TV 
 9124 
 AS 
 
 UC-NRLF 
 
 $B Sfi7 30E 
 
THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
LECTURE 
 
 ON THE 
 
 EVILS OF EMIGRATION 
 
 AND 
 
 TRANSPORTATION, 
 
 DELIVERED AT THE 
 
 TOWN-HALL, SHEFFIELD, 
 On July 23, 1838. 
 
 BY WILLIAM ASHTON 
 
 [ASI 
 
 SHEFFIELD : 
 
 PRINTED FOR, AND SOLD WHOLESALE AND RETAIL BY 
 J. LINGARD, DIVISION-STREET MARKET ; ALSO BY 
 LINGARD, BARNSLEY; HOBSON, LEEDS; TINKER, 
 HUDDERSFIELD ; HEYWOOD, MANCHESTER ; HETH- 
 RINGTON, 126, STRAND, LONDON ; CLEAVE, SHOE- 
 LANE, FLEET-STREET ; COUSINS, 18, DUKE-STREET, 
 LINCOLN's-INN-FIELDS, AND BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. 
 
 1888. 
 
1}^ 
 
 LECTURE, &c. 
 
 Gentlemen, — Being aware that the subjects on 
 which I shall speak J;his evening have got numerous 
 supporters, the principal portion of whom lam prepared 
 to show are interested in their extinction, I have pur- 
 posely prepared a few notes, in order that I may not 
 depend altogether on memory, although the scenes of 
 misery that I have witnessed were such as never to be 
 effaced from my recollection. 
 
 When emigration to the Australian Colonies first 
 drew the attention of the Local Government, and 
 through their subordinates was made public, many 
 well meaning men were induced to sanction the abo- 
 minable scheme under a firm belief that Government 
 would protect the interest of the emigrant. But when 
 they found the system was one of pounds, shillings, 
 and pence, without any regard being paid to the con- 
 dition of the misguided victims, those supporters of 
 the measure immediately denounced the plan as cruel 
 and unjust. 
 
 Since, then, emigration has been carried on entirely 
 by men who have, and continue to receive, a benefit 
 by it, with this exception, as in all national underta- 
 kings, a few unthinking, but I must add benevolent, 
 persons continue to give emigration their support, un- 
 der a false idea, that they are rendering a benefit to 
 the unfortunate beings, who are thus induced to leave 
 their native land to seek a fortune amongst strangers. 
 Having made these remarks, I shall now endeavour to 
 prove how those who support emigration are benefited 
 by it, and in doing so I will commence with the Set- 
 tlers in the Colonies. 
 
 This task is rendered somewhat easy in consequence 
 of the major part of my hearers being aware that the 
 employer is always gratified when a superabundant 
 number of hands are in the market, in order that they 
 may be enabled to make the workmen labour at their 
 own wages ; it would be useless my enlarging on this 
 head, as there are very few now present but know from 
 experience that^the above is correct. The Settlersof the 
 
Australian Colonies supported emigration under the 
 idea that could they induce people to emigrate ; that they 
 could dispense with assigned servants, and by emigra- 
 tion being carried on on a large scale they would be 
 enabled to obtain them at their own price. To ac- 
 complish this they suggested to the Government the 
 necessity of selling the crown lands, and apply the 
 money obtained thereby to further their own views. 
 But recollect, those individuals who advised the au- 
 thorities to sell the land, were men possessed of nearly 
 all that their sordid hearts could desire, and they were 
 fearful lest by emigration being carried into effect with- 
 out the above plan being adopted, an humble but 
 honest peasantry would be introduced, so that by in- 
 troducing additional members to the community they 
 took especial care that on landing, the emigrants should 
 be dependent upon them for their bread. 
 
 The Home Government having coincided with their 
 views. Lord Ripon, the then Secretary of State for 
 the Colonies, issued an order for the land to be sold 
 in future, and not given away as hitherto to the emi- 
 grant, and the money obtained thereby to be applied 
 as I have already stated. I now come to the second 
 class of men, who immediately saw the advantage of 
 the scheme, and in order that they'might be benefited 
 by the gross deception, formed in London an Emigra- 
 tion Committee f at the head of which was placed that 
 dealer in human flesh and misery, Mr. Marshall. 
 
 Those gentlemen having elected themselves as the 
 emigration committee, procured documents from the 
 settlers in the Colonies, setting forth the high price of 
 labour and the extremely low price of provisions. 
 This committee became immediately the grand chan- 
 nel of deception between the Government of England 
 and the abominable miscreants in the Colonies, inas- 
 much as all applications from persons desirous of going 
 out had to be approved of bj^ them ; and in order that 
 the scheme might draw public attention, the commit- 
 tee had placards of an extraordinary description printed 
 and circulated throughout the United Kingdom. 
 Perhaps there are some present who have had an op- 
 portunity of seeing one or more, and perhaps they would 
 consider, from the inducements held out, every one 
 fortunate who might be so lucky as to obtain a passage ; 
 this was only a natural conclusion, and even yet many 
 wonder how gentlemen could join in such deceptions, 
 seeing, as they may have imagined, that their services 
 
were gi-atuitous. But allow me to inform you, that 
 Mr. Marshall recmves out of the funds obtained to 
 forward emigration upwards of £500 yearly ; and that 
 the other members connected with the committee are 
 connected also with the shipping interest, therefore 
 ships might have remained in the docks unemployed had 
 emigration to the Australian Colonies never been 
 brought into practice. Upwards of £150,000 per 
 annum has been expended in this measure, — a sum 
 sufficiently large to induce them to be active in ob- 
 taining victims to the system, and living cargoes for 
 their ships. It was soon found that this plan would not 
 answer altogether the views of the Home Government, 
 for the money paid through the treasury department 
 had to be accounted for to the Colonial Government, 
 and the Colonial Government had in like manner to 
 account to the British Government; therefore, the 
 Government in England, in order to make emigration 
 beneficial to themselves, determined to have a share in 
 the profits, and adopted the following plan : — they had 
 circulars printed and sent to all parts of the United 
 Kingdom, addressed to the Chelsea Pensioners : giving 
 them a description of the beauties of the Colonies ; the 
 great demand there was for men to do nothing — 
 merely to look after the convicts and see that they 
 were not idle, — with extravagant wages lor the same, 
 and the extremely low price of provisions and liquor. 
 — This deception took well : hundreds of these unfor- 
 tunate men immediately offered to leave .their native 
 land, and Government gave these poor deluded beings 
 four years' pension on condition that they (the pen- 
 sioners) signed a deed, got up for the occasion, declar- 
 ing that the money they received for four years' pen- 
 sion should satisfy all their claims upon the British 
 Government, for their wounds and a life of warfare 
 and misery. Thus were these hoary headed victims, 
 in the decline of life, throwTi upon their own industry ; 
 for, bear in mind, that those men had to pay their own 
 passage, and some of them had large families. So 
 that on landing in the Colonies, with the expense of 
 passage and the unavoidable outlay necessary previous 
 to sailing, they were almost destitute. I saw the first 
 ship-load of deluded pensioners land, and believe 
 me, my mind was filled with disgust and indignation 
 towards the authors of their misery. Need I go into 
 particulars, and tell you how those men were treated 
 by monsters who considered them even worse than use- 
 a2 
 
