UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA

FARMERS' PURCHASE AGREEMENT
FOR DEEP WELL PUMPS

B. D. MOSES AND L. S. WING

In cooperation with the California Committee on
the Relation of Electricity to Agriculture

BULLETIN 448

January, 1928

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRINTING OFFICE
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA

1928

FOREWORD

This bulletin is a contribution of the Division of Agricultural
Engineering, the California Farm Bureau Federation, and the Cali-
fornia Committee on the Relation of Electricity to Agriculture. It
is the third of a series planned to report the results of investigations
conducted jointly by the Agricultural Experiment Station, College
of Agriculture, University of California, and the California Committee
on the Relation of Electricity to Agriculture.* This committee rep-
resents the agricultural and electrical industries in California that
are working together for the purpose of making reliable information
available concerning the use of electricity on the farm, and cooperat-
ing with similar committees in other states.

E. D. Merrill,

Director, California Agricultural Experiment Station.

* The personnel of this committee for 1926-27 is:

E. D. Merrill, College of Agriculture, Chairman.

N. R. Sutherland, Pacific Gas & Electric Co., Treasurer.

B. D. Moses, College of Agriculture, State Director-Secretary.
T. A. Wood, Field Engineer.

F. E. Boyd, General Electric Co.

C. L. Cory, Dean, College of Mechanics.

H. M. Crawford, Pacific Gas & Electric Co.

J. J. Deuel, California Farm Bureau Federation.

A. M. Frost, San Joaquin Light &' Power Corp.
Chas. Grunsky, California Railroad Commission.
Alex. Johnson, California Farm Bureau Federation.
T. H. Lambert, El Monte, Agriculturist.

B. M. Maddox, Southern California Edison Co.
W. C. McWhinney, Southern California Edison Co.

FARMERS' PURCHASE AGREEMENT FOR
DEEP WELL PUMPS

B. D. MOSESi and L. S. WING:

INTRODUCTION

A group 3 composed of representatives of the California Committee
on the Relation of Electricity to Agriculture, the University of Cali-
fornia, the pump manufacturers, and the pump dealers, has en-
deavored for the past two years to prepare a contract form which
will fully cover situations arising when a farmer purchases a deep
well pump, be fair to both buyer and seller, afford each the protection
to which he is entitled, and yet be readily understood by the average
buyer.

The agreement which is presented in the following pages has been
approved by the Pacific Hydraulic Engineering Association, the
Western Irrigation Equipment Association, the California Farm
Bureau Federation, and the University of California. As a result, it
will doubtless be used in California wherever deep well pumps are
sold.

1 Assistant Professor of Agricultural Engineering, and Associate Agricultural
Engineer in the Experiment Station.

2 Engineer, California Farm Bureau Federation.

s H. M. Crawford, Sales Manager, Pacific Gas & Electric Co., San Francisco,
Chairman.

C. N. Johnston, Irrigation Investigation and Practice, University of Califor-
nia, Davis.

M. P. Lohse, Testing Engineer, San Joaquin Light & Power Corp., Fresno.

J. E. Lundy, Sales Manager, Sterling Pump Co., Stockton.

B. D. Moses, Agricultural Engineering Division, University of California,
Davis.

E. J. Stirniman, Agricultural Engineering Division, University of California,
Davis.

H. A. Wadsworth, Irrigation Investigations and Practice Division, University
of California, Davis.

L. S. Wing, Engineer, California Farm Bureau Federation, San Francisco.

E. M. Breed, Sales Manager, Pelton Water Wheel Co., and President of the
Pacific Hydraulic Engineering Association, San Francisco.

Joe Cox, Vice-President and Manager of Sales, F. J. Kimball Pump Co., and
President Western Irrigation Equipment Association, Los Angeles.

E. P. McMurtry, General Manager, Krogh Pump Co., San Francisco.

E, M. Schurman, General Manager, Bryon Jackson Iron Works, San Fran-
cisco.

C. F. Zimansky, President and General Manager, Price Pump Co., San Fran-

6 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION

The universal use of this standard form of agreement will necessi-
tate the buyer's becoming familiar with but one form of contract.
Moreover, it will permit him to compare bids readily, since they will
be presented in a uniform manner, and it will enable him to select the
pump which best meets his requirements when the price, efficiency,
speed, capacity, design, etc., are considered. Moreover, the contract
compels the seller to state accurately the operating characteristics of
the pump over a reasonable range and provides an ample and satis-
factory means of checking this performance both at the factory and
in the field. The final payment for the installation is made contingent
upon the performance of the pump as stated in the contract. The
buyer is thereby assured that he will not have to pay for equipment
which has been misrepresented to him.

No practical contract form will take care of every contingency,
nor can any safeguard be provided which will make the reading of
the agreement by the buyer unnecessary. He may be sure that the
seller is intimately familiar with every clause and thus has an advan-
tage which can be offset only by his own personal study.

A contract is presumed to set forth mutual agreements freely
entered into, and the language should be clear and unmistakable. As
no contract, however, is of much value unless both parties intend
to abide by both its spirit and letter, the buyer should be extremely
careful with whom he deals.

The purpose of this bulletin is to present this new form of contract,
to explain thoroughly its clauses, and to help the prospective pur-
chaser specify definitely the equipment which he requires.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

An example illustrating the use of the agreement follows :
John Jones, a rancher near Fresno, has an 80-acre farm, 40 acres
of which are now under cultivation and require irrigation, and the
remainder of which he intends to irrigate at a later date. For the
type of crops grown, and for his method of irrigation, he has deter-
mined that a pump installation that will produce 500 gallons per
minute (g.p.m.) will be the most economical, and that it must deliver
not less than 400 gallons per minute. He has had a 10-inch well
drilled 200 feet deep and cased with 10-inch stove-pipe casing. After
developing the well, he found on test that it would produce 500 gallons
per minute with a draw-down (see fig. 2, p. 17) of 15 feet. The
static water level, the depth to water when not pumping, 4 was found

4 A glossary of technical terms will be found on p. 44.

BUT,. 448] FARMERS' PURCHASE AGREEMENT FOR DEEP WELL PUMPS 7

to be 55 feet. The irrigation pipe lines require a head of 10 feet in
the stand pipe above the level of the ground at the well in order to
deliver 500 gallons per minute, which, with the present pumping
level, makes a total pumping head of 80 feet (55 ft. + 15 ft. + 10 ft.).
Mr. Jones also desires to pump into a domestic-water supply tank
located 10 feet from the well. The surface of the water when the
tank is full is 30 feet above the ground, making a maximum pumping
head of 100 feet (55 ft. + 15 ft. + 30 ft.). He further desires to take
care of a condition of receding water table which he estimates will not
exceed 10 feet in the next three years. At that time, the total irriga-
tion head will be approximately 90 feet (65 ft. + 15 ft. + 10 ft.).

Fig. 1. — Typical deep well pump installation where open ditch is used. The
concrete basin and weir prevent erosion near the well. The derrick has been
left in place for working on the motor or pump. Note the rails for moving a
section of the pump house should it be necessary to pull the pump.

He submitted his requirements to various pump representatives
and from guarantees made and terms offered, decided to place his
order with the Deep Well Pump Company for a surface-discharge
turbine pump with direct-connected motor, to be completely installed
ready for operation before April 1, 1928. The following price and
terms were agreed upon :

Price $900.00, first payment of $135.00 to be made at the time of
signing the contract; second payment of $180.00 to be made upon
completion of installation ; and final payment of $585.00 with interest
at 8 per cent six months thereafter.

8 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION

The pump was guaranteed to deliver 500 gallons per minute
against a total head of 80 feet, with a power requirement (measured
at the electric meter) of not more than 17.4 H.P., also to deliver
440 g.p.m. at 88 feet head and 250 g.p.m. at 104 feet head.

To check .the performance guarantee, two methods of testing were
offered : one, a factory test in the presence of the buyer, Mr. Jones,
or his representative, at a cost of $20.00 ; the other, a field test to be
conducted by a consulting engineer at a cost of $75.00.

Mr. Jones was familiar with this make of pump and believed that
the performance guarantee could be met readily by the manufacturer.
Desiring to save any unnecessary expense, he therefore chose the
option of a field test, which he could exercise should he deem it neces-
sary to check the performance of the pump after installation.

Based upon these representations, the purchase agreement was
drawn up and signed as follows. The blanks have been filled in to
conform to the illustrative problem.

CONDITIONAL PURCHASE AGREEMENT
FOR DEEP WELL PUMPS

Approved as to form by

California Farm Bureau Federation
Pacific Hydraulic Engineering Association
Western Irrigation Equipment Association
University of California

(1) This Agreement, made this.. ..21st 5 .... day of.. ..February....,

19,28.... by and between.. ..Deep Well Pump Company...., whose
( Corporation ) [ ( Partnership ) ] [ ( Individual ) ] 6

address is....982 Jesse.... Street, City of.. ..Fresno...., County of

....Fresno...., State of California, hereinafter referred to as the

Seller, and.. ..John A. Jones...., whose address is. ...Route B, Box

70.... [Street], City of. ...Fresno...., County of... .Fresno...., State of

....California...., hereinafter referred to as the Buyer.

•"< Italics indicate blanks filled in by writing or typewriting at the time of
making the contract.

8 Brackets indicate words or sections crossed out. In filling out a contract,
these words or sections would be struck out on the typewriter or crossed off.

BUL. 448] farmers' purchase agreement for deep well pumps

(2) WITNESSETH

That the Seller agrees to sell to the Buyer and the Buyer
agrees to purchase of and from Seller, at point of delivery a deep
well pump including.. ..7.. ..inch outside diameter column of suf-
ficient length, ....80..._feet, to submerge the bottom bowl ten (10)
feet below the estimated pumping level given in paragraph 5 ;
also. ...20.. ..feet of suction pipe with strainer; also. ...ii6L.. feet of
^4-inch air line, the exact vertical distance of installed air line
between bottom of air line and gage attached to the top thereof
to be reported by Seller; also gauge for determining pumping
level; also not less than six feet of discharge pipe of. ...6.... inch
diameter; together with the following apparatus, machinery or
materials (hereinafter termed machinery), all subject to the
terms and conditions hereinafter contained.

(3) Description of Machinery

Pump Number.... 2...., head type.... K.... , column type... J£.# ,

all described in Catalogue. ...Deep Well Pump Company, Cata-
logue No. 10, also one 6-inch cast iron butterfly valve and one
6-inch bolted flexible joint

Electrical Apparatus: ....Type F, Make X.... motor, 15....

H.P., ...J75a...r.p.m., ....440.... volts, .. .3....phase, ....66>... .cycles,
with.. ..Make X.. .. starter.. ..15 H.P. capacity with overload relay
and under voltage release

Wiring.. ..complete for above equipment and to a point 10 feet
above ground on a pole, installed by seller, not more than 18 feet
from the pump house ... .

(Above description must give manufacturer's rating or capac-
ity of all equipment furnished.)

