrocarpa Anders. Silver 
 Willow. (Fig. 1190.) 
 
 5". argyrocarpa Anders. Mon. Sal. 107. f. 60. 1867. 
 An erect or diffuse shrub, 6 / -2 high, the twigs 
 dark green, nearly terete, shining. Leaves ob- 
 long or oblanceolate, acute at each end or the 
 lower obtuse, short-petioled, entire or crenu- 
 late, bright green and glabrous above, persist- 
 ently silvery-silky beneath, i / -2 / long, 3 // -6 // 
 wide, the margins slightly revolute; aments un- 
 folding with the leaves, leafy -bracted at the base, 
 dense, i' or less long; scales persistent, villous; 
 stamens 2, distinct, their filaments glabrous; 
 style slender, longer than the stigmas; capsule 
 oblong-conic, densely silvery, acute, \"-I I /L" 
 long, about twice as long as its pedicel. 
 
 Labrador and Quebec to the White Mountains of 
 New Hampshire. Hybridizes with 5. pliylicifolia. 
 June-July. 
 
 Salix desertorum Richards. 
 Willow. (Fig. 1191.) 
 
 Salix desertorum Richards. Frank. Journ. App. 
 
 371. 1823. 
 
 A shrub, 6 / -i2 / high, with purplish-green 
 twigs. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, acute at 
 the apex and cuneate at the base or the lower 
 obtuse at both ends, entire or very uearty so, 
 very short-petioled, tomentose on both sides or 
 glabrate above when old, ^'-2' long, 2" -4," 
 wide; stipules fugacious; aments expanding with 
 the leaves, dense, l / z f or less long, leafy-bracted 
 at the base; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style 
 about as long as the deeply 2-cleft stigmas; 
 capsule ovoid-conic, acute, densely tomeutose, 
 about i" long, very short-pedicelled. 
 
 Anticosti and Quebec to western arctic America, 
 south along the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. 
 Summer. 
 
 IQ. 
 
 Desert 
 
FAMILY. 
 
 501 
 
 20. Salix. glauca L,. Northern Willow. 
 
 (Fig. 1192.) 
 Sali.v glauca L. Sp. PI. 1019. 1753. 
 
 A low arctic shrub, with terete brown twigs, the 
 young shoots and leaves densely tomentose, becom- 
 ing glabrate when old. Leaves elliptic or elliptic- 
 lanceolate, entire, obtuse or acute at the apex, nar- 
 rowed at the base, 1'-$' long, y 2 '-i' wide; petioles 
 i // -5 // long; stipules deciduous; aments borne on 
 short leafy branches, the statninate dense, about i' 
 long, the pistillate 2 / -3 / long in fruit, rather loose; 
 stamens 2; filaments distinct; scales persistent, 
 densely white-villous; capsule ovoid-conic, densely 
 white-tomentose, sessile or very short-pedicelled, 
 3" long; style about as long as the stigmas. 
 
 Arctic America from Labrador to Alaska. Also in 
 arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 21. Salix Candida Fluegge. Hoary Willow. (Fig. 1193.) 
 
 Sali.v Candida Fluegge; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 708. 1806. 
 An erect shrub, 2-5 tall, the older twigs red 
 or purple and terete, the younger densely white- 
 tomeutose. Leaves persistently white-tomeutose 
 beneath, green and loosely tomentose or becom- 
 ing glabrate above when mature, oblong or oblong- 
 lanceolate, thick, sparingly repand-denticulate or 
 entire, acute at both ends or the lower obtuse at 
 the apex, 2 / -4 / long, 3 // -8 // wide, their margins 
 slightly revolute; petioles i^ // -a // long; stipules 
 lanceolate-subulate, about equalling the petioles, 
 deciduous; aments expanding before the leaves 
 dense, cylindric, the stamiuate about I 7 long, the 
 pistillate i / -2 / longin fruit; bracts villous, persist- 
 ent; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style filiform, 
 red, three times as long as the stigmas; capsule 
 ovoid-conic, acute, densely tomentose, 2> // -3 // 
 long, very short-pedicelled. 
 
 In bogs, Labrador and Hudson Bay to the North- 
 west Territory, south to New Jersey, western New 
 York and Iowa. Hybridizes with S-petiolafisanA S. 
 cordata. May. 
 
 22. Salix viminalis L,. Osier Willow. 
 (Fig. 1194.) 
 
 Salix viminalis L. Sp. PI. 1021. 1753. 
 
 A small slender tree or shrub, with terete 
 green twigs. Leaves elongated-lanceolate or 
 linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate at the apex, 
 sparingly repand-crenulate or entire, revolute- 
 margined, short-petioled, dark green and gla- 
 brous above, persistently silvery-silky beneath, 
 3 / -6 / long, 2 // -8 // wide; stipules narrow, decidu- 
 ous; aments expanding before the leaves, dense, 
 the pistillate 2 / ~3 / long and nearly y z f in diam- 
 eter in fruit; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style 
 longer than the stigmas; capsule narrowly ovoid- 
 conic, acute, silky-pubescent, about 3" long, 
 very short-pedicelled. 
 
 Cultivated for wicker-ware and occasionally es- 
 caped into wet places in the Eastern and Middle 
 States. Native of Europe and Asia. April-May. 
 
502 SALICACEAE. 
 
 23. Salix phylicifolia L,. Tea-leaved 
 Willow. (Fig. 1195.) 
 
 Salix phylicifolia L. Sp. PI. 1016. 1753. 
 
 A shrub i-io high, much branched, the twigs 
 glabrous, dark purple-green, sometimes glaucous. 
 Leaves oblong, lanceolate or elliptic, acute or ob- 
 tuse at the apex, minutely repand-crenulate or 
 entire, narrowed at the base, bright green and 
 shining above, pale and glaucous beneath, i^ / -3 /r 
 long, y z f -\ f wide; petioles 3 // -8 // long; stipules 
 minute, fugacious, or wanting; aments sessile, 
 sparingly leafy-bracted at the base, dense, oblong- 
 cylindric, the staminate \' or less long, the pistil- 
 late i / -2 / long in fruit; scales villous, persistent; 
 stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style rather longer 
 than the stigmas; capsule conic, acute, pubescent 
 or tomentose, 2 / ^ // long, much longer than its 
 pedicel. 
 
 Swamps, Labrador to Manitoba and the White Moun- 
 tains of New Hampshire. Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 24. Salix Brownii Bebb. Robert Brown's Willow. (Fig. 1196.) 
 
 Salix arctica R. Br. Ross' Voy. cxliv. 1819. Not Pall. 
 Salix Brownii Bebb, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 14: 115. 1889. 
 
 A low, much branched shrub, the twigs 4- 
 angled, slender. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, 
 glabrous or sometimes ciliolate, acute or the lower 
 obtuse at the apex, entire or rarely with a few 
 minute distant teeth, narrowed at the base, 
 short-petioled, i / -2 / long, 3 // -8 // wide, remaining 
 green in drying, the lower surface pale or glaucous, 
 the margins not revolute; petioles only i // -3 // 
 long; stipules narrow, deciduous; aments borne 
 on short leafy branches, the pistillate i / -2^ / long 
 in fruit; scales villous, persistent; obovate, ob- 
 tuse, green or black-tipped; stamens 2; filaments 
 glabrous; style filiform, much longer than the 
 stigmas; capsule ovoid-conic, tomentose, short- 
 pedicelled, acute, about \% ff long. 
 
 Labrador to Alaska, south to Quebec, and in the 
 Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Summer. 
 
 25. Salix arctica Pall. Arctic Willow. 
 Ground Willow . ( Fig . 1197.) 
 
 Salix arctica Pall. Fl. Ross, i: Part 2, 86. 1788. 
 
 A low branching shrub, the twigs terete or 
 nearly so. Leaves glabrous, elliptic or broadly 
 obovate, entire, obtuse and usually rounded at 
 the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, long- 
 petioled, pale and glaucous beneath, i / -2 / long, 
 Y^-iYy.' wide; petioles slender, ^ / -i^ / long; 
 aments borne at the ends of short leafy branches,, 
 very dense, the pistillate i / -2 / long in fruit; scales 
 dark purple, obovate, obtuse, densely white- vil- 
 lous, persistent; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; 
 style filiform, longer than the stigmas; capsule 
 conic, villous, very short-pedicelled. 
 
 3 Arctic America and Asia. Summer. 
 
WILLOW FAMILY. 
 
 503 
 
 1867. 
 
 26. Salix cordata Muhl. Heart-leaved 
 
 Willow. (Fig. 1198.) 
 
 Sali.r cordata Mnhl. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Ber- 
 lin, 4: 236. pi. 6. f. j. 1803. 
 
 A shrub, 5-i2 high, the twigs puberulent or 
 glabrous; young leaves pubescent. Mature leaves 
 oblong-lanceolate, green on both sides or paler be- 
 neath, acuminate at the apex, narrowed, obtuse or 
 subcordate at the base, sharply serrulate with glan- 
 dular teeth, green in drying; stipules oblique, ser- 
 rulate, usually large and persistent; petioles \"-<^' f 
 long; aments bracted at the base, expanding before 
 the leaves, the staminate about i / long, the pistil- 
 late i^ / -2^ / in fruit; scales silk), persistent; sta- 
 mens 2; filaments glabrous; style short; capsules 
 narrowly ovoid, acute, glabrous, 2 // -3 // long, short- 
 pedicelled. 
 
 In wet soil, New Brunswick to British Columbia, 
 south to Virginia, Missouri, Colorado and California. 
 Hybridizes with 5. sericea and other species. April- 
 May. 
 
 Salix cordata angustata (Pursh) Anders. Mon. Sal. 159. 
 Sali.r angustata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 613. 1814. 
 
 Leaves narrower, linear-lanceolate. Range of the type. 
 
 Salix cordata Mackenzieana Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 149. 1839. 
 Small tree. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate. Manitoba and Northwest Territory to California. 
 
 27. Salix glaucophylla Bebb. Broad- 
 leaved Willow. (Fig. 1199.) 
 
 5". glaucophylla Bebb, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 485. 1889. 
 A shrub, 4-io high, foliage glabrous or when 
 young sparingly pubescent. Mature leaves ovate, 
 obovate or oblong-lanceolate, firm, dark green and 
 shining above, white-glaucous beneath, short- 
 acuminate, the base rounded or acute, serrulate 
 with gland-tipped teeth, 2 / -4 / long, ^ / -2 / wide; 
 stipules large, persistent; petioles stout, 3 // -6 // long; 
 aments expanding before the leaves, leafy-bracted 
 at the base, the staminate i / -2 / long, the pistillate 
 i^ / -3 / long in fruit; scales densely white- villous, 
 persistent; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style fili- 
 form; capsule beaked from an ovoid base, acute, 
 glabrous, 3 // -5 // long, slender-pedicelled. 
 
 On sand dunes. Lake Michigan, northern Illinois and 
 Wisconsin. Variable in leaf-form. April. 
 
 28. Salix Missouriensis Bebb. 
 
 Sali.v cordata var. vestita Anders. Mon. Sal. 159. 
 
 Not 5. res/Ha Pursh, 1814. 
 Sali.v Jlissonriensis Bebb, Gard. & For. 8: 373. 1895. 
 
 A tree, often 50 high, the trunk sometimes i^ in 
 diameter, the thin gray bark with small appressed 
 scales. Twigs of the season pubescent or puberulent; 
 leaves lanceolate, or oblanceolate, acuminate, finely 
 serrate with minute gland-tipped teeth, rounded or 
 narrowed at the base, pubescent when young, glabrous 
 or nearly so when mature, green above, pale and usu- 
 ally glaucous beneath, 3 '-6' long, )4 / -^/4 / wide; 
 pelioles *4' long or less; stipules often }4' long, per- 
 sistent or deciduous; aments narrowly cylindric, un- 
 folding long before the leaves, the staminate about 
 \ l /t' long, the pistillate 3 / ~4 / long; scales persistent, 
 villous; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style very 
 short; capsule narrowly ovoid, glabrous, 3-4 times as 
 long as its pedicel. 
 
 On river banks, Missouri and Nebraska. Wood dark 
 brown. March-April. 
 
 Missouri Willow. 
 1867. 
 
 (Fig. 1200.) 
 
504 
 
 SALICACEAE. 
 
 Salix balsamifera (Hook.) Barratt. Balsam Willow. (Fig. 1201.) 
 
 Salix cordata var. balsamifera Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 
 
 2: 149. 1839. 
 Sahx balsamifera Barratt; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. loc. 
 
 cit. As synonym. 1839. 
 
 A shrub, 4-io high, the twigs glabrous, shin- 
 ing, the youngest foliage pubescent. Mature 
 leaves elliptic, ovate-oval or obovate, thin, gla- 
 brous, acute or some of them obtuse at the apex, 
 rounded or subcordate at the base, dark green 
 above, glaucous and prominently reticulate-veined 
 beneath, 2 / ~3 / long, i / -i^ / wide, slightly crenu- 
 late-serrulate, the minute teeth glandular; stipules 
 minute or none; petioles slender, 3 // -6 // long; 
 aments expanding with the leaves, leafy -bracted at 
 the base, cylindric, the staminate dense, about i' 
 long, the pistillate rather loose, 2 / -3 / long in fruit; 
 scales villous, persistent; stamens 2; filaments gla- 
 brous; style almost none; capsules very narrow, 
 acute, glabrous, 2 // -2^ // long, slender-pedicelled. 
 
 In swamps, Labrador to Manitoba, south to Maine, 
 Ontario and Minnesota. May. 
 
 30. Salix Barclayi Anders. Barclay's Willow. (Fig. 1202.) 
 -S. Barclayi Anders. Ofv. Handl.Vet. Akad. 1858: 125. 1858. 
 
 A low shrub, with dark brown glabrous twigs, the 
 young shoots pubescent. Leaves obovate, oval, or 
 oval-lanceolate, short-pointed at the apex, serrulate, 
 floccose-pubescent when young, when mature gla- 
 brous, bright green above, pale beneath, i / -2 / long, 
 X'-i' wide; petioles i // -2 // long; stipules ovate, acute, 
 -deciduous; aments unfolding with the leaves, borne 
 at the ends of short branches, dense, spreading or 
 erect, the staminate \' long, the pistillate 2 / -3 / long 
 in fruit; scales persistent, slightly villous; stamens 2; 
 filaments distinct; capsule narrowly conic, glabrous, 
 acute, 3 r/ long; style longer than the stigmas. 
 
 Northwestern arctic America. Summer. 
 
 Salix Barclayi latiuscula Anders, in DC. Prodr. 16: Part 2, 
 
 255- 1868. 
 
 Leaves oval or obovate, subcordate at the base; stip- 
 niles cordate. Newfoundland (according to Andersson). 
 
 31. Salix adenophylla Hook. Furry Willow. (Fig. 1203.) 
 
 Salix adenophylla Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 146. 1839. 
 
 A straggling shrub, 3-8 high, the twigs, peti- 
 oles, stipules and leaves densely silky-tomentose, 
 the silky hairs falling away from the leaves when 
 old. Leaves ovate, acute or short-acuminate, or 
 the lower obtuse at the apex, cordate or rounded 
 at the base, finely serrulate with gland-tipped 
 teeth, i / -2 / long, &"-!%' "wide; petioles stout, 
 1 W-2>" l u g) dilated at the base; stipules ovate- 
 cordate, obtuse, serrulate, persistent; aments 
 leafy-bracted at the base, dense, expanding'with 
 the leaves, the staminate about i' long, the pis- 
 tillate iK'-4' long in fruit; scales villous, persist- 
 ent; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style fili- 
 form, longer than the stigmas; capsule sessile or 
 very nearly so, ovoid-conic, acute, i^ // -2 // long. 
 
 On lake and river shores, Labrador to Ontario, 
 Pennsylvania and Michigan. Hybridizes with S. 
 rorda/a. April-May. 
 
WILLOW FAMILY. 
 
 505 
 
 32. Salix myrtilloides L/. Bog Willow. (Fig. 1204.) 
 
 Sah'.v myrtilloides L- Sp. PI. 1019. 1753. 
 
 An erect slender glabrous shrub, i-3 high, the 
 twigs light brown, terete. Leaves oblong, elliptic 
 or somewhat obovate, obtuse or acute at the apex, 
 entire, mostly narrowed at the base, \'-2% f long, 
 4 // -S // wide, short-petioled, bright green above, 
 pale or glaucous beneath, their margins slightly 
 revolute; aments expanding wdth the leaves, leafy - 
 bracted at the base, rather dense, i' or less long, 
 or the pistillate longer in fruit; scales persistent, 
 obtuse, slightly villous; stamens 2; filaments gla- 
 brous; style shorter than or equalling the stigmas; 
 capsule oblong-conic, obtuse, glabrous, 2^ /r long, 
 2-3 times as long as the filiform pedicel which 
 slightly exceeds the scale. 
 
 In bogs, New Brunswick and Quebec to British 
 Columbia, south to New Jersey and Iowa. Also in 
 northern Europe. April-May. 
 
 Salix myrtilloides pedicellaris Anders. Mon. Sal. 96. 1867. 
 Leaves narrower, oblong-linear or oblanceolate ; pedicels sometimes longer. Range of the type. 
 
 Salix Uva-ursi Pursh. Bearberry Willow. (Fig. 1205.) 
 
 Sali.i- Uva-ursi Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 610. 1814. 
 Saii.r Cutleri Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. 45: 36. 1843. 
 
 A depressed or prostrate glabrous shrub, the 
 terete brown branches 6 / -i2 / long, diffuse from a 
 deep central root. Leaves obovate or elliptic, ob- 
 tuse or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 
 crenulate-denticulate or entire, 4 // -io // long, 2"- 
 " wide, prominently veined, deep green and 
 shining above, pale beneath; petioles i // -2 // long; 
 aments leafy-bracted at the base, dense, about y&' 
 long in flower, the pistillate i / -2 / long in fruit; 
 scales persistent, obovate, obtuse, densely silky; 
 stamens usually solitary, rarely 2; filaments gla- 
 brous; style short; capsule ovoid-conic, acute, 
 glabrous, very short-pedicelled. 
 
 Labrador and Hudson Bay, south to the summits of 
 the mountains of New York and New England. 
 May-June. 
 V" 
 
 34. Salix herbacea L/. Dwarf Willow. 
 (Fig. 1206.) 
 
 .Sali.v herbacea L. Sp. PI. 1018. 1753. 
 
 A depressed matted shrub, with very slender angled 
 twigs i '-6' long, the youngest foliage somewhat 
 pubescent. Mature leaves glabrous, suborbicular, 
 rounded or retuse at the apex, cordate or rounded at 
 the base, thin, crenulate-denticulate all around, finely 
 reticulate-veined, bright green and shining on both 
 sides, 5 // -io // in diameter; petioles very slender, z"- 
 4" long; aments terminating 2-leaved branchlets, 4- 
 lo-flowered, 2 // -4 // long; scales obovate, obtuse, per- 
 sistent, glabrous or nearly so; stamens 2; filaments 
 glabrous; style rather longer than the 2-cleft stigmas; 
 capsule narrowly conic, glabrous, nearly sessile. 
 
 Labrador and Quebec, through arctic America, and on 
 the White Mountains of New Hampshire and Mt. Katah- 
 din, Maine. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
506 
 
 BETULACEAE. 
 
 Family 6. BETULACEAE Agardh, Aphor. 208. 1825. 
 
 BIRCH FAMILY. 
 
 Monoecious or very rarely dioecious trees or shrubs, with alternate petioled 
 simple leaves, and small flowers in linear-cylindric oblong or subglobose aments. 
 Stipules mostly fugacious. Staminate aments pendulous. Staminate flowers 
 1-3 together in the axil of each bract, consisting of a membranous 2-zj.-parted 
 calyx or none, and 2-10 stamens inserted on the receptacle, their filaments dis- 
 tinct, their anthers 2 -celled, the anther-sacs sometimes distinct and borne on the. 
 forks of the 2-cleft filaments. Pistillate aments erect, spreading or drooping, 
 spike-like or capitate. Pistillate flowers with or without a calyx adnate to the 
 solitary i-2-celled ovary; style 2-cleft or 2-divided; ovules 1-2 in each cavity of 
 the ovary, anatropous, pendulous. Fruit a small compressed or ovoid-globose, 
 mostly i -celled and i -seeded nut or samara. Testa membranous. Endosperm 
 none. Cotyledons fleshy. Radicle short. 
 
 Six genera and about 75 species, mostly natives of the northern hemisphere. 
 
 Staminate flowers solitary in the axil of each bract, destitute of a calyx; pistillate flowers with a calyx. 
 Staminate flowers with no bractlets; pistillate aments spike-like; nut small, subtended by or 
 
 enclosed in a large bractlet. 
 
 Fruiting bractlet flat, 3-cleft and incised. i. Carpinus. 
 
 Fruiting bractlet bladder-like, closed, membranous. 2. Ostrya. 
 
 Staminate flowers with 2 bractlets; pistillate flowers 2-4, capitate; nut large, enclosed by a leafy 
 
 involucre. 3. Corylus. 
 
 Staminate flowers 3-6 together in the axil of each bract, with a calyx ; pistillate flowers without a calyx. 
 Stamens 2; filaments 2-cleft, each fork bearing an anther-sac; fruiting bracts 3-lobed or entire, 
 
 deciduous, 4. Betula. 
 
 Stamens 4; anther-sacs adnate; fruiting bracts woody, erose ors-toothed, persistent. 5. Altius. 
 
 i. CARPINUS L. Sp. PI. 998. 1753. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with smooth gray bark, furrowed and ridged stems and straight-veined 
 leaves, the primary veins terminating in the larger teeth. Aments expanding before the 
 leaves. Staminate aments linear-cylindric, sessile at the ends of short lateral branches of 
 the preceding season, their flowers solitary in the axil of each bract, consisting of 3-12 sta- 
 mens; filaments short, 2-cleft, each fork bearing an anther-sac. Pistillate flowers in small 
 terminal aments, 2 to each bract, consisting of a 2-celled ovary adnate to a calyx and sub- 
 tended by a flat persistent bractlet, which becomes much enlarged, foliaceous and lobed or 
 incised in fruit, the bracts deciduous; style slender or almost none; stigmas 2, subulate. Nut 
 small, ovoid, acute, borne at the base of the large bractlet. [The ancient name.] 
 
 About 12 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, only the following American. 
 
 Carpinus Caroliniana Walt. American Hornbeam. Blue Beech. 
 
 (Fig. 1207.) 
 
 Carpinus Caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 236. 1788. 
 
 A small tree, with slender terete gray twigs, 
 attaining a maximum height of about 40 and 
 a trunk diameter of 2^. Leaves ovate-ob- 
 long, acute or acuminate at the apex, sharply 
 and doubly serrate all around, rounded or 
 subcordate at the base, somewhat inequilat- 
 eral, 2^ / -4 / long, I'-i^' wide, green on both 
 sides, glabrous above, slightly pubescent on 
 the veins beneath, petioles very slender, 4"- 
 ']" long; Staminate aments \'-\ l /z' long, their 
 bracts triangular-ovate, acuminate, puberu- 
 lent; anther-sacs villous at the summit; bract- 
 let of the pistillate flowers 3-lobed at the base, 
 firm-membranous, strongly veined and about 
 i' long when mature, its middle lobe lanceo- 
 late, acute, 2-4 times as long as the lateral 
 ones, incised-dentate on one side, often 
 nearly entire on the other; nut somewhat 
 compressed, 2 /x long. 
 
 In moist woods and along streams, Nova Sco- 
 tia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida 
 and Texas. Wood very hard and strong, durable, light brown; weight per cubic foot 45 Ibs. April- 
 May, the fruit ripe Aug.-Sept. 
 
 I. 
 
 Water Beech. 
 
BIRCH FAMILY. 
 
 507 
 
 2. OSTRYA Scop. Fl. Cam. 414. 1760. 
 
 Trees similar to the Hornbeams, the trunks furrowed, the primary veins of the leaves 
 simple or forked, the aments expanding with or before the leaves. Staminate ameuts ses- 
 sile at the ends of branchlets of the preceding season, their flowers as in Carpinus, solitary in 
 the axil of each bract; filaments 2-cleft. Pistillate aments small, terminal, erect, the flowers 
 2 to each bract, subtended by a tubular, persistent bractlet which enlarges into a membran- 
 ous, nerved, bladder-like sac in fruit. Style slender; stigmas 2, subulate. Nut ovoid-ob- 
 long, compressed, smooth, sessile in the base of the inflated sac. Mature pistillate ament 
 hop-like. [The ancient name.] 
 
 Four species, the following-, i in the Southwest, i in Europe and Asia, i Japanese. 
 
 i. Ostrya Virginiana (Mill.) Willd. Hop- 
 hornbeam. Iron-wood. (Fig. 1208.) 
 
 Carpinus Virginiana Mill Gard. Diet. Ed. 8. 1768. 
 Ostrya Virginica Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 469. 1805. 
 
 A tree, with a maximum height of about 50, 
 trunk diameter of 2, twigs of the season pubescent. 
 Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, the apex acuminate, 
 the base rounded or inequilateral, sharply and 
 doubly serrate, sparingly pubescent and green 
 above, pubescent or tomentose beneath, 2^ / ~4 / 
 long, i / -i,^ / wide; petioles rarely more than 2 X/ 
 long; staminate aments i/^ / ~3 / long, their bracts 
 triangular-ovate, acuminate; anther-sacs villous at 
 the summit; bractlet of each fertile flower forming 
 a sac 6 // -S // long and 4 // -5 // in diameter in fruit, 
 acute, cuspidate, pubescent, villous near and at the 
 base with bristly hairs, parallel-veined and finely re- 
 ticulated; nut 2 y z " long, compressed, shining; ripe 
 fertile aments erect or spreading, i>^ / -2^ / long. 
 
 In dry woods, Cape Breton Island to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Wood similar to that of the 
 Hornbeam, but heavier; weight per cubic foot 51 Ibs. April-May. Fruit ripe July-Aug. 
 
 3. CORYLUS L. Sp. PI. 998. 1753- 
 
 Shrubs or small trees, with broad thin serrulate or incised leaves. Staminate aments 
 sessile at the ends of twigs of "the previous season, expanding much before the leaves, the 
 flowers solitary in the axil of each bract, of about 4 stamens and 2 bractlets; filaments 2- 
 cleft or 2-divided, each fork bearing an anther-sac, which is villous at the summit. Calyx 
 none. Pistillate flowers from scaly buds, clustered at the ends of short branches of the sea- 
 son, each in the axil of a bract, consisting of an incompletely 2-celled ovary adnate to a 
 calyx, a short style and 2 slender stigmas; bractlets 2, enlarged in fruit, forming a leaf-like 
 involucre to the nut, remaining nearly distinct or united into a tubular beak. Nut ovoid or 
 oblong, sometimes compressed, large, bony. [Name Greek, from the helmet-like involucre.] 
 
 Species 7, in the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, another occurs in California. 
 Involucre of 2 broad laciniate bractlets; leaves serrulate. i. C. Americana. 
 
 Involucral bractlets united, prolonged into a tubular bristly beak. 2. C. rostraia. 
 
 i. Corylus Americana Walt. Hazel-nut. 
 (Fig. 1209.) 
 
 Corylus Americana Walt. Fl. Car. 236. 1788. 
 
 A shrub, 3-8 tall, the young shoots russet- 
 brown, densely hispid -pubescent with pinkish hairs, 
 the twigs becoming glabrous. Leaves ovate or 
 broadly oval, acute or acuminate at the apex, serru- 
 late all around, cordate or obtuse at the base, gla- 
 brous or nearly so above, finely tomentose beneath, 
 3'-6' long, 2 / -4> / wide; petioles 2 // -4 // long; stam- 
 inate aments mostly solitary, 3'-4' long; involucre 
 of the nut compressed, composed of the 2 nearly 
 distinct finely pubescent leaf-like bractlets, which 
 are laciniate on their margins, commonly broader 
 than high and more or less exceeding the nut; 
 nut compressed, light brown, striate, }4' high. 
 
 In thickets, Maine and Ontario to Manitoba, Florida 
 and Kansas. March-April. Nuts ripe July-Aug. 
 
5 o8 
 
 BETULACEAE. 
 
 2. Corylus rostrata Ait. Beaked Hazel- 
 nut. (Fig. 1210. ) 
 
 Corylus rostrata Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 364. 1789. 
 
 A shrub, similar to the preceding species, but the 
 foliage usually less pubescent. Leaves ovate or 
 narrowly oval, acuminate at the apex, cordate or 
 obtuse at the base, incised-serrate and serrulate, 
 glabrous, or with some scattered appressed hairs 
 above, sparingly pubescent at least on the veins be- 
 neath, 2^ / -4 / long, I'-aJ^' wide; petioles 2 // -4 // 
 long; involucral bractlets bristly hairy, united to the 
 summit and prolonged into a tubular beak about 
 twice the length of the nut, laciniate at the summit; 
 nut ovoid, scarcely compressed, striate, 5 // -y // high. 
 
 In thickets, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south 
 to Georgia, Tennessee, Kansas and Oregon. April- 
 May. Fruit ripe Aug. -Sept. 
 
 4. BETULA L. Sp. PI. 982. 1753. 
 
 Aromatic trees or shrubs, with dentate or serrate leaves, scaly buds and flowers of both 
 kinds in aments expanding before or with the leaves, the pistillate erect or spreading. Stam- 
 iuate flowers about 3 together in the axil of each bract, consisting of a membranous, usually 
 4-toothed perianth, 2 stamens, and subtended by 2 bractlets; filaments short, deeply 2-cleft, 
 each fork bearing an anther-sac. Pistillate flowers 2 or 3 (rarely i) in the axil of each bract, 
 the bracts 3-lobed, or sometimes entire, deciduous with the fruits; perianth none; ovary ses- 
 sile, 2-celled; styles 2, stigmatic at the apex, mostly persistent. Nut small, compressed, 
 membranous- winged on each side (a samara), shorter than the bracts. [The ancient name.] 
 
 About 35 species, natives of the north temperate and arctic zones. 
 
 * Trees. 
 Fruiting aments peduncled; bark chalky-white. 
 
 Leaves deltoid, acuminate; lateral lobes of fruiting bracts short, divergent, 
 
 Leaves ovate or suborbicular; lateral lobes of the fruiting bracts ascending. 
 Fruiting aments peduncled; bark greenish -brown or brown. 
 
 Western; leaves ovate, often obtuse at the base. 
 
 Eastern; leaves rhombic, acute at both ends. 
 Fruiting aments sessile, at the ends of short branches; bark brown or yellowish. 
 
 Fruiting bracts 2" long, lobed at the apex; leaves shining above. 
 
 Fruiting bracts 4" long, lobed to about the middle; leaves dull above. 
 
 #* Shrubs. 
 
 Twigs glandular-warty; leaves glabrous. 
 Twigs not glandular-warty, glabrous or pubescent. 
 
 Leaves glabrous; upper fruiting bracts mostly entire. 
 
 Young foliage densely pubescent; bracts 3-lobed. 
 
 i. Betula populifolia Marsh. American White Birch. (Fig. 1211.) 
 
 Betula populifolia Marsh. Arb. Am. 19. 1785. 
 
 B. alba var. populifolia Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. (II.) 15: 
 
 187. 1841. 
 
 A slender tree with very white smooth bark, 
 tardily separating in thin sheets; maximum height 
 45; trunk diameter i^; the twigs russet, warty. 
 Leaves deltoid, pubescent on the veins when 
 young, nearly glabrous when old, minutely glandu- 
 lar, dark green above, light green beneath, long- 
 acuminate, sharply dentate and commonly some- 
 what lobed, obtuse or truncate at the base, \y 2 '- 
 2^' long, i / -2 / wide, slender-petioled; petioles 
 channeled; staminate aments 2 / ~3 / long; pistillate 
 ameuts cylindric, in fruit 9 // -i8 // long, 3 // ~5 // in 
 diameter, slender-peduncled; fruiting bracts pu- 
 berulent, i // -2 // long, their lateral lobes divergent, 
 larger than the middle one; nut narrower than its 
 wings. 
 
 In moist or dry soil, New Brunswick to southern On- 
 tario, Pennsylvania and Delaware. Wood soft, weak, 
 light brown; weight per cubic foot 36 Ibs. Leaves tremulous like those of the Aspens. May. 
 
 B. populifolia. 
 B. papyrifera. 
 
 3. B. occidentalis. 
 
 4. B. nigra. 
 
 5. B. lenta. 
 
 6. B. lutea. 
 
 7. B. glandulosa. 
 
 8. B. nana. 
 
 9. B. pumila. 
 
BIRCH FAMILY. 
 
 2. Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper or Canoe Birch. (Fig. 1212.) 
 
 Betula papyrifera Marsh. Arb. Am. 19. 1785. 
 Belnla papyracea Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 337. 1789. 
 
 A large forest tree with maximum height of 
 about 80 and truuk diameter of 3. Bark, except 
 of the young wood, peeling in thin layers. Leaves 
 ovate, acute or acuminate, dentate and denticulate, 
 subcordate, truncate or obtuse at the base, dark 
 green and glabrous above, glandular and pubes- 
 cent on the veins beneath, slender-petioled, i l /z f - 
 ^Yt' long, i / -3 / wide; petioles Y^'-^/z' long; stam- 
 inate aments 2 / -4 / long; pistillate aments cylin- 
 dric, slender-peduncled, i / -2 / long, l / / -}4 / in dia- 
 meter in fruit, spreading or somewhat drooping; 
 fruiting bracts 2 // ~3 // long, puberulent or ciliate; 
 nut narrower than its wings. 
 
 Newfoundland to Alaska, northern Pennsylvania, 
 Michigan and Washington. Wood hard, strong, red- 
 dish-brown; weight per cubic foot 37 Ibs. The chalky- 
 white outer bark interesting to tourists. April-May. 
 
 Betula papyrifera minor Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. 45: 31. 1843. This is a low bushy form,, 
 occurring on the higher mountains of New England and northern New York. 
 
 3. Betula occidentalis Hook. Western 
 Red Birch. (Fig. 1213.) 
 
 Betula occidentalis Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 155. 1839. 
 
 A tree, attaining a maximum height of about 40 
 and a trunk diameter of i/^, the bark smooth, dark 
 bronze, the twigs gray-brown, warty. Leaves 
 broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, acute or obtuse at 
 the apex, sharply serrate, rounded or obtuse at the 
 base, short-petioled, glabrous on both sides or spar- 
 ingly pubescent on the veins beneath, i / -2 / long;, 
 petioles slender, 2 // -6 // long; pistillate aments man- 
 ifestly peduncled, cylindric, spreading or pendant, 
 i / -iX / long, about 5" in diameter in fruit; fruiting 
 bracts ciliolate, about 3" long, their lateral lobes 
 ascending, usually shorter than the middle one; 
 nut much narrower than its wings. 
 
 Western Nebraska to British Columbia, California 
 and New Mexico. Wood soft, strong, brittle, light 
 brown ; weight per cubic foot 38 Ibs. April-May. 
 
 4. Betula nigra L> River Birch. Red Birch. (Fig. 1214.) 
 
 Betula nigra L. Sp. PI. 982. 1753. 
 
 A slender tree, sometimes 90 high and the trunk 
 2% in diameter; bark reddish or greenish-brown, 
 peeling in very thin layers; twigs reddish. Young 
 shoots, petioles and lower surfaces of the leaves tomen- 
 tose; leaves rhombic-ovate, apex acute or obtuse, 
 irregularly serrate or somewhat lobed, base cuneate, 
 when mature dark green and glabrous above, pale and 
 glabrous or somewhat tomentose beneath, i/4 / ~3 / 
 long; petioles 3 // -8 // long; staminate aments mostly 
 clustered in 2's or 3*8, 2}4'-T > }4 / long; pistillate aments 
 oblong-cylindric, spreading, peduncled, i / -2 / long, 
 5 // -6 // in diameter in fruit; fruiting bracts tomen- 
 tose, about equally 3-lobed, $"-$" long; nut broadly 
 obovate, wider than its wings, pubescent at the base. 
 
 Along streams and lakes, Massachusetts to Iowa 
 and Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. Wood hard, 
 strong, brown; weight per cubic foot 36 Ibs. The bark 
 of the branches peels off in almost membranous layers. 
 April-May. 
 
BETULACEAE. 
 
 5. Betula lenta L,. Cherry, Black or Sweet Birch. (Fig. 1215.) 
 
 Be till a lenta L. Sp. PI. 983. 1753. 
 
 A large forest tree, sometimes 80 high, with dark 
 brown close smooth bark, becoming furrowed, not 
 separating in layers; foliage aromatic; twigs smooth, 
 warty, young leaves silky. Mature leaves ovate or 
 ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, the base cordate 
 or rounded, sharply serrulate, bright green, and 
 shining above, dull green and pubescent on the 
 veins beneath, 2j^ / -4 / long, i / -2 / wide; petioles 
 3 // -6 // long; staminate aments clustered, 2%'-tf 
 long; pistillate aments sessile, dense, oblong, about 
 i' long and %' in diameter in fruit, nearly erect; 
 bracts glabrous or minutely puberulent, appressed, 
 about 2 X/ long, nearly equally 3-lobed, the lateral 
 lobes somewhat divergent; nut oblong, broader 
 than its wings. 
 
 Newfoundland to western Ontario, Florida and Ten- 
 nessee. Wood hard, strong, dark brown; weight per 
 cubit foot 47 Ibs. The aromatic oil of the branches and 
 foliage (same as oil of wintergreen) is distilled in 
 quantities and is an important article of commerce. Tree much resembles the cherry. April-May. 
 
 6. Betula lutea Michx. f. Yellow Birch. 
 
 Betula lutea Michx. f. Arb. Am. 2: 152. pi. 5. 1812. 
 
 A large forest tree, similar to the preceding species, 
 reaching a maximum height of about 100 and a trunk 
 diameter of 4, the bark yellowish or gray, separating 
 in thin layers or close, the twigs gray-brown. Leaves 
 ovate or oblong-ovate, mostly acuminate at the apex, 
 rounded, obtuse or rarely subcordate at the base, 
 sharply serrulate all around, dark green and dull 
 above, pubescent on the veins beneath, \ l /t f -\ f long, 
 petioles 4 // -9 // long; staminate aments usually 2-4 
 together; pistillate aments sessile, oblong or oblong- 
 cylindric, 1%' or less long, 7 // -g // thick in fruit, 
 rather loose; bracts nearly equally 3-lobed to the 
 middle, ciliolate, the lateral lobes ascending; nut 
 broadly oblong, wider than its wings. 
 
 Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to North Carolina 
 and Tennessee, mainly in the Alleghanies. Wood hard, 
 strong, light brown ; weight per cubic foot 41 Ibs. April- 
 May. 
 
 Gray Birch. (Fig. 1216.) 
 
 7. Betula glandulosa Michx. Glandular 
 
 or Scrub Birch. (Fig. 1217.) 
 Betula glandulosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 180. 1803. 
 
 A shrub, i-4 high, the twigs brown, glandular- 
 warty, not pubescent. Leaves orbicular, oval or ob- 
 ovate, glabrous, rounded at the apex; rounded, nar- 
 rowed or cuneate at the base, crenate-dentate, bright 
 green above, pale green and glandular-dotted beneath, 
 short-petioled, X'-i' long; petioles i"-3" long; 
 staminale aments commonly solitary, about y 2 ' long; 
 pistillate aments cylindric, erect, peduncled, 5 // -i2 // 
 long and about 2" in diameter in fruit; fruiting bracts 
 glabrous, the lateral lobes divergent, rather shorter 
 than the middle one; nut oblong, usually narrower 
 than its wings. 
 
 Newfoundland to Alaska, the higher mountains of 
 Maine and northern New York, Michigan, Minnesota and 
 in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in Asia. 
 June-July. 
 
BIRCH FAMILY. 
 
 8. Betula nana L. Dwarf Birch. (Fig. 1218.) 
 Betula. nana L. Sp. PI. 983. 1753. 
 B. Michauxii Spa/ch, Ann. Sci. Nat. (II.) 15: 195. 1841. 
 
 A low diffuse shrub, similar to the preceding 
 species, but the twigs glandless, puberulent or 
 glabrous. Leaves orbicular, obovate, or reniform 
 and wider than long, bright green, firm, glabrous, 
 on both sides when mature, deeply and incisely 
 crenulate, rounded at the apex, rounded, obtuse 
 or cuneate at the base, 3 // -io // long; petioles 
 rarely more than i" long; staminate aments %'- 
 i' long, solitary or clustered; pistillate ameuts ob- 
 long, sessile or short-peduncled, erect or some- 
 what spreading, 3 // -5 // long; fruiting bracts gla- 
 brous, the lower usually 3-lobed, the upper ovate 
 or lanceolate, mostly entire; nut oblong, wingless 
 or narrowly winged. 
 
 Greenland and Labrador to Hudson Bay. Also in 
 northern Europe and Asia. May-June. 
 
 9. Betula pumila L. 
 
 Birch. (Fig. 1219.) 
 
 Betula pumila L. Mant. 124. 1767. 
 
 A bog shrub, 2-i5 tall, the twigs brown, be- 
 coming glabrous, the young foliage densely 
 brownish-tomentose. Leaves obovate, broadly 
 oval or orbicular, rounded at both ends or some 
 of them cuneate-narrowed at the base, rather 
 coarsely dentate, when mature glabrous and 
 dull green above, pale, persistently tomentose 
 or becoming glabrous beneath and prominently 
 reticulate-veined, %'-i%' long; petioles ^Yz"- 
 3" long; fruiting pistillate aments oblong-cylin- 
 dric, erect, peduncled, i' long or less, about 3" 
 in diameter; bracts puberulent or ciliolate, the 
 lateral lobes spreading at right angles, shorter 
 than the middle one; nut oblong, mostly rather 
 broader than its wings. 
 
 In bogs, Newfoundland to western Ontario and 
 the Northwest Territory, south to New Jersey, Ohio 
 and Minnesota. May-June. 
 
 5. ALNUS Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 54. pi. 90. 1791. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, with dentate or serrulate leaves, few-scaled buds, and flowers of both 
 kinds in aments, expanding before, with or after the leaves, making their first appearance 
 during the preceding season, the staminate pendulous, the pistillate erect, clustered. Stam- 
 inate flowers 3 or sometimes 6 in the axil of each bract, consisting of a mostly 4-parted peri- 
 anth, 4 stamens and subtended by i or 2 bractlets; filaments short, simple; anther-sacs ad- 
 nate. Pistillate flowers 2-3 in the axil of each bract, without a perianth, but subtended by 
 2-4 minute bractlets; ovary sessile, 2-celled; styles 2; bracts woody, persistent, 5-toothed or 
 erose. Nut small, compressed, wingless or winged. [Ancient Latin name derived from the 
 Celtic, in allusion to the growth of these trees along streams.] 
 
 About 14 species, natives of the northern hemisphere and the Andes of South America. Besides 
 the following, some 4 others occur in the western parts of North America. 
 
 Nut bordered by a membranous wing on each side. i. A. Alnobetula. 
 
 Nut acute-margined, wingless. 
 
 Leaves obovate, broadly oval or suborbicular, dull; aments expanding long before the leaves. 
 Leaves finely tomentose or glaucous beneath. 2. A. incana. 
 
 Leaves green, glabrous or sparingly pubescent beneath. 
 
 Leaves finely serrulate; foliage not glutinous; native. 3. A. rugosa. 
 
 Leaves dentate-serrate; twigs glutinous; introduced tree. 4. A. glutinosa. 
 
 Leaves oblong, bright green and shining above; aments expanding in autumn. 5. A. maritima. 
 
 33 
 
512 
 
 BETULACEAE. 
 
 i. Alnus Alnobetula (Ehrh.) K.Koch. Green or Mountain Alder. (Fig.i22o.) 
 
 Betula Alnobetula Ehrh. Beitr. 2: 72. 1788. 
 Betula viridis Chaix ; Vill. Hist. PI. Dauph. 3: 789. 1789. 
 Alnus viridis DC. Fl. Fr. 3: 304. 1805. 
 Alnus Alnobetula K. Koch, Dendr. 2: Part i, 625. 1872. 
 A shrub, 2-io high, the young foliage glutinous 
 and more or less pubescent. Leaves oval or ovate, 
 obtuse or acute, sharply and more or less irregularly 
 serrulate or incised-serrulate, when mature dark 
 green and glabrous above, light-green and usually 
 pubescent on the veins beneath, 2 / ~5 / long, i% f -if 
 wide; petioles 4 // -i2 // long; aments expanding with 
 the leaves, the staminate slender, naked, i^'-a^' 
 long, the pistillate from scaly buds, oblong or ovoid- 
 oblong,slender-peduncled,becoming 6 // -S // long and 
 4 // -5 // in diameter in fruit, their bracts irregularly 5- 
 toothed; nut oblong, the thin wings about as broad 
 as the body. 
 
 Newfoundland to Alaska, Massachusetts, New York, 
 Michigan and British Columbia, and in the higher Alle- 
 ghanies of Virginia and North Carolina. Also in Europe 
 and Asia. June. 
 
 2. Alnus incana (L,.) Willd. 
 
 (Fig. 1221.) 
 
 Speckled or Hoary Alder. 
 
 Betula Alnus var. incana L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1394. 1763. 
 Alnus incana Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 335. 1805. 
 
 A shrub, or rarely a small tree, 8-25 high, the 
 twigs glabrous, the young shoots pubescent. Leaves 
 oval or ovate, acute or sometimes obtuse at the apex, 
 finely serrulate or dentate, with the teeth serrulate, 
 obtuse or some of them acute at the base, dark green 
 above, pale or glaucous and pubescent, at least on 
 the veins beneath, 2 / ~5 / long, i)4 / ~4 / wide, the veins 
 prominent on the lower surface; stipules oblong- 
 lanceolate, deciduous; petioles 4 // -i2 // long; aments 
 appearing from naked buds, unfolding much before 
 the leaves, the staminate iJ^ / -3 / long, the pistillate 
 ovoid, about %' long and $"-5" in diameter in fruit, 
 their bracts 5-toothed; nut orbicular, coriaceous- 
 margined. 
 
 In wet soil, Newfoundland to the Northwest Terri- 
 tory, south to southern New York, Pennsylvania and 
 Nebraska. Also in Europe and Asia. Wood soft, light 
 brown; weight per cubic foot 28 Ibs. April-May. 
 
 3. Alnus rugosa (DuRoi) K. Koch. Smooth Alder. (Fig. 1222.) 
 
 Betula Alnus rugosa DuRoi, Harbk. i: 112. 1771. 
 Alnus serrulata Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 336. 1805. 
 Alnus rugosa K. Koch, Dendr. 2: Part i, 635. 1872. 
 
 A shrub 5-2o tall, or sometimes a small tree, 
 attaining a maximum height of 40 and a trunk 
 diameter of 6 X , the bark smooth, the younger 
 shoots somewhat pubescent. Leaves green on 
 both sides, obovate or oval, mostly obtuse and 
 rounded at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the 
 base, sharply and minutely serrulate, when mature 
 glabrous above, usually pubescent on the veins be- 
 neath, 3 / -5 / long, stipules oval, deciduour petioles 
 4 // -i2 // long; aments appearing from naKed buds, 
 unfolding much before the leaves (or in the South 
 after the leaves), the staminate 2 x -4' long, the pis- 
 tillate ovoid, 6 // -9 // long in fruit; nut ovate, nar- 
 rowly coriaceous-margined. 
 
 In wet soil, or on hillsides, Maine to Ohio and Min- 
 nesota, Florida and Texas. Wood soft, light brown;, 
 weight per cubic foot 29 Ibs. March-April. 
 
BIRCH FAMILY. 
 
 513 
 
 4. Alnus glutinosa (L.) Medic. Euro- 
 pean Alder. (Fig. 1223.) 
 
 Betula Alnus var. glutinosa L,. Sp. PI. 983. 1753. 
 Alnus glutinosa Medic. Pfl. Anat. 393. 1800. 
 
 A tree, reaching a maximum height of about 
 75 and a trunk diameter of 2>^ , the bark 
 smooth, the branches nearly horizontal, the 
 foliage glutinous. Leaves broadly oval, orbicu- 
 lar or obovate, thick, dark green, dull, often 
 obtuse at both ends, dentate and the teeth den- 
 ticulate, glabrous above, pubescent on the veins 
 beneath, 2'-$' long; petioles l /z f -\ f long; 
 aments appearing from naked buds, expanding 
 much before the leaves, the staminate 3 / -4 / 
 long, the pistillate ovoid-oblong, 6 // -9 // long 
 in fruit; nut wingless, coriaceous-margined. 
 
 In wet places, southern New York and New Jer- 
 sey, escaped from cultivation and becoming natu- 
 ralized in a few localities. Native of Europe. Wood 
 soft, brown; weight per cubic foot 35 Ibs. April. 
 
 5. Alnus maritima (Marsh.) Muhl. 
 Seaside Alder. (Fig. 1224.) 
 
 Betula Alnus maritima Marsh. Arb. Am. 20. 1785. 
 Alnus maritima Muhl.; Nutt. Svlva, i: 34. /. 102. 
 
 1865. 
 
 A small tree, sometimes 30 tall and the trunk 
 6' in diameter, glabrous or very nearly so 
 throughout. Leaves oblong, ovate-oblong or 
 obovate, firm, acute at both ends, bright green 
 and shining above, pale green and dull beneath, 
 sharply serrulate, 2 / -4 / long, i / -2 / wide; petioles 
 3 // -io // long; aments unfolding long after the 
 leaves, their buds developing during the season, 
 the staminate i / -2^ / long, the pistillate oblong, 
 9 // -i2 // long, 5 // -7 // in diameter in fruit; nut ob- 
 long-obovate, wingless, coriaceous-margined. 
 
 In wet soil, southern Delaware and eastern Mary- 
 land; also in the Indian Territory. Closely related 
 to A . Japonica of northeastern Asia, and perhaps not 
 specifically distinct from it. Wood soft, light brown; 
 weight per cubic foot 31 Ibs. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 Family 7. FAGACEAE Drude, Phan. 409. 1879. 
 
 BEECH FAMILY. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, petioled, simple, dentate, serrate, lobed, 
 cleft or entire, pinnately veined, the stipules, if any, deciduous. Flowers small, 
 monoecious, the staminate in pendulous erect or spreading aments, or capitate, 
 the pistillate solitary or several together, subtended by an involucre of partly or 
 wholly united bracts, which becomes a bur or cup. Petals none. Staminate 
 flowers with a 4-y-lobed perianth and 4-20 stamens; filaments slender, distinct, 
 simple; anther-sacs adnate, longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers with a 4-8- 
 lobed urn-shaped or oblong perianth, adnate to the 3~7-celled ovary; ovules 1-2 
 in each cavity, only i in each ovary ripening, pendulous, anatropous; styles as 
 many as t^e cavities of the ovary, linear, terminally or longitudinally stigmatic. 
 Fruit a i, Deeded nut, with a coriaceous or somewhat bony exocarp. Testa thin. 
 Endosperm none; cotyledons large, fleshy, often rugose; radicle short. 
 
 About 5 genera and 375 species, of very wide geographic distribution. 
 
 Staminate flowers capitate ; nut sharply triangular. i. Fagus. 
 
 Staminate flowers in slender aments; nut rounded or plano-convex. 
 
 Pistillate flowers 2-5 in each involucre; involucre becoming globose and very prickly in fruit, 
 enclosing the nuts. 2. Castanea. 
 
 Pistillate flower i in each involucre ; involucre of numerous scales forming a cup in fruit and 
 subtending- the acorn. 3. Quercus. 
 
FAGACEAE. 
 
 i. FAGUS L. Sp. PI. 997. 1753. 
 
 Trees, with smooth light gray bark, and serrate straight-veined leaves. Flowers appear- 
 ing with the leaves, the staminate in slender-peduncled pendulous globose heads, the pistillate 
 about 2 together in short-peduncled subulate-bracted involucres in the upper axils. Stamin- 
 ate flowers yellowish -green, subtended by deciduous bracts, consisting of a campanulate 
 4-8-lobed calyx, and 8-16 stamens with filiform filaments. Pistillate flowers with a 6-lobed peri- 
 anth adnate to a 3-celled ovary; ovules 2 in each cavity, usually i only of each ovary maturing; 
 styles 3, filiform. Nut coriaceous, sharply 3-angled, enclosed in the 4-valved bur. [Name 
 from the Greek, to eat, referring to the esculent nuts.] 
 
 About 4 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Only the following is native in North 
 America. 
 
 i. Fagus Americana Sweet. American Beech. (Fig. 1225.) 
 
 Fagns Americana [latifolid] Muench. Hausv. 5: 
 
 162. 1770. 
 
 Fagus Americana Sweet, Hort. Brit. 370. 1826. 
 Fagtisferruginea Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 362. 1789. 
 
 A large forest tree, with maximum height of 
 about 120, and a trunk diameter of 4^, the 
 lower branches spreading. Leaves ovate or 
 ovate-oblong, firm, acuminate at the apex, ob- 
 tuse or narrowed at the base, 2 / ~4^ / long, i'- 
 3' wide, densely silky when young, glabrous or 
 nearly so when mature, green on both sides, not 
 shining, rather coarsely serrate; petioles 2 // -6 // 
 long; heads of staminate flowers 6 // -o/ / in dia- 
 meter, hanging on peduncles 1'-$' long; bur 
 6 // -io // high, densely tomentose, its soft 
 prickles recurved or spreading; nut pubescent, 
 or at length nearly glabrous, brown; seed 
 sweet. 
 
 In rich soil, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Wiscon- 
 sin, south to Florida and Texas. Wood hard, 
 strong, tough, close-grained; color light or dark 
 red; weight 43 Ibs. per cubic foot. April-May. 
 Nuts ripe Sept.-Oct. Leaves of seedlings and 
 young shoots are sometimes pinnatifid. 
 
 2. CASTANEA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 375. 1763. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with serrate straight-veined leaves, their teeth sharply acuminate. 
 Flowers appearing after the leaves, the staminate in erect or spreading narrowly cylindric 
 interrupted axillary yellowish aments, several in the axil of each bract, the bracts fugacious, 
 the pistillate borne in prickly involucres at the bases of the staminate aments or in separate 
 axils. Staminate flowers 2-bracteolate, consisting of a mostly 6-lobed campanulate perianth 
 and numerous stamens, sometimes also with an abortive ovary; filaments filiform, long ex- 
 serted. Pistillate flowers 2-5 (commonly 3) in each involucre, consisting of an urn-shaped 
 6-lobed perianth adnate to the mostly 6-celled ovary, and usually with 4-1 2 abortive stamens; 
 ovules 2 in each cavity, i ovule only of each ovary usually maturing; styles as many as the 
 cavities of the ovary, slender, exserted; stigmas minute. Pistillate involucre enlarging and 
 becoming a globose mostly 4-valved very prickly bur in fruit, enclosing i-several nuts. Nut 
 rounded or plano-convex, i-seeded, the shell coriaceous. Seed large, sweet. Style mostly 
 persistent. [Name Greek, from a city in Thessaly.] 
 
 Four or five species, natives of the northern hemisphere, 
 in the southeastern United States. 
 
 Besides the following, another occurs 
 
 Leaves green on both sides; nuts usually 2-5 in each involucre; large tree. i. C. dentata. 
 
 Leaves densely white -tomentose beneath; nut usually solitary; shrub or small tree. 2. C. puniila. 
 
BEECH FAMILY. 
 
 515 
 
 i. Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. American Chestnut. (Fig. 1226.) 
 
 Fagus Castanea dentata Marsh. Arb. Am. 46. 1785. 
 
 Castanea dentata Borkh. Handb. Forstb. i: 741. 1800. 
 
 C. vesca var. Americana Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 193. 1803. 
 
 A large forest tree, with gray bark rough in longitudinal 
 plates, reaching a maximum height of about 100 and a 
 trunk diameter of 14 ; lower branches spreading. Leaves 
 oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, firm, acuminate at the apex, 
 narrowed or rounded at the base, coarsely serrate, with 
 very sharp-pointed ascending teeth, rather dark green 
 above, lighter beneath, 5 / -i2 / long, ij^'-s' wide; petioles 
 stout, yt'-\ f long; staminate aments erect, numerous, 
 borne solitary in the upper axils, 6'-i2 f long, tf'-$" in di- 
 ameter; burs \y 2 f -\ f in diameter, solitary or altogether, 
 enclosing 1-5 nuts; nuts puberulent, dark brown, plano- 
 convex or angled on the face, or when solitary ovoid. 
 
 In rich soil, Maine and Ontario to Michigan and Ten- 
 nessee. Wood coarse-grained, durable, brown; weight per 
 cubic foot 28 Ibs. Involucre sometimes suppressed and the 
 nuts naked. June-July. Nuts ripe Sept.-Oct. 
 
 2. Castanea pumila (L/. ) Mill. Chinquapin. 
 (Fig. 1227.) 
 
 Fagus pumila L. Sp. PI. 998. 1753. 
 
 Castanea pumila Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 2. 1768. 
 
 A shrub or small tree, sometimes 45 high and with 
 a trunk 3 in diameter, the young shoots puberulent. 
 Leaves oblong, acute at both ends, sharply serrate with 
 ascending or divergent teeth, dark green and glabrous 
 above, densely white-tomentulose beneath, 3 / -6 / long, 
 I'-a^' wide; staminate aments erect or somewhat 
 spreading, ^ / ~5 / long, 3 // -4 // in diameter; burs \Yi f in 
 diameter or less, commonly spicate, enclosing a soli- 
 tary ovoid brown nut (rarely 2); seed very sweet. 
 
 In dry soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Indiana, 
 Florida and Texas. Wood strong, coarse-grained, dark 
 brown; weight per cubic foot 37 Ibs. June. Nuts ripe Sept. 
 
 3. QUERCUS L-. Sp. PI. 994. 1753. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with pinnatifid lobed dentate crenate or entire leaves, deciduous or in 
 some species persistent. Flowers very small, green or yellowish, appearing with or before 
 the leaves, the staminate numerous in slender mostly drooping aments, the pistillate soli- 
 tary in many-bracted involucres borne on the twigs of the preceding season or on the young 
 shoots. Staminate flowers subtended by caducous bracts, consisting of a mostly 6-lobed 
 campanulate perianth and 6-12 stamens with filiform filaments, sometimes also with an abor- 
 tive pilose ovary. Pistillate flowers with an urn-shaped or oblong calyx, adnate to a mostly 
 3-celled ovary; ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary, rarely more than i in each ovary matur- 
 ing; styles as many as the ovary-cavities, short, erect or recurved. Fruit consisting of the 
 imbricated and more or less united bracts of the involucre (cup), subtending or nearly enclos- 
 ing the ovoid, oblong or subglobose i-seeded coriaceous nut (acorn). [The ancient Latin 
 name, probably of Celtic derivation, signifying "beautiful tree."] 
 
 About 200 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, some 30 others 
 occur in the western and southern sections of North America. 
 
 H- Leaves or their lobes bristle-tipped, deciduous; acorns maturing in autumn of second year. 
 
 t Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately lobed. 
 Leaves green on both sides. 
 
 Cup of the acorn saucer-shaped, much broader than high. 
 
 Cup 8"-i2" broad; acorn ovoid; leaves dull. i. Q. rubra. 
 
 Cup 4" -8" broad; leaves shining. 
 
 Acorn subglobose or short-ovoid; northern. 2. Q. palustris. 
 
 Acorn ovoid; southern. 3. Q. Texana. 
 
 Cup of the acorn turbinate or hemispheric. 
 
 Inner bark gray; leaves shining both sides. 4. Q. coccinea. 
 
 Inner bark orange; leaves pubescent in the axils of the veins beneath. 5. Q. velutina. 
 Leaves white or gray-tomentulose beneath. 
 
 Large tree; leaf-lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, long. 6. Q. digitata. 
 
 Shrub or low tree ; leaf-lobes triangular-ovate, short. 7. Q. nana. 
 
FAGACEAE. 
 
 "ft Leaves 3-5-lobed above the middle or entire, obovate or spatulate in outline. 
 
 Leaves obovate-cuneate, brown-floccose beneath. 8. Q. Marylandica. 
 
 Leaves spatulate, glabrous both sides. 9. Q. nigra. 
 
 ttt Leaves entire, oblong, lanceolate or linear-oblong (sometimes lobed in no. ID. 
 Leaves linear-oblong, green and glabrous on both sides. 10. Q. Phellos. 
 
 Leaves oblong, glabrous, dark green and shining above. n. Q. laurifolia. 
 
 Leaves oblong or lanceolate, brown-tomentulose beneath. 12. Q. imbricaria. 
 
 fc X- Leaves or their lobes not bristle-lipped, deciduous; acorns maturing in autumn of first year. 
 
 t Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately lobed. 
 
 Mature leaves pale, or glaucous and glabrous beneath; cup shallow. 13. Q. alba. 
 
 Mature leaves tomentulose beneath ; cup one-third to fully as long as the acorn. 
 Upper scales of the cup not awned. 
 
 Leaves yellowish-brown-tomentulose beneath; acorn ovoid. 14. Q. minor. 
 
 Leaves white-tomentulose beneath; acorn depressed-globose. 15. Q. lyrata. 
 
 Upper scales awned, forming a fringe around the acorn. 16. Q. macrocarpa. 
 
 tt Leaves crenate or dentate, not lobed. 
 Fruit peduncled. 
 
 Peduncle much longer than petioles; leaves white-tomentulose beneath. 17. Q. platanoides. 
 Peduncle equalling or shorter than the petioles; leaves gray-tomentulose beneath. 
 
 Teeth of the leaves acute or mucronulate. 
 Teeth of the leaves rounded. 
 Fruit sessile. 
 
 Tall tree; leaves oblong or lanceolate. 
 Shrub or low tree; leaves oval or obovate. 
 -5f -X- -3f Leaves entire {rarely with a few bristle-tipped lobes), evergreen. 
 
 18. Q. Michauxii. 
 
 19. Q. Prinus. 
 
 20. Q. acuminata. 
 
 21. Q. prinoides. 
 
 22. Q. Virginiana. 
 
 i. Quercus rubra L,. Red Oak. (Fig. 1228.) 
 
 uercus rubra L. Sp. PI. 996. 1753. 
 
 . ambigua Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. 2: 120. pi. 24. 1812. 
 
 A large forest tree, with a maximum height of 
 about 140, and a trunk diameter of 7, the bark 
 dark gray, slightly roughened. Leaves oval or some- 
 what obovate in outline, deciduous, when mature 
 glabrous, or pubescent in the axils of the veins be- 
 neath, 4 / -8 / long, 3 / -6 / wide, dull green above, paler 
 beneath, sinuses rounded, lobes triangular-lanceo- 
 late, tapering from a broad base to an acuminate 
 apex, i-4-toothed or entire, teeth and apices tipped 
 with filiform bristles; petioles i^'-S 7 long; styles 
 slender, spreading; fruit maturing the second 
 autumn; cup saucer-shaped, its base flat or slightly 
 convex, 8 // -i2 // broad, bracts ovate or ovate-lan- 
 ceolate, obtuse or the upper acute, appressed; acorn 
 ovoid, about i' long, 2-4 times as long as the cup. 
 
 Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to 
 Florida, Kansas and Texas. Wood hard, strong, coarse- 
 <L grained; color light reddish-brown; weight per cubic 
 
 foot 41 Ibs. May-June. Acorns ripe Oct.-Nov. 
 Quercus rubra runcinata A. DC. Prodr. 16: Part 2, 60. 1864. 
 Leaf-lobes nearly entire; acorn W high. Near St. Louis. Perhaps a hybrid with Q. digitata. 
 
 2. Quercus palustris DuRoi. Swamp Oak. Pin Oak. (Fig. 1229.) 
 
 Q. palustris DuRoi, Harbk. 2: 268. pi. 5. f. 4. 1772. 
 
 A forest tree, maximum height about 120 and 
 trunk diameter 5, the lower branches deflexed; 
 bark brown, rough when old. Leaves broadly 
 oblong or obovate in outline, deeply pinnatifid, 
 sometimes almost to the midrib, bright green 
 glabrous and shining above, duller, glabrous or 
 with tufts of hairs in the axils of the veins be- 
 neath, 3 / -5 / long, the lobes oblong, lanceolate 
 or triangular-lanceolate, divergent, i-4-toothed 
 or entire, teeth and apices tipped with filiform 
 bristles; styles slender; fruit maturing in the sec- 
 ond autumn; cup saucer-shaped, 4" -6" broad, 
 base flat, bracts triangular-ovate, acute or obtuse, 
 appressed; acorn subglobose or ovoid, 4 // -7 // 
 high, often striate, 2-3 times as long as the cup. 
 
 In moist ground, Massachusetts to Wisconsin, 
 Delaware and Arkansas. Wood hard, very strong, 
 coarse-grained; color light brown ; weight per cubic 
 foot 43 Ibs. May-June. Acorns ripe Sept.-Oct. 
 
BEECH FAMILY. 
 
 517 
 
 3. Quercus Texana Buckley. Texan Red 
 Oak. (Fig. 1230.) 
 
 Q. Texana Buckley, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1860: 444. 1860. 
 A forest tree, similar to the preceding species and 
 to Q. rubra, attaining a maximum height of about 
 200 and a trunk diameter of 8, usually smaller. 
 Bark reddish-brown, with broad ridges, broken into 
 plates; leaves mostly obovate in outline, bright 
 green and shining above, paler and with tufts of wool 
 in the axils beneath, 2 / -6 / long, truncate or broadly 
 wedge-shaped at the base, deeply pinnatifid into 5-9 
 oblong or triangular lobes, which are entire or coarsely 
 few toothed, the lobes and teeth bristle-tipped; styles 
 short; fruit maturing in the autumn of the second sea- 
 son; cup deeply saucer-shaped, $"-&" broad, its scales 
 obtusish or acute, appressed; acorn ovoid, J^'-i' long, 
 2-3 times as high as the cup. 
 
 Southern Indiana to Iowa and Missouri, Florida and 
 Texas. Wood hard, light red-brown; weight per cubic 
 foot 57 Ibs. April-May. Acorns ripe Sept. -Oct. 
 
 4. Quercus coccinea Wang. Scarlet Oak. (Fig. 1231.) 
 
 Quercus coccinea Wang. Amer. 44. pi. 4. f. 9. 1787. 
 A forest tree, attaining a maximum height of 
 about 160, the trunk diameter sometimes 5; 
 inner bark pale reddish or gray; foliage turning 
 scarlet in autumn. Leaves deeply pinnatifid, 
 glabrous, bright green and shining above, paler 
 and sometimes pubescent in the axils of the 
 veins beneath, 4 / -8 / long, rather thin, the lobes 
 oblong or lanceolate, divergent or ascending, 
 few- toothed, the teeth and apices bristle-tipped; 
 fruit maturing in the autumn of the second sea- 
 son; styles slender, recurved-spreading; cup 
 hemispheric or top-shaped, its bracts triangular- 
 lanceolate, appressed or the upper slightly squar- 
 rose, mostly glabrous; acorn ovoid or ovoid-glo- 
 bose, 6 // -io // high, about twice as long as the cup. 
 
 In dry soil, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, 
 Florida and Missouri. Wood hard, strong, coarse- 
 grained, light brown or red; weight 46 Ibs. per cubic 
 foot. May-June. Acorns ripe Sept.-Oct. 
 
 5. Quercus velutina Lam. Black Oak. Quercitron. (Fig. 1232.) 
 
 Quercus velutina L,am. Encycl. i: 721. 1783. 
 
 Q. tinctoria Bartram, Travels, 37. Name only. 1791. 
 
 Q. coccinea var. tinctoria A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 454. 1867. 
 
 A large forest tree, similar to Q. coccinea, maxi- 
 mum height about 150, trunk diameter 5; outer 
 bark very dark brown, rough in low ridges, the in- 
 ner bright orange. Leaves pinnatifid or lobed to 
 beyond the middle, firm, brown-pubescent or some- 
 times stellate-pubescent when young, when mature 
 glabrous and dark dull green above, pale green 
 and usually pubescent on the veins beneath, the 
 broad oblong or triangular-lanceolate lobes and 
 their teeth bristle-tipped; fruit maturing in the 
 autumn of the second season; cup hemispheric or 
 top-shaped, commonly narrowed into a short stalk, 
 its bracts mostly pubescent, the upper somewhat 
 squarrose; acorn ovoid, yL f -\ f high, more or less 
 longer than the cup. 
 
 Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Texas. 
 Wood reddish -brown; weight per cubic foot 44 Ibs. 
 May-June. 
 
FAGACEAE. 
 
 6. Quercus digitata (Marsh.) Sudw, 
 Spanish Oak. (Fig. 1233.) 
 
 Quercus nigra digitata Marsh. Arb. Am. 121. 1785, 
 Q.falcata Michx. Hist. Chen. Am. 16. pi. 28. 1801, 
 Quercus digitata Sudw. Card. & For. 5: 99. 1892. 
 A tree, with maximum height of about 95, 
 and trunk diameter of 5. Leaves dark green 
 and glabrous above, gray-tomentulose beneath, 
 deeply pinnatifid into 3-7 linear or lanceolate 
 lobes, often falcate, acuminate, entire or den- 
 tate; teeth and apices bristle-tipped; terminal 
 lobes commonly elongated; styles slender; fruit 
 maturing during the second autumn ; cup saucer- 
 shaped with a turbinate base, S"-?" broad, its 
 bracts ovate, obtuse, appressed; acorn subglo- 
 bose or depressed, about twice as high as the cup. 
 
 In dry soil, Long Island (?), New Jersey to Flor- 
 ida, Missouri and Texas. Wood hard, strong, 
 coarse-grained, light reddish-brown; weight per 
 cubic foot 43 Ibs. May-June. Acorns ripe Sept.-Oct. 
 
 7. Quercus nana (Marsh.) Sarg. Bear or Scrub Oak. (Fig. 1234.) 
 
 Quercus rubra nana Marsh. Arb. Am. 123. 1785. 
 Quercus ilicifolia Wang. Amer. 79. pi. 6. f. 77. 1787. 
 Quercus nana Sarg. Card. & For. 8: 93. 1895. 
 
 A shrub or rarely a small tree, often forming 
 dense thickets, maximum height about 25, and 
 trunk diameter 6'; bark gray, nearly smooth. 
 Leaves mostly obovate, 2' -5' long, short-petioled, 
 dark green and glabrous above, grayish-white 
 tomentulose beneath, 3~7-lobed; lobes triangular- 
 ovate, acute, bristle-tipped; styles recurved; fruit 
 maturing the second autumn; cup saucer-shaped, 
 4 // -6 // broad, with a turbinate or rounded base; its 
 bracts lanceolate, appressed; acorn globose-ovoid, 
 more or less longer than the cup. 
 
 In sandy or rocky soil, Maine to Ohio, Delaware, and 
 the mountains of Virginia and Kentucky. Wood hard, 
 strong, light brown. May. Acorns ripe Oct. -Nov. 
 
 A hybrid of this, presumably with Q. coccinea, was 
 found by Dr. Robbins at Uxbridge, Mass. 
 
 8. Quercus Marylandica Muench. Black-jack or Barren Oak. (Fig. 1235.) 
 
 Quercus nigra ft L- Sp. PI. 995. 1753. 
 
 Quercus Marylandica Muench. Hausv. 5: 253. 1770. 
 
 A tree, sometimes 60 high, usually lower; maxi- 
 mum trunk diameter 2; bark nearly black, very 
 rough in ridges. Leaves obovate in outline, stel- 
 late-pubescent above and brown-tomentose beneath 
 when young, 3~5-lobed toward the broad usually 
 nearly truncate apex, cuneate below, the lobes 
 short, entire or sparingly toothed, bristle-tipped; 
 mature leaves dark green, glabrous above, paler 
 and more or less floccose beneath, 3 / -7 / long, 2 / -5 / 
 wide; fruit maturing the second autumn; styles 
 recurved; cup deep, 5 // -8 // broad, its bracts oblong- 
 lanceolate, appressed, pubescent; acorn ovoid, 2-3 
 times as high as the cup. 
 
 In dry soil, Long Island, N. Y. , to Ohio and Nebraska, 
 south to Florida and Texas. Wood hard, strong, dark 
 brown; weight per cubic foot 46 Ibs. May-June. 
 Acorns ripe Oct.-Nov. 
 
 Quercus Riidkini Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 9: 14, a hybrid of this with Q. Phellos, occurs from 
 Staten Island, N. Y., to North Carolina. 
 
 Quercus Brittoni W.T. Davis, Scien. Am. 67: 145, is a hybrid with Q. ilicifolia. Staten Island, N. Y. 
 
BEECH FAMILY. 
 
 519 
 
 Water Oak. 
 
 1783. 
 
 g. Quercus nigra L,. 
 
 Quercus nigra L. Sp. PI. 995. 1753. 
 
 Quercus nigra var. aquatica Lam. Encycl. i: 721. 
 
 Quercus aquatica Walt. Fl. Car. 234. 1788. 
 
 A tree, with maximum height of about 80 and trunk 
 diameter of 4 ; bark gray, rough in ridges. Leaves 
 spatulate or obovate, i-3-lobed at the apex, or some of 
 them entire and rounded, coriaceous, short-petioled, 
 rather bright green and shining on both sides, finely 
 reticulate-veined, glabrous when mature except tufts 
 of hairs in the axils of the veins beneath, iX / ~3 / long, 
 the lobes low, usually obtuse and bristle- tipped; styles 
 recurved; fruit maturing the second autumn; cup sau- 
 cer-shaped with a rounded base, 5 // -y // broad, its bracts 
 appressed; acorn globose-ovoid, 2-3 times as high as 
 the cup. 
 
 Along streams and swamps or sometimes on the up- 
 land, Delaware to Kentucky, Missouri, Florida and Texas. 
 Wood hard, strong, cross-grained, light brown ; weight per 
 cubic foot 45 Ibs. April-May. Acorns ripe Sept. -Oct. 
 Leaves of seedlings and young shoots incised or pinnatifid, 
 very bristly. 
 
 (Fig. 1236.) 
 
 L) 
 
 10. Quercus Phellos L,. Willow Oak. 
 
 (Fig. 1237.) 
 
 Quercus Phellos L. Sp. PI. 994. 1753. 
 
 A tree, with slightly roughened reddish-brown 
 bark, attaining a maximum height of about 80 and 
 a trunk diameter of 3. Leaves narrowly oblong or 
 oblong-lanceolate, entire, acute at both ends, very 
 short-petioled, bristle-tipped, glabrous or very 
 slightly pubescent in the axils of the veins beneath 
 when mature, z'-tf long, 4 // -i2 // wide; styles slen- 
 der, recurved-spreading; fruit maturing in the au- 
 tumn of the second season; cup saucer-shaped, 
 nearly flat on the base, 4 // -6 // broad; acorn subglo- 
 bose, 4 // -6 // high. 
 
 In moist woods, Long Island, N. Y. to Florida, 
 Missouri and Texas. Wood strong, rather soft and 
 close-grained, reddish-brown; weight per cubic foot 
 46 Ibs. April-May. Acorns ripe Sept.-Oct. 
 
 Quercus heterophylla Michx. f. Hist. Am. 2: 87, pi. 16, the Bartram Oak, probably a hybrid of Q. 
 Phellos with Q. r libra, but perhaps a distinct species, intermediate in leaf and fruit characters between 
 the two, occurs from Staten Island to North Carolina. Q. Phellos hybridizes also with Q. nana. 
 
 ii. Quercus laurifolia Michx. Laurel 
 Oak. (Fig. 1238.) 
 
 Quercus laurifolia Michx. Hist. Chenes Am. no. 10. 
 
 pi. 17. 1801. 
 
 Trunk sometimes 100 tall, reaching 4 in diam- 
 eter at the base; bark nearly black, with flat ridges. 
 Leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, often somewhat 
 falcate, very green and shining above, paler be- 
 neath, glabrous when mature, i%'-6' long, 5 // -2 / 
 wide, entire, or those of young shoots undulate- 
 lobed, the apex bristle-tipped; styles rather short, 
 recurving; fruit maturing in the autumn of the sec- 
 ond season; abortive ovules in the summit of the 
 acorn; cup saucer-shaped, 4 // -6 // wide, its base 
 somewhat rounded, its scales ovate, rounded, ap- 
 pressed; acorn ovoid or nearly hemispheric, 3-4 
 times as long as the cup. 
 
 Along streams and swamps, southeastern Virginia to 
 Florida and Louisiana, mostly near the coast. Wood 
 dark reddish-brown, strong; weight per cubic foot 48 Ibs. 
 
520 FAGACEAE. 
 
 12. Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak. (Fig. 1239.) 
 
 Quercus imbricaria Michx. Hist. Chen. Am. 9. pi. 75, 
 
 16. 1801. 
 
 A forest tree, with maximum height about 100, 
 and trunk diameter of 3,^. Leaves oblong or 
 lanceolate, entire, coriaceous, acute at both ends, 
 short-petioled, bristle-tipped, dark green above, 
 persistently gray-tomentulose beneath, 3 / ~7 / long, 
 9 // -2 / wide; styles recurved; fruit maturing the sec- 
 ond autumn; cup hemispheric or turbinate, 5 // -7 // 
 broad, its bracts appressed; acorn subglobose, 5"- 
 1" high. 
 
 Central Pennsylvania to Michigan, Nebraska, Geor- 
 gia, Tennessee and Arkansas. Wood hard, coarse- 
 grained, light reddish-brown; weight per cubic foot 
 47 Ibs. April-May. 
 
 Quercus Leana Nutt. Sylva, i: 134, pi. 56, is a hybrid 
 of this and Q. velutina, with intermediate characters. 
 Ohio to Missouri and District of Columbia. 
 
 Quercus tridentata Engelm, Q. nigra var. Iridentata 
 A. DC. Prodr. 16: Part 2, 64, is a hybrid with Q. Mary- 
 landica. Illinois and Pennsylvania. 
 A hybrid with Q. palustris was found by Dr. Engelmann near St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 13. Quercus alba L,. White Oak. (Fig. 1240.) 
 
 Quercus alba L. Sp. PI. 996. 1753. 
 
 A large forest tree, with light gray bark scaling 
 off in thin plates; maximum height about 150, 
 trunk diameter 8. Leaves obovate in outline, 
 green above, pale and more or less glaucous be- 
 neath, pubescent when young, nearly glabrous 
 when old, thin, pinnatifid into 3-9 oblong obtuse 
 ascending toothed or entire lobes, 4'-7 x long, 2'- 
 4%' wide; petioles about l / 2 f long; styles short, 
 erect; fruit maturing the first season, peduncled; 
 cup depressed-hemispheric, 7 // -io // broad, its 
 bracts thick, obtuse, woolly or at length glabrate, 
 closely appressed; acorn ovoid -oblong, i 7 high or 
 less, 3-4 times as high as the cup. 
 
 Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Texas. 
 Wood hard, strong, tough, close-grained; color brown; 
 weight per cubic foot 46 Ibs. May-June. Acorns 
 ripe Sept.-Oct. 
 
 Hybrids with Q. macrocarpa have been observed 
 in Illinois; with Q. minor, from Illinois to Virginia 
 and South Carolina, and with Q. Prinus, near Wash- 
 ington, D. C., and New York. 
 
 14. Quercus minor (Marsh.) Sarg. Post or Iron Oak. (Fig. 1241.) 
 
 Quercus alba minor Marsh. Arb. Am. 120. 1785- 
 Quercus stellala Wang. Amer. 78. pi. 6. f. 15. 1787. 
 Q. obtusiloba Michx. Hist. Chen. Am. i. pi. i. 1801. 
 Querctis minor Sargent, Gard. & For. 2: 471. 1889. 
 
 A tree, with rough gray bark, or sometimes a 
 shrub; maximum height about 100 and trunk 
 diameter 4. Leaves broadly obovate in out- 
 line, deeply lyrate-pinnatifid into 3-7 broad 
 rounded often deeply undulate or toothed lobes, 
 when mature firm, glabrous, dark green and 
 shining above, brown-tomentulose beneath, 5'- 
 8' long, 4 / -6 / wide or smaller; petioles stout, 
 X / -i / long; fruit maturing the first season, 
 nearly or quite sessile; styles short; cup hemi- 
 spheric, 6"-8" broad, base narrowed, its bracts 
 lanceolate, subacute, slightly squarrose; acorn 
 ovoid, 6"-io" high, 2-3 times as long as the cup. 
 
 In dry soil, Massachusetts to southern New York, 
 Michigan, Florida and Texas. Wood hard, close- 
 grained, very durable, brown; weight per cubic foot 
 52 Ibs. May-June. Acorns ripe Sept.-Oct. 
 
BEECH FAMILY. 
 
 521 
 
 Swatnp, Overcup or Post Oak. (Fig. 1242.) 
 
 15. Quercus lyrata Walt. 
 
 Quercus lyrata Walt. Fl. Car. 235. 1753. 
 
 A large tree, maximum height about 100 and trunk 
 diameter 3^; bark gray or reddish, in thin plates. 
 Leaves obovate in outline, mostly narrowed at the 
 base, 6 / -8 / long, lyrate-pinnatifid or lobed to beyond 
 the middle, thin, when mature bright green, glabrous 
 and shining above, densely white-tomentulose be- 
 neath, the lobes lanceolate or oblong, rounded or sub- 
 acute, entire or toothed, the upper pair the larger and 
 usually divergent; petioles 3 // -9 // long; fruit matur- 
 ing the first season, peduncled; styles short; cup de- 
 pressed-globose, \'-\y 2 ' in diameter, y 2 '-i' high, its 
 bracts broad, thin, cuspidate; acorn depressed-globose, 
 ^ / -i>^ / high, nearly or quite immersed in the cup. 
 
 In swamps or along streams, New Jersey to Indiana and 
 Missouri, Florida and Texas. Wood hard, strong-, tough, 
 close-grained, very durable, dark brown; weight per cubic 
 foot 52 Ibs. April-May. 
 
 16. Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Mossy-cup or Bur Oak. (Fig. 1243.) 
 
 Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Hist. Chen. Am. 2, 
 
 pi. 2j. 1801. 
 Quercus olivaeformis Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. 2: 
 
 pi. 2. 1812. 
 
 A large tree, with gray flaky bark ; maximum 
 height about 160, and trunk diameter 8. 
 Leaves obovate or oblong-obovate in outline, 
 rather thin, irregularly lobed, pinnatifid, or 
 some coarsely crenate; when mature bright 
 green and shining above, grayish-white-tomen- 
 tulose beneath, 4 / -8 / long, the lobes toothed or 
 entire, rounded, ascending or somewhat .diver- 
 gent; petioles % f - 1 ' long; fruit short-peduncled 
 or sessile, maturing the first season; styles 
 short; cup hemispheric or subglobose, 8 // -2 / in 
 diameter, its bracts floccose, thick, hard, ovate 
 or lanceolate, the lower acute, the upper subu- 
 late-tipped, the tips forming a fringe around the 
 acorn; acorn 8 // -i^ / long, ovoid, 1-2 times as 
 high as the cup. 
 
 In rich soil, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Kansas and Texas. 
 Wood hard, strong, tough, close-grained; color dark brown; weight 46 Ibs. May-June. 
 
 17. Quercus platanoides (I^am.) Sudw. Swamp White Oak. (Fig. 1244.) 
 
 Q. Prinus platanoides Lam. Encycl. i: 720. 1783. 
 Quercus bicolor Willd. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. 
 
 Berlin, 3: 396. 1801. 
 Q. platanoides Sudw. Rep. Secy. Agric. 1892:327. 1893. 
 
 A large tree, with flaky gray bark; maximum 
 height about 110 and trunk diameter 9. Leaves 
 obovate, or oblong-obovate, coarsely toothed or 
 sometimes lobed nearly to the middle, narrowed or 
 rounded at the base, firm, when mature 4 / -7 / long, 
 3X / ~4/^ / wide, dark green, dull and glabrous 
 above, densely white-tomentulose beneath; peti- 
 oles stout, 3 // -9 // long; fruit maturing the first 
 year; peduncles 2-5 times as long as the petioles; 
 cup hemispheric, its bracts pubescent, lanceolate, 
 appressed, the lower obtuse, the upper acute or 
 acuminate; acorn obi ong-o void, about i / high; cup 
 about 6 X/ high; seed rather sweet. 
 
 In moist or swampy soil, Quebec to Michigan, 
 Georgia and Arkansas. Wood hard, strong, tough, 
 close-grained, light brown; weight 48 Ibs. per cubic 
 foot. May-June. Acorns ripe Sept.-Oct. 
 
 2" 
 
522 
 
 FAGACEAE. 
 
 18. Quercus Michauxii Nutt. Cow Oak, 
 
 Basket Oak. (Fig. 1245.) 
 Quercus Michauxii Nutt. Gen. 2: 215. 1818. 
 
 A large tree, with gray flaky bark; maximum 
 height about 100 and trunk diameter 7. Leaves 
 obovate or broadly oblong, apex acute or acuminate, 
 base narrowed, rounded or subcordate, when mature 
 bright green, shining above, pale and gray tomeutu- 
 lose beneath, sharply toothed, 4 / -7 / long, 2_^ / -4^ / 
 wide, the teeth acute or mucronulate; petioles slen- 
 der, ^ / -i^ / long; fruit maturing the first season, 
 short-peduncled or sessile; styles very short; cup 
 depressed-hemispheric, \'-\ l / 2 f broad, its bracts 
 thick, ovate or lanceolate, appressed; acorns ovoid, 
 i / -i^ / high, about 3 times as high as the cup. 
 
 In moist soil, Delaware to Indiana, Arkansas, Flor- 
 ida and Texas. Wood hard, strong, tough, dense, dura- 
 ble; color light brown; weight 50 Ibs. per cubic foot. 
 April-May. Acorns ripe Sept.-Oct, sweet and edible. 
 
 19. Quercus Prinus L,. Rock Chestnut Oak. (Fig. 1246.) 
 
 Quercus Prinus L. Sp. PI. 996. 1753. 
 
 A large forest tree; maximum height about 100, 
 and trunk diameter 5; lower branches spreading; 
 bark brown, ridged, slightly flaky. Leaves 
 coarsely crenate, oblong, oblong-lanceolate or ob- 
 ovate, when mature dark green, glabrous and 
 feebly shining above, finely gray-tomentulose be- 
 neath, 5 / -8 / long, i^ / -4 / wide; petioles slender, 
 yt'-\ l /t' long; fruit maturing the first season; 
 peduncles equalling or shorter than the petioles; 
 styles very short; cup hemispheric, ^ / -i^ / broad, 
 its bracts tomentose, triangular-ovate, acute or 
 cuspidate, appressed; acorn ovoid, i / -i^ / high, 
 2-3 times as high as the cup; seed edible, but not 
 very sweet. 
 
 In dry soil, Maine to southern Ontario, Alabama and 
 Tennessee. Wood hard, strong, close-grained, dura- 
 ble; color dark brown; weight per cubic foot 47 Ibs. 
 May-June. Acorns ripe Oct. -Nov. 
 
 20. Quercus acuminata (Michx.) Sarg. 
 Chestnut or Yellow Oak. (Fig. 1247.) 
 
 Quercus Prinus acuminata Michx. Hist. Chenes Am. 
 
 no. 5. pi. 8. 1801. 
 Quercus Muhlenbergii Engelm. Trans. St. Louis 
 
 Acad. 3: 391. 1877. 
 Quercus acuminata Sarg. Card. & For. 8: 93. 1895. 
 
 A tree with gray flaky bark, much resembling 
 the chestnut; maximum height about 160, and 
 trunk diameter 3^. Leaves oblong, lanceolate 
 or sometimes obovate, apex acuminate or acute, 
 base narrowed or rounded; coarsely toothed, when 
 mature dark green and shining above, pale, gray- 
 tomentulose and prominently 'veined beneath, 
 4 / -6 / long, i / -2^ / wide; petioles slender, %'-i f 
 long; fruit sessile or very short-peduncled, matur- 
 ing the first season; cup hemispheric, 5 // -8 // 
 broad, its bracts floccose, ovate, thick, acute or 
 cuspidate, appressed; acorn ovoid, 6 // -io // high, 
 about twice as high as the cup. 
 
 In dry soil, preferring limestone ridges, Vermont and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Alabama 
 and Texas. Wood hard, strong, dense, close-grained, durable, dark brown; weight per cubic foot 
 54 Ibs. May-June. Acorns ripe Oct.-Nov., edible. 
 
BEECH FAMILY. 
 
 523 
 
 21. Quercus prinoides Willd. Scrub Chestnut Oak. (Fig. 1248.) 
 
 Quercus prinoides Willd. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat- 
 Fr. Berlin, 3: 397. 1801. 
 
 A sbrub, 2-i5 tall, sometimes tree-like, the 
 bark gray. Leaves obovate, coarsely toothed, 
 when mature bright green and somewhat shin- 
 ing above, gray-tomentulose beneath, 2%'-^ 
 long, 2'-$' wide, mostly acute or short-acumi- 
 nate at the apex, narrowed at the base, the 
 teeth short, triangular, subacute or obtuse; 
 petioles slender, $"-<)" long; fruit sessile, 
 maturing the first season; cup hemispheric, thin, 
 about y z ' broad and one-half as high, its bracts 
 floccose, triangular-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 
 appressed; acorn ovoid, obtuse, 2-3 times as long 
 as the cup; seed sweet. 
 
 In dry sandy or rocky soil, Maine to Minnesota, 
 south to Alabama and Texas. Apparently inter- 
 grades with the preceding:. April-May. Acorns 
 ripe Sept.-Oct. Called also Chinkapin Oak. 
 
 22. Quercus Virginiana Mill. L/ive Oak. (Fig. 1249.) 
 
 Quercus Virginiana Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 
 
 1 6. 1768. 
 
 Quercus virens Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 356. 1789. 
 
 A tree, with rough brown bark, attaining a 
 maximum height of about 60 and trunk diam- 
 eter of 7, but often shrubby, the young shoots 
 puberulent. Leaves evergreen, coriaceous, ob- 
 long, elliptic or oblanceolate, apex obtuse, base 
 narrowed or rounded, entire or with a few bristle- 
 tipped teeth, bright green and glabrous above, 
 pale green and puberulent or becoming glabrous 
 beneath, \'-$ f long; petioles stout, i // ~3 // long; 
 fruit peduncled, maturing the first season; pe- 
 duncle %'-\' long; cup turbinate, 5" -8" broad, 
 its bracts closely appressed, ovate or lanceolate; 
 acorn ovoid-oblong, about twice as high as the 
 cup; seed not edible; cotyledons united. 
 
 In dry soil, Virginia to Florida, Texas and 
 Mexico, mostly near the coast. Also in Cuba. 
 Wood very hard, tough; close-grained and dense; 
 color yellow-brown; weight per cubic foot 59 Ibs. 
 March-April. Acorns ripe Sept-Oct. 
 
 Family 8. ULMACEAE Mirbel, Elem. 2: 905. 1815. 
 
 ELM FAMILY. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple serrate petioled pinnately veined stipu- 
 late leaves, the stipules usually fugacious. Flowers small, monoecious, dioe- 
 cious, perfect or polygamous, lateral or axillary, clustered, or the pistillate soli- 
 tary. Perianth 3~9-parted or of 3-9 distinct sepals. Petals none. Stamens in 
 our species as many as the perianth-lobes or sepals and opposite them ; filaments 
 straight; anthers ovate or oval, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary i -celled (rarely 
 2-celled), mostly superior; ovule solitary, pendulous, anatropous or amphitro- 
 pous; styles or stigmas 2. Fruit a samara, drupe or nut. Endosperm of the 
 seed little or none. Embryo straight or curved; cotyledons mostly flat. 
 
 About 13 genera and 140 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. 
 
 Flowers borne in clusters on twigs of the preceding season; fruit a samara, or nut-like. 
 
 Flowers expanding before the leaves; calyx 4~9-cleft; fruit a samara. i. Ulmus. 
 
 Flowers expanding with the leaves; calyx 4-5-cleft; fruit nut-like. 2. Planera. 
 
 Flowers borne on twigs of the season, the pistillate mostly solitary; fruit a drupe. 3. Celtis. 
 
524 
 
 ULMACEAE. 
 
 i. ULMUS L,. Sp. PI. 225. 1753. 
 
 Trees, with 2-ranked straight-veined inequilateral serrate leaves, with thin caducous 
 stipules. Flowers perfect or polygamous, fascicled or racemose, greenish, unfolding before 
 the leaves, borne axillary on the twigs of the preceding season. Calyx campanulate, 4-9- 
 lobed, persistent, its lobes imbricated. Filaments erect, slender, exserted. Ovary sessile or 
 stalked, compressed. Styles 2, divergent, stigmatic along the inner margin. Fruit a I- seeded 
 flat orbicular or oval samara, its membranous wings continuous all around except at the 
 apex, commonly as broad as or broader than the body. Embryo straight. [The ancient 
 Latin name of the elm; Celtic elm.'} 
 
 About 16 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, 
 in the southwestern United States and one in Mexico. 
 
 Besides the following, another occurs 
 
 Leaves smooth or slightly rough above; samara densely ciliate. 
 
 None of the branches corky- winged; samara-faces glabrous. i. U.Americana. 
 
 Some or all of the branches corky-winged; samara-faces pubescent. , 
 
 Leaves 2' -5' long; flowers racemose; northern. 2. U. racemosa. 
 
 Leaves i'~3' long; flowers fascicled; southern. 3. U. alata. 
 
 Leaves very rough above; samara not ciliate; twigs not corky-winged. 4. U.fulva. 
 
 i. Ulmus Americana L. American, White or Water Elm. (Fig. 1250.) 
 
 Ulmus Americana L. Sp. PI. 226. 1753. 
 
 A large tree, with gray flaky bark, and glabrous 
 or sparingly pubescent twigs and buds; maximum 
 height about 120, and trunk diameter 11; the 
 branches not corky- winged, terete. Leaves oval or 
 obovate, apex abruptly acuminate, base obtuse or 
 obtusish, and very inequilateral, sharply and usually 
 doubly serrate, slightly rough above, pubescent or 
 becoming glabrous beneath, 2 / -5 / long, i% f -$ f 
 wide; flowers fascicled; pedicels filiform, drooping, 
 jointed; calyx y-g-lobed, oblique, its lobes oblong, 
 rounded; samara ovate-oval, reticulate-veined, 5 r/ - 
 6 X/ long, its faces glabrous, its margins densely cil- 
 iate; styles strongly incurved. 
 
 In moist soil, especially along streams, Newfound- 
 land to Manitoba, Florida and Texas. Wood hard, 
 strong, close-grained, compact, dark brown; weight 
 per cubic foot 40.5 Ibs. March-April. Samaras ripe 
 in May. 
 
 2. Ulmus racemosa Thomas. Cork or Rock Elm. (Fig. 1251.) 
 
 Ulmus racemosa Thomas, Am. Journ. Sci. 19: 170. 1831. 
 
 A large tree, attaining a maximum height of 
 about 100 and a trunk diameter of 4, the young 
 twigs puberulent; bud-scales ciliate and somewhat 
 pubescent; branches, or some of them, winged by 
 narrow plates of cork. Leaves similar to the pre- 
 ceding, but less sharply serrate, smooth above; 
 flowers racemose; pedicels filiform, drooping, 
 jointed; calyx-lobes oblong, rounded; samara oval, 
 6 // -8 // long, its faces pubescent or puberulent, its 
 margins densely ciliate; persistent styles strongly 
 incurved and overlapping. 
 
 In rich soil, Quebec to Ontario, Michigan, Tennessee 
 and Nebraska. Wood hard, strong, tough, compact; 
 color light reddish -brown ; weight per cubic foot 45 Ibs. 
 April. Called also Cliff, Hickory or Swamp Elm. 
 
 Ulmus campestris L., from Europe, distinguished by 
 its nearly or quite glabrous, not ciliate samaras, and 
 wingless branches, rarely escapes from cultivation. 
 
ELM FAMILY. 525 
 
 3. Ulmus alata Michx. Winged Elm. Wahoo. (Fig. 1252.) 
 
 Ulmus alata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 173. 1803. 
 
 A small tree, sometimes 50 high and with a 
 trunk diameter of 2^; the branches, or most of 
 them, with corky wing-like ridges. Twigs and buds 
 glabrous or nearly so; leaves oblong, oblong-lance- 
 olate or oblong-ovate, acute, doubly serrate, base 
 obtuse, inequilateral and sometimes subcordate, 
 roughish above, pubescent beneath, at least on the 
 veins, i '-3' long, Yz'-^/i' wide, the veins ascending, 
 some of them commonly forked; flowers fascicled; 
 pedicels filiform; calyx-lobes obovate, rounded; sa- 
 mara oblong, 4 // ~5 // long, pubescent on the faces, 
 the margins densely ciliate; styles very slender. 
 
 In dry or moist soil, southern Virginia to Florida, 
 west to southern Illinois, Arkansas and Texas. Wood 
 hard, weak, compact; color brown; weight per cubic 
 foot 47 Ibs. March. 
 
 Michx. Slippery, Red or Moose Elm. (Fig. 1253.) 
 
 Ulmus pubescens Walt. Fl. Car. in. 1788. ? 
 Ulmus fulva Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 172. 1803. 
 
 A tree, with rough gray fragrant bark, maxi- 
 mum height about 70 , and trunk diameter 2^ ; 
 twigs rough-pubescent; branches not corky- 
 winged; bud -scales densely brown-tomentose. 
 Leaves ovate, oval or obovate, very rough 
 with short papillae above, pubescent beneath, 
 sharply doubly serrate, acuminate at the apex, 
 obtuse, inequilateral and commonly cordate at 
 the base, 4 / -8 / long, 2 / -2^ / wide; flowers fas- 
 cicled; pedicels a // -3 // long, spreading, jointed 
 near the base; calyx-lobes lanceolate, subacute, 
 samara oval-orbicular, 6 // -9 // long, pubescent 
 over the seed, otherwise glabrous, the margins 
 not ciliate, retuse. 
 
 In woods, on hills and along streams, Quebec 
 to North Dakota, Florida and Texas. Wood hard, 
 strong, compact, durable; color dark reddish- 
 brown; weight per cubic foot 43 Ibs. Foliage and 
 mucilaginous inner bark very fragrant in drying. 
 March-April. 
 
 2. PLANERA J. F. Gmel. Syst. 2: Part i, 150. 1791. 
 
 Trees, similar to the elms, the flowers monoecious or polygamous, unfolding with the 
 leaves. Staminate flowers fascicled on twigs of the preceding season, the pistillate or per- 
 fect ones in the axils of leaves of the year. Calyx 4-5-cleft, campanulate, persistent, the 
 lobes imbricated. Filaments filiform, straight, exserted. Ovary stalked, ovoid, slightly 
 compressed, i-celled. Styles 2, spreading, stigmatic along the inner side. Fruit nut-like; 
 coriaceous, obliquely ovoid, compressed, ridged on the back, covered with short fleshy pro- 
 cesses. Embryo straight. [Name in honor of Johann Jakob Planer, 1743-1789, Professor 
 of Botany in Erfurt.] 
 
 A monotypic genus of southeastern North America. 
 
526 
 
 ULMACEAE. 
 
 i. Planera aquatica (Walt.) J. F. Gmel. 
 
 (Fig. 1254.) 
 
 Planer-tree. Water Elm. 
 
 Anonymos aquatica Walt. Fl. Car. 230. 1788. 
 Planera aquatica J. F. Gmel. Syst. 2: Part i, 
 150. 1791. 
 
 A small tree, sometimes 40 high, and 
 with a trunk 2 in diameter, the foliage 
 nearly glabrous. Leaves ovate or oblong- 
 lanceolate, acute at the apex, obtuse or cor- 
 date and usually somewhat inequilateral at 
 the base, serrate, i / -2 / long; petioles i^"- 
 "i" long; stipules lanceolate, about as long as 
 the petioles, deciduous; staminate flowers 
 fascicled and somewhat racemose from scaly 
 buds borne at the axils of leaves of the pre- 
 ceding season; perfect or pistillate flowers 
 on short branches; fruit 2 // -3 // long, about 
 equalling its stalk, its soft processes y 2 " 
 long. 
 
 In swamps, Missouri to southern Indiana, 
 Kentucky and North Carolina, south to Louisi- 
 ana and Florida. Wood soft, weak, compact, 
 light brown; weight per cubic foot 33 Ibs. 
 April-May. 
 
 3. CELTIS L,. Sp. PI. 1043. 1753. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with serrate or entire pinnately veined or in some species 3-5-nerved 
 leaves, and polygamous or monoecious (rarely dioecious?) flowers, borne in the axils of 
 leaves of the season, the staminate clustered, the fertile solitary or 2-3 together. Calyx 
 4-6-parted or of distinct sepals. Filaments erect, exserted. Ovary sessile. Stigmas 2, re- 
 curved or divergent, tomentose or plumose. Fruit an ovoid or globose drupe, the exocarp 
 pulpy, the endocarp bony. Seed-coat membranous. Embryo curved. [Name ancient, used 
 by Pliny for an African Lotus-tree.] 
 
 About 60 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following, some 3 
 others occur in the southern and southwestern parts of North America. 
 
 Leaves sharply serrate, thin; ripe drupe 4" -5" in diameter. 
 Leaves entire or nearly so, thick; drupe 2^-3" in diameter. 
 
 1. C. occidentalis. 
 
 2. C. Mississippiensis. 
 
 i. Celtis occidentalis L/. Hackberry. 
 
 Celtis occidentalis L. Sp. PI. 1044. 1753. 
 Celtis pumila Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 200. 1814. 
 
 A tree or shrub, attaining a maximum 
 height of about 125 and a trunk diameter 
 of 5, the bark dark and rough, the twigs 
 glabrous. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
 sharply serrate, mostly thin, acute or acumi- 
 nate at the apex, inequilateral and 3-nerved 
 at the base, pinnately veined, i^ / -4 / long, 
 i'-2%' wide, glabrous above, pubescent, at 
 least on the veins, beneath; staminate flowers 
 numerous; pistillate flowers usually solitary, 
 slender-peduncled; calyx -segments linear- 
 oblong, deciduous; drupe globose and pur- 
 ple, or nearly black when mature, or orange, 
 4 // -5 // in diameter, sometimes edible. 
 
 In dry soil, Quebec to Manitoba, south to 
 Louisiana, North Carolina, Missouri and Kan- 
 sas. Wood soft, weak, coarse-grained; color 
 light yellow; weight per cubic foot 40 Ibs. 
 April-May. Fruit ripe Sept. Also known as 
 Nettle-tree and False Elm. 
 
 Sugar-berry. (Fig. 1255.) 
 
ELM FAMILY. 527 
 
 2. Celtis Mississippiensis Bosc. Southern Hackberry. (Fig. 1256.) 
 
 Celtis Mississippiensis Bosc, Diet. Agric. 10: 
 41. 1810. 
 
 A tree, similar to the preceding species, 
 but commonly smaller, the bark light gray, 
 rough and warty. Leaves ovate or lanceo- 
 late, firm, shining, entire or with a few low 
 sharp teeth, 3-nerved and prominently pin- 
 nately veined, glabrous on both sides, long- 
 acuminate at the apex, inequilateral and 
 obtuse or sometimes cordate at the base, i'- 
 3' long, y^'-i 1 /?.' wide; peduncles mostly 
 shorter than those of the preceding species; 
 drupe globose, purple-black, 2^ // ~3 // in 
 diameter. 
 
 In dry soil, North Carolina to southern Illi- 
 nois and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. 
 Probably intergrades with C. occidentalis. 
 April. Fruit ripe July-Aug. 
 
 Family 9. MORACEAE L,indl. Veg. Kingd. 266. 1847. 
 MULBERRY FAMILY. 
 
 Trees, shrubs or herbs, mostly with milky sap, alternate or opposite petioled 
 stipulate leaves, and small monoecious or dioecious axillary clustered flowers, or 
 the pistillate flowers solitary in some exotic genera. Calyx mostly 4~5-parted. 
 Petals none. Staminate flowers panicled, spicate or capitate, the stamens as 
 many as the calyx-segments. Filaments erect or inflexed in the bud. Pistillate 
 flowers capitate, spicate or cymose. Ovary superior, i -celled in our genera. 
 Ovule solitary, pendulous, anatropous. Styles i or 2. Fruit various. Embryo 
 straight, curved or spiral. 
 
 About 55 genera and 925 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. The largest genus 
 is Ficus, the Fig, of which there are over 600 known species. 
 
 Trees or shrubs; stipules fugacious. 
 
 Staminate and pistillate flowers spiked; leaves dentate or lobed. i. Morus. 
 
 Staminate flowers racemose or spiked; pistillate capitate. 
 
 Pistillate perianth deeply 4-cleft; leaves entire. 2. Toxylon. 
 
 Pistillate perianth 3-4-toothed; leaves various. 3. Broussonelia. 
 
 Erect or twining herbs; stipules persistent. 
 
 Twining vines; pistillate flowers in ament-like clusters. 4. Humulus. 
 
 Erect herb; pistillate flowers spicate. 5. Cannabis. 
 
 i. MORUS L. Sp. PI. 986. 1753. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with milky sap, alternate dentate and often lobed, 3-nerved leaves, fuga- 
 cious stipules, and small monoecious or dioecious flowers, in axillary ament-like spikes, the 
 pistillate spikes ripening into a succulent aggregate fruit. Staminate flowers with a 4-parted 
 perianth, its segments somewhat imbricated, and 4 stamens, the filaments inflexed in the 
 bud, straightening and exserted in anthesis. Pistillate flowers with a 4-parted persistent 
 perianth, which becomes fleshy in fruit, a sessile ovary, and 2 linear spreading stigmas. 
 Fruiting perianth enclosing the ripened ovary, the exocarp succulent, the endocarp crusta- 
 ceous. Albumen scanty; embryo curved. [The ancient name of the mulberry; Celtic mor.~\ 
 
 About 10 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, 
 in the southwestern United States. 
 
 Besides the following, another occurs 
 
 Leaves rough above, pubescent beneath; fruit purple; spikes i'-i^' long. i. M. rubra. 
 
 Leaves smooth and glabrous, or very nearly so, on both sides; fruit nearly white; spikes 5" -7" long. 
 
 2. M. alba. 
 
 34 
 
528 MORACEAE. 
 
 i. Morus rubra L,. Red Mulberry. (Fig. 1257.) 
 
 Morus rubra L,. Sp. PI. 986. 1753. 
 
 A tree, attaining a maximum height of 
 about 65 and a trunk diameter of 7, the 
 bark brown and rough. Leaves ovate or 
 nearly orbicular in outline, scabrous above, 
 persistently pubescent beneath, or when 
 young almost tomentose, acuminate at the 
 apex, rounded, truncate or cordate at the 
 base, serrate-dentate or 3-7-lobed, $'-$' 
 long; petioles slender, 7 // -i8 // long; stami- 
 nate spikes drooping, i^ '-3' long; pistillate 
 spikes spreading or pendulous in fruit, i'- 
 \ l /2 f long, 4 // ~5 // in diameter when mature, 
 slender-peduncled, dark purple-red, deli- 
 
 In rich soil, Vermont and Ontario to Michi- 
 gan and South Dakota, south to Florida and 
 Texas. Wood soft, weak, compact, durable; 
 color light yellow; weight per cubic foot 37 
 Ibs. April-May. Fruit ripe in June. 
 
 2. Morus alba I,. White Mulberry. (Fig. 1258.) 
 
 Morus alba L,. Sp. PI. 986. 1753. 
 
 A small tree, sometimes 40 high and with 
 a trunk 3 in diameter, the bark light gray, 
 rough, the branches spreading. Leaves 
 ovate, thin, smooth, glabrous and somewhat 
 shining on both sides, acute or abruptly acu- 
 minate at the apex, rounded, truncate or cor- 
 date at the base, varying from serrate to vari- 
 ously lobed, 2 / -6 / long; petioles slender, 
 shorter than the blades; staminate spikes 
 slender, drooping, about \' long; pistillate 
 spikes oblong or subglobose, drooping, 5 // - 
 7 // long, 3" in diameter and white or pinkish 
 when mature, not as succulent as those of 
 the preceding species. 
 
 Sparingly escaped from cultivation, Maine 
 and Ontario to Florida. Introduced from the 
 Old World for feeding silkworms. May. Fruit 
 ripe July- Aug. 
 
 1817. 
 
 2. TOXYLON Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 118. 
 
 [MACI<URA Nutt. Gen. 2: 233. 1818.] 
 
 A tree, with milky sap, thick entire dark green alternate petioled pinnately veined 
 leaves, stout axillary spines, caducous stipules and dioecious axillary flowers, the staminate 
 racemose, the pistillate capitate. Stamiuate flowers with a 4-parted calyx, its segments val- 
 vate, and 4 stamens, the filaments inflexed in the bud, straightening and somewhat exserted 
 in anthesis. Pistillate flowers with a 4-cleft calyx enclosing the sessile ovary, and a filiform 
 simple long-exserted style, the calyces becoming fleshy and enlarged in fruit, densely aggre- 
 gated into a large globular head. Endosperm none; embryo curved. [Name Greek, signi- 
 fying bow-wood.] 
 
 A monotypic genus of the south-central United States. 
 
MULBERRY FAMILY. 
 
 529 
 
 i. Toxylon pomiferum Raf. Osage Orange. (Fig. 1259.) 
 
 Toxylon pomiferum Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2- 118. 
 1817. 
 
 Madura aurantiaca Nutt. Gen. 2: 234. 1818. 
 
 A tree with ridged brown bark, and spreading 
 branches; maximum height about 60, and trunk 
 diameter 2^; foliage puberulent when young, 
 glabrous when mature. Leaves ovate, ovate- 
 lanceolate or ovate-oblong, glossy, entire, 3 / -6 / 
 long, apex acuminate, base obtuse, truncate or 
 subcordate; petioles ^ / -2 / long; axillary spines 
 straight, sometimes 3' long; staminate racemes 
 l / 2 '-\' long, usually numerous; flowers about i" 
 broad; head of pistillate flowers peduncled, pen- 
 dulous, about \ f in diameter, ripening into a hard 
 yellowish tubercled syncarp 2 / -6 / in diameter. 
 
 In rich soil, Missouri and Kansas to Texas. Wood 
 hard, very strong, dense, durable; color bright orange; 
 weight per cubic foot 48 Ibs. Much planted for 
 hedges and occasionally spontaneous in the East. 
 May-June. Fruit ripe Oct.-Nov. 
 
 3. BROUSSONETIA I/Her; Vent. Tabl. 3: 547. 1799. 
 
 Trees, with milky sap, the leaves alternate, petioled, entire, serrate, or 3~5-lobed, 3- 
 nerved at the base. Flowers dioecious, the staminate in cylindric ament-like spikes, the 
 pistillate capitate. Staminate flowers with a deeply 4-cleft perianth, 4 stamens, and a mi- 
 nute rudimentary ovary. Pistillate flowers with an ovoid or tubular 3-4-toothed perianth, a 
 stalked ovary and a 2-cleft style. Head of fruit globular, the drupes red, exserted beyond 
 the persistent perianth. [Name in honor of Broussonet, French naturalist.] 
 
 About 4 species, natives of eastern Asia. 
 
 i. Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. 
 Paper Mulberry. (Fig. 1260.) 
 
 IForns papyrifera L. Sp. PI. 986. 1753. 
 Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Tabl. 3: 548. 1799. 
 
 A small tree, sometimes 40 high, the young 
 shoots hirsute-tomentose. Leaves mostly ovate, 
 thin, long-petioled, serrate nearly all around, 
 often deeply 3-lobed, sometimes with a lobe on 
 one side only, as in Sassafras, rarely 5-lobed, 
 rough above, tomentose beneath, 3 / -8 / long, 
 the sinuses rounded; petioles ^'-3' long, hir- 
 sute-tomentose, at least when young; spikes of 
 staminate flowers 2 / ~3 / long; peduncled; heads 
 of pistillate flowers yi'-i' in diameter, stout- 
 peduncled. 
 
 Escaped from cultivation, southern New York to 
 Georgia and Missouri. May-June. 
 
 4. HUMULUS L. Sp. PI. 1028. 1753. 
 
 Twining herbaceous perennial rough vines, with broad opposite thin petioled palmately 
 veined serrate 3-y-lobed or undivided leaves, lanceolate membranous persistent stipules, 
 and dioecious axillary flowers, the staminate panicled, the pistillate in ament-like drooping 
 clustered spikes. Staminate flowers with a 5-parted calyx, the segments distinct and imbri- 
 cated, and 5 short erect stamens. Pistillate flowers in 2's in the axil of each bract of the 
 ament, consisting of a membranous entire perianth, clasping the ovary, and 2 filiform cadu- 
 cous stigmas. Fruiting aments cone-like, the persistent bracts subtending the compressed 
 ovate achenes. Endosperm fleshy. Embryo spirally coiled. [Name said to be the diminu- 
 tive of the Latin humus, earth.] 
 
 Two species, the following widely distributed through the north temperate zone, the other 
 native of northeastern Asia. 
 
530 
 
 MORACEAE. 
 
 i. Humulus Lupulus L,. Hop. 
 (Fig. 1261.) 
 
 Humulus Lupulus I,. Sp. PI. 1028. 1753. 
 
 A dextrorsely twining or prostrate vine, often 25 
 long, very rough with stiff reflexed hairs. Leaves or- 
 bicular or ovate in outline, slender-petioled, deeply 
 3-7-cleft or some of the upper ones ovate, acute and 
 merely serrate; petioles Y^'-^f long; stipules re- 
 flexed, ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, 4 // -i2 // 
 long; panicles of staminate flowers 2 / -5 / long; ripe 
 pistillate clusters (hops) i'-2*4' long; fruiting bracts 
 broadly ovate, concave, thin, glabrous or nearly 
 so, obtuse, much longer than the achenes; fruiting 
 calyx and achene strongly resinous-aromatic. 
 
 In thickets and on river-banks, Nova Scotia to Man- 
 itoba, south to southern New York, Pennsylvania, in 
 the Alleghanies to Georgia, to Kansas, and in the 
 Rocky Mountains to Arizona and New Mexico. Ex- 
 tensively escaped from cultivation. Native also of 
 Europe and Asia. July-Aug. Fruit ripe Sept.-Oct. 
 
 5. CANNABIS L. Sp. PL 1027. 1753. 
 
 A stout erect rough and puberulent herb, with alternate and opposite petioled digitately 
 5-n-divided thin leaves, persistent subulate stipules, and greenish dioecious axillary flowers, 
 the staminate panicled, the pistillate spicate. Staminate flowers with a 5-parted calyx, the 
 sepals distinct and imbricated, and 5 short stamens. Pistillate flowers solitary in the axils 
 of foliaceous bracts, consisting of a thin entire calyx clasping the sessile ovary, and 2 fili- 
 form caducous stigmas. Fruit a compressed achene. Endosperm fleshy; embryo curved. 
 [The classic name of hemp.] 
 
 A monotypic genus of central Asia. 
 
 i. Cannabis sativa L,. Hemp. 
 (Fig. 1262.) 
 
 Cannabis sativa I,. Sp. PI. 1027. 1753. 
 
 An annual branching herb, 3-io tall, the inner 
 fibrous bark very tough, the branches nearly erect. 
 Leaves divided to the base, the segments lanceo- 
 late or linear-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, 
 sharply and coarsely serrate, $'-6' long, % f -\ f wide; 
 staminate panicles narrow, loose, peduncled, $'-5' 
 long; pedicels filiform, bracteolate, i // -3 // long; 
 pistillate spikes erect, leafy -bracted, i' long or less 
 in fruit; achene crustaceous, ovoid-oblong, about 
 2" high. 
 
 In waste places, New Brunswick to Ontario and 
 Minnesota, south to North Carolina, Tennessee and 
 Kansas. Widely distributed in all temperate regions 
 through cultivation, and occasionally a troublesome 
 weed. Native of Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 1828. 
 
 Family 10. URTICACEAE Reichenb. Consp. 83. 
 NETTLE FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs (some tropical species shrubs or trees), with watery sap, alternate or 
 opposite mostly stipulate simple leaves, and small greenish dioecious, monoe- 
 cious or polygamous flowers, variously clustered. Calyx 2-5 -cleft, or of distinct 
 sepals. Petals none. Stamens in the staminate flowers as many as the lobes 
 or segments of the calyx (sepals) and opposite them, the filaments inflexed and 
 anthers reversed in the bud, straightening at anthesis. Ovary superior, i -celled; 
 style simple; stigma capitate and penicillate, or filiform; ovule solitary, erect or 
 ascending, orthotropous, or in some genera partly amphitropous. Fruit an 
 achene. Endosperm oily, usually not copious; embryo straight. 
 
 About 40 genera and 475 species of wide geographic distribution. 
 
NETTLE FAMILY. 
 
 531 
 
 Herbs with stinging hairs. 
 
 Leaves opposite; both kinds of flowers 4-parted; achene straight. i. Urtica. 
 
 Leaves alternate; staminate flowers 5-parted; achene oblique. 2. Urticastrum. 
 
 Herbs without stinging hairs. 
 
 Flower-clusters panicled or spiked, not involucrate; leaves mostly opposite. 
 
 Pistillate calyx 3-parted or of 3 sepals. 3. Adicea. 
 
 Pistillate calyx 2-4-toothed or entire. 4. Boehmeria. 
 
 Flower-clusters involucrate by leafy bracts; leaves alternate. 5. Parietaria. 
 
 i. URTICA L. Sp. PI. 983. 1753. 
 
 Annual or perennial simple or branching herbs, with stinging hairs, opposite 3-7- 
 nerved petioled dentate or incised leaves, and distinct or connate stipules. Flowers very 
 small and numerous, axillary, cymose- paniculate, or glomerate, dioecious, monoecious or an- 
 drogynous. Staminate flowers with a deeply 4-parted calyx and 4 stamens. Pistillate 
 calyx 4-parted, the segments unequal, the exterior ones usually smaller than the inner; 
 ovary straight; stigma sessile or nearly so; ovule erect, orthotropous. Achene compressed, 
 ovate or oblong, enclosed by the persistent membranous or slightly fleshy calyx. Seed- 
 coat thin; endosperm little; cotyledons broad. [The ancient Latin name.] 
 
 About 30 species of wide geographic distribution. 
 Perennials, 2-j tall; flower-clusters large, compound. 
 
 Leaves ovate, cordate at base. i. U. dioica. 
 
 Leaves laciniate, rarely cordate. 2. U. gracilis. 
 
 Annuals, 6' -2^ tall; flower-clusters small, mostly glomerate. 
 
 Leaves oval, laciniate-dentate; plant leafy at the top. 3. 
 
 Leaves ovate or lanceolate, crenate; upper leaves very small. 4. 
 
 U. urens. 
 
 U. chamaedryoides. 
 
 i. Urtica dioica L. Stinging or Great 
 Nettle. (Fig. 1263.) 
 
 Urtica dioica L. Sp. PI. 984. 1753. 
 
 Perennial, densely beset with stinging hairs, 
 stem rather stout, 2-4 tall, puberulent above. 
 Leaves thin, ovate, long-petioled, acute or acu- 
 minate at the apex, cordate at the base, sharply 
 or incisely serrate with triangular or lanceolate 
 acute teeth, pubescent beneath, 3-5-nerved, 3'- 
 5' long, i / -3 / wide; petioles very slender, shorter 
 than the blades; stipules lanceolate; flower- 
 clusters large, compound, cymose-paniculate; 
 flowers dioecious or androgynous. 
 
 In waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Min- 
 nesota, south to South Carolina and Missouri. 
 Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. 
 Plant lower, stouter and much more stinging than 
 the following species. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Urtica gracilis Ait. Slender Nettle. 
 (Fig. 1264.) 
 
 Urtica gracilis Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 341. 1789. 
 
 Perennial, sparingly armed with stinging 
 hairs, stem usually slender, erect, simple or with 
 few erect branches, 2-7 tall. Leaves lanceo- 
 late or ovate-lanceolate, slender-petioled, long- 
 acuminate at the apex, narrowed or sometimes 
 rounded at the base (rarely subcordate), sharply 
 serrate, 3-5-nerved, sparingly pubescent, 3 / -6 / 
 long, l /t f -~i l /i' wide; petioles shorter than the 
 blades, usually bristly; stipules lanceolate; 
 flower-clusters compound, smaller than those of 
 the preceding species, but commonly longer than 
 the petioles; flowers dioecious or androgynous. 
 
 In dry soil, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, 
 south to North Carolina, Louisiana and Kansas. 
 June-Oct. 
 
532 
 
 URTICACEAE. 
 3. Urtica urens L. Small Nettle. (Fig. 1265.) 
 
 Urtica urens L. Sp. PI. 984. 1753. 
 
 Annual, stem rather stout, 6 / -iS / high, 
 ascending or erect, it and its slender 
 branches stinging-bristly. Leaves thin, 
 glabrous or very nearly so, elliptic, oval or 
 ovate in outline, deeply incised or some- 
 times doubly serrate, with acute, ascend- 
 ing or spreading teeth, 3~5-nerved, ob- 
 tuse at both ends, or acutish, \ f -$ f long, 
 slender-petioled ; petioles often as long as 
 the blades; stipules short; flower-clusters 
 oblong, rather dense, mostly shorter than 
 the petioles; flowers androgynous. 
 
 In waste places, Newfoundland to northern 
 New York, New Jersey and Florida. Also 
 on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Eu- 
 rope. May-Sept. 
 
 4. Urtica chamaedryoides Pursh. Weak Nettle. (Fig. 1266.) 
 
 Urtica chamaedryoides Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 
 113. 1814. 
 
 Annual, sparingly stinging-bristly but 
 otherwise nearly or quite glabrous, stem very 
 slender, weak, ascending, simple or branched, 
 6'-3 long. Leaves slender-petioled, thin, 
 crenate-dentate, the lower broadly ovate or 
 orbicular, obtuse at the apex and usually cor- 
 date at the base, ^'-i^ 7 wide, the upper 
 ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the 
 apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, the 
 uppermost very small; stipules lanceolate- 
 subulate; flower-clusters small, glomerate, 
 shorter than the petioles; flowers androgy- 
 nous. 
 
 In thickets, Kentucky to Arkansas, south to 
 Georgia and Texas. April-Aug. 
 
 2. URTICASTRUM Fabr. Enum. 204. 1759. 
 [LAPORTEA Gaud, in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 498. 1826.] 
 
 Perennial herbs, armed with stinging hairs, the leaves broad, alternate, serrate, petioled, 
 the flowers monoecious or dioecious, sessile in loose axillary compound cymes. Staminate 
 flowers in our species with 5 imbricated sepals, 5 stamens and a rudimentary ovary. Pistil- 
 late flowers with 4 unequal sepals, the outer i or 2 minute, an oblique or nearly straight com- 
 pressed ovary and a subulate slender persistent style; ovule erect. Achene very oblique, 
 flat, reflexed. Seed-coat membranous. Endosperm scanty or wanting. [Latin, star nettle.] 
 
 About 25 species, mostly of tropical distribution, only the following North American. 
 
NETTLE FAMILY. 
 
 533 
 
 i. Urticastrum divaricatum (L. ) Kuntze. 
 Wood Nettle. (Fig. 1267.) 
 
 Urtica divaricata L. Sp. PI. 985. 1753. 
 
 Laportea Canadensis Gaud, in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 498. 1826. 
 
 Urticastrum divaricalum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 635. 
 
 1891. 
 
 Stem rather stout, erect or ascending, i^-4 tall. 
 Leaves thin, ovate, Ion g-petioled, acuminate or acute 
 at the apex, sharply serrate, 3-nerved and pinnately 
 veined, glabrous or with some stinging hairs, 3 / -7 / 
 long, 2 / -5 / wide; petioles very slender, i^'-s' long; 
 stipule solitary, small, lanceolate, 2-cleft, commonly 
 deciduous; flower-clusters large and loose, often 
 longer than the petioles, the lower staminate, the 
 upper pistillate, divergent, 2 / -6 / broad in fruit; ulti- 
 mate branches of the fruiting clusters flat, cuneate, 
 emarginate; achene twice as long as the calyx, gla- 
 brous., I 1 /?." long. 
 
 In rich woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, 
 south to Florida and Kansas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in the 
 Adirondacks. July-Aug. 
 
 3. ADICEA Raf. Ann. Nat. 179. 1815. 
 [PiLEA Lindl. Coll. pi. 4. 1821.] 
 
 Annual or perennial, glabrous or pubescent stingless herbs, with opposite petioled 
 mostly 3-nerved leaves, connate stipules, and small numerous monoecious or dioecious flow- 
 ers in axillary cymose or glomerate clusters. Staminate flowers mostly 4-parted (sometimes 
 2- or 3-parted) and with a rudimentary ovary. Pistillate flowers 3-parted, the segments in 
 most species unequal, each subtending a staminodium in the form of a concave scale; ovary 
 straight; stigma sessile, pedicillate. Achene compressed, ovate or suborbicular. Seed-coat 
 thin. Endosperm scanty or none. [Name unexplained.] 
 
 About 150 species, chiefly in the tropics, most abundant in tropical America. Besides the fol- 
 lowing, another occurs in the southern United States. 
 
 i. Adicea pumila (L. ) Raf. Clearvveed. 
 Richweed. (Fig. 1268.) 
 
 Urtica pumila L. Sp. PI. 984. 1753. 
 Adicea pumila Raf. ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 223. As syno- 
 nym. 1843. 
 Pilea pumila A. Gray, Man. 437. 1848. 
 
 Annual, stems pellucid, erect, usually branched, 
 glabrous, succulent, 6 / -2 high. Leaves mem- 
 branous, ovate, slender-petioled, acuminate or 
 acute at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, 
 3-nerved, coarsely dentate, i / -5 / long, sparingly 
 pubescent with scattered hairs; petioles often as 
 long as the blades and much longer than the pis- 
 tillate flower-clusters; sepals of the pistillate 
 flowers lanceolate, nearly equal; achene ovate, 
 acute, y-i" long. 
 