less, nay, as an incumbrance to the land ; how those who 
 had daughters grown up were compelled through dire 
 necessity to sacrifice their virtue, and become in that 
 land of wretchedness prostitutes to satisfy the cravings 
 of nature ; how fathers, and mothers, and children, 
 who could not administer to the lustful passions of 
 those Colonial gentlemen, were left destitute of shelter 
 for the night. Yes, it is true the magistrates told the 
 keepers of the watch-houses in Hobart Town, that 
 they might allow them to remain in these dungeons for 
 the night, but to turn them on the streets in the morn- 
 ing. I myself receiv^ed the above authority. But I 
 will not shock your feelings by tracing them through 
 their various scenes of misery, for death soon relieved 
 the major part of these victims of a thoughtless Go- 
 vernment, from their earthly troubles. 
 
 But some will say, surely feelings of humanity would 
 plead for their unparalleled misery, but do not imagine 
 such; pity there is none ; all the ^we?' feelings of our 
 nature were completely destroyed by the cold-blooded 
 cruelties that were daily exhibited to the public view. 
 And very few who visit that part ofthe world are sus- 
 ceptible of one tender feeling for their fellow-crea- 
 tures ; for previous to leaving their native land, their 
 minds are made up to realize a fortune if possible, even 
 though it should be out of the blood of their fellow- 
 man. There are exceptions to this general principl , 
 but very few indeed, and those few are objects of per- 
 secution to the others, who are devoid of feeling. 
 For it is a general rule that any person who can enter- 
 tain one pang of regret for the sufferings of others is 
 not fit to live in a convict colony, as the most unie- 
 lenting severity and torture is considered absolutely 
 necessary for the reformation of the ill-fated beings sent 
 out there. 
 
 Even the Government acts upon this abominable 
 principle ; for unless their minds are completely shut 
 against all ideas of humanity, the lowest situations in 
 th^ Colony would not be entrusted to their charge ; 
 whilst on the other hand the most illiterate and aban- 
 doned wretch in the island would be protected and 
 supported in any act of tyranny and oppression that 
 his diabolical heart could suggest. Do not think that 
 what I have just stated of the Colonial Government 
 is too highly drawn, for I solemnly assure you it is an 
 indisputable fact. But some may imagine that En- 
 glishmen are not like the wild savage accustomed to 
 
cold-blooded atrocities, and therefore must entertain 
 sympathy for the sufferings of their fellow-beings. 
 This is true when applied to them as a national body. 
 But separate them ; let each pursue, unrestricted by 
 the whole, his own inclinations, and then tell me, 
 cannot the most refined villains in Christendom be 
 found amongst Englishmen. 
 
 I am confident I need not go into particulars to 
 prove the above assertion, for few have forgot the blood- 
 stained souls of the wretches employed by the Go- 
 vernment within the last 30 years. The names of 
 Reynolds, Edwards, and Oliver, must be fresh on all 
 your memories, and the dark deeds of those monsters 
 and the ignominious deaths of their innocent victims 
 is yet unrepaid by Him who says, " Revenge is mine 
 and I will repay." I think I hear some one saying, there 
 are only three found out of a whole nation. But could 
 those three have performed the awful tragedy unless 
 assisted by others ? But look at the annals of the 
 country ; — keep in mind the Manchester massacre, 
 and the butcherings that occurred at Derby and other 
 places since ; — bear also in mind the horrid murdering 
 propensities of Bishop and Williams, and scenes of 
 other blood thirsty wretches, with the disgusting, 
 cruel, and deliberate sacrifice of life under the New 
 Poor Law BUU and then say are there not English- 
 men to be found capable of being employed in a dis- 
 tant colony to perpetrate any act that the fiendish 
 heart of man can devise? Yes, some will say, but 
 the poor emigrant, in our Australian colonies, enjoys 
 the blessing of living under English laws. Well, I 
 think we are all aware that even English laws at home 
 are not sufficient to protect the poor and weak from 
 the tyrannical despotism of oppressors. 
 
 It is a mistaken notion to suppose that the emigrants 
 live under British laws. Any person at all acquainted 
 with that part of the world must be aware that our 
 Australian colonies are penal colonies^ and conse- 
 quently under penal laws. Reverse the picture and 
 place yourselves under these laws that some may ima- 
 gine English. Suppose the Australian Colonies were 
 to send a few thousand convicts yearly to England, 
 and suppose the Government should regularly, on 
 their arrival, select from amongst them the most ac- 
 complished villians to enforce the laws. Would you 
 consider it English law for one of these men to stop 
 you in the public street and ask your name and place 
 
8 
 
 of residence, and because you might not bave any one 
 at band who could prove that you was a free man, 
 would you consider it English law to be taken and 
 locked up in a filthy dungeon with felons and drunken 
 men until next day, and then to be compelled before 
 a magistrate to prove that you are a free man ? Would 
 j^ou consider it English to have your house forced open 
 m the dead of night, and your family turned out of 
 their beds by these unprincipled villains, and every 
 thing in your house turned upside down, and then to 
 be told that they were glad that the information they 
 had received was not correct, as they had been told 
 you had a convict in your house ? You perhaps might 
 consider this not English law ; for mind these men 
 can do the above without telling who gave them the 
 information ; the law gives them the power of acting 
 so without even communicating with a magistrate on 
 the subject. Would you consider it English law for 
 one of these men's associates to be sent into your 
 house to ask a drink of water, and for them to follow 
 and find him there, and then to lay an information 
 against you for harbouring a convict, and to be fined ac- 
 cording to the discretion of the magistrates, from £40 to 
 £50 for allowing a convict in your house, and that con- 
 vict dressed like a gentleman, making it impossible for 
 you to ascertain whether he was free or bond? Would 
 you consider it English law to be t7'ied for Gif.ncLS 
 against the laws of the country by seven miUtary men 
 instead of, as in this country, by a Civil Jury, composed 
 of twelve individuals, and to have convicts' evidence 
 taken against you ; and those convicts to have indul- 
 gences held out to them as a reward on your convic- 
 tion ? No ; I am confident you could not consider 
 such as I have stated English laws, and yet such are 
 the laws the poor emigrants have to live under ; but 
 I will not occupy any more of your time in reference 
 to the penal laws of the colony, but return to the sub- 
 ject of Emigration. 
 