(4) A — Shipment shall be made on or before. ...March 15, 1928

B — Installation (if called for under this agreement) shall be

made on or bef ore.... Ma re h 26, 1928

(5) That the Buyer agrees to furnish a well adequately cased,
having a measured minimum inside diameter of well or casing of
._..i0~~ inches to a depth of not less than. ...125.... feet. The present
static water level is. ...55.. ..feet, and the Buyer estimates that the
pumping level in the well at normal pump capacity will be. ...70-..
feet below ground surface.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION

(6) Said machinery is furnished to the Buyer by the Seller under
the following guarantee :

If the pump is driven at a normal speed of—. i 75(9. -.revolutions
per minute (for direct connected units, manufacturer's rated full
load speed of motor), the pump shall perform in accordance with
the capacity, head, and horsepower as listed in paragraph 7 here-
under.

If through no fault of the Seller, the speed as specified above
cannot be maintained during test, the performance guarantee
shall be altered in accordance with section.. ..X 7 ... .of the Standard
Test Code of the Pacific Hydraulic Engineering Association

adopted.. ..X 7 .... and approved by the California Farm Bureau

(date)
Federation.

(7) Performance Guarantee with Water Levee, when Pumping,

Standing Not More Than Ten Feet Below the
Estimated Pumping Level in the Well

Head

Total
pumping

head
in feetf

Quantity

in gallons

per

minute

Maximum required
H.P. at meter for
direct-connected

unit or .
at pump pulley
(for belt drive)

(1) Shut off head

130

104

250

15.10

17.16

(3) Normal

. . . 80 ...

500

. . 17 39. ..

(4) 10 per cent below normal

550

17.83

* Additional conditions may be specified,, and should be specified in areas of rapidly
receding water table, and when the estimated head is less than 75 feet.

f Total head expressed in feet shall be the measured vertical distance from the surface
of the water in the well while pumping, to the center of the discharge nozzle of the pump,
plus the total head, if any, above this point.

Full data as indicated shall be given for the four heads
specified.

Pump discharges and power inputs corresponding to heads
lying between those stated above shall, for the purpose of check-
ing pump performance, be interpolated on the basis of straight
line variation between the points given, and to those interpolated
points the guarantees set forth in this agreement equally apply.
The measured capacities and horsepowers may vary from the
guarantee not to exceed a total of five per cent (5 per cent), at
normal speed, this covering the probable inaccuracy of commer-
cial testing methods.

7 ( X) : At the time of printing this bulletin, the testing code had not been
published.

Bul. 448] FARMERS' PURCHASE AGREEMENT FOR DEEP WELL PUMPS 11

(8) In and as consideration for said machinery, the Buyer agrees
to pay the Seller the sum oi....Nine hundred.... dollars {$900.00),
payable as follows : (plus extra charges, if any, as covered by
paragraph No. 13.)

1st Payment : 15 per cent.. ..One hundred and thirty -fiv e. ...dollars
($135.00) upon signing this agreement.

2nd Payment ....£0..._per cent, ....One hundred and eighty... .dollars

($180.00) wpon....March 26, 1928....
(Date)

Provided the installation of this machinery, if called for under
this agreement, shall have been completed by this date, or if
installation is delayed by Buyer. In case installation is de-
layed by Seller, this payment shall become due and payable
upon the completion of the installation, and the remainder

3rd Payment : ....65.. ..per cent— .jFVue hundred and eighty -five....
dollars ($585.00). ...One hundred and eighty.... days after due
date of second payment, with interest at 8 per cent per annum
therefrom, provided the machinery furnished under this agree-
ment has met the guarantee as called for herein.

If cash in full accompanies the order the above price oi....Nine
hundred.... dollars ($900.00) is subject to a 5 per cent discount.

(9)

A — It is further understood and agreed that said price in-"

eludes the deliver}^ of said machinery f.o.b ,

in which case Buyer is to make installation. The Seller agrees
to furnish a competent mechanic who shall be considered Buy-
er's employee, to superintend and assist in the erection of the

above machinery, at $ per eight (8) hour day, plus

traveling time and expense of $ : the Buyer to furnish

all reasonable living expenses of mechanic while on the job.

— or —

B — It is further understood and agreed that said price in-
cludes the complete intallation of machinery, equipment and elec-
tric wiring, described in paragraph 3, in a well of the Buyer
located at.. ..near Fresno, California...., (Section... .6...., T....13....S
TZ....20 E, Mount Diablo.. ..B & M.) It is also agreed that such
installation shall conform with the regulations of the local power
company and with the latest rules of such California regulatory
bodies as have jurisdiction.

The Buyer is to furnish —

(a) Haulage from the nearest shipping point.

(b) Labor and material for foundations in accordance

with Seller's specifications.

12 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION

(d) Board and lodging for Seller's installation crew.

(e) [Derrick.]

(f)
(g)

(Note: Strike out paragraphs or sentences not applying.)

(10) To check the performance of the pump, the Buyer shall have
two options, of which option.. ..B. ...as hereinafter specified, is here-
by selected. Failure to specify the desired option constitutes
acceptance of Option "B."

All tests shall be conducted in accordance with standard test
code of the Pacific Hydraulic Engineering Association adopted

....X 8 .... and approved by the California Farm Bureau Federation.

(date)

Option "A": If the Buyer elects Option "A," then, for"
the sum of one dollar ($1.00) per rated H.P. of motor, but in
no case less than twenty dollars, ($20.00), nor more than one-
hundred dollars ($100.00), the Seller agrees to furnish prior
to shipment a test at his factory or branch at which the Buyer
or his representative may be present. Notification of time of

test shall be given by Seller at least days prior to

date thereof.

Option "B": If the Buyer elects Option "B" and desires
acceptance test of machinery in the field, he shall within ten (10)
days after notification by the Seller that the machinery is ready
for operation, make written request by registered letter for such
test, or shall forfeit all rights to require such test. Failure to
request test, or failure to complete the second payment when due,
shall constitute forfeiture of the privilege of test and shall be con-
strued as acceptance of the machinery as installed.

The Seller shall notify the Buyer in writing when the plant
is ready for operation, by mailing a notice to the Buyer's address
as given herein.

The cost of this field test shall be. ...Seventy-five.... dollars
($75.00), to be paid by the Seller. The cost of either test if made
is additional to the contract price, and payment therefor shall
first be deducted from any money paid by Buyer, as provided in
paragraph 13, if the machinery meets the guarantee within the
range specified, and the test shall then constitute acceptance of
the machinery by the Buyer. If the machinery does not meet the
guarantee, the cost of the test shall be borne by the Seller.

In case of failure to meet the guaranteed performance, the
Seller may bring the machinery up to its guaranteed performance
at his own expense, or may at his own expense, substitute equip-

v At the lime of (dinting this bulletin, the testing code had not yet been issued,

BUL. 448] farmers' purchase agreement for deep well pumps 13

ment of similar kind and quality as specified herein, which shall
fulfill the guarantee, or shall immediately refund all money pre-
viously paid by the Buyer, under the terms of this agreement, and
shall remove the machinery, if delivered.

It is hereby further mutually agreed that.. ..Robert Brown....

(Name)

shall conduct the field acceptance test and that his judgment and
decisions, insofar as the performance of the machinery purchased
and designated herein, shall be final.

Should this party not be available to perform the test when
desired, the Buyer shall select within five (5) days, from a list
of testing engineers, submitted by the Seller and approved by the
Pacific Hydraulic Engineering Association, the Western Irriga-
tion Equipment Association, and the California Farm Bureau
Federation, an engineer to perform the test. Should Buyer fail
to make such selection within the period specified, he shall forfeit
all right to require such test. Failure to make such selection shall
constitute acceptance of the machinery as installed.

(11) If in a field test the machinery fails to meet the guarantee,
the Seller may demand that it be examined by the engineer
making the test, to determine if the failure to meet the guarantee
is due to abrasion caused by development of the well. If it is the
judgment of the engineer making the test that such failure is due
to such abrasion, or to excessive amounts of air, either entrained
or otherwise, gas or detritus in the water, such decision shall
constitute acceptance of the machinery, if otherwise according to
the specifications contained in this agreement, and the Buyer shall
pay Seller all the costs of the test, together with all cost incidental
to the making of the examination.

Should the Buyer refuse to allow the machinery to be removed
from the well for examination by the testing engineer at a time
to be specified by him, it shall be construed as an admission on
his part that the failure to meet the guaranteed performance is
due to abrasion caused in the development of the well, and such
refusal on the part of the Buyer shall constitute a waiver of the
test, and shall constitute acceptance of the equipment as installed,
and the Buyer shall pay Seller all costs of the test.

The guarantee under paragraph 7 shall be considered as met
if it is found by the engineer making the test that the well is
crooked to the extent that the mechanical operation of the pump
is hindered, or if, with the bottom bowl submerged, the well does
not furnish the least quantity of water stated in paragraph 7.

The engineer making this test shall within ten (10) days after
completion thereof make a written report, embodying his conclu-
sions therein, and giving a ruling decision, and shall mail a copy
of this report to both the Buyer and the Seller to their respective
addresses as given in this agreement.

14 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION

(12) It is further understood and agreed that said machinery is
free from all latent defects in material and workmanship, and if
any part proves to be defective in material or workmanship,
within one year from the date of shipment (usual wear excepted)
Seller agrees to furnish such part free of cost at factory to replace
such defective part, but will assume no liability nor will be held
responsible for any damages or delays caused by such defective
material or workmanship, nor will make any allowance for repairs
or alterations made by others, unless same are made with Seller's
written consent.

(13) Without relieving the Buyer of the obligation to make pay-
ment as provided for and without reference to the form of in-
voice that may be used by the Seller, it is agreed that the title
to the machinery furnished shall remain in the Seller until the
purchase price (including any extensions of payment, whether
evidenced by note or otherwise) shall have been fully paid in
lawful money of the United States, it being further agreed that
payment for all labor and materials furnished by Seller, and not
included in the contract price shall become immediately due and
payable upon presentation of invoice to Buyer and may be
deducted from any moneys paid by the Buyer on the contract
price without relieving the Buyer of the obligation to make all
payments in accordance with the terms of this agreement not-
withstanding any such deduction, and the machinery shall remain
the personal property of the Seller, whatever may be the mode of
its attachment to realty or other property until fully paid for,
and the Buyer agrees to perform all acts which may be necessary
to perfect and assure retention of title in the Seller. In case of
failure by the Buyer to make any payment when due, then the
entire amount together with interest, shall at Seller's option with-
out notice or demand become immediately due and payable, and
it is expressly understood and agreed that it shall be optional with
the Seller to take exclusive possession of the machinery wherever
found and remove and sell same without legal process, applying
the proceeds, less all costs to the account, and retaining the right
to recover any balance due by civil action and that any payments
which may have been made on account of same shall be retained
by the Seller as liquidated damages, without prejudice to his
right of recovery of further or other damage he may suffer from
any cause.

