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A COMPLETE 
 
 ETYMOLOGY 
 
 OP THE 
 
 ENGLISH LANGUAGE: 
 
 CONTAININO 
 
 THE ANGLO-SAXON, FRENCH, DUTCH, GERMAN, WELSH, DANISH, 
 GOTHIC, SWEDISH, GAELIC, ITALIAN, LATIN, AND GREEK 
 ROOTS, AND THE ENGLISH WORDS DERIVED 
 THEREFROM ACCURATELY SPELLED, AC- 
 CENTED, AND DEFINED. 
 
 BT 
 
 WILLIAM W. SMITH, 
 
 AUTIIUU OF "the little SPELLER," " THE JUVENILB DEFINEB," "THE OBAMKAP 
 8CH00L BPELLEB," AND THE "DEFINEB'B MANUAU" 
 
 Hig sprecad niwum tungum. 
 
 NEW YORK ■:»CINCINNATI •:• CHICAGO 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 
 
The Sources of Lanftuajfe. 
 
 EI^iGiiSH ETYMOLOGY 
 
 By WILLIAM W. SMITH. 
 
 Smith's Complete Etymology. 
 
 Smith's Condensed Etymology. 
 
 These works differ from all others in being etjonologies of the whole language. 
 Their predecessors shut themselves up with the Latin and Greek only, and ignore a 
 wide field. The selections in Smith's Etymology are made solely with reference to tl e 
 importance of the words in our own dialect, /rom whatever source. Thus, Anglo-Saxcu 
 famishes nearly one-half of our more common words, while French, Dutch, Germfir, 
 Welsh, Danish, Gothic, Swedish, Gaelic, and Italian, divide the rest with Latin ci d 
 Greek, 
 
 The Condensed Etymology exhibits all the excellent features of the parent volume, 
 with less extensive lists, embracing the really essential words only. Both contain valu 
 able introductory exercises to drill the pupil in the perplexing coincidences and general 
 conformation of the language. 
 
 SMITH'S ORTHOGRAPHICAL WORKS. 
 
 The same author has given us the following very valuable works to teach Orthogra- 
 raphy and Definition, by various methods of grouping and classification in several grades. 
 SMITH'S LITTLE SPELLER. First Round in the Ladder of Learning. Siuple 
 
 words and pictures. 
 SMITH'S JUVENILE DEFINER. Lessons composed of familiar words grouped 
 
 with reference to similar signification or use, and correctly spelled, accented, and 
 
 defined. 
 SMITH'S GJIAMMAII-SCHOOL SPELLER. Familiar words, grouped with 
 
 reference to the sameness of sound of syllables differently spelled. Also definitions, 
 
 complete rules for spelling and formation of derivatives, and exerciees in false 
 
 orthography. 
 SMITH'S SPELLER AND nEETXER'S MAKVAL. A complete School Die 
 
 iionary containing 14,000 words, with various other usefal matter in the way of Rules 
 
 and Exercises. 
 
 Making a series celebrated for adaptation, elegance, compendiousness, variety, sys 
 tern, eclecticism ; and embracing Orthography, Definition, and Etymology. 
 
 Copyright 1867, by A. S, Barnes & Co. 
 
 Copyright, 189s, by Elizabeth S. Smith. 
 
 W, P. 2 
 
vSS? 
 PREFACE. rv[f^/i^ 
 
 AiiL ^he Etymologies of the English Language heretofore published have 
 been confined merely to the words derived from the Latin and Greek — 
 the present one has embraced all the words of the language, or rather, such 
 as it is necessary to teach at home or in school, 
 
 " Words," says Bosworth, " are the creation of mind. With the faculty of 
 speech, man was endowed with exalted mental powers, and warm social 
 feelings, but the thoughts of his mind, and the feelings of his heart lay hid 
 within him, and could not be communicated, till by the creative power of his 
 mind, he formed words to express them. 
 
 " As words were formed to convey, not only the thoughts of the mind, but 
 the feelings of the heart, they would in the first production of a language, 
 naturally take that shape which would best represent their mental and 
 physical powers. Those sounds would be selected which were adapted to 
 the frame of the organs, and the feeling expressed. A robust conformation 
 of the bodily frame, and great energy of mind, would, therefore, naturally 
 express itself in words of corresponding strength and tone. These are the 
 features which distinguish the languages of Gothic origin, especially the' 
 Anglo-Saxon, with its immediate descendant, the modern English ; whicli 
 has the strength of iron, with the gleam and sparkling of burnished steel." 
 
 The Englisli Language is eminently a composite language, made up of 
 contributions from other languages : Anglo-Saxon,* Danish, Dutch, Celtic, 
 German, French, Latin, Greek, and some others. 
 
 The Anglo-Saxon is a branch of the Low German dialects, and resembles 
 the old Frisic, the parent of the modern Dutch, and once spoken extensively 
 between the Rhine and the Elbe. It is a very ancient language, its origin 
 being completely lost in antiquity ; the Latin in comparison, is a mere 
 modern language. 
 
 The Anglo-Saxon is the Mother Tongue of the English Language, about 
 four-fifths of t':ie v/ords in actual use being from this source. Not only in 
 the number of words, but in their peculiar character and importance, as 
 well as their influence on grammatical forms, (the English Grammar being 
 almost exclusively occupied with what is of Anglo-Saxon origin), Anglo- 
 Saxon constitutes its principal strength. 
 
 At the same time that our chief peculiarities of structure and idiom are 
 essentially Anglo-Saxon, from the same copious fountain have sprung 
 words designating the greater part of objects of sense ; the terms which 
 occur most frequently in discourse, and which recall the most vivid concep- 
 tions ; as, sun^ moon^ earthy Jire^ day^ nighty &c. ; and words expressive of the 
 dearest connections, the strongest and most powerful feelings of nature, 
 from our earliest days ; as, mother^ father^ sister^ 'brother^ wife^ home^ &c. 
 
 The language of business, of the shop, the market, and of every-day life ; 
 our national proverbs; our language of humor, satire, and colloquial 
 pleasantry ; the most energetic words we can employ, whether of kindness 
 or invective ; in short, words expressive of our strongest emotions and 
 actions in all the most stirring tcenes of life, from the cradle to the grave, 
 are derived from the Anglo-Saxon. 
 
 Every speaker or writer, then, who would not only convince the under- 
 
 * Anglo-Saxon is a general j>ame given to the Teutonic settlers in the island of Great Britain. 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 standing, but toucli the affections, should adopt Anglo-Saxon expressions, 
 which from early use, and the dearest associations, excite emotion, and affect 
 the heart. 
 
 Saomi is a name first used by the geographer Ptolemy, to indicate a 
 branch of the German or Teutonic race, whose descendants now occupy the 
 Kingdom of Saxony, the Lusatian districts of Prussia, the Circle of Witten- 
 berg, the old Circle of Westphalia, the British Islands and Colonies, and 
 the United States of America. 
 
 The Saxons mentioned by Ptolemy were a small tribe, who, in A. D. 141, 
 dwelt on the north bank of the Elbe, and upon several small islands in the 
 vicinity of the mouth of that river and of the Eider. From their geo- 
 graphical position as far west as the Atlantic coast, it seems probable that 
 Ihey were among the first of the Teutonic tribes which passed across from 
 Asia into Europe. 
 
 Very trivial and uncertain are the accounts left us of the conquest of 
 Great Britain by the Jutes, Saxons, and Angles. 
 
 It is certain that the invaders came over in small bodies each with a cap- 
 tain at its head, who became the petty king or chief of the new settlement 
 in Britain, by which the Celtic population was either expelled or enslaved ; 
 so that in five or six centuries the eastern half of Britain was ruled by 
 numerous petty kings. In the eighth century these petty kingdoms were 
 consolidated into what is known as the Saxon Heptarchy. 
 
 Many hundred words in the language, especially those used as names of 
 places, are Danish, introduced during the incursions into and occupation of 
 England by the Danes. 
 
 An analysis of the language shows that the Norman French element enters 
 very largely into its composition. This element, which is composed of the 
 Celtic, Latin, and Scandinavian, was first introduced (1066) by the Normans 
 under William the Conqueror. 
 
 The Norman conquest almost abolished the use of the Anglo-Saxon lan- 
 guage in writing, and for more than a century the prevalent literature of 
 England was either in Latin, or Anglo-Norman. 
 
 Norman French was spoken by the superior classes of society in England 
 from the conquest to the time of Edward the Third (1327). 
 
 The laws of the realm, the proceedings of Parliament and the courts of 
 justice were in that language, but the " Saxon Chronicle" had been carried 
 on in obscure monasteries, by various annalists, to tJie year 1154. 
 
 In the thirteenth century during the progressive mixture of the two races, 
 a literature sprang up in which the two languages became more or less inter- 
 mixed. In the fourteenth centui*y the Anglo-Saxon principle seemed to 
 liave gained the upper hand. In the fifteenth century the Anglo-Norman 
 element seemed to be gaining the preponderance, but the proportions still 
 continued to vary until it became fixed in the age of Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 The contributions of the Latin Language to the English are next in im- 
 portance and amount to those of the Anglo-Saxon ; these contributions 
 come cliiefly through the medium of the French or Norman French, in con 
 sequence of the Norman Conquest. 
 
 The Latin has served not only to refine and polish the English, but to 
 enrich its vocabulary witli many necessary and indispensable words. 
 
 To the Greek the English Language is indebted for most of its terms in 
 physical science, and indeed for a great part of the terms employed in all 
 the arts and sciences. 
 
 Note.— The Saxon Chroniclb is a series of annals of A.-S. affairs, from the earliest times to 
 A. D. 11&4, compiled by the Monks. 
 
WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION, 
 
 BUT HAVING DIFFERENT MEANINGS. 
 
 Abel, n. A man's name. 
 Able, a. Strong ; skillful. 
 
 Acclamation, n. A shout of ap- 
 plause. 
 
 Acclimation, n. Becoming inured 
 to a climate. 
 Acts, n. Performances. 
 Axe, n. A chopping instrument. 
 
 Adds, v. t. Increases. 
 
 Adze, n. A kind of axe. "" 
 
 Adherence, n. Constancy. 
 Adherents, ??. Followers. 
 
 Advice, n. Counsel. 
 
 Advise, v. t. To counsel. 
 Ail, v. t. To pain ; to trouble. 
 Ale, n. A malt liquor. 
 
 Aisle, n. A passage. 
 
 Isle, n. A small island. 
 
 I'll, «. t. Contraction of " I will." 
 Air, n. The fluid we breathe. 
 Ere, adv. Before. 
 Heir, n. One who inherits. 
 Are.! Plural of the verb be. 
 
 Allegation, n. Affirmation. 
 
 Alligation, n. Tying together. 
 All, a. The whole. 
 Awl, n. Boring instrument. 
 
 Alley, n. A passage. 
 
 Ally, n. A friend. 
 Alms, n. What is given the poor. 
 Arms, n. The limbs from the hand to 
 the shoulder. 
 
 Aloud, a. With great noise. 
 
 Allowed, pp. Permitted. [laid. 
 Altar, n. A place where offerings are 
 Alter, d. t. To change. 
 
 Analyze, v. t. To separate. 
 ^ Annalize, v. t. To record. 
 Ant, n. A genus of insects. * 
 Aunt, n. A father's or mother's sister. 
 
 Ante. Before. 
 
 Anti. Opposed to. ^ 
 
 Abc, n. A part of a circle. 
 Ark, 71. A kind of boat. 
 
 Arches, n. Parts of a circle. 
 
 Archers, n. Bowmen. 
 Arraign, v. t. To accuse. 
 Arrange, v. t. To put in order. 
 
 Ascent, n. Act of rising. 
 
 Assent, n. Consent. 
 Asperate, v. t. To make rough. 
 Aspirate, v. t. To breathe upon. 
 
 AsPERATioN, n. Act of making 
 rough. 
 
 Aspiration, n. An ardent wish. 
 Assistance, n. Help ; aid. 
 Assistants, n. Helpers. 
 
 Attendance, n. Waiting on. 
 
 Attendants, n. Those who attend 
 Ate, pp. Devoured. 
 Eight, a. Twice four. 
 
 Augur, v. i. To predict. 
 
 Auger, n. An instrument. 
 Austere, a. Severe. 
 Oyster, n. A shell fish. 
 
 Axes, n. Chopping instruments. 
 
 Axis, n. The line on which a thing 
 Bail, n. Security. [turns. 
 
 Bale, n. A bundle. 
 — Baize, n. A kind of cloth. 
 
 Bays, n. Portions of the sea. 
 Bait, n. Food to allure. 
 Bate, v. t. To lessen. 
 
 Bald, a. Without hair. 
 
 Bawled, pp. Cried aloud. 
 Ball, n. A round body. 
 Bawl, v. i. To cry aloud. 
 
 Ballad, n. A song. 
 
 Ballet, n. A dance. 
 
 Ballot, n. A ticket for voting. 
 Banded, |);p. United. 
 Bandied, pp. Tossed to and fro. 
 
 Bard, n. A poet. 
 
 Barred, pp. Fastened with a bar. 
 
SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Babe, a. Naked. 
 Bear, n. Animal ; t. t. To carry. 
 Bark, n. The rind of a tree, dc^^ 
 Barque, n. A kind of ship. ^<* » 
 Baron, n. A degree of nobility. 
 Barren, a. Not productive. 
 Baroness, n. A baron's wife. 
 Barrenness, n. Sterility. 
 Base, n. The bottom ; a. Mean. 
 Bass, n. The lowest part of harmony. 
 BASS,t n. A kind of fish. 
 Bat, n. A portion of the sea. 
 Bey, n. A Turkish title. 
 Be, v. n. To exist. 
 Bee, n. An insect. 
 
 Balm, n. A plant ; balsam. - 
 
 Barm, n. Yeast. 
 Beach, n. The sea-shore. 
 Beech, n. A tree. 
 Beat, n. A stroke. 
 Beet, n. A plant and its root. 
 Beau, n. A man of dress. 
 Bow, n. An instrument. 
 Bow,t n. An act of respect. 
 Bell, n. A hollow vessel. 
 Belle, n. A young woman. 
 Bm, n. A cell or chest for grain. 
 Been, v. n. The perfect participle of 
 the verb be. 
 Beer, n, A malt liquor. 
 3iER, n. A carriage for the dead. - 
 Berry, n. A small fruit. 
 Bury, v. t. To cover with earth. 
 Berth, n. A room in a ship. 
 Birth, n. The act of coming into 
 Better, a. Superior. [life. 
 
 Bettor, n. One who lays wagers. 
 Bile, n. A fluid. 
 
 BoiL,tw. A tumor; v. i. To have a 
 bubbling motion. 
 Bight, n. The bend of a rope. 
 Bite, v. t. To crush with the teeth. 
 Blew, v. i. Drove by the wind. 
 Blue, n. A color. 
 Bloat, v. t. To puff up. 
 Blote, v. t. To dry by smoke. 
 Boar, n. The male swine. 
 Bore, w, A hole made by boring. 
 Board, n. Timber, broad and thin. 
 Bored, pp. Perforated by an auger. 
 Border, n. The outer edge. ^ 
 
 Boarder, n. One who has food and 
 lodging with another for a re- 
 ward. 
 
 Boll, n. The pod of a plant. 
 Bowl, n. A vessel to hold liquids. 
 Bole, n. The trunk of a tree. 
 
 Born, pp. Come into life. 
 
 Borne, j9^. Carried. 
 - Bourn, n. A bound. 
 Borough, n. A town. 
 Burrow, n. A hole for rabbits. 
 
 Bough, n. A branch of a tree. 
 
 Bow, n. An act of respect. 
 Boy, n. A male chiid. 
 Buoy, n. A float to indicate shoals. 
 
 Brake, n. A drag put to wheels. 
 
 Break, n. An opening ; v. i. To part 
 Breach, n. A gap ; a break, [in two. 
 Breech, n. The hinder part of a gun. 
 
 Bread, n. Food made of flour. 
 
 Bred, pp. Brought up from infancy. 
 Brews, ^. t. Makes malt liquor. 
 Bruise, v. t. To crush by a heavy blow. 
 
 Brewed, pp. Mixed and fermented. 
 
 Brood, n. Offspring; progeny. 
 Bridal, a. Belonging to a wedding. 
 Bridle, n. An instrument for a horse. 
 
 Bruit, v. t. To noise abroad. 
 
 Brute, w. A creature without reasoa 
 But, con. Except ; yet. 
 Butt, n. A large barrel or cask. 
 
 Buy, «. t. To purchase. 
 
 By, prep. At ; in ; near. 
 
 Bye, n. A dwelling. 
 Cache, n. A hole for hiding goods. 
 Cash, n. Money. 
 
 Cain, n. A man's name. 
 
 Cane, n. A walking-stick. 
 Calendar, n. A register of the year. 
 Calender, n. A hot press. 
 
 Call, n. A vocal address. 
 
 Caul, n. A net for the hair. 
 Callous, a. Insensible. 
 Callus, n. The hard edge of a wound 
 
 Calk, v. t. To stop leaks. 
 
 Cork, n. The bark of a tree. 
 
 €auk, n. A kind of spar. 
 Camera, n. An optical machine. 
 Chimera, n. A vain, idle fancy. 
 
 Candid, a. Fair ; open. 
 
 Candied, a. Incrusted with sugar. 
 Cannon, n. A great gun. 
 Canon, n. A rule in churches. 
 CANON,t n. A gorge ; a gully. 
 
 Canvas, n. Coarse cloth. 
 
 Canvass, n. An examination ; v. t 
 To solicit*. 
 
WORDS OF SIMILAE PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 Capital, n. The upper part. 
 Capitol, n. An edifice. 
 
 Cakat, n. A weight of four grains. 
 
 Caret, n. A mark in writing, /f 
 
 Carrot, n. A root. 
 Cask, n. A hollow wooden vessel. 
 Casque, n. A helmet. 
 
 Cast, v. t. To throw. 
 
 Caste, n. A class of people. 
 Caqte b^. a frame for small bottles. 
 Castor, n. A beaver. 
 
 Castile, n. A town in Spain. 
 
 Cast-Steel, n. Refined steel. 
 Cause, n. That which produces. 
 Caws, n. The cries of crows. 
 
 ff^rnfj n. A chest for live fish. 
 
 Cough, n. An efibrt of the lungs. 
 Caudal, a. Relating to an animal's tail. 
 Qaudllj, n. A warm drink of wine. 
 
 Cede, x. t. To yield ; to give up. 
 
 Seed, n. The reproductive part of 
 a plant. 
 Ceiling, n. The upper surface of a 
 
 room. 
 Sealing, n. Act of fastening. 
 
 Celery, n. A plant. 
 
 Salary, n. Annual payment. 
 Cell, n. A small room. 
 Sell, v. t. To part with for a price. 
 
 Cellar, n. A room under a house. 
 
 Seller, n. One who sells. 
 Census, n. Kumbering the people. 
 Senses, n. The faculties. 
 
 Cent, n. A hundred ; a coin. 
 
 Sent, pp. Caused to go. 
 
 Scent, n. Odor. 
 Centaury, n. A plant. 
 Century, n. A hundred years. 
 
 Cents, n. Copper coins. 
 
 Sense, n. Feeling ; perception. 
 
 SiNCE,t a. From the time that. 
 Cere, v. t. To cover with wax. 
 Seer, n. One who foresees. 
 Sear, a. Dry ; «. t To burn. 
 
 Cession, n. Act of giving away. 
 
 Session, n. Act of sitting. 
 Chagrin, n. Ill humor. 
 Shagreen, n. The skin of a fish. 
 
 Champagne, n. A sparkling wine. 
 
 Champaign, n. An open counlry. 
 
 Campaign,! n. The time an army 
 is in the field. 
 Chance, n. Accident. 
 Chants, v. t. Sings. * 
 
 Chaste, a. Modest ; virtuous. 
 
 Chased, j9p. Pursued; hunted. 
 Chews, v. t. Crushes with the teeth. 
 Choose, v. t. To select ; to prefer 
 
 Choir, n. A band of singers. 
 
 Quire, n. Twentj^^-four sheets. 
 Choler, n. Anger; rage. 
 Collar, n. A ring around the neck 
 
 Chord, n. A musical sound. 
 
 Cord, n. A small rope. 
 Chronical, a. Of long duration. 
 Chronicle, n. A history. 
 
 Cite, v. t. To summon to answer. 
 
 Site, n. Situation. 
 
 Sight, n. Percej^tion by the eye. 
 Clause, n. A part of a sentence. 
 Claws, n. The nails of a beast or bird 
 
 Cleave, v. i. To adhere ; to stick. 
 
 Cleave, v. t. To divide ; to split 
 Climb, d. t. To ascend. 
 Clime, n. A climate. 
 
 Close, v. t. To shut ; to end. 
 
 Clothes, n. Garments. 
 
 Close, a. Confined ; compact. 
 Coaled, v. t Supplied with coal. 
 Cold, a. Not hot ; frigid. 
 
 Coarse, a. Not fine ; rough. 
 
 Course, n. Route ; progress. 
 
 Corse, n. A dead body. 
 Coat, n. An outside garment. 
 Cote, n. A cottage ; a sheep-cot. 
 
 Coffer, n. A chest for money. 
 
 CouGHER, n. One who coughs. 
 Coffin, n. A box for the dead. 
 Coughing, ^^, Expelling from th< 
 lungs. 
 
 Colonel, n. A military officer. 
 
 Kernel, n. The seed in a nut. 
 Color, n. Hue ; tint. 
 Culler, n. One who chooses. 
 
 Comity, n. Courtesy ; politeness. 
 
 Committee, n. A body of managers. 
 Complacent, a. Civil, 
 Complaisant, a. Seeking to please. 
 
 Complacence, n. Satisfaction. 
 
 Complaisance, n. Condescension. 
 
 Compliance, n. Assent, 
 Complement, n. A complete set. 
 Compliment, n. Dedicate flattery. 
 
 Concert, n. A musical entertain^ 
 ment. 
 
 Consort, n. A companion, [crets. 
 Confidant, n. One trusted with se- 
 Confident, a. Having full belief. 
 
8 
 
 BMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Consequence, n. That which fol- 
 lows. 
 
 Consequents, n. Deductions. 
 Consonance, n. Concord. 
 Consonants, n. Letters which are 
 sounded with a vowel. 
 
 Convent, n. A body of monks or 
 nuns. 
 
 Convent, v. t. To call before a 
 judge. 
 Coquette, n. A vain girl. 
 Coquet, d. t. To deceive in love. 
 
 CoROL, n. A corolla. 
 
 Coral, n. A hard substance found 
 in the ocean. 
 Core, n. The inner part. 
 Corps, n. A body of troops. 
 Corpse,! n. A dead body. 
 
 Correspondence, n. Interchange 
 of letters. 
 
 Correspondents, n. Those who 
 correspond. 
 Council, n. An assembly. 
 Counsel, n. Advice. 
 
 Courier, n. A messenger. 
 
 Currier, n. A preparer of leather. 
 Cousin, n. A relative. 
 Cozen, v. t. To cheat. 
 
 Coward, n. One without courage. 
 
 Cowered, jt?p. Stooped. 
 Crane, n. A bird with a long beak. 
 Crayon, n. A kind of pencil. 
 
 Creak, v. i. To make a harsh noise. 
 
 Creek, n. A small inlet. 
 Crews, n. The men who manage ships. 
 Cruise, n. A voyage. 
 Cruse, n. A phial ; a cruet. 
 
 Currant, n. A fruit. 
 
 Current, n. A running stream. 
 Cymbal, n. A musical instrument. 
 Symbol, n. A representative of some- 
 thing. 
 
 Cygnet, n, A young swan. 
 
 Signet, n. A seal. 
 Cypress, n. A forest tree. 
 Cyprus, n. A thin black stuff. 
 
 Dam, n. A bank to confine water. 
 
 Damn, v. t. To doom. 
 Dammed, pp. Confined by banks. 
 Damned, jojo. Doomed. 
 
 Dance, v. i. To move with music. 
 
 Daunts, d. t. Discourages. 
 Dane, n. A native of Denmark, 
 Deign, v. i. To condescend. 
 
 Day, n. The time between the ris- 
 i-ng and setting of the sun. 
 
 Dey, n. The title of the governors 
 of Algiers and Tunis. 
 Dear, a. Beloved ; costly. 
 Deer, n. Animals of the stag kind. 
 
 Decease, n. Death. 
 
 Disease, n. Sickness. 
 Demean, v. t. To behave. 
 Demesne, n. Land. 
 
 Depravation, n. Corruption. 
 
 Deprivation, n. Loss. 
 Descendent, a. Falling ; sinking. 
 Descendant, n. The offspring of an 
 ancestor. 
 
 Descent, n. Progress downward. 
 
 Dissent, n. Disagreement. 
 Descension, n. Descent. 
 Dissension, n. Discord ; strife. 
 
 Device, n. Design. 
 
 Devise, v. t. To contrive. 
 Deviser, n. A contriver. 
 
 Divisor, 
 
 n. 
 
 A number. 
 
 Dew, n. Moisture from the air. 
 . Do, V. t. To perform. 
 
 Due, n. That which belongs to 
 one. 
 Die, v. i. To lose life. 
 Dye, n. A coloring liquor. 
 
 Diffuse, v. t. To spread. 
 
 Diffuse, a. Copious. 
 Dire, a. Dreadful. 
 Dyer, n. One who dyes. 
 
 Discreet, a. Prudent. 
 
 Discrete, a. Separate. 
 Divers, a. More than one. 
 Diverse, a. Different. 
 
 Doe, n. A she-deer. , 
 
 DcuGH, n. Paste of bread. 
 Dome, n. A cupola. 
 Doom, «. t. To condemn. 
 
 Done, ^jw. Performed. 
 
 Dun, a. Of a dark color. 
 Dose, n. The quantity given. 
 Doze, n. A light sleep. 
 
 Dost, v. A part of the verb do. 
 
 Dust, n. Earth reduced to powder 
 
 Durst, pret. of the verb dare. 
 Drachm, n. A part of an ounce. 
 Dram, 7i. A small quantity. 
 
 Draft, n. A bill. 
 
 Draught, n. A potion. 
 Dual, a. Expressing the number two. 
 Duel, n. A combat. 
 
WOEDS OF SIMILAR PRONFNCIATIOlf. 
 
 Dying, n. Expiring. 
 
 Dyeing, n. The act of staining. 
 Earn, v. t. To gain by labor. 
 Urn, n. A vase. 
 
 Either, a. One or the other. 
 
 Ether, n. An element supposed to 
 bo rarer than air. 
 Elision, 71. Division. 
 Elysian, a. Delightful. 
 
 Emersion, n. Act of rising out. 
 
 Immersion, n. Being in a fluid. 
 Errand, n. A message. 
 Errant, a. Wandering. 
 ARRANT,t a. Bad in a high degree. 
 
 Eruption, n. Act of bursting forth. 
 
 Irruption, n. A sudden invasion. 
 Ewe, n. A female sheep. 
 You, pro. The person spoken to. 
 Yew, n. An evergreen. 
 HuE,t n. Color ; tint. 
 
 Exercise, n. Labor ; work. 
 
 Exorcise, v. t. To abjure. 
 Feint, n. A false appearance. 
 Faint, a. Languid. 
 
 Fain, a. Glad ; pleased. 
 
 Fane, n. A temple. 
 
 Feign, v. t. To pretend. 
 Fair, a. Beautiful ; just. 
 Fare, n. Price of conveyance ; food. 
 
 Farther, adv. Further. 
 
 Father, n. A male parent. 
 
 FoTHER,t n. A load of lead. 
 Fat, 11. The unctuous part of animal 
 
 flesh, 
 Vat,1 n. A cistern. 
 
 Fawn, n. A young deer. 
 
 Faun, n. A woodland deity. 
 Feat, n. A deed. 
 Feet, n. The plural of foot. 
 FETE,t n. A feast ; a festival day. 
 
 Felloe, n. The rim of a wheel. 
 
 Fellow, n. A companion. 
 Fated, a. Decreed by fate. 
 Feted, j9^. Honored. 
 Fetid, a. Stinking ; rancid 
 
 Fillip, n. A jerk of the finger. 
 
 Philip, n. A man's name. 
 Find, v. t. To obtain by searching. 
 Fined, pp. Punished with penalty. 
 * Fir, n. An evergreen. • 
 
 Fur, n. The finer hair on animals. 
 
 Far,1 a. Distant; remote. 
 Fizz, v. i. To emit a hissing noise. 
 Phiz, n. The face. 
 
 Flea, n. A small agile insect. 
 
 Flee, v. i. To run from danger. 
 Flew. The preterit of fly. 
 Flue, n. A passage for smoke. 
 
 Flour, n. Grain reduced to powder. 
 
 Flower, n. A blossom. 
 FoibiALLY, ddv. Ceremoniously. 
 Formerly, adv. In times past. 
 
 For, prep. Because of. 
 
 Fore, a. Not behind. 
 
 Four, a. and n. Twice two. 
 Fort, n. A fortified place. 
 Forte, n. A peculiar talent. 
 
 Forth, adv. Forward, 
 
 Fourth, a. The ordinal of four. 
 Foul, a. Not clean. 
 Fowl, n. A winged animal. 
 
 Franc, n. A French silver coin. 
 
 Frank, a. Liberal ; generous. 
 Frays, n. Quarrels. 
 Phrase, n. Part of a sentence. 
 
 Freeze, v. i. To congeal with cold. 
 
 Frieze, n. A coarse woolen cloth. 
 
 Frees, v. t. Sets at liberty. 
 Gabel, n. A tax. 
 Gable, n. The end of a house. 
 
 Gage, n. A pledge ; a pawn. 
 
 Gauge, n. A measure. 
 Gait, n. Manner of walking. 
 Gate, n. A kind of door. 
 
 Gala, n. A show. 
 
 Gayly, adv. In a gay manner. 
 Gamble, v'.i. To play for money. 
 Gambol, n. A skip ; a hop. 
 
 Gantlet, n. Military punishment. 
 
 Gauntlet, n. An iron glove. 
 Goal, n. The mark set to bound i 
 GAOL.t w. A prison. [race. 
 
 Genius, n. Intellect ; talent. 
 
 Genus, n. A class of things. 
 Gentile, n. One not Jewish. 
 Gentle, a. Soft ; mild. 
 
 Gild, v. t. Overlay with gold. 
 
 Guild, n. A corporation, [fishea 
 Gill, n. The organ of respiration in 
 GiLL,t n. The fourth part of a pint. 
 
 Gilt, n. Gold laid on the surface. 
 
 Guilt, n. A crime. 
 Glare, n. A dazzling light. 
 Glair, n. The white of an egg. 
 
 Gnaw, v. t. To bite off by little. 
 
 Nor, conj. A negative particle. 
 Nice, a. Fine ; delicate. 
 Gneis, n. A species of granite. 
 
10 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 God, n. The Supreme Being. 
 
 GoAD,tw. A stick for driving beasts. 
 Goer, n. One who goes. [horn. 
 
 Gore, n. Blood ; v. t. To pierce with a 
 
 Gored, pp. Pierced with a horn. 
 
 Gourd, n. A plant. 
 Grate, n. An iron frame for fire.' 
 GREA.T, a. Important. 
 
 Grater, n. A kind of coarse file. 
 
 Greater, a. Larger. 
 Grease, n. Animal fat. 
 Greece, n. A country of Europe. 
 
 Groan, n. A deep sigh. 
 
 Grown, pp. Advanced in growth. 
 Grocer, n. A dealer in tea, &c. 
 Grosser, a. More impure. 
 
 Grope, v. t. To search by feeling. 
 
 Group,! 71. An assembly of figures. 
 Guana, n. A lizard. 
 Guano, n. An excellent manure. 
 
 Guessed, jop. Conjectured. 
 
 Guest, n. A visitor. 
 Guitar, n. A stringed instrument. 
 Catarrh, n. A disease of the head. 
 
 Hail, n. Frozen drops of rain. 
 
 Hale, a. Healthy ; hearty. 
 Hair, n. The covering of the head. 
 Hare, n. A kind of rabbit. 
 
 Hall, n. A large room. 
 
 Haul, v. t. To pull ; to draw. 
 Halo, n. A circle round the sun or 
 
 moon. 
 Hallow, «. t. To make holy. 
 
 Harsh, a. Rough ; severe. 
 
 Hash, n. Minced meat. 
 Hart, n. A he-deer. 
 Heart, n. The seat of life. 
 
 Hay, n. Dried grass. 
 
 Hey, intj. An expression of joy. 
 Heal, v. t. To restore. 
 Heel, n. The hind part of the foot. 
 
 Hear, «. t. To perceive by the ear. 
 
 Here, adv. In this place. 
 Heard, pp. Did hear. 
 Herd, n. A number of beasts together. 
 
 Hew, v. t. To cut with an axe. 
 
 Hue, n. Color ; tint. 
 Hide, n. The skin of an animal ; v. t. 
 
 To conceal. 
 Hied, j^. Hastened. 
 
 Hie, «. i. To hasten. 
 
 High, a. Lofty ; tall. 
 Higher, a. More lofty. 
 Hire, n. Wages paid for service. 
 
 Him, pro. The objective of He. 
 Hymn, n. A song of adoration. 
 
 Hoard, n. A store laid up. 
 . Horde, n. A clan ; a tribe. 
 Hoarse, a. Having the voice rough. 
 Horse, n. An animal. 
 
 HoA, intj. An exclamation. 
 
 HoE, n. A farming instrument. 
 
 Ho, intj. Stop ; cease. 
 HoES, n. Instruments for farming. 
 Hose, n. Stockings ; leather pipes to 
 conduct water. 
 
 Hole, n. A cavity. 
 
 Whole, n. All of a thing. 
 Holy, a. Pure ; sacred. 
 Wholly, adv. Completely. 
 
 Hoop, n. A circular binding. 
 
 Whoop, n. A loud shout. 
 Hour, n. Sixty minutes. 
 Our, pro. Belonging to us. 
 
 Huzza, n. A shout. 
 
 Hussar, n. A horse soldier. 
 Hyperbola, n. A conic section. 
 Hyperbole, n. A figure of speech. 
 
 I, pro. The person speaking. 
 
 Eye, n. The organ of vision. 
 Idle, a. Doing nothing. 
 Idol, n. An image w^orshiped. 
 
 Impostor, n. One who pretends. 
 
 Imposture, n. Deception ; fraud. 
 In, prep. Noting time. 
 Inn, n. A hotel. 
 
 Incidence, n. A falling on. 
 
 Incidents, n. Events. 
 Indict, v. t. To declare guilty. 
 Indite, v. t. To dictate. 
 
 Indicted, pp. Accused. 
 
 Indited, j9^. Composed. 
 Indicter, n. One who indicts. 
 Inditer, n. One who composes. 
 
 Indiscreet, a. Imprudent. 
 
 Indiscrete, a. Not separated. 
 Ingenious, a. Witty ; inventive. 
 Ingenuous, a. Open ; artless. 
 
 Intense, a. Extreme. 
 
 Intents, n. Designs. 
 Invade, v. t. To infringe. 
 Ina'"eighed, pp. Uttered censure. 
 
 Jam, n. A conserve of fruits. 
 
 Jamb, n. The side of a door. 
 Jester, n. One given to merriment 
 Gesture, n. Action of sentiment. 
 
 Key, n. An instrument. 
 
 Quay, n. A wharf. 
 
W0BD8 OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 11 
 
 Kill, v. t. To deprive of life. 
 XiLN, n. A stove or furnace. 
 
 Knag, n. A knot in wood. 
 
 Nag, n. A small horse. 
 Knead, v. t To work into a mass. 
 Kneed, a. Having knees. 
 Heed, n. Necessity ; want. 
 
 Knew, v. Had knowledge of. 
 
 Gnu, n. An animal of Africa. 
 
 New, a. Not old. 
 Knight, n. A military attendant. 
 Night, n. The time of darkness. 
 
 Knit, v. t. To unite closely. 
 
 Nit, n. The Qgg of an insect. 
 Know, v. t. To have knowledge of 
 No, n. A denial ; a. None. 
 
 Knows, v. t. Understands. 
 
 Nose, n. The organ of smell. 
 Knot, n. A part which is tied. 
 Not, adv. The word of refusal. 
 NoTT, n. A proper name. 
 
 Lacks, v. t. Wants ; needs. 
 
 Lax, a. Loose ; slack. 
 Lade, d. t. To load ; to freight. 
 Laid, pp. Placed ; produced eggs. 
 
 Lanch, v. t. To dart ; to let fly. 
 
 Launch, v.n. To slide into the water. 
 Lane, n. A narrow way. 
 Lain, pp. Rested horizontally. 
 
 Latin, n. Language of the Romans. 
 
 Latten, n. A fine kind of brass. 
 Laud, v. t. To extol ; to praise. 
 LoRD,t n. The Supreme Being. 
 
 Lea, n. A meadow. 
 
 Lee, n. A sheltered place. 
 Leach, v. t. To filtrate. 
 Leech, n. A worm that sucks blood. 
 
 Lead, n. A soft, heavy metal. 
 
 Led, pp. Guided, conducted. 
 
 Lead,! «. t. To guide by the hand. 
 Leap, n. The green part of plants. 
 Lief, adv. Willingly. 
 Leave, n. Permission ; v. t. To quit. 
 
 Leak, n. A hole which lets water in 
 
 Leek, n. A plant. [or out. 
 
 Lean, a. Not fat. 
 Lien, n. A legal claim on property. 
 
 Leased, v. t. Let or hired. 
 
 Least, a. Smallest. 
 fjEGiSLATOR, 71. A lawgiver. • 
 Legislature, n. The body in a State 
 which makes the laws. 
 
 Lends, v. t. Grants for a time. 
 
 Lens, n. A piece of Convex glass. 
 
 Lessen, v. t To diminish. 
 Lesson, n. A task. 
 
 Levee, n. A ceremonious visit. 
 
 Levy, v. t. To collect. 
 Liar, 7i. One who tells lies. 
 Lier, n. One who lies down. 
 Lyre, n. A musical instrument. 
 
 Lie, n. A falsehood. 
 
 Lye, 71. Water mixed with wood- 
 ashes. 
 Limb, t?. A branch. 
 Limn, v. t. To draw. 
 
 Line, n. That which has length 
 without breadth. 
 
 Loin, ti. The back of an animal. 
 Lineament, ti. Feature. 
 Liniment, n. A wash. 
 
 Links, 7^. Divisions of a chain. 
 
 Lynx, n. An animal remarkable for 
 sharp sight. 
 LrvER, 71. One who lives. 
 LivRE,t n. A French coin. 
 
 Lo, iTitj. Look ; see. 
 
 Low, a. Not high ; mean. 
 Loam, ti. A rich vegetable mold. 
 LooM,t n. A frame for weaving. 
 
 Loan, ti. Any thing lent. 
 
 Lone, a. Solitary. 
 Loath, a. JJnwilling. 
 Loathe, «. t. To feel nausea. 
 
 Lock, n. An instrument. 
 
 Loch, n. A term for lake in Scotland. 
 
 Lough, n. A term for lake in Ireland. 
 Lore, ti. Learning. 
 Lower, v. t. To bring lovr. 
 LowER,t V. t. To appear dark. 
 
 Lose, v. t. To miss any thing. 
 
 Loose, a. Unbound. 
 Made, 2>P- Created ; formed. 
 Maid, n. An unmarried woman. 
 
 Mail, ti. A coat of steel network. . 
 
 Male, ti. The he of any species. 
 Main, a. Principal ; chief 
 Mane, ti. The hair on the neck of 
 
 horses. 
 Maine, n. One of the United States. 
 
 Maize, n. Indian corn. 
 
 Maze, ti. A place of perplexity. 
 Mantel, 71. The beam of a fireplace. 
 Mantle, ti. A kind of cloak. 
 
 Manner, ti. Form ; method. 
 
 Manor, ti. A large landed estate. 
 
 Manna, ti. . A substance given by 
 the Lord to the Israelites. 
 
12 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Makk, n. A visible line. 
 Makque, n. A license. 
 
 Marten, n. A large kind of weasel. 
 
 Martin, 71. A sort of swallow. 
 Marshal, n. A chief officer. 
 Martial, a. Warlike. 
 
 Mare, n. A female horse. 
 
 Mayor, n. The chief magistrate of 
 a city. 
 Mead, n. A kind of drink. 
 Meed, n. Reward. 
 
 Mean, a. Wanting dignity. 
 
 Mien, n. Look ; aspect. 
 
 Mesne, a. Middle. 
 Meat, n. Flesh to be eaten. 
 Meet, a. Suitable ; d. t. To come to- 
 Mete, v. t. To measure. [gether. 
 
 . Meddle, v. i. To interfere. 
 
 Medal, n. A piece stamped in hon- 
 or of some performance. 
 ]\Iedlar, n. A tree. 
 Meddler, n. One who meddles. 
 
 Message, w. Any thing to be told. 
 
 Messuage, n. A house and land. 
 Mettle, n. Spirit ; courage. 
 JIetal, n. A mineral insoluble in wa- 
 ter and fusible by heat. 
 
 Meter, n. A measurer. 
 
 Meter, n. Measure of verse. 
 Mewl, 'v. i. To cry as an infant. 
 Mule, n. An animal of mongrel breed. 
 
 Mews, v. i. Cries as a cat. 
 
 Muse, n. Deep thought. 
 Millenary,, a. Consisting of a thou- 
 sand. 
 Millinery, n. Goods of a milliner. 
 
 Mince, «. t. To cut into small parts. 
 
 Mints, n. Places where money is 
 coined. 
 Minds, n. The intelligent faculties. 
 Mines, n. Subterraneous works. 
 
 Miner, n. One employed in mining. 
 
 IVIiNOR, n. One under lawful age. 
 Missal, n. The mass book. 
 Missul, ?i. A singing bird. 
 Missile, n. A weapon thrown. 
 
 M:s::ed, jop. Failed in aim. 
 
 Mist, n. A fine, thin rain. 
 Mite, n. A small insect. 
 Might, n. Power; strength. 
 
 Mity, a. Having insect mites. 
 
 Mighty, a. Powerful. 
 Moan, n. Audible sorrow. 
 Mown, pp. Cut down with a scythe. 
 
 Moat, n. A ditch round a castle. 
 
 Mote, n. A small particle. 
 More. A greater quantity. 
 Mower, n. One who cuts grass. 
 
 Morn, n. The first part of the day. 
 
 Mourn, d. i. To grieve ; to lament. 
 Morning, n. The first part of the day. 
 Mourning, n. Grief; sorrow. 
 
 Mortar, n. Cement for bricks. 
 
 MoRTER, n. A lamp or light. 
 Mow, n. A compartment for hay. 
 Mow,t V. t. To cut down. 
 
 Mustard, n. A genus of plants. 
 
 Mustered, pp- Assembled. 
 Nap, n. A short sleep. 
 Knap, d. i. To make a sharp noise. 
 
 Naval, a. Maritime ; nautical. 
 
 Navel, n. The center of the ab- 
 Naive, a. Artless. [domen. 
 
 Nave, n. The center of the wheel. 
 Knave, n. A petty rascal. 
 
 Nay, adv. No. 
 
 Neigh, n. The voice of a horse. 
 Neal, v. t. To temper by heat. 
 Kneel, v. i. To rest on the knee. 
 
 Near, a. Not far distant. 
 
 Ne'er, ad'v. At no time. 
 Neither, conj. Not either ; nor. 
 Nether, a. Lower. 
 
 News, n. Fresh account. 
 
 NoosE, n. A running knot. 
 None, a. No one. 
 Nun, n. A female devotee. 
 
 Oar, n. A pole with a broad blade. 
 
 0^-KE,^ prep. Above; across. 
 
 Ore, n. A mineral body. 
 Ode, n. A lyric poem. 
 Owed, pp. IFnder obligation. 
 
 Op, prep. Belonging to. 
 
 Off, adv. Noting separation. 
 Oh, intj. Denoting pain. 
 Owe, v. t. To be indebted to. 
 
 Ottar, n. The oil of roses. 
 
 Otter, n. An amphibious animal. 
 One, 71. A single person ; a unit. 
 Won, pp. Gained by conquest. 
 
 Ordinance, n. A decree ; law. 
 
 Ordnance, n. Cannon. 
 Order, n. Method. 
 Ordure, n. Dung ; filth. 
 
 Ought, v. t. To be bound by duty. 
 
 Aught, n. Any thing. 
 Paced, pp. Moved slowly. 
 Paste, a. Flour and water mixed. 
 
WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 13 
 
 Packed, pp. Bound in a bundle. 
 
 Pact, n. A contract ; a bargain. 
 Pail, n. A wooden vessel. 
 Pale, a. Not ruddy. 
 
 Pain, n. Anguish ; agony. 
 
 Pane, n. A square of glass. 
 Pair, n. Two things suiting one an- 
 Pare, v. t. To jDeel. [other. 
 
 Pear, n. A fruit. 
 
 Palate, n. The organ of taste. 
 
 Pallet, n. A small bed. 
 
 Palette, n. A painter's board. 
 Pall, n. The covering over the dead. 
 Paul, n. A man's name. 
 
 Partition, n. That which divides. 
 
 Petition, n. A request ; entreaty. 
 Passable, a. Tolerable. 
 Passible, a. That may feel. 
 
 Pastor, n. A clergyman. 
 
 Pasture, n. Land grazed by cattle. 
 Patience, n. Suffering without com- 
 plaint. 
 Patients, n. Persons under the care 
 of a doctor. 
 
 Pause, n. A stop ; suspense. 
 
 Paws, n. The fore-feet of a beast of 
 prey. 
 
 PoRES,i72-. Passages for perspiration. 
 Peace, n. Freedom from war. 
 Piece, n. A part of the whole. 
 
 Peak, n. The top of an eminence. 
 
 Pique, n. A slight resentment. 
 Peal, n. A succession of loud sounds. 
 Peel, n. The skin or rind. 
 
 Panel, n. A square between other 
 bodies. 
 
 Pannel, n. A kind of saddle. 
 Purl, i). i. To flow with a gentle noise. 
 Pearl, n. A white, hard, smooth sub- 
 stance found in a kind of oyster. 
 
 Pedal, a. Belonging to the feet. 
 
 Pedal, n. A key moved by the foot. 
 
 Peddle, v. t. To carry about to sell. 
 Peer, n. An equal. 
 Pier, n. A column ; a wharf. 
 
 Pencil, n. A small brush. 
 
 Pensile, a. Suspended. 
 Pendant, n. Something which hangs. 
 Pendent, a. Hanging. [woman. 
 
 Personal, a. Belonging toiman or 
 
 Personnel, n. The persons in a 
 public office. 
 Pilot, n. A guide. 
 Pilate, n. A man'^name. 
 
 Pillar, n. A column. [head. 
 
 Pillow, n. Something under the 
 Pint, n. Half a quart. 
 PoiNT,t n. The sharp end. 
 
 Pistil, n. Part of a flower. 
 
 Pistol, n. The smallest fire-arm. 
 Place, n. Locality ; situation. 
 Plaice, n. A sort of flat fish. 
 
 Plain, n. Smooth ; clear. 
 
 Plane, n. A flat surface. 
 Plaintiff, n. One who seeks justice. 
 Plaintive, a. Expressive of sorrow. 
 
 Plait, n. A fold. 
 
 Plate, n. A flat piece of metal. 
 Pleas, n. Arguments. 
 Please, «. i. To give pleasure. 
 
 Plum, n. A fruit. 
 
 Plumb, n. A perpendicular, 
 
 PLUME,t n. A feather ; a crest. 
 Pole, n. A measure ; a long stake. 
 Poll, n. The head. 
 
 Pool, n. A small collection of water. 
 
 PouLE, n. The stakes played for. 
 Poplar, n. A tree of the aspen species. 
 Popular, a. Pleasing to the people. 
 
 Populace, n. The people. 
 
 Populous, a. Full of people. 
 Pore, n. A passage for perspiration. 
 Pour, v. t. To let out of a vessel. 
 
 Poring, ppr. Looking intently. 
 
 Pouring, ppr. Sending as a fluid. 
 Port, n. A harbor. 
 Porte, n. The Turkish court. 
 
 Portion, n. A part ; a share, 
 
 PoTioN,t n. A draught of medicine. 
 Practice, n. The habit of doing. 
 Practise, v. t. To exercise. 
 
 Praise, n. Commendation, 
 
 Prays, v. i. Entreats ; j)etitions. 
 
 Preys, v. i. Feeds by violence. 
 Pray, v. t. To supplicate. 
 Prey, n. Rapine ; plunder. 
 
 Precedent, n. A rule or example. 
 
 Precedent, a. Going before. 
 
 President, n. One who presides. 
 Presence, n. State of being present. 
 Presents, n. Gifts. 
 
 Pride, n. Self-esteem. 
 
 Pried, pp. Moved by means of 9, 
 lever. 
 Pries, v. i. To inspect closely. 
 Prize, n. A reward gained. 
 
 Prince, n. The son of a king. 
 
 Prints, n. Impressions made. 
 
J4 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Principal, a. Chief; important. 
 Principle, n. An element. 
 
 Prior, a. Previous ; former. 
 
 Prier, n. One who inquires closely. 
 Profit, n. Gain ; benefit. 
 Prophet, n. One who foretells events. 
 
 Prophecy, n. That which is fore- 
 told, [tell. 
 
 Prophesy, ??. i. To predict ; to fore- 
 QuARTS, n. Fourths of a gallon. 
 Quartz, n. Rock crj^stal. 
 
 Queen, n. The wife of a king. 
 
 Quean, n. A worthless woman. 
 Rabbet, n. A joint. 
 Rabbit, n. A small quadruped. 
 
 Radical, 7i. Of first principles. 
 
 Radicle, n. A part of a seed. 
 Radish, n. An esculent root. 
 Reddish, a. Somewhat red. 
 
 Rain, n. Water from the clouds. 
 
 Reign, n. To have royal power. 
 
 Rein, n. The strap of a bridle. 
 Raise, v. t. To lift ; to erect. 
 Rays, n. Beams of light. 
 Raze, v. t. To demolish. 
 
 Raised, ^jo. Lifted; elevated. 
 
 Razed, pp. Demolished. 
 Raiser, n. One who raises. 
 Razor, n. An instrument for shaving. 
 
 Raisin, n. A dried grape. 
 
 Reason, n. The rational faculty. 
 Rancor, n. Malice ; hate. 
 Ranker, a. Coarser. 
 
 Rap, 71. A quick, smart blow. 
 
 Wrap, v. t. To roll together. 
 Rapping, j9pr. Striking with quick 
 
 blows. 
 Wrapping, n. A cover. 
 Rapine,! /i. Plunder; pillage. 
 
 Read, v. t. To peruse. 
 
 Reed, n. A hollow, knotted stalk. 
 Read, ^j9. Perused. 
 Red, a. Having the color like blood. 
 
 Real, a. True. 
 
 Reel, n. A machine for winding. 
 Reseat, «. t. To seat again. 
 Receipt, n. A written acknowledg- 
 ment. 
 
 Relic, n. That which remains. 
 
 Relict, n. A widow. 
 Residence, n. Place of abode. 
 Residents, n. Those who reside in a 
 
 Resign, v. t. To give up. [place. 
 
 Resign, v. t. To sign again. 
 
 Rest, n. Quiet ; ease. 
 
 Wrest, «. t. To twist by violence. 
 
 Restauration, n. Restoration. 
 
 Restoration, ii. Recovery. 
 Rheum, n. A thin, watery matter. 
 Room, n. Space. 
 
 Rhumb, n. A vertical circle. 
 
 Rum, n. Spirituous liquor. 
 
 Rhomb,! n. A quadrilateral figure. 
 Rhyme, n. Harmpnical sounds. 
 Rime, n. Hoar frost. 
 
 Rice, n. An esculent grain. 
 
 Rise, n. Ascent ; «. t. To ascend. 
 Rifle, n. A kind of gun. 
 RiYAL,t n. A competitor. 
 
 Rigger, n. One who rigs. 
 
 Rigor, n. Severity ; strictness. 
 Right, a. Direct ; proper. 
 Rite, n. Ceremony. 
 Wright, n. A workman. 
 Write, v. t. To express by letters 
 formed with a pen. 
 
 Road, n. An open way. 
 
 Rode, pp. Traveled in a vehicle. 
 
 Rowed, pp. Impelled by oars. 
 Roam, ii. i. To ramble. 
 Rome, n. A city in Italy. 
 
 Roar, v. i. To cry as a lion. 
 
 Rower, n. One who manages an oar. 
 Roe, n. A species of deer. 
 Row, V. t. To impel a boat by oars. 
 Row,t n. A riotous noise. 
 
 Roes, n. Female deer ; eggs of fishes. 
 
 Rows, 'D. t. Impels by oars. 
 
 Rose, n. A well-known flower. 
 Rood, n. The fourth part of an acre. 
 Rude, a. Rough ; coarse of manners. 
 
 Rouse, v. t. To stir up ; to provoke. 
 
 Rows, 11. Riotous disturbances. 
 Rote, n. Memory of words. 
 Wrote, pret. of write. 
 
 Rough, a. Not smooth ; rugged. 
 
 Ruff, n. A linen ornament. 
 Rout, n. An evening party ; i). t. To 
 
 disperse. 
 Route, n. Road ; course. 
 
 Rung, n. A step of a ladder ; pp. 
 
 Wrung, j9jo. Twisted. [Sounded. 
 Rye, n. A species of grain. 
 Wry, a. Crooked. 
 
 Sail, n. Canvas of a ship. 
 
 Sale, n. Act of selling. 
 Sailer, n. That which sails. 
 Sailor, n. A seaman ; a mariner. 
 
WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 15 
 
 Satire, n. Ridicule ; sarcasm. 
 
 Satyr, n. A sylvan God. 
 Saver, n. One who saves. 
 Savor, n. A scent ; taste. 
 
 Scene, n. A view. 
 
 Seen, pp. Having viewed. 
 
 Seine, n. A net used in fishing. 
 Scull, 71. A short oar. 
 Skull, n. The case of the brain. 
 
 Sea, n. A body of salt water. 
 
 See, v. t. To perceive by the eye. 
 
 C, n. A letter in the alphabet. 
 Seal, n. An engraved stamp. 
 Seel, v. t. To close the eyes. 
 Ceil, «. t. To cover the upper surface. 
 
 Seam, n. A juncture. 
 
 Seem, v. n. To appear. 
 Seamed, pp. Joined together. 
 Seemed,^. Appeared. 
 
 Sear, a. Dry ; v. t. To bum. 
 
 Seer, n. One who foresees. 
 Seas, n. Bodies of salt water. 
 Sees, v. t. Perceives by the eye. 
 Seize, v. t. To take hold of. 
 
 Sects, n. Religious denominations. 
 
 Sex, n. The distinction between 
 male and female. 
 Senior, n. One older than another. 
 Seignior, n. A title. 
 
 Serf, n. A slave. 
 
 Surf, n. The swell of the sea that 
 beats upon the shore. 
 Serge, n. A kind of woolen cloth. 
 Surge, n. A rising billow 
 
 Set, 'b. t. To place. 
 
 SiT,1 V. i. To repose on a seat. 
 Sew, •». t. To join by the needle. 
 
 Sow, 
 
 To scatter seed. 
 
 So, adv. In this manner. 
 
 Sower, n. One who sows. 
 
 Soar, i). i. To fly aloft. 
 
 Sore, n. An ulcer ; a i^ainful part. 
 
 Sewer, n. One who uses a needle. 
 
 SEWER,t n. A passage to convey off 
 water and filth. 
 Shear, v. t. To clip with shears. 
 Sheer, v. n. To deviate. 
 Shire, n. A county. 
 
 Sheath, n. The case of any thing. 
 » Sheathe, v. t. To inclose in a case. 
 Show, v. t. To exhibit to view. 
 Shew, v. t. To exhibit to view. 
 
 Shoe, n. A j^rotection for the foot. 
 
 Shoo, inPj. Begone.^ 
 
 Shone, pp. Emitted rays of light. 
 Shown, j9;>. Exhibited. 
 
 Side, n. Edge ; margin. 
 
 Sighed, jt>/?. To emit breath audibly. 
 Sighs, n. Deep respirations. 
 Size, n. Bulk ; magnitude. 
 
 SiGHER, 71. One who sighs. 
 
 Sire, n. Father. 
 Sign, n. A token ; a signal. 
 Sine, n. The name of a line. 
 
 Sink, v. i. To go to the bottom. 
 
 Cinque, 71. The number five. 
 Slay, v. t. To kill. 
 Sley, n. A weaver's reed. 
 Sleigh, n. A vehicle for snow. 
 
 Slew, pret. of slay. 
 
 Slue, «. t. To turn about. 
 Slight, 7i. Neglect ; a. Small. 
 Sleight, n. Artful trick. 
 
 Sloe, n. A fruit. 
 
 Slow, a. Not swift. 
 Slough, n. A deep, miry place. 
 Slough,! v. i. To fall off. 
 
 Smelt, ti. A small sea-fish. 
 
 Smelt, «?. t. To melt ; pp. Perceived 
 by the nose. 
 Soared, jt?jo. Ascended. 
 Sword, n. A weapon for cutting. 
 SwARD,t 71. A grassy surface. 
 
 Sole, n. The bottom of the foot. 
 
 Soul, ti. The spirit of man. 
 Sold, pjh Disjiosed of for a price. 
 Soled, pyp- Furnished with soles. 
 SouLED, a. Having a mind. 
 
 Solder, n. Metallic cement. 
 
 SoLDiER,t n. A warrior. 
 Some, a. More or less. 
 Sum, 71. The whole. 
 
 Son, n. A male child. 
 
 Sun, 71. The luminary that makes 
 the day 
 Soot, ti. Condensed smoke. 
 Suit, n. A set of things. 
 Suet, ti. A hard fat. 
 Suite, ti. A train of followers. 
 
 Sooth, n. Truth ; reality. 
 
 Soothe, v. t. To allay. 
 Staid, a. Sober ; grave. 
 Stayed, pp. Supported. 
 
 Stair, ti. One in a flight of steps. 
 
 Stare, «. ti. To look with fixed 
 eyes. 
 Stake, ti. A small post. 
 Steak, ti. A slice of beef. 
 
16 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Stalk, n. The stem of a plant. 
 
 Stokk, n. A bird. 
 Stationary, a. Motionless. 
 Stationery, n. Pens, ink, paper, &c. 
 
 Steel, n. A refined kind of iron. 
 
 Steal, «. t. To take by theft. 
 Straight, a. Not crooked. 
 Strait, n. A narrow pass. 
 
 Succor, n. Aid ; relief. 
 
 Sucker, n. A shoot of a plant. 
 Swap, n. A blow. 
 Swop, V. t. To barter. 
 
 Sweat, n. Perspiration. 
 
 Sweet, a. Pleasing to the taste. 
 Tacks, n. Small nails. 
 Tax, n. A tribute. 
 
 Tact, 7i. Skill. 
 
 Tack, n. A small nail. 
 Tail, n. The last end. 
 Tale, n. A narrative. 
 
 Talents, n. Abilities. 
 
 Talons, n. The claws of a bird. 
 Taper, n. A wax candle. 
 Tapir, n. An animal. 
 
 Tare, n. A weed. 
 
 Tear, v. t. To pull in pieces. 
 
 TEAR.t n. Moisture from the eyes. 
 Taught, j9/>. Instructed. 
 Taut, a. Tight. 
 
 Team, n. Two or more horses. 
 
 Teem, «. i. To be full. 
 Tear, n. The water from the eyes. 
 Tier, n. A row ; a rank. 
 
 Teas, n. The different kinds of tea. 
 
 Tease, «. t. To harass ; to annoy. 
 Tenor, n. General course. 
 Tenure, n. Act of holding. 
 
 Tense, a. Drawn tight. 
 
 Tents, n. Movable lodgings. 
 The. The definite article. 
 Thee, pro. The objective case of 
 thou. 
 
 Their, pro. Belonging to them. 
 
 There, adv. In that place. 
 Threw, pret. of throw. 
 Through, prep. From end to end. 
 
 Throe, n. Extreme pain. 
 
 Throw, v. t. To hurl. 
 Throne, n. The seat of a king. 
 Thrown,^. Cast; hurled. 
 
 Thyme, n. An aromatic plant. 
 
 Time, n. Duration. 
 Tide, n. Stream. 
 Tied,^. Bound. 
 
 Tiny, a. Little ; small. 
 
 Tinny, o,. Like tin. 
 To, prep. Noting motion toward. 
 Too, adv. Noting excess. 
 Two, a. One and one. 
 
 Toad, n. An animal. 
 
 Toed, a. Having toes. 
 
 TowBD, pp. Drawn along. 
 Toe, n. A finger of the foot. 
 Tow, V. t. To draw along. 
 
 Told, ^j9. Mentioned; related. 
 
 Tolled, pp. Sounded slowly. 
 
 ToLED, pp. Allured. 
 ToLE, V. t. To allure. 
 Toll, n. A tax upon travelers. 
 
 Ton, n. A weight ; 20 cwt. 
 
 Tun, n. A large cask. 
 Tour, n. A circuit. 
 Tower, n. , A building. 
 
 Tracked, pp. Followed by marks. 
 
 Tract, n. A region ; a small pamph- 
 let. 
 Travail, v. i. To labor with pain. 
 Travel, v. i. To make journeys. 
 
 Tray, n. A shallow vessel. 
 
 Trey, n. A three at cards. 
 Treatise, n. A discourse. 
 Treaties, n. Agreements between 
 governments. 
 
 Tomb, ii. A monument over a grave. 
 
 Tome, n. A volume ; a book. 
 Ewes, n. Female sheep. 
 Yews, n. Evergreen trees. 
 UsE,t n. Service. 
 
 Vale, n. Space between hills. 
 
 Vail, n. Money given to servants. 
 
 Veil, n. A thin cover over the face. 
 Valley, n. A hollow between hills. 
 VALUE,t V. t. To rate at a certain price. 
 
 Vane, n. A weather-cock. 
 
 Vein, n. A blood vessel. 
 
 Vain, a. Meanly proud. 
 Venal, a. Mercenary ; base. 
 Venial, a. That may be forgiven. 
 
 Vent, n. A hole for air to escape. 
 
 Went, pret. of go. 
 Venus, n. One of the planets. 
 Venous, a. Relating to the veins. 
 
 Veracity, n. Habitual truth. 
 
 Voracity, n. Rapacity ; greediness. 
 Vial, n. A small bottle. 
 Viol, n. A musical instrument. 
 Vile, a. Base ; wicked. 
 Phial, n. A small bottle. 
 
WOEDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCTATION. 
 
 17 
 
 Vicar, n. A substitute. 
 
 Wicker, a. Made of twigs. 
 Vice, n. A spot or defect. 
 Vice. Instead of 
 
 Vioi*A.TE, V. t. To transgress. 
 
 Violet, n. A delicate flower. 
 Virtu, n. A love of the fine arts. 
 Virtue, n. Moral goodness. | 
 
 Wade, v. n. To walk through water. 
 
 Weighed, pp. Balanced. i 
 
 Wail, v. t. To moan ; to lament. ^ 
 
 Wale, n. A mark left by a stripe. 
 Whale, n. An animal shaped like a 
 fish, and living in the sea, but 
 having warm blood, and breath- i 
 ing the air. ! 
 
 Waist, n. Part of the body. 
 
 Waste, n. Wanton destruction. 
 Wait, v. i. To stay for. 
 Weight, n. Heaviness. 
 
 Waive, v. t. To relinquish. 
 
 Wave, n. A moving swell of water. 
 Want, v. t. To desire. 
 Wont, n. Custom ; habit. 
 
 Wear, v. t. To impair by use. 
 
 Ware, n. Commodity. 
 
 Where, adv. In which place. 
 
 ^^'R^^-\pret.plu. From the verb be. 
 Wart, n. A hard excrescence. 
 Wort, n. Unfermented beer. 
 
 Whacks, ti. Heavy blows. 
 
 Wax, n. The substance which forms 
 the cells of beeS. 
 Way, n. A road ; a passage. 
 Whey, n. The thin part of milk. 
 Weigh, v. t. To examine by balance. 
 
 Weak, a. Not strong. 
 
 Week, n. Seven days. 
 Weal, n. Happiness ; welfare. 
 Wheal, n. A pustule. 
 Wheel, n. A circular body. 
 VEAL,t n. The flesh of a calf. 
 
 Weasel, n. A small animal. 
 
 Weezel, a. Thin ; weazen. 
 Wether, n. A ram. 
 Whether, adv. Which of two. 
 Weather, n. The state of the atmo- 
 
 Wen, n. A tumor. [sphere. 
 
 When, adv. At what time, 
 Wert. The second person x>f the 
 
 verb BE. 
 WoBT, n. Unfermented beer. 
 
 Wet, n. Water ; moisture. 
 
 Whet, v. To sharpen. 
 What, pro. That which. 
 Wot, v. t. To know. 
 
 Which, pro. A pronoun. 
 
 Witch, n. A sorceress. 
 Whig, n. The name of a party. 
 Wig, n. False hair worn on the head. 
 
 While, adv. During the time that. 
 
 Wile, n. A deceit ; a fraud. 
 Whine, n. A plaintive noise. 
 Wine, n. The juice of the grape. 
 ViNE,t n. Any plant that trails. 
 
 Whir, v. n: To turn round with 
 noise. 
 
 Were, pret. plu. of the verb be. 
 Whist, n. A game at cards. 
 Wist, j9jt). Thought; knew. 
 
 White, n. The color of snow. 
 
 Wight, n. A person ; a being. 
 
 WiTE, n. Blame ; reproach. 
 Whit, n. A very small part. 
 Wit, n. Quickness of fancy. 
 
 Whither, adv. To which place. 
 
 Wither, v. i. To fade ; to dry up. 
 Why, adv. To what reason. 
 Vie, v. i. To strive. 
 
 Wood, n. The substance of trees. 
 
 Would, v. Was willing. 
 Worsted, n. Woolen yam. 
 Worsted, pp. Defeated. 
 
 Wrapped, p^. Wound. 
 
 Kapped, pp. Struck with a quick 
 blow. 
 Wreak, v. t. To execute. 
 Reek, v. To emit vapor. 
 
 Wreath, n. Any thing curled.. 
 
 Wreathe, v. t. To encircle; to 
 curl. 
 Wreck, n. Dissolution by violence. 
 Reck, v. t. To heed ; to care for. 
 
 Wretch, n. A miserable person. 
 
 Retch, v. i. To make an effort to 
 vomit. 
 Wring, v. t. To turn with violence. 
 Ring, n. A circle ; sound. 
 
 Yolk, n. The yellow part of an egg. 
 
 Yoke, n. A wooden bandage placed 
 on the neck of oxen. 
 Your, pro. Belonging to you. 
 Ewer, n. A vessel for water. 
 
18 smith's hand-book op etymology. 
 
 DICTATION EXERCISES. 
 
 Pll go through the aisle of the church which is on the Isle of Wight. The 
 shoemaker said his awl was all that procured him a living. 
 
 He commenced to hawl, because he had lost his hall. The haroness was sur- 
 prised at the barrenness of the country. The captain, with the assistance of 
 his assistants, sailed the harque laden with Itarh. They barred the door against 
 the hard. He gave his assent to the proposition for their ascent of Mount 
 Washington. 
 
 I have heen to the Inn to get some grain. Beer brought him to his Mer. 
 He hored a hole in the hoard. The how of the boat was made of the hough of 
 the heech which grew near the heach. The hass drum was taken by a base fel- 
 low. The bee must he busy in order to lay up his winter store. 
 
 Two weeks after the child was bom it was borne to that bourn whence no 
 traveler returns. The wind caused the bou^Ji to how. The man was bred to 
 his calling, but his calling was not bread to him. 
 
 After passing through the canon the canon was read amid the roar of can- 
 non. While one brother was ceiling the room the other was sealing a letter. 
 The seller lives in a cellar. After taking the census he lost his senses. The 
 servant was sent with a cent to get some scent. 
 
 The leader of the clioir sent for a quire of music paper. His choler having 
 risen he seized his opponent by the collar. From the s:ite of the house a 
 magnificent sigJit opened to our view. 
 
 The fit of coughing which caused the colonel to be laid in his coffin was pro- 
 duced by his eating a Icernel. The artist made a sketch of the crans with a 
 crayon. Notwithstanding he was his cousin.^ he wished to cozen him. The 
 color of the culler was raised by the insult. His counsel was asked and ob- 
 tained by the council. 
 
 The Dane did not deign to notice him. He said the dey was a day too late. 
 Each one of the crews was provided with a cruse for the cruise. Upon his 
 signet was engraved a cygnet. The disease caused his decease. 
 
 The dy&r dyes daily, yet he dies not. Three scruples make a drachm., but 
 many persons take a dram without a scruple. The errant knight, while on 
 his errand, proved to be an arrant coward. He can earn the urn by dyeing., 
 and yet keep from dying. 
 
 Tou must not frighten the ewe which is lying by that yew of beautiful hue. 
 She made 2, feint to faint. The landlord gave us fair fare, ^y father said 
 I should go no farther. He performed a great feat with his feet at the fete. 
 Upon the smoke ascending, the swallow fiew from the flv^. He fain would 
 feign to go to the fane. 
 
 The fore parts of the four animals were put aside for eating. The domes- 
 tic fowl was killed by a foul domestic. He strode to the gate with a lofty 
 gait. It is wicked to gamble, but not to gambol. At the fort his forte is 
 gunnery. A majority of the guild wished to gild the sign. 
 
 The gu£st guessed that they would make a fire in the great grate. The hair 
 of the hare is of a brown color. 
 
 I heard the lowing of the hsrd. When our hour shall come, we will sing & 
 hymn to Him above. The hussar who was in the inn cried out huzza. 
 
DICTATION EXERCISES. 19 
 
 The reason why bakers hnead their bread is because they need it. I hnow 
 no Tcnight who will go there in the night. If the gnu hnew that the hay was 
 new., why did he not eat it ? The jester by his gesture showed his intense in- 
 tents. 
 
 The pupil endeavored to lessen the lesson. The body has lain in the lane 
 for three clays. Every Her is not a liar., though he can perform on the lyre. 
 He bought some liniment for his bruised lineament. 
 
 The martial marshal received a valuable mare from the mayor. The male 
 wore a coat of mail. He was in a maze amidst the maize. The m£ad was the 
 m£ed which he required. 
 
 That miner minds the minor mines. The mower could mow no more., for be 
 had missed the place in the mist. It is not meet to mete out such meat. You 
 should not meddle with the medal. Does it require the might of a man to 
 kill a mite ? 
 
 The noise of the oar comes oV the water. By an ordinance of parliament 
 the ordnance was increased. None but a nun can enter a nunnery. Does the 
 neigh of a horse mean nay ? 
 
 Can you pare a pear with a pair of scissors ? He placed his palette upon 
 the^aZZc^, and went to gratify \ns palate. Of the patients none had j9rt^^e?^c«. 
 The piece of ^;a;?e in the wound caused great pain^ therefore he had no peace. 
 
 He laid down to rest having a broken pillar for a pillow. As soon as he 
 ceased running the perspiration began to pour from every pore. 
 
 The principal principle of a student should be uprightness. The praise 
 which his rival received preys upon his spirits. 
 
 His relict kept the razor as a relic. The resideid^i had changed their resi- 
 dence. The rigor of the climate caused the death of the rigger. 
 
 He said it was right to write to the wright about the rite. He rode home 
 by the road, after he had rowed to the place of meeting. The rows in the 
 street caused him to rouse from his stupor. 
 
 So you sew when you ought to sow. The pirate has determined to seize 
 every vessel he sees upon the seas. The serf sighs at the size of the surf 
 through which he is compelled to go. To bathe in the surge he had a dress 
 made of serge. He siglied because of a pain in his side. 
 
 Without his son the sun had no light for him. Tour eicer was broken at 
 the fountain. Why do men vie with each other ? We endeavored to wreathe 
 a wreath. 
 
 The bread earned by the »weat\ of thy brow is sweet to thee, O man. It re- 
 quires tact to tach through the straight strait. There their horses stand. 
 This is the spear which he threw through the fence. 
 
 He told his friend that he was toled to the church by hearing the bell toUed. 
 He wrote a treatise on the principal treaties recorded in history. The only 
 use he had for his yews was to shelter his ewes. 
 
 The mle man injured the viol by means of a vial. The vicar was walking 
 down the lane with his wicker basket. A wave of his brother's hand caused 
 him to waive his claim. 
 
 He asked him whether the weather was favorable to the young wether. He 
 wi^it not whether it was whist or !lot. He did not know whither to carry the 
 flower which the witch said was commencing to wither. He did not know 
 wh/en the wen would heal. She went over the way to weigh the whey. 
 
20 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 WORDS SIMILARLY SPELLED, 
 BUT DIFFERENTLY PRONOUNCED AND APPLIED. 
 
 Ab'sent, a. Not present. 
 Absent', «?. To keep away. 
 
 Ab'stract, n. An abridgment. 
 
 Abstract', is. To draw from. 
 Abuse (abuze), 'o. To ill use. 
 Abuse (abuce), n. Ill usage. 
 
 Ac'cENT, n. Stress of the voice. 
 
 Accent', 'c. To give the accent. 
 Af'fix, n. A syllable added. 
 Affix', 'o. To add to the end. 
 
 At 'tribute, n. A quality. 
 
 Attrib'ute, -d. To assign as a cause. 
 Aug'ment, n. Increase. 
 Augment', 'o. To make larger. 
 
 Au'gust, n. The eighth month. 
 
 August', a. Grand, majestic. 
 Bow (bo), n. For shooting with. 
 Bow (bow), n. A bending of the head. 
 
 Buf'fet, n. A stroke of the fist. 
 
 Buffet', n. A cupboard. 
 Char, v. To burn partly. 
 Char, n. A small job. 
 
 Col 'league, n. A partner. 
 
 Colleague', «. To unite with an- 
 other. 
 Col'lect, n. A short prayer. 
 Collect', v. To gather together. 
 
 Com'ment, n. An exposition. 
 
 Comment', v. To make remarks up- 
 on. 
 Com'merce, n. Trade between nations. 
 Commerce', 'y. To traffic ; to trade. 
 
 Com'mune, n. A district in France. 
 
 Commune', 'd. To converse. 
 Com'pact, n. An agreement. 
 Compact', a. Solid. 
 
 Com'plot, n. A joint plot. 
 
 Complot', «. To form a plot. 
 Gom'port, n. Behavior. 
 Comport', ^. To suit. 
 
 Com'pound, n. A mixture. 
 
 Compound', v. To mix. 
 Com'press, n. A pad used in surgery. 
 Compress', «. To press together. 
 
 Con'cert, n. A musical entertain- 
 ment. 
 
 Concert', «. To plan together. 
 
 Con'crete, n^ A mixture used by 
 
 masons. 
 Concrete', «. To bring into one mass. 
 
 Con'cord, n. Agreement, 
 
 Concord', 'o. To agree with. 
 Con'duct, n. Behavior. 
 Conduct', t). To lead. 
 
 Con'fine, n. A boundary. 
 
 Confine', «. To restrain ; to im- 
 prison. 
 Con'flict, n. A contest. 
 Conflict', ^. To dash. 
 
 Con'jure, v. To practise charms. 
 
 Conjure', v. To entreat. 
 Con'serve, n. A sweetmeat. 
 Conserve', v. To preserve with sugar. 
 
 Con'sole, n. A truss or bracket. 
 
 Console', ?). To comfort. 
 Con'sort, n. A companion. 
 Consort', v. To associate with. 
 
 Con'test, n. A struggle. 
 
 Contest', «. To dispute. 
 Con'text, n. The general series of a 
 
 discourse. 
 Context', a. Interwoven. 
 
 Con'tract, n. An agreement. 
 
 Contract', 'o. To get smaller. 
 Con'trast, n. Opposition of things. 
 Contrast', v. To set in opposition, 
 
 Con'vent, n. A nunnery. 
 
 Convent', v. To call before a judge. 
 Con'verse, n. The opposite. 
 Converse', xi. To talk together. 
 
 Con'vert, n. One changed. 
 
 Convert', «. To change, 
 Con'vict, n. A criminal found guilty. 
 Convict', id. To find guilty, 
 
 Con'voy, n. A protecting force. 
 
 Convoy', ti. To accompany for pro- 
 tection. 
 Coun'termand, n. A contrary order. 
 Countermand', "d. To give a contrary 
 order. 
 
 Cruise, n. A voyage. 
 
 Cruise, n. A small bottle. 
 Des'cant, n. A song ; a discourse. 
 Descant', ^. To harangue. 
 
WORDS SIMILARLY SPELLED. 
 
 21 
 
 Des'ekt, n. A sandy waste. 
 
 Desekt', v. To forsake. 
 Diffuse', a. Using many words. 
 Diffuse', v. To spread abroad. 
 
 Di'gest, n. A collection of laws. 
 
 Digest', v. To dissolve food in the 
 stomach. 
 Dis'couNT, n. A sum deducted. 
 Discount', v. To deduct. 
 
 Does (doze), w. The plural of doe. 
 
 Does (dus), v. Third person of do. 
 En'trance, n. The place for entering. 
 Entrance', v. To fill with delight. 
 
 Es'coRT, n. A body-guard. 
 
 Escort', v. To attend and guard. 
 Es'sAT, n. An attempt ; a treatise. 
 Essay', v. To try. 
 
 Excuse' (excuce), n. An apology. 
 
 Excuse' (excuze), v. To make an 
 
 apology. 
 
 Ex'iLE, 71. A person banished from 
 
 his country. [try. 
 
 Exile', v. To send out of one's coun- 
 
 Ex'poRT, n. A commodity sent out. 
 
 Export', v. To send to a foreign 
 country. 
 Ex'tract, n. Something extracted. 
 Extract', v. To draw out. 
 
 Fore'cast, n. A forethought. 
 
 Forecast', v. To foresee. 
 Fore'taste, n. Anticipation. 
 Foretaste', v. To taste before. 
 
 Fer'ment, n. Internal motion. 
 
 Ferment', d. To set in motion. 
 Fre'quent, a. Often done. 
 Frequent', v. To visit often. 
 
 Gal'lant, a. Brave. 
 
 Gallant', n. A man attentive to 
 ladies. 
 Grease (greace), n. Oily matter. 
 Grease (greeze), v. To smear with oil 
 or fat. 
 
 Gout, n. A disease of blood. 
 
 Gout (goo), n. Taste ; relish. 
 Gill {g soft), n. A measure. 
 Gill {g hard), n. The lung of a fish. 
 