 The Committee's attention became next directed 
 towards the great disproportion there was in the male 
 and female population of our colonies, therefore a 
 ladies committee was formed in London, at the head 
 of which was placed Mrs. Fry. This committee, I 
 firmly believe, imagined that they should render a be- 
 nefit by sending a few thousand females out to make 
 up the deficiency, under the pleasing idea that they 
 would be the means of propagating the human race in 
 
that part of the world. Those ladies, assisted by a 
 few of the Malthusian disciples, who imagine a su- 
 perabundant population in England to be the cause of 
 the general distress, soon obtained abundant supplies 
 of those tender victims for the Colonial market, and 
 for the unsatiable lust of the unfeeling wretches of our 
 Australian Colonies. 
 
 I could wish to draw a veil over this part of the sub- 
 ject, for my soul sickens within when I reflect on the 
 heart-rending distress of those helpless creatures. Oh, 
 gentlemen, could you have witnessed those young vic- 
 tims, with their hearts ready to burst with unutterable 
 anguish, calling upon their far distant mothers to pro- 
 tect and assist them, and have witnessed the satanic 
 smiles of the bloated profligate, exulting wnth infernal 
 joy at their hapless condition, you would, I am sure, 
 have cursed in all the bitterness of your souls the au- 
 thors of their wrongs. Shall I proceed with the sub- 
 ject, or throw a mantle of daikness over the unfortu- 
 nate creatures and their distress. The subject is a 
 painful one ; but I have a duty to perform, and that 
 of great importance, perhaps to the future happiness 
 of thousands who may yet be tempted to leave their 
 native shores. Therefore I will go into the disgust- 
 ing particulars of Colonial Society, in doing which I 
 shall endeavour to be as brief as possible, and avoid, 
 if I am able, making use of any language that might 
 offend the ear of the most delicate. Before I enter 
 into the state of society, with your permission I will 
 read a statement of the consumption of liquor in that 
 colony, published by Dr. Ross, the Government 
 printer and editor of the Van Dieman's Land Alma- 
 nack : — 
 
 Duty of spirituous liquors imported 
 in the year 1836, for a population 
 of 36,000 souls £89,345 10 4J 
 
 Recollect this is independent of the prime cost of 
 the article, and of landlord's profit and necessary ex- 
 penditure, so that, could the total amount spent in 
 liquor be obtained, I feel assured that you would be 
 enabled to form a correct estimate of that society to 
 which so many thousands of our poor deluded coun- 
 try women have been introduced. I will here detain 
 you to read a sentence or two from Dr. Ross's Al- 
 manack : — 
 
 ** The loss of health and life, misery entailed upon fami- 
 lies, demoralization, debt, dishonesty, crime, expense of 
 
10 
 
 medical attendance, of lawyers, of police, gaols, restitutive 
 laws and courts of justice consequent upon the above is fully 
 equal to the amount of £153,889 8s. 4d. Shall this be 
 suffered to go on, in the face of common sense, reason and 
 religion, without one redeeming effort to counteract it, shall 
 we wonder at any distress in the colony, at any extent of 
 misery or of crime, when such mad-like abandonment to 
 the most reckless dissipation, is not only carried on to such 
 an extent, but even sanctioned, licensed^ and legalized.'' 
 
 Having shewn you one cause of" this vicious state of 
 society, I will now shew the effects. In Van Die- 
 man's Land and New South Wales, the settlers are 
 dispersed over a large track of country ; each dwelling 
 being separated generally by miles of trackless bush. 
 The farmer or settler, has from 10 to 30 hands em- 
 ployed, generally all convicts ; some may have one or 
 two free men upon their premises, acting as overseers ; 
 — those men are not allowed to leave their master's 
 premises. The word of God is never heard amongst 
 the principal part of them, and his name never men* 
 tioned but with horrid imprecations; thousands of 
 men are thus dispersed over an extensive track of the 
 country. Let me ask, is it possible to restrain the 
 passions of these men were their masters desirous of 
 doing so ? No i they could not ; indeed the attempt 
 is seldom or never made. The frequent executions 
 that take place for children being violated proves to 
 the contrary. 
 
 It is true the masters generally keep two or three 
 convict women on the premises, and those women are 
 the most abandoned and profligate of their sex. Food 
 is all the masters have to find them, and this costs 
 very little, as he produces all himself, with the excep- 
 tion of tea and sugar. By these women being kept 
 on the premises, he gets his house work done, and 
 they are the means of keeping the men at home, and 
 causes a kind of security in his own family. I could 
 mention many scenes of open and disgusting depra- 
 vity that daily occurred, but I feel confident your own 
 judgment will immediately suggest the cause of their 
 omission. 
 
 It is to society, constituted as I have described, that 
 the female emigrants were introduced. The first ship 
 that arrived with these unfortunate beings was the 
 Princess Royal ; she arrived in the port of Hobart 
 Town in September, 1832, with one hundred and 
 tjigbty females on board, from 11 to 25 years of age. 
 
11 
 
 They were lodged in the Female Orphan School, and 
 I was one appointed to look after and protect them 
 as much as possible from the insults of thousands as* 
 sembled for various purposes. In the course of a few 
 days men came from all parts of the Island, and those 
 young and tender creatures were exhibited to the 
 scrutinizing gaze of the assembled multitude, for each 
 to select such as they might imagine would answer 
 their purpose. Fellow countrymen, it is impossible 
 for me to describe this agonizing scene ; oh ! that I 
 could bring to your view the real picture; that you 
 might witness the streaming eyes and heaving bosoms 
 of these kidnapped creatures as they bid farewell to 
 their companions in misfortune; and see them dragged 
 away almost insensible, with fearful apprehensions of 
 their future condition ; and hear their bitter lamenta- 
 tions of woe, with the fond and endearing names of 
 father and mother being called upon until they arrived 
 at the bottom of the land attached to the Orphan 
 School, where bullock carts were waiting to convey 
 them and their luggage to the house of their new 
 master ; — a few days iirore and nearly all were gone, 
 the remaining portion were not calculated to further 
 the views of the settlers, consequently they wei*e 
 turned upon the streets to obtain a living in the best 
 manner they could. The better looking and youngest 
 portion of them had been obtained by keepers of pub- 
 lic houses to draw custom ; and, believe me, the pro- 
 prietors were not mistaken in their calculations, for 
 the houses throughout the country were filled for some 
 time to excess ; and all who did not accommodate 
 themselves, after a fair trial, to the wants of the cus- 
 tomers, were turned out of doors, with this remark 
 from the owners, that unless they studied the interest 
 of their masters and misti'esses — (I need not state how 
 that was to be accomplished) — they would have convict 
 women, who always had done so. In consequence of 
 this, the principal portion of them returned to Hobart 
 Town, where I have seen them without a home, 
 without food, and nearly naked, until compelled to 
 sacrifice all feelings of virtue, and become, what those 
 who first employed them wanted, namely, prostitutes. 
 I remember well two sisters named Austin, one about 
 15 and the other about 18; they were very handsome 
 girls, and of a very superior description. They both 
 went to live with a Mr. Coe, who kept an inn, and 
 they remained only a few weeks, during which time 
 