(14) Adequate insurance in an amount sufficient to protect the
Seller's interest in the machinery against any loss occasioned by
damage due to fire, or other causes, is to be taken out and main-
tained by the Buyer at his expense from and after delivery to him,
until the machinery hereinbefore specified has been fully paid for,
and such policies of insurance are to be made payable to the, Seller
as his interest may appear at the time of loss ; the Buyer to assume
all loss resulting from any cause that may not be recovered
through such insurance.

BUL. 448] FARMERS' PURCHASE AGREEMENT FOR DEEP WELL PUMPS 15

(15) It is understood that the specifications herein contained are a
standard form covering the Seller's machinery of substantially
identical type and character and that without notice there may
be made immaterial variations therefrom in the details of design
and construction of any particular machine.

(16) The specified shipment and installation is subject to any delay
on the part of the Buyer in supplying the Seller with the neces-
sary data or any changes therein at the Buyer's instance and to
delays caused by fires, floods, strikes, accidents, civil or military
authority or any other cause beyond the Seller's reasonable con-
trol. The voluntary receipt of the machinery by the Buyer shall
constitute acceptance of delivery under the terms hereof, and
shall be and is a waiver of any and all claims for loss or damage
due to delay.

(17) The Seller shall not be liable for consequential damage, par-
ticularly including loss or damage for diminution or failure of
crops, shortage of water, or inability or failure to supply same,
due to improper installation or performance of the machinery,
nor shall the Seller be liable for collapsing, telescoping, separat-
ing or otherwise injuring the well, except in the case of proven
negligence, it being understood that this work is precarious in
its nature. Should the Seller be delayed in making or fail to
make installation by virtue of some defect in the well, or by virtue
of the well not being in condition to receive the pump, then the
Buyer will reimburse the Seller for time lost and expenses in-
curred during such delay, and will also reimburse the Seller for
the reasonable value of his services in removing or attempting to
remove such defects or attempting to put the well in condition
for the installation of the pump, all of which the Seller is hereby
authorized to do if he chooses, unless otherwise specifically in-
structed by the Buyer. Should the Seller finally consider in-
stallation impossible, then the Buyer will pay the installed price
of the machinery less a rebate to the Buyer equalling the differ-
ence between the reasonable value of the Seller's efforts in at-
tempting the installation, and the price above specified. Should
the pump be lost or damaged before complete installation by
virtue of some defect in, or the construction or behavior of, the
well, then the Buyer will reimburse the Seller for such loss or
damage.

The Buyer agrees to pay all sums due under this Agreement
or any note given therefor, at the Seller's office in the City of

....Fresno...., State of California, and should civil action be in-
stituted for the collection of such sums or notes, or for the
enforcement of any other obligation or act to be performed by
the Buyer hereunder, then the Buyer agrees that at the Seller's
option, the county in which the Buyer's residence as given in this
agreement, is located, or the county in which the machinery is
installed, shall be the proper county for trial.

16 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION

Should it be necessary for the Buyer to institute civil action
for the enforcement of any act or obligation under this agreement,
then the Buyer agrees that such civil action is to be brought in
the county in which the Seller's principal place of business in
California is located.

The Buyer agrees that this agreement made in triplicate
expresses his complete contract with the Seller, all oral stipula-
tions being waived by both parties. In order to afford the Seller
a proper opportunity of checking the provisions herein, this
agreement shall not become binding until it is approved by the
Seller at his main office in California, and there countersigned by
one of his authorized officers in the space provided below, and
one copy thereof so countersigned will be mailed to Buyer upon
execution by Seller. No subsequent amendment hereof shall be
binding upon the Buyer or Seller unless reduced to writing and
executed by authorized officers thereof.

All checks to be made payable to. ...Deep Well Pump Com-
pany....

Time is of the essence of this Agreement.

Witness : ...Jack Smith John A. Jones

(Salesman's signature) (Purchaser sign here)

Approved: This 24th day of February , 19 28 at

......Fresno

Deep Well Pump Company

(Name of Seller)

Thomas A. Warren Sales Manager

(Title)

DISCUSSION OF CONTRACT

In the preceding pages the contract has been printed in full and
properly filled in for the case of Mr. Jones, previously cited. The
general discussion of the contract by sections, which follows, is in-
tended, insofar as is practicable, to answer questions that may arise
in its application.

Section 1

Section 1 requires no explanation. It should be accurately and
fully filled in. The buyer should be sure that the Seller's California
office address is given.

BUL. 448] FARMERS' PURCHASE AGREEMENT FOR DEEP WELL PUMPS 17

UVarer L<zve/
in Z5 t-oncf P/p<z

Motor

Pump Heod tn blOJ.

f— — ——I ^.^C^Jliu U L.JU

Air Pump
Air Gocfoc

i^ A//77/? Shaft Beorinat
^Pump Shaft <£%

- Column . ■§§? g S

0ec5 Z^ZT

Fig. 2. — Section diagram of a well with a deep well pump in place, to illustrate
the meaning of the terms that are used in the contract.

18 university of california experiment station

Section 2

Size and Length of Column. — There are several blanks in section 2,
all of which are to be filled in by the seller. The first blank provides
for the size of column to be used. For any particular pump the
resistance to the flow of water is less through a column of large
diameter than through one of small diameter, if the same amount of
water is delivered. It follows then that the larger the diameter of the
column, the better should be the performance given in contract sec-
tion 7. The next blank, covering length of column, is based upon the
information which the buyer gives in contract section 5. The total
length of this column is the distance between the pump bowls and
the pump head (see fig. 2). The column should be at least ten feet
longer than that estimated as necessary for submerging the bottom
bowl (see fig. 2), when the pump is delivering the amount normally
required. The length of column specified, therefore, should be ten
feet greater than the estimated pumping level given in contract
section 5.

Draw-down. — There are several reasons for having this extra
amount of column. With a varying water table, it insures the best
conditions of operation by keeping the bowls of the pump submerged
at all times. Most pump manufacturers refuse to guarantee pump
performance unless the bottom bowl is submerged. If the pump is
installed with no additional column, it may fail to prime, and to
deliver water unless the bottom bowl is submerged when the pump is
started. When the well draw-down (see fig. 2) is not accurately
known, the precaution of having some extra length of column is advis-
able. Only in a tested well of known water level and draw-down, is
this precaution unnecessary, and even in such a case the improved
operation of the pump may warrant the installation of some extra
column.

Length of the Suction Pipe. — The length of the suction pipe required
varies with the characteristics of the well and the design of the pump.
Most deep well pumps if primed at the start will still deliver some
water, even if the water level, during the operation of pumping, falls
to as much as 20 feet below the bottom bowl. The length of the
suction pipe should be left largely to the judgment of the pump
manufacturer, but provision should be made to take care of a lowering
water level.

Air Line. — In order to check the performance of the pump and
also to know the conditions under which it is operating, it is essential

BUL. 448] FARMERS' PURCHASE AGREEMENT FOR DEEP WELL PUMPS 19

to know the depth to the water in the well while pumping. One of
the most satisfactory methods of determining this depth is by means
of an air pipe line and gauge permanently installed with the pump.
The proper use of the air-line gauge and the relation between gauge
readings and the depth to water are described in the appendix, page
30. It is essential that the exact vertical length of the air line be
known and that it be air tight after installation. In every case it
should be long enough to reach at least 5 feet below the bottom of the
suction pipe in order to obtain satisfactory gauge readings.

Discharge Pipe. — It is necessary to have not less than six feet of
discharge pipe to determine the amount of water discharged by the
pump, with some of the apparatus now in general use. A greater
length is required for the protection of the pump foundation if the
pump discharges into an open ditch.

Section 3

Description of Machinery. — Pumps vary considerably in construc-
tion details and also in design. The buyer should select the particular
pump he desires, after giving careful consideration to the following
factors :

1. Plow are other pumps of this make and design performing in

this territory or under similar conditions?

2. What is the manufacturer's or seller's reputation for fair deal-

ing?

3. Is the seller a responsible party ?

4. Can replacement parts be readily obtained and installed by the

seller, if required?

5. Can changes in installation be economically made to meet future

conditions ?

6. What is the performance guarantee?

7. What is the price?

Successful centrifugal, turbine, and screw-pump design has been
and still is the result of the application of both theory and experi-
mentation.

Since the buyer, in the majority of instances, is not in a position
to check the correctness of the pump design, he must rely upon the
reputation of the manufacturer, the operation of his products in
that locality, and the performance guarantee. The buyer should be
furnished a catalogue describing the pump head, pump column, shaft-
ing and bearings, lubrication system, and the bowl assembly of the

20 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION

pump he is purchasing; reference should be made in the contract to
such catalogue descriptions. Description and ratings should also be
given of all other equipment and material required to complete the
installation.

Different Bids. — The buyer should make sure that all bids are
submitted on as nearly the same basis as possible. The quantity to
be pumped at normal head should be the same, and in the case of
direct-connected pumps it is particularly important that the motor
speeds be the same. The electrical apparatus, motor, switch, com-
pensator, relay protection, etc., should be compared to make sure that
bids are for the same or equivalent machinery. If two bids, in which
the specifications vary, are being considered, competitors should be
given an opportunity to reduce their bids to a comparable basis.

Section 4

Dates of Installation and Shipment of Pump. — Section 4 provides
for the date of shipment and installation of the pump. As these two
dates are often of major importance to the buyer, he should carefully
examine the agreement to see that it is filled out in accordance with
his understanding. Oral agreements are not binding.

If shipment is not made within the time specified, and the delay
is not caused by strikes or acts beyond the seller's control, the buyer
may cancel the contract by giving written notice to the seller and he
may then purchase elsewhere.

Section 5

Section 5 is one of the most important in the agreement. It
specifies the conditions for which the pump is guaranteed. These con-
ditions are specified by the buyer. He should be sure that no part
of the well or casing, to the depth indicated, is less than that given
as the minimum inside diameter; this dimension can generally be
ascertained by lowering a pipe of the correct size to the depth required.
It is also important to determine whether or not the well is crooked
or out of plumb. If it is found to be so, then it may be necessary to
install a smaller pump, in order to secure satisfactory operation, or
in extreme cases, to drill a new hole. The buyer should make all
measurements himself, and if possible have them checked by the
seller's representative.

Static Water Level. — The static water level (see fig. 2, p. 17) is
the distance from ground surface to the water in the well when not
pumping.

Bul. 448] FARMERS* PURCHASE AGREEMENT FOR DEEP WELL PUMPS 21

Pumping Level and Draw-down. — The pumping level is the dis-
tance from ground surface to water while pumping. It is the static
water level plus draw-down (see fig. 2, p. 17). The draw-down for
most California wells increases at a somewhat greater rate than in
direct proportion to the amount of water pumped. That is, if the
draw-down is 10 feet for 500 gallons per minute it will probably be
in excess of 20 feet for 1,000 g.p.m. In loose gravels, however, the
draw-down is nearly proportional to the amount of water pumped.