 In swampy, shaded situations, often on old logs, 
 New Brunswick to western Ontario and Minnesota, 
 south to Florida, Louisiana and Kansas. Ascends to 
 3000 ft. in Virginia. Also in Japan. July-Sept. 
 
 4. BOEHMERIA Jacq. Stirp. Am. 246. //. 157. 1763. 
 
 Perennial stingless herbs (some tropical species shrubs or even trees), with opposite or 
 alternate petioled 3-nerved leaves, distinct or connate stipules, and small monoecious or dioe- 
 cious flowers, glomerate in axillary spikes or heads, the fertile clusters sometimes leafy at 
 the summit. Staminate flowers mostly 4-parted or the calyx of 4 distinct sepals, usually 
 with a rudimentary ovary. Pistillate calyx tubular or urn-shaped, 2-4-toothed or entire, en- 
 closing the sessile or stalked ovary; stigma subulate, papillose or pubescent along one side. 
 Achene enclosed by the withering-persistent pistillate calyx. [In honor of Georg Rudolph 
 Boehmer, 1723-1803, Professor in Wittenberg.] 
 
 About 50 species, mostly natives of tropical regions, the following of eastern North America. 
 
534 
 
 URTICACEAE. 
 
 i. Boehmeria cylindrica (L,.) Willd. 
 False Nettle. (Fig. 1269.) 
 
 Urtica cylindrica L. Sp. PI. 1396. 1753. 
 Boehmeria cylindrica Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 340. 1805. 
 
 A perennial rough pubescent or nearly smooth 
 and glabrous erect branching herb, i-3 tall. 
 Stem stiff; leaves ovate, ovate-oblong or ovate-lan- 
 ceolate, thin, slender-petioled, opposite, or some al- 
 ternate, coarsely dentate, i x -3 x long, ^'-i^'wide; 
 petioles shorter than the blades; stipules lanceo- 
 late-subulate, distinct; flowers dioecious or androgy- 
 nous; staminate spikes usually interrupted, the pis- 
 tillate mostly continuous, %'-i%' long; achene 
 ovate-oval, acute, rather less than \" long. 
 
 In moist soil, Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, 
 south to Florida and Kansas. July-Sept. 
 Boehmeria cylindrica scabra Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 
 16: 21. 1889. 
 
 Leaves firm, rough above, tomentose beneath, short- 
 petioled or nearly sessile, usually reflexed; fruiting 
 spikes much longer than the petioles. Pennsylvania, 
 New Jersey, and southern New York. 
 
 5. PARIETARIA L. Sp. PI. 1052. 1753. 
 
 Annual or perennial stingless diffuse or erect herbs, with alternate entire 3-nerved per- 
 tioled leaves, no stipules, and axillary glomerate polygamous flowers, involucrate by leafy 
 bracts. Calyx of the staminate flowers 4- parted or of 4 (rarely 3) distinct sepals. Fertile 
 flowers with a tubular or campanulate 4-lobed calyx investing the ovary, a short or slender 
 style, and a penicillate stigma. Achene enclosed by the withering-persistent pistillate 
 calyx. [Ancient Latin, referring to the growth of some species on walls.] 
 
 About 7 species, widely distributed; besides the following, another occurs in the southern 
 United States. 
 
 i. Parietaria Pennsylvania Muhl. 
 Pennsylvania Pellitory. (Fig. 1270.) 
 
 Parietaria Pennsylvanica Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 
 
 955. 1806. 
 
 Annual, pubescent, stem weak, simple or spar- 
 ingly branched, ascending or reclining, very slen- 
 der, 4' 15' long. Leaves' lanceolate or oblong- 
 lanceolate, membranous, dotted, acuminate at the 
 apex, narrowed at the base, 3-nerved and with 1-3 
 pairs of weaker veins above, slender-petioled, T. f -$ f 
 long, %'-%' wide; petioles %'-\' long, almost fili- 
 form; flowers glomerate in all except the lowest 
 axils, the clusters shorter than the petioles; bracts 
 of the involucre linear, 2-3 times as long as the 
 flowers; style almost none; achetie about y 2 " long. 
 
 On dry rocks and banks, Ontario to British Colum- 
 bia, south to Florida, Colorado and Mexico. June-Aug. 
 
 ^>" 
 
 Family u. LORANTHACEAE D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 142. 1825. 
 
 MISTLETOE FAMILY. 
 
 Parasitic green shrubs or herbs, containing chlorophyll, growing on woody 
 plants and absorbing food from their sap through specialized roots called hatis- 
 toria (a few tropical species terrestrial). L/eaves in the following genera oppo- 
 site, in Razoumofskya reduced to opposite scales. Flowers regular, terminal or 
 axillary, clustered or solitary, dioecious or monoecious, and perianth simple, or 
 in some exotic genera perfect, and with perianth of both calyx and corolla. 
 Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb entire, toothed or lobed. Stamens 2-6; 
 anthers 2 -celled or confidently i -celled. Ovary solitary, erect; style simple or 
 none; stigma terminal, undivided, obtuse. Fruit a berry. Seed solitary, its 
 testa indistinguishable from the endosperm, which is usually copious and fleshy; 
 embryo terete or angled. 
 
MISTLETOE FAMILY. 
 
 535 
 
 About 21 genera and 500 species, widely distributed; most abundant in tropical regions. 
 Leaves scale-like, united at the base; anthers i-celled; berry peduncled. i. Razoumofskya. 
 
 Leaves thick, flat; anthers 2-celled; berry sessile. 2. Phoradendron. 
 
 I. 
 
 1808. 
 
 RAZOUMOFSKYA Hoffm. Hort. Mosq. 
 
 [ARCEUTHOBIUM Bieb. Fl. Taur. 3: 629. 1819.] 
 
 Small or minute fleshy glabrous plants, parasitic on the branches of coniferous trees, 
 their branches 4-angled, and leaves reduced to opposite connate scales. Flowers dioecious, 
 not bracted, solitary or several together in the axils of the scales. Staminate flowers with a 
 2-5-parted calyx and usually an equal number of stamens, the anthers sessile on the seg- 
 ments. Pistillate flowers with the ovary adnate to the tube of the calyx, the calyx-limb 2- 
 parted. Disk present in both kinds of flowers. Berry fleshy, ovoid, more or less flattened, 
 borne on a short somewhat recurved peduncle. Embryo enclosed in the copious endosperm. 
 [In honor of Alexis Razoumofski, Russian botanist.] 
 
 About 10 species. Besides the following, 7 or 8 others occur in western North America and 
 Mexico, 2 in Europe and Asia. 
 
 i. Razoumofskya pusilla (Peck) Kuntze. 
 Small Mistletoe. (Fig. 1271.) 
 
 Arceuthobium pusillum Peck, Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 
 
 25: 69. 1873. 
 Arceuthobium minutum Engelm. Bull. Torr. Club, 2: 
 
 43. Without description. 1871. 
 Razoumofskya pusilla Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 587. 1891. 
 
 Plant inconspicuous, stems 2 // -io // long, nearly te- 
 rete when fresh, somewhat 4-angled when dry, sim- 
 ple or sparingly branched, greenish-brown, slender. 
 Scales suborbicular, appressed, obtuse, about y z " 
 wide, connate at the base; flowers strictly dioecious 
 (the staminate and pistillate plants sometimes on dif- 
 ferent trees), solitary in most of the axils, longer 
 than the scales; berry ovoid-oblong, acute, about \ ff 
 long, nodding on a slightly exserted peduncle; seeds 
 enclosed in a viscid mucus. 
 
 On twigs of spruces, New Hampshire, northern New 
 York and the Pocono region of Pennsylvania. June. 
 
 2. PHORADENDRON Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. (II.) i: 185. 1847-50. 
 
 Shrubs, parasitic on trees, with opposite coriaceous flat entire or undulate faintly nerved 
 leaves, terete usually jointed and brittle twigs, and dioecious axillary spicate bracted small 
 flowers, solitary or several in the axil of each bract. Staminate flowers with a 3-lobed (rarely 
 2-4-lobed) globose or ovoid calyx, bearing a sessile transversely 2-celled anther at the base of 
 each lobe. Pistillate flowers with a similar calyx adnate to the ovoid inferior ovary. Style 
 short, obtuse or capitate. Fruit a sessile ovoid or globose fleshy berry. Endosperm copious. 
 [Greek, tree-thief, from its parasitic habit.] 
 
 About 80 species, all American. Besides the following, 5 or 6 others occur in the Western States. 
 
 i. Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) 
 Nutt. American Mistletoe. (Fig. 1272.) 
 
 Viscum flavescens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 114. 1814. 
 Phoradendron flavescens Nutt.; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 
 
 2, 383. 1856. 
 
 A branching glabrous or slightly pubescent 
 shrub, the twigs rather stout, terete, brittle at 
 the base. Leaves oblong or obovate, rounded 
 at the apex, narrowed into short petioles, 3-5- 
 nerved, entire, i / -2 / long, 5 // -io // wide, dark 
 green, coriaceous; petioles i // -4 // long; spikes 
 solitary, or 2 or 3 together in the axils, linear, 
 shorter than the leaves; berry globose, white, 
 about 2 /x in diameter 
 
 Parasitic on deciduous leaved trees, notably on 
 the Tupelo and Red Maple, central New Jersey to 
 Ohio, Indiana and Missouri, south to Florida and 
 Texas. May-July. 
 
.536 
 
 SANTALACEAE. 
 
 Family 12. SANTALACEAE R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Roll, i: 350. 1810. 
 
 SANDALWOOD FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs (some exotic genera trees), with alternate or opposite entire 
 exstipulate leaves. Flowers clustered or solitary, axillary or terminal, perfect, 
 monoecious or dioecious, mostly greenish. Calyx adnate to the base of the 
 ovary, or to the disk, 3-6-lobed, the lobes valvate. Petals none. Stamens as 
 many as the calyx-lobes and inserted near their bases, or opposite them upon 
 the lobed or annular disk; filaments slender or short. Ovary i -celled; ovules 
 2-4, pendulous from the summit of the central placenta; style cylindric, conic 
 or sometimes none; stigma capitate. Fruit a drupe or nut. Seed i, ovoid 
 or globose. Testa none; endosperm copious, fleshy; embryo small, apical. 
 
 About 26 genera and 250 species, mostly of tropical distribution, a few in the temperate zones. 
 Perennial herbs: flowers perfect, cymose or solitary, i. Comandra. 
 
 Shrub; flowers imperfect, mostly dioecious, racemose. 2. Pyrularia. 
 
 i. COMANDRA Nutt. Gen. i: 157. 1818. 
 
 Glabrous erect perennial herbs, some (or all?) parasitic on roots of other plants. Leaves 
 alternate, oblong, oval, lanceolate or linear, entire, piunately veined. Flowers perfect, ter- 
 minal or axillary, rarely solitary, cymose, bractless. Calyx campanulate, the base of its 
 tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed). Stamens 5, or rarely 4, inserted 
 at the bases.of the calyx-lobes and between the lobes of the disk, attached to the middle of 
 the lobes by tufts of hairs. Anthers ovate, 2-celled. Fruit drupaceous, globose or ovoid, 
 crowned by the persistent calyx. [Greek, referring to the hairy attachments of the anthers.] 
 
 Four known species, the following North American, one European. 
 Cymes mostly corymbose-clustered at the summit of the stem; leaves acute, sessile; style slender. 
 
 Leaves oblong, pale green; fruit globose-urn-shaped. i. C. umbellata. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate or linear, glaucous; fruit ovoid. 2. C. pallida. 
 
 Peduncles few, axillary; leaves oval, obtuse, short-petioled; style short. 3. C. livida. 
 
 i. Comandra umbellata (L,.) Nutt. 
 Bastard Toad-flax. (Fig. 1273.) 
 
 Thesium umbellatum L. Sp. PI. 208. 1753. 
 Comandra umbellala Nutt. Gen. i: 157. 1818. 
 
 Stem slender, very leafy, usually branched, 6 / -i8 / 
 tall. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, pale 
 green, acute or subacute at both ends, sessile, as- 
 cending, YZ'-I}^.' long, the lower smaller; cymes 
 several-flowered, corymbose at the summit of the 
 plant or also axillary; peduncles filiform, % f -\ f 
 long; pedicels very short; calyx greenish-white or 
 purplish, about 2" high ; style slender; drupe glo- 
 bose, 2^ // ~3 // in diameter, crowned by the upper 
 part of the calyx-tube and its 5 oblong lobes. 
 
 In dry fields and thickets, Cape Breton Island to On- 
 tario and British Columbia, south to Georgia, Arizona 
 and California. April-July. 
 
 2. Comandra pallida A. DC. Pale 
 Comandra. (Fig. 1274.) 
 
 Comandra pallida A. DC. Prodr. 14: 636. 1857. 
 
 Similar to the preceding species but paler and 
 glaucous, usually much branched, the leaves nar- 
 rower, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute or the low- 
 est and those of the stem oblong-elliptic; cymes 
 few-several-flowered, corymbose-clustered at the 
 summit; peduncles usually short; pedicels about \" 
 long; calyx purplish, about 2 /x high; fruit ovoid- 
 oblong, 3 // -4 // high and 2 // -2^ // in diameter, 
 crowned by the short upper part of the calyx-tube 
 and its 5 oblong lobes. 
 
 In dry soil, Manitoba to British Columbia, south to 
 Minnesota, Kansas, Texas, New Mexico and California. 
 April-July. 
 
SANDALWOOD FAMILY. 
 3 
 
 537 
 
 Comandra livida Richards. Northern 
 Comandra. (Fig. 1275.) 
 
 Comandra livida Richards. App. Frank. Journ. 734. 
 1823. 
 
 Stem slender, usually quite simple, 4 / -i2 / high. 
 Leaves oval, thin, obtuse or rounded at the apex, 
 narrowed at the base, short-petioled, Yz'-'i' long, 
 % f -Yz f wide; petioles i // -2 // long; cymes axillary, 
 few (often only i to each plant), i-5-flowered; pe- 
 duncle shorter than its subtending leaf, filiform; 
 flowers sessile; style very short; drupe globose-ob- 
 long, about 3 /x in diameter, red, edible, crowned by 
 the ovate calyx-lobes. 
 
 In moist soil, Newfoundland to Hudson Bay and 
 the Northwest Territory, south to Vermont, Ontario, 
 Michigan and British Columbia. June-July. 
 
 2. PYRULARIA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 231. 1803. 
 
 A branching shrub (the Asiatic species trees), with thin alternate pinnately-veined en- 
 tire short-petioled deciduous leaves, and dioecious or polygamous small greenish racemose 
 flowers. Staminate flowers with a campanulate 3~5-cleft calyx, the lobes valvate, recurved 
 or spreading, pubescent at the base within; disk of 3-5 distinct glands or scales; stamens 
 4 or 5, inserted between the glands and opposite the calyx-lobes; filaments short; anthers 
 ovate. Pistillate and perfect flowers with a top-shaped calyx adnate to the obovoid ovary; 
 style short, stout; stigma capitate, depressed. Fruit a pear-shaped or oval drupe, the endo- 
 carp thin and endosperm of the seed very oily. [Name from Pyrus, the pear, from the 
 similar shape of the fruit.] 
 
 Three species, the following and two Asiatic. 
 
 i. Pyrularia pubera Michx. Oil-nut. 
 Buffalo-nut. (Fig. 1276.) 
 
 Pyrularia pubera Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 233. 1803. 
 Hamiltonia oleifera Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1120. 
 
 1805. 
 Pyrularia oleifera A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 382. 1858. 
 
 A straggling or erect much branched shrub, 3- 
 15 tall, with terete twigs, the young foliage pubes- 
 cent. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or some- 
 what obovate, nearly glabrous when mature, acute 
 or acuminate at both ends, 3 / -5 / long, 8 // -i)4 / 
 wide; petioles 2 // -4 // long; racemes terminating 
 short branches, the staminate many-flowered, i'- 
 2 / long, the pistillate few-flowered and shorter; 
 pedicels slender, i^ // -2 // long; staminate flowers 
 about 2 // broad; calyx 3-5-cleft; drupe about i / 
 long, crowned by the ovate acute calyx-lobes. 
 
 In rich woods, southern Pennsylvania to Georgia, 
 mostly in the mountains. May. Fruit ripe Aug. -Sept. 
 
 Family 13. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Blume, Enum. PI. Jav. i: 81. 1830. 
 
 BIRTHWORT FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, acaulescent, or with erect or twining and leafy stems. 
 Leaves alternate or basal, petioled, mostly cordate or reniform, exstipulate. 
 Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary or clustered, perfect, mostly large, regular 
 or irregular. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 3-lobed, 6-lobed or irreg- 
 ular. Petals none. Stamens 6-many, inserted on the pistil, the anthers 2-celled, 
 extrorse, their sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary wholly or partly inferior, 
 mostly 6-celled; ovules numerous in each cavity, anatropous, horizontal or pen- 
 dulous. Fruit a many-seeded mostly 6-celled capsule. Seeds ovoid or oblong, 
 angled or compressed, the testa crustaceous, smooth or wrinkled, usually with a 
 fleshy or dilated raphe; endosperm copious, fleshy; embryo minute. 
 
538 
 
 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. 
 
 Five genera and about 200 species, of wide distribution in tropical and temperate regions. 
 Acaulescent herbs; perianth regular, 3-lobed, persistent; filaments distinct. i. Asarum. 
 
 Leafy erect herbs or twining vines; perianth irregular, deciduous; anthers sessile, adnate to the 
 stigma. 2 . Aristolochia. 
 
 i. ASARUM L. Sp. PI. 442. 1753. 
 
 Acaulescent perennial often clustered herbs, with slender aromatic branched rootstocks, 
 thick fibrous-fleshy roots, long-petioled cordate ovate hastate or orbicular entire leaves, and 
 solitary large peduncled purple-brown or mottled flowers, borne very near or upon the 
 ground. Calyx campanulate or hemispheric, adnate to the ovary at least below, regularly 
 3-lobed, the lobes valvate. Stamens 12, inserted on the ovary; filaments short, stout; con- 
 nective of the anther-sacs more or less continued beyond them as a tip. Ovary partly or 
 wholly inferior, 6-celled, the parietal placentae intruded; ovules numerous, horizontal or 
 pendulous. Capsule coriaceous, crowned by the withering-persistent calyx and stamens, 
 subglobose or hemispheric, at length bursting irregularly or longitudinally dehiscent. Seeds 
 compressed. [The ancient name, meaning obscure.] 
 
 About 15 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, 3 others occur in 
 western North America. The species are known as Asarabacca. 
 
 Calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate; style 6-lobed; plant pubescent. i. A. Canadense. 
 
 Calyx-lobes short, rounded; styles 6, each 2-cleft; plants glabrous or nearly so. 
 
 Anthers not pointed; leaves orbicular or broadly ovate; calyx campanulate. 
 Calyx 6" -8" long, contracted at the throat. i 
 
 Calyx 8" -20" long, not contracted at the throat. 
 
 Anthers pointed; leaves or some of them hastate; calyx urn-shaped. 
 
 
 A. Virginicum. 
 
 3. A. macranthum. 
 
 4. A. art folium. 
 
 2. Asarum Virginicum 
 
 Asarum Virginicum I,. Sp. PI. 442. 1753. 
 
 Rootstocks slender, scaly, clustered, simple or 
 branched. Leaves 1-3 to each plant or branch, 
 coriaceous, glabrous, orbicular or broadly ovate, 
 rounded at the apex, *%'-$' wide, usually mot- 
 tled, the basal sinus open or nearly closed; peti- 
 oles pubescent along one side or glabrous, $'-"]' 
 long, ascending; flower short-peduncled, purple, 
 6 // -8 // long; calyx campanulate, narrowed at 
 the throat, its tube adnate to the lower part of 
 the ovary, free above, the lobes ovate or nearly 
 semicircular, about one-third as long as the 
 tube; peduncle %'-%' long; filaments much 
 shorter than the anthers; anthers not pointed; 
 styles 6, each 2-lobed, the stigmas sessile below 
 the lobes; capsule hemispheric, about 4" high. 
 
 In rich woods, Virginia and West Virginia to 
 Georgia and South Carolina. Ascends to 2500 ft. in 
 Virginia. May-June. 
 
 i. Asarum Canadense L. Wild 
 Ginger. (Fig. 1277.) 
 
 Asarum Canadense L. Sp. PI. 442. 1753. 
 
 Finely pubescent, petioles rather slender, 6'- 
 12' long. Leaves commonly 2 to each plant, 
 reniform, thin, short-pointed at the apex, 4 x -7' 
 broad, dark green, not mottled, the basal sinus 
 deep and open ; flower slender-peduncled from 
 between the bases of the petioles, i' broad or 
 more when expanded, brownish purple; calyx 
 ovoid, its tube completely adnate to the ovary, 
 its lobes inflexed in the bud, ovate-lanceolate, 
 acute or long-acuminate, spreading, equalling 
 or longer than the tube; filaments longer than 
 the anthers; style 6-lobed; stigmas radiating on 
 the lobes, capsule 6 // -8 // in diameter. 
 
 In rich woods, New Brunswick to Manitoba, 
 south to North Carolina, Missouri and Kansas. 
 Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. Called also Canada 
 Snakeroot. April-May. Perhaps includes 2 species. 
 Rootstocks with the flavor of ginger. 
 
 Virginia Asarum. (Fig. 1278.) 
 
BIRTHWORT FAMILY. 
 
 539 
 
 L,arge-flowered Asarum. 
 
 3. Asarum macranthum (Shuttlw.) Small. 
 
 (Fig. 1279.) 
 
 Homotropa macranthum Shuttlw. ; Small, Mem. 
 
 Torr. Club, 4: 150, as synonym. 1894. 
 Asarum macranthum Small, Mem. Torr. Club, 
 
 5: 136. 1894. 
 
 Glabrous, rootstocks more or less branched. 
 Leaves i or 2 to each plant or branch, 
 broadly ovate or suborbicular, dark green 
 and usually mottled above, paler beneath, 
 2^-4' long, ife'-s' wide, obtuse or subacute 
 at the apex, the basal sinus mostly narrow; 
 petioles 3 / -8 / long, ascending; calyx tubular- 
 campanulate, 8 // -2o // long, not or scarcely 
 contracted at the throat, the lobes somewhat 
 unequal, obtuse, mottled with violet on the 
 inner side, one-third to one-half as long as 
 the tube; peduncle 8 // -2o // long; filaments 
 shorter than the anthers; anthers equally 4- 
 ribbed, not pointed; styles 6, each 2-cleft. 
 
 In rich mountain woods, Virginia and North 
 Carolina. May-July. 
 
 4. Asarum arifdlium Michx. Halberd- 
 leaved Asarum. (Fig. 1280.) 
 
 A. arifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 279. 1803. 
 
 Pubescent, at least on the veins of the leaves, 
 rootstocks slender, usually branched and with 
 i or 2 leaves to each branch. Leaves rather 
 thick, usually mottled, obtuse at the apex, 2 / ~5 / 
 long, some of them hastate, some suborbicular, 
 the basal sinus often broad; petioles more or 
 less pubescent, 3 / -S / long, erect or ascending; 
 flower stout-peduncled, about i' long; calyx 
 urn-shaped, much contracted at the throat, the 
 lobes rounded, about one-fifth as long as the 
 tube, which is adnate to the lower half of the 
 ovary; anthers nearly sessile, short-pointed; 
 styles 6, 2-cleft, with a sessile stigma below the 
 cleft; capsule subglobose, about 8" in diameter. 
 
 In woods, Virginia to Tennessee, Florida and 
 Alabama. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. April- 
 June. 
 
 2. ARISTOLOCHIA L, Sp. PI. 960. 1753. 
 
 Perennial herbs or twining vines. Leaves alternate, mostly petioled and entire (some 
 exotic species 3-7-lobed), cordate, palmately 3-mauy-nerved. Flowers irregular, solitary or 
 clustered. Calyx adnate to the ovary, at least to its base, the tube narrow, usually inflated 
 around the style and contracted at the throat, the limb spreading or reflexed, entire, 3-6- 
 lobed or appendaged. Stamens mostly 6; anthers sessile, adnate to the short style or 
 stigma, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary partly or wholly inferior, mostly 
 6-celled with 6 parietal placentae. Style 3-6-lobed. Capsule naked, septicidally 6-valved. 
 Seeds very numerous, horizontal, compressed, their sides flat or concave. [Named for its 
 supposed medicinal properties.] 
 
 About 180 species, widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Besides the following, 
 some 6 others occur in the southern and western United States. 
 
 Erect herbs. 
 
 Calyx-tube bent; flowers solitary, on basal scaly branches. 
 
 Calyx-tube straight; flowers axillary, clustered. 
 Tall twining vines; flowers axillary; calyx-tube bent. 
 
 Leaves minutely pubescent; calyx-limb flat, spreading. 
 
 Leaves tomentose ; calyx-limb rugose, reflexed. 
 
 1. A. Serpent aria. 
 
 2. A. Clematitis. 
 
 3. A. macrophylla. 
 
 4. A. tomentosa. 
 
540 
 
 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. 
 
 i. Aristolochia Serpentaria L/. Virginia Snakeroot. Serpentary. (Fig. 1281.) 
 
 Aristolochia Serpentaria L. Sp. PI. 961. 1753. 
 
 A perennial pubescent nearly erect herb, io / -3 
 tall, with short rootstocks and fibrous aromatic 
 roots. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong- 
 lanceolate, thin, green on both sides, acuminate at 
 the apex, cordate or hastate at the base, ij^'-s' 
 long, Yz'-z' wide; petioles X / ~ I/ long; lowest 
 leaves reduced to scales; flowers solitary and ter- 
 minal, on slender basal scaly branches; tube of 
 the calyx curved like the letter S, enlarged at the 
 ovary and at its throat, the limb short, spreading, 
 slightly 3-lobed; anthers contiguous in pairs; 
 stigma 3-lobed; capsule subglobose, ridged, about 
 */>.' in diameter. Flowers sometimes cleistogamous. 
 
 In dry woods, Connecticut and New York to Michi- 
 gan, Florida, Louisiana and Missouri. Ascends to 
 2500 ft. in Virginia. June-July. Fruit ripe Sept. 
 
 2. Aristolochia Clematitis I,. 
 
 Birthwort. (Fig. 1282.) 
 
 Aristolochia Clematitis L. Sp. PI. 962. 1753. 
 
 Herbaceous, perennial; stem erect, gla- 
 brous, zigzag, striate, i-2 tall. Leaves 
 dark green, reniform, subacute or obtuse at 
 the apex, glabrous or their margins mi- 
 nutely spinulose-ciliate, strongly reticulate- 
 veined, 2 / -5 / wide; petioles shorter than the 
 blades; flowers fascicled in the axils, I'-i^' 
 long; tube of the calyx yellowish green, 
 straight, enlarged around the ovary, the 
 lobes appendaged; anthers equidistant. 
 
 Near Ithaca and Flushing, N. Y. Escaped 
 from cultivation. Native of southern Europe. 
 Summer. 
 
 3. Aristolochia macrophylla L,am. 
 
 Dutchman's Pipe. (Fig. 1283.) 
 
 Aristolochia macrophylla Lam. Encycl. i: 255. 1783. 
 Aristolochia Sipho L'Her. Stirp. Nov. 13. 1784. 
 
 A twining vine, the stem sometimes \' in diame- 
 ter and 30 long, the branches very slender, terete, 
 green, glabrous. Leaves thin, broadly reniform 
 or suborbicular, densely pubescent beneath when 
 young, glabrous or nearly so and 6 / -i5 / broad 
 when mature; petioles slender, \'-\' long; pedun- 
 cles solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axils, about 
 as long as the petioles, each with a suborbicular 
 clasping bract at about the middle >^ / -i / in dia- 
 meter; calyx-tube strongly curved, i' or more 
 long, inflated above the ovary, contracted at the 
 throat, yellowish-green, veiny, the limb flat, 
 spreading, purple-brown, somewhat 3-lobed; an- 
 thers contiguous in pairs under the 3 lobes of the 
 stigma; capsule oblong-cylindric, strongly parallel- 
 nerved, 2 / -3 / long, 8 // -io // in diameter. 
 
 In rich woods, southern Pennsylvania to Minne- 
 sota, Georgia, Tennessee and Kansas. Ascends to 
 4500 ft. in Virginia. May-June. Fruit ripe Sept. 
 
BIRTHWORT FAMILY. 
 
 541 
 
 4. Aristolochia tomentosa Sims. 
 Woolly Pipe-vine. (Fig. 1284.) 
 
 A. tomentosa Sims, Bot. Mag. pj.ij6y. 1811- 
 A twining vine, similar to the preceding, 
 but the twigs, petioles, leaves and pedun- 
 cles persistently tomentose. Leaves sub- 
 orbicular or broadly ovate, obtuse or 
 rounded at the apex, 3 / -6 / broad when 
 mature; petioles rather stout, \ f -$ f long; 
 peduncles axillary, mostly solitary, slen- 
 der, bractless; calyx densely tomentose, 
 the tube sharply curved, yellowish green, 
 about T.%' long, its throat nearly closed, 
 the limb becoming reflexed, wrinkled, 
 dark purple, 3-lobed; anthers contiguous 
 in pairs' beneath the 3 spreading lobes of 
 the stigma; capsule oblong-cylindric. 
 
 In woods, Missouri and southern Illinois 
 to North Carolina, Alabama and Florida. 
 May-June. 
 
 1836.' 
 
 Family 14. POLYGONACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 211. 
 
 BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs, twining vines, shrubs or trees, with alternate or sometimes opposite or 
 whorled simple mostly entire leaves, jointed stems, and usually sheathing united 
 stipules (ocreae). Flowers small, regular, perfect, dioecious, monoecious or 
 polygamous, spicate, racemose, corymbose, umbellate or panicled. Petals none. 
 Calyx inferior, free from the ovary, 2-6-cleft or 2-6-parted, the segments or 
 sepals more or less imbricated, sometimes petaloid, sometimes developing 
 wings in fruit. Stamens 2-9, inserted near the base of the calyx, or in stami- 
 nate flowers crowded toward the centre; filaments filiform or subulate, often 
 dilated at the base, distinct or united into a ring; anthers 2-celled, the sacs 
 longitudinally dehiscent. Pistil solitary; ovary superior, i -celled; ovule soli- 
 tary, orthotropous, erect or pendulous; style 2-3-cleft or 2-3-parted (rarely 
 4-parted), sometimes very short; stigmas capitate or tufted, rarely 2-cleft; fruit 
 a lenticular 3-angled or rarely 4-angled achene, usually invested by the persist- 
 ent calyx; seed shaped like the pericarp; endosperm mealy; cotyledons accum- 
 bent or incumbent, flat; embryo straight or curved. 
 
 About 30 genera and 800 species, of wide geographic distribution. 
 Flowers subtended by involucres. 
 
 Ocreae present; calyx 2-4-parted; stamens 3 or fewer. 
 Ocreae none; calyx 6-cleft or 6-partecl; stamens 9; achene 3-angled. 
 Flowers not involucrate; stamens 4-8. 
 Ocreae present; stigmas tufted. 
 
 Calyx 6-parted; style 3-parted; achene 3-angled. 
 
 Calyx 4-parted; style 2-parted; achene lenticular. 
 Ocreae present; stigmas capitate. 
 
 Pedicels mostly several together; achene much surpassing the calyx. _ _ _ 
 
 Pedicels usually fascicled; achene mostly enclosed by the enlarged calyx. 6. Polygonum. 
 
 Pedicels solitary; leaves jointed at the base. 7. Polygonella. 
 
 Ocreae obscure or wanting; stigmas 2-cleft. 8. Brunnichia. 
 
 1. Macounastrum. 
 
 2. Eriogonum. 
 
 3. Rumex. 
 
 4. Oxyria. 
 
 5. Fagopyrum. 
 
 i. MACOUNASTRUM Small. 
 [KOENIGIA L. Mant. 35. 1767. Not Konig Adans. 1763.] 
 
 Low glabrous annual herbs, with fibrous roots, erect or spreading simple or forked stems, 
 alternate or opposite entire leaves, funnelform membranous ocreae, and minute perfect ter- 
 minal clustered flowers, subtended by a several-leaved involucre. Calyx 2-4-parted (usually 
 3-parted), greenish-white, the segments valvate, equal; pedicels short, subtended by trans- 
 parent bracts; stamens 2 or 4, alternate with and often protruding between the calyx-seg- 
 ments; filaments short, stout; anthers ovoid. Style 2-3-parted; stigmas capitate; achene 
 ovoid, 3-angled or lenticular, exceeding the persistent calyx; embryo eccentric, accumbent~ 
 
 Two or three species, the following circumboreal, the others of the higher Himalayas. 
 
 *Text contributed by Dr. JOHN K. SMALL. 
 
542 POLYGONACEAE. 
 
 i. Macounastrum Islandicum (L,.) Small. 
 Macounastrum. (Fig. 1285.) 
 
 Koenigia Islandica L. Mant. 35. 1767. 
 
 Stems very slender, i'-4 x long, sometimes tufted. 
 Leaves obovate, oblong or almost orbicular, i // -5 // 
 long, fleshy, obtuse at the apex, sessile or short-peti- 
 oled; ocreae about y 2 ff long; involucre consisting of 
 3-6 obovate or orbicular leaves more or less united at 
 their bases; flowers fascicled in the involucres, short- 
 pedicelled; calyx l /i" long, the segments ovate-lan- 
 ceolate, rather obtuse; stamens very short; style- 
 branches short; achene less than i x/ long, brown, 
 often slightly curved, striate, its faces convex. 
 
 Greenland and Labrador to Hudson Bay and Alaska. 
 Also in arctic Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 2. ERIOGONUM Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 246. 1803. 
 
 Annual or perennial acaulescent or leafy-stemmed herbs, some species very woody at 
 the base, with simple or branched, often tufted stems, and entire alternate opposite or whorled 
 leaves. Flowers small, fascicled, cymose, umbellate or capitate, subtended by 5-8-toothed 
 or cleft campanulate top-shaped or almost cylindric involucres. Calyx 6-cleft or 6-parted, 
 usually colored, the segments equal or the outer ones larger. Stamens 9, included or ex- 
 serted; filaments filiform, often villous; anthers oblong. Style 3-parted; stigmas capitate. 
 Achene pyramidal, 3-angled, more or less swollen near the base, invested by the calyx-seg- 
 ments, or winged. Embryo axial or somewhat eccentric. [Greek, referring to the woolly 
 and jointed stems.] 
 
 About 160 species, natives of America, mostly of the western United States. 
 Stem leafy to the summit. 
 
 Stem leaves alternate; stem strigose. 
 Achene glabrous, winged in fruit. 
 Achene villous, not winged 
 Stem leaves whorled; stem tomentose. 
 
 Robust; basal leaves rounded at the base; flowers yellow. 
 Slender; basal leaves narrowed at the base; flowers white or pink. 
 Stem leafy below, naked above. 
 
 Involucres erect on branches of the cymes. 
 Involucres in axillary and terminal clusters. 
 
 Leaves narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, flat, long-petioled. 
 Leaves oblong, more or less crisped, short-petioled. 
 Acaulescent; scapose; scapes more or less tufted. 
 Scape simple; inflorescence capitate. 
 
 Densely tomentose; leaves spatulate, numerous. 
 Slightly tomentose; leaves linear or linear-spatulate, few. 
 Scape branched at the summit. 
 
 Inflorescence regularly umbellate. 
 Inflorescence irregularly umbellate or paniculate. 
 Inflorescence cymose. 
 Scape branched throughout; involucres solitary on deflexed peduncles. 
 
 1. E. alatnm. 
 
 2. E. longifolinm. 
 
 3. E. Alleni. 
 
 4. E.Jqmesii. 
 
 5. E. annunm. 
 
 6. E. microthecnm. 
 
 7. E. corymbosum. 
 
 8. E. mulliceps. 
 
 9. E. pauciflomm. 
 
 10. E.fiavnin. 
 
 11. E. lachnogynum. 
 
 12. E. campanula! 'inn. 
 
 13. E. cernuum. 
 
 i. Eriogonum alatum Torr. Winged 
 
 Eriogonum. (Fig. 1286.) 
 E. alatum Torr. Sitgreaves' Rep. 168. pi. 8. 1853. 
 
 Perennial by a long thick root, stern rather stout, 
 erect, strigose, paniculately branched, somewhat ang- 
 led, i-3 tall. Leaves mostly basal, spatulate, oblan- 
 ceolate or narrowly obovate, 1'-$' long, those of the 
 stem alternate, nearly linear, short-petioled, all obtuse 
 or subacute at the apex, glabrous or pubescent and 
 with midrib prominent beneath, ciliate; panicle open; 
 bracts lanceolate or subulate; involucres cymose at the 
 ends of the branches, campanulate, 5-toothed, i"-!^" 
 long, the segments obtuse and somewhat reflexed; 
 calyx yellowish, \" long, campanulate; stamens 
 slightly exserted; achene long-pointed, 2j // -3 // 
 long, reticulated, closely invested by 3 wings. 
 
 On plains, western Nebraska to Texas, west to Colorado 
 and New Mexico. June-Sept. 
 
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 
 
 543 
 
 2. Eriogonum longifdlium Nutt. Long-leaved Eriogonum. 
 
 Erioifoniim lon^ifolinin Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. 
 
 Soc. (II.) 5: 164. I833-37- 
 E. Texanum Scheele, I,mnaea, 22: 150. 1849. 
 
 Perennial, strigose throughout, stem stout, 
 erect, paniculately or corymbosely branched, 
 leafy, finely grooved, 2-4 tall. Leaves nar- 
 rowly oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse at the 
 apex, more or less tomentose beneath, the upper 
 sessile, the lower narrow r ed into petioles with 
 dilated and sheathing bases; bracts lanceolate 
 or subulate; involucres turbinate-campanulate, 
 i^ // -2 // long; peduncles i / long or less; calyx 
 oblong-campanulate, 2 // -3 // high, 6-parted to 
 near the base, very villous; stamens and style- 
 branches exserted; achene vYz" long, much en- 
 larged at the base, villous, loosely invested by 
 the calyx-segments, not winged. 
 
 Southern Missouri to Texas. Also in Florida. 
 June-Nov. 
 
 (Fig. 1287.) 
 
 3. Eriogonum Alleni S. Wats. Allen's 
 Eriogonum. (Fig. 1288.) 
 
 E. Alleni S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 734. 1890. 
 
 Perennial, floccose-tomentose throughout, 
 stem rather stout, erect, sparingly branched 
 above, i-i^ tall. Leaves oblong, or ovate- 
 oblong, i '-3' long, the basal long-petioled, ob- 
 tuse at both ends, those of the stem in whorls of 
 3-5 at the somewhat swollen nodes, short-peti- 
 oled, narrowed at the base, the upper small and 
 bract-like; inflorescence compoundly cymose; 
 involucres top-shaped, 5-toothed, 2^ // ~3 // long, 
 the teeth obtusish; bracts leaf -like, spatulate; 
 calyx yellow, i 1 /?." long, broadly campanu- 
 late, its segments obovate or orbicular; stamens 
 and style-branches exserted. 
 
 White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia. July-Aug. 
 
 4. Eriogonum Jamesii Bentli. James' Eriogonum. 
 
 Eriogonum Jamesii JteaXh. in DC. Prodr. 14:7. 1856. 
 Eriogonum sericeum Torr. ; T. & G. Proc. Am. 
 Acad. 8: 155. 1870. Not Pursh, 1814. 
 
 Perennial, base woody, seal}', somewhat 
 branched, stem usually spreading, branched, to- 
 mentose, slender, 6 / -i8 / long, the branches erect, 
 3 or 4 times forked, light brown or reddish. 
 Leaves mostly basal, spatulate or oblong, i f -tf 
 long, long-petioled, the upper smaller, sessile in 
 whorls of 3 or 4 at the somewhat swollen nodes, 
 all obtuse or subacute, dark green and sparingly 
 tomentose above, densely gray-tomentose be- 
 neath, their margins sometimes slightly revolute 
 and crisped; inflorescence compoundly cymose; 
 involucres turbinate-campanulate, 2 //r long, 5- 
 toothed, the teeth rounded; bracts foliaceous, 
 narrowly oblong or oblong-spatulate ; calyx white 
 or pink, campanulate, villous, 2^ // ~3 // long, its 
 segments oblong or obovate; stamens and style- 
 branches exserted; achene 2> // -3 // long.smooth, 
 villous near the apex, its angles margined. 
 
 On plains, Kansas (?), Colorado to Texas, Arizona and Chihuahua. July-Oct 
 
 35 
 
 (Fig. 1289.) 
 
544 POLYGONACEAE. 
 
 5. Eriogonum annuum Nutt. Annual 
 Eriogonum. (Fig. 1290.) 
 
 Eriogonum aiiniinni Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 
 
 5: 164. 1833-37. 
 E. Lindheimerianum Scheele, Lmnaea, 22: 149. 1849. 
 
 Annual, white floccose-tomentose throughout, 
 simple or branched, leafy below, naked above, i 
 3 tall. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or oblance- 
 olate, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed or acu- 
 minate at the base, petioled, the margins somewhat 
 revolute or crisped; inflorescence cymose; involucres 
 top-shaped, i // -i^ // long, secund, erect, 5-toothed, 
 the teeth obtuse; bracts triangular, not foliaceous; 
 calyx white or whitish, ^"-i" long, campanulate, 
 6-cleft to beyond the middle, the lobes obovate; 
 achene pointed, less than \" long, its angles 
 smooth, its base almost globular. 
 
 On plains, Nebraska to Texas, west to New Mexico, 
 extending into Mexico. July-Sept. 
 
 6. Eriogonum microthecum Nutt. 
 Slender Eriogonum . ( Fig . 1291.) 
 
 Eriogonum microthecum Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 
 
 (II.) 1:172. 1848. 
 
 Perennial, woody, especially below, more or 
 less floccose-tomentose throughout; stem erect or 
 ascending, branched, especially from the base, 
 leafy below, naked above, 6 / -i2 / high. Leaves 
 oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse at the apex, nar- 
 rowed into short petioles, y z '--2 f long, the upper 
 bract-like; inflorescence compoundly cymose; 
 involucres top-shaped, I j" long, 5-toothed, the 
 teeth obtusish; bracts triangular; calyx yellow, 
 white or pink, \% ff long, campanulate, at length 
 constricted near the middle ; stamens and style- 
 branches included; achene pointed, \" long, 
 rough on the angles. 
 
 Western Nebraska to Washington, south to New 
 Mexico and California. July-Oct. 
 
 Eriogonum microthecum effusum (Nutt.) T. & G. Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 172. 
 Eriogonum effusum Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. (II.) i: 164. 1848. 
 
 More densely floccose-tomentose; stem diffusely branched; leaves linear-oblong or linear; in- 
 florescence 2-3 times compound, elongated; flowers white. Nebraska to Montana and New Mexico. 
 
 7. Eriogonum corymbosum Benth. 
 Crisp-leaved Eriogonum. (Fig. 1292.) 
 E. corymbosum Benth. in DC. Prodr. 14: 17. 1856. 
 
 Perennial, woody, densely floccose-tomentose 
 throughout; stem erect, branched, leafy below, 
 naked above, 6 / -i2 / tall. Leaves oblong, obtuse at 
 the apex, narrowed at the base, petioled, Yz'-^Y^ 
 long, their margins more or less crisped; inflores- 
 cence compoundly cymose; involucres short-cam- 
 panulate, 5-toothed, about i%" long, the teeth 
 subacute; bracts triangular or triangular-lanceolate, 
 notfoliaceous; calyx broadly campanulate, i // -i^ // 
 long, constricted near the middle, 6-cleft, the seg- 
 ments fiddle-shaped, emarginate, the 3 inner ones 
 shorter than the outer; style-branches exserted; 
 achene \" long, enlarged at the base, rough on the 
 angles. 
 
 Kansas to New Mexico, west to Utah and Arizona. 
 Aug.-Sept. 
 
 1870. 
 
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 
 
 8. Eriogonum multiceps Nees. 
 Branched Eriogonum. (Fig. 1293.) 
 
 E. multiceps Nees, Max. Reise N. A. 2: 446. 1841. 
 E. gnaphaloides Benth. Kew Journ. Bot. 5: 263. 1853. 
 
 Perennial by a slender root, scapose, densely 
 white-tomentose throughout; stems short, tufted, 
 much branched, sometimes several inches long. 
 Scapes simple, i / ~5 / high; leaves spatulate, }'- 
 2 / long, numerous, obtuse at the apex, narrowed 
 below into petioles; inflorescence capitate; involu- 
 cres 3-12, sessile, i y z " long, 5-6-toothed, the teeth 
 acute; bracts foliaceous, spatulate; calyx white or 
 rose-color, iW-2%" long, campanulate, some- 
 what villous, 6-cleft to about the middle, the seg- 
 ments cuneate, obtuse or emarginate; stamens and 
 style-branches exserted; achene I /L" long. 
 
 On dry plains, Nebraska and Colorado. June-Aug. 
 
 545 
 
 9. Eriogonum pauciflorum Pursh. Few- 
 flowered Eriogonum. (Fig. 1294.) 
 
 E. pauciflorum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 735. 1814. 
 Eriogonum parviflorum Nutt. Gen. i: 261. 1818. 
 
 Perennial, root long and slender, stems very short, 
 simple or sparingly branched, loosely tufted, covered 
 by the scarious dilated bases of the petioles. Scapes 
 erect, slender, simple, slightly tomentose, 2 / -6 / high; 
 leaves linear or linear-spatulate, i / -3 / long, rather ob- 
 tuse, but apparently acute from the strongly revolute 
 margins, glabrous or sparingly pubescent above, white- 
 tomentose or cottony beneath, narrowed into slender 
 petioles; inflorescence capitate; involucres 4-10, i^" 
 long, turbinate-campanulate, 5-toothed, the teeth ob- 
 tuse, more or less reflexed; calyx white, campanulate, 
 \Yz' f long, glabrous, the segments ovate; achene i^" 
 long, its faces swollen at about the middle, incon- 
 spicuously striate-reticulated. 
 
 On dry plains, Nebraska and Colorado. July-Sept. 
 
 10. Eriogonum flavum Nutt. 
 
 Eriogonum flavum Nutt. Fras. Cat. 1813. 
 E. sericeum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 277. 1814. 
 
 Perennial, scapose, white-tomentose through- 
 out, root short, scaly, spindle-shaped, stem very 
 short and thick, simple and solitary or tufted 
 and creeping, woody. Scapes 2 / -i2 / tall, erect; 
 leaves crowded on the short stem, linear-oblong 
 or oblong-spatulate, i / -3 / long, mostly obtuse at 
 the apex, flat, narrowed into petioles; petioles 
 dilated at the base and imbricated; inflorescence 
 regularly umbellate; involucres top-shaped, "2."- 
 lYz" long, nearly entire, rather densely clustered ; 
 peduncles ]'-\y 2 f long; bracts spatulate, folia- 
 ceous; calyx yellow, 3" high, top-shaped, very 
 villous, the segments obovate; stamens and style- 
 branches exserted ; achene constricted at the mid- 
 dle, 2" long, villous at the summit, the angles 
 undulate, the faces swollen. 
 
 Nebraska and Kansas to the Northwest Territory 
 and Arizona. June-Sept. 
 
 Yellow Eriogonum. (Fig. 1295.) 
 
 "3" 
 
POLYGONACEAE. 
 
 n. Eriogonum lachnogynum Torr. 
 L,ong-rooted Eriogonum. (Fig. 1296.) 
 
 Eriogonum lachnogynum Torr. ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. 
 
 14: 8. 1856. 
 
 Perennial, scapose, root long, fusiform, stems 
 stout and short, tufted, much branched, covered 
 with the dilated petiole-bases. Scape erect, slender, 
 4 / -i2 / tall, white-tomentose, sparingly branched 
 above; leaves numerous, crowded, lanceolate or 
 narrowly oblong, ^ / -i / long, acute at the apex, 
 narrowed at the base, silky above, white-tomen- 
 tose beneath, long-petioled, their margins some- 
 what revolute; inflorescence irregularly umbellate 
 or paniculate; involucres broadly campanulate or 
 nearly hemispheric, i / I ^ // -2 // high, sessile or pe- 
 duncled, 5-toothed, teeth obtuse; bracts small, lan- 
 ceolate; calyx campanulate, i^ // long, villous; 
 stamens and style-branches exserted. 
 
 Western Kansas to Colorado and Arizona. May-Nov. 
 
 12. Eriogonum campanulatum Nutt. 
 Narrow-leaved Eriogonum. (Fig. 1297.) 
 
 Eriogonum campanulatnm Nutt. Journ. Acad. 
 
 Phila. (II.) i: 163. 1848. 
 Eriogonum brevicaule Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 
 
 (II.) 1:163. 1848. 
 Eriogonum micranthum Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 
 
 (II.) 1:164. 1848. 
 
 Perennial, scapose, stem short, thick and 
 woody, more or less tomentose; scapes erect or 
 nearly so, glabrous, 4 / -i2 / tall; leaves crowded, 
 narrowly oblanceolate, spatulate or nearly linear, 
 \'-T/ long, obtuse at the apex, narrowed into long 
 petioles, white-tomentose on both sides, the 
 margins sometimes revolute; inflorescence com- 
 poundly cymose; involucres oblong-turbinate, i" 
 long, 5-toothed, teeth obtuse; bracts triangular, 
 not foliaceous; calyx yellow, ovoid-campanulate, 
 about i" long, 6-cleft, the lobes oblong or fiddle- 
 shaped, emarginate; stamens and style-branches 
 exserted; achene ij^'long, enlarged at base. 
 
 Nebraska to Oregon, south to Utah and New 
 Mexico. July-Sept. 
 
 13. Eriogonum cernuum Nutt. Nod- 
 ding Eriogonum. (Fig. 1298.) 
 
 E. cernuum Nutt. J. Acad. Phila. (II.) i: 162. 1848. 
 
 Annual, low, stem very short; scape erect, usu- 
 ally much branched, 6'-i2 x high. Leaves con- 
 fined to the short stem, orbicular or oblong- 
 orbicular, less than i' long, obtuse or slightly 
 apiculate, flat, floccose-tomentose, especially be- 
 neath, petioled; inflorescence paniculate ; involu- 
 cres campanulate, slightly more than Y Z " long, 
 solitary on slender deflexed peduncles \' long or 
 less, 5-cleft to near the middle, the lobes obtuse; 
 bracts triangular or lanceolate, not foliaceous; 
 calyx whitish, campanulate, y 2 " long, 6-parted, 
 slightly constricted near the summit, the seg- 
 ments fiddle-shaped; stamens and style-branches 
 included; achene Y 2 " long, nearly globular at 
 the base, rough on the angles. 
 
 Nebraska to New Mexico and Utah. July-Sept. 
 
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 
 
 547 
 
 3. RUMEX L. Sp. PI. 333. 1753. 
 
 Perennial or annual, leafy-stemmed herbs, some species slightly woody, the leaves in some 
 mainly basal. Stem grooved, mostly branched, erect, spreading or creeping. Leaves en- 
 tire or undulate, flat or crisped, the ocreae xisually cylindric, brittle and fugacious, the inflor- 
 escence consisting of simple or compound, often panicled racemes. Flowers green, perfect, 
 dioecious, or polygamo-monoecious, whorled, on jointed pedicels. Corolla none. Calyx 6- 
 parted, the 3 outer sepals unchanged in fruit, the 3 inner ones mostly developed into wings, 
 one or all three of which usually bears a callosity (tubercle); wings entire, dentate, or fringed 
 with bristle-like teeth. Stamens 6, included or exserted; filaments very short, glabrous; 
 anthers oblong. Style 3-parted; stigmas peltate, tufted; achene 3-angled, the angles more or 
 less margined. Embryo curved or nearly straight, borne in one of the faces of the 3-angled 
 seed. [The ancient Latin name.] 
 
 About 130 species, of wide geographic distribution. 
 in the southern and western parts of North America. 
 
 Besides the following, some 6 others occur 
 
 K- Leaves hastate ; flowers dioecious ; foliage acid ; low species. 
 
 Inner sepals not developing wings in fruit; achene granular. 
 Fruiting inner sepals developing wings; achene smooth. 
 
 Basal leaves numerous; wings orbicular-cordate. 
 
 Basal leaves few; wings broadly oblong-cordate. 
 
 1. J?. Ace to sell a. 
 
 2. R. hastatulus. 
 
 3. R. Acetosa. 
 
 vr-vf Leaves not hastate; flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious ; foliage scarcely or not at all acid; 
 
 tall species. 
 
 Leaves flat, bright or light green, or glaucescent. 
 
 Wings l A'-i l A' broad, reddish; no tubercles. 4. R. venosus. 
 
 Wings small, not red, bearing tubercles. 
 Tubercles usually 3. 
 
 Pedicels little longer than the wings. 5. R. salicifolius. 
 
 Pedicels several times longer than the wings. 6. R. rerticillatus. 
 
 Tubercle usually i; pedicels equalling the wings. 7. R. altissimus, 
 
 Leaves wavy-margined or crisped, dark green, not glaucescent. 
 Wings entire, more or less undulate. 
 
 Lower leaves narrowed or acuminate at the base. 
 
 Tubercle i. 8. R. Pat lent ia. 
 
 Tubercles 3. 9. R. Britannica. 
 
 Lower leaves cordate or rounded at the base. 
 
 Tubercles wanting. 10. R. occidentalis. 
 
 Tubercles mostly 3. 
 
 Inflorescence not leafy; pedicels long. n. R. crispus. 
 
 Inflorescence leafy; pedicels short. 12. R. conglomeratus. 
 
 Tubercle i; inflorescence not leafy; pedicels short. 13. R. sanguineus. 
 
 Wings toothed or fringed. 
 Lower. leaves cordate. 
 
 Wings ovate or oblong-ovate; tubercles mostly 2. 14. R. pulcher. 
 
 Wings hastate or ovate-hastate; tubercle i. 15. R. obtusifolius. 
 
 Lower leaves mostly narrowed at base; wings with 4 spreading bristle-like teeth. 
 
 1 6. R. persicarioides. 
 
 i. 'Rumex Acetosella L. Field or Sheep Sorrel. (Fig. 1299.) 
 
 Rninc.v Acetosella L. Sp. PI. 338. 1753. 
 
 Annual or perennial, glabrous, dioecious, 
 stem slender, erect or nearly so, simple or 
 branched, the rootstock woody, horizontal or 
 creeping. Leaves narrowly hastate, i / -4 / long, 
 obtuse or acute at the apex, usually widest 
 above the middle, petioled, the basal auricles 
 entire or i-2-toothed, or the uppermost leaves 
 nearly linear and not auricled, all papillose; 
 ocreae silvery, 2-parted, soon lacerate; flowers 
 in erect panicled racemes; racemes inter- 
 rupted; calyx green, y 2 " long, pedicelled; 
 stamens exserted; achene less than \" long, 
 very granular, exceeding the persistent calyx, 
 its angles not margined. 
 
 In dry fields and on hillsides throughout North 
 America except the extreme north. In large part 
 naturalized from Europe. Sometimes a trouble- 
 some weed. Foliage very acid. Native also of 
 Asia. Ascends to 6000 ft. in North Carolina. 
 May-Sept. 
 
548 POLYGONACEAE. 
 
 Rumex hastatulus Muhl. Engelmann's Sorrel. (Fig. 1300.) 
 
 Rumex hastatulus Muhl. Cat. Ed. 2, 37. 1818. 
 R. Engelmanni Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14: 64. 1856. 
 
 Perennial from a woody base, glabrous, dioe- 
 cious; stem rather strict, simple or branched, 
 erect, 5 / -2o / tall. Leaves hastate, oblong or ob- 
 lanceolate, i / ~5 / long, the basal numerous, more 
 or less auricled at the base, subacute, petioled, 
 those of the stem linear, all papillose; ocreae sil- 
 very, 2-parted, at length lacerate; racemes as- 
 cending, at length interrupted; calyx green, 
 slender-pedicelled, winged in fruit; pedicels 
 equalling or longer than the wings; wings orbi- 
 cular, mostly broader than high, cordate, i^ // - 
 i z /i" long; stamens slightly exserted; achene 
 reddish, smooth, shining, less than \ ff long, in- 
 vested by the calyx-wings, its angles margined. 
 
 On the sea-coast, southern New York to Florida 
 and on the plains from Kansas to Texas, a geogra- 
 phic distribution nearly the same as that of Cheno- 
 podium leptophyllum. March-Aug. 
 
 Sour 
 
 3. Rumex Acetosa L,. Sorrel. 
 
 Dock. (Fig. 1301.) 
 Rumex Acetosa L,. Sp. PI. 337. 1753. 
 
 Perennial, glabrous, dioecious; stem erect, sim- 
 ple, grooved, i-3 tall. Leaves oblong-hastate 
 or ovate-sagittate, I'-s' long, acute at the apex, 
 crisped or erose on the margins, the basal few, 
 long-petioled, the upper subsessile, the acute au- 
 ricles entire or i -toothed and more or less re- 
 flexed; ocreae lacerate; racemes nearly erect, 
 crowded, at length interrupted; calyx green, i" 
 long, pedicelled, winged in fruit; pedicels equal- 
 ling or shorter than the wings, jointed near the 
 middle; wings broadly ovate or orbicular, cor- 
 date, 2 // -2^ // long; achene rather more than 
 i // long, pointed, smooth, shining, blackish, 
 invested by the calyx-wings. 
 
 Labrador to Alaska. Naturalized from Europe in 
 Vermont, New York and Pennsylvania. Native 
 also of Asia. Summer. 
 
 4- 
 
 Veined 
 
 Rumex venosus Pursh. 
 Dock. (Fig. 1302.) 
 Rumex venosus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 733. 1814. 
 
 Perennial by a woody rootstock, glabrous, stem 
 rather stout, erect, somewhat flexuous, 6 / -i5 / tall, 
 grooved, branched. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceo- 
 late or oblong, I'-s' long, acute at both ends or 
 acuminate at the base, petioled, rather coriaceous; 
 ocreae funnelform, thin, brittle; racemes mostly 
 erect, soon interrupted; calyx red, pedicelled, very 
 conspicuously winged in fruit; pedicels at matur- 
 ity rather stout, slightly shorter than the wings, 
 jointed at about the middle; wings large, jS^'-i^' 
 broad, suborbicular with a deep sinus at the base, 
 veiny, reddish; style-branches divergent in fruit; 
 achene 3" long, smooth, shining, its faces concave, 
 its angles margined. 
 
 Northwest Territory to Oregon and Washington, 
 south to Missouri and Nevada. May-Aug. 
 
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 549 
 
 5. Rumex salicifolius Weinm. White, 
 Pale or Willow-leaved Dock. (Fig. 1303.) 
 
 Rumex salicifolius Weinm. Flora, 4: 28. 1821. 
 
 Perennial, glabrous, pale green; stem erect, ascend- 
 ing, or sometimes spreading, simple or branched, 
 grooved, flexuous, i-3 high. Leaves lanceolate, 
 linear-lanceolate or the lower oblong, acute or acu- 
 minate at both ends, or rarely obtuse at the apex, 
 petioled ; racemes erect, divergent or reflexed, dense, 
 in fruit interrupted below; flowers in dense clusters; 
 calyx pale green, \" long, pedicelled, winged in 
 fruit; pedicels slightly longer than the wings, jointed 
 near the base; wings triangular-ovate, i% ff long, 
 undulate or subdentate, each bearing a large ovoid 
 tubercle; achene \" long, dark red, smooth, shining, 
 its faces concave, its angles slightly margined. 
 
 In swamps, Labrador to southern New York, Florida, 
 Texas and Lower California. Also in Europe. May- 
 Sept. 
 
 6. Rumex verticillatus L,. Swamp Dock. (Fig. 1304.) 
 
 Rumex verticillatus L. Sp. PI. 334. 1753. 
 
 Perennial, glabrous, rather bright green; stem 
 stout, grooved, simple or nearly so, erect, ascend- 
 ing or decumbent, 2-5 long, more or less flexu- 
 ous when old. Leaves narrowly oblong, oblong- 
 lanceolate or lanceolate, 2 / -i2 / long, narrowed at 
 both ends or obtusish at the apex, slightly papil- 
 lose, long-petioled; racemes interrupted below, 
 spreading in fruit; flowers in rather dense whorls; 
 calyx green, i // long, winged in fruit; pedicels 
 stout, thickened above, jointed near the base, 3-5 
 times as long as the wings; wings broadly deltoid, 
 / 2." long, more or less decurrent on the pedicel, each 
 bearing a narrowly ovoid tubercle; style-branches 
 reflexed in fruit; achene \}' f long, reddish, 
 pointed, smooth, shining, its faces concave. 
 
 In swamps, Quebec to Ontario and Iowa, south to 
 Florida and Texas. May-July. 
 
 7. Rumex altissimus Wood. Tall or 
 Peach-leaved Dock. (Fig. 1305.) 
 
 Rumex altissimus Wood, Class-book, 477. 1853. 
 Rumex Britannica Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14: 47. 
 
 1856. Not L. 1753- 
 
 Perennial, glabrous, rather pale green; stem 
 stout, erect, simple or sparingly branched above, 
 grooved, 2-4 tall. Leaves lanceolate, oblong- 
 lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate (sometimes ob- 
 lanceolate) 2 / -io / long, acute at both ends, 
 papillose; panicle rather open ; racemes slightly 
 interrupted in fruit; flowers densely whorled; 
 calyx light green, i // long, winged in fruit; 
 pedicels slender, jointed near the base, as long 
 as the wings; wings triangular-cordate, 2 // -2^ // 
 long, usually one of them only bearing an ovoid 
 tubercle; achene i^ x/ long, dark red, smooth, 
 shining, its faces concave. 
 
 Along- streams and in swamps, Massachusetts to 
 Nebraska, Maryland and Texas. April-June. 
 
550 
 
 POLYGONACEAE. 
 
 8. Rumex Patientia L. Patience Dock. 
 (Fig. 1306.) 
 
 Rumex Patientia L. Sp. PI. 333. 1753. 
 
 Perennial, glabrous, stem erect, simple or spar- 
 ingly branched, grooved, 2-5 tall. Lower leaves 
 ovate-lanceolate, long-petioled, 4 / -i6 / long, the 
 upper oblong-lanceolate or oblong-elliptic, acute or 
 obtusish, the uppermost lanceolate; fruiting panicle 
 dense; racemes erect, somewhat interrupted in 
 fruit; flowers densely whorled; calyx green; pedi- 
 cels slender, 2-4 times as long as the calyx-wings, 
 jointed below the middle; wings orbicular-cordate, 
 2 //_2// long, one of them bearing a prominent ovoid 
 callosity; achene i%" long, light brown, smooth, 
 shining, its faces concave, its angles obscurely 
 margined. 
 