12 
 
 their bed looms were frequently broken in upon in 
 the night time, until at last, in consequence of their 
 determined opposition to the base intentions of the 
 customers and their employers, they were turned out 
 of doors, and I saw them return to Hobart Town, 
 almost heart broken, and one of them without shoes, 
 — haying had to find their way through a wild and 
 mountainous country for upwards of 100 miles. One 
 of the girls, previous to my leaving the Colony, got 
 married, and I believe she \Vill ever have occasion to 
 he thankful to Providence for protecting her from the 
 snares of deception and vice. 
 
 Thus were the first ship load of these fair victims 
 driven to infamy and distress. It is unnecessary, for 
 me to particularize every ship that has arrived since, 
 and tell you how the poor creatures have been treated ; 
 I shall conclude this part of the subject by observing 
 that on every fresh arrival, the settlers have evinced 
 the same reckless and abandoned disposition, with 
 this difference, they have been particularly desirous of 
 obtaining their prey as young as possible, and in some 
 instances they have been greatly favoured by the com- 
 mittee in London in finding large numbers under the 
 age of 14 years. But even these have met with the 
 same unfortunate fate as the Princess Royal's cargo. 
 They were used as a child treats its new toy, with 
 attention for a time, and then shared a similar fate. 
 When the first gusts of the loathsome and infernal 
 passion had subsided, they were driven to find a sub- 
 sistence in the lowest sinks of iniquity and disease. 
 Yes, there is not one out of every twenty of the im- 
 mense number that have been sent out to the Austra- 
 lian Colonies of these frail and deluded beings, but 
 were, on my departure in December last, compelled to 
 obtain their living in open prostitution. Surely, 
 mothers,, fathers, and friends, will pause ere they 
 intrust any more of their poor and innocent daughters 
 to the tender mercies of these unfeeling monsters. 
 
 Having demonstrated how emigration has proved an 
 evil to the emigrant, by showing the treatment the 
 deluded pensioners received on account of their age 
 and consequent uselessness, and having shown the un- 
 fortunate result to the female emigrant in consequence 
 of the disgusting purposes they were wanted for, and 
 having given a slight sketch of Colonial Laws, it only 
 remains lor me to observe — (as I cannot in one night's 
 discussion of the various subjects enter into particu- 
 
13- 
 
 lars) — that misery awaits the single able bodied emi- 
 grant as well as those I have referred to ; for this 
 reason, independent of others I have adduced, namely, 
 they have to compete with convict labour ; and under 
 the head of transportation, 1 shall prove that they 
 (the convicts) are compelled to work from sun rise 
 to sun set for a bare subsistence, consequently the 
 emigrants cannot, if they reflect on the subject, 
 imagine that the settlers will give them the wages 
 mentioned in England, when they can have the same 
 work performed by convicts, and at the same time 
 gratify their malignant feelings by having the convicts' 
 backs lacerated if the work is not to their mind. No, 
 emigration is a cruel and abominable scheme of pounds, 
 shillings, and pence, to the supporters of the measure 
 on this side, and of domineering insolence, oppression, 
 and lustful gratification on the other, with misery, 
 despair, and death to the unfortunate victims. 
 
 Transportation is the next subject to which I am 
 desirous of drawing your attention. My object is 
 twofold; — first, to show that convicts have not the 
 comfortable life many imagine, by doing which I hope 
 to effect in some degree the second — namely, to induce 
 many to pause, ere they commit offences, as some have 
 done, to get transported, under theidea that they can- 
 not be worse off as convicts than as labouring men in 
 their own country. 
 
 I shall pass over in silence the dreadful situation of 
 the convicts at the Hulks in England, and the fearful 
 apprehension of a long and tedious voyage, with all its 
 horrors, and go at once to the convict's safe arrival at 
 the destined port. The following scene from Love- 
 less's pamphlet is sufficient to excite the pity of the 
 most hardened . — 
 
 " "When the ship struck on the rock, the prisoners were 
 all locked below immediately. The bottom of the ship was 
 fast filling with water ; they called aloud to have the hatches 
 opened, but to no purpose ; and when they were up to their 
 middles in water, they rushed forward and burst open the 
 hatches, and endeavoured to ascend the ladder ; the soldiers, 
 however, at the top fired on them and killed many ; others 
 had their throats cut with cutlasses. * The man' said he, 
 * who was going up the ladder by my side, was shot, but I 
 escaped. When the soldiers with their wives got into the 
 boat, two boys (convicts) jumped from the ship into the 
 boat ; one of the boys was thrown overboard by the soldiers, 
 the other, a soldier's wife hid under her petticoats, and he 
 was carried safe on shore. Only eighty-one of the whole 
 
14 
 
 ship load was taken on shore aUve, and a great number of 
 them were so emaciated and crippled, that they were obliged 
 to carry them to the hospital.' The man who gave me the 
 above statement was stationed at the government domain 
 garden. Here, then, we see the poor unfortunate fellows 
 trying to save themselves from a watery grave, but to be 
 slaughtered by the bullet and bayonet, and yet, perhaps, 
 fortunate thus to meet death in sight of their destination, 
 and so escape what is worse, had they been brought safe to 
 land." 
 
 On their arrival in port, previous to leaving the 
 ship, their age, height, and descriptions are taken, 
 with the names of fathers, brothers, and sisters, with 
 their religion, trade, and a minute enquiry of how 
 many times they have been imprisoned, and for what 
 offences. The morning after this examination is done, 
 they are landed, generally about six o'clock, and about 
 nine the Governor, attended by his suite, inspects 
 them ; after which they are marched off in parties of 
 about twenty each, in charge of messengers, and left 
 at the residences of their new masters, where, if they 
 are fortunate, they may remain for the term of their 
 service ; but very few are so lucky, as they generally 
 get to the nearest police station a dozen times a year, 
 to have their backs torn by the " cat-o-nine-tails." I 
 will here enumerate a few of what are made and con- 
 sidered crimes in that unhappy land : — 
 
 1st. Absconding, striking their master or overseer, 
 refusing to work, or putting their masters at defiance, 
 — the punishment for which is extension of sentence 
 from one month to fourteen years. 
 