Well Testing. — Every well should be tested before a new pump is
installed, if the cost is at all reasonable. The buyer may then specify
accurately the amount of water which can be obtained with any
anticipated draw-down. This information is vitally essential to the
seller in the selection of the pump which will operate most econom-
ically. The pumping level when the pump is delivering the desired
quantity is also one of the essential factors, for the correctness of
which the buyer is responsible. If the well has not been tested, the
draw-down must be estimated. Such an estimate is scarcely more than
a guess, even when based upon the delivery of other wells of like size
in the district. As it is safer to underestimate than to overestimate
the capacity of the well, the buyer should be conservative and allow
in contract section 5 for a greater draw-down than conditions indi-
cate. This will be likely to result in a better installation in case of
error in judgment. All blanks in this section must be properly filled in.

Section 6

Changes in Speed. — The blank for the normal full-load speed of
the motor is the only one which occurs in this section.

Sometimes the failure of a pump to perform as guaranteed is
blamed to low voltage. The voltage fluctuations which are likely to
occur will ordinarily have slight effect upon the amount of water
discharged, as may be seen by examining the data gathered by engi-
neers of the California Railroad Commission, California Farm Bureau
Federation, and San Joaquin Light and Power Corporation which
are summarized on page 41. A change in speed does cause a change
in delivery, however; and to take care of such a contingency, pro-
vision has been made in this section.

Section 7

Performance Guarantee. — The performance guarantee for the
installation is given in section 7. The importance of having accurate
information upon which to base the normal pumping level in the well

22 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION

(contract Section 5) is apparent after reading this section for, first
of all, the guarantee is based upon the fact that the bottom bowl of
the pump is at all times submerged while pumping. If the draw-
down has been underestimated, this may not be the case for the
quantity of water required. Section 7 is filled in by the seller.

Normal Gallons per Minute. — The buyer should first determine
whether or not the quantity stated opposite "normal" in the column
headed "Quantity in gallons per minute" is the amount which he
requires, and which the well will deliver. Next, he should check the
"total pumping head in feet" (see fig. 2, p. 17) corresponding to
"normal." This should be the distance to water, while pumping,
as given in contract section 5, plus the head, if any, above ground.
The head above ground, which needs to be considered here, consists
of the vertical distance between the ground level at the pump and
the point where the water discharges, plus the additional head required
to overcome friction in the pipe lines. (See table 4, p. 38, and also
the calculation in the case of Mr. Jones, p. 7.)

Horsepower Input. — The buyer should next check the power
input, given in the last column, corresponding to normal. This power
input, for pumps direct-connected to motor, is measured at the electric
meter; it, therefore, includes the power required by the pump to
deliver the quantity of water stated against the head given, plus the
losses in the motor and electric wiring. As these losses vary, and
as the amount of power for the same conditions varies with different
pumps, it is impossible to state accurately the power input at meter
which would apply to any particular case. However, for an approxi-
mate guide, the inputs given in table 3, page 35, may be used for
reference.

When comparing two bids, the buyer should consider the power
inputs required to deliver a given quantity of water against a given
head.

Cost of Power. — The power economy of operation is often over-
emphasized by those who have not given careful consideration to this
factor of cost. The cost of power is only one of many which go to
make up the total cost of water delivered to the land, or the cost of
water in producing a crop. The ability to deliver an adequate supply
of water to crops at the time it is required is far more essential than
saving a few dollars in the power bill.

The importance of the power input varies with the number of
hours an installation is operated during the season. The greater
the number of hours of operation each year, the more important
becomes the maximum required horsepower and the more the buyer

BUL. 448] farmers' purchase agreement for deep well pumps 23

can afford to pay to get a pump installation having a smaller power
input. (See p. 42.)

Size of Motor. — As previously explained, the 'input to meter'
includes motor losses. The rating of the motor will therefore in most
instances be less than the inputs given in contract section 7. (See
table 2, p. 34.) While the ordinary induction motor operates satis-
factorily with considerable overload, some of the recently designed
'self -start' or 'auto-start' type have starting characteristics not well
adapted to overload conditions, especially if the line voltage is low.
For this type of motor, the maximum horsepower input at meter
should not be more than 20 per cent in excess of the rating of the
motor. Induction motors which are started by means of compensators
will as a rule safely carry loads which require inputs, measured at
meter, 30 per cent in excess of the nominal motor rating for sizes
up to 50 H.P.

Performance at Other Points than Normal. — Three guarantees of
performance at points other than normal are provided in the contract.
These must be filled out completely. They show how the pump will
perform if operated under conditions other than those anticipated for
normal. If the exact draw-down is not known, the head may fall on
or near some of the other points. The data given in this section
permit the buyer to know the performance under such conditions,
and to compel the seller to deliver a quantity of water corresponding
to the actual head with a guaranteed power input. The contract also
provides that additional guaranteed points be given, if the buyer
deems them necessary. Where the water table is falling rapidly, it
may be advisable for him to require guaranteed quanitites and
inputs for conditions as high as 30 per cent above the normal head.
Also, when water is delivered to several different levels of land, these
other points, corresponding to the total head involved, should be
specified. Likewise, where the total head is small (75 feet or less)
then a wide range should be covered in the guarantee, at least from
10 per cent below to 30 per cent above normal.

Shut-off Head. — The quantity of water discharged by pumps of
the centrifugal type driven at a constant speed decreases as the head
increases. It is evident then that if the head is increased sufficiently
a point will eventually be reached at which no water will be dis-
charged. This is known as the 'shut-off,' 'throttle,' or 'static' head
of the pump.

Where the water table is unstable, the performance under con-
ditions other than those termed normal should be given careful

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION

consideration. If possible, the pump should be selected so that its
performance after two or three years, with a changed water table,
will be satisfactory. If the water table is lowering, it is advisable
to choose a pump which performs best with a total head somewhat
greater than that which at present obtains. It should also be borne
in mind that as the head increases (water table lowers), the quantity
of water decreases.

Comparison of Pump Performances. — Pump performances for
different heads and discharges can be readily compared by multiplying
the head by the discharge and then dividing the product by the corre-
sponding maximum required power input. In each case, the pump
performance is best for the point having the greatest quotient. The
following example illustrates the method. In section 7, page 10, the
contract between Mr. Jones and the Deep Well Pump Company stated,
in part, the following :

10 per cent above normal

Normal

10 per cent below normal

Head
in feet

Quantity
g.p.m.

440
500
550

Maximum
H.P. input

17.16
17.39
17.83

Comparison of performance is made as follows :

10 per cent above = — =2,256

Normal

17.16

80X500

17.39

= 2,300

10 per cent below = 72X550 =2,221
17.83

The best performance is indicated by the greatest quotient, which
in this case is at normal. This method can also be used to compare
performances of different pumps.

Section 8

Terms of Payment. — As the terms of payment are plainly set forth,
little comment is required on section 8. The first payment is to be
made when the buyer signs the contract. The second payment
normally becomes due after completion of the installation, and the
third after the machinery meets the guaranteed performance, and at
such time as is mutually agreed upon. The cost of any extra work
not specifically covered by the agreement is in addition to the contract
price. (See contract, section 10 and section 13.)

Bul. 448]

Section 9

Installation of Pump. — Two methods of purchase are provided :
one specifies delivery at the factory or f.o.b. rail destination, in which
case installation is made by the buyer (contract section 9- A) ; the
other includes the installation (contract section 9-B). Because of the
risks involved — such as accidents to men and machinery — for which
the buyer is responsible under the first method, it is ordinarily better
to purchase the pump under conditions in 9-B.

The blanks provided in section 9-B should be so filled in as to
definitely locate the well in which the pump is to be installed. If
the buyer does not wish to take advantage of the provisions which
permit him to furnish certain items of material and labor for the
installation of the pump and thereby reduce the price to him, he
may strike out any or all of the items listed in section 9-B under ' ' the
buyer is to furnish."

Section 10

Factory and Field Tests. — A choice between two methods of check-
ing the pump performance is provided: a factory test under option
"A" or a field test under option "B." Which should be chosen is
a matter for individual consideration. If the pump setting (depth
to bowls) is not more than 100 feet and the well is not easily accessible
for field test, it may be advisable to have a factory test. Should such
a test be chosen, care should be taken to indicate, in the space pro-
vided, the amount of notice required. The cost of a factory test will
almost always be borne by the buyer, since the seller usually has no
trouble in selecting a pump which will meet his guarantee. In fact,
he will probably have several from which to select. As factory test
conditions are somewhat more favorable to the seller than those of a
field test, the latter option should usually be chosen.

The selection of option "B" does not mean that a test will be
made, but that the buyer has the opportunity to require the test if
he believes the pump does not meet the guarantee. A preliminary
test may be made by either the buyer or the seller to determine how
the pump is operating. If, as a result of his check, the buyer believes
that the pump is not meeting the performance guarantee, he may
demand, within a ten-day period following notification by the seller
that the pump is ready for operation, a test by some engineer pre-
viously agreed upon by both buyer and seller.

26 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION

Meeting the Cost of the Test. — The findings of the engineer are
binding upon both parties. If he finds that the pump is meeting the
guarantee, then the cost of the test is to be paid by the buyer, and is
in addition to the contract price of the pump. If the pump fails to
meet the guarantee, the cost of the test is to be paid by the seller.

Seller's Option in Case of Failure. — The seller, however, has the
option of bringing the plant up to the guaranteed performance, or
refunding all money paid by the buyer and removing the pump. In
some instances it will be more satisfactory to both buyer and seller
to agree upon an adjustment in the sale price to offset the loss to the
buyer due to poor performance.

Selection of the Testing Engineer. — If the field test is chosen, the
buyer should be sure that the name of the testing engineer and the
price of the test are given in this paragraph. This section further
provides that if the engineer selected at the time of the writing of the
contract is not available to perform the test when desired, the buyer
must, within five days after receiving notice from the seller, name
another engineer to perform the test. An accredited list of testing
engineers will be furnished by the seller to assist the purchaser in
making his selection.

Section 11

Air, Gas, or Sand in Water. — Section 11 specifies certain conditions
which void the performance guarantee, as, for example, excessive wear
due to pumping sand prior to test. Such wear may occur if the well
has not been developed before the pump is installed. Great care then
should be taken in developing a well with a new pump, for sand,
especially if fine and sharp, will grind the pump runners, thus causing
excessive leakage. In such event, the seller cannot be held responsible.
If sand or other foreign material is present, the seller has the right
to require that the pump be withdrawn to determine whether it has
worn the pump runner excessively. Developing wells with new pumps
should be avoided if possible.

Air and gas, even in small quantities, may adversely effect pump
performance, and if there is an appreciable quantity of either in the
water, the testing engineer may, under the contract, declare the guar-
antee met, regardless of performance. If air or gas is known to be
present in the water, it is advisable for the buyer so to inform bidders
and to request bids from them on this basis, properly modifying the
wording of the contract in regard thereto.

Excessive quantities of foreign material, such as sand, might also
affect the pump performance by causing a change in density.