 House, n. A dwelling. | 
 
 House (houze), 'y. To put in a house, i 
 Im'port, n. Meaning ; a commodity i 
 brought into a country. ^ | 
 
 Import', d. To mean ; to bring into a 
 country. 
 
 Im'press, n. An impression. 
 
 Impress', v. To make an impression. 
 
 Im'print, n. The name of a publisher. 
 Imprint', v. To make an impression. 
 
 In'cense, n. Perfume exhaled by 
 fire. 
 
 Incense', v. To excite to wrath. 
 In'crease, n. A growing larger. 
 Increase', v. To grow larger. 
 
 In'lay, n. Something inserted. 
 
 Inlay', v. To insert. 
 In'stinct, n. Natural impulse.-' 
 Instinct', a. Animated. 
 
 In'sult, n. An affront. 
 
 Insult', v. To disrespect. 
 In'terchange, n. Mutual change. 
 Interchange', v. To exchange. 
 
 In'terdict, n. A prohibition. 
 
 Interdict', v. To prohibit. 
 In'timate, a. Friendly ; familiar. 
 In'timate, v. To hint. 
 
 Inval'id, a. Not legal. 
 
 Invalid' (-eed), n. A person in a 
 sickly state. 
 Lead (led), n. A metal. 
 Lead (leed), v. To conduct. 
 
 Live (live), a. Alive. 
 
 Lite (liv), v. To exist ; to enjoy life. 
 Lower, v. To let down. 
 Lower (lou-er), v. To grow cloudy. 
 
 Min'ute, n. A short space of time. 
 
 Minute', a. Small ; very little. 
 Miscon'duct, n. Bad conduct. 
 Misconduct', v. To behave ill. 
 
 Mouse, n. A small animal, [mice. 
 
 Mouse (mouze), v. To hunt after 
 Mow, v. To cut grass with scythe. 
 Mow (mou), n. A heap of hay in a 
 
 No'table, a. Remarkable, [barn. 
 
 Not'able, a. Thrifty ; careful. 
 Ob'ject, n. Purpose or design. 
 Object', v. To oppose by words. 
 
 Or'dinary, a. Common ; plain. 
 
 Ord'inary, n. A house of entertain- 
 ment. 
 Out'go, n. Expenses of living. 
 Outgo', v. To surpass. 
 
 Out'work, 71. Work done outside. 
 
 Outwork', v. To surpass at work- 
 ing. 
 O'vERCHARGE, n. Too heavy a charge. 
 Overcharge', v. To charge too much, 
 
 O'vERTHROW, n. Defeat. 
 
 Overthrow', v. To defeat. 
 Per'fume, n. Fragrance. 
 Pei^FUME', v. To make odorous, 
 
SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Peb'mit, n. A written authority. 
 
 Permit', v. To allow. 
 Pol'ish, v. To brighten. 
 Po'lish, a. Pertaining to Poland. 
 
 Prec'edent, n. Example. 
 
 Prece'dent, a. Going before. 
 Pre'fix, n. A syllable placed at the 
 
 beginning of a word. 
 Prefix', v. To place before. 
 
 Prel'ude, n. Any thing introduc- 
 tory. 
 
 Prelude', v. To begin with. 
 Prem'ise, n. A proposition in logic. 
 Premise', v. To explain beforehand. 
 
 Prem'ises, n. Lands, &c., attached 
 to a house. 
 
 Premi'ses, v. Does premise. 
 Pres'age, n. Something that fore- 
 shows an event. 
 Presage', v. To foreshadow. 
 
 Pres'ent, n. A gift. 
 
 Present', v. To give formally. 
 Prod'uce, n. What is produced. 
 Produce', v. To yield ; to bring forth. 
 
 Prog'ress, n. Onward movement. 
 
 Progress', v. To proceed onwards. 
 Proj'ect, n. A design, contrivance. 
 Project', v. To plan ; to cast forward. 
 
 Pro'test, n. A declaration against. 
 
 Protest', v. To declare against. 
 Ra'rity, n. Something very scarce. 
 Rar'ity, n. State of thinness. 
 
 Read, v. To peruse. 
 
 Read, (red), p. Did read, 
 Rec'reate, v. To refresh after labor. 
 Re'-create, v. To form anew. 
 
 Reb'el, n. One who rebels. 
 
 Rebel', v. To rise against and resist 
 the law. [ory. 
 
 Rec'ollect, v. To call back to mem- 
 Re'-collect, v. To gather again. 
 
 Rec'ord, n. A register. 
 
 Record', v. To place on record. 
 Rep'use, n. That which is left or re- 
 jected, [with. 
 Refuse', v. To decline compliance 
 
 Rep'rimand, n. A censure. 
 
 Reprimand', v. To censure; to 
 blame. 
 Be'pent, a. Creeping. 
 Repent', v. To regret ; to be contrite. 
 
 Re'print, n. A second printing or 
 
 edition. 
 Reprint', v. To print again. 
 Re'tail, 71. Sale by small quantities. 
 Retail', v. To sell in small quantities. 
 Row (roe), n. A line ; v. To propel 
 
 with oars. 
 Row (rou), n. A scuffle; a brawl. 
 Sewer (sow-er), n. A person who 
 
 sews. 
 Sewer (soo-er), n. A large drain. 
 Slough (slou), n. A miry ditch. 
 Slough (sluff), n. The cast skin of a 
 serpent ; foul matter from a sore. 
 Sow (sou), n. The feminine of boar. 
 Sow (so), «. To scatter seed. 
 
 Sub'ject, n. One who owes alle- 
 giance ; the thing under consid- 
 eration ; a. Liable to. 
 Subject', v. To reduce to submis- 
 Su'piNE, n. A participial noun. [sion. 
 Supine', n. Lying lazily on the back. 
 Sur'name, n. The family name. 
 Surname', v. To add another name. 
 Sur'vey, n. A view ; a measurement. 
 Survey', v. To measure ; to view\ 
 Tar'ry, v. To stop ; to delay. 
 Tar'ry, a. Full of tar. 
 Tear (tare), n. A rent ; v. To rend. 
 Tear (teer), n. Drops of water from 
 the eye. 
 Tor'ment, n. Torture ; pain. 
 Torment', v. To torture. 
 Transfer', v. To make over to an- 
 other. 
 Trans'fer, n. The act of transferring. 
 Trans'port, n. Unusual joy ; rap- 
 ture, [ture. 
 Transport', v. To exile ; to enrap- 
 Undress', v. To take off the clothes. 
 Un'dress, n. A state of partial cloth- 
 ing. 
 Un'derwobk, n. Subordinate labor. 
 Underwork', v. To work at lower 
 wages. 
 Use (uce), n. Occupation ; utility. 
 Use (uze), v. To employ ; to make use 
 Wind, 7i. Air put in motion, [of. 
 Wind, i\ To turn as on a reel. 
 Wound, n. A flesh-cut ; a hurt. 
 Wound, v. Did wind. 
 
"WORDS SPELLED AND PRONOUNCED ALIKE. 
 
 23 
 
 WORDS SPELLED AND PRONOUNCED ALIKE, 
 BUT OF VARIOUS MEANINGS AND APPLICATIONS 
 
 Address', v. To accost. 
 Address', n. Deportment. 
 Address', n. Dexterity. 
 Address', n. Direction of a letter. 
 Address', n. A speech. 
 
 Air, n. A melody. 
 
 Air, n. The fluid we breathe. 
 
 Air, n. Manner ; look. 
 An'glb, n. A corner. 
 An'gle, v. To fish with a hook. 
 
 Appa'rent, a. Plain ; visible. 
 
 Appa'rent, a. Seeming ; not real. 
 Arch, n. A part of a curve. 
 Arch, a. Sly ; shrewd. 
 Arch, a. Chief; superior. 
 
 Art, n. Skill. 
 
 Art, v. Part of the verb to be. 
 Bach'elor, n. An unmarried man. 
 Bach'elor, ;i. A junior graduate. 
 
 Bait, n. To put food upon. 
 
 Bait, v. To take refreshment. 
 
 Bait, v. To worry with dogs. 
 Ball, n. A globe. 
 
 Ball, n. An entertainment of danc- 
 ing. 
 
 Bank, n. A heap of earth. 
 
 Bank, n. A place where money is 
 kept. 
 
 Bank, n. A bench for rowers. 
 Bar, n. A rail to stop a passage. 
 Bar, n. A bank of sand in a river. 
 Bar, n. A railing ; an enclosure. 
 
 Bark, n. The rind of a tree. 
 
 Bark, n. A kind of ship. 
 
 Bark, n. The noise of a dog. 
 Base, n. The lowest part. 
 Base, a. Mean ; worthless. 
 
 Baste, v. To beat with a stick. 
 
 Baste, v. To pour fat on roasting 
 meat. 
 
 Baste, v. To sew slightly. 
 Bat, n. A club for striking a ball. 
 iBat, n. A small, winged anim^. 
 Bat, n. A sheet of cotton for quilt- 
 ing. 
 
 Bat'ter, v. To beat ; to crush. 
 
 Bat'ter, n. A mixture of eggs, ifec. 
 
 Bay, n. A hollow in the coast. 
 Bay, n. A tree. 
 
 Bay, 11. In an attitude of defence. 
 Bay, n. A color ; a kind of brown. 
 Bay, v. To bark. 
 
 Beam, n. A heavy ]jiece of timber. 
 
 Beam, 71. A ray of light. 
 
 Beam, n. Part of a scales. 
 Bear, d. To carry. 
 Bear, n. A rough savage animal. 
 Bear, v. To hold up. 
 Bear, v. To produce. 
 Bear, d. To press. 
 Bear, n. A kind of barley. 
 
 Bea'ver, n. An animal. 
 
 Bea'ver, n. The fur of the beaver. 
 
 Bea'ver, n. Part of a helmet. 
 Become', v. To be changed. 
 Become', v. To be suitable to. 
 
 Bee'tle, n. An insect. 
 
 Bee'tle, n. A heavy mallet. 
 
 Bee'tle, v. To overhang. 
 Beg, v. To ask for with humility. 
 Beg, v. To assume without proof. 
 
 Bill, n. The beak of a bird. 
 
 Bn.L, n. An account of money. 
 
 Bill, n. A kind of axe. 
 
 Bill,.??. An act before a legia- 
 lature, 
 Bel'let, 71. A note. 
 Bil'let, n. A small log of wood. 
 Bil'let, v. To quarter soldiers. 
 
 Bit, n. A small piece. 
 
 Bit, n. The mouth-piece of a 
 bridle. 
 
 Bit, n. A boring tool. 
 Blade, n. The cutting part of a tool. 
 Blade, n. A leaf of grass. 
 Blade, n. The shoulder bone. 
 Blade, n. A sharp, lively man. 
 
 Blow, n. A stroke. 
 
 Blow, v. To puff. 
 
 Blow, v. To blossom. 
 Bluff, n. A high steep bank. 
 Bluff, a. Coarse in manner. 
 Bluff, a. Obtuse ; blunt. 
 Bluff, n. A game at cards. 
 
24 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 BoARix n. A thin plank. 
 
 Board, «. To live -with for a price. 
 
 Board, n. A council. 
 
 Board, v. To enter a ship by force. 
 
 Bolt, n. The bar of a door. 
 
 Bolt, v. To sift. 
 
 Bolt, v. To leave or desert suddenly. 
 Boot, n. Covering for the foot and leg. 
 Boot, n. Part of a coach. 
 Boot, n. Profit ; advantage. 
 Boot, n. The thing given in addition. 
 
 Bore, v. To make a round hole. 
 
 Bore, v. To vex or weary. 
 
 Bore, n. A round hole. 
 
 Bore, n. A thing that annoys. 
 
 Bore, n. An influx of the tide. 
 
 Bore, _^. Carried; sustained. 
 Bound, n. A limit. 
 Bound, n. A leap. 
 Bound, v. Did bind. 
 
 Bowl, n. A hollow dish. 
 
 Bowl, n. A round mass or ball. 
 
 Bowl, v. To roll along. 
 Box, n. A kind of tree. 
 Box, n. A case or chest. 
 Box, n. A slap on the ear. 
 Box, «. To fight with the fists. 
 
 Brace, v. To strengthen ; to make 
 firm. 
 
 Brace, n. A pair ; a couple. 
 
 Brace, n. A tool. 
 Brake, n. A thicket. 
 Brake, n. An instrument for dressing 
 
 flax. 
 Brake, n. The handle of a pump. 
 Brake, n. A machine to retard the 
 motion of wheels. [brass. 
 
 Bra'zier, n. One who works in 
 
 Bra'zier, n. A pan to hold coals. 
 Brook, n. A stream of water. 
 Brook, v. To endure ; to suffer. 
 
 Brush, n. An instrument for clean- 
 
 Brush, n. A rude assault. [ing. 
 
 Brush, n. A collection of twigs or 
 bushes. 
 
 Brush, v. To rub with a brush. 
 
 Brush, v. To touch lightly on the 
 surface. 
 
 Brush, v. To move with haste. 
 Butt, n. A large cask. 
 Butt, n. A kind of hinge. 
 Butt, n. A person who is the object 
 
 of jests. 
 Butt, v. To strike with the head. 
 
 Calf, n. The young of a cow. 
 
 Calf, n. The thick part of the legi 
 Can, n. A metallic vessel. 
 Can, 1). To be able. 
 
 Cape, n. A headland. 
 
 Cape, n. An article of dress. 
 Ca'per, v. To skip and jump. 
 Ca'per, n. The bud of a plant. 
 
 Cap'ital, a. Affecting the head or 
 life. 
 
 Cap'ital, a. First in importance. 
 
 Cap'ital, n. A chief city. 
 
 Cap'ital, n. Money invested iu 
 business. 
 Card, n. A piece of stiff" paper. 
 Card, n. A kind of advertisement. 
 Card, v. To comb wool. 
 
 Case, n. A covering or sheath. 
 
 Case, n. State of things. 
 
 Case, n. Variation of nouns. 
 
 Case, n. An action at law. 
 Cashier', n. One who has charge ot 
 
 money. 
 Cashier'j v. To dismiss for malcon- 
 duct. 
 
 Cast, v. To throw. 
 
 Cast, v. To form in a mould. 
 
 Cast, v. To compute ; to reckon. 
 
 Cast, n. A moulded form. 
 Cat'aract, n. A waterfall. 
 Cat'aract, n. A disease of the eye. 
 
 Charge, n. A trust to defend. 
 
 Charge, n. Command. 
 
 Charge, n. An accusation. 
 
 Charge, n. Cost ; expense. 
 
 Charge, v. To load ; to burden. 
 
 Charge, v. To attack. 
 Chase, v. To pursue. 
 Chase, v. To adorn by raised work. 
 Chase, n. A printer's type frame. 
 Chase, 71. Hunting ; field sport. 
 
 Check, n. A stop ; restraint. 
 
 Check, n. A reprimand. 
 
 Check, n. Ad order for money. 
 
 Check, n. A mark. 
 
 Check, n. A kind of cloth. 
 Chord, n. The string of a musical in 
 
 strument. 
 Chord, n. Harmony of sounds. 
 Chord, n. The line wliich joins the 
 two ends of an arc. 
 
 Cleave, v. To adhere ; to stick. 
 
 Cleave, v. To separate. 
 
 Cleave, v. To split off". 
 
WORDS SPELLED AND PRONOUNCED ALIKE. 
 
 26 
 
 Club, n. A heavy stick. 
 
 Club, n. A society. 
 
 Club, n. The name of a card. 
 
 Cock'le, n. A shell fish. 
 
 Cock'le, n. A weed. 
 Colla'tion, n. Comparison. 
 Colla'tion, n. A slight repast. 
 
 Comb, n. An instrument for the hair. 
 
 Comb, n. The crest of a cock. 
 
 Comb, n. The cells in which bees 
 put their honey. 
 
 Comb, v. To roll over as a wave. 
 
 Comb, n. A valley. 
 
 Comb, v. To adjust with a comb. 
 Commit', v. To intrust. 
 Commit', v. To do ; to perpetrate. 
 Commit', v. To send to prison. 
 
 Concord'a^tce, n. Agreement. 
 
 Concord'ance, n. An index to 
 words in the Bible. 
 Conform', v. To make like. 
 Conform', v. To comply with. 
 
 Consist'ency, n. Agreement with 
 one's self. 
 
 Consist'ency, n. Thickness. 
 Cop'y, n. A model to be imitated. 
 Cop'y, n. An imitation. 
 
 Cord, n. A small rope. 
 
 Cord, n. A measure of wood. 
 Cord'ial, a. Hearty ; sincere. 
 Cord'ial, n. Any thing that comforts. 
 
 Corn, n. Grain. 
 
 Corn, n. A hard substance on the 
 foot. 
 
 Corn, v. To salt. 
 
 Corn, n. A single seed. 
 Count, v. To number. 
 Count, n. A foreign title. 
 Count, n. A point in an indictment. 
 
 Count'er, n. A table in a shop. 
 
 Count'er, a. Contrary to. 
 
 Count'er, n. One who counts. 
 
 Count'er, n. A substitute for 
 money. 
 Court, v. To woo ; to solicit. 
 Court, n. Seat of justice. 
 Court, n. Space before a house. 
 Court, n. Residence of a prince. 
 Court, n. A little street. 
 
 Crab, n. A shell fish. . 
 
 Crab, n. A wild apple. 
 
 Crab, n. An engine for launching 
 ships. 
 
 Cbab, n. A moro8« person. 
 
 Craft, n. Trade ; manual art 
 Craft, n. Cunning. 
 Craft, tl Sailing vessels. 
 
 Crane, n. A long legged bird. 
 
 Crane, n. A machine for lifting 
 weights. 
 
 Crane, n. A crooked pipe. 
 Crib, n. A rack or manger. 
 Crib, n. A small house. 
 Crib, n. A child's bed. 
 Crib, v. To steal. 
 Crib, v. To confine in a small space. 
 
 Crick'et, n. An insect. 
 
 [ball. 
 
 Crick'et, n. A game with bat and 
 Crit'ical, a. Inclined to find fault. 
 Crit'ical, a. Discerning. [point. 
 Crit'ical, a. Relating to turning 
 
 Crop, n. The harvest. 
 
 Crop, n. The craw of a bird. 
 
 Crop, v. To cut short. 
 Cross, n. A gibbet. 
 Cross, n. Trial of patience. 
 Cross, a. Opposite ; contrary. 
 Cross, a. Ill-tempered. 
 Cross, prep. From side to side. 
 Cross, v. To pass across. 
 Cross, v. To cancel. 
 Cross, v. To thwart. 
 
 Crow, n. A bird. 
 
 Crow, n. A bar of iron. 
 
 Crow, v. To boast ; to exult. 
 
 Crow, v. To make a noise like a 
 cock. 
 Cry, v. To proclaim loudly. 
 Cry, v. To lament aloud. 
 Cry, n. The call of an animal. 
 
 Cue, n. A braid of hair. 
 
 Cue, n. A suggestion ; a hint. 
 
 Cue, n. A turn of mind. 
 
 Cue, n. A rod used in billiards. 
 Dam, n. The mother of an animal. 
 Dam, n. A bank to confine water. 
 
 Date, n. The time of an event 
 
 Date, n. A fruit. 
 Deal, n. Quantity. 
 Deal, n. Fir timber. 
 Deal, v. To traffic. 
 Deal, v. To distribute. 
 
 Dear, a. Beloved ; prized. 
 
 Dear, a. Expensive. 
 Deck, v. To ornament ; to cover. 
 Deck, n. The floor of a ship. 
 
 Desert', n. That which is deserved. 
 
 Desert', v. To forsake. 
 
26 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Despatch', n. Hasty execution. 
 Despatch', v. To put to death. 
 
 Die, v. To pass from life. 
 
 Die, n. A stamp. 
 
 Die, n. A little cube. 
 Di'et, n. A course of food. 
 Di'et, n. A German parliament. 
 
 Di'vEES, n. Those who plunge un- 
 der water. 
 
 DiVers, a. Several. 
 Divine', a. Godlike ; heavenly. 
 Divine', n. A theologian. 
 Divine', i). To foretell ; to predict. 
 Divine', ^. To guess; to conjecture. 
 
 Dock, n. A plant ; a weed. 
 
 Dock, i). To cut off. 
 
 Dock, n. A place in court. 
 
 Dock, n. A place where ships lie. 
 Dom'ino, n. A kind of hood, 
 Dom'ino, n. A flat piece of ivory dot- 
 ted like dice. 
 
 Down, n. Soft feathers. 
 
 Down, n. An open plain. 
 
 Down, n. A sand bank in the sea. 
 
 Down, adv. Not up. 
 Draw, v. To drag along. 
 Draw, v. To let out a liquid. 
 Draw, v. To delineate. 
 Draw, n. To attract toward. 
 
 Drill, v. To bore holes. 
 
 Drill, u. To exercise recruits. 
 Drone, n. The male honey bee. 
 Drone, n. A sluggard. 
 Drone, n. A humming noise. 
 Drone, v. To live in idleness. 
 Drone, v. To read in a dull tone. 
 
 Drug, n. A medicinal substance. 
 
 Drug, n. An unsaleable thing. 
 
 Drug, v. To give dru^^s to. 
 Dun, a. Dark-colored. 
 Dun, «. To call for payment. 
 
 Ear, n. The organ of hearing. 
 
 Ear, n. A spike of com. 
 Egg, n. A body laid by birds. 
 Egg, v. To incite. 
 
 Eld'er, a. Older. 
 
 Eld'er, n. The name of a shrub. 
 Ellip'sis, n. An omission of words. 
 Ellip'sis, n. An oval. 
 
 Engross', v. To occupy the whole. 
 
 Engross', v. To copy writings. 
 Entertain', v. To amuse. 
 Entertain', «. To hold in the 
 mind. 
 
 E'vEN, a. Level ; equal. 
 
 E'ven, n. The evening. * 
 
 E'vEN, ad.v. Truly ; likewise. 
 
 Exact', a. Accurate. 
 
 Exact', -«. To demand ; to extort 
 Express', v. To utter ; to declare. 
 Express', v>. To squeeze out. 
 Express', n. A speedy conveyance. 
 Express', a. Plain ; clear. 
 
 Fair, a. Pleasing ; handsome. 
 
 Fair, a. Just ; honest. 
 
 Fair, a. Clear ; pleasant. 
 
 Fair, n. A large market. 
 ' Fare, n. Price of passage. 
 Fare, n. Food for the table. 
 
 Fast, a. Firmly fixed. 
 
 Fast, a. Swift, 
 
 Fast, n. Abstinence from food. 
 Fawn, n. A young deer. 
 Fawn, T). To court servilely. 
 
 Feed, x. To give food to. 
 
 Feed, ^j?. Paid; rewarded. 
 Fell, v. Did fall. 
 Fell, v. To cut down. 
 Fell, a. Cruel ; barbarous. 
 Fell, n. A barren hill. 
 
 Fel'low, n. An associate. 
 
 Fel'low, n. One of a pair. 
 
 Fel'low, n. A mean wretch. 
 
 Fel'low, n. A trustee of a college. 
 Fel'on, n. A criminal. 
 Fel'on, n. A painful tumor. 
 
 Felt, v. Perceived by the touch. 
 
 Felt, n. Cloth formed without 
 weaving. 
 Fer'ret, n. A kind of weasel. 
 Fer'ret, n. A kind of narrow tape. 
 Fer'ret, v. To drive out of a lurk> 
 ing-place. 
 
 Fig'ure, n. Form ; shape. 
 
 Fig'ure, n. A number. 
 
 Fig'ure, n. A statue. 
 
 Fig'ure, n. A form of speech. 
 File, n. A fine rasp. [put. 
 
 File, n. A wire on which papers arc 
 File, n. A line of soldiers. 
 File, «. To place on a file. 
 
 Fil'let, n. A small band on the hair. 
 
 Fil'let, n. Part of a leg of veaL 
 Fine, a. Not coarse. 
 Fine, a. Splendid. 
 Fine, n. A forfeit. 
 
 Firm, a. Strong ; steady. 
 
 Firm, n. The name of a partnership. 
 
WORDS SPELLED AND PRONOTTN^CED ALIKE. 
 
 27 
 
 Fit, z. Proper; suitable. 
 
 Fit, n. A paroxysm. 
 
 Fit, v. To suit. 
 
 Fit, n. An interyal. 
 FtjAG., ii. A water plant. 
 Flag, n. A broad flat stone. 
 Flag, n. An ensign or standard. 
 Flag, v. To hang loose. 
 Flag, v. To grow spiritless. 
 
 Flat'ter, a. More flat. 
 
 Flat'ter, v. To praise falsely. 
 Fleet, n. A company of ships. 
 Fleet, a. Moving rapidly. 
 
 Flue, n. A passage for smoke. 
 
 Flue, n. Soft fur or down. 
 Foil, n, A blunt sword. 
 Foil, n. A thin plate of metal. 
 Foil, v. To baffle ; to defeat. 
 
 Fold, n. An enclosure for sheep. 
 
 Fold, n. A double. 
 Foot, n. The extremity of the leg. 
 Foot, n. The base. 
 Foot, n. A measure. 
 
 Force, n. Strength. 
 
 Force, «. To compel. 
 Forge, v. To form by the hammer. 
 Forge, «. To counterfeit. 
 Forge, n. A furnace where iron is 
 heated. 
 
 Form'er, w. Maker; author. 
 
 For'mer, a. Before in time. 
 For'tune, n. Chance ; luck. 
 For'tune, n. Wealth ; riches. 
 
 Found, v. Did find. 
 
 FouyD, X). To establish. 
 
 Found, v. To cast. 
 Found'er, n. One who establishes. 
 Found'er, n. One who moulds metals. 
 Found'er, v. To fill with water and 
 sink. 
 
 Fret, n. Raised work in architec- 
 
 Fret, v. To be peevish. [ture. 
 
 Fret, v. To wear away by rubbing. 
 Frieze, n. A term in architecture. 
 Frieze, n. A coarse cloth. 
 
 Fry, n. A swarm of young fishes. 
 
 Fry, v. To cook in a pan. 
 Full'er, a. Nearer full. 
 Full'er, n. A cleanser of cloth. 
 
 Fuse, v. To liquefy by hea<^ 
 
 Fuse, n. A combustible tube. 
 Gall, n. An excrescence on the oak. 
 Gall, n. A secretion of the body. 
 Gall, n. Malignity. , 
 
 Gal 'ley, n. A printer's frame. 
 Gal'ley, n. A boat. 
 Gal'ley, n. The kitchen in a ship. 
 Game, n. An amusement. 
 Game, n. A single match of play. 
 Game, n. Animals taken by hunting. 
 Gin, n. A machine for clearing cot« 
 
 ton seeds. 
 Gin, n. An alcoholic liquor. 
 Gin, n. A snare. 
 Gloss, n. A smooth shining surface. 
 Gloss, n. A comment. 
 Gore, n. Clotted blood. 
 Gore, 71. A triangular piece. 
 Gore, v. To cut triangularly. 
 Gore, v. To pierce with a horn. 
 Grain, n. Corn. 
 ! Grain, n. A single seed. 
 I Grain, n. Any minute particle. 
 ' Grain, n. A small weight. 
 Grain, v. To represent the veins of 
 wood. 
 Grate, n. A range of bars. 
 Grate, d. To rub on a rough sur- 
 face. 
 Grate, v. To make a harsh noise. 
 Grate'ful, a. Thankful. 
 Grate'ful, a. Agreeable ; pleasing. 
 Grave, a. Solemn ; serious. 
 Grave, n. The place of burial. 
 Grave, v. To carve figures. 
 Graze, v. To feed on grass. 
 Graze, v. To touch lightly in passing. 
 Green, a. Colored like grass. 
 Green, a. Fresh ; new. 
 Green, a. Unripe ; immature. 
 Gross, a. Large ; coarse. 
 I Gross, a. Indelicate ; rude. 
 Gross, n. The weight of all parts to- 
 i gether. 
 
 ' Gross, n. Twelve dozen. 
 i Ground, n. The earth ; the soil. 
 Ground, pp. Reduced to powder. 
 Ground, v. To run aground. 
 Ground, v. To base ; to establish. 
 Ground, pp. Sharpened by grind- 
 Gull, n. One easily cheated. [ing. 
 I Gull, n. A sea-bird. 
 Gull, v. To trick ; to cheat. 
 
 Gust, n. Sense of tasting ; relish. 
 Gust, n. A sudden, violent blast. 
 \ Hab'it, n. State of a thing. 
 j Hab'it, n. Custom. 
 I Hab'it, n. Dress, 
 
2S 
 
 Smith's hand-book: of etymology. 
 
 V. To produce young from 
 n. A half door. [eggs. 
 
 Hail, n. Frozen rain. 
 
 Hail, v. To call to from a distance. 
 
 Hail, v. To salute. 
 Halt'er, n. One who limps. 
 Hal'ter, n. A rope to hang criminals. 
 
 Ham'peRjTi. a large packing basket. 
 
 Ham'per,jj. To perplex. 
 Hatch, 
 Hatch, 
 
 Hawk, n. A bird. 
 
 Hawk, v. To force up phlegm. 
 
 Hawk, v. To offer for sale by out- 
 cry in the streets. 
 Heav'en, n. The sky. 
 Heay'en, n. The eternal abode of the 
 good. 
 
 Help, v. To assist ; to aid. 
 
 Help, v. To avoid ; to prevent. 
 Hem, n. The sewed border of a gar- 
 ment. 
 Hem, n. A voluntary cough. 
 
 Hide, n. The skin of an animal. 
 
 Hide, v. To conceal. 
 Hind, a. Backward. 
 Hind, n. A female deer. 
 Hind, n. A peasant. 
 
 Hob'bt, n. A species of falcon. 
 
 Hob'by, n. A pacing horse. 
 
 Hob'by, n. A favorite pursuit. 
 Hop, v. To jump on one leg. 
 Hop, n. A climbing plant. 
 
 Host, n. The master of a feast. 
 
 Host, n. Landlord of an inn. 
 
 Host, n. An army. 
 
 Host, n. Any great number. 
 Hue, n. Color. 
 Hue, n. An outcry. 
 
 In'stant, a. Urgent ; immediate. 
 
 In'stant, n. A moment. 
 I'rony, a. Partaking of iron. 
 I'rony, n. Mockery. 
 
 Jam, n. A conserve of fruits. 
 
 Jam, v. To wedge in. 
 Jar, n. An earthen vessel. 
 Jar, n. A rattling sound. 
 Jar, v. To clash ; to shake. 
 
 Jet, n. A black fossil. 
 
 Jet, n. A spout of water. 
 
 Jet, v. To project. 
 Jour'nal, n. A daily register. 
 Jour'nal, n. The part of a shaft which 
 revolves upon a support. 
 
 Just, a. Rif 
 Just, adv. 
 
 :ht. 
 
 Ixactly; nearly. 
 
 Ken'nel, n. A dog house. 
 Ken'nel, n. The gutter of a street. 
 
 Key, n. An instrument to open a 
 lock. 
 
 Key, n. That which solves a diffi- 
 culty. 
 Kind, n. Species ; sort. 
 Kind, a. Ready to confer favors. 
 
 Kite, n. A bird of prey. 
 
 Kite, n. A paper toy to fly. 
 Lace, n. A string. 
 Lace, n. Fine net work. 
 
 Lake, n. "Water surrounded by land 
 
 Lake, n. A color. 
 Lap, v. To lick up. 
 Lap, v. To fold over. 
 Lap, n. The part formed by the knees 
 in a sitting posture. 
 
 Last, a. Latest. 
 
 Last, v. To endure. 
 
 Last, n. The mould on which shoes 
 are made. [woods. 
 
 Lawn, n. An open space between 
 Lawn, n. A linen fabric. 
 
 Lay, v. To place down. 
 
 Lay, v. To wager. 
 
 Lay, v. Did lie. 
 
 Lay, n. A song. 
 
 Lay, a. Not clerical. 
 Lean, v. To incline. 
 Lean, n. Muscular part of flesh 
 Lean, a. Not fat ; thin. 
 
 Leave, n. Permission. 
 
 Leave, n. Departure. 
 
 Leave, v. To forsake. 
 
 Leave, «. To suffer to remain. 
 
 Leave, v. To refer for decision. 
 Left, pp. Not taken. 
 Left, a. Pertaining to the left hand. 
 
 Let, «. To permit. 
 
 Let, v. To lease. 
 
 Let, n. Hindrance. 
 Let'ter, n. A mark used in writing^ 
 Let'ter, n. A written message. 
 Let'ter, n. One who lets. 
 
 Lie, v. To rest. 
 
 Lie, v. To utter falsehoods. 
 
 Lie, n. A fiction. 
 Light, a. Not heavy. 
 Light, a. Trivial ; frivolous. 
 Light, «. To settle on. 
 Light, v. To set on fire. 
 Light, n. That by which objects arc 
 rendered perceptible to the sight, 
 
WORDS SPELLED AND PRONOUNCED ALIKE. 
 
 29 
 
 Light'en, v. To fill with light. 
 
 LiGHT'EN, V. To make less heavy. 
 
 Light'en, v. To flash as lightning. 
 Light'er, n. One who lights. 
 Light'er, n. A large open boat. 
 
 Like, a. Resembling. 
 
 Like;, v. To approve. 
 
 Like, adv. As. 
 Lime, n. A calcareous earth. 
 Lime, n. The linden tree. 
 Lime, n. A species of lemon. 
 
 Line, n. A string. 
 
 Line, v. To cover inside. 
 
 Line, n. That which has length 
 without breadth. 
 Link, n. A single ring of a chain. 
 Link, v. To connect. 
 Link, n. A torch. 
 
 List, n. A limit ; a bound. 
 
 List, v. To wish ; to choose. 
 
 List, n. A roll or catalogue. 
 
 List, v. To listen ; to hear'ken. 
 
 List, n. A strip of cloth. 
 
 List, n. The inclination of a ship 
 to one side. 
 Lit'ter, n. A portable bed. 
 Lit'ter, n. Straw laid under animals. 
 Lit'ter, n. A number of things in dis- 
 order, 
 Lit'ter, n. A brood of young ani- 
 mals. 
 
 Lock, n. Any thing that fastens. 
 
 Lock, n. A tuft of hair. 
 
 Lock, n. An inclosure in a canal. 
 Long, a. Protracted. 
 Long, v. To desire earnestly. 
 
 Lot, v. To sort ; to portion. 
 
 Lot, n. Fortune ; chance. 
 
 Lot, n. A quantity of goods. 
 
 Lot, n. A field. 
 Low, a. Not high ; humble. 
 Low, V. To bellow as a cow. 
 
 Mace, a. An ensign of authority. 
 
 Mace, n. A kind of spice. 
 Magazine', n. A storehouse. 
 Magazine', n. A pamphlet. 
 
 Mail, n. Armor. 
 
 Mail, n. A post bag. 
 Main, a. Chief. 
 
 Main, n. Strength. • 
 
 Main, n. The ocean. 
 Main, n. The continent. 
 
 Mall, w. A heavy beetle. 
 
 Mall, n. A public* walk. 
 
 Man'gle, v. To cut and tear. 
 Man'gle, v. To smooth linen. 
 
 Manifest, a. Plain ; not con- 
 cealed. 
 
 Man'ifest, 71. A list of the cargo 
 of a ship. 
 
 Man'ifest, v. To make appear ; to 
 show. 
 March, n. The third month. 
 March, v. To walk in procession. 
 
 Mash, n. A mixture. 
 
 Mash, v. To crush. 
 Mast, n. The fruit of forest trees. 
 Mast, n. The spar to which the sails 
 of a ship are fixed. 
 
 Match, n. One that suits with an- 
 other. 
 
 Match, n. A contest ; a game. 
 
 Match, v. To equal ; to suit. 
 
 Match, n. A thing that easily in- 
 flames. 
 Mat'ter, n. Material substance. 
 Mat'ter, n. Subject of discourse. 
 Mat'ter, n. Consequence. 
 
 Mat, n. The fifth month. 
 
 May, v. To be able. 
 Mead, n. A meadow. 
 Mead, n. Honeywine. 
 
 Meal, n. A repast. 
 
 Meal, n. The flour of com. 
 Mean, a. Low ; base. 
 Mean, a. Middle ; moderate. 
 Mean, n. A middle state. 
 Mean, v. To intend ; to signify. 
 
 Meet, v. To come together. 
 
 Meet, a. Proper ; suitable. 
 Mew, n. A sea fowl. 
 Mew, «. To cry as a cat. 
 Mew, v. To shut up. 
 
 Mine, n. A cavern dug for minerals. 
 
 Mine, pro. Belonging to me. 
 Mint, n. A plant. 
 
 Mint, n. A place where money ii 
 coined. 
 
 Min'ute, n. Sixty seconds. 
 
 Min'tjte, 71. A short record. 
 Mole, n. A little animal. 
 Mole, n. A spot on the skin. 
 Mole, n. A mound. 
 
 Mood, n. The inflection of a verb. 
 
 Mood, n. Temper. 
 Moor, n. A marsh or fen. 
 Moor, n. A native of Barbary. 
 Moor, v. Te anchor a vesseL 
 
30 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Mor'tar, n. Cement for bricks. 
 
 Mor'tar, n. A short wide cannon 
 for bombs. 
 
 Mor'tar, n. A vessel in which sub- 
 stances are pulverized. 
 Mould, n. The ground in which plants 
 
 grow. 
 Mould, n. A shape or model. 
 Mould, v. To form. 
 Mould, n. A substance which gathers 
 on bodies in a damp place. 
 
 Mould 'er, v. To turn into dust. 
 
 Mould'er, n. One who shapes. 
 Must, v. To be compelled. 
 Must, v. To mould. 
 Must, n. New wine. 
 
 Nail, n. A s'harp spike of iron. 
 
 Nail, n. A measure of cloth. 
 
 Nail, ji. The covering of the finger 
 Kap, n. A short sleep. [tip. 
 
 N'ap, n. The down on cloth. 
 
 Neat, n. An ox or cow. 
 
 NiEAT, a. Elegant ; cleanly. 
 Nerv'ous, a. Strong ; vigorous. 
 Nerv'ous, a. Having weak nerves. 
 
 Net, n. A texture of twine. 
 
 Net, n. Clear after all deductions. 
 No, a. Not any. 
 No, adv. The word of denial. 
 
 Oblige', v. To compel. 
 
 Oblige', d. To please. 
 Or'der, n. Regularity. 
 Or'der, n. A command. 
 Or'der, n. A class. [sense. 
 
 Or'gan, n. A natural instrument of 
 
 Or'gan, n. A musical wind instru- 
 ment. 
 Ounce, n. A small weight. 
 Ounce, n. An animal like a panther. 
 
 Pack'et, n. A small bundle. 
 
 Pack'et, n. A boat. 
 Pad, n. A road. 
 Pad, n. A soft saddle or cushion. 
 
 Paint 'er, n. One who paints. 
 
 Paint'er, n. A rope us'^d to fasten 
 Pale, a. Wanting color. [a boat. 
 Pale, n. A narrow board. 
 Pale, n. An inclosure. 
 
 Pall, n. A mantle of state. 
 
 Pall, n. A covering for the dead. 
 
 Pall, v. To become insipid. 
 Pal'let, n. A small or rude bed. 
 Pal'let, n. A board on which a 
 painter holds his colors. 
 
 Palm, n. A tree. 
 
 Palm, n. Victory ; triumph. 
 
 Palm, n. The inner part of the hand 
 
 Palm, v. To impose upon by fraud. 
 
 Palm, n. A hand's breadth. 
 Pan'el, n. A list of jurors. 
 I Pan'el, n. A small board set in a 
 
 frame. 
 ! Pap, n. A nipple ; a teat. 
 
 Pap, n. Soft food. 
 Pan'ic, n. Sudden fright. 
 Pan'ic, n. A plant. 
 
 Par'tial, a. Inclined to favor. 
 
 Par'tial, a. Affecting a part only. 
 Paste, n. A mixture of flour and 
 
 water. 
 Paste, n. Imitations of precious 
 stones. 
 
 Pat, a. Exactly suiting. 
 
 Pat, v. To strike lightly. 
 • Pa'tient, a. Enduring calmly. 
 Pa'tient, n. A person under the care 
 of a doctor. 
 
 Peck, n. A quarter of a bushel. 
 
 Peck, v. To pick up food with the 
 beak. 
 
 Peck, v. To strike with a pointed 
 instrument. 
 Peer, n. An equal. 
 Peer, n. A nobleman. 
 Peer, ti. To look narrowly. 
 
 Pelt, n. A skin or hide. 
 
 Pelt, v. To strike with something 
 thrown. 
 Pen, n. An instrument to write with. 
 Pen, n. A small enclosure. 
 
 Perch, n. A kind of fish. 
 
 Perch, n. A roosting place. 
 
 Perch, n. A measure. 
 Pet, n. A slight passion. 
 Pet, n. A favorite. 
 
 Pie, n. Types unsorted. 
 
 Pie, n. Fruit baked with paste. 
 Pike, n. A kind of fish. 
 Pike, n. A long lance. 
 Pike, n. The gate of a turnpike. 
 
 Pile, n. A beam driven. 
 
 Pile, n. A heap. 
 
 Pile, n. Nap ; a hairy surface. 
 
 Pile, n. The liead of an arrow. 
 Pine, n. A kind of tree. 
 Pine, v. To languish. 
 
 Pin'ion, n. A wing. 
 
 Pin'ion, n. Fetters for t\iQ arm*. 
 
WORDS SPELLED AND PRONOUNCED ALIKE. 
 
 31 
 
 Pm'iON, V. To confine by binding 
 the arms. 
 
 Pin 'ion, n. A small wheel working 
 in the teeth of a larger wheel. 
 Pink, n. A flower. 
 Pink, n. A color. 
 Pink, n. The summit of excellence. 
 
 Pitch, n. Thickened tar. 
 
 Pitch, ?i. Degree of elevation. 
 
 Pitch, v. To throw headlong. 
 
 Pitch, v. To fix ; to set up. 
 
 Pitch, v. To throw. [throws. 
 
 Pitch'er, n. One who pitches or 
 Pitch'er, n. An earthen vessel. 
 
 Plane, n. A level surface. 
 
 Plane, /?. A carpenter's tool. 
 
 Plane, a. Level ; even ; flat. 
 Plant, 7i. A vegetable. [grow. 
 
 Plant, v. To put in the ground to 
 Plant, v. To set. 
 
 Plate, n. A shallow dish. 
 
 Plate, n. Wrought silver. 
 
 Plate, n. A flat piece of metal. 
 Poach, v. To boil slightly. 
 Poach, v. To steal game. 
 Poach, v. To tread soft ground. 
 
 Point, n. The sharp end. 
 
 Point, n. Place ; station. 
 
 Point, d. To aim ; to show. 
 
 Point, v. To sharpen. 
 Poke, n. A pouch ; a pocket. 
 Poke, n. A lazy, dawdling person. 
 Poke, v. To push forward. 
 Poke, v. To grope, feel, or push one's 
 way. 
 
 Pole, n. A long piece of timber. 
 
 Pole, n. A measure. 
 
 Pole, n. The extremity of an axis. 
 
 Pole, n. A native of Poland. 
 Pol'lard, n. A tree having its top 
 
 cut off. 
 Pol 'lard, n. A mixture of bran and 
 meal. 
 
 Pore, n^ A small opening. 
 
 Pore, v. To look earnestly. 
 Port, n. A harboro 
 Port, a A gate. 
 Port, n. The gun hole in a ship. 
 Port, n. A kind of wine. 
 Port, n. Carriage ; demeanoft 
 Port, n. The left side of a ship. 
 
 Por'ter, n. A door keeper. 
 
 Por'ter, n. A carrier, 
 
 Por'ter, n. Strong; beer. 
 
 Post, n. A piece of timber set upright. 
 
 Post, n. A messenger. 
 
 Post, n. Ofiice ; employment. 
 
 Post, n. A station. 
 
 Post, v. To travel quickly. 
 
 Post, v. To transcribe into a ledger. 
 
 Pounce, n. A fine powder. 
 
 Pounce, v. To fall on suddenly. 
 
 Pounce, n. Cloth with eyelet holes. 
 
 Pounce, n. The claw of a bird of 
 prey. 
 Pound, n. Twenty shillings. 
 Pound, n. A prison for stray beasts. 
 Pound, n. A weight. 
 Pound, v. To beat heavily. 
 
 Precip'itate, v. To tumble head- 
 long, [hasty. 
 
 Precip'itate, a. Headstrong ; 
 
 Precipitate, n. A sediment. 
 Prefer', v. To choose before another. 
 Prefer', v. To promote. 
 
 Pretend', v. To represent falsely. 
 
 Pretend', v. To lay claim. 
 Prime, a. First in time. 
 Prime, a. First-rate ; highest. 
 Prime, n. The best part. 
 Prime, v. To put j)owder so as to fire 
 
 a charge. 
 Prime, d. To apply a first coat of 
 paint. 
 
 Pri'or, a. Preceding in time. 
 
 Pri'or, n. The chief monk of a 
 convent. 
 Prune, 'v. To cut off branches. 
 Prune, n. A dried plum. 
 
 Pulse, n. The motion of an artery. 
 
 Pulse, n. Beans, peas, &c. 
 Pump, n. xin engine to raise water. 
 Pump, n. A light shoe. 
 
 Punch, 71. A mixed liquor. 
 
 Punch, v. To push with fist. 
 
 Punch, n. An instrument for cut 
 ting holes. 
 Pu'piL, n. The apple of the eye. 
 Pu'piL, n. A scholar. 
 Pu'piL, n. A ^. ard. 
 
 Pur'chase, v. To buy. 
 
 Pur'chase, n. Convenience for us* 
 ing force. 
 Purl, i\ To decorate with fringe. 
 Purl, v. To flow will] a gentle noise, 
 Purl, n. A malt liquor. 
 
 Quail, n. A bird. 
 
 Quail, v. To quake ; to tremble. 
 
32 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Quar'ter, n. Fourth part. 
 Quar'ter, n. Mercy shown by a con- 
 queror. 
 Quar'ter, n. Eight bushels. 
 Quar'ter, v. To lodge soldiers. 
 Quar'ter, n. A particular region, 
 
 Quar'tered, pp. Divided into four 
 equal parts. 
 
 Quar'tered, pp. Stationed for 
 lodging, &c. 
 Quar'ry, n. Place from which stones 
 
 are dug. 
 Quar'ry, n. The game flown at by a 
 hawk. 
 
 Quiv'er, n. A case for arrows. 
 
 Quiy'er, v. To shake or tremble. 
 Race, n. A generation. 
 Race, n. A contest in running. 
 
 Rack, n. A frame. 
 
 Rack, n. A liquor. 
 
 Rack, «j. To torture. 
 
 Rack, v. To draw off from the lees. 
 Rail, n. A bar. 
 
 Rail, v. To use insolent language. 
 Rail, n. A bird. 
 
 Rake, n. A farming instrument. 
 
 Rake, n. A vicious man. 
 Ral'ly, «. To come back to order. 
 Ral'ly, ^>. To banter; to jeer. 
 
 Ram, n. A male sheep. 
 
 Ram, V. To drive in violently. 
 Rank, a. Overgrown. 
 Rank, a. Rancid. 
 Rank, n. Dignity. 
 Rank, n. A row. 
 
 Rar'ity, n. A scarce thing. 
 
 Rar'ity, n. Thinness. 
 Rash, a. Acting without caution. 
 Rash, n. An eruption. 
 
 Ray, n. A fish. 
 
 Ray, n. A beam of light. 
 Rear, n. The hinder part. 
 Rear, ©. To raise up. 
 Rear, v. To educate. 
 
 Heef, n. A portion of a sail. 
 
 Reef, n. A chain of rocks under 
 water. 
 Rbfu'sal, n. A denial. 
 Refu'sal, n. The right of choice. 
 
 Rend'er, n. One who tears. 
 
 Ren'der, «. To restore. 
 
 Rbn'der, 1). To go or pass freely. 
 
 Ren'der, v. To translate ; to con- 
 strue. 
 
 j Rent, n. A tear ; a break. 
 Rent, n. Money paid for holding a 
 thing. 
 
 Rest, n. Repose. 
 
 Rest, n. Remainder. 
 Rid'dle, n. A puzzling question. 
 I Rid'dle, n. A sieve. 
 Rid'dle, v. To make many holes in. 
 
 Rig, v. To dress. 
 
 Rig, n. A trick. 
 Right, a. Correct. 
 Right, a. Straight. 
 Right, a. Not left. 
 i Right, n. Justice. 
 Right, n. Just claim. 
 
 Ring, n. A circle. 
 
 Ring, v. To sound. 
 
 Ring, 'd. To fit with rings. 
 Road, n. A way. 
 
 Road, n. A place at sea where ships 
 may anchor. 
 
 Rock, n. A vast mass of stone. 
 
 Rock, x>. To move backward and 
 forward. 
 Rock'et, n. A plant. 
 Rock'et, n. A species of firework. 
 
 Roe, n. A female deer. 
 
 Roe, n. The eggs of fish. 
 Rose, n. A flower. 
 Rose, v. Did rise. 
 
 Rout, n. A clamorous multitude. 
 
 Rout, v. To defeat and disperse. 
 Row, t. To impel with oars. 
 Row, n. Things in a line. 
 
 Rue, n. A plant. 
 
 Rue, 'd. To regret. 
 Rush, n. A plant. [lence. 
 
 Rush, v. To move forward with vio- 
 
 Sa'ble, n. A kind of weasel. 
 
 Sa'ble, a. Black ; dark. 
 Sack, n. A large bag. 
 Sack, n. A kind of wine. 
 Sack, v. To plunder. 
 Sack, n. A kind of coat. 
 
 Sage, n. A plant. 
 
 Sage, a. Wise ; prudent. 
 Sap, n. The juice of plants. 
 Sap, v. To undermine. 
 
 Sash, n. A belt. 
 
 Sash, n. A window frame 
 Saw, n. A proverb. 
 Saw, «. Did see. 
 
 Saw, n. A toothed instrument for cut' 
 ting. 
 
WORDS SPELLED AND PRONOUNCED ALIKE. 
 
 33 
 
 Scale, n. The dish of a balance. 
 
 Scale, n. A little shell on a fish's 
 skin. 
 
 Scale, n. A regular gradation. 
 
 Scale, v. To climb. 
 
 Scale, v. To peel off in thin pieces. 
 Screen, n. Something that affords 
 
 shelter or concealment. 
 Screen, n. A kind of sieve. 
 Screen, v. To protect ; to hide. 
 Screen, v. To sift ; to separate. 
 
 Scut'tle, n. A hole in a roof or 
 deck. [haste. 
 
 Scut'tle, v. To run with affected 
 
 Scut'tle, n. A utensil for coal. 
 
 Scut'tle, v. To make holes in, in 
 order to sink. 
 SEAii, n. The sea calf. 
 Seal, n. A stamp. 
 
 Sba'son, n. One of the four parts 
 of the year. 
 
 Sea'son, 71. A fit time. 
 
 Sea'son, v. To give a relish to. 
 
 Sea'son, v. To prepare for use by 
 time. 
 See, «. To perceive by the eye. 
 See, n. A diocese. 
 
 Sen'tence, 71. To doom. 
 
 Sen'tence, n. An assemblage of 
 words making complete sense. 
 Set, v. To place. 
 Set, v. To bring to a fine edge. 
 Set, v. To sink below the horizon. 
 Set, n. A number of things suited to 
 each other. 
 
 Shaft, n. An arrow. [pit. 
 
 Shaft, n. A narrow perpendicular 
 
 Shaft, n. The pole of a carriage. 
 Shed, n. A building. 
 Shed, v. To cause to flow. 
 
 Sheer, a. Unmingled ; pure. 
 
 Sheer, v. To turn aside. 
 
 Sheer, a. Very thin. 
 Sheet, n. A broad piece of cloth. 
 Sheet, n. A rope. 
 
 Shoal, n. A great multitude. 
 
 Shoal, n. A sand bank under water. 
 
 Shoal, a. Shallow. 
 Shore, n. The coast. 
 Shore, n. A prop under a building. 
 
 Shrub, n. A bush. 
 
 Shrub, n. An alcoholic mixture. 
 Sig'nal,, n. A sign to give a notice. 
 Sig'nal, a. Eminent: 
 
 Sin'gular, a. Single. 
 
 Sin'gular, a. Remarkable. 
 
 Sin'gular, a. Unusual ; odd. 
 Sink, n, A drain. 
 Sink, v. To go down. 
 
 Size, n. Bulk. 
 
 Size, n. A sticky substance. 
 Sledge, n. A heavy hammer. 
 Sledge, n. A vehicle with low wheels. 
 
 Slug, n. A piece of metal. 
 
 Slug, n. A slow, lazy fellow. 
 Smack, n. A loud kiss. 
 Smack, n. A quick, smart blow. 
 Smack, n. A fishing vessel. 
 
 Smelt, n. A small sea fish. 
 
 Smelt, v. To melt ore. 
 
 Smelt, v. Did smell. 
 Snarl, v. To growl. 
 Snarl, n. Entanglement. 
 
 Soil, n. The ground ; land. 
 
 Soil, v. To make dirty. 
 Sole, n. The bottom of the foot. 
 Sole, n. A small sea fiah. 
 Sole, a. Single ; only. 
 
 Sound, n. A noise. 
 
 Sound, n A shallow sea. 
 
 Sound, n. A probe. 
 
 Sound, a. Uninjured. 
 Souse, n. Pickle made of salt. 
 Souse, v. To plunge into water.- 
 
 Spar, n. A mast or boom. 
 
 Spar, n, A mineral. 
 
 Spar, v. To dispute. 
 Spell, n. A charm. 
 Spell, n. A short time. 
 Spell, n. A turn of work. 
 Spell, v. To indicate the proper lat* 
 ters of a word. 
 
 Spir'it, n. The soul of man. 
 
 Splr'it, n. Temper ; courage. 
 
 Spir'it, n. A distilled liquor. 
 Spit, n. A long iron prong. 
 Spit, n. Saliva. 
 
 Spit, v. To eject from the mouth. 
 Spit, v. To turn up ground ,dth a 
 spade. [der. 
 
 Spoke, n. A bar of a wheel or lad- 
 
 Spoke. Fret, of speak. 
 Spring, n. One of the seasons. 
 Spring, n. An elastic body. 
 Spring, n. A leap. 
 Spring, n. A fountain. 
 Spring, ■». To rise, or come forth. 
 Spring, «?. To leap ; to jump. 
 
34 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Spruce, a. Neat without elegance. 
 
 Spruce, n. A tree. 
 Sta'ble, a. Fixed ; firm. 
 Sta'ble, n. A house for beasts. 
 
 Staff, n. A stick. 
 
 Staff, n. A stanza. 
 
 Staff, n. A number of officers. 
 Stake, n. A stick. 
 Stake, n. A thing at hazard. 
 
 Stalk, v. To walk with lofty steps. 
 
 Stalk, n. The stem of a plant. 
 Stall, n. A crib for an animal. 
 Stall, n. A bench on which any thing 
 is exposed for sale. 
 
 Stand'ard, n, A flag. 
 
 Stand'ard, n. A rule of measure. 
 Sta'plb, n. A loop of metal. 
 Sta'ple, n. A principal commodity, 
 Sta'ple, n. The fibre of cotton, &c. 
 Sta'ple, a. Settled. 
 
 State, n. Condition. 
 
 State, n. Dignity ; grandeur. 
 
 State, n. A civil community. 
 
 State, n. A district of country. 
 
 State, v. To make known. 
 Stave, n. A narrow piece of wood. 
 Stave, v. To break in pieces. 
 Stave, v. To prevent ; to delay. 
 
 Stay, «. To continue in a place. 
 
 Stat, v. To support. 
 
 Stay, «?. To stand still. 
 
 Stay, n. A prop ; a support. 
 Steep, a. Precipitous. 
 Steep, t?. To soak. 
 
 Steer, n. A young bullock. 
 
 Steer, v. To direct a course. 
 Stem, n. A stalk. 
 Stem, n. The fore part of a ship. 
 Stem, «. To bear up against. 
 
 Stern, a. Severe. 
 
 Stern, n. The hind part of a ship. 
 Stick, n. A piece of wood. 
 Stick, ®. To pierce ; to stab. 
 Stick, «. To adhere. 
 
 Still, a. Quiet. 
 
 Still, c. To calm. 
 
 Still, n. A vessel for distilling. 
 
 Still, adv. This time. 
 
 Still, conj. Notwithstanding. 
 Stock, n. The stem of a tree. 
 Stock, n. A family ; a race. 
 Stock, n. The capital of a merchant. 
 Stock, n. The wooden part of a gun. 
 Stock, n. Supply provided. 
 
 Stock'ing, ^jt?r. Filling. 
 Stock'ing, n. A cover for the leg. 
 
 Stocks, n. The public funds. 
 
 Stocks, n. A place of punishment. 
 
 Stocks, n. The frame on which 
 ships are built. 
 Stoop, v. To bend forward. 
 Stoop, n. A drinking vessel. 
 Stoop, n. The steps to a door. 
 
 Sto'ry, a. A narrative or history. 
 
 Sto'ry, n. A falsehood. 
 
 Sto'ry, n. A floor of a building. 
 
 Sto'ry, n. An anecdote. 
 Strain, v. To filter. 
 Strain, v. To sprain. 
 Strain, v. To force. 
 Strain, n. Style. 
 Strain, n. A passage of music. 
 
 Strand, n. A shore or beach. 
 
 Strand, n. One of the parts of a 
 Stroke, n. A blow. [rope. 
 
 Stroke, v. To rub gently. 
 
 Stud, n. A piece of tiniber. 
 
 Stud, n. A kind of button. 
 
 Stud, n. A nail. 
 
 Stud, n. A collection of horses. 
 Sty, n. A hog pen. 
 Sty, n. A tumor on the eyelid. 
 
 Succeed', «. To follow. 
 
 Succeed', v. To prosper. 
 Sup'fer, v. To permit ; to allow. 
 Suf'fer, v. To endure ; to bear. 
 
 Suit, n. A set. 
 
 Suit, n. Courtship. 
 
 Suit, n. Prosecution. 
 
 Suit, v. To fit. 
 Swal'low, n. A bird. 
 Swal'low, v. To take dova\ the throat, 
 
 Ta'ble, n. An article of furniture. 
 
 Ta'ble, n. An index ; a list. 
 Tack, v. To join ; to fasten. 
 Tack, n. A small nail. 
 Tack, v. To change the course of a 
 ship. 
 
 Tap, v. To pierce a cask. 
 
 Tap, v. To strike a very gentle blow. 
 Ta'per, n. A small light, 
 Ta'per, v. To grow smaller towards 
 
 Tare, n. A weed, [the end. 
 
 Tare, n. An allowance. 
 Tart, a. Sour ; sharp of taste. 
 Tart, n. A kind of pie. 
 
 Tar'tar, n. An acid salt. 
 
 Tar'tar, n. An iJ-natured person. 
 
WORDS SPELLED AND PRONOUNCED ALIKE. 
 
 36 
 
 Tattoo', n. A drum beat. 
 Tattoo', v. To mark the skin. 
 
 Tend, v. To go towards. 
 
 Tend, v. To watch ; to guard. 
 Tend'er, n, A attendant. 
 Ten'der, a. Soft. 
 Ten'der, v. To offer. 
 
 Tick, n. Trust ; credit. 
 
 Tick, n. A little insect. 
 
 Tick, v. To make a small noise. 
 
 Tick, n. The case of a bed. 
 Till, v. To cultivate. 
 Till, n. A money box. 
 Till, conj. To the time. 
 
 Till'er, n. One who cultivates. 
 
 Till'er, n. The handle of a rudder 
 Tilt, n. An awning. 
 Tilt, v. To set in a slanting position. 
 TiLT^ V. To thrust a weapon at. 
 Tilt, n. A friendly encounter. 
 
 Tire, n. A head dress. 
 
 Tire, n. The iron band of a wheel. 
 
 Tire, v. To fatigue. 
 Toil, v. To work hard. 
 Toil, n. A net ; a snare. 
 
 Toll, v. To sound with slow strokes. 
 
 Toll, n. A tax for some benefit con- 
 ferred. 
 ToNB, n. Sound. 
 Tone, n. Elasticity. 
 
 Top, 71. The highest part of any 
 thing. 
 
 Top, n. A toy. 
 Trap, n. An instrument for catching. 
 Trap, v. To adorn. 
 
 Treat, v. To negotiate. 
 
 Treat, v. To discourse on. 
 
 Treat, v. To behave towards. 
 
 Treat, n. A feast. 
 
 Treat, v. To entertain with food or 
 drink without charge. 
 Trip, v. To run or step lightly. 
 Trip, n. An excursion. 
 
 Trip, v. To strike the foot against. 
 Trip, n. A stumble. 
 
 Troop, n. A company. 
 
 Troop, n. Horse soldiers. 
 Trump, n. A winning card. 
 Trump, v. To impose upon. 
 Trump, n. A musical instrument. 
 
 Tum'bler, n. A posture master. 
 
 Tum'bler, n. A drinking-glass. 
 Twine, v. To twist. 
 Twine, n. A small cord. 
 
 Ush'er, v. To introduce. 
 
 Ush'er, n. An underteacher. 
 Vault, n. A cellar. 
 Vault, v. To leap. 
 
 Verge, n. Brink ; edge. 
 
 Verge, v. To tend towards. 
 
 Verge, n. The mace of a dean. 
 
 Verge, n. A shaft in a watch. 
 Vice, n. A machine for griping. 
 Vice, n. Wickedness. 
 Vice. In the place of. 
 
 Wa'ges, n. Pay for services. 
 
 Wa'ges, v. Carries on. 
 Wax, v. To smear with wax. 
 Wax, v. To grow ; to increase. 
 Wax, n. The substance of which the 
 honey comb is formed. 
 
 Wear, n. The act of wearing. 
 
 Wear, n. A kind of dam. 
 
 Wear, v. To impair by friction. 
 
 Wear, v. To carry upon the person. 
 Well, n. A deep narrow pit of waxer. 
 Well, a. Being in health. 
 Well, adjv. Rightly ; properly. 
 
 Whist, intj. Be silent ; be still. 
 
 Whist, n. A game at cards. 
 Wound, v. Did wind. 
 Wound, n. A hurt. 
 
 Yard, n. An enclosure of ground. 
 
 Yard, 71. A measure. 
 
 Yard, n. A long piece of timber to 
 extend the sails of a ship. 
 
36 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 RULES FOK SPELLING 
 
 Unle I. 
 
 Words of one syllable ending with /, I, or «, preceded by a single vowelj 
 
 double the final letter ; as, 
 
 
 doff 
 cuff 
 sniff 
 stiff 
 bluff 
 
 all 
 
 ball 
 
 call 
 
 fall 
 
 hall 
 
 Exceptiom to Bule I. 
 
 mass 
 pass 
 miss 
 class 
 glass 
 
 as 
 
 of 
 
 us 
 
 gas 
 has 
 was 
 if 
 
 yes 
 his 
 is 
 this 
 
 pus 
 
 thus 
 clef 
 
 Rule II. 
 
 Words of one syllable ending with any other consonant than /, I, or «, do 
 not double the final letter ; as, 
 
 drab path stoop 
 
 snub gush plump 
 
 twig leak malt 
 
 strong weak debt 
 
 slept sleep wMp 
 
 JSxceptions to Bule II. 
 
 abb err fizz 
 
 add inn fuzz 
 
 ebb mitt buzz 
 
 egg lamm shirr 
 
 odd - wapp .. jagg 
 
 Rule III. 
 
 Words oc one syllable and English vorbs do not :nd with c, but take ch 
 br double c; as, 
 
 hack smack knock 
 
 lack stack shock 
 
 pack track stock 
 
 rack wreck chuck 
 
 sack quack cluck 
 
 I^ToTK.— In general, words derived from the loarncd languages do not need the k, 
 -«id common Uoo discards it; as, Italic, stoic, music, maniac, puDlic,&c. 
 
RULES FOR SPELLING. 37 
 
 Rule IV. 
 Words of one syllable, when they end with a single consonant preceded 
 by a single vowel, double their final letter before a suffix that begins with a 
 vowel ; as, 
 
 Bag bag'gage Let let'ting 
 
 Chap chap'ping Man man'ned 
 
 Dig dig'ging Rob robl^er 
 
 Fib fib'bing Stab stab'bing 
 
 Gab gablDle Trod trod'den 
 
 Rule V. 
 
 Words accented on the last syllable, when they end with a single consonant 
 preceded by a single vowel, double their final letter before a suffix that be- 
 gins with a vowel. 
 
 Note 1. — The accent of the derivative must continue on the same syllable as in the 
 radical ; thus, refer' with ihle gives refer'rible ^double rr), but in referable the accent 
 is changed, and we have single r; also, prefer, preference; confer', conference ; re 
 fer', rererence. 
 
 Note 2. — The final vowel is doubled after a vowel preceded by g-w, the same as if it 
 were a single vowel. 
 
 Note 3. — X, y, and k are never doubled in English words. Words derived from 
 gas have only one s, as gases. 
 
 Abet' abet'-tor Inter' inter'-ring 
 
 Beget' beget'-ting Prefer' prefer'-ring 
 
 Beset' beset'-ting Refer' refer'-ring 
 
 Compel' compel'-ling Concur' concur'-ring 
 
 Excel' excel'-ling Demur' demur'-ring 
 
 Rule VI. 
 
 The final consonant of a word, when not preceded by a single vowel, or 
 when the accent is not on the last syllable, remains single on the addition 
 of a suffix. 
 
 Note. — It has been the practice to double the I in all words ending in I preceded 
 by a single vowel, though not accented on the last syllable, when a syllable was added 
 commencing with a vowel ; but it evidently accords with the analogy of the language, 
 that all such words should conform to the rule. 
 
 Trav'-el 
 
 trav'-el-er 
 
 Ben'-e-fit 
 
 ben'-e-fit-ed 
 
 Trav'-el 
 
 trav'-el-ing 
 
 Buf'-fet 
 
 buf'-fet-ed 
 
 Du'-el 
 
 du'-el-ist 
 
 Clos'-et 
 
 clos'-et-ed 
 
 Wor'-ship 
 
 wor'-ship-er 
 
 De-vel'-op 
 
 de-vel'-op-ed 
 
 Wor'-sAiip 
 
 wor'-ship-ing 
 
 En-vel'-op 
 
 en-vel'-op-ed 
 
 Rule VII. 
 
 Words of more than one syllable that end in I (except those that are 
 formed from monosyllables ending in double ZZ), terminate with one I; as, 
 
 ras'-cal tran'-quil > con-trol' 
 
 ex-tol' • re-bel' med'-al 
 
 na'-tal scan'-dal par'-cel 
 
 lo'-cal fru'-gal plu'-ral 
 
 grav'-el shov'-el bush'-el 
 
3S SMITHES HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Rule VIII. 
 
 Words ending with any double letter, preserve it double before any addi- 
 tional termination not beginning with the same letter ; as, 
 
 Woo 
 
 woo'-er 
 
 Shrill 
 
 shriir-ness 
 
 See 
 
 see'-ing 
 
 Small 
 
 smalV-ness 
 
 Bliss 
 
 bliss'-ful 
 
 Droll 
 
 droll'-ness 
 
 Odd 
 
 otld'-iy 
 
 Free 
 
 free'-dom 
 
 GruflF 
 
 gruflf'-ly 
 
 Grass 
 
 grass'-less 
 
 Exceptions to Bute VIII. 
 
 Certain irregular derivatives ending in i, from verbs ending in II or ss, — 
 as dwelt from dwell ; spelt from spell; shalt from shall; wilt from mill; llest 
 from hless; past from pass^ — are exceptions to the foregoing rule. 
 
 Rule IX. 
 
 Words ending with any double letter, preserve it double in all words 
 formed from them by means of prefixes ; as, 
 
 See fore-see' Sell under-sell' 
 
 Spell mis-spell' Add super-add' 
 
 Roll un-roll' Swell over-swell' 
 
 Pass re-pass' Stall fore-stall' 
 
 Press de-press' Call mis-call' 
 
 Eule X. 
 
 Primitive words ending with a silent e, omit the e upon adding a syllable 
 beginning with a vowel. 
 
 Note. — The added syllables are chiefly the following, viz. : ed, ing^ er, age^ ous, ar, 
 al, ish, able, ible, ance, ence, ure, en, est, ity, y. 
 
 Re-move' re-mov'-al Im-pede' im-ped'ing 
 
 Live liv'-ing A-muse' a-mus'-ing 
 
 Force for'-ci-ble De-plore' de-plo'-ra-ble 
 
 Eye ey'-ing Ex-cuse' ex-cu'-sa-ble 
 
 Come com'-ing Con-ceive' con-ceiv'a-ble 
 
 Exceptions to Bule X. 
 
 \ Exception 1. — Words ending in ce or ge retain the e before the suffixes 
 %ble and ous, to prevent change in the pronunciation ; as, 
 
 Tiace trace'-a-ble Cour'-age cour-a'-geous 
 
 j Change change'-a-ble Chal'-lenge chal'-lenge-a-ble 
 
 I Out'-rage out-ra'-geous Charge charge'-a-ble 
 
 Peace peace'-a-ble Ser'-vice ser'-vire-a-ble 
 
 Mar'-riage mar'-riage-a-ble Pierce pierce' a-ble 
 
 Exception 2. — When the final e is preceded by o, the final e is retained 
 before ing ; as, sTioe^ slwe'-ing ; Twe^ Tioe'-ing. 
 
 Note. — In some words it is necessary to retain the e before ing to prevent ambi- 
 guity ; as, singe, sijig^-ing, not sing'-ing ; tinge, tinge! -ing, not ting' -ing. 
 
 Words ending in ee drop the final letter only when the addition begins with < ,• as, 
 iee, seer, not seeder ; Jlee, Jleest, not flee'-est ; a-gree', a-greed', not a-gree-ed. 
 
RULES FOR SPKLLTNO. 
 
 ao 
 
 Rule XI. 
 
 The following words, ending with e preceded by c, change the e into i be- 
 fore a suffix commencing with a vowel. 
 
 Space 
 
 spa'-cious 
 
 Jus'-tice 
 
 jus-ti'-cia-ry 
 
 Grace 
 
 gra'-cious 
 
 Com'-merce 
 
 com-mer'-cial 
 
 Vice 
 
 vi'-cious 
 
 Fi-nance' 
 
 fi-nan'-cial 
 
 Pal'-ace 
 
 pa-la'-cious 
 
 Face 
 
 fa'-cial 
 
 Sol '-ace 
 
 so-la'-cious 
 
 Dis-grace' 
 
 dis-gra'-cious 
 
 Office 
 
 \ of-fi'-cial 
 
 Sac'-ri-fice 
 
 sac-ri-fi'-cial 
 
 \ of-fi'-cious 
 
 Prej'-u-dice 
 
 prej-u-di'-cial 
 
 Suf-fice' 
 
 suf-fi'-cient 
 
 Ben'-e-fice 
 
 ben-e-fi'-cial 
 
 Mal'-ice 
 
 ma-li'-cious 
 
 Art'-i-fice 
 
 art-i-fi'-cial 
 
 Aus'-pice 
 
 aus-pi'-cious 
 
 Av'-a-rice 
 
 av-a-ri'-cious 
 
 Ca-price' 
 
 ca-pri'-cious 
 
 Su'-per-fice 
 
 su-per-fi'-cial 
 
 Rule XII. 
 
 "When a suffix beginning with a consonant is added to a word ending with 
 
 5, the e is retained. 
 
 Judge judge'-ment A-bridge' a-bridge'-ment 
 
 Judge judge'-ship Ac-knowl'-edge ac-knowr-edge-ment 
 
 Lodge lodge'-ment Ar-range' ar-range'-ment 
 
 Rude rude'-ness A-base' a-base'-ment 
 
 Rude rude'-ly De-range' de-range'-ment 
 
 Note. — It has been the prevailing usage to spell the words abridgement^ acknovHr 
 
 edgement, and judgement without the final e of the primitive, but many respectable 
 
 writers now adopt the more correct, though less usual spelling, by inserting the e. 
 
 Webster omits the e in these words, as also in lodgement, but retams it in judgeship. 
 
 Exceptions to Mule XII. 
 
 When the e is preceded by a vowel, it is sometimes omitted ; as dull/ from 
 due ; truly from true ; awful from awe ; argument from argue ; but much 
 more frequently retained; as, dueness from due; trueness from true; bluenes* 
 and hluely from Uu^ ; rueful from ru£ ; sTweless from shoe ; eyeless from eye. 
 
 Wholly is also an exception, as nobody writes it 
 
 Rule XIII. 
 
 Words ending with ate drop the letters te in derivatives formed by adding 
 the suffix cy. 
 
 pri'-ma-cy E-pis'-co-pate 
 
 pri'-va-cy Cel'-i-bate 
 
 leg'-a-cy Con-fed'-er-ate 
 
 preF-a-cy De-gen'-er-ate 
 
 pi'-ra-cy Il-lit'-er-ate 
 
 Rule XIV. 
 
 Words ending with ant or ent drop the t in derivatives formed by adding 
 the suffix ce or cy. 
 
 Pri'-mate 
 
 Pri'-vate 
 
 Leg'-ate 
 
 Prel'-ate 
 
 Pi'-rate 
 
 e-pis-co-pa-cy 
 
 cel'-i-ba-cy 
 
 con-fed'-er-a-cy 
 
 de-gen'-er-a-cy 
 
 il-lit'-er-a-cy 
 
 Va'-cant 
 
 In'-fant 
 
 Pli'-ant 
 
 Ten'-ant 
 
 Stao-'-nant 
 
 va -can-cy ^ 
 
 in'-fan-cy 
 
 pli'-an-cy 
 
 ten'-an-cy 
 
 s1*,g'-nan-cy 
 
 De-pend'-ent 
 
 Ter'-ma-gant 
 
 El'-e-gant 
 
 Ar'-ro-gant 
 
 Ra'-di-ant 
 
 de-pend'-en-cy 
 
 ter'-ma-gan-cy 
 
 el'-e-gance 
 
 ar'-ro-gance 
 
 ra'-di-ance 
 
Ra'-cy 
 
 ra'-ci-ness 
 
 I'-cy 
 
 i'-ci-cie 
 
 Spi'-cy 
 
 spi'-ci-ness 
 
 Jui-cy 
 
 jui'-ci-ness 
 
 Fan'-cy 
 
 fan'-ci-ful 
 
 40 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY, 
 
 Rule XV. 
 
 When primitive words ending with y preceded by a consonant take an 
 additional syllable, the y is changed into i. 
 
 Note.— This rule applies to derivatives, but not to compound words ; as werty 
 leaf, penny-worthy lady-ahip, giddy-heady &c. ' 
 
 Like'-ly like'-li-hood 
 
 An'-gry an'-gri-ly 
 
 Hun'-gry hun'-gri-ly 
 
 Air'-y air'-i-ness 
 
 Lone'-ly lone'-Ii-ness 
 
 Exceptions to Mule XV. 
 
 Exception 1. — The y is retained before the termination ing or ish, to pre- 
 vent the doubling of i. 
 
 Ba'-by ba'-by-ish Cop'-y cop'-y-ing 
 
 Pit'-y pit'-y-ing Fan'-cy fan'-cy-ing 
 
 Com-ply com-ply'-ing Stead'-y stead'-y-ing 
 
 Exception 3. — Words ending in ie and dropping the e, by Rule X. change 
 i into y, to prevent the doubling of i. 
 
 Die dy'-ing Tie ty'-ing 
 
 Vie vy'-ing Un-tie' un-ty'-ing 
 
 Lie ly'-ing Out-vie' out-vy'-ing 
 
 Exception 3, — In a few instances^ the final y is changed into e before out 
 and its compounds ; as, 
 
 Beau'-ty beau'-te-ous Du'-ty du'-te-ous 
 
 Plen'-ty plen'-te-ous P^t'-y pit'-e-ous 
 
 Note.— Words ending with y form the plural of nouns, the persons of verbs, parti- 
 ciples, comparatives, and superlatives by changing y into i, when the y is preceded 
 by a consonant ; as, spy, spies ; carry, carriest ; happy, happier, happiest. As the pres 
 cnt or imperfect participle ends with ing, it retains the y, to prevent the doubling of t. 
 
 Rule XVL 
 
 Primitive words ending with y preceded by a vowel, do not change y into 
 i before an additional syllable. 
 
 Day day'-ly De-lay' de-lay'-er 
 
 Key key'-hole Dis-play' dis-play'-er 
 
 Coy coy'-ly Ar-ray' ar-ray'-ed 
 
 Boy boy'-ish Be-tray' be-tray'-er 
 
 Joy joy'-ful Por-tray' por-tray'er 
 
 Gay gay'-ly Es'-say es'-say-ist 
 
 Exceptions to Mule XVI. 
 
 From lay, pay, say, stay are formed laid, paid, said, and staid; but the 
 regular words layed, payed, and stayed are sometimes used. Raiment from 
 arrayment, is never written with the y. Daily is more common than the 
 regular form, dayly. 
 
 Note. — In some instances, wliere the suflSx begins with », the final y ia rejected ; 
 as, eulogy f eulogist; tympathy, sympathize. 
 
BULE8 FOR SPELLING. 41 
 
 Rule XVII. 
 
 The final y of a radical word, when preceded by «, is generally omitted 
 before a suffix beginning with a or o. 
 
 Pu'-n-ty pu'-ri-tan Eq'-ni-ty eq'-ui-ta-ble 
 
 Fe-lic'-i-ty fe-lic'-i-tous In-iq'-ni-ty in-iq'-ui-tous 
 
 Gra-tu'-i-ty gra-tu'-i-tous Ca-lam'-i-ty ca-lam'-i-tous 
 
 Ne-ces'-si-ty ne-ces'-si-tous Fa-tu'-i-ty fa-tu'-i-tous 
 
 U-biq'-ui-ty u-biq'-ui-tous Grav'-i-ty ' grav'-i-tate 
 
 Rule XVIII. 
 
 Words ending with le preceded by a consonant, drop the le upon receiving 
 the suffix ly. 
 
 Nim'-ble nim'-bly Peace'-a-ble peace'-a-bly 
 
 Hum'-ble hum'-bly Mov'-a-ble mov'-a-bly 
 
 No'-ble no'-bly Af'-fa-ble af'-fa-bly 
 
 Doub'-le doub'-ly Laugh'-a-ble laugh'-a-bly 
 
 Peb'ble peb'-bly Blam'-a-ble blam'-a-bly 
 
 Rule XIX. 
 
 Words ending with ble, upon taking the suffix ity or iUes, take i between 
 the letters 5 and I. 
 