 2nd. Destroying their master's property; losing, 
 and not being able to account how and where lost, 
 either sheep or cattle, — for which they are awarded a 
 chain gang or a penal settlement. 
 
 3rd. For complaining of bad provisions, sleeping, or 
 cloathing, or cruelty of their masters or overseers, 
 without being able to prove the charge, — corporeal 
 punishment. 
 
 4th. For being out after eight o'clock at night, — 
 corporeal punishment. 
 
 5th. For being off their master's premises without 
 a pass, — sent to a road party, or corporeal punish- 
 ment. 
 
 6th. For not being early up, or not performing suf- 
 ficient work, according to the master's wish, — corpo- 
 real punishment. 
 
15 
 
 7th. Speaking to, or being in company with, a fe- 
 male prisoner without permission, — corporeal punish- 
 ment. 
 
 8th. For not paying respect and obedience to all 
 civil and military officers, — treadmill, solitary cells, 
 corporeal punishment, or, on repetition, a road party. 
 
 9th. Being found in a public house, — corporeal 
 punishment, or solitary cells. 
 
 10th, Neglecting Divine Service, — solitary cells, or 
 the treadmill. 
 
 11th, Using abusive language, — corporeal punish- 
 ment, or solitary cells. 
 
 12th. Betraymg anger in their couiitenances, — cor- 
 poreal punishment, or solitary cells. 
 
 The above are a few of what are made and consi- 
 dered crimes in that miserable place. But to describe 
 all the different offences would be impossible, as one 
 word in giving an answer to any question put to them, 
 that does not please the person asking the question, 
 is sufficient to insure from 25 to 100 lashes. I imagine 
 you will conclude that these horrid exhibitions are not 
 seldom, Avhen I inform you that from official returns 
 made from the different police stations in Van Die- 
 man's Land to the chief Police Magistrate, I found 
 on dividing the total number of lashes inflicted in 
 one year, that they amounted to 70 lashes for every 
 soul in the colony, free and bond, male and female. 
 Yes, Gentlemen, some of those unfortunate beings 
 have received from 10,000 to 15,000 lashes ; and those 
 lashes inflicted in such a manner that renders them an 
 incumbrance to themselves and the Government — 
 their backs being literally cut to pieces, and many end 
 their earthly troubles immediately after the punish- 
 ment. 
 
 Allow me here to ask what feeling of pity can there 
 be for the misery of the poor emigrant, when the 
 children are daily witnessing such horrid sights as I 
 have mentioned. I have seen children of very tender 
 years, stand and view with apparent delight, the blood 
 laying in pools between the stones, and the flesh flying 
 from the end of the lashes into the air, and the poor 
 victim calling aloud for mercy. It is not an unusual 
 sight in Hobart Town to see from twenty to thirty of 
 these men brought out in a morning to receive each of 
 them from 50 to 100 lashes — inflicted by men who 
 would immediately be tied up and receive fifty them- 
 
16 
 
 selves were they to shrink from giving the cats all the 
 force they are capable of. 
 
 Having made these general remarks on the misery 
 of a convict's situatio , with a few of the crimes that 
 they are punished for, I will now, from the official 
 returns of the local authorities, inform you how the 
 whole of them are disposed of: — 
 
 Total number of male convicts ; 19,551 
 
 Assigned servants 9,672 
 
 Artizanson loan 765 
 
 Tickets of leave 1,850 
 
 Employed in public works 3,847 
 
 Constables 349 
 
 Chain gangs 1,435 
 
 Missing 391 
 
 Confined in gaol 94 
 
 Invalids 236 
 
 Penal settlement. Port Arthur 912 
 
 19,551 
 
 Total number of female convicts .... 2,709 
 
 Assigned servants 1,252 
 
 Assigned to husbands 120 
 
 In Hobart House of Correction 456 
 
 In George's Town Do. ... 84 
 
 Missing 198 
 
 Tickets of leave 500 
 
 Invalids 80 
 
 In gaol for trial 19 
 
 2,709 
 
 Total number of convicts, male 
 and female 22,260 
 
 I will now give you a brief account of their situa- 
 tion according to the different heads under which they 
 are placed : — 
 
 9672 Assigned Servants. — Men or women lent to 
 the settler ; their work is laborious in the extreme, 
 and they are under the greatest possible subjection, 
 they are compelled to work from sun-rise to sun-set, 
 and must on all occasions obey their masters or over- 
 
17 
 
 seers' orders, which, if improper, they may complain 
 of to the nearest police magistrate, who are requested 
 to protect, as well as punish them. But should they 
 complain and not prove their charge, which is a thing 
 almost impossible, then their period of servitude would 
 be lengthened, and a repetition of the most trivial 
 nature as an offence, would insure them of a road- 
 party or a chain-gang. Should a man be so fortunate 
 as to remain out of trouble for 4 years, if his original 
 sentence was for 7 years, he gets what is called a 
 ticket of leave — 14 years serves 6 years, and life, 8 
 years for the same indulgence. The food allowed to 
 assigned servants, weekly: — flour 10|- lbs. ; meat 
 lOJ lbs. ; soap 2 oz. ; salt 2 oz. The following ex- 
 tract from George Loveless s Victims of Whiggery, 
 published in London, fully corroborates my statement : 
 '* He promised when I went to him, that if I would 
 work well, he would reward me, and 1 used to work all I 
 could, to try to please him, but let me do as much as ever I 
 could, he was never satisfied ; he was always abusing me ; 
 he did not give me above half food enough to eat. One 
 day he told me, if I did not do more work he would take 
 me to Hobart Town, and get me flogged ; this I dreaded, 
 and that day I worked until I could work no longer through 
 weakness. My master, as usual, said I had done nothing, 
 and swore he would get me punished in the morning. I 
 did not know what to do ; I walked away from the house ; 
 my master took up a loaded gun and followed me, and swore 
 he would shoot me, if I did not come back. I still went 
 on, for I did not at that time care whether he shot me or 
 not. The next day I was reported as absent, and after re- 
 maining four days in the bush, and nothing to eat, I was 
 taken by a constable. "When before the magistrates, my 
 master said how well he had behaved to me, and what an 
 idle fellow I was ; so that the magistrate would not believe 
 a word I had to say, and sentenced me to receive fifty lashes. 
 I was punished and sent back, and my master put me to 
 carry logs of wood on my back, which I could not endure. 
 I ran away again, and gave myself up to a constable, and 
 was again sentenced to fifty lashes, and sent back. My 
 master was more cruel than ever. 
 