BUL. 448] FARMERS' PURCHASE AGREEMENT FOR DEEP WELL PUMPS 27

The Decision of the Testing Engineer is Final. — The judgment of
the testing engineer is final relative to the effect of gas, air, or foreign
material upon pump performance. The contract also states that the
guarantee shall be considered as met if the well is sufficiently crooked
to interfere with the operation of the pump.

Well Must Have Sufficient Water. — The agreement provides that
if there is sufficient water in the well to test the pump at any point
within the range specified, then the guarantee is in force, otherwise
it is considered as met. The pump performance guarantee is based
upon the condition that the bottom pump bowl shall at all times be
under water. If, for example, in the case of Mr. Jones (see section 7,
p. 10), the well will not deliver at least 250 g.p.m., it is obvious that
the pump cannot be tested in accordance with the guarantee; the
pump then must be accepted as installed. Although every precaution
has been taken to protect the buyer in this connection, only by having
the well tested can he be sure that the pump will fit his requirements.
However, in many cases it is advisable to go ahead without a well test
if water conditions are fairly well established in the territory. It
costs little more to change the pump, if necessary, than to test the
well.

The entire agreement is based upon the assumption that the buyer
is responsible for the condition of the well and the seller for the pump
and general installation of equipment.

Section 12

Section 12, which is standard in most machinery contracts, pro-
vides for renewal of defective parts. It is self-explanatory.

Section 13

Section 13 deals with the ownership of the pump equipment prior
to the final payment for the pump and for any extras furnished under
this agreement.

Section 14

Insurance to be Taken Out by the Buyer. — The contract provides
that after the pump has been delivered and until it is fully paid for,
the buyer shall be responsible for any loss or damage to it. The point
of delivery, in case installation is made by the buyer, is that given in
contract section 9-A ; in case installation is made by the seller, then it

28 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION

becomes the well location given in contract section 9-B. The buyer
is responsible for any losses or damage due to fire, theft, weather,
etc., after delivery is made, whether the pump is installed or not.

Section 15

This section, which is found in almost all machinery contracts,
requires no explanation.

Section 16

Delays in Delivery. — Section 16, which is also common to most
machinery contracts, frees the seller from responsibility for delays
over which he has no control. Should the buyer decide that he cannot
afford to wait until delivery can be made by the seller, however, he
should give the latter notice to that effect in writing, retaining a copy
of his letter. This privilege is extended regardless of what occasioned
the delay. If the delay in delivery is one over which the seller has
control, then the buyer may refuse to accept the equipment and may
start civil action. "Voluntary receipt of the machinery" is a waiver
of all damage claims.

Section 17

Consequential Damages. — Most machinery contracts contain clauses
similar to those in section 17 which provides that the seller is not
responsible for consequential damages. The seller is authorized in
this clause to make all necessary changes which may be required for
the installation of the pump, unless permission is specifically denied
by the buyer. In order to avoid delays and to protect his interests, the
buyer should be present during the installation of the pump. He has
the right to prohibit any work which may injure the well. It is
important that the buyer keep in close touch with the installation
of the pump, since consequential damages are specifically waived
by him.

This section further provides that, in case defects in the well make
it impossible to install the pump, the buyer must pay the seller only
for time, material, and other costs incurred in attempting installation.

Place of Court Action. — In case of court action, it is agreed that
suits brought by the buyer shall be instituted in the county in which
the seller has his principal office in California. Vice versa, those
brought by the seller against the buyer must be instituted in the
county where the well is located, or the county where the buyer lists
his address in the agreement.

BUL. 448] FARMERS' PURCHASE AGREEMENT FOR DEEP WELL PUMPS 29

Oral Agreements Not Binding. — The written agreement takes
precedence over all oral promises made prior to or subsequent to it.
It is the contract, and cannot be changed except by mutual agreement
in writing.

Approval of Contract. — The agreement does not become binding
until approved by an authorized officer of the seller ; the signature of
the salesman does not bind the seller. If, after signing and delivering

Tig. 3. — A deep well pump discharging into a concrete pipe line. The center
section of the roof can be removed if it becomes necessary to pull the pump. The
overhead discharge pipe is poor construction; a horizontal discharge direct to the
standpipe should be used.

the agreement to the seller or his representative, the buyer does not
receive a copy approved by the seller within a reasonable time, he
may notify the latter by telegram or by letter that his approval of
the contract is withdrawn. This notice permits the buyer then to
make other arrangements and protect himself against delays in secur-
ing the pump.

30 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION

APPENDIX

How to Determine the Depth to Water

Electric-Sounder Method. — Two methods are commonly used to
determine the depth to water in a well. In one, known as the electric-
sounder method, it is found by lowering inside of the well casing a
weighted, insulated wire, only the tip end of which is exposed.
Although the tip itself is so protected with insulation that it cannot
come in contact with the pump column or well casing, it closes an
electric circuit through the wire when it touches the water. A bell
placed in the circuit rings as soon as the water is reached. Electric
energy is usually supplied by means of a magneto. The electric
sounder method is reliable only if no water falls into the well from
strata above the pumping level.

Air-line Method. — A more satisfactory method of determining water
level involves the use of an air line of known vertical length and a
pressure gauge. The former is installed with the pump, should have
sufficient length to reach about twenty feet beyond the lowest antici-
pated water level in the well in order to assure more reliable gauge
readings, and preferably should not be attached to the column or
bowls. An air-pressure gauge indicates the pressure in the air line.
When air is forced into the line by means of a bicycle or automobile
tire pump the gauge pressure increases until all the water has been
expelled. When this point is reached the gauge reading becomes
constant. The maximum maintained air pressure recorded by the
gauge is equivalent to that necessary to support a column of water
of the same height as that forced out of the air line. The length of
this water column is equal to the amount of air line submerged and
may readily be determined from the following formula:

Length of air line submerged = 2.31 X maximum gauge reading in pounds
per square inch.

The exact distance from the center of gauge to the water level in
the well is found by subtracting the length submerged from the total
vertical distance between the center of the gauge and the bottom
of the air line. The following example illustrates the method.

If the vertical length of air line is 95 feet,

and the maximum maintained air pressure is 16.5 pounds,

then the depth to water is 95— (16.5 X 2.31) = 56.88 feet

below center of gauge.

BUL. 448] FARMERS' PURCHASE AGREEMENT FOR DEEP WELL PUMPS 31

The same answer could have been obtained by interpolating in
table 1. Thus : for an air line 95 feet long, the distance to water with
16 pounds of air pressure is 58.04 feet, and with 17 pounds is 55.73
feet. Therefore, for 16.5 pounds, it is 56.88 feet.

TABLE 1
Depth to Water, Determined from Air-Line Pres sure-Gauge Eeadings

Length

Maximum maintained air pressure, r«

gistered by gauge, in pounds

air line,
in feet

Depth to water

in feet

7.69

5.38

3.07

0.76

8.69

6.38

4.07

1.76

9.69

7.38

5.07

2.76

0.45

10.69

8.38

6.07

3.76

1.45

11.69

9.38

7.07

4.76

2.45

0.14

12.69

10.38

8.07

5.76

3.45

1.14

13.69

11.38

9.07

6.76

4.45

2.14

14.69

12.38

10.07

7.76

5.45

3.14

0.83

15.69

13.38

11.07

8.76

6.45

4.14

1.83

16.69

14.38

12.07

9.76

7.45

5.14

2.83

0.52

17.69

15.38

13.07

10.76

8.45

6.14

3.83

1.52

22.69

20.38

18.07

15.76

13.45

11.14

8.83

6.52

4.21

1.90

27.69

25.38

23.07

20.76

18.45

16.14

13.83

11.52

9.21

6.90

4.59

2.28

32.69

30.38

28.07

25.76

23.45

21.14

18.83

16.52

14.21

11.90

9.59

7.28

4.97

37.69

35.38

33.07

30.76

28.45

26.14

23.83

21.52

19.21

16.90

14.59

12.28

9.97

42.69

40.38

38.07

35.76

33.45

31.14

2883

26.52

24.21

21.90

19.59

17.28

14.97

47.69

45.38

43.07

40.76

38.45

36.14

33.83

31.52

29.21

26.90

24.59

22.28

19.97

52.69

50.38

48.07

45.76

43.45

41.14

38.83

36.52

34.21

31.90

29.59

27.28

24.97

57.69

55.38

53.07

50.76

48.45

46.14

43.83

41.52

39.21

36.90

34.59

32.28

29.97

62.69

60.38

58.07

55.76

53.45

51.14

48.83

46.52

44.21

41.90

39.59

37.28

34.97

67.69

65.38

63.07

60.76

58.45

56.14

53.83

51.52

49.21

46.90

44.59

42.28

39.97

72.69

70.38

68.07

65.76

63.45

61.14

58.83

56.52

54.21

51.90

49.59

47.28

44.97

77.69

75.38

73.07

70.76

68.45

66.14

63.83

61.52

59.21

56.90

54.59

52.28

49.97

82.69

80.38

78.07

75.76

73.45

71.14

68.83

66.52

64.21

61.90

59.59

57.28

54.97

87.69

85.38

83.07

80.76

78.45

76.14

73.83

71.52

69.21

66.90

64.59

62.28

59.97

92.69

90.38

88.07

85.76

83.45

81.14

78.83

76.52

74.21

71.90

69.59

67.28

64.97

100

97.69

95.38

93.07

90.76

88.45

86.14

83.83

81.52

79.21

76.90

74.59

72.28

69.97

110

107.69

105.38

103.07

100.76

98.45

96.14

93.83

91.52

89.21

86.90

84.59

82.28

79.97

120

117.69

115.38

113.07

110.76

108.45

106.14

103.83

101.52

99.21

96.90

94.59

92 28

89.97

130

127.69

125.38

123.07

120.76

118.45

116.14

113.83

111.52

109.21

106.90

104.59

102.28

99.97

140

137.69

135.38

133.07

130.76

128.45

126.14

123.83

121.52

119.21

116.90

114.59

112 28

109.97

150

147.69

145.38

143.07

140.76

138.45

136.14

133.83

131.52

129.21

126.90

124.59

122.28

119.97

160

157.69

155.38

153.07

150.76

148.45

146.14

143.83

141.52

139.21

136.90

134.59

132 28

129.97

170

167.69

165.38

163.07

160.76

158.45

156.14

153.83

151.52

149.21

146.90

144 59

142.28

139.97

180

177.69

175.38

173.07

170.76

168.45

166.14

163.83

161.52

159.21

156.90

154.59

152.28

149.97

190

187.69

185.38

183.07

180.76

178.45

176.14

173.83

171.52

169.21

166.90

164.59

162.28

15997

200

197.69

195.38

193.07

190.76

188.45

186.14

183.83

181.52

179.21

176.90

174.59

172.28

169.97

220

217.69

215.38

213.07

210.76

208.45

206.14

203.83

201.52

199.21

196.90

194.59

192.28

189.97

240

237.69

235.38

233.07

230.76

228.45

226.14

223.83

221.52

219.21

216.90

214.59

212.28

209.97

260

[257.69

255.38

253.07

250.76

248.45

246.14

243.83

241.52

239.21

236.90

234.59

232.28

229.97

280

277.69

275.38

273.07

270.76

268.45

266.14

263.83

261.52

259.21

256.90

254.59

252.28

249.97

300

297.69

295.38

293.07

290.76

288.45

286.14

283.83

281.52

279.21

276.90

274.59

272.28

269.97

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION

TABLE 1— (Continued)