 A'-ble a-bil'-i-ty Mu'-ta-ble mu-ta-bil'-i-ty 
 
 Sta'-ble sta-bil'-i-ty Pra'-ti-ca-ble prac-ti-ca-bil'-i-ty 
 
 Li'-a-ble li-a-bil^-i-ty Sep'-a-ra-ble sep-a-ra-bil'-i-ty 
 
 Ca'-pa-ble ca-pa-bil'-i-ty Ad'-mi-ra-ble ad-mi-ra-bil'-i-ty 
 
 Du'-ra-ble du-ra-bil'-i-ty A'-mi-a-ble a-mi-a-bir-i-ty 
 
 Rule XX. 
 
 The plural number of nouns is regularly formed by adding 8 0T esto the 
 singular. 
 
 Note. — When the singular ends with a sound which will unite with that of «, the 
 plural is generally formed by adding s only, and the number of syllables is not in- 
 creftsed ; but when the sound of s cannot be united with that of the primitive word, 
 the regular plural adds s to final e, and es to other terminations, and forms a separate 
 syllable. 
 
 Mob 
 Pen 
 Bed 
 Lid 
 Babe 
 
 Rule XXI. 
 The following words ending with d, change the d into s in the annexed 
 
 derivatives, for euphony : 
 
 De-fend' de-fense' de-fen'-sive 
 
 Of-fend' of-fense' of-fens'-ive 
 
 ^ Ex-pend' • ex-pense' ' ex-pen'-sive 
 
 In-tend' in-tense' in-ten'-sive 
 
 Pre-tend' pre-tense' pre-ten'-sion 
 
 Dis-pend' dis-pense' dis-pens'-ing 
 
 Ex-pand' * ex-panse' ex-pan'-sive 
 
 mobs 
 
 Fan'- 
 
 cy 
 
 fan'- 
 
 cies 
 
 pens 
 
 Mon' 
 
 -ey 
 
 mon 
 
 '-eys 
 
 beds 
 
 Jour' 
 
 -ney 
 
 jour'-neys 
 
 lids 
 
 Com' 
 
 -pa-ny 
 
 com 
 
 -pa-nies 
 
 babes 
 
 Gal'-le"r-y 
 
 gal'- 
 
 ler-ies 
 
43 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Pro-pend' 
 
 Re-spond' 
 
 Sus-pend' 
 
 Dis-tend' 
 
 Ex-tend' 
 
 De-scend' 
 
 As-cend' 
 
 Ab-scind' 
 
 Re-scind' 
 
 Rep-re-hend' 
 
 Com-pre-hend' 
 
 Ap-pre-hend' 
 
 Con-de-scend' 
 
 Cor-re-spond' 
 
 pro-pense' 
 
 re-sponse' 
 
 sus-pense' 
 
 dis-ten'-sion 
 
 ex-ten'-sion 
 
 de-scen'-sion 
 
 as-cen'-sion 
 
 ab-scis'-sa 
 
 re-scis'-sion 
 
 pro-pen'-si-ty 
 
 re-spon'-sive 
 
 sus-pen'-sion 
 
 dis-ten'-sive 
 
 ex-ten '-si ve 
 
 de-scen'-sive 
 
 as-cen'-sive 
 
 ab-scis'-sion 
 
 re-scis'-so-ry 
 
 rep-re-hen'-sion 
 
 com-pre-hen'-sion 
 
 ap-pre-hen'-sion 
 
 con-de-scen'-sion 
 
 cor-re-spon'-sive 
 
 Rule XXII. 
 
 The following words ending with t, change the t into s, in the annexed 
 
 derivatives for euphony : 
 Sub-mit' 
 De-mit' 
 Re-mit' 
 Ad-mit' 
 E-mit' 
 Com-mit' 
 0-mit' 
 Per-mit' 
 Li-ter-mit' 
 
 The above words double the i 
 is preceded by a single vowel. 
 
 A-vert' 
 
 Sub-vert' 
 
 Ad-vert' 
 
 Re-vert' 
 
 Di-vert' 
 
 In-vert' 
 
 Con-vert' 
 
 Per-vert' 
 
 An-i-mad-vert' 
 
 sub-mis'-sion 
 
 de-mis'-sion 
 
 re-mis'-sion 
 
 ad-mis'-sion 
 
 e-mis'-sion 
 
 com-mis'-sion 
 
 o-mis'-sion 
 
 per-mis'-sion 
 
 in-ter-mis'-sion 
 
 sub-mis'-sive 
 
 de-mis'- si ve 
 
 re-mis'-sive 
 
 ad-mis'-si-ble 
 
 em'-is-sa-ry 
 
 com-mis'-sion-er 
 
 o-mis'-si-ble 
 
 per-mis'-si-ble 
 
 in-ter-mis'-sive 
 
 because the final consonant of the accented syllable 
 
 a-ver'-sion 
 
 sub-ver'-sion 
 
 ad-verse' 
 
 re-ver'-sion 
 
 di-ver'-sion 
 
 in-ver'-sion 
 
 con-ver'-sion 
 
 per-ver'-sion 
 
 a-verse'-ly 
 sub-ver'-sive 
 ad-vers'-i-ty 
 re-ver'-si-ble 
 di-ver'-si-ty 
 in-verse'-ly 
 con-verse'-ly 
 per-ver'-si-ty 
 an-i-mad-ver'-sion 
 
 The above words have but single s, because the final consonant of the accented syl-, 
 lable of the radical is preceded by a consonant. 
 
 Eule XXIII. 
 
 The possessive case of nouns is formed in the singular number by adding 
 «, preceded by an apostrophe ; and in the plural, when the word ends with 
 », by adding an apostrophe only. 
 
 
 Possessive Singular. 
 
 Possessive Plural. 
 
 Boy 
 
 boy's 
 
 boys' 
 
 Maid 
 
 maid's 
 
 maids' 
 
 Giant 
 
 gi'-ant's 
 
 gi'-ants' 
 
 Man 
 
 man's 
 
 men's 
 
 Child 
 
 child's 
 
 chil' dren's 
 
 Ox 
 
 ox's 
 
 ox'-en^s 
 
RtlLES FOR SPELLmG. 
 
 43 
 
 Rule XXIV. 
 
 Words ending in er or or, often drop the e or <? before a suflEix commencing 
 with a vowel. 
 
 Act'-or 
 
 Ar'-bi-ter 
 
 Au'-di-tor 
 
 Chant'-er 
 
 Con-duct'-or 
 
 act'-ress 
 
 ar'-bi-tress 
 
 au'-di-tress 
 
 chant'-res9 
 
 con-duct'-ress 
 
 Ad-ven'-tur-er 
 
 Am-bas'-sa-dor 
 
 Ben-e-fac'-tor 
 
 Foun'-der 
 
 En-chant'-er 
 
 ad-ven'-tur-ess 
 
 am-bas'-sa-dres9 
 
 ben-e-fac'-tress 
 
 foun'-dress 
 
 en-chant'-ress 
 
 Eule XXV. 
 
 Mistakes are often made in spelling words commencing with prefixes, by 
 inserting or omitting a letter. To avoid errors, consider whether the first 
 letter of the primitive word is the same as the last letter of the prefix. K 
 th«y be alike, that letter is doubled ; if unlike, they remain single. 
 
 Com'-pa-ny ac-com'-pa-ny two c's 
 
 Cus'-tom ac-cus'-tom " 
 
 Join ad-join' one d 
 
 Grieve ag-grieve' two g's 
 
 Mis'-sion com-mis'-sion " m's 
 
 Re-spond' cor-re-spond' " r's 
 
 Com-pose' de-com-pose' one c 
 
 Sat'-is-fy dis-sat'-is-iy two s's 
 
 Solve dis-solve' " 
 
 No'-ble en-no'-ble two n'8 
 
 Leg'-i-ble il-leg'-i-ble " I's 
 
 Lib'-er-al il-lib'-er-al " 
 
 Mor^-tal im-mor'-tal two m's 
 
 Rule XXVI. 
 
 The following words ending in / or fe, change / into «>, and add e% 
 their plurals : 
 
 Sheaf 
 
 Loaf 
 
 Thief 
 
 Half 
 
 Shelf 
 
 Wolf 
 
 Knife 
 
 Plurals. 
 
 sheaves 
 
 loaves 
 
 thieves 
 
 halves 
 
 shelves 
 
 wolves 
 
 knives 
 
 Leaf 
 
 Beef 
 
 Calf 
 
 Elf 
 
 Self 
 
 Life 
 
 Wife 
 
 Plurals. 
 
 leaves 
 
 beeves 
 
 calves 
 
 elves 
 
 selves 
 
 lives 
 
 wives 
 
 Note.— The verbs formed from the following words ending with / or /e, have the 
 f changed into v : 
 
 Safe 
 
 Grief 
 
 Be-lief 
 
 save 
 
 grieve 
 
 be-lieve' 
 
 Rule 
 
 Strife 
 Proof 
 Re-lief 
 
 XXVII. 
 
 strive 
 prove 
 re-lieve' 
 
 The following words ending with / or fe, retain the /, and add 8 in their 
 plurals : ♦ 
 
44 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Chief 
 
 chiefs 
 
 Brief 
 
 briefs 
 
 Fief 
 
 fiefs 
 
 Grief 
 
 griefs 
 
 Clef 
 
 clefs 
 
 Oaf 
 
 oafs 
 
 Waif 
 
 waifs 
 
 Coif 
 
 coifs 
 
 Gulf 
 
 gulfs 
 
 Hoof 
 
 hoofs 
 
 Roof 
 
 roofs 
 
 Proof 
 
 proofs 
 
 Woof 
 
 woofs 
 
 Turf 
 
 turfs 
 
 Scarf 
 
 scarfs 
 
 Dwarf 
 
 dwarfs 
 
 5 Fife 
 
 fifes 
 
 Strife 
 
 strifes 
 
 Safe 
 
 safes 
 
 Wharf 
 
 wharfs 
 
 Staff 
 
 staffs 
 
 Ker'-chief 
 
 
 ker'-chiefs 
 
 Mis'-chief 
 
 mia'-chiefs 
 
 Be-lief 
 
 
 be-liefs' 
 
 Re-lief 
 
 re- 
 
 liefs' 
 
 Re-proof 
 
 
 re-proofs' 
 
 Ca'-lif 
 
 ca' 
 
 -lifs 
 
 Hand'-ker-chief 
 
 hand'-ker-chiefs 
 
 Mis'-be-lief 
 
 mis'-be-liefs 
 
 Eule X2V111. 
 
 Compounds generally retain the orthography of the simple words which 
 2ompose them ; as, horse-man, up-hill, shell-fish, knee-deep, inn-keeper, &©. 
 
PART SECOND 
 
 PREFIXES 
 
 OF SAXON OR ENGLISH ORIGIN. 
 
 FORMULA. — Aboabd, — a-b-o-a-r-d, — aboard. — Board is a primitive word; the 
 Saxon prefix a signifies on, in, to, at; — when combined they form the word aboard, 
 which means on Board. 
 
 A. 
 
 Signifies on, in, to, or <U. 
 .4-board', ad. on board ; in a ship. 
 ^-fire', ad. on fire. 
 ^-SLEEp', ad. in sleep ; sleeping. 
 ^-stern', ad. to the stem. 
 ^-head', ad. to the head ; furtliir on. 
 ^-far', ad. at a distance. 
 
 Be. 
 
 Signifies to maJce. 
 Be-CAi,^', V. to wa^calm. 
 Be-DATTB', V. to daub over. 
 Be-DKCK', V. to deck ; to adorn. 
 
 Be-DiM', V. to make dim. ' 
 
 jB^poul', '0. to make foul. 
 jBe-NUMB', ID. to make numb. 
 
 Signifies in, into, ox on ; to make. 
 ^-cir'cle, t). to put in a circle. 
 .^-dan'ger, «. to put in danger. 
 En-KCT'^ V. to make into an act. 
 JE^-CAMp', V. to form into a camp. 
 ; -E^ti-dear', v. to make dear. 
 ^^^-fee'ble, v. to make feeble. 
 
 EiUf for En» 
 
 Signifies to make, to give. 
 .Kwi-bel'lish, v. (beau*), to make beautifuL 
 Mn-FOW^KB., V. to give power to. 
 J^-bod'y, v. to give a body to. 
 .S??i-BOT'TLE, V. to put in a bottle. 
 
 * Note. — The words in parentheses are the roots from which the English words 
 are derived. The pupil will find the meanings of the roots under their respective 
 heads, though in general the meaning is indicated where the root is used. 
 
4:6 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Fore, 
 
 Signifies 'before. 
 J*^<?re'-NOON, n, the part of the day 'before noon. 
 ^(TT-e-RUN'NER, 71. one who Funs before. 
 Fore-SEE^ v. to see beforeh&xid. 
 .M>re'-siGHT, n. a seeing Je/brehand. 
 ^(?re-TELL', «. to tell J^g/brehand. 
 JPbre-DOOM', «). to doom beforehsiXid. 
 
 Im, 
 
 Signifies to make. 
 iTW-BiT'TER, V. to moke bitter. 
 Jtti-brown', v. to make brown. 
 Jm-pov'ERiSH, «. to make poor. 
 Jm-PEARL', v. to make like pearls. 
 
 Mis, 
 
 Signifies wrong, 
 Jfis-APPLY', v. to apply wrong. 
 Jlfi«-BELiEF', ?i. wrong belief. 
 Jlfis-cAL'cuLATE, «j. to Calculate wrmig, 
 JIfzs'-coNDUCT, 71. wrong conduct. 
 3fzs-GUiDE', t). to guide wrong. 
 Jfi«-PLACE', «?. to place wrong. 
 
 Out, 
 
 Signifies beyond, tnore than. 
 
 Out-BiT>', V. to bid beyond or more than anothe?. 
 Out-JjiYB', V. to live beyond. 
 Ow^-run', «). to run beyond. 
 Out-SRUSE', v. to shine more than. 
 
 Over, 
 
 Signifies ahatie or ov&r, too much, too great, 
 
 Oper-BUR'DEN, 1). to burden too mwh. 
 Over-Fi.ow', v. to flow over. 
 (k>er-ijOAT>\ 1). to load too mioch. 
 0»er-RUN', V. to run t???^/' or above. 
 Over-SFB,EAD\ V. to spread over or a&cwe. 
 0»^-val'ue, v. to value ^ mwc^. 
 
 Uflf before a Verb. 
 Signifies to take off, to reverse the act of, 
 
 Un-BAB,\ V. to take off the bar. 
 Vn-csAiN', V. to take off the chain. 
 Z7w-hinge', v. to take off of the hinge. 
 Un-FiN', V. to take out the pin. 
 Un-BEMj', V. to take off' the seal. 
 Un-YOKE', V. to take off the yoke. 
 
 JJtlf before an Adjective. 
 Signifies not, 
 P^a'ble, a. not able. 
 JTw-AC tive, a. not active. 
 
LATIN PREFIXES. 47 
 
 Charmed', a. not armed. 
 C>2/-bro'ken, a. not broken. 
 Ct^-cer'taln, a. not certain. 
 iT/i-JUST', a. not just. 
 
 Under, 
 Signifies 'beneath^ less than. 
 
 Under-BiD', v. to bid less than another. 
 
 Under-OF'FiCBn, n. an officer under another. 
 
 Vhder-SB:En'iFF, n. one who is unxier the sheriff 
 
 Under-YAJj'uE, v. to rate under its value. 
 
 With. 
 
 Signifies from or against, 
 With-jyiLAw', V. to draw from or away. 
 WitJi-STAND' , V. to stand against. 
 WitTir-HOijit', V. to hold from. 
 
 LATIN PBBFIXES. 
 
 FORMULA. — Avert, — ^a-v-e-r-t, — avert, — vert is derived from the Latin word verto^ 
 to turn ; — the Latin prefix a signifies from or away ; — when combined, they farm tji« 
 word averts which means to turn from or away. 
 
 A. 
 
 Signifies from or away, 
 J.- vert', v. (verto), to turn from. 
 .4-voca'tion, n. (voco), a calling away. 
 .4-vul'sion, n. {vello)j a tearing away. 
 
 Ab, 
 
 Signifies from or away. 
 ^&-ject', v. (jado), to cast away. 
 ^&-lu'tion, n. {luo\ a washing away. 
 ^&-rade', «. {rado), to rub away. 
 -4&-RUPT', a. (ruptum), broken from or off, 
 ^&-solve', «. (solvo), to loose from. 
 ^&-sorb', v. (sorbeo), to suck from or uj>, 
 
 Abs, 
 
 Signifies from or away, 
 ^&Vent, a. (ens), a being away. 
 AbS'TAm', V. (teneo), to hold from. 
 AU-t-ract\ v. {traho), to draw from. 
 
 Ad, 
 
 Jid-AFT, V. (aptus)^ to fit to. 
 .4^-duce', v. (duco), to lead to. 
 Ad'-^qjjATE*a. (equus), equal to. 
 -4<^here', v. Qimred), to stick to. 
 J.<^-ja'cent, a. {jaceo), lying to or nsfiT, 
 Ad-30is{\ V. (jungo), to join to. 
 
48 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY, 
 
 Af for A.d,* 
 
 Signifies to. 
 J.-SCEND', V. (scando), to climb to. 
 ^-scribe', v. (scribo), to write or impute to. 
 -4-sperse', v. (spargo), to sprinkle to or upon. 
 J.-SPIIIE', V. (spiro), to breathe to. 
 ^-v'enue, n. (venio), the way of coming to (a place). 
 A-YOw\ V. {votwn), to vow to. 
 
 ACf for Ad, 
 
 Signifies to. 
 ^c-cede', v. (cedo)^ to yield to. 
 -4c-cept', v. (capio), to take to. 
 JLc-CESs', n. (cedo), approach to. 
 
 Af, for Ad, 
 
 Signifies to. 
 
 ^/-FIX', V. (JlXUS), to fix to. 
 
 Af -vtjICt', v. ifligo), to strike to or at. 
 A/'-fJjTJX, n. ifltio), a flowing to. 
 
 Ag, for Ad, 
 
 Signifies to. , , 
 
 ^^'-GEAVATE, V. (gravis), to make heavy to. 
 ^^'-GRANDizE, V. {gvandis), to make great tOc 
 ^^-GREss', V. {gradior), to go to ov against. 
 
 Alf for Ad, 
 
 Signifies to. 
 ^^-le'viate, v. (levis), to make light to. 
 J.Z-LUDE', V. (ludo), to play or advert to. 
 ^?-Lu'viAL, a. (luo), washing to. 
 AI-JuY', v. (ligo), to bind to. 
 
 An, for Ad, 
 
 Signifies to. 
 ^w-NEx', v. (nectd), to tie to. 
 wdri-ifi'HiLATE, V. {nihil), to make t^ nothing. 
 ^/?-nounce', v. (nuncio), to tell to. 
 An-^xiij', v. (nullus), to reduce to nothing. 
 
 Ap, for Ad, 
 
 Signifies to. 
 ui^-PA'RENT, a. (pa/reo), becoming -^dsible to, 
 ^^-pend', v. (pend), to hang to. 
 <4p-PERTAiN', v. to pertain to. 
 4/>-PR0x'iMATE, «. (prope), to come near to, 
 
 AVf for Ad, 
 
 Signifies to. 
 J.r-RANGE', t). (rang), to put to or in order. 
 ^r'-ROGATE, D. (rogo), to ask or assume to (one's self). 
 
 * For the sake of euphony, (an agreeable sound in language,) the form of the prefix 
 Is frequently changed. Thus, we have ascend, for arfscend ; avenue, for a<^venue, &c. 
 
LATm PREFIXES. 49 
 
 A.Sf for A.d, 
 Signifies to. 
 ^«-8ArL', V. (salio), to leap upon or against. 
 /4«-sign', v. (signum), to mark or allot to. 
 /Is-sim'ilate, v. (similis), to make like to. - 
 <48-sist', v. (siato), to stand to or h/. 
 4«-so'ciATE, V. (socio), to join to. 
 ^8-sume', v. (sumo), to take to. 
 
 Atf for Ad. 
 
 Signifies to. 
 At-HMs', V. (tango), to touch to. 
 -4^tend', v. (tendo), to stretch to. 
 -4^test', v. (testis), to bear witness to. 
 At-TB.ACT', V. (traho), to draw to. 
 -4^trib'ute, v. (trihuo), to give or ascribe to. 
 
 Am, 
 
 Signifies round or about. 
 ^7W-bi'tion, n. (eo), a going abrnd. 
 ^m'-puTATE, V. (puto), to cut Tound or off. 
 
 Ante. 
 
 Signifies 'before. 
 ilri^CE'DENT, a. (cedo), going before. 
 An'te-noo^, n. a room before the main one. 
 ^wfe-DATE' «?. (datum), to date before. 
 ^Ti^DiLu'viAN, a. (diluvium), before the flood. 
 -4w^-merid'ian, a. (meridies), before midday. 
 ^w^mun'danb, a. (mundus), befoi^e the world. 
 
 Signifies round or about. 
 Circum- J a' CBT<iT, a. (jaceo), Ijdng round. 
 Circum-NAY'iGATK, V. to navigate round. 
 Circum-^cniBE,' , v. (scribo), to write round, to inclose 
 Ctr'cww-SPECT, a. (specio), looking round, cautious. 
 
 Cis. 
 
 Signifies on this side. 
 Cm-al'pine,* a. on this side of the Alps. 
 C7i8-ATLAN*ric, a. on this side of the Atlantic. 
 
 Con. (Cum.) 
 Signifies together or uyith. 
 ConrCJTR^, V. (curro), to run together. 
 (7(m-FLiCT', V. (Jligo), to strike together. 
 Ctm'-FLUENCE, n. (fluo), a flowing together. 
 Clm-NECT', «. (necto), to tie together. 
 (7<w-spire', tj. (spiro), to breathe together. 
 Coti-struct', «>. (stmwy^ to build together, 
 
 * Cisalpine, oh this side of the Alps, in regard to Rome, that is on the south side 
 of the A\ps. Transalpine, on the north side of the Alps. 
 
50 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Co, for Con, 
 
 Signifies together or with. 
 Go-iE'qvAJj^ a. equal with. 
 Co-e'yaij, a. ((mum), of tlie same age tcith. 
 (7(9-exist', «. to exist together. 
 Co-tleir', n. one who is heir with another. 
 (7o-hetie', v. (hwreo), to stick together. 
 (7(9-op'erate, v. (opera), to work together. 
 Cog, for Con, 
 
 Signifies together or with. 
 (7(?^'-NATE, a. (nascor), born together or with. 
 Col, for Con. 
 
 Signifies together or with. 
 (7<?Z-liApse', n. (labor), a falling together. 
 Coo-late', v. (latum), to bring together. 
 Coc-IjEct', v. (lego), to gather together. 
 CoI'-IjOCAte, v. {locus), to place together. 
 Gol'-ijOquY, n. (loquor), a speaking together. 
 (7(??-Lu'siON, n. (ludo), a playing together. 
 
 Com, for Con. 
 
 Signifies together or with. 
 Cbm'-MERCE, 71. (mercor), a trading together. 
 Com-Mix', «. to mix together. 
 CWi-Mo'TioN, 7i. (moveo), a moving together. 
 Com-PBJj', V. (pello), to drive ?/)i^^. 
 (7(?m-posE', ®. [pono), to put together. 
 Gom-PRESs', V. (premo), to press together. 
 
 Cor, for Con, 
 
 Signifies together or M)^^A., 
 C^br-REL'ATiVE, a. relative with. 
 (7(9r-ROB 'orate, v. (robur), to make strong together. 
 Cor rode', v. (rodo), to gnaw together. 
 Conti^a. 
 Signifies against. 
 Contra-T>rcT', v. to speak against or contrary to. 
 Con'tro-YEUT, v. (verto), to turn against. 
 
 Counter, for Contra, 
 
 Signifies against. 
 
 Counter-BAL'AT^iCB, v. to balance against. 
 Counter-M-A-RCB.' , v. to march in an opposite direction. 
 
 De, 
 
 Signifies down or from. 
 Decline', 'd. (clino), to bend down. 
 J)e-T>TJCE', v. (duco), to lead from. 
 De-FE^D', ■». (fendo), to strike down. 
 Be-JECT', V. (jacio), to cast down. 
 De-FE^i)', V. (pendeo), to hang from. 
 De-vo^E', V. (pono), to put down.. 
 
LATIN PREFIXES. ^l 
 
 Dis. 
 
 Signifies to take from^ away, off, or out; riot, 
 7>w-a'ble, v. to render not able. 
 i>i«-ARM' V. to talce away arms. 
 i>is-BELiEVE', V. not to bcUeve. 
 i>i5-BUR'DEN, V. to toke off a burden. 
 i>w-HON'EST, «. 7W^ honest. 
 
 i>i8-L0Y'AL, a. 7K9i loyal. 
 
 JHs, 
 
 Signifies afoH. 
 Di8-rBi,\ V. (pello), to drive apart. 
 IHs-sbct', v. (seco), to cut apart. 
 Dis-soLVE', V. (solvo), to loose apart. 
 i>i«-TEND', «). (tew/o), to stretch a^flw^. 
 i>i«-TORT', ®. (tortum), to twist aj9«r^. 
 i>M-TRACT', ??. (traho), to draw a/var<. 
 
 X>i, for Dis. 
 
 Signifies apart. 
 2?^-spER8E', V. {spargo), to sprinkle apari. 
 i>i-vERGE', ®. {vergo)^ to tend ajoar^. 
 Di-VERT', «, (verto), to turn «par^. 
 i>i-GRESs', c. (gradior), to go apar^. 
 iW-LUTE', ^. (^M<>), to wash apart. 
 
 Diff for Dis. 
 
 Signifies apart. 
 2>i/*'-FER, V. (fero), to bear apart. 
 i^i/FUSE', V. (fundo), to pour apar^. 
 Ex, 
 Signifies out or ow^ of. 
 Ex-kct\ v. (ago), to take or force out of. 
 £Jx-ceft\ v. {capid), to take out. 
 ^-cite', v>. (cito), to call out. 
 ^-claim', «. (damo), to cry ot^^. 
 .Exclude', ?). [claudo)^ to shut oi^^. 
 £^;»-pand', v. (pando), to spread ot^i. 
 ^a;-PEL', V. (pello), to drive out of. 
 Mo-fotlt', v. (porto), to carry out. 
 
 E, for Ex. 
 
 Signifies out or out of. 
 ^'-DiCT, n. (dico), what is spoken out, 
 ^-duce', «. (duco), to lead (??^^. 
 ^'-GRESS, n. (gradior), a going 6>t^^. 
 J^ject', v. (jacio), to cast out. 
 J^-lect', «. (lego), to choose <?^^. 
 j^-rase', «?. (rado), to rub c»^^. 
 
 •Ef,forEx. 
 Signifies out or <>w^ (t/I 
 ^-face', v. {fades), to take <>wif the face, 
 ^'-FLUX, 7^. \fiuo), a flowing owi. 
 
53 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Extra. 
 
 Signifies 'beyond. 
 
 -fife^a-MUN'DANE, a. {mundus), beyond the world, 
 Jfe^ra-OR'DiNAKT, a. beyond ordinary. 
 
 Ifl, before a Verb. 
 Signifies in or into, on or up(m, 
 
 iTi-CLiNE', V. (clino), to lean into. 
 J/i-CLUDE', «. {claudo), to shut in. 
 //i-cuE,', ^. {curro), to run '^^p6>?^, 
 //i-FLiCT', «!. (Jligo), to strike ^^o^. 
 i/i'-FLUX, 7?,. iJliM), a flowing m^. 
 Jt^-hale', v. (halo), to breathe m. 
 
 11 f for In, 
 Signifies in or ^Tife, on or -m^?*?^. 
 
 /^-lu'minate, «. {lumen), to put light wto. 
 /^Lu'siON, 71. (ludo), a playing ^^o/i. 
 
 J^r^^ /or Jii. 
 
 Signifies in or mi5<?, oti or up<m. 
 
 i?w-MERSE', ??. {mergo), to plunge m^. 
 Jm-PEL', ■». {pello), to drive 07i. 
 im-PEND', D. {pendeo), to hang ?^^o?2 or oner. 
 im-poRT', ■«. (porto), to carry i?i^<?. 
 /m-posE', «). {pono), to put -mjowz. 
 /m-PRis'oN, «. to put m prison. 
 
 Ir, for In, 
 
 Signifies in or into, on or wp<w. 
 
 ir'-KiTATE, «. (^m), to put in anger. 
 ir-RUp'TiON, n. (ruptum), a breaking into, 
 
 Irif before an Adjective. 
 Signifies not. 
 
 In-A&TivE, a. not active. 
 In-AN'iMATB, a. (animd), not having life. 
 /?i-cau'tious, a. not cautious. 
 /ti-com'petent, a. nx>t competent. 
 
 Ig, for In, 
 
 Signifies not. 
 igf-No'BLE, a. not noble. 
 ^-nomin'ious, a. {nomen), not having a name. 
 
 U, for In, 
 
 Signifies not. 
 
 /?-le'gal, a. not legal. 
 
 /Z-leg'ible, a. (lego), that can not be read. 
 
 /^lib'eral, a. not liberal. 
 
 J^Lic'iT, a. not permitted 
 
LATIN PKKFIXES. 
 
 Inif for In* 
 
 Signifies noU 
 iw2-M0R'AL, a. not moral. 
 Jtw-mor'tal, a. not mortal. 
 /m-PAR'TiAL, a. not partial. 
 /w-pa'tient, a. not patient. 
 iw-PER'FECT, a. n^t perfect. 
 
 Ir, for In, 
 
 Signifies not. 
 
 ir-RA'TiONAL, a. not rational. 
 //•-reput'able, a. not to be refuted, 
 //•-reg'ular, a. not regular. 
 ir-RESisT'rBLE, a. not to be resisted. 
 
 Inter, 
 
 Signifies 'between or among. 
 
 JTi^r-FERE', Ti. (ferio), to strike hetween. 
 In'ter-i.vT>E, n. (ludd)^ r. part letween plays, 
 /wfer-POSE', V. (pouo), to place between. 
 Inter'-ROQXT^^ v. (rogo)^ to ask between. 
 Jnter-nvFT' , v. (ruptum), to break between, 
 Inter-SKCT', v. (seco), to cut between.. 
 
 Intro, 
 
 Signifies within. 
 
 Intro-Dvc^', V. (duco), to lead within, 
 /w^o-vert', v. (verto), to turn within, 
 
 Ob, 
 
 Signifies in the way., against, out. 
 
 O&'-LOQUY, n. (loquor), something spoken against. 
 6>&'-STACLE, n. (sto), something standing in the way, 
 0&-TRUDE', V. (trvdo), to thrust against. 
 O&'-viATE, V. {via)y to put out of the way. 
 
 Oc, for Ob, 
 
 Signifies in the way, up, down. 
 
 Oc-ca'sion, n. (cado), a falling in the way, 
 Oc'-cuPY, D. (capio), to take up. 
 Oo-cur', v. (curro), to run in the way. 
 
 Of, for Ob, 
 
 Signifies in the way, against, 
 
 0/*-fend', v. {fendo), to strike against, 
 ©/■'-FER, X). (fero), to bear in the way. 
 
 Op, for Ob, 
 
 Signi^s in the way, against, 
 
 O^-pose', v. (pono), to put in the way, 
 C^-PRESs', V. (premo), to press against, 
 C^)^ugn', v. {pugna)f to fight against. 
 
 53 
 
54 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF EtYMOLOGlT. 
 
 Ter. 
 
 Signifies through or thormigKl/y, 
 
 P<er'-FECT, a. {fado)^ made thoroughly, 
 P^-spire', v. {spiro), to breathe through, 
 Per-VADE' 'c. {mdo)^ to go through, 
 Pe-rusE', n. (usum), to read through. 
 
 Post. 
 
 Signifies after. 
 
 P<?s^pone', v. (pono), to put after or ojf. 
 
 P<?sf -SCRIPT, n. (scribo), something written after^ 
 
 Pre, 
 
 Signifies before, 
 
 Pre-CBDB', '&. (cedo), to go before. 
 Pre-T>iCT\ V. (dice), to foretell. 
 Pre-FEB,', V. ifero), to bear or esteem before, 
 Pre'-Fix, n. (Jixus), something fixed before. 
 Pre-siDE', v, (sedeo), to sit before. 
 Pre-VENT', V. (venio), to come before. 
 
 Preter, 
 
 Signifies beyond or past. 
 
 Pre'ter-iT, a. (eo), gone past. 
 Preter-HAi'viLAijj a. beyond natural. 
 
 Pro, 
 
 Signifies for, forward, forth or out, 
 
 Pw-ceed', v. (cedo), to go forward. 
 Pro-MOTE', V. {moved), to move forwa/rd. 
 Pro-PEL', v. (pello), to drive forward. 
 Pro-DVCE,\ V. (dueo), to lead forth. 
 Pro-ChAJM', V. (clamo), to cry out. 
 Pw-tract', v. (traho), to draw out, 
 Pto-voke', v. (voco), to call out. 
 
 He, 
 
 Signifies back or again, anew, 
 
 P^cede', «. (cedo), to go 5acj5;. 
 Pe-CLAiM', v. (clanw), to call &acyfc. 
 Pe-CLiNE', ?). {clino), to lean 5«c^. 
 Pe'-FLUX, 71. {Jiuo), a flowing &<zc^. 
 Pe-FUSE', ??. (fundo), to pour 5«c^. 
 ife-voKE', «. {wco), to call &ac^. 
 
 Signifies baclc or bachwards. 
 
 Pfe^o-CEs'siON, 71. (cessum), the act of going 5acfe 
 Pe^Vo-GRADE, 7). (gradior), going backward. 
 Met'ro-BTECT, n. (specw)^ a looking backwa/rds. 
 
LATIN PREFIXES. 55 
 
 Se. 
 Signifies aside or apa/rt. 
 
 /Secede', «. {cedo)^ to go apart. 
 /S'^clude', v. {claudo)^ to shut up apart. 
 Se-DVCE,', V. {duco)^ to lead aside. 
 ^S^di'tign, n. (itum), a going aside. 
 
 Sine. 
 
 Signifies without. 
 
 ;^m'-PLE, a. (plica), without fold. 
 /SiVcERE', a. (cera), without wax. 
 Si'ne-CJTRB, n. {cura), a situation withmtt cart. 
 
 Signifies under. 
 
 /8w&-ja'cent, «. (jaceo), lying under. 
 /Si<J-marine', «. {mare), under the sea. 
 /8wJ-scribe', ?). (scribo), to write under. 
 Sub-THACT', V. (trahd), to draw wri^Z^ or /tywi. 
 
 <Smc, /or >S>/«6. 
 
 Signifies under, up. 
 
 8uc-cwEJ>', V. (cedo), to go under or a/i5^. 
 Su^coB,', V. (curro), to run under. 
 Suc-ctjmb', v. (cubo), to lean under. 
 
 Stiff for Sub. 
 
 Signifies under. 
 
 Suf'-F^n, V. ifero), to bear under. 
 £iuf-FVSi^\ V. (fundo), to pour under. 
 
 Sup, for Sub. 
 
 Signifies under, up. 
 
 Sup-PORT', v. (porto), to bear up. 
 8up-FOS^', V. (pono), to put under. 
 Sup-FB,BBs', V. (premo), to press under. 
 
 Super. 
 
 Signifies (ibove or over^ upon. 
 
 Buper-ABOXTST)', v. to oc^abound. 
 8uper-ADD', V. to add over and above, 
 Super-FUfE', a. overdue. 
 Super-SFiyB', v. (sedeo), to sit above. 
 Super-Yi'son, n. (video), an overseer. 
 Super-BCBiSE,' , v. (scribo), to write upon. 
 
 SuTf {Fr. for Super.) 
 
 Signifies cdxyoe, over, upon. 
 
 Sur-M^ojmi:' , V. to mount aI>ove. 
 Sur-YiYB', V. (vivo), to live over or after, 
 Sur' -FACF, n. (fades), upon the face. 
 /SW-'YEy', v. (video), to look upon. 
 
56 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 Sus, for Sub, 
 
 Signifies under, up, upwards. 
 /Su8-tect\ v. (gpecw), to look under. 
 Sus-fbkd', v. (pendeo), to hang up. 
 JSus-TAUi', V. (teneo), to hold up. 
 
 Trans. 
 
 Signifies across, over or beyond, th/rou{fh. 
 Tra-DTJCE,', V. (duco), to lead across. 
 Trans-¥ER', v. {fero), to carry over. 
 Trans-ijATB' , v. (latum), to carry over. 
 Trans-MIT', v. {mitto), to send over. 
 
 Ultra, 
 
 Signifies 'beyond. 
 UVtra-i^T, n. one who is beyond. 
 f/^iro-MON'TANE, a. (mons), beyond the mountains. 
 Ultra-Mus'BAiiE, a. {mundus), beyond the world. 
 
 STIFFIXJES. 
 
 FORMULA. — Manual, — m-a-n-u-a-1,— manual, — manu is derived from the Latla 
 word manixs, the hand ; — the suffix al signifies of, relating or pertaining to; batting or 
 ecoming ; — when combined, they form the word manual, which means rekiti tg or per- 
 taining to the hand. 
 
 Ac. 
 
 Signifies of, or belonging to. 
 — Car'dmc, a. (cardia, Gr.), belonging to the heart. 
 ELEGi'ac, a. (elegia, Gr.), belonging to elegy. 
 DEMo'Niac, a. belonging to a demon. 
 
 Aceous. 
 
 Signifies of or consisting of, like or resembling. 
 ^ AnBTsa'c^ous, a. (arena), consisting of sand. 
 - ARGiJji,a' ceous, a. (argilla), consisting of clay. 
 YAiXTSia'ceous, a. (fa/rina), consisting of meal. 
 lS.i&nwi' ceous, a. (herba), consisting/ of herbs. 
 
 Act/. 
 
 Signifies being, or state of being; office of, 
 Kc'cTTRocy, n. a being accurate. 
 jy-EJj'icacy, n. a being delicate. 
 OB'sTTNacy, n. a being obstinate. , 
 
 Cv'nacy, n. the office of a curate. 
 
 Age. 
 
 Signifies collection of; state of being; an aXlowanee for. 
 'BA.Or'Ocage, n. a collection of bags. 
 CGBD'age, n. a collection of cords. 
 HERB'a^e, n. a collection of herbs. 
 BoND'o^e, n. state of being in bonds. 
 
SUFFIXES. 57 
 
 AL 
 
 Signifies of, relating or pertaining to ; lejitting or hecoming. 
 
 Fil'i«Z, a. (Jilius), relating to or becoming a son. 
 Fi^o'nal, a. (Jlos), relating to flowers. 
 M.AN'ual, a. (manus), relating to the hand. 
 Ment'oZ, a. {mens), relating to the mind. 
 
 An, Ian, Ean, 
 
 Signifies belonging, relating or pertaining t4, 
 
 AGRA'Ria/i, a, {ager), relating to the fields. 
 Chris 'Tm/2, a. relating to Christ. 
 1*lebe'i<z^, a. relating to the people. 
 'Eixm.ove'an, a. relating to Europe. 
 
 An, Ian, 
 
 Signifies one who, or the person that. 
 
 A.'RT'man, n. one who is skilled in an art. 
 Cimis'Tian, n. one who believes in Christ. 
 EuROP-e'aw, n. one who lives in Europe. 
 HiST0'Ria?i, n, one who writes history. 
 
 Ance, Ancy, 
 
 Signifies being or state of being ; ing* 
 
 Coin' STanct/, n. state of being constant. 
 Ig'nor«wc<3, n. state of being ignorant. 
 YiQt'iLance, n. state of being vigilant. 
 AsBiST'aTice, n. (sisto), a standiTi^ to. 
 
 Ant. 
 
 Signifies one who, or the penon thai, 
 
 KmAnJant, n. one who assails. 
 Absist'«/^^, n. one wlw assists. 
 CLAiM'a^i^, n. one who claims. 
 Com'bat«7?,^, n. one who combats. 
 AttfkdW^, n. one who attends. 
 Depend'^ti^, n, one who depends on another. 
 
 Ant, 
 
 Signifies ing, 
 
 BRiLL'iaTii, a. Qyriller), ^ming. 
 ATTEND'«/i^, a. attend^?^^; accompanyzTi^. 
 Depend W#, a. (pendeo), hangw^ down. 
 Co^'^o^ant, a. (sonus), somidi7ig together. 
 OBSERv'aw^, a. observing. 
 PleasW^, a. pleas^7^^. 
 
 Ar, 
 
 Signifies in the form of; like ; relating to ; having. 
 
 CiR'cuLar, a. (circulua^ in the form of a circle. 
 GLOB'uLar, a. {globus), in the form of a globe. 
 
 * Ing has a participial meaning, and is defined by the expression continuing to ; be- 
 cause it denotes primari^, continuance of action, or condition. 
 
58 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 iN'sTTLar, a. (insula), relating to an island. 
 Ju'GULar, a. (jugulum), relating to the throat. 
 Oc'uL<zr, a. (oculus), relating to the eyes. 
 CEL'LULar, a. {cello), Jiaving cells. 
 
 At, 
 
 Signifies one who. 
 
 BEG'Gar, n. one wlw begs. 
 "hi'ar, n. one who tells lies. 
 ScHOL'ar, n. one who goes to school. 
 
 Ard, 
 
 Signifies one who. 
 
 'DBJTSTK'a/rd, n. one who gets drunk. 
 SLUG^Gar*^, n. one who is sluggish. 
 Do'T«r^, n. one whose mind is impaired. 
 Nig'g6W<^, n. ons who is a miser. 
 
 Ary, 
 
 Signifies one icho or the person that. 
 
 AdVers^t"?/, n. one who is adverse. 
 l£iM.'i^Bary, n. one who is sent out. 
 Mis'siON^r^/, n. (mitto), one who is sent. 
 TBiB'jJiary, n. one who pays tribute. 
 
 Ary, 
 
 Signifies the place where, or the thing that. 
 
 A-'-piary, n. {apis), the place where bees are kept. 
 Gc^Ks'ary, n. (granum), the place where grain is stored. 
 Li'brot^/, n. (liber), the place where books are kept. 
 Lu'MrNarg^, n. (lumen), the thing that gives light. 
 
 Ary, 
 
 Signifies belonging, relating, or pertaining to. 
 
 HoN'oR^r^/, a. pertaining' or relating to honor. 
 LiT'ERfl^?/^ ^- (Jitera), pertaining or relating to letters. 
 MiL'iTary, a. (miles), pertaining or relating to soldiers. 
 PuL'MONarg^, a. (pulmo), pertaining or relating to the lungs. 
 
 Ate, 
 
 Signifies having, being. 
 
 CoR'v&Rate, a. (corpus), having a body. 
 iNAN'iMa^e, a. (anima), not having life. 
 iNTEs'T^ife, a. (testis), not having a will. 
 DEs'pERa^ «. (spero), being out of hope. 
 
 Signifies one who or #^^ person that. 
 
 Qxj'iLate, n. (euro), one wlw has the care. 
 DBii'BQate, n. (lego), one who is sent from. 
 GrRKD'Tiate, n. (gradior), one who takes a degree. 
 Po'TENTa^, n. (posse), one who has power. 
 
SUFFIXES. 
 
 Ate. 
 
 Signifies to make, to give, to put, or to take. 
 'D'ERTL'Tsate, V. {dehilis), to make feeble. 
 FACiL'iTfl!^, V. (faeilis), to make easy. 
 Frus'tr^^, «. {frustra), to make vain. 
 Ren'ov^^^, v. (novus), to make new again. 
 D^c'onate, v. {decor), to give ornament. 
 Reg'ul«^6, v. (rego), to give rules. 
 
 Ble, Able, Ihle. 
 
 Signifies mxiy l)e or can 'be ; worthy of, 
 Blam'«5Z^, a. that may ie blamed. 
 DmCEB.i>i'ible, a. that can he discerned. 
 Inhab'itoJ^, a. that can le inhabited. 
 Contempt '*5fe, a. worthy of contempt. 
 Cle, 
 Signifies little or small. 
 Can'tic^^, n. (cano), a little song. 
 I'cicle, n. a small stick of ice. 
 PED'icfe, n. {pes), a little flower stem. 
 Doiti. 
 Signifies the place where ; state of 'being. 
 'DxTKE.'dom, n. the place where a duke reigna. 
 'KiSiQ'dom, n. the place where a king reigns. 
 . YB.E:K'dom, n. the state of being free. 
 Wis'dom, n. the state of being wise. 
 Ee. 
 Signifies one who, or one to whom. 
 Absent««', n. one who is absent. 
 RefuG(S€', n. {fugio), one who flies. 
 AssiGNe^', n. one to whom anything is assigned. 
 Trusts', n. one to whom a trust is given. 
 Eer, 
 Signifies one who or the person that. 
 AucTioN^er', n. one who sells at an auction. 
 ENGiN^er', n. one who has charge of an engine. 
 MouNTAiNd^r', n. one who lives on a mountain. 
 MuTENeer', n. one who is guilty of mutiny. 
 
 En, 
 
 Signifies mMe of. 
 BRA'zezi, a. mM,e of brass. 
 HEMp'^Ti, a. mxide of hemp. 
 WooD'dw, a. made of wood. 
 WooL'^^i, a. made of wool. 
 
 En, 
 Si^ifies to mxike. 
 Deep'^w., -0. to make deep. 
 Fast'^??., v. to make fast. 
 GLAD'De?i, V. to make glad. 
 Hahd'^/i, «). to make hard. 
 
60 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 Ence, Ency, 
 
 Signifies heing or state ofbeing; ing. 
 
 jM'FJTDence, n. (pudeo), state ofbeing without shama. 
 Co:^CJm.'iience, n. (curro), a running together. 
 Coif'Fijvence, n. (Jluo), a lowing together. 
 Bjj'oqjjence, n. (loquor)^ a speakm^ out. 
 
 Ent. 
 
 Signifies one wTio, or the person tMt. 
 
 Adhe'r^ti^, n. (luBreo)^ one who sticks to. 
 A'oent, n. (ago), one who acts. 
 Pa'tk/?^, n. (patior), one who sufiers. 
 PREs'iDe/i^, n. one who presides. 
 
 Ent. 
 
 Signifies ing or 'bein^. 
 
 Cohe'r^w.^, a. (hcBfeo)^ sticki?z^ together. 
 Efful'g^ti^, a. ifulgeo), shinm^ forth. 
 PendVw^, a. {pend.eo)^ hangi;z^. 
 'Fo'nent, a. {potens)^ being powerful. 
 
 Er. 
 
 Signifies one who or the person that, 
 
 BuiLD'^r, n. one who builds. 
 BuY'er, n. one who buys, 
 FisH'er, n. one who fishes. 
 iNQUiR'er, n. one who inquires. 
 
 Escence, 
 Signifies state of growing or becoming. 
 
 Co'NYAJjes' cence, n. (valeo), state of growing well. 
 'PvTB.es'cence, n. (putris), state of becoming rotten^ 
 
 Escent, 
 
 Signifies growing or becoming. 
 
 CoTSY Aloes' ce?it, a. growing well. 
 Q,vies'cent, a. (quies), becoming quiet. 
 
 Eul. 
 
 Signifies full of, 
 
 Care'/i^Z, a. full of care. 
 DouBTy^^Z, a. full of doubt. 
 FiEAnfal, a. full of fear. 
 HopEyW, a. full of hope. 
 
 Signifies to make. 
 Yon'Tifp, V. (fortis), to make strong. 
 Mag'ni/2/5 ^- (magnus), to make great. 
 Pu'ri^/, v. (purus), to make pure. 
 Rec'ti/^, v. (rego), to make right. 
 
SUFFIXES. 6J 
 
 Hood, 
 
 Signifies tlie state of, 
 BoY'Tiood, n. the state of a boy. 
 CwLLD'hood^ n. the state of a child. 
 Knight 'Aoo^, n. the state of a knight. 
 QiKL'hood, n. the state of a girl. 
 
 Ic, leal. 
 
 Signifies of 'pertaining to^ like. 
 AcADEM'*m?, a. pertaining to an academy. 
 Angel'^o/Z, a, of or pertaining to an angel. 
 HEBo'ic, a. like a hero. 
 Ocean'^c, a. of or pertaining to the ocean. 
 
 Ice. 
 
 Signifies a being, or thing that. 
 JvsT'ice, n. a l>eing just. 
 MAL'ice, n. (male), a being evil. 
 Serv'^c^, n. the thing that is served. 
 No'Tice, n, (nosco), the thing that makes known. 
 
 les. 
 
 Signifies the science or art of 
 Eth'ics, n. the science of manners or moraUk 
 Op'im, n. the science of seeing. 
 
 « Id. 
 
 Signifies being or ing. 
 "Fisia'id, a. (frigtis), being cold. 
 SPLEN'D^<^, a. (splendo), shining. 
 Ton'md, a. (torreo), parching. 
 Yiv'id, a. (vivo), Hying. 
 
 lie. 
 Signifies belonging to; may or can be; easily. 
 FE'snile, a. ( febris), belonging to a fever. 
 H.os'Tile, a. (hostis), belonging to an enemy. 
 Juv'EN^^, a. (juvenis), belonging to youth. . > > 
 
 Fbag'*^, a. (frango), easily broken. 
 
 Ine, 
 
 Signifies of or belonging. * • 
 
 'DTvin£', a. (divus), belonging to God. 
 QA.'mne, a. (canis), belonging to dogs. 
 Fem'inw, a. (femina), belonging to woman. 
 iN'FANTiTi^, a. belonging to an infant. 
 Ion, 
 Signifies the act of; state of being ; ing. 
 ExpuL's^07^, n. (pello), the act 0/ driving out. 
 Is^p^c'iion, n.^(specio), the act of looking into. 
 Anima'tzwi, n. the state of being animate. 
 ConnvF'Tion, n. the state of being corrupt. 
 'PnBCis'ion, n. the state of being precise. 
 ExpA^'s^(?^^, n. (pando), a spread^?^5r out. 
 
82 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Ise, Ize, 
 Signifies to mdke^ to give, 
 Ciy'ihise, «. to make civil. 
 Fer'til^s^, 1). to make fertile. 
 Le'gal^s^, v. to make legal. 
 MoD'ERmg!^, V. to make modem. 
 Ish. 
 Signifies somswhat ; belonging to; lik§, 
 Black'^sA, a. somewhat black. 
 GREEN'^s^, a. somewhat green. 
 Scot'tM, a. 'belonging to Scotland. 
 Span'M, a. belonging to Spain. 
 'Foo'L'ish^ a. like a fool. 
 Fop'pM, a. like a fop. 
 Ish, 
 Signifies to mxike, 
 Chbr'M, id. {carus)^ to make dear. 
 EMBEL'L^s^, v. Q)eau), to make beautiful. 
 Yi^'ish, V. (Jinis), to make an end. 
 Pub'l^s^, v. (vulgus), to make public. 
 Ism, 
 Signifies state of being ; an idiom ; doctrine of, 
 BAR'BAR^8m, n. state of being barbarous. 
 ; Fanat'ic^s???., n. state of being a fanatic. 
 
 'SiER'oism^ n. state of being a hero. 
 iD'iOTzm, n. state of being an idiot. 
 1st, 
 Signifies one who^ or the person that, 
 ART'ist, n. one who practises an art. 
 Bot'an2s^, n. one who studies botany. 
 Flor'^'s^, n. (fos), one who cultivates flowers. 
 Hu'MORis^, n. one who is fond of humor. 
 Ite, 
 Signifies one who^ or the person that. 
 CA'NAAmY^, n. one who dwells in Canaan. 
 FA'voR^Ye, n. one who is favored. 
 LEV^^ n. one who is descended from LeTl. 
 Ity, or Ty, 
 Signifies being or state of being. 
 ABTL'ity, n. state of being able. 
 CAPTiY'ity, n. state of being a captive. 
 DociL'ity, n. state of being docile. 
 FBRTrL'%, n. state of being fertile. 
 
 Ive, 
 
 Signifies one who^ or the person that, 
 CAT'Tive, n. (capio), one who is taken. 
 Ftf'GiTZ'pe, n. (ftigio), one who flies. 
 Op'ERATi^e, n. {opera), one who works. 
 Na't^v^, n. (nascor), one who is bom. 
 
STJFFIXES. 63 
 
 Ive. 
 
 Signifies Jiamng powers or ing. 
 Correct'*??^, a. having power to correct. 
 INVENT'^®e, a. having power to invent. 
 ADH:E'8^«e, a. {hoereo), stick^ri^ to. 
 ATTRACT'i«?e, a. attractiVz^. 
 
 Less, 
 Signifies without, 
 Asu'less, a. without art. 
 CwTLD'less^ a. witTwut a child. 
 Fruit7^s8, a. without fruit. 
 Tow'ERless, a. without power. 
 
 Like. 
 
 Signifies liJce or resembling, 
 QoD'liTce^ a. like or resentbling God. 
 MAN'ZiZ;^, a. like or resembling man. 
 WAR^i^, a. Ze^ or resembling war. 
 
 Ling. 
 
 Signifies ZzW^e, young. 
 DAu'ling, n. a ?zY^Ze dear. 
 jyjjCT^'ling, n. a Zi^^Z^ or young duck. 
 Gos'ling, n. a Zz^^Ze or young goose. 
 LoRD'ZiTi^, n. a Z^'^^Ze or yown^ lord. 
 
 Lpf for Like. 
 
 Signifies like or resembling, 
 Cow'ardZ^, a. like or resembling a coward. 
 Fa'therZ^, a. Z^^ or resembling a father. 
 PRiNCE'Zy, a. Zi^ or resembling a prince. 
 WoRLD'Zy, a. like or resembling the world. 
 
 Ment, 
 
 Signifies Je^Tz^ or state of being ; act of; the thing that, 
 'ExciTE'ment, n. state of being excited. 
 Retire 'm^^, .7i. state of being retired. 
 CB-AaTiSEi'm^nt, n. act of chastising. 
 AcQUiRE'm^Tiif, n. the thing acquired. 
 
 Mofiy. 
 
 Signifies state of being ; thing that. 
 Ac'mmmiy, n. (acris), the state of being sharp. 
 M-AT'iiimony, n. (mater\ the state of being a mother. 
 TAT'nimony, n. (pater), the thin^ inherited from a father. 
 TEs'Timony, n. {testis), the thing that is aflirmed by a witneia, 
 
 Ness. 
 Signifies a being or state of being. . 
 
 "BASE'ness, n. the state of be^ng base. 
 BoiJ)'n£8S, n. the state of being bold. 
 Coojj'ness, n. the state of being cool. 
 YoisD'ness^ n. the state of being fond. 
 GiuAJi)' ness, n. the state of being glad. 
 
64 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Or, 
 
 Signifies one who, or the person that, 
 CoLLECT'<?r, n. one who collects. 
 CiiEA'T(?r, n. one who creates. 
 DrRECT'or, n. me who directs. 
 iM'iiA-Tor^ n. one who imitates. 
 Inspect'ot*, n. one who inspects. 
 PbedictW, n. one icho predicts. 
 Ory, 
 Signifies the place where; thing that. 
 jy^vo^'iTory^ n. the place where things are deposited. 
 DoB.'M.vrory, n. (dormio), a place where persons sleep. 
 FAG'iory, n. ifacio), a place where articles are made. 
 MEM'ory, n. ike thing or faculty that remembers. 
 
 Ovy, 
 Signifies of ; belonging or relating to; in^. 
 Pbef'atot^, a. 'belonging or relating to a preface. 
 VALEDic'Tory, n. {vale, dico), relating to a farewelL 
 ExpLAN'ATory, a. explaming. 
 &ATiSFAc'Torj/, a. BSLtisfying. 
 
 Ose, 
 Signifies full of. 
 Jocose', a. (jocus), full of jokes. 
 Verbose', a. (verbum), full of words. 
 Ous, 
 Signifies full of; consisting of; ing, 
 Dan'gerows, a. full of danger. 
 QrLo''Rious, a. full of glory. 
 QniEv'ous, a. full of grief. 
 Labo'ri<??^s, a. full of labor. 
 Mur'derows, a. murderiw^. 
 
 Ry. 
 Signifies a being ; the art of; the place where, 
 BRA'vEry, n. a being brave. 
 SLA'vEry, n. a being a slave. 
 CooK'Ery, n. the art of a cook. 
 BuR'Gimry, n. the art of a surgeon. 
 
 Ship, 
 
 Signifies office of; state of, 
 OiSERK'ship, n. the office of a clerk. 
 Horse 'M:AN8A^jp, n. the office of a horseman. 
 ¥mMST>'ship, n. the state of a friend. 
 Ri'vALsAi^, n. the state of a rival. 
 Some, 
 Signifies somewhat ; full of, 
 "DjLKK'some, a. somewhat dark. 
 QiiAD'some, a. somewhat glad. 
 WEA'Ris6>m^, a. somewhat weary. 
 Tnoij'icsome, a. full of frolic. 
 
SUFFIXES. 
 
 Ster. 
 
 Signifies one who. 
 Game's^, n. one who games or gambles, 
 8ong'«^, n. one who sings. 
 Young's^, n. one who is young. 
 
 Tilde, Ude, 
 
 Signifies Idng or state of heing. 
 AiJiitnde^ n. (alius), the state of being high. 
 FoTi'Titiide, n. (fortis), the state ofMng brave. 
 'RE.c'Titvde, n. {rectus), the state ofhein^ right. 
 ^nnR'Yitvde, n. (servio), n. the state ofhein^ a slay*. 
 
 Ule. 
 
 Signifies little or small. 
 AnJMAij'ciUe, n. a little animal. 
 QjjOi&'ule, n. a little globe. 
 Gban'm^, n. {granum), a little grain. 
 Ret'icm^, 7i. a little net or bag. 
 
 Signifies the thing ; state of teing ; act of, 
 CuBA'Ture, n. the thing created. 
 ENCLo'swre, n. the thing that is enclosed. 
 ScRip'T^re, n. (scribo), the thing written. 
 CoMTo'sure, n. the state of l)eing composed. 
 Expo'st^re, n. the state of being exposed. 
 DEPART'wre, n. the ac^ 0/ departing. 
 
 Signifies in the direction of or looking towa/rd, 
 EA.BT'wa/rd, ad. in the direction of the east. 
 HEAv'EN?/?ar^, ad. in the direction of heaven. 
 H0ME'M?ar(?, ad. loohing towa/rds home. 
 WiND'i^arc?, ad. looking towanrds the wind. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Signifies the being ; the state of being ; in^f, 
 HoN'ESTy, n. state of being honest. 
 Mas'ter^, n, state of being master. 
 Mod'est?/, n. state of being modest. 
 CoL'LOQuy, n. (loquor), a talk^'rz^ togethtr. 
 
 T. 
 
 Signifies full of; consisting or made of, 
 
 BloodV, a. full of blood. 
 BKi'Ny, a. full of brine. 
 DewV, a. full of dew. 
 CLAY'ey, a. consisting of clay. 
 Flesh'^, a. consisting of flesh. 
 RocK'y, a. consisting 9f rock. 
 
 66 
 
ti6 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 GBBEK rBEFIXES. 
 
 A, AUf {a Privative.*) 
 Signifies want of., not., or witTwut. 
 
 ilBTSs', n. (byssos)., without a bottom. 
 ^TyAKCHY, n. (arcJie), want of government. 
 Anon' ALT, n. (omalos), not or none like. 
 -4p'athy, n. {pathos), want of feeling. 
 -4'theist, n. (theos), one without a God. 
 
 Amphi, Ambif {dufL, and ambo, Lat. both,) 
 Signifies both or double. 
 
 AmphiB'iOTJB, a. (bios), living both on land and in water. 
 -4wMdex'trous, a. (dexter), using both hands. 
 
 Ana, (uva.) 
 Signifies through, up, back, or a^ain. 
 
 Anajj'Y&is, n. (lysis), a loosing back or again. 
 AnaT'oMYj n. (tomos), a cutting through or up. 
 
 Antif Ant, (dvri.) 
 
 Signifies against, opposite or opposed to. 
 AntAnc'Tic, n. (arctos), opposite to the north. 
 AntiBTL'iojjB, a. (Nlis), against bile. 
 Antir' ATBY, n. (pathos), feeling against. 
 
 Apo, Aph, (uTTo.) 
 Signifies from or away. 
 
 Apoc'-RTPTiK, n. (crypto), writings concealed from, 
 -4^8'tate, n. (sto), one who stands from or away, 
 ^^os'tle, n. (stello), one sent from. 
 AphB'jjiON, n. the point farthest from the sun. 
 
 Cata, Cat, (Kara.) 
 Signifies down, from side to side. 
 Cat'aijOQVE, n. (logos), words or names written down. 
 Catannn', n. (rheo), a flowing down. 
 Cat'BCHisis,, v. (ecTieo), to make sounds from side to side. 
 
 Dia, Di, (^ta.) 
 Signifies through, asunder. 
 
 DiMii'B8i8, n. (ceresis), a taking asunder or separately. 
 IHog'otskl, a. (gonia), through the angles. 
 i>iaM'ETEii, n. (metrum), the measure through. 
 JDi'aPH'ANOUs, a. (p\ano), appearing tb/rough. 
 
 * Privative, n. a letter or syllable prefixed to a word, which changes it from an 
 affirmative to a negative sense, 
 
GREEK PREFIXES. 67 
 
 JEn, Em. 
 
 Signifies in or on. 
 
 .K^dem'ic, a. (demos), arising in or among the people. 
 Enrujj'siAST, n. (theos), one who believes that God is in him. 
 -Sw'pHASis, n. (phano), a stress of voice on. 
 
 Epi, {em.) 
 Signifies upon. 
 
 J^dem'ic, a. (demos), upon the people. 
 i^'^GRAM, n. (grapJio), something written upon. 
 Ep'iLOOrJm, n. {logos), what is spoken upon or after, 
 J^'iTAPH, n. (taphos), upon one who is buried. 
 
 HypeVf (vTCEp.) 
 Signifies aJxxoe, over, or 'beyond. 
 
 HyperBo'uKATif, a. (boreas), beyond the north. 
 
 HypercB,Tr'iCAii, a. oc^'critical. 
 
 Hyper'BOijE, n. (bole), a shooting beyond the mark. 
 
 Eu, or Ev, (ev.). 
 Signifies good. 
 
 .^lo'gium, n. (logos), a good word. 
 i^'PHONY, 71. (phone), a good sound. 
 JE^an'gel, n. (angelos), good tidings ; the gospeL 
 
 Hypo, (vno.) 
 Signifies under. 
 HypoTK'BBiBy n. (thesis), what is placed under. 
 
 Met€l, (/xera.) 
 Signifies beyond, according to'. 
 
 Met'aFKOiL, n. (pJiero), a word carried beyond ita ordinary meaning 
 jr<?toPHYs'ics, n. (physis), the science of things beyond nature. 
 Meth'oD, n. (odos), according to a way or plan. 
 
 Para, Par, {irapa.) 
 Signifies beside, like or simila/r. 
 
 Par'ALLBL, a. (allelon), beside one another. 
 
 Par'oPHRASB, n. (phrasis), a phrase beside or like another. 
 
 Par'ODY, n. (ode), a song or poem Mice or imitative of another. 
 
 Peri, (nepi.) 
 Signifies round, about. 
 
 PmCRA'NiUM, n. (cranium), round the cranium, 
 PmM'ETER, n. (metrum), the measure round. 
 
 Syn, {aw.) 
 Signifies together, with. 
 
 Syn'oiD, n. (odos), a way or coming together. 
 %nON'YMOUS, a. (onoma), named together or like^ 
 8yno-p'sm, n. (opto), a looking together. 
 Syn'TAx, n. (tactos)^ a pulling together, 
 
68 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Sy, for Syn. 
 
 Signifies together, with. 
 
 Sys'T-EM, n. (stasis), a standing together. 
 /%s'tole, n. {stello), a sending together. 
 
 Syly for Syn. 
 
 Signifies together, with. 
 Spl'ijASL^, n. (labo), a taking together. 
 
 Sf/ni, for Sy^i, 
 
 Signifies together, with. 
 
 %wi'metky, n. (metrum), a measuring together. 
 Sym'F ATWY, n. {pathos), a feeling with. 
 
 GREEK ALPHABET. 
 
 Letter. Sound. Nama. 
 
 A a a Alpha. 
 
 B /3 6 b Beta. 
 
 r 7 g Gammao 
 
 A 6 d Delta. 
 
 E e e as in met Epsilon. 
 
 Z C z Zeta. 
 
 H rj : e as in we Eta. 
 
 e d-d- th Theta. 
 
 1 L i Iota. 
 
 K AC k Kappa. 
 
 A X 1 Lambda. 
 
 M fju - m Mu. 
 
 N V n Nu. 
 
 S ^ X Xi. 
 
 O o o as in not Omicron. 
 
 n TT p Pi. 
 
 P p r Rho. 
 
 2 a, r final s Sigma. 
 
 T r t Tau. 
 
 T V u or y Upsilon. 
 
 * ^ ph Phi. 
 
 X X ch Chi. 
 
 i' ^ ps Psi. 
 
 P w , as in wo Omega. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON BOOTS AND DEBIVATIVE8. 69 
 
 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 ^ft — Behind. Sceftan — Behind. 
 
 Aft, ad. behind ; astern. j Abaft', ad. behind ; towards the stern 
 
 Aft'eh, prep, following in place or | of a ship, 
 time. I Behind, ad. at the back of. 
 
 Behind'hand, a. in arrears ; backward. 
 
 Abate', v. to lessen ; to diminish. 
 Beat, v. to strike ; to bruise. 
 Bate, v. to lessen ; to grow less. 
 Beat'en, p. a. made smooth by tread 
 ing. 
 
 Beatan — ^to Beat ; Bate. 
 
 Unabat'ed, a. not abated. 
 Unbat'ed, a. not lessened. 
 
 Abate'ment, n. diminution; de- 
 crease. 
 
 Betan — to Push Forwabd ; to Promote. 
 Abet', v, to encourage ; to aid. | Abet'ter, n. one who abets. 
 
 Abidan — to Stay in a Place ; to Dwell. 
 
 Abide', «. to stay in a place; to wait I Abid'ing, n. continuance; stay. 
 Bide, v. to dwell ; to wait for. [for. | Abode', n. a dwelling-place. 
 
 Aboard', ad. a-hoard, within a ship. 
 
 Bodian — to Command ; to Announce ; to Foretell. 
 
 Bode'ment, n. an omen. 
 Bod'ing, n. an omen. 
 Forebod'er, n. one who forebodes. 
 Forebod'ing, n. perception before- 
 
 Bode, v. to foreshow. 
 Abode', v. to foretoken. 
 Forebode', v. to foretell. 
 Unforbod'inq, a. giving no omens. 
 Abod'ing, n. presentiment. 
 
 hand. 
 
 Abutan — About; Around. 
 About', prep, round ; near to. | About', ad. here and there. 
 
 Abufan, ^e— By, and ii/«t«— Aloft. 
 
 Above', prep, in a higher place ; more I Above'all, ad. in the first place, 
 than. I Above'board, ad. in open sight. 
 
 Above'ground, a. alive. 
 
 —^ Abreast', ad. a, breast, side by side. 
 
 Abroad', ad. brc^, from home ; in another country. 
 
 Ctirsian — to Curse ; to Doom. 
 
 Accurse', v. to doom to misery. I Curse, v. to wish evil to ; to afliict. 
 
 Accursed', a. doomed ; execrable. 1 Cursed, a. deserving a curse. 
 
70 
 
 SMITH'B HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Ache, n. a continued pain. | Unach'ing, a. not feeling pain. 
 
 ACf aac — an Oak. 
 
 Bar'nacle, n. (beam^ a child), a shell- 
 
 Oak, n. a forest tree. 
 A'coRN, n. {corn^ grain), the seed of 
 the oak. 
 
 Oak'en, n. made of oak. [fish. 
 
 Ac'ton, n. oaktown. 
 
 Mcer — a Field. 
 A'cRE, n. 4840 square yards of land. | A'cred, a. possessing acres. 
 
 Adl — Diseased ; Corrupted. 
 
 Ad'dlepate, n. a person of weak in- I Ad'dle, a. barren ; unfruitful. — — 
 tellect. I 
 
 ^ Ado', n. a, do, trouble; bustle; unnecessary turmoil. 
 
 — Afraid', a. (afered, aferan^ to frighten), struck with fear. 
 
 Foran — Before; Fore. 
 Afore', prep, before ; sooner than 
 
 Afore'hand, ad. previous provision. 
 Afore 'named, a. named before. 
 Afore'said, a. said before. 
 
 Before', prep, in front of. 
 Fore, a. coming or going first. 
 Forearm', v. to prepare for attack. 
 Before'hand, ad. previously. 
 
 Gan — to Go. Agan — Gone ; Past. 
 Gang — a Going ; a Journey ; a Path. 
 
 Age, n. any period of time. 
 
 Aged, a. old. 
 
 Go, V. to walk ; to move ; to proceed. 
 
 Went, pret. of Go. 
 
 Gone, pp. of Go ; advanced. 
 
 Non'age, n. minority ; under age. 
 
 Go'er, n. one who goes, 
 
 Go'by, n. a passing by ; evasion. 
 
 Gait, n. manner and air of walking. 
 
 Go-TO, int. come, come. 
 
 Ago, ad. in time past. 
 Ago'ing, ppr. a. in motion. 
 Agone', ad. in time past. 
 Forego', v. to quit ; to give up. 
 Gad, v. to ramble about. 
 Gad'der, n. one who goes about idly. 
 Outgo', i). to surpass ; to go beyond. 
 Overgo', v. to surpass. 
 Undergo', v. to suffer ; to endure. 
 Gang, n. a troop ; a band. 
 Gang'way, n. a passage. 
 
 Gast — ^the Breath ; a Spirit. 
 
 Gast, t. to frighten ; to terrify. 
 Aghast', a. struck with horror. 
 Gas, n. an aeriform fluid. 
 Gas'eous, a. having the form of gas. 
 
 Ghost'ly, a. relating to the soul. 
 Note. — Gastric, (comes from the Greek gaster,) belonging to the stomach. 
 
 Ghast'ly, ad. like a ghost. 
 Ghast'liness, n. paleness ; frightful 
 
 aspect. 
 Ghost, n. the soul ; the spirit. 
 
 AEge, ege — ^Fear. 
 
 A'gue, n. an intermitting fever with I A'gued, a. shivering, 
 cold fits. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND BERIVATIVES. 71 
 
 Eglan — to Pain ; to Trouble. 
 
 A-iL, X). to pain ; to trouble. I Ail 'ma, ppr. a. sickly. 
 
 Ail'ment, n. disease. 
 
 ^ Albe'it, ad. all, be, it, although, notwithstanding. 
 
 Eld — Age; Time. Eald — Old 
 
 --•^LD, a. advanced in years. 
 — Eld, n. old age ; old people. 
 
 Al'derman, n. a magistrate. 
 
 Olden, a. old : ancient. 
 
 El'der, n. one more advanced in 
 
 years ; a church officer. 
 Co-el'der, n. an officer with. 
 El'derly, a. bordering upon old age. 
 
 El'dest, a. oldest. 
 
 Acerran — to Turn. 
 Ajar', ad. half or partly open. 
 
 Eale, from JElan — to Kindle ; to Inflame. 
 Ale'house, n. a house where ale is I Ale, n. fermented malt liquor. 
 Bold. I 
 
 EeU — All. 
 
 Al*bo, ad. swa, in the same manner; | All, a. the whole ; every one. 
 likewise. 
 
 Lay, v. to place ; to put ; to calm. 
 Allay', v. to quiet ; to soothe. 
 Lay'er, n. a stratum ; one that lays. 
 Forelay', v. to lay beforehand. 
 Inlay', v. to insert other substances. 
 Mislay', v. to lay in a wrong place. 
 Out'lay, n. expenditure. 
 Overlay', v. to cover ; to smother. 
 
 Lecgan — ^to Lay. 
 
 Unlaid', a. not placed. 
 Uplay', v. to lay up. 
 Ledge, n. a layer ; a stratum. 
 Led'ger, n. an account book. 
 Leg'er, n. a resident. 
 Allay'ment, n. the act of allaying. 
 Belay', v. to block up ; to fasten a 
 rope. 
 
 Hlot — Lot. 
 
 Lot, n. fortune ; chance ; portion. I Allot', v. to give by chance. 
 Lot'tery, n. a game of chance. | Allot'ment, n. that which is allotted. 
 
 Lyfan — to Permit. 
 
 Allow', v. to admit ; to permit. I Allow'able, a. that may be allowed. 
 
 Disallow', v. to refuse permission. | Allow'ance, n. permission ; sanction 
 
 Belcewan — to Betray. 
 Allure', v. to entice ; to dec^. | Allur'ing, p. a. enticing. 
 
 Almes — Alms. 
 
 'Alms, n. what is given to the poor. I Alms'giver, n. one who gives &hxm. 
 Al'moner, n. one wllo gives alms. 1 Alms'house, n. a house for the poor. 
 
72 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Lyft — the Air ; the Heavens. 
 
 Loft, n. the hig-hest floor. I Lop'tt, a. high ; proud. 
 
 Aloft', ad, on high ; in the air. | Lof'tiness, n. elevation ; pride. 
 
 Alone', a. all, one, single ; solitary. 
 Lang — Long. Leng — Length. Hlanc — Lank. 
 
 Length, n. extent from end to end. 
 Length'en, v. to make longer. 
 Length'wise, ad. in the direction of 
 
 the length. 
 Length't, a. long. 
 Lin'ger, «. to delay ; to loiter. 
 
 Lin'gering, a. slow. 
 Long, a. extended. 
 Along', ad. at length. 
 Along'side, ad. side by side. 
 Lank, a. thin ; slender ; spare. 
 Lank'y, a. tall and thin. 
 
 Lank'ness, n. slimness ; leanness. 
 
 Hlowan, hlewan — to Low ; to Bellow. Hlud — Loud. 
 
 Loud, a. noisy ; so as to be heard far. I Loud'ness, n. force of sound. 
 ""^ Loud'ly, ad. noisily. I Aloud', ad. with a great noise. 
 
 Hraed — Prompt. 
 
 . ^ Read't, a. prepared ; willing. I Read'ily, ad. promptly ; quickly. 
 
 Read'iness, n. promptitude. I Alread'y, ad. now ; at this time. 
 
 — ^ AijTOGeth'er, ad. all, to, gather, completely ; without exception. 
 
 Al'wats, ad. all, way, perpetually ; constantly. 
 
 Am — ^tlie first person singular of the verb to Bb. 
 
 Main, a. principal; chief; mighty; 
 
 force. 
 Main'ly, ad. principally ; chiefly. 
 Main'sail, n. the principal sail. 
 
 Mcegen — Power; Strength; Main. 
 
 Main'mast, n. the principal mast. 
 Main'land, n. the principal land ; the 
 
 continent. 
 Amain', ad. with force ; violently. 
 
 Maze', n. a labyrinth; perplexity; 
 
 uncertainty. 
 Amaze', v. to astonish ; to perplex. 
 Amazed', a. perplexed. 
 
 Mase — a Whirlpool. 
 
 Unamazed', a. not perplexed. 
 Ma'zy, a. winding ; perplexed. 
 Ama'zing, p. a. astonishing ; wonder- 
 ful. 
 
 Bemaze', «. to bewilder. 
 
 Atnheht — a Servant ; a Message. 
 
 Ambas'sador, n. a person sent from I Em'bassy, n. the message of an am 
 one power to another. I bassador. 
 
 Middel — ^Equally Distant. 
 
 Mid'dlb, a. equally distant from the 
 
 extremes. 
 Ma>'DLiNCt, a. middle rank or size. 
 
 Midst, n. the middle. 
 Mid'dleaged, a. middle of life. 
 Mid'heaven, 71. middle of the sky. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 73 
 
 ATid'night, n. middle of the night. 
 Mid'stream, n. middle of the stream, 
 3Iid'summer, n. middle of the sum- 
 mer. 
 Mid'way, n. the middle of the way. 
 
 Mid'winter, n. the middle of the 
 
 winter. 
 Mid'riff, n. the diaphragm. 
 Amidst', prep, in the middle. 
 Amid', prep, in the middle. 
 
 Missian — ^to Miss. 
 *[iss,o. to fail in aim; not to succeed. | Amiss', a. faulty; wrong; improper. 
 
 Amang, from niengan — to Mix. 
 — r 'Among', Amongst', prep, mingled with. 
 
 Angel — a Hook. 
 
 An'gle, v. to fish with a rod and hook. | An'gler, n. one who anglet. 
 An'gling, n. fishing with a rod and line. 
 
 Note.— Angle, a comer, comes from the Greek dy/cvAj;, any thing bent. 
 
 ^l — Oil. j^lan — to Oil ; to Smear. 
 
 Oil, n. an unctuous animal matter. I Anneal', v. to heat and cool slowly 
 Oil'y, a. like oil ; greasy. I in oil. 
 
 Neal, v. to temper by heat and oil. 
 
 A'non, ad. on, an, in one ; quickly ; soon ; in a short time, 
 — Anoth'er, a. an, otiier, not the same ; some other ; one more. 
 
 Answarian. And — Against, and Swaran — to Sweab. 
 
 An'swer, v. to speak in return ; to I An'swer, n. a reply, 
 reply to. I An'swerable, a. admitting a reply. 
 
 r — Any. 
 Aj?'y, a. every; whoever. | An'ywhere, ad. in any place. 
 
 Apace', ad. a, pace, quickly, hastily. 
 
 Apa — Ape. 
 
 Ape, n. a kind of monkey. I A'pish, a. like an ape ; silly. 
 
 Ape, v. to imitate, to mimic. I A'pishness, n. mimicry. 
 
 ^pl — Apple. 
 
 Ap'ple, n. the fruit of the apple tree. | Ap'ple-jack, n. cider brandy. 
 
 Note. — Apple of the Eye, the pupil of the eye. Apple of Discord, caosA at 
 general contention. Apple-Pie Order, perfect order. 
 
 Arisan — to Arise. 
 
 Arise', v. to mount upward ; to get I Eise, «, to get up ; to grow. 
 up. I Rouse, v. to wake from repose. 
 
 Arouse', v. to wake from sleep ; to excite. 
 
74 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 JEarm — an Arm. 
 
 Arm, n. the limb from the hand to 
 
 the shoulder. 
 Arm'ful, n. what the arm can hold. 
 
 Arm'pit, n. the cavity under the 
 shoulder. 
 
 Note. — Arms, weapons of defence, is from the Latin (armo). 
 
 Arewe — Arrow. 
 