 In waste places, Vermont and Ontario to Wiscon- 
 sin, Pennsylvania and Kansas. Also in the Far West. 
 Naturalized from Europe. May-June. 
 
 Rumex Britannica L. Great Water- Dock. (Fig. 1307.) 
 
 Rumex Britannica L. Sp. PI. 334. 1753. 
 Rumex Hydrolapathum var.? Americanuni A. 
 
 Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 377. 1856. 
 R. orbiculatus A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 420. 1867. 
 
 Perennial, glabrous, dark green, stem stout, 
 erect, more or less branched, grooved, 3-6 tall. 
 Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, the 
 lower i-2 long, long-petioled, the upper 2 / -6 / 
 long, short-petioled; fruiting panicle dense; ra- 
 cemes nearly erect, more or less interrupted; 
 flowers densely whorled; calyx light green; 
 pedicels slender, conspicuously jointed above 
 the base, }4-2 times as long the calyx-wings; 
 wings broadly cordate, 3" long, irregularly den- 
 ticulate, each bearing a large callosity; achene 
 ovoid-oblong, or oblong, 2" long, pointed at 
 both ends, brown, smooth, shining, its faces 
 concave, its angles slightly margined. 
 
 In swamps and wet soil, New Brunswick and 
 Ontario to Minnesota, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
 Illinois and Iowa. July-Aug. 
 
 ^~V/" 
 
 Rumex occidentalis S. Wats. Western Dock. (Fig. 1308.) 
 
 R. occidentalis S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 253. 1876.. 
 
 Perennial, glabrous, stem stout, strict, erect or 
 nearly so, strongly grooved, simple or sparingly 
 branched, 2~3 high. Leaves lanceolate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, bluish-green, somewhat crisped and 
 wavy -margined, papillose, the lower 8 / -i2 / long, 
 obtuse or subacute at the apex, more or less cordate 
 at the base, long-petioled, the tipper smaller and 
 usually lanceolate; panicle rather dense, leafless or 
 nearly so, erect; racemes usually not interrupted;, 
 flowers loosely whorled; calyx pale green, \" long; 
 pedicels obscurely jointed below the middle, 2-3 
 times longer than the calyx-wings; wings triangu- 
 lar-ovate, 2^ // -4 // long, somewhat dentate or un- 
 dulate, bearing no tubercles; achene oblong, i."- 
 zYz" long, short -pointed, chestnut -brown, smooth, 
 shining. 
 
 In wet places, Labrador to Alaska, Ontario, Rocky 
 Mountains to Texas, and to California. May-Aug. 
 
 IO. 
 
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 
 
 551 
 
 (Fig. 1309.) 
 
 ii. Rumex crispus L,. Curled Dock. 
 
 Rum ex crispus L. Sp. PI. 335. 1753. 
 
 Perennial, glabrqus, dark green; stem rather 
 slender, erect, simple or branched above, grooved, 
 i-3^ tall. Leaves crisped and wavy-margined, 
 the lower oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 6 / -i2 / long, 
 long-petioled, the upper narrowly oblong or lan- 
 ceolate, 3 / -6 / long, short-petioled, all cordate or 
 obtuse at the base, more or less papillose; panicle 
 rather open; racemes simple or compound, by the 
 elongation of the pedicels apparently continuous 
 in fruit; flowers rather loosely whorled; calyx dark 
 green; fruiting pedicels i%-2 times as long as the 
 calyx-wings, jointed near the base; wings cordate, 
 i^ // -2 // long, truncate or notched at base, erose- 
 dentate, or nearly entire, each bearing a tubercle; 
 achene V long, dark brown, shining. 
 
 In fields and waste places nearly throughout the 
 United States and southern British America. Often 
 a troublesome weed. Naturalized from Europe. 
 Native also of Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 12. Rumex conglomerates Murr. Clus- 
 tered or Smaller Green Dock. (Fig. 1310.) 
 
 R. conglomeratus Murr. Prodr. Fl. Goett. 52. 1770. 
 
 Perennial, glabrous, pale green; stem slender, 
 erect, simple or branched, grooved, i-3 tall. 
 Leaves ovate, oblong or lanceolate, I'-s' long, some 
 of them slightly fiddle-shaped, acute at the apex, 
 obtuse at the base, crenulate and slightly crisped 
 on the margins, petioled; panicle loose and open in 
 fruit; racemes leafy, slender, ascending, much in- 
 terrupted; flowers loosely whorled; calyx small, 
 green ; pedicels shorter than or equalling the calyx- 
 wings, jointed near the base; wings ovate, fiddle- 
 shaped, i%" long, toothed near the base, each 
 bearing a large oblong callosity; achene less than 
 i // long, pointed, red, smooth, shining, its faces 
 convex. 
 
 In waste places, Virginia to South Carolina. Also in 
 California. Naturalized from Europe. May-July. 
 
 13. Rumex sanguineus I,. Bloody or 
 Red -veined Dock. (Fig. 1311.) 
 
 Rumex sanguineus L- Sp. PI. 334. 1753. 
 
 Perennial, glabrous, stem slender, erect, 
 grooved, simple or branched, i-3 high. Leaves 
 oblong, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, i / -6 / 
 long, the lower long-petioled, cordate at the base, 
 acute or obtuse at the apex, usually red-veined, 
 the upper short-petioled; panicle loose; racemes 
 slender, spreading, not leafy, interrupted; flowers 
 loosely whorled; calyx very small; pedicels slen- 
 der, 1-1% times as long as the calyx-wings, 
 jointed at the base; wings oblong, i^ // long, one 
 of them bearing a spherical-oblong callosity; 
 achene less than \" long, sharp-pointed, dark 
 red, smooth, shining, its faces convex. 
 
 In waste places and ballast, southern New York to 
 Virginia and Louisiana. Uncommon. Naturalized 
 or adventive from Europe. May-Aug. 
 
552 POLYGONACEAE. 
 
 14. Rumex pulcher L,. Fiddle Dock. (Fig. 1312.) 
 Rumex pulche r I_. Sp. PI. 336. 1753. 
 
 Perennial, dark green; stem slender, erect or procum- 
 bent, grooved, diffusely branched, i-3 long, the 
 branches spreading. Leaves oblong, or some of the 
 lower fiddle-shaped, i'-6 f long, long-petioled, obtuse 
 at the apex, cordate at the base; upper oblong or oblong- 
 lanceolate, i / ~3 / long, short-petioled, usually nar- 
 rowed at both ends; petioles more or less pubescent; 
 panicle loose; racemes long, divergent, sometimes re- 
 flexed, much interrupted, rather leafy; flowers few in 
 the whorls; calyx very small, green; pedicels equalling 
 the calyx-wings, jointed at or below the middle; wings 
 ovate or oblong-ovate, 2 // long, truncate at the base, one 
 larger than the others or all three of different sizes, 
 fringed with spine-like teeth, usually two, sometimes 
 one or all three bearing tubercles; achene i" long, 
 pointed, reddish, smooth, shining, its faces concave. 
 
 In waste places, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. 
 Also on the Pacific Coast and in ballast about the northern 
 seaports. Naturalized from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 15. Rumex obtusifolius L. Broad-leaved or Bitter Dock. (Fig. 1313.) 
 
 Rumex obtusifolius L,. Sp. PI. 335. 1753- 
 
 Perennial, glabrous, dark green; stem stout, 
 erect, simple or sparingly branched, grooved, 
 more or less scurfy above, 2 -4 tall. Lower 
 leaves oblong-lanceolate, 6 / -i4 / long, long-peti- 
 oled, all cordate or rounded at the base, obtuse or 
 acute at the apex, the upper lanceolate or oblong- 
 lanceolate, 2 / -6 / long, short-petioled, the mar- 
 gins somewhat undulate or crisped; panicle 
 rather open; racemes nearly erect, continuous or 
 interrupted below; flowers loosely whorled; pedi- 
 cels slender, somewhat longer than the calyx- 
 wings, jointed below the middle; wings hastate, 
 2 "-2%" long, fringed with a few spreading 
 spiny teeth, one of them bearing an oblong 
 tubercle; achene i" long, pointed, dark red, 
 smooth, shining, its faces concave, its angles 
 slightly margined. 
 
 In waste places, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick 
 to Oregon, south to Florida and Texas. Naturalized 
 from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 16. Rumex persicarioides L,. Golden 
 Dock. (Fig. 1314.) 
 
 Rumex persicarioides L,. Sp. PI. 335. 1753. 
 
 Annual, pubescent, pale green; stem rather stout, 
 erect and simple, or diffusely branched, i-3 high, or 
 sometimes spreading or creeping, very leafy. Leaves 
 lanceolate, or oblong, i / -i2 / long, narrowed at the 
 base, or sometimes cordate, or sagittate, acute at the 
 apex, the margins undulate and more or less crisped; 
 panicle simple or compound; racemes erect, leafy- 
 bracted, mostly interrupted; flowers densely 
 whorled; pedicels slender, i-i^ times as long as the 
 calyx-wings, jointed at the base; calyx very small; 
 wings oblong, i // long, with 1-3 bristles on each mar- 
 gin, each bearing an ovoid or oblong callosity; achene 
 less than \" long, pointed, reddish, smooth, shin- 
 ing, its faces convex, its angles slightly margined. 
 
 On sandy shores, New Brunswick to Virginia, ex- 
 tending across the continent through British America, 
 south in the interior to Kansas and New Mexico and 
 on the Pacific Coast to California. Has been confounded 
 with R. maritimus L,. of the Old World. July-Oct. 
 
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 
 
 553 
 
 4. OXYRIA Hill, Veg. Syst. 10: 24. 1765. 
 
 Low fleshy glabrous perennial herbs, with slender erect stems. Leaves mostly basal, long- 
 petioled, reniform or orbicular, cordate, palmately nerved, with cylindric ocreae. Flowers 
 perfect, small, green, in terminal panicled racemes. Calyx unequally 4-parted, the outer 
 segments smaller than the inner; stamens 6, included; filaments short, subulate, glabrous; an- 
 thers oblong. Ovary i-celled; ovule solitary; style short, 2-parted, its branches divergent; 
 stigmas fimbriate, persistent on the large wings of the fruiting calyx. Achene ovate, lenticular. 
 Embryo straight, borne in the centre of the endosperm. [Greek, sour, from the acid leaves.] 
 
 Two known species, the following, and one in the 
 Himalayas. 
 
 i. Oxyria digyna (L/. ) Camptdera. 
 Mountain Sorrel. (Fig. 1315.) 
 
 Rume.v digvnus L,. Sp. PI. 337. 1753. 
 
 O. digyna Camptdera, Rumex, 155. pi. j. f. j. 1819. 
 
 O-iyria reniformis Hook. Fl. Scot. HI. 1821. 
 
 Rootstock large, chaffy ; stems scape-like, simple 
 or .sparingly branched, leafless or nearly so, 2 / -i2 / 
 tall. Leaves reniform or orbicular-reniform, ]/?.'- 
 i^' wide, undulate, sometimes emarginate at the 
 apex, the basal long-petioled; ocreae oblique, loose, 
 those on the stem bearing flowers; racemes many- 
 flowered; flowers slender-pedicelled; segments ob- 
 long, the inner erect, the outer reflexed in fruit; 
 achene pointed, smooth, surrounded by a broad 
 membranous wing. 
 
 Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south to the 
 White Mountains of New Hampshire and in the Rocky 
 Mountains to Colorado. Also in northern Europe and 
 Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 5. FAGOPYRUM Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 182. 1791. 
 
 Annual or perennial rather fleshy usually glabrous leafy herbs, with erect, simple or 
 branched, striate or grooved stems. Leaves alternate, petioled, hastate or deltoid, with ob- 
 lique, cylindric or funnelform ocreae. Flowers small, white or green, in terminal or axillary 
 usually paniculate racemes, perfect, borne solitary or several together from each ocreola, 
 slender-pedicelled. Calyx about equally 5-parted, persistent and unchanged in fruit, the 
 segments petaloid, shorter than the achene. Stamens 8, included; filaments filiform, gla- 
 brous; anthers oblong. Ovary i-celled, i-ovuled; styles-parted; stigmas capitate. Achene 3- 
 angled. Embryo central, curved, dividing the mealy endosperm into two parts; cotyledons 
 broad. [Greek, beech-wheat, from the similarity of the grain.] 
 
 About 6 species, natives of Europe and Asia. 
 
 Racemes panicled or corymbose; angles of the achene not crested. 
 Racemes mostly simple: angles of the achene crested, undulate. 
 
 i. Fagopyrum Fagopyrum (I,.) Karst. Buckwheat. (Fig. 1316.) 
 
 Polygonum Fagopyrum L. Sp. PI. 364. 1753. 
 Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, Meth. 290. 1794. 
 F. Fagopyrum Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 522. 1880-83. 
 
 Annual, glabrous except at the nodes, stem 
 strongly grooved when old, i-3 high. Leaves 
 hastate, i / ~3 / long, abruptly narrowed above the 
 middle, acuminate, the nerves on the lower sur- 
 face slightly scurfy; ocreae brittle and fugacious; 
 racemes mostly panicled, sometimes corymbose, 
 many-flowered, erect or inclined to droop; pedi- 
 cels as long as the calyx; segments white or whit- 
 ish; stamens included; style-branches deflexed 
 in fruit; achene acute, 2^ /x long, about twice as 
 long as the calyx, its faces pinnately-striate 
 when mature, the angles acute, entire. 
 
 In waste places, and persistent in fields after cul- 
 tivation. Reported from almost all parts of the 
 northern United States and southern British Amer- 
 ica. Native of eastern Europe or western Asia. 
 June-Sept. 
 
 1. F. Fagopyrum. 
 
 2. F. Tatar icv.ni. 
 
554 
 
 POLYGONACEAE. 
 
 2. Fagopyrum Tataricum (L.) Gaertn. 
 Tartary Buckwheat. (Fig. 1317.) 
 
 Polygonum Tataricum L- Sp. PI. 364. 1753. 
 Fagopyrum Tataricum Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 182. 
 pi. 189. f. 6. 1791. 
 
 Annual, similar to the preceding species, but 
 the leaves deltoid-hastate or oblong-hastate, 
 often broader than long, i f -tf wide, acute or 
 short-acuminate at the apex; racemes terminal 
 and axillary, mostly solitary, simple and few- 
 flowered, long-peduncled; flowers whitish, short- 
 pedicelled; achene subacute, 2%" long, its 
 angles crested with 3 prominent lobes above 
 the middle, its faces pinnately sulcate from a 
 conspicuous groove. 
 
 In waste places, eastern Canada and New Eng- 
 land. Adventive from Asia. Summer. 
 
 6. POLYGONUM L. Sp. PI. 359. 1753. 
 
 Annual or perennial, terrestrial or aquatic herbs, some species woody, with erect, pros- 
 trate, climbing or floating stems, alternate sessile or petioled entire leaves, continuous with, 
 or jointed, to the cylindric funnelform or two-lobed, often lacerate or fringed ocreae. Flowers 
 small, normally perfect, green, white, pink or purple, variously clustered, the clusters termi- 
 nal or axillary. Pedicels jointed, subtended by ocreae or ocreolae; calyx 4-5 -parted or 4-5- 
 cleft, the outer sepals or segments somewhat larger than the inner; stamens 5-9, included or 
 exserted; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base, glabrous; anthers oblong; style 2-3-parted 
 or 2-3-cleft, its branches included or exserted; stigmas capitate; achene lenticular or 3-angled 
 (rarely 4-angled), invested by or exceeding the calyx. Embryo near the end of the seed, in 
 one of its angles. [Greek, many-knees, from the swollen joints of some species.] 
 
 About 200 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 33 others 
 occur in the western and southern parts of North America. 
 
 1. Flowers in terminal spicate racemes ; calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted ; stem not twining. 
 
 i. P. viviparum. 
 
 2. P. amphibium. 
 
 3. P. Hartwrightii. 
 
 4. P. emersum. 
 
 6. P. incarnatum. 
 
 Raceme solitary; alpine species; perennial, not aquatic. 
 Racemes solitary or 2; aquatic or swamp species; perennials. 
 Leaves oblong, elliptic, or elliptic-lanceolate, not acuminate. 
 Leaves narrowly lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, not acuminate. 
 Leaves ovate -lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, usually acuminate. 
 Racemes several or numerous; annuals or perennials, mostly terrestrial. 
 Ocreae naked or ciliolate, their limbs not spreading. 
 Racemes drooping. 
 
 Achene ovoid; style 2-parted to near the base. 
 
 Achene broadly oblong-ovoid; style 2-cleft to below the middle. 7. P. lapathifolium. 
 Racemes erect. 
 
 Style-branches scarcely or slightly exserted. 
 
 Achene broadly oblong, biconvex. 5. P. Portoricense. 
 
 Achene orbicular, flat. 8. P. Pennsylvanicuni. 
 
 Style branches long-exserted; achene ovoid, somewhat gibbous. 9. P. longistylum. 
 Ocreae fringed with bristles, their limbs not spreading. 
 
 Racemes not interrupted, erect; achene lenticular or 3-angled. 
 Ocreae conspicuously fringed; achene broadly ovoid. 
 Ocreae inconspicuously fringed; achene narrowly ovoid. 
 Racemes not interrupted, erect; achene always 3-angled. 
 Ocreolae conspicuously fringed. 
 Ocreolae inconspicuously fringed. 
 
 Leaves mostly glabrous above; achene pointed at the top. 15. P. hydropiperoid.es. 
 Leaves strigose above; achene pointed at both ends. 13. P. setaceum. 
 
 Racemes not interrupted, drooping. 12. P. Careyi. 
 
 Racemes interrupted, erect or drooping. 
 
 Achene granular and dull; racemes drooping. 16. P. Hydropiper. 
 
 Achene smooth, shining; racemes erect. 17. P. punctatum. 
 
 Ocreae fringed with bristles, their limbs normally spreading. 18. P. orientate. 
 
 2. Flowers in long naked much interrupted spicate racemes; calyx 4-parted. 19. P. Virginia H H m , 
 
 3. Flowers in axillary clusters; stems more or less wiry, not twining. 
 Plants prostrate; achene invested by the calyx. 
 
 Achene pointed at the apex, rounded at the base. 
 
 Leaves mostly acute; style 3-parted to below the middle. 20. P. aviculare. 
 
 Leaves mostly obtuse; style 3-parted to the base. 21. P. littorale. 
 
 Achene pointed at both ends. 22. P. Bellardi. 
 
 Plants prostrate; achene protruding beyond the calyx. 
 
 Leaves mostly longer than the internodes; sea beach species. 23. P. maritimum. 
 
 Leaves shorter than the internodes; plant of waste places. 24. P. Rayi. 
 
 10. P. Persicaria. 
 
 11. P. persicarioides. 
 
 14, P. Opelousanum. 
 
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 
 
 555 
 
 Plants erect or ascending, rather stout. 
 Achene invested by the calyx. 
 
 Leaves oval, oblong or obovate, persistent. 25. P. erecinm. 
 
 Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear-oblong, persistent. 27. P. ramosissimum. 
 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, fugacious. 28. P. camporuin. 
 
 Achene much exserted beyond the calyx. 26. P. exserfum. 
 
 Plants strictly erect and very slender. 
 
 Leaves with a lateral impression on either side of the midvein; fruiting pedicels stout, erect. 
 
 29. P. tenue. 
 Leaves without lateral impressions; fruiting pedicels slender, deflexed. 30. P. Douglasii. 
 
 4. Flowers in axillary and terminal clusters, racemes or panicled racemes; stems mostly twining. 
 Stems twining; herbaceous vines. 
 
 Outer segments of the calyx unchanged, or keeled in fruit. 
 
 Achene granular and dull; ocreae not bristly. 31. P. Convolvulus. 
 
 Achene smooth and shining; ocreae bristly. 32. P. cilinode. 
 Outer segments of the calyx conspicuously winged in fruit. 
 Calyx-wings not incised. 
 
 Fruiting calyx 5" -6" long, the wings crisped. 33. P. scandens. 
 
 Fruiting calyx 3" -4" long, the wings rather flat. 34. P. dutnetonnii. 
 
 Calyx-wings incised. 35- P- cristatinn. 
 
 Stems stout, erect, tall; outer calyx-segments winged in fruit. 36. P. Zuccarinn. 
 
 5. Flowers in capitate clusters or racemes ; stem climbing by recurved prickles. 
 
 Leaves sagittate; achene 3-angled. 37- P. sagittahtm. 
 
 Leaves halberd-shaped; achene lenticular. 38. P. arifoli nin. 
 
 i. Polygonum viviparum L,. Alpine 
 
 Bistort. (Fig. 1318.) 
 Polygonum viviparum L. Sp. PI. 360. 1753. 
 
 Perennial by a corm-like rootstock, mostly gla- 
 brous and somewhat glaucous; stems solitary or 
 clustered, erect, simple, slender, 2 / -io / tall. Basal 
 leaves oblong or lanceolate, i / -8 / long, rather acute 
 at the apex, cordate or subcordate at the base, long- 
 petioled; stem leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, 
 i '-3' long, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, 
 their margins often revolute; ocreae long, clasping 
 below, open above; raceme solitary, terminal, nar- 
 row, rather dense, bearing a number of dark colored 
 bulblets about its base; calyx 5-parted, pale rose- 
 color or white; stamens 8, exserted; styles-parted, 
 its branches exserted; achene oblong, 3-angled. 
 
 Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south to the high 
 summits of the mountains of New England, and in the 
 Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in arctic and 
 alpine Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 2. Polygonum amphibium L. Water Persicaria. (Fig. 1319.) 
 
 Polygonum amphibium L. Sp. PI. 361. 1753. 
 
 Aquatic, perennial, glabrous when mature; 
 stem floating or submersed, simple or spar- 
 ingly branched, 4-2o long. Leaves oblong, 
 elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, i%'-4? long, peti- 
 oled, obtuse or subacute at the apex, slightly 
 inequilateral, rounded or narrowed at the 
 base, sometimes ciliate; ocreae cylindric, those 
 of the branches often longer than the inter- 
 nodes, their limbs sometimes spreading, usu- 
 ally glabrous; raceme terminal, usually soli- 
 tary, ^ / -i / long, dense, erect, oblong or ovoid ; 
 calyx rose-color, 5-parted; stamens 5, exserted; 
 style 2-cleft, exserted; achene orbicular ob- 
 long, lenticular, i < ^ // long, biconvex, black, 
 smooth and shining, or granular. 
 
 In ponds and lakes, Quebec to Alaska, south to 
 northern New Jersey, Kentucky, Colorado and 
 California. Ascends to 2000 ft. in the Adiron- 
 dacks. Also in Europe. July-Aug. 
 
POLYGONACEAE. 
 
 3. Polygonum Hartwrightii A. Gray. 
 Hart Wright's Persicaria. (Fig. 1320.) 
 
 Polygonum Hartwrightii A. Gray, Proc. Am. AcacL 
 8: 294. 1870. 
 
 Perennial by rootstocks, more or less hispid 
 throughout; stem ascending, decumbent or erect, 
 6 x -2 long, many-jointed, grooved, usually rather 
 stout. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or ob- 
 long, 3 / -6 / long, obtuse or subacute at the apex,, 
 short-petioled or sessile; ocreae cylindric, varying 
 from one-half as long to as long as the internodes, 
 the limb abruptly spreading, fringed with short 
 bristles; racemes usually solitary, dense, y z '-\ r 
 long, oblong; calyx rose-colored, 5 parted; sta- 
 mens 5, exserted; style exserted, 2-cleft to be- 
 yond the middle; achene oblong, biconvex, lenti- 
 cular, black, smooth, shining. 
 
 In swamps or moist soil, Hudson Bay to Oregon, 
 south to southern Pennsylvania, Kansas, Nevada and 
 Lower California. June-Aug. 
 
 4. Polygonum emersum (Michx.) Britton. Swamp Persicaria. (Fig. 1321.) 
 
 Polygonum amphibium var. emersum Michx. Fl. Bor. 
 
 Am. i: 240. 1803. 
 
 P. MuhlenberguS.Wa.ts.Vroc.Am. Ac. 14: 295. 1879. 
 Polygonum emersum Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 
 
 8: 73. 1889. 
 
 Perennial by long creeping or horizontal root- 
 stocks, glabrous or strigose- pubescent; stem erect or 
 assurgent, commonly simple, channeled, enlarged 
 at the nodes, i-3 high. Leaves ovate-lanceolate 
 or oblong-lanceolate, or the upper sometimes nar- 
 rowly lanceolate, 2> / -S / long, acute or usually acu- 
 minate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, 
 petioled, the lateral nerves prominent, sometimes 
 forking; ocreae cylindric, becoming loose, not cili- 
 ate; racemes i or 2, erect, \ f -$ r long, linear-oblong, 
 dense, calj'x dark rose-color, 5-parted; stamens 5, 
 exserted; style 2-cleft, exserted; achene broadly 
 obovate or orbicular, i%" long, very convex, 
 lenticular, black and slightly granular, but shining. 
 
 In swamps and moist soil, Ontario to Northwest Ter- 
 ritory and British Columbia, south to Virginia, Louisi- 
 ana and Mexico. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 Polygonum Portoricense Bertero. Dense- flowered Persicaria. (Fig. 1322.) 
 
 Polygonum densiftorum Meisn. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5: 
 
 Part i, 13. 1855. Not Blume, 1825-26. 
 Polygonum Portoricense Bertero; Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 
 
 14: 121. 1856. 
 
 Perennial, more or less scurfy; stem erect, decum- 
 bent or floating, 3-5 long or longer, branched, en- 
 larged at the nodes, often dark brown. Leaves lan- 
 ceolate or linear-lanceolate, i^ / -i2 / long, acuminate 
 at both ends, obscurely punctate, short-petioled, the 
 nerves prominent beneath; ocreae cylindric, some- 
 times bristly when young, naked when mature, some- 
 times hispid; racemes spicate, paniculate, often in 
 pairs, i / ~5 / long, dense, erect; calyx white or whitish, 
 5-parted to near the base; stamens 6-8, included; style 
 2-3-cleft, somewhat exserted; achene lenticular and 
 strongly biconvex or 3-angled, \"-\% ff long, broadly 
 oblong, orbicular or even broader than high, black, 
 smooth and shining, or minutely granular. 
 
 In wet soil, Missouri to Florida, Texas, the West Indies 
 and South America. May-Nov. 
 
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 557 
 
 6. Polygonum incarnatum Ell. Slender 
 Pink Persicaria. (Fig. 1323.) 
 
 Polygonum incarnatum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 456. 1817. 
 
 Annual, glabrous or nearly so, stem erect, simple 
 or branched above, more or less swollen at the nodes, 
 2-4 tall. Leaves lanceolate, 3 '-9' long, Yz'-^/z' 
 wide, acuminate at both ends, short-petioled, sparingly 
 punctate and ciliate; ocreae cylindric, long, loose, 
 brittle, sometimes ciliolate when young, glabrous when 
 mature; racemes panicled, drooping, i^'-^ long, 
 linear, many-flowered; calyx white or pink, small, 
 5-parted; stamens 6; style 2-parted to near the base; 
 achene ovoid-oblong, lenticular, about i // long, flat or 
 biconcave, smooth, shining. 
 
 In wet soil, Vermont to Illinois, south to Florida and 
 Louisiana. June-Sept. 
 
 7. Polygonum lapathifolium L,. Dock- 
 leaved or Pale Persicaria. (Fig. 1324.) 
 
 Polygonum lapathifolium L. Sp. PI. 360. 1753. 
 
 Annual, stem simple or much branched, erect or as- 
 cending, swollen at the nodes, i-3 high, the pedun- 
 cles and pedicels glandular. Leaves lanceolate or ob- 
 long-lanceolate, 2 / -io / long, usually broader than 
 those of the preceding, attenuate to the apex, acumi- 
 nate at the base, short-petioled, ciliate, inconspicuously 
 punctate; ocreae cylindric, ribbed or striate; racemes 
 panicled, \'-if long, drooping, narrow, rather dense; 
 calyx pink, greenish or white, 5-parted; stamens 6; 
 style 2-parted to below the middle; achene broadly 
 oblong or ovoid, lenticular, i^long, brownish or black, 
 slightly reticulated but shining, its faces concave. 
 
 In waste places, throughout temperate North America. 
 Naturalized from Europe. Sometimes a troublesome 
 weed. Native also of Asia. June-Sept. 
 Polygonum lapathifolium nodosum (Pers. ) Small, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 140. 1894. 
 Polygonum nodosum Pers. Syn. 1:440. 1805. 
 
 . 'Generally robust and glabrous; stem stout, reddish, purple spotted and with a purple ring be- 
 low each ocrea, much thickened at the nodes; leaves conspicuously punctate; racemes i'~3' long, 
 less drooping, often erect; achene slightly larger. Occasional in the range of the type. 
 
 Polygonum lapathifolium incanum (Schmidt) Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. 711. 1837. 
 Polygonum incanum Schmidt, Fl. Boem. 4: 90. 1795. 
 
 Low, stem slender, erect, 2'-iz' high, slightly scurfy; leaves lanceolate, ovate or oblong, usu- 
 ally narrowed at the base, white-tomentose beneath, glabrous above; racemes ^'-i^' long. In 
 waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario, New York and British Columbia. 
 
 8. Polygonum Pennsylvanicum L. 
 
 Pennsylvania Persicaria. (Fig. 1325.) 
 
 Polygonum Pennsylvanicum L- Sp. PI. 362. 1753- 
 
 Annual, glabrous below ; stem erect, simple or 
 branched, i-3 tall, the upper parts, the peduncles 
 and pedicels glandular. Leaves lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate at the apex, petioled, ciliate, 2 / -n / long, the 
 upper sometimes glandular beneath; ocreae cylin- 
 dric, thin, naked, glabrous; racemes panicled, erect, 
 thick, oblong or cylindric, dense, i / -2 / long; calyx 
 dark pink or rose-color, 5-parted; stamens 8 or fewer; 
 style 2-cleft to about the middle; achene orbicular or 
 mostly broader than high, i%" long, short-pointed, 
 lenticular, smooth, shining. 
 
 In moist soil, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Minnesota, 
 Florida and Texas. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Virginia. 
 July-Sept. 
 
558 
 
 POLYGONACEAE. 
 
 g. Polygonum longistylum Small. Long-styled Persicaria. (Fig. 1326.) 
 
 Polygonum longistylum Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 
 21 : 169. 1894. 
 
 Annual or perennial, glabrous except the glan- 
 dular upper branches and peduncles; stem erect, 
 rather slender, i-3 tall, becoming somewhat 
 woody below. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lan- 
 ceolate, i / -6 / long, acuminate at both ends, peti- 
 oled, their margins undulate, slightly crisped, 
 more or less ciliolate; ocreae cylindric, entire, 
 brittle, soon falling away; racemes panicled, 
 sometimes geminate, I'-tf long, rather dense, 
 erect; calyx lilac, 5-parted to below the middle, 
 the lobes petaloid; stameus 6-8, included; style 
 2-parted, slender, conspicuously exserted; stig- 
 mas black; achene broadly ovoid, lenticular, 
 slightly gibbous on both sides, long-pointed, 
 black, granular, but somewhat shining, \%" 
 long. 
 
 In moist soil, Southern Illinois and Missouri to 
 Louisiana and New Mexico. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 10. Polygonum Persicaria L,. Lady's 
 
 Thumb. (Fig. 1327.) 
 Polygonum- Persicaria L. Sp. PI. 361. 1753. 
 
 Annual, glabrous or puberulent; stem erect or 
 ascending, simple or much branched, )4-2 
 high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 
 i'-6' long, short-petioled or nearly sessile, acu- 
 minate at both ends, conspicuously punctate, usu- 
 ally with a dark triangular or lunar blotch near 
 the centre, their margins entire or slightly eroded, 
 often ciliate; ocreae cylindric, nearly glabrous, 
 fringed with short bristles; racemes solitary or 
 panicled, ^'-2' long, ovoid or oblong, dense, 
 erect; calyx pink or dark purple; stamens mostly 
 6; style 2-3-parted to below the middle; achene 
 broadly ovate and lenticular, often gibbous or 
 3-angled, \ ff -\%" long, smooth and shining. 
 
 In waste places, throughout North America, ex- 
 cept the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe- 
 Often an abundant weed. June-Oct. 
 
 ii. Polygonum persicarioides H.B.K. 
 Southwestern Persicaria. (Fig. 1328.) 
 
 P. persicarioides H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 179. 1817. 
 
 Perennial, glabrous or minutely pubescent; stem 
 erect, decumbent or creeping, simple or branched, 
 i-3 long. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 
 acuminate at both ends, punctate, short-petioled or 
 subsessile, i^'-io' long; ocreae cylindric, glabrous 
 or sparingly strigillose, fringed with short bristles; 
 spicate racemes more or less panicled, erect, \'--\f 
 long, narrowly oblong or linear, loosely- flowered; 
 calyx rose-color tinged with green, 5-parted to below 
 the middle; stamens 8 or fewer, included; style 2-3- 
 parted to near the base; achene lenticular and 
 biconvex, or 3-angled, more or less gibbous, \" 
 long, ovoid or broadly oblong, short-pointed, black, 
 minutely granular, but shining. 
 
 Nebraska to Mexico; widely distributed in tropical 
 America. June-Sept. 
 
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 
 
 559 
 
 12. Polygonum Careyi Olney. Carey's 
 Persicaria. (Fig. 1329.) 
 
 Polvgonum Careyi Olney, Proc. Providence Franklin 
 
 Soc. i: 29. 1847. 
 
 Annual, rough-glandular throughout, stem 
 erect, i-3 tall, simple or sparingly branched 
 above. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceo- 
 late, the uppermost nearly linear, 2 / -n / long, 
 short-petioled or nearly sessile, acuminate at both 
 ends, hispid on the midrib, ciliate, sparingly punc- 
 tate; ocreae cylindric, sparsely hispid, fringed with 
 long bristles; racemes several, narrow, terminal, 
 loosely-flowered, drooping, i / -2^ / long; calyx pur- 
 plish; stamens 5 or sometimes 8; style 2-parted to be- 
 low the middle; achene lenticular, broadly ovoid or 
 obovoid, iJ4 // -i,^ // long, short-pointed, thick, 
 smooth and shining-. 
 
 In marshes, Ontario to Rhode Island, New Jersey 
 and Pennsylvania. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Pennsylva- 
 nia. Also in Michigan. July-Sept. 
 
 13. Polygonum setaceum Balchv. 
 Bristly Persicaria. (Fig. 1330.) 
 
 Polygonum setaceum Baldw. ; Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 
 
 i': 455. 1817. 
 
 Perennial, glabrous or strigose-pubescent 
 above, stem 2-4 high, erect, simple or spar- 
 ingly branched; leaves lanceolate or oblong- 
 lanceolate, 2 / -g / long, mostly short-petioled, 
 acuminate at both ends, ciliate, inconspicuously 
 punctate; ocreae cylindric, long, strigose, 
 fringed with very long bristles; racemes few, 
 terminal, i / -2^ / long, erect, linear-oblong, 
 sometimes geminate, rather loosely flowered; 
 calyx white or pink; stamens 8; style 3-parted 
 to below the middle; acheue 3-angled, oblong or 
 obovoid, short, thick-pointed, ^"-2" long, 
 minutely reticulated and rather dull, or smooth 
 and shining. 
 
 In swamps, southern Missouri to Louisiana, east 
 to North Carolina and Florida. June-Sept. 
 
 14. Polygonum Opelousanum Riddell. 
 Opelousas Persicaria. (Fig. 1331.) 
 
 Polygonum Opelousanum Riddell; Small, Bull. 
 Torr. Club, 19: 354. 1892. 
 
 Perennial, glabrous or nearly so throughout, 
 stem slender, erect or ascending, sparingly or 
 considerably branched, i-3 tall, becoming 
 woody below. Leaves linear or linear-lanceo- 
 late, i)4 / ~5 / long, sessile, ciliate; ocreae cylin- 
 dric, strigose, fringed with long bristles; spicate 
 racemes panicled, erect, often geminate, y 2 '-2' 
 long, not densely flowered; calyx white, pedi- 
 celled, 5-parted to below the middle; stamens 8 
 or fewer, included; style deeply 3-parted; achene 
 3-angled or rarely 4-angled, broadly ovoid or 
 obovoid, ^4 ff long, black, smooth and shining 
 
 Missouri to Louisiana, Texas and Mexico. July- 
 Sept. 
 
 36 
 
560 
 
 POLYGONACEAE. 
 
 15. Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. Mild Water Pepper. (Fig. 1332.) 
 
 P. hydropiperoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 239. 1803. 
 Polygonum mite Pers. Syn. i: 440. 1805. 
 
 Perennial, glabrous or strigillose, stem erect, decum- 
 bent or prostrate, simple or branched above, slender, 
 i-3 long. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblong- 
 lanceolate, varying to linear-lanceolate, 2 / -6 / long, 
 short-petioled, acute at apex, ciliate, pubescent with 
 appressed hairs on the midrib beneath; ocreae cylin- 
 dric, loose, strigose, fringed with long bristles; racemes 
 panicled, terminal, erect, narrow, more or less inter- 
 rupted, i^ / -3 / long; calyx pink or greenish; stamens 
 8; style 3-parted to below the middle ; achene 3-angled, 
 ovoid or oblong, i // -i^ // long, smooth, shining. 
 
 In swamps and wet soil, New Brunswick to Minnesota 
 and California, south to Florida and Mexico. June-Sept. 
 
 Polygonum hydropiperoides Macouni Small, Mem. Dept. 
 
 Bot. Col. Coll. i: 81. 1895. 
 
 More robust than the type, stem i -3 long, clothed with 
 stout appressed hairs; leaves lanceolate, obtuse; ocreo- 
 lae more or less ciliate; calyx white or whitish, often con- 
 spicuous. Quebec to West Virginia and Indiana. Also- 
 in California. 
 
 16. Polygonum Hydropiper L,. Smart-weed. Water Pepper. (Fig. 1333.) 
 Polygonum Hydropiper L. Sp. PI. 361. 1753. 
 
 Annual, glabrous, stem erect, simple or branched, 
 red or reddish, sometimes green, 8 / -24 / tall. 
 Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, i / -4 / long, 
 short-petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, un- 
 dulate or slightly crisped, punctate, ciliate, very 
 acrid, ocreae cylindric, fringed with short bristles, 
 sometimes slightly pubescent, usually swollen at 
 the base by the development of several flowers 
 within; racemes panicled, i / ~3 / long, narrow, 
 drooping, interrupted; calyx green, 3-5-parted 
 (usually 4-parted) conspicuously punctate; stamens 
 4 or sometimes 6; style short, 2-3-parted; achene 
 lenticular or 3-angled, broadly oblong or ovoid, 
 slightly gibbous, iX // ~ I K // l n g> granular, dull. 
 
 In moist waste places, almost throughout North 
 America. Naturalized from Europe in our area, per- 
 haps indigenous in the far Northwest. July-Sept. 
 
 17. Polygonum punctatum Ell. Dotted 
 or Water Smart- weed. (Fig. 1334.) 
 
 P. punctatum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 455- 1817. 
 P. acre H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 179. 1817. Not Lam. 
 
 Annual or perennial, glabrous or very nearly so, 
 stem erect or ascending, rarely prostrate, simple or 
 branched, i-3 long. Leaves lanceolate or ob- 
 long-lanceolate, i / -8 / long, acuminate at both ends, 
 petioled, ciliate, conspicuously punctate, acrid, the 
 midrib often with a few scattered hairs; ocreae cy- 
 lindric; falling away at maturity; fringed with long 
 bristles; racemes terminal, narrow, erect or slightly 
 drooping; loosely flowered, %'-$' long; calyx 
 greenish; stamens 8; style 2-3-parted to the base; 
 achene oblong, short, thick, lenticular or 3-angled. 
 \W long, smooth, shining. 
 
 In swamps and wet places, throughout North Amer- 
 ica except the extreme north. June-Oct. 
 
 Polygonum punctatum leptostachyum (Meisn.) Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 356. 1892. 
 Polygonum acre var. leptostachyum Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14: 108. 1856. 
 
 Rather smaller; stem slender, i-2 long; leaves narrower; racemes very slender and much m- 
 
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 
 
 561 
 
 terrupted, clustered at the summit; achene about i" long, oblong, shining, 
 south to Florida and Mexico. 
 
 Vermont to California, 
 
 Polygonum punctatum robustior Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 477. 1894. 
 d stouter than the type, leafy; stem 2-5 tall, conspicuously enlarged at the nodes; 
 leaves 2 r -8' long; racemes thicker, 1-4' long, interrupted below; achene i l A long, slightly granular, 
 
 somewhat obovoid; calyx-segments white. Massachusetts to Florida, near the coast. 
 
 18. Polygonum orientale I,. Prince's 
 Feather. (Fig. 1335.) 
 
 Polygonum orientale L- Sp. PI. 362. 1753. 
 
 Annual, more or less hispid, stem erect, i-8 tall, 
 branched. Leaves ovate or broadly oblong, 3 / -i2 / 
 long, petioled, acuminate at the apex, ciliate; peti- 
 oles slightly winged; ocreae cylindric, loose, with 
 or without a spreading border, ciliate; racemes 
 panicled, oblong-cylindric, \ f -\ f long, dense, droop- 
 ing; flowers large for the genus, calyx dark rose- 
 color or crimson; stamens 7, exserted; style 2-cleft 
 to above the middle, included; stigmas large; achene 
 orbicular or broader than long, lenticular, flat, 
 nearly \Yz rf in diameter, finely reticulated and 
 rather dull. 
 
 In waste places, escaped from gardens throughout 
 eastern North America. Native of India. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 19. Polygonum Virginianum L,. Virginia 
 Knotweed. (Fig. 1336.) 
 
 Polygonum Virginianum L- Sp. PI. 360. 1753. 
 
 Annual, nearly glabrous or strigose-pubescent, stem 
 erect or arching, simple or branched above, i-4 tall. 
 Leaves ovate or elliptic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
 short-petioled, acuminate at the apex, 2 / -6 / long, 
 sparingly ciliate; ocreae cylindric, strigose, fringed 
 with short bristles; racemes spicate, erect, terminal 
 and axillary, naked, greatly elongated and interrupted, 
 sometimes 12' long; calyx curved, greenish or rose- 
 color, 4-cleft; stamens 5; style long, exserted, 2-parted 
 to the base, its branches at length curled; achene 2" 
 long, ovate-oblong, lenticular, strongly biconvex, dark 
 brown or cream-colored, smooth, shining. 
 
 In woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and 
 Texas. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. July-Nov. 
 
 20. Polygonum aviculare L,. Knot- 
 grass. Door-weed. (Fig. 1337.) 
 
 Polygonum aviculare L. Sp. PI. 362. 1753. 
 
 Annual or commonly perennial, slender, gla- 
 brous, dull green or bluish green, stem prostrate 
 or ascending, simple or branched, 4 / -2 long. 
 Leaves oblong, linear or oblanceolate, 3 // -io // 
 long, nearly sessile or short-petioled, jointed to 
 the ocreae, narrowed at the base, usually acute 
 at the apex, not conspicuously veined; ocreae ob- 
 lique, silvery, 2-parted or at length lacerate; 
 clusters axillary, i-5-flowered; flowers small, 
 short-pedicelled; calyx green, 5-parted, the lobes 
 with white or pink borders; stamens 5-8; style 
 short, 3-parted to near the base; achene 3-angled, 
 ovoid, i // long, acute, reticulated. 
 
 A weed in cultivated and waste grounds, common 
 almost throughout North America, Asia and Europe. 
 June-Oct. 
 
562 
 
 POLYGONACEAE. 
 
 21. Polygonum littorale L,ink. Shore 
 Knotweed. (Fig. 1338.) 
 
 Polygonum littorale Link in Schrad. Journ. i: 54. 
 1799. 
 
 Annual or perennial, stout, glabrous, bright 
 green or slightly glaucous, stem i-4 long, pros- 
 trate or ascending, diffusely branched from a 
 woody base, striate. Leaves oblong, oblong-lan- 
 ceolate or oblanceolate, 2 // -9 // long, obtuse or 
 subacute at the apex, mostly acuminate at the 
 base, prominently veined, often crisped, jointed 
 to the ocreae; ocreae oblique, 2- parted, at length 
 lacerate; flowers axillary, 2-6 in each cluster; 
 calyx green, its lobes whitish-margined or car- 
 mine; stamens 8; sty le short, 3-parted to the base; 
 achene broadly ovoid, 3-angled, \y 2 " long, more 
 or less narrowed at the base and apex. 
 
 On shores and in waste places, New Brunswick to 
 Minnesota and California, south to Virginia, Illinois 
 and Kansas. Also in Europe. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 22. Polygonum Bellardi All. Bellard's 
 Knotweed. (Fig. 1339.) 
 
 Polygonum Bellardi All. Fl. Fed. 2: 205. pi. 90. f. 2. 
 
 1785- 
 
 Annual, dingy green, stem slender, prostrate or 
 spreading, i-3 long, simple or diffusely branched, 
 striate. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceo- 
 late, short-petioled, 2 // -2o // long, acute at the apex, 
 acuminate at the base, distant, prominently veined 
 beneath, jointed to the ocreae; ocreae oblique, sil- 
 very, slightly lacerate when young, becoming much 
 incised when old; flowers 1-3 together in the axils; 
 calyx green, its lobes white-margined; stamens 8; 
 style 3-parted to the base, very short; achene ovoid 
 or oblong-ovoid, 3-angled, rather pointed at both 
 ends, i // -i^ // long, reticulated and rather dull. 
 
 In waste grounds, Washington, D. C. 
 from eastern Europe or western Asia. 
 
 Adventive 
 
 Polygonum maritimum L,. Seaside Knotweed. (Fig. 1340.) 
 
 Polygonum maritimum L. Sp. PI. 361. 1753. 
 Polygonum glaucum Nutt. Gen. i: 254. 1818. 
 
 Perennial or sometimes annual, glaucous, gla- 
 brous, root usually deep, woody, stem prostrate 
 or ascending, branched, 8 / -2o / long, deeply 
 striate. Leaves ovate or oblong, mostly equal- 
 ling or longer than the internodes, 3 // -i2 // long, 
 fleshy, veined beneath, somewhat rugose above, 
 conspicuously jointed to the ocreae, the margins 
 often re volute; ocreae large, silvery, 2-parted or 
 at length lacerate, becoming brown at the base; 
 flowers 1-3 together in the axils, becoming slen- 
 der-pedicelled; calyx white or pinkish; stamens 
 8; style short, 3-parted; achene 3-angled, ovoid or 
 narrowly ovoid, \y 2 /f long, acute or acuminate, 
 smooth, shining, longer than the calyx. 
 
 In sands of the seashore, Maine to Florida, 
 on the coast of Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 Also 
 
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 
 
 563 
 
 24. Polygonum Rayi Babingt. Ray's Knotweed. (Fig. 1341.) 
 
 Polygonum Rayi Babingt. ]\Ian. Brit. Bot. Ed. 2, 
 275- 1848. 
 
 Perennial or annual, glabrous, slightly glau- 
 cous, stem 3 / -24 / long, prostrate, usually much 
 branched, striate. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or 
 oblong, 3 // -i5 // long, short-petioled, acute or 
 obtusish at the apex, veined beneath, incon- 
 spicuously so above, shorter than the intern odes, 
 inconspicuously jointed to the ocreae; ocreae 
 2-parted, becoming lacerate, silvery, brown and 
 glaucous at the base when old; flowers 2-4 to- 
 gether in the axils; stamens 5 or 6; style short, 
 3-parted to the base; achene ovoid, 3-angled, 
 2 //_3// long, slightly granular but shining, much 
 exceeding the calyx. 
 
 In waste places, New Brunswick and Prince Ed- 
 ward Island to British Columbia, south along the 
 Atlantic Coast to Virginia. Naturalized from 
 Europe ? May-Sept. 
 
 25. Polygonum erectum L,. Erect 
 Knotweed. (Fig. 1342.) 
 
 Polygonum erectum I,. Sp. PI. 363. 1753. 
 
 Annual, glabrous, stem erect or ascending, 8 / -2 
 high, terete, nearly simple or much branched. 
 Leaves oval, oblong or obovate, subsessile or 
 short-petioled, 3 // -i8 // long, obtuse or subacute at 
 the apex, conspicuously jointed to the ocreae; 
 ocreae oblique, funnelform, soon lacerate, silvery 
 when young; flowers 1-2 together in the axils; 
 calyx greenish, enlarged in fruit; stamens 6 (some- 
 times 5) style very short, 3-parted to near the 
 base; achene ovoid-pyramidal, 3-angled, ij^" 
 long, reticulated and dull, invested by the calyx, 
 or the apex slightly protruding. 
 
 In moist or dry soil, Ontario to the Northwest Ter- 
 ritory, Tennessee and Arkansas. July-Sept. 
 
 26. Polygonum exsertum Small. L,ong- 
 
 fruited Knotweed. (Fig. 1343.) 
 P. exsertum Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 172. 1894. 
 
 Annual, glabrous, sometimes slightly glaucous, 
 stem slender, brownish, erect or nearly so, con- 
 spicuously striate, branched, i^ -3 tall. Leaves 
 lanceolate, rarely oblanceolate, %'-!%' long, acute 
 or cuspidate at the apex, acuminate at the base, 
 nearly sessile; ocreae 2-4-parted when young, soon 
 lacerate, silvery, becoming brownish; calyx green- 
 ish, or white, 6-parted to near the base; stamens 5 
 or 6, included; style 3-cleft or 3-parted, very short; 
 achene 3-angled, narrowly pyramidal, 2X // ~3 // 
 long, more or less constricted above the middle, 
 chestnut-brown, smooth, shining, 2-3 times as long 
 as the calyx, at length twisted. 
 
 Northwest Territory, south to Illinois, Missouri 
 and Nebraska and on the Atlantic coast, in brackish 
 marshes, from Maine to New York. Aug. -Oct. 
 
POLYGONACEAE. 
 
 27. Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. 
 Bushy Knotweed. (Fig. 1344.) 
 
 P. ramosissimum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 237. 1803. 
 
 Annual, bright green or yellowish green, gla- 
 brous, stem erect or ascending, usually very much 
 branched, slender, striate, usually rigid, 4 / -4 tall. 
 Leaves lanceolate or linear- oblong, short-petioled, 
 3'/_2o // long, acuminate at both ends, persistent, 
 conspicuously jointed to the ocreae; ocreae oblique, 
 funnelform, few-nerved, becoming deeply lacerate; 
 flowers several together in the axillary clusters, 
 short-pedicelled; calyx 5-6-parted, greenish-white; 
 stamens 6 or fewer; style very short, 3-parted to the 
 base; achene 3-angled, acute, sometimes slightly 
 protruding beyond the calyx, nearly \ l /i" long, 
 black, reticulated, dull. 
 
 In saline soil, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory, 
 New Mexico and California, and on the Atlantic coast 
 from Maine to New Jersey. July-Sept. 
 
 Polygonum ramosissimum prolificum Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 171. 1894. 
 Bushy, much branched, stem nearly erect, its internodes short, its nodes giving off 2 or more 
 branches; leaves narrower; flowers and achenes more numerous. Nebraska and Kansas; also on 
 the coast of Maine. 
 
 28. Polygonum camporum Meisn. 
 Prairie Knotweed. (Fig. 1345.) 
 
 P. camporum Meisn. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5: 21. 1855. 
 Annual or perennial, glabrous, stem mostly 
 erect, slightly striate, much branched, some- 
 times slightly glaucous, 2-3 tall. Leaves 
 linear-lanceolate or oblong, soon falling away, 
 subsessile, rather obtuse at the apex, veined be- 
 neath, 3 // -i2 // long; ocreae funnelform, early 
 lacerate and fugacious, dark brown; flowers sev- 
 eral together in the axillary clusters, slender-ped- 
 icelled; pedicels short; stamens 8; style short, 
 3-parted; achene pyramidal-ovoid, 3-angled, 
 black, nearly \y z " long, smooth, shining. 
 
 ' On prairies, Nebraska to Louisiana and New 
 Mexico. Also in South America. July-Sept. 
 
 29. Polygonum tenue Michx. Slender 
 
 Knotweed. (Fig. 1346.) 
 Polygonum tenue Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 238. 1803. 
 
 Annual, glabrous, somewhat rough about the 
 nodes, stem very slender or filiform, erect, simple 
 or branched, somewhat 4-angled, 4 / -i2 / tall. 
 Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, sessile, acumi- 
 nate at the apex, 2 // -i2 // long, articulated to the 
 ocreae, i -ribbed with a lateral impression on each 
 side of the rib, the margins minutely scabrous or 
 serrulate; ocreae funnelform, soon lacerate; flowers 
 several in the axillary clusters, green, subsessile; 
 calyx-lobes whitish ; stamens 8; style 3-parted nearly 
 to the base, its branches diverging; fruit erect; 
 achene 3-angled, black, i // -i>^ // long, reticulated 
 on the angles, the centre of its faces smooth. 
 
 Dry soil, Ontario to Minnesota, Georgia and Arkan- 
 sas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in North Carolina. July-Sept. 
 
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 
 
 565 
 
 30. Polygonum Douglasii Greene. 
 Douglas' Knotweed. (Fig. 1347-) 
 
 Polrgomim Douglasii Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. 
 (II.) 1:125. 1885. 
 
 Annual, similar to the preceding species, gla- 
 brous, somewhat rough at the nodes, sometimes 
 slightly glaucous, stem erect, S'-iS' tall, simple 
 or usually much branched, almost terete. 
 Leaves oblong or narrowly lanceolate, X x ~ 2/ 
 long, subsessile, rather thin, flat or revolute, 
 with no lateral impressions parallel to the mid- 
 rib; ocreae oblique, short, soon lacerate; clus- 
 ters axillary, several-flowered; the flowers and 
 fruit deflexed; calyx green with white or rose- 
 colored margin; stamens 8; style 3-parted; 
 achene 3-angled, \W~-2." long, oblong or ovoid- 
 oblong, black, smooth and shining. 
 
 Northwest Territory and British Columbia to New 
 Mexico and Indian Territory, east through Ontario 
 to northern New York and Vermont. June-Sept. 
 
 31. Polygonum Convolvulus I,. Black Bindweed. (Fig. 1348.) 
 
 ^-c- - 
 
 Polygonum Convolvulus L,. Sp. PI. 364. i?53- 
 
 Annual, glabrous, scurfy, stem twining or trail- 
 ing, 6 / -3 long, mostly branched, the internodes 
 elongated. Leaves ovate-sagittate or the upper- 
 most lanceolate-sagittate, long-petioled, acuminate 
 at the apex, slightly ciliate, Yz'-Z' long; ocreae ob- 
 lique, short, rough on the margin; axillary clusters 
 or racemes loosely flowered; flowers greenish, pen- 
 dulous on slender pedicels; calyx 5-parted, closely 
 investing the achene, the outer lobes slightly or 
 not at all keeled; stamens 8; style short, nearly 
 entire; stigmas 3; achene 3-angled, obovoid-pyram- 
 idal, \yz" long, thick-pointed, black, granular, 
 rather dull. 
 
 In waste and cultivated grounds, nearly throughout 
 North America except the extreme north. Naturalized 
 from Europe. Native of Asia. Sometimes a trouble- 
 some weed. Calyx rarely 6-parted. July-Sept. 
 
 32. Polygonum cilinode Michx. 
 Fringed Black Bindweed. (Fig. 1349.) 
 
 P. cilinode Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 241. 1803. 
 
 Perennial, sparingly pubescent, stem red or 
 reddish, twining or prostrate, i-io long. 
 Leaves broadly ovate or somewhat hastate, acu- 
 minate at the apex, cordate at the base, rather 
 long-petioled, undulate, finely ciliate, i / -4 / 
 long, or the upper smaller; ocreae small, armed 
 with reflexed bristles near the base; racemes 
 mostly panicled, axillary and terminal, inter- 
 rupted; calyx whitish; style short, 3-parted to 
 the base; achene 3-angled, oblong-pyramidal or 
 ovoid.nearly i^" long, very smooth and shining. 
 
 In rocky places, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Minne- 
 sota and Pennsylvania, south in Hie Alleghanies to 
 
 North Carolina. 
 June-Sept. 
 
 Ascends to 2000 ft. in the Catskills. 
 
3 
 
 POLYGONACEAE. 
 
 33. Polygonum scandens L. Climbing 
 
 False Buckwheat. (Fig. 1351.) 
 Polygonum scandens I,. Sp. PI. 364. 1753. 
 
 Perennial, glabrous, stem climbing, 2-2o long, 
 rather stout, striate, branched, rough on the ridges. 
 Leaves ovate, acuminate, cordate at the base, i / -6 / " 
 long or the upper smaller, the larger long-petioled, 
 finely punctate, the margins scabrous; ocreae oblique, 
 smooth and glabrous; racemes usually numerous and 
 panicled, interrupted, leafy, 2 / -8 / long; flowers yel- 
 lowish-green, long-pedicelled; calyx 5-parted, the 
 three outer segments very strongly winged and decur- 
 rent on the pedicels, especially in fruit; stamens 8; 
 style almost none; stigmas 3 ; fruiting calyx 5" -6" long, 
 the wings crisped, not incised; achene 2 // -2> // long, 
 3-angled, rather blunt at both ends, smooth, shining. 
 
 In woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Ontario and the 
 Rocky Mountains, south to Florida, Nebraska and Texas. 
 Aug. -Sept. 
 
 34. Polygonum dumetorum L,. Copse or Hedge Buckwheat. (Fig. 1350.) 
 
 Polygonum dumetorum L,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 522. 1762. 
 
 Perennial, glabrous, similar to the preceding spe- 
 cies, stem extensively twining, 2-i2 long, striate, 
 much branched. Leaves ovate or somewhat has- 
 tate, and sometimes inequilateral, acuminate at the 
 apex, cordate at the base, i / -2^ / long, long peti- 
 oled, or the upper smaller and nearly sessile; ocreae 
 oblique, smooth; racemes mostly axillary, numer- 
 ous, much interrupted, leafy-bracted, 2 / ~5 / long; 
 flowers yellowish green, pendulous; calyx 5-parted, 
 the three outer segments winged or keeled and 
 much enlarged in fruit; stamens 8; style short, 
 3-parted; fruiting calyx 3 // -4 // long, the wings 
 nearly flat, not incised; achene oblong, 3-angled, 
 2" long, inclined to be pointed at both ends, black, 
 smooth, shining. 
 
 Prairies of Illinois and about St. L,ouis, Mo. Also in 
 the vicinity of Knoxville, Teun. Naturalized from 
 Europe ? July-Sept. 
 
 IWS w"^^ 
 
 35. Polygonum cristatum Engelm. & 
 
 Gray. Crested False Buckwheat. 
 
 (Fig. 1352.) 
 
 Polygonum cristatum Engelm. & Gray, Bost. 
 Journ. Nat. Hist. 5: 259. 1847. 
 
 Perennial, scurfy, stem slender, twining, 2- 
 10 long, more or less branched. Leaves trian- 
 gular or ovate, I'-s' long, acuminate at the 
 apex, undulate, truncate or cordate at the base, 
 rather long-petioled; ocreae cylindric- funnel- 
 form; flowers in axillary simple or compound 
 often naked racemes i / -5 / long; pedicels about 
 2.^/2" long, jointed near the middle; calyx 
 greenish-white, 2 // -2^ // long, 5-parted to near 
 the base, the 3 outer segments keeled and at 
 maturity winged; stamens 8, included; style 
 none; stigmas 3; fruiting calyx 3 // -4 // long, its 
 wings incised; achene 3-angled, oblong, black, 
 smooth, shining, about \Y*" long- 
 Sandy woods and rocky banks, southern New York to Georgia, the Indian Territory and Texas. 
 Aug.-Oct. 
 
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 
 
 567 
 
 36. Polygonum Zuccarinii Small. Japanese Knotweed. 
 
 Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. Fl. Jap. Fam. 
 
 Nat. 2: 84. 1846. Not Willd. 1825. 
 Polygonum Zuccarinii Small, Mem. Dept. Bot. Col. 
 
 Coll. i: 158. pi. 66. 1895. 
 
 Perennial, glabrous, more or less scurfy, stem 
 stout, erect, woody below, terete or slightly 
 angled, much branched, 4-8 tall. Leaves ob- 
 long-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, petioled, a / -6 / 
 long, acuminate-cuspidate at the apex, truncate 
 or subcordate at the base, reticulate-veined on 
 both surfaces, their margins undulate; ocreae 
 oblique, smooth, fugacious; racemes mostly ter- 
 minal, panicled, 2 / -~4 / long, or axillary, many- 
 flowered, more or less pubescent; flowers green- 
 ish-white, long-pedicelled; outer segments of the 
 5-parted calyx very broadly winged in fruit; 
 stamens 8; style 3 -parted; achene 3-angled, nar- 
 rowly oblong or oblong-pyramidal, ~i% /f -i l /z' f 
 long, black, smooth, shining. 
 
 Escaped from cultivation near Philadelphia, Pa., 
 Schenectady, X. Y., and Atlantic Highlands, X. J. 
 Native of Japan. July-Oct. 
 
 (Fig. 1353.) 
 
 Polygonum sagittatum I,. 
 
 Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb. (Fig. 1354.) 
 
 Polygonum sagittatum L. Sp. PI. 363. 1753. 
 
 Annual, light green, stem slender, weak, de- 
 cumbent, or climbing over other plants by the 
 abundant sharp recurved prickles which arm its 
 4 prominent angles. Leaves lanceolate-sagittate or 
 oblong-sagittate, ^ / ~3 / long, obtuse or acute at the 
 apex, slightly rough on the margins, the lower pe- 
 tioled, the upper subsessile; petioles and lower sur- 
 face of the midribs prickly; ocreae oblique, not 
 ciliate, fringed at the base by a few bristle-like 
 prickles; flowers in rather dense terminal heads or 
 racemes; calyx greenish or rose-colored ; stamens 
 usually 8; style 3-parted to below the middle; 
 achene 3-angled, oblong-pyramidal, thick-pointed, 
 \W long, dark red, smooth, shining. 
 
 In wet soil, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to the 
 Xorthwest Territory, south to Florida and Kansas. 
 Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. July-Sept. 
 
 38. Polygonum arifolium L. Halberd- 
 leaved Tear-thumb. (Fig. 1355.) 
 
 Polygonum arifolium L,. Sp. PI. 364. 1753. 
 
 Perennial, stem ridged, reclining, 2-6 long, the 
 ridges armed with recurved prickles. Peduncles 
 and pedicels glandular or pubescent; leaves broadly 
 hastate, long-petioled, I'-io' long, pubescent or 
 glabrous beneath, the apex and basal lobes acumi- 
 nate; petioles and stronger nerves prickly; ocreae 
 oblique, fringed at the summit with short bristles 
 and at the base with slender prickles; flowers in 
 terminal and axillary heads or racemes; calyx rose- 
 color or greenish, 4-parted; stamens 6; sty Ie2-parted. 
 achene lenticular, broadly obovate, -2." long, strongly 
 biconvex, dark brown, smooth, shining. 
 