Length

Maximum maintained air pressure, registered by gauge, in pounds

air line,

in feet

10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Depth

to water

in feet

17
18
19
20

25
30
35

2.66

0.35

7.66

5.35

3.04

0.73

12.66

10.35

8.04

5.73

3.42

1.11

17.66

15.35

13.04

10.73

8.42

6.11

3.80

22.66

20.35

18.04

15.73

13.42

11.11

27.66

25.35

23.04

20.73

18.42

16.11

2.25

32.66

30.35

28.04

25.73

23.42

21.11

7.25

37.66

35.35

33.04

30.73

28.42

26.11

12.25

0.70

42.66

40.35

38.04

35.73

33.42

31.11

17.25

5.70

47.66

45.35

43.04

40.73

38.42

36.11

22.25

10.70

52.66

50.35

48.04

45.73

43.42

41.11

2725

15.70

4.15

57.66

55.35

53.04

50.73

4842

46.11

32.25

20.70

9.15

62.66

60.35

58.04

55.73

53.42

51.11

37.25

25.70

14.15

2.60

100

67.66

65.35

63.04

60.73

58.42

56.11

42.25

30.70

19.15

7.60

110

77.66

75.35

73.04

70.73

68.42

66.11

52.25

40.70

29.15

17.60

6.05

120

87.66

85.35

83.04

80.73

78.42

76.11

62.25

50.70

39.15

27.60

16.05

4.50

130

97.66

95.35

93.04

9073

88.42

86.11

72.25

60.70

49.15

37.60

26 05

14.50

140

107.66

105.35

103.04

100:73

98.42

96.11

82.25

70.70

59.15

47.60

36.05

24.50

150

117.66

115.35

113.04

110.73

108.42

106.11

103

92.25

80.70

69.15

57.60

46.05

34.50

160

127.66

125.35

123.04

120.73

118.42

116.11

113

102.25

90.70

79.15

67.60

56.05

44.50

170

137.66

135.35

133.04

130 73

128.42

126.11

123

112.25

100.70

89.15

77.60

66.05

54.50

180

147.66

145.35

143.04

140.73

138.42

136.11

133

122.25

110.70

99.15

87.60

76.05

64.50

190

157.66

155 35

153.04

150.73

148.42

146.11

143

132.25

120.70

109.15

97.60

86 05

74.50

200

167.66

165.35

163.04

160.73

158.42

156.11

153

142.25

130.70

119.15

107.60

96.05

84.50

220

187.66

185.35

183 04

180.73

178.42

176.11

173

162.25

150.70

139.15

127.60

116.05

104.50

240

207.66

205 35

203.04

200 73

198.42

196.11

193

182.25

170.70

159.15

147.60

136.05

124 50

260

227.66

225.35

223.04

220.73

218.42

216.11

213

202.25

190.70

179.15

167.60

156 05

144.50

280

247.66

245.35

243.04

240 73

238.42

236.11

233

222.25

210.70

199.15

187.60

176.05

164.50

300

267 66

265.35

263 04

260.73

258.42

256.11

253

242.25

230.70

219.15

207.60

196 05

184.50

Bul. 448] FARMERS' PURCHASE AGREEMENT FOR DEEP WELL PUMPS 33

In using an air line for measuring depth to water, the following
precautions should be observed :

1. The air line should be tight. A leaky line is readily detected,
as the pressure cannot be maintained at any point. If the leak is not
excessive, it is sometimes possible, by fast pumping, to obtain fairly
reliable readings of maximum pressure.

2. The air pressure gauge must be accurate.

3. The exact vertical length of air line must be known.

4. The air line should extend at least twenty feet below the water
level in the well at the maximum draw down and at least 5 feet below
the end of the suction pipe, in order to insure accurate gauge readings.

The air line should be installed independently of the pump in
order to facilitate its removal in case a leak develops. It is not always
possible to do so, however, if the bowls are of approximately the same
outside diameter as the inside of the well casing.

Safe Size of Motor

An electric motor is rated by the horsepower available at the
pulley, but, because of losses within the motor itself, this is always
less than the electric power input indicated at the meter.

Table 2 is furnished only as a guide to the selection of a motor of
proper size. Slight variations for different makes and types may
be expected. The table is based on usual design and provides for a
continuous overload of about 10 per cent. Greater continuous over-
loads than this will cause the motor to run hot and the windings to
deteriorate rapidly. While a well loaded motor is more economical to
operate from the standpoint of power cost, the abuse to equipment
caused by overloading is often more expensive than a larger motor
would be. Repairs and delays are likewise costly. Each motor has
its own safe load and, if forced to carry more, may be seriously
damaged.

The following table can be used in checking motor specifications
in contract section 3.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION

TABLE 2

Safe Stze of Induction Motor for Various Maximum Inputs

Measured at Meter

(Based on 10 per cent continuous overload.)

Nominal

H.P. rating

motor

Maximum

H.P. input

measured at

meter

4.0

6.5

7.5

9.0

13.0

19.3

25.3

31.3

37.5

50.0

62.5

75.0

92.5

100

123.0

125

152.0

150

180.0

175

210.0

200

240.0

Maximum Horsepower Inputs Measured at Meter for Various
Heads and Discharges

Table 3 may be used to check guarantees submitted, as well as to
assist in the design of a pumping-plant installation. For example, a
pump that delivers 700 g.p.m. against a head of 125 feet will require
about 37.5 H.P. input measured at the meter. A reference to table 2
shows that this can be carried by a 30 H.P. motor. Obviously, the
pump performance will be different for every installation; it is pos-
sible, therefore, to give only approximate values which correspond to
good average performance.

Factors Affecting Head

The total pumping head, when pumping into a stand pipe of an
irrigation system, is, for practical purposes, made up of the following
factors :

1. Head below Ground. — The vertical distance from the water
level in the well, while pumping, to the surface of the ground at the
well. This head is sometimes called the pumping lift. It can be deter-
mined accurately by one of the methods outlined on page 30 of the
Appendix.

BUL. 448] FARMERS' PURCHASE AGREEMENT FOR DEEP WELL PUMPS 35

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36 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION

2. Head above Ground. — As given in case a or case b below.

Case a. Discharge of Irrigation Line Higher Than Ground Level
at the Well : The head above ground is equal to the vertical distance
between the ground level at the well and the point where water is
discharged from the irrigation system, plus friction-head losses in the
irrigation line expressed in feet of head.

Case b. Discharge of Irrigation Line Lower Than Ground Level
at the Well : The head above ground is equal to the friction losses in
the irrigation pipe line, expressed in feet of head, minus the difference
in elevation (vertical distance) between the ground at the well and
the point where water is discharged from the irrigation system. If
the difference in elevation is equal to or greater than the friction-head
losses in the irrigation pipe line, then the entire additional head above
ground should be disregarded.

The head above ground included in (2) and defined in case a and
case b, is comprised of two elements : first, the difference in elevation
between the ground level at the well and the point in the irrigation
system where water is discharged (the maximum head should be
taken) ; and, second, the friction head in the irrigation line, which is
the head required to overcome friction losses in the pipe when dis-
charging the desired quantity of water.

There are, theoretically, other small losses, but these are practically
negligible when a pump discharges directly into an irrigation system,
and so are not given consideration here.

The Use of the Table. — The head required to force various quan-
tities of water through concrete pipe lines (friction head) is given in
table 4. 9 When this table is used, factors of safety should be applied,
varying from 5 to 15 per cent, depending upon the importance of
obtaining the total amount of water desired at the end of the line,
the penalty for shortages, the condition of the pipe and joints, and
the characteristics of the water carried, allowances being made for
silting of the pipe if the water is dirty.

A 10 per cent factor of safety is usually an adequate allowance for
such contingencies.

The use of the table is readily apparent from the following example
which corresponds to conditions outlined above under case a.

9 Adapted from : Scobey, Fred C, et al. The flow of water in concrete pipe.
U. S. Dept. Agr., Dept. Bui. 852: 1-54. 1920.

BUL. 448] farmers' purchase agreement for deep well pumps 37

Problem: Determine the total pumping head necessary to deliver
980 g.p.m. through a 12-inch concrete pipe line 2000 feet long. The
discharge end of the pipe line is 10 feet higher than the ground at
the well, and the distance below ground to water in the well, while
pumping is 100 feet.

1. Head ~below ground (lift in well) 100.00 feet

2. Head above ground:

Vertical lift above ground level at well 10.00 feet

Friction loss in irrigation pipe line 8.65 feet

(This friction loss is obtained from Table 4.)
Allowing a safety factor of 10 per cent, the quantity of
water to be considered will be

980 X 1.10 = 1078 g.p.m.
The nearest quantity to this in the table is 1089 g.p.m.,
which shows a friction loss of 4.37 feet for 1000 feet of
12-inch pipe. The loss then for 2000 ft. of pipe will be

1078
2X -1089- X4 - 37 = 8 - 65

3. Total pumping head 118.65 feet

Had the discharge of the irrigation line been 10 feet lower than
the ground at the well, then the total pumping head would have been
100 feet, since the pipe losses (8.65 feet) minus the difference in
elevation between the ground at the well and the point of discharge
in the irrigation system (10 feet) gives a negative quantity. In other
words, the slope of the ground from the well to the point of discharge
is more than sufficient to overcome friction losses in the pipe.

Effect of Low Voltage and Frequency on Pump Performance. —
The effect of a change of frequency in the power supply upon pump
capacity is usually marked, if the change is appreciable. The speed
of an induction motor varies in almost direct ratio to the frequency
of the alternating-current supply. The standard frequency in most
of California is 60 cycles. In the southern part of the state, however,
a large area is served with 50-cycle power.

If the frequency drops from 60 to 55 cycles because of a power-
system disturbance, then the speed of an induction motor running at
1160 r.p.m. will drop to about 1060 r.p.m. Such a change, which
would materially lower the discharge of a deep well pump, can be
detected readily by means of a revolution counter. The capacity of
the pump will usually decrease to a much greater extent than the
proportional change in speed would indicate.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION

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BUL. 448] FARMERS' PURCHASE AGREEMENT FOR DEEP WELL PUMPS 39

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40 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION

Low voltage will also cause a slight reduction in the speed of an
induction motor and consequently a decrease in pump capacity. It
does not ordinarily cause much reduction in pump capacity, however,
if the voltage is not less than 10 per cent below normal.