 " 1 then determined I would not stop with him if they 
 hung me. I went away three times more, and got fifty 
 lashes each time. I then tnld the magistrates that I could 
 not live with my master, and that I hoped he would not 
 send me back again. But Mr. Mason said he would see 
 who would be master, either I or they, and I was sent back. 
 I instantly started, was taken, sentenced to fifty lashes more ; 
 and to go to Bridgewater chain-gang for three months, 
 and then return to my master, when I was tied to the 
 
18 
 
 triangles this time, my back was in such a dreadful state, that 
 the doctor ordered that I was to be flogged over the breech. 
 After I came back from the chain-gang, my master seemed 
 a little better to me for a week or two, and then began as 
 bad as ever. Often when he and I have been out in the 
 night, shooting opossums, I have levelled the gun and put 
 my finger to the trigger. I hardly knew which to shoot, 
 the opossum or my master. I used to think I should not 
 mind being hung for him, but I should not like to go to hell 
 for him, and this prevented me shooting him." 
 
 1850 Tickets of Leave. — An indulgence given for 
 good conduct, after serving in the Colony as I have 
 before stated — 4, 6, or 8 years, according to their 
 sentences, without committing any offence. The 
 Secondary Punishment Bill, lately passed in England, 
 has made a material alteration in the convict's condi- 
 tion, more particularly those sent out under second 
 convictions ; with respect to those who are called 
 " Educated Convicts," their condition is wretched in 
 the extreme, they are sent immediately on their ar- 
 rival to a penal settlement, without any hopes of a 
 remission of their horrid sentence. I always thought 
 the intentions of the Home Government were refor- 
 mation, and not perpetual punishment and misery to 
 offenders — and why men of education should be sin- 
 gled out as objects of especial wrath, I cannot con- 
 ceive. 
 
 3847 Men employed in Public Works Under the 
 
 head of public works, is understood all Colonial im- 
 provements carried on by Government, such as mak- 
 ing and repairing of roads, building of bridges, erect- 
 ing public buildings for the different departments of 
 public business, &c. The men employed in these 
 works are deprived of every kind of indulgence, and 
 are subjected to the most harrassing fatigues, their 
 allowance of food is barely sufficient to support na- 
 ture under unremitting exertions. They work from 
 sun-rise to sun-set, Saturday excepted, when they 
 leave of at noon, to wash their shirts ready for Sun- 
 day's inspection. They live in huts, dispersed over 
 the country, near the place of work, under the super- 
 intendance of an overseer and generally a military 
 guard. 
 
 349 Constables Men situated as the policemen of 
 
 this town, and it is unto men of this description that 
 the Government entrust the lives and property of 
 the emigrant ; they are possessed of far more power 
 than the same class of men in England ; owing to the 
 
19 
 
 nature of the penal laws, and for the sake of obtain- 
 ing indulgences, they frequently deprive innocent men 
 of liberty for the purpose of obtaining it themselves. 
 This I could easily prove, but time will not allow me. 
 
 1435 Chain Gangs. — Composed of very incorrigi- 
 ble characters, there are two of them, one employed 
 at a place called Bridgewater, throwing a bridge over 
 the Derwent, about 11 miles from Hobart Town; 
 the other chain-gang is employed in making a wharf 
 for the landing of merchandize at Hobart Town, to 
 induce ships to come along-side and discharge their 
 cargoes. Here the greatest vigilance for the safe 
 keeping of the prisoners is absolutely necessary, as 
 the continual bustle affords frequent opportunity for 
 them to abscond, which they seldom omit to embrace, 
 they are under the military at both places, and wear 
 irons on each leg, and yellow clothing ; prisoners are 
 sent to these gangs for what are called serious offences, 
 or for a repetition of minor ones ; their lives are 
 truly miserable, being debarred of speaking to any but 
 their unfortunate companions; their sentences in these 
 gangs varies from 6 months to as many years, accord- 
 ing to the nature of their crimes. 
 
 391 Men Missing. — These are convicts who have 
 taken to the bush. These unfortunate creatures aie 
 driven to this dreadful alternative through the cruel 
 usage of the settlers and overseers of the different 
 road parties and chain-gangs. AUow me to inform 
 you that the country is covered over with large trees 
 called stingy, bark, gum, peppermint, light- wood, 
 box, sysafras, cherry, wattle, and the oak. Under- 
 neath these grow dog-wood, tea tree, and honey suckle 
 with various other sorts, making one dense forest, 
 called in that country bush. Then these unfortunate 
 men take into this dreary district to drag out their 
 miserable existence ; the major part of them subsist 
 upon kangaroo and opossum flesh ; when this fails, they 
 eat one another; be not surprised, it is true ; parties 
 of 8 and 10 have left together their wretched homes, 
 if such places of torture is deserving of the name, 
 and taken to the bush, and procured a subsistence as 
 long as possible, and then have murdered their com- 
 panions, until only one has remained out of the vari- 
 ous numbers, and when these solitary beings have 
 been apprehended, the flesh of their last companion 
 has been found upon them. I have seen these men 
 executed, and heard them declare in their dying mo- 
 
20 
 
 merits, the horrid and disgusting particulars of how 
 they have murdered their mates one after the other, 
 and lived upon their dead bodies, until the whole 
 party, originally consisting of perhaps ten individuals, 
 had been butchered, leaving the narrator and another 
 only alive, and how he and his companion were afraid 
 to fall asleep, lest the other should knock his brains 
 out ; and how at last nature became exhausted in his 
 comrade ; and then, how he deprived him of life, and 
 immediately satisfied his hunger on his flesh, tearing 
 the remaining portion from off his body and skin, 
 started for the inhabited districts, to end his sufferings 
 in an ignominious death, These occurrences are not 
 tmfrequent, and scores of others who are yet in the 
 bush, have committed offences of a similar nature. — 
 Let me ask what must be the dreadful state of misery 
 that drives men to this awful condition ? 
 