 Ar'row, n. the pointed weapon shot I Ar'rowy, a. like an arrow ; swift ; 
 from a bow. I straight. 
 
 ^se — Ash. 
 Ash, n. a tree or its wood. | Ash'en, a. made of ask. 
 
 Asca — Dust. 
 
 Ash'es, n, the remains of any thing I Ash'y, a. like ashes ; pale, 
 burnt. I 
 
 Acsian — to Ask. 
 
 Ask, v. to beg ; to demand ; to ques- I Ask'er, n. a petitioner ; an inquirer, 
 tion ; to inquire. I Unasked', a. not asked. 
 
 ^sp — Asp; Aspen. 
 
 A.SP, As'pen, n. a tree with trembling I As'pen, a. trembling, 
 leaves. | 
 
 Note. — ^Asp, a serpent, comes from the Latin (aspis). 
 
 Nafegar — a Nave Borer. 
 
 Au'ger-hole, n. a hole made by an I Au'ger, n. a tool for boring holes, 
 auger | 
 
 NoTB. — ^AuGUB, to predict, is from the Latin {augur). 
 
 Awacian — Awake. 
 
 Awake', «. to rouse from sleep. | Awake', a. not asleep. 
 
 Awa'ken, v. to rouse from sleep. 
 
 Ege — Fear; Dread. 
 
 Awe, ft. reverential fear; dread. | Aw'ptjl, a. that strikes with awe. 
 
 Awe'struck, a. impressed with awe. 
 
 Awk and ward. 
 
 Awk'ward, a. clumsy ; inelegant. | Awk'wardness, n. clumsiness. 
 
 Note. — Awk, wrong, left-handed, ungainly ; Ward, a suflix signifying direction oi 
 tendency to or from. 
 
 Writhan — Writhe. 
 Writhe, tJ. to twist ; to distort. j Awry', ad. obliquely ; asquint. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 75 
 
 Back, n, the hinder part ; behind. 
 Back, v. to place on the back; to 
 
 maintain ; to move back. 
 Back'bite, v. to speak ill of the 
 
 absent. 
 
 Bcec — the Back. 
 
 Back'bone. n. the bone of the back. 
 Back'ground, n. the ground behind. 
 Backslide, v. to apostatize. 
 Back'ward, ad. with the back for- 
 wards; unwilling. 
 
 Bacan — to Bake. 
 
 Bake, v. to dry and harden by heat. 
 Bak'er, n. one who bakes. 
 Bak'eby, n. a baker's workplace. 
 
 Ba'con, n. hog's fles'i dried in smoke 
 Batch, n. the quantity baked at once, 
 Bask, v. to warm by laying in the sun. 
 
 Beag — a Crown ; a Garland. 
 Badge, n. a mark or token of distinction. 
 
 Baelg — a Bag. 
 
 Bag, n. a sack ; a pouch. i Bel'ly, n. the part of anything which 
 
 Bag'gage, n. the trunks, &c., of a trav- swells out. 
 
 eler. ] Bilge, n. the part of a ship's bottom 
 
 Bag'pipe, n. a musical instrument. i which swells out. 
 Bel 'lows, n. an instrument for blow- i Bil'low, n. a swollen wave. 
 
 ing a fire. I Bulge, v. to swell out. 
 
 Batan — to Lure Fish with Food on a Hook. 
 Bait, v. to put meat on a trap as a lure ; to give refreshment on a journey. 
 
 Bale — a Beam ; a Ridge. 
 
 Bal'cont, n. a gallery before a win- 1 Balk, n. a great beam ; a ridge of land, 
 dow. I Balk, d. to disappoint ; to frustrate. 
 
 BehlcBstan — to Load a Ship. From bat, a boat, and hlcest, a load. 
 Bal'last, n. heavy matter put at the bottom of a ship to keep it steady. 
 
 Bannan — to Proclaim. 
 
 Ban, n. a public notice. | Ban'dit, n. an outlaw. 
 
 Bans, n. proclamation of marriage. 
 
 Bindan — to Bind. 
 
 Bind, u. to confine with bonds; to 
 gird. 
 
 Bound, pp. made fast by a band ; con- 
 fined. 
 
 Band, n. anything which binds. 
 
 Band'age, n. that which bind^ 
 
 Bond, n. anything that binds. 
 
 Bond'age, n. slavery. 
 Ban'ner, n. a flag ; a standard. 
 Bound, n, a limit ; that which re- 
 strains. 
 Bound 'art, n. a limit. 
 Bound'en, a. obliged. 
 Bound'less, a. without bound. 
 
 Note. — A banner is a hand^ bond, or sign of union.— Bound, to jump, to leap, is 
 from the French (jbondir^ 
 
76 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 IBana — Destruction. 
 Bane, n. poison. | Bane'ful, a. poisonous. 
 
 JBanc — a Bench ; a Hillock ; a Bank. 
 
 Bank, n. a mound or ridge ; a place 
 
 for money. 
 Imbank' v. to inclose with a bank. 
 
 Bank'rupt, n. one who cannot pay 
 
 his debts. 
 Bench, n. a long seat. 
 
 Bar — Naked. Abarian— to Strip Off. 
 
 Bare, a. naked ; without clothes. 
 Bare'ly, ad. nakedly ; merely. 
 Bare'ness, n. nakedness. 
 
 Bare'faced, a. shameless ; impudent. 
 Bare'headed, a. with the head bare. 
 Bar'ren, a. unfruitful. 
 
 Bar'renness, n. sterility. 
 
 Beorcan — to Bark. 
 Bark, v. to make the noise of a dog. 
 
 Note. — Bark, the rind of a tree, comes from the Danish (bark), and Bark, a vessel, 
 eomes from the French {barque). 
 
 jBere-^BARLEY. 
 
 Bar'ley, n. a species of grain. I Beer, n. a liquor made of malt and 
 
 Here, n. a species of barley. | hops. 
 
 Barn, n. (em, a place), a house for farm produce. 
 
 Note. — Barn, from bere, barley, and ern^ a place : a place for barley. 
 
 ^eor^Urt— Barm. 
 Barm, n. yeast. | Barm'y, a. containing barm. 
 
 Batf heatan — to Beat. 
 
 Bat, n. a heavy stick. | Bat'on, n. a staff, a club. 
 
 Bat, n. a mass of cotton for quilts. 
 
 Note. — Bat, an animal, comes from the Danish (bakke). 
 
 Bceth — a Bath. 
 
 Bath, n. a place to bathe in. | Bathe, v. to wash in a bath. 
 
 Ba'ther, n. one who bathes. 
 
 Bellan — to Bawl. 
 
 Bawl, «?. to cry aloud. | Bel 'low, v. to make a noise like a bull. 
 
 Bel 'lowing, n. a loud noise. 
 
 Bugan — to Bend. 
 
 Bay, n. an arm of the sea bending in. 
 Bay-win'dow, n. a window bending 
 
 outward. 
 Bight, n. a bend of a rope. 
 
 Bow, -». to bend towards ; an act of re- 
 Bu'gle, n. a hunting-horn. [spect. 
 Embay', v. to inclose in a bay. 
 Embow', v. to bend ; to arch. 
 
 Note.— Bat, a brown color, comes from the Latin (badius) ; Bay, the laurel, comes 
 from the Greek (fiaion), and Bay, to bark, comes from the French (aboyer). 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 77 
 
 Seon — to Be. 
 
 Be, v. to exist ; to become. | Be'ing, n. existence. 
 
 Note. — Be, as a prefix, is the same word as &?/, aud signifies about^ before. 
 
 Beacen — a Sign. 
 
 Bea'con, n. something to give notice I Beck, v. to make a sign with the head, 
 or to direct. I Beck'on, v. to make a sign to. 
 
 Bead — a Prayek. Biddan — to Pray, because one was dropped down 
 a string every time a prayer was said. 
 
 Bea'dle, n. (h/del, from Uddan, to I Bead, n. a little ball, 
 bid), a petty officer in a parish. | 
 
 Beam — a Tree. 
 
 Beam, n. a ray of light ; v. to shine I Beam, n. a piece of timber, 
 forth. I 
 
 Beran — to Bear. 
 
 Bear, v. to carry ; to support ; to en- 
 dure. 
 
 Bear'ing, n. gesture; mien. 
 
 Forbear', v. to cease from ; to abstain. 
 
 I^orbear'ance, n. command of tem- 
 per; patience. 
 
 Misborn', a. (mis), born to evil. 
 
 Overbear', v. {ofer), to bear down ; 
 to repress. 
 
 Unbear'able, a. not to be borne. 
 
 Born, ^. brought forth. 
 
 Borne, -pp. carried. 
 Underbear', x). to support; to en- 
 Upbear', ©. to raise aloft. [dure. 
 
 Bar'row, n. a small hand carriage. 
 Birth, n. the act of coming into life. 
 Birthday, a. the day of one's birth. 
 Birth'place, n. the place of one's 
 
 birth. 
 Birth'right, 7i. the rights to which 
 
 one is bom. 
 Berth, n. a room in a ship ; a place 
 
 Bera — Bear. 
 
 Bear, n. an animal. 
 
 [ Bear'like, a. resembling a bear. 
 
 Bear'ish, a. having the quality of a bear. 
 
 Beard, n. heard, the hair on the lips and chin ; v. to oppose to the face. 
 Bea'ver, n. heofeVf an animal. 
 
 Becuman — to Happen ; to Befall. 
 
 Become', v. to suit ; to befit. 
 Becom'ing, a. graceful ; seemly. 
 Misbecome', v. not to become. 
 
 Unbecome', v. not to become ; not to 
 
 be suitable to. [er. 
 
 Unbecoming, a. unsuitable ; improp- 
 
 « Bed — to Lay or Spread. 
 
 Bed, n. something to sleep on. i Bed'ridden, a. confined to bed by 
 
 Bed'ding, w. the materials of a bed. j age or sickness. 
 Bed'clothes, n. the coverlets on a 1 Bed 'stead, n. the frame of a bed. 
 bed, • I Bed time, n. the time to go to bed. 
 
78 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Beo — Bee. 
 
 Bee, n. an insect that makes honey I Bee'hive, n. a box for holding bees, 
 and wax. I 
 
 Sece or hoc — Beech; Book. 
 
 Note.— Boc, a book ; from 6oc, a beech tree, the wood of this tree or its bark hav 
 ing been used to write upon. 
 
 Beech, n. a forest tree. I Book, n. a volume in which we read 
 
 Beech'en, a. made of beech. | or write 
 
 Bytl — a Mallet 
 
 Bee'tle, n. a heavy wooden mallet ; 
 
 an insect. 
 Bee'tle, v. to jut out ; to hang over. 
 
 Bee'tle-browed, a. having promi- 
 nent brows. 
 Bee'tle-headed, a. dull ; stupid. 
 
 Beginnan— to Begin. 
 Begin', v. to commence. | Begin'ning, n. the first part. 
 
 Begone', int. he, gone, go away ; hence. 
 
 Behefe — Gain. 
 Behalf', n. favor ; cause ; sake. 
 
 Be lidbhan — to Restrain. 
 Behave'^, «. to conduct ; to act. | Behav'ior, n. conduct ; demeanor. 
 
 Behaes — a Self-command. 
 Behest', n. promise ; a command. 
 
 Healdan — to Hold. Helfna — a Helve or Handle. 
 
 Hold, v. to grasp ; to keep ; to retain. 
 Hold'er, n. one that holds. 
 Helve, n. the handle of an axe. 
 Helm, n. the stick by which a rudder 
 
 is turned. 
 Helms'man, n. one who controls a 
 
 helm. 
 Hilt, n. a handle of a sword. 
 Hold'back, n. hinderance ; restraint. 
 Hold'fast, n. that which holds. 
 
 Behold', v. to view ; to see. 
 Behold'en, p. a. bound m gratitude. 
 Behold'er, n. one who beholds. 
 Forehold'ing, n. prediction. 
 Unbeheld', a. unseen. 
 Uphold', v. to support ; to sustain. 
 Uphol'sterer, n. one who furnishes 
 
 houses. 
 Uphol'stery, n. furniture for houses, 
 Withhold', v. to hold back • to refuse. 
 
 Behofian — to Want ; to Be Necessary. 
 Bbhoove', v. to be necessary ; to want. | Behoof', n. profit ; advantage. 
 
 Bealcan— to Swell or Heave. 
 Belch, v. to eject wind from the stomach. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 79 
 
 Believe', v. to credit ; to put confi- 
 dence in. 
 Belief', n. opinion ; faith. 
 Believ'er, n. one who believes. 
 
 Geliefan — to Trust ; to Believe. 
 
 Misbelieve', t. to believe erroneously. 
 Misbelief', n. erroneous belief. 
 Unbelieve', v. not to believe or trust. 
 Unbelief', n. incredulity ; infidelity. 
 Unbeliev'er, n. an infidel. 
 
 Bell — Bell. 
 
 Bell, n. a hollow sounding vessel of 
 
 metal. 
 Bel'fry, n. the place where a bell is 
 
 hung. 
 
 Bell'founder, n. one who makes 
 
 bells. 
 Bell 'metal, n. a mixture of copper 
 
 and tin. 
 
 Bell'wether, n. a sheep which carries a bell. 
 
 Below', jyrep. he, low, under, in place, time, or dignity. 
 Belt, n. belt, a girdle ; a band. 
 
 Bendan — to Bend. 
 
 Bend, n. to make crooked ; to incline. I Bent, n. state of being curved ; fixed 
 Bend, n. a curve ; a crook. I purpose. 
 
 Becwcefhan — to Say ; to Give by Will. 
 
 Bequeath', v. to leave by will to an- I Bequest', n. something left by will, 
 other. I 
 
 Bereave', v. hereafan, to deprive of; to take away from. 
 Ber'ry, n. bema, any small fruit containing seeds. 
 
 Secan — to Seek. 
 
 Seek, v. to look for ; to search for. 
 Sought, p. looked for ; searched for. 
 Beseech', v. to entreat ; to beg ; to 
 
 implore. 
 Besought', p. entreated ; implored. 
 
 Forsake', v. to leave ; to desert. 
 Forsook', p. quitted ; deserted. 
 Forsak'en, a. deserted ; left. 
 Unsought', a. not sought; without 
 seeking. 
 
 Beside', Besides, ad. be, side, at the side of; over and abrve. 
 
 Be'som, n. bestn, a broom. 
 
 Best, a. best, good in the highest degree. 
 
 Stow — a Place ; to Stow. 
 
 ^. oy^, J- to place ; to lay up. i Bestow', v. to give ; to confer. 
 
 Stow' AGE, n. room for laying up. | Bestow'al, n. the act of bestowing. 
 Bestow'er, n. one who bestows. 
 
 Streowian — to Strew. 
 
 Strew, v. to scatter ; to spread. | Strew'ed, p. scattered. 
 
 ^estrew', 1). to sprinkle over. 
 
^80 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Stridan, stroedan — to Spread. 
 
 STRroB, V. to walk with long steps ; I Bestride', v. to place a leg on each 
 n. a long step. I side. 
 
 Bad — Bet. 
 Bbt, n. a wager ; to wager. | Bet'tor, n. one who bets. 
 
 Bet'ter, «j. betriafif to improve ; to advance ; a. superior. 
 
 Between', prep, be, tivegen, in the intermediate space. 
 
 Wicce — Witch. 
 
 Witch, n. a woman given to unlaw- 
 ful arts. 
 
 Witch'ery, n. enchantment ; sorcery. 
 
 Witch'craft, n. the practices of 
 witches. 
 
 Bewitch', v. to charm ; to enchant. 
 Bewitch'ery, n. fascination ; charm. 
 Bewitch'ing, a. fascinating ; enchant- 
 ing. 
 
 Beyond', prep, he, geond, on the farther side of. 
 
 Biddan — ^to Ask ; to Pray ; to Command. 
 
 Forbid'ding, a. repulsive. 
 Outbid', v. to offer a higher price. 
 Overbid', v. to bid more. [ed. 
 
 Unbid', v. not invited ; not command- 
 Unforbid'den, a. permitted; al- 
 lowed. 
 
 Bid, t. to command ; to offer. 
 Bid'der, n. one who bids. 
 Bid'ding, n. command; offer of a 
 
 price. 
 Forbid', «. to prohibit ; to oppose. 
 Forbid'den, p. a. prohibited. 
 
 Bier, n. haer, a carriage for the dead. 
 
 Byggan — to Build. 
 Big, a. great ; large ; huge. [ Big'ness, n. bulk ; size. 
 
 By I — Bile. 
 
 Bile, n. a sore, painful tumor terminating in a pustule. 
 
 Note. — This word is now more commonly spelt hoil, although the orthography of 
 bile is more in accordance with its etymology. 
 Bile, an animal fluid, comes from the Latin {hilis). 
 
 Bile — Bill. 
 61LL, n. the beak of a fowl. | Bill, v. to caress ; to fondle. 
 
 Bil — Steel. 
 
 Bill, n. a hatchet with a point, like I Bil'let, n. a small log of wood, 
 the beak of a bird. I 
 
 Note. — Bill, a written paper, comes from the French {billet). 
 ^ Bin, n. bin, a manger ; a cell or chest for grain, wine, &c. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 81 
 
 Bird — BiBD. 
 
 BiBD, n. a general name for the feath- 
 ered kind. 
 
 Bird 'cage, n. an inclosure to keep 
 birds in. 
 
 Bird'catcher, n. one who catches 
 
 birds. 
 Bird LIME, ii. a glue to catch birds. 
 Bird's'-eye, a. seen from above. 
 
 Bitan — to Bite. 
 
 Bite, v. to crush with the teeth. I Bit, n. a small piece ; the part of a 
 
 Bite, n. the wound made by the teeth. | bridle to put into a horse's mouth. 
 
 Bi'teng, n. the act of biting ; a. sharp ; severe. 
 
 Biter — Bitter. 
 
 Bit'ter, a. biting to the taste ; sharp. I Bit'terness, n. a bitter taste; malice ; 
 Bit'terly, ad. in a bitter manner. | sorrow. 
 
 Blcec or Mac — Black; Bleak. 
 
 Black, a. of the color of night. Black'smith, n. a smith that works 
 
 Black'en, v. to make black, in iron. 
 
 Black'guard, n. a mean, wicked fel- Bleak, a. pale ; cold ; dreary, 
 low. I Bleak'ly, ad. in a cold situation. 
 
 Bleak'ness, n. dreariness ; coldness. 
 
 Blade, n. hlaed, a spire of grass ; the cutting part of an instrument. 
 
 Blegen — a Blister ; a Blain. 
 Blain, n. a pustule ; a blotch. | Chil'blain, n. a sore caused by frost. 
 
 Blcest, blcestan — to Puff ; to Blow. 
 
 Blast, n. a gust or puff of wind ; an 
 
 explosion of gunpowder in rocks. 
 Blast, v. to wither; to injure; to 
 
 split rocks. 
 Blast'ing, n. destruction ; explosion. 
 Blus'ter, v. to roar as a storm. 
 
 Blus'tering, n. noise ; tumult. 
 Blis'ter, n. a thin bladder on the 
 
 skin. 
 Blow, v. to make a current of air. 
 Blow'ing, n. the motion of the wind. 
 Bloat, v. to swell ; to puff up. 
 
 Note.— Blow, a stroke, a sudden calamity, comes from the Dutch {blouwer). 
 
 Blcetan — Bleat. 
 
 Bleat, v. to cry as a sheep. | Bla'tant, a. bellowing as a calf. 
 
 Bleat'eng, n. the cry of lambs or sheep. 
 
 Blcese — a Blaze. 
 
 Blaze, n. a flame ; a stream of light ; 
 
 a white spot. 
 Blaze, d. to make public ; to make a 
 
 white mark on a tree. 
 • Bla'zonry, n. the art of blazoipng. 
 
 Bla'zon, v. to adorn; to display; to 
 make public. 
 
 Embla'zon, v. to deck in glaring col- 
 ors. 
 
 Embla'zonry, n. pictures on shields. 
 
 Blcecan — to Fade ; to Whiten. 
 Bleach, v. to make ^hite. j Bleach'ery, n. a place for bleaching 
 
82 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 Bledan — to Bleed. 
 Bleed, «. to lose or draw blood. | Bleed ing, n. a running of blood. 
 
 Blend, v. blendan, to mingle together. 
 
 Blessian — to Consecrate ; to Bless. 
 
 Bless, «. to make happy ; to wish I Bless'ed, p. a. happy ; holy, 
 happiness to. I Bless'ing, n. a prayer for happiness. 
 
 V\ Seliethf Sdper. sing, of belicgau — to Destroy. 
 
 Blight, n. a pestilence among plants ; I Blight, v. to cause to wither or de- 
 mildew. I cay. 
 
 Blind, a. wanting sight ; v. to make 
 
 blind. 
 Blind'ly, ad. without sight. 
 
 Blind — Blind. 
 
 Blind'ness, n. want of sight ; igno- 
 rance. 
 Blind'fold, v. to hinder from seeing. 
 
 Blican — to Shine ; to Dazzle. 
 
 Blink, v. to wink ; to look with fre- I Blink, «. to purposely evade, 
 quent winking. I 
 
 Blis — Joy; Gladness. 
 
 Bliss, n. the highest happiness. I Bliss'ful, a. happy in the highest 
 
 Bliss'fully, ad. in a blissful manner. | decree. 
 
 Blithe — Joyful ; Merry. 
 
 Blithe, a. gay ; joyous. 1 Blithe'some, a. gay ; cheerful ; merry. 
 
 Blithe'ly, ad.indk blithe manner. | 
 
 Blod — Blood. 
 
 Blood, n. the red fluid that circulates 
 
 in the bodies of animals. 
 Blood'y, a. stained with blood ; cruel. 
 Blood 'iNESS, n. the state of being 
 
 bloody. 
 
 Blood'shot, a. filled with blood ; red. 
 Blood'thirsty, a. desirous to shed 
 
 blood. 
 Blood'yessel, n. a vein or artery. 
 
 Blosma — a Flower. Blowan — to Bloom. 
 
 Blos'som, n. the flower of a plant. 
 Bloom, n. blossom. 
 Bloom'ing, a. thriving in health, 
 beauty, and vigor. 
 
 Note.— Blow, a stroke, comes from the Dutch (blmoe). 
 
 Blow, «?. to flower ; to bloom ; n. a 
 
 blossom. 
 Blowth, n. bloom ; blossom. 
 
 Bleo — Blue. 
 
 Blue, n. one of the primary colors. 
 Blue'ness, n. the quality of being 
 blue. 
 
 Blu'ish, a. blue in a small degree. 
 Blue'-eyed, a. having blue eyes. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON KOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 8.^ 
 
 Slinnan — to Stop. 
 
 Bltjnt, a. dull on the edge or point ; I Blunt'ness, n. want of edge ; al> 
 rough; rude. I ruptness. 
 
 Blunt'ly, ad.mdi blunt manner. 
 
 Ablisian — to Blush. 
 
 Blush, v. to redden with shame or 
 
 confusion. [face. 
 
 Blush'inq, n. the reddening of the 
 
 Blush'less, a. without a blush ; im- 
 pudent. 
 Outblush', v. to exceed in rosy color 
 
 Unblush'ing, a. not blushing ; destitute of shame. 
 
 Bar — Boar. 
 
 Boar, n. the male swine. I Brawn'y, a. muscular ; fleshy ; hard. 
 
 Boar'ish, a. swinish ; brutal ; cruel. I Brawn'iness, n. strength ; hardness. 
 
 Brawn, n. the flesh of a boar ; the muscular part of the body. 
 
 Board'er, n. one who boards. 
 Bor'der, n. the outer part or edge. 
 Imbor'der, v. to bound. 
 
 Bord — an Edge ; a Side 
 
 Board, n. a flat piece of wood ; a 
 
 table; food. 
 Board, v. to lay with boards; to live 
 
 at for a price. 
 
 Note.— The Anglo-Saxon table was formed merely by placing a board upon tres- 
 tles at the time of eating, and it was designated simply by ihc name of board. 
 
 Bat — a Boat or Ship. 
 
 Boat, n. a small, open vessel. | Boat'man, n. one who manages a boat. 
 
 Boat'swain, n. an officer in a ship. 
 
 Bod'y, n. the material part of an ani 
 
 mal. 
 Bod'il f . a. relating to the body ; en 
 
 tirely. 
 
 Bodig — Body. 
 
 Bod'ied, a. having a body. 
 Bod'ice, n. short stays for women. 
 Bod'yguard, n. a guard to protect 
 the person. 
 
 Byl — Bile or Boil. 
 Bile, Boil, n. a sore, painful tumor. 
 Note. — Boil, to be agitated by heat, comes from the Latin (JyulUo). 
 
 Bald — Bold; Audacious. 
 
 Bold, a. daring; brave; impudent. | Bold'ness, n. courage; impudence. 
 Bold'ly, ad. in a bold manner. | Bold'faced, a. impudent. 
 
 Bolla — Any Round Vessel. 
 Boll, n. a round pod or capsule. | Bowl, n. a vessel to hold liquids. 
 Note.— Bowl, to roll, comes from the French (boule). 
 
 Bolster — a Pillow. 
 Bol'ster, n. a long pillow ; v. to support ; to hold up. 
 
84 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Bolt — a House ; an Akrow. 
 
 Bolt, n. an arrow ; the bar of a door. I Bolt, v. to fasten with a bolt ; to 
 Bolt, «. to leave or desert suddenly. | spring out suddenly. 
 
 Note. — Bolt, to sift, to separate from bran, comes from the Ger. {beutdn). 
 
 Ban — Bone. 
 
 Bone, n. the firm, hard substance in I Bo'ny, a. full of bones, 
 an animal body. | Bone'ache, n. pain in the bones. 
 
 Beom — a Beam. 
 
 Boom, n. a pole used to extend a sail ; a bar across a harbor, &c. 
 
 Note, — Boom, a deep hollow sound, comes from the Dutch bommen^ to sound hol- 
 low. 
 
 Bene — a Prayer ; a Petition. 
 
 Boon, n. a gift ; a favor. 
 
 Note. — Boon, gay, merry, kind, comes from the Latin (bonus). 
 
 Gebiir — a Countryman or Farmer. Buan — to Till. 
 
 Boor, n. a cultivator of the soil ; a 
 
 rude peasant. 
 Boor'ish, a. clownish : rude. 
 
 Boor'ishly, ad. in a boorish manner. 
 Bur'ly, a. (boor-like)^ big; tumid; 
 boisterous. 
 
 Bur'liness, n. bulk ; bluster. 
 
 Bote — Compensation ; Satisfaction. 
 
 Boot, i). to profit ; to advantage. • I Boot'y, n. spoil ; plunder. 
 Boot'less, a. useless ; unprofitable. | To Boot, ad. over and above ; besides. 
 
 Note. — Boot, a covering for the foot, comes from the French ('otte). 
 
 Bof'ian — to Bore. 
 Bore, v. to make a hole by turning. [ Bore, v. to vex or weary. 
 
 Biirh — a City. Beorg—a Hill ; a Citadel ; a Refuge. 
 
 Bor'ough, n. a corporate town. 
 Burgh, n. a corporate town. 
 Bur'gess, n. a freeman of a burgh. 
 Bur'gher, n. a freeman of a burgh. 
 Bur'gomaster, n. a magistrate of a 
 city. 
 
 Burg'lar, n. a thief who breaks into 
 a house. 
 
 Burg'lary, n. housebreaking. 
 
 Burg'larious, a. relating to house- 
 breaking, [rabbits, &c. 
 
 Bur'row, n. a hole in the ground for 
 
 Borglan — to Borrow ; and Bohr — a Pledge. 
 
 Bor'row, V). to take the use of for a I Bor'rowing, n. the act of taking a 
 a time. | loan. 
 
 Bor'rower, n. one who borrows. 
 
 Bosuni — Bosom. 
 Bo'soM, n. the breast ; the heart. | Bo'som, a. confidential ; intimate. 
 
 Both, a, ba^ twa, the two; the one and the other. 
 
ANOLO-SAXON BOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 85 
 
 Botm — Bottom. 
 
 Bot'tom, n. the lowest part. I Bot'tomby, n. borrowing money on 
 
 Bot'tomed, a. having a bottom. I a ship. 
 
 Bot'tomless, a. without a bottom. 
 
 Boga — Anything Curved ; a Branch. Bugan — to Bow; to Bend. 
 
 Bough, n. a branch of a tree. 
 
 Bow, n. an instrument for shooting 
 
 arrows ; any thing in the form of a 
 
 curve. 
 
 Bow'legged, a. having crooked legs. 
 Bow'sTRiNG, n. the string of a bow. 
 Bow 'sprit, n. the spar projecting 
 from the head of a ship. 
 
 Bow'wiNDOW, n. a projecting window. 
 Bur — a Dwelling ; a Cottage. 
 
 Bow'er, n. a retired chamber; a 
 
 shady recess. 
 Bow'ery, a. having bowers ; shady. 
 Neigh'bor, n. (neah, nigh), one 
 
 who lives near. 
 
 Neigh'borhood, n. a place near. 
 
 Neigh'borly, a. becoming a neigh- 
 bor; kind; civil. 
 
 Unneigh'borly, a. not becoming a 
 neighbor ; not kind. 
 
 Box-^Box. 
 
 Box, n. a case made of wood ; a chest. 
 
 Note.— Box, a blow with the fist, comes from the Welsh (bock\ and Box, a tree 
 or shrub, from the Latin (fiuxtts). 
 
 Boye—BoY. 
 
 Boy, n. a male child. | Boy'hood, n. the state of a boy. 
 
 Boy'ish, a. like a boy ; childish. 
 
 Bredan — to Braid. 
 Braid, v. to weave together. | Braid, n. a texture ; a knot. 
 
 Brcegen — Brain. 
 
 Brain, n. the soft whitish mass in- I BrAin'less, a. silly ; thoughtless, 
 closed in the skull. | Bbain'sick, a. disordered in the brain. 
 
 Breinbel — Bramble. 
 
 Bram'bled, a. overgrown with bram- 1 Bram'ble, n. the blackberry bush, 
 bles. 
 
 Braes — Brass. 
 
 Brass, n. a yellow metal composed 
 
 of copper and zinc. 
 Bra'zier, n. one who works in brass. 
 
 Braze, v. to solder with brass. 
 Bra'zenfaced, a. impudent ; shame" 
 less. 
 
 Bra'zen, a. made of brass ; impudent. 
 
 Bread or breod — Bread. 
 Bread, n. food made*of ground com ; support of life. 
 
 Breed — Breadth. 
 Breadth, n. measure from side to side. 
 
g6 
 
 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 Brecan or hracan — to Break ; to Bruise. 
 
 Breach, n. a gap ; a quarrel ; an in- 
 fraction. 
 
 Breech, n. the hinder part of any- 
 thing. 
 
 Out'break, n. a bursting forth. 
 
 Break'er, n. a wave broken by a 
 rock. 
 
 Break, ®. to part by violence. 
 Broach, v. to tap ; to let out liquor. 
 Brack, 71. a breach ; a crack. 
 Brake, n. an instrument for retarding 
 
 motion. 
 Crake, n. a thicket. 
 Bray, «, to grind small 
 
 Break'past, n. the first meal of the day. 
 Note. — Bray, the noise of an ass, comes from the French {braire). 
 
 JBreost — Breast. 
 
 Breast, n. the fore part of the body. 
 Breast 'bone, n. the bone of the breast. 
 Breast KNOT, n. a knot worn on the 
 breast. 
 
 Breast'pin, n. an ornament for the 
 
 breast. 
 Breast'work, n. a work as high as 
 
 the breast. 
 
 JSrceth — Breath. 
 
 Breath, n. the air drawn in and ex- 
 pelled by the lungs. 
 Breath'ing, n. respiration. 
 
 Breathe, v. to draw in and expel 
 
 the air. 
 Breath'pul, a. full of breath. 
 
 Breath'less, a. out of breath. 
 
 Bredan — ^to Nourish. JBrod — a Brood. 
 
 Brood, v. the number hatched at once. 
 Brood, v. to sit as on eggs ; to think 
 
 long and anxiously about. 
 Bred, jy^. brought up; nourished. 
 
 Breed, «. to give birth to ; to bring 
 Breed, n. a race ; a kind. [up. 
 
 Breed'ing, n. education; manners; 
 nurture. 
 
 Sriwan — to Brew ; to Mix. 
 
 Brew, ®. to make malt liquor; to 
 
 mingle. 
 Brew'age, n. a mixture. 
 
 Brew'er, n. one who brews. 
 Broth, n. liquor in which flesh has 
 been boiled. 
 
 Brew'ery, n. a place for brewing. 
 
 Bride, n. a woman about to be mar- 
 ried, or newly married. 
 
 Bri'dal, a. a wedding ; belonging to 
 a wedding. 
 
 Bryd — Bride. 
 
 Bride'groom, n. a man about to be 
 married, or newly married. 
 
 Bridesmaid, n. she who attends on 
 the bride. 
 
 Bride'man, n. he who attends on the bridegroom. 
 
 Brycg — Bridge. 
 Bbidge, n, a building raised over water for convenience of passage. 
 
 Bridl — Bridle. 
 
 Bri'dle, n. the reins by which a horse I Bri'dle, v. to hold up the head in 
 is governed ; a restraint. I pride or resentment. 
 
 Bbi'dlb^ V, to restrain ; to control. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIV^ATIVES. 8t 
 
 Srcer — Brier ; a Prickle. 
 Brt'er, n. a prickly slirub. | Bri'ery, a. full of briers. 
 
 Beorht or bryht — Bright. 
 Brighi, a. clear; shining. I Bright'ly, a. with lustre. 
 
 Bright'en, v. to make bright. I Bright'ness, n. lustre ; glitter, 
 
 Bert, a. bright ; a suf&x used in forming names. 
 
 Brymnie — Brim. 
 
 Brim, n. the upper edge of a vessel. I Brim'less, a. without a brim. 
 Brim'ful, a. full to the brim. I Brim'ming, a. full to the top. 
 
 Byrnan — to Burn. Brun — Brown. 
 
 Brown, n. the name of a color. 
 Brown isn, a. somewhat brown. 
 Brownstud'y, n. deep thoughtful- 
 
 ness. 
 Au'burn, a. brown; of a dark tan 
 
 color. 
 Brand, n. a burning piece of wood ; 
 
 a mark of infamy. 
 Brand, «?. to mark with a hot iron. 
 Brandish, v. to wave ; to flourish. 
 Brim'stone, n. sulphur. 
 
 Burn, ??. to consume with fire; to 
 
 wound with fire. 
 Burn, n. a wound caused by fire. 
 Burnt, p. a. consumed ; scorched. 
 Burn'ing, n. fire ; flame. 
 Outburn', v. to exceed in burning. 
 Unburned', a. not burnt. 
 Brin'ded, a. streaked, as if burnt. 
 Brin'dled, a. streaked ; spotted. 
 Brunt, n. the heat or violence of an 
 
 onset ; shock. 
 
 Note. — Burn, a brook, used in Scotland, comes from the Gothic {brunna). 
 
 Bryne — Salt Liquor. 
 
 Brinb, ». water impregnated with I Brin'ish, a. saltish ; like brine. 
 salt. I Bri'ny, a. salt; like brine. 
 
 Bringan — to Bring. 
 Bring, v. to fetch from ; to attract. 
 
 Bristl, hyrst — Bristle. 
 
 Bris'tle, n. the hair of a swine ; stiff I Bris'tle, v. to stand erect. 
 
 hair. I Brist'ly, a. thick set with bristles. 
 
 Bryttian — to Break. 
 
 Brit'tle, a. easily broken. | Brit'tleness, n. aptness to break. 
 
 Broad, a. wide ; extended from side 
 
 to side. 
 Broad'en, id. to make broad. 
 
 Brad, breed — Broad. 
 
 Broad 'ly, ad. in a broad manner. 
 Broad'cloth, n. a fine woolen cloth. 
 Broad'side, n. the side of a ship. 
 
 ^ Brucan — to Use ; to Employ ; to Bear. 
 
 Broke, v. to transact business for 
 others. 
 
 Bro'kage, n. profit gained by pro- 
 moting bargains. • 
 
 Bro'ker, n. an agent or negotiator. 
 Bro'kerage, n. the pay or reward of 
 
 a broker. 
 Brook, v. to bear ; to endure. 
 
8S SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Broc — Bbook. 
 Brook, n. a stream ; a rivulet. 
 
 ^rowi— Broom. 
 
 Broom, n. a shrub ; a brush with a I Broom'stick, n. the handle of a 
 long handle for sweeping. | broom. 
 
 Brother — Brother. 
 
 Broth'er, n. one born of the same I Broth'erly, a. like a brother ; affec-^ 
 parents. I tionate. 
 
 Broth'erless, a. without a brother. 
 
 JBrceiv — Brow. 
 
 Brow, n. the ridge over the eye ; the 1 Bro w'beat, v. to depress by stem 
 forehead. I looks. 
 
 Brysan — to Bruise. 
 Bruise, «. to crush or mangle by blows. 
 
 Bucca — Buck. 
 
 Buck, n. the male of certain ani- I Buck'skin, n. leather made from a 
 mals. I buck's skin. 
 
 Buck'et, n. hue, a vessel for drawing water. 
 
 Byldan — to Confirm ; to Establish. 
 
 Build, v. to raise an edifice ; to con- I Build'er, n. one who builds, 
 struct. I Build 'iNG, n. a fabric ; an edifice. 
 
 Byndel — Bundle. 
 Bun'dle, n. a number of things bound together. 
 
 Byrthen — Burden. 
 Bur'den, n. what is borne ; a load. | Bur'densome, a. heavy ; grievous. 
 
 Burst, v. herstan, to break or fiy asunder by internal force. 
 
 Birgan or hirian — to Bury. 
 
 Bur't, v. to cover with earth ; to put I Bur'ial, n. interment, 
 into a grave. I Bur'ying, n. burial. 
 
 Brastlian — to Brustle ; to Bustle. 
 
 Bus'tle, v. to be busy with quick I Brus'tle, v. to rustle ; to crackla 
 motion. I 
 
 Biseg — Busy. 
 
 Bus'y, a. employed with earnestness ; I Bus'ily, ad. in a busy manaer. 
 active. I Bus'iness, n. employment ; trado. 
 
 Bus'y-bod'y, n. a meddling person. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 89 
 
 But, c(m. hutan, except ; except that. 
 
 Bocsum — Flexible ; boga — a Bough, and sum — Some. 
 Bux'oM, a. gay ; lively ; brisk. | Bux'omly, ad. wantonly. 
 
 By eg an — to Buy ; hoht — Bought. 
 
 Buy, v. to obtain for money ; to pur- I Buy'er, n. one who buys, 
 chase. | Bought, pp. purchased. 
 
 Be or hi — By. 
 
 By, prep, denotes the way or means. ] By, ad. in presence or passing neai^ 
 
 Cealf—QAJJF. 
 
 Calf, n. the young of a cow ; a stupid I Calves, n. the plural of calf, 
 fellow. I Calf 'skin, n. the skin of a cal£ 
 
 Caeggian — to Lock. 
 
 Cage, n. an enclosure for birds or I Cage, v. to shut up. 
 beasts. | 
 
 Cunnan — to Know ; to Have Powbb. 
 
 Can, v. to be able ; to have power. I Cun'ning, a. artfully deceitful. 
 KJEN, V. to see at a distance ; to know. | Cun'ning, n. fraudulent dexterity, 
 
 Canna — Can. 
 Can, n. a vessel for liquor. | Can'ned, a. preserved in cans. 
 
 Car — Care. 
 
 Care, n. anxiety ; caution ; charge. I Care'fully, ad. heedfully. 
 Care'ful, a. anxious ; watchful. | Care'lessly, ad. without care. 
 
 Care'less, a. having no care ; heedless. 
 
 Carl — a Male. Ceorl — a Churl. 
 
 Carle, n. a strong, rude man. | Churl, n. a surly man ; a miser. 
 
 Churl'ish, a. rude ; harsh. 
 
 Ceorfan — to Carve. 
 
 Carve, o. to cut meat at table ; to cut I Carv'ing, n. the act of carving ; 
 into elegant forms. 1 sculpture. 
 
 Cartel — Castle. 
 
 Gas'tle, n. a fortified house. | Cas'tellan,71. the governor of a castle, 
 
 • • 
 
 Ceaf — Chaff. 
 
 Chaff, n. the husks of grain. | Chaf'fy, a. full of chaff. 
 
 Chap'finch, n. a bird said to like chaff. 
 
90 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Ceapf ceapian — to Babgaln : to Trade ; to Bur. 
 
 Cheap, a. having a low price. 
 Cheap'en, v. to lessen value. 
 Cheap.'ly, ad. at a small price, 
 Cheap'ness, n. lowness of price. 
 
 Chaf'per, «. to treat about a bar- 
 gain ; to baggie. 
 Chap'man, n. a dealer. 
 Chap, v. to barter ; to exchange. 
 
 Chap, n. a boy ; an inferior person. 
 
 Note. — Chap, to break into small clefts or gapings by heat or cold, to become bot9 
 by clefts, &c., is from A.-S. geypped, opened. 
 
 Cerran — to Burn. 
 
 Char'coal, n. coal made by charring I Char, v. to bum to a cinder, 
 wood. I 
 
 Cearig, cearian — ^to Take Care ; to Be Anxious. 
 
 Cha'ry, a. careful; cautious. | Cha'rily, ad. warily; frugally. 
 
 Cha'riness, n. caution ; nicety. 
 
 Ceat — Circumvention. 
 Cheat, xi. to defraud ; to impose upon. | Cheat'er, n. one who practises fraud. 
 
 Ceac, ceowan — ^to Chew. 
 
 Cheek, n. the side of the face. I Cheek'bone, n. the bone of the cheek. 
 
 Chew, «. to crush with the teeth. | Chew'ing, n. mastication. 
 
 NoTB. — Check by Jowii, an old expression signifying closeness, or face to face. 
 
 Cyse — Cheese. 
 
 Chees'y, a, having the nature of I Cheese, n. the pressed curd of milk, 
 cheese. I 
 
 Cyst — Chest. 
 Chest, n. a large box ; the thorax. 
 
 Cicen — Chicken. 
 Check'en, n. the young of a hen. | Chick'enhearted, a. cowardly. 
 
 Cidan — to Chide. 
 
 Chide^ v. to scold ; to find fault. | Chid'ing, n. scolding ; rebuke. 
 
 Chid'ingly, ad. in a reproving manner. 
 
 aid — Child. 
 
 Child, n. an infant ; a very young I Child'hood, n. the state of children, 
 person. I Child'ish, a. like a child. 
 
 Child'less, a. without children. 
 
 Cele — Chill. 
 
 Chill, a. cold ; dull. | Chill'y, a. somewhat cold. 
 
 Chtl'liness, n. coldness ; shivering. 
 
AKGLO-SAXON BOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 91 
 
 Cyn— Chtn. 
 Chut, n, the lower part of the face. | Chin'cough, n. the whooping cough. 
 
 Cina — a Fissuke. 
 
 Chink, n. a crack ; a gap. | Chink, v. to jingle. 
 
 Chink'y, a. opening in narrow clefts. 
 
 Aceocan — to Suffocate. 
 Choke, v. to suffocate ; to stop up. | Choke'full, a. as full as possible. 
 
 Ceosan — to Choose. 
 
 Choose, v. to take by preference ; to I Choos'ing, n. selection ; choice, 
 pick out. I Choice, n. the power of choosing. 
 
 Choice'ness, n. nicety ; particular value. 
 
 Clem, cyrran — to Turn. 
 
 Chtjbn, n. a vessel used in making I Churn'ing, n. the act of making but- 
 butter. I ter. 
 
 Clcemian — ^to Glue ; to Smear. 
 
 Clam, «. to clog with glutinous mat- 1 Clam, n. the name of a shell fish, 
 ter. I Clam'my, a. glutinous ; sticky. 
 
 Clappan — to Move with Beats Like the Heart. 
 
 Clap, v. to strike together with quick I Clapperclaw, v. to scold ; to re- 
 motion. I vile. 
 
 Claw — Claw. 
 
 Claw, n. the foot of a beast or bird I Claw, v. to scratch, pull, or tear with 
 having hooked nails. I the nails. 
 
 Clceg — Sticky; Viscous. 
 
 Clay, n. a tenacious kind of earth. I Clay'pit, n. a pit where clay is dug 
 Dlay'ey, a. like clay. I Clay'mabl, n. a whitish, chalky clay 
 
 Clcen — Clean. 
 
 Clean, a. free from dirt. 
 
 Clean'ly, a. free from dirt; neat; 
 
 pure. 
 Clean'liness, n. freedom from dirt ; 
 
 neatness. 
 
 Cleanse, v. to free from dirt ; to pu^ 
 
 rify. 
 Cleans'ing, n. the act of purifying. 
 Unclean', a. not clean ; dirty. 
 
 Cleafan — ^to Cleave 
 
 Cleave, v. to split ; to divide. 
 Clbav'er, n. a butcher's axe. 
 Cleft, n. an opening made by split 
 ting. 
 
 Clove, pret. divided. 
 CloVen, a. divided ; parted. 
 CloVen-footed, a. having the foot 
 divided into two parts. 
 
>fZ SMlTH"'rf HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Clifian — to Cleave. 
 Cleave, v. to adhere ; to hold to. 
 
 Gleaw — Skillful ; Clever. 
 
 Clev'er, a. skillful ; dexterous ; in- I Clev'erness, n. dexterity ; skill ; in 
 genious. I genuity. 
 
 Clev'erly, ad. dexterously ; ingeniously. 
 
 Cliwe — a Ball of Thread. 
 Clew, n. a ball of thread ; a guide. ] Clew, v. to guide as by a thread. 
 Note. — The thread unwound from a clew used to guide one in a labyrinth. 
 
 ai/— Cliff. 
 Cliff, n. a steep bank. | Clipf'y, a. broken ; craggy. 
 
 Climan — to Climb. 
 
 Climb, «. to ascend with labor ; to I Climb'er, n. one who climbs, 
 mount. I Climb'ing, n. the act of ascending. 
 
 Clingan — to Shrink Up. 
 Cling, ®. to hang upon ; to adhere. | Cling'stone, n. a kind of peach. 
 
 Clyppan — to Embrace 
 
 Clip, v. to cut with shears; to cut 
 
 short. 
 Clip 'per, n. one who clips; a fast 
 
 sailing vessel. 
 
 Clasp, n. a hook to hold anything 
 
 close. 
 Clasp'knife, n. a knife which folda 
 
 into the handle. 
 
 Lach—a, Garment. 
 Cloak, n. a loose outer garment. | Cloak, v. to hide ; to mask. 
 
 Clucga — a Bell ; Clock. 
 
 Clock, n. an instrument to measure I Clock'work, n. the machinery of a 
 time. I clock; well adjusted work. 
 
 Clod, n. a lump of earth. 
 Clod'dy, a. consisting of clods. 
 Clod'poll, n. a dolt ; a blockhead. 
 
 Clud — a Stone ; a Hillock. 
 
 Clot, n. a concretion of soft or fluid 
 
 matter. 
 Clot'ty, a. full of clots. 
 
 Clath — Cloth. 
 
 Cloth, n. any thing woven. 
 Clothe, v. to cover ; to dress. 
 Cloth'ibr, n. a maker or seller of 
 cloth. 
 
 Clothes, n. garments ; dress. 
 Cloth'ing, n. dress ; garments ; ve* 
 ture. 
 
ANGLO-SAXOX ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 93 
 
 Cloud, n. a collection of visible vapor 
 
 in the air. 
 Cloud'y, a. covered with clouds. 
 Cloud'capt, a. topped with clouds. 
 
 Ge-hlod — Covered ; Cloud. 
 
 Cloud'iness, v. the state of being 
 
 cloudy. 
 Cloud'less, a. without clouds ; clear ; 
 
 bright. 
 
 Note. — This word is of doubtful etymology. 
 
 Clf^fer-wyrt — Small Cloveb. 
 Clo'ver, n. a species of trefoil. | Clov'ered, a. covered with clover. 
 
 Cleofan — to DrvroE. 
 
 Club, n. an association of persons I Club, n. a room in which a club 
 each contributing his share. I meets. 
 
 Note. — Club, a heavy stick, a bludgeon, comes from the Danish {Hub). 
 
 Clauster — a Cloister ; a Bunch. 
 Clus'ter, n. a bunch ; a collection. | Clus'ter, v. to collect in buncbea. 
 
 Ge-lwccan — to Seize ; to Catch. 
 Clutch, v. to seize ; to grasp. | Clutch, n. gripe ; grasp. 
 
 Col — Coal. 
 
 Coal, n. a common fossil fuel. 
 Coal'ery, n. a place where coals are 
 
 dug. 
 Coal BLACK, a. black in the highest 
 
 degree. 
 Coal'mtne, n. a mine in which coals 
 
 are dug. 
 
 Coal'miner, n. one who works in a 
 
 coal mine. 
 Coal pit, n. a pit in which coals are 
 
 dug. 
 Collier, n. a digger of coals ; a coal 
 
 merchant. [dug. 
 
 Coll'iery, n. a place where coals are 
 
 Cocc — Cock. 
 
 Cock, n. the male of birds ; a small 
 heap of hay ; to set erect ; to strut. 
 
 Cock'ade, n. a ribbon worn on the 
 
 Cock'ateice, n. a serpent. [hat. 
 
 Cock'atoo, n. a bird of the parrot 
 kind. 
 
 Cock'crowing, n. the dawn ; early 
 morning. 
 
 Cock LOFT, n. the room over the gar- 
 ret. 
 
 Cock'pit, n. the lower deck of a ship 
 of war. 
 
 Cold, a. not hot ; frigid ; chill. 
 
 Cold'ly, ad. without heat ; without 
 concern. 
 
 Cold'ness, n. want of heat ; uncon- 
 cern. 
 
 Cold'hearted, a. indiflf(^ent ; want- 
 ing passion. 
 
 Ceald—CojA). 
 
 Cold'blooded, a. without feeling. 
 
 Cool, a. somewhat cold. 
 Cool'ish, a. rather cool. 
 Cool'ly, ad. without heat or passion 
 ' Cool'ness, n. gentle cold; indiffer 
 ence. 
 Cool'headed, a. without passion. 
 
94 iSMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Colt — Colt. 
 Colt, n. a young horse. | Colt'ish, a. like a colt ; frisky ; wanton. 
 
 Camh — a Valley. 
 
 Comb, n. an instrument for the hair. 
 
 Comb, n. the dry part of a valley. 
 Comb, n. the cells in which bees de- 
 posit honey. 
 
 Comb, v. to divide, clean, and ad-just 
 the hair. 
 
 Note. — Hence the names of places situated in valleys end in comb ; as Alcomb, Bas 
 comb, Chelcomb. Sometimes the name of the owner is annexed ; as, Oomfe-Bassett., 
 Comft-Raleigh. Sometimes 6 is changed into p, as Comptou. — Boswokth. 
 
 Cuman — to Come. 
 
 Come, «. to draw near; to advance I Com'ing, n. approach; arrival; ad 
 towards. | vancing near. 
 
 Overcome', «. ofer, to conquer ; to subdue. 
 
 Cwenian — Comply. 
 
 Come'liness, n. grace ; beauty ; dig- I Come'ly, a. graceful : decent, 
 nity. I 
 
 Cop — ^the Top, or the Head. 
 
 Cop, n. the head ; the top. Cob, n. the head ; anything round ; a 
 
 Cope, n. a cover for the head or top. strong pony. 
 
 Co'piNG, n. the top or cover of a Cob'ble, n. a roundish stone. 
 
 wall. Cob'-irons, n. irons with a knob at 
 
 Oop'pED, a. rising to a top or head. the end. 
 
 Note. — Cope, to contend, to struggle, comes from the Greek. — Cobble, to mend 
 coarsely, to do clumsily, comes from the Danish {kobler). 
 
 Corn — Corn. 
 
 Corn, n. seeds which grow in ears ; 
 
 grain. 
 Corn'chandler, n. one who retails 
 
 corn. 
 
 Note. — Corn, an excrescence on the foot, is from the Latin cornu, a horn. 
 
 Corn, v. to sprinkle with salt. 
 Corn'field, n. a field where com is 
 
 growing. 
 Corn'heap, n. a store of com. 
 
 Cot, n. a small house ; a hut. 
 Cote, n. a cottage ; a sheep fold. 
 Cot'tage, n. a small house : a hut. 
 
 Cota — Cot. 
 
 Cot'tager, n. one who lives in a co^ 
 
 tage. 
 Cot'ter, n. one who lives in a cot. 
 
 Cove, n. a small creek or bay ; a shel- 
 ter. 
 
 Cop'fer, n. a chest, generally for 
 keeping money. 
 
 Cof — a Cave ; a Repository. 
 
 Cof'fer-dam, n. a water-tight case 
 fixed in the bottom of a river, in 
 order to keep a space dry to build 
 upon. 
 
 Crabba — Crab. 
 Crab, n. a shell fish ; a peevish person. | Crab'bed, a. peevish ; morose. 
 
4KGL0-SAX0N ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 96 
 
 Cu — Cow. 
 
 Cow, n. the ff A»ale of the bull. I Cow'herd, n. {hyrde, a keeper), one 
 
 Cow'like, a. resembling a cow. 1 who tends cows. 
 
 Cow'house, n. a house in which cows 
 
 are kept. 
 Cow'pox, n. the vaccine disease. 
 Cow'sLip, n. a species of primrose. 
 Cow, V. to depress with fear. 
 
 Cow'lick, n. a tuft of hair turned up 
 as if licked by a cow. 
 
 Cow'ard, n. (from cowherd)^ one de- 
 stitute of courage. 
 
 Cow'ardice, n. want of courage. 
 
 Cow'ardly, a. fearful ; mean. 
 
 Cradel — Cradle. 
 
 Cra'dle, n. a bed in which infants I Cra'dle, n. a scythe for grain, 
 are rocked. I 
 
 Crceft — Art; Skill; Trade. 
 
 Craft, n. trade ; fraud ; cunning. I Craft'ily, ad. cunningly ; artfully. 
 
 Craft'y, a. cunning ; artful ; sly. | Craft'iness, n. cunning ; stratagem. 
 
 Crafts'man, n. an artificer ; a mechanic. 
 
 Cratnmian — to Cram. 
 Cram, v. to stuff completely full ; to thrust in by force. 
 
 Cran — a kind of Heron. 
 Crane, n. a bird ; a machine for raising heavy goods. 
 
 Crafian — to Crave ; to Ask ; to Implore. 
 
 Crave, v. to ask earnestly ; to long I Cra'ven, n. a coward ; one who im- 
 for. I plores for his life when vanquished. 
 
 Cra'ving, n. unreasonable desire. 
 
 Creek, n. crecca, a small inlet ; a cove. 
 
 Creopan— to Creep. 
 
 Creep, d. to move as a worm ; to I Creep'ingly, ad. slowly ; like a rep- 
 move slowly or feebly. I tile. 
 
 Cread or cruth — a Crowd. 
 
 Crew, n. a ship's company ; a com- I Crowd, n. a confused multitude ; v. 
 pany. I to press close. 
 
 Cryb — Crib. 
 Crib, n. a manger ; a child's bed ; v. to confine. 
 
 dhicc — a Stick. 
 
 Crick, n. a painful stifl&iess in the I Crick'et, n. a play with bats and 
 neck. I ball. 
 
 CRifrcn, n. a support used by the lame. 
 
96 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Ge-erympt — Curled. 
 Crimp, «. to pinch up in ridges. | Crimp 'ing, n. the act of crimping. 
 
 Crocca — a Pot ; a Pitcher. 
 Crock, n. an earthen vessel. | Crock'ery, n. earthen ware. 
 
 Cropp — ^the Top ; an Ear op Corn. 
 Crop, n. the stomach of a bird. | Crop, n. the harvest ; produce. 
 
 Note. — Crop, to cut off, comes from the Dutch krappen^ to cut off. 
 
 Hreopan — Croup. 
 Croup, n. a disease in the throat. 
 Note. — Croup, the rump of an animal, comes from the Italian (groppa). 
 
 Craiv — Crow. 
 
 Crow, n. a bird ; the cry of a cock. | Crow '-foot, n. a flower. 
 Crow's'-feet, n. the wrinkles under the eyes. 
 
 Criifna — Crumb ; to Gnaw or Break. 
 
 Crumb, n, a small particle ; a frag- I Crum'ble, v. to break or fall into 
 ment. 1 small pieces. 
 
 Cunnan — to Know ; Cunning. 
 
 Cun'ning, a. skilful ; artful ; sly. | Cun'ningly, ad. skilfully ; artfully. 
 
 Cupp — Cup. 
 
 CtfP, n. a drinking vessel. I Cup'board, n. a case with shelves for 
 
 Cup'bearer, n. an attendant at a feast. | cups, &c. 
 
 Dam, v. detnmarif to confine water. 
 
 Note. — Dam, a female parent, is from Dame, which comes from the Latin domina, 
 the mistress of a family. 
 
 Dear ran — to Dare. 
 
 Dare, v. to have courage. I Dar'ing, a. bold ; fearless. 
 
 Dare, v. to challenge ; to defy. | Dar'ingly, ad. boldly ; courageously. 
 
 Deorc — Dark. 
 
 Dark, a. wanting light ; gloomy. 
 Dark'en, v. to make dark. 
 Dark'ish, a. approaching to dark. 
 
 Dark'ly, ad. obscurely. 
 Dark'ness, n. absence of light. 
 Dark'some, a. gloomy ; obscure. 
 
 Deor or e?yre— Precious ; Beloved 
 
 Dear, a. beloved ; precious ; costly. 
 Dear'ly, ad. with fondness ; at a high 
 
 price. 
 Dear'ness, n. fondness ; costliness. 
 
 Dearth, n. scarcity ; famine. 
 Dear '-bought, a. purchased at a high 
 
 price. 
 Dar'ling, a. beloved ; favorite. 
 
 Endear', v. to make dear ; to make beloved.. 
 
AlfGLO-SAXON BOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 97 
 
 Adastrigan — to Fkighten ; to Dismay. 
 
 Das'tabd, n. a coward. i Das'tardly, ad. cowardly ; mean. 
 
 Das'tabdy, n. cowardliness. 
 
 Note. — Coward, Dastard, Poltroon, and Craven signify one wanting courage, 
 !vnd they are all used as terms of reproach ; but, of the four words, coward is the least 
 reproachful. 
 
 Dohtor — Daughter. 
 X)augh'ter, n. a female child. 1 Daugh'terly, a. like a daughter. 
 
 Day, n. the time from sunrise to sun- 
 set. 
 
 Dai'ly, a. happening every day. 
 
 Day'break, 71. the first appearance 
 of light ; dawn. 
 
 Day'dream, n. a vision to the waking 
 senses. 
 
 Ikeg— Day. Dagian — Dawn. 
 
 Day'light, n. the light of day. 
 Day'time, n. the time in which there 
 
 is light. 
 Dawn, n. the break of day ; to begin 
 
 to grow light. 
 Dawn'ing, n. break of day ; morning. 
 Dai'sy, n. {cUiy^s-eye), a flower. 
 
 Dai'sied, a. full of daisies. 
 
 Dead — Dead. 
 
 Dead, a. deprived of life; dull ; still. 
 Dead'en, v. to deprive of sensation. 
 Deadly, a. destructive ; mortal. 
 Dead'ness, n. loss of life. 
 Death, n. extinction of life. 
 
 helpless. 
 Dead'lift, n. the lifting of a thing 
 
 at the utmost disadvantage. 
 Death'like, a. resembling death. 
 
 Dea/— Deaf. 
 
 Deaf, a. wanting the sense of hearing. | Deaf'en, v. to make deaf. 
 Deap'ness, n. want of power to hear. 
 
 Dcel-^a, Part. Dcelan— to Divide. 
 
 Deal, n. a part ; a thin plank. 
 Deal, v. to divide ; to distribute. 
 Deal'er, n. one who deals ; a trader. 
 
 In'terdeal, n. mutual dealing ; traffic 
 
 Note.— Dole, grief, sorrow, comes from the Latin {doleo). 
 
 Deal'ing, n. action ; intercourse ; 
 
 traffic. 
 Dole, v. to deal ; to distribute. 
 
 Decan — to Cover. 
 
 Deck, v. to cover ; to adorn. 
 
 Deck, n. the floor or cover of a ship. 
 
 Deok'er, n. one who adorns. 
 
 Fore'deck, n. the fore part of tb« 
 
 deck. 
 Undecked', a. not decked. 
 
 I>ced — Deed. 
 
 , Deed'less, a. without action ; without I Deed, n. an action ; an exploit, 
 exploits. * I 
 
 Demati — Deem. 
 • Deem, v. to think ; to judge. 
 
98 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Deop — Deep. 
 
 Deep, a. extending far below the sur 
 
 face; profound. 
 Deep'en, v. to make deep. 
 
 Deep'lt, ad. to a great depth. 
 Depth, n. measure from the surface 
 downwards. 
 
 Delfan — to Dig. 
 
 DeIjP, n. a mine ; a pit ; earthenware. ] Delte, v. to dig. 
 Deliver, n. one who digs. 
 
 JDenu — Den ; a Dale ; a Plain. 
 Den, n. a cavern ; the cave of a wild beast. 
 Note. — Den, a termination in the names of places, signifies a valley or woody plain. 
 
 Disc — a Plate ; a Table ; Dish. 
 
 Desk, n. an inclined table for writing I Dish, n. a vessel for serving up food ; 
 or reading. 1 a pJate. 
 
 Dish'water, n. water in which dishes are washed. 
 
 Deofol — Devil. 
 Dev'il, n. a fallen angel ; an evil spirit. | Dev'ilish, a. like a devil ; wicked. 
 
 JDeaw — Dew. 
 
 Dew, n. moisture from the atmo- 
 sphere. 
 Dew'y, a. like dew. 
 
 Dew'dkop, n. 9 d^op of dew. 
 Dew'lap, n. the fiesh which hang» 
 from the throat oi ac ox. 
 
 Bedew', v. to moisten gently. 
 
 Die — a Dike. 
 
 Dig, v. to turn up the earth ; to ex- I Dig'ger, n. one who digs, 
 cavate. 1 Dike, n. a bank ; a mound 
 
 Ditch, n. a trench dug in the ground. 
 
 Dim — Dim. 
 
 Dim, a. not seeing clear ; obscure ; i\ I Dim'ly, ad. not clearly ; obscurelj- 
 to cloud. I Dim'ness, n. duhiess of sight. 
 
 Dim'sighted, a. having weak eyes. 
 
 Dynt — a Stroke ; a Blow. Dint — a Hole. 
 
 Dim'ple, n. a small hollow in the 
 
 cheek or chin. 
 Dm'PLKD, a. set with dimples. 
 
 Dim'ply, a. full of dimples. 
 Dint, n. a mark ; force. 
 Dint, «, to mark by a blow. 
 
 Dyne — Noise. Dynan — to Make a Noise ; to Dine. 
 
 Dm, n. a ioud noise ; «, to stun with 
 
 noise. 
 Dine, v. to eat or give a dinner. 
 
 Din'ner, n. the chief meal of the day 
 Di'ningroom. n. the room for dining. 
 Dinnertime, n. the time for dinner 
 
 Dun. v. to claim a debt importunately. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DEBIVATIVES. 99 
 
 Dyppan — to Dip. 
 
 Dip, v. to put into any liquor ; to en- I Dive, v. to plunge under the water, 
 ter slightly. I 
 
 Dysi — Dizzy. 
 Diz'zY, a. giddy ; whirling. | Diz'zmESS, n. giddiness ; vertigo. 
 
 Don — ^to Do. 
 
 Do, V. to practise ; to perform. I Done, v. executed ; performed. 
 
 Did, v. executed ; performed. | Doings, n. things done ; transactions 
 
 Dol — a Dolt. 
 
 Dolt, n. a heavy, stupid fellow. I Dull, a. stupid ; sluggish ; blunt. 
 
 Dolt'ish, a. stupid ; dull. I Dul'ness, n. stupidity ; heaviness. 
 
 Dull'head, n. a blockhead ; a dolt. 
 
 Deman — to Think ; to Judge. 
 
 Dooms'day, n. the day of final judg- I Doom, v. to judge ; to condemn, 
 ment. I 
 
 Duru — Door. 
 
 Door, n. the entrance into a house or I Door'case, n. the frame of a door, 
 apartment. | 
 
 Dahf the past participle of deawian — to Moisten ; to Wet. 
 Dough, n. wet flour ; unbaked paste. ] Dough'y, a. like dough ; soft. 
 
 Dohtig — Brave; Noble; Good. 
 
 Dough'ty, a. brave ; valiant ; noble. \ Dough'tiness, n. valor ; bravery. 
 
 Duva — Dove. 
 
 Dove, n. a species of pigeon. I Dove'tail, n. a joint in the form of 
 
 Dove'cot, n. (cota), a house for doves. | an expanded dove's tail. 
 Dove'like, a. resembling a dove. 
 
 Note. — The dove is the emblem of love, simplicity, purity, and innocence. 
 
 Dun — Down. 
 Down, n. a bank of sand thrown up by the sea ; a tract of poor, hilly land. 
 
 Adune, the past participle of dufian— to Sink. 
 
 Down, prep, from a higher to a lower 
 
 place. ^ 
 
 Down, ad. on the ground, or any flat 
 
 surface. 
 
 Dovof 'right, a. plain ; open ; direct. 
 
 Note. — Down, the soft feathers of a bird, comes from the Danish {duun). 
 
 Down'ward, ad. in a descending 
 
 course. 
 Down'cast, a. dejected. 
 Down'fall, n. ruin ; calamity 
 
100 
 
 SMITH S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 IHaces—Bvi-ij ; Stupid. 
 
 Doze, v. to sleep lightly. 
 
 Do'zY, a. sleepy ; drowsy ; sluggish. 
 
 Do'ziNESS, 71. sleepiness. 
 
 Do'ziKG, ppr. sleeping lightly. 
 
 Daze, v. to blind by too strong a light. 
 
 DwcBScan — to ExTrNGUisH. 
 
 Daz'zle, v. to overpower with light. 
 
 Daz'zling, p. a. striking with splen- 
 dor. 
 
 Bedaz'zle, v. to make the sight dim 
 by lustre. 
 
 Drehuigetin — to Drain ; to Strain. Drygan — ^to Dry. 
 
 Drain, v. to draw off gradually ; to I Drain, n. a channel for water to flow 
 exhaust. off. 
 
 Dragan- 
 
 Drag, II. to pull along by force. 
 Drag, n. whatever serves to retard. 
 Draught, n. the act of drawing ; the 
 
 quantity drunk at once. 
 Draw, «. to pull along; to attract. 
 Draw 'able, a. that may be drawn. 
 Draw'er, n. a sliding box in a case 
 
 or table. 
 Draw'ing, n. delineation. 
 Drawn, a. having equal advantage. 
 Draw'back, n. any loss of advantage. 
 
 -to Drag. 
 
 Draw'bridge, n. a bridge which may 
 
 be opened. 
 Dray, n. a low cart. 
 Dray'horse, n. a horse which draws 
 
 a dray. 
 Dray'man, n. a man who attends a 
 
 dray. 
 Drawl, v. to speak in a slow, tedious 
 
 manner. 
 Dredge, n. a drag for takmg oysters. 
 Dredge, v. to gather with a dredge. 
 
 Dreed — Dread. 
 
 Dread, n. great fear ; terror. 
 Dread'ful, a. terrible ; awful. 
 
 Dread'fully, ad. terribly. 
 Dread'less, a. fearless ; intrepid. 
 
 Dreorig — Drear. 
 
 Drear, a. dismal ; gloomy. [ful. 
 
 Drear'y, a. dismal ; gloomy ; mourn- 
 
 Drear'ily, ad. dismally ; gloomily. 
 Drear'iness, n. dismalness. 
 
 Drencan — to Give to Drink. 
 Adrencan — to Drown ; to Plunge or Overwhelm. 
 
 Drench, v. to wet thoroughly; to 
 
 soak. 
 Drink, v. drlnc, to swallow liquors. 
 Drink, n. liquor to be swallowed. 
 
 Drunk'en, a. intoxicated with liquor. 
 
 Drink'able, a. that may be drunk. 
 Drown, v. to overwhelm in water. 
 Drunk, a. intoxicated with liquor. 
 Drunk'ard, n. one habitually drunk. 
 
 Drlopan — to Drip. 
 
 Drip, v. to fall in drops. 
 Drib'ble, v. to fall in drops. 
 Drib'bling, n. a falling in drops, 
 Drib'let, n. a small quantity or sum. 
 Driv'eler, n. an idiot ; a dotard. 
 
 Dropian — to Drop. 
 
 Driv'el, v. to let the spittle fall like 
 
 a child. 
 Droop, 'd. to sink or hang down. 
 Drop, n. a globule of liquid. 
 Drop, v. to let fall. 
 
 Drugothf drygan or dolgftn — to Dry. 
 
 Drought, n. a long continuance of | Drouth, n. want of rain, 
 dry w«'^ither. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIYATIT^S. 
 
 ,,.,:m 
 
 Drifan — to Drive. 
 
 Drive, v. to force along ; to urge for- 
 ward. 
 Drive, n. a passage in a carriage. 
 Drift, n. anything driven at random. 
 
 Drift, v. to be driven along by a cur- 
 rent of water. 
 
 Drove, n. draf, a number of cattle 
 driven. 
 
 Adrift', a. or ad. impelled or moving without direction. 
 
 Thirllan — to Turn, Wind or Twist. 
 
 Drill, n. an instrument; a row of 
 
 grain. 
 Thrill, z,. to pierce ; to feel a sharp, 
 
 shivering sensation. 
 
 Drill, v. to bore and make a hole by 
 turning an instrument ; to teach and 
 train by frequent exercise. 
 
 Dreosan — to Fall ; to Precipitate ; to Drop or Droop. 
 
 Driz'zle, «. to fall in small drops. 
 Driz'zling, ppi\ falling in small 
 
 drops. 
 Driz'zly, a. shedding small r-^.in. 
 Dross'y, a. worthless ; foul. 
 
 Drow'siness, n. sleepiness. 
 
 Dross, n. the scum of metals ; any 
 
 worthless matter. 
 Drowse, v. to make heavy with sleep. 
 Drow'sy, a. sleepy ; heavy ; dull. 
 Drow'sily, ad. sleepily ; lazily. 
 
 Dran — Drone. 
 
 Drone, n. the male of the honey bee ; 
 one who jDroduces nothing ; a low 
 humming sound. 
 
 Drone, v. to live in idleness. 
 Dron'ish, a. idle ; indolent. 
 
 DrugCf from dreogan — to Act ; to Suffer. 
 
 Drudge, n. one employed in mean I Drudge, v. to labor in mean offices, 
 labor. I Drud'gerYjW. mean labor; hard work. 
 
 Drif drig or dryg — Dry. 
 
 Dry, a. free from moisture ; not wet. 
 Dry'ly, ad. without moisture ; coldly. 
 Dry'ness, n. want of moisture. 
 
 Dry'shod, a. without wet feet. 
 Drug, n. {drigau, to dry), any sub* 
 stance used in medicine. 
 
 Drug'gist, n. one who deals in drugs. 
 
 Gedufian — to Duck. 
 
 Duck, v. to put suddenly under water. | Duck'ling, n. a young duck. 
 Duck, n. a water fowl. 
 
 Thystre- 
 
 DusK, a. tending to darkness. 
 Dusk, n. twilight 
 
 Duck'legged, a. short-legged. 
 
 -Dark; Obscure. 
 
 Dusk'tsh, a. moderately dark. 
 Dusky, a. somewhat dark ; obscure. 
 
 Dumb, a. mute ; not able to speak. 
 Dumb'ness, n. incapacity to speak 
 silence. 
 
 IMinih — Dumb. 
 
 Dum'found, 
 
 confuse. 
 
 to make dumb; t« 
 
102 8.aj:iTH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOC^Y. 
 
 JDust — DiTST. 
 
 Dust, n. earth or other matter reduced I Dust'iness, n. the state of being cov- 
 to powder. | ered with dust. 
 
 Dust'y, a. filled or covered with dust. 
 
 Dweorg — Dwarf. 
 
 Dwarf, n. a person below the usual I Dwarf'ishness, n. littleness of stat- 
 size. I ure. 
 
 Dwarf'ish, a. below the natural size. 
 
 Dwinan — to Fade ; to Vanish. 
 Dwm'DLE, v. to shrink ; to grow less. | Dwine, «. to pine away ; to decline. 
 
 Deagan — to Dye. 
 Dye, v. to tinge ; to color ; to stain. | Dye'ing, n. the art of coloring cloth. 
 
 JElc — Each; Every. 
 Each, a. every one of any number. 
 
 Eare — Ear. 
 
 Ear, n. the organ of hearing. 
 Ear'ring, n. an ornament for the ear. 
 
 Ear'wig, n. an insect ; a whisperer. 
 Ear, n. that part of com which con- 
 tains the seeds. 
 
 Eorl — Chief; Leader. 
 Earl, n. a title of nobility. | Earl'dom, n. the dignity of an earl. 
 
 Mr — Before. Mrest — First. 
 
 Ere, ad. before ; sooner than. 
 Ere-long', ad. before long. 
 Ere-now', ad. before this time. 
 
 Ere-while', ad. some time ago. 
 Ear'ly, a. soon ; being in good time. 
 Erst, ad. first ; at first ; formerly. 
 
 Earnian — to Deserve. 
 Earn, v. to gain by labor. | Earn'ing, n. that which is earned. 
 
 Eornest — Earnest. 
 
 Ear'nest, a. ardent ; zealous ; eager. | Ear'nestly, ad. warmly ; eagerly. 
 
 Eorthe — Earth. 
 
 Earth, n. the matter which composes 
 
 the globe. 
 Earth'en, a. made of earth or clay. 
 Earth'ly, a. belonging to the eai-th. 
 
 Earth'y, a. consisting of earth. 
 Earth'quake, n. a convulsion of the 
 
 earth. 
 Earth'worm,7i. a mean, sordid wretch. 
 
 (O^ f' Eath — Easy; Ready; Gentle. 
 
 Ease, n, quiet ; rest ; facility. I Ea'silt, ad. without difliculty. 
 
 Ea'sy, a. not diflicult ; quiet 1 Ea'siness, n. the quality of being easy. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES 103 
 
 East — East. 
 
 East, n. the quarter where the sun I Easterly, a. coming from the east. 
 rises, I East'ern, a. being in the east. 
 
 East'ward, ad. towards the east. 
 
 Etan — to Eat 
 
 Eat, v. to chew and swallow ; to take 
 
 food. 
 Eat'able, a. that may be eaten. 
 
 Eat'er, n. one that eats. 
 Eat'ing, n. the act of chewing and 
 swallowing. 
 
 Efese — a Brim. 
 
 Eaves, n. the edges of the roof of a I Eaves'dropper, n. one who listens 
 house. I under the windows. 
 
 Ehhe—EB^. 
 
 Ebb, n. the going out of the tide ; de- | Eb'beng, n. flowing out. 
 cline. 
 
 Ed — Again ; Back. Ea — Running Water. 
 
 Ed'dy, n. water running back or con- I Ed'dying, p. a. moving circularly ; 
 trary to the current ; a whirlpool. | whirling. 
 Ed'dy, v. to move circularly. 
 
 Ecg — Edge. 
 
 Edge, n. the cutting part of a blade ; I Edged, a. sharp ; keen, 
 the brink. | Edge 'less, a. blunt; obtuse. 
 
 Edge'wise, ad. with the edge forward. 
 
 ^g — Egg. Eggian — to Egg. 
 
 Egg, n. that from which the young 
 of some animals is produced. 
 
 Ey'ry, n. a jDlace where birds of prey 
 build their nests. 
 
 Aehta — ^Eight. 
 
 Eight, a. n. twice four. 
 Eighth, a. the ordinal of eight. 
 Eight'een, a. eight and ten. 
 
 Eight'fold, a. eight times the quan- 
 tity. 
 Eight'score, a. n. eight times twenty. 
 
 Eke, d. ecan, to lengthen ; to prolong. 
 
 Elhoga — Elbow. 
 
 El'bow, n. the joint of the arm below 
 the shoulder. 
 
 El'bow, v. to push one's way. 
 El'bow-room, n. room or space for 
 exertion. 
 
 El'bow, n. a sudden or abrupt turn. 
 
 Elf—Ei.¥. 
 
 Elf, n. a fairy ; v. to entangle the I Elf'in, a. relating to fairies, 
 hair. ♦ | Elf'lock, w. a knot of hair twisted. 
 
104 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOaY. 
 
 Ellm — ^Elm. 
 Elm, n. a forest tree. | El'my, a. abounding with elm-trees. 
 
 Leap, v. to jump ; to spring. 
 Leapfrog, n. a play of children 
 Leap'year, n. every fourth year. 
 OuTLEAp', V. to leap beyond. 
 
 Hleapan — to Leap ; to Jump ; to Run. 
 
 Overleap', v. to leap over. 
 Elope', v. to run away privately. 
 Elope'ment, n. a running away se- 
 cretly. 
 
 Elles — Else. 
 Else, pr(m. other ; one besides. | Else'where, ad. in another place. 
 
 JEJm#i— Empty. 
 Emp'ty, a. containing nothing. | Emp'tiness, n. state of being empty. 
 
 Ende — End. 
 
 End, n, conclusion ; termination. 1 End 'less, a. without end. 
 
 End'ing, n. conclusion. I End'wise, ad. on end ; erectly. 
 
 Genoh — Plenty ; Sufficiency. 
 
 Enough', a. sufficient ; that satisfies I Enough', ad. in a sufficient degree, 
 desire. I 
 
 jErend — Message; Business; Care. 
 
 Er'rand, n. that which is intrusted I Er 'rand-boy, n. a boy to deliver 
 to a messenger. I messages. 
 
 ^fen — Even. 
 
 Eve, E Ven, n. the close of the day. | E'vening, n. the close of the day. 
 E'ventide, n. the time of the evening. 
 
 Efen — Even. 
 
 E'ven, a. level ; smooth ; equal. | E'venly, ad. equally. 
 
 E'venness, n. the state of being even. 
 
 Ev'er, ad. at any time ; always. 
 Ev'ergreen, n. always green. 
 Everlast'ing, a. lasting without end 
 
 ^^/<er— Ever. 
 
 Evermore', ad. always ; eternally. 
 Ev'ery, a. aelc, each one. 
 Ev'ery WHERE, ad.Xri. every place. 
 
 Forev'er, ad. at all times ; without end. 
 
 Efel or I/c?— Evil. 
 