Table 5 gives the results of several tests of centrifugal type of
deep well turbine pumps driven by direct-connected induction motors.
The report on these tests 10 states :

Based on tests made, voltage in excess of normal has a very slight effect upon
the speed of the motor; probably produces less than 1 per cent increase in speed
for 10 per cent increase above normal voltage. It is also true that voltage below
normal does not greatly affect the speed of the motor. For voltage drops to 30
per cent below normal, the drop in speed will not likely exceed 1 per cent for
each 10 per cent drop in voltage with constant torque on motor. The speed of an
induction motor equals the synchronous speed less the slip. Theoretically the slip
varies inversely as the square of the voltage for constant torque

Other factors remaining constant, low voltage of itself has a very slight effect
upon the capacity of a pump. The capacity of a pump is affected by the speed
at which it is driven. The actual change in capacity of a centrifugal-type pump
due to changes in speed is the composite of two factors. First, the discharge
varies directly as the speed; second, the head varies as the square of the speed.
Since in irrigation practice, the static head (total head minus all friction-head
losses) for any pump is practically fixed, any change in speed reduces the effective
head available to overcome velocity and friction heads, consequently deep well
'centrifugal' turbine pump capacities are quite sensitive to speed changes

Each well and pump has its own characteristics, and it is impossible to predict
the effect of speed changes in one installation upon results obtained in another.
It is safe to state, however, that generally the drop in capacity will exceed the
square of the drop in the speed of the pump. Also, that under usual conditions
no reduction in voltage which will not seriously over-heat a normally full loaded
motor continuously operated will reduce the capacity of the pump more than
10 per cent with likely an average of 5 per cent.

If the total head against which the pump operates is known to
be constant, if the pump bowls are submerged, and if the speed of
the pump has not changed, then any material decrease in pump
delivery may be attributed to a falling off in performance, and the
pump should be overhauled. If, however, the speed has been reduced
below normal, the falling-off in delivery is due in part, at least, to
this cause.

By taking the speed of the pump, the power input, the discharge,
and the head, at least twice each season, the cause of any change in
delivery can readily be traced to its source, and proper means taken
to correct it.

] o The tests were conducted by L. S. Wing in cooperation with representatives
of the California Kailroad Commission and the San Joaquin Light and Power
Corporation (typewritten report).

BUL. 448] FARMERS' PURCHASE AGREEMENT FOR DEEP WELL PUMPS 41

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42 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION

With deep well pumps, an increase in head usually causes a
decrease in capacity, if the speed of the pump remains constant. Some
fluctuation in capacity as a result of changed water table usually takes
place throughout the pumping season.

Laws Governing C enirifugal-type Pumps. — Although centrifugal
pump design has not attained the precision of an exact science, it is
possible to predict within close limits the performance of a pump
over a limited range, if its performance under any given set of con-
ditions is known. The laws governing these changes are as follows:

1. Capacity varies directly as the pump speed.

2. Available pumping head varies as the square of the speed.

3. Power required to drive the pump varies as the cube of the

speed.

From these it follows that a reduction in the speed of the pump
does not materially change the cost of pumping, as a rule, since the
power requirements fall off rapidly, but it does take longer to pump
the same quantity of water.

Method of Computing Power Costs

1. Estimate the number of hours the plant will operate annually.

5430 X acre-feet applied

Hours plant operates annually = ^

r r J g.p-m. of pump

2. Multiply the hours of operation estimated in (1) by the "maxi-

mum required H.P. at meter," as given in the guarantee,
section 7, of the contract for "normal."

3. Multiply the product obtained in (2) by the conversion factor,

0.746, to convert horsepower hours to kilowatt hours.

4. Compute the cost of the kilowatt hours in (3) in accordance

with the agricultural power schedule effective in the territory
where the pump is located.

The application of the above method to the case of Mr. Jones will
illustrate the proper procedure.

Mr. Jones has 40 acres of land which may be assumed to require

on the average 3 acre-feet of water to the acre. During each year,

then, he will have to pump 40 X 3, or 120-acre feet of water. Based

on this amount of water to be pumped and the guaranteed delivery

of 500 g.p.m. at "normal" given in section 7 of the contract, the

plant will be operated :

5,430 x 120
(1) ■ ^ttx = 1,303.2 hours annually.

BUL. 448] FARMERS' PURCHASE AGREEMENT FOR DEEP WELL PUMPS 43

The required input measured at the meter, corresponding to
"normal" is 17.39 H.P.; therefore,

(2) 1,303 X 17.39 = 22,659 H.P. hours.

Converting horsepower hours to kilowatt hours gives :

(3) 22,659 X 0.746 = 16,904 kw.-hrs.

The next step is to determine the cost of this power under the
agricultural schedule of the company which serves this territory.
The size of motor furnished is given in section 3 of the contract as
15 H.P., and the agricultural power schedule which is applicable reads
in part as follows :

Annual consumption

Rates per kw.-hr. for connected loads of

per H.P.

1 to 4 H.P.

cents

5 to 14 H.P.

cents

15 to 49 H.P.

cents

50 to 99 H.P.

cents

First 1,000 kw.-hr

15
0.9
0.7
6

$7.00

1.4
0.9
0.7
0.6

$6.00

0.9

• 0.7

0.6

$5.00

1.35

Next 1,000 kw.-hr

0.9

Next 1,000 kw.-hr

0.7

All over 3,000 kw.-hr

0.6

Annual demand charge per H.P. of con-
nected load

$4.50

The total rate is the sum of the demand and energy charge.

(4) The annual demand charge for a 15 H.P. motor is: 15 X 5.00 = $75.00
The energy charge for 16,904 kw.-hrs. is: 15,000 at 1.4 cents = 210.00

1,904 at 0.9 cents = 17.14

Total annual power cost for 16,904 kw.-hrs. =

$302.14

Let us now determine the cost of power to Mr. Jones, assuming
that he had contracted for a pumping installation which has a power
input at the meter for "normal" head, of 18.25 H.P. instead of 17.39.

The increase in kilowatt hours consumed annually will be in
proportion to the increase in demand, viz :

18.25

17.39

= 1.0494 times as much.

Therefore, an installation with a demand of 18.25 H.P. will use
annually, to pump the same amount of water as previously estimated,
1.0494 X 16,904 = 17,739 kw.-hrs. The cost of this amount of energy
under the above schedule may be estimated as follows :

The demand charge for 15 H.P. motor is 15 X 5.00 = $75.00

The energy charge for 17,739 kw.-hrs. is:

15,000 kw.-hrs. at 1.4 cents = 210.00
2,739 kw.-hrs. at 0.9 cents = 24.65

Total annual power cost for 17,739 kw. hrs $309.65

44 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION

The increase in power cost is ($309.65 — 302.14) $7.51 a year or
2.48 per cent, although the increase in annual consumption, as shown
above, is 4.94 per cent. Under practically all agricultural power
schedules now in effect, any increase in consumption results in a
smaller increase in the total bill. This fact should be considered in
comparing installations.

Definitions of Terms and Units

An acre-foot is the amount of water required to cover one acre of
land one foot deep. It is equivalent to 43,560 cubic feet or 325,851
gallons. Two acre-feet in 24 hours is approximately equal to 448
gallons per minute, or 1 cubic foot per second.

The air line is the pipe, usually one-quarter inch, used to measure
the distance to water. It extends from a pressure gauge at the top
of the well, down into the water.

The bowl is the outside shell of a centrifugal or turbine pump.
The bowl, spoken of as a unit, includes the entire assembly of shell
and runner.

The casing is the pipe placed in a well to keep it open. It is
usually made of lighter material than standard pipe of the same
nominal size. The size of screw casing is always designated by outside
diameter, and stovepipe and single-rivetted casing by inside diameter.

A centrifugal pump is one in which the working pressure is created
by a runner which rotates in a shell. Water enters at the center of
the pump and is discharged at the outer circumference. If there is
only one runner and shell, the pump is known as a single-stage ; if
more, a two, three, four-stage, etc.

The column is the vertical pipe through which the pump delivers
water to the surface of the ground. (See fig. 2, p. 17.)

A compensator is a device for reducing voltage. It is used while
starting motors to prevent excessive current in the windings.

A deep well pump is one that is designed to operate in a bored or
drilled well. It may be a centrifugal, screw, or plunger type.

The rate of discharge or capacity of a pump is commonly expressed
in cubic feet per second or in gallons per minute. A cubic foot of
water weighs 62.3 lb. and is the equivalent of 7.48 gallons. A gallon
contains 231 cubic inches.

Draw-down is the difference in feet between the depth to water
in the well before pumping and while pumping.

The efficiency of a machine is the ratio between the output and
the input, or the power delivered by the machine to the power required
to run it. The efficiency of an electric motor is found by dividing the
horsepower obtained at the pulley by the electrical horsepower de-
livered to the terminals. For an internal combustion engine, it is the
horsepower at the pulley divided by the equivalent horsepower in fuel

BUL. 448] FARMERS' PURCHASE AGREEMENT FOR DEEP WELL PUMPS 45

used. In a pump it is the theoretical horsepower equivalent of the
water delivered at the working head or pressure, divided by the power
required to drive the pump (see horsepower). If a pump is direct-
connected to an electric motor the efficiency of the combination is the
efficiency of the motor multiplied by the efficiency of the pump.
Efficiency is always expressed in per cent.

When water runs through pipes or conduits, resistance is offered
to its flow. The height of the column of water that would be required
to overcome this resistance is termed friction head and is usually
expressed in feet. The friction head for any particular size and kind
of pipe is directly proportional to its length.

A pressure or Bourdon gauge is an instrument for measuring
pressure and is generally calibrated in pounds per square inch. In
order to change pressure into head expressed in feet of water, it is
necessary to multiply the number of pounds per square inch by 2.31.

Head is the water-column equivalent of pressure. It is usually
expressed in feet. (See gauge, friction head, throttle head, static
head.)

Horsepower is a measure of the rate of doing work. One horse-
power is required to raise a weight of 33,000 pounds at the rate of
one foot a minute. The theoretical horsepower to pump water can
be found by multiplying the head in feet by the quantity in gallons
per minute and dividing by 3,960. The theoretical horsepower divided
by the efficiency of the pump gives the actual horsepower required at
the pump shaft. One horsepower is the equivalent of 746 watts or
0.746 kilowatts.

Horsepower hour is a measure of the amount of energy consumed.
It is equivalent to the application of one horsepower for one hour and
equals 0.746 of a kilowatt hour.

Kilowatt is a measure of the rate of doing work. (See horsepower,
and watt.)

Static level is the distance below the ground surface, expressed in
feet, to the water in the well when the pump is not running. (See
fig. 2.) Pumping level is the distance below the ground surface,
expressed in feet, to the water in the well while the pump is running.

(See fig. 2.)

Priming. — The act of filling the cylinders or bowls of a pump with
water is known as 'priming.' Pumps that are below the water level
are self -priming ; those that are above are primed either by filling the
pump from a supplementary supply at the top of the well or by
exhausting the air from the pump, thus causing the water to flow
from the well up into the boAvl.