 In moist or wet soil, New Brunswick and Ontario to 
 Minnesota, south to South Carolina. July-Sept. 
 
5 68 
 
 POLYGONACEAE. 
 
 7. POLYGONELLA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 240. 1803. 
 
 Annual or perennial glabrous herbs, sometimes slightly woody, with erect branched 
 usually conspicuously jointed stems, alternate narrow leaves articulated to the naked ocreae, 
 and small white or greenish flowers in slender panicled racemes. Calyx unequally 5-parted, 
 persistent, its segments petalloid, loosely investing the achene or its base in fruit, the three 
 inner calyx-segments often winged. Stamens 8, included; filaments filiform, or much dilated 
 or auricled at the base; anthers oblong, small. Style 3-parted, short or almost wanting; 
 stigmas capitate; ovary i-celled, ovule solitary. Achene 3-angled, smooth. Embryo slen- 
 der, nearly straight, situated in one of the angles of the seed. [Diminutive of Polygonum.] 
 
 Five or six species, natives of North America. 
 
 Annual; inner sepals not winged in fruit; pedicels reflexed. i. P. articulata. 
 
 Perennial; inner sepals winged in fruit; pedicels divergent. 2. P. Americana. 
 
 1. Polygonella articulata (L,.) Meisn. Coast Jointweed. (Fig. 1356.) 
 
 Polygonum articulatum L. Sp. PI. 363. 1753- 
 Polygonella articulata Meisn. Gen. 2: 228. i83<5-'43. 
 
 Annual, glaucous, stem slender, wiry, erect or 
 sometimes diffusely spreading, simple or branched, 
 striate or slightly angled, 4/-IO 7 long. Leaves 
 linear or linear-subulate (apparently filiform from 
 the revolute margins), sessile, 4 // -2o // long, jointed 
 to the summits of the ocreae, cylindric, slightly ex- 
 panded at the summit; racemes numerous, erect, 
 many-flowered, I'-iJ^' long; ocreolae crowded or 
 imbricated ; pedicels reflexed ; calyx-segments 
 white with a dark midrib, loosely investing the 
 achene, not winged in fruit; achene narrowly ovoid- 
 pyramidal, pointed, \" long, brown, smooth, 
 shining. 
 
 In sands of the seashore and sandy soil along the 
 coast, Maine to Florida, and on the shores of the Great 
 Lakes. July-Oct. 
 
 2. Polygonella Americana (F. & M.) Small. 
 
 (Fig. 1357.) 
 
 Gonopyrum Americanum F. & M. Mem. Acad. St. 
 
 Petersb. (VI.) 4: 144. 1840. 
 Polygonella ericoides Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. 
 
 Hist. 5: 230. 1845. 
 P. Americana Small, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 141. 1894. 
 
 Perennial by a long slender root, slightly glaucous, 
 stem erect or ascending, wiry, somewhat flexuous, 
 i/4~4 high, simple or slightly branched, covered 
 with a ridged more or less scaly bark. Leaves linear 
 or linear-spatulate, %'-\' long, often fascicled on 
 short branches, sessile, rather fleshy, obtuse and revo- 
 lute at the apex; ocreae scarious-margined, split on one 
 side; racemes i / -3 / long, dense, divergent; calyx white 
 or pink, its three inner segments developing or- 
 bicular cordate wings, the two outer reflexed in fruit! 
 pedicels divergent, jointed below the middle; achene 
 elliptic-oblong, \} ff long, chestnut-brown, pointed at 
 both ends, smooth, shining. 
 In dry soil, Missouri to Texas, east to Georgia and Alabama. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 8. BRUNNICHIA Banks; Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. i: 213. pi. 45. f. 2. 1788. 
 Perennial, glabrous herbs with elongated, grooved much branched stems climbing by 
 tendrils at the ends of the branches, and alternate entire broad cordate petioled leaves, the 
 ocreae obscure or wanting, and small perfect flowers in panicled terminal and axillary 
 racemes, the flowers fascicled in the axils of lanceolate-subulate bracts. Pedicels slender, 
 jointed near the base. Calyx 5-parted, much enlarged, coriaceous and winged on one side 
 in fruit, closely investing the achene, the segments spreading when fresh, converging when 
 dry. Stamens 7-10, mostly 8; filaments filiform, much dilated at the base; anthers ovate- 
 
 Southern Jointweed. 
 
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 
 
 569 
 
 oblong. Style 3-parted, the stigmas 2-cleft at the summit; ovary imperfectly 2-celled; ovule 
 solitary, pendulous. Achene 3-angled. Seed irregularly 6-grooved, the embryo in one of 
 its angles. [Name in honor of M. T. Brunnich, Norwegian naturalist.] 
 
 Two known species, the following of southeastern North America, the other of tropical Africa. 
 
 i. Brunnichia cirrhosa Banks. Brunnichia. (Fig. 1358.) 
 
 Brunnichia cirrhosa Banks; Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. i: 
 
 213. pi. 45. f. 2. 1788. 
 
 Rajania ovata Walt. Fl. Car. 247. 1788. 
 
 Stem 6-20 long, somewhat woody, rather 
 tough, slender, grooved. Tendrils numerous, fili- 
 form; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or 
 acuminate at the apex, truncate or subcordate at 
 the base, i / -6 / long, petioled, slightly pubescent 
 beneath; ocreae obsolete or represented by a ring 
 of short bristles; racemes 2 / '-6' long; flowers in 
 fascicles of from 2-5; calyx campanulate, 3 // -4 // 
 long, greenish, 5-parted, its base strongly winged 
 along one side; stamens exserted; achene oblong- 
 ovoid, 3 // long, brown, smooth, closely invested 
 by the persistent and coriaceous calyx which be- 
 comes i 7 or more in length. 
 
 On banks of streams, southern Illinois to Arkan- 
 sas, east to South Carolina and Florida. May-June. 
 Fruit mature in August. 
 
 Family 15. CHENOPODIACEAE Dnmort. Anal. Fam. 15. 1829. 
 
 GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, with angled striate or terete stems. 
 Leaves alternate or sometimes opposite, exstipulate, simple, entire, toothed or 
 lobed, mostly petioled (in Salicornia reduced to mere ridges). Flowers perfect, 
 pistillate, polygamous, monoecious or dioecious, small, green or greenish, regu- 
 lar or slightly irregular, variously clustered, commonly in panicled spikes, bract- 
 less or bracteolate, occasionally solitary in the axils. Petals none. Calyx per- 
 sistent, 2-5 -lobed, 2-5 -parted or rarely reduced to a single sepal, wanting in the 
 pistillate flowers of some genera. Stamens as many as the lobes or divisions of 
 the calyx, or fewer, and opposite them; filaments slender; anthers 2-celled, lon- 
 gitudinally dehiscent. Disk usually none. Ovary mostly superior and free 
 from the calyx, i -celled; ovule solitary, amphitropous; styles 1-3; stigmas capi- 
 tate, or 2-3-lobed or divided. Fruit a utricle, with a thin or coriaceous peri- 
 carp. Seed vertical or horizontal; endosperm mealy, fleshy or wanting; embryo 
 partly or completely annular or conduplicate, or spirally coiled. 
 
 About 75 genera and 550 species, of wide geographical distribution. 
 
 5f Embryo annular or conduplicate, not spirally coiled; endosperm copious (except in Salicornia}. 
 Leafy herbs; endosperm copious. 
 
 Fruit enclosed by or not longer than the calyx or bractlets. 
 
 Flowers perfect or some of them pistillate; calyx herbaceous or fleshy. 
 Calyx 2-5-lobed or 2-5-parted; stamens 1-5. 
 
 Fruiting calyx wingless, its segments often keeled. 
 
 Calyx herbaceous or but slightly fleshy in fruit; flowers in panicled spikes. 
 
 i. Chenopodium. 
 
 Fruiting calyx dry, strongly reticulated ; leaves pinnatifid. 2. Roubieva. 
 Calyx very fleshy and bright red in fruit; flowers densely capitate. 
 
 3. Blitum. 
 
 Fruiting calyx horizontally winged. 
 Calyx of i sepal; stamen i. 
 Flowers monoecious or dioecious; calyx of pistillate flowers none 
 
 bractlets. 
 
 Bractlets flat or convex, not silky. 
 Bractlets silky-pubescent, conduplicate. 
 Flowers perfect; calyx membranous- leaves filiform-linear. 
 Fruit much exserted beyond the calyx. 
 Leafless fleshy herbs with opposite branches; endosperm none. 
 
 4. Cycloloma. 
 
 5. Monolepis. 
 fruit enclosed by 2 
 
 6. Atriplex. 
 
 7. Eurotia. 
 
 8. Kochia. 
 
 9. Corispermum. 
 10. Salicornia. 
 
 5f Embryo spirally coiled ; endosperm little or none. 
 Shrub; flowers monoecious, not bracteolate. 
 Herbs; flowers perfect, bracteolate. 
 
 Fruiting calyx wingless; leaves fleshy, not spiny. 
 
 Fruiting calyx bordered by a thin horizontal wing; leaves very spiny. 
 
 11. Sarcobalus. 
 
 12. Dondia. 
 
 13. Salsola. 
 
570 
 
 CHENOPODIACEAE. 
 
 i. CHENOPODIUM L. Sp. PI. 218. 1753. 
 
 Annual or perennial, green and glabrous, white-mealy or glandular-pubescent herbs, with 
 alternate petioled entire sinuate-dentate or pinnately lobed leaves. Flowers very small, 
 green, perfect, sessile, bractless, clustered in axillary or terminal, often panicled or 
 compound spikes. Calyx 2-5-parted or 2-5-lobed, embracing or enclosing the utricle, its 
 segments or lobes herbaceous or slightly fleshy, often keeled or ridged. Stamens 1-5; fila- 
 ments filiform or slender. Styles 2 or 3; seed horizontal or vertical, sometimes in both posi- 
 tions in different flowers of the same species, firmly attached to or readily separable from the 
 pericarp; endosperm mealy, farinaceous ; embryo completely or incompletely annular. 
 [Greek, goose-foot, from the shape of the leaves.] 
 
 About 60 species, mostly weeds, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 
 5 others occur in the western parts of North America. 
 
 T Embryo a complete ring. 
 Leaves white-mealy on the lower surface. 
 
 Leaves or some of them sinuate -toothed or lobed. 
 Sepals strongly keeled in fruit. 
 
 Pericarp firmly attached to the seed; stem erect, tall. 
 Pericarp readily detached from the seed; stem low. 
 Sepals not keeled in fruit; stem decumbent. 
 Leaves mostly entire, narrowly linear or oblong. 
 
 Leaves green and glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces when mature. 
 Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, entire. 
 Leaves, at least the lower, sinuate, toothed or incised. 
 Stamens 5; calyx not fleshy. 
 
 Pericarp readily separable from the seed. 
 
 Leaves oblong or lanceolate; calyx-lobes scarcely keeled. 
 Leaves triangular-hastate ; calyx-lobes keeled. 
 Pericarp firmly attached to the seed. 
 
 Flower-clusters, at least the upper, longer than the leaves. 
 
 Leaves oblong, rhombic-ovate or lanceolate, narrowed at the base. 
 
 Leaves obtuse or merely acute. i. C. album viride. 
 
 Leaves or some of them cuspidate or bristle-tipped. 7. C. Berlandieri. 
 Leaves triangular- ovate, truncate or subcordate at base. 8. C. urbicum. 
 Spikes loosely panicled in the axils, the panicles shorter than the leaves. 
 
 9. C. murale. 
 
 Stamens only I or 2: calyx slightly fleshy, red. 
 Leaves very coarsely 2-6-toothed. 
 
 Leaves broadly triangular-hastate, entire or merely undulate. 
 ${ -5f Embryo an incomplete ring. 
 
 Leaves ovate or oblong, pinnately lobed; flowers in long loose panicles. 
 Leaves lanceolate ; flowers in continuous or interrupted spikes. 
 Spikes borne in the axils of the numerous small upper leaves. 
 Spikes in large commonly leafless terminal panicles. 
 
 i. C. album. 
 
 6. C. Fremontii incannm. 
 
 2. C. glaucum. 
 
 3. C. ieptophyllum. 
 
 4. C. polyspermum. 
 
 5. C. Bosciamim. 
 
 6. C. Fremontii. 
 
 11. C. rubrum. 
 10. C. hybridum. 
 
 12. C. Bonus-Henricus. 
 
 13. C. Botrys. 
 
 14. C. ambrosioides. 
 
 15. C. anthelminticum. 
 
 i. Chenopodium album 
 
 Lamb's Quarters. White Goosefoot. Pigweed. 
 (Fig. 1359.) 
 
 Chenopodium album L. Sp. PI. 219. 1753. 
 
 Annual, pale green, stem usually slender, stri- 
 ate and grooved at least when dry, erect, com- 
 monly much branched, i-io tall, the branches 
 ascending. Leaves rhombic-ovate or the upper 
 lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, narrowed at the 
 base, acute or sometimes obtuse at the apex, 3- 
 nerved, white-mealy beneath, dentate, sinuate or 
 lobed, or the upper entire, I'-tf long; petiole 
 often as long as the blade; spikes terminal and 
 axillary, simple or compound, often panicled; 
 calyx about y 2 " broad in fruit, its segments 
 strongly keeled, usually completely enclosing 
 the utricle; seed horizontal, black, shining,, 
 firmly attached to the pericarp; embryo a 
 complete ring. 
 
 In waste places. A common weed throughout 
 North America except the extreme north. Natur- 
 alized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Widely 
 distributed as a weed in all cultivated regions. 
 Stem often purple-streaked. June-Sept. 
 Chenopodium album viride (L. ) Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 2, 71. 1849. 
 
 Chenopodium viride L. Sp. PI. 219. 1753. 
 
 Plant brighter green; leaves green on'both sides or but slightly mealy beneath. Range of the 
 
 type. Perhaps a distinct species. 
 
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 
 
 571 
 
 2. Chenopodium glaucum L,. Oak-leaved Goosefoot. (Fig- 1360.) 
 
 Chenopodium glancutn L. Sp. PI. 220. 1753. 
 Blitum glaucum Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. 608. 1837. 
 
 Annual, succulent, stem usually much branched, 
 decumbent or prostrate, or with erect branches, 4'- 
 18' high. Leaves oblong, lanceolate or ovate-lan- 
 ceolate, slender-petioled or the uppermost nearly 
 sessile, obtuse or acute at the apex, mostly narrowed 
 at the base, white-mealy beneath, dark green above, 
 i / -2 / long, the lower or all of them sinuate-dentate 
 orlobed; flowers in small axillary often branched 
 spikes, the clusters usually shorter than the leaves, 
 or the upper panicled; calyx about y ff broad, its 
 segments oblong or obovate, obtuse, neither fleshy 
 nor keeled in fruit; utricle brown, depressed, its 
 summit not completely covered by the calyx; seed 
 of lateral flowers vertical, thick, somewhat ex- 
 serted, that of terminal flowers commonly horizon- 
 tal; embryo a complete ring. 
 
 A weed in waste places throughout North America 
 except the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe; 
 now found in most cultivated areas of the globe. 
 June-Sept. 
 
 3. Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. Narrow-leaved Goosefoot. 
 
 (Fig. 1361.) 
 
 Chenopodium album var. leptophyllum Moq. in DC. 
 
 Prodr. 13: Part 2, 71. 1849. 
 Clienopodium leptophyllum Nutt.; Moq. in DC. Prodr. 
 
 13: Part 2; 71. As synonym. 1849. 
 Chenopodium leptophyllum var. oblongifolium S. 
 
 Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 9: 95. 1874. 
 
 Annual, scarcely succulent, stem slender, usually 
 erect, striate or grooved, at least when dry, branched, 
 6 / -2}4 tall, mealy above, the branches erect-ascend- 
 ing. Leaves linear to oblong, white-mealy beneath, 
 green above, acute or acuminate, or the lower ob- 
 tuse, entire or the lower rarely toothed, short-peti- 
 oled, ^ / -i^ / long, i // -3 // wide, i-3-uerved; flowers 
 in continuous or interrupted axillary and terminal 
 simple or branched spikes; calyx about l /^ ff broad, 
 its segments strongly keeled and nearly covering 
 the fruit; seed horizontal, readily detached from 
 the pericarp; embryo a complete ring. 
 
 In dry soil, Manitoba and the Northwest Territory to 
 Missouri, New Mexico and Arizona. Also on the 
 shores of Lake Erie and on sands of the seashore, 
 Connecticut to New Jersey. July-Sept. 
 Chenopodium leptophyllum subglabrum S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 9: 95. 1874. 
 Leaves scarcely mealy or quite green; flowers 
 loosely clustered. Western Nebraska and Colorado. 
 
 4. Chenopodium polyspermum L,. 
 
 Many-seeded Goosefoot. (Fig. 1362.) 
 
 Chenopodium polyspermum L. Sp. PI. 220. 1753. 
 
 Annual, glabrous, not mealy, stem stout or slen- 
 der, erect or decumbent, commonly much branched, 
 striate, 6 x -3 high. Leaves oblong, elliptic or 
 ovate, slender-petioled, entire, thin, green on both 
 sides, obtuse at the apex, narrowed rounded or 
 truncate at the base, 1'-$' long, 4 // -iX / wide; 
 flowers in loose axillary and terminal panicles; 
 calyx less than \" wide, its segments oblong, sub- 
 acute or obtuse, somewhat scarious, not keeled, not 
 completely covering the top of the fruit; seed 
 firmly attached to the pericarp, horizontal; embryo 
 a complete ring. 
 
 In waste places and ballast, Massachusetts to New 
 Jersey. Adventive from Europe. July-Sept. 
 
572 
 
 CHENOPODIACEAE. 
 
 5. Chenopodium Boscianum Moq. Bosc's 
 Goosefoot. (Fig. 1363.) 
 
 Chenopodium Boscianum Moq. Enum. Chenop. 21. 1840. 
 Annual, light green, stem slender, erect, striate, us- 
 ually much branched, i-3 tall, the branches very 
 slender, divergent or ascending. Leaves thin, green 
 on both sides, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or 
 acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, slender- 
 petioled, i'-2 ^' long, the lower sinuate-dentate or 
 nearly all of them entire; flowers in slender terminal 
 and axillary spikes; calyx-segments broadly oblong, 
 obtuse, scarious-margined, not at all keeled, or scarcely 
 so in fruit, herbaceous, nearly covering the utricle; 
 seed horizontal, readily separating from the pericarp, 
 black, shining; embryo completely annular. 
 
 In woods and thickets, New York and New Jersey to 
 Indiana and Minnesota, south to North Carolina and 
 Texas. July-Sept. 
 
 6. Chenopodium Fremontii S. Wats. Fremont's Goosefoot. (Fig. 1364.) 
 
 Chenopodium Fremontii S. Wats. Bot. King's Exp. 
 287. 1871. 
 
 Annual, glabrous or very nearly so, light green, 
 stem stout or slender, erect, grooved, branched, i- 
 3 tall. Leaves thin, green on both sides, broadly 
 triangular-hastate, sinuate-dentate or the upper en- 
 tire, mostly obtuse at the apex, truncate or abruptly 
 narrowed at the base, slender-petioled, \ f -tf long 
 and nearly as wide, the uppermost sometimes very 
 small, oblong or lanceolate and acute; spikes slen- 
 der, axillary to the upper leaves and in terminal 
 panicles; calyx y^" wide, its segments keeled in 
 fruit, and nearly enclosing the utricle; pericarp 
 easily separable from the seed; seed horizontal, 
 shining; embryo completely annular. 
 
 In woods and thickets, Nebraska to Colorado and 
 Nevada, south to New Mexico. July-Sept. 
 
 Chenopodium Fremontii incanum S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 9: 94. 1874. 
 
 l,ow, stems stout and much branched, the branches and lower surfaces of the leaves densely 
 white-mealy; leaves #'-i' long. Range of the type. Possibly a distinct species. 
 
 7. Chenopodium Berlandieri Moq. Ber- 
 landier's Goosefoot. (Fig. 1365.) 
 
 Chenopodium Berlandieri Moq. Enum. Chenop. 23. 
 1840. 
 
 Annual, slightly mealy when young, green when 
 old, stem erect, commonly much branched, i%-^ 
 tall, the branches slender, ascending. Leaves lan- 
 ceolate, oblong or rhombic-lanceolate, slender-peti- 
 oled, thin, some or all of them cuspidate-acuminate 
 at the apex or bristle-tipped, narrowed at the base, 
 sinuate-dentate or entire, %'-i% f long; flowers in 
 rather loose terminal panicled spikes; calyx nearly 
 i // broad, its segments keeled, completely enclosing 
 the utricle; pericarp firmly attached to the horizon- 
 tal seed; embryo a complete ring. 
 
 In dry soil, southern Missouri to Texas, and in Flor- 
 ida. June-Sept. 
 
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 573 
 
 8. Chenopodium urbicum L,. Upright 
 or City Goosefoot. (Fig. 1366.) 
 
 Chenopodium urbicum L,. Sp. PI. 218. 1753. 
 
 Annual, green or but slightly mealy, stem com- 
 monly stout, erect, branched or simple, channeled, 
 i-3 tall. Leaves hastate or triangular-ovate, 
 acute at the apex, truncate subcordate or abruptly 
 narrowed at the base, stout-petioled, coarsely and 
 irregularly dentate or the uppermost entire, the 
 larger $'-5' long; spikes in terminal and axillary 
 narrow erect panicles, the upper longer than the 
 leaves; calyx l /i" broad, its segments oblong, ob- 
 tuse, herbaceous, not keeled and not entirely en- 
 closing the fruit; seed horizontal, rather firmly 
 attached to the pericarp, its margins rounded; 
 embryo a complete ring. 
 
 In waste places, especially in the cities, Nova Sco- 
 tia and Ontario to southern New York. Adventive 
 from Europe. Much less common than the following 
 species. June-Sept. 
 
 9. Chenopodium murale L. Nettle- 
 leaved Goosefoot. Sowbane. (Fig. 1367.) 
 
 Chenopodium murale L,. Sp. PI. 219. 1753. 
 
 Annual, scarcely or not at all mealy, some- 
 what scurfy above, stern erect or decumbent, 
 usually branched, i-2^ high, leafy to the 
 summit. Leaves rhombic-ovate, thin, bright 
 green on both sides, acute or acuminate at the 
 apex, sharply and coarsely sinuate-dentate, 
 broadly cuneate or subtruncate at the base, 
 slender-petioled, 2 / -4 / long; flowers in loose ax- 
 illary panicles shorter than the leaves, often not 
 longer then the petioles; calyx-segments not en- 
 tirely enclosing the utricle; seed sharp-edged, 
 horizontal, firmly attached to the pericarp; em- 
 bryo completely annular; stamens 5. 
 
 In waste places, Maine to Michigan and British 
 Columbia, south to Florida and Mexico. Natural- 
 ized from Europe. Widely distributed as a weed in 
 civilized regions. June-Sept. 
 
 10. Chenopodium hybridum L,. 
 
 Chenopodium hybridum I,. Sp. PI. 219. 1753. 
 
 Annual, bright green, not mealy, sometimes 
 more or less scurfy; stem slender, erect, usually 
 branched, 2-4^ tall. Leaves ovate or rhom- 
 bic-ovate, long-acuminate at the apex, truncate 
 rounded or subcordate at the base, thin, slen- 
 der-petioled, sharply dentate with 1-4 large 
 acute teeth on each side, or the upper lanceo- 
 late and entire, the lower 4'-7' long; flowers in 
 large axillary and terminal panicles; calyx 
 about \" broad, its segments oblong, rather ob- 
 tuse, herbaceous, slightly keeled, incompletely 
 covering the fruit; stamens 5; seed horizontal, 
 sharp- edged, firmly attached to the pericarp; 
 embryo a complete ring. 
 
 In woods and thickets, sometimes in waste places, 
 Quebec to the Northwest Territory and British 
 Columbia, south to southeastern New York, Ken- 
 tucky, Kansas, Utah and New Mexico. Also in 
 Europe. July- Sept. 
 
 Maple-leaved Goosefoot. (Fig. 1368.) 
 
574 
 
 CHENOPODIACEAE. 
 
 ii. Chenopodium rubrum !_,. Red 
 Goosefoot. (Fig. 1369.) 
 
 Chenopodium rubrum L. Sp. PI. 218. 1753. 
 Blitum rubrum Reichb. Fl. Germ. Exc. 582. 1830-32. 
 Annual, glabrous, somewhat fleshy, not mealy, 
 stem erect, leafy, i-2>^ tall, often much 
 branched, the branches strict or ascending. Leaves 
 thick, i_^ / -4 / long, rhombic-ovate or rhombic-lan- 
 ceolate, petioled, acute acuminate or obtuse at the 
 apex, narrowed at the base, coarsely sinuate-den- 
 tate or the upper entire; flowers in erect compound 
 leafy-bracted axillary and terminal spikes often 
 exceeding the leaves; calyx 3-5-parted, its seg- 
 ments slightly fleshy, red, not keeled, obtuse, about 
 as long as the utricle; stamens i or 2; stigmas short; 
 seed horizontal, shining, rather sharp-edged, sepa- 
 rating from the pericarp; embryo annular. 
 
 On the seacoast, Newfoundland to New Jersey, and 
 in saline soil in the interior across the continent, south 
 to central New York, Nebraska and British Columbia. 
 Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 12. Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus L. Good King Henry. Perennial 
 
 Goosefoot. (Fig. 1370.) 
 
 Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus I,. Sp. PI. 218. 1753. 
 Blitum Bonus-Henricus Reichb. Fl. Germ. Exc. 582. 
 1830-32. 
 
 Perennial by a thick rootstock, glabrous, dark 
 green, not mealy ; stem erect, usually stout, simple or 
 little branched, channeled, i-2^ tall. Leaves 
 broadly triangular-hastate, palmately veined, entire 
 or undulate (rarely with i or 2 small teeth), the 
 apex and basal lobes usually acute, the lower long- 
 petioled (petiole often twice as long as the blade), 
 the upper much smaller and short -petioled; flowers 
 in terminal and axillary, simple or panicled, com- 
 monly dense spikes sometimes 3'-4/ long; calyx 4- 
 5-parted, the segments not longer than the fruit; 
 stigmas elongated; seed vertical, or that of termi- 
 nal flowers horizontal, black, shining, blunt-edged; 
 embryo a complete ring. 
 
 In waste places, Nova Scotia and Ontario to Massa- 
 chusetts and southern New York. Naturalized from 
 Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 13. Chenopodium Botrys L,. Feather 
 Geranium . Jerusalem Oak. ( Fig. 1371.) 
 
 Chenopodium Botrys L. Sp. PI. 219. 1753. 
 
 Annual, green, glandular-pubescent and viscid, 
 strong-scented; stem slender, erect, simple or 
 branched, 8 x -2 tall. Leaves ovate or oblong, 
 deeply and usually irregularly pinnately lobed, 
 acute or obtuse at the apex, petioled, y^-?.' long, 
 or the uppermost much smaller, the lobes mostly 
 obtuse and dentate; flowers very small, in numer- 
 ous loose axillary cymose panicles mostly longer 
 than the leaves; calyx 3~5-parted, the segments 
 lanceolate, acute, thin, very pubescent, rather 
 longer then the utricle; seed horizontal or vertical, 
 firmly attached to the pericarp; embryo an incom- 
 plete ring. 
 
 In waste places, Nova Scotia to Minnesota and Ore- 
 gon, southeastern New York, Kentucky and Mexico. 
 Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. The 
 leaves fall in autumn, leaving the panicles as narrow 
 naked wands. Also called Turnpike Geranium. July- 
 Sept. 
 
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 575 
 
 14. Chenopodium ambrosioides I,. Mexican Tea. (Fig. 1372.) 
 
 Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Sp. PI. 219. 1753. 
 
 Annual, glabrous or slightly glandular-pu- 
 bescent, green, not mealy, strong-scented, 
 stem much branched, ascending or erect, 
 leafy, 2-3 high, angular and grooved. 
 Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or 
 subacute at the apex, narrowed to a short peti- 
 ole, repand- dentate, undulate or the upper en- 
 tire, I'-sX' long, the upper numerous and 
 much smaller; flowers in small dense axillary 
 spikes, mostly shorter than the subtending 
 leaves; calyx usually 3-parted, completely en- 
 closing the fruit; pericarp readily separable 
 from the seed; seed horizontal or vertical, 
 shining; embryo an incomplete ring. 
 
 In waste places, Maine and Ontario to Florida, 
 west across the continent to California. Natu- 
 ralized from tropical America. Introduced as a 
 weed also into southern Europe and Asia. Aug.- 
 Oct. 
 
 15. Chenopodium anthelminticum L,. Wormseed. (Fig. 1373.) 
 
 Chenopodium anthelminticum L,. Sp. PI. 220. 1753. 
 
 Chenopodium ambrosioides var. anthelminticum 
 A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 408. 1867. 
 
 Annual or sometimes perennial, rather dark 
 green, similar to the preceding species and per- 
 haps intergrading with it, stem somewhat 
 stouter, 2^-3^ long. Leaves lanceolate or 
 ovate-lanceolate, usually acuminate at the apex 
 and narrowed at the base, slender-petioled, 
 coarsely dentate or incised, 2 / -5 / long, the 
 lower \ f or more wide, the upper gradually 
 smaller, the uppermost commonly linear-lanceo- 
 late and entire; flowers in linear usually bract- 
 less panicled spikes, or the lower spikes leafy - 
 bracted; seed horizontal or vertical; embryo an 
 incomplete ring. 
 
 In waste places, southern New York and southern 
 Ontario to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Mexico. 
 Naturalized from Europe. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 2. ROUBIEVA Moq. Ann. Sci. Nat. (II.) i: 292. 1834. 
 
 A perennial herb, glandular-pubescent, strong-scented, prostrate, and diffusely branched, 
 with narrow small short-petioled deeply pinnatifid leaves. Flowers small, green, perfect, or 
 pistillate, solitary, or in small axillary clusters. Calyx urn-shaped, 3-5-toothed, narrowed 
 at the throat, in fruit becoming obovoid, strongly reticulated and closed. Stamens 5. 
 Styles 3, exserted. Wall of the pericarp thin, glandular. Seed vertical. Embryo a com- 
 plete ring in the mealy endosperm. [Name in honor of G. J. Roubieu, French botanist.] 
 
 A monotypic genus of South America, often included in Chenopodium. 
 
 37 
 
576 
 
 CHENOPODIACEAE. 
 
 i. Rouble va multifida (L,.) Moq. Cut- 
 leaved Goosefoot. Roubieva. 
 (Fig. 1374.) 
 
 Chenopodium mullifidum L. Sp. PI. 220. 1753. 
 
 Roubieva multifida Moq. Ann. Sci. Nat. (II.) i: 
 293. pi. w. 1834. 
 
 Usually much branched, very leafy, pros- 
 trate, or the branches ascending, G'-iS' long. 
 Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate or linear- 
 oblong in outline, j^'-i^'long, iX // -4 // wide, 
 deeply pinuatifid into linear-oblong acute en- 
 tire or toothed lobes; flowers 1-5 together in 
 the axils, sessile, less than ^ /x broad, some 
 perfect, some pistillate; fruiting calyx obovoid, 
 obtuse, 3-nerved and strongly reticulate-veined, 
 YZ" thick; utricle compressed. 
 
 In waste places and ballast, southern New York 
 to Virginia. Naturalized oradventive from tropi- 
 cal America. June-Sept. 
 
 3. BLITUM L,. Sp. PI. 2. 1753. 
 
 Annual glabrous or sparingly pubescent succulent branching herbs, with alternate has- 
 tate petioled rather light green leaves. Flowers small, green, or reddish, aggregated in glo- 
 bose axillary sessile heads, or the upper heads forming an interrupted spike. Calyx 2-5- 
 lobed, becoming pulpy and bright red in fruit. Stamens 1-5. Pericarp separating from 
 the seed. Seed vertical, shining. Embryo a complete ring in the mealy endosperm. 
 [The classical name of orache.] 
 
 One or perhaps two species, natives of North America and Europe. 
 
 i. Blitum capitatum L,. Strawberry Elite. (Fig. 1375.) 
 
 ^ .. 
 
 Blitum capitatum L,. Sp. PI. 2. 1753. 
 Chenopodium capitatum Aschers. Fl. Brand. 572. 1864. 
 
 Stem ascending, erect, or prostrate, 6'-2 long, 
 commonly much branched, the branches ascend- 
 ing. Leaves usually longer than wide, i/^ / -3 / 
 long, rather thin, sinuate-dentate, or the upper or 
 sometimes all of them entire, cordate or reniform, 
 the apex and basal lobes acute or acuminate; 
 lower petioles often longer that the blades; heads 
 sessile in the axils and on the sides of the upper 
 part of the stem or branches, 2 // ~3 // in diameter 
 in flower, becoming bright red and 5 // -8 // in di- 
 ameter in fruit, and then somewhat resembling 
 strawberries; seed compressed, ovate, enclosed by 
 the calyx, or when quite mature slightly exserted. 
 
 In dry soil, Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to New 
 Jersey, Illinois, Minnesota, in the Rocky Mountains 
 to Colorado and Utah and to Nevada. Also in Europe. 
 June-Aug. 
 
 4. CYCLOLOMA Moq. Emim. Chenop. 17. 1840. 
 
 An annual diffusely branched glabrous or cobwebby-pubescent herb, with alternate peti- 
 oled irregularly toothed leaves,' and small sessile bractless flowers in panicled interrupted 
 spikes. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes keeled in flower, a thin horizontal irregularly dentate wing 
 developing below them in fruit. Stamens 5. Styles 2-3. Fruit (except its summit) enclosed 
 by the calyx, depressed. Seed horizontal; embryo a complete ring in the mealy endosperm. 
 [Greek, circle-border, alluding to the calyx- wing.] 
 
 A monotypic genus of north central North America. 
 
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 577 
 
 i. Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) 
 Coult. Cycloloma. (Fig. 1376.) 
 
 Kochia atriplicifolia Spreng. Nactr. Fl. Hal. 2: 35. 1801. 
 Cycloloma pla typhvlluni Moq. Enum. Chenop. 18. 1840. 
 C. atriplicifolium Coult. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 143. 1894. 
 
 Pale green or becoming dark purple, bushy- 
 branched, 6 / -20 / high, the stem and branches angu- 
 lar and striate. Leaves lanceolate, mostly acumi- 
 nate at the apex, narrowed into slender petioles, 
 irregularly sinuate-dentate with acute teeth, \ f -$ f 
 long or the upper much smaller; spikes numerous 
 in terminal panicles, loosely flowered, \'-^ f long, 
 slender; fruit, including the winged calyx, 2" broad; 
 calyx-lobes not completely covering the summit of 
 the utricle, which appears as a 5-rayed area. 
 
 Along streams and on banks, Manitoba to Indiana 
 and Illinois, west to the Northwest Territory, Nebraska 
 and Arizona. Summer. 
 
 5. MONOLEPIS Schrad. Ind. Sem. Gott. 4. 1830. 
 
 Low annual branching herbs, with small narrow alternate entire toothed or lobed leaves, 
 and polygamous or perfect flowers in small axillary clusters. Calyx of a single persistent 
 herbaceous sepal. Stamen i. Styles 2, slender. Utricle flat, the pericarp adherent to the 
 smooth vertical seed. Embryo a very nearly complete ring in the mealy endosperm, its 
 radicle turned downward. [Greek, single-scale, from the solitary sepal.] 
 
 Three known species, natives of western North America, the following one reaching our limits. 
 
 1. Monolepis Nuttalliana (R. & S.) 
 Greene. Monolepis. (Fig. 1377.) 
 
 Blitum chenopodioides Nutt. Gen. i: 4. 1818. Not 
 
 Lam. 1783. 
 
 Blitum NuttaUianum R. & S. Mant. i: 65. 1822. 
 Monolepis chenopodioides Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 
 
 2, 85. 1849. 
 
 Monolepis Nuttalliana Greene, PL Fran. 168. 1891. 
 
 Slightly mealy when young, pale green, glabrous 
 or nearly so when old; stem 3 / -i2 / high; branches 
 many, ascending. Leaves lanceolate in outline, 
 short-petioled, or the upper sessile, Y^'-iY?.' long, 
 narrowed at the base, 3-lobed, the middle lobe lin- 
 ear or linear-oblong, acute or acuminate, 2-4 times 
 as long as the ascending lateral ones; flowers clus- 
 tered in the axils; sepal oblanceolate or spatulate, 
 acute or subacute; pericarp minutely pitted, about 
 Y^' broad; margins of the seed acute. 
 
 In alkaline or dry soil, Manitoba and the Northwest 
 Territory to Minnesota, Nebraska, New Mexico and 
 southern California. June-Sept. 
 
 6. ATRIPLEX L. Sp. PI. 1052. 1753. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs or low shrubs, often scurfy-canescent or silvery. Leaves alter- 
 nate, petioled or sessile, or some of them opposite. Flowers dioecious or monoecious, small, 
 green, in panicled spikes or capitate-clustered in the axils. Staminate flowers bractless, con- 
 sisting of a*3-5 -parted calyx and an equal number of stamens; filaments separate or united 
 by their bases; a rudimentary ovary sometimes present. Pistillate flowers subtended by 2 
 bractlets which enlarge in fruit and are more or less united, sometimes quite to their summits, 
 their margins entire or toothed, their sides smooth, crested, tubercled or winged; perianth 
 none; ovary globose or ovoid; stigmas 2. Utricle completely or partially enclosed by the 
 fruiting bractlets. Seed vertical or rarely horizontal; embryo annular, the radicle pointing 
 upward or downward; endosperm mealy. [From a Greek name of orache.] 
 
 About 130 species, of very wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 45 others 
 occur in the western parts of North America. . 
 
 Annual herbs; stems or branches erect, diffuse or ascending. 
 
 Leaves hastate, ovate, rhombic-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. 
 
 Plants green, glabrous or sparingly scurfy, not silvery; leaves slender-petioled. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, several times longer than wide. i. A. patula. 
 
 Leaves triangular-hastate, the lower only 1-2 times as long as wide. 2. A. hastata. 
 
578 
 
 CHENOPODIACEAE. 
 
 Plant very scurfy; leaves rhombic-ovate, short-petioled. 3. A. rosea. 
 Plants densely silvery; leaves hastate, entire or little toothed. 
 
 Staminate spikes dense, short; leaves petioled. 4. A. argentea. 
 
 Staminate spikes elongated interrupted; upper leaves sessile. 5. A. expansa. 
 
 " Leaves oblong, densely silvery, entire; plant of sea beaches. 6. A. arenaria. 
 Perennial herbs or shrubs; leaves oblong or oblanceolate, entire; plants of the western plains. 
 
 Fruiting bractlets suborbicular, wingless, their sides crested or tubercled. 7. A. Nuttallii. 
 
 Fruiting bractlets appendaged by 4 vertical reticulated wings. 8. A, canescens. 
 
 i. Atriplex patula L,. Spreading Orache. (Fig. 1378.) 
 
 Atriplex patula L,. Sp: PI. 1053. 1753. 
 Atriplex liltoralis L. Sp. PI. 1054. 1753. 
 
 Annual, dark green, glabrous or somewhat scurfy 
 above; stem much branched, diffuse, ascending or 
 sometimes erect, i-3 long. Leaves lanceolate or 
 linear-lanceolate, slender-petioled, or the uppermost 
 nearly sessile, entire, sparingly toothed, or 3-lobed 
 below the middle, acuminate at the apex, narrowed 
 or cuneate at the base, i / -5 / long, 2 // -i}4 / wide; 
 flowers in panicled interrupted slender mostly leaf- 
 less spikes, and usually also capitate in the upper 
 axils; fruiting bractlets united only at the base, 
 fleshy, triangular or rhombic, 3 // -4 // wide, their sides 
 often tubercled; radicle of the embryo ascending. 
 
 In waste places and ballast, Nova Scotia and Ontario 
 to southern New York and New Jersey. Naturalized 
 from Europe, or perhaps indigenous northward. Native 
 also of Asia. Much less common than the following 
 species. July-Aug. 
 
 2. Atriplex hastata L,. Halberd-leaved Orache. (Fig. I379-) 
 
 Atriplex hastata I,. Sp. PI. 1053. 1753. 
 A.patulumvar. hastatumA..Gray, Man. Ed.5, 409. 1867. 
 Atriplex patuki var. subspicata S. Wats. Proc. Am. 
 
 Acad. 9: 107. 1874. 
 
 Annual, pale green, or purple, somewhat scurfy, 
 at least when young; stem erect or ascending, 
 branched, i-2^ tall. Leaves slender-petioled, 
 acuminate, the lower broadly triangular-hastate, 
 seldom more than twice as long as wide, entire or 
 sparingly toothed, \'-\' long, truncate or narrowed 
 at the base, the basal lobes divergent, acute or acu- 
 minate; upper leaves sometimes triangular-lanceo- 
 late; inflorescence as in the preceding species; the 
 fruiting bractlets sometimes broader. 
 
 In salt meadows and waste places mostly near the 
 coast, New Brunswick to South Carolina, and in saline 
 soil, Manitoba to British Columbia, Nebraska and 
 Utah. Also in Europe. The western plant is more 
 scurfy than the eastern. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 3. Atriplex rosea L. Red Orache. 
 
 (Fig. 1380.) 
 Atriplex rosea L, Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1493. 1763. 
 
 Annual, pale green and very scurfy, stem erect or de- 
 cumbent, usually much branched, i-2% high- Leaves 
 ovate or rhombic-ovate, short-petioled or the upper ses- 
 sile, coarsely sinuate-dentate, obtuse or acute at the 
 apex, narrowed or subtruncate at the base, y^'-^Yi' 
 long, ^'-sYz' wide, often turning red; flowers mostly 
 in axillary capitate clusters, often dense, or some in 
 few terminal spikes; fruiting bractlets broadly ovate or 
 triangular-hastate, strongly veined, mealy-white, dry, 
 about 3" broad, united only at their bases, their margins 
 toothed or lacerate and sides tubercled. 
 
 In waste places and ballast, Nova Scotia to northern New 
 York and New Jersey. Adventive from Europe. Aug.-Oct. 
 
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 579 
 
 4. Atriplex argentea Nutt. Silvery Orache. (Fig. 1381.) 
 
 Atriplex argentea Nutt. Gen. i: 198. 1818. 
 
 Annual, pale, densely silvery-scurfy or becom- 
 ing smooth, stem erect or ascending, bushy- 
 branched, 6 / -2o / high, angular. Leaves firm, tri- 
 angular-hastate or rhombic-ovate, mostly acute at 
 the apex, narrowed or subtruncate at the base, 
 petioled or the upper sessile, entire or sparingly 
 dentate, ^ / -2 / long, the basal lobes short; flowers 
 in capitate axillary clusters, or the staminate in 
 short dense spikes; fruiting bractlets suborbicu- 
 lar, rhombic or broader than high, 2 // -4 // wide, 
 united nearly to their summits, the margins 
 sharply toothed, the sides sometimes tubercled 
 or crested; radicle of the embryo pointing down- 
 ward. 
 
 In dry or saline soil, Minnesota to the Northwest 
 Territory, south to Nebraska, Colorado and Utah. 
 June-Sept. 
 
 Myi 
 
 rvrv> 
 
 5. Atriplex expansa S. Wats. Sessile- 
 leaved Orache. (Fig. 1382.) 
 
 Atriplex expansa S. Wats. Proe. Am. Acad. 9: 116. 
 1874. 
 
 Annual, densely silvery-scurfy, similar to the 
 preceding species, but stouter, the stem erect, 
 widely branched, sometimes 6 taU- Leaves thin, 
 triangular-hastate or rhombic-ovate, toothed or 
 entire, sessile or the lower very short-petioled, 
 ty-ity long and nearly as wide at the base; 
 pistillate flowers in axillary clusters, the stami- 
 nate mostly in slender interrupted solitary or 
 panicled spikes sometimes 4' long; fruiting 
 bractlets broad, united nearly to their summits, 
 tubercled, their margins strongly toothed. 
 
 Western Kansas (according to A. S. Hitchcock) to 
 Chihuahua and New Mexico, west to California. 
 July-Oct. 
 
 6. Atriplex arenaria Nutt. Sea-beach 
 Atriplex. (Fig. 1383.) 
 
 Atriplex arenaria Nutt. Gen. i: 198. 1818. 
 
 Annual, pale, densely silvery-scurfy, stem 
 bushy-branched, 6 / -i8 / high, the branches as- 
 cending or decumbent, angular, slender. Leaves 
 oblong, entire, acute or obtuse and mucronulate 
 at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, very 
 short-petioled or sessile, X / ~ I /^ / l on g> 2^ // -io // 
 wide, the midvein rather prominent, the lateral 
 veins few and obscure; flowers in axillary clus- 
 ters much shorter than the leaves; fruiting bract- 
 lets triangular wedge-shaped, broadest above, 
 2 // -3 // wide, united nearly to the several-toothed 
 summits, their margins entire, their sides reticu- 
 lated, or sometimes crested or tubercled; radicle 
 of the embryo pointing downward. 
 
 On sandy sea beaches, Nova Scotia (?); Massa- 
 chusetts to Florida. July-Sept. 
 
580 CHENOPODIACEAE. 
 
 7. Atriplex Nuttallii S. Wats. NuttalPs Atriplex. (Fig. 1384.) 
 
 Atriplex Nuttallii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 9: 
 116. 1874. 
 
 A finely scurfy pale green shrub, i-2^ tall, 
 the branches erect or ascending, rather stiff, 
 striate or terete, leafy, the bark nearly white. 
 Leaves oblong, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, 
 obtuse or subacute at the apex, narrowed at the 
 base, sessile, entire, YZ'-I' l n g> 2// -5 // wide; 
 flowers in terminal spikes and capitate clustered 
 in the axils, often strictly dioecious; fruiting 
 bractlets ovate or suborbicular, united to above 
 the middle, iX // ~ 2 X // broad, the margins 
 toothed, the sides crested, tubercled or spiny. 
 
 In dry or saline soil, Manitoba to the Northwest 
 Territory, south to Nebraska, Colorado and Nevada. 
 Aug. -Oct. 
 
 8. Atriplex canescens (Pursh) James. Bushy Atriplex. (Fig. 1385.) 
 
 Calligonum canescens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 370. 
 1814. 
 
 Atriplex canescens James, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
 (II.) 2: 178. 1825. 
 
 A pale densely scurfy shrub, i-3 high, re- 
 sembling the preceding species and with simi- 
 lar foliage. Flowers in short terminal spikes 
 and in axillary clusters, commonly dioecious, 
 sometimes monoecious; bractlets ovate in 
 flower, united nearly to their summits; in fruit 
 appendaged by 4 broad thin distinct wings, 
 which are 2 // -4 // broad at the middle and usu- 
 ally about twice as high, strongly reticulate- 
 veined, not tubercled nor crested, toothed near 
 their summits or entire. 
 
 In dry or saline soil, South Dakota and Nebraska 
 to New Mexico and Mexico, west to Nevada and 
 California. July-Sept. 
 
 7. EUROTIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 260. 1763. 
 
 Pubescent perennial herbs or low shrubs, with alternate entire narrow leaves and monoe- 
 cious or dioecious flowers, capitate or spicate in the axils. Staminate flowers not bracteolate, 
 consisting of a 4-parted calyx and as many exserted stamens. Pistillate flowers 2-bracteolate, 
 the bractlets united nearly or quite to their summits, densely covered with long silky hairs, 
 2-horned; calyx none; ovary ovoid, sessile, pubescent; styles 2, exserted. Seed vertical; 
 embryo nearly annular in the mealy endosperm, its radicle pointing downward. [From the 
 Greek for hoariness or mould.] 
 
 Two known species, the following of western North America, the other of western Asia and 
 eastern Europe. 
 
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 
 
 581 
 
 i. Eurotia lanata (Pursh) Moq. American 
 Eurotia. White Sage. (Fig. 1386.) 
 
 Diotis lanata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 602. 1814. 
 Eurotia lanala Moq. Enum. Chenop. 81. 1840. 
 
 A stellate-pubescent erect much-branched shrub 
 i-3 high, the hairs long, white when young, be- 
 coming reddish brown, the branches ascending, very 
 leafy. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, short- 
 petioled or the upper sessile, obtuse at the apex, nar- 
 rowed at the base, ^'-2' long, 2 // -4)^ // wide, their 
 margins revolute, the midvein prominent, the lateral 
 veins few; flowers densely capitate in the upper 
 axils, forming terminal leafy spikes; bracts lanceo- 
 late, 2 // ~4 // long in fruit, appendaged by 4 tufts of 
 spreading hairs; calyx-lobes acute, pubescent; utricle 
 loose, the pericarp readily separating from the large 
 seed. 
 
 In dry soil, Northwest Territory to western Nebraska 
 and New Mexico, Nevada and California. June-Sept. 
 
 8. KOCHIA Roth; Schrad. Journ. Bot. i: 307. pi. 2. 1799. 
 Perennial or annual herbs or low shrubs, with alternate sessile narrow entire leaves, and 
 perfect or pistillate flowers, sometimes bracteolate, clustered in the axils. Calyx 5-lobed, 
 herbaceous or membranous, wingless, or sometimes developing a horizontal wing, enclosing 
 the fruit. Stamens 3-5, their filaments linear. Ovary ovoid, narrowed upward into the 
 style; stigmas 2. Utricle pear-shaped or oblong, the pericarp membranous, not adherent 
 to the seed. Seed inverted; the testa thin; embryo annular; endosperm little or none. 
 [Name in honor of W. D. J. Koch, 1771-1849, Director of the Botanical Garden at Erlangen.] 
 
 About 35 species, mostly natives of the Old World, the following introduced from Europe. An 
 indigenous species, K. Americana, occurs in the western United States. 
 
 i. Kochia Scoparia (L,.) Roth. Kochia. 
 (Fig. 1387.) 
 
 Ckenopodtum Scoparia L,. Sp. PI. 221. 1753. 
 Kochia Scoparia Roth; Schrad. Neues Journ. Bot. 
 3: 85. 1809. 
 
 Annual, pubescent or becoming glabrate, stem 
 erect, slender, rather strict, branched, leafy, i- 
 2^ tall. Leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, cili- 
 ate, acuminate at the apex, i / -2 / long, \"-2' r 
 wide, the upper gradually smaller; flowers sessile, 
 solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, forming 
 short dense bracted spikes; fruiting calyx-seg- 
 ments each with a short triangular horizontal 
 wing. 
 
 In waste places, Ontario, Vermont and northern 
 New York. Adventive from Europe. Native also 
 of Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 9. CORISPERMUM L, Sp. PI. 4. 1753. 
 
 Annual herbs, with alternate narrow entire i-nerved leaves, and perfect bractless small 
 green flowers, solitary in the upper axils, forming terminal narrow leafy spikes, the upper 
 leaves shorter and broader than the lower. Calyx of a solitary thin broad sepal, or rarely 2. 
 Stamens 1-3, rarely more, and one of them longer. Ovary ovoid; styles 2. Utricle ellipsoid, 
 mostly plano-convex, the pericarp firmly adherent to the vertical seed, its margins acute or 
 winged. Embryo annular in the somewhat fleshy endosperm, its radicle pointing downward. 
 [Greek, bug-seed.] 
 
 About 10 species, natives of the north temperate and subarctic zones. Only the following is 
 known to occur in North America. 
 
582 CHENOPODIACEAE. 
 
 i. Corispermum hyssopifolium I,. Bug-seed. (Fig. 1388.) 
 
 Corispermum hyssopifolium L. Sp. PI. 4. 1753. 
 
 Glabrous or pubescent, rather pale green, 
 somewhat fleshy, stem striate, erect, sometimes- 
 zigzag, usually much branched, 6 / -2 tall, the 
 branches slender, ascending or divergent, spar- 
 ingly leafy. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, 
 l /z'-2 f long, i // -2 // wide, cuspidate at the apex; 
 upper leaves ovate or lanceolate, appressed- as- 
 cending, or at length spreading, acute or acumi- 
 nate at the apex, X / ~/^ / l n g> scarious-mar- 
 gined; utricle i // -2 // long, YZ"-\" thick, nar- 
 rowly winged, obtuse, subacute or mucronate 
 by the persistent styles. 
 
 In sandy soil, shores of the Great I^akes to the 
 Northwest Territory, Arctic America and British 
 Columbia, south to Kansas, Texas and Arizona. 
 Also in Europe and Asia. The small-fruited form 
 (var. microcarpum S. Wats.) occurs from Kansas 
 southward. July-Sept. 
 
 10. SALICORNIA I,. Sp. PI. 3. 1753. 
 
 Fleshy glabrous annual or perennial herbs, with opposite terete branches, the leaves re- 
 duced to mere opposite scales at the nodes, the flowers sunken 3-7 together in the axils of 
 the upper ones, forming narrow terminal spikes, perfect or the lateral ones staminate. 
 Calyx obpyramidal or rhomboid, fleshy, 3-4-toothed or truncate, becoming spongy in fruit, 
 deciduous. Stamens 2, or sometimes solitary, exserted; filaments cylindric, short; anthers 
 oblong, large; ovary ovoid; styles or stigmas 2. Utricles enclosed by the spongy fruiting 
 calyx, the pericarp membranous. Seed erect, compressed; embryo conduplicate; endo- 
 sperm none. [Name Greek, salt-horn; from the saline habitat, and horn-like branches.] 
 
 About 10 species, natives of saline soil, widely distributed in both the Old World and the New. 
 Only the following are known to inhabit North America. 
 
 Annuals; stem erect. 
 
 Scales very short, acute or blunt; spikes \"-\%" in diameter. i. 5. herbacea. 
 
 Scales mucronate-tipped; spikes 2' -3" in diameter. 2. 5. Bigelovii^ 
 
 Perennial by a woody rootstock; stems trailing or decumbent. 3. 5. ambigua. 
 
 i. Salicornia herbacea L,. Slender Glass wort. (Fig. 1389.) 
 
 Salicornia Europaea var. herbacea L,. Sp. PI. 3. 1753. 
 Salicornia herbacea I,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 5. 1762. 
 
 Annual, 6'-2 tall, stem erect, much branched, 
 the branches slender, ascending or nearly upright, 
 their joints 2-4 times as long as thick. Scales acute 
 or rather obtuse, \" long or less, broadly ovate or 
 wider than long; fruiting spikes i f -$ f long, about 
 \Yz" in diameter; middle flower of the 3 at each 
 joint twice as high as the lateral ones, reaching 
 nearly to the top of the joint; utricle pubescent. 
 
 In salt marshes, Anticosti to Georgia; about salt 
 springs in central New York; in saline soil from Mani- 
 toba to British Columbia, south to Kansas and Utah. 
 Also in Europe and Asia. The plant often turns bright 
 red in autumn, forming vividly colored areas in the salt 
 marshes, hence called Marsh Samphire. July-Sept. 
 
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 583 
 
 2. Salicornia Bigelovii Torr. Bigelow's Glasswort. (Fig. 1390.) 
 
 Salicornia mucronata Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 2. 
 1824. Not Lag. 1817. 
 
 Salicornia Virginica Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13: 
 Part 2, 145. 1849. Not L. 1753. 
 
 Salicornia Bigelovii Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 
 Surv. 184. 1859. 
 
 Annual, stem and branches stout, erect or 
 nearly so, 2 / -i2 / tall. Scales ovate or trian- 
 gular-ovate, sharply mucronate, i // -i^ // 
 long, at length spreading; fruiting spikes 
 Yz'-iYz' long, 2 // -3 // in diameter, their joints 
 not longer than thick; middle flower slightly 
 higher than the lateral ones, reaching very 
 nearly to the end of the joint; utricle 
 pubescent. 
 
 In salt marshes, Nova Scotia to Florida and 
 Texas. Plant bright red in autumn. July-Sept. 
 
 3. Salicornia ambigua Michx. Woody Glasswort. (Fig. 1391.) 
 
 Salicornia ambigua Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 2. 
 1803. 
 
 Perennial by a woody rootstock, stem trail- 
 ing or decumbent, 6 f -2 long, the branches 
 ascending or erect, slender, nearly or quite 
 simple, rather long-jointed, s'-S' long. 
 Scales broadly ovate or wider than high> 
 acute or obtuse, appressed or slightly diver- 
 gent; fruiting spikes Yt'~^Yz' long, about 2 //r 
 in diameter, their joints not longer than 
 thick; flowers all about equally high and 
 about equalling the joints. 
 
 On sea beaches and salt meadows, Massachu- 
 setts to Florida and Texas, and on the Pacific 
 Coast. Perhaps identical with S.fruticosa L-, 
 of Europe. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 ii. SARCOBATUS Nees in Max. Reise N. A. i: 510. 1839. 
 
 An erect much branched shrub, with spiny branches, alternate linear fleshy entire ses- 
 sile leaves. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, the staminate in terminal ament-like spikes, 
 the pistillate solitary in the axils, or rarely several together. Staminate flowers without a 
 calyx; stamens 2-5 together under peltate rhombic-ovate acute spirally arranged scales; 
 filaments short. Pistillate flowers sessile or very nearly so; calyx compressed, ovoid or ob- 
 long, slightly 2-lipped, adnate to the bases of the 2 subulate exserted papillose stigmas, ap- 
 pendaged by a narrow border which expands into a membranous horizontal wing in fruit. 
 Seed vertical, the testa translucent, double; embryo coiled into a flat spiral, green; endo- 
 sperm none. [Name Greek, flesh-thorn, from the fleshy leaves and thorny stems.] 
 
 A monotypic genus of western North America. 
 
CHENOPODIACEAE. 
 
 i. Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) 
 
 Torr. Grease-wood. 
 
 (Fig. 1392.) 
 
 Batis (?) vermiculata Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2-128 
 
 1838. 
 Sarcobatus vermicularis Torr. Emory's Rep. 150. 
 
 1848. 
 
 Glabrous or the young foliage somewhat pu- 
 bescent, much branched, 2-io high, the 
 branches slightly angled, leafy, nearly white, 
 some of them leafless and spine-like. Stem 
 i '-3' in diameter; wood yellow, very hard; 
 leaves obtuse or subacute, X / ~ I X / l n g I//- 
 iX x/ wide, narrowed at the base; spikes of 
 staminate flowers X /-I/ long, i / ^ // -2 // in dia- 
 meter, cylindric, short-peduncled or sessile; 
 wing of the calyx 4 // -6 // broad when mature, 
 conspicuously veined. 
 
 In dry alkaline and saline soil, western Ne- 
 braska, Wyoming to Nevada and New Mexico. 
 Wood extensively used for fuel, for want of better, 
 in the regions where it occurs. June-July. Fruit 
 mature Sept.-Oct. 
 
 12. DONDIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 261. 1763. 
 [SUAEDA Forsk. Fl. AEg. Arab. 69. pi. i8b. 1775.] 
 
 Fleshy annual or perennial herbs, or low shrubs, with alternate narrowly linear thick or 
 nearly terete entire sessile leaves, and perfect or polygamous bracteolate flowers, solitary or 
 clustered in the upper axils. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, the segments sometimes keeled or 
 even slightly winged in fruit, enclosing the utricle. Stamens 5. Styles usually 2, short. 
 Pericarp separating from the vertical or horizontal seed. Embryo coiled into a flat spiral. 
 Endosperm wanting or very little. [In honor of Jacopodi Dondi, Italian naturalist of the 
 fourteenth century.] 
 
 About 50 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 6 others occur 
 in the western and southern parts of North America. 
 
 Annuals of the Atlantic sea coast. 
 
 Dark green, not glaucous; sepals acutely keeled; seed black. i. D. Americana. 
 
 Light green, glaucous; sepals scarcely keeled; seed dark red. 2. D. maritima. 
 
 Perennial of the western plains. 3. D. depressa. 
 
 i. Dondia Americana (Pers.) Brit- 
 ton. Tall Sea-Blite. 
 (Fig. 1393.) 
 
 Salsola salsa var. Americana Pers. Syn. i: 296. 
 
 1805. 
 Suaeda linearis var. ramosa S. Wats. Proc. 
 
 Am. Acad. 9: 87. 1874. 
 
 Annual, dark green or purplish green, 
 not glaucous, stem erect, strict, i-3 tall, 
 pale green or nearly white, branched, the 
 branches slender, very leafy, erect-ascend- 
 ing or sometimes recurved, more or less se- 
 cund. Leaves of the stem linear-subulate, 
 X /-I ^ / long, those of the branches much 
 shorter, somewhat 3-angled, lanceolate-sub- 
 ulate, widest just above the base, the upper 
 surface flat; sepals purple-green, glaucous, 
 acutely keeled or almost winged; seed 
 orbicular, black, shining, y 2 " broad. 
 
 On salt marshes and along salt water ditches, 
 Nova Scotia to New Jersey and probably fur- 
 ther south. Aug.-Sept. 
 
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 585 
 
 2. Dondia maritima (L.) Druce. Low Sea-Blite. (Fig. 1394.) 
 
 Chenopodium maritimum L. Sp. PI. 221. 1753. 
 Suaeda maritima Dumort. Fl. Belg. 22. 1827. 
 Dondia maritima Druce, Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist. 
 1896: 42. 1896. 
 
 Annual, pale green and somewhat glaucous, 
 stem erect or decumbent, bushy-branched, 
 5 / -i5 / high, becoming brownish, the branches 
 ascending. Leaves 5 // -i2 // long, those of 
 the branches not conspicuously shorter than 
 the upper ones of the stem, 3-angled, broad- 
 est at the base; sepals pale green, rounded or 
 very obtusely keeled, somewhat roughened; 
 seed orbicular, dark brownish red, shining, 
 about i x/ in diameter. 
 
 On sea beaches, stony and muddy shores, and 
 in salt marshes, Maine to southern New York. 
 Also on the coasts of Europe. Our plant is, 
 perhaps, specifically different from the Euro- 
 pean. July-Sept. 
 
 3. Dondia depressa (Pursh) Britton. Western Elite. (Fig. 1395.) 
 
 Salsola depressa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 197. 1814. 
 
 Suaeda depressa S. Wats. Bot. King's Exp. 294. 
 1871. 
 
 Perennial by a deep slender woody root or 
 sometimes annual, branched from the base 
 and usually also above, 6 / -2 tall, the 
 branches decumbent or ascending, usually 
 very leafy. Leaves narrowly linear, y z f -i f 
 long, broadest at or just above the base, or 
 the upper lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate and 
 commonly much shorter; sepals acute, one 
 or more of them strongly keeled in fruit; 
 seed about YZ" in diameter, rather dull, min- 
 utely reticulated. 
 
 In saline soil, Minnesota to the Northwest 
 Territory, south to Nebraska, Colorado and 
 Nevada. June-Aug. 
 
 13. SALSOLA L. Sp. PI. 222. 1753. 
 
 Annual or perennial bushy-branched herbs, with rigid subulate prickle-pointed leaves, 
 and sessile perfect 2-bracteolate flowers, solitary in the axils, or sometimes several together. 
 Calyx 5-parted, its segments appendaged by a broad membranous horizontal wing in fruit 
 and enclosing the utricle. Stamens 5. Ovary depressed; styles 2. Utricle flattened. Seed 
 horizontal; embryo coiled into a conic spiral; endosperm none. [Name Latin, a diminutive 
 of salsus, salty.] 
 