 E'viL, a. not good ; bad ; wicked. | E'vilness, n. badness ; wickedness. 
 E'yilly, ad. not well. 
 
 Eowu — Ewe. 
 
 Ewe, n. a female sheep. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 105 
 
 Eage 
 
 Eye, n. the organ of vision; v. to 
 
 watch. 
 Eye'less, a. without eyes. 
 Eye'let, n. a small hole for a cord. 
 Eye'ball, n. the apple of the eye. 
 Eye 'beam, n. a glance from the eye. 
 Eye BROW, n. the hairy arch over the 
 
 eye. 
 Eye'lash, n. the hair that edges the 
 
 eye. 
 
 -Eye. 
 
 Eye'lid, n. the membrane that shuts 
 over the eye. 
 
 Eye'-service, n. service performed 
 only under inspection. 
 
 Eye'sight, n. the sight of the eye. 
 
 Dai'sy, n. {dayh-eye)^ a flower. 
 
 Ineye' v. to put an eye in ; to inocu- 
 late. 
 
 Overeye', v. to superintend ; to ob- 
 serve. 
 
 F(egen—QijAi>\ Joyful. 
 Fain, a. glad; pleased; delighted. | Fain, ad. gladly; very desirously. 
 
 Fytiigean — to Become Musty ; to Decay. 
 
 Faint, «. to pass away quickly. I Faint'ly, ad. feebly. 
 
 Faint'iNg, n. a swoon. | Faint '-hearted, a. timoroua. 
 
 Fceger — Fair. 
 
 Fair, a. beautiful ; white ; clear. | Fair'ly, ad. openly ; justly. 
 Fair'ness, n. beauty ; honesty. 
 
 Note. — Fair, a stated market, comes from the Latin {forum). 
 
 Fyllan — to Cut Down ; to Fall. Feallan — to Fall. 
 
 Fall, v. to drop down ; to sink. I Befall', v. to happen to. 
 
 Fall, n. the act of falling ; autumn. | Fell, «. to cause to fall ; to cut down. 
 Fell, v. to sew or hem. 
 
 Fealo — Fallow. 
 
 Fal'low, a. ploughed but not sown ; pale red or yellow ; left to rsst after 
 
 tillage. 
 
 Fann — a Fan. 
 
 Fan, n. an instrument for agitating I Fan, t?. to affect by air put in motion, 
 the air. | 
 
 Cf . 
 
 Fang, v. to seize ; to catch. 
 Fang, n. the tusk of an animal. 
 Fan'gle, n. a silly attempt. 
 Fan'gled, a. gaudy; ridiculously 
 showy. 
 
 Fengan — to Take ; to Seize. 
 
 Newfan'gled, a. formed with affec- 
 tation of novelty. 
 
 Fin'ger, n. one of the extreme parts 
 of the hand. 
 
 Feor — Far. Fyrst — Superlative of Feor. 
 
 T'ar, a. distant ; remote. 
 Far'most, a. most distant. 
 Afar', ad. at or to a distance. 
 First, a. earliest in time. 
 
 FAr'fetched, a. forced ; strained. 
 
 First'born, n. the eldest child. 
 First'fruits, n. earliest produce. 
 Far'ther, a. more remote. 
 Far'thest, a. most distant or remote. 
 
106 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 Fmr — a Journey. Far an — to Go ; to Travel 
 
 Fare, ®. to go ; to travel ; to happen 
 well or ill. 
 
 Fare, n. faru, food ; price of con- 
 veyance. 
 
 Farewell', ad. adieu; the parting 
 compliment. 
 
 Farewell', n. leave ; departure. 
 
 Fer'ry, ^. to carry over water in a 
 boat. 
 
 Fer'ry, n. the place where a boat 
 
 passes over. 
 Fer'ry-boat, n. a boat to pass over in. 
 Wher'ry, n. a light, sharp rowboat. 
 Misfare', ti. to be in a bad state. 
 Wel'fare, n. happiness ; prosperity. 
 Ford, n. a shallow place in a river. 
 Ford, i). to pass a river by walking 
 
 on the bottom. 
 
 Ford'able, a. passable on foot. 
 
 /[ Feorm — Provisions. Feormian — ^to Supply with Food. 
 
 Farm, ?i. land under cultivation; v. I Farm'er,?^. one who cultivates a farm. 
 to lease or let. I Farm'ing, n. cultivation of land. 
 
 Fcestan — ^to Hold ; to Stop. 
 Fast, v. to abstain from food. | Fast'day,?^. a day of religious fasting. 
 
 1^(CBS*— Stopped ; Fixed. 
 Fyst, from fccstnian — to Seize ; to Fasten Upon. 
 
 Fasten'ing, n. that which fastens. 
 
 Fast, a. firm ; strong ; fixed. 
 Fast'en, v. to make fast; to make 
 
 firm. 
 
 Fis'ticuffs, n. blows with the fist. 
 
 Note. — Fast, speedy, quick, is from the Welsh (fest). 
 
 Fast'ness, n. strength ; a strong place. 
 Fist, n. the clenched hand. 
 
 Fwtt, fedan — to Nourish. 
 
 Fat, a. plump ; fleshy ; full fed. 
 Fat, n. the unctuous part of animal 
 flesh. 
 
 Fat'ness, n. the quality of being fat. 
 Fat'ten, «j. to make or grow fat. 
 Fat'ty, a. having the qualities of fat. 
 
 Vat, n. a large cistern. 
 
 Feeder — Begetter. 
 
 Fa'theb, n, the male parent. | Fa'therless, a. without a father. 
 
 Fa'therly, a. like a father ; tender. 
 
 Fcethem — the Space of Both Arms Extended. 
 
 Fath'omless, a. that cannot be fath- 1 Fath'om, n. a measure of six feet, 
 omed. I 
 
 Note.— Fathoms are marked on lines and used in measuring the depth of water. 
 
 Fcehthy past part, of the verb fian — to Hate. 
 Faugh, int. an expression of abhorrence. 
 
 Fcegnian — to Rejoice ; to Flatter. 
 
 Fawn, v. to court servilely ; to cringe. | Fawn'er, n. one who fawns, 
 Fawn'ing, n. gross or low flattery. 
 
 Note. — ^Fawn, a young deer, comes from the French (Jaon). 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 107 
 
 Feer, fcer an— to Terkift. 
 
 Pear, n. dread ; terror ; awe. | Fear'ful, a. timorous ; afraid. 
 
 Fear'less, a. free from fear. 
 
 Fyther — Feather. 
 
 Feath'er, n. the plume of birds. I Feath'erless, a, having no feathers. 
 Feath'ered, a. clothed with feathers. | Feath'ery, a. resembling a feather. 
 
 Feoh — Cattle ; Monet ; a Stipend or Reward. 
 
 Fbe, n. reward ; recompense. I Fee'-simple, n. a tenure to property ; 
 
 Fee, v. to bribe ; to hire. I an absolute estate of inheritance. 
 
 Note. — " This word feoh is one of the oldest in all the European languages. Cattle 
 was the first kind of property; and by bartering, this word eame to signify money in 
 general. ' '— Bosworth. 
 
 Fee, in American law, an estate of inheritance of which the holder has the entire 
 disposal without condition, and which is transmissible to his heirs. Fee-simple, 
 called simple (i e. pure), because clear of any condition, limitation, or restriction to 
 particular heirs. 
 
 Foda, foster — Food. Fedan — to Feed. 
 
 Fos'ter, id. to feed ; to cherish. 
 Fos'tering, n. the act of nursing. 
 Fos'terchild, n. a child nursed by 
 
 one who is not its parent. 
 Fos'terbrother, n. one nursed at 
 
 the same breast. 
 
 Feed, n. to supply with food. 
 Feed'er, n, one that feeds. 
 Feed'ing, n. the act of feeding. 
 Food, n. any thing that nourishes. 
 Food'less, a. not affording food. 
 Fod'der, n. (from fedan,) food for 
 cattle. 
 
 Felan — to Feel. 
 
 Feel, v. to perceive by the touch. | Feel'ing, n. the sense of touch. 
 Feel'ingly, ad. tenderly. 
 
 Fcelga, Fcela — Much, and fjan — to Go. 
 Fel'ly, or Fel'loe, n. the outward wooden rim of a wheel. 
 
 Felag, Fe — Faith, and lag — Bound. 
 
 Fel'low, n. a companion ; an equal. | Fel'lowship, n. companionship. 
 Fellow-feel'ing, n. sympathy. 
 
 C/ ' Feelian, fcellan — to Offend. 
 
 Fel'on, n. one guilty of felony. IFel'ony, n. a crime whi«h incurs the 
 
 Felo'nious, a. cruel. I forfeiture of life or property. 
 
 ^e;^— Felt 
 
 Felt, n. a hide or skin ; cloth made 
 
 without weaving. 
 Felt'maker, n. one who makes felt. 
 Fil'trate, v. to strain. • 
 
 Filtra'tion, n. the act of filtering. 
 Fil'ter, n. a piece of felt, &c., through 
 
 which liquids are passed to clear 
 
 them. 
 
108 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OI^ ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Feawa — Few. 
 Few, a. not many ; small in number. | Few'ness, n. smallness of number. 
 
 Ficol — Fickle; Crafty. 
 Fick'lb, a. changeable ; inconstant. | Fick'leness, n. changeableness. 
 
 Fithele—FiDTHM. 
 Fid'dle, n. a violin. | Fid'dler, n. one who plays on a fiddle. 
 
 Feld, the past part, of the verb fellan — to Fell. 
 
 Field '-piece, n. a small cannon. 
 Field'sports, n. shooting and hunt- 
 ing. 
 Fell, n. a hill. 
 
 Field, n. a piece of land; battle- 
 ground. 
 
 Field'-marshal, n. the commander 
 of an army. 
 
 Fell, «. to hew or cut down ; to sew or hem. 
 
 Note. — The word field properly means a clearing, where the trees have been felled 
 or cut down. 
 
 Feond, flan, or feon — to Hate. 
 
 Fiend, n. a deadly enemy. I Fiend'ish, n. having the qualities of 
 
 Fiend'like, a. resembling a fiend. | a fiend. 
 
 Feud, n. a deadly quarrel. 
 
 Note. — Feud, a right to land on condition of military service, comes from the 
 Latin {feudum). 
 
 Fight, v. feoTitan, to contend in battle ; n. a contest. 
 
 Film — a Thin, Light Coat. 
 
 Film, n. a thin skin ; ». to cover with I Film'y, a. composed of films, 
 a thin skin. | 
 
 Fylth, afylan — to Defile. 
 
 Filth, n. dirt ; nastiness. I Filth'ily, ad. nastily ; foully. 
 
 Filth'y, a. nasty ; foul. I Filth'iness, n. nastiness ; foulness. 
 
 Findan — to Find. 
 
 Find, v. to obtain by searching. I Find'ing, n. discovery ; verdict of a 
 
 Find'er, n. a discoverer. I jury. 
 
 Find'ings, n. the tools and materials used by shoemakers. 
 
 Fyr — Fire. 
 
 Fire, n. the'T^eous element. 
 Fir'ing, n. fuel ; discharge of fire- 
 arms. 
 Fire'arms, n. guns, muskets, &c 
 
 Fire'brand, n. a piece of wood kin 
 
 died. 
 Fire'side, n. the hearth ; home. 
 Fire'wood, n. wood for fuel. 
 
 Fisc — ^FlSH. 
 
 FiSH,n. an animal that inhabits water. I Fish'ery, n. the place of fishing. 
 Fish'ing, n. the art of catching fish. | Fish, v. to try to take by artifice. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DEKIVATIVES. l03 
 
 Floh, fleogan — to Fly or Cause to Fly. 
 
 Fling, «. to cast from the hand. 
 Fleet, v. to fly swiftly ; to haste away. 
 Fleet, a. rapid ; swift ; quick. 
 Fleet'ing, j). a. passing away rapidly. 
 Fleet'ly, ad. swiftly; nimbly. 
 Fleet 'ness, n. swiftness. 
 
 Fly, v. to move with wings ; to pass 
 
 swiftly. 
 Flying fish, n. a small fish which 
 
 flies. 
 Flag, n. an ensign ; a water plant. 
 Flag, t). to hang loose ; to grow weak. 
 
 Flag'gy, a. weak ; lax. Flick'er, v. to flap or move the wings 
 
 Flag'staff, n. the staff upon which without flying ; to waver ; to fluc- 
 the flag is elevated. I tuate. 
 
 Fledged, a. feathered ; able to fly. 
 Un'fledged, a. not fledged ; young. 
 Unflag'glng, a. not drooping; un- 
 tiring. 
 Flee, v. to run from danger. 
 Flinch, v. to withdraw from. 
 
 Flaw, n. a crack ; a defect ; a sudden 
 
 gust. 
 Flea, n. a small insect. 
 Flight, n. the act of flying or fleeing. 
 Flight'y, a. fleeting ; wild. 
 Flit, v. to fly rapidly. 
 
 Note. — Flag, a broad, flat stone, comes from the A.-S. Jlean^ to flay. 
 
 t- i^ , Flaxe—& Flask. 
 Flag'on, n. a drinking vessel. | Flask, n. a kmd of bottle. 
 
 Fleax — Flax. 
 
 Flax, n. a flbrous plant. | Flax'en, a. made of flax. 
 
 Flax'seed, n. the seed of flax ; linseed. 
 
 Fleos or flys, from flean — ^to Flay. 
 
 Flay, v. to strip ofi" the skin. I Fleece, n. the wool shorn from one 
 
 Fleec'y, a. like a fleece. I sheep. 
 
 Flag, n. a broad flat stone for paving. 
 
 Flota or fliet — a Ship. 
 Fleet, n. a company of ships. 
 Note — Fleet, swift of pace, comes from the A.-S. fleogan^ to fly. 
 
 Flcesc — Flesh. 
 
 Flesh, n. the muscular part of the I Flesh'y, a. full of flesh ; plump, 
 body. I Flesh'iness, n. plumpness ; fatness. 
 
 Flesh'less, a. without flesh. 
 
 l^^m*— Flint. 
 
 Flint'y, a. consisting of flint ; hard ; I Flent, n. a hard stone, 
 cruel. I 
 
 Flear^iati — to Trifle. 
 
 Flirt, v. to throw with a jerk ; to I Flirt a'tion, n. act of flirting ; co- 
 coquet. I qtietry. 
 
 Flibt, n. a sudden jerk ; a coquette. 
 
110 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 Fleotan, from flowan — to Flow. 
 
 Float, ®. to swim on the suiface. I Floe, n. a mass of floating ice 
 Flood, n. flod, a great flow of water. | Flow, «. to run as water. 
 Overflow', v. ofer, to run over. 
 
 Flocc — Flock. 
 
 Flock, n. a company of birds or small I Flock, v. to come together in num 
 beasts. I bers. 
 
 Note. — Flock is often limited to a collection of sheep, to distinguish them from a 
 herd or drove of larger cattle. 
 
 jP^or— Floor. 
 
 Floor, n. the part of a room on which 1 Floor, v. to cover with a floor ; to 
 we walk. I knock down. 
 
 Flitan — to Dispute. 
 
 Flout, v. to mock ; to sneer. | Flout, v. to show contempt. 
 
 Flout'ingly, ad. in an insulting manner. 
 
 Foh, fian — to Hate. 
 Fob, n. an enemy. j Foe'man, n. an enemy in war. 
 
 Fegan — to Collect. Fog — Collection. 
 Fog, n. a thick mist. 1 Fog'gy, a. misty ; dull. 
 
 Fealdan — to Fold. 
 
 Fold, v. to double one part over an- I Fold'ing, n. a doubling, 
 other. I 
 
 Folks, n. folc, people ; multitude. 
 
 Folgian — to Follow. 
 Fol'low, V, to go or come after. | Fol'lower, n. one who follows. 
 
 Fonne — a Fool. 
 
 Fond, a. foolishly tender and loving. I Fond'le, v. to treat with tenderness 
 Fond, a. loving ardently. I Fond'ly, ad. with great tenderness. 
 
 Fond'ness, n. foolish tenderness. 
 
 Fot — a Foot. Fet — Feet. 
 
 Foot, n. that by which anything is 
 
 supported. 
 Foot'ing, n. ground for the foot. 
 Foot'ball, n. a ball driven by the 
 
 foot. 
 
 Fet'ter, v. to bind ; to chain. 
 
 Foot'bridge, n. a bridge for foot 
 
 passengers. 
 Foot 'step, n. trace ; track ; mark. 
 Foot'stool, n. a stool for the feet. 
 Fet'ter, n. a chain for the feet. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON KOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Getan — to Get. 
 
 Get, v. to procure ; to obtain. I Forget', v. to lose memory of. 
 
 Beget', v. to produce. I Forget'ful, a. apt to forget. 
 
 Forget'fulness, n. loss of memory ; neglect. 
 
 i^orc— Fork. 
 
 Fork, n. an instrument divided at 
 the end into two or more points or 
 prongs. 
 
 Forked, a. opening into two or mora 
 parts. 
 
 Forma. Fore and tnwr — ^Mobe. 
 
 For'mer, a. before another in time ; I For'merly, ad. in time past ; of old. 
 past. I 
 
 Weard — Motion Towards. 
 place in 
 
 For'ward, ad. toward 
 
 front. 
 For'wardness, n. eagerness; bold- 
 
 For'wards, ad. straight before, 
 In'ward, internal. 
 In'wardly, internally. 
 
 Ful, foul — Dirty ; Impure. 
 
 Foul'spoken, a. slanderous. 
 Befoul', v. to make foul. 
 Ful'some, a. nauseous ; offensive. 
 Defile', v. gefylan, to make foul; 
 to pollute. 
 
 Foul, a. dirty ; filthy ; hindered from 
 
 motion. 
 Foul'ly, ad. filthily ; not fairly. 
 Foul'ness, n. filthiness. 
 Foul'mouthed, a. using scurrilous 
 
 language. 
 
 Note. — Defile', a narrow pass, an army movement, comes from the Latin <fe, 
 from, off, and JUum, a thread. 
 
 Four, a. twice two. 
 JTouRTH, a. the ordinal of four. 
 Four'fold, a. four times as much. 
 Four'score, a. four times twenty. 
 For'ty, a. four times ten. 
 
 Feower — Four. 
 
 Four'square, a. having four equal 
 
 sides. 
 Fir'kin, n. the fourth part of a barrel. 
 Far'thing, n. the fourth part of a 
 
 penny. 
 
 Fugel—Si Bird ; Fowl. 
 
 Fowl, n. a vdnged animal ; a bird. 
 Fowl'er, n. a sportsman who pursues 
 birds. 
 
 Fowl'ing, n. the act of shooting birds. 
 Fowl'ingpiece, n. a gun for shooting 
 birds. 
 
 Fox, n. a cunning animal. 
 
 Foot}— Fox. 
 
 I Fox'y, a. cunning ; artfuL 
 
 Fremman — ^to Frame or Form. 
 
 Frame, v. to fit one thing to an- 1 Frame'work, n. that which supports 
 other. , I anything else. 
 
112 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Freo — Free. Freond, from freon — to Free ; to Love. 
 
 Free, a. having liberty. 
 Free'dom, n. liberty ; independence. 
 Free'ly, ad. with freedom. 
 Free'ness, n. openness ; liberality. 
 Freed'man, n. a slave manumitted. 
 
 Frol'ic, n. a wild prank ; a scene of 
 gayety and mirth. 
 
 Frol'icsome, a. full of wild gayety. 
 
 Friend, n. fveond, an intimate ac- 
 quaintance. 
 
 Free'hold, n. property held in per- | Friend'less, a. without friends. 
 
 petual right. 
 
 Friend'ly, a. kind ; favorable. 
 
 Free'stone, n. a kind of stone easily Friend'ship, n. personal kindness. 
 
 worked. 
 
 Fresh, a. cool ; new ; not salt. 
 Fresh'en, t. to make fresh. 
 Fresh'et, n. an inundation. 
 Fresh'ness, n. newness ; vigor ; spirit 
 
 Befriend', ^. to favor ; to assist. 
 
 Fersc — Fresh; Pure; Sweet. 
 
 Refresh', v, to cool ; to relieve after 
 
 fatigue. 
 Refresh'ing, p. or a. reviving. 
 Refresh'ment, n. food ; rest. 
 
 Fretan — to Eat or Gnaw. 
 
 FreTjIJ. to wear away; to vex; to rut. | Fret'ful, a. disposed to fret; peevish. 
 Fret'ting, ppr. wearing away ; vexing. 
 
 Frig-dwg, Friga — the Goddess of Love ; dceg — a Day. 
 Fri'day, n. the sixth day of the week. 
 
 Frihtan— to Alarm ; to Terrify, 
 
 Affright', v. to impress Tvith sudden 
 
 fear. 
 Affright 'ful, a. terrible ; dreadful. 
 
 Fright, v. to terrify ; n. sudden terror, 
 Fright'en, v. to terrify. 
 Fright'ful, a. terrible ; dreadful. 
 
 Fra—Fno. Frani — From. 
 
 Fro, ad. backward. 
 From, prep, noting privation, dis- 
 tance, or absence. 
 
 Fro'ward, a. weard, perverse; 
 
 peevish. 
 Fro'wardness, n. perverseness. 
 
 Freosan— to Freeze, Frost— Fhobt. 
 
 Freeze, v. to harden into ice. 
 Frost, n. the power of freezing. 
 Fro'zen, p. a. congealed by cold. 
 Frost'ed, a. as if covered with hoar 
 frost. 
 
 Frost'y, a. producing frost. 
 
 Frost 'bitten, a. nipped by the frost. 
 
 Frost' WORK, n. work resembling hoar 
 
 frost. 
 Hoar-frost, n. frozen dew. 
 
 Fyllan — to Fill. 
 
 Fill, t). to make full ; to satisfy ; to 
 
 occupy. 
 Full, a. having no empty space. 
 Ful'ly, ad. completely. 
 
 Full'ness, n. the state of being full. 
 Fulfill', «?. to accomplish ; to per- 
 form. 
 Fulfill 'ment, n. completion. 
 
 Fullian — to Whiten. 
 Full, t>. to cleanse and thicken cloth I Full'er, n. one who fulls cloth. 
 
 in a mill. 
 
 Fuller' s-earth', n. a kind of clay. 
 
ANGLO-SAX'^N BOOTS AND DEKIVATIVE8. 113 
 
 Faegen — Glad. 
 
 FiJN, n. sport ; merriment. | Fun'ny, a. droll ; comical. 
 
 Furlang, Fur — a Fukrow, and lang — Long. 
 Fur'long, n. the eighth part of a I Fur'row, n. a trench made by a 
 
 mile. I plough. 
 
 Feor — Far. Faran — to Go ; to Advance. 
 
 Forth, ad. forward ; abroad. 
 FoRTH'coMrNG, a. ready to appear. 
 Forth'with, ad. immediately ; with- 
 out delay. 
 
 Fur'ther, a. at a greater distance. 
 Fur THEST, a. at the greatest distance. 
 Fur'thermore, ad. moreover; be- 
 sides. 
 
 Fus — Ready; Quick, l^i/san— to Hasten. 
 Fuss, n. a tumult ; a bustle. 
 
 Gib'berish, n. talk without meaning. 
 Gibe, v. to sneer ; to taunt ; to deride. 
 Gib'ingly, ad. scornfully. 
 
 Gahhan — to Mock ; to Jest. 
 
 Gab, t). to talk idly; n. loquacity; 
 
 the mouth. 
 Gab'ble, v. to talk without meaning. 
 Gib'ber, v. to speak rapidly and in- I Jab'ber, ®. to talk idly. 
 
 articulately. I 
 
 Oa or Gan — ^to Go. 
 
 Goad, n. a pointed stick to drive 
 
 oxen ; to incite. 
 Gad, v. to rove about idly. 
 
 Go, v. to be in motion. 
 Gad, n. a heavy whip. 
 Gad'fly, n. a fly that stings cattle. 
 Note. — Went, now used as the preterit of Go, is a part of the verb Wend. 
 
 Gynan — to Gain. Gewinnan — to Win. 
 
 Gain, v. to obtain ; to win ; to attain. I Gain'fully, ad. profitably. 
 Gain'eb, n. one who gains. I Gain'less, a. unprofitable. 
 
 Gealla — the Gall. 
 
 Gall, n. the bile ; anything very bitter. 
 
 Note. — Gall, to fret by rubbing the skin, to vex, comes from the French {galer\ 
 jind Gall, an excrescence on the oak tree, comes from the Latin {gaUa). 
 
 Gatnen — a Jest ; Sport ; Game. 
 
 Gam'bler, n. one who plays for 
 
 money. 
 Game'ster, n. one addicted to play. 
 
 Note. — Gambol, to dance, to skip, to frisk, comes from the Italian (gamba). 
 
 Game, n. sport ; jest ? a match at play. 
 Game, n. animals pursued m the field. 
 Gam'ble, v. to play for money. 
 
 Geapan — to Open ; to Gape. 
 
 Gape, v. to open the mouth wide ; to 
 
 yawn. 
 Gap, n. an opening ; a*hole. 
 
 Agape', ad. staring vrith open mouth. 
 Gasp, v. to open the mouth to catch 
 breath. 
 
114 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 /y// //^ , ^j ; Qearwian — to Prepaee. 
 
 Gab'ish, a. gaudy ; showy. | Gar'ishness, n. showy finery. 
 
 Gear, n. furniture ; ornaments. 
 
 Gyrdan — to Gird or Enclose. 
 
 Gar'den, n. a piece of ground en- I Gar'dener, n. one who cultivates a 
 closed for flowers, fruit, &c. | garden. 
 
 Geat — Gate. 
 
 Gate, n. a frame which opens or I Gate'way, n. the way through a 
 closes a passage. I gate. 
 
 Gaderian — to Gather. 
 
 Gath'ering, n. an assembly ; a col- I Gath'er, v. to collect ; to assemble, 
 lection. I 
 
 Gcec — a Cuckoo. 
 Gawk, n. a cuckoo ; a fool. | Gawk'y, a. awkward ; ungainly. 
 
 Gesean — to See. 
 Gaze, v. to look intently. | Gaze'ful, a. looking intently. 
 
 Gldig — Giddy. 
 
 Gid'dy, a. having a sensation of whirl- I Gid'diness, n. the state of being 
 ing in the head. I giddy. 
 
 Gid'dily, ad. carelessly. 
 
 Gold — Yellow ; Gold. Geldan — Golden. 
 
 Gold, n. a precious metal of a bright 
 
 yellow color. 
 Gold 'en, a. made of gold. 
 Gild, v. to overlay with gold. 
 
 Gild 'ing, n. the art of overlaying 
 
 with gold. 
 Gilt, n. gold laid on the surface. 
 Engild', v. to brighten. 
 
 Gyrd—a Twig ; a Branch. Gyrdan— to Gird ; to Surround. 
 
 Gir'dle, n. a band ; a belt. 
 Girt, n. a circular bandage. 
 Girth, n. a circular bandage. 
 
 Gird, n. a twitch ; a pang. 
 Gird, v. to bind round. 
 Gird'er, n. the principal timber in a 
 floor. 
 
 Begird', v. to surround. 
 
 Give, « to bestow ; to confer ; to yield. 
 Gift, n. the thing given. 
 Gipt'ed, a. endoM'ed with powers. 
 Giv'er, n. one who gives ; a donor. 
 
 Gifan — to Give. 
 
 Forgive', v. to pardon ; to remit. 
 Forgive 'ness, n. pardon. 
 FoRGiv'iNG, a. disposed to forgive. 
 Misgive', v. to fill with doubt. 
 
 Glced — Glad. 
 
 Glad, a. cheerful ; pleased. 
 Glad'dbn, v. to make glad; to de- 
 light. 
 
 Glad'ly, ad. with gladness. 
 Glad'ness, n. joy ; cheerfulness. 
 Glad'some, a. pleased ; gay. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 115 
 
 GlcBS — Glass. 
 Note.— The old Germans called Amber ^^s. 
 
 GrLOSS, n. a smooth, shining surface. 
 Gloss, v. to palliate by specious re- 
 presentation. 
 Gloss 'y, a. smooth and shining. 
 Gloss'iness, n. polish. 
 
 Glass, n. a hard, brittle, transparent 
 
 substance. 
 Glass Y, a. like glass. 
 Glaze, v. to coyer with glass. 
 Gla'zier, n. one who glazes windows. 
 
 Gleatn — Gleaj 
 
 Gleam, n. a shoot of light ; v. to shine I Gleam'ing, n. shooting as rays of 
 suddenly. I light. 
 
 G^ie— Sport; Music. 
 
 Glee, n. joy ; merriment ; a sort of I Glee'ful, a. merry ; cheerful, 
 song. I Glee'some, a. fiill of merriment. 
 
 Gloom, n. partial darkness; melan 
 
 choly. 
 Gloom' Y, a. obscure : dismal. 
 
 Glomung — Twilight. 
 
 Gloom'ily, ad. dimly ; dismally. 
 Gloom'iness, n. obscurity; melan- 
 choly. 
 
 Glum, id. to look sullen. 
 
 C?to/— Glove. Cleofen — Cloven; Split. 
 Glove, n. a cover for the hand, with a sheath for each finger. 
 
 Glowan — to Glow. 
 Glow, 'd. to be red with heat ; to feel I Glow'ingly, ad. brightly ; with paa- 
 
 passion. I sion. 
 
 Crfiorne — Sorrowful ; CoMPLAmmG. 
 
 Gnarl, t?. to growl ; to snarl. I Gnarl'ed, a. full of knots. 
 
 Gnar'ly, a. having knots ; knotty. | Knurl, v. to gnarl. 
 
 Gnagan — to Scrape ; to Gnaw. 
 
 Gnaw, v. to bite or scrape off with I Gnaw'er, n. one that gnaws, 
 the teeth. | 
 
 Gat — Goat. 
 
 Goat, n. an animal. 
 
 Goat'herd, n. one who tends goats. 
 
 Go'thamite, one who lives in Gotham. 
 
 Goth'am, n. {goats' home)^ a name 
 sportively applied to the city of 
 New York. 
 
 Gog* — Mud; Gore. 
 
 Gore, n. clotted blood ; v. to wound I Go'ry, a. bloody, 
 with a horn. | 
 
 Note.— Gore, a triangular piece of cloth, comes from the W. {gor, an opening). 
 
116 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 God — God. God — Good. 
 
 God, n. the Supreme Being. 
 God'dess, n. a female divinity. 
 God'head, n. the divine nature. 
 God'less, a. impious ; wicked. 
 God'ly, a. pious ; religious. 
 God'leness, n. piety. 
 God'child, n. one for whom a person 
 
 becomes sponsor at baptism. 
 God'father, n. a male sponsor at 
 
 baptism. 
 God'mother, n. a female sponsor at 
 
 baptism. 
 Gos'pEL, n. {god-spell ; god, good, 
 
 and spell f history or tidings), the 
 
 evangelical history of our Saviour ; 
 
 the word of God. 
 
 God'like, a. divine. 
 
 Dem'igod, n. half a god. 
 
 Gos'sip, n. {god, good, and sib, re- 
 lation), a sponsor ; an idle tattler. 
 
 Gos'sipiNO, n. a running about to 
 tattle. 
 
 Good, a. not bad; proper; whole- 
 some; useful; happy; kind. 
 
 Goods, n. property ; merchandise. 
 
 Good'ly, a. beautiful ; graceful. 
 
 Good'liness, n. beauty ; grace. 
 
 Good'ness, n. excellence ; kindness. 
 
 Goodbreed'ing, n. elegance of man- 
 ners. 
 
 Goodhu'mor, n. cheerfulness of mind. 
 
 Goodna'tured, a. mild ; kind. 
 
 Note. — " In Anglo-Saxon God signifies both God and good ; but Man is used to de- 
 note mmt and wickedness. The Saxons call him (?o(Z, which is literally, the Good ; the 
 same word thus signifying the Deity and his most endearing quality."— Boswobth. 
 
 Gos — Goose. 
 
 Goose, n. a water-fowl. | Geese, n. the plural of goose. 
 
 Gos'lestg, n. a young goose. 
 
 Graf an — to Carve ; to Dig 
 
 Graft, «. to insert a shoot of one tree 
 
 into the stock of another. 
 Grave, v. to write on hard substances. 
 
 Grave, n. {graef, a dit^h, a trench), 
 
 a pit for a dead body 
 Grove, n. graef, an avenue of trees. 
 
 Groove, n. a channel cut with a tool. 
 
 Note. — Grave, solemn, serious, comes from the Latin gravis., heavy. 
 
 Grove is cut out, hollowed out of a thicket of trees ; it' is not the tUcket itself. 
 
 Grenian — to Grow ; Grain. 
 Grain, n. the direction of the fibers ; temper. 
 Note. — Grain, a seed, a corn, comes from the Latin (granum). 
 
 Gripan — to Seize. Grapian — to Touch with the Hands. 
 
 Gripe, v. to hold hard ; to grasp. I Geap'nel, n. a small anchor. 
 GnAP'PLE, V. to lay fast hold of | Grope, v. to search by feeling. 
 
 Grws — to Shoot Forth ; to Sprout ; Grass. 
 Grass, n. the common herbage of the fields. 
 
 Grag — Gray. 
 
 Gray, a. white with a mixture of I Gray'beard, n. an old man. 
 black. 
 
 Graze, t. to eat grass, 
 
 Grasian — ^to Graze. 
 
 I Graz'ier, n. one who raises cattle. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DEldVATIVES. 117 
 
 Crveat — Gkeat. 
 
 Great, a. large ; vast ; important. | Ureat'ly, ad. in a great degree. 
 Great'ness, n. the state of being great. 
 
 Grcedig — Greedy; Covetous. 
 Greed'y, a. ravenous ; eager to obtain. | Greed 'iness, n. ardent desire. 
 
 Grene — Green; Flourishing. 
 
 Green, a. of the color of growing I Green'ness, n. the state of being 
 plants; fresh. | green. 
 
 Gretan — to Go to Meet ; Wishing Peace. 
 
 Greet'ing, n. addressing with kind I Greet, v. to salute ; to welcome, 
 wishes. I 
 
 Grifn — Fierce; Ferocious. 
 
 Grim, a. frightful ; hideous. | Grim'ly, ad. horribly ; sourly. 
 
 Grim'ace, n. distortion of the face. 
 
 Grindan — to Bruise ; to Gnash. 
 
 Grind, v. to reduce to powder; to I Grind'stone, n. a stone on which 
 rub ; to oppress. I tools are sharpened. 
 
 Grist, n. com or grain to be ground at one time. 
 
 G^eot — Sand; Dust. 
 
 Grit, n. the coarse part of meal ; sand I Grit'ty, a. containing grit, 
 or gravel. I 
 
 Granan — to Lament ; Mourn ; Weep. 
 
 Groan, v. to breathe or sigh as in I Groan'ing, n. a deep sigh, 
 pain. I Grunt, d. to murmur as a hog, 
 
 G^und — Ground; Earth; Bottom. 
 
 Ground, n. the surface of land. 
 Ground, v. to place or fix ; to run 
 aground. 
 
 Ground'less, a. void of reason. 
 Ground'lessly, ad. without reason 
 or cause. 
 
 Aground', ad. stranded. 
 
 Growan — to Grow. 
 
 Grow, v. to increase in size. | Grow'ing, ppr. increasing. 
 
 Growth, n. increase ; product. 
 
 Geomrian — to Grieve. 
 
 Grum'ble, v. to murmur with discon- I Grum'bler, n. one who grumbler. 
 • tent. • I 
 
 Weard—B. Guard ; Watch. 
 
 Guard, v. to protect ; to defend. | Guard'ed, a. cautious ; circumspect. 
 
 • Guar'dian, n. a protector. 
 
118 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ElYMOLOGY. 
 
 Ge and wiglian — ^to Deceive. Wile — Guile. 
 
 Guile'less, a. free from guile. 
 Beguile', «. to deceive ; to amuse. 
 Wi'lily, ad. fraudulently. 
 Wi'liness, n. cunning ; guile. 
 
 Guile, n. craft ; cunnmg. 
 Guile'ful, a. wily ; artful. 
 Wile, n. a deceit ; a trick. 
 Wi'ly, a. cunning ; sly ; insidious 
 
 Gylt — a Crime ; a Debt. 
 
 Guilt, n. the state of having com- 
 mitted a crime. 
 
 Guilt'y, a. justly chargeable with a 
 crime. 
 
 Guilt'less, a. free from crime. 
 Guilt'iness, n. the state of being 
 guilty. 
 
 Goma — the Palate ; the Jaw ; Gum. 
 
 Gum, n. the concrete juice of certain I Gum'my, a. consisting of gum. 
 trees ; a tree. I 
 
 Haccan — to Hack. 
 Hack, v. to chop ; to cut clumsily. | Hack, n. a small cut. 
 Note. — Hack, a horse let out for hire, is from the French {haqueme). 
 
 Hcegl — Hail. 
 
 Hail, n. drops of rain frozen while I Hail'stone, n. a single ball of hail, 
 falling. I 
 
 Hcer — Hair. 
 
 Hair, n. a small filament issuing from i Hair'breadth, n. a very small dis- 
 
 the skin. tance. 
 
 Hair'y, a, covered with hair. I Hair'cloth, n. cloth made of hair. 
 
 Healf—RMuT. 
 
 Half, n. one part of a thing which is I Halve, «?. to divide into two equal 
 divided into two equal parts. | parts. 
 
 Halves, n. two equal parts of a thing. 
 
 Halig — Holy: Hallow. 
 
 Hal'low, v. to make holy. 
 Ho'ly, a. good ; religious ; pure. 
 Ho'liness, n. sanctity ; piety. 
 Ho'lyday, n. a religious festival. 
 
 Hol'iday, n. a festival day. 
 Hal'idom, n. an adjuration by what 
 is holy. 
 
 Healtian — to Hold and to Stop. 
 
 Halt, v. to limp ; to stop. | Halt, a. lame ; crippkd. 
 
 Halt, n. a stop in a march. 
 
 Hcelfter — a Holder ; Halter. 
 
 Hal'ter, n. a rope for confining an | Hal'ter, n. a rope to hang criminalB. 
 animal. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON K00T8 AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 119 
 
 Hamer — Hammer. 
 
 Ham'mer, n. an instrument for driv- I HAM'MERCiiOTH, n. the cloth which 
 iug or beating. I covers a coach-box 
 
 Ham'mer, id. to beat with a hammer. 
 
 Note. — The coach box was formerly used to carry a hammer^ pincers, a few nails, &c. 
 Hand — Hand. 
 
 Hand, n. the palm with the fingers. 
 
 Hand, v. to give ; to lead. 
 
 Hand'ful, n. as much as the hand 
 can hold. 
 
 Han'dle, v. to touch ; to manage. 
 
 Han'dle, n. that part of a thing 
 which is held in the hand. 
 
 Hand'y, a. ready ; convenient. 
 
 Hand'ily, ad. with skill ; with dex- 
 terity. 
 
 Hand'iwork, n. work done by the 
 hand 
 
 Hand'cuff, n. a fetter for the wrist. 
 Hand'sel, n. {syllan, to give), the 
 
 first act of using any thing ; a gift. 
 Hand'some, a. dextrous ; ready. 
 Hand 'some, a. beautiful ; graceful ; 
 
 elegant. 
 Handsomely, ad. dextrously; with 
 
 skill. 
 Unhand', v. to let go. 
 Unhan'dled, a. not handled; not 
 
 touched. 
 
 Hangian— to Hang. 
 
 Hang, v. to suspend; to fasten to 
 something above so as to leave 
 without support below. 
 
 Hang'ing, n. death by a halter. 
 
 Hinge, n. a joint on which a door 
 turns. 
 
 Overhang', v. to jut over ; to impend. 
 
 Unhanged', a. not punished by hang- 
 ing. 
 
 Unhinge', v. to take from the hinges ; 
 to displace. 
 
 Here — an Army, and beorg—a Refuge. Here-beorg — Harbor. 
 
 Har'bor, n. a place of refuge, or I Har'borer, n. one who shelters an- 
 safety. I other. 
 
 Har'binger, n. a forerunner ; a precursor. 
 
 Note.— Harbinger is properly a person who goes before to provide Aarftor of lodg- 
 ings for those that follow. 
 
 Heard — Hard ; the primary sense is Pressed. 
 
 Hard, a. firm ; not soft ; difficult. 
 Hard'en, v. to make hard. 
 Hard'ly, a. with difficulty ; scarcely. 
 
 Hard'ness, n. the quality of being 
 
 hard. 
 Hard'ship, n. toil ; fatigue. 
 
 Hara — Hare. 
 
 Hare, n. a small quadruped. 
 Hare'brained, a. giddy ; wild. 
 
 Hare'lip, n. a divided upper lip, like 
 that of a hare. 
 
 Hearni — Grief; Offence; Hurt. 
 
 Harm, n. injury ; crime. | Harm'fut., a. hurtful. 
 
 ^ Harm'less, a. not hurtful ; unhurt. 
 
 Hearpe — Harp. 
 
 Harp, n. a musical instrument. | Harp, «. to dwell on. 
 
 Habp'ing, n. a continual dwelling on. 
 
120 smith's hand-book of etymolooy. 
 
 Hcerefcest — Harvest; Autumn. 
 
 Har'Vest, n. the season of gathering I HarVest-home, n. the time of gath 
 the crops. | ering the harvest. 
 
 Har'vest, v. to gather in, 
 
 Hmt — a Cover ; Hat. 
 Hat, n. a cover for the head. | Hat'ter, n. one who makes hats. 
 
 Hmca — a Railing ; Gate ; Hatch. 
 
 Hatch, n. a half door ; the openings I Hatch'way, n. the way through the 
 in a ship's deck. | hatches. 
 
 Note.— Hatch, to produce young from eggs, comes from the German {hecken). 
 
 Hatian — to Hate. 
 
 Hate, ®. to dislike greatly. I Hate'fully, ad. odiously. 
 
 Hate'ful, a. odious. | Ha'tred, n. great dislike ; enmity. 
 
 Hahhan — to Have ; Hold ; Detain ; Count. 
 
 Have,??, to possess; to hold; to enjoy, I Behave', v. to conduct; to act. 
 Hav'ing, n. possessions ; goods, | Behav'ior, n. conduct. 
 
 Haga, hwg — a Hedge ; an Inclosure ; Haw. 
 
 Haw, n. the berry of the hedge- I Haw'thorn, n. a thorn which bears 
 thorn. I the haw. 
 
 Hafoc — a Hawk. 
 Hawk, n. a bird of prey. | Hav'oc, n. waste ; devastation. 
 
 Note. — Hawk, to force up phlegm, comes from the German {Jiauch\ and Hawk, to 
 sell by crying out in the streets, from the German {hocken). 
 
 Hcesl — a Hat or Cap ; Hazel. 
 
 Ha'zel, n. a shrub; a light brown I Ha'zelnct, n. the fruit of the hazel 
 ttolor. I a cap nut. 
 
 Head, n. the part of an animal which 
 
 contains the brain ; the chief 
 Head'less, a. having no head. 
 
 Heafod — Head. 
 
 Head'ache, n. a pain in the head. 
 Head'long, a. rashly ; hastily. 
 Behead', v. to deprive of the head. 
 
 Forb'head, n. the part of face which is above the eyes. 
 My ran, heran — ^to Hear ; Hearken. 
 
 Hear, t). to perceive by the ear. 
 Hea.r'ing, n. perceiving by the ear. 
 Heab'say, n. report ; rumor. 
 
 Heark'en, v. to listen ; to attend. 
 
 Rehear', v. to hear again. 
 Rehearse', «, to repeat ; to recite, 
 Rehears'al, n. repetition. 
 
AKGLO-SAXON EOOT8 AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 1^1 
 
 Mcel, or hcelu — Health. Hal — Healthy ; Sound ; Whole. 
 
 Heal, v. to grow well. 
 Healing, ppr. curing. 
 Health, n. freedom from sickness. 
 Health'pul, a. free from sickness. 
 Health'y, a. enjoying health. 
 Health'iness, n. the state of health. 
 Hale, a. healthy ; sound ; hearty. 
 Whole, a. all ; total ; complete. 
 
 Heart, n. the muscle which 
 
 seat of life. 
 Heart less, a. void of affection ; with 
 
 out courage. 
 
 Whol'ly, ad. totally ; completely. 
 
 Heorte — Heart 
 is the 
 
 Whole'sale, n. sale in large quanti- 
 ties. 
 
 Whole'some, a. contributing to 
 health. 
 
 Whole'somely, 6mZ. in a wholesome 
 manner. 
 
 Whole 'soMENESs, n. the quality of 
 being wholesome. 
 
 Heart'y, a. cordial ; sincere. 
 Heart 'iLY, ad. from the heart. 
 Heart'iness, n. sincerity ; eagerness. 
 Heart'ache, n. sorrow ; anguish. 
 
 Hehban — to Raise. Heofon — Raised ; Elevated. 
 He fig — Lifted with Labor. 
 
 Heave, «. to lift ; to raise ; to throw. 
 Heav'inq, n. a rising ; a swell. 
 Heav'en, n. heofon, the regions 
 
 above. 
 Heav'enly, a. supremely excellent. 
 
 Heft, ^. to try the weight by lifting. 
 
 Heav'enward, ad, towards heaven. 
 Heav'y, a. weighty ; dejected. 
 Heav'ily, ad. with great weight. 
 Heav'iness, n. weight ; depression. 
 Heft, n. weight ; heaviness. 
 
 Hege — Protection; Hedge. 
 
 Hedge, n. a fence made of thorns. I Hedge'hog, n. 
 Hedge, v. to encircle for defence. | prickles. 
 Hug, v. to embrace closely. 
 
 Hedan — Heed. 
 
 an animal set with 
 
 Heed, x. to mind ; to regard. 
 Heed'pul, a. watchful ; cautious ; at- 
 tentive. 
 
 Heed'less, a. negligent ; careless. 
 Heed'lessness, n. carelessness. 
 
 Hihtho — Height. 
 
 Height, n. space measured upwards. 
 Height'en, 1). to make higher. 
 High, a. elevated ; exalted ; lofty. 
 
 High'ly, ad. in a great degree. 
 High'ness, n. elevation ; loftiness. 
 High'way,* n. a public road. 
 
 So called because the ground was raised to form a dry path. 
 
 Helpan — to Help. 
 
 Help, ti. to assist ; to aid. 
 Help'er, n. one who helps. 
 
 I Help'ful, a. giving help. 
 I Help'less, a. without help, 
 
 Henti — a Border. 
 
 Hem, v. to border ; to edge. 
 
 Hem, n. the edge of a garment doub 
 led and sewed. 
 
 Note. — To Hem m, about, or around, signifies, to enclose ; to environ ; to confine. 
 Hbm, a sort of voluntar/ cough, is from the Dutch {hemmeii). 
 
122 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 Hen — Hen. 
 
 Hen, n. the female of birds. 
 Hen'bane, n. (bane, poison), a pois- 
 onous plant. 
 
 Hen'pecked, a. governed by a wife. 
 Hen'roost, n. a place where poultry 
 roost. 
 
 Heona — Hence. 
 
 Hence, ad. from this place ; from this I Henceforth', ad. from this time iov 
 time. I ward. 
 
 Hyre — Her. 
 
 Herself', pro. a female which is the I Her, pro. belonging to a female, 
 subject of discourse. I 
 
 Heard — a Collection ; an Assemblage. 
 
 Herd, n. a number of beasts together. | Herds'man, n. one who tends herda 
 Horde, n. a clan of wandering people. 
 
 Her — Here. 
 
 Hebe, ad. in this place. 1 Here'abouts, ad. about this place. 
 
 Hereaf'ter, ad. in time to come. 
 
 Hill — Hill. 
 
 Hill, n. an elevation of ground. 1 Hill'ock, n. a little hill. 
 
 Hill'y, a. full of hills. 
 
 Him — Him. 
 
 Himself', pro. the emphatic form of I Him, pro. the objective case of Hb. 
 He and Him. I 
 
 Hyre — a Reward. 
 
 Hire, v. to engage for pay. I Hire'ling, n. one who serves for pay ; 
 
 Hire, n. wages paid for service. | a mercenary. 
 
 Hider — Hither. 
 Hith'er, ad. to this place ; nearer. | Hith'erto, ad. to this time. 
 
 Har — Gray. 
 
 Hoar, a. white or gray with age. I Hoar'frost, n. dew frozen, or white 
 Hoar'y, ad. white or gray with age, | frost. 
 
 Hoar'hound,* n. a plant. 
 
 * So called from its appearance. 
 
 Hord — Hoard. 
 Hoard, n. a quantity laid up in secret. | Hoard, v. to store secretly. 
 
 Has — Hoarse. 
 Hoarse, a. having the voice rough. [ Hoarse'ness, n. roughness of voice. 
 
AJ5^(JL0-SAX0N ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 123 
 
 Smcx — Irony. 
 Hoax, n. a trick played off in sport. | Hoax, v. to deceive in joke. 
 
 Hoppan — to Hop. 
 
 Hop, «. to leap on one leg ; to dance. I Hop 'per,* n. one who hops ; a box 
 
 Hop, n. a leap ; a meeting for dancing. | into which corn is put to be ground. 
 
 Hob'ble, v. to walk lamely. 
 
 * So named from its shaking. 
 
 Note. — Hop, a plant used in brewing, comes from the Dutch. 
 
 Sul — Hole. 
 
 Hole, n. a cavity ; a cell. 
 Hol'low, n. containing an empty 
 space. 
 
 Hol'ster, n. {heolster, a hiding- 
 place), a case for a horseman's pis- 
 tol. 
 
 Hol'lowness, n. state of being hollow. 
 
 Home, n. one's own house, or country 
 Home'less, a. without a home. 
 Home'ly, a. plain ; not elegant 
 
 Hani — a House ; a Village. 
 
 Home'liness, n. plainness. 
 Home'made, a. made at home. 
 Home'spun, a. spun at home. 
 
 Ham'let, n. a small village. 
 
 Hon'ey, n. a sweet juice collected by 
 bees. 
 
 Hunig — Honey. 
 
 Hon'eymoon, n. the first month aftel 
 
 marriage. 
 Hon'ied, a. covered with honey. 
 
 honey. 
 
 Hod — Hood. 
 
 Hood'wink, II. to blind by covering I Hood, n. a covering for the head, 
 the eyes ; to deceive. I 
 
 Hopa — Hope. 
 
 Note. — The primary sense is, to reach forward. 
 
 Hope, n. expectation of good. I Hope'fulness, n. promise of good. 
 
 Hope'ful, a. full of hope. I Hope'less, a. wanting hope. 
 
 Horn, n. a hard, pointed substance 
 growing on the heads of some ani- 
 mals. 
 
 Horn — Horn. 
 
 Horn'y, a. like horn. 
 Horn'pipe, n. a lively tune. 
 
 Hors — Horse. 
 Horse, n. a well-known quadruped. | Horse'manship, n. the art of riding. 
 
 Hos — Hose. 
 Hose, n. stockings. • | Hos'ier, n. one who sells stockings. 
 
124 SMITH'S HAND-BooK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Hat— Hot. 
 
 Hot, a. having heat ; fiery. I Hot'spur, n. a violent, precipitate 
 
 Hot'ly, ad. with heat ; violently. I man. 
 
 Hot'ness, n. heat ; fury. 
 
 Su — How. 
 
 How, ad. in what manner. I Howsoev'er, ad. in whatsoever man- 
 
 Howbe'it, ad. nevertheless ; yet. | ner. 
 
 Howev'er, ad. at all events. 
 
 Yiellan— to Howl. 
 
 Howl'ing, n. uttering the cry of a 1 Howl, v. to cry as a wolf or dog. 
 wolf or dog. 1 
 
 Siw — Color ; Form. 
 Hue, n. color ; tint ; dye. 
 Note. — Hue, a shouting, an alarm, comes from the French {hUer, to hoot). 
 
 Hunger — Hunger. 
 
 Hun'gbr, n. desire of food ; pain felt 
 
 from fasting. 
 Hun'gered, a. famished : starved. 
 
 Hun'gry, a. feeling pain from want 
 
 of food. 
 Hun'grily, ad. with a keen appetite. 
 
 Huntian — to Hunt. 
 
 Hunt, v. to chase ; to search for. I Hunt'ing, n. the diversion of the 
 
 Hunt'er, n. one that hunts. | chase. 
 
 Hunts'man, n. one who practises hunting. 
 
 Hyrt — Wounded; Hurt. 
 
 Hurt, v. to harm; to injure. I Hurt'ful, a. injurious. 
 
 Hurt, n. harhi ; wound. I Hurt 'less, a. harmless. 
 
 Hus — a House ; a Covered Place. Bonda — a Master. 
 
 Hus'bandman, n. one who tills the 
 
 ground. 
 Hus'tings, n. a council; a place 
 
 where an election is held. 
 Out'house, n. a house separate from 
 
 a dwelling-house. 
 Pent'house, n. a shed hanging aslope 
 
 from the main wall. 
 Hov'el, n. a shed ; a mean habitation. 
 
 House, n. a place of human abode. 
 
 House'less, a. without a house. 
 
 House'hold, n. a family living to- 
 gether. 
 
 House'wife, n. the mistress of a fam- 
 ily. 
 
 Hus'band, n. a man joined to a wo- 
 man by marriage. 
 
 Hus'bandry, n. tillage. 
 
 Is — Ice. 
 
 Ice, n. water or other liquid made I I'cicle, n. a hanging shoot of ice. 
 solid by cold. I I'cy, a. full of ice ; made of ice. 
 
 Ice'berg, n. a mountain of ice. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON EOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 125 
 
 Idel — Vatn; Empty. 
 
 I'dle, a. doing nothing. 1 I'dler, n. a lazy person. 
 
 I'dleness, n. the state of being idle. | Idly, ad. lazily ; carelessly. 
 
 Note. — Idol, an image, comes from the Greek {eidos). 
 
 If, con. gif, supposing that ; allowing that. 
 
 Yfel—EYiL; III. 
 
 Ill, a. bad ; not good ; sick. I Ill'nature, n. bad temper. 
 
 Ill'ness, n. sickness. I Ill'well, n. enmity. 
 
 Waerc — Ache; Pain; Irk. 
 Irk, v. to weary. | Irk'some, a. wearisome ; tedious. 
 
 Iren — Iron. 
 
 I'ron, n. the most common and useful I I'rony, a. made of iron ; like iron, 
 of the metals, I 
 
 Note. — Irony, a mode of speech in which the meaning is contrary to the words, 
 comes from the Greek (eiron). 
 
 Yrre — ^Angry. 
 
 Jar, n. a rattling vibration of sound ; I Jar, v. to clash ; to quarrel, 
 discord. I 
 
 Note. — Jar, an earthen vessel, comes from the French (jarre). 
 
 Cene — War'like; Eager. 
 
 Keen, a. sharp ; piercing ; eager. | Keen'ly, ad. sharply ; eagerly. 
 
 Keen'ness, n. sharpness ; eagerness. 
 
 Cepan — to Keep. 
 
 Keep, v. to hold ; to retain. I Keep'sake, n. a gift in token of re- 
 
 I gard. 
 
 Cwellan — to Kill. 
 
 Kill, v. to deprive of life. I Quail, «. to fail in spirits; to quake; 
 
 Quell, v. to crush ; to subdue, | to tremble. 
 
 Note. — Quail, a bird, comes from the French icaille). 
 
 Cyln — a Furnace or Kitchen. 
 Kiln, n. a large stove or oven. | Kiln'dry, «. to dry in a kiln. 
 
 Cyn — Kin; Kind; Relation. 
 
 Kin, n. relation by blood. 
 Kind, n. race ; sort ; nature. 
 Kind'i y, a. natural ; congenial, 
 Kin'dred, n. relations by birth. 
 
 K^nd'ness, n. good will ; favor. 
 
 Kins'man, n. a man of the same family. 
 Unkind', a. not kind ; not obliging. 
 Kind, a. disposed to do good to others, 
 Kind'ly, ad. with good will. 
 
126 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Cy fling — a Chief ; a Leader. 
 
 KrNG, n. a monarch ; a sovereign. I King'ly, a. belonging to a king. 
 Kjng'dom, n. the dominion of a king. | King's-e'vil, a. scrofula. 
 
 Cyssan — to Kiss. 
 Kiss, v. to salute with the lips. | Kiss'er, n. one who kisses, 
 
 Cnapa — a Boy ; a Servant ; a Knave. 
 Note. — Originally a boy or young man, then a servant, and lastly a rogue. 
 
 Knave, n. a false, deceitful fellow. | Kna'very, n. dishonesty. 
 Kna'vish, a. dishonest. 
 
 Cneow — Knee. 
 
 Knee, n. a joint of the leg. I Kneel'ing, n. act of resting on the 
 
 Kneel, v. to rest on the knees. | bent knees. 
 
 Cniht — a Boy ; a Servant. 
 
 Knight, n. a title of honor. I Knight'hood, n. the dignity of a 
 
 I knight. 
 
 Cnytan — to Tie ; to Knit. 
 Knit, v. to weave without a loom. | Knit'ting, ppr. uniting by needles. 
 
 Knap, n. a protuberance. 
 Knob, n. a round ball at the end of a 
 thing ; a bunch. 
 
 Cncep — a Top ; a Button. 
 
 Knob'by, a. full of knobs. 
 Knop, n. a knot ; a tufted top. 
 Nape, n. the joint of the neck behind. 
 
 Cnott— Knot. 
 
 Knot, n. a complication made by I Knot'ted, a. full of knots, 
 knitting or tying. I Knot'ty, a. full of knots ; difficult. 
 
 Knot'tiness, n. difficulty. 
 
 Citnnan — to Know ; to Be Able. 
 
 Know, n. to understand clearly. 
 Knowl'edge, n, learning; skill. 
 Acknowl'edge, n. to own ; to confess. 
 Foreknow', d. to know before. 
 Unforeknown', a. not previously 
 known. 
 
 Unknown', a. not known. 
 Unacknowl 'edged, a. not owned. 
 Acknowl'edgement, n. recognition ; 
 
 confession. 
 Know'ing, a. skillful ; intelligent. 
 Cun'ning, a. artfully deceitful ; crafty. 
 
 Cun'ning, n. artifice ; deceit. 
 
 Note.— Cunning, which was formerly much used in the sense of knowing or skiUfu\ 
 is now commonly used in an ill sense, implying art or craft. 
 
 Cnucl—B. Joint. 
 
 Knuc'kle, n. a joint of the finger. | Knuc'kle, v. to yield ; to submit. 
 Note. — Knuckle formerly signified any joint of the body. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 127 
 
 Leode — a Nation ; a People. 
 Lad, n. a youth ; a young man. | Lass, n. a girl ; a young woman. 
 
 Hlad — a Load. Hladan — to Load. 
 
 Lade, v. to load ; to freight. 
 Load, n. a burden ; a freight. 
 Overload', «. to burden too much. 
 
 Unlade', v. to remove a cargo from 
 
 a vessel. 
 Unload', v. to take a load from. 
 
 Hladan — ^to Draw Out ; to Empty. 
 
 La'dle, n. a large spoon with a long 1 Lade, v. to throw out by dipping, 
 handle. I 
 
 Hlcefdie — Lady. 
 
 Note. — From hliflan^ to lift, i. e. one raised to the rank of her husband or lord. 
 
 La'dy, n. a woman of high rank. I La'dylike, a. becoming a lady ; ele* 
 
 I gant. 
 
 Lang — Long. 
 
 Lag, a. coming behind ; sluggish. | Lag'gard, n. one who lags. 
 
 JLanib — Lamb. 
 
 Lamb, n. the young of a sheep. | Lamb'like, a. like a lamb , mild, 
 
 Lamb'kin, n. a little lamb. 
 
 Lam — Lame. 
 
 Lame, a. wanting the natural power I Lame'ly, ad. in a lame manner, 
 or strength. I Lame'ness, n. the state of being lame. 
 
 Land — ^Land. 
 
 Land, n. the solid matter of the earth. 
 Land, v. to set or come on shore. 
 Land'mark, n. a mark to designate 
 boundaries. 
 
 Land'ing, n. a place to land at. 
 Land'scape, n. a picture of a portion 
 of country. 
 
 Latest — Last ; contracted from Latest. 
 
 Last, a. latest ; hindmost. I Last'ing, p. a. continuing ; durable. 
 
 Last, v. to remain ; to continue. | Last'ly, ad. in the last place. 
 
 Laste^si Footstep. 
 Last, n. the mold on which shoes are formed. 
 
 LcBccan — to Catch ; to Seize. 
 
 Latch, n. a fastening for a door. 
 ^atch'et, n. the string that fastens a 
 shoe. 
 
 Lace, n. a string or cord for tying. 
 Lace, v. to fasten with a string passed 
 through opposite holes. 
 
 Lethrian — to Anoint ; to Lather. 
 Lath'er, v. to form a ft)am. I Lath'er, n. froth or foam. 
 
128 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Lcet, latian — to Delay or Retaed. 
 
 Late, a. not early ; slow ; recent. I Late'ness, n. the state of being out 
 Late, ad. after the proper season. | of time. 
 Late'ly, ad. not long ago. 
 
 HUhan — Laugh. 
 
 Note. — Generally supposed to be formed from the sound, 
 
 Laugh, v. to make that noise which I Laugh'ajble, a. exciting laughter, 
 sudden merriment excites. | Laugh'ter, n. convulsive merriment. 
 
 Laugh'ingly, ad. in a merry way. 
 
 Lagu — Law ; from lecgan, lege — to Lay. 
 
 Law, n. a rule of action ; a rule of 
 
 justice. 
 Law'ful, a. agreeable to law. 
 Law'fully, ad. agreeably to law. 
 Law'less, a. not restrained by law. 
 Law'yer, n. a professor of law. 
 
 Law'giyer, n. one who makes laws, 
 Law'maker, n. one who makes laws. 
 Law'suit, n. a process in law. 
 Out 'law, n. ut, one excluded from 
 the benefit of the law. 
 
 Lead, Iced — Lead. 
 Lead, n. a metal. | Lead'en, a. made of lead ; heavy. 
 
 Lcedan — Lead. 
 
 Lead, «. to guide ; to conduct. | Lead'er, n. one who leads. 
 
 Lead'ing, a. principal ; chief. 
 
 Leafe — Leaf. 
 
 Note. — The original signification seems to be hroad, flat. 
 
 Leaf, n. the thin, extended part of a I Leaf'less, a. destitute of leaves, 
 tree, &c. | Leaf'let, n. a little leaf 
 
 Leaf'y, a. full of leaves. 
 
 Lmran — to Teach. Leornian — to Learn. 
 
 Learn, «. to gain knowledge of 
 Learn'ed, a. having learning. 
 Leabn'edly, ad. with knowledge. 
 
 Learn'ing, n. skill in languages or 
 
 science. 
 Lore, n. learning. 
 
 Lesati — to Let Go ; to Loose. 
 
 Lease, v. to let for a limited time. I Lessee', n. one to whom a lease la 
 Lease'hold, n. held by lease. | given. 
 
 Lether — Leather. 
 
 Leath'er, n. dressed hides of ani- 1 Leath'ern, a. made of leather. 
 Dials* I Leath'ery, a. resembling leather. 
 
 Xe«/— Leave. Lcefan — to Leave ; to Permit. 
 
 Leave, ». a grant of liberty ; permis- I Leave, v. to quit ; to desist ; to be- 
 sion. I queathe. 
 
 Leav'ings, n. things left behind ; remnants. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES 129 
 
 Hleo — a Shelter. 
 
 Lee, n. a place sheltered from the I Lee'ward, ad. towards the lee ; from 
 wind. I the wind. 
 
 Lcece — a Physician ; a Leech. 
 
 Leech, n. an aquatic worm which | Leech'craft, n. the art of healing. 
 sucks blood. 
 
 Hleor — a Face ; Leer. 
 
 Leer, «. to turn the eye and cast a I Leer'ingly, ad. with an oblique 
 look from the comer of it. | look 
 
 Lcenan — to Lend. Lcen — a Loan. 
 
 Lend, v. to supply on condition of I Lend'ing, v. the act of making a loan, 
 repayment. I Loan, n. the act of lending. 
 
 Lengiun — to Lengthen ; so called from the lengthening of the day. 
 
 Lent, n. a fast of forty days before | Lent'en, a. relating to Lent 
 Easter. 
 
 Lcetan— to Let. 
 
 Let, v. to allow ; to permit ; to put I Out'let, v. ut, a passage outwards, 
 out to hire. | 
 
 Lcefel — Smooth; Even; Level. 
 Lev'el, a. even ; flat. | Lev'elbr, n. one who levels. 
 
 LcBwd, past participle of Icewen — to Delude ; to Mislead. 
 Lewd, a. wicked. | Lewd'ness, n. wickedness. 
 
 Idg, ligan — to Lie. 
 
 Lie, v. to utter a criminal falsehood. | Li'ar, n. one who utters lies. 
 Belie', v. to slander. 
 
 lAcgan — to Lie Down. 
 
 Note. — Lib (A.-S. licgan) differs from Lay (A.-S. lecgan, to lay, put, or set down,) 
 only by grammatical use. 
 
 Lie, v. to rest horizontally. | Reli'ance, n. trust ; confidence. 
 
 Rely', v. to lean or rest with confidence. 
 
 Leof—LmF. 
 Lief, ad. gladly ; willingly. 
 Note. — lAeve for lief is vulgar. 
 
 Hlifian — to Arise ; to Soar. 
 Lift, v. to raise ; to elevate. | Lift'ing, n. the act of raising. 
 
130 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 LeoJit — Light. Gelihtan — to Glittek. 
 
 Light, n. the agent which produces 
 
 vision. 
 Light 'en, «. to illuminate ; to shine. 
 Light'er, n. one who lights. 
 Light'less, a. wanting light. 
 
 Glis'ten, «, to sparkle with light. 
 Leohtf leohtan — to Lighten. 
 
 Light'ning, n. the flash which pre- 
 cedes thunder. 
 Light 'some, a. luminous ; gay ; airy. 
 Glit'ter, 'V. to shine ; to sparkle. 
 Glit'tering, a, shining ; brilliant. 
 
 Light,* a. not heavy ; active ; nimble. 
 Light'en, v. to make less heavy. 
 Light'er, n. a large open boat. 
 
 Light'ness, n. want of weight ; levity. 
 Lights, n. the lungs of an animal. 
 Light'headed, a. thoughtless ; giddy. 
 
 Light'hearted, a. gay ; merry ; cheerful. 
 
 * This word accords with Light, the fluid in orthography, and may be from the 
 the same radix. 
 
 Lihtan — to Alight. 
 
 Light, v. to fall or come by chance ; I Alight', v. to come down ; to dis- 
 to settle from flight. | mount. 
 
 Like, a. resembling ; similaj, 
 Like'ly, a. probable. 
 'Like'lihood, n. probability. 
 Like'ness, n. resemblance ; form. 
 
 Lie — Resemblance. 
 
 Lik'en, n. to represent as like ; to 
 
 compare. 
 Dislike', v. to regard with some 
 
 aversion. 
 
 Like'wise, od. in like manner. 
 
 Lician, from lie, lae — a Gift ; What Pleases. 
 
 Like, «. to be pleased with. | Lik'ing, n. desire ; pleasure. 
 
 Like'ly, a. that may be liked ; pleasing. 
 
 Lim — Limb ; a Member. 
 
 Limb, n. a branch ; a member. | Limb 'less, a. wanting limba. 
 
 Limp, v. to walk lamely. 
 
 Note. — Limb, a border, comes from the Latin {Umbus). 
 
 Lime — Lime. 
 
 Lime'kiln, n. a furnace for lime. 
 Lime'stone, n. the stone of which 
 lime is made. 
 
 Lime, n. a calcareous earth ; the lin- 
 den tree. 
 
 Lime'burner, n. one who bums 
 stones to lime. 
 
 Note. — ^Lime, a species of lemon, comes from the French (lime) 
 
 List, from lesan, lysan — to Collect or Assemble. 
 List, n. a roll ; a catalogue ; a limit ; a strip of cloth. 
 
 Hlystan — to Listen. 
 Lis'ten, t>. to hearken, J Lis'tener, n. one who listens. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 131 
 
 Lif — Life. Lijian — to Live. 
 
 Live, v. to be in life ; to exist. 
 Live, a. not dead ; active. 
 Live'ly, a. brisk ; vigorous. 
 Live'lihood, n. means of living. 
 Live'liness, n. vivacity. 
 
 Live'long, a. long in passing. 
 Life, n. vitality ; existence. 
 Life'less, a. void of life. 
 Life'like, a. like a living person. 
 Life'time, n. continuance of life. 
 
 Loathe, id. to feel disgust at. 
 Loath, a. unwilling. 
 Loath'ful, a. abhorring, 
 
 Lathian — ^to Hate ; to Detest. 
 
 Loath'some, a. disgusting. 
 Loath'someness, n. quality of raising 
 disgust. 
 
 Loath'ing, n. disgust. 
 
 Loc — an Enclosure ; Lock. 
 
 Lock, n. an instrument to fasten a I Lock'et, n. a small lock, 
 door ; a tuft of hair. I 
 
 Logian — to Place ; to Put ; to Lodge. 
 
 Lodge, v. to place ; to reside. I Lodge'ment, n. the act of lodging. 
 
 Lodge, n. a small house at a gate. | Dislodge', v. to remove from a place. 
 
 lAggan — to Lie ; because it lies unmoved or inert. 
 Log, n. a bulky piece of wood. | Log'gerhead, n. a blockhead. 
 
 Locian— to Look. 
 Look, v. to direct the eye. | Look, n. air of the face ; aspect. 
 
 Loma — Utensils; Loom. 
 Loom, n. a weaver's machine. | Lum'ber, n. anything useless ; timber. 
 
 JLeoman — to Shine ; to Loom. 
 
 Loom, v. to appear larger than the I Loom'ing, p. a. appearing indistinctly 
 real dimensions. I large. 
 
 Leasan, lysan — to Loose ; to Put or Take Away. 
 
 Loose 'ness, n. state of being loose. 
 
 Loose, t). to free from any fastening. 
 Loose'ly, ad. not firmly. 
 Loos'en, «. to relax ; to free, 
 
 Less, a. smaller; not so large. 
 Less'en, v. to make or grow less. 
 
 Lest, con. that not ; for fear that. 
 Note. — Lesson, a task, an exercise, is from the Greek (Aeyw, to gather, to read). 
 
 ^ Hlaford — Lord. Hla^—a Loaf ; and forcl — to Supply 
 
 Lord, n. a ruler ; a nobleman. 
 Laird, n. the lord of a manor. 
 Lord'like, a. befitting a lord. 
 
 Lq4f, n, a mass of bread, as baked. 
 
 Lord'ly, a. proud ; haughty. 
 Lord'ship, n. the address of a lord. 
 Lord'liness, n. dignity ; pride. 
 
132 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Lose, v. to forfeit; not to win 
 
 mislay. 
 Lost, pp. mislaid ; destroyed. 
 
 Losian — to Run Away ; to Be Lost 
 
 to 
 
 Loss, n. damage ; waste. 
 Los'ing, a. that incurs loss. 
 Lorn, a. lost : forsaken. 
 
 Forlorn', a. forsaken ; helpless. 
 
 Love, v. to regard with affection. 
 Lov'able, a. worthy of love. 
 Lovely, a. exciting love. 
 Love'liness, n. amiableness. 
 
 Lufian — to Love. 
 
 Lov'er, n. one who is in love. 
 Lov'iNG, p. a. kind ; affectionate. 
 Love'lorn, a. forsaken by one's love. 
 Love'lock, n. a lock of hair. 
 
 Hlowan — to Low ; a Humming Noise. 
 Low, V. to bsllow as a cow. | Low'ing, n. the cry of cattle. 
 
 Note. — Low, not high, humble, is from the Dutch (laag). 
 
 Gelugglan — to Drag by the Hair. 
 
 Lug, v. to drag ; to pull. 
 
 Lug'gage, n. anything cumbrous to 
 be carried. 
 
 Lust, n. eagerness to possess or enjoy 
 Lust'ful, a. having evil desires. 
 Lus'ty, a. stout ; vigorous. 
 Lus'tily, ad. stoutly ; with vigor. 
 
 Lust — Desire; Will; Power. 
 
 Lus'tiness, n. stoutness; vigor of 
 
 body. 
 
 List, v. to desire ; to wish ; to choose. 
 List'less, a. indifferent ; heedless. 
 
 Gemced — Troubled in Mind ; Mad. 
 
 Mad, a. disordered in the mind ; en- 
 raged. 
 Mad'den, v. to make or become mad. 
 Mad'dish, a. somewhat mad. 
 
 Mad'ness, n. distraction ; fury. 
 Mad'cap, n. a rash, hot-headed per- 
 son. 
 Mad 'man, n. a man void of i^ason. 
 
 Mceden — Maid. 
 
 Maid, n. an unmarried woman. [ Maid'en, n. a young woman. 
 
 Maid'enly, a. like a maid. 
 
 Macian — to Make. 
 Note.— The primary sense is, to cause, to act or do, to press, drive, strain or compel. 
 
 Make, d. to create ; to form. 
 Make, n. form ; structure. 
 
 Mak'er, n. one who makes, 
 Mak'ing, ppr. forming ; causing. 
 
 -Man. 
 
 Man, n. a human being ; a male 
 Man, v. to furnish with men. 
 Man'ful, a. bold ; courageous. 
 Man 'hood, n. the state of a man 
 Man'ikin, 71, a little man. 
 
 Man or mori- 
 
 Mankind', n. the race of human 
 
 beings. 
 Man'like, a. like a man. 
 Man'ly, a. like a man, 
 Man'liness, n. dignity ; bravery. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 133 
 
 Mentel — ^Mantle; Cloak. 
 
 Man'tle, n. a kind of cloak ; work 
 
 before a chimney. 
 IMantelet', n. a small cloak. 
 
 Man'tle, v. to cover ; to spread ; to 
 
 rush to the face. 
 Disman'tle, v. to strip ; to divest. 
 
 Manig — Many; Much. 
 
 Man't, a. numerous ; a great number. I Man'ifold, a. {feald, fold, double), 
 Man'ttimes, ad. often. I many in number. 
 
 Mearc — a Boundary ; a ^Mark ; a Sign ; March. 
 
 March, «. to border ; to join. | Mark, n. a token by which any thing 
 
 March'es, n. borders, limits, or fron- is known. 
 
 tiers of a country. 
 Demarca'tion, n. separation of terri- 
 tory. 
 
 Mark, v. to impress ; to brand. 
 Marked, p. a. noted ; prominent ; con- 
 spicuous. 
 
 Marks'man, n. one skillful to hit a mark. 
 
 Note. — March, the name of a month, comes from the Latin {Mars\ and March, 
 to move by steps, from the French (marcTier). 
 
 Market — Market. 
 
 Mar'ket, n. a public place for buying I Mar'ketable, a. that may be sold, 
 and selling. | Mart, n, a place of public traffic. 
 
 Mearh — Marrow. 
 
 Mar'row, n. a soft, oily substance in 1 Mar'rowy, a. full of marrow ; pithy, 
 bones ; the best part of a thing. | Mar'rowfat, n. a kind of pea. 
 
 Mersc — Marsh. 
 
 Marsh, n. a watery tract of land. | Marsh'y, a. swampy ; boggy. 
 Morass', n. a marsh ; a bog. 
 
 Maca — an Equal; Fellow or Companion. 
 
 Mate, n. one of a pair. 
 Match, n. an equal ; a contest. 
 Match'less, a. having no equal. 
 Comate', n. a companion. 
 Immatch'able, a. that cannot be 
 
 matched. 
 Mismatch', v. to match unsuitably. 
 
 In'mate, n. one who dwells in the 
 
 same house. 
 Overmatch', v. to conquer. 
 Unmatched', a. having no match or 
 
 equal. 
 Unmatch'able, a. that cannot be 
 
 matched. 
 
 Note. — Match, a combustible substance for lighting fires, comes from the French 
 (rneche), and Mate, a term in chess, from the Spanish {mate — mater, to kill). 
 
 Magan — to Be Strong or Able ; May 
 
 May, v. to be able ; to be possible. 
 UliGHT, pret. had power or liberl^. 
 Dismay', n. terror ; fear. 
 
 Dismay', v. to deprive of strength of 
 mmd. 
 
 Undismayed', a. not discouraged. 
 
 Ter'magant, n. a brawling woman. 
 Note. — Mat, the fifth month, comes from the Latin {Maius). 
 
134 SMITHES HAKD-BOOK: OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Mcedewe — a Meadow. Meed — What Is Mown ; eive — "WAtER. 
 
 Mead'owy, a. resembling meadows. 
 
 Mead'owlark, n. a bird. 
 
 Mead'ow, n. moist grass land. 
 Mead, n, moist land covered with 
 grass. 
 
 Mceger — Meager. 
 
 Mea'ger, a, lean ; tbin. | Mea'gerly, ad. thinly ; poorly. 
 
 Mea'gerness, n. leanness ; scantiness. 
 
 Mcel — a Part or Portion. 
 
 Meal, n. a portion of food taken at I Meal 'time, n. the time for eating a 
 one time. 1 meal. 
 
 Piece'meal, ad. in or by pieces or fragments. 
 
 Melu, melo — Meal; Flour. 
 
 Note. — The primary sense seems to be, soft, smooth. 
 
 Meal, n. the edible part of grain. } Meal'y-mouthed, a. using soft words. 
 Meal'y, a. of the softness of meal. | Mel'low, a. soft with ripeness. 
 Mel'lowness, n. softness ; ripeness. 
 
 Mcene — False; Bad. 
 
 Mean, a. of low rank ; base ; coarse. | Mean'lt, ad. basely ; poorly. 
 Mean'ness, n. want of excellence ; rudeness. 
 
 Mcenarif manian — to Have in the Mind. 
 
 Mean, v. to intend ; to purpose. | Mean'ing, n. intention ; signification. 
 
 Note. — Mean, the middle, comes from the Latin (medius). 
 
 Metan — to Meet ; to Find ; to Measure ; to Compare. 
 
 Meet'ness, n. fitness ; propriety. 
 Mete, v. to measure; to reduce to 
 measure. 
 
 Meet, v. to come together. 
 Meet'ing, n. a coming together. 
 Meet, a. fit ; proper ; suitable. 
 
 Me'ter, n. a measurer. 
 
 Meltan — to Melt ; to Dissolve ; to Cook. 
 
 Melt, t?. to make or become liquid. I Molt'en, a. made of melted metal. 
 Melt'ing, n. the act of softening. 1 Smelt, d. to melt or fuse ore. 
 