 94 Men confined in Gaol. — It is almost useless my 
 saying anything of this portion of the total number* 
 The grand object of the judicial administration is that 
 punishment shall follow as quick as possible the of- 
 fence. So that the offence for which they are pun- 
 ished may be fresh on their memory. Could men in 
 England be made sensible of the certainty of punish- 
 ment of the most dreadful description, I feel confi- 
 dent that crime would diminish in place of increasing,' 
 in the alarming manner it does; for although poverty, 
 in my opinion, causes many to err, yet were they 
 aware of the acute sufferings of convicts in our Aus- 
 tralian Colonies, numbers would pause ere they com- 
 mitted themselves to such a state of degradation and 
 wretchedness. Here perhaps, it might not be amiss 
 
 for me to state my opinion of that remote place 
 
 From the accounts I had read, 1 became convinced, 
 previous to leaving England, that I should be far 
 happier in Van Dieman's Land, then I could 
 ever expect to be in may native country. Dreadful 
 mistake ! — How oft have I lamented my foolish and 
 credulous notions ; how oft have I wept in the dark- 
 ness of night, and deplored the inauspicious moment 
 that my poor mother gave me existence ? How oft 
 have I wished that I could return to my original no- 
 thingness and bury in oblivion all my cares and 
 troubles. But alas ! those feelings of bitter remorse 
 only augmented my distress. Months and years passed 
 away, and I was the same miserable object, liable, for 
 the smallest offence to have my back lacerated by the 
 
21 
 
 dreadful lash — for such is the fate of a wietch con- 
 victed, although his crime be of the slightest die — 
 abused and scorned, and by men depicted the vilest 
 creature beneath the sky. 
 
 263 Invalids Those are poor enfeebled old men, 
 
 and cripples. Government's attention to those un- 
 fortunate beings is truely benevolent, and reflects the 
 highest credit on the Christian feelings of the chief 
 authorities. 
 
 912 Penal Settlements It is, I am sure, utterly 
 
 impossible to convey even a faint picture of these hor- 
 rible places, where the ill-fated convicts are cut off 
 from all hope ; they know nothing of the world nor 
 its inhabitants, being doomed to continual thraldom 
 and misery of the most agonizing description ; my soul 
 recoils within me when I reflect on those abodes of 
 wretchedness and despair, and calls to recollection the 
 dark deeds of murder that have been perpetrated in 
 them. The inquisitions of Spain and Portugal in their 
 worst da^s were nothing in atrocity and diabolical sa- 
 crifice of human life to these earthly hells. Speak of 
 the wheel, the rack, and the torture, in mild language, 
 for they were mild in operation, and somewhat quicker 
 in dispatching their victims. Yes, the supporters of 
 these infernal machines had to take the victims from 
 amongst their friends and relatives, consequently had 
 sufficient stimulants to cause them to be expeditious 
 in satisfying their bloodthirsty souls, in the agony and 
 excruciating tortures of their dying victims. But not 
 so with the Van Dieman's Land monsters ; they have 
 their victims 16,000 miles distant from their country, 
 home, and kindred ; — they have them in these slaugh- 
 ter houses, locked up from the voice of humanity, and 
 the soul-piercing shrieks of the tortured wretches is 
 only responded to by the hellish grins of the unfeeling 
 flagellator. The prayers and groans of the dying crea- 
 tures are drowned in the bustle of renewed tortures 
 and the rattling of chains attached to their unfortunate 
 companions, and the soul of a miserable being burst 
 through its earthly tabernacle, leaving the cold and 
 heavy irons round the legs of the lifeless body to ap- 
 pear before the Throne of the Eternal Jehovah, as a 
 witness of the tender mercies of man. Others, whose 
 lives have become insupportable, wreak their ven- 
 geance on those instruments of hell, for the purpose 
 of being executed in Hobart Town, where they hope 
 to have an opportunity of disclosing the sickening 
 
22 
 
 cruelties of these cursed abodes of misery and despair. 
 But this is denied them, they are hurried to the scaf- 
 fold and launched into eternity, with their last breath 
 uttering words of thankfulness for a quick departure 
 from their earthly woes. I have seen these men 
 brought on the scaffold, and seen the clergyman put 
 his hand to the mouth of the dying man to prevent the 
 assembled multitude from hearing their last words; 
 and I have seen him, with eight of these unfortunate 
 beings standing under the fatal beam, give the signal 
 to the executioner, some seconds before the time, lest 
 one word should escape in an audible manner from 
 the quivering lips of the murdered victims. 
 
 I shall here conclude this part of the subject, for I 
 dare not trust my feelings to dwell on the unparalleled 
 inisery of a convict's life, and I hope I have shewn 
 sufficient to prove that transportation is disgraceful in 
 the extreme to a Christian Government, and believe 
 me that I have stated nothing but facts, and not being 
 desirous of stirring your passions on the heart-rending 
 subject, I have not mentioned one-sixth part of the 
 cruelties inflicted on the unfortunate beings. I have 
 for this purpose avoided mentioning the numerous 
 names of individual sufferers, and particular circum- 
 stances, lest I might wound the feelings of friends in 
 this country belonging to the victims of the accursed 
 system. Allow riie to add, that I am convinced se- 
 verity in some particular cases may be necessary, but 
 that this severity ought on all occasions to be tempered 
 with mercy, is a duty incumbent upon the authorities 
 to make the unfortunate beings sensible that by good 
 conduct and repentance that that severity will be di- 
 minished and ultimately withdrawn. 
 
 Gentlemen, having always been of opinion that Mis- 
 sionary Societies, and the agents sent by them abroad, 
 caused more bloodshed than they have effected good ; 
 and having had an opportunity of convincing myself 
 of the correctness of my former opinions, and having 
 also mentioned the subject to several respectable in- 
 dividuals of this town, although it is a somewhat late 
 hour, I cannot avoid taking this opportunity of men- 
 tioning the subject, at the same time it is utterly im- 
 possible for me to enter at present into the evils of the 
 system, 
 
 I do not presume to say that good has not been ef- 
 fected in solitary instances, but when I reflect on the 
 carnage, bloodshed, and violation of innocent, though 
 