The pump head is the top of a pump (see fig. 2), which supports
the column and pump.

The runner of a centrifugal or turbine type pump is that part
driven by the motor which creates the pressure and causes the water
to flow.

46 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION

A screw pump is a pump in which the working pressure is created
by means of screw-shaped impellers which may be placed at intervals
throughout the entire length of the water column, or ' nested' at one
depth.

A second foot is a unit used to express rate of discharge of a
pump. It is one cubic foot per second and is equal to 448 gallons
per minute.

If the discharge from a centrifugal type of pump is gradually
closed, the pressure will increase and the quantity will decrease. If
the discharge is completely closed, a pressure, known as 'shut-off/
'static/ or 'throttle' head, will be maintained for a short time.

Static head, — See shut-off head.

Static water level. — See level.

The suction pipe is the pipe through which the water enters the
pump bowls.

Throttle head. — See shut-off head.

The surface of the underground water supply in any region is
known as the water table. It corresponds to the static water level.

A deep well turbine pump may be either a centrifugal or a screw,
having one or more stages arranged with diffusion or rectifying vanes
causing the water to discharge to the center.

A watt is the unit for expressing electrical power. A kilowatt is
equal to 1,000 watts. (See horsepower.)

STATION PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION

No.

253. Irrigation and Soil Conditions in the
Sierra Nevada Foothills, California.

262. Citrus Diseases of Florida and Cuba

Compared with those of California.

263. Size Grades for Ripe Olives.

268. Growing and Grafting Olive Seedlings.

273. Preliminary Report on Kearney Vine-
yard Experimental Drain, Fresno
County, California.

276. The Pomegranate.

277. Sudan Grass.

278. Grain Sorghums.

279. Irrigation of Rice in California.
283. The Olive Insects of California.
294. Bean Culture in California.

304. A Study of the Effects of Freezes on

Citrus in California.
310. Plum Pollination.

312. Mariout Barley.

313. Pruning Young Deciduous Fruit

Trees.
319. Caprifigs and Caprification.

324. Storage of Perishable Fruit at Freez-

ing Temperatures.

325. Rice Irrigation Measurements and

Experiments in Sacramento Valley,

1914-1919.
328. Prune Growing in California.
331. Phylloxera-Resistant Stocks.
335. Cocoanut Meal as a Feed for Dairy

Cows and Other Livestock.

339. The Relative Cost of Making Logs

from Small and Large Timber.

340. Control of the Pocket Gopher in

California.

343. Cheese Pests and Their Control.

344. Cold Storage as an Aid to the Mar-

keting of Plums.

346. Almond Pollination.

347. The Control of Red Spiders in Decid-

uous Orchards.

348. Pruning Young Olive Trees.

349. A Study of Sidedraft and Tractor

Hitches.

350. Agriculture in Cut-over Redwood

Lands.

353. Bovine Infectious Abortion.

354. Results of Rice Experiments in 1922.

357. A Self-mixing Dusting Machine for

Applying Dry Insecticides and
Fungicides.

358. Black Measles, Water Berries, and

Related Vine Troubles.

361. Preliminary Yield Tables for Second

Growth Redwood.

362. Dust and the Tractor Engine.

363. The Pruning of Citrus Trees in Cali-

fornia.

364. Fungicidal Dusts for the Control of

Bunt.

365. Avocado Culture in California.

366. Turkish Tobacco Culture, Curing and

Marketing.

367. Methods of Harvesting and Irrigation

in Relation of Mouldy Walnuts.

368. Bacterial Decomposition of Olives dur-

ing Pickling.

369. Comparison of Woods for Butter

Boxes.

370. Browning of Yellow Newtown Apples.

371. The Relative Cost of Yarding Small

and Large Timber.

373. Pear Pollination.

3 74. A Survey of Orchard Practices in the
Citrus Industry of Southern Cali-
fornia.

375. Results of Rice Experiments at Cor-

tena, 1923.

376. Sun-Drying and Dehydration of Wal

nuts.

377. The Cold Storage of Pears.
379. Walnut Culture in California.

BULLETINS
No.

380.

382.

385.
386.

387.
388.

389.
390.

391.

392.
393.
394.

395.
396.

397.

398.
399.

400.
401.

402.
404.
405.
406.
407.

408.
409,

410.
411.
412.

414.

415.
416.

417.

418,

419

420

421
422

423

424

425
426

427

428

429.

Growth of Eucalyptus in California
Plantations.

Pumping for Drainage in the San
Joaquin Valley, California.

Pollination of the Sweet Cherry.

Pruning Bearing Deciduous Frui
Trees.

Fig Smut.

The Principles and Practice of Sun
drying Fruit.

Berseem or Egyptian Clover.

Harvesting and Packing Grapes in
California.

Machines for Coating Seed Wheat with
Copper Carbonate Dust.

Fruit Juice Concentrates.

Crop Sequences at Davis.

Cereal Hay Production in California.
Feeding Trials with Cereal Hay.

Bark Diseases of Citrus Trees.

The Mat Bean (Phaseolus aconitifo-
lius).

Manufacture of Roquefort Type Cheese
from Goat's Milk.

Orchard Heating in California.

The Blackberry Mite, the Cause of
Redberry Disease of the Himalayi
Blackberry, and its Control.

The Utilization of Surplus Plums.

Cost of Work Horses on California
Farms.

The Codling Moth in Walnuts.

The Dehydration of Prunes.

Citrus Culture in Central California.

Stationary Spray Plants in California.

Yield, Stand and Volume Tables for
White Fir in the California Pine
Region.

Alternaria Rot of Lemons.

The Digestibility of Certain Fruit By-
products as Determined for Rumi-
nants.

Factors Affecting the Quality of Fresh
Asparagus after it is Harvested.

Paradichlorobenzene as a Soil Fumi-
gant.

A Study of the Relative Values of Cer-
tain Root Crops and Salmon Oil as
Sources of Vitamin A for Poultry.

Planting and Thinning Distances for
Deciduous Fruit Trees.

The Tractor on California Farms.

Culture of the Oriental Persimmon
in California.

Poultry Feeding: Principles and
Practice.

A Study of Various Rations for
Finishing Range Calves as Baby
Beeves.

Economic Aspects of the Cantaloupe
Industry.

Rice and Rice By-products as Feeds
for Fattening Swine.

Beef Cattle Feeding Trials, 1921-24.

Cost of Producing Almonds in Cali-
fornia ; a Progress Report.

Apricots (Series on California Crops
and Prices).

The Relation of Rate of Maturity to
Egg Production.

Apple Growing in California.

Apple Pollination Studies in Cali-
fornia.

The Value of Orange Pulp for Milk
Production.

The Relation of Maturity of Cali-
fornia Plums to Shipping and
Dessert Quality.

Economic Status of the Grape Industry.

CIRCULARS

No. No.

87 Alfalfa 259

117! The Selection and Cost of a Small 26l!

Pumping Plant. 262.

127. House Fumigation. 263.

129. The Control of Citrus Insects. 264.
136. Melilotus indica as a Green-Manure

Crop for California. 265.

144. Oidium or Powdery Mildew of the 266.

Vine.

157. Control of the Pear Scab. 267.
164. Small Fruit Culture in California.

166. The County Farm Bureau. 269.

170. Fertilizing California Soils for the 270.

1918 Crop. 272.
173. The Construction of the Wood-Hoop

Silo. 273.

178. The Packing of Apples in California. 276.

179. Factors of Importance in Producing 277.

Milk of Low Bacterial Count.

202. County Organizations for Rural Fire 278.

Control.

203. Peat as a Manure Substitute. 279.
209. The Function of the Farm Bureau.

212. Salvaging Rain-Damaged Prunes. 281.
215. Feeding Dairy Cows in California.
217. Methods for Marketing Vegetables in

California. 282.

230. Testing Milk, Cream, and Skim Milk

for Butterfat. 283.

231. The Home Vineyard. 284.

232. Harvesting and Handling California 285.

Cherries for Eastern Shipment. 286.

234. Winter Injury to Young Walnut Trees 287.

during 1921-22. 288.

238. The Apricot in California. 289.

239. Harvesting and Handling Apricots 290.

and Plums for Eastern Shipment. 291.

240. Harvesting and Handling Pears for

Eastern Shipment. 292.

241. Harvesting and Handling Peaches for 293.

Eastern Shipment. 294.

243. Marmalade Juice and Jelly Juice from 295.

Citrus Fruits.

244. Central Wire Bracing for Fruit Trees. 296.

245. Vine Pruning Systems.

248. Some Common Errors in Vine Prun- 298.

ing and Their Remedies.

249. Replacing Missing Vines. 300.

250. Measurement of Irrigation Water on 301.

the Farm. 302.

252. Supports for Vines. 303.

253. Vineyard Plans.

254. The Use of Artificial Light to Increase 304.

Winter Egg Production. 305.

255. Leguminous Plants as Organic Fertil- 306.

izer in California Agriculture.

256. The Control of Wild Morning Glory. 307.

257. The Small-Seeded Horse Bean. 308.

258. Thinning Deciduous Fruits. 309.

Pear By-products.

Sewing Grain Sacks.

Cabbage Growing in California.

Tomato Production in California.

Preliminary Essentials to Bovine

Tuberculosis Control.
Plant Disease and Pest Control.
Analyzing the Citrus Orchard by

Means of Simple Tree Records.
The Tendency of Tractors to Rise in

Front; Causes and Remedies.
An Orchard Brush Burner.
A Farm Septic Tank.
California Farm Tenancy and Methods

of Leasing.
Saving the Gophered Citrus Tree.
Home Canning.
Head, Cane, and Cordon Pruning of

Vines.
Olive Pickling in Mediterranean Coun-
tries.
The Preparation and Refining of Olive

Oil in Southern Europe.
The Results of a Survey to Determine

the Cost of Producing Beef in Cali-
fornia.
Prevention of Insect Attack on Stored

Grain.
Fertilizing Citrus Trees in California.
The Almond in California.
Sweet Potato Production in California.
Milk Houses for California Dairies.
Potato Production in California.
Phylloxera Resistant Vineyards.
Oak Fungus in Orchard Trees.
The Tangier Pea.
Blackhead and Other Causes of Loss

of Turkeys in California.
Alkali Soils.

The Basis of Grape Standardization.
Propagation of Deciduous Fruits.
The Growing and Handling of Head

Lettuce in California.
Control of the California Ground

Squirrel.
The Possibilities and Limitations of

Cooperative Marketing.
Coccidiosis of Chickens.
Buckeye Poisoning of the Honey Bee.
The Sugar Beet in California.
A Promising Remedy for Black Measles

of the Vine.
Drainage on the Farm.
Liming the Soil.
A General Purpose Soil Auger and its

Use on the Farm.
American Foulbrood and its Control.
Cantaloupe Production in California.
Fruit Tree and Orchard Judging.

The publications listed above may be had by addressing

College of Agriculture,

University of California,

Berkeley, California.

17r«-2,'28