 About 50 species, of wide geographic distribution on seashores and in saline districts, occa- 
 sionally pernicious weeds in cultivated grounds. 
 
 Calyx coriaceous, not conspicuously veined; plant maritime. 
 Calyx membranous, very strongly veined; plant an inland weed. 
 
 1. 5. Kali. 
 
 2. 5". Tragns. 
 
536 
 
 CHENOPODIACEAE. 
 
 i. Salsola Kali L. Saltwort. (Fig. 1396.) 
 
 Salsola Kali L. Sp. PI. 222. 1753. 
 
 Annual, glabrous or often pubescent, loosely 
 much branched, i-2 high, the branches as- 
 cending or spreading, mostly stout, somewhat 
 ridged. Leaves dull green or grayish, 3 // -io // 
 long, succulent, lanceolate-subulate, swollen at 
 the base, the midvein excurrent into a stout 
 yellowish green prickle; flowers solitary in the 
 axils; wing of the persistent calyx nearly orbi- 
 cular, lobed, becoming lacerate, not conspicu- 
 ously veined, 2 // -4 // in diameter; calyx coria- 
 ceous, not conspicuously veined, its wing not 
 longer than the ascending lobe. 
 
 On sea beaches, Cape Breton Island to Florida. 
 Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Salsola Tragus L. Russian Thistle. 
 (Fig. 1397.) 
 
 Salsola Tragus L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 322. 1762. 
 Salsola Kali var. Tragus Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13: 
 Part 2, 187. 1849. 
 
 Similar to the preceding species, but bushy 
 branched, the branches usually slender. Leaves 
 and outer branches usually bright red at matu- 
 rity; leaves not noticeably swollen at the base, 
 linear, prickle-tipped, less fleshy; calyx mem- 
 branous, conspicuously veiny, its wing longer 
 than the ascending lobe. 
 
 In cultivated fields and waste places, New Jersey 
 to Ontario, the Northwest Territory and Kansas. A 
 very troublesome weed in many parts of the Central 
 and Western States. Naturalized from northern 
 Europe or Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 Family 16. AMARANTHACEAE J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. i: 204. 1805, 
 
 AMARANTH FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs, some exotic genera low shrubs, with alternate or opposite simple 
 mostly entire thin leaves. Flowers small, green or white, perfect, monoecious, 
 polygamous, or dioecious, bracteolate, variously clustered, usually in terminal 
 spikes or axillary heads. Petals none. Calyx herbaceous or membranous, 2-5- 
 parted, the segments distinct or united at the base, equal, or the inner ones 
 smaller. Stamens 1-5, mostly opposite the calyx-segments, hypogynous; fila- 
 ments distinct, united at the base, or into a tube; anthers i -celled or 2-celled. 
 Ovary ovoid or subglobose, i -celled; ovule solitary in the following genera, am- 
 phitropous (several in some tropical genera); style short, elongated or none; 
 stigmas 1-3. Fruit a utricle, circumscissile, bursting irregularly or indehiscent, 
 i -seeded in our genera. Seed mostly smooth; embryo annular; endosperm 
 mealy, usually copious. 
 
 About 40 genera and 425 species, widely distributed, most abundant in warm regions. 
 
 Anthers 2-celled; leaves alternate. 
 
 Calyx 5- parted or of 5 sepals. i. Amaranlhus. 
 
 Calyx of the pistillate flowers wanting. 2. Acnida. 
 
 Anthers i -celled; leaves opposite. 
 
 Flowers in small axillary clusters. 3. Cladothrix. 
 
 Flowers variously spicate or paniculate. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft; filaments united into a tube. 4. Froelichia. 
 
 Calyx 5-parte,d; filaments united at the base. 5. Iresine. 
 
AMARANTH FAMILY. 
 
 587 
 
 i. AMARANTHUS L. Sp. PL 989. 1753. 
 
 Annual branched erect or diffusely spreading glabrous or pubescent herbs, most of the 
 species weeds, with alternate, petioled pinnately veined entire, undulate or crisped leaves 
 and small monoecious polygamous or dioecious green or purplish mostly 3-bracteolate 
 flowers in dense terminal spikes or axillary clusters. Calyx of 2-5 distinct sepals. Stamens 
 2-5; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid or 
 oblong utricle, circumscissile, bursting irregularly or indehiscent, 2-3 beaked by the persis- 
 tent styles. Embryo annular. [Greek, unfading flower, from the dry, unwithering bracts.] 
 
 About 50 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following some 22 others occur 
 in the southern and western United States. 
 Utricle circumscissile, the top falling away as a lid. 
 
 Flowers, at least the upper, in dense terminal spikes. 
 Axils not spine-bearing. 
 
 Spikes stout, 4" -7" thick. 
 Spikes slender, 2-3" thick. 
 A pair of stout spines in each axil. 
 
 Flowers all in small axillary clusters, mostly shorter than the leaves. 
 Plant prostrate ; sepals 4 or 5. 
 Plant erect, bushy-branched; sepals 3. 
 Utricle indehiscent, membranous, coriaceous or fleshy. 
 
 Upper flowers in terminal, more or less elongated spikes. 
 
 Sepals 5, clawed; flowers dioecious; southwestern species. 
 Bracts cuspidate -tipped, short. 
 Bracts subulate, long and sharp. 
 
 Sepals 2 or 3, oblong or spatulate; flowers monoecious or polygamous; in waste places. 
 Utricle smooth, dry, scarious. 8. A. lividus. 
 
 Utricle fleshy, 3-5-nerved. 9. A. deflexus. 
 
 Flowers all in small axillary clusters shorter than the leaves. 
 
 Plant not fleshy; stem prostrate; leaves crisped. 10. A. crispus. 
 
 Sea-coast fleshy plant; stem short, erect; leaves not crisped. n. A. pumilus. 
 
 1. A. 
 
 2. A. 
 3- A. 
 
 4. A 
 5- A. 
 
 retroflexus. 
 
 hybridus. 
 
 spinosus. 
 
 blitoides. 
 graecizans. 
 
 6. A. Torreyi. 
 
 7. A. Palmeri. 
 
 i. Amaranthus retroflexus I,. 
 
 Amaranthus retroflexus I,. Sp. PI. 991. 1753. 
 
 Roughish-puberulent, rather light green, stem 
 stout, erect or ascending, commonly branched, i- 
 10 tall. I/eaves ovate, rhombic-ovate or the upper 
 lanceolate, slender-petioled, acute or acuminate at 
 the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, the 
 larger 3 / -6 / long, their margins undulate or entire; 
 flowers green, densely aggregated in terminal and 
 axillary spikes, which are sessile, stout, obtuse 
 or subacute, ovoid-cylindric, erect or ascending, 
 j^ / -2^ / long, 4 // ~7 // thick; bracts subulate, twice 
 as long as the 5 scarious narrowly oblong or slightly 
 spatulate mucronate-tipped and often emarginate 
 sepals; stamens 5; utricle slightly wrinkled, thin, 
 circumscissile, rather shorter than the sepals. 
 
 A weed, in cultivated and waste soil, throughout 
 North America except the extreme north. Also in Eu- 
 rope. Naturalized from tropical America. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 Rough Pigweed. (Fig. 1398.) 
 
 2. Amaranthus hybridus L,. Slender 
 Pigweed. (Fig. 1399.) 
 
 Amaranthus hybridus L. Sp. PI. 990. 1753. 
 Amaranthus hypochondriacus L,. Sp. PI. 991. 1753. 
 A. chlorostachys Willd. Amaranth. 34. pi. 10. f. 19. 1790. 
 Amarantus chlorostachys var. hybridus S. Wats, in A. 
 
 Gray, Man. F,d. 6, 428. 1890. 
 
 Similar to the preceding species but darker green, 
 or purple, pubescent or nearly glabrous; stem usually 
 slender, erect, usually branched, 2-8 tall. Leaves 
 bright green on both sides or paler beneath, usually 
 smaller, slender-petioled; spikes linear-cylindric, axil- 
 lary and forming dense terminal panicles, ascending, 
 somewhat spreading or drooping; bracts subulate, 
 twice as long as the 5 oblong acute or cuspidate sepals; 
 stamens 5 ; utricle scarcely wrinkled, circumscissile. 
 
 A weed, in waste grounds, range of the preceding spe- 
 cies. Naturalized from tropical America. Aug.-Oct. 
 
588 
 
 AMARANTHACEAE. 
 
 Amaranthus hybridus paniculatus (I,.) Uline & Bray, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 145. 1894. 
 Amaranthus paniciilatus I,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1406. 1763. 
 
 Flowers and foliage more or less deeply tinged with red or purple ; leaves sometimes lanceolate 
 and bracts shorter. Range of the type, but less abundant. 
 
 3. Amaranthus spinosus I,. Spiny 
 
 Amaranth. (Fig. 1400.) 
 Amaranthus spinosus I,. Sp. PI. 991. 1753. 
 
 Rather dark green, glabrous or somewhat pu- 
 bescent above, stem stout, erect or ascending, 
 ridged, usually much branched, sometimes red, i- 
 4 high. Leaves ovate, rhombic-ovate or the upper 
 lanceolate, slender-petioled, acute at both ends, \ f - 
 3' long, with a pair of rigid stipular spines X'-l' 
 long at each node, the rnidvein excurrent; flowers 
 in numerous capitate axillary clusters, mostly 
 shorter than the petioles and in dense terminal 
 linear-cylindric spreading or drooping spikes i / -6 / 
 long; bracts lanceolate- subulate about as long as 
 the 5 scarious oblong mucronate-tipped i-nerved 
 sepals, and the thin imperfectly circumscissile 
 utricle; stamens 5. 
 
 In waste and cultivated soil, Massachusetts to Penn- 
 sylvania, Ohio and Kansas, south to Florida and Mexico. 
 Naturalized from tropical America. A troublesome 
 weed southward. June-Sept. 
 
 4. Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. 
 Prostrate Amaranth. (Fig. 1401.) 
 A. blitoides S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 273. 1877. 
 Nearly or quite glabrous, rather pale green, 
 stem diffusely branched, prostrate and spreading 
 on the ground, ridged, 6 r -2 long, often forming 
 mats. I/eaves obovate or spatulate, X /-I/ l n g. 
 obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed into slen- 
 der petioles, sometimes longer than the blades; 
 flowers in small axillary clusters mostly shorter 
 than the petioles; bracts lanceolate-subulate, lit- 
 tle longer than the 4 or 5 oblong-lanceolate acute 
 or cuspidate sepals; stamens 3; utricle nearly 
 smooth, circumscissile, equalling or slightly 
 longer than the sepals. 
 
 In waste places, especially along the principal 
 routes of travel, Maine to southern Ontario and Min- 
 nesota, south to New Jersey, Missouri and Kansas. 
 Naturalized from west of the Rocky Mountains, 
 where it appears to be indigenous from Utah and 
 Colorado to Mexico. June-Oct. 
 
 5. Amaranthus graecizans I,. Tum- 
 ble-weed. (Fig. 1402.) 
 
 Amaranthus graecizans I,. Sp. PI. 990. 1753- 
 A maranthus albus L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1404. 1763. 
 
 Glabrous, pale green, stem erect, bushy- 
 branched, whitish, 6 / -2 tall, the branches slen- 
 der, ascending. I/eaves oblong, spatulate or 
 obovate, YZ'-^/Z' long, slender-petioled, papil- 
 lose, the midvein excurrent; flowers polyga- 
 mous, several together in small axillary clusters 
 shorter than the leaves, commonly not longer 
 than the petioles; bracts subulate, pungent- 
 pointed, spreading, much longer than the 3 
 membranous sepals; stamens 3; utricle wrinkled, 
 circumscissile, longer than: he sepals. 
 
 In waste and cultivated sou, throughout North 
 America. Naturalized from tropical America. 
 The leaves fall away in autumn, and on the western 
 plains the plant, thus denuded, is freely uprooted 
 and blown before the wind, whence the popular 
 name. June-Sept. 
 
AMARANTH FAMILY. 
 
 589 
 
 6. Amaranthus Torreyi (A. Gray) Benth. 
 
 (Fig. 1403.) 
 
 Amblogyne Torreyi A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 5: 167. 
 
 1861. 
 Amarantus Torreyi Benth.; S. Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 42. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Glabrous or nearly so, stem stout or slender, 
 erect, grooved, usually much branched above, 2- 
 3 tall. Leaves lanceolate or rhombic-lanceolate, 
 thin, narrowed above to a rather blunt apex, mostly 
 cuneate at the base, i%'-4 f long, X'-i' wide, slen- 
 der-petioled; flowers dioecious, borne in terminal 
 slender sometimes panicled spikes and in small ax- 
 illary clusters; bracts shorter than or about equal- 
 ling the 5 sepals, cuspidate; sepals of the pistillate 
 flowers obovate or broadly spatulate, clawed, obtuse 
 or emarginate, those of the staminate flowers nar- 
 rower and subacute; utricle dry, indehiscent. 
 
 In dry soil, western Nebraska to Nevada, south to 
 Mexico. Plant with the aspect of Acnida. June-Aug. 
 
 Torrey's Amaranth. 
 
 Amaranthus Palmeri S. Wats, 
 mer's Amaranth. (Fig. 1404.) 
 
 Pal- 
 
 Amaranlhus Palmeri S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 
 274. 1876. 
 
 Somewhat similar to the preceding species, stem 
 erect, slender, branched, 2-3 tall, usually pubes- 
 cent above. Leaves ovate, rhombic -ovate or the 
 upper lanceolate, blunt at the apex, narrowed at 
 the base, prominently veined, slender-petioled, the 
 lower petiole often longer than the blades; flowers 
 dioecious, borne in elongated erect or drooping 
 spikes often \' long or more, and some of them 
 commonly in small clusters in the upper axils; 
 bracts subulate, spiny-awned, spreading, twice as 
 long as the sepals; sepals 5, spatulate, clawed; 
 utricle dry, indehiscent. 
 
 In dry soil, western Kansas (according to A. S. 
 Hitchcock) to Texas and Mexico, west to California. 
 June-Sept. 
 
 8. Amaranthus lividus L/. Purplish 
 Amaranth. (Fig. 1405.) 
 
 A ma ranlh us lividus L,. Sp. PI. 990. 1753. 
 
 Euxolus lividus Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 2, 275. 
 1849. 
 
 Glabrous, rather succulent, purplish-green, stem 
 erect, slender, branched, i-3 tall. Leaves ovate, 
 entire, i'-3' long, strongly emarginate at the apex, 
 narrowed at the base, slender-petioled; flowers 
 monoecious or polygamous, in dense terminal 
 spikes and in capitate axillary clusters usually much 
 shorter than the petioles; bracts shorter than the 
 2 or 3 oblong or spatulate sepals; utricle dry, scar- 
 ious, smooth, indehiscent, longer than the sepals. 
 
 In waste places, eastern Massachusetts to southern 
 New York. Adventive from tropical America. July- 
 Sept. 
 
590 
 
 AMARANTHACEAE. 
 
 9. Amaranthus deflexus L,. L,ow 
 Amaranth. (Fig. 1406.) 
 
 Amaranthus deflexus L,. Mant. 2: 295. 
 Euxolus deflexus Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 42. 
 
 1771. 
 1836. 
 
 Glabrous, purplish -green, rather succulent, stem 
 usually much branched, erect, stout or slender, 
 i-3 tall. Leaves ovate or oval obtuse retuse or 
 emarginate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the 
 base, i '-3' long, ^'-i^' wide, slender-petioled, 
 the petioles often as long as the blades or the 
 lower ones longer; flowers polygamous in dense, 
 mostly short and thick terminal spikes and capi- 
 tate in the axils; bracts shorter than the 2 or 3 ob- 
 long or spatulate sepals usually very short; utricle 
 fleshy, 3-5-nerved, smooth, indehisccnt, rather 
 shorter than the sepals. 
 
 In waste places and ballast along- the coast, Massa- 
 chusetts to southern New York. Also in California. 
 Probably adventive from tropical America. July-Sept. 
 
 10. Amaranthus crispus (L,esp. & Thev. ) Braun. 
 
 (Fig. 1407.) 
 
 Euxolus crispus L,esp. & Thev. Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 
 6: 656. 1859. 
 
 Amarantus crispus Braun; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 428. 
 1890. 
 
 Pubescent, stem copiously branched, slender, 
 spreading on the ground, prostrate, forming mats 
 8 / -2^ in diameter. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, 
 mostly acute at the apex and narrowed at the base, 
 petioled, 4 // -i / long, their margins remarkably 
 crisped; petioles shorter than or exceeding the 
 blades; flowers all in small axillary clusters shorter 
 than the petioles; bracts lanceolate, cuspidate, 
 shorter than the 5 spatulate spreading sepals; sta- 
 mens (always?) 3; utricle wrinkled, indehiscent, 
 about as long as the sepals. 
 
 In waste places, New York city, Brooklyn and Al- 
 bany, N. Y. Also in France. Native region unknown. 
 June-Sept. 
 
 Crisp-leaved Amaranth. 
 
 Coast 
 
 ii. Amaranthus pumilus Raf. 
 Amaranth. (Fig. 1408.) 
 
 Amarantus pumilus Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5 : ^60. 
 
 1808. 
 Euxolus pumilus Chapm. Fl. S. States, 381. 1860. 
 
 Glabrous, fleshy, branched, the branches pros- 
 trate or ascending, $'-8' long. Leaves ovate, 
 rhombic-ovate or suborbicular, most of them 
 clustered toward the ends of the branches, ob- 
 tuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed or 
 rounded at the base, prominently veined, peti- 
 oled, 3 // -io // long, the veins often purple; flowers 
 few together in small axillary clusters; bracts 
 lanceolate, subacute, shorter than the 5 oblong 
 obtuse sepals; stamens 5; anthers yellow; utricle 
 fleshy, indehiscent, faintly 5-ribbed, slightly 
 wrinkled, nearly twice as long as the sepals 
 when mature; seed very large for the genus. 
 
 On sea beaches, Rhode Island to North Carolina. 
 June-Sept. 
 
AMARANTH FAMILY. 
 
 591 
 
 2. ACNIDA L. Sp. 1027. 1753. 
 
 Annual, erect or decumbent, glabrous branching herbs, similar to the dioecious Amar- 
 anths, with alternate petioled thin pinnately veined leaves. Flowers small, green, 1-3- 
 bracted, in terminal and axillary, continuous or interrupted spikes, or clustered in the axils. 
 Staminate flowers consisting of 5 scarious erect i-nerved mucronate sepals longer than the 
 bracts, and as many stamens; filaments subulate, distinct; anthers 2-celled. Pistillate flowers 
 without a calyx; ovary ovoid or subglobose; stigmas 2-5, papillose or plumose, short or 
 elongated. Utricle fleshy and indehiscent, or membranous and bursting irregularly or cir- 
 cumscissile; seed erect, smooth and shining. [Greek, without nettle.] 
 
 About 4 species, natives of eastern North America and the West Indies. 
 
 Utricle fleshy, angled, indehiscent; salt-marsh plant. i. A. cannabina. 
 
 Utricle membranous, dehiscent or indehiscent, not angled; plants of fresh- water swamps. 
 
 2. A. tamariscina. 
 
 (Fig. 1409.) 
 
 i. Acnida cannabina L. Salt-marsh Water-hemp. 
 
 Acnida cannabina L,. Sp. PI. 1027. 1753. 
 
 A. rusocarpa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 234. pi. 50. 1803. 
 
 Succulent, stem stout or slender (sometimes i' in 
 diameter at the base), usually much branched, i- 
 10 tall, the branches ascending. Leaves lanceolate, 
 acuminate but generally blunt-pointed and apiculate 
 at the apex, 2 / -6 / long, % f -\}' wide, narrowed at the 
 base, entire or slightly undulate; petiole usually 
 shorter than the blade; staminate spikes i / -5 / long, 
 usually dense; sepals oblong-lanceolate or ovate-ob- 
 long, acute, acuminate or obtusish, cuspidate or mu- 
 cronate; fertile spikes dense or loose; stigmas slender, 
 papillose- hispid, % ff long; utricle fleshy, indehis- 
 cent, 3-5-angled, subglobose or obovoid, i // -2 // long 
 when mature, becoming black, much longer than 
 the bracts. 
 
 In salt and brackish marshes, and up the rivers to fresh 
 water, Massachusetts to Florida. July-Aug. 
 
 Acnida Floridana S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 10: 376, a more slender plant, of the southern At- 
 lantic coast, with narrower slender-petioled leaves, the flowers in elongated interrupted spikes, 
 and a smaller utricle, may occur in southern Virginia. 
 
 2. Acnida tamariscina (Nutt.) Wood. 
 Western Water-hemp. (Fig. 1410.) 
 
 Amarantus tamariscinus Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
 
 (II.) 5: 165. 1833-37. 
 Acnida tamariscina Wood, Bot. & Fl. 289. 1873. 
 
 Similar to the preceding species, much branched, 
 erect, the branches usually slender, erect-ascending. 
 Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2 / -6 / long, 
 mostly long-acuminate, but sometimes obtuse at the 
 apex and mucronate or cuspidate-tipped, narrowed at 
 the base, the petioles commonly shorter than the blades; 
 spikes mostly loose or interrupted, often 5' long; se- 
 pals lanceolate, subulate-acuminate; stigmas plumose, 
 rather short; utricle membranous, not angled, W-T." 
 long, circumscissile; bractlets lanceolate, cuspidate. 
 
 In swamps, Illinois to South Dakota, Louisiana and 
 New Mexico. July-Sept. 
 
 Acnida tamariscina tuberculata (Moq. ) Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20: 157. 1895. 
 Acnida tuberculata Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 2, 278. 1849. 
 Acnida tamariscina var. subnuda S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 429. 1890. 
 
 Tall, erect, sometimes 10 high, with flexuous branches; inflorescence spicate; utricle ovoid, 
 tubercled, indehiscent. Vermont to Manitoba, Tennessee and Nebraska. This and the following 
 varieties perhaps constitute a distinct species. 
 
 Acnida tamariscina concatenate (Moq.) Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20: 158. 1895. 
 Acnida cannabina var. concatenata Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 2, 278. 1849. 
 Montelia tamariscina var. concatenata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 413. 1867. 
 
 Stem often decumbent; flowers larger, in separated glpmerules. Range of preceding variety. 
 
 38 
 
592 
 
 AMARANTHACEAE. 
 
 Acnida tamariscina prostrata Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20: 158. 1895. 
 
 Stems diffuse and prostrate or sometimes ascending; leaves rarely over i' long, spatulate 4 
 flowers in axillary clusters or in separated glomerules. Michigan and South Dakota to Missouri. ' 
 
 3. CLADOTHRIX Nutt.; Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 2, 359. 1849. 
 
 Annual or perennial diffusely branched stellate-pubescent herbs, with opposite entire or 
 slightly undulate petioled leaves, and very small perfect 3-bracted flowers, solitary or clustered 
 in the axils. Calyx of 5 equal pilose erect dry oblong i-nerved sepals. Stamens 5, hypogy- 
 nous, their filaments united at the base, their anthers i-celled. Ovary subglobose; style short; 
 stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Utricle globose, indehiscent. [Greek, branch-hair, from the 
 stellate pubescence.] 
 
 About 4 species, natives of southwestern North America and Mexico. 
 
 i. Cladothrix lanuginosa Nutt. Cladothrix. 
 (Fig. 1411.) 
 
 Achyranthes lanuginosa Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 
 
 5: 166. 1833-37. 
 Cladothrix lanuginosa Nutt; Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13: 
 
 Part 2, 360. 1849. 
 
 Perennial, somewhat woody at the base, or sometimes 
 annual, stem terete, much branched, sometimes thick- 
 ened at the nodes, the branches prostrate or ascending, 
 4 / -i2 / long. Leaves orbicular, broadly ovate or rhom- 
 bic-ovate, obtuse or acute, usually narrowed at the base, 
 entire, inconspicuously veined, rather firm, 2 // -i2 // 
 wide, the petioles shorter than or equalling the blades; 
 flowers y 2 " broad or less, mostly clustered in the axils 
 of small upper leaves toward the ends of the branches. 
 
 In dry soil, Kansas to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. 
 June-Sept. 
 
 4. FROELICHIA Moench, Meth. 50. 1794. 
 
 Annual, erect woolly or silky, branching or simple herbs, with opposite sessile entire or 
 slightly undulate narrow leaves, or the lower and basal ones contracted into petioles. Flow- 
 ers perfect, 3-bracted, often bracteolate, in panicled dense spikes. Calyx tubular, nearly 
 terete, 5-cleft or 5-toothed, very woolly, its tube longitudinally crested and sometimes tuber- 
 cled in fruit. Stamens 5, their filaments united into a tube, which is 5-cleft at the summit and 
 bears the i-celled anthers between its lobes. Ovary ovoid; style slender or wanting; stigma 
 capitate or penicillate. Utricle indehiscent, enclosed by the tube of united filaments. [Name 
 in honor of J. A. Froelich, a German botanist.] 
 
 About 12 species, all American. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the Southwestern 
 States. 
 
 Stout, 2-4 tall; crests of fruiting calyx continuous, dentate. 
 Slender, io'-2o' tall; crests of fruiting calyx interrupted. 
 
 1. F. Floridana. 
 
 2. F. gracilis. 
 
 ll 
 
 i. Froelichia Floridana (Nutt.) Moq. 
 Florida Froelichia. (Fig. 1412.) 
 
 Oplotheca Floridana Nutt. Gen. 2: 79. 1818. 
 Froelichia Floridana Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 2, 420. 
 1849. 
 
 Stem stout, 2-4 tall, the branches slender, erect- 
 ascending, leafless above. Upper leaves linear or lin- 
 ear-oblong, sessile, acute or acuminate at both ends, 
 i / ~3 / long, the lower spatulate or oblanceolate, obtuse 
 or acute at the apex, 3 / -6 / long, %'-\' wide, narrowed 
 into margined petioles; spikes mostly opposite, nar- 
 rowly ovoid or oblong, obtuse or subacute, l /t'-\ r 
 long; fruiting calyx with prominent longitudinal 
 wing-like toothed crests. 
 
 In dry soil, Illinois and Minnesota to Nebraska and 
 Colorado, south to Tennessee, Florida, Kansas and Texas. 
 June-Sept. 
 
AMARANTH FAMILY. 593 
 
 2. Froelichia gracilis Moq. Slender 
 Froelichia. (Fig. 1413.) 
 
 Froelichia gracilis Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 2, 420. 
 1849. 
 
 Similar to the preceding species but the stem slen- 
 der, branched, especially from the base, or sometimes 
 simple, io / -20 / tall. Leaves all linear or linear-oblong, 
 acute at both ends, 9" -2' long, sessile or the lower 
 commonly spatulate, obtusish and narrowed into very 
 short petioles; spikes alternate or opposite, oblong, 
 mostly obtuse, X /-I/ lon g; fruiting calyx with 5 longi- 
 tudinal rows of processes or these confluent into inter- 
 rupted crests. 
 
 In dry soil, western Nebraska and Colorado to Texas. 
 Perhaps intergrades with the preceding species. June- 
 Sept. 
 
 5. IRESINE P. Br. Civ. & Nat. Hist. Jam. 358. 1756. 
 
 Annual or perennial tall herbs, with opposite broad petioled thin leaves and very small 
 polygamous perfect or dioecious 3-bracted white flowers, in large terminal panicles or pan- 
 icled spikes. Calyx 5-parted, the pistillate usually woolly-pubescent. Stamens 5, rarely less; 
 filaments united by their bases, filiform; anthers i -celled. Utricle very small, subglobose, 
 indehiscent. [Greek, in allusion to the woolly pubescence.] 
 
 About 20 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. Besides the following another occurs 
 in the southwestern United States. 
 
 sft 
 
 i. Iresine paniculata (L/.) Kuntze. 
 Blood-leaf. Juba's Bush. (Fig. 1414.) 
 
 Celosia paniculata L,. Sp. PI. 206. 1753. 
 Iresine celosioides L. Sp. Pi. Ed. 2, 1456. 1763. 
 Iresine paniculata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 542. 1891. 
 
 Annual, stem erect, usually branched, slender, 
 2-5 tall, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves ovate, 
 ovate-lanceolate or the upper lanceolate, 2'-6' 
 long, slender-petioled, pinnately veined, nearly or 
 quite glabrous; flowers very numerous, \" broad 
 or less, in large terminal much branched panicles; 
 calyx and bracts silvery, dry; pistillate flowers 
 white-villous at the base, about twice as long as the 
 bracts. 
 
 In dry soil, Ohio to Kansas, south to Florida and 
 Texas. Widely distributed in tropical America. 
 Aug.-Sept. 
 
 Family 17. PHYTOLACCACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst Ed. 2, 213. 1836. 
 
 POKEWEED FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs (some tropical species shrubs or trees) with alternate entire mostly ex- 
 stipulate leaves, and perfect regular polygamous or monoecious usually racemose 
 flowers. Calyx 4~5-parted or of 4 or 5 distinct sepals, its segments or sepals 
 imbricated in the bud. Petals wanting. Stamens as many as the calyx-segments 
 or sepals and alternate with them, or more numerous, hypogynous; filaments 
 subulate or filiform, distinct or united at the base; anthers 2 -celled, the sacs 
 longitudinally dehiscent, often nearly separated. Ovary superior, several-celled 
 in most of the genera; ovules solitary in the cavities, amphitropous. Styles as 
 many as the carpels, short or none; stigmas linear or filiform. Fruit a berry in 
 the following genus, capsular or samaroid in some tropical genera. Endosperm 
 of the seed mealy or fleshy. 
 
 About 22 genera and 85 species, mostly in the tropics. 
 
594 
 
 PHYTOLACCACEAE. 
 
 i. PHYTOLACCA I,. Sp. PI. 41. 1753. 
 
 Tall perennial herbs (some tropical species woody), with ample petioled exstipulate 
 leaves, and small flowers in terminal racemes, which by the further growth of the stem be- 
 come opposite the leaves. Pedicels bracted at the base and often 1-3 bracted above. Calyx 
 of 4 or 5 persistent rounded sepals. Stamens 5-15, inserted at the base of the calyx; anthers 
 mostly oblong. Ovary subglobose, composed of 5-15 distinct or somewhat united carpels. 
 Fruit a depressed-globose 5~i5-celled fleshy berry. Seeds i in each cavity, erect, compressed; 
 embryo annular in the mealy endosperm. [Name Greek and French, referring to the crimson 
 juice of the berries.] 
 
 About 10 species, the following of eastern North America, the others of tropical distribution. 
 
 i. Phytolacca decandra L. Poke. Scoke. Pigeon-berry. Garget. (Fig. 1415.) 
 
 Phytolacca decandra L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 631. 1762. 
 
 A glabrous strong-smelling succulent erect 
 branching herb, 4- 12 tall, the root peren- 
 nial, large, poisonous, the stem stout, its pith 
 divided into disks separated by lens-shaped 
 cavities. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, pinnately veined, acute or acumi- 
 nate at both ends, S'-ia' long; petioles fa' -4.' 
 long; racemes peduncled, 2 / -8 / long; pedicels 
 divergent, 2 // -6 // long, each with a subulate- 
 lanceolate bractlet at its base and usually 2 
 similar ones above; flowers perfect; calyx 
 white, 2 // -3 // broad, its sepals suborbicular, 
 or oval; stamens 10, slightly shorter than the 
 sepals; ovary green, lo-celled; styles recurved; 
 berry dark purple, 5 // -6 // in diameter, 3 // ~4 // 
 high, very juicy, its 10 carpels conspicuous 
 when dry. 
 
 In various situations, Maine and Ontario to 
 Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Sometimes a 
 troublesome weed. Naturalized in Europe. The 
 young shoots are eaten like asparagus. June-Sept. 
 Berries ripe Aug. -Oct. Also called Inkberry. 
 
 * Family 18. NYCTAGINACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 213. 1836. 
 
 FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs (some tropical genera trees or shrubs) with simple entire leaves, and 
 regular flowers in terminal or axillary clusters, in the following genera sub- 
 tended by involucres of distinct or united bracts. Petals none. Calyx inferior, 
 usually corolla-like, its limb campanulate, tubular or salverform, 4~5-lobed or 
 4-5-toothed. Stamens hypogynous; filaments filiform; anthers 2-celled, dehis- 
 cent by lateral slits. Ovary enclosed by the tube of the perianth, sessile or 
 stipitate, i-celled, i-ovuled; ovule campy lotropous; style short or elongated; 
 stigma capitate. Fruit a ribbed, grooved or winged anthocarp. 
 
 About 17 genera and 250 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in America. 
 Involucre of united bracts; pairs of leaves equal. i. Allionia. 
 
 Involucre of separate bracts; pairs of leaves mostly unequal. 2. Abronia. 
 
 i. ALLIONIA L,oefl. Iter Hisp. 181. 1758. 
 [OXYBAPHUS L'Her.; Willd. Sp. PI. i: 185. 1797.] 
 
 Forking herbs, with opposite equal leaves, and involucres in loose terminal panicles. 
 Involucre 5-lobed (of 5 partially united bracts) 3-5-flowered, becoming enlarged and reticu- 
 late-veined after flowering. Perianth campanulate, its tube constricted above the ovary, its 
 limb corolla-like, deciduous. Stamens 3-5, generally 3, unequal, hypogynous. Fruit ob- 
 ovoid or clavate, strongly ribbed, pubescent in our species. [Name in honor of Chas. 
 Allioni, 1725-1804, a botanist of Turin.] 
 
 About 20 species, natives of North and South America, one Asiatic. 
 Leaves broadly ovate, cordate or oblong-ovate, all petioled. 
 Leaves oblong or lanceolate, only the lower petioled. 
 
 Plant glabrous or nearly so except the inflorescence. 
 
 Plant densely pubescent all over. 
 Leaves linear, sessile. 
 
 Plant tall, i-2 high; branches erect-ascending. 
 
 Plants low, 4/-io' high, diffusely branched; branches divergent. 
 Involucres axillary, their lobes ovate-oblong, acute. 
 
 1. A. nyctaginea. 
 
 2. A. albida. 
 
 3. A. hirsuta. 
 
 4. A. linearis. 
 
 5- A. 
 Involucres clustered at the ends of branches, lobes semicircular, obtuse. 6. A 
 
 Bodini. 
 Buslii. 
 
FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY. 
 
 595 
 
 i. Allionia nyctaginea Michx. Heart-leaved Umbrella-wort. (Fig. 1416.) 
 
 Allionia nyctaginea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 100. 1803. 
 Oxybaphus nyctagineus Sweet, Hort. Brit. 429. 1830. 
 
 Stem angled, often 4-sided below, rather slender, 
 glabrous or but slightly pubescent, i-3 tall. Leaves 
 broadly ovate, 2 / -4 / long, i'-3' wide, acute at the 
 apex, cordate, rounded or truncate at the base, all 
 petioled except the small bract-like uppermost ones, 
 glabrous or nearly so; peduncles and pedicels com- 
 monly somewhat pubescent; involucre shorter than 
 the flowers; perianth red; stamens 3-5, exserted; 
 style exserted; fruit oblong or narrowly obovoid, 
 very pubescent. 
 
 In dry soil, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory, Illi- 
 nois, Louisiana, Texas and New Mexico. May-Aug. 
 
 Allionia nyctaginea ovata (Pursh) Morong, Mem. Torn 
 
 Club, 5: 146. 1894. 
 
 Allionia ovata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 97. 1814. 
 Oxybaphus nyctagineus var. oblongifolius Torr. Bot. 
 Mex. Bound. Surv. 174. 1859. 
 
 Leaves oblong, lanceolate, pblanceolate or obovate, 
 not at all cordate at the base; inflorescence very pubes- 
 cent. Nebraska to Texas and New Mexico. 
 
 2. Allionia albida Walt. Pale Umbrella- 
 wort. (Fig. 1417.) 
 
 Allionia albida Walt. Fl. Car. 84. 1788. 
 Oxybaphus albidus Choisy in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 2, 
 434. 1849. 
 
 Stem erect, furrowed or striate, 4-sided below, 
 i-3 tall, glabrous or pubescent above, the pe- 
 duncles and branches commonly more or less 
 glandular and viscous. Leaves lanceolate or ob- 
 long-lanceolate, 3-veined from the base, glabrous, 
 pubescent or ciliate, the upper sessile, the lower 
 short-petioled; involucre much enlarged in fruit, 
 pubescent, ciliate, becoming whitish and purple- 
 veined; perianth pink or lilac; stamens and style 
 often exserted; fruit with 5 or 6 obtuse hispid 
 ribs, roughened in the furrows. 
 
 South Carolina to South Dakota and Colorado, 
 south to Florida, Missouri and Texas. May-Aug. 
 
 3. Allionia hirsuta Pursh. Hairy Um- 
 brella-wort. (Fig. 1418.) 
 
 Allionia hirsuta Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 728. 1814. 
 Oxybaphus hirsutus Choisy in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 2, 
 433- 1849. 
 
 Stem slender, i-3 tall, erect, angled and stri- 
 ate, glandular-pubescent, especially at the nodes, 
 occasionally glabrate toward the base. Leaves 
 lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtuse at the apex, 
 sessile or the lowest sometimes short-petioled, 
 pubescent, i / -3 / loug; branches and petioles very 
 pubescent; inflorescence usually contracted; 
 stamens often 5; fruit narrowly obovoid, the ribs 
 obtuse, sometimes with low intermediate ribs in 
 the furrows. 
 
 In dry soil, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory, 
 south to Wisconsin, Colorado and Texas. July-Aug. 
 
NYCTAGINACEAE. 
 
 4. Allionia linearis Pursh. Narrow-leaved 
 Umbrella- wort. (Fig. 1419.) 
 
 Allionia linearis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 728. 1814. 
 Calymenia angustifolia Nutt. Fraser's Cat. Name only. 
 
 1813. 
 Oxybaphns angustifolius Sweet, Hort. Brit. 429. 1830. 
 
 Stem slender, terete or somewhat 4-angled below, 
 glabrous,glaucous,i-4X tall,erect, the branches and 
 peduncles sometimes puberulent. Leaves linear, thick, 
 i-nerved, \ f -2}h f l n g. i^ // -4 // wide, obtuse or acute 
 at the apex,sessile or the lower occasionally short-peti- 
 oled; involucre about 3-flowered, green before flow- 
 ering; perianth purple, longer than the involucre; sta- 
 mens and style exserted; fruit commonly roughened 
 in the furrows between the 5 prominent ribs. 
 
 Tn dry soil, Minnesota to Utah, south to Texas and 
 Mexico. June- Aug. 
 
 5. Allionia Bodini (Holzinger) Morong. Bodin's Umbrella- wort. (Fig. 1420.) 
 
 i 
 
 Oxybaphus Bodini Holzinger, Contr. Nat. Herb, i: 287. 
 
 pi. 21. 1893. 
 Allionia Bodini Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 355. 1894. 
 
 Low, glabrous or minutely pubescent, stem whit- 
 ish, diffusely branched, slender, 2 / ~5 / high, the 
 branches divergent. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, 
 X'" 1 /^' l n g> x// wide or less, slightly narrowed at 
 both ends, fleshy; involucres solitary and short-pe- 
 duncled in the upper axils, finely pubescent, about 
 3 /r broad when mature, 5-lobed to about the middle, 
 the lobes ovate-oblong, acute; fruit narrowly obovoid, 
 obtusely 5-ribbed, very pubescent, 2> // high. 
 
 In dry soil, eastern Colorado and western Kansas. 
 June-July. 
 
 6. Allionia Bushi Britton. Bush's 
 Umbrella-wort. (Fig. 1421.) 
 
 Allionia Bushi Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 223. 
 
 1895- 
 
 Low, glabrous, somewhat fleshy, stem nearly 
 white, diffusely branched, about 8 / high, the 
 branches slender, widely divergent. Leaves nar- 
 rowly linear, sessile, i / -3 / long, i // -i^ // wide, 
 blunt, their width almost uniform from base to 
 apex; involucres clustered at the ends of the 
 branches, at first campauulate and longer than the 
 flowers, at length rotate and becoming io // broad, 
 membranous, pubescent, finely reticulate-veined, 
 their short lobes semicircular, rounded, the mid- 
 veins prominent. 
 
 In dry ground; Jackson Co., Missouri. Aug. 
 
 2. ABRONIA Juss. Gen. 448. 1774. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite petioled thick entire leaves, one of each pair 
 somewhat larger than the other. Stems ascending, erect or prostrate, branching, mostly glan- 
 dular-pubescent, with clustered or solitary numerous-flowered involucres on long axillary 
 peduncles. Flowers sessile, usually conspicuous. Perianth-tube elongated, tubular or fun- 
 nelform, the limb spreading, 5-lobed, the lobes obcordate or emarginate. Stamens 3-5, un- 
 
FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY. 
 
 597 
 
 equal, inserted on the tube of the perianth; anthers linear-oblong, included. Style filiform. 
 Fruit dry, i-5-winged, the wings broad or narrow, reticulate-veined. Seed cylindric, smooth, 
 shining. [Name from the Greek, graceful.] 
 
 About 15 species, all American. Besides the following, some 10 others occur in western North 
 America. 
 
 Perennial; flowers white; wings of the fruit i" broad or less. i. A. fragrans. 
 
 Annual; flowers pink; wings thin, 4" -7" broad, very conspicuous. 2. A. micrantha. 
 
 i. Abronia fragrans Nutt. White 
 Abronia. (Fig. 1422.) 
 
 Abronia fragrans Nutt. ; Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. 5: 
 261. 1853. 
 
 Perennial, viscid-pubescent, stem erect or as- 
 cending, usually much branched, i-2 high. 
 Leaves oval, ovate or oblong-elliptic, petioled, 
 obtuse at the apex, cuneate, truncate or rounded 
 at the base, i / -2^ / long; bracts of the involucre 
 5 or 6, large, ovate or obovate, white; flowers 
 white, very numerous in the involucres, 5 // -io // 
 long, fragrant, opening at night; fruit 4 // ~5 // 
 high, coriaceous with 5 or sometimes fewer, un- 
 dulate coarsely reticulated wings about i // wide, 
 which do not close over its summit. 
 
 In dry soil, Iowa to Nebraska and Montana, south 
 to Texas and Mexico. June-Aug. 
 
 i \^l ^ ' 
 
 2. Abronia micrantha. (Torr. ) Chois. 
 Pink Abronia. (Fig. 1423.) 
 
 Tripteridium micranthum Torr. Frem. Rep. 96. 
 
 1845. 
 Abronia micrantha Chois. in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 
 
 2, 436. 1849. 
 Abronia Cycloptera A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 
 
 15: 3i9- 1853. 
 
 Annual, glabrous below, more or less glandu- 
 lar-pubescent above, stem ascending, branched, 
 i-2 high. Leaves similar to those of the pre- 
 ceding species in size and outline; involucral 
 bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acumi- 
 nate; flowers several or numerous, about <$ ff 
 long, bright pink; calyx-limb 4 // -8 // broad; 
 fruit nearly i' high, its 2-4 membranous wings 
 4//_7// broad, entire-margined, shining, very 
 conspicuous, glabrous, united over the body of 
 the fruit, beautifully reticulate-veined. 
 
 In dry soil, western Nebraska to Wyoming and 
 Nevada, south to Texas and New Mexico. June-Aug. 
 
 Family 19. AIZOACEAE A. Br.; Aschers. Fl. Brand. 60. 1864. 
 
 CA.RPET-WEED FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, mostly prostrate and branching, with (in 
 our species) opposite or verticillate leaves and solitary cymose or glomerate per- 
 fect, small regular flowers. Stipules none or scarious, or the petiole-bases 
 dilated. Calyx 4~5-cleft or 4~5-parted. Petals small or none in our species. 
 Stamens perigynous, equal in number to the sepals, fewer, or more numerous. 
 Ovary usually free from the calyx, 3-5 -celled, and ovules numerous in each cell 
 in our species. Fruit a capsule with loculicidal or circumscissile dehiscence. 
 Seeds amphitropous; seed-coat crustaceous or membranous; endosperm scanty or 
 copious; embryo slender, curved. 
 
 22 genera and about 500 species, mostly of warm regions, a few in the temperate zones. 
 
 Fleshy, sea-coast herbs; leaves opposite; capsule circumscissile. i. Sesuvium. 
 
 Not fleshy; leaves verticillate; capsule 3-valved. 2. Mollugo. 
 
598 
 
 AIZOACEAE. 
 
 i. SESUVIUM L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1058. 1759. 
 
 Fleshy decumbent or prostrate herbs, with opposite leaves and solitary or clustered axil- 
 lary pink or purplish flowers. Stipules none, but the petioles often dilated and connate at 
 the base. Calyx-tube top-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes oblong, obtuse. Petals none. Stamens 
 5 60, inserted on the tube of the calyx. Filaments filiform, sometimes united at the base. 
 Ovary 3-5-celled. Styles 3-5, papillose along the inner side. Capsule membranous, oblong, 
 3-5-celled, circumscissile. Seeds round-reniform, smooth; embryo annular. 
 
 About 4 species, natives of sea-coasts and saline regions. Besides the following, another occurs 
 in the Southern States and in the alkaline areas of the Far West. 
 
 i. Sesuvium maritimum (Walt.) B.S.P. Sea Purslane. (Fig. 1424.) 
 
 Pharnaceum maritimum Walt. Fl. Car. 
 
 117. 1788. 
 
 Sesuvium pentandrum Ell. Bot. S. C. & 
 Ga. i: 556. 1821. 
 
 Sesuvium maritimum B.S.P. Prel. Cat. 
 N. Y. 20. 1888. 
 
 Annual, glabrous, decumbent or as- 
 cending, rarely erect, branches 2 / -i2 r 
 long. Leaves obovate or spatulate, 
 entire, rounded or slightly emarginate 
 at the apex, narrowed into a petiole or 
 the upper ones sessile, 4 // -i2 // long; 
 flowers sessile or very nearly so, about 
 i" broad, mostly solitary in the axils; 
 stamens 5, alternate with the calyx- 
 lobes; capsule ovoid, about 2" high, 
 scarcely longer than the calyx. 
 
 Sands of the seashore, eastern Long 
 Island, N. Y., to Florida. July-Sept. 
 
 2. MOLLUGO L. Sp. PI. 89. 1753. 
 
 Herbs, mostly annual, much branched, with verticillate, or in some species basal or al- 
 ternate leaves, and small cymose or axillary whitish flowers. Stipules scarious, membran- 
 ous, deciduous. Calyx 5-parted. Sepals persistent, scarious-matgined. Petals none. 
 Stamens 3-5, when 3 alternate with the cells of the ovary, when 5 alternate with the sepals. 
 Ovary ovoid or globose, usually 3-celled. Capsule usually 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidally 
 dehiscent. Seeds small, the testa smooth, granular or sculptured. 
 
 Abouti2 species, most of them of tropical distribution. Besides the following, another occurs 
 in the Southwestern States. 
 
 i. Mollugo verticillata L. Carpet- 
 weed. (Fig. 1425.) 
 
 Mollugo verticillata L- Sp. PI. 89. 1753. 
 
 Prostrate, glabrous, not fleshy, much 
 branched, spreading on the ground and 
 forming patches sometimes 20' in diameter. 
 Leaves verticillate, in 5's or 6's, spatulate, ob- 
 ovate or linear, entire, obtuse, 6 // -i2 // long, 
 narrowed into a petiole; flowers axillary, less 
 than \ ff broad; pedicels filiform; sepals ob- 
 long, slightly shorter than the ovoid capsule, 
 which appears roughened by the projecting 
 seeds; seeds reniform, usually smooth and 
 shining. 
 
 In waste places and cultivated grounds, New 
 Brunswick and Ontario to Minnesota, south to 
 Florida, Texas and Mexico. Native of the 
 warmer parts of America, now widely^ distrib- 
 uted as a weed. Also called Indian Chickweed. 
 May-Sept. 
 
INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 
 
 [Classes and Families in SMALI, CAPITALS; genera in heavy face ; synonyms in italics. . 
 
 
 Abama 400 Agrostis Allium 
 
 Andropogon 
 
 
 Americana 401 
 
 Elliottiana 160 tncoccum 412 
 
 glomeratus 
 
 1 02 
 
 Abies 56 
 
 exarata 160 
 
 vineale 4 J 3 
 
 Hallii 
 
 IOI 
 
 a Ida 54 
 balsamea 57 
 
 filiformis 142 Allosorus 
 hyemalis 161 acrostichoides 
 
 Halepensis 
 Jamesii 
 
 104 
 103 
 
 Canadensis 54, 56 
 Caroliniana 56 
 Fraseri 57 
 Mariana 55 
 
 Indica 154 
 intermedia 162 
 juncea 154 
 latifolia 158 
 
 Alnus 5" 
 Alnobetula 512 
 glutinosa 513 
 incana 512 
 
 macrourum 
 maritimus 
 provincialis 
 saccharoides 
 
 1 02 
 
 IOI 
 IO2 
 103 
 
 nigra 55 
 Abronia 596 
 
 longifolia 151 
 Me.ricana 142 
 
 maritima 513 
 rugosa 5 12 
 
 scoparius 
 Torreyanus 
 
 IOI 
 
 103 
 
 Cycloplera 597 
 fragrans 597 
 micrantha 597 
 Achroanthes 475 
 monophylla 475 
 unifolia 476 
 
 Novae-Angliae 162 
 pauciflora 144 
 perennans 161 
 racemosa 143 
 rubra 161 
 rupestris 161 
 
 serrulata 5 12 
 viridis 5 12 
 Alopecurus 148 
 agrestis 148 
 alpinus 149 
 aristulattis 149 
 
 vaginatus 
 Virginicus 
 Androstephium 
 coeruleum 
 violaceum 
 ANGIOSPERMAE 
 
 102 
 102 
 
 415 
 4l6 
 4l6 
 
 61 
 
 Achyranthes 
 lamiginosa 592 
 Acnida 589, 591 
 cannabina 591 
 Floridana 591 
 rusocarpa 591 
 tamariscina 591 
 tuberculata 591 
 Acorus 364 
 
 scabra 161 
 serotina 156 
 Spica-venti 167 
 sobolifera 142 
 sylvatica 159 
 tenuifiora 144 
 Virginica 153 
 vulgaris 159 
 Aira 168 
 
 fulvus 149 
 geniculatus 149 
 Monspeliensis 157 
 pratensis 149 
 AMARANTHACEAE 586 
 Amaranthus 587 
 albus 588 
 blitoides 588 
 crispus 59 
 
 Anonyma 
 aquatica 
 capitata 
 Anthoxanthum 
 odoratum 
 Apera 
 Spica-venti 
 Aplectrum 
 hyemale 
 
 5 2 6 
 443 
 
 167 
 167 
 481 
 481 
 
 Calamus 364 
 Acrostichum 
 alpinum 10 
 areolatum 20 
 hyperboreum 10 
 Ilvense 10 
 platyneuros 23 
 polypodioides 33 
 Thelypteris 15 
 Adiantum 27 
 Capillu's-Veneris 27 
 pe datum 27 
 Adicea 533 
 pumila 533 
 Aegilops 
 aromatica 177 
 Agave 445 
 Virginica 445 
 Agropyron 226 
 (inc. Triticum} 
 
 aquatica 194 
 atropurpurea 170 
 caespitosa 169 
 caryophyllea 168 
 coerulea 187 
 cr is tat a 194 
 flexuosa 170 
 melicoides 210 
 nitida 193 
 obtusata 192 
 praecox 169 
 pur pur ea 185 
 subspicata 171 
 AIZOACEAE 597 
 Aletris 425 
 aurea 426 
 farinosa 425 
 Alisma 84 
 cordifolia 86 
 Plantago-aquatica 85 
 
 chlorostachys 587 
 de flex us 59 
 graecizans 588 
 hybridus 587 
 hypochondriacus 587 
 lividus 589 
 Palmeri 5 8 9 
 paniculatus 588 
 pumilus 590 
 retroflexus 587 
 spinosus 588 
 tamariscinus 591 
 Torreyi 589 
 AMARYLLIDACEAE 443 
 Amaryllis 
 Atamasco 444 
 
 Torreyi 589 
 Amianthtum 
 leimanthoides 406 
 
 spicatum 4 SI 
 ARACEAE 360 
 A rceu thobium 
 minutum 535 
 pusillum 535 
 Arctagrostis 157 
 latifolia J57 
 Arethusa 469 
 bulbosa 469 
 spicata 481 
 see Pogonia 467-8 
 Arisaema 3i 
 atrorubens 361 
 Dracontium 3i 
 triphyllum 361 
 Aristida 133 
 Americana 136 
 basiramea 134 
 desman tha 137 
 dichotoma 133 
 
 caninum 228 
 
 tenellum 8.s 
 
 muscaetoxicum 403 mspersa 
 
 M * 
 
 dasystachyum 227 subulata 92 Nuttallii 405 fasciculata 
 glaucum 226 ALISMACEAE 84 Ammophila 166 gracilis 
 
 136 
 133 
 
 repens 226 Allionia 594~6 arenaria 166 lanata 
 
 135 
 
 tenerum 227 albida .so* i arundinacea 166 lanosa 
 
 135 
 
 unilaterale 228 
 
 Bodini 596 
 
 Amphicarpon 109 ohgantha 
 
 135 
 
 violaceum 227 
 
 Bushi 596 
 
 Amphicarpon no j purpurascens 
 
 134 
 
 Agrostis 159 hirsuta 595 
 
 Purshii no 
 
 purpurea 
 
 135 
 
 airoides 155 
 
 linearis 596 Anacharis 
 
 ramosissima 
 
 *34 
 
 alba 159 
 algida 150 
 
 nyctaginea 595 Canadensis 93 stricta 
 oz/afo 595 Andropogon 100 tuberculosa 
 
 $ 
 
 altissima 162 
 
 Allium 41 1 
 
 alopecuroides 98 
 
 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE 537 
 
 arachnoides 160 
 
 Canadense 414 
 
 ambiguus 178 Aristoiocma 
 
 539 
 
 aspera 151 
 asperifolia 160 
 brevifolia 153 
 
 cernuum 413 
 mutabile 414 
 Nuttallii 414 
 
 argenteus 101 Clematitis 
 argyraeus 101 macrophylla 
 avenaceum 104 Serpentaria 
 
 54 
 540 
 540 
 
 canina 160 
 
 ornithogaloides 415 
 
 Belvisii 101 Sz/>/zo 
 
 54 
 
 compressa 156 
 cryptandra 155 
 diffusa 143 
 
 reticulatum 415 
 Schoenoprasum 412 
 stellatum 413 
 
 dissitiflorus 102 
 Elliottii 103 
 furcatus 102 
 
 tomentosa 
 Arrhenatherum 
 
 avenaceum 
 
 54 1 
 173 
 
 elata 162 
 
 striatum 415 
 
 glaucus 103 elatius 
 
 173 
 
6oo 
 
 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 
 
 Arum 
 
 Betula 
 
 Calamagrostis 
 
 
 Carex 
 
 Dracontium 
 
 361 papyrifera 509 
 
 robust a 
 
 165 
 
 castanea 319, 320 
 
 triphyllum 
 
 361 populifolia 508 
 
 stricta 
 
 165 
 
 cephaloidea " 348 
 
 Virginicum 
 
 362 pumila 511 
 
 sylvatica 
 
 164 
 
 cephalophora 349, 344 
 
 Arundinaria 
 
 233 viridis 512, 513 
 
 Calamovilfa 
 
 166 
 
 chordorhiza 341 
 
 macrosperma- 
 
 233 Blechnum 
 
 brevipilis 
 
 166 
 
 Collinsii 292 
 
 tecta 
 
 233 Virginicum 20 
 
 longifolia 
 
 167 
 
 communis 333 
 
 Arundo 
 
 Bletia 
 
 Calla 
 
 363 
 
 comosa 301 
 
 festucacea 
 
 209 aphylla 481 
 
 palustris 
 
 363 
 
 compacta 296 
 
 Phragmiles 
 
 184 Blitum 571,576 
 
 sagittaefolia 
 
 362 
 
 concinna 332 
 
 tecla 
 
 233 Bonus-Henricus 574 
 
 Calligomtm 
 
 
 conjuncta 342 
 
 see Calamagrostis capitatum 576 
 
 canescens 
 
 580 
 
 conoidea 325 
 
 
 163-6 ! chenopodioides 577 
 
 Calochortus 
 
 421 
 
 cost at a 316 
 
 Asarum 
 
 538 glaucum 571 
 
 Gunnisoni 
 
 422 
 
 costellata 316 
 
 arifolium 
 
 539 Nuttallianum 577 
 
 Nuttallii 
 
 422 
 
 Crawei 323, 360 
 
 Canadense 
 
 538 rub r n m 574 
 
 Calopogon 
 
 
 crinita 314, 315 
 
 macranthum 
 
 539 Boehmeria 533 
 
 pulchellus 
 
 480 
 
 cristata 357 
 
 Virginicum 
 
 538 cylindrica 534 
 
 Calymenia 
 
 
 cristatella 357 
 
 Asparagus 
 
 428 Botrychium 2 
 
 angustifolia 
 
 596 
 
 Crus-corvi 343 
 
 officinalis 
 
 428 boreale 2 
 
 Calypso 
 
 477 
 
 cryptocarpa 314 
 
 Aspidium 
 
 gracile 4 
 
 borealis 
 
 477 
 
 curta var. 351 
 
 see Dryopteris 
 
 13-18 lanceolatum 4 
 
 bulbosa 
 
 477 
 
 cuspidata 311 
 
 Asplenium 
 
 22 L,unaria 3 
 
 Camassia 
 
 
 Davisii 318 
 
 acrostichoides 
 
 26 matricariaefolium 3 
 
 Fraseri 
 
 423 
 
 debilis 320, 321 
 
 angustifolium 
 
 24 simplex 2 
 
 Camptosorus 
 
 21 
 
 decomposita 343 
 
 Bradleyi 
 
 26 ternatum and var. 3 
 
 rhizophyllus 
 
 21 
 
 deflexa 334 
 
 ebeneum 
 
 23 Virginianum 4 
 
 Campulosus 
 
 177 
 
 Deweyana 354 
 
 ebenoides 
 
 23 Bouteloua 179 
 
 aromaticus 
 
 177 
 
 digitalis 328 
 
 Filix-foemina 
 
 26 curtipendula 180 
 
 Cannabis 
 
 530 
 
 distans 324 
 
 fontanum 
 
 25 hirsuta 180 
 
 sativa 
 
 530 
 
 Douglasii 342 
 
 montanum 
 
 25 oligostachya 180 
 
 Capriola 
 
 175 
 
 Drummondiana 338 
 
 parvulum 
 
 23 racemosa 180 
 
 Dactylon 
 
 175 
 
 durifolia 338 
 
 pinnatifidum 
 
 22 Brachyelytrum 146 
 
 Carex 
 
 284-360 
 
 eburnea 332 
 
 platyneuron 
 
 23 ; aristatum 146 
 
 abacta 
 
 292 
 
 echinata var. 350 
 
 rhizophylla 
 
 21 erectum 146 
 
 abbreviata 
 
 324 
 
 Eleocharis 346 
 
 Ruta-muraria 
 
 25 Briza 199 
 
 acutiformis 
 
 303 
 
 Emmonsii 334 
 
 th elyptero ides 
 
 26 Canadensis 211 
 
 adusta 
 
 357 
 
 exilis 340 
 
 Trichomanes 
 
 24 media 199 
 
 aestivalis 
 
 317 
 
 extensa 323 
 
 viride 
 
 24 minor 199 
 
 alata 
 
 359 
 
 festucacea 359 
 
 Asprella 
 
 B ROM ELI ACE AE 374 
 
 alba setifolia 
 
 332 
 
 fill folia 339 
 
 Hystrix 
 
 233 Bromus 219 
 
 alb leans 
 
 334 
 
 filiformis 305 
 
 Virginica 
 
 129 asper 220 
 
 albolutescens 
 
 359 
 
 ftlipendtila 314 
 
 A theropogon 
 
 breviaristatus 223 
 
 Albursina 
 
 329 
 
 flaccosperma 322 
 
 oligostachyus 
 
 180 brizaeformis 223 
 
 alopecoidea 
 
 344, 345 
 
 flava 323, 324 
 
 Atriplex 
 
 578 ciliatus 219 
 
 alpina 
 
 306 
 
 flexilis 319 
 
 arenaria 
 
 579 erectus 220 
 
 altocaulis 
 
 326 
 
 foenea 357, 358 
 
 argentea 
 
 579 giganteus 218 
 
 ambusta 
 
 297 
 
 folliculata 293 
 
 canescens 
 
 580 hordeaceus 222 
 
 aniphibola 
 
 321 
 
 forrnosa 318, 320 
 
 expansa 
 
 579 Kalmii 221 
 
 angustata 
 
 308 
 
 Frankii 301 
 
 hastata 
 
 578 mollis 222 
 
 aperta 
 
 308 
 
 Fraseri 336 
 
 littoralis 
 
 578 Porteri 221 
 
 anceps var. 
 