 Mere — the Sea, and mceden — Maid ; — Mermaid. 
 Mer'maid, n. a fabulous sea woman. | Mer/man, n. the male of the mermaid. 
 
 Mer^ry, a. gay of heart ; jovial. 
 Mer'rily, ad. gaily ; with mirth. 
 Mer'riment, n. mirth ; gaiety. 
 Mer'rythought, n. a forked bone in 
 the breast of a fowl. 
 
 Mirig — Merry; Pleasant. 
 
 Mirth, n. merriment ; hilarity. 
 Mirth'ful, a. merry ; gay. 
 Mirth'fully, ad. in a merry manner. 
 Mlrth'less, a. joyless ; cheerless. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON BOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 136 
 
 Mcew — Mew. 
 
 Mew, n. a sea fowl. 
 
 Note.— Mew, to confine, to cage, comes from the French {mue)y and Msw, to cry as 
 a cat, from the Icelandic (miaua). 
 
 Miht — Might. 
 
 Might, n. strength ; power. I Might'ily, ad. powerfully ; strongly. 
 
 Might'y, a. strong; powerful. I Might'iness, n. power; greatness. 
 
 Note. — Might, had power or liberty, is the preterit of the verb may. 
 
 Meolc — Milk. 
 
 Milk, n. a white fluid with which Milk'iness, n. resemblance of milk. 
 
 animals feed their young from the Milk'sop, n. a soft, effeminate person. 
 
 breast. Milk'y-way, n. the galaxy ; a lumin- 
 
 Milk'y, a. like milk. i ous zone in the sky. 
 
 Milch, a. giving milk. 
 
 Mild — Mild. 
 
 Mild, a. kind ; tender ; soft. | Mild'ly, ad. kindly ; gently. 
 
 Mild'ness, n. gentleness ; softness. 
 
 Mylen — Mill. 
 
 Note. — From the ancient Gaelic word meil., dust. 
 
 Mill, n. a machine for grinding. | Mill 'race, n. the channel in which 
 
 Mill'er, n. one who attends a mill. I the water of a mill-pond is con- 
 Mill'dam, n. a dam by which water ' veyed to the wheel. 
 
 is collected for turning a mill. | Mill'stone, n. a stone for grinding 
 
 Milled, p. a. stamped on the edge, i com. 
 
 Note.— Mill, the tenth part of a cent, or thousandth part of a dollar, comes from 
 
 the Latin {mille, a thousand). 
 
 Minsian — to Diminish ; to Lessen. 
 
 Mince, v. to chop into very small I Mince, «). to half pronounce ; to act 
 pieces. I with affected delicacy. 
 
 Mince'-pie, n. a pie made of minced meat. 
 
 Getnytidf getnunan — to Remember. 
 
 Mind, n. the intelligent power in man. | Mind'ful, a. attentive; heedful. 
 Remind', v. to put in mind. 
 
 JTengan — to Mingle. 
 
 Min'gle, v. to mix ; to blend. 
 
 Min'gler, 71. one who mingles. 
 Commin'gle, v. to mix into one mass 
 
 Immin'gle, v. to unite with numbers. 
 Intermin'gle, v. to mingle together^ 
 Mon'grel, a. of a mixed breed. 
 Unmin'gleb^ a. not mixed ; pure. 
 
 3Iistcecan — to Misteach ; to Misinform. 
 Mistake', v. to take wr^ng ; to err. ' Mistake', n. an error. 
 
136 smith's hakd-book o^ etymology. 
 
 Jkfist — Mist. 
 
 Mist, n. a thick vapor. I Mist'ily, ad. not plainly. 
 
 Mist'y, a. overspread with mist. | Mistiness, n. the state of being misty. 
 
 Mcenan — to Lament ; to Complain. 
 Moan, v. to deplore audibly. | Moan'ful, a. expressing sorrow. 
 
 Mai— a Spot, Mark, or Blot. 
 
 Mole, n. a natural spot on the skin. 
 
 Note. — Mole, a mound, a dyke, comes from the Latin (moles), and Mole, a small 
 animal, from the Dutch {mol). 
 
 Mod — Mind; Disposition; Passion. 
 
 Mood, n. temper of mind ; humor, | Mood'y, a. angry ; out of humor. 
 Mood'iness, n. peevishness. 
 
 Note. — Mood, the variation of a verb to express manner of action or being, comes 
 from the Latin {modus). 
 
 3Iona — Moon. 
 
 Moon, n. the heavenly body which 
 
 revolves round the earth, 
 Moon'less, a. not enlightened by the 
 
 moon. 
 Moon'beam, n. a ray of light from 
 
 the moon, 
 Moon'liqht, n. the light given by 
 
 the moon. 
 
 Moon'shine, n. the light of the moon. 
 
 Moon'struck, a. lunatic. 
 
 Mon'day, n. the second day of the 
 
 week. 
 Month, n. one of the twelve divisions 
 
 of the year. 
 Month'ly, a. happening every month. 
 
 Mor — Waste Land. 
 
 Moor, n. a tract of poor land overrun I Moor'land, n. watery ground, 
 with heath. | 
 
 Note. — Moor, to secure by two anchors, comes from the Spanish (amarrar), and 
 Moor, a native of northern Africa, from the Latin (Maurus). 
 
 Motian — to Meet for Conversation ; to Discuss. 
 
 Moot, v. to argue or plead on a sup- I Moot'ing, n. the exercise of disput- 
 posed cause. I ing. 
 
 Morgen — Dispersed. 
 
 Morn, n. the first part of the day. | Morn'ing, n. the first part of the day 
 Mor'row, n. morning ; the day after the present day. 
 
 Note. — Morrow and Morn have the same meaning, viz. ; dissipated, dispersed, as 
 clouds or darkness, whose dispersion, or the time when they are dispersed, these 
 words express. 
 
 Most, a. greatest in quantity or num- 
 ber. 
 
 Most'ly, ad. for the greatest part; 
 chiefly. 
 
 Mcest, super of mycel — Greatest. 
 
 Much, a. large in quantity. 
 More, a. greater in quantity. 
 Moreover, ad. besides; over and 
 above. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 137 
 
 Modor — Mother. 
 
 Moth'er, n. a female parent. 
 Moth'erless, a. having lost a mother. 
 Moth'erly, a. in the manner of a 
 mother; tenderly. 
 
 Note. — Mother, a thick, slimy substance in liquors, comes from the German (mo- 
 der, mud). 
 
 Molde—EAB,TK ; Powder; Dust. 
 
 a language to 
 which another language owes its 
 origin ; one's native language. 
 
 Mould, n. fine, soft earth ; a substance 
 
 like down on damp bodies. 
 Mould'er, v. to turn into dust. 
 
 Mould't, a. overgrown with mould. 
 Mould 'iness, n. the state of being 
 mouldy. 
 
 Note.— Mould, that in which anything is cast or receives its shape, and Moulder, 
 one who casts or shapes, comes from the Spanish (rndde, a matrix). 
 
 Murnan — to Mourn 
 
 Mourn, v. to grieve ; to be sorrowful. I Mourn'ful, a. causing sorrow. 
 Mourn'er, n. one who mourns. | Mourn'fully, ad. sorrowfully. 
 
 Mourn'ino, ?i. sorrow ; the dress of sorrow. 
 
 Mus, plural inys — Mouse. 
 Mouse, n. a small animal. | Mice, n. the plural of mouse. 
 
 3Tu th — Mouth. 
 
 Mouth, n. the cavity between the 
 jaws; an opening by which any- 
 thing can be filled or emptied. 
 
 Mouth, v. to utter with a loud, af- 
 fected voice. 
 
 Mouth'ful, a. as much as the moutl 
 
 can hold. 
 Mouth'piece, n. one who speaks foi 
 
 others. 
 
 Mawan — to Cut Down ; Mow ; n. a Little Heap. 
 
 Mow, ®. inOf to cut with a scythe. I Mown, p. a. cut with a scythe. 
 Mow, n. nioiv, a loft in a bam. | Mow'ing, n. cutting with a scythe, 
 
 Milescian — to Become Soft ; Mulch. 
 
 Mulch, «. to cover with half-rotten I Mulch, n. half-rotten straw, 
 straw 
 
 Morther, inorth — Death. 
 
 Mur'der, n. the act of killing a hu- I Mur'derous, a. guilty of murder, 
 man being unlawfully. | 
 
 Must, v. inot, to be obliged. 
 
 Note. — Must, new wine, comes from the Latin (irmstum)^ and Must, to mak< 
 mouldy, from tlie French (moisir). 
 
 Wmgel — :N^ail. 
 
 Nail, n. a horny substance on the 
 human fingers and toes ; a piece of 
 metal for fastening.. 
 
 Nail'er, n. one who makes nails. 
 Nail'ery, n. a manu&ctory of nailft 
 
138 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Nacod — Naked. 
 Ka'ked, a. not covered. | Na'keidness, n. want of covering. 
 
 Nama — Name. 
 
 Name, n. that by which a person or 
 
 thing is called. 
 Name'less, a. without a name. 
 
 Name'ly, ad. by name ; particularly. 
 Name'sake, n. one who has the same 
 name. 
 
 Nick'name, n. a name given in contempt. 
 
 Hnoppa — Nap. 
 Nap, n. the down on cloth. | Nap'less, a. threadbare. 
 
 NearoWf nearwian — to Make Narrow. 
 
 Nar'row, a. not broad or wide. ] Nar'rowly, ad. closely ; nearly. 
 
 Nar'rowness, n. want of breadth. 
 
 Naht — Nafght. Ne — Not ; and wuht — a Whit ; Anything. 
 
 Naught, Nought, n. nothing. I Naught'y, a. wicked ; sinful. 
 
 Naught, a. worthless ; bad. | Naught 'ily, ad. wickedly. 
 
 Naught'iness, n. wickedness. 
 
 Nafu — the Middle ; Centre ; Nave. 
 
 Nave, n. the piece of timber in the I Nave, n. the middle or body of a 
 centre of a wheel. | church. 
 
 NaVel, n. nafelf the point in the middle of the abdomen. 
 
 Note. — Naval, of or pertaining to ships, comes from the L. navU (Gr. vavg\ a ship, 
 
 Neah — Near. 
 
 Near, a. not far distant ; nigh. 
 Near'ly, ad. at no great distance. 
 Near'ness, 11. closeness. 
 Nigh, a. near ; not distant. 
 
 Nigh'ly, ad. nearly. 
 
 Nigh'ness, n. nearness. 
 
 Next, a. nearest in place, time, &c 
 
 Well-nigh', ad. almost. 
 
 Neigh'bor, n. neahbur, one who lives near. 
 
 Neat, nyten — Cattle. 
 
 Neat, n. cattle ; oxen. 
 Neat'herd, n. one who takes care of 
 cattle. 
 
 Neat's-poot, n. the foot of an ox, 
 cow, &c. 
 
 Neat, very clean, pure, elegant, comes from the Latin {niteo). 
 
 Neh — Neb. 
 
 Neb, n. the nose ; the beak. 
 Nib, n. the bill of a bird ; the point 
 of anything. 
 
 Nib'ble, v. to bite by little at a time. 
 Nib'bler, n. one that nibbles. 
 
 Hnecca — Neck. 
 
 Neck, n. the part between the head 1 Neck'lace, n. an ornament for the 
 and the body. | neck. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 139 
 
 Nead — Need ; from ne — Not, and ead — Happiness ; Prosperity. 
 
 Need, n. want ; necessity. 
 Need'ful, a. necessary. 
 Need'less, a. unnecessary. 
 
 Needs, ad. necessarily. 
 Need't, a. poor ; necessitous. 
 Need'ily, ad. in want. 
 
 Need'iness, n. want ; poverty. 
 
 ^TcecW— Needle. 
 
 Nee'dle, n. a small, pointed instru- 1 Nee'dle-work, n. work executed 
 ment for sewing. I with a needle. 
 
 Hncegan — Neigh. 
 Neigh, n. the voice of a horse. | Neigh'ing, n. the voice of a horse. 
 
 Nest, n. the place in which birds 
 
 hatch and rear their young. 
 Nes'tle, v. to lie close. 
 
 Nest — Nest. 
 
 Nest'ling, n. a young bird in the 
 
 nest. 
 Nest'egg, n. an egg left in the nest. 
 
 Net — Net. 
 
 Net, n. a texture of twine with I Net'work, n. work in the form of a 
 meshes. I net. 
 
 Note. — Net, clear after all deductions, comes from the French (ne<, entirely). 
 
 Neother, neothan — Beneath; Downwards. 
 
 Neth'er, a. lower ; being in a lower I Beneath', prep, under ; lower in 
 place. I place, rank, or dignity. 
 
 ^OB/re— Never. Ne — Not; and cefre — Ever. 
 
 Nev'er, ad. not ever ; at no time. I Nevertheless', ad. notwithstanding 
 
 I that. 
 
 Niwe—NBW. 
 
 New, a. lately made, produced or 
 
 discovered. 
 New'ly, ad. freshly. 
 New'ness, n. freshness. 
 
 News, n. recent account. 
 Renew', v. to make anew or again. 
 Renew'al, n. the act of renewing. 
 Anew', ad. over again. 
 
 Hnesc — Soft; Tender. 
 
 Nice, a. delicate ; fine. I Nice'ness, n. delicacy. [ties. 
 
 Nice'ly, ad, delicately ; exactly. | Ni'cety, n. minute accuracy ; pi. dain- 
 
 NiGHT, n. the time of darkness. 
 - Night'ly, ad. done every nigh^ 
 Night'ingale, n. a bird which sings 
 
 at night. 
 Night'fall, n. the close of the day. i of two weeks. 
 Bbnight'ed, v. involved in darkness 
 
 Niht — Night. 
 
 Night'mare, n. a sensation of dis- 
 tressing weight on the chest during 
 sleep. 
 
 Fort'night, n. {fourteen)^ the space 
 
140 SMITH*S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Na — No; Not, 
 
 No, ad. a word of denial or refusal. 
 Nay, ad. not only so, but more. 
 None, a. (nan; ne, not, and an, 
 one), not one ; not any. 
 
 Not, ad. {naht ; ne, not, and auht, 
 ought), a particle of denial. 
 
 Noth'ing, n. (na, no, and thing), 
 not any thing. 
 
 Kon — Noon. 
 
 Noon, n. mid-day. I Noon 'day, n. mid-day. 
 
 Noon'ing, 71. repose at noon. | Noon'tide, 71. mid-day. 
 
 Foee'noon, n. the time from morning to mid-day. 
 
 North — North. 
 
 Nobth, n. one of the cardinal points. I Nor'thern, a. being in the north. 
 Nor'therly, a. towards the north. | North Vard, a. towards the north. 
 n. the wind which blows from the north. 
 
 Ncese — Nose. 
 
 Nose, n. the organ of smell. I Noz'zle, n. the nose ; the snout ; the 
 
 Nos'tril, n. a cavity of the nose. | end. 
 
 Nose 'gay, n. a bunch of flowers. 
 
 Note — Nose is of the same origin with A.-S. wees, a naze, or ness ; the latter so 
 common a termination to the names of projecting headlands, as Dungewess, Sheer/iess. 
 
 Kiiynan — to Take Away ; Numb. 
 
 Numb, a. deprived of sensation. I Num'skull, n. a dunce. 
 
 Numb'ness, n. torpor. I Benumb', i>. to make torpid. 
 
 Nut, n. a fruit consisting of a kernel 
 
 covered by a hard shell. 
 Nut'brown, a. brown like a nut long 
 
 kept. 
 
 JETnut — Nut. 
 
 Nut'gall, n. an excrescence of th« 
 
 oak. 
 Nut 'meg, n. a kind of aromatic nut 
 
 Ata — Oat. 
 
 Oat, Oats, n. a grain. | Oat'en, a. made of oats. 
 
 Oat'meal, n. meal made of oats. 
 
 Of, prep, from, or out of 
 Off, prep, not on ; from. 
 Off'ing, n. a considerable distance 
 from the shore. 
 
 O/— Of. 
 
 Opf'scourtng, n. refuse. 
 Off'set, n. a sprout. 
 Off'spring, n. children. 
 Alocf', ad. (all, off)^ at a distance. 
 
 Oil— On. 
 
 On, prep, being in contact with the | On'ward, ad. forward, 
 upper part of any thing. 
 
 On'slaught, n. an attack. 
 
ANGLO-SAXOX ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 141 
 
 An, arte — One, 
 
 One, n. a single person or thing. | Once, ad. one time ; formerly. 
 
 On'lt, a. singly ; one alone. 
 
 Was, wees — Wetness; Ooze. 
 Ooze, n. earth so wet as to flow gently. | Oo'zy, a. miry ; muddy. 
 
 Openian — to Open ; to Be Manifest. 
 
 O'pen, v. to unclose ; to unlock. 
 O'pBNiNG, n. an aperture. 
 Openly, ad. publicly ; plainly. 
 
 Openness, n. plainness; clearness. 
 Open-mouthed, a. ravenous; clam- 
 orous. 
 
 O'pEN-HEARTED, a. gcucrous ; candid. 
 
 Ort-geard, Ort — an Herb ; geard — Garden. 
 
 Or'chard, n. an assemblage of fruit I Or'chardist, n. one who cultivates 
 trees. I orchards. 
 
 Note. — Apples, pears, peaches, and cherries are the fruits principally cultivated in 
 orchards. 
 
 OrdaeL From or — Great, and duel — Judgment. 
 
 Or'deal, n. any severe trial ; test ; experiment. 
 
 Ut — Out. UtfBrre — Outward; Utter. 
 
 Out, ad. on the outside ; not within ; I Ut'ter, a. the greatest degree ; com- 
 
 V. to eject ; to expel. i plete. 
 Out'er, a. being on the outside. Ut'most, a. extreme. 
 
 Out'ward, a. external ; visible. | Ut'terly, ad. fully ; completely. 
 
 Out'wardly, ad. externally. ! Utterance, n. the act of speaking. 
 
 Ut'ter, v. to speak ; to pronounce. [ Ut'termost, n. the most that can be. 
 
 Agan — Own. 
 
 Note. — Owe is formed from the A.-S. agan^ by softening the guttural g' into w), aw 
 — owe. 
 
 Own'er, n. one to whom a thing be- 
 longs. 
 
 Own'ership, n. the right of posses- 
 sion. 
 
 Owe, «. to be indebted. 
 Ow'iNG, ppi\ due ; imputable to. 
 Ought, v. to be bound in duty. 
 Own, «. to possess ; to avow. 
 
 Disown', 'g. to deny ; to renounce. 
 
 JPceth, JPcethian— to Go ; to Tread Flat ; to Flatten. 
 
 Pad, n. a soft saddle or cushion. 
 Path, n. a way ; a road. 
 Path'less, a. having no path. 
 Path'way, n. a narrow way. [gers. 
 Foot'path, n. a path for foot passen- 
 
 * A lock for a pad-gate, or a gate opening to a path. 
 
 Pad, n. a road ; an easy-paced horse. 
 Pad, v. to travel gently. 
 Pad 'lock,* n. a lock hung on a staple. 
 Foot PAD, n. a highwayman who robs 
 on foot. 
 
 Panne — a Pan. 
 Pan, n. a broad, shall(fw vessel. | Pan'cake,7i. a thin cake fried in a pan, 
 
142 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 JPearroc — a Pabk. 
 
 Pad'dock, n. a small inclosure in a I Park, n. a piece of inclosed ground, 
 pasture for a sick animal. | 
 
 Note. — Paddock, originally an inclosure in a park, for hounds to run matches in. 
 
 Pin — Punishment; Torture. JPinan— to Vms. 
 
 Pains'taker, n. a laborious person. 
 Pine, v. to waste away with pain or 
 
 distress of mind. 
 Pin'ing, n. a wasting away. 
 Repine', v. to fret ; to be discontented. 
 Repin'ing, n. the act of murmuring. 
 
 Pain, n, an uneasy sensation 
 •Pain, v. to make uneasy. 
 Pain'ful, a. full of pain. 
 Pain'fully, ad. with pain. 
 Pain'less, a. free from pain. 
 Pains, n. careful toil ; trouble. 
 
 Pang, n. a eharp and sudden pain. 
 
 Pceccan — to Deceive by False Appearance. 
 
 Note. — They who ^utpatcJies on a little breach, to hide it, are careful that the color 
 shall nearly as possible resemble that upon which they put it. 
 
 Patch, n. a piece sewed on to cover I Patch'work, n. work composed of 
 a hole. I pieces. 
 
 JPcerl — Pearl. 
 
 Pearl, n. a white body found in I Pearl'y, a. like pearls, 
 oysters. I 
 
 Pahoh — Pebble. 
 Peb'ble, n. a small, roundish stone. | Peb'bly, a. full of pebbles. 
 
 Pocca — a Bag : Poke. 
 
 Poke, n. a bag ; a sack. 
 Pock'et, n. a small bag in a garment. 
 Pock'etbook, n. a small book for the 
 pocket. 
 
 Peck, n. the fourth part of a bushel. 
 Poach, ti. to steal game. 
 Puck'er, v. to gather into plaits oi 
 folds. 
 
 Pouch, n. a small bag. 
 
 Note. — Poke, to thrust, comes from the Swedish (poka), and Poach, to boil 
 slightly, from the French {pocher). 
 
 Pyndan — to Shut In ; to Pen. 
 Pen, n. an inclosure for cattle ; t). to I Pin, v. to inclose ; to confine. 
 
 inclose. 
 Pound, n. an inclosure for cattle 
 which have been taken in trespass- 
 ing. 
 
 Note. — Pen, an instrument for writing, comes from the Latin {penna), and Pin, an 
 instrument for fastening, from the Welsh {pin). 
 
 Pin'fold, n. an inclosure for cattle- 
 PoND, n. a small lake. 
 Impound', v. to put in a pound. 
 
 Penig — Penny. 
 
 Pen'ny, n. a coin. | Pen'niless, a. wanting money. 
 
 Note. — The penny was formerly a silver coin, first struck in England by the Sax- 
 ons. It was struck with a cross so deeply sunk in it, that it might be easily parted 
 into halves, thence called half-pennies., or into four parts, thence "called fourthings or 
 farthings. ^ 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 143 
 
 Pycan — to Pick ; to Peck 
 
 Pick, «. to strike with a pointed in- 
 strument. 
 
 Pick, v. to pull of with the fingers ; 
 to choose. [point. 
 
 Pickaxe, n. an axe with a sharp 
 
 Pick'pocket, n. one who steals from 
 another's pocket. 
 
 Peak, n. (peac, a point), the top of 
 
 a hill. 
 Peck, v. to pick up food ; to strike 
 
 with the beak. 
 Wood 'pecker, n. a bird. 
 Beak, n. the bill of a bird ; anything 
 
 ending in a point. 
 
 JPyle — a Pillow ; a Cushion. 
 
 Pil'low, n. a cushion to support the I Pill'ion, n. a cushion for a woman 
 head in bed. I to ride on. 
 
 Pinntreow — Pin-Tree.* 
 
 Pine, n. a forest tree. I Pine'apple, n. a fruit resembling the 
 
 Pi'ny, a. abounding with pines. | cone of the pine tree. 
 
 * From the leaves of the pine which resemble pins. 
 
 Pyt— Pit 
 
 Pit, n. a hole in the earth. 
 Pit 'fall, n. a pit dug and covered 
 over. 
 
 Pit'coal, n. coal dug from the earth. 
 Pit'saw, n. a large saw used by two 
 men. 
 
 Pitha — Kernel; Pith. 
 
 Pith, n. the soft spongy substance 
 in the centre of plants and trees ; 
 strength; force 
 
 Pith'iness, n. strength ; force. 
 JPlegan — to Joke ; to Play. 
 
 Pith'less, a. without pith. 
 Pith'y, a. containing pith ; forcible. 
 Pith'ily, ad. with force. 
 
 Play, v. to sport ; to toy. 
 Play, n. sport ; game. 
 Playful, a. spoi-tive. 
 
 Play'fully, ad. in a sportive manner. 
 Play'mate, n. a companion in amuse- 
 ment. 
 
 Play'thing, n. a toy. 
 
 Plihtan — to Expose to Danger ; to Pledge ; Plight. 
 
 Com'plot, n. a confederacy in crime. 
 Coun'terplot, n. a plot opposed to 
 
 a plot. 
 Un'derplot, n. a clandestine scheme. 
 
 Plight, v. to pledge ; to give as secu- 
 rity. 
 Plight, n. condition ; state. 
 Plot, n. a conspiracy ; a scheme. 
 
 Note. — Plight, to pledge, is never applied to property or goods. 
 
 JPluccian — to Pluck ; to Pull Off. 
 
 Pluck, v. to pull with quick motion. | Pluck'ed, a. stripped off. 
 Pluck, n. courage ; spirit. 
 
 •Pol— a Pool. 
 
 Pool, n. a small collection of water. | Pud'dle, n. a small pool of dirty water. 
 
 Note.— Pool, the stakes played for in certain games, comes from the French (poule, 
 A chicken). • 
 
144 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Gepose — Heaviness ; Stuffing of the Head ; Pose. 
 
 Pose, v. to puzzle or put to a stand I Fos'er, n. something that puzzles or 
 by asking difficult questions. | silences. 
 
 Note.— Pose' {po-za\ posture, attitude, comes from the French 
 
 Prmte — Pretty. 
 
 Pret'ty, a. neat ; beautiful without I Pret'tiness, n. beauty without dig- 
 dignity. I nity. 
 
 Pret'tily, ad. neatly ; pleasingly. 
 
 Priccian— to Prick. 
 
 Prick, v. to pierce with a small punc- I Prick'le, n. a small, sharp point, 
 ture. I Prick'ly, a. full of sharp points. 
 
 JPryt — Pride. 
 
 Pride, n. unreasonable self-esteem. 
 Pride'pul, a. full of pride ; insolent. 
 Pride'less, a. without pride. 
 
 Prid'ingly, ad. with pride. 
 Proud, a. having inordinate self- 
 esteem. 
 
 Proud'ly, ad. arrogantly ; haughtily. 
 
 Preost — Priest. 
 
 Priest, n. one who officiates in sacred I Priest'ess, n. a female priest. 
 
 offices. I Priest'hood, n. the office of a priest. 
 
 Priest'like, a. resembling a priest. 
 
 JPreon — a Bodkin ; Prong. 
 Prong, n. a pointed projection ; the tine of a fork. 
 
 JProfian — to Prove ; to Try ; to Judge. 
 
 Prove, v. to show by testimony or I Proof, n. evidence; test; trial, 
 argument. | Proof'less, a. wanting evidence. 
 
 Pullian — to Pull. 
 Pull, v. to draw forcibly ; to pluck. | Pull'back, n. that which keeps back. 
 
 Cwacian — to Quake. 
 
 Quake, n. to shake; to tremble. I Quag'mire, ?i. (^-w?^, mire), a shaking 
 
 Quak'ing, n. shaking. | bog or marsh. 
 
 Civealm — Contagion; Pestilence; Qualm. 
 
 Qualm, n. a sudden fit of sickness. | Qualm'ish, a. sick at the stomach. 
 Squeam'ish, a. having a taste difficult to please. 
 
 Cwen — a Woman ; Queen. 
 Queen, n. the wife of a king, | Quean, n. a worthless woman. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 145 
 
 Quick, a. living ; swift ; speedy. 
 Quick'en, x>. to make alive ; to hasten. 
 Quick'ly, ad. soon ; speedily. 
 Quick'ness, n. speed. 
 
 €wic — Alive; Living; Quick. 
 
 Quick'lime, n. lime unslacked. 
 Quick'sand, n. moving sand. 
 Quick'silver, n. a fluid metal. 
 Quick'witted, a. having ready wit. 
 
 lieaf—fjk Robe ; a Garment. Meafian — to Reeve or Sew. 
 Raft, n. a float made by fastening I Rafts'man, n. one who manages a 
 pieces of timber together. | raft. 
 
 Raf'ter, n. rcefteVf a roof-timber. 
 
 Note.— A raft is made by lashing logs together by withes. 
 
 Hracod — Naked; Ragged. 
 
 Rag, n. a torn piece of cloth. | Ragged, a. rent in tatters ; uneven. 
 
 Rag'amuffin, n. a paltry, mean fellow. 
 
 Rmgel, from wrigan— to Put On or Cover ; to Clothe. 
 
 Rail, n. a bar of wood or iron extend- 
 ing from one support to another. 
 Rail, n. a woman's upper garment. 
 
 Rail'ing, n. a fence or barrier. 
 
 Rig, v. to dress ; to fit out. [a ship. 
 
 Rig'ging, n. the sails and tackling of 
 
 Note.— Rail, to use insolent language, comes from the Dutch {raUen, to chatter), 
 and Rail, a bird, from the French {rale). 
 
 Minan — to Rain. 
 
 Rain, v. to fall in drops from the 
 
 clouds. 
 Rain BOW, n. a bow formed by the 
 
 reflection of light by the clouds. 
 
 Rain'water, n. water fallen from the 
 
 clouds. 
 Rain'y, a. abounding in rain. 
 
 Ranc — Proud ; Haughty ; Rebellious. 
 
 Rank, a. luxuriant ; gross ; coarse. I Rank'ness, n. exuberance; strong 
 Rank'ly, ad. luxuriantly ; coarsely. | scent. 
 
 Ran'kle, v. to fester ; to be inflamed. 
 
 Note.— Rank, a line, a row, class, comes from the French {rang). 
 
 Rendan— to Rend ; to Tear. 
 Rant, v. to rave in violent language. I Rend, v. to tear with violence. 
 
 Rant'er, n. one who rants. 
 
 Rent, n. a break ; a breach ; a tear. 
 
 Note.— Render, to give up, to give back, comes from the Latin {re, do). Rent, a 
 certain profit in money issuing out of lands, &c., in return for use, comes from the 
 French {rente). 
 
 Hrepan— to Touch ; to Rap. 
 Rap, v. to strike with a quick blow. | Rap'per, n. one that raps. 
 Note.- Rap, to affect jrith ecstasy, comes from the Latin {rapio). 
 
146 SMITH'S HAITO-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Hascal — a Lean, Worthless Deer. 
 
 RAs'cAii, n. a mean fellow ; a scoun- I Rascal 'itt, n. mean dishonesty ; 
 drel. I fraud 
 
 Ras'cally, a. mean ; vile ; base. 
 
 Hrethian — to Find Fault ; to Scold ; to Rate. 
 Rate, v. to chide vehemently. | Rat'ing, n. a chiding ; a scolding. 
 
 Note. — Rate, price, value, degree, comes from the Latin (ratus, to reckon). 
 
 Rcethe — Quick; Hasty; Rath. 
 
 Rath, a. early ; quick. I Rath'er, ad. more willingly ; in pref- 
 
 I erence. 
 
 Href en, from reafian — to Plunder ; to Destroy. 
 
 Rav'en, v. to seize by violence ; to 
 devour. 
 
 Rav'enous, a. furiously voracious. 
 Rav'in, n. prey; plunder. 
 Rav'ening, a. preying with rapacity. 
 
 HreoWf hrere—UAw, Rear; Cruel; Fierce. 
 
 Raw'ness, n. the state of being raw. 
 Raw'boned, a. having little flesh. 
 Rare, a. nearly raw ; imperfectly 
 
 Raw, a. not cooked; not covered 
 
 with skin. 
 Raw'ish, a. somewhat raw ; cold and 
 
 damp. cooked 
 
 Note. — Rare, thin, not dense, uncommon, comes from the Latin (rams) 
 
 Mwcan — to Reach , to Extend. 
 
 Reach, v. to extend ; to reach. | Reach'er, n. one who reaches. 
 
 Retch, v. to make an effort to vomit. 
 
 Mcedan — to Appoint , to Advise ; to Read , to Guess. 
 
 Readying, n. perusal of books. 
 Rid'dle, n. rcedelse, something to 
 
 be solved by conjecture. 
 Unrid'dle, ®. to solve. 
 
 Read, v. to peruse ; to understand by 
 
 characters. 
 Read, p. or a. learned. 
 Read' ABLE, a. that may be read. 
 
 Mecan — to Say ; to Number ; to Regard. 
 
 Reck, v. to care ; to heed. 
 Reck'less, a. careless ; heedless. 
 Reck'lessness, n. carelessness. 
 
 Reck'on, v. to number ; to calculate. 
 
 Reck'oning, n. calculation. 
 
 Rack, n. an engine of torture ; a frame. 
 
 Rack, v. to stretch or torture ; to draw off. 
 Headf reod, rud — Red. 
 
 Red, n. a color resembling blood. 
 Red'den, V, to make or grow red. 
 Red'dish, a. somewhat red. 
 Red'ness, 71. the quality of being red. 
 
 Red'hot, a. heated to redness. 
 Red'lead, n. lead calcined. 
 Rud'dy, a. of a red color. 
 Rud'diness, n. state of being ruddy 
 
 Heocan — to Smoke ; to Fume. 
 Reek, n. smoke ; steam ; vapor. | Reek, v. to smoke ; to steam. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 147 
 
 Mest — a Quiet, or a Lying Down ; Repose. 
 
 Rest, n. cessation of motion or labor ; 
 
 quiet. 
 Rest, v. to cease from motion or labor. 
 Rest'ful, a. quiet. 
 
 Rest'less, a. unsettled. 
 Rest'lessness, n. want of rest or 
 
 quiet. 
 Rest'ing-place, n. a place of rest. 
 
 Note. — Rest, that which is left, the remainder, comes from the Latin (re, sto). 
 
 Kim, geriin — a Number ; Reckoning. 
 
 Rhyme, n. correspondence of sounds | Rhyme'less, a. destitute of rhymes, 
 at the ends of verses. 
 
 Mic — Great; Noble; Powerful; Rich. 
 
 Rich, a. wealthy ; opulent. I Rich'ly, ad. abundantly. 
 
 Rich'es, n. wealth. | Rich'ness, n. wealth ; abundance. 
 
 Enrich', v. to make rich. 
 
 Note. — ^Ric as a termination denotes jurisdiction i as, bishopric, as a termination 
 of names, rich or powerful, as AlfriCy Frederick. 
 
 Hriddelf hreadan — to Rid; to Deliver. 
 
 Rid, v. to free ; to deliver. I Rid'dle, v. to separate by a sieve ; to 
 
 Rid'dance, n. deliverance. I make many holes in. 
 
 Rid'dle, n. a coarse sieve. 
 
 Note.— Riddle, something to be solved by guessing, comes from the A.-S. (rcedaii, 
 to read, to guess). 
 
 Hidan — to Srr or Rest Upon. 
 
 Ride, v. to travel on horseback or in I Ride, n. an excursion on horseback 
 a vehicle ; to be carried. ' or in a vehicle. 
 
 ^rcac— a Rick. Hric — the Back; a Ridge. 
 
 Ridge, n. the top of the back ; the I Rid'gy, a. having ridges, 
 top of a roof or slope. I Rick, n. a pile of corn or hay. 
 
 ^y/— Rife. 
 
 Ripe, a. prevalent ; abounding. | Rife'ly, ad. prevalently ; frequently. 
 
 Rife'ness, n. prevalence ; abundance. 
 
 Riff'raff, n. refuse ; sweepings ; the 
 
 rabble. 
 Ri'fle, v. to rob ; to plunder. 
 Rive, v. to split ; to cleanse ; to rend. 
 Rift, n. a cleft : a fissure. 
 
 JReafian — to Seize or Take Away. 
 
 Rob, v. to take by force without right. 
 Rob'ber, n. a thief. 
 Rob'bery, n. theft by force. 
 
 Rov'er, n. a wanderer ; a robber. 
 Note. — Rifle, a kind of gun, comes from the German {reifeln, to groove). 
 
 Hri/mpMle — a Rumple ; a Fold. 
 
 Rim'plb; n. a wrinkle; a fold. I Rip'ple,^. the surface of water slightly 
 
 Rim'pling, n. uneven motion, I agitated. 
 
 .Rip'pLiNG, n. the noise of ripples. 
 
14S SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Hiht — Right. 
 
 Right, a. just ; proper ; straight. 
 Right'eous, a. just ; virtuous. 
 Right'ful, a. just; lawful. 
 Right'fully, ad. according to right. 
 Right'ly, ad. just; properly. 
 
 Up'rightness, n. honesty ; integrity. 
 Hring — Ring, 
 
 Right'ness, n. correctness ; straight- 
 
 ness. 
 Up'mght, a. straight up ; honest ; 
 
 just. 
 Up'rightly, ad. honestly. 
 
 Ring, n. a circle; a round line or 
 
 course. 
 Ring'let, n. a curl. 
 
 Ring'leader, n. the leader of a riot- 
 ous body, 
 Ring'worm, n. a disease. 
 
 Hringan— to Ring. 
 
 Ring, «. to cause to sound. I Rung, pp. did ring. 
 
 Ring, n. the sound of metals. I Ring'ing, ppr. causing to sound. 
 
 Note.— Rung, a step of a ladder, a heavy staff, comes from the Gaelic (rong, a spar). 
 
 Iti2> — a Harvest. Ripjxin — to Take what is Ripe. 
 
 Ripe, a. brought to perfection in j Ripe'ness,7z. state of being ripe. 
 
 growth ; mature. Rip, v. to tear ; to separate. 
 
 Ripe'ly, ad. maturely. Reap, v. to cut grain with a sickle ; 
 
 Ri'pEN, V. to grow npe. I to gather ; to obtain. 
 
 Reap'er, n. one who reaps. 
 
 Note.— Ripe is related to the A.-S. rippan^ to reap, and the English rip, to separate, 
 to tear ; for the fruits, at the time of their maturity, split, and are torn or plucked 
 from the place where they were brought to perfection, — Bosworth. 
 
 Had — a Riding , a Way ; a Road. 
 
 Road, n. an open way ; a public I Road'stead, n. a place where ships 
 passage. I can anchor. 
 
 Hrof—RooF ; the Top ; a Raised Part ; to Wrinkle. 
 
 Ruff, v. to ruffle ; to disorder. 
 Ruf'fle, v. to put out of form ; to 
 disorder. [ornament. 
 
 Ruf'fle, n. plaited linen, &c., for 
 
 Roof, n. the cover of a building. 
 Roof'less, a. wanting a roof. 
 Ruff, n. a plaited ornament worn 
 about the neck. 
 
 Hroc — Rook; Crow. 
 Rook, n. a species of crow. | Rook'ery, n. a nursery of rooks. 
 
 Note. — Rook, a castle in the game of chess, is from the Italian (rocco). 
 
 Mum— UooM. ; Space, Myman — to Make Way ; to Enlarge. 
 
 Room, n. space ; extent. | Room'y, a. spacious ; wide ; large. 
 
 Roam, v. to wander about ; to stroll. 
 
 Map — Rope. 
 Hope, n. a large cord, | Ro'pY, a. tenacious ; glutinous, 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 149 
 
 Itotian — to Rot. 
 Rot, v. to putrefy ; to decay. | Rot'ten, a. putrid ; unsound. 
 
 JEfreo/— Rough ; Scabby. 
 
 Rough, a. having inequalities on the 
 surface. 
 
 Rough'en, v. to make rough. 
 
 Rough'ly, ad. harshly. 
 
 Rough'ness, n. unevenness; harsh- 
 ness. 
 
 Rough'cast, v. to form rudely. 
 
 Rough'draught, n. a sketch. 
 Rough'hewn, p. a. unpolished ; rude. 
 Rough'work, v. to work coarsely. 
 Rug'ged, a. rough ; uneven. 
 Rug'gedness, n. state of being rug- 
 ged. 
 Rug, n. a coarse coverlet for a bed. 
 
 Mother — an Oar ; Rudder. 
 
 Rud'der, n. the instrument for steer- I Rud'der, 71. anything that guides ol 
 ing a vessel. I governs. 
 
 Hreowan — to Repent ; to Lament. 
 
 Rue, «. to be sorry for ; to regret. 
 Rue'ful, a. sorrowful. 
 Rue'fully, ad. mournfully. 
 Rue'fulness, n. moumfulness. 
 
 Ruth'lessness, n. want of pity. 
 
 Note. — Eue, a bitter herb, comes from the Greek (/iuvr/). 
 
 Ruth, n. mercy ; pity ; sorrow. 
 Ruth'ful, a. merciful. 
 Ruth'fully, ad. sadly ; sorrowfully. 
 Ruth'less, a. cruel ; pitiless. 
 
 Run, v. to move swiftly ; to flee. 
 Run'ner, n. one who runs. [ly. 
 
 Run'ning, n. the act of moving swift 
 
 Rennan — to Run ; to Flow. 
 
 Run'away, n. one who deserts. 
 Forerun'ner, n. a messenger 
 before. 
 
 Overrun', v. to run or spread over. 
 
 Mies — Rush. 
 
 Rush, n. a plant. I Rush'candle, n. 
 
 Rush'y, a. abounding with rushes. | rush. 
 
 Rush'like, a. like a rush ; weak. 
 
 a taper made of 
 
 Rash, a. acting without caution. 
 
 Rash'ly, ad. hastily. 
 
 Rash'ness, n. inconsiderate haste. 
 
 Hreosan— to Rush ; Shake ; Water, or Fall. 
 
 Rush, v. to move forward with vio- 
 lence. 
 Rush'ing, n. a violent course. 
 
 Rash'er,* n. a thin slice of bacon for frying. 
 
 * Probably from the rashness or haste with which the cookery is despatched. 
 
 Note. — Rash, to slice, comes from the Italian (raschiare) ; Rash, an eruption, trova 
 the Italian {rascia, the itch). 
 
 Rust — Rust. 
 
 Rust, n. a crust which forms ^n the 
 
 surface of metals. 
 Rust'y, a. covered with rust. 
 
 Rust'iness, n. the state of being rusty. 
 
 Rust, v. to gather rust ; to become 
 
 dull from want of action or exertion. 
 
 Note. — Rustic, a. relating to the country ; n. an inhabitant of the country, comes 
 from the Latin {rusticus^ rus^ the country). 
 
150 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOOY. 
 
 Hristlan — to Rustle. 
 
 Rustle, ti. to make a noise like the I Rust'ling, n. the noise of that which 
 rubbing of dry leaves. | rustles. 
 
 JRige — Rye. 
 
 Rye, n. a kind of grain. | Rye'grass, n. a kind of strong grass. 
 
 Rye'bbead, n. bread made of rye. 
 
 Sacc — Sack. 
 
 Sack, n. a large bag. 1 Satch'el, n. a small sack or bag. 
 
 Sack'ful, n. as much as a sack can contain. 
 
 Note.— Sack, to plunder a town, comes from the Spanish {sacar), and Sack, a kind 
 of wine, from the French {sec), the kind of wine now called sherry. 
 
 Sadel — Saddle. 
 
 Sad'dle, n. a seat placed on a horse's 1 Sad'dler, n. one who makes saddles, 
 back. I 
 
 Sigan — to Fall ; to Sink. 
 Sag, v. to sink in the middle when supported at both ends. 
 
 Segel — Sail. 
 
 Sail, n.thQ sheet by which the wind 
 impels a ship. 
 
 Sail, v. to be carried along by press- 
 ure of wind upon sails. 
 
 Sail'er, n. a vessel which sails. 
 Sail OR, n. a seaman. 
 Sail'-loft, n. a place where sails ai'e 
 made. 
 
 Syllan — to Sell. 
 
 Sell, «. to give for a price. I Sale'able, a. fit for sale. 
 
 Sale, n. the act of selling. I Sales'man, 7}. one that sells. 
 
 Salowig, salwig — Swarthy; Dark. 
 Sal'low, a. yellow ; pale. | Sal'lowness, n. sickly paleness. 
 
 Sealt — Salt. 
 
 Salt, n. a substance used for season- 
 ing and for preserving from cor- 
 ruption. 
 
 Salt'er, n. one who salts. 
 
 Salt'ish, a. somewhat salt. 
 
 Salt'less, a. not tasting of salt. 
 
 Salt'ness, n. the state of being salt. 
 Salt'cellar, 11. a vessel for holding 
 
 salt. 
 Saltpe'ter, n. a mineral salt ; niter. 
 Salt'work, n. a place where salt is 
 
 made. 
 
 Note. — Salt, a leap, a jump, comes from the Latin (saltum). 
 
 Sand — Earth ; the Shore. 
 
 Sand, n. small particles of stone. 
 S^nd'ed, a. covered with sand. 
 Band'y, a. full of sand. 
 
 Sand'iness, n. the state of being sandy. 
 Sand'stone, n. a loose, friable kind 
 of stone. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 151 
 
 Same — Alike ; As Well. 
 Same, a. not different. | Same'ness, n. the state being the same. 
 
 Seep — Sap; Juice. 
 
 Sap, n. the vital juice of plants. I Sap'ling, n. a young plant or tree* 
 
 Sap'less, a. wanting sap ; dry ; old. | Sap'py, a. abounding with sap. 
 
 Note. — Sap, to undermine, comes from the French {saper). 
 
 Sceter-dceg — Saturn's Day. 
 Sat'urday, n. the last day of the week. 
 
 Saga—%A.-?T. 
 
 Saw, n. a cutting instrument with a I Saw'yer, n. one who saws, 
 toothed edge. I Saw'dust, n. dust made by aawing. 
 
 Saw'pit, n. a pit where wood is sawed. 
 
 Secgan, segan — to Say. 
 
 Say, v. to speak ; to utter in words. | Say'ing, n. an expression ; a maxim. 
 Saw, n. a saying ; a maxim. 
 
 Note. — Saw, the preterit of the verb s«e, is from the A.-S. .scow, to see, to belu)ld. 
 Saw, a cutting instrument, comes from the A.-S. saga^ a saw. 
 
 Sceahh — Scab. 
 
 Scab, n. a crust formed over a sore. 
 Scab'by, a. diseased with scabs. 
 Shab'by, a. mean ; palfry. 
 
 Shab'biness, n. meanness; ragged- 
 
 ness. 
 Shab'bily, ad. meanly. 
 
 Scale, n. the dish of a balance. 
 Scale, n. a small shell or crust 
 Scalb'less, a. destitute of scales 
 
 Scale — a Shell ; a Husk. 
 
 Sca'ly, a. covered with scales. 
 Shell, n. the hard covering of any- 
 thing. 
 
 Shel'ly, a. abounding with shells. 
 Note.— Scale, to climb as by a ladder, comes from the Latin {scala, a ladder). 
 
 Scearfe—2. Fragment. 
 
 Scarp, n. a piece of dress that hangs j Scarp'skin, n. the outer skin of the 
 loose upon the shoulders. I body. 
 
 Scathian — to Injure ; to Damage. 
 
 ScATH, D. to damage ; to waste ; to I Scathe, v. to damage ; to destroy, 
 destroy. | Scath'ful, a. injurious ; destructive. 
 
 Scath'less, a. without harm or damage. 
 
 Scateran — lb Pour Out ; to Disperse. 
 
 Scat'ter, v. to throw loosely about. 1 Shat'ter, v. to break at once into 
 Scat'teredlYjO^. loosely; separately. | many pieces. 
 
 Scat'tering, n. the act of dispersing. 
 
ISd SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 School, n. a shoal or multitude offish. 
 Shoal, n. a great multitude assem- 
 bled ; a crowd. 
 
 Sceol — Shoal; Crowd; School. 
 
 Shoal, n. a place where the water is 
 
 of little depth. 
 Shal'low, a. not deep. 
 
 Note. — School, a place where instruction is given, comes from the Latin {schola). 
 
 Scot, from sceran — to Sheab ; to Cut ; Score. 
 
 Score, n. a notch, or mark cut on a stick ; twenty ; reason or motive. 
 
 Note. — Score, when used for twenty, has been well and rationally accounted foi 
 by supposing that our unlearned ancestors, to avoid the embarrassments of large 
 numbers, when they had made twice ten notches, cut off the piece or tally containing 
 them, and afterwards counted the scores or pieces cut oflf, and reclconed by the num- 
 ber of separated pieces, or by scores. — Horne Tookb. 
 
 Scur — a Scouring ; Scour. 
 
 Scour, «. to rub hard with something I Scour'ing, n. the act of cleaning by 
 rough. I rubbing. 
 
 Sculj in Scul-Edged, Scowl-Eyed — Scowl. 
 
 Scowl, «. to contract the brows ; to I Scowl, n. a frowning look of anger, 
 look angry or sullen. I 
 
 Screopan — to Scrape. 
 
 Scrape, v. to rub off the surface by I Scrape, n. difficulty or trouble, 
 an edge. I Scrap, n. a small piece. 
 
 Scrap'er, n. an instrument for scraping. 
 
 Hrceman — to Cry Aloud. 
 
 Scream, n. a shrill, quick, loud cry 1 Scream, i). to cry out shrilly, 
 of pain. I 
 
 Sceotan — to Shoot, Dart or Rush. 
 
 Scud, «. to flee ; to pass over quickly. | Shoot, v. to make fly with speed or 
 d / . _!._. .•_... i../- _. 1- violence. 
 
 Shot, n. the act of shooting. 
 Shout, v. to utter a loud cry. 
 Shut'tle, n. a weaver's instrument. 
 Shut'tlecock, n. cork, a cork stuck 
 with feathers. 
 
 Scud 'ding, n. a driving before a gale 
 with no sail. 
 
 Scud, n. loose, vapory clouds driven 
 swiftly by the wind. 
 
 Scut'tle, n. scud, to run with af- 
 fected haste. 
 
 Up'shot, n. conclusion ; end. 
 
 Note.— Scuttle, a hole in the deck or side of a'ship, comes from the French (ecou 
 t%Ue\ and Scuttle, a utensil for holding coals, from the Latin (scutilla). 
 
 Sceorfa — Scurf. 
 
 Scurf, n. a dry, mealy crust. I Scur'vy, a, vile ; mean ; n. a disease 
 
 Scurf'y, a. like scurf. | Scur'vily, ad. vilely ; basely. 
 
 Seafn — Seam. 
 
 Seam, n. the joining of two edges. 1 Seam'stress, n. a woman who sews. 
 Seam'less, a. having no seam. | Seam'y, a. showing the seam. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 153 
 
 S(B, se, slew — Sea. 
 
 Sea, n. a large body of salt water. 
 Sea'coast, n. the edge of the sea. 
 Sea'worthy, a. fit to go to sea. 
 Sea'ward, a. towards the sea. 
 Sea'breeze, n. wind blowing from 
 the sea. 
 
 Sea'board, n. the sea coast. 
 Sea'farer, n. a seaman; a sailor. 
 Sea'oirt, a. encircled by the sea. 
 Seal, n. seal, a marine quadruped 
 found in cold latitudes. 
 
 Note. — Seal, a stamp for makmg unpressions, comes from the Latin (sigUlum, a 
 it tie image or figure). 
 
 Seon — to See. Gesiht — Sight. 
 
 See, v. to perceive by the eye. 
 See'ing, n. sight ; vision. 
 Seen, pp. beheld ; observed. 
 Seer, n. a prophet. 
 
 Saw, v. sawofif did see. 
 Sight, n. the sense of seeing. 
 Sight'less, a. wanting sight. 
 Sight'ly, a. pleasing to the eye. 
 
 Note. — The preterit perfect of see was anciently written sigh, whence sighed, sighd, 
 sight. See, a diocese, comes from the Latin sedes, a seat, (from sedeo, to sit). 
 
 Seed— Seed; Sowing. 
 
 Seed, n. the substance from which 
 
 new plants spring. 
 Seed'ling, n. a plant just sprung 
 
 from the seed. 
 
 Seed'y, a. full of seed; poor and 
 
 miserable looking. 
 Seed 'time, n. the season of sowing. 
 
 Seothan — to Seethe ; Boil, or Cook. 
 
 Seethe, v. to boil ; to decoct in hot | Sod'den, p. soaked and softened in 
 liquor. 
 
 water. 
 
 Self, n. one's own person. 
 Self'ish, a. regarding only one's own 
 
 interest. 
 
 Sylf, seo//— Self. 
 
 Self'ishly, ad. in a selfish manner. 
 Selfishness, n. the quality of being 
 
 selfish. 
 
 Self'samb, a. exactly the same. 
 Settan — ^to Set. 
 
 Set, v. to place ; to plant ; to regulate. 
 Set, p. a. regular ; fixed ; firm. 
 Set, n. a number of things suited to 
 
 each other. 
 Set'tee, n. a large seat with a back. 
 Set'tle, v. to fix in any place or way 
 
 of life 
 
 Shake, v. to agitate 
 ter or tremble. 
 
 Sceacan- 
 
 to make to tot- 
 
 Set'tlement, n. adjustment ; a col- 
 ony. 
 
 Set 'ter, n. a kind of dog. 
 
 Beset', 'd. to surround. 
 
 Beset'ting, p. a. habitually attend- 
 ing. 
 
 Out'set, n. opening ; beginning. 
 
 -to Shake. 
 
 Shak'ing, n. a vibratory motion. 
 Shock, n. a violent collision. 
 
 « Shock'ing, a^that shocks ; offensive. 
 
 Sceal — I AM Obliged ; I Ought. 
 
 Shall, «. an auxiliary verb denoting | Should, «. the preterit of Shall. 
 duty or obligation. * 
 
154 
 
 smith's hand-book of etymologt. 
 
 Scead — Shade. Sceadan — to Diyide ; to Shade ; to Cover. 
 Seed — a Shade. Scedan — to Pour Out ; to Shed. 
 
 Shade, n. interception of light. 
 Shade, ti. to shelter or screen from 
 
 light or the rays of the sun. 
 Sha'dy, a. sheltered from light and 
 
 heat. 
 Shad'ow, n. a figure formed by the 
 
 interception of light. 
 Overshade', v. to cover so as to cause 
 
 darkness. 
 
 Shed, n. a slight covering to shade 
 
 Note. — Shed is used in composition in the sense of effusion 
 
 Shad'owy, a. full of shade. 
 Overshad'ow, «. to throw a shadow 
 
 over. 
 Sheath, n. the case or cover of any 
 
 thing. 
 Sheathe, v. to put into a sheath. 
 Sheath'less, a. having no sheath. 
 Shed, v. to let fall ; to pour out. 
 Shed'ding, ppr. flowing out ; casting. 
 
 as hloo^-shed. 
 
 Scama— Shame. 
 
 Shame, n. the emotion excited by the 
 consciousness of guilt, or by the 
 exposure of what ought to be con- 
 cealed. 
 
 Sham, n. a false pretence ; a fraud. 
 Note. — Sham, contracted from ashamed 
 
 Shame'ful, a. disgraceful. 
 Shame'less, a. destitute of shame. 
 Shame'paced, a. modest; bashful. 
 Ashamed', p. a. touched with shame. 
 
 Seyppan — to Form ; to Create ; to Shape. 
 
 Shape, v. to form ; to mould ; to make. I Shape'less, a. destitute of regular 
 Shape, n. form or figure. I form. 
 
 Shape'ly, a. well-formed. 
 
 Sceran — to Shear ; to Shave ; to Divide ; from scer- 
 
 a Shire. 
 Note. — Also the superintendence of a share. 
 
 -a Share ; 
 
 Shear, v. to clip or cut from the sur- 
 face. 
 Shear'er, n. one who shears. 
 Shears, n. large scissors. 
 Share, v. to part among two or more. 
 Share, n. the part allotted. 
 Shore, n. land bordering on water. 
 
 very 
 
 Sheer, a. pure and unmixed 
 thin. 
 
 Sheer, i). to deviate or turn aside. 
 
 Shire, n. a county. 
 
 Sher'ifp, n. {seir-gerefii, shire- 
 reeve), the chief civil ofl[icer of a 
 county. 
 
 Shirt, n. the under-garment worn by men. 
 
 Note. — Shore, a piece of timber to prop with, comes from the Dutch (schoor). 
 Shirt comes from scirtan, to shorten, (from sceran, to shear). 
 
 Seearp — Sharp 
 
 Sharp, a. having a keen edge or fine 
 
 point. 
 Sharp'en, 'V. to make sharp. 
 Sharp'er, n. a tricky fellow. 
 
 Sharp'ly, ad. keenly ; acutely. 
 Sharp'ness, n. keenness of edge or 
 
 point. 
 Sharp'set, a. hungry ; eager. 
 
 Seafan — to Scrape ; to Make Smooth, 
 
 Shave, v. to make smooth ; to cut or j Scav'enger, n. a person employed to 
 pare close to the surface, | clean the streets. 
 
 Shav'ing, n. a thin slice pared oft'. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 155 
 
 Sceaf—a Sheaf ; a Bundle of Cobn. 
 
 Bheaf, n. a bundle of stalks. | Sheaf, v. to make sheaves. 
 
 Note. — Sheaf (sometimes called Sheave), the wheel in the block of a pulley, 
 comes from the Dutch (schij). 
 
 Seep — Sheep. 
 
 Sheep, n. an animal. 
 
 Sheep'ish, a. like a sheep ; bashful. 
 
 Sheeps' eye, n. a modest, diffident 
 
 look. 
 Shep'herd, n. hyrde, one who tends 
 
 sheep. 
 
 Sheep'ishly, ad. bashfully. 
 
 Shep'herdess, n. a female who tends 
 sheep. 
 
 Shep'herd's-crook, n. an implement 
 to secure a sheep by the legs with- 
 out disturbing the flock. 
 
 Scyte — Sheet. 
 
 Sheet, n. a broad piece of linen or 1 SHEET'mG, n. cloth for making 
 cotton cloth. I sheets. 
 
 Note. — Sheet, a rope listened to the lower comers of a sail, comes from the 
 French {eccnde). 
 
 Scylfe — Shelf. 
 
 Shelf, n. a board fixed on supporters I Shelve, «. to place on shelves ; to 
 for holding anything. I slope. 
 
 Shelv'ing, p. a. sloping ; inclining. 
 
 Scyld — Shield. Scyldan — to Cover ; to Protect. 
 
 Shield, n. defence ; shelter ; protec- I Shel'ter, n. a cover ; a protection, 
 tion. I Shel'ter, v. to cover ; to protect. 
 
 Shel'terless, a. destitute of shelter. 
 
 NoTB. — Shelter is formed from to shield^ A.-S. saildan, to cover, to protect, prete- 
 rit and past participle shielt, like feel., felt; build, built. — Barclay. 
 
 Seyftan — to Divide ; to Verge ; to Decline. 
 
 Shift, v. to change place ; to move. | Shift'ing, n. act of changing. 
 Shipt'less, a. destitute of energy. 
 
 Seinan — to Shine. Sceone — Beautiful. 
 
 Shine, v. to be bright ; to glitter. I Shi'ny, a. bright ; splendid. 
 Shin'ing, p. a. bright ; splendid. | Sheen, a. bright ; glittering. 
 
 Sheen, n. brightness ; splendor. 
 
 Seip — Ship. 
 
 Ship, n. a large vessel for sailing. I Ship'ment, n. the act of loading a 
 Ship'ping, n. ships collectively. I ship. 
 
 Ship'wreck, n. the destruction of a ship. 
 
 • Note. — Ship, as a termination, d^iotes state, office, or dignity ; as, friendship. 
 
 Sceoppa — a Treasury ; a Storehouse ; (But. schap, a shelf) 
 Shop, n. a place where tjiings are sold, j Shop'ping, ppr. visiting shops to buy. 
 
156 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Sceo — Shoe. 
 
 Shoe^ n. a covering for the foot. I Shod, pp. having the feet covered 
 
 Shoe'less, a. destitute of shoes. | with shoes. 
 
 Shoe'maker, n. one who makes shoes. 
 
 Scort — Short. 
 
 Shoht, a. not long in time or space. I Short'nesb, n. the quality of being 
 Short'en, v. to make short. | short. 
 
 Short'ly, cid. quickly; soon. 
 
 Scufafif sceofan— to Shove ; Thrust ; Cast ; Put. 
 
 Shove, v. to push or press along. 
 Shov'el, n. an instrument with a 
 handle and broad scoop. 
 
 Shup'fle, v. to throw into disorder. 
 Shaft, n. anything straight. 
 
 Sceawian — to Look or See ; to View. 
 
 Show, v. to present to view. I Show'y, a. splendid ; gay. 
 
 Show, n. a spectacle. I Show'ily, ad. in a showy manner. 
 
 Scur — Shower op Rain ; a Storm. 
 
 Show'er, n. a fall of rain of short I Show'ery, a. raining in showers, 
 duration. I 
 
 Screadian — to Cut Off. 
 
 Shred, v. to cut into pieces narrow I Shred, n. a fragment ; a strip, 
 and long. I 
 
 Syrwan — to Ensnare ; to Entrap. 
 
 Shrew, n. a peevish, brawling wo- 
 man. 
 Shrewd, a. sly ; cunning ; artful, 
 Shrewd'ness, n. sly cunning. 
 
 Shrewd'ly, ad. cunningly ; mischiev- 
 ously. 
 Shrew'ish, a. peevish ; petulant. 
 Shrew'ishness, n. petulance. 
 
 Serin — Casket; Chest. 
 
 Shrine, n. a case in which something I Enshrine', v. to preserve as sacred, 
 sacred is deposited. I 
 
 Scrincan — Shrink ; to Wither ; to Contract. 
 
 Shrink, 'v. to contract itself 
 Shrink'age, n. contraction into a less 
 compass. 
 
 Note. — Shrimps, when boiled, contract or draw together in a roundish shape. 
 
 Shrimp, n. a small crustaceous animal. 
 Shrimp'net, n. a net for catching 
 shrimps. 
 
 Scrtid — Clothing ; Shroud. 
 
 Shroud, n. a cover ; the dress of the I Shrouds, n. ropes extending from the 
 dead. I masts to the sides of a ship. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 157 
 
 Scroh — Shrub. 
 
 Shrub, n. a bush ; a small tree. | Shrub'bery,?i. a plantation of shrubs. 
 
 Note. — Shrub, a liquor composed of spirits, acid, and sugar, comes from the Ara- 
 bic (sharab). 
 
 Seoc — Sick. 
 
 Sick, a. afficted with disease. 
 Sick'en, v. to make, or become sick. 
 Sick'ish, a. somewhat sick. 
 
 Sick'ly, a. not healthy. 
 Sick'liness, n. the state of being 
 sickly. 
 
 Sick'ness, n. disease. 
 
 Side — Side. 
 
 Side, n. the broad and long part of a I Si'dle, v. to go side foremost, 
 thing. I Side'long, ad. on the side. 
 
 Side'ways, ad. on one side. 
 
 Sife, Siftan— to Sift. 
 
 Sieve, n. a vessel with a bottom of I Sift, v. to separate by a sieve, 
 net work. I 
 
 Siccet—a Sigh ; a Groan. Sican — to Sigh. 
 
 Sigh, v. to inhale and expire a long I Sigh'ing, n. audible emission of 
 breath audibly. - I breath. 
 
 Seolc—BiLK. 
 
 Silk, n. a fine, soft thread spun by I Silk'en, a. made of silk, 
 the silk-worm. I Silk'y, a. soft ; tender. 
 
 Silk'iness, n. softness ; smoothness. 
 
 Scelif/ — Happy. 
 
 Sel'ly, a. weak in intellect ; foolish. I Sil'liness, n. weakness; harmless 
 
 I folly. 
 
 Seolfer, sylfor — Silver. 
 Sil'ver, n. a precious metal. | Sil'very, a. like silver. 
 
 Syn — Sin. 
 
 Sin, n. a violation of the Divine law. I Sin'less, a. free from sin. 
 Sin'ful, a. guilty of sin ; wicked. | Sin'ner, n. one guilty of sin. 
 
 SitJithan, SitJi — After ; and thcenne — Then. 
 
 Since, conj. because that. • | Since, ad. from the time that. 
 
 Sinu — Sinew. 
 Sin'ew, n. a tendon ; stt-ength. | Sin'ewy, a. strong ; powerful. 
 
158 • SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Sifigan — to Seng. 
 
 Sing, v. to modulate the voice to 
 melody. 
 
 Singling, n. the utterance of melo- 
 dious sounds. 
 
 Sing'er, n. one who sings. 
 Sing'song, a. bad intonation. 
 Song, n. that which is sung. 
 Song'ster, n. one that sings. 
 
 Song'stress, n. a female smger. 
 
 Sincan — to Sink. 
 
 Sink, id. to fall down through any I Sink, n. a drain, 
 substance. I Sink'ing, j9;?r. a. falling; declining. 
 
 Sipan — to Sip. 
 Sip, v. to drink in small quantities. | Sip'pet, n. a small sop. 
 
 Swuster — Sister. 
 
 Sis'ter, n. a female bom of the same I Sis'terhood, n. a society of females, 
 parents. I SisVerly, a. like a sister. 
 
 Sittan — to Sit. 
 
 Sit, v. to rest on the lower part of I Sit'ting, n. the act of resting on a 
 the body. I seat. 
 
 Skate, n. sceadda, a flat fish. 
 Note. — Skate, a shoe for sliding on the ice, comes from the Dutch (schaats.) 
 
 Scylan — ^to Distinguish ; to Separate ; to Scale. 
 
 Skill, n. familiar knowledge of any Skilled, a. knowing ; dexterous, 
 art or science. Slate, n. a kind of stone which read- 
 
 Skill'ful, a. knowing; dexterous. 
 Skill'fully, ad. with skill. 
 
 ily splits into plates. 
 Slaty, a. resembling slate 
 
 Scin — Skin. 
 
 Skin, n. the natural covering of the I Skin'ner, n. one who skins, 
 flesh. I Skin'ny, a. wanting flesh. 
 
 Skin'deep, a. slight ; superficial. 
 
 Scitan — to Throw Out ; Skittish. 
 Skit'tish, a. easily frightened ; timid. ] Skit'tishly, ad. shyly. 
 
 Sleac, slaw — Slow ; Idle ; Lazy ; Remiss. 
 
 Slow'ness, n. want of speed. 
 Sloth, n. slowness ; laziness. 
 Sloth'ful, a. lazy ; sluggish. 
 Slug, n. a piece of metal shot from 
 
 a gun. 
 Slug, n. a slow, lazy, sleepy fellow. 
 Slug'gard, n. a slow, lazy person. 
 Slug'gish, a. lazy ; dull ; slow. 
 Slug'gishly, ad. lazily ; slowly. 
 
 Slack, a. loose ; not hard drawn. 
 Slack'en, «. to loosen ; to relax. 
 Slack'ly, ad. loosely ; remissly. 
 Slack'ness, n. looseness. 
 Slouch, n. a lazy, idle fellow. 
 Slouch, v. to have a downcast clown 
 
 ish look. 
 Slow, a. not swift ; not ready. 
 Slow'ly, ad. not speedily. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. « 159 
 
 Slaughter, from slaught, past part, of slean— to Slat ; to Beat. 
 
 Slaugh'ter, n. destruction of life by Slay'er, n. one who slays. 
 
 violence. Sledge, n. a large, heavy hammer. 
 
 Slaugh'terous, a. destructive ; mur- Sleet, n. sliht, a fall of hail or snow 
 
 derous. with rain. 
 
 Slay, v. to put to death ; to kill. Sleet'y, a. consisting of sleet. 
 
 Note. — Sledge, a vehicle with low wheels for conveying loads, is from the Dutch 
 {slede.) Sliht, past participle of A.-S. slean. 
 
 Slith—SMOOTU ; Slippery. 
 
 Sleek, a. smooth ; glassy. I Sleight, n. an artful or adroit trick. 
 Sleek'ly, ad. smoothly ; softly. Sly, a. meanly ; artful ; crafty. 
 
 Sleek'ness, n. smoothness. Sly'ly, ad. with secret artifice. 
 
 Slick, a. smooth ; slippery ; glossy. I Sly'ness, n. artful secrecy. 
 
 Sleep, v. to take rest by the suspen- 
 sion of the bodily and mental 
 powers. 
 
 Sleep'er, n. one who sleeps, 
 
 Slapan — to Sleep. 
 
 Sleep'lng, n. the state of being at rest. 
 Sleep'less, a. having no sleep. 
 Sleep'y, a. disposed to sleep. 
 Sleep'ily, ad. drowsily ; lazily. 
 
 Sleep'iness, n. inclination to sleep. 
 
 Slyf—a Sleeve. Slefan — to Clothe ; to Cover. 
 
 Sleeve, n. the part of a garment | Sleeve'less, a. having no sleeves, 
 which covers the arm. 
 
 Slitan — to Slit ; to Slice. 
 
 Slice, v. to cut into broad, thin I Slic'er, n. one who slices, 
 pieces. | Slit, v. to cut lengthwise. 
 
 Slidan — to Slide. 
 
 Sled, n. a carriage with runners used 
 
 on snow. 
 Sleigh, n. a carriage with runners 
 
 used on snow. 
 
 Slide, v. to move along without 
 
 stepping. 
 Slid'ing, p. a. gliding. 
 
 Slim — Slime. 
 Slime, n. moist, adhesive earth. | Slim'y, a. consisting of slime. 
 
 Slingan— to Sling. 
 
 Sling, n. an instrument for throwing 1 Sling, v. to throw ; to hurL 
 stones. I 
 
 Slipan — to Slip. 
 
 Slip, v. to slide; to glide. I Slip'pery, a. smooth, like ice. ^ 
 
 #Lip'pER, n. a loose kind of sho* I Slip'knot, n. a knot easily untied. 
 Slab, n. a plane or table of stone. 
 
 Slumerian — to Slumber. 
 Slum'ber, v. to sleep ifghtly. | Slum'bering, n. state of repose. 
 
1^0 , SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Slog — Slough. 
 
 Slough, n. a place of deep mud. I Sludge, n. mire ; mud. 
 Slough'y, a. miry ; muddy. | Sludg'y, a. miry. 
 
 Sniceccan — to Taste. 
 
 Smack, v. to kiss with a sharp noise ; 
 
 to have a taste. 
 Smack, n. a loud kiss ; a quick, smart 
 
 blow. 
 
 Smat'ter, v. to talk with but little 
 knowledge of the subject. 
 
 Smattering, n. suj^erficial knowl- 
 edcje. 
 
 Note. — Smack, a fishing-vessel, comes from the Dutch (smak schip.) 
 
 /S»wt<TB?— Small ; Thin; Slender. 
 
 Small, a. little ; minute ; petty. | Small'ish, a. somewhat small. 
 
 Small 'ness, n. state of being small. 
 
 Smeortan — to Smart. 
 
 Smart, v. to feel sharp pain. | Smart'ly, ad. sharply ; briskly. 
 
 Smart'ness, n. quickness ; briskness. 
 
 Smyrian, smere — Fat; Grease. 
 
 Smear, «. to overspread with any- | Besmear', «). to bedaub ; to soil, 
 thing unctuous. I 
 
 Smitan — to Strike ; to Smite ; to Dash. 
 
 Smite, v. to give a blow to. I Smith, n. any one who strikes or 
 
 Smi'ter, n. one who smites. I smites with a hammer. 
 
 Smith'craft, n. {crceft,) the art of a smith. 
 
 Sfneoc — Smoke. 
 
 Smoke, n. the visible matter which is I Smok'er, n. one who smokes. 
 emitted by burning substances. | Smoke'less, a. having no smoke. 
 Smok'y, a. emitting smoke. 
 
 Smethe — Smooth. 
 
 Smooth, a. even on the surface. 1 Smooth'ly, ad. not roughly. 
 
 Smooth'er, n. one who smooths. ( Smooth'ness, n. evenness of surface. 
 
 Smoran — to Suffocate. 
 
 Smoth'br, v. to suffocate by exclud- I Smoul'der, v. to bum and smoke 
 ing air. | without flame or vent. 
 
 Smoul'dering, a. burning and smoking without vent. 
 
 Smugan — to Creep. 
 
 Smug'glb, v. to import or export un- I Smug'gler, n. one who smuggles, 
 lawfully. I 
 
 Sncegel — Snail. 
 Snail, n. a slimy, slow creeping reptile. | Snail'like, ad. as a snail ; very slow. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 161 
 
 Smut, n. a spot made with soot or 
 
 coal. 
 Smut, n. obscene language. 
 
 Smitta — Smut. 
 
 Smut'ty, a. black with smoke; ob- 
 scene. 
 Besmut, v. to soil with soot or smoke. 
 
 Smutch, v. to blacken with smoke. 
 Snican — to Move Softly ; to Sneak ; to Creep. 
 
 Sneak, v. to creep or steal away 
 
 privately. 
 Sneak'ing, a. servile ; mean. 
 Snug'ness, n. state of being snug. 
 
 Snug, «. to lie close, as in bed. 
 Snug'gle, v. to lie close and warm. 
 Snug'ly, ad. closely. 
 Snake, n. a kind of serpent. 
 
 Snak'y, a. like a snake ; 
 
 Snora — a Snoring. 
 
 Snore, v. to breathe audibly through I Snort, v. to blow through the noae 
 the nose in sleep. I so as to utter a strong sound. 
 
 Snort'ing, n. the act of blowing through the nose. 
 
 Note. — Snore, a string or cord with which a boy spins a top comes from the Dutch 
 {snoer, a string or cord.) 
 
 Snaw — Snow. 
 
 Snow, n. frozen vapor which falls in I Snow'y, a. white like snow, 
 white flakes. I Snow'ball, n. a round lump of snow. 
 
 Snow'drop, 71. an early flower. 
 
 Seohgend — Complaining. 
 
 Sob, t). to sigh with convulsion. I Sob'bing, p. a. sighing with a heav- 
 
 I ing of the breast. 
 
 Seft — Soft; Meld; Quiet. 
 
 Soft, a. easily yielding to pressure. 
 Soft'en, v. to make or grow soft. 
 Soft'ly, ad. gently ; mildly. 
 
 Soft'ness, n. the quality of being 
 soft; mildness. 
 
 Selan — to Soil ; Smear or Stain. 
 Soil, v. to make dirty ; to stain. | Soll'ing, n. the act of one who soila 
 
 Note. — Soil, the ground, earth, land, comes from the Latin {solunu) 
 
 Sol — a Sole or Sandal. 
 Sole, n. the bottom of the foot. | Sole, n. a flat fish. 
 
 Note.— Sole, single ; only ; comes from the Latin (solus.) 
 
 Sum — Some. 
 
 Some, a. noting a quantity of § thing 
 
 but indeterminate. 
 Some'body, n. a person unknown. 
 Some'how, ad. in some way not yet 
 
 known. 
 
 Some'thing, n. a portion more or less. 
 Some'time, ad. at one time or other. 
 Some'what, ad. more or less. 
 Some'where, ad, in some place or 
 other. 
 
162 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Soth—SooTB.; Teuth. 
 
 Sooth, n. truth •, reality. | Sooth'say, v. to foretell. 
 
 Sooth'sayer, n. a foreteller. 
 
 Gesothian — to Flatter ; to Assert ; to Soothe. 
 
 Soothe, v. to calm ; to mollify ; to | Sooth'ingly, ad. with flattery, 
 flatter. 
 
 Sore, n. a tender and painful place. 
 Sore'ly, ad. with great pain. 
 Sore'ness, n. the state of being sore. 
 Sor'row, n. pain of mind ; grief. 
 
 Sar, sorg — Pain ; Care. 
 
 Sor'rowful, a. mournful ; sad. 
 Sor'ey, a. grieved for the loss of 
 
 some good; mean; worthless. 
 Sor'rily, ad. meanly ; wretchedly. 
 
 Sot—SoT. 
 Sot, n. a habitual drunkard. | Sot'tish, a. drunken ; stupid ; dull. 
 
 Sawl — Life; Soul. 
 Soul, n. the immortal spirit of man. 1 Soul 'less, a. without soul ; mean. 
 
 Sund — Healthy. 
 
 Sound, a. whole ; healthy. | Sound'ly, ad. heartily ; rightly. 
 
 Sound'ness, n. health ; truth. 
 
 Sund— Si Swimming ; a Shallow Sea. 
 
 Sound, n. a strait, or a part of the I Sound'less, a. that cannot be fath- 
 sea between two headlands. I omed. 
 
 Note.— Sound, anything audible ; a noise ; comes from the Latin (sono.) 
 Sur — Sour. Surelice — Surly. 
 
 Sour, a. acid; tart; harsh. 
 Sour'ish, a. somewhat sour. 
 Sour'ly, ad. with acidity. 
 Sour'ness, n. acidity; harshness of 
 temper. 
 
 Sur'liness, n. moroseness. 
 
 Note. — Sobbel, a yellowish brown color, comes from the French (saure.) 
 
 Sor'rel, n. a plant, so named from 
 its acid taste. 
 
 Sur'ly, a. gloomily ; morose ; un- 
 civil. 
 
 Sur'lily, ad. in a surly manner. 
 
 Suth—SovTH. 
 
 SoFTH, n. the point in which the sun j South'erly, a. lying towards the 
 is at noon to the inhabitants of the i south. 
 
 northern parts of the earth. I South'ern, a. belonging to the south. 
 
 South'ward, ad. towards the south. 
 
 Span, spannan — to Measure ; to Clasp ; to Join. 
 
 Span, v. to measure by the hand ex- 
 tended. 
 Span'ner, n. that which spans. 
 
 Span, n. the space from the end of 
 the thumb to the end of the little 
 .finger extended; nine inches; a 
 brief period. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 163 
 
 Sparran — to Bar ; to Stop ; to Hinder. 
 
 Spar, v. to dispute ; to fight with prelusive strokes ; to box. 
 
 Note. — Spar, a mast, boom, etc., comes from the Dutch {spar, a rafter,) and Spar, 
 a crystallized mineral, from the Dutch (spaath.) 
 
 Spartan— to Spare. 
 
 Spare, v. to use frugally ; to do I Spare 'ly, ad. frugally, 
 without. I Spare'ness, n. leanness. 
 
 Sparing'ly, ad. frugally. 
 
 Spearca — Spark. 
 
 Spark, n. a small particle of fire. i Spark'ling, a. glittering ; lively. 
 Spar'kle, n. a particle of fire. I Spark'lingly, ad. with twinkling 
 
 Spar'kle, v. to emit sparks ; to shine. I lustre. 
 Spark'lbr, n. one that sparkles. 1 
 
 Sprcecan — to Speak. 
 
 Speak, v. to express thoughts by 
 
 words. 
 Speak'able, a. that may be spoken. 
 Speak'er, n. one who speaks. 
 Speak'ing> n. the act of expressing 
 
 in words. 
 Bespeak', v. to speak for beforehand 
 
 Speech, n. the power of expressing 
 
 thoughts by words. 
 Speech'less, a. deprived of speech ; 
 
 dumb. 
 Spoke, v. did speak. 
 Spokesman, n. one who speaks for 
 
 another. 
 
 Spo'ken, ppr. expressed thoughts. 
 
 Note.— Spoke, one of the bars of a wheel which extend from the hub to the rim, 
 comes from the A.-S. (spaca.) 
 