23 
 
 uncivilized, females, I cannpt but condemn the whole 
 system. But I have been told by a genuine supporter 
 of Missionaries to look at the pleasing accounts pub- 
 lished in the Monthly and Quarterly Reports; — I 
 have done so, and find very flattering statements ; but 
 there ought to be published with these accounts, and 
 it ought to be placed in what is termed juxta-position^ 
 an account how the Missionaries were received in a 
 friendly manner, how the Missionaries found them 
 without spiritous liquors, but that they introduced them 
 with the word of God, and that they themselves have 
 infuriated their passions with the maddening poison. 
 But if some may have been more cautious than the 
 rest, let them state how the men employed about their 
 premises have made fathers and mothers drunk, whilst 
 they have violated their innocent daughters, and that 
 the cries of their injured children have aroused them 
 from a state of stupefaction, and then, in endeavouring 
 to obtain possession of their daughters, how they have 
 been fired upon by the wretches who profess to be- 
 lieve in a just and omnipotent God. How the na- 
 tives of those Islands have been driven from the land 
 that had hitherto afforded them subsistence, and which 
 they considered as their own, and their children's in- 
 heritance, to make room for the new comers, — how 
 this and the other circumstances I have named has 
 engendered a spirit of retaliation, and then let the 
 Missionaries state how they, the savages, as the Mis- 
 sionaries are pleased to call them, have been hunted 
 like beasts of prey, and murdered by hundreds of those 
 cruel invaders of the soil, and how, in some instances, 
 whole nations have been exterminated off the face of 
 the earth. Let them publish the above, and then, if 
 you find that the good effected by them is greater than 
 the evils, give them, if you are disposed, your support ; 
 but until then refrain from being a supporter of blood- 
 shed, carnage, and violation, under the name of Chris- 
 tianity. I will conclude at present the subject by 
 reading some beautiful and very applicable lines, com- 
 posed by your talented townsman, James Montgomery, 
 on the commencgnent of Missionaries : — 
 *' In placid indolence supinely blest, 
 
 A feeble race these beauteous isles possess*d ; 
 
 Untamed, untaught, in arms and arts unskill'd, 
 
 Their patrimonial soil they rudely till'd, 
 
 Chased the free rovers of the savage wood ; 
 
 Ensnared the wild-bird, wept the scaly flood. 
 
24 
 
 Shelter'd in lowly huts their fragile forms 
 From burning suns and desolating storms ; 
 Or when the halcyon sported on the breeze, 
 In light canoes they skimm'd the ripUng seas ; 
 Their lives in dreams of soothing languor flew, 
 No parted joys, no future pams they knew, 
 The passing moment all their bUss or care ; 
 Such as the sires had been, the children were 
 From age to age ; as waves upon the tide 
 Of stormless time, they calmly lived and died. 
 
 " Dreadful as hurricanes, athwart the main 
 Rush'd the fell legions of invading Spain ; 
 With fraud and force, with false and fatal breath, 
 (Submission bondage, and resistance death,) 
 These swept the isles. In vain the simple race 
 Kneel'd to the iron sceptre of their grace. 
 Or with weak arms their fiery vengeance braved; 
 They came, they saw, they conquer'd, they enslaved, 
 And they destroy'd ; — ^the generous heart they broke, 
 They crush'd the timid neck beneath the yoke ; 
 Where'er to battle march'd their grim array. 
 The sword of conquest ploughed resistless way ; 
 Where'er from cruel toil they sought repose. 
 Around, the fires of devastation rose. 
 The Indian, as he turn'd his head in flight, 
 Beheld his cottage flaming through the night, 
 And, 'midst the shrieks of murder on the wind, 
 Heard the mute blood-hound's death-step close behind. 
 
 " The conflict o'er, the valiant in their graves. 
 The wretched remnant dwindled into slaves ; 
 Oondemn'd in pestilential cells to pine. 
 Delving for gold amidst the gloomy mine. 
 The sufferer, sick of life-protracting breath. 
 Inhaled with joy the fire-damp blast of death : 
 
 , Condemned to fell the mountain palm on high. 
 
 That cast its shadow from the evening sky, 
 Ere the tree trembled to his feeble stroke. 
 The woodman languish'd, and his heart-strings broke : 
 
 Condemn'd in torrid noon, with palsi^ hand, 
 
 To urge the slow plough o'er the obdurate land, 
 The labourer, smitten by the sun's fierce ray, 
 A corpse along the unfinish'd furrow lay. 
 O'erwhelm'd at length with ignominious toil, 
 Minghng their barren ashes with the soil, 
 Down to the dust the Charib people pass'd. 
 Like autumn foUage withering in the blast : 
 The whole race sunk beneath the oppressor's rod, 
 And left a blank among the works of God." 
 
 SHEFFIELD : 
 PRINTED BY A. WHITAKER AND CO. IRIS OFFICE. 
 
WORKING MEN'S ASSOCIATION TRACTS. 
 
 An Address to the People of England, with Rules of the 
 Working Men's Association. Price Id. 
 
 The Rotten House of Commons, containing valuable 
 Statistical Details, sufficient to open the eyes of all Non- 
 Electors. Price 3d. 
 
 An Address on National Education, containing a Pl-an for 
 Normal, Infant Preparatory, and Finishing Schools. — 
 Price Id. 
 
 An Address to the Canadians, with their Answer. Price Id. 
 
 An Address to the Working Classes of Europe, and es- 
 pecially to the Polish People. Price Id. 
 
 London: Hetherington, 126, Strand; Cleave, 1, Shoe- 
 lane, Fleet-street; Watson, 15, City-road; and all Book- 
 sellers in Town and Country. 
 
Schedule A, the Balloting Place. 
 1. The space separated off by a close partition, for the \>nv^o%Q% of secret voting, 
 t. The entrance to the Ballot Box, where the voter gives his vote, 
 a. Tiie door by which the voter retires. 
 
 4. The tV' nt of the Ballot Box, placed on a stand with an inclined plane, 
 down which the ball(»tinij ball descends to be readj for the next voter. 
 
 5. The seat of the Deputy lletiirniuij Otficer. 
 ♦j. The seats of the Agents of the C.mdidates. 
 
 7- 'Jhe desk of the Parish Clerk and his assistants. 
 8. The Assistant, who delivers the balloting ball to th€ voters. 
 Ih Assistants and Constables at the doors and barriers, who examine the certi- 
 ficares, and let the voters pass on to the ballot. 
 
 10, A Constable to stop any voter who may vote unfairly. 
 
 Schedule B, the Ballot Box. 
 
 1. The front of the Ballot Box with the lid down, shewing five dials (or any 
 number that may be necessary), on which are engraved (or otherwise) nnmerab, 
 from one, to any number of thousands that may be required, with hands (like the 
 minute and hour hands of a clock,) to rei;isler the number of vote**. 
 
 2. The apertures, with the Candidates' names opposite, through which eaeh voter 
 drops abiass ball, which tailing in a zii:-/.ag direction, touches a clock-work 
 spring, which moves a pinion on which the hands aie fastened, and thus registers 
 one, each time a person votes. 
 
 3. I he front of the Ballot Box, with the lid up and sealed. 
 
 4. The stand, with the ball running down. 
 
 5. The line of the partition which makes the two rooms. 
 
 *»• We understand that a Ballot Box of this description, has been invented by 
 Mr. Benjamin Jolly, 19, York Street, Bath. 
 
?i!ii' 
 
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 Ihis DOOK ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ renewed. 
 
 Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 
 
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