 327 
 
 Fraseriana 336 
 
 Nuttallii 
 
 580 purgans 219, 221 
 
 aquatilis 
 
 309 
 
 fulva 324 
 
 patula 
 
 578 racemosus 222 
 
 arcta 
 
 352 
 
 fusca 307 
 
 rosea 
 
 578 Schraderi 224 
 
 arctata 
 
 320 
 
 gigantea 294, 295 
 
 Avena 
 
 172 secalinus 222 
 
 arid a 
 
 355 
 
 glabra 321 
 
 elatior 
 
 173 squarrosus 223 
 
 arenaria 
 
 342 
 
 glareosa 353 
 
 fatua 
 
 173 sterilis 221 
 
 argyrantha 
 
 357 
 
 glauca 315 
 
 flavescens 
 
 171 tectorum 220 
 
 aristata 
 
 302 
 
 glaucodea 322 
 
 mollis 
 
 171 unioloides 224 
 
 Asa-Grayi 
 
 293 
 
 globnlaris 293 
 
 palustris 
 
 171 Broussonetia 529 
 
 Assiniboinensis 319 
 
 Goodenovii 309 
 
 Pennsylvanica 
 
 171 ; papyrifera 529 
 
 Atlantica 
 
 350 
 
 gracilis 299 
 
 Smithii 
 
 172 Brunnichia 568 
 
 at rat a ovata 
 
 306 
 
 gracillima 317 
 
 spicata 
 
 174 cirrhosa 569 
 
 atratiformis 
 
 306 
 
 grandis 295 
 
 striata 
 
 172 Buchloe 
 
 atrofusca 
 
 313 
 
 granularis 322 
 
 Azolla 
 
 35 I dactyl aides 183 
 
 aurea 
 
 331, 295 
 
 gravida ,345 
 
 Carolinana 
 
 35 Bulbilis 183 
 
 Backii 
 
 338 
 
 Grayi 293 
 
 Balis 
 
 dactyloides 183 
 
 Baileyi 
 
 299 
 
 grisea 321, 322 
 
 vermiculata 
 
 584 BURMANNIACEAE 455 
 
 Barrattii 
 
 312 
 
 gynandra 315 
 
 Beckmannia 
 
 181 Burmannia 455 
 
 Bellardi 
 
 284 
 
 gynocrates 340 
 
 erucaeformis 
 
 181 biflora 456 
 
 Bella-villa 
 
 294 
 
 Haleana 322 
 
 Belamcanda 
 
 Calamagrostis 163 
 
 Bicknellii 
 
 360 
 
 Halei 294, 322, 343 
 
 Chinensis 
 
 453 arenaria 166 
 
 bicolor 
 
 33 1 
 
 Hartii 299 
 
 BETULACEAE 
 
 506 brevipilis 166 
 
 Bigelovii 
 
 310 
 
 Haydeni 308 
 
 Betula 
 
 508 breviseta 164 
 
 blanda 
 
 327 
 
 Heleonastes 352 
 
 alba 
 
 508 Canadensis 163 
 
 Boottiana 
 
 336 
 
 heterostachya 323 
 
 Alnobetula 
 
 512 , cinnoides 165 
 
 bromoides 
 
 354 
 
 hirsuta 316, 317 
 
 Alnus 512, 513 confinis 165 
 
 brunnescens 
 
 351 
 
 hirta 306 
 
 glandulosa 510 Lapponica 165 
 
 bullata 
 
 298 
 
 Hitchcockiana 325 
 
 lenta 
 
 510 Langsdorfii 164 
 
 Buxbaumii 
 
 307 
 
 Hoppneri 310 
 
 lutea 
 
 510 longifolia 167 
 
 caespitosa 
 
 309 
 
 Houghtonii 305 
 
 Michauxii 
 
 311 Macouniana 163 
 
 canescens 
 
 351, 352 
 
 hyperborea 310 
 
 nana 
 
 511 neglecta 165 
 
 capillaris 
 
 320 
 
 hystricina 300 
 
 nigra 
 
 509 Nuttalliana 165 
 
 capitata 
 
 339 
 
 incurva 341 
 
 occidentalis 
 
 509 Pickeringii 164 
 
 Careyana 
 
 328 
 
 interior 350, 351 
 
 papyracea 
 
 509 , Porteri 164 
 
 Caroliniana 
 
 3*7 
 
 intumescens 293 
 
INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 
 
 60 1 
 
 Carex 
 
 Carex 
 
 Carpinus 
 
 Cinna 
 
 irrigua 313 
 
 Redowskyana 340 
 
 Caroliniana 506 
 
 lateralis 102 
 
 Jamesii 337 
 
 retrocurva 329 
 
 I'irginiana 507 
 
 latifolia 158 
 
 Knieskerni 320 
 
 retroflexa 347 
 
 Carya 
 
 pendula 158 
 
 laeviconica 302 
 
 retrorsa 294, 298 
 
 alba 485 
 
 Cladium 281 
 
 lagopina 353 
 
 Richardson! 332 
 
 amara 485 
 
 mariscoides 281 
 
 lagopodioides 356 
 
 rigida 309 olivaeformis 484 
 
 Cladothrix 592 
 
 lanuginosa 305 
 
 riparia 303 porcina 487 
 
 lanuginosa 592 
 
 laxiculmis 329 
 
 rosea 347 foment osa 486 
 
 Clintonia 428 
 
 laxiflora 327-329, 322 
 
 rostra ta 292 see Hicoria 485-6 
 
 borealis 428 
 
 Leavenworthii 349 
 
 rupestris 338 Castanea 514 
 
 cilia t a 429 
 
 lenticularis 309 
 
 sabulosa 358 
 
 dentata 515 
 
 umbellata 429 
 
 leporina 356 
 
 salina 310, 311 
 
 pumila 515 
 
 umbellulata 429 
 
 leptalea 339 
 
 Saltuensis 326 vesca var. Amer. 515 
 
 Coix 
 
 limosa 313, 331 
 
 Sartwellii 346 Catabrosa 194 
 
 dactyloides 98 
 
 littoralis 312 
 
 saxatilis 296 aquatica 194 
 
 Colpodium 
 
 livida 331 
 
 scabrata 304 Caulinia 
 
 latifolium 157 
 
 longirostris 319 
 
 scabrior 346 
 
 flexilis 8 1 
 
 Comandra 536 
 
 Louisianica 294 
 
 Schweinitzii 300 
 
 Guadalupensis 81 
 
 livida 537 
 
 lupuliformis 294 
 
 scirpoidea 337 
 
 Celosia 
 
 pallida 536 
 
 lupulina 294 
 
 scoparia 356, 358 
 
 paniculata 593 
 
 umbellata 536 
 
 lurida 299 
 
 setacea 346 
 
 Celtis 526 
 
 COMMELINACEAE 374 
 
 macrokolea 315 
 
 setifolia 332 
 
 Mississippiensis 527 
 
 Commelina 375 
 
 Magellanica 313 
 
 Shortiana 303 
 
 occidentals 526, 527 
 
 agraria 375 
 
 marcida 344 
 
 siccata 355 
 
 pumila 526 
 
 communis 375, 376 
 
 tnaritima 314 
 
 si lice a 358 
 
 Cenchrus 1 27 
 
 dubia 380 
 
 maxima 344 
 
 Smithii 317 
 
 Carolinianus 127 
 
 erecta 375, 376 
 
 Meadii 327 
 
 sparganioides 348 
 
 racemosa 105 
 
 hirtella 375 
 
 media 334 
 
 squarrosa 301, 302 
 
 tribuloides 127 
 
 longi folia 375 
 
 membranacea 296 
 
 stellulata var. 350 
 
 Ceratochloa 
 
 nudiflora 375 
 
 membranopacta 296 
 
 slenolepis 301 
 
 breviaristata 223 
 
 Virginica 376 
 
 Michauxii 292 
 
 stenophylla 341 
 
 Ceresia 
 
 Willdenovii 376 
 
 Michauxiana 292 
 
 sterihs 350 
 
 fluitans 106 
 
 Comptonia 488 
 
 microglo'chin 285 
 
 Steudelii 337 
 
 Chamaecyparis 58 
 
 peregrina 489 
 
 miliacea 311 
 
 stipata 343 
 
 sphaeroidea 59 
 
 Conostylis 
 
 miliaris 295, 296 
 
 straminea 358-360 
 
 thyoides 59 
 
 Americana 446 
 
 mirabilis 358 
 
 striata 304 
 
 Chamaelirium 402 
 
 CONVALLARIACEAE 427 
 
 misandra 312 
 
 stricta 308 
 
 Carolinianum 402 
 
 Convallaria 434 
 
 monile 297 
 
 strictior 321 luteuni 402 
 
 bifiora 433 
 
 Muhlenbergii 349 
 
 styloflexa 328 Chamaeraphis 
 
 commutata 434 
 
 muricata 348 
 
 stylosa 307 glauca 126 
 
 majalis 434 
 
 Muskingumensis 355 
 
 subspathacea 310 
 
 Italica 127 
 
 racemosa 429 
 
 mutica 322 
 
 subulata 292 
 
 verticillata 126 
 
 stellata 430 
 
 nardina 340 
 
 Sullivantii 317 
 
 viridis 1 26 
 
 trifolia 430 
 
 Nebraskensis 308 
 
 supina 338 
 
 Cheilanthes 30 
 
 Cooperia 444 
 
 nigro-marginata 335 
 
 sychnocephala 360 
 
 Alabamensis 30 
 
 Drummondii 444 
 
 Norvegica 351 
 
 tenella 346 
 
 dealbata 32 
 
 Coprosmanthus 
 
 Novae-Angliae 324 
 
 tenera 358 
 
 gracilis 31 
 
 herbaceus 439 
 
 oblita 321 
 
 tentaculata 299 
 
 lanosa 31 
 
 tamnifolius 439 
 
 Oederi 323 
 
 tenuiflora 352 
 
 lanuginosa 31 
 
 Corallorhiza 477 
 
 Olneyi 297 
 
 tenuis 320, 321 
 
 tomentosa 31 
 
 Corallorhiza 478 
 
 oligantha 285 
 
 teretiuscula 344 
 
 CHENOPODIACEAE 569 
 
 innata 478 
 
 oligocarpa 325 
 
 tetanica 326, 327 
 
 Chenopodium 570 
 
 Macraei 479 
 
 oligosperma 295 
 
 Texensis 347 
 
 album 570, 571 
 
 multiflora 479 
 
 oval a 306 
 
 Torreyana 318, 324 
 
 ambrosioides 575 
 
 odontorhiza 478 
 
 oxylepis 318 
 
 Torreyi 324 
 
 anthelminticum 575 
 
 striata 479 
 
 pallescens 324 
 
 torta 311, 314 
 
 Berlandieri 572 
 
 Wisteriana 478 
 
 paludosa . 303 
 
 tribuloides 356, 357 
 
 Bonus-Henricus 574 
 
 Corispermum 581 
 
 panicea 330 
 
 triceps 316, 317 | Boscianum 572 
 
 hyssopifolium 582 
 
 Parryana 307 
 
 trichocarpa 302 ! Botrys 574 
 
 Cornucopiae 
 
 pauciflora 285, 292 
 
 trisperma 353 capitatum 576 
 
 allissima 162 
 
 pedicellata 333 
 
 Tuckermani 298 Fremontii 572 
 
 hiemalis 161 
 
 Peckii 334 
 
 typhinoides 302 glaucum 571 
 
 perennans 161 
 
 pedunculata 333 
 
 umbellata 335 
 
 hybridum 573 
 
 Corylus 507 
 
 Pennsylvanica 333 
 
 utriculata 297 i leptophyllum 548, 571 
 
 Americana 507 
 
 pi eta 336 
 
 ursina 353 
 
 maritimum 585 
 
 rostrata 508 
 
 plantaginea 329, 330 
 
 Vahlii 306 
 
 multtfidnm 576 
 
 Crypsis 
 
 platyphylla 330 
 
 vaginata 326 
 
 murale 573 
 
 schoenoides 147 
 
 podocarpa 313 
 
 varia 333, 334 
 
 polyspermum 571 
 
 squarrosa 183 
 
 polystachya 294, 352 
 
 venusta -minor 321 < Scoparia 581 
 
 Cryptogramma 28 
 
 polymorpha 326 
 
 verrucosa 315 rubrum 574 
 
 acrostichoides 28 
 
 polytrichoides 339 
 
 vestita 304 urbicum 573 
 
 Cte nium 
 
 Porte ri 315 
 
 virescens 316, 320 viride 570 
 
 Americanum 177 
 
 praecox 335 
 
 viridula 324 Chloris 178 
 
 Cupressus 
 
 prairea 344 
 
 vulgaris 309, 310 curtipendula 180 
 
 disticha 58 
 
 prasina 31 1 
 
 vulpina 342 verticillata 178 
 
 thyoides 59 
 
 pratensis 354 
 
 vulpinoidea 345 CHORIPETALAE 482 
 
 Cycloloma 576 
 
 Pseudo-Cyperus 
 
 Walteriana 304 Chrosperma 402 
 
 atriplicifolia 577 
 
 300, 301 
 
 Willdenovii 337 tnuscaetoxicum 403 
 
 platyphyllum 577 
 
 ptychocarpa 330 
 
 Xalapensis 349 Chrysopogon 103 
 
 Cymbidium 
 
 pubescens 336, 317 
 
 xanthocarpa 345 avenaceus 104 
 
 hyemale 481 
 
 pulla 295, 296 
 
 xanthophysa 292 nutans 104 
 
 odontorhizon 478 
 
 Raeana 295 
 
 xerantica 355 China 158 
 
 pulchellum 480 
 
 ramosa 344 
 
 xerocarpa 308 arundinacea 158 
 
 Cynodon 
 
 rariflora 312 
 
 Carpinus 506 glomerata 102 
 
 Dae 'ty Ion 175 
 
602 
 
 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 
 
 Cynosurus 
 
 200 
 
 Dichromena 
 
 Eleocharis 
 
 
 Eragrostis 
 
 
 Aegyptius 
 
 182 
 
 latifolia 
 
 257 
 
 ochreata 
 
 249 
 
 trichodes 
 
 191 
 
 cri status 
 
 200 
 
 leucocephala 
 
 256 
 
 olivacea 
 
 250 
 
 Erianthus 
 
 98 
 
 Indicus 
 
 181 
 
 Dicksonia 
 
 12 
 
 ovata 
 
 251 
 
 alopecuroides 
 
 98 
 
 CYPERACEAE 
 
 234 
 
 pilosiuscula 
 
 12 
 
 palustris 
 
 251 
 
 brevibarbis 
 
 99 
 
 Cyperus 
 
 234 
 
 punctilobula 
 
 12 
 
 pauciflorus 
 
 262 
 
 compactus 
 
 99 
 
 acuminatus 
 
 239 
 
 DlCOTYLEDONES 
 
 482 
 
 pygmaea 
 
 262 
 
 saccharoides 
 
 99 
 
 ari status 
 
 237 
 
 Digitaria 
 
 
 quadrangulata 
 
 249 
 
 ERIOCAULACEAE 
 
 371 
 
 arundinaceus 
 
 247 
 
 filiformis 
 
 III 
 
 Robbinsii 
 
 249 
 
 Eriocaulon 
 
 37i 
 
 Baldwinii 
 
 246 
 
 humifusa 
 
 III 
 
 rostellata 
 
 256 
 
 anceps 
 
 373 
 
 calcaratus 
 
 238 
 
 paspaloides 
 
 109 
 
 tenuis 
 
 255 
 
 articulatum 
 
 37i 
 
 compressus 
 
 238 
 
 sanguinalis 
 
 III 
 
 Torreyana 
 
 253 
 
 compressum 
 
 372 
 
 cylindricus 
 
 245 
 
 DlOSCOREACEAE 
 
 446 
 
 tortilis 
 
 253 
 
 decangulare 
 
 372 
 
 dentatus 
 
 240 
 
 Dioscorea 
 
 447 
 
 tricostata 
 
 254 
 
 flavidulum 
 
 373 
 
 diandrus 
 
 236 
 
 villosa 
 
 447 
 
 tuberculosa 
 
 253 
 
 gnaphalodes 
 
 372 
 
 echinatus 
 
 246 
 
 Diotis 
 
 
 Watsoni 
 
 252 
 
 septangulare 
 
 37i 
 
 Engelmanni 
 
 243 
 
 I ana t a 
 
 58i 
 
 Wolfii 
 
 252 
 
 Eriochloa 
 
 no 
 
 esculentus 
 
 241 
 
 Diplachne 
 
 186 
 
 Eleogenus 
 
 
 Polystachya 
 
 no 
 
 erythrorhizos 
 
 241 
 
 fascicularis 
 
 1 86 ochreatus 
 
 249 
 
 punctata 
 
 no 
 
 ferox 
 
 242 
 
 rigida 
 
 190 Eleusine 
 
 181 
 
 Eriocoma 
 
 
 ferruginescens 
 
 242 
 
 Disporum 
 
 43i 
 
 Aegyptia 
 
 182 
 
 cuspid 'a ta 
 
 141 
 
 filiculmis 
 
 245 
 
 lanuginosum 
 
 431 Indica 
 
 181 
 
 Eriogonum 
 
 542 
 
 flavescens 
 
 235 
 
 trachycarpum 
 
 432 mucronata 
 
 182 
 
 alatum 
 
 542 
 
 flavicomus 
 
 237 
 
 Distichlis 
 
 198 Elodea 
 
 
 Alleni 
 
 543 
 
 fuscus 
 
 239 
 
 maritima 
 
 198 i Canadensis 
 
 93 
 
 annuum 
 
 544 
 
 Grayi 
 
 246 
 
 spicata 
 
 198 Elymus 
 
 230 
 
 brevicaule 
 
 546 
 
 Halei 
 
 241 
 
 Dondia 
 
 584 
 
 Americanus 
 
 231 
 
 campanulatum 
 
 546 
 
 Hallii 
 
 240 
 
 Americana 
 
 584 
 
 arenarius 
 
 232 
 
 cernuum 
 
 546 
 
 Haspan 
 
 239 
 
 depressa 
 
 585 
 
 Canadensis 
 
 231 
 
 corymbosum 
 
 544 
 
 Houghtoni 
 
 246 
 
 maritima 
 
 585 
 
 condensatus 
 
 232 
 
 effusum 
 
 544 
 
 Hydra 
 
 240 
 
 Dracaena 
 
 
 elymoides 
 
 232 
 
 flavum 
 
 545 
 
 inflexus 
 
 237 
 
 borealis 
 
 428 
 
 glaucifolius 
 
 231 
 
 gnaphaloides 
 
 545 
 
 Lancastriensis 
 
 244 
 
 umbellulata 
 
 429 
 
 glaucus 
 
 231 
 
 Jamesii 
 
 543 
 
 Michauxianus 
 
 242 
 
 Dracontium 
 
 
 Hystrix 
 
 233 
 
 lachnogynum 
 
 546 
 
 microdontus 
 
 2 37 
 
 foetidum 
 
 363 
 
 Macounii 
 
 231 
 
 Lindheimerianum 
 
 Nuttallii 
 
 236 
 
 Dryopteris 
 
 J 3 
 
 Sibiricus 
 
 231 
 
 
 544 
 
 ovularis 
 
 245 
 
 acrostichoides 
 
 14 
 
 Sitanion 
 
 232 
 
 longifolium 
 
 543 
 
 parvus 
 
 242 
 
 aculeata 
 
 15 
 
 striatus 
 
 230 
 
 micranthum] 
 
 546 
 
 phymatodes 
 
 241 
 
 Boottii 
 
 18 
 
 Virginicus 
 
 230 
 
 microthecum 
 
 544 
 
 pseudovegetus 
 
 238 
 
 Braunii 
 
 15 
 
 Elyna 
 
 283 
 
 multiceps 
 
 545 
 
 refractus 
 
 244 
 
 cristata 
 
 16 
 
 Bellardi 
 
 284 
 
 parviflorum 
 
 545 
 
 retrofractus 
 
 244 
 
 dilatata 
 
 18 
 
 spicata 
 
 284 
 
 pauciflorum 
 
 545 
 
 rivularis 
 
 236 
 
 Filix-mas 
 
 J 7 
 
 Elytrosperm u m 
 
 
 sericeum 543, 
 
 545 
 
 rotundus 
 
 240 
 
 fragrans 
 
 16 
 
 Calif ornicum 
 
 267 
 
 Texanum 
 
 543- 
 
 Schweinitzii 
 
 238 
 
 Goldieana 
 
 17 
 
 Epipactis 
 
 469 
 
 Eriophorum 
 
 271 
 
 spathaceus 
 
 247 
 
 intermedia 
 
 18 
 
 co n valla rio ides 
 
 473 
 
 alpinum 
 
 271 
 
 speciosus 
 
 242 
 
 Lonchitis 
 
 M 
 
 Helleborine 
 
 469 
 
 capita/um 
 
 272 
 
 strigosus 
 
 243 
 
 marginalis 
 
 17 latifoliav&r. 
 
 469 
 
 cyperinum 
 
 271 
 
 Torreyi 
 
 245 
 
 Noveboracensis 
 
 15 viridiflora 
 
 469 
 
 gracile 
 
 273 
 
 Cypripedium 
 
 457 
 
 simulata 
 
 16 
 
 EQUISETACEAE 
 
 35 
 
 latifolium 
 
 273 
 
 acaule 
 
 457 
 
 spinulosa 
 
 18 
 
 Equisetum 
 
 35 
 
 polystachyon 
 
 273 
 
 album 
 
 458 
 
 Thelypteris 
 
 15 
 
 arvense 
 
 36 
 
 russeolum 
 
 272 
 
 arietinum 
 
 457 
 
 Dulichium 
 
 247 
 
 fluviatile 
 
 37 
 
 Scheuchzeri 
 
 272 
 
 bulbosum 
 
 477 
 
 arundinaceum 
 
 247 
 
 hyemale 
 
 38 
 
 triquetrtim 
 
 273 
 
 candidum 
 
 458 
 
 spathaceum 
 
 247 
 
 laevigatum 
 
 38 
 
 vaginatum 
 
 272 
 
 hirsutum 
 
 458 
 
 Dupatya 
 
 372 
 
 limosum 
 
 37 
 
 Virginicum 
 
 273 
 
 parviflorum 
 
 459 
 
 flavidula 
 
 373 
 
 littorale 
 
 37 
 
 Erythronium 
 
 419 
 
 pubescens 
 
 458 
 
 Dupontia 
 
 209 
 
 palustre 
 
 37 
 
 albidum 
 
 420 
 
 reginae 
 
 458 
 
 Cooleyi 
 
 210 
 
 pratense 
 
 36 
 
 Americanum 
 
 420 
 
 spectabile 
 
 458 
 
 Fisheri 
 
 2O9 
 
 robustum 
 
 38 
 
 angustatuin 
 
 420 
 
 Cystopteris 
 
 12 
 
 Eatonia 
 
 192 
 
 scirpoides 
 
 39 
 
 bracteattim 
 
 420 
 
 bulbifera 
 
 12 
 
 Dudleyi 
 
 193 I sylvaticum 
 
 36 
 
 mesachoreum 
 
 421 
 
 fragilis 
 
 13 
 
 nitida 
 
 193 variegatum 
 
 39 
 
 propullans 
 
 421 
 
 montana 
 
 13 
 
 obtusata 
 
 192 Eragrostis 
 
 187 
 
 Eurotia 
 
 580 
 
 Dactylis 
 
 2OO 
 
 Pennsylvanica 
 
 193 campestris 
 
 I 9 I 
 
 lanata 
 
 58i 
 
 glomerata 
 
 2OO 
 
 Echinodorus 
 
 85 I capillaris 
 
 1 88 
 
 Euxolus 
 
 
 see Spartina 
 
 I 75~7 
 
 cordifolius 
 
 86 Caroliniana 
 
 189 
 
 crispus 
 
 590 
 
 Dactyloctenium 
 
 182 
 
 parvulus 
 
 85 
 
 curtipedicellata 
 
 
 deflexus 
 
 590 
 
 Aegyptium 
 
 182 
 
 radicans 
 
 86 Eragrostis 
 
 189 
 
 lividus 
 
 589 
 
 Aegyptiacum 
 
 182 
 
 rostratus 
 
 86 erythrogona 
 
 1 88 
 
 pumilus 
 
 590 
 
 Danthbnia 
 
 173 
 
 tenellus 
 
 85 Frankii 
 
 1 88 
 
 FAGACEAE 
 
 513 
 
 Alleni 
 
 174 
 
 Eleocharis 
 
 248 hypnoides 
 
 192 
 
 Fagopyrum 
 
 553 
 
 compressa 
 
 174 
 
 acicularis 
 
 252 major 
 
 189 
 
 esculentum 
 
 553 
 
 sericea 
 
 174 
 
 acuminata 
 
 255 megastachya 
 
 189 
 
 Fagopyrum 
 
 553 
 
 spicata 
 
 174 
 
 albida 
 
 254 minor 
 
 189 
 
 Tataricum 
 
 554 
 
 Deschampsia 
 
 169 
 
 atropurpurea 
 
 250 oxylepis 
 
 191 
 
 Fagus 
 
 5H 
 
 atropurpurea 
 
 170 
 
 capitata 
 
 250 pectinacea 
 
 190 
 
 Americana 
 
 5H 
 
 caespitosa 
 
 169 
 
 compressa 
 
 255 j pilosa 
 
 188 
 
 Castanea 
 
 515 
 
 flexuosa 
 
 170 
 
 Engelmanni 
 
 251 poaeoides 
 
 189 
 
 ferruginea 
 
 5H 
 
 Deyeuxia 
 
 
 equisetoides 
 
 248 Purshii 
 
 189 
 
 pumila 
 
 515 
 
 Macouniana 
 
 163 
 
 intermedia 
 
 255 refracta 
 
 191 
 
 Festuca 
 
 215 
 
 Diarrhena 
 
 
 interstincta 
 
 248 rep tans 
 
 192 
 
 decumbens 
 
 185 
 
 Americana 
 
 196 
 
 melanocarpa 
 
 254 secundiflora 
 
 191 
 
 diandra 
 
 196 
 
 Dichromena 
 
 256 
 
 microcarpa 
 
 253 sessilispica 
 
 190 
 
 duriuscula 
 
 217 
 
 colorata 
 
 256 
 
 mutata 
 
 249 tennis 
 
 191 
 
 elatior 
 
 217 
 
INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 
 
 603 
 
 Festuca 
 
 Habenaria 
 
 Hystrix 
 
 233 Juncus 
 
 fascicularis 186 
 
 obtusata 
 
 461 ' Hystrix 
 
 233 Gerardi 385 
 
 fluitans 213 
 
 orbiculata 
 
 461 Iresine 
 
 593 Greenei 387 
 
 gigantea 218 
 
 peramoena 
 
 466 celosioides 
 
 593 gymnocarpus 383 
 
 Myuros 216 
 
 psycodes 
 
 466 paniculata 
 
 593 Leersii 383 
 
 nutans 218 
 
 tridentata 
 
 463 IRIDACEAE 
 
 447 longistylis 388 
 
 octoflora 216 
 
 virescens 
 
 464 Iris 
 
 447 marginatus 388 
 
 ovina 217 
 
 viridis 
 
 463 aphylla 
 
 450 maritimus 384 
 
 pratensis 217 
 
 HAEMODORACEAE 
 
 442 Caroliniana 
 
 449 megacephalus 392, 394 
 
 rubra 216 
 
 Hamiltonia 
 
 cristata 
 
 451 i militaris 391 
 
 scabrella 217 
 
 oleifera 
 
 537 cuprea 
 
 450 nemorosus 397 
 
 Shortii 218 
 
 Heleochloa 
 
 147 Duerinckii 
 
 450 nodosus 392 
 
 tenella 216 
 
 schoenoides 
 
 147 fulva 
 
 450 parviflorus 397 
 
 unioloid.es 224 
 
 Helonias 
 
 401 Germanica 
 
 450 pelocarpus 390 
 
 Fimbristylis 259 
 
 asphodeloides 
 
 401 gracilis 
 
 450 pilosus 396 
 
 autumnalis 260 
 
 bullata 
 
 402 ! hexagona 
 
 448 polycephalus 393 
 
 Baldwiniana 260 
 
 graminea 
 
 403 Hookeri 
 
 449 repens 388 
 
 capillaris 258 
 
 Hemerocallis 
 
 410 lacustris 
 
 451 Richardsonianus 391 
 
 castanea 259 
 
 flava 
 
 411 Missouriensis 
 
 449 robustus 395 
 
 congest a 260 
 
 fulva 
 
 411 prismatica 
 
 450 Roemerianus 384 
 
 laxa 260 
 
 Hemicarpha 
 
 275 Pseudacorus 
 
 451 scirpoides 393 
 
 spadicea 259 
 
 micrantha 
 
 275 I verna 
 
 452 secundus 386 
 
 Vahlii 260 
 
 subsquarrosa 
 
 275 versicolor 
 
 448 setaceus 387 
 
 Fritillaria 419 
 
 Heteranthera 
 
 379 Virginica 448, 
 
 450 Smithii 383 
 
 alba 422 
 
 dubia 
 
 380 ISOETACEAE 
 
 45 spicatus 397 
 
 atropurpurea 419 
 
 graminea 
 
 380 Isoetes 
 
 45 stygius 389 
 
 Froelichia 592 
 
 limosa 
 
 380 Braunii 
 
 46 subtilis 390 
 
 Floridana 592 
 
 reniformis 
 
 380 Butleri 
 
 48 tenuis 386 
 
 gracilis 593 
 
 Hexalectris 
 
 480 echinospora 
 
 46 Torreyi 392 
 
 Fuirena 274 
 
 aphyllus 
 
 481 Engelmanni 
 
 48 trifidus 385 
 
 hispida 274 
 
 squamosus 
 
 481 lacustris 
 
 46 triglumis 390 
 
 simplex 274 
 
 Hicoria 
 
 484 macrospora 
 
 46 Vaseyi 386 
 
 squarrosa 274 
 
 (inc.Carya &Jug- melanopoda 
 
 48 Juniperus 59 
 
 Gemmingia 452 
 
 lans in part) 
 
 muricata 
 
 47 communis 59 
 
 Chinensis 453 
 
 alba 
 
 486 riparia 
 
 47 nana 60 
 
 Gisopteris 
 
 aquatica 
 
 485 saccharata 
 
 47 Sabina 60 
 
 palmata 7 glabra 48* 
 
 >, 487 ; Tuckermani 
 
 46 Sibirica 60 
 
 Glyceria laciniosa 
 
 486 Ixia 
 
 Virginiana 60 
 
 see Panicularia 210-214 microcarpa 
 
 486 acuta 
 
 452 Kobresia 284 
 
 Gonopyrum minima 
 
 485 Chinensis 
 
 453 bipartita 284 
 
 Americanum 568 ovata 
 
 485 Ixophorus 
 
 125 caricina 284 
 
 Goodyera Pecan 
 
 484 (inc. Setaria) 
 
 scirpina 284 
 
 see Peramium 474-5 sulcata 
 
 486 glaucus 
 
 126 Kochia 581 
 
 GRAMINEAE 94 ! Hierochloe 
 
 Italicus 
 
 127 Americana 581 
 
 Graphephorum 210 alpina 
 
 132 verticillatus 
 
 126 atriplicifolia 577 
 
 festucaceitm 209 borealis 
 
 132 viridis 
 
 126 Scoparia 581 
 
 flexuosum 186 pauciflora 
 
 132 JUGLANDACEAE 
 
 483 Koeleria 193 
 
 melicoideum 210 Holcus 
 
 1 68 Juglans 
 
 483 cristata 194 
 
 Gymnopogon 178 alpimis 
 
 132 cinerea 
 
 484 nitida 194 
 
 ambiguus 178 Halepensis 
 
 104 nigra 
 
 483 i Pennsylvania 193 
 
 brevifolius 179 lanatus 
 
 168 tomentosa 
 
 486 Koenigia 
 
 racemosus 178 laxus 
 
 197 see Hicoria 484-487 Islandica 542 
 
 GYMNOSPERMAE 49 odoratus 
 
 132 JUNCACEAE 
 
 381 Korycarpus 196 
 
 Gyrostachys 470 Homalocenchrus 
 
 1 28 Juncoides 
 
 396 arundinaceus 196 
 
 (inc. Spiranthes) (inc. Leersia) 
 
 (inc. Luzula) 
 
 diandrus 196 
 
 cernua 471 lenticularis 
 
 129 campestre 
 
 398 Kyllinga 247 
 
 gracilis 472 oryzoides 
 
 1 29 hyperboreurn 
 
 398 macula/a 275 
 
 latifolia 470 Virginicus 
 
 129 nemorosum 
 
 397 ovularis 245 
 
 odorata 471 Homotropa 
 
 nivale 
 
 398 pumila 247 
 
 plantaginea 470 macranthum 
 
 539 parviflorum 
 
 397 i Lachnanthes 
 
 praecox 471 Hordeum 
 
 228 pilosum 
 
 396 . tinctoria 443 
 
 Romanzoffiana 470 jubatum 
 
 229 spicatum 
 
 397 Lachnocaulon 373 
 
 simplex 472 murinum 
 
 229 Juncus 
 
 381 anceps 373 
 
 Gymnostichum nodosum 
 
 228 acuminatus 
 
 395 Michauxii 373 
 
 Hystrix 233 prat.ense 
 
 228 alpinus 
 
 391 Laportea 
 
 Gyrotheca 442 pusillum 
 
 229 aristulatus 
 
 388 Canadensis 533 
 
 capitata 443 Humulus 
 
 529 articulatus 
 
 391 Lappago 
 
 tinctoria 443 I I,upulus 
 
 530 asper 
 
 392 racemosa 105 
 
 Habenaria 460 Hyacinthus 
 
 Balticus 
 
 384 Larix 54 
 
 (inc. Orchis in part) botryoides 
 
 424 biglumis 
 
 389 Americana 54 
 
 blephariglottis 465 racemosus 
 
 425 brachycarpus 
 
 393 laricina 54 
 
 bracteata 463 Hydrocharis 
 
 brachycephalus 
 
 394 Leersia 
 
 ciliaris 464, 465 cordifoha 
 
 94 bufonius 
 
 385 see Homalocenchrus 1 29 
 
 clave llata 463 Spongia 
 
 94 bulbosus 
 
 390 LEITNERIACEAE 489 
 
 cristata 464 
 
 Hymenocallis 
 
 i\/\/\ Caesariensis 
 
 392 Leitneria 489 
 
 dilatata 462 
 
 occidentalis 
 
 445 campestris 
 
 398 Floridana 489 
 
 fimbriaia 466 
 
 HYMENOPHYLLA- 
 
 Canadensis 
 
 394 LEMNACEAE 365 
 
 flava 464 
 
 CEAE 
 
 6 castaneus 
 
 389 Lemna 365 
 
 grandiflora 466 
 
 Hypopeltis 
 
 conglomerates 
 
 383 Angolensis 365 
 
 Hookeriana 461 
 
 obtusa 
 
 1 1 debilis 
 
 395 gibba 367 
 
 hyperborea 462 
 
 Hypbporum 
 
 dichotomus 
 
 387 minor 366 
 
 integra 463 
 
 verticillatum 
 
 283 diffusissimus 
 
 396 paucicostata 365 
 
 lacera 465 
 
 Hypoxis 
 
 445 effusus 382 
 
 383 perpusilla 366 
 
 leucophaea 465 
 
 erecta 
 
 446 Engelmanni 
 
 393 polyrhiza 365 
 
 nivea 462 
 
 hirsuta 
 
 446 filiformis 
 
 383 trisulca 366 
 
604 
 
 INDEX OF I.ATIN NAMES. 
 
 Lemna 
 
 Manisuris 
 
 
 Myrica 
 
 Osmunda 
 
 
 Valdiviana 
 
 366 rugosa 
 
 IOO 
 
 cerifera 
 
 488 
 
 Claytoniana 
 
 6 
 
 Lemotrys 
 
 MARANTACEAE 
 
 454 
 
 Gale 
 
 487 
 
 interrupla 
 
 6 
 
 hyacinthina 
 
 423 Mariscus* 
 
 
 Myriopleris 
 
 
 lanceolata 
 
 4 
 
 Leptanthus 
 
 cylindricus 
 
 245 
 
 gracilis 
 
 3i 
 
 Lunaria 
 
 3 
 
 see Heteranthera 
 
 380 ; Mariscus 
 
 
 NAIADACEAE 
 
 65 
 
 regalis 
 
 5 
 
 Leptochloa 
 
 182 i echinatus 
 
 246 
 
 Naias 
 
 80 
 
 Struthiopteris 
 
 9 
 
 mucronata 
 
 182 MARSILEACEAE 
 
 33 
 
 flexilis 
 
 81 
 
 ternata 
 
 3 
 
 Leptorchis 
 
 476 Marsilea 
 
 33 
 
 gracillima 
 
 81 
 
 Virginiana 
 
 4 
 
 liliifolia 
 
 476 
 
 mucronata 
 
 34 
 
 Gaudalupensis 
 
 81 
 
 Ostrya 
 
 507 
 
 Loeselii 
 
 477 
 
 natans 
 
 34 
 
 Indica 
 
 81 
 
 Virginiana 
 
 57 
 
 Lepturus 
 
 225 quadrifolia 
 
 33 
 
 major 
 
 80 
 
 Virginica 
 
 507 
 
 filiformis 
 
 226 vestita 
 
 34 
 
 marina 
 
 80 
 
 Oxybaphus 
 
 
 paniculatus 
 
 179 MAYACACEAE 
 
 367 
 
 Nardus 
 
 224 
 
 see Allionia 
 
 594-6 
 
 Leucocrinum 
 
 411 Mayaca 
 
 368 
 
 stricta 
 
 224 
 
 angustifolius 
 
 596 
 
 montanum 
 
 411 Aubleti 
 
 368 
 
 Nasmythia 
 
 
 Bodini 
 
 596 
 
 LILIACEAE 
 
 410 
 
 Michauxii 
 
 368 
 
 articulafa 
 
 37 1 
 
 hirsutus 
 
 595 
 
 Lilium 
 
 416 
 
 Medeola 
 
 435 
 
 Narthecium 
 
 
 Oxyria 
 
 553 
 
 andinum 
 
 417 
 
 Virginiana 
 
 435 
 
 Americanum 
 
 401 
 
 digyna 
 
 553 
 
 Canadense 
 
 417 
 
 MELANTHACEAE 
 
 399 
 
 glutinosum 
 
 400 
 
 reniformis 
 
 553 
 
 Carolinianum 
 
 418 
 
 Melanthium 
 
 7 
 406 
 
 ossifragum 
 
 401 
 
 Paepalanthus 
 
 373 
 
 Catesbaei 
 
 417 
 
 g 1 an cum. 
 
 405 
 
 pubens 
 
 400 
 
 flavidulus 
 
 373 
 
 Grayi 
 
 418 
 
 hybridum 
 
 407 
 
 Nazia 
 
 105 
 
 Pancratium 
 
 
 Philadelphicum 
 
 416 
 
 lati folium 
 
 407 racemosa 
 
 105 
 
 Carolinianum 
 
 445 
 
 superbum 417, 
 
 418 
 
 m uscaetoxicum 
 
 403 Nemastylis 
 
 452 
 
 occidentale 
 
 445 
 
 tigrinum 
 
 419 
 
 parviflorum 
 
 407 
 
 acuta 
 
 452 
 
 Panicularia 
 
 2IO 
 
 umbellatum 
 
 417 
 
 racemosum 
 
 400 
 
 gemmi flora 
 
 452 
 
 (inc. Glyceria) 
 
 
 Limnobium 
 
 94 Virginicum 
 
 406 
 
 Neottia 
 
 
 acuti flora 
 
 213 
 
 Spongia 
 
 94 
 
 Melica 
 
 194 
 
 see Gyrostachys 
 
 470-2 
 
 Americana 
 
 212 
 
 Limodorum 
 
 480 
 
 altissima 
 
 J 95 
 
 pubescens 
 
 474 
 
 angustata 
 
 215 
 
 praecox 
 
 47i 
 
 diffusa 
 
 195 
 
 Nephrodium 
 
 
 Canadensis 
 
 211 
 
 tuberosum 
 
 480 
 
 mutica 
 
 J 95 
 
 acrostichoides 
 
 H 
 
 distans 
 
 215 
 
 unifolium 
 
 480 
 
 parviflora 
 
 J 95 
 
 lanosum 
 
 3 1 
 
 elongata 
 
 212 
 
 Li par is 
 
 
 Porteri 
 
 J 95 
 
 puncMobulum 
 
 12 
 
 fluitans 
 
 213 
 
 liliifolia 
 
 476 
 
 Smithii 
 
 172 Notholaena 
 
 32 
 
 laxa 
 
 211 
 
 Loeselii 
 
 477 
 
 Microstylis 
 
 
 dealbata 
 
 32 
 
 nervata 
 
 212 
 
 Lipocarpha 
 
 275 
 
 monophylla 
 
 475 
 
 nivea 
 
 32 
 
 obtusa 
 
 211 
 
 maculata 
 
 275 
 
 oph ioglossoides 
 
 476 
 
 Nothoscordum 
 
 415 
 
 pallida 
 
 213 
 
 Liquidambar 
 
 
 Milium 
 
 141 
 
 bivalve 
 
 4!5 
 
 Panicum 
 
 112 
 
 asplenifolia 
 
 489 
 
 amphicarpon 
 
 110 
 
 stria turn 
 
 415 
 
 agrostidiforme 
 
 "5 
 
 peregrina 
 
 489 
 
 ciliatum 
 
 no 
 
 NYCTAGINACEAE 
 
 594 
 
 agrostoides 
 
 "5 
 
 Listera 
 
 472 
 
 compressum 
 
 109 
 
 Oakesia 
 
 
 amarum 
 
 122 
 
 australis 
 
 473 
 
 effusum 
 
 141 
 
 puberula 
 
 410 
 
 anceps 
 
 "5 
 
 convallarioides 
 
 473 
 
 punctatum 
 
 no 
 
 sessilifolia 
 
 409 
 
 angustifolium 
 
 122 
 
 cordata 
 
 473 
 
 Milla 
 
 
 Onoclea 
 
 8 
 
 autumnale 
 
 124 
 
 Lolium 
 
 225 
 
 coerulea 
 
 416 
 
 sensibilis 
 
 9 
 
 barbulatum 
 
 120 
 
 perenne 
 
 225 Molinia 
 
 187 
 
 Struthiopteris 
 
 9 
 
 boreale 
 
 II 9 
 
 temulentum 
 
 225 coerulea 
 
 187 
 
 Onychium 
 
 
 campestre 
 
 123 
 
 Lophiola 
 
 446 MONOCOTYLEDONES 62 
 
 densum 
 
 30 
 
 capillare 123, 124 
 
 Americana 
 
 446 Mollugo 
 
 598 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE i 
 
 carinatum 
 
 114 
 
 aurea 
 
 446 verticillata 
 
 598 
 
 Ophioglossum 
 
 i 
 
 clandestinum 
 
 118 
 
 Lophiocarpus 
 
 86 Monolepis 
 
 577 
 
 vulgatum 
 
 i 
 
 colon um 
 
 "3 
 
 Lophotocarpus 
 
 86 
 
 chenopodioides 
 
 577 
 
 Ophrys 
 
 
 commutatum 
 
 117 
 
 calycinus 
 
 87 Nuttalliana 
 
 577 
 
 cernua 
 
 47i 
 
 consanguineum 
 
 122 
 
 LrORANTHACEAE 
 
 534 MORACEAE 
 
 527 
 
 Corallorhiza 
 
 478 
 
 Crus-galli 
 
 "3 
 
 Luzula 
 
 Moms 
 
 527 
 
 cordata 
 
 473 
 
 Curtisii 
 
 114 
 
 see Juncoides 
 
 396 
 
 alba 
 
 528 
 
 liliifolia 
 
 476 
 
 Dactylon 
 
 175 
 
 LYCOPODIACEAE 
 
 39 
 
 papyrifera 
 
 529 
 
 Loeselii 
 
 477 
 
 debile 
 
 125 
 
 Lycopodium 
 
 39 
 
 rubra 
 
 528 
 
 monophyllos 
 
 475 
 
 depauperatum 
 
 121 
 
 alpinum 
 
 42 
 
 Muhlenbergia 
 
 141 
 
 Oplotheca 
 
 
 dichotomum 
 
 120 
 
 alopecuroides 
 
 4i 
 
 ambigua 
 
 J 43 
 
 Florida na 
 
 592 
 
 diffusum 
 
 124 
 
 annotinum 
 
 42 
 
 capillaris 
 
 145 ORCHIDACEAE 
 
 456 
 
 digitarioides 
 
 114 
 
 apodum 
 
 45 
 
 comata 
 
 144 Orchis 
 
 459 
 
 divaricatum 
 
 114 
 
 Carolinianum 
 
 43 deb i Us 
 
 145 
 
 fissa 
 
 466 
 
 divergent 
 
 124 
 
 clavatum 
 
 43 diffusa 
 
 144 
 
 rotundifolia 
 
 460 
 
 elongatum 
 
 H5 
 
 complanatum 
 
 43 
 
 erecta 
 
 146 
 
 spectabilis 
 
 459 
 
 filiforme 
 
 in 
 
 dendroideum 
 
 4i 
 
 glomerata 
 
 H3 
 
 see Habenaria 
 
 460-6 
 
 flexile 
 
 124 
 
 inundatum 
 
 4i 
 
 gracillima 
 
 H5 
 
 Ornithogalum 
 
 423 
 
 geniculatum 
 
 123 
 
 lucidulum 
 
 40 
 
 Mexicana 
 
 142 
 
 bivalve 
 
 415 
 
 gibbum 
 
 125 
 
 obscurum 
 
 4i 
 
 microsperma 
 
 145 
 
 hirsutum 
 
 446 
 
 g lab rum 
 
 in 
 
 rupestre 
 
 44 
 
 pungens 
 
 146 
 
 nutans 
 
 424 
 
 glaucum 
 
 126 
 
 sabinaefolium 
 
 4 2 
 
 racemosa 
 
 143 umbellatum 
 
 423 
 
 hians 
 
 114 
 
 selaginoides 
 
 44 
 
 sobolifera 
 
 142 Orontium 
 
 f 
 
 3 6 4 
 
 hirtellum 
 
 "3 
 
 Selago 
 
 40 
 
 sylvatica 
 
 143 aquaticum 
 
 364 
 
 hispidum 
 
 "3 
 
 Lygodium 
 
 7 tenuiflora 
 
 144 Oryzopsis 
 
 139 
 
 involutum 
 
 121 
 
 palmatum 
 
 7 Willdenovii 
 
 144 
 
 asperifolia 
 
 140 
 
 Italicum 
 
 127 
 
 Madura 
 
 Munroa 
 
 183 
 
 Canadensis 
 
 139 
 
 languinosum 
 
 121 
 
 aurantiaca 
 
 529 ' squarrosa 
 
 183 
 
 cuspidata 
 
 141 
 
 latifolium 
 
 "5 
 
 Macounastrum 
 
 541 Muscari 
 
 424 
 
 juncea 
 
 J 39 
 
 laxiflorum 
 
 119 
 
 Islandicum 
 
 542 botryoides 
 
 424 
 
 melanocarpa 
 
 140 
 
 lineare 
 
 in 
 
 Maianthemum 
 
 racemosum 
 
 425 
 
 membranacea 
 
 141 
 
 longifolium 
 
 116 
 
 Canadense 
 
 431 MYRICACEAE 
 
 487 
 
 micrantha 
 
 140 
 
 macrocarpon 
 
 "7 
 
 Malax is 
 
 Myrica 
 
 487 
 
 OSMUNDACEAE 
 
 4 
 
 melicarium 
 
 114 
 
 unifolia 
 
 476 : asplenifolia 
 
 489 
 
 Osmunda 
 
 5 
 
 microcarpon 
 
 116 
 
 Manisuris 
 
 100 Carolinensis 
 
 488 
 
 cinnamomea 
 
 5 
 
 miliaceum 
 
 123 
 
INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 
 
 605 
 
 Panicum 
 
 
 Phegopteris 
 
 Poa 
 
 Polygonum 
 
 
 minus 
 
 124 
 
 calcarea 
 
 19 
 
 Eragrostis 
 
 189 scandens 
 
 566 
 
 nervosum 
 
 117 
 
 Dryopteris 
 
 19 
 
 flava 
 
 205 setaceuni 
 
 559 
 
 nitidum 
 
 120 
 
 hexagonoptera 
 
 19 flexuosa 
 
 206 Tataricum 
 
 554 
 
 nudum 
 
 124 
 
 Phegopteris 
 
 19 ; glauca 
 
 205 tenue 
 
 564 
 
 obtusum 
 
 114 polypodioides 
 
 19 
 
 glumaris 
 
 208 Virginian urn 
 
 561 
 
 pauciflorum 
 
 118 Philotria 
 
 93 
 
 hypnoides 
 
 192 viviparum 
 
 555 
 
 pedunculatum 
 
 118 Canadensis 
 
 93 
 
 interrupta 
 
 191 Zuccarinii 
 
 567 
 
 Porterianum 
 
 117 Phippsia 
 
 150 
 
 laxa 
 
 203 POLYPODIACEAE 
 
 8 
 
 proliferum 
 
 123 algida 
 
 150 
 
 maritima 
 
 214 Polypodium 
 
 32 
 
 pubescens 
 
 121 Phleum 
 
 147 
 
 nemoralis 
 
 205 bulbiferum 
 
 12 
 
 ramnlosum 
 
 120 alpinum 
 
 148 nervata 
 
 212 cristattim 
 
 16 
 
 rostratum 
 
 115 pratense 
 
 147 obtusa 
 
 211 dilatatum 
 
 18 
 
 sanguinale 
 
 in 
 
 schoenoides 
 
 147 pectinacea 
 
 190 Dryopteris 
 
 19 
 
 scoparium 118, 
 
 121 
 
 Phoradendron 
 
 535 pilosa 
 
 1 88 I Filix-foemina 
 
 26 
 
 Scribnerianum 
 
 118 
 
 flavescens 
 
 535 
 
 pratensis 
 
 204 Filix-mas 
 
 17 
 
 sphaerocarpon 
 
 116 
 
 Phragmites 
 
 184 pseudopratensis 
 
 204 j fontanuiii 
 
 25 
 
 strict um 
 
 121 communis 
 
 184 refracta 
 
 191 ; fragile 
 
 13 
 
 verrucosum 
 
 125 Phragmites 
 
 184 ' seslerioides 
 
 184 i fragrans 
 
 16 
 
 verticillatum 
 
 1 26 PHYTOLACCACEAE 
 
 593 
 
 serotina 
 
 205 hexagonoptera 
 
 19 
 
 virgatum 
 
 122 Phytolacca 
 
 594 
 
 sylvestris 
 
 206 incanum 
 
 33 
 
 z'iride 
 
 126 decandra 
 
 594 
 
 tenuifolia 
 
 208 '< Lonchitis 
 
 H 
 
 viscidum 
 
 121 Picea 
 
 54 
 
 tenuis 
 
 188 i marginale 
 
 
 Walteri 113, 
 
 117 
 
 alba 
 
 54 
 
 trichodes 
 
 191 montanum 
 
 13 
 
 Wilcoxianum 
 
 119 
 
 Canadensis 
 
 54 
 
 trivialis 
 
 204 Noveboracense 
 
 15 
 
 xanthophysum 
 
 118 
 
 Mariana 
 
 55 
 
 Wolfii 
 
 207 obtusum 
 
 ii 
 
 Pardanthus 
 
 
 nigra 
 
 55 
 
 Pogonia 
 
 467 Phegopteris 
 
 19 
 
 Chinensis 
 
 453 
 
 rubra 
 
 55 
 
 affinis 
 
 468 
 
 polypodioides 
 
 33 
 
 Parietaria 
 
 534 
 
 Pilea 
 
 
 divaricata 
 
 468 
 
 Robertianum 
 
 19 
 
 Pennsylvanica 
 
 534 
 
 pumila 
 
 533 
 
 ophioglossoides 
 
 467 spinulosum 
 
 18 
 
 Paspalum 
 
 105 
 
 PlNACEAE 
 
 49 
 
 pendula 
 
 467 vulgare 
 
 32 
 
 ambiguum 
 
 in 
 
 Pinus 
 
 50 
 
 trianthophora 
 
 467 Polypogon 
 
 157 
 
 arenarium 
 
 108 
 
 alba 
 
 54 
 
 verticillata 
 
 468 
 
 Monspehensis 
 
 
 ciliatifolium 
 
 107 
 
 australis 
 
 
 POLYGONACEAE 
 
 541 ' Polystichum 
 
 13 
 
 compressum 
 
 109 
 
 balsam ea 
 
 57 
 
 Polygonatum 
 
 433 PONTEDERIACEAE 
 
 379 
 
 dasyphyllum 
 
 107 
 
 Banksiana 
 
 52 
 
 biflorum 
 
 433 Pontederia 
 
 379 
 
 deb He 
 
 108 
 
 Canadensis 
 
 56 
 
 commutatum 
 
 434 
 
 cordata 
 
 379 
 
 dilatatum 
 
 107 
 
 divaricata 
 
 52 
 
 giganteum 
 
 434 
 
 lancifolia 
 
 379 
 
 distichum 
 
 106 
 
 echinata 
 
 52 
 
 Polygonella 
 
 568 
 
 limosa 
 
 380 
 
 EUiottii 
 
 109 
 
 Fraseri 
 
 57 
 
 Americana 
 
 568 
 
 Populus 
 
 490 
 
 filiforme 
 
 in 
 
 in ops 
 
 52 
 
 articulata 
 
 568 
 
 acuminata 
 
 491 
 
 Floridanum 
 
 108 \ laricina 
 
 54 
 
 ericoides 
 
 568 
 
 alba 
 
 490 
 
 fluitans 
 
 106 
 
 mil is 
 
 52 Polygonum 
 
 554 
 
 angulata 
 
 493 
 
 laeve 
 
 108 
 
 nigra 
 
 55 
 
 acre 
 
 560 
 
 angusti folia 
 
 491 
 
 longipedunculatum palustris 51 
 
 amphibium 
 
 555 
 
 Atheniensis 
 
 492 
 
 
 108 ! pendula 
 
 54 
 
 arifolium 
 
 567 
 
 balsamifera 
 
 491 
 
 macrospermum 
 
 1 08 ponderosa 
 
 
 articulatum 
 
 568 
 
 candicans 
 
 491 
 
 membranaceum 
 
 1 06 . pungens 
 
 53 
 
 aviculare 
 
 56i 
 
 Carolinensis 
 
 493 
 
 Michauxianum 
 
 109 ! resinosa 
 
 
 Bellardi 
 
 562 ; deltoides 
 
 493 
 
 mucronatum 
 
 1 06 rigida 
 
 53 
 
 camporum 
 
 564 dilatata 
 
 493 
 
 ovatum 
 
 107 
 
 rubra 
 
 55 
 
 Careyi 
 
 559 grandidentata 
 
 492 
 
 paspaloides 
 
 109 
 
 Strobus 
 
 50 
 
 cilinode 
 
 565 heterophylla 
 
 492 
 
 platycaulon 
 
 109 
 
 Taeda 
 
 53 
 
 Convolvulus 
 
 565 monilifera 
 
 493 
 
 pubescens 
 
 107 Virginiana 
 
 52 
 
 cristatum 
 
 566 nigra 
 
 493 
 
 sanguinale 
 
 1 1 1 Planeia 
 
 525 
 
 cuspidatum 
 
 567 
 
 tremuloides 
 
 492 
 
 setaceuni 
 
 107 aquatica 
 
 526 
 
 densiflorum. 
 