 Specca — Speck. 
 
 Speck, n. a small spot ; v. to spot. | Spec'kle, v. to mark with small spots. 
 
 Spedan — to Speed ; to Prosper. 
 
 Speed, v. to make haste; n. quick 
 ness. 
 
 Speed 'iLY, ad. quickly. 
 Speed 'iNESS, n. the quality of being 
 speedy. 
 
 Speed'y, a. quick ; swift. 
 
 Spell — History: Speech; Tidings. 
 
 Spell, n. a charm consisting of I Spell 'bound, a. under magic influ- 
 words. 1 ence. 
 
 Spell'-land, n. enchanted land. 
 
 Spelian — to Take Another's Place. 
 
 Spell, n. a turn of work ; a short I Spell, t>. to relieve by taking a turn 
 turn or time ; season. I at a piece of work. 
 
 Spcetan — to Throw Out. 
 
 Spit, v. to eject from the mou^. 
 Spit, n. what is ejected from the 
 mouth. 
 
 Spit'tle, n. moisture of the mouth ; 
 
 saliva. 
 Spat'ter, v. to sprinkle with dirt. 
 
 Bespat'ter, v. to spot over with dirt. 
 Note.— Spit, a long frou prong on which meat is roasted, comes from A,-S. (xpiter.' 
 
164 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 Spellian — to Nark ate. 
 
 Spell, id. to form words with their I Spell 'ing-book, 7i. a book for teach- 
 proper letters. | ing orthography. 
 
 Spendan — to Consume. 
 
 Spend, v. to lay out ; to waste. [ Spend'ing, n. the act of laying out. 
 
 Spend'thrift, n. a prodigal ; a lavisher. 
 
 Sjyinnan — to Spin. 
 
 Spin, v. to draw out and twist into 
 threads ; to protract ; to move rap- 
 idly round. 
 
 Spin'ner, n, one who spins. 
 
 Spin'ster, n. a woman who spins ; an 
 unmarried woman. i Spi'der,* n. an insect 
 
 * From Spin, n being dropped, so named, from spinning his web. 
 
 Spin'dle, n. the pin on which the 
 thread is formed ; a long, slender 
 stalk, 
 
 Spin'dle-legged, a. having long, 
 slender legs. 
 
 Spoil — a Chip. 
 
 Spoon, n. a utensil with a concave I Spoon'ful, n. as much as a spoon can 
 part for dipping liquids. I hold. 
 
 Sprcedan — to Spread. 
 Spread, v. to extend in all directions. | Spread'ing, n. the act of extending. 
 
 Spring, v. to rise out of the ground ; 
 
 to leap ; to jump. 
 Spring'y, a. elastic. 
 
 Spring an — to Spring. 
 
 Spring, n. the season when plants be- 
 gin to grow ; a fountain. 
 Spring'iness, n. elasticity. 
 
 Sprengan — to Sprinkle. 
 
 Sprin'kle, «. to scatter in drops. I Sprink'ling, n. a small quantity SCat- 
 
 I tered. 
 
 Spreof — a Spear; Sprit. 
 
 Sprit, n. a small boom used with I Sprit '-sail, n. a sail extended by 
 some sails. I means of a sprit. 
 
 Gyllan — to Yell. 
 
 Squall, «. to scream violently. I Wail, ti. #d grieve audibly for. 
 
 Squajul, n. a short, violent storm. | Wail'ing, n. audible sorrow. 
 Bewail', n. to lament. 
 
 Staef—a Stick, 
 
 Staff, n. a stick used in walking. 
 Stave, re,, a thin, narrow piece of 
 wooa. 
 
 Stave, v. to break in pieces. 
 Stove, pp)\ broken in as a boat or 
 barrel. 
 
 KoTE.— Stove, an iron box in which fire is made for beating and cooking, comes 
 fi-om the A.-d. (stoja^ a stove ; a bath.) 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 165 
 
 StmgeVf stiff an — to Go 
 
 Stage, n. a raised floor ; the theatre ; 
 
 a degree of advance. 
 Stage'-coach, n. a public coach. 
 Stair, n. a step by which we ascend. 
 
 ; to Ascend ; to Mount. 
 
 Stairs, 71. a series or flight of steps. 
 Stile, n. (stU/elf) a set of steps for 
 passing a fence or wall. 
 
 Stace, stician — to Stick. 
 Stake, n. a stick fixed in the ground. | Stake, n. that which is put at hazard. 
 
 Stalf steal — a Place ; a Stand ; a Stable. 
 
 Stall, n. a bench or frame of shelves 
 in the open air, on which anything 
 is exposed for sale. 
 
 Forestall', v. to take beforehand. 
 
 Stale, a. old ; long kept. 
 Stale'ness, n. the state of being stale. 
 Stall, n. a crib for a horse or an ox. 
 Stall'fed, a. fed in a stall. 
 
 Stwlcan — to Stalk ; to Go Softly or Warily. 
 
 Stalk, v. to walk with lofty and I Stalk'ing-horse, n. a masK , a pre- 
 proud steps. I tence. 
 
 Stcelff- 
 
 Stalk, n. the stem of a plant. 
 
 -a Column. 
 I Stalk'less, a. having no stem. 
 
 Standan — to Stand. 
 
 Stand, v. to be upon the feet in an 
 
 erect position. 
 Stand, n. a station ; a halt. 
 
 Stand'ard, n. an ensign of war ; a 
 
 rule or measure. 
 Stand 'iNG, a. settled; lasting. 
 
 Stapel — a Prop ; a Stake Set in the Ground. 
 
 Sta'ple, n. a loop of metal ; a prin- | Sta fle, a. chief; principaL 
 cipal commodity. 
 
 Stearc — Rigid; Stiff. 
 
 Starch, n. a substance used to stiffen I Starched, a. stiffened ; precise. 
 linen. . | Stark, ad. completely • wholly. 
 
 Styran — to Stir ; to Move ; to Steer. 
 
 Start, v. to move suddenly ; to alarm. 
 
 Start, n. a quick spring. 
 
 Start'ing, n. the act of moving sud- 
 denly. 
 
 Star'tle, v. to alarm ; to fright. 
 
 Star, n. {stearra,) a luminous body 
 in the heavens. 
 
 Star'less, a. having no light of stars. 
 
 Star'ry, a, abounding with s|^rs. 
 
 Star 'light, a. lighted by the stars. 
 Star'board, n. the right hand side 
 
 of a ship. 
 Stfer, v. to direct ; to guide. 
 Steer'age, n. an apartment in a ship. 
 Stern, n. the hind part of a ship 
 
 where the rudder is placed. 
 Stir, t?. to move ; to agitate. 
 Bestir', v. to put into brisk action. 
 
 Note. — Steer, a young bullock, comes from the A.-S. {steor ;) and Steer, to guide, 
 to direct, from the A.-S. {styran, to stir, to move). 
 
 Stern, severe of countenance, comes from the A.-S. {starian, to stare) ; and Stebk, 
 the hind part of a boat|,from the A.-S. {styran^ to stir, to steer). 
 
166 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Starian — to Stabe. 
 
 Stare, v to look with fixed eyes. I Stern, {styrne,) severe of counter 
 Star'er, n. one who stares. I nance ; harsh. 
 
 Stern'ly, severely. 
 
 Steorfan — to Die ; to Perish. 
 Starve, x. to kill with hunger or cold. | Starva'tion, n. the act of starving. 
 
 Steele — Place. 
 
 Stead, n. place ; room. 
 Stead 'fast, a. fast in place ; firm ; 
 constant. 
 
 Stead'y, a. firm ; fixed ; constant. 
 Stead 'iLY, ad. with steadiness. 
 Stead'iness, n. firmness; constancy. 
 
 Stelan — to Steal. 
 
 Steal, «. to take by theft. I Stal 'worth, a. («fcei^-««?corf7A, worth 
 
 Stealth, n. theft ; secret act. | stealing,) stout ; strong ; robust. 
 
 Steep — a Step ; a Going. 
 
 Step, v. to move the foot ; to walk 
 
 gravely. 
 Steep, a. rising or descending with 
 
 great inclination. 
 
 Note.— Steep, to soak, to imbue, comes from the German (stippen.) 
 Stikrup, from A.-S. (stige rapa, from stigan, to step or ascend, and rap, a rope.) 
 The first stirrups appear to have been ropes. 
 
 Stir'rup, n. a step rope ; a kind of 
 hoop in which a horseman rests 
 his foot. 
 
 Steop from steopan — to Deprive ; to Bereave. 
 
 Step 'daughter, n. a daughter by 
 marriage. 
 
 Step'mother, n. a mother by mar- 
 riage. 
 
 Step 'son, n. a son by marriage. 
 
 Step, is a prefix denoting relation- 
 ship arising out of orphanage, 
 
 Step'child, n. a child by marriage 
 only. 
 
 Step'father, n. a father by marriage. 
 
 Stitvard from Icel. Stla—Won^ ; and weard—a Guard or Keeper. 
 
 Stew'ard, n. one who manages the I Stew'ardship, n. the office of a stew- 
 affairs of another. ard. 
 
 Sticca — a Stick. Sticce — a Piece ; a Part. 
 Stick, n. a long, small piece of wood. 
 Stic'kle, v. to contend ; to contest. 
 Stic'kler, n. an obstinate contender. 
 
 Steak, n. a slice of meat for broiling 
 or frying. 
 
 Note.— Stickle, from the practice of prize-fighters, who placed seconds with 
 staves, or sticks, to interpose occasionally. 
 
 Stillan — to Still. 
 
 Still, •». to make silent ; to quiet. I Still'ness, n. calmness ; silence. 
 Still, a. silent ; motionless. | 
 
 Note.— Still, a vessel for distillation, comes from the Latin {stiUo.) 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DEKIVATIVES. i6T 
 
 Stieian — to Stick. 
 
 ^TiCK, V. to pierce ; to stab. | Stick, v. to cleave or adhere, 
 
 Stick'y, a. adhesive ; glutinous. 
 
 /Sfi/— Stiff. 
 
 Stiff, a. not easily bent. I Stiff'ly, ad. rigidly ; stubbornly. 
 
 Stiff'en, v. to make or grow stiff. 1 Stiff'ness, n. inflexibility. 
 
 Stingan — to Sting. 
 
 Sting, v. to pierce or wound with a I Steng, n. anything which gives pain, 
 sharp point. I Sting'less, a. having no sting. 
 
 Stincan — to Stink. 
 Stink, v. to emit an oflFensive smell. | Stench, n. a bad smell. 
 
 Stintan — to Stop. 
 
 Stint, v. to restrain within certain I Stunt, v. to hinder from growth. 
 limits. I 
 
 Stoc — a Place ; the Stem of a Tree. 
 
 Stock, n. the body of a plant ; a lin- I Stock, «. to supply ; to fill, 
 cage ; shares of a public debt. | Stockade', n. an inclosure. 
 
 Stone, n. earthy matter condensed 
 
 into a hard state. 
 Ston'iness, 71. the quality of being 
 
 stony. 
 
 Stan — Stone. 
 
 Ston'y, a. full of stones. 
 Stone'work, n. work consisting of 
 
 stone. 
 Stone'blind, a. perfectly blind. 
 
 Stupian — to Stoop. 
 
 Stoop, v. to bend or lean forward ; to I Stoop, n. an inclination forward, 
 descend. | 
 
 Note.— Stoop, the steps of a door, comes from the Dutch (sto^, a step,; and Sroor, 
 a drinkiug-vessel, from the A.-S. (stoppa.) 
 
 Stor — Great ; Vast. 
 Store, n. a large quantity ; plenty, j Store, v. to lay up. 
 
 Storm — Storm. Styrman — to Assail ; to Rage. 
 
 Storm, n. a violent commotion of the I Storm'y, a. tempestuous, 
 aliiiosphere. I 
 
 StraCf strcec — Straight ; Rigid. From Streccan — to Stretch. 
 
 Straight, a. not crooked ; direct. 1 Straightaway, ad. immediately. 
 Straight'en, v. to make stra^ht. i Stretch, v. to extend; to draw out; 
 
 Straight'ly, ad. in a right line. 
 Straight'ness, 71. state of being 
 
 straight. 
 Straight 'forth, ad» directly. 
 
 to stram. 
 
 Street, w. (strfPt^) a way between 
 two rows of houses ; a public road 
 or place. 
 
168 
 
 SMiril'8 HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Streow — Straw. 
 Straw, n. the stalk or stem of grain. | Straw 'y, a. like straw. 
 
 Straegan — to Spread; to Disperse. 
 
 Strag'gle, v. to wander ; to rove ; to 
 
 be dispersed. 
 Strag'gler, n. one that straggles. 
 
 Stray, v. to wander away. 
 Astray', ad. out of the right way. 
 Stroll, u. to stray about. 
 
 Strica — a Line ; Direction ; Course. 
 
 Streak, n. a line or mark of a dif- I Streak'y, a. striped, 
 ferent color ; a stripe. I 
 
 Stream — Stream. 
 Stream, n. a current of w^ater or I Stream'er, n. an ensign ; a pennon. 
 
 other fluid. 
 
 Stream 'let, n. a small stream. 
 Stream'y, a. like a stream. 
 
 Astrican — to Strike. 
 
 Strike, v. to hit with force ; to im- 
 press. 
 Strik'er, n. one that strikes. 
 Strik'ing, a. surprising ; strong. 
 Stroke, n. a blow ; a sound. 
 
 Stroke,^, to rub gently with the hand. 
 Stroke, n. sudden efiect of fdcible 
 
 contact. 
 Strok'ing, n. the act of rubbing 
 
 gently. 
 
 Streng — String; Sinew; Cord; Line. 
 
 Strong 'ly, ad. with strength; firmly. 
 STR^NviTH, n. force; firmness. 
 Strbngth'en, v. to make or grow 
 
 strong. 
 Strung, pp. placed on a string. 
 
 String, n. a small rope or cord. 
 Stringed, a. having strings. 
 String'less, a. having no strings. 
 String'y, a. consisting of threads. 
 Strong, a. vigo .ous; poweriul ; firm 
 
 Strength'less, a. wanting strength. 
 
 Note. — Strung is the past participle of the verb to string. — " A strong man is a man 
 well strung.^^ 
 
 Strip, v. to pull or tear ofi". 
 Stripe, n. a line, band, or mark of 
 color. 
 
 Bestrypan — to Strip. 
 
 Strip, n. a long, narrow piece. 
 Stri'ped, a. having stripes. 
 Strip'ling, n. a youth ; a lad. 
 
 Stub, n. the stump of a tree. 
 
 Stub, v. to force up ; to strike the 
 
 toes against. 
 Stijb'by, a., short and strong, 
 
 Styh or steh — Stub. 
 
 Stub'ble, n. the stumps of wheat 
 etc., left in the ground. 
 
 Stub'born, a. hard to be moved ; ob- 
 stinate. 
 
 Stub'bornly, ad. obstinately. 
 Sucan — to Suck. 
 
 Suck, v. to draw with the mouth. 
 Suck'er, n. any thing that sucks. 
 Suck'le, v. to nurse at the breast. 
 
 Suck'ling, n. a young child or ani 
 
 mal. 
 Suc'tion, n. the act of sucking. 
 
anglo-saxon roots and derivatives. 169 
 
 aSo^cw— Sudden. 
 
 Sud'den, a. happening without pre- 
 vious notice. 
 Sud'denly, ad. without notice. 
 
 Sud'denness, n, the state of being 
 sudden. 
 
 Solcen — Sulky; Slothful. 
 Sul'ky, a. sullen ; sour ; morose. | Sulk'iness, n. silent sullenness. 
 
 Swolath, swole — Heat. 
 
 Sul'tky, a. hot and close ; warm and I Sul'triness, n. the state of being 
 damp. I sultry. 
 
 Sunne — Sun. 
 
 Sun, n. the luminary which gives 
 light and heat to the planets. 
 
 Sun'less, a. wanting sun. 
 
 Sun'ny, a. exposed to the sun. 
 
 Sun'beam, n. a ray of the sun. 
 
 Sun'burn, '0. to discolor by the sun. 
 
 Sun'burnt, a. discolored by the sun. 
 
 Sun DAY, n. the first day of the week ; 
 the Sabbath. 
 
 Sun'dial, n. an instrament which 
 shows the hour by a shadow on a 
 plate. 
 
 Sun'dried, a. dried in the rays of the 
 sun, 
 
 Sun'light, n. the light of the sun. 
 
 Sun'rise, n. morning. 
 
 Sun 'set, n, close of the day; even- 
 ing. 
 
 Sun'shine, n. the light and heat of the sun. 
 
 Sundrian, syndrian — to Sunder. 
 
 Sun'der, ®. to part ; to sever ; to di- I Sun'dry, a. several ; more than one. 
 vide. I Sun'dries, n. several things. 
 
 Asun'der, ad. apart ; separately. 
 
 Supafi — to Sup. 
 
 Sup, v. to take or drink by mouthfuls. I Sup'per, n. the evening meal. 
 Sup, v. to eat the evening meal. | Sup'perlebs, a. without supper. 
 
 Swethel — to Swaddle. 
 
 Swad'dle, v. to bind tight with 
 
 clothes. 
 Swathe, n. a band ; a fillet. 
 
 Swad'dling, ppr. binding in tight 
 
 clothes. 
 Swathe, v. to bind ; to confine. 
 
 Swef/an — to Sound or Rattle. 
 Swaq'qer, v. to bluster ; to bully. | Swag'gerer, n. a turbulent fellow. 
 
 Swam — a Fungus or Mushroom. . 
 Swamp, n. spongy land ; soft, wet I Swamp, v. to fill with water as a boa! 
 
 ground. « I Swamp'y, a. low, wet and spongy. 
 
 Sweart — Swart. Sivmthe — a Track ; a Path. 
 
 Swart, a. moderately ^lack. I Swath, n. a line of grass or grain cut 
 
 Swarth'y, a. dark of complexion. | down by a mower. 
 
170 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Wcege — a Pair op Scales. Wceg — a Wave. 
 
 Swat, ^. to wave in the hand ; to I Swat, >i. power ; rule, 
 govern. I 
 
 Swerian — to Swear. 
 Swear, v. to utter an oath. | Forswear', v. to swear falsely. 
 
 Swat — Sweat. 
 
 Sweat, n. the moisture which issues I Sweat't, a. covered with sweat, 
 from the skin. 
 
 Sweep, d. to brush with a broom ; to 
 carry off with a long stroke. 
 
 Sweep'stakes, n. the whole money 
 staked. 
 
 Swapan — to Sweep. 
 
 SwEEp'iNGS, n. things swept away. 
 Swab, n. a kind of mop. 
 Swab'bing, ppr. cleaning with a 
 mop. 
 
 Swoop, v. to fall on at once and seize. 
 
 Swet — Sweet. 
 
 Sweet'ness, n. the quality of being 
 
 sweet. 
 Sweet'brier, n. a fragrant shrub. 
 
 Sweet, a. agreeable to the taste or 
 
 smell ; pleasing to any sense. 
 Sweet'en, 1). to make or grow sweet. 
 Sweet'ish, a. somewhat sweet. 
 Sweet'lt, ad. in a sweet manner. tress. 
 
 Sweet'meat, n. fruit preserved with sugar. 
 
 Swellan — to Swell. 
 
 Swell, v. to grow larger. | Swell, n. increase ; a billow. 
 
 Swell'ing, n. a morbid tumor. 
 
 Sweltan — to Swelt. Gothic, swiltan — to Die ; to Perish. 
 Swelt, v. to swoon ; to swelter. | Swel'ter, «?. to sweat profusely. 
 
 Hweorfan — to Turn ; to Warp. 
 
 Swerve, v. to turn aside ; to devi- I Swerv'ing, n. deviation from rule oi 
 ate. I duty. 
 
 Swift f from swifan — ^to Turn ; to Whirl Round. 
 
 Swiv'el, n. a ring which turns upot< 
 a staple. 
 
 Swift, n. moving rapidly ; quick. 
 Swipt'lt, ad. rapidly ; quickly. 
 Swift'ness, n. speed; quickness. 
 
 Swimman — to Swim. 
 
 Swnf , V. to float ; to be dizzy. | Swim'ming, n. act of floating. 
 
 Swim'minglt, ad. smoothly ; with great success. 
 
 Swin—SwmB. 
 Swine, n. a hog; a pig. | Swin'ish, a. like swine ; gross ; brutal. 
 
AKGL0-8AX0N ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. Il\ 
 
 Swelgan, swylgan — to SwAiiLow ; to Swill. 
 
 Swill, v. to drink grossly or greedily. | Swill, n. liquid food for swine. 
 Swal'low, v. to take down the throat. 
 
 NoTB.-^wALLOw, a bird, comes from the A.-S. (swalewe^) 
 
 Swengan^-to Swing. 
 
 Swing, v. to move backward and for- I Swing'ing, a. moving to and fro. 
 ward. I 
 
 Aswafian — to Languish ; to Perish ; to Swoon. 
 Swoon, v. to faint ; n. a fainting fit. | Swoon'ing, n. the act of fainting. 
 
 Swurd — Sword. 
 
 Sword, n. a warlike weapon. I Swords'man, n. one who fights with 
 
 I a sword. 
 
 To-eacan — to Add To. 
 Tack, v. to fasten ; to join. | Tack, v. to change the course of a ship. 
 
 Note.— Tack, a small nail, comes from the Danish (takke.) 
 
 Tcecan — to Teach. Tacan — to Take. 
 
 Take, v. to receive what is offered. 
 Tak'ing, a. pleasing ; engaging. 
 Tak'ingness, n. quality of pleasing. 
 
 Teach 'er, n. one who teaches. 
 
 Teach, v. to impart knowledge. 
 TeaCh'able, a. that may be taught. 
 
 Tale — Reproach ; a Reckoning. Tellan — to Tell. 
 
 Tell, v. to utter ; to express in words. 
 Talk, «j. to speak ; to converse. 
 Talkative, a. given to talk. 
 Talk'er, n. one who talks. 
 Talk'ing, n. oral conversation. 
 Tattle, «. to use many words with 
 little meaning. 
 
 Tale, n. a story ; a narrative ; ac- 
 count ; number reckoned. 
 
 Tale'bearer, n. one who officiously 
 tells tales. 
 
 Tale'teller, n. one who tells tales. 
 
 Tell'tale, n. one who officiously 
 gives information 
 
 I 
 
 Tat'tler, n. an idle talker. 
 
 Tatn — Tame. 
 
 Tame, a. not wild ; subdued. I Tame'less, a. wild ; untamable. 
 
 Tame'able, a. that may be tamed. | Tame'ly, ad. not wildly ; meanly. 
 Tame'ness, n. the quality of being tame. 
 
 Twppan — ^to Broach, as a Cask. 
 
 Tap, v. to pierce a cask. | Tap'ster, n. one who draws liquor. 
 
 Tap'root, n. the principal stem of a root. 
 
 Note. — Tap, to strike a very gentle blow, comes from the French (taper, to strike.) 
 
 Taper — Taper. 
 
 Ta'ppr, «^ a small wax candle. | Ta'per, v. to grow smaller towards 
 
 the end. 
 
172 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 TarSf tyr— Tab.. 
 
 Tab, n. a thick substance obtained I Tar'ry, a. covered with tar. 
 from pine trees by heat. I Tar'paulin, n. tarred canvas. 
 
 Teraii — to Tear ; to Rend. 
 
 Tare,* n. a weed growing among 
 
 grain. 
 Tat'ter, n. a fluttering rag 
 
 Tar 'get, n. (targ, a shield,) a mark 
 
 set up to be shot at. 
 Tat'tered, a. being in tatters. 
 
 Tear, «. to separate by violence. 
 
 * Tare, because the weed destroys the grain. 
 
 Note — Tare, an allowance for weight of cask, etc., comes from the French (tor«, 
 loss, waste.) 
 
 Teart from tar — to Provoke. 
 
 Tart, a. sour ; sharp of taste. I Tart'ly, ad. sourly ; sharply. 
 
 Tart, n. a kind of open pie. I Tart'ness, n. sourness ; sharpness. 
 
 Team — a Race; Offspring. 
 
 Team, n. a number of things in a I Team, n, two or more horses or oxeo 
 line. I yoked together. 
 
 Tear — Tear. 
 
 Tear, n. water from the eyes. | Tear'ful, a. full of tears. 
 
 Tear'less, a. without tears. 
 
 Tcesan — to Pluck or Pum.. 
 
 Tease, v. to comb or card, as wool or I Tease, v. to irritate with petty an- 
 flax. I noyances. 
 
 Teon, tugon— to Tug ; Tow ; Pull or Draw To. 
 
 Touse, v. to pull ; to tear ; to haul. 
 Tow'zER, n. a name given to a dog. 
 Tow, n. the refuse of flax or hemp. 
 Tow, 2J. to draw through the water. 
 
 Tow'-LiNE, n. a rope used for towing. 
 Tug, d. to pull with great effort. 
 Tug, n a boat for drawing others. 
 Tug, n. a long, hard pull ; a great effort. 
 
 Tyman — to Bring Forth. 
 
 Teem, v. to produce ; to be full. | Teem'ful, a. prolific ; brimful. 
 
 Teem'less, a. unfruitful. 
 
 Thanne — Than. 
 
 Than, con. a particle used in com 
 
 parison. 
 Then, ad. at that time ; afterward. 
 
 Thence, ad. from that place ; from 
 
 that time. 
 Thence'forth, ad. from that time. 
 
 Thcer — There. 
 
 There, ad. in that place. I There-ap'ter, ad. after that, 
 
 There-abouts, ad. near that place. | Therefore, ad. for that. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 173 
 
 T7*ic— Thick. 
 
 Thick, a. dense ; not thin. 
 Thick'en, v. to make or grow thick. 
 Thick'et, n. a close wood or copse. 
 Thick'ness, n. the state of being 
 thick. 
 
 Thick'ly, ad. densely ; closely. 
 Thick'set, a. closely planted. 
 Thigh, n. {theoli, thick,) the part of 
 
 the limb between the knee and 
 
 body. 
 
 Thigh'-bone, n. {thich-l)one,) the bone of the thigh. 
 
 Theof—TmEF. 
 
 Thief, n. one who steals. I Thieve, v. to steal. 
 
 Theft, n. the act of stealing. | Thiev'ish, a. given to stealing. 
 
 Hiil — a Stake ; a Plank. 
 Thill, n. the shafts of a wagon. | Thill'-horse, n. a shaft-horse. 
 
 Thyn— Tars. 
 
 Thin, a. having but little extent be- I Thtn'ly, ad. not thickly, 
 tween two surfaces. I Thin'ness, n. the state of being thin. 
 
 Ti'ny, a. little ; small ; puny. 
 
 Thencan — ^to Think ; to Remember ; to Thank. 
 
 Thank, v. to express gratitude. j Think'er, n. one who thinks. 
 
 " . . - - , Think'ing, n. having thought. 
 
 Bethink', v. to call to mind. 
 Thought, n. {theaht, from then" 
 can,) the act of thinking ; the im- 
 age formed in the mind. 
 Thought'ful, a. attentive ; careful. 
 
 Thanks, n. expressions of gratitude. 
 Thank'ful, a. full of gratitude. 
 Thank 'less, a. ungrateful. 
 Thanks'giving, n. the act of giving 
 
 thanks. 
 Think, «. to employ the mind. 
 
 Thought'less, a. heedless ; careless. 
 
 Tliurst — Thirst. 
 
 Thirst, n. a desire to drink. 
 Thirst 'y, a. suffering for want of 
 drink. 
 
 Thirst'iness, n. the state of being 
 thirsty. 
 
 Theah — Though; Yet; Still; However. 
 Though, con. however ; yet. ( Although, con. notwithstanding. 
 
 Threscwald, Therscan — to Beat ; to Thresh ; and wald — Wood. 
 
 Thresh'hold, n. the plank or step 
 under the door. 
 
 Thrash, v. to beat grain out of the 
 
 husk. 
 Thrash'er, n. one who thrashes. 
 
 Note.— This word is written thrash or thresh indiflferently, thrash being preferred. 
 
 Tiirctd — Thread. 
 
 Thread, n. a small line or twist of I Thread'en, a. made of thread, 
 any fibrous substance. | Thread 'y, a. like thread. 
 
 Thki*».d'j3^re, a. worn to the bare threads. 
 
174 
 
 Thrcel — Thrall. 
 
 Thrall, n. a slave ; bondage. | Thral'dom, n. slavery ; bondage, 
 
 Inthrall', v. to reduce to servitude. 
 
 Threatian — to Urge ; to Reprove ; to Threaten. 
 
 Threat'en, v. to menace ; to de- I Threat, n. a menace, 
 nounce evil. | Threat'enlng, n. foreboding evi* 
 
 Threat'ful, a. full of threats. 
 
 T/i^o^e— Throat. 
 
 Throat, n. the fore part of the neck. | Throt'tle, n. the windpipe. 
 Throt'tle, v. to choke ; to suffocate ; to strangle. 
 
 Tfiurh — Through. Duru — a Door ; a Gate ; a Passage, 
 
 Through, prep, from side to side, or 
 from end to end. 
 
 Through'out, ad. in every part. 
 
 Thor'ough, a. complete ; perfect. 
 
 Thoroughbred, a. completely edu- 
 cated. 
 
 Thor'oughly, ad. completely. 
 Thor'oughf ARE, 71. a passage through 
 Door, n. the entrance into a house. 
 Win'dow, n. door ; an opening to le<; 
 light and wind through. 
 
 Thrawan — to Throw. 
 
 Throw, v. to fling ; to cast. I Throw'er, n. one who throws. 
 
 Throw, n. a cast. I Overthrow', x. to turn upside down 
 
 Thurna — Thumb. 
 
 Thumb, n. the short, thick finger of I Thumb'ed, pp. handled awkward- 
 the hand. I ly. 
 
 Thuner — Thunder. Thor — the God of Thunder 
 
 Thun'der, n. the sound which fol- 
 lows a flash of lightning. 
 
 Thun'dering, n. the emission of thun- 
 der. 
 
 Thun'derbolt, n. a shaft of light- 
 ning 
 
 Thun'derclap, n. a burst of thun- 
 der. 
 
 Thun'dershower, n. a shower with 
 thunder, 
 
 Thun'derstruck, pp. or a. astonish- 
 ed; amazed. 
 
 Thurs'day, {Thors-dceg ,) n. the fifth day of the week. 
 
 Tinclan — to Tickle. 
 
 Tic'kle, v. to touch lightly and cause I Tick'ling, n, the act of one whn 
 to laugh. I tickles. 
 
 Tick'lish, a. easily tickled ; tottering ; easy to be overthrown : critical. 
 
 Ti(Z— Time ; Season. Tidan — ^to Happen. 
 
 Ti'dy, a. clean and neat. 
 Ti'dings, n. news; intelligence. 
 Betide', ti. to happen ; to befall. 
 Ti'dilt, ad. neatly ; readily. 
 
 Tide, n. time : season ; the flux and 
 
 reflux of the sea. 
 Tide'mill, n. a mill put in motion 
 
 bv the tide. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON BOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. ' 176 
 
 Tian— to Tie. Tied, ti'd—Tmwr. 
 
 Tight, a. close ; not loose. I Tight'ly, ad. closely. 
 
 Tight'en, v. to make tight. | Tight 'ness, n. closeness. 
 
 Tie, v. to fasten with a cord or string. 
 
 Tilian — to Tell. 
 
 Till, «. to cultivate. 
 Till'able, a. that may be cultivated. 
 Till'age, n. the act of cultivating. 
 Till'er, n. one who tills. 
 
 Tilth, n. culture. 
 Toil, v. {tiolan,) to work hard. 
 Toil'some, a. laborious. 
 Tool, n. any instrument. 
 
 Note.— Till, to the time of, comes from the A.-S. (<i7,) and Till, a money drawer, 
 is of uncertain etymology. 
 Toil, a net, a snare, comes from the Latin {tela.) 
 
 Timber— Timber. Thnbrian— to Build ; Timber. 
 Tim'beb, 71. wood fit for building. | Tim'bered, a. furnished with timber. 
 
 Thna — Time. 
 
 Time, n. the measure of duration. I Time'lt, a. seasonable. 
 Time'less, a. endless. I Betimes', ad. soon ; early. 
 
 2^n—Tm. 
 
 Tin, n. a soft, white metal. 
 Tin'ner, n. one who works in a tin 
 mine. 
 
 Tin'foil, n. (L. folium, a leaf,) tin 
 
 reduced to a thin leaf 
 Tin'man, n. a manufacturer of tin. 
 
 Tendan, tynan — to Kindle. 
 
 TiND, V. to set on fire. I Tin'der, n. any thing very inflamma- 
 
 I ble. 
 
 Teorian, tirian — ^to Rub Away ; to Fail ; to Vex. 
 
 Tire, n. an iron band used to bind I Tire, u. to fatigue ; to weary, 
 and protect the fellies of a wheel. | Tired, a. fatigued ; weary. 
 Tire'some, a. wearisome ; tedious. 
 
 Note. — Tire, the outside band of a wheel, is so named because it is put there to 
 protect the wheel, by receiving the wear and tear consequent to rolling on the ground. 
 
 Teotha — a Tenth. 
 
 Tithe, n. the tenth part. I Tith'able, a. that may be tithed. 
 
 Tithe, «. to take the tenth part of | Tith'er, n. one who gathers tithes. 
 
 Toll — a Tribute. 
 Toll, n. a tax imposed for some service conferred. 
 Note. — Toll, to sound a bell slowly, comes from the Welsh {tol.) 
 
 Vunye — Tongue. 
 Tongue, n. the organ of speech and I Tongue, v. to chide ; to scold. 
 
 taste. I Tongue'less, a. speechless. 
 
 T^ngue'tied, a. unable to speak freelj. 
 
176 SMITU'6 HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Totli— Tooth. 
 
 Tooth, n. a bony substance growing I Tooth'less, a. wanting teeth, 
 out of the jaw. I Tooth 'some, a. pleasing to the taste. 
 
 Tooth'ache, n. pain in the teeth. 
 
 Top — Top. 
 
 Top, n. the highest part of anything. 
 
 Top'most, a. highest. 
 
 Top'pLE, V. to fall forward ; to tum- 
 ble down. 
 
 Top'heavy, a. having the top too 
 heavy. 
 
 Top'knot, n. a knot worn on the top 
 of the head. 
 
 Top'sAiL, n. the highest sail. 
 
 Topsy-tur'vy, ad. (fop:^, or heads 
 in the turf,) with the bottom up- 
 ward. 
 
 Tot'ter, v. to shake so as to threaten 
 
 a fall. 
 Tot'tering, p. a. shaking as if ready 
 
 to fall. 
 
 Tealtian — to Totter ; to Tilt. 
 
 Tilt, «. to incline ; to raise one 
 
 end. 
 Tilt, v. to raise and point, as a 
 
 weapon. 
 
 To/i— Tough. 
 
 Tough, a. flexible without being 
 
 brittle; strong. 
 Tough'en, v. to make or grow tough. 
 
 Tough'ly, ad. in a tough manner. 
 Tough'ness, n. the quality of being 
 tough. 
 
 Tor — a KocK ; a Peak ; a Tower. 
 Tow'er, n. a lofty, narrow building. | Tow'er, v. to rise or fly high. 
 
 Tun — a Place Fenced Round. From Tynan — to Hedge In ; to Inclose. 
 
 Town, n. a large collection of houses. I Town'ship, n. the district belonging 
 TowNs'MAN,7i. an inhabitant of a town. | to a town. 
 
 Treppe — Trap, 
 
 Trap, n. an instrument for catching 
 
 vermin or game ; an ambush. 
 Trap'door, n. a door in a floor. 
 
 Trap'stick, n. a stick for playing at 
 
 trap. 
 Entrap', «. to catch in a trap. 
 
 Trahtian — to Treat. 
 
 Treat, v. to behave to ; to use. I Treat'ise, n. a discourse. 
 
 Treat, n. an entertainment. I Treat'ment, n. management. 
 
 Treat'y, n. negotiation ; usage. 
 
 L. Tres, Three, and A.-S. steal. Stall, Trestle. 
 Tres'tle, n. the frame of a table ; a three-legged stool. 
 
 Trifelan — to Reduce to Minute Parts. 
 
 Tri'ple, v. to act or talk with levity. I Tri'fle, n. any thing of very little 
 Tri'fler, n. one who trifles. I importance. 
 
 Tri'fling, a. being of little value. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 i i 
 
 Tbead, v. to set the foot. 
 Tee AD, n. a step. 
 
 Tredan-^to Tread. 
 
 I Tread'le, n. the part of a machine 
 I which is moved by the foot. 
 
 Trum—FmM\ Sound. Trymiatv— to Prepare; to Make Strong. 
 
 Trim'ly, ad. neatly ; nicely. 
 Trim'minq, n. ornamental append- 
 
 Trim, a. of orderly form or shape ; 
 
 neat. 
 Trim, w. dress; condition" of a vessel. 
 Trim, v. to set or put in order. 
 
 Treoive, treowian — ^to Trust ; to Confide In ; True. 
 
 True, a. conformable to fact. 
 True'ness, n, sincerely ; reality. 
 True'ism, n. a self-evident truth. 
 Tru'ly, ad. according to truth. 
 Truth, n. true state of facts or things. 
 Truth'ful, a. full of truth. 
 Truth'less, a. wanting truth. 
 True'born, a. of genuine birth. 
 True'hearted, a. honest ; faithful. 
 Troth, n. truth ; belief; fidelity. 
 Trow, v. to think ; to believe. 
 Truce, n. a temporary peace. 
 Trust, n. confidence ; reliance on an- 
 other. 
 
 ! True'penny, n. an honest fellow, 
 s Trust, v. to rely on ; to commit to 
 the care of. 
 Trustee', n. one intrusted with any- 
 thing. 
 Trust'less, a. not worthy of trust. 
 Trust'y, a. that may be trusted; 
 
 honest. 
 Trust'iness, n. honesty. 
 Mistrust', v. to suspect ; to doubt. 
 Mistrust', n. want of confidence. 
 '' Mistrust'fui., a. doubting. 
 . Mistrust'less, a. unsuspecting. 
 1 Tryst, n. an appointment to meet. 
 
 Treudel — a Sphere ; a Circle ; A.nything Turned. 
 
 Trend, v. to turn ; to diverge. 
 Trend'ing, 71. a particular direction. 
 Trun'dle, v. to roll along, as a bowl 
 or hoop. 
 
 Trun'dle, n. any round rolling thing. 
 Trun'dle BED, n. a low bed that 
 
 runs on wheels under a higher 
 
 bed. 
 
 Tiwes-dceg, from tig or tiiisco — the Saxon Mars, or God of War, and 
 
 dceg — a Day. 
 
 Tues'day, n. the third day of the week. 
 
 Tuntbian — to Tumble ; to Dance ; Tumble. 
 
 Tum'ble, v. to fall ; to roll about. | Tum'bler, n. a drinking glass. 
 
 Note. — Tumbler, so called because originally it had a pointed base, and could not 
 be set down with any liquor in it. 
 
 Tun, n. a large cask. 
 
 Tun'nel, n. a conical vessel with a 
 
 tube for conveying liquids into 
 
 casks, bottles, etc. 
 
 Tunne — a Butt ; a Tub ; a Vat. 
 
 Tun'nel, n. an arched way under 
 
 ground. 
 Ton, n. a weight of 20 cwt. 
 Ton'nage, n. weight ; duty by the ton. 
 
 Turf— Bod. 
 
 Turf, n. a thin layer of soil held to- 
 gether by the roots of grass. 
 
 Turf, n. a race course. 
 Turf'Yj a. like turf. 
 
178 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Tyrnan, turnan — to Tubn. 
 
 Turn, v. to move round ; to revolve. 
 Turn'er, n. one who turns. 
 Turn'pike, n. a gate across a road. 
 
 Turn'stile, n. a turnpike in & foot' 
 
 path. 
 Overturn', v. to throw down. 
 
 Tux — a Tooth. 
 Tusk, n. a long pointed tooth. | Tush, n. a tooth of a horse. 
 
 T«^oBf^<Zmf/— a Flattering ; Twaddle. 
 
 Twad'dlb, n. unmeaning talk ; non- I Twad'dle, v. to talk idly, 
 sense. I 
 
 Tic^e^/— Twelve. 
 
 Twelve, a. ten and two. I Twelfth'tide, n. twelfth day after 
 
 I Christmas. 
 
 Twentig, from twend, Two, and tig. Ten— Twenty. 
 Twen'ty, a. twice ten. | Twentieth, a. the ordinal of twenty. 
 
 Tweon-leoht, Tweon — Doubt, and leoht — Light ; Doubtful Light. 
 Twi'light, n. the faint light before sunrise and after sunset. 
 
 Tivin — Thread. Twinan — to Twine, from Two. 
 
 Twine, v. to twist so as to form one I Entwine, v. to twist or wreath 
 body out of two or more. | round. 
 
 Twin, n. one of two produced at a birth. 
 
 Note. — ThxIEAd or Twine has two or more fibers or strands twisted round each other. 
 
 Twiccian — to Twitch ; to Pull ; to Catch. 
 
 Twinge, t). to torment with sudden I Twitch, «. to pull with a sudden jerk, 
 sharp pain. I Twitch, n. a sudden pull. 
 
 TwincUan — to Twilkle ; to Glitter. 
 
 Twin'kle, v. to shine with a quiver- I Twink'ling, n. a moment ; an ki« 
 ing light, I stant. 
 
 Getwysan — to Twist. 
 
 Twist, v. to unite by winding one I Entwist', v. to wreath round, 
 thing round another. | 
 
 ♦do- 
 Edtvitan. Ed — Again, and witan — ^to Blame ; to Twit. 
 Twit, v. to tease by telling faults. | Twit'tingly, ad. so as to upbraid. 
 
 Twa, twi — Two. 
 
 Two, a. one and one. | Twice, ad. two times. 
 
 Two'fold, a, double. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. _ 179 
 
 Oga — Great Fear ; Dread. 
 Ue'Li ^ a. ofFensive to the sight. | Ug'liness, n. total want of beauty. 
 
 Uncut h, Un — Not, and cuth — Known. 
 
 Uncouth', a. not known ; awkward ; I Uncouth'ly, ad. awkwardly, 
 clumsy. I 
 
 Under — Under. 
 
 Un'dbr, prep, beneath ; below. | Un'derling, n. an inferior agent. 
 
 Un'dermost, a. lowest in place. 
 
 Under, standan — Understand. 
 
 Understand', x. to know the mean- I Understand 'ing, n. the capacity of 
 ing of. I knowing. 
 
 Up, ad. aloft ; on high. 
 
 Up, jyr^P- from a lower to a higher 
 
 place. 
 
 Up per, a. higher in place. 
 Up' ward, a. directed to a higher place. 
 
 Up—JJT. 
 
 Up'braid, v. {gebrcedan, to en- 
 large,) to charge contemptuously 
 
 with something disgraceful. 
 Upbraid'ing, n. the act of reproach- 
 ing. 
 
 Wadan — to Wade. 
 
 Wade, v. to walk through water. I Wad'dle, i). to move from side to 
 
 I side in walking. 
 
 Wcegan — to Deceive ; to Falsify ; to Cheat. 
 
 Wag, n. one who plays merry, frolic- I Wag'gery,w. mischievous merriment, 
 some tricks. 1 Wag'gish, a. frolicsome. 
 
 Note. — Wag, to move from side to side, comes from the A.-S. {wagian, to move to 
 and fro.) 
 
 Wcegen — Wagon. 
 
 Wag'on, n. a vehicle with four I Wag'oner, n. one who drives a 
 wheels. I wagon. 
 
 Wealcan ; p. weolc — to Roll ; to Tumble. 
 WALK,i;.to move with moderate steps. | Walk'er, n. one who walks. 
 
 Wan it — Pale ; Livid. From Wanian — to Decrease ; to Wane. 
 
 Wan, a. pale ; having a sickly hue. 
 
 Wan'ness, n. paleness. 
 
 Wane, v. to decrease ; to decline. 
 
 Want'less, a. abundant ; fruitful. 
 Note.— Waned, Wan'd, Wakt, past participle of Wane, 
 
 Want, v. not to have ; to lack. 
 Want, n. need ; necessity. 
 Want'ing, a. deficient; lacking. 
 
 Weardf weardes — Towards. 
 Ward, a. suffix signifying direction I Fro'ward, a. perverse ; peevish, 
 to or from. . . | Fro'wardness, n. perverseness. 
 
180 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Weall — a Shore ; a Bank. 
 
 Wall, n. a work of stone or brick I Wall'fruit, n. fruit raised against 
 erected as a division or defence. | a wall. 
 
 Wall'eyed, a. having white eyes. 
 
 Wandrian — to Wandeb. 
 
 Wan'deb, v. to ramble here and there. | Wan'derer, n. one who wanders. 
 Wan'dering, n. the act of roving. 
 
 War, 71. a public contest carried on 
 
 by force. 
 War'fare, n. state of war ; military 
 
 service. 
 
 Uuervef tvuer — War. 
 
 War 'like, a. relating to war ; martial. 
 WAR'RioR, n. a soldier. 
 War'proof, a. able to resist a war- 
 like attack. 
 
 War'worn, a. worn with war. 
 
 Weard — a Guard ; Watch ; Yigilance. 
 
 Ward, v. to guard; to watch; to 
 
 defend. 
 Ward, n. a division of a town ; one 
 
 under a guardian. 
 
 War'den, n. a keeper. 
 Ward'er, 71, a keeper ; a guard. 
 Ward 'robe, n. a place where clothes 
 are kept. 
 
 Ward'ship, n. guardianship. 
 
 Ware, from waru — Merchandise. 
 
 Ware, pi. Wares, n. goods; mer- I Ware'house, n. a store-house for 
 chandise. I merchandise. 
 
 Ware'housing, n. the act of depositing goods in a warehouse. 
 
 War, from tvcer — Wary; Cautious; Provident. Warlaji — to Be- 
 ware; to Guard. TFa»'/<iai/— to Defend. 
 
 Ware, a. cautious ; v. to take heed. 
 Ware'less, a. incautious. 
 Ware'ly, ad. cautiously. 
 Wa'ry, a. cautious ; prudent. 
 War'ily, ad. cautiously ; prudently. 
 War'iness, n. caution ; prudence. 
 Beware', «. to regard with caution. 
 Aware', a. apprised ; conscious 
 
 Warn, v. to inform previously. 
 Warning, n. previous notice. 
 War'rant, v. to authorize ; to justify. 
 War'rant, n. authority ; commission. 
 War'rant ABLE, a. justifiable. 
 War'ranty, n. promise ; security. 
 War'ren, n. (ivarian,) a park, or 
 inclosure for rabbits. 
 
 War'rener, n. the keeper of a warren. 
 Note. — At present Ware is used only in composition. 
 
 ^ Wearm — Warm. 
 
 Warm, a. heated in a moderate degree. I Wabm'ly, ad. with moderate heat. 
 Wabmth, n. moderate or gentle heat. | Wabm'ness, n. moderate heat. 
 
 Waescan, wacsan — to Wash. 
 
 Wash, v. to cleanse with water. | Wash'er, one who washes. 
 
 Swash, n, impulse of water flowing with violence. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON KOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 181 
 
 Weorpan, wurpan — to Throw ; to Cast ; to "Warp. 
 
 Warp, v. to move a vessel by means 
 of a rope made fast to some fixed 
 object. 
 
 Warp'ing, n. the act of turning aside. 
 
 Warp, «. to turn or twist out of shape 
 Warp, n. tlie threads which are ex 
 tended lengthwise in anything wo- 
 ven. 
 
 Wasp, n. a stinging insect. 
 Wasp'ish, a. peevish ; petulant ; hav 
 ing a slender shape. 
 
 f wesp — a Wasp. 
 
 Wasp'ishly, 
 pishly. 
 
 ad. peevishly ; snap< 
 
 Westan — to Waste ; to Lay Waste ; to Ravage. 
 Waste, n. to diminish ; to squander. | Waste'fully, ad. in a lavish manner. 
 
 Waste'pul, a. destructive ; prodigal. | Waste'thrift, n. a spendthrift 
 
 Wacian— to Wake ; to Arouse. 
 
 Wake, v. to rouse from sleep. 
 Wake'ful, a, not sleeping ; v, alchful. 
 Wak'en, 11. to rouse from sleep. 
 Wak'ing, ppr. being awake ; rousing 
 
 from sleep. 
 Awake, v. to rouse from sleep. 
 Awake, a. not sleeping. 
 Watch, v. to be awake; to keep 
 
 guard. 
 
 Watch'er, n. one who watches. 
 Watch'ful, a. vigilant ; attentive. 
 Watch'ing, ppr. carefully observing. 
 Watch'house, n. a house where a 
 
 guard is placed. 
 Watch'man, n. a man who keeps 
 
 watch. 
 Watch'word, n. the word given to 
 
 sentinels to know their friends. 
 
 Wceter — Water. 
 
 Wa'ter, n. a well known fluid. 
 ppr. supplying 
 
 with 
 a. resembling water ; 
 
 Wa'tering 
 
 water. 
 Wa'terish 
 
 moist. 
 Wa'tery, a. like water. 
 
 Whet'stone, n. a stone for sharpening. 
 
 * Whet, because while rubbing the stone is kept wet 
 
 Wcetf hwet — Wet. 
 
 Wet, a. containing water ; moist. 
 Wet'ness, n. the slate of being wet. 
 Whet, v. to stimulate; to incite; to 
 
 excite. 
 Whet,* v. to rub for the purpose of 
 
 sharpening. 
 
 Wmg—B. Wave. Wagian — to Wag ; to Move to and Fro. 
 
 Wave, n. a moving swell of water. 
 Wave, v. to undulate ; to brandish ; 
 
 to put off. 
 'Wave'less,«. without waves; smooth. 
 WaVer, v. to fluctuate. 
 AVa'ving, ppr. moving to and fro. 
 Wa'vy, a. rising in waves. 
 Way, n. a road ; a passage.- 
 
 Waft, «. to convey through the water 
 
 or air. 
 Way'less, a. having no road. 
 Way'farer, n. a traveler. 
 Way'lay, XI. to beset by ambush. 
 WayVard, a. liking his own way. 
 Way'wardness, n. perverseness. 
 Wag, «. to move from side to side. 
 
 Wag'gle, «. to move from side to side. 
 
 Wodnesdceg, Wodnes, of Woden— the God of War, and cicBfir— Dat. 
 
 Wednes'day, n. the fourth day of the week. 
 
182 
 
 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 Wac — Tnfikm; Weak. 
 not strong ; infirm. I Weak'ly, ad. feebly ; faintly. 
 
 Weak, a. feeble 
 
 Weak'en, v. to make weak. | Weak'ness, n. want of strength. 
 
 Weak'side, n. a foible ; a failiQg. 
 
 WeaXy from wac — Pliable. 
 
 Wax'work, n. a figure made of wax. 
 
 Wax, v. iweaxan,) to grow ; to in- 
 crease. 
 
 Wax, n. {iveaoc,) a tenacious sub- 
 stance formed by bees. 
 Wax'en, a. made of wax. 
 Wax'y, a. resembling wax. 
 
 Note. — Wax, to grow, to increase, comes from the A.-S. {weaz, the substance of 
 which honeycomb is formed.) Bees are constantly adding to their store of honey- 
 comb, thereby causing it to grow, to increase. 
 
 Werian — to Wear. From wer — a Guard ; a Protection. 
 
 Wear, v. to waste by use or time ; to 
 carry on the body. 
 
 Wear'ing, ppr. bearing on the per- 
 son. 
 
 Wear'er, n. one who wears. 
 Wear, n, {tvcer,) an enclosure ; 
 fish pond ; a dam to raise water. 
 
 fVet'ig — Fatigued ; Depressed. Werian- 
 
 Harass. 
 
 -to Weart; to Tease; to 
 
 Wea'ry, a. tired ; fatigued. 
 Wea'ried, p. a. tired ; fatigued. 
 Wea'risome, a. causing weariness; 
 tedious. 
 
 Wea'riness, n. state of being weary. 
 Wea'risomeness, n. tediousness. 
 Wor'ry, v. to tease ; to trouble. 
 Wor'ry, n. trouble ; perplexity. 
 
 Wefan — to Weave. Waeh — Web. 
 
 Weave, v. to unite threads so as to 
 form cloth. 
 
 Weav'er, n. one who weaves. 
 
 Web, n. any thing woven. 
 
 Webbed, a. joined by a membrane. 
 
 Web'foot, a. having the toes con- 
 nected by a membrane. 
 
 Woof, n. the threads which cross the 
 
 warp. 
 Weft, n. the threads which cross the 
 
 warp. 
 Warp, n. ( ivcarp, ) the threads 
 
 which are extended lengthwise in 
 
 a loom. 
 
 Weddlan — to Covenant ; to Promise ; to Pledge. 
 
 Wed, v. to marry ; to unite. 
 Wed'ded, a. closely attached. 
 
 Wed'ding, n. marriage ; nuptials. 
 Wed'lock, n. marriage ; matrimony. 
 
 Weod — Weed. 
 
 Weed, n. any useless or troublesome I Weed'er, n. one who weeds, 
 plant. I Weed'less, a. free from weeds. 
 
 Weed'y, a. abounding with weeds. 
 
 Note. — Weeds, a widow's mourning dress, comes from the A.-S. {wced^ a garment, 
 clothing.) 
 
 Weoc — Week. 
 
 Week, n. the space of seven days. | Week'ly, a. done once a week, 
 Week'day, n, any day except the Sabbath. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON KOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 183 
 
 Wenan — to Think, Suppose or Hope ; to Ween 
 
 Ween, v. to think; to imagine; to 
 
 fancy. 
 Overween', v. to think too highly. 
 
 Overween'ing, ppr. a. arrogant ; con- 
 ceited. 
 OvEE,WEEN'iNGLY,a<Z. with aiTogance. 
 
 Wepan — to Cry Out ; to Weep. 
 
 Weep, v. to shed or drop tears. | Weeper, Uy one who weeps. 
 
 Weep'ingly, ad. in tears. 
 
 Wegan — to Bear ; to Carry ; to Weigh. Weg — a Balance. 
 
 Weigh, i}. to examine by the balance. 
 Weigh'er, n. one who weighs. 
 Weight, n. (^wUit,) quantity ascer- 
 tained by the balance. 
 
 Weight'iness, n. heaviness. 
 
 TreZ— Well. 
 
 Weight'less, a. having no weight; 
 
 light. 
 Weight'y, a. heavy ; important. 
 Weight'ily, ad. heavily ; with force. 
 
 Well, a. being in health. 
 Well, ad. not ill ; properly. 
 Well '-being, n. happiness. 
 Well'bred, a. elegant in manners ; 
 polite. 
 
 Weal, n. {wela,) happiness ; pros- 
 perity. 
 
 Wealth, n. {welig,) riches; opu- 
 lence. 
 i Wealth'ily, ad. richly. 
 
 Welcome, n. {ivilcuma, a good comer,) kind reception. 
 
 -Well, a deep, narrow pit dug for the purpo 
 from the A.-S. (wyl, a spring ; from weauan^ to boil up.) 
 
 Note. — Well, a deep, narrow pit dug for the purpose of obtaining water, comes 
 
 ' il ' 
 
 Welt, n. the edge of a garment 
 
 turned over and sewed together. 
 Welt, v. to sew on a border. 
 
 Wceltan — to Roll ; Welt. 
 
 Wel'ter, v. to roll or wallow in some 
 
 foul matter. 
 Wel'tering, /?pn rolling; wallowing. 
 
 Wend — a Turn ; a Change. Wendcen — to Go ; to Comb. 
 
 Wend, «. to go ; to pass ; to move, j Went, pret. of go ; did go. 
 
 Note. — It will be observed that Went, now used as the preterit of the verb Go, has 
 nothing at all to do with the verb Go, but belongs to the verb Wend. 
 
 West — West. 
 
 West, n. the region where the sun i West'erly, a. towards the west, 
 sets. I West'ern, a being in the west. 
 
 West'ward, ad. towards the west. 
 
 Hwcel — Whale. 
 
 Whale, n. a large animal. I Whale'bone, n. an elastic substance 
 
 ^ I from the upper jaw of the whale. 
 
 Ahwylfan — ^to Overwhelm. 
 Whelm, v. to cover completely. | Overwhelm, v. to crush underneath 
 
184 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Swcer — Whekb. 
 
 Where, ad. at what place. 
 Where'abouts, ad. near what or 
 which place. 
 
 Whereas', ad. when on the con- 
 trary. 
 Where'fore, ad. for which reason. 
 
 Wcefiafi — ^to Babble ; to Whiffle, 
 
 Whip'fle, v. to turn or change with 
 
 every wind. 
 Whiff, n. a slight blast ; a puff. 
 
 Whif'fle-tree, n. a short bar to 
 which the traces of a horse are 
 fastened. 
 
 Note. — Whiffle-tree, sometimes, but erroneously, written Whipple-tree, gets 
 its name from its constant change of position caused by the onward motion of the 
 horse. See Whip 
 
 Hwil — While. 
 
 While, n. space of time. | While, ad. during the time that. 
 
 While, «. to draw out ; to spend, as time. 
 
 Wanian — to Deplore ; Lament ; Bewail 
 
 Whine, v. to lament with a plaintive 
 
 noise. 
 Whine, n. a drawling cry. 
 
 Whin'ing, n. complaining in drawl- 
 ing, plaintive tones. 
 
 Hweopan — to Whip. 
 
 Whip, v. to strike with a lash. I Whip'hand, n. advantage over. 
 
 Whip'ping, n. correction with a lash. | Whip 'stock, n. the handle of a whip. 
 
 Hwyrfan — to Whirl ; to Turn. 
 
 Whirl, v. to turn round rapidly. 
 Whirl'igig, n. a toy which turns 
 round. 
 
 Whirl'pool, n. water moving circu- 
 
 larly. 
 Whirl'wind, n. a revolving column 
 
 of air. 
 
 Hwisprian — to Whisper. 
 
 Whis'per, «. to speak with the breath I Whis'perer, n. one who whispers, 
 not made vocal. I 
 
 Hwistlan — to Whistle. 
 
 Whis'tle, v. to form a kind of mu- I Whis'tler, n. one who whistles, 
 sical sound by the breath. | 
 
 Wiht — a Creature ; a Thing ; Whit. 
 
 Whit, n. a point ; a tittle ; a very I Wight, n. a being ; a person, 
 small part. I 
 
 fliw^if— White. Hwitel — to Make White. 
 
 White, a. having the color of snow. I Whit'ish, a. somewhat white. 
 Whit'en, «. to make or become white. Whit'tle, n. {hivitelf to make 
 White'ness, n. the state of being white,) a knife ; a white cloak, 
 white. 1 Whit'tle, t). to cut with a knife. 
 
 Note.— To whittle sticks, to cut oflf the bark with a knife, to make them white. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 185 
 
 Hwa — Who. 
 
 Who, pro. relating to persons. I Whom, pro. the objective case of 
 
 Whoev'eb, pro. any person whatever. | who. 
 
 Wicca — an Enchanter ; Wicked. 
 
 Wick'ed, a. morally bad ; vicious. 1 AVick'edness, n. vice ; sin ; guilt. 
 Wick'edly, ad. viciously. I 
 
 Note.— WicciAN, to bewitch, is adopted by Tooke, wlio remarks that " all atrocious 
 crimes were attributed by our ancestors to enchantment, sorcery, and witckcrafV 
 
 TTid— Wide. 
 
 Wide, a. extended far each way. | Wid'en, v. to make or grow wide. 
 
 Wide'ly, ad. with great extent ; far. | Wide'ness, n. breadth. 
 Width, n. extent from side to side. 
 
 Wealdan — to Govern ; Wield. 
 
 Wield, v. to use with full command I Wield'y, a. manageable, 
 or power. I 
 
 TTi/— Wife. 
 
 Wife, n. a woman who is united to I Wife'hood, n. the state of a wife, 
 a man in marriage. I Wife'less, a. without a wife. 
 
 Wife'ly, a. becoming a wife. 
 
 Wild, a. not tame; desert; disor 
 
 derly. 
 Weld'ly, ad. mo. wild manner. 
 
 Wild— Wild. 
 
 Wild'ness, n. state of being wild. 
 Wil'der, t). to lose the way ; to puzzle. 
 Wil'dernes8,w. an uncultivated tract 
 Bewil'der, «. to perplex ; to confound. 
 
 Willa—WTLJ.. 
 
 Will 'fully, ad. stubbornly. 
 Will'ing, a. desirous ; ready. 
 Will'ingly, ad. with free will. 
 Will'ingness, n. ready compliance. 
 
 Will, n. the power of mind by which 
 
 we choose to do or forbear. 
 Will, v. to determine. 
 Will'ful, a. stubborn ; perverse. 
 
 Wind'lass, n. {lace, a cord,) a ma- 
 chine for raising weights. 
 
 Winnan — to Struggle ; to Win. 
 Win, v. to gain in a contest. | Win'ning, p. a. attractive ; charming: 
 
 Windan — to Wind. 
 
 Wind, v. to turn romid ; to twist ; to 
 
 blow. 
 Wind'ing, n. a turning. 
 
 Wincian — to Bend One's Self ; to Nod ; to Wink. 
 
 Wink, ®. to close and open Ij^e eye- I Wink'ing, n. a rapid and repeated 
 lids. I movement of the eyelids. 
 
 Note. — It is probable that Wing and Wink may be the same word differently ap* 
 plied — as wings and eyelids have somewhat similar motions. 
 
186 
 
 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 Wind— WiNi). 
 
 Wind, n. air in motion. 
 Wind'y, a. consisting of wind. 
 Wind'iness, n. state- of being windy. 
 Wind'fall, n. fruiiv blown from a 
 
 tree ; an unexpected benefit. 
 Wind'mill, n. a mill turned by the 
 
 wind. 
 Wm'NOw, v. (windwiaUf to wind,) 
 
 to separate grain from chaff by the 
 
 wind. 
 
 Wind 'pipe, n. the passage for the 
 
 breath. 
 Wind'ward, n, the point from which 
 
 the wind blows. 
 Win'dow, n. {door,) an aperture for 
 
 the admission of light and wind. 
 Win'ter, n. the cold season of the 
 
 year.* 
 Wind'row, n. grass laid in rows for 
 
 drying. 
 
 Note. — From German wehen^ to blow; part, wehend, blowing, contracted Wind 
 The primary sense is, to move, flow, rush or drive along. 
 * Skinner and others think it is so called because it is the windy season of the year. 
 
 Gehwinf/—a, Side ; a Corner. 
 
 Wing, n. the limb of a bird by which 1 Wing'less, a. not having wings, 
 it flies. 
 
 Witan — to Wist ; to Know. 
 
 Wit, •». to know, or to be known; 
 To- Wit, ad. namely. 
 
 Wit'tingly, ad. knowingly ; by de- 
 sign. 
 
 Wis, t). to think ; to know ; to wit. 
 
 Wist, pret. of wis., thought ; knew. 
 
 Wist'ful, a. full of thought ; desi- 
 rous; wishful. 
 
 Wise, a. {tviSf) having knowledge ; 
 making a right use of knowledge. 
 
 Wist'fully, ad. attentively. 
 Wis'dom, n. {ivis, wise, and dom^ 
 
 judgment,) knowledge rightly used. 
 Wise'ly, ad. judiciously. 
 Wise'acre, n. (Ger. aagen^ to say,) a 
 
 simpleton ; a dunce. 
 Wit'ness, n. one who sees or knows 
 
 personally. 
 Wiz'ard, n. a conjurer ; a sorcerer. 
 Wot, xi. to know. 
 
 Wit, or ge-wit — Wit. 
 
 Wit, n. intellect ; the power of asso- 
 ciating ideas m new and unexpect- 
 ed relations. 
 
 Wit'less, n. wanting understanding. 
 
 Wit'lessly, ad. without judgment. 
 
 Wit'ling, n. pretender to wit. 
 
 Wit'ticism, n. an attempt at wit. 
 Wit'ty, a. full of wit ; ingenious. 
 Wit'tily, ad. with wit ; ingeniously. 
 Wit'tiness, n. the quality of being 
 witty. 
 
 Withan — to Join. Wyrthan — to Be. 
 
 With, prep, by; noting cause or 
 
 means. 
 Withal', ad. along with the rest; 
 
 likewise. 
 Within', prep, in the inner part. 
 Without', prep, not with or by. 
 
 Withdraw', v. {dragati,) to take 
 back or away. 
 
 Withhold', v. (heuldan,) to hold 
 back. 
 
 Withstand', v. {standan^ to op- 
 pose ; to resist. 
 
 "Withe, n. {withlg,) a twig used for a band, or to tie with. 
 
 Note. — With has descended to us from two diflFerent A.-S. verbs, viz. : {withan^ to 
 join, and weorthan^ wyrthan, to be.) From the latter we have the compounds within 
 and without; i. e., be in, be out. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 187 
 
 WoB, n. grief; sorrow; misery. | Wo'fully, ad. sorrowfully. 
 
 Wo'ful, a. sorrowful ; wretched. | Wo'fulness, n. misery ; calamity. 
 Woe'begone, a. far gone in woe. 
 
 Wulf—Woi.F. 
 Wolf, n. a beast of prey. | Wolf'ish, a. like a wolf; savage. 
 
 Wifman — Woman. 
 
 Wom'an, n. the female of the human I Wom'anish, a. suitable to a woman. 
 
 race. I Wom'anly, a. becoming a woman. 
 
 Wom'ankind, n. the female sex. 
 
 Note.— Man is a general term to include both sexes, and the specific name Wif- 
 man is given to the female, from her employment at the woof. 
 
 Wunian — Won. 
 
 Won, t). to dwell ; to have abode. | Wont, n. custom ; habit ; practice. 
 Wont'ed, a. accustomed ; usual. 
 
 Won'dbr, n. the emotion excited by 
 anything strange and inexplicable. 
 Won'derful, a. astonishing. 
 
 Wunder — Wonder. 
 
 Won'derfully, ad. in a wonderful 
 
 manner. 
 Won'drous, a. marvellous. 
 
 Wogan — to Woo. 
 Woo, v. to solicit in love ; to court. | Woo'er, n. one who courts a woman. 
 
 Wudu — a Wood. 
 
 Wood, n. a large collection of trees ; 
 
 the substance of trees. 
 Wood'ed, a. covered with wood. 
 Wood'en, a. made of wood. 
 Wood'y, a. abounding with wood. 
 
 Wood'land, n. ground covered with 
 
 woods. 
 Wood'man, n. one who cuts down 
 
 timber. 
 
 Wull— Wool.. 
 
 Wool, n. the soft hair which grows I Wool'len, a. made of wool, 
 on sheep. I Wool'ly, a. consisting of wool. 
 
 Word — Word. 
 
 Word, n. an articulate sound which I Word'less, a. without words ; silent, 
 conveys an idea. | Word'y, a. full of words. 
 
 Word'ily, ad. with many words. 
 
 Wmruld — World. 
 
 a of ere- I Wqrld'l 
 I world. 
 W.orld'ly, a. relating to this world. 
 
 World, n. the whole system of ere- I Wqrld'ling, n. one devoted to this 
 ated things. ) world. 
 
188 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Weorcan — to Work; to Labor. 
 
 Work, v. to labor ; to act. 
 Work, n. labor; employment. 
 Work'er, n. one who works. 
 Work'man, n. a laboier. 
 Work'manlike, a. well performod 
 
 Wrought, ^. performed by work. 
 Wyrm — Worm. 
 
 Work'manly, a. skillful. 
 Work'manship, n. manufacture. 
 Work'shop, n. the place where work 
 
 is done. 
 Wright, n. {ivyrhta,) an artificer. 
 
 Worm, n. a reptile ; anything spiral. 
 Worm, «j. to worm slowly and se- 
 cretly. 
 
 Worm'y, a. full of worms. 
 AYorm'eaten, a. gnawed by worms. 
 Worm'wood, n. a plant. 
 
 Wyrse — Worse. 
 Worse, a. more evil ; more hurtful. | Worst, a. bad in the highest degree. 
 
 Weorth — Worth. 
 
 Worth, n. value ; price. 
 Worth'less, a. having no worth or 
 
 value. 
 Wor'thy, a. deserving ; valuable. 
 Wor'thiness, n. merit ; excellence. 
 
 Wor'ship, ti. to adore ; to honor. 
 Wor'shiper, n. one who worships. 
 Wor'ship, n. (worth and ship^) dig- 
 nity; honor. 
 
 Wund — Wound. 
 
 Wound, n. a hurt given by vio- I Wound'less, a. free from hurt or 
 lence. I injury. 
 
 Hweorfan — to Turn. 
 
 Wrap, «. to roll together ; to in- I Wrap'per, n. that in which a thing 
 close. I is wrapped. 
 
 Wrath — Wrath. 
 
 Wrath, n. violent anger ; rage. I Wrath'less, a. free from anger. 
 
 Wrath'ful, a. very angry ; furious. | Wrath'y, a, extremely angry. 
 Wroth, a. very angry. 
 
 Wrecan — to Wreak. 
 Wreak, v. to do for a purpose of I Wreak'ful, a. revengeful ; angry. 
 
 vengeance. 
 
 Wrcec — an Exile ; a Wretch ; Wreck. 
 
 Wretch, n. a worthless creature. 
 Wretch'ed, a. miserable ; worthless. 
 Wretch 'edly, ad. miserably. 
 
 Wreck, n. destruction by sea. 
 Wreck, v. to drive against the shore 
 and destroy. 
 
 Wretch'edness, n. misery ; meanness. 
 
 Writan — to Write. Gothic, writs^ a letter. 
 
 Write, v. to express by letters. I Writ'er, n. one who writes. 
 
 Writ, n. a judicial writiag. | Writ'ing, n. any thing written. 
 
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 189 
 
 Wringan — to Wring ; to Twist. Wrwstan — to Writhe ; to Twist. 
 
 Wring, v. to twist or turn around 
 
 with violence. 
 Wring'er, n. one who wrings. 
 Wran'gle, v. to dispute peevishly. 
 Wran'gle, n. a peevish dispute. 
 Wrong, n. a violation of right. 
 Wrong'ful, a. injurious ; unjust. 
 Wrong'ly, ad. unjustly; amiss. 
 Wrench, v. to pull with a twist. 
 Wrung, ppr. twisted. 
 Wrin'kle, n. {wrlncle,) a small 
 
 ridge or furrow on any smooth 
 
 surface. 
 Wreath, n. anything twisted ; a 
 
 garland. 
 
 Wreathe, v. to interweave ; to twist. 
 Wreath'y, a. twisted ; curled. 
 Writhe, v. to twist ; to twist with 
 
 agony. 
 Wry, a. twisted ; crooked. 
 Wry'ness, n. the state of being wry. 
 Wrest, v. to twist by violence. 
 Wres'tle, v. to strive who shall 
 
 throw the other down. 
 Wres'tler, n. one who wrestles. 
 Wres'tling, n. contention. 
 Wrist, n. (from ivrwstan,) the joint 
 
 which unites the hand to the arm. 
 Wrist 'band, n. the band that passes 
 
 round the wrist. 
 
 Gyard—a Staff ; a Rod ; Yard. 
 Yard, n. a measure of three feet. 
 
 Geard, (from gyrdan, to Gird)— Yard. 
 
 Yard, n. a small piece of enclosed ground. 
 
 Gear — Year. 
 
 Year, n. the time in which the earth I Year'ling, n. an animal a year old. 
 
 moves round the sun. I Year'ly, a. happening every year. 
 
 Yore, ad. in time past ; long ago. 
 
 Gearn — Desirous ; Eager. 
 
 Yearn, v. to feel a strong desire. I Yearn'ing, n. emotion of tenderness 
 
 I or pity. 
 
 Gelew — Yellow. 
 
 Yel'low,«. being of the color of gold. I Yelk, ) ^ ^.i,^ „^n^^^„w,.po« ««« 
 yEL'LOwisH, a. somewhat yellol. I Yolk,' \ ^- *^^ ^^"^^ P*^ «^ ^° ^^^' 
 
 Gemtene — Common. 
 
 yEo'MAN, n. a man of small estate in I Yeo'manry, n. the collective body of 
 land. I yeoman. 
 
 Cryrstan — Yester. 
 
 Yes'ter, a. last ; last past. I Yes'terday, n. {dceg,) the day last 
 
 I past. 
 
 1^ Gyldan — to !^y ; to Restore ; to Render. 
 
 Yield, v. to produce ; to afford ; to I Yield 'ance, n. concession. 
 
 give up. I Yield'ing, n. the act of giving up. 
 
 Yield'ingly, ad. with compliance. 
 
190 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 Eow, iu, inch — You. 
 
 You, pro. the nominative and objec- I Your, pro. belonging to you. 
 live plural of thou. I 
 
 Geong — Young. 
 Young, a. being in the first part of life. | Young'ish, a. somewhat young. 
 
 Geoffiith—YovTH. 
 
 Youth, n. the part of life which suc- 
 ceeds childhood. 
 
 Youth'ful, a. pertaining to early 
 life. 
 
 Youth'fulness, n. state of being 
 
 youthful. 
 Youth'ly, a. young ; early in life. 
 Yule, n. (geol) Christmas. 
 
FEENCH BOOTS AMD DERIVATIVES. 191 
 
 FRENCH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 Aboutir, A — To, and bout — End. 
 
 Abut', v. to end at. Abut'ment, n. that which receives 
 
 Butt, n. the larger and blunt end of the end of a thing. 
 
 a thing ; one who is the object of Butt, v. to strike with the head or 
 
 jests. horns. 
 
 Butte, n. an abrupt hill. 
 
 NoTB. — Butt, a large vessel or cask, comes from the A.-S. (buUe.) 
 
 Accoutrer — to Dress. From coudre — to Sew. 
 
 Accou'tbb, v. to dress ; to equip. I Accou'trement, n. military dress 
 
 I and arms. 
 
 Ajourner. A — To, and j'oi^r— Day. 
 
 Adjourn', v. to put off to another I Adjourn'ment, n. a putting off till 
 day. I another day. 
 
 Avant — Before. 
 
 Advance', 'd. to bring or put forward. 
 Advance'ment, n. progress. 
 Advan'tage, n. benefit ; gain. 
 Advanta'geous, a. profitable. 
 
 Avaunt', intj. hence ; begone. 
 Vant'age, n. gain ; profit. 
 Van, n. the front of an army. 
 Van'guard, n. the first line of an army. 
 
 Aviser — ^to Advise ; to Perceive ; to See. 
 
 Advise', v. to counsel ; to consult. I Advis'able, a. prudent ; expedient. 
 Advice', n. counsel ; instruction. ( Advis'er, n. one who advises. 
 
 Agreer — to Concur. From a gre — at Will ; at Concord. 
 
 Agree', v. to think or act in unison. I Agreed', p. a. settled by consent. 
 Agree'able, a. suitable to ; pleasing. | Disagree', v. to differ ; to vary. 
 
 Alarme, (Ital. aWarmi,) — to Arms. 
 
 Alarm', n. a cry or notice of danger. 
 Alarm', v. to call to arms ; to excite 
 fear in. 
 
 Alarm'ing, p. a. terrifying ; giving 
 alarm. 
 
 Alerte — Alert. 
 
 Alert', a. being on the lookout ; I Alert'ness, n. sprightliness. 
 nimble. | 
 
 Embuche, From en — In, and bois — a Wood, or Bushes, 
 
 Am'bush, n. the place or act of lying I Ambuscade', n, a station in which 
 in wait. « J men lie to surprise others. 
 
192 SMITH'S HAJSTD-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Piece — Piece. 
 
 Piece, n. a part ; a fragment. I Piece'meal, ad. in or by pieces. 
 
 Piece, v. to mend; to patch. | Apiece, a^. to the part or share of each. 
 
 Apprendre — to Leabn. 
 
 Apprise', v. to inform ; to give notice. I Apprehen'sion, n. seizure ; intellect ; 
 Apprehend', v. to lay hold on. | fear. 
 
 Apprehen'sive, a. quick to understand ; fearful. 
 
 Attacher — to Attach. 
 Attach', v. to fasten ; to tie ; to join. | Attach'ment, n. fondness ; love. 
 
 Beffler — to Befool ; to Mock. 
 
 Baf'fle, v. to elude by deceit or I Baf'fler, n. one who baffles, 
 artifice. I 
 
 Bail, «. to release on security given 
 
 for appearance in court. 
 Bail, n. the sum given for security. 
 Bail, v. {bailie, a tub or bucket,) to 
 
 free from water. 
 
 Sailler — to Deliver ; to Give. 
 
 Bail, n. the handle of a pail, buck- 
 et, etc. 
 Bail'able, a. that may be bailed. 
 Bail 'iff, n. a law officer. 
 
 Balle — Bale. 
 
 Bale, n. a bundle, as of goods. I Bale, ^. to make up in a bale or 
 
 I bundle. 
 
 Balustre — Baluster. 
 
 Bal'uster, n. one of the supporters i Bal'ustrade, n. a row of balusters, 
 of a rail to a flight of stairs. | Bal'ustered, p. a. having balusters. 
 
 Badiner — to Trifle ; to Joke. 
 BAif^TEB, V. to ridicule pleasantly. | Ban'tering, n. raillery ; jesting. 
 
 Barre — Bar. 
 
 Bar, 7i. an obstruction to hinder en- 
 trance ; the tribunal of justice. 
 Bar'rier, n. an obstruction. 
 
 Barricade', n. an obstruction made 
 
 in haste. 
 Bar'rister, n. a counsellor at law. 
 
 Baron — Baron. 
 
 Bar'on, n. a rank of nobility. 
 Bar'oness, n. the wife of a baron. 
 
 Bar'ony, n. the lands of a baron. 
 Bar'onet, n. the title next below a 
 baron. 
 
 Battre — B att er. 
 
 Bat'teb, v. to beat with repeated I Bat'ter, n. a mixture beaten to- 
 blowi. I gether. 
 
 Bat'tery, n. act of battering ; a place for cannon. 
 
FBENCH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 1S^3 
 
 Sarguigner — to Higgle. 
 
 Bar'gain, n. a contract or agree- I Bar'gaining, n. the act of making 
 rnent. I bargains. 
 
 jBafaiWe—BATTLE. 
 
 Bat'tle, n. a fight ; a contest. | Battal'ion, n. a division of the army. 
 
 Beau — Fair; Beautiful. 
 
 Beau, n. a man of dress ; a fop. I.Beau'ty, n. that assemblage of grace* 
 
 Beau'teous, a. fair ; elegant. I which pleases the senses. 
 
 Beau'tify, v. to make beautiful. 
 
 Bceuf—2i Bull ; an Ox, or a Cow. 
 Beep, n. the flesh of bulls, oxen, or I Beeves, n. oxen, etc., as fit for 
 
 cows. I food. 
 
 Biais — Across; Athwart. 
 Bi'as, 71. inclination ; partiality. | Bi'as, v. to cause to incline to one sidau 
 
 Billet — a Bill ; a Handbill. 
 
 Bil'let, n. an account of money due ; I Bil'let, n. a short letter, 
 a proposed law. I Billet-doux, n. a love letter. 
 
 Bil'let, v. to quarter soldiers by ticket. 
 
 Blaspheme — Blame. 
 
 Blame, v. to charge with a fault. I Blame'ful, a. deserving blame. 
 Bl am' ABLE, a, faulty; culpable. I Blame'less, a. without blame. 
 
 Blanchir — to Make White ; to Grow White. 
 
 Blanch, v. to whiten. I Blench, v to shrink ; to start baCK. 
 
 Blank, a. white ; without writing. | Unblench'ed, a. not disgraced. 
 
 Botte — Boot. 
 Boot, n. a covering for the foot and leg. 
 Note.— Boot, profit, advantage, comes from A.-S. {hot, compensation.") 
 
 Bosse — a Hump or Knob. 
 
 Boss, n. a stud ; a knob. I Emboss', v. to form with protubeiv 
 
 Emboss'ment, n. raised work. | ances. 
 
 Note. — Boss, a superintendent, comes from the Dutch (6<mm, a master.) 
 
 Branche — Branch; Bough. 
 
 Branch, n. the shoot or bough of a I Branch'less, a. without branches Of 
 tree. • j boughs. 
 
 Brigade — Brigade. 
 Brigade', n. a division of troops. [ Brigadier', n. an army officer. 
 
194 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 Bribe — a Piece of Bread Given to a Beggar. 
 
 Bribe, n. a reward given to corrupt I Bri'bery, n. the crime of giving or 
 the conduct. I taking bribes. 
 
 JBrigue — a Little Loaf. 
 
 Brick, w. a squared mass of clay burnt. I Brick'kiln, n. a furnace for burning 
 Brick'bat, n. a piece of brick. | bricks. 
 
 -Bri/^a^f— Sparkling. From Brlller — to Shine or Sparkle. 
 
 Brill 'lANT, a. shining ; sparkling. I Brill'iant, n. a diamond of the fin- 
 Brill'iancy, 71. lustre ; splendor. | est cut. 
 
 Brill'iantly, ad. splendidly. 
 
 Brouille — a Broil. Brouiller — to Embroil. 
 Broil, n. a noisy contention ; a brawl. | Embroil', ti. to disturb ; to confuse. 
 
 Bruler — to Burn. 
 Broil,«. to cook by laying on the coals. | Broiled,^, a. cooked over the coals. 
 
 Brunettef brun — Brown. 
 Brunette', n. a woman with a dark complexion. 
 
 Brosse — Brush. 
 
 Brush, n. an instrument for cleaning I Brush, «). to clean with a brush. 
 and sweeping. | 
 
 Boucher — Butcher. 
 
 Butch'er, n. ohe who kills animals I Butch'er, n. one who delights in 
 to sell their flesh. | slaughter. 
 
 Bouteillier — a Butler. From Bouteille — a Bottle. 
 But'ler, n. a servant who has charge of liquors. 
 
 ♦ , Cabane — a Cabin ; a Cottage. 
 
 Cab'in, n. a small house or hut. I Cab'inet, n. a closet ; a small room. 
 
 Cab'in, n. an apartment in a ship. | Cab'inet, n. the ministers of state. 
 
 Caisse — a Box or Chest. 
 
 Case, n. a covering ; a sheath. 
 Case'harden, v. to harden on the 
 
 outside. 
 Case'knife, n. a large table knife. 
 Cask, n. a close vessel for containing 
 
 liquors. 
 
 Cas'ket, n. a small elegant box for 
 
 jewels, etc. 
 Casque, n. a helmet ; a case for the 
 
 head. 
 Cash, n. money at command. 
 Cashier', n. one who has charge of 
 
 money. 
 
 Note. — Cashier, to dismiss from a post or office with reproach, comes from the 
 Italian (eassare^ to an»ul, to break.) 
 
FEENCH BOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 195 
 
 Cajoler — Cajole. 
 Cajole', v. to delude by flattery. | Cajol'ery, n. flattery ; deceit. 
 
 Chauffer — to Warm. 
 
 Chape, v. to warm by rubbing ; to I Chaf'ing-dish, n. a portable warm- 
 make angry ; to wear by rubbing. | ing utensil. 
 
 Chap'lng, ppr. heating or wearing by friction. 
 
 Charge, v. to intrust ; to impute as 
 debt ; to accuse. 
 
 Charge, n. care ; accusation ; ex- 
 pense. 
 
 Car'go, n. the lading of a ship. 
 
 Charger — to Load; to Burden. 
 
 Charge'able, a. imputable ; expen- 
 sive. 
 
 Charge'less, a. free from charge. 
 
 Charg'er, n. a large dish; a war- 
 horse. 
 
 Chooser — to Hunt ; to Chase Wild Animals. 
 
 Chase, n. hunting ; pursuit ; the I Chase, v. to pursue ; to drive, 
 thing hunted. | 
 
 Note. — Chase, to emboss, as metals, comes from the French {chasse, a frame.) 
 ^chec — a Check. Echiquier — a Chess-Board. 
 
 Check, n. an order for money ; cloth 
 woven into squares of difierent 
 colors. 
 
 Check, v. to stop ; to restrain ; to curb. 
 Check'er, v. to form into squares of 
 difierent colors. 
 
 Chere — Entertainment. 
 
 Cheer, v. to encourage ; to comfort. 
 Cheer, n. a shout of applause ; en- 
 tertainment. 
 Cheer'pul, a. lively ; gay. 
 
 Cheer'pulness, n. gayety ; alacrity. 
 
 Cheer'less, a. gloomy, 
 Cheer'ily, ad. cheerfully. 
 Cheer'fully, ad. in a cheerful man 
 ner; willingly. 
 
 Chef— the Head, i. c., the Top or Highest Point. 
 
 Achieve'ment, n. a performance. 
 Ker'chief, n. the head dress of a 
 
 woman. 
 Mis'cHiEF, n. (Saxon rnis,) harm ; 
 
 hurt; injury. 
 
 Chiep, n. a commander ; a leader. 
 Chief, a. principal ; most important. 
 Chief'ly, ad. principally. 
 Chief'tain, n. a leader of a clan. 
 Achieye', v. to perform ; to finish 
 
 Mis'cHiEVOUS, a. hurtful ; wicked. 
 
 Chevalier — a Knight. Cheval — a Horse. 
 
 Chevalier', n. a gallant horseman. I Chiv'alry, n. a military dignity ,• 
 Chiv'alrous, a. gallant ; warlike. | knighthood. 
 
 Cotte — Coat. 
 
 Coat, n. an outside garment worn by I Coat, v. to cover the outsid«. 
 men. 
 
196 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Comhattre — to Fight Against. 
 Com'bat, v. to fight ; to oppose. | Com'batant, n. one who combats. 
 
 Controle. Centre — Against. Mole — a Roll, or Register. 
 
 Control', n. a register kept to verify 
 
 another account. 
 Control', n. restraint ; check. 
 Control', v. to have power over. 
 
 Control'ler, n. one who controls. 
 
 Comptrol'ler, n. an officer who ex- 
 amines the accounts of collectors 
 of public money. 
 
 Coquet — a Beau ; a General Lover. 
 
 Coquet', v. to practise deceit in love. I Coquet'ry, n. trifling in love. 
 Coquette', n. a vain female. I Coquet'tish, a. practising coquetry. 
 
 Costume — Custom; Manners; Costume. 
 Costume', n. style or mode of dress. | Cos'tumer, n. one who prepares dress. 
 
 Coucher, couche — a Bed. 
 
 Couch, v. to lie down ; to stoop. 1 Couch'ing, n. the act of bending. 
 
 Couch'ant, a. lying down ; squatting. | Couch'-fellow, n. a bed-fellow. 
 
 Fr. Cour, from L. Oortis — a Yard or Enclosed Place ; a Company of 
 
 Soldiers. 
 
 Court, n. a palace ; a hall of justice ; 
 
 an enclosed place in front of a 
 
 house. 
 Court, v. to endeavor to please ; to 
 
 flatter. 
 Court'ier, n. one who courts favor. 
 Court'like, a. elegant ; polite. 
 
 Cour'tesan, n. a lewd woman. 
 ^eraser — to Crush. 
 
 Court'ly, a. elegant ; flattering. 
 Court'liness, n. elegance of manners. 
 Court'ship, n. the act of making love. 
 Cour'teous, a. polite ; well bred ; 
 
 civil. 
 Cour'tesy, n. civility ; act of civility 
 
 made by women. 
 
 Crash, v. to make a sudden, loud 
 noise, as of many things falling at 
 once. 
 
 Crash, n. a sudden, loud noise. 
 
 Crash'ing, n. a violent mixed noise. 
 
 Crush, v. to break by pressure. 
 
 Craze, v. to break ; to crush ; to dis- 
 order the intellect. 
 
 Cra'zy, a. broken ; feeble ; disorder- 
 ed in intellect. 
 
 Cra'ziness, n. weakness ; disorder of 
 the mind. 
 
 Craie — Chalk. 
 Cray'on, n. a pencil for drawing. ] Cray'on, 'd. to design with a crayon. 
 
 Courbe — to Bend. 
 
 CuBB, n. any thing that restrains or I Curb, v. to restrain ; to control, 
 checks. I 
 
 Danger — Danger. 
 
 Dan'ger, n. exposure to death, loss I Dan'gerous, a. full- of danger, 
 or injury, I Dan'gerously, ad. perilously. 
 
FRENCH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 191 
 
 Dame — a Lady. 
 
 Dame, n. tlie mistress of a house. I Bel'dam, n. on old woman ; a hag. 
 Dam, n. a female parent of beasts. | Mad'am, n. a term of address to a lady. 
 
 Note. — Dam, a bank to confine water, comes from the Dutch (dam.) 
 
 Debaucher — Debauch. 
 
 Debauch', v. to corrupt ; to vitiate. | Debauchee', n. a libertine ; a rake. 
 Debauch'ery, n. excess ; lewdness. 
 
 Des mceurs — of Good Manners. 
 
 DEMURE',a.ofserious or pensive look; I Demure'ly, ad. with affected mod- 
 affectedly modest. I esty. 
 
 Demure'ness, n. soberness. 
 
 Draper — to Clothe. 
 
 Drape, v. to cover or ornament with I Dra'per, n. one who sells cloth, 
 cloth. I Dra'pery, n. curtains, hangings, etc. 
 
 Dresser — to Make Straight. 
 
 Dress, v. to set or put in order ; to I Dress, n. clothes ; garments, 
 clothe. I 
 
 Drole — Droll. 
 
 Droll, a. comical ; odd ; merry. | Droll'ery, n. idle jokes. 
 
 Gage — a Pledge 
 
 Gage, n. a pledge ; a measure. 
 
 Engage', v. to bind ; to enlist. 
 
 Engage'ment, n. obligation ; em- 
 ployment. 
 
 Disengage', v. to separate ; to with- 
 draw. 
 
 Enga'ging, p. a. winning ; attractive. 
 Mort'gage, n. the pledge of an es- 
 tate as security. 
 Wage, n. pledge ; gage ; wages. 
 Wages, n. hire ; reward for service. 
 Wa'ger, n. a bet ; v. to bet. 
 
 Note. — Wage, to venture, to make, to carry on as war, is from the German (wagen.) 
 
 JEnticer — to Entice. 
 Entice', ■». to allure to evil. j Entice'ment, n. allurement. 
 
 Equiper — to Equip. 
 
 Equip', v. to fit out. I Equip'age, n. a carriage with its ac- 
 
 Equip'ment, n. complete outfit. | companiments. 
 
 Fine, a. small ; thin ; not coarse 
 Fine'ly, ad. beautifully; well. 
 Fine'ness, n. elegance ; purity. 
 Fin'ery, n. show ; gaiety. 
 Finesse', n. arti§,ce ; stratagem. 
 
 Fin — Fine. 
 
 Fin'ical, a. nice in trifles. 
 
 Fine'spun, a. minute. 
 Refine', v. to purify. 
 Refine'ment, n. polish of manners. 
 Superfine', a. very or most fine. 
 
198 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 Foible — Feeble. 
 
 Fee'ble, a. weak ; infirm. 
 Fee'bleness, n. weakness ; infirmity. 
 Enfee'ble, pp. made weak. 
 
 Fee'bly, ad. weakly ; without 
 
 strength. 
 Foi'ble, n. a moral weakness. 
 
 Finance — Finance. 
 
 Finance', n. revenue ; income, | Finan'cial, a. relating to finance. 
 
 Financier', n. one who understands revenue. 
 
 Flatter f from L. Flato — to Blow. 
 
 Flat'ter, v. to soothe with praises. I Flat'tering, p. a. exciting hope. 
 Flat'terer, n. one who flatters. | Flat'tery, n. false praise. 
 
 Flair — Scent. 
 Fla'vor, n. fragrance ; relish ; taste. | Fla'vored, a. having a fine taste. 
 
 Affoler — to Foil. 
 Foil, v. to baffle ; to defeat. 
 Note. — Foil, a leaf, gilding, comes from tlie Latin {folium.) 
 
 Fol — Mad; Foolish. J^ot*— a Madman; a Fool. 
 
 Fool 'hardy, a. foolishly bold. 
 Fool'hardiness, n. courage without 
 
 Fool, n. one of weak understanding. 
 Fool'ish, a. unwise. 
 Fool'ishness, n. want of wisdom. 
 
 Fol'ly, n. want of understanding. 
 
 Fourrager — to Forage. 
 
 For'age, v. to wander in search of i Foraging, n. roving in search of pro- 
 spoil. I visions. 
 
 Forge, n. a furnace for heating iron. 
 Forge, ®. to form by furnace and 
 hammer. 
 
 Forge, from L. Ferrum — Iron. 
 
 Forge, v. to counterfeit ; to falsify. 
 Forg'er, n. one who forges ; a falsi- 
 fier. 
 
 Forg'ery, n. the crime of falsifying. 
 
 Franc — Frank. 
 
 Frank, «. free ; open; sincere. I Frank'lin,?i. a freeholder; a steward. 
 
 Frank'ly, ad. openly ; freely. I Frank'ness, n. plainness ; openness. 
 
 Fran'chise, n. privilege ; right. 
 
 Friser — to Frizz. 
 
 Frizz, v. to curl ; to crisp. I Frieze, n. a coarse woolen cloth with 
 
 Friz'zle, ®. to curl in short curls. I a nap on one side. 
 
 Fournir — to Furnish. 
 
 Fur'nish, v. to supply ; to fit up. | Fur'nished,^. a. supplied ; fitted up. 
 Fur'niture, n. goods in a house for use. 
 
FRENCH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 199 
 
 Froncer — to Wklnkle. 
 
 Frown, v. to express displeasure by 
 
 contracting the brow. 
 Frown, n. a look of displeasure. 
 
 Frown 'iNG, p. a. expressing displeas- 
 ure by a frown. 
 
 Frown'ingly, ad. with a look of dis 
 pleasure. 
 
 Galant — Gallant. 
 
 Gal'lant, a. gay ; splendid ; brave. I Gallant', a. polite and attentive to 
 Gal'lantly, ad. bravely : nobly. | ladies. 
 
 Gal lantry, n. bravery ; nobleness. 
 
 Garnir — to Furnish ; to Adorn. 
 Gar'nish, v. to adorn ; to beautify^ | Gar'ment, n. a covering for the body. 
 
 Gai— Gay. 
 
 Gay, a. cheerful ; merry ; showy. I Gay'ly, ad. merrily ; cheerfully. 
 Gay'ety, n. cheerfulness ; finery. | Gay'ness, n. cheerfulness ; finery. 
 
 Genievre — a Juniper Berry. 
 
 Gin, n. a distilled spirit flavored with juniper berries. 
 
 Note. — Gin, a trap ; a snare ; an instrument for cleaning cotton ; is a contraction of 
 the word engine. 
 
 Glaner, (/lane — a Handful op Corn Gathered. 
 
 Glean'er, n. one who gleans. 
 
 Glean, v. to gather what is left by 
 reapers ; to gather what is thinly 
 scattered. 
 
 Glean'ing, n. anything gleaned. 
 
 Gourmand — Gormand. 
 Gor'mand,7i. a greedy eater; a glutton. | Gor'mandize, v. to eat to excess. 
 
 Garantir — to Warrant. 
 
 Grant, tJ. to give ; to admit. 
 Grantee', n. one to whom a grant is 
 made. 
 
 Grant'or, n. one by whom a grant 
 is made. 
 
 Grappe — a Bunch ; a Cluster. 
 
 Grape, n. the fruit of the vine. I Grape'shot, n. shot so arranged as to 
 
 Grape'stone, n. the seed of the grape. | resemble a bunch of grapes. 
 
 Gratter — to Scrape. 
 
 Grate, v. to wear away ; to rub hard. | Grat'ing, a. rubbing ; harsh. 
 
 Note.— Grate, a frame for holding coals ; and Grating, lattice work ; are from the 
 Latin (crates, a crate ; a hurdle.) Grateful is from the Latin {grains.) 
 
 ^ G^aisse — Fat. 
 
 Grease, n. animal fat in a soft state. I Greas'iness, n. the state of being 
 Greas'y, a. smeared with grease. greasy. 
 
 Greas'ily, ad. with grease. I 
 
200 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 Groupe — Group. 
 Qjtoup, 7L a cluster ; a collection. | Group, v. to collect together. 
 
 Guider— to Guide. 
 Guide, v. to direct or lead in a way. | Guidance, n. direction ; government 
 
 Guise — Guise. 
 
 Guise, n, maimer ; garb ; dress. I Disguise', v. to conceal by an unu- 
 
 I sual dress, etc. 
 
 Hardi — Bold; Daring. 
 
 Hab'dy, a. firm; strong; bold. | Har'dihood, n. boldness; stoutnesa. 
 
 Har'diness, n. firmness ; courage. 
 
 Hasard — Hazard. 
 Haz'ard, n. chance ; danger. J Haz'ardous, a. dangerous* 
 
 HaineuoCf haine — Hatred. 
 Hbi'nous, a. wicked in a high degree. | Hei'nously, ad. wickedly. 
 
 Hideuoc — Fright; Dread. 
 Hid'eous, a. frightful to the sight. | Hid'eously, ad. horribly. 
 
 Jaloudc — Jealous. 
 Jbal'ous, a. apprehensive of rivalship. | Jsal'ousy, n. suspicious fear. 
 
 Nor. Fr. tTuele, Fr. Joyau — Jewel. 
 jEW'EL,7i.any ornament of greatvalue. | Jew'elrt, ?i. jewels collectively. 
 
 Jour — Daylight. JTournee — Day. 
 
 Jour'nal, n. a daily register. 
 Jour'nalize, v. to enter in a jour- 
 nal. 
 
 Jour'ney, n. the travel of a day. 
 Jour'neyman, n. a man hired by the 
 day. 
 
 tToie — Joy. 
 
 Joy, n. gladness ; delight. I Joy'less, a. giving no pleasure. 
 
 Joy'pul, a. full of joy ; glad. | Joy'ous, a. glad ; merry. 
 
 tTus — Juice. 
 
 Juice, n. the sap of vegetables. I Jui'ciness, n. abundance of juice. 
 
 Jui'cY, a. abounding with juice. | Juice'less, a. destitute of juice. 
 
 Laver — Lave. 
 
 Lave, v. to throw up or out. I Lav'ishly, ad. profusely. 
 
 Lav'ish, a. profuse ; wasteful. | Lav'ish, v. to expend in profusion. 
 
FRENCH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 201 
 
 Loiser — Leisure. 
 Lki'sube^w. freedom from occupation. | Lei'surely, ad. done without hurry. 
 
 Longis — a Slow Fellow ; a Lingerer. 
 Lounge, v. to spend time lazily. | Loung'er, n. an idler. 
 
 Maniere, from L. Manus — the Hand. 
 Man'ner, n. method ; peculiar way. | Man'nerly, ad. civil ; courteous. 
 
 Manoir, from L. Maneo -to Abide. 
 Man'or, n. the land of a lord. | Mano'rial, a, pertaining to a manor. 
 
 Marauder — to Play the Rogue. Maraud — a Rogue. 
 Maraud', 2). to roveinquestof plunder. | Maraud'er, n. a plunderer. 
 
 Macher — to Chew. 
 
 Mash, v. to mix or beat into a con- I Mash, n. a mixture, 
 fused mass. I 
 
 Masque, from Sp. Mascara. Mas — More, and Cara — Visage, i. e., a 
 
 Second Visage. 
 
 Mask, n. a cover to disguise the I Masquerade', n. an assemblage of 
 face. I persons wearing masks. 
 
 Mbr'ct, n. tenderness towards an of 
 
 fender. 
 Mbr'ciusss, a. void of mercy. 
 
 Merci, from L. Miaericordia. 
 
 Mer'ciful, a. willing to pity and 
 
 spare. 
 Mer'cilessness, n. want of mercy. 
 
 Mine — Mine. 
 
 Mine, n. a pit from which minerals I Mine, v. to sap ; to undermine, 
 are dug. | Mi'ner, n. one who digs in a mine. 
 
 Min'eral, n. a substance found in the earth. 
 
 Note, — Mine, of, or belonging to me, comes from the A.-S. (mm.) 
 
 Moderne, from L. Modo — Just Now. 
 Mod'ern, a. of the present time. | Mod'ernize, v. to render modem. 
 
 Moite — Moist ; Damp. 
 Moist, a. wet in a small degree. I Moist'ness, n. wetness in a small de- 
 
 Moist'en, v. to make damp. I gree. 
 
 Moist'ure, n. a moderate degree of wetness. 
 
 Moule — a Mould or a Matrix. 
 
 Mould, n. that in which anything is I Mould'er, n. one who casts or 
 shaped. I shapes. 
 
 Note. — Mould, the upper or surface soil, comes from the A.-S. {molde, m^l, earth.) 
 
20^ SMITHES HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 JHoisir — ^to Must ; to Mould. 
 
 Must, v. to make mouldy. I Mus'ty, a. spoiled with damp or 
 
 Mus'tiness, n. mouldiness. | age. 
 
 Note. — Must, to be obliged, comes from the A.-S. (mast,) and Must, new wine, 
 from A.-S. (must.) 
 
 Mutiner — to Mutiny. 
 
 Mu'tiny, n. a rising against author- I Mutineer', n. one guilty of mutiny, 
 ity. I Mu'tinous, a. turbulent. 
 
 JV^cf — ^Entirely. 
 
 Net. a. clear after all deductions. 
 NOTS. — ^Nbt, a texture of twine, etc., comes from the A.-S. (net.) 
 
 Noise — Strife ; Quarrel ; Dispute. 
 
 Noise, n. a loud sound ; an outcry. | Noise'less, a. without sound. 
 Noi'sY, a. sounding loud. 
 
 Panteler — to Gasp for Breath. 
 Pant, «. to beat, as the heart. | Pant'ing, n. rapid breathing. 
 
 l^arler — to Speak. 
 
 Parle, id. to talk ; to converse. 
 Par'lance, n. conversation ; talk. 
 Pab'ley, 'c. to discuss orally. 
 
 Parole', n. a verbal promise, 
 JPate — ^Paste; Dough. 
 
 Par'liament, n. the British legisla- 
 tive council. 
 Par'lor, n. a sitting-room. 
 
 Paste, n. a cement made of flour 
 
 and water. 
 Pas'try, n. things made of baked 
 
 paste. 
 
 Pas'ty, n. a pie baked without a dish. 
 Paste 'board, n. a kind of thick 
 
 paper. 
 Pas'tel, n. a kind of crayon. 
 
 Petit, from L. Petilus — Slender ; Delicate. 
 
 Pet'it, a. small ; little. 
 
 Pet, n. a little favorite. 
 
 Pet, n. a slight tit of peevishness. 
 
 Ped'dle, «. to travel about and sell 
 
 goods in small quantities. 
 Ped'ler, n. a traveling dealer in 
 
 small wares. 
 
 Pet'tiness, n. smallness. 
 
 Pet'tish, a. fretful ; peevish. 
 
 Pet'ticoat, n. a woman's lower gar- 
 ment. 
 
 Pet'tifog, d. to do small business as 
 a lawyer. 
 
 Pet'tifogger, n. an inferior lawyer. 
 
 Pet'ty, a. small ; trifling. 
 
 JPercer, from L. Pertundo^ pertusus— to Beat, Push, or Thrust Through. 
 
 Pierce, v. to thrust a pointed instru- 
 ment into. 
 Pierc'er, n. one that pierces. 
 
 Pxerce'able, a. that may be pene- 
 trated. 
 PiERc'iNG, p. a. cutting ; keen. 
 PiERc'iNGLY, ad. sharply; keenly. 
 
FRENCH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 203 
 
 Payer, from L. Paco^ pacare — to Pacate ; to Pacify. 
 
 Pay, v. to discharge, as a debt. I Pay'able, a. that may or can be paid 
 
 Pay, n. compensation for service. | Pay'ment, n. that which is paid. 
 
 Paysan — a Cottager. 
 Peas'ant, n. a countryman. | Peas' antry, n. country people. 
 
 Peler^ piller — to Plunder. From L. Pilo^ to deprive of hair. 
 
 Pil'lage, n. plunder ; spoil. 
 
 Peel, v. to strip off; to plunder. 
 Pill, n. to strip ; to rob ; to pillage. 
 Pil'lage, v. to strip of property by 
 violence. 
 
 Pil'fer, t>. to steal by petty theft. 
 Pil'ferer, n. one who pilfers. 
 Pil'ferlng, n. petty theft. 
 
 JPelerifif from L. Peregrinus — One who Comes from Abroad. 
 
 Pil'grim, n. one who travels on a I Pil'grimage, n. a journey to a holy 
 religious account. I place. 
 
 Epingle, from L. Spina — a Prickle ; a Thorn. 
 
 Pin'cushion, n. a cushion to stick 
 
 pins in. 
 Pin'money, n. a wife's pocket money. 
 
 Pin, n. a small pointed instrument. 
 Pin'case, n. a case for pins. 
 Pin'hole, n. a very small hole. 
 
 Pin'feathered, a. not fully feathered. 
 
 Pincer — to Pinch. 
 
 Pinch, v. to squeeze between two I Pin'cers, n. an instrument for grip- 
 sharp points. I ing. 
 
 Piquer — to Prick ; to Sting. 
 
 Pique, n. ill will ; offence. I Piq'uant, a. sharp ; pungent. 
 
 Piq'uancy, n. sharpness ; tartness. | Piq'uantly, ad. sharply ; tartly. 
 
 Pltie — Compassion, from L. Pietas — Dutiful Conduct. 
 
 Pit'eously, ad. in a piteous manner. 
 Pit'iable, a. deserving pity. 
 Pit'iful, a. full of pity. 
 
 Pit'y, n. the feeling excited by the 
 
 distress of another. 
 Pit'eous, a. sorrowful. 
 
 Prr'iLESS, a. without pity. 
 
 Plaider— to Plead. 
 
 Plea, n. that which is advanced in I Plead, v. to argue before a court, 
 pleading. | Plead'er, n. one who pleads. 
 
 , Plead'ing, pp. supporting by arguments. 
 
 Pocher — to Bruise, as the eyes. 
 
 Poke, v. to feel in the dark ; t^ search I Pok'er, n. an instrument for stirring 
 for with a long instrument. | the fire. 
 
 Pok'ing, a. drudging ; servile. 
 NoTB. — Poke, apou«ii, a pocket, etc., comes from the A.-S. (pocca.) 
 
204 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Peser — to Weigh. 
 
 Poise, n. weight ; balance. 
 Coun'terpoise, n. equivalence of 
 weight. 
 
 Overpoise', «. to outweigh. 
 Outpoise', v. to ,j at weigh. 
 Unpoised' a. not balanced. 
 
 JPoudre — Dust. 
 
 Pow'der, n. any dry substance com- 
 posed of minute particles. 
 Pow'dery, a. dusty. 
 
 Pow'derflask, n. a case in whicli 
 
 gunpowder is kept. 
 Pow'dermill, n. a mill for making 
 
 gunpowder. 
 
 Pourchasser — to Pursue ; to Seek. 
 Pur'chase, v. to buy ; to acquire. | Pur'chaser, n. one who buys. 
 
 Pouvoir — ^to Be Able. 
 
 Pow'er, n. ability ; strength. I Pow'erless, a. without power. 
 
 Pow'erful, a. having power. | Empow'er, d. to give power to. 
 
 Old Fr. Prifn — Prime ; First. 
 
 Prim, a. straight ; precise ; affectedly 
 
 nice. 
 Prim, v. to deck with great nicety. 
 
 Prim'ness, n. affected formality or 
 niceness. 
 
 JProvtgner — ^to Layer the Vine for PROPAaATionr. 
 
 Prune, v. to cut off superfluous I Prun'er, n. one who prunes, 
 branches. | 
 
 Note. — Prune, a dried plum, comes from the Latin (prunum.) 
 
 Puisne, Puis — Since, and ne — Born. 
 Pu'ny, a. small and feeble. | Po'ny, n. a small horse. 
 
 Old Fr. Quarrier — to Square, i. e., to Hew and Prepare them fob 
 
 THE Builders. 
 
 Quar'ry, 71. a place from which stones 1 Quar'ry, v. to dig from a quarry, 
 are dug. | 
 
 Note. — To quarry stones, means properly to square. 
 
 Querir— to Seek. 
 Quar'ry, n. the game flown at by a hawk. 
 
 Quitter, from L. Quieto— to Make Qulet. 
 
 Quit, u. to leave ; to forsake. I Quit'tance, n. discharge. 
 
 Quit, a. free ; clear. I Quit'clatm, n. the release of a claim 
 
 Quit'rent, n. a small rent reserved. 
 
 Pailler — to Banter ; to Jest. 
 
 Ral'ly, v. to treat with satirical mer- I Rail'lery, 7t,. jesting language, 
 riment. I Rail, v. to use insolent language. 
 
 Note.— Rally, to reunite, to come back to order, comes from the French {rcdller.) 
 
FRENCH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 205 
 
 Hamper — to Ckeep. 
 
 Ramp, v. to climb ; to leap ; to sport. I Romp, v. to play rudely. 
 Ram'pant, a. exuberant ; rank. | Romp, n. a noisy, boisterous girl. 
 
 RoMp'isH, a. inclined to romp. 
 
 Rang — Row; Line. 
 
 Range, «. to place in order. | Rank, n. a line ; a row ; a class. 
 
 Arriere—REJLR. 
 
 Rear, n. that which is behind. | Rear, a. in the rear ; hindermost. 
 
 Note. — Rear, to raise, to elevate, comes from the A.-S. (rcei-an.) 
 
 Refuser, from L. Befuto — to Repress ; to Refute. 
 Refuse', id. to deny a request. | Refus'al, n. denial ; option. 
 
 Ref'use, n. what remains. 
 
 Refus'able, a. that may be refused. 
 
 Regarder— to Look At. 
 
 Regard', d. to observe ; to respect. I Regard ful, a. attentive. 
 Regard, n. attention ; respect. | Regard 'less, a. heedless. 
 
 Old Fr. Reiverdon — Recompense. 
 
 Reward', v. to give in return ; rec- I Reward'able, a. worthy of reward, 
 ompense. I 
 
 Riote — a Brawl ; a Tumult. 
 
 Ri'oT, n. a tumult ; an uproar. | Ri'otous, a. turbulent. 
 
 River, from L. Gyro — to Turn or Wheel Round. 
 
 Riv'et, v. to fasten by bending down | Riv'et, n. a nail clinched at both 
 the point. 
 
 ends. 
 
 Roc- 
 
 -ROCK. 
 
 Rock'y, a. full of rocks. 
 RocK'iNES8,7?.the state of being rocky. 
 
 Note. — Rock, to move backwards and forwards, comes from the Danish {rokker^) 
 and Rook, a distaff, from tlie Danish {rok.) 
 
 Rock, n. a large mass of stone. 
 Rock'less, a. without rocks. 
 
 Rond, from L. Botundus — Round. Rota — a Wheel. 
 
 Round, a. circular ; spherical. 
 Round'ish, a. somewhat round. 
 Round'ly, ad. in a round form. 
 Round'ness, n. the quality of being 
 
 round. 
 Round'about, a. indirect. 
 
 Round 'robin, ?i. a writing signed by 
 
 names in a circle. 
 Route, n. a road ; a way. 
 Routine', n. a round or course of 
 
 business. 
 
 Ecotfter- 
 
 ScouT, n. one who is sent privily to 
 observe the motions of an enemy. 
 
 to Listen ; to Hear. 
 
 Scout, v. to act the spy; to reject 
 with contempt. 
 
206 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 Sauce, n. sometliing to give relish to 
 
 food. 
 Sau'cer, n. a platter for a tea cup. 
 Sau'cy, a. insolent ; impudent. 
 
 Sauce, from L. Salstis — Salt. 
 
 Sau'cily, ad. impudently. 
 
 Sau'ciness, n. imj^udence. 
 Sauce'box, n. an impudent person. 
 Sauce'pan, n. a small pan. 
 
 Saison — Season. 
 
 Sea'son, n. one of the four divisions 
 
 of the year, 
 Sea'son, n. a fit or suitable time. 
 Sea'son, v. to give relish to. 
 
 Sea'son, v. to prepare for use by time. 
 Sea'sonable, a. at the proper time. 
 Sea'soning, n. something added to 
 give relish. 
 
 Saisir — to Seize. 
 
 Seize, v. to take hold of; to grasp. ( Seiz'able, a. that may be seized. 
 Seiz'ure, n. the act of seizing. 
 
 Sevrer — to Separate. 
 
 Sev'er, v. to part by violence ; to j Sev'eral, a. difi'srent ; separate, 
 divide. | Sev'erally, ad. separately. 
 
 Sbv'erance, n. separation. 
 
 Siref from L. Senior — an Aged Person. 
 
 Sire, n. a father. I Sir'rah, n. or interj. a term of re- 
 
 SiR, n. a word of respect. I proach or insult. 
 
 Teindre, from L. Tingo — to Tinge ; to Dye. 
 
 Stain, v. to discolor ; to spot ; to I Stain'less, a. free from stain, 
 disgrace. I 
 
 Etaiielier, from L. Stagno — to Make Stagnant. 
 
 Stanch'less, a. that cannot be. 
 
 stanched. 
 Stanch'ness, 11. stoutness ; firmness. 
 
 Stanch, v. to stop from flowing. 
 Stanch, a. strong ; firm ; sound. 
 Stan'chion, n. a prop ; a support. 
 
 Surfiot — the Rising of Billow upon Billow. 
 Surf, n. the swell of the sea breaking on the shore. 
 
 Surprise — Surprise. 
 
 Surprise', v. to come or fall upon I Surprise \ n. the act of taking una- 
 suddenly. | wares. 
 
 Surpris'al, n. the act of surprising. 
 
 Tailleur, tailler — to Cut. 
 Tai'lor, n. one who makes clothes. I Tal'ly, n. a stick with notches cut 
 
 to mark numbers. 
 
 JEtang — a Pond ; a Pool. 
 Tank, n. a large cistern. | Tank'ard, n. a large drinking vessel. 
 
FRENCH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 207 
 
 Tanner — to Tan. 
 
 Tan, «. to impregnate with bark ; to 
 
 make brown. 
 Tan'ninq, n. the process of making 
 
 leather. 
 
 Tan'ner, n. one who tans leather. 
 Tan'nin, n. the astringent principle 
 
 in bark. 
 Taw'ny, a. of a yellowish dark color. 
 
 Taste, v. to perceive by the palate. 
 Taste, n. the sense by which we per- 
 ceive the relish of a thing. 
 
 Tater — to Feel ; to Taste. 
 
 Tast'able, a. that may be tasted. 
 Taste'ful, a. having good taste. 
 Taste'less, a. having no taste. 
 
 Tancer — to Rebuke. 
 
 Taunt, v. to reproach with insulting I Taunt'ingly, ad. scoffingly. 
 words. I 
 
 Tete — the Head. 
 Tes'ty, a. fretfdl ; peevish. | Tes'tiness, n. fretfulness. 
 
 Etiquette — a Little Note, Breviate or Bill. 
 TiCK'ETjW.atoken of any right or debt. | Tick, n. trust; credit. 
 
 Note, — Tick, a small animal, comes from the French (tiqite.) Tick, to make a 
 small noise, from the Dutch (tikken,) and Tick, the case of a bed, from the Dutch (teek.) 
 
 Torche, from L. Torqtteo — to Twist. 
 
 Torch, n. a large light carried in the I Torch'ught, n. the light of a torch, 
 hand. | 
 
 Note. — Because they are made with twisted thread. 
 
 Toucher — to Touch. 
 
 Touch, v. to perceive by the sense of I Touch'y, a. peevish ; irritable, 
 feeling ; to come in contact with. | Touch'ing, a. affecting ; pathetic. 
 Touch'iness, n. peevishness. 
 
 Tramail, from L. Trama — the Weft, or Filling of a Web. 
 Tram'mel, w. a net ; a kind of shackle. | Tram'mel, v. to shackle; to hamper. 
 
 Travailler— to Travel. 
 
 Trav'ail, v. to labor ; to toil. I Trav'eled, a. having made journeys. 
 
 Trav'el, v. to make journeys. I Trav'eler, n. one who travels. 
 
 Trlcherie, tricher — to Cheat ; to Trick. 
 
 Trick'ery, n. artifice. 
 Trick'ish, a. artful ; knavish. 
 Trick'ster, 7i. one wh o p ractisestricks. 
 
 Treach'ery, n. breach of faith. 
 Treach'erous, a. faithless. 
 Trick, n. a sly fraud. 
 
 Trancher, from L. Trans — Across, and Scindo— to Cut. 
 Trench, v. to cut or dig into ditches. | Trench'ant, a. cutting ; sharp. 
 
208 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Trouhler, from L. Turbo ^ turbatus — to Throw into Disordbb. 
 
 Troub'le, v. to disturb ; to afflict ; I Troub'lesome, a. giving trouble, 
 to vex I Troub'lous, a. disordered. 
 
 Truand — a Vagabond ; a Beggar. 
 
 Tru'ant, n. one who neglects his I Tru'anct, n. the act of playing tru- 
 duty. I ant. 
 
 Tromper — to Deceive. 
 Trump, v. to impose upon. | Trump'ery, n. worthless finery. 
 
 Note. — To Trump up, to forge, to get together by all sorts of expedients. Trump, 
 a winning card, comes from the Latin {triurnphus,) and Trump, a musical instrument, 
 from the Italian {tromha.) 
 
 Trier — to Cull Out. 
 Try, ?). to prove by experiment. | Tri'al, n. the act of trying ; test. 
 
 Vanter, from L. Vano, vanatum— to Utter Empty Words. 
 Vaunt, v. to boast ; to brag. | Vaunt'er, n. a boaster. 
 
 Viver, from L. Gyro^ gyratus — to Turn in a Circle. 
 Veer, v. to turn ; to change direction. | Veer'ing, n. the act of turning. 
 
 Vis — to Turn About ; to Twist. 
 
 Vice, 7^. an iron press with a screw for holding fast. 
 
 Note.— Vice, depravity, wickedness, comes from the Latin (vitium,) and Vice, in 
 the place of, from the Latin (vVce.) 
 
 Voyage f from L. Via — a AVay, and Ago— to Pursue. 
 Voy'age, n. a journey by sea. | Voy'ager, n. one who travels by sea. 
 
 Guichet — a Grating ; a Lattice- work Door. 
 Wick'et, n. a small door made in a gate. 
 
DUTCH KOOTS AND DEKIVATIVBS. 209 
 
 DUTCH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 Schuin — Awry; Oblique. 
 
 Askance', ad. sidewise ; obliquely. | Askant', ad. sidewise ; obliquely. 
 
 Bancket — Banquet. 
 Ban'quet, n. a grand entertainment of eating and drinking. 
 
 Note. — Bancket, in the sense of bench or table, at which messmates sit and feast 
 together. Banquet, a raised footpath across a bridge, comes from the French {ban- 
 quette, a covered bench.) 
 
 JBarg — a Bark. 
 
 Barge, n. a large row boat. | BARGE'MAN,n. the manager of a bargt. 
 
 Babbelen — to Prattle ; to Blab. 
 Blab, v. to tattle ; to tell tales. | Blab'ber, n. a tell-tale. 
 
 Blaer — a Pustule ; a Blister. 
 Blear, a. dim with rheum or water. | Blear'-eyed, a. having sore ey^fl. 
 
 Block, — Block. 
 Block, n. a heavy, thick piece of wood or stone. 
 
 Note.— To Block, to shut up, to obstruct, comes from the French {hloquer^ to 
 blockade.) 
 
 Bonder — to Thunder. 
 
 Blun'der, v. to mistake grossly. I Blun'derbuss, n. a gun with a large 
 
 Blun'derer, n. one who blunders. | bore. 
 
 Blun'derhbad, n. a stupid fellow. 
 
 Blaar — a Blister ; a Pustule. 
 
 Blur, n. something that obscures or I Blur, v. to obscure by some bk>t, 
 soils. I soil, or stain. 
 
 Blurt, v. to utter suddenly. 
 
 Byster — Furious. 
 
 Bois'tbrous, a. stormy ; violent ; I Bois'terouslt, ad. m 2k boisterous 
 noisy. | manner. 
 
 • Baas — Master. 
 Boss, n. a master among mechanics. 
 .Note —This word originated in New York among the Dutqfe. 
 
210 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Blosen— to Blush. 
 Blowze, n. a ruddy fat-faced girl. | Blow'zy, a. fat and ruddy ; sunburnt 
 
 Brak — Saltish. 
 
 Bkack'ish, a. rather salt. I Bback'ishness, n. saltness in a small 
 
 I degree. 
 
 Braggeren — to Brag. 
 
 Brag, v. to boast ; to vaunt. I Brag 'g art, n. a vain boaster. 
 
 Brag'ger, n. a boaster. I Brag'ging, p. a. praising one's self. 
 
 Bohhel — Bubble. 
 
 Bub'ble, n. a small bladder of water ; I Bub'ble, v. to rise in bubbles, 
 anything empty ; a cheat. | Bub'bly, a. confiisting of bubbles. 
 
 Bulle — Bull. 
 
 Bull, n. the male of bovine animals. | Bul'lock, n. an ox. 
 
 Note. — Bull, an edict or mandate issued by the pope, comes from the Latin (bulla^ 
 a boss, a knob,) so named from the seal affixed to it having raised work on it. Bull, 
 a gross contradiction or blunder, was so named from Obadiah Bull, a lawyer in the 
 time of Henry VII., noted for his blunders. 
 
 Bolwerh — Bulwark. 
 
 Bul'wark, n. a mound to protect I Bul'wark, n. the woodwork round 
 from an enemy. | a vessel above her deck. 
 
 Boei — Buoy. 
 Buoy, n. a floating mark. | Buoy'ant, a. tending to rise or float. 
 
 Koek — Cake. 
 Cake, n. sweetened dough baked. | Cake, n. any mass of matter concreted. 
 
 Kouten — to Jabber. 
 
 Chat, v. to talk freely or at ease. i Chat'ter, v. to talk idly ; to make a 
 Chat'terbox, n. an incessant talker. 1 noise by collision of the teeth. 
 
 Kappen — to Chop. 
 Chop, v. to cut with a quick blow. | Chip, n. a small piece cut oflf. 
 
 Oircken — to Chirp. 
 Chirp, v. to make a noise like a bird. | Chirp'ing, n. the gentle noise of birds. 
 
 Klatteren — to Clatter. 
 Clat'tee, v. to make a confused noise. | Clat'tering, n. noise ; clamor. 
 
 Klinken — to Klink ; to Rivet. 
 Clinch, v. to grasp in the hand. I Clink, v. to make a small sharp 
 
 Clinch'er, n. a holdfast. sound 
 
DUTCH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 211 
 
 Klomp — Clump. 
 
 Clump, n. a shapeless mass ; a clus- 
 ter of trees. 
 
 Clump'y, a. shapeless ; ill-shaped. 
 
 Clum'sy, a. without grace of form ; 
 awkward. 
 
 Clum'sily, «^. in a clumsy manner. 
 Clum'siness, 11. awkwardness. 
 Lump, n. a small mass ; the gross. 
 LuMp'isH, a. heavy ; dull ; gross. 
 Lump'y, a. full of lumps. 
 
 Koets — a Coach ; a Couch. 
 
 Coach, n. a four-wheeled pleasure 
 
 carriage. 
 CoACHHiRE, n. money for the use of 
 
 a coach. 
 
 Coach'horse, n. a horse for drawing 
 
 a coach. 
 Coach'maker, n. one who makes 
 
 coaches. 
 
 Coach'man, n. the driver of a coach. 
 
 Kost — Cost. 
 
 Cost, n. price ; charge ; expense. I Cost'ly, a. of a high price. 
 Cost'less, a. without expense. I Cost'leness, n. expensiveness. 
 
 Kraek — Cback. 
 
 Crack, n. a narrow breach ; a fissure. 
 
 Crack, v. to break partially ; to cause 
 
 to sound sharply and suddenly. 
 
 Crack'le, v. to make slight and frc 
 
 quent cracks. 
 Crack'ling, 71. a slight frequent noise. 
 
 Crack'brained, a. crazy. 
 
 Kramp — Cramp. 
 
 Cramp, n. a spasmodic contraction I Cramp, v. to restrain ; to hinder, 
 of the muscles. I 
 
 Kricken — to Creak, derived from the sound. 
 
 Creak, 'v. to make a sharp, harsh I Creak'ing, n. a harsh grating noise, 
 grating sound. | 
 
 Komberen — to Cumber. 
 
 C'Um'ber, v. to oppress with a load 
 
 or burden. 
 Cumbersome, a. burdensome. 
 
 Cum'brance, n. burden: hindrance. 
 Cum'brous, a. burdensome. 
 Encum'ber, v. to clog ; to load. 
 
 JSPruUen — to Curl. 
 
 Curl, n. a ringlet of hair. | Curl, v. to form into curls. 
 
 Cur'ly, a. having curls 
 
 Dahhen — to Dab. 
 
 Dab, v. to strike suddenly. Dab'ster, n. one who is expert at 
 
 Dab'ble, v. to dip a little or often. anything. 
 
 Bedab'ble, v. to wet ; to (jesprinkle. Daub'er, n. one who daubs. 
 
 Dab'bler, n. one who dips slightly Daub'ed, a. smeared with soft, adhe« 
 
 into anything. sive matter. 
 
 Daub, v. to smear ; to paint coarsely, Bedaub'ed, pp. daubed over. 
 
212 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Dollen — to Trifle. 
 Dal'lt, v. to lose time in trifles. | Dal'liance, n. acts of fondness. 
 
 Damp, a. moist ; slightly wet. 
 Damp, v. to moisten ; to check or 
 
 abate. 
 Damp'en, v. to make damp. 
 
 Damp — Damp. 
 
 Damp'er, n. that which checks or 
 
 abates. 
 Damp'ish, a. somewhat damp. 
 Damp'ness, n. moisture. 
 
 Koyen, kooi — a Cage or Decoy. 
 
 Decoy', v. to lure into a net, cage or I Decoy', n. an artifice to entrap, 
 snare. I 
 
 Drek — Dirt. 
 
 Debt, n. any thing that renders foul | Dirt'y, a. foul ; nasty ; filthy, 
 or unclean. I Dirt'ily, ad. filthily. 
 
 Dirt'iness, n. filthiness. 
 
 Droofti — Dream. 
 
 Dream, n. thoughts of a person in 
 
 sleep. 
 Dream'er, n. one who dreams. 
 
 Dream'ingly, ad. sluggishly ; negli- 
 gently. 
 Dream'less, a. free from dreams. 
 
 Troni — Drum. 
 
 Drum, n. an instrument of military | Drum-Major, n. the chief drum- 
 music. I mer. 
 
 Dom — Dull; Blunt; Stupid. 
 
 Dump, n. sorrow ; sadness. I Dum'py, a. sullen ; short and thick. 
 
 Dump'ish, a. sad ; melancholy. 1 Dum'pling, n. a sort of pudding. 
 
 Vlah — a Spot. 
 
 Fleck, v. to spot ; to streak. [ Frec'kle, n. a yellowish spot in the 
 
 Freak, v. to variegate ; to checker. | skin. 
 
 Note. — Freak, a whim, a fancy, comes from the German {frec\ impudent, bold.) 
 
 Vragt — Freight. 
 Freight, n. the cargo of a ship. | Freight 'age, n. money for freight. 
 
 Frisch — Fresh; Lively; Gay. 
 
 Frisk, v. to leap ; to skip. I Frisk'y, a. frolicsome ; gay. 
 
 Frisk'pul, a. full of gayety. | Frisk'ily, ad. gayly. 
 
 Fommelen — to Fumble. 
 
 Fum'ble, «. to feel or grope about. I Fum'bling, p. a. doing anything 
 
 1 awkwardly. 
 
DUTCH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 213 
 
 Gantelope. Gant — a Passage. Loopen — to Run. 
 
 Gant'let, n. a military punishment, in which the criminal, running between 
 two ranks, receives a lash from each man. 
 
 Note.— Gauntlet, an iron glove, comes from the French (gantelet.) 
 Glaren — to Glare. 
 
 Glare, v. to shine with a dazzling 
 
 light. 
 Glare, n. a bright, dazzling light. 
 
 Glar'ing, a. bright ; notorious ; bare- 
 faced. 
 Glar'ingly, ad. notoriously. 
 
 Glimmen — to Glimmer. 
 
 Glim'mer, v. to shine faintly. I Glimpse, n. a faint light ; a short 
 
 Glim'mering, n. a faint view. | view. 
 
 €rro/— Gruff. 
 
 Gruff, a. surly ; harsh. I Gruff'ness, ?i. harshness of manner 
 
 I or look. 
 
 Gissen — to Guess. 
 Guess, v. to judge at random. | Guess'work, n. work done by guess. 
 
 Kullen — to Gull. 
 
 Gull, v. to trick ; to cheat. | Gull, n. one easily cheated. 
 
 Note.— Gull, a sea bird, comes from the Welsh {gvrylan.) 
 
 Oxhoofd — Oxhead. 
 
 Hogs'head, n. a large cask. 
 Note.— The English orthography is grossly corrupt. 
 
 Hoog — Huge. 
 
 Huge, a. very large in size. 1 Huge'ly, ad. immensely. 
 
 Huge'ness, n. enormous bulk. 
 
 Hulzen — Husks. 
 Husk, n. the covering of certain fniits. | Husk'y, a. rough in tone. 
 
 Lasigh — Lazy. 
 
 Ia'zy, a. disposed to be idle. | La'zily, o^. idly ; indolently. 
 
 La'zlness, n. disposition to be idle. 
 
 Lek — a Leak. 
 
 Leak, n. a hole which lets water in 
 or out. 
 
 Leak'age, n. the quantity that es- 
 capes by leaking. 
 
 Note. — Leech, a physician, a kind of wprm, comes from the A.-S. (lec^.) 
 
 Leak'y, a. letting water in or out. 
 Leach, v. to cause a fluid to perco* 
 late through. 
 
£14 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Loopen — Because it is Easily Slipped Off. 
 Loop, n. a double in a string. I Loop'hole, n. a hole for escape or 
 
 evasion. 
 Laag — Low. 
 
 Low, a. not high ; humble. 
 Low'ek, v. to bring low; to lessen. 
 Low'er, 'd. to appear dark or gloomy. 
 
 Low'ly, a. humble ; meek ; mild. 
 Low'liness, 71. humility. 
 Low'ness, n. state of being low. 
 
 Low'land, n. land which is low. 
 
 Gelnk, luh — Luck. 
 
 LucK,7i. that which happens; fortune. I Luck'ilt, ad. fortunately. 
 Luck'y, a. successful by chance. | Luck'ijstess, n. good fortune. 
 
 Luck'less, a. unfortunate. 
 
 Note. — The sense is, that which comes, falls, or happens. , 
 Middelen — ^to Mediate. 
 
 Med'dle, v. to act in the concerns of 
 others in which one's interposition 
 is not necessary. 
 
 Med'dler, n. one who meddles. 
 Med'dlesome, a. given to meddling. 
 Med'dling, n. officious interposition. 
 
 Med'ley, n. a mixture. 
 
 Moppen — to Pout. 
 Mope, v. to be very dull and spiritless. | Mo 'pish, a. spiritless. 
 
 Modder — Mud. 
 
 Mud, n. moist and soft earth. 
 Mud'dy, a. foul with mud. 
 Mud'dily, ad. with foul mixture. 
 
 Moth'ery, a. full of mother ; concreted. 
 
 Note. — Mother, the female parent, comes from the A.-S. (moder.) 
 
 Mud'dle, v. to make confused. 
 Moth'er, n. a thick, slimy substance 
 in liquors. 
 
 -Mo/— Muff. 
 
 Muff, n. a cover for the hands. | Muf'fle, v. to cover ; to conceal. 
 
 Muf'fler, n. a cover for the face. 
 
 Mommelen — to Speak Like One Wearing a Mask. Mom — a Mask. 
 
 Mum'ble, «. to speak inwardly ; to I Mum'bler, n. one who mumbles, 
 mutter. j 
 
 Knippen — to Nip. 
 
 Nip, «. to pinch ; to blast. | Nip'pers, n. small pincers. 
 
 JPak — Pack. 
 
 Pack, n. a bundle ; a bale. I Pack'age,7i. a parcel of goods packed. 
 
 Pack, v. to press close. | Pack'et, n. a small bundle. 
 
 Pack'thread, n. thread for packing. 
 Note. — ^Packet, a vessel for conveying the mails, etc., comes from the French {paquet.) 
 
DUTCH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 215 
 
 Piloot. Piil — a Plummet Line, and Loot — Lead. 
 Pi'lot, n, one who steers a ship. | Pi'LOTAGE,7i.thedutyorpayof apilot. 
 
 JPinken — to Twinkle with the Eyes. 
 
 Pink, v. to pierce with small holes ; I Pink, n. an eye ; a flower ; a color, 
 to stab. I 
 
 JPlots — Dttll ; Heavy. 
 
 Plod, v. to toil ; to travel or work I Plod'der, n. one who plods. 
 
 slowly. I Plod'ding, n. slow motion or study. 
 
 JPloeg — Plough. 
 
 Plough, n. an instrument for turning I Plough'boy, n. a boy who ploughs. 
 
 up the ground. I Plough'man, n. one who ploughs. 
 
 Plough'share, n. part of a plough. 
 
 Sol — a Ball ; a Bulb. 
 
 Poll, n. the head ; the place of an I Poll, v. to lop or cut the top ofi' ; to 
 election. I register, as a vote. 
 
 Pol'lard, n. anything polled, or having the top cut off. 
 
 rot— Pot. 
 
 Pot, n. a hollow vessel used for boil- 
 ing meat, holding liquids, etc. 
 
 Pot'tage, n. anything boiled for food. 
 
 Pot'ter, n. one who makes earthen 
 vessels. 
 
 Pot'tery, n. the place where earthen 
 vessels are made. 
 
 Pot sherd, n. a fragment of a broken pot 
 
 Note. — Sherd, from A,-S. (sceard,) a fragment. 
 
 Pot'herb, n. an herb fit for cookery. 
 Pot'hook, n. a hook on whic'i pota 
 
 are hung. 
 Pot'house, n. an alehouse. 
 Pot'lid, ?i. the cover of a pot. 
 Pot'valiant, a. courageous from 
 
 strong drink. 
 
 Praaten — to Prate. 
 
 Prate, v. to talk idly. I Prat'ing, n. idle talk ; tattle. 
 
 Prat'er, n. an idle talker. I Prat'tle, n. trifling talk. 
 
 Prat'tler, n. a chatterer. 
 
 Pof — a Bounce. 
 
 Puff, n. a small blast of vrind. I Puff'er, n. one who puffs. 
 
 Puff, v. to swell with wind. 1 Puff'y, a. windy ; tumid. 
 
 Matelan — to Rattle. 
 
 Rat'tle, v. to make a sharp noise I Rat'tling, n. a rapid succession at 
 rapidly repeated. I sharp sounds. 
 
 • Meef — Reef. 
 
 Reef, n. a portion of a sail. | Reef, «j. to reduce as a sail. 
 
 Note. — Reef, a chain of rocks, comes from the German {riff.) 
 
210 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 Mds — to Go. 
 
 Race, n. a contest in running. I Race 'course, n. the ground on which 
 
 I races are run. 
 Note.— Kace, the lineage of a family, comes from the Latin {radix.) 
 
 Rot — Rout. 
 
 Rout, n. a clamorous multitude ; a I Row, n. a riotous disturbance, 
 select company. I Row'dy, n. a riotous fellow. 
 
 Note.— Rout, to defeat and throw into confusion, comes from the Latin (ruptum.) 
 Route, (rout,) course traveled, road, way, etc., comes from the Latin {rota, a wheel.) 
 
 Schelden — to Rail. 
 
 Scold, v. to find fault with rude I Scold'lng, n. clamorous, rude Ian- 
 clamor. I guage. 
 
 Schop—ScooF. 
 Scoop, n. a large ladle. | Scoop, «. to make hollow. 
 
 Krabbelen — to Scrape ; to Scratch. 
 
 Scram'ble, T). to catch at anything 
 
 eagerly with the hands. 
 Scraw'ler, n. an inelegant writer. 
 
 Scrab'ble, v. to scrape or scratch 
 
 with the hands. 
 Scrawl, v. to write clumsily. 
 
 Zweemen — to Resemble. 
 
 Seem, v. to appear; to present the 
 
 appearance. 
 Sebm'ing, n. appearance ; show. 
 
 Seem'ingly, ad in appearance. 
 
 Seem'less, a. indecorous. 
 Seem'ly, a. becoming decent. 
 
 Beseem', ■«. to be cme ; to be fit. 
 Schyf, Ger. Scheiden— to Divide ; to Separate. 
 
 Shive, n. a little piece ; a splinter. 
 Shiv'er, «. to break into many small 
 pieces. 
 
 Shiv'ering, n. the act of breaking 
 
 into pieces. 
 Skiv'er, n. a sheepskin split by a 
 
 machine. 
 
 Note. — Shiver, to shudder, as with cold or fear, comes from the German {schauren.) 
 
 Schuw—SBY. 
 
 Shy, a. reserved ; cautious. | Shy'ly, ad. in a shy manner. 
 
 Shy'ness, n. reserve ; coyness. 
 
 Slabben — Slabber. 
 
 Slab'ber, v. to let saliva fall from I Slav'er, n. spittle running from the 
 the mouth. I mouth. 
 
 /S^in<fer— Slender. 
 
 Slen'der, a. thin ; slight. I Slen'derly, ad. slightly ; without 
 
 Slen'derness, 7i. thinness ; slightness. | bulk. 
 
DUTCH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 217 
 
 Slecht — Bad; Mean; Worthless. 
 
 Slight, a. small; weak; trifling. ! Slight'inglt, ad. without respect. 
 Slight, n. neglect ; disregard. Slight'ly, ad. weakly ; negligently. 
 
 Slight'eb, n. one who disregards. I Slight'ness, n. weakness. 
 
 /S^o/— Careless ; Negligent. 
 Slov'bn, n. one carelessly dressed. | Slov'enly, a. negligent of neatness. 
 
 Slordig — Sluttish; Bad. 
 Slur, v, to pass lightly. | Slur, n. slight reproach or disgrace. 
 
 Snappen, from Ger. SchnMe — the Beak of a Bird. 
 
 Snap, v. to bite or catch suddenly. I Snap'per, n. one who snaps. 
 
 Snap, v. to break suddenly. | Snap'pish, a, eager to bite ; peevish. 
 
 Note. — ^A bird snaps or seizes its prey with its beak. 
 
 Snoer — a String or Cord. 
 
 Snore, n. a string wifh which a boy I Snare, n. anything which entraps, 
 spins his top. I Snarl, n. entanglement. 
 
 Note. — Snore, to breathe audibly through the nose in sleep, comes from the A.-S. 
 (snora^ a snoring.) Snarl, to growl, as a surly dog ; to speak roughly, comes from 
 the German {schnarreti^ to speak in the throat.) 
 
 nose. 
 
 /S>*iwi/— Snuff. Snuiven — to Snuff. 
 
 Snuff'er, n. one who snuffs. 
 Sniff, v. to draw air audibly up the 
 
 nose. 
 Sniv'el, d. to cry as children with 
 
 snuffling ; to run at the nose. 
 Sniv'eler, n. one who snivels. 
 
 Snuff, n. the burnt part of a candle- 
 wick ; powdered tobacco. 
 
 Snuff'ers, n. a utensil for snuffing 
 candles. 
 
 Snuf'fle, v. to speak through the 
 
 Spang, n. a shining ornament. 
 Span'gle, n. a small plate of shining 
 metal. 
 
 Spang — Spang. 
 
 Bespan'glb, v. to adorn with span- 
 gles. 
 
 Spar — a Rafter. 
 Spar, n. a general term for masts, booms, yards, etc. 
 
 Note. — Spar, a crystallized mineral, comes from the German (spa<^,) and SPAB, to 
 dispute, to box, comes from the A.-S. (sjdrian, to dispute.) 
 
 Spyt — Vexation. 
 Spite, n. malice ; hate. | Spite'ful, a. filled with spite. 
 
 Splifiter, splijten — to Split. 
 
 Splikt, 7*. a fragment split off. | Splin'ter, n. a thin piece split ofL 
 
 Split, v. to divide lengthwise. 
 
218 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOaT. 
 
 Boertig — Mekr*; Joculab. 
 
 Sport, n. play ; diversion ; mirth. 
 Sport'ful, a. merry ; done in jest. 
 Sport'fully, ad. in jest ; in mirth. 
 Sport'ive, a. playful; frolicsome. 
 
 Sport'less, a. joyless ; sad. 
 Sports'man, n. one who pursues field 
 sports. 
 
 Staggeren — ^to Stagger. 
 
 Stag'ger, v. to move from side to I Stag'gering, n. the act of reel- 
 side in walking. | ing. 
 
 Stampen — to Stamp. 
 Stamp, v. to stride downward with | Stamp, n. an instrument for making 
 
 the foot ; to impress with a mark. | an impression 
 
 Staen — to Stand. 
 
 Stay, v. to continue in a place ; to 
 
 prop ; to support. 
 Stays, n. a woman's waistcoat. 
 
 Stayed, p. a. propped ; supported. 
 Staid, a. sober ; grave ; steady. 
 Staid'ness, a. sobriety ; gravity. 
 
 Stoep — a Step. 
 
 Stoop, n. the steps before a door. 
 
 Note. — Stoop, to bend down, to lean forward, comes from the A.-S. (stupian^ to stoop.) 
 
 Stoppen — to Stop. 
 Stop, v, to hinder ; to obstruct. | Stop'page, n. the act of stopping. 
 
 Stout — Bold; Stout. 
 
 Stout, a, strong ; lusty ; brave. | Stout'ly, ad. lustily ; boldly. 
 
 Stout'ness, n. strength ; boldness. 
 
 Streven — to Strive. 
 
 B^TRiVE, V. to make efforts. I Strife'ful, a. contentious. 
 
 Strife, n. contention ; discord. | Striy'ing, n. contest ; contention. 
 
 Stof— Stuff. 
 
 Stuff, n. any matter or body. 
 Stuff, v. to fill very full. 
 Stuff'ing, n. that by which any thing 
 is filled. 
 
 Sti'fle, v. to stop the breath by 
 crowding something into the wind- 
 pipe. 
 
 Stomp — Stump. 
 
 Stump, n. the part which is left when I Stump, v. to lop ; to puzzle, 
 the main body is taken away. | Stump'y, a. full of stumps. 
 
 Zwendelen — to Swindle. 
 Swin'dle, 71. to cheat by false pretense. | Swin'dler, n. a cheat; a rogue. 
 
DUTCH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 219 
 
 Tintelen — to Tingle. 
 
 Tin'gle, v. to feel a kind of thrilling 
 
 sound or pain. 
 Tin'gling, 71. a thrilling sound or pain. 
 
 Tin'kle, v. to make a sharp, quick 
 
 noise. 
 Tink'ling, n. a sharp, quick noise. 
 
 Tink'eb, 71. one who mends old pans, etc. 
 
 Tip— TiF. 
 
 Tip, n. the end; the point. | Tip'toe, n. the end of the toe. 
 
 Tip'top, n. the highest degree. 
 
 Tassen — ^to Heap Up. 
 Toss, «. to throw ; to fling ; to agitate. | Toss'ing, n. violent commotion. 
 
 Tooijen — to Attire ; to Adobn. 
 
 Toy, n. a plaything ; a bauble. 
 Toy, v. to play ; to trifle. 
 ToY'MAJSf, n. one who deals in toys. 
 
 Toy'shop, n. a shop where toys are 
 sold. 
 
 TreUen— to Draw ; to Pull. 
 
 Trail, n. a track left by anything I Trail, v. to draw along the ground, 
 that has passed along. I 
 
 Trappen — to Tread. 
 Tramp, v, to walk with a heavy I Tramp'er, n. one who tramps. 
 
 tread. I Tram ple, v. to tread under foot. 
 
 Trixypelen — to Trip. 
 Trip, t?. to strikefrom under the body. | Trip, v. to run or step lightly. 
 
 Kwetteren — to Twitter. 
 
 Twit'ter, v. to make a succession of I Twit'ter, v. to feel a tremulous mo 
 small tremulous noises. I tion of the nerves. 
 
 Wachten— to Watch ; to Wait ; to Stay. 
 
 Wait, ®. to stay in expectation ; to I Wait'er, n. one who waits, 
 remain. I 
 
 Wals — a Roller ; a Cylinder. 
 Waltz, n. a kind of whirling dance. | Waltz, v. to dance a waits. 
 
 J'agten — to Hasten ; to Pursue Eagerly. 
 Yacht, n, a small vessel for pleasure. 
 
SMITHES HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGIC. 
 
 GERMAN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES, 
 
 Bannen — to Banish. 
 
 Ban'ish, v. to compel to leave one's I Ban'ishment, n. act of banisliing. 
 country. I 
 
 Begehren — ^to Desire. 
 
 Beg, v. to ask for with liumility. I Beg'gar, n. one who begs. 
 
 Beg, v. to assume without proof | Beg'garly, ad. meanly ; poorly. 
 
 Beg'gary, n. great want. 
 
 Bohl'der, n. a large round stone. 
 Bowl'ing-green, n. a level piece of 
 ground for bowling. 
 
 Boll — Bowl 
 
 Bowl, n. a round mass or ball of 
 
 wood. 
 Bowl, v. to roll as a bowl. 
 Bowl'er, n. one who plays at bowls. 
 
 Note — Bowl, a vessel to hold liquids ; the hollow part of anything; comes from 
 the A.-S. (bolla, a round vessel.) 
 
 jBrav— Bold; Honest. 
 
 Brave, a. courageous ; valiant. | Brave'ly, ad. in a brave manner. 
 
 Bra'vert, n. courage ; heroism. 
 
 Klatschen — to Clap. 
 
 Clash, ®. to strike against ; to act in I Clash'ing, n. opposition, 
 opposition. | 
 
 Botteren — to Tremble ; to Totter. 
 
 Dote, «. to have the mind impaired 
 by age or passion; to be over- 
 fond. 
 
 Dot'age, n. silly fondness. 
 Do'tard, n. one whose mind is im- 
 paired by age. 
 
 I>ogge — Dog 
 
 Dog, n. a domestic animal. 
 Dog, v. to follow in a sly manner. 
 Dog'ged, a. sullen ; sour ; morose. 
 Dog'gerel, 71. irregular kind of verse 
 
 Dog's-ears, n. the corners of leaves 
 
 of books folded down. 
 Dog'sleep, n. pretended sleep. 
 Dog'trot, n. a gentle trot. 
 
 Note.— Dog prefixed to other words denotes meanness, degeneracy, or worthlessness, 
 
 Dut. Dan. and Sw. Baler. Ger. Tlialer, so called from the Ger, Tlial—^ 
 Dale, a Valley, where they were First Coined. 
 
 Dol'lar, n. a coin of the United States ; 100 cents. 
 
GERMAN ROOTS AND DEEIVATIVES. 221 
 
 l^rec/t ^Impudent ; Bold. 
 
 Freak, n. a sudden and causeless I Freak'ish, a. capricious, 
 change of mind. I 
 
 FUessen — to Flow. 
 
 Flush, v, to redden suddenly. I Flus'ter, v. to make hot and rosy 
 
 Flush, a. fresh ; full of vigor. | with confusion. 
 
 Flus'tered, a. heated and confused. 
 
 Futter — a Lining ; Fur : Furring. 
 
 Fur, n. the finer hair on animals. 
 Fur'ry, a. consisting of fur. 
 Fur'rier, n. a dealer in furs. 
 
 Fur'ring, n. strips of wood nailed to 
 joists, etc., to bring them to an even 
 surface for lathing and plastering. 
 
 Glanzen — to Glisten ; to Shine. 
 
 Glance, v. to look with a rapid cast I Glance, n. a quick view, 
 of the eye ; to fly oft* obliquely. | 
 
 Grollen — Growl. 
 Growl, «. to snarl like an angry dog. | Growl, n. a deep snarl or murmur. 
 
 JETarsch — Harsh. 
 
 Harsh, a. rough to the touch, ear, or I Harsh'lt, <id. in a harsh manner, 
 taste. I Harsh'ness, n. roughness ; severity. 
 
 Hast — Haste. 
 
 Haste, n. hurry ; speed. I Has'ty, a. quick ; speedy. 
 
 Hast'en, v. to make haste. | Hast'ily, ad. with haste. 
 
 Has'tings, n. early peas ; early fruit. 
 
 Jferold — Herald. 
 Heb'ald, n. a proclaimer. | Her'aldry, n. the art of a herald. 
 
 Sucken — to Take on the Back. 
 
 Huck'ster, n. a retailer ; a pedlar. I Hawk, v. to offer for sale by crying 
 
 I in the streets. 
 
 Hummen — ^Hum. 
 
 Hum, «. to utter the sound of bees. | Hum'ming, n. the sound of bees. 
 Hum'-drum, a. dull ; stupid. 
 
 Kind — a Child. Nap — ^to Steal. 
 Kid'nap, ®. to steal a human being. | Kid'napper, n. a man stealer. 
 
 Latte — Lath. 
 Lath, n. a thin slip of wood. | Lat'tice, n. a network of laths. 
 
222 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 LuUen — to Lull. 
 Lull, v. to quiet ; to become calm. | Lul'laby, n. a song to lull asleep. 
 
 Nass — Wet. 
 
 Nas'ty, a. disgustingly dirty. [ Nas'tily, ad. dirtily ; filthily. 
 
 Nas'toess, n. dirt ; filth. 
 
 Ode — Solitary. 
 
 Odd, a. not even ; strange. I Odd'ly, ad. not evenly ; strangely. 
 
 Odd'ity, n. singularity. | Odd'ness, n. strangeness. 
 
 Odds, n. inequality ; advantage. 
 
 Flump — Rude; Coarse; Clumsy 
 Plump, a. full; round; d. to fall 1 Plump'ness, 7i. fullness ; roundness. 
 
 heavily. 
 
 Frangen— to Shine ; to Make a Show. 
 
 Prank, v. to dress ostentatiously. I Prance, v. to spring ; to bound. 
 Prank, n. a frolic ; a trick, | Pran'cing, n. the act of bounding. 
 
 Punsch —Punch. 
 
 Punch, n. a drink composed of spir- I Punch'bowl, n. a bowl to holrl 
 its, water and sugar. | punch. 
 
 Note. — Punch, to perforate by driving, comes from the Latin {pungo^ and Punch, 
 the buffoon of a puppet bhow, from the Italian {punchinello.) 
 
 Quaken — ^to Quack. 
 Quack, v. to cry like a duck. | Quack'ery, n. false pretenses to skill. 
 
 Heiben — ^to Rub. 
 
 Rub, v. to move along the surface I Rub'ber, n. one that rubs ; a major- 
 with pressure. I ity of three games. 
 
 Rub'bish, n. anything worthless. 
 
 Note. — Rubbish, that which comes off by rubbing. 
 
 Humnieln — Rumble. 
 
 Rum'ble, v. to make a low, heavy I Rum'bling, n. a low continued noise, 
 continued noise. I 
 
 Schirmen — to Cover ; to Protect. 
 
 Screen, n. something that affords I Screen, v. to protect ; to hide, 
 shelter or concealment. I 
 
 Note. — Screen, a kind of sieve, comes from the Latin {excerno, to separate,) through 
 the French (escran.) 
 
 Schlich — Trick; Cunning. 
 Sleiqht, n. an artful or adroit trick. | Sleight'pul, a. artful ; cunning. 
 
WELSH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 223 
 
 Sclave — Slave. 
 
 Slave, n. one held in bondage ; a I Slav'ery, n. the state of being a slave, 
 drudge. I Slav'ish, a. servile ; mean. 
 
 Slav'ishness, n. servility ; meanness. 
 
 Note. — Slave, in its present application, is from the Slavi or Sclavi, (Slavonians,) 
 reduced to servitude by the Germans. 
 
 Stor^rig — Sturdy. 
 
 Stur'dy, a. hardy ; stout ; strong. | Stur'dily, ad. hardily ; obstinately. 
 Stur'deness, n. hardiness; stoutness. 
 
 Wirheln — to Whirl. 
 
 Wab'blb, v. to move from side to I War'ble, v. to sing with vibrations 
 side. I of tone. 
 
 War'bler, n. a singer. 
 
 Watte— Wah. 
 
 Wad, n, a mass of a loose substance I Wad'dinq, n. a soft stuff used for 
 pressed together. 1 quilting. 
 
 Wisch — a Wisp. 
 
 Whisk, n. a kind of brush or broom. 
 Whisk, v. to sweep with a light rapid 
 motion. 
 
 Whisk'er, n. hair growing on the 
 
 cheek. 
 Whisk'ing, a. sweeping along lightly. 
 
 WELSH ROOTS AND DERIVATIYES. 
 
 Bicre — a Conflict ; to Peck like Birds. 
 
 Bick'er, v. to keep up a noisy alter- I Bick'ering, n. a quarrel ; a skir- 
 cation. | mish. 
 
 Bostio — to Boast ; to Vaunt. 
 
 Boast, v. to brag ; to exalt one's self ] Boast'er, n. one who boasts. 
 Boast'ful, a. given to boasting. 
 
 Boch — the Cheek. 
 
 Box, n. a blow on the head or ear, I Box'er, n. one who boxes, 
 given by the hand. • | Boxr'iNG, n. fighting with the fists. 
 
 Note. — Box, an evergreen shrub whose wood is very useful, comes from the Greek, 
 through the Latin {buzus^ a box-tree,) and Box, a case made of wood, from the 
 A.-S. (box.) 
 
224 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Brol — Bragging. 
 Brawl, n. a noisy quarrel. | BRAWL'mG,>. a. quarreling noisily. 
 
 Bonglera — ^to Bungle, 
 Bun'glb, v. to perform clumsily. 
 
 Bun'gler, n. a bad or clumsy work* 
 man. 
 
 Clog — a Large Stone. 
 
 Clog, v. to load with so as to hinder I Clog'ging, n. an obstruction ; a hin- 
 motion. I derance. 
 
 Clog'gy, a. thick ; adhesive. 
 
 Clwpa — a Knob or Lump. 
 
 Club, n. a heavy stick. I Club'fisted, a. having a large fist. 
 
 Clubbed, a. collected into one sum. | Club'footed, a. having crooked feet. 
 
 Note.— Club, to combine for one purpose ; to contribute to a common expense ; 
 comes from the A.-S. {cleofan^ to divide.) 
 
 Darnio — to Piece. 
 Darn, v. to mend a rent or hole. | Darn'ing, w.the act of mending holes. 
 
 Gin, n. any machine. 
 Gun, n. a general name for firearms. 
 Gun'ner, n. one who manages guns. 
 Gun'nery, n. the art of managing 
 artillery. 
 
 Gtvn — a Contraction of Engine. 
 
 Gun'powder, n. the powder put in 
 
 guns. 
 Gun'shot, n. the distance a gun will 
 
 shoot. 
 Gun'smith, n. one who makes guns. 
 
 Note. — Gin, a kind of ardent spirits distilled from rye and malted barley and fla- 
 vored with juniper berries, comes from the Latin {juniperus, the juniper tree ; junior^ 
 younger, and pario, to produce; — so called because it puts forth younger berries 
 while the others are ripening.) — Minsheu. 
 
 Sap — Luck; Chance. 
 
 Hap, n. chance ; fortune ; accident. 
 Hap'less, a. unhappy ; unfortunate. 
 Hap'ly, ad. perhaps ; by chance. 
 Hap'pen, v. to come to pass. 
 Hap'py, a. lucky ; in a state of felicity. 
 Hap'piness, n. good fortune ; felicity. 
 
 Haphaz'ard, n. chance ; accident. 
 Mishap', n. ill luck ; misfortune. 
 Perhaps, ad. it may be. 
 Unhap'py, a. miserable ; unfortunate. 
 Unhap'pily, ad. unfortunately. 
 Unhap'piness, n. misery ; misfortune. 
 
 Hivt — Hoot. 
 Hoot, t. to shout in contempt. | Hoot'ing, n. shouting ; clamor. 
 
 Cic — the Foot. 
 Kick, v. to strike with the foot. I Kick'er, n. one that kicks. 
 
WELSH EOOTS AND DEEIVATIVE8. 226 
 
 Llan — Land. 
 Lawn, n. a grassy plain. 
 NoTB.— Lawn, a sort of fine linen, comes from the Latin {linum.) 
 
 Leech — a Flat Stone. 
 League, n. a distance of three miles. 
 Note. — Leaoub, an alliance ; a combination ; comes from the Latin {ligo.) 
 
 Moel—EAi,T>\ Bare. 
 
 Moult, v. to shed or change the I Moult'ing, n. the act of changing 
 feathers. | feathers or hair. 
 
 l*erf— Pert. 
 
 Pert, a. lively ; saucy. | Pert'ly, ad. briskly ; saucily. 
 
 Pert'ness, n. briskness ; sauciness. 
 
 Syth — Stiffening; Glue. 
 
 Size, v. to cover with glutinous mat