 556 Potamogeton 
 
 65 
 
 tristachyum 
 
 109 
 
 Platanthera 
 
 
 Douglasii 
 
 565 alpinus 
 
 68 
 
 Walterianum 
 
 106 see Habenaria 461 
 
 , 465 
 
 dumetorum 
 
 566 amplifolius 
 
 67 
 
 Pellaea 
 
 29 holopetala 
 
 465 
 
 emersum 
 
 556 angustifolius 
 
 70 
 
 atropurpurea 
 
 29 j rotundifolia 
 
 460 
 
 e rectum 
 
 563 
 
 Claytomi 
 
 67 
 
 densa 
 
 30 Pleuropogon 
 
 196 
 
 exsertum 
 
 563 
 
 compressus 
 
 72-74 
 
 gracilis 
 
 29 Sabinii 
 
 196 
 
 Fagopyrum 
 
 553 
 
 confervoides 
 
 72 
 
 Stelleri 
 
 29 Poa 
 
 201 
 
 glaucum 
 
 562 
 
 crispus 
 
 72 
 
 Peltandra 
 
 362 abbreviata 
 
 2O2 
 
 Hartwrightii 
 
 556 
 
 diversifolius 
 
 76 
 
 alba 
 
 362 
 
 airoides 
 
 215 
 
 Hydropiper 
 
 560 
 
 Faxoni 
 
 68 
 
 sagittaefolia 
 
 362 
 
 alpina 
 
 203 
 
 hydropiperoides 
 
 560 
 
 filiformis 
 
 77 
 
 undulata 
 
 362 
 
 alsodes 
 
 2O7 
 
 incanum 
 
 557 
 
 flabellatus 
 
 78 
 
 Virginica 
 
 362 
 
 andina 
 
 2O8 
 
 incarnatum 
 
 557 
 
 fluitans 
 
 68 
 
 Peramium 
 
 474 
 
 angustata 
 
 215 
 
 lapathifolium 
 
 557 
 
 foliosus 
 
 73 
 
 (inc. Goodyera) 
 
 
 annua 
 
 201 littoral e 
 
 562 
 
 Friesii 
 
 74 
 
 Menziesii 
 
 475 
 
 aquatica 
 
 212 ! longistylum 
 
 558 
 
 gemmiparus 
 
 76 
 
 pubescens 
 
 474 
 
 arida 
 
 208 maritimum 
 
 562 
 
 gramineus 
 
 69 
 
 repens 
 
 474 
 
 autumnalis 
 
 206 mite 
 
 560 
 
 heterophyllus 
 
 69 
 
 Phalaris 
 
 130 
 
 brevifolia 
 
 207 
 
 Muhlenbergii 
 
 556 
 
 Hillii 
 
 73 
 
 Americana 
 
 130 
 
 Buckleyana 
 
 208 
 
 nodosum 
 
 '557 
 
 hybridus 
 
 76 
 
 arundinacea 
 
 130 
 
 caesia 
 
 205 
 
 Opelousanum 
 
 559 
 
 Illinoensis 
 
 70 
 
 Canariensis 
 
 
 capillaris 
 
 1 88 
 
 orientale 
 
 561 
 
 interruptus 
 
 78 
 
 Caroliniana 
 
 130 
 
 Caroliniana 
 
 188-9 
 
 Pennsylvanicum 
 
 557 
 
 lateralis 
 
 75 
 
 erucaeformis 
 
 181 
 
 cenisia 
 
 203 
 
 Persicaria 
 
 558 
 
 lonchites 
 
 68 
 
 intermedia 
 
 130 
 
 Chapmaniana 
 
 202 
 
 persicarioides 
 
 558 
 
 lucens 
 
 70 
 
 oryzoides 
 
 129 
 
 compressa 
 
 2O2 
 
 Portori cense 
 
 556 
 
 major 
 
 74 
 
 pi eta 
 
 130 
 
 cristata 
 
 202 
 
 punctatum 
 
 560 
 
 Mysticus 
 
 
 Pharnaceum 
 
 
 debilis 
 
 206 
 
 Rayi 
 
 563 
 
 natans 
 
 66 
 
 maritimum 
 
 598 distans 
 
 214 
 
 ramosissimum 
 
 564 
 
 Niagarensis 
 
 73 
 
 Phegopteris 
 
 18 elongaia 
 
 212 
 
 sagittatum 
 
 567 Nuttallii 
 
 67 
 
6o6 
 
 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 
 
 Potamogeton Razoumofskya 
 
 535 
 
 Salicornia 
 
 Schollera 
 
 
 Oakesianus 66 pusilla 
 
 535 
 
 Eiiropaea var. 582 
 
 graminea 
 
 380 
 
 obtusifolius 73 Redfieldia 
 
 1 86 
 
 fruticosa 583 
 
 Scilla 
 
 
 Panormitanus 75 flexuosa 
 
 1 86 
 
 herbacea 582 
 
 Fraseri 
 
 423 
 
 pauciflorus 73 Renealmia 
 
 
 mucronata 583 
 
 Scirpus 
 
 261 
 
 pectinatus 77 usneoides 
 
 374 
 
 Virginica 583 
 
 acicularis 
 
 252 
 
 perfoliatus 71 Rottboellia 
 
 
 Salix 493 
 
 acuminatus 
 
 255 
 
 praelongus 71 filiformis 
 
 226 
 
 adenophylla 504 
 
 Americanus 
 
 265 
 
 pulcher 67 rugosa 
 
 zoo alba 496 
 
 atropu rpureus 
 
 250 
 
 pusillus 74-76 Roubieva 
 
 575 amygdaloides 495 
 
 atro virens 
 
 269 
 
 Robbinsii 78 multifida 
 
 576 angustata 503 
 
 autumnalis 
 
 260 
 
 rufescens 68 ! Rumex 
 
 547 
 
 arctica 502 
 
 caespitosus 
 
 262 
 
 rutilus 74 Acetosa 
 
 548 
 
 argyrocarpa 500 
 
 Californicus 
 
 267 
 
 spathulaeformis 69 Acetosella 
 
 547 
 
 Babylonica 496 
 
 campestris 
 
 267 
 
 Spirillus 77 altissimus 
 
 549 
 
 balsamifera 504 
 
 Canbyi 
 
 266 
 
 trichoides 72 Britannica 549 
 
 550 
 
 Barclayi 504 
 
 capt 11 art's 
 
 258 
 
 Tuckermani 72 conglomerates 
 
 55i 
 
 Bebbiana 498 
 
 capitatus 
 
 250 
 
 Vaseyi 74 crispus 
 
 55i 
 
 Brownii 502 
 
 castaneus 
 
 259 
 
 Zizii 70 ! digynus 
 
 553 
 
 Candida 501 
 
 Clintoni 
 
 263 
 
 zosteraefolius 72 Engelmanni 
 
 548 
 
 coerulea 496 
 
 cylindricus 
 
 266 
 
 Prosartes 
 
 hastatulus 
 
 548 
 
 cordata 503 
 
 cyperinus 
 
 271 
 
 lanuginosa 431 
 
 hydrolapa th u m 
 
 550 
 
 Cutleri 505 
 
 debilis 
 
 264 
 
 trachycarpum 432 
 
 maritimus 
 
 552 desertorum 500 
 
 divaricatus 
 
 270 
 
 Psilocarya 257 
 
 obtusifolius 
 
 552 discolor 499 
 
 equisetoides 
 
 248 
 
 nitens 257 
 
 occidentalis 
 
 550 eriocephala 499 
 
 Eriophorum 
 
 271 
 
 rynchosporoides 257 orbiculatus 
 
 550 falcata 494 
 
 fluviatilis 
 
 268 
 
 scirpoides 258 Patientia 
 
 550 fluviatilis 497 
 
 glaucescens 
 
 252 
 
 PTERIDOPHYTA i persicarioides 
 
 552 , fragilis 496 
 
 Hallii 
 
 264 
 
 Pteris 28 pulcher 
 
 552 glauca 501 
 
 intermedius 
 
 255 
 
 Alabamensis 30 salicifolius 
 
 549 gracilis 500 
 
 interstinctus 
 
 248 
 
 aquilina 28 sanguineus 
 
 551 glaucophylla 503 
 
 lacustris 
 
 266 
 
 atropurpurea 29 venosus 
 
 548 herbacea 505 
 
 leptolepis 
 
 266 
 
 caudata 28 verticillatus 
 
 549 
 
 humilis 498 
 
 lineatus 
 
 270 
 
 gracilis 29 Ruppia 
 
 78 
 
 longifolia 497 maritimus 266, 
 
 268 
 
 Stelleri 29 maritima 
 
 79 lucida 495 ; micranthus 
 
 275 
 
 Puccinellia 214 lacustris 
 
 79 Missouriensis 503 i microcarpus 
 
 269 
 
 airoides 215 occidentalis 
 
 79 
 
 myrtilloides 505 ' mucronatus 
 
 266 
 
 angustata 215 Rynchospora 
 
 276 nigra 494, 495 
 
 mutatus 
 
 249 
 
 distans 214 (inc. Schoenus) 
 
 petiolaris 500 
 
 nanus 
 
 262 
 
 maritima 214, 215 alba 
 
 277 phylicifolia 500, 502 
 
 nitens 
 
 257 
 
 Pyrularia 537 axillaris 
 
 279 prinoides 499 
 
 Olneyi 
 
 265 
 
 oleifera 537 capillacea 
 
 278 purpurea 497 
 
 ovatus 
 
 251 
 
 pubera 537 cephalantha 
 
 279 reticulata 497 
 
 palustris 
 
 251 
 
 Quamasia 422 corniculata 
 
 276 rostrata 498 
 
 pauciflorus 
 
 262 
 
 h3 r acinthina 423 cymosa 
 
 280 sericea 499, 503 
 
 Peckii 
 
 270 
 
 Quercus 515 fusca 
 
 279 tristis 499 
 
 planifolius 
 
 263 
 
 acuminata 522 glomerata 
 
 278 Uva-ursi 505 
 
 polyphyllus 
 
 269 
 
 alba 520 gracilenta 
 
 279 vestita 498 
 
 pungens 
 
 265 
 
 ambigua 516 inexpansa 
 
 280 viminalis 501 
 
 quadrangulatus 
 
 249 
 
 aquatica 519 Knieskernii 
 
 278 vitellina 496 
 
 retrofractus 
 
 244 
 
 bicolor 521 macrostachya 
 
 276 Wardii 495 
 
 robustus 
 
 268 
 
 Brittoni 518 nitens 
 
 257 Salsola 585 
 
 rostellatiis 
 
 256 
 
 coccinea 517 oligantha 
 
 277 depressa 585 
 
 rufus 
 
 267 
 
 digitata 518 pallida 
 
 277 Kali 586 
 
 Smithii 
 
 264 
 
 falcata 518 paniculata 
 heterophylla 519 scirpoides 
 
 278 salsa var. 584 
 258 Tragus 586 
 
 spadiceus 
 subterminalis 
 
 259 
 263 
 
 ilicifolia 518 Torreyana 
 
 280 SALVINIACEAE 34 
 
 supinus 
 
 264 
 
 imbricaria 520 : Sagittaria 
 
 87 Salvinia 34 
 
 sylvaticus 268, 
 
 269 
 
 lauri folia 519 ambigua 
 
 90 natans 34 
 
 Tatora 
 
 267 
 
 Leana 520 
 
 arifolia 
 
 89 SANTALACEAE 536 
 
 tenuis 
 
 255 
 
 lyrata 521 
 
 calvcina 
 
 87 
 
 Sarcobatus 583 
 
 Torreyi 
 
 265 
 
 macrocarpa 520, 521 cristata 
 
 91 vermiculatus 584 
 
 tortilis 
 
 253 
 
 Marylandica 518 
 
 cuneata 
 
 89 Satyrium 
 
 tuberculosus 
 
 253 
 
 Michauxii 522 
 
 Engelmanniana 
 
 88 
 
 repens 474 
 
 Vahlii 
 
 260 
 
 minor 520 
 
 falcata 
 
 90 
 
 SAURURACEAE 482 
 
 validus 
 
 266 
 
 Muhlenbergii 522 
 
 graminea 
 
 91 ] Saururus 482 
 
 Wolfii 
 
 252 
 
 nana 518 
 
 heterophylla 
 
 90 cernuus 482 
 
 Scleria 
 
 281 
 
 nigra 518, 519 
 
 lancifolia 
 
 qo Savastana 131 
 
 laxa 
 
 282 
 
 oblusiloba 520 
 
 latifolia 
 
 88 
 
 alpina 132 
 
 oligantha 
 
 281 
 
 olivaeformis 521 
 
 longiloba 
 
 89 
 
 odorata 132 
 
 pauciflora 
 
 283 
 
 palustris 516, 520 
 Phellos 518, 519 
 
 longirostra 
 natans 
 
 88 
 92 
 
 pauciflora 132 
 Schedonnardus 179 
 
 reticularis 
 Torreyana 
 
 282 
 282 
 
 platanoides 521 
 prinoides 523 
 
 platyphylla 
 pubescens 
 
 92 
 
 88 
 
 paniculatus 179 
 Tex anus 179 
 
 triglomerata 
 verticillata 
 
 282 
 283 
 
 Prinus 520, 522 
 
 pusilla 
 
 92 
 
 SCHEIICHZERIACEAE 82 
 
 Scolochloa 
 
 209 
 
 rubra 516, 518 
 
 radicans 
 
 86 
 
 Scheuchzeria 84 
 
 festucacea 
 
 209 
 
 Rudkini 518 
 
 rigida 
 
 90 
 
 palustris 84 
 
 Scolopendrium 
 
 21 
 
 stellata 520 
 
 sagiitaefolia 
 
 88 
 
 SCHIZAEACEAE 7 
 
 Sclopendrium 
 
 21 
 
 Texana 517 
 
 subulata 
 
 92 
 
 Schizaea 7 
 
 vu Ig are 
 
 21 
 
 tinctoria 517 
 
 teres 
 
 9 1 
 
 pusilla 7 
 
 SELAGINELLACEAE 
 
 44 
 
 tridentata 520 
 
 variabilis 
 
 88 
 
 Schoenus 
 
 Selaginella 
 
 44 
 
 velutina 517 
 
 SALICACEAE 
 
 490 
 
 mariscoides 281 
 
 apus 
 
 45 
 
 virens 523 
 
 Salicornia 
 
 582 
 
 rufus 267 
 
 rupestris 
 
 44 
 
 Virginiana 523 
 
 ambigua 
 
 583 
 
 Schoenus 
 
 selaginoides 
 
 44 
 
 Rajania ovala 569 
 
 Bigelovii 
 
 583 
 
 see Rynchospora 276-80 
 
 spinosa 
 
 44 
 
INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 
 
 607 
 
 Serapias 
 
 Sporobolus 
 
 
 Trichochloa 
 
 Uvularia 
 
 
 viridiflora 469 
 
 cuspidatus 
 
 153 
 
 microsperma 145 
 
 a mplexifolia 
 
 432 
 
 Sesleria 
 
 depauperatus 
 
 153 
 
 Trichodium 
 
 grandiflora 
 
 409 
 
 dactyloides 183 
 Sesuvium 598 
 
 heterolepis 
 Indicus 
 
 155 
 154 
 
 see Agrostis 159 
 Trichomanes 6 
 
 perfoliata 
 puberula 
 
 409 
 410 
 
 maritimum 598 
 
 junceus 
 
 154 
 
 radicans 6 
 
 sessilifolia 
 
 409 
 
 pentandrum 598 
 Set aria 
 
 longifolius 
 minor 
 
 151 
 
 152 
 
 Tricuspis 
 
 purpurea 185 
 
 Vagnera 
 (inc. Smilacina) 
 
 429 
 
 daciyloides 183 
 
 neglectus 
 
 152 
 
 Triglochin 82 
 
 amplexicaulis 
 
 429 
 
 see Ixophorus 126-127 
 
 pilosus 
 
 152 
 
 data 83 
 
 racemosa 
 
 429 
 
 Sieglingia 184 
 
 serotinus 
 
 156 
 
 maritima 83 
 
 stellata 
 
 43 
 
 decumbens 185 
 
 vaginaeflorus 
 
 152 
 
 palustris 83 
 
 tri folia 
 
 43 
 
 purpurea 185 
 
 Virginicus 
 
 153 
 
 striata 83 
 
 VALLISNERIACEAE 
 
 92 
 
 seslerioides 184 
 
 Stenanthium 
 
 43 
 
 triandra 83 
 
 Vallisneria 
 
 92 
 
 stricta 185 
 
 angustifolium 
 
 403 
 
 Trillium 435 
 
 spiralis 
 
 93 
 
 Sisyrinchium 453 
 
 gramineum 
 
 403 
 
 cernuum 437 
 
 Vaseya 
 
 
 aiiceps 453, 454 
 
 robustum 
 
 404 
 
 erectum 437 
 
 comata 
 
 144 
 
 angustifolium 454 
 Atlanticum 454 
 
 Stenophyllus 
 capillaris 
 
 258 
 258 
 
 erythrocarpum 438 
 grandiflorum 437 
 
 Veratrum 
 a ngustifoliu m 
 
 407 
 403 
 
 Jlt'i'inudiana 453 Stipa 
 
 137 
 
 nivale 436 
 
 luteum 
 
 402 
 
 graminoides 453 i avenacea 
 
 138 
 
 recurvatum 436 
 
 parviftorum 
 
 407 
 
 mttcroiialum 454 barbata 
 
 138 
 
 rhomboideutn 437 
 
 viride 
 
 408 
 
 Si tan ion bicolor 
 
 138 
 
 sessile 436 
 
 Woodii 
 
 408 
 
 clvnioides 232 capillaris 
 
 H5 
 
 undulatum 438 Vilfa 
 
 
 SMILACEAE 438 
 
 comata 
 
 138 
 
 Triodia 
 
 see oporooolus 152-6 
 
 Sniilacina 
 
 juncca 
 
 139 
 
 cuprea 184 
 
 Viscum 
 
 
 b if oii a 431 j Macounii 
 
 137 
 
 decumbens 185 
 
 fiavescens 
 
 535 
 
 see Vagnera 429 membranacea 
 
 141 
 
 stricta 185 
 
 Windsoria 
 
 
 Smilax 438 
 
 Richardsonii 
 
 137 
 
 Tripsacum 97 
 
 stricta 
 
 185 
 
 Bona-nox 441 
 
 spartea 138, 
 
 139 
 
 dactyloides 98 
 
 pallida 
 
 213 
 
 caduca 440 
 
 Virginica 
 
 138 
 
 Tripierella 
 
 Woodsia 
 
 9 
 
 ecirrhata 439 
 
 viridula 
 
 138 
 
 coerulea 456 
 
 alpina 
 
 10 
 
 glauca 440 
 
 Streptopus 
 
 432 Tripteridium 
 
 glabella 
 
 10 
 
 liastata 441 
 
 amplexifolius 
 
 432 
 
 micranthum 597 
 
 hyperborca 
 
 10 
 
 herbacea 439 
 
 lanuginosus 
 
 431 
 
 Trisetum 170 
 
 Ilvensis 
 
 10 
 
 hispida 440 
 
 roseus 
 
 433 
 
 flavescens 171 
 
 obtusa 
 
 II 
 
 lanceolata 442 
 
 Suaeda 
 
 
 palustre 171 
 
 Oregana 
 
 II 
 
 laurifolia 441 
 
 depressa 
 
 585 
 
 Pennsylvanicum 171 
 
 scopulina 
 
 II 
 
 Pseudo-China 441 
 
 linearis var. 
 
 584 
 
 Pratense 171 
 
 Woodwardia 
 
 20 
 
 pulverulenta 439 
 
 maritima 
 
 585 
 
 subspicatum 171 
 
 angiistifolia 
 
 20 
 
 quadrangularis 440 
 rotundifolia 440 
 
 Sy tn pi oca rp us 
 foelidus 
 
 363 
 
 Triticum 
 see Agropyron 226, 228 
 
 areolata 
 Virginica 
 
 2O 
 20 
 
 spinulosa 440 
 
 Syntherisma 
 
 no 
 
 Tsuga 55 
 
 Wolffia 
 
 367 
 
 tamnifolia 439 
 
 nliformis 
 
 in 
 
 Canadensis 56 
 
 Brasiliensis 
 
 367 
 
 lainnoides 441 
 
 glabra 
 
 in 
 
 Caroliniana 56 
 
 Columbiana 
 
 367 
 
 Walter! 442 
 
 linearis 
 
 in 
 
 TYPHACEAE 62 
 
 Xanthosoma 
 
 
 Sorghum 104 
 
 praecox 
 
 in 
 
 Typha 62 
 
 sagittaefolia 
 
 362 
 
 avcnaceuni 104 
 Halepense 104 
 
 sanguinalis 
 
 scroll na 
 
 in 
 in 
 
 angusti folia 63 
 latifolia 62 
 
 Xerophyllum 
 asphodeloides 
 
 401 
 401 
 
 nu tans 104 
 
 villosa 
 
 in 
 
 Udora 93 
 
 set if ol in in- 
 
 401 
 
 SPARGANIACEAE 63 
 
 TAXACEAE 
 
 61 
 
 ULMACEAE 523 
 
 XYRIDACEAE 
 
 }68 
 
 Sparganium 63 
 
 Taxodium 
 
 57 
 
 Ulmus 524 
 
 Xyris 
 
 368 
 
 androcladum 64 distichum 
 
 58 
 
 alata 525 
 
 Caroliniana 
 
 370 
 
 anguslifolium 64 Taxus 
 
 61 
 
 Americana 524 
 
 communis 
 
 369 
 
 eurycarpum 63 baccata 
 
 61 
 
 campestris 524 
 
 difformis 
 
 369 
 
 fluitans 64 brevifolia 
 
 61 
 
 fulva 525 
 
 el at a 
 
 370 
 
 minimum 64 
 
 Canadensis 
 
 61 
 
 pubescens 525 
 
 fimbriata 
 
 370 
 
 simplex 64 
 
 minor 
 
 61 
 
 racemosa 524 
 
 flexuosa 
 
 369 
 
 Spartina 175 
 
 Thalia 
 
 455 
 
 Uncinia 284 
 
 Jupacai 
 
 370 
 
 allerniflora 177 
 
 dealbata 
 
 455 
 
 microglochin 285 
 
 montana 
 
 369 
 
 cynosuroides 175 
 
 Thesin i 
 
 
 Unifolium 430 
 
 torta 
 
 370 
 
 glabra 177 
 
 umbellatum 
 
 536 
 
 Canadense 431 
 
 Yucca 
 
 426 
 
 gracilis 176 
 
 Thuja 
 
 58 
 
 Uniola 197 
 
 angustifolia 
 
 427 
 
 juncca 176 
 
 occidentalis . 
 
 58 
 
 gracilis 197 
 
 baccata 
 
 426 
 
 patens 176 
 
 Tillandsia 
 
 374 
 
 laxa 197 
 
 filamentosa 
 
 427 
 
 polystachya 176 
 
 usneoides 
 
 374 
 
 latifolia 197 
 
 glauca 
 
 427 
 
 stricta 177 
 
 Tipularia 
 
 479 
 
 paniculata 198 
 
 Zannichellia 
 
 79 
 
 Spathyema 363 
 
 discolor 
 
 480 
 
 spicata 198 
 
 palustris 
 
 80 
 
 foetida 363 
 
 uni folia 
 
 480 
 
 stricta 198 
 
 Zephyranthes 
 
 443 
 
 Sl'KK.MATOPHYTA 49 
 
 Tofieldia 
 
 399 
 
 Urachne 
 
 Atamasco 
 
 444 
 
 Spiranthes 
 
 glutinosa 
 
 400 
 
 asperifolia 140 
 
 Zizania 
 
 128 
 
 decipiens 475 
 
 palustris 
 
 399 
 
 micrantha 140 
 
 aquatica 
 
 128 
 
 graminea var. 471 
 
 pubescens 
 
 400 
 
 racemosa 140 
 
 niiliacea 
 
 128 
 
 see Gyrostachys 470 
 
 racemosa 
 
 400 
 
 URTICACEAE 530 
 
 Zizaniopsis 
 
 127 
 
 Spirodela 365 
 
 Toxylon 
 
 528 
 
 Urtica 531 
 
 niiliacea 
 
 128 
 
 polyrhiza 365 
 
 pomiferum 
 
 529 
 
 chamaedryoides 532 
 
 Zostera 
 
 82 
 
 Sporobolus 150 
 
 Trachynotia 
 
 
 cylindrica 534 
 
 marina 
 
 82 
 
 (inc. Vilfa) 
 
 polystachya 
 
 176 
 
 divaricata 533 
 
 Zygadenus 
 
 404 
 
 airoides 155 
 
 Tradescantia 
 
 377 
 
 dioica 531 
 
 elegans 
 
 405 
 
 argutus 154 
 
 brevicaulis 
 
 378 
 
 gracilis 531 
 
 glaberrimus 
 
 404 
 
 asper 151 
 
 flexuosa 
 
 378 
 
 pumila 533 
 
 glaucits 
 
 405 
 
 asperifolius 156 
 
 montana 
 
 377 
 
 urens 532 
 
 leimanthoides 
 
 406 
 
 brevifolius 153 
 
 pilosa 
 
 378 
 
 Urticastrum 532 
 
 Nuttallii 
 
 405 
 
 compressus 156 
 
 rose a 
 
 378 
 
 divaricatum 533 
 
 venenosus 
 
 405 
 
 cryptandrus 155 
 
 Virginiana 
 
 377 Uvularia 408 
 
 
 
 39 
 
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES. 
 
 Abele 490 
 
 Beaked Rush 
 
 Bulrush 
 
 Coral-root 478-9 
 
 Abronia 597 
 
 Torrey's 280 
 
 Olney's 265 
 
 Crested 481 
 
 Adam-and-Eve 481 
 
 White 277 
 
 Peck's 270 
 
 Early 478 
 
 Adam's Needle 427 
 
 Beckmannia 181 
 
 Prairie 267 
 
 Large 479 
 
 Adder's Mouth 475-6 
 
 BEECH FAMILY 513 
 
 Reddish 270 
 
 Small-flowered 478 
 
 ADDER'S TONGUE 
 
 Beech 506, 514 
 
 River 268 
 
 Striped 479 
 
 FAMILY i 
 
 Beech-fern 19 
 
 Salt Marsh 268 
 
 Wister's 478 
 
 Adder's Tongue 2, 420 
 
 Bellwort 409-10 
 
 Small-fruited 269 
 
 Cork-elm 524 
 
 Agave 445 
 
 Bindweed 565 
 
 Spreading 270 
 
 CORK-WOOD FAMILY 
 
 Alder 512-3 
 
 BIRCH FAMILY 506 
 
 Torrey's 265 
 
 489 
 
 Allionia 595 
 
 Birch 508-11 
 
 Wood 268 
 
 Cork-wood 489 
 
 Alpine Bistort 555 
 
 American White 508 
 
 BUNCH-FLOWER 
 
 Cotton-grass 271-3 
 
 AMARANTH FAMILY 586 
 
 Black 510 
 
 FAMILY 399 
 
 Cotton-wood 491-3 
 
 Amaranth 588-90 
 
 Canoe 509 
 
 Bunch-flower 406-7 
 
 Couch-grass 226 
 
 AMARYLLISFAMILY 443 
 
 Cherry 510 
 
 Bur-head 86 
 
 Crested Dwarf Iris 451 
 
 Amphicarpon no 
 
 Dwarf 51 1 
 
 BURMANNIA FAMILY 
 
 Cucumber-root, In- 
 
 Androstephium 416 
 
 Glandular 510 
 
 455 
 
 dian 435 
 
 Arbor-vitae 58 
 
 Gray 510 
 
 Burmannia 456 
 
 Curly-grass 7 
 
 Arctagrostis 157 
 
 Low 511 
 
 BUR-REED FAMILY 63 
 
 Cycloloma 577 
 
 Arethusa 469 
 
 Paper 509 
 
 Bur-reed 63-4 
 
 Cypress 58 
 
 Aristida I33~7 
 
 Red 509 
 
 Calamus-root 364 
 
 Cyperus 234 
 
 Branched 134 
 
 River 509 
 
 Calypso 477 
 
 Awned 237 
 
 Bushy 136 
 
 Scrub 510 
 
 Cane 233 
 
 Baldwin's 246 
 
 Erect 136 
 
 Sweet 510 
 
 CARPET-WEED FAMILY 
 
 Brown 239 
 
 Few-flowered 135 
 
 Western Red 509 
 
 597 
 
 Coarse 242 
 
 Forked 134 
 
 Yellow 510 
 
 Carpet-weed 598 
 
 Coast 237 
 
 Purple 135 
 
 BIRTHWORT FAMILY 
 
 Carrion-flower 439 
 
 Elegant 237 
 
 Purplish 134 
 
 537 
 
 Catbrier 440 
 
 Engelmann's 243 
 
 Sea-beach 136 
 
 Birthwort 540 
 
 CAT-TAIL FAMILY 62 
 
 Flat 238 
 
 Slender 133 
 
 Bistort 555 
 
 Cat-tail 62-3 
 
 Globose 245 
 
 Western 137 
 
 Bitternut 485 
 
 Cedar 58-60 
 
 Gray's 246 
 
 Woolly 135 
 
 Blackberry Lily 453 
 
 Chain-fern 20 
 
 Hale's 241 
 
 Arrow-arum 362 
 
 Black Walnut 483 
 
 Chair-maker's Rush 265 
 
 Hall's 240 
 
 ARROW-GRASS FAMILY 
 
 Blazing-star 402 
 
 Cheat, Chess 219-24 
 
 Houghton's 246 
 
 82 
 
 Elite 576, 584-5 
 
 Chestnut 515 
 
 Lancaster 244 
 
 Arrow-grass 83 
 
 Blood-leaf 593 
 
 Chickweed, Indian 598 
 
 Low 236 
 
 Arrow-head 82-90 
 
 BLOODWORT FAMILY 
 
 Chinquapin 515 
 
 Marsh 238 
 
 ARROWROOT FAMILY 
 
 442 
 
 Chive Garlic 412 
 
 Michaux's 242 
 
 454 
 
 Blue Beech 506 
 
 Chives 412 
 
 Nuttall's 236 
 
 ARUM FAMILY 360 
 
 Blue-eyed Grass 453 
 
 Chloris 178 
 
 Pine-barren 245 
 
 Arum 362-3 
 
 Blue Flag 448-50 
 
 Christmas-green 43 
 
 Red-rooted 241 
 
 Asaruni 538-9 
 
 Bog-asphodel 401 
 
 Cladothrix 592 
 
 Reflexed 244 
 
 Asparagus 428 
 
 Bouteloua 180 
 
 Clearweed 533 
 
 Rough 244 
 
 Aspen 492 
 
 Brachyelytrum 146 
 
 Cliff-brake 29-30 
 
 Schweinitz's 238 
 
 Asphodel 399, 401 
 
 Brake, Bracken 28-30 
 
 Climbing False 
 
 Sheathed 239 
 
 Atamasco Lily 444 
 
 Brome Grass 219-24 
 
 Buckwheat 566 
 
 Shining 236 
 
 Atriplex 579~8o 
 
 Barren 221 
 
 CLIMBING FERN 
 
 Short-pointed 239 
 
 Azolla 35 
 
 Corn 223 
 
 FAMILY 7 
 
 Slender 245 
 
 Bald Cypress 58 
 
 Downy 220 
 
 Climbing Fern 7 
 
 Straw-colored 243 
 
 Bald Rush 257-8 
 
 Fringed 219 
 
 Clintonia 428-9 
 
 Toothed 240 
 
 Balm-of-Gilead 491 
 
 Hairy 220 
 
 CLUB-MOSS FAMILY 39 
 
 Yellow 235, 241 
 
 Balsam Fir 57 
 
 Quakegrass 223 
 
 Club-moss 40-3 
 
 Cypress 58 
 
 Balsam Poplar 491 
 
 Schrader's 224 
 
 Club-rush 262 
 
 Cystopteris 12-13 
 
 Barley 228-9 
 
 Smooth 221 
 
 Clinton's 263 
 
 Darnel 225 
 
 Bastard Toad-flax 536 
 
 Upright 220 
 
 Chairmaker's 265 
 
 Day-flower 375-6 
 
 BAYBERRY FAMILY 487 
 
 Brunnichia 569 
 
 Dwarf 262 
 
 Day Lily 411 
 
 Bayberry 488 
 
 BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 
 
 Few-flowered 262 
 
 Dichromena 256-7 
 
 Beaked Rush 277 
 
 54i 
 
 Hall's 264 
 
 Diplachne 186 
 
 Brown 279 
 
 Buckwheat 553-6, 566 
 
 Red 267 
 
 Disporum 431-2 
 
 Capillary 278 
 
 Buffalo-nut 537 
 
 Smith's 264 
 
 Ditch-moss 93 
 
 Capitate 279 
 
 Bugseed 582 
 
 Tufted 262 
 
 Dock 548-51 
 
 Clustered 278 
 
 Bulrush 265 
 
 Water 263 
 
 Bitter 552 
 
 Few- flowered 277 
 
 Bog 266 
 
 Weak-stalked 264 
 
 Bloody 55i 
 
 Grass-like 280 
 
 California 267 
 
 Wood 263 
 
 Broad-leaved 552 
 
 Knieskern's 278 
 
 Canby's 266 
 
 Colic-root 425-6 
 
 Clustered 551 
 
 Nodding 280 
 
 Dark-green 269 
 
 Comandra 536-7 
 
 Curled 551 
 
 Pale 277 
 
 Great 266 
 
 CONIFERS 49~53 
 
 Fiddle 552 
 
 Slender 279 
 
 Leafy 269 
 
 Cooperia 444 
 
 Golden 552 
 
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES. 
 
 609 
 
 Dock 
 
 Fern 
 
 Grass 
 
 Grass 
 
 Great Water 550 
 
 Hay-scented 12 
 
 Black Oat 138 
 
 Pigeon 126 
 
 Pale 549 
 
 Holly 14-15 
 
 Blue-eyed 453-4 
 
 Pleuropogon 196 
 
 Patience 550 
 
 Lady 26 
 
 Blue 202, 204 
 
 Plume 99 
 
 Peach-leaved 549 
 
 Lip 30-31 
 
 Blue-joint 163 
 
 Porcupine 139 
 
 Red-veined 551 
 
 Maiden-hair 27 
 
 Bottle -brush 233 
 
 Poverty 133 
 
 Sour 548 
 
 Male 17 
 
 Brachyelytrum 146 
 
 Prickle 105 
 
 Smaller Green 551 
 
 Moonwort 3 
 
 Brome 219-24 
 
 Quake, Quaking 199 
 
 Swamp 549 
 
 New York 15 
 
 Bouteloua 180 
 
 Quitch 226 
 
 Tall 549 
 
 Oak 19 
 
 Buffalo 183 
 
 Rattlesnake 211 
 
 Veined 548 
 
 Ostrich 9 
 
 Bur 127 
 
 Ray 225 
 
 Water 550 
 
 Polypody 32-3 
 
 Canary 130-1 
 
 Redfieldia 186 
 
 Western 550 
 
 Rock-brake 28 
 
 Cane 233 
 
 Red-top 159, 184, 205 
 
 White 550 
 
 Royal 5 
 
 Carnation 330 
 
 Reed 128, 130, 158, 
 
 Willow-leaved 549 
 
 Sensitive 9 
 
 Catch-fly 129 
 
 163-7, 176, 184 
 
 Door-weed 561 
 
 Shield 15-18 
 
 Chess 219, 221-3 
 
 Rice 128, 139-40 
 
 Dragon-root 361 
 
 Spleenwort 22-26 
 
 Chloris i;x 
 
 Rice Cut 129 
 
 I)rcK\VKKi> FAMILY 
 
 Sweet 489 
 
 Cockspur 113 
 
 Rush Cat's-tail 147 
 
 365 
 
 Venus-hair 27 
 
 Couch 226 
 
 Rush 151-4 
 
 Duckweed 365-7 
 
 Walking 21 
 
 Cotton 271 -3 
 
 Rye 225, 230 
 
 Dulichium 247 
 
 Wall Rue 25 
 
 Cord 1 71 1 
 
 Sand 1X5 
 
 Dupatya 373 
 
 Wood 17 
 
 Crab, 109, in, 181 
 
 .Sand-reed 166 
 
 Dupontia 209 
 
 Woodsia 10-11 
 
 Curly 7 
 
 Salt-meadow 176 
 
 Dutchman's Pipe 540 
 
 Field Sorrel 547 
 
 Darnel 225 
 
 Schedonnardus 179 
 
 Eaton i a 192-3 
 
 FILMY-FKRN FAMILY 6 
 
 Diplachne iX(> 
 
 Scolochloa 209 
 
 Eel-grass 82, 93 
 
 Fimbristylis 259-60 
 
 Dog's-tail 200 
 
 Scutch 175 
 
 ELM FAMILY 523 
 
 Fiorin 159 
 
 Dog's-tooth 175 
 
 Scutch Cane 233 
 
 Elm 524-6 
 
 Firs 57 
 
 Dropseed 144, 154-6 
 
 Sea Oats 198 
 
 Elyna 284 
 
 Flag 364, 448-51 
 
 Dupontia 209 
 
 Seneca 132 
 
 Equisetum 39 
 
 Fleur-de-lis 447, 450 
 
 Eatonia 192-3 
 
 Sieglingia 1X5 
 
 Eragrostis 188 
 
 Florida Moss 374 
 
 Eel 72, 93 
 
 Small Cane 233 
 
 Blunt-scaled 192 
 
 Flower-de-luce 447 
 
 Egyptian 182 
 
 Smut 154 
 
 Capillary 188 
 
 Fly-poison 403 
 
 Eragrostis 188-92 
 
 Soft 1 68 
 
 Clustered 191 
 
 FOUR-O'CLOCK FAM- 
 
 False Oat 171 
 
 Spear 201-3, 2O 5~8, 214 
 
 Creeping 192 
 
 ILY 594 
 
 False Red-top 205 
 
 .Spike 197-8 
 
 Frank's iss 
 
 Fox-tail 126, 148-9 
 
 Fescue 216-8 
 
 Squirrel-tail 229 
 
 Hair-like 191 
 
 Fragrant Hickory 486 
 
 Finger HI 
 
 Stagger 444 
 
 LOW 189 
 
 Fritillaria 419 
 
 Fiorin 159 
 
 Star 380, 425, 446 
 
 Meadow 191 
 
 Froelichia 592-3 
 
 Fox-tail 126, 148-9 
 
 Stipa 137-8 
 
 Prairie 190 
 
 Frog's-bit 94 
 
 Gama 98 
 
 Sweet Vernal 131 
 
 Purple 190 
 
 Fuirena 274 
 
 Goose 214 
 
 Terrell 230 
 
 Pursh's 189 
 
 Garget 594 
 
 Grama 180 
 
 Thin 161 
 
 Short-stalked lop 
 
 Garlic 412-15 
 
 Graphephorum 210 
 
 Timothy 147 
 
 Strong-scented 189 
 
 Geranium, Feather 574 
 
 Gymnopogon 178-9 
 
 Toothache 177 
 
 Tufted ix8 
 
 Glasswort 582-3 
 
 Hair 145, 161, 168-170 
 
 Tumble-weed 123 
 
 Eriogonum 542-6 
 
 Golden Club 364 
 
 Hard 226 
 
 Velvet 1 68 
 
 Allen 'e 543 
 
 Good King Henry 574 
 
 Heather 185 
 
 Water Oats 1 28 
 
 Annual 544 
 
 (',( )( ISKKOOTFAMILY 569 
 
 Hedgehog 127 
 
 Wheat 227-8 
 
 Branched 545 
 
 Goose foot 570-6 
 
 Herd's 147, 159 
 
 White 1 29 
 
 Crisp-leaved 544 
 
 Berlandier's 572 
 
 Holy 132 
 
 Whorl 194 
 
 Few-flowered 545 
 
 Bosc's 572 
 
 Hungarian 127 
 
 Wild Oat 173-4 
 
 James' 543 
 
 City 573 
 
 Indian 104 
 
 Wild Rye 230-2 
 
 Long-leaved 543 
 
 Cut-leaved 576 
 
 Indian Rice 128 
 
 Windlestraw , 167 
 
 Long-rooted 546 
 
 FeatherGeranium 574 
 
 Ivray 225 
 
 Wire 154, 181 
 
 Narrow-leaved 546 
 
 Fremont's 572 
 
 Johnson 104 
 
 Wirebent 224 
 
 Nodding 546 
 
 Good King Henry 574 
 
 Joint 106 
 
 Witch 123 
 
 Slender 544 
 
 Jerusalem Oak 574 
 
 June 204 
 
 Wool 27 1 
 
 Winged 542 
 
 Many-seeded 571 
 
 Koeleria 194 
 
 Yard 181 
 
 Yellow 545 
 
 Maple-leaved 573 
 
 Korycarpus 196 
 
 Yellow-eyed 369-70 
 
 Eurotia 581 
 
 Narrow-leaved 571 
 
 Leptochloa 182 
 
 Grass-pink 480 
 
 False Aloe 445 
 
 Nettle-leaved 573 
 
 Lyme 232 
 
 Grass-wrack 82 
 
 False Buckwheat 566 
 
 Mexican Tea 575 
 
 Manna 211-3 
 
 Greasewood 584 
 
 False Garlic 415 
 
 Oak-leaved 571 
 
 Manisuris 100 
 
 Green Arrow-arum 362 
 
 False Hellebore 408 
 
 Perennial 574 
 
 Mat 224 
 
 Green Brier 440-2 
 
 False Nettle 534 
 
 Red 574 
 
 Mat- weed 166 
 
 Green Dragon 361 
 
 False Oat 171 
 
 Turnpike Geranium 
 
 Marsh 175, 177 
 
 Ground Hemlock 61 
 
 Feather Geranium 574 
 
 574 
 
 Meadow 
 
 Ground Pine 41 
 
 FKRN FAMILIES 1-33 
 
 Upright 573 
 
 201-7, 2I2 > 214-5 
 
 Gymnopogon 178-9 
 
 Fern 1-33 
 
 White 570 
 
 Melic 195 
 
 Hackberry 526 
 
 Beech 19 
 
 Wormseed 575 
 
 Mesquite 180 
 
 Hair Grass 
 
 Brake, Bracken 28-30 
 
 Grape-fern 2-4 
 
 Millet 
 
 Early 169 
 
 Bristle 6 
 
 Grape-Hyacinth 424-5 
 
 1 10, 123, 127, 141 
 
 Long-awned 145 
 
 Brittle 13 
 
 Graphephorum 210 
 
 Molinia 187 
 
 Mountain 170 
 
 Chain 20 
 
 GRASS FAMILY 94-233 
 
 Mountain Rice 139-41 
 
 Rough 161 
 
 Christmas 14 
 
 Grass 94 233 
 
 Muhlenbergia 142-6 
 
 Silvery 168 
 
 Cinnamon 5 
 
 Arctagrostis 157 
 
 Munro's 183 
 
 Tufted 169 
 
 Clayton's 6 
 
 Aristida i33~7 
 
 Nard 224 
 
 Wavy 170 
 
 Cliff-brake 29-30 
 
 Barnyard 113 
 
 Nimble Will 144 
 
 Hartford Fern 7 
 
 Climbing 7 
 
 Barley 228-9 
 
 Nut 241 
 
 Hart's-tongue 21 
 
 Curly-grass 7 
 
 Bear 427 
 
 Oat 138, 171-4, 198 
 
 Hazel-nut 507-8 
 
 Cystopteris 12-13 
 
 Beard 98, 101-3, 157 
 
 Orchard 200 
 
 Hellebore 408 
 
 Goldie's 17 
 
 Beckmannia 181 
 
 Oryzopsis 141 
 
 Helleborine 469 
 
 Grape 2-4 
 
 Bent 160-2, 167 
 
 Panic 113-125 
 
 Hemicarpha 275 
 
 Hartford 7 
 
 Bermuda 175 
 
 Phippsia 150 
 
 Hemlock 56, 61 
 
 Hart's Tongue 21 
 
 Black 385 
 
 Phleum 148 
 
 Hemp 530, 591 
 
6io 
 
 INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES. 
 
 Hickory 484-7 
 
 Lily 1 Notholaena 32 
 
 Osier 496-501 
 
 Big Shag-bark 486 
 
 Atamasco 444 
 
 Nut-grass 241 
 
 Ostrich-fern 9 
 
 Bitter-nut 485 
 
 Blackberry 453 
 
 Nut-rush 281-3 
 
 Panicum, Panic Grass 
 
 Fragrant 486 
 
 Canada 417 
 
 Oak 516-23 
 
 114-25 
 
 King-nut 486 
 
 Carolina 418 
 
 Barren 518 
 
 Agrostis-like 115 
 
 Mocker-nut 486 
 
 Day 411 
 
 Basket 522 
 
 Barbed 1 20 
 
 Pecan 484 
 
 Mariposa 422 
 
 Bear 518 
 
 Beaked 115 
 
 Pig-nut 487 
 
 Philadelphia 416 
 
 Black 517 
 
 Blunt 114 
 
 Shag-bark 485 
 
 Red 416-17 
 
 Black-jack 518 
 
 Diffuse 124 
 
 Shell-bark 485 
 
 Southern Red 417 
 
 Bur 521 
 
 Forked 120 
 
 Small-fruited 486 
 
 Tiger 419 
 
 Chestnut 522-3 
 
 Gaping 114 
 
 Swamp 485 
 
 Turk's-cap 418 
 
 Cow 522 
 
 Gibbous 125 
 
 White-heart 486 
 
 Western Red 417 
 
 Iron 520 
 
 Hairy 1 21 
 
 White Walnut 485 
 
 Wild Yellow 417 
 
 Jerusalem 574 
 
 Hispid 118 
 
 Hop 530 
 
 Wood 416 
 
 Laurel 519 
 
 Large-fruited 117 
 
 Hop-Hornbeam 507 
 
 Yellow 417 
 
 Live 523 
 
 Lax-flowered 119 
 
 Hornbeam 56~7 
 
 LILY-OF-THE- VALLEY 
 
 Mossy-cup 521 
 
 Long 115 
 
 Horned Rush 276 
 
 FAMILY 427 
 
 Overcup 521 
 
 Long-leaved 116 
 
 Horsebrier 440 
 
 Lily-of-the-Valley 431, 
 
 Pin 516 
 
 Narrow 114 
 
 HORSETAIL FAMILY 35 
 
 434 
 
 Post 520-1 
 
 Narrow -leaved 1 22 
 
 Horsetail 35-7 
 
 Lip-fern 30-31 
 
 Quercitron 517 
 
 Northern 119 
 
 Hyacinth 423-5 
 
 Lipocarpha 275 
 
 Red 516 
 
 Porter's 117 
 
 Hymenocallis 445 
 
 LIZARD'S-TAIL FAM- 
 
 Rock Chestnut 522 
 
 Round-fruited 1 1 6 
 
 Indian Chickweed 598 
 
 ILY 482 
 
 Scarlet 517 
 
 Scribner's 118 
 
 Indian Cucumber- 
 
 Lizard's-tail 482 
 
 Scrub 518 
 
 Sea-beach 122 
 
 root 435 
 
 Long-moss 374 
 
 Scrub-chestnut 523 
 
 Shining 120 
 
 Indian Poke 408 
 
 Lophiola 446 
 
 Shingle 520 Slender 118 
 
 Indian Turnip 361 
 
 Lophotocarpus 87 
 
 Spanish 518' Small-fruited 116 
 
 Inkberry 594 
 
 Macounastrum 542 
 
 Swamp 516-21 
 
 Spreading 1 23 
 
 Iresine 593 
 
 Maiden-hair Fern 27 
 
 Texan Red 517 
 
 Starved 121 
 
 IRIS FAMILY 447 
 
 Mariposa Lily 422 
 
 Water 519 
 
 Tall Smooth 122 
 
 Iris 451-2 
 
 Marsh Samphire 582 
 
 White 520-1 
 
 Variable 117 
 
 Iron-wood 507 
 
 MARSILEA FAMILY 33 
 
 Willow 519 
 
 Velvety 121 
 
 Ivray 225 
 
 Marsilea 33-4 
 
 Yellow 522 
 
 Warty 1 25 
 
 Jack-in-the-pulpit 361 
 
 MAYACA FAMILY 367 
 
 Oak Fern 19 
 
 Wilcox's 119 
 
 Jerusalem Oak 574 
 
 Mayaca 368 
 
 Oat 138 
 
 Wiry 1 24 
 
 Joint-weed 568 
 
 Mat-weed 166 False 171 
 
 Wood 1 24 
 
 Juba's Bush 593 
 
 Meadow Grass Purple 172 
 
 Paper Mulberry 529 
 
 Juniper 59~6o 
 
 201-7, 212-15 Sea 198 
 
 Paspalum 105 
 
 King-nut 486 
 
 Annual 201 Smith's 172 
 
 Ciliate-leaved 107 
 
 Knotgrass 561 
 
 Arctic 215 
 
 Wild 173 
 
 Crab-grass 109 
 
 Knotweed 561 
 
 Flat-stemmed 202 
 
 Oat Grass J7V-4 
 
 Field i 08 
 
 Be Hard's 562 
 
 Fowl 205 Black 138 
 
 Flat 109 
 
 Bushy 564 
 
 Grove 207 Oil-nut 484, 537 
 
 Florida 108 
 
 Douglas' 565 
 
 Prairie 204 Onion, wild 413-415 
 
 Joint-grass 106 
 
 Erect 563 
 
 Reed 212 Orache 578-9 
 
 Long-stalked 108 
 
 Japanese 567 
 
 Rough ish 204 
 
 ORCHID FAMILY 456 
 
 Slender 107 
 
 Long-fruited 563 
 
 Slender 215 
 
 Orchis 459-66 
 
 Tall 107 
 
 Prairie 564 
 
 Spreading 214 
 
 Bog 461, 462 
 
 Walter's 106 
 
 Ray's 563 
 
 Wavy 203 
 
 Crane-fly 480 
 
 Water 106 
 
 Seaside 562 
 
 Wood 205 Crested Yellow 464 
 
 Pecan 484 
 
 Shore 562 
 
 Melanthium 407 
 
 Fen 477 ; Pellitory 534 
 
 Slender 564 
 
 Mexican Tea 575 
 
 Fringeless Purple 466 
 
 Persicaria 555 
 
 Virginia 561 
 
 Millet 100, 123, 127, 141 Hooker's 461 
 
 Bristly 559 
 
 Kobresia 284 
 
 MISTLETOE FAMILY Large Purple -fringed 
 
 Carey's 559 
 
 Kochia 581 
 
 534 466 
 
 Dense-flowered 556 
 
 Koeleria 194 
 
 Mistletoe 535 Large Round-leaved 
 
 Dock-leaved 557 
 
 Korycarpus 196 
 
 Moccasin Flower 457 461 
 
 Hart Wright's 556 
 
 Kyllingia 247 
 
 Mocker-nut 486 Leafy Green 462 
 
 Lady's Thumb 558 
 
 Ladies' Slipper 457 
 
 Molinia 187 ; Long-bracted 463 
 
 Long-styled 558 
 
 Large Yellow 458 
 
 Monolepis 577 \ Northern Bog 461 
 
 Opelousas 559 
 
 Ram's-head 457 
 
 Moonwort 3 Pale Green 464 
 
 Pale 557 
 
 Showy 458 
 
 Moss, Long, Florida 374 Prairie White-fringed 
 
 Pennsylvania 557 
 
 Small White 458 
 
 Moose Elm 525 465 
 
 Slender Pink 557 
 
 Small Yellow 459 
 
 Mountain Rice 139-41 Purple-fringed 466 Southwestern 558 
 
 Stemless 457 
 
 Mud Plantain 380 Ragged 465 ! Swamp 556 
 
 Lady-fern 26 
 
 Muhlenbergia 142-46 , Showy 459 Water 555 
 
 Lady's Thumb 558 
 
 Filiform 145 SmallGreenWood 463 Phippsia 159 
 
 Ladies' Tresses 470-2 
 
 Hairy 144 ; Small Northern Bog 
 
 Phleum 140 
 
 Fragrant 471 
 
 Marsh 143 461 
 
 PICKEREL- WEED 
 
 Grass-leaved 471 
 
 Meadow 142 Small Pale Green 464 
 
 FAMILY 379 
 
 Hooded 470 
 
 Minnesota 143 Small Round-leaved 
 
 Pickerel-weed 379 
 
 Little 472 
 
 Prairie 146 460 
 
 Pig-nut 4 S 7 
 
 Nodding 471 
 
 Rock 142 Small So. Yellow 463 Pigeon Berry 594 
 
 Slender 472 
 
 Slender 144 Smaller Purple- Pigweed 570, 587 
 
 Wide-leaved 470 
 
 Small-seeded 143, fringed 466 PINE FAMILY 49 
 
 Lamb's Quarters 570 
 
 Wood 143 ; Southern Small 
 
 Pine 
 
 Larch 54 
 
 MULBERRY FAMILY 527 White 462 
 
 Bull 52 
 
 Leek 412 
 
 Mulberry 528-9 Tall Leafy Green 462 
 
 Canadian 51 
 
 Leitneria 489 
 
 Naias 80-1 Tall White Bog 462 
 
 Candlewood 53 
 
 Leptochloa 182 
 
 Necklace Poplar 493 Tubercled 464 
 
 Frankincense 53 
 
 Leucocrinum 411 
 
 Nemastylis 452 
 
 White-fringed 465 
 
 Georgia 5 1 
 
 LILY FAMILY 410 
 
 NETTLE FAMILY 530 
 
 Yellow-fringed 464 
 
 Gray 5 2 
 
 Lily 4"-44 
 
 Nettle 53!~34 Oryzopsis 141 
 
 Ground 41 
 
 Asa-Gray's 418 
 
 Noah's Ark 457 1 Osage Orange 529 
 
 Hard 5 1 
 
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES. 
 
 611 
 
 Pine 
 
 Red-root 443 
 
 Sagittaria 90-92 
 
 Sedge 
 
 Hickory 53 
 
 Red-top 159, 184 
 
 Saltwort 586 
 
 Frank's 301 
 
 Hudson Bay 52 
 
 Reed 128, 166, 184 
 
 SALVINIA FAMILY 34 
 
 Fraser's 336 
 
 Jersey 52 
 
 Reed Grass 163-7 
 
 Salvinia 34 
 
 Fringed 314 
 
 Labrador 52 
 
 Bog 165 
 
 Samphire, Marsh 582 
 
 Glaucescent 322 
 
 Loblolly 53 
 
 Langsdorf's 164 
 
 Sand-reed 166 
 
 Glaucous 315 
 
 Long-leaved 51 
 
 Long-leaved 167 
 
 SANDALWOOD FAMILY 
 
 Golden-fruited 331 
 
 Northern Scrub 52 
 
 Macoun's 163 
 
 536 
 
 Goodenough's 309 
 
 Old-field 53 
 
 Narrow 165 Savin 60 
 
 Graceful 317 
 
 Pitch 53 
 
 Nuttall's 165 i Schedonnardus 179 
 
 Grass-like 330 
 
 Red 51 
 
 Pickering's 164 Scheuchzeria 84 
 
 Gray 321 
 
 Sap 53 
 
 Porter's 164 | Scolochloa 209 
 
 Gray's 293 
 
 Scrub 52 
 
 Salt 176 
 
 Scoke 594 
 
 Green 324 
 
 Short-leaved 52 
 
 Sea sand 166 
 
 Scottish Asphodel T.QQ 
 
 Greenish-white 359 
 
 Southern 51 
 
 Short-haired 166 Scouring Rush ^8 
 
 Hairy-fruited 302 
 
 Spruce 52 
 
 Wood 158 
 
 Sea-Blite 584-5 
 
 Hairy 306 
 
 Table-mountain 53 
 
 Rice 128 
 
 Sea-Purslane 598 
 
 Hair-like 320 
 
 Torch 53 
 
 Richweed 533 
 
 SEDGE FAMILY 234 
 
 Handsome 318 
 
 Virginia 51 
 
 Rock-brake 28 Sedge 292-360 
 
 Hare's-foot 353, 356 
 
 Western Yellow 51 
 
 Roubieva 576 
 
 Alpine 306 
 
 Hart Wright's 299 
 
 Weymouth 50 
 
 ROYAL FERN 
 
 Arctic Hare's-foot 353 
 
 Hay 357 
 
 White 50 
 
 FAMILY 4 
 
 Assiniboia 319 
 
 Hayden's 308 
 
 Yellow 51 
 
 Royal Fern 5 
 
 Awl-fruited 343 
 
 Heavy 345 
 
 PINE-APPLE FAMILY 
 
 Ruppia 79 
 
 Awned 302 
 
 Hidden-fruited 314 
 
 374 
 
 RUSH FAMILY 381 
 
 Back's 338 
 
 Hillside 355 
 
 Pink, Swamp 402 
 
 Rush 382 
 
 Bailey's 299 
 
 Hirsute 316 
 
 Pipe-vine 541 
 
 Awl-leaved 387 
 
 Barratt's 312 
 
 Hitchcock's 325 
 
 PIPEWORT FAMILY 371 
 
 Bald 257-8 
 
 Bent 328 
 
 Hop 294 
 
 Pipewort 371-3 
 
 Baltic 384 
 
 Bicknell's 360 
 
 Hop-like 294 
 
 Planer-tree 526 
 
 Bayonet 391 
 
 Bigelow's 310 
 
 Hoppner's 310 
 
 Plantain 85, 474-5 
 
 Beaked 277-80 
 
 Black 306 
 
 Houghton's 305 
 
 Pleuropogon 196 
 
 Black-grass 385 
 
 Black-edged 335 
 
 Hudson Bay 352 
 
 Pogonia 467-8 
 
 Bog 382 
 
 Blackened 297 
 
 Inland 350 
 
 POKE-WEED FAMILY 
 
 Brownish-fruited 390 
 
 Bladder 293 
 
 Involute-leaved 341 
 
 593 
 
 Bulbous 390 
 
 Blunt Broom 356 
 
 James' 337 
 
 Poke, Pokeweed 594 
 
 Bulrush 265-70 
 
 Boott's 336 
 
 Large 295 
 
 Poke, Indian 408 
 
 Canada 394 
 
 Bottle 297 
 
 Large-panicled 343 
 
 Polypody 32-3 
 
 Carolina 394 
 
 Bristle-leaved -1-12 
 
 Leavenworth's 349 
 
 PONDWEED FAMILY 65 
 
 Chair-maker's 265 Bristle-stalked 339 
 
 Lenticular 309 
 
 Pondweed 66-81 
 
 Chestnut 389 Bristly 301 
 
 Lesser Panicled 344 
 
 Alga-like 72 
 
 Common 382 
 
 Bristly-spiked 346 
 
 Lesser Prickly 348 
 
 Blunt-leaved 73 
 
 Creeping 388 
 
 Broad-leaved 330 
 
 Little Prickly 350 
 
 Capillary 76 
 
 Club 262-4 
 
 Broad-winged 359 
 
 Livid 331 
 
 Clasping-leaved 71 
 
 Clustered Alpine 389 
 
 Brome-like 354 
 
 Long 293 
 
 Curled-leaved 72 
 
 Diffuse 396 
 
 Brown 307 
 
 Long-awned 313 
 
 Eel-grass 72 
 
 Forked 387 
 
 Browned 357 
 
 Long-beaked 319 
 
 Faxon's 68 
 
 Glomerate 383 
 
 Brownish 351 
 
 Long-bracted 323 
 
 Fennel-leaved 77 
 
 Grass-leaved 388 
 
 Bur-reed 348 
 
 Long-stalked 333 
 
 Filiform 77 
 
 Greene's 387 
 
 Button 298 
 
 Loose-flowered 327 
 
 Floating 66 
 
 Highland 385 
 
 Capitate 339 
 
 Loose-flowered 
 
 Fries' 74 
 
 Horned 276 
 
 Carey's 328 
 
 Alpine 312 
 
 Hill's 73 
 
 Jointed 391 
 
 Carnation-grass 330 
 
 Low Northern 332 
 
 Illinois 70 
 
 Knotted 392 
 
 Carolina 317 
 
 Louisiana 294 
 
 Interrupted 78 
 
 Long-styled 388 
 
 Cat-tail 302 
 
 Magellan 313 
 
 Large-leaved 67 
 
 Many-headed 393 
 
 Chestnut 319 
 
 Marsh Straw 358 
 
 Leafy 73 
 
 Mat 266 
 
 Clustered 344 
 
 Meadow 322 
 
 Long-leaved 68 
 
 Moor 389 
 
 Coast 340 
 
 Mead's 327 
 
 Mystic Pond 71 
 
 New Jersey 392 
 
 Collins' 292 
 
 Mud 313 
 
 Northern 68 
 
 Nut 281-83 
 
 Crawe's 323 
 
 Muhlenberg's 349 
 
 Nuttall's 67 
 
 Pennsylvania 383 
 
 Creeping 341 
 
 Muskingum 355 
 
 Oakes' 66 
 
 Richardson's 391 
 
 Crested 357 
 
 Nard 340 
 
 Opposite-leaved 75 
 
 Roetner's 384 
 
 Curved 341 
 
 Narrow-leaved 321 
 
 Rafinesque's 76 
 
 Scirpus-like 393 
 
 Cuspidate 31 1 
 
 Nebraska 308 
 
 Robbins' 78 
 
 Sea 384 
 
 Cyperus-like W> 
 
 Necklace 297 
 
 Shining 70 
 
 Secund 386 Dark green 321 
 
 New England 334 
 
 Slender 74 
 
 Sharp-fruited 395 , Davis' 318 
 
 Nodding 315 
 
 Small 75 
 
 Short-fruited 39-5 Dense Long-beaked 
 
 Northeastern 296 
 
 Spatulate-leaved 69 
 
 Slender 386 360 
 
 Northern 334 
 
 Spiral 77 
 
 Small-headed 394 Dewey's 354 
 
 Northern Clustered 
 
 Spotted 67 
 
 Soft 382 Douglas' 342 
 
 352 
 
 Various-leaved 69 
 
 Spike 248-56 Downy Green 316 
 
 Northern Meadow 354 
 
 Vasey's 74 
 
 Stout 395 Drooping 311 
 
 Norway 351 
 
 White-stemmed 71 
 
 Thread 383 ! Drooping Wood 320 
 
 Oval-headed 349 
 
 Ziz's 70 
 
 Three-flowered 390 Dry-spiked 355 
 
 Pale 324 
 
 Poplar 490-3 
 
 Three-square 265 Eastern 350 
 
 Parry's 307 
 
 Prince's Feather 561 
 
 Toad 385 Emmons' 334 
 
 Parti-colored 331 
 
 Purslane, Sea 598 
 
 Torrey's 392 Fescue 359 
 
 Pennsylvania 333 
 
 Putty-root 481 
 
 Twig 281 Few-flowered 292 
 
 Plantain-leaved 329 
 
 QUILLWORT FAMILY 45 
 
 Two-flowered 389 Few-fruited 325 
 
 Pointed Broom 356 
 
 Quillwort 45-8 
 
 Vasey's 386 Few-seeded 295 
 
 Porcupine 300 
 
 Quitch-grass 226 
 
 Yard 386 Fibrous-rooted 333 
 
 Pubescent 336 
 
 Rattlesnake Plantain 
 
 Wood 396-8 Field 325 
 
 Rae's 295 
 
 474-5 
 
 Russian Thistle s86 Fox -us 
 
 Rave n ' s- f oot 343 
 
 Red Cedar 60 Rye 230-2 
 
 Fox-tail 344 
 
 Redowsky's 340 
 
 Redfieldia 186 Sage, White 581 
 
 Fragile 296 
 
 Reflexed 347 
 
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES. 
 
 Sedge 
 
 Shag-bark 485-6 
 
 Star-grass 380, 425, 446 
 
 Wild Spikenard 429 
 
 Retrorse 298 
 
 Shell-bark Hickory 485 
 
 Star-of-Bethlehem 
 
 WILLOW FAMILY 490 
 
 Ribbed 316 
 
 Shield-fern 15-18 
 
 423-4 
 
 Willow 494 
 
 Richardson's 332 
 
 Sieglingia 185 
 
 Stenanthiutn 403-4 
 
 Arctic 502 
 
 River-bank 303 
 
 Silver-leaf Poplar 491 
 
 Stenophyllus 258 
 
 Balsam 504 
 
 Rock 338 
 
 Skunk Cabbage 363 
 
 Stipa 137-8 
 
 Barclay's 504 
 
 Rough 304 
 
 Slippery Elm 525 
 
 Strawberry Elite 576 
 
 Bearberry 505 
 
 Russet 296 
 
 Small-fruited Hickory 
 
 Sugar-berry 526 
 
 Bebb's 498 
 
 Sallow 299 
 
 486 
 
 Swamp Hickory 485 
 
 Bitter 497 
 
 Salt-marsh 310 
 
 Smartweed 560 
 
 Swamp Pink " 402 
 
 Black 494 
 
 Sand 342 
 
 SMILAX FAMILY 438 
 
 Sweet Fern 489 
 
 Blue 496 
 
 Sart well's 346 
 
 Smilax 439 
 
 Sweet Flag 364 
 
 Bog 505 
 
 Schweinitz's 300 
 
 Snake-mouth 467 
 
 Sweet Gale 487 
 
 Brittle 496 
 
 Scirpus-like 337 
 
 Snake-root 540 
 
 Tacamahac 491 
 
 Broad-leaved 503 
 
 Seabeach 358 
 
 Solomon's Seal 
 
 Tamarack 54 
 
 Crack 496 
 
 Seaside 314 
 
 430-1, 433-4 
 
 TAPE-GRASS FAMILY 92 
 
 Desert 500 
 
 Sharp-scaled 318 
 
 Sorrel 547-8, 553 
 
 Tape-grass 93 
 
 Dwarf 505 
 
 Sheathed 326 
 
 Southern Hackberry 
 
 Tear-thumb 567 
 
 Dwarf Gray 499 
 
 Short-leaved 312 
 
 527 
 
 Thalia 455 
 
 Furry 504 
 
 Short's 303 
 
 Sowbane 573 
 
 Three-square 265 
 
 Glaucous 499 
 
 Silvery 351 
 
 Spanish Bayonet 426 
 
 Thistle, Russian, 586 
 
 Glossy 495 
 
 Slender 305 
 
 Spear-grass 201-8, 214 
 
 Timothy 147 
 
 Ground 502 
 
 Slender-stalked 320 
 
 Alpine 203 
 
 Toad-flax 536 
 
 Golden Osier 496 
 
 Slender Wood 328 
 
 Arctic 203 
 
 Tofieldia 400 
 
 Hairy 498 
 
 Soft Fox 342 
 
 Buckley's 208 
 
 Trailing Christmas- 
 
 Heart-leaved 503 
 
 Soft-leaved 346 
 
 Chapman's 202 
 
 green 43 
 
 Hoary 501 
 
 Southern Glaucous 
 
 Flexuous 206 
 
 Tumble-weed 123, 588 
 
 Huntingdon 496 
 
 3i5 
 
 Glaucous 205 
 
 Turkey-beard 401 
 
 Missouri 503 
 
 Sparse-flowered 352 
 
 L.arge-flowered 208 
 
 Twayblade 473 
 
 Net-veined 497 
 
 Spreading 329 
 
 L,OW 2OI-2 
 
 Broad-lipped 473 
 
 Northern 501 
 
 Squarrose 301 
 
 Mountain 203 
 
 Heart-leaved 473 
 
 Osier 496, 501 
 
 Stellate 347 
 
 Northern 205 
 
 I^arge 476 
 
 Peach-leaved 495 
 
 Straw 358 
 
 Prairie 208 
 
 L,oesel's 477 
 
 Prairie 498 
 
 Summer 317 
 
 Sea 214 
 
 Southern 473 
 
 Purple 497 
 
 Swamp 303 
 
 Short-leaved 207 
 
 Twisted Stalk 432-3 
 
 Pussy 499 
 
 Texas 347 
 
 Sylvan 206 
 
 Umbrella-wort 595~6 
 
 Ring 496 
 
 Thicket 330 
 
 Weak 206 
 
 Uncinia 285 
 
 River-bank 497 
 
 Thin-fruited 322 
 
 Wolf's 207 
 
 Venus-hair 27 
 
 Rose 497 
 
 Thin-leaved 348 
 
 SPIDERWORT FAMILY 
 
 Wahoo 525 
 
 Robert Brown's 502 
 
 Thread-leaved 339 
 
 374 
 
 Wake-robin 436-8 
 
 Sage 499 
 
 Three-fruited 353 
 
 Spiderwort 377~8 
 
 Walking-fern 21 
 
 Sandbar 497 
 
 Torrey's 324 
 
 Spike-rush 248 
 
 Wall Rue 25 
 
 Shining 495 
 
 Tuckerman's 298 
 
 Beaked 256 
 
 WALNUT FAMILY 483 
 
 Silky 499 
 
 Tussock 308 
 
 Black-fruited 254 
 
 Walnut 483-5 
 
 Silver 500 
 
 Twisted 31 1 
 
 Bright green 250 
 
 Water Arum 363 
 
 Slender 500 
 
 Umbel-like 335 
 
 Capitate 250 
 
 Water Beech 506 
 
 Tea-leaved 502 
 
 Variable 326 
 
 Creeping 251 
 
 Water Elm 526 
 
 Ward's 495 
 
 Variegated 307 
 
 Engelmann's 251 
 
 Water Hemp 591 
 
 Weeping 496 
 
 Velvet 304 
 
 Flat-stemmed 255 
 
 Water Hickory 485 
 
 Whipcord 497 
 
 Vernal 335 
 
 Knotted 248 
 
 Water Oats 128 
 
 White 496 
 
 Walter's 304 
 
 Large-tubercled 253 
 
 Water Pepper 560 
 
 Wolffia 367 
 
 Water 309 
 
 Matted 255 
 
 WATER PLANTAIN 
 
 Wood Rush 396-8 
 
 Weak Arctic 338 
 
 Needle 252 
 
 FAMILY 84 
 
 Woodsia 10-11 
 
 Weak Clustered 353 
 
 Ovoid 251 
 
 Water Plantain 85 
 
 Woolly Pipe-vine 541 
 
 White-Bear 329 
 
 Pale 249 
 
 Water Thyme 93 
 
 Wormseed 575 
 
 White-scaled 355 
 
 Purple 250 
 
 Water-weed 93 
 
 YAM FAMILY 446 
 
 Willdenow's 337 
 
 Quadrangular 249 
 
 Waxberry 488 
 
 Yam-root 447 
 
 Wood's 326 
 
 Robbins' 249 
 
 Wax-myrtle 488 
 
 YELLOW-EYED 
 
 Woolly 305 
 
 Slender 255 
 
 Wheat-grass 227-8 
 
 GRASS FAMILY 368 
 
 Yellow 323 
 
 Small-fruited 253 
 
 White Arrow-arum 362 
 
 Yellow-eyed Grass 369- 
 
 Yellow-fruited 345 
 
 Three-ribbed 254 
 
 White Hellebore 408 
 
 370 
 
 Yellowish 292 
 
 Twisted 253 
 
 White-heart Hickory 
 
 Yellow Flag 451 
 
 SELAGINELLA FAMILY 
 
 White 254 
 
 486 
 
 YEW FAMILY 61 
 
 44 
 
 Wolf's 252 
 
 White Sage 581 
 
 Yew, American 61 
 
 Selaginella 44-5 
 
 Spleenwort 22-26 
 
 White Walnut 484-5 
 
 Zannichellia 80 
 
 Sensitive Fern 9 
 
 Spikenard 429 
 
 Wild Ginger 538 
 
 Zizaniopsis 128 
 
 Serpentary 540 
 
 Spruce 54-55 
 
 Wild Hyacinth 423 
 
 Zygadenus 404-6 
 
 Sheep-sorrel 547 
 
 Stagger-grass 444 
 
 Wild Onion 413, 415 
 
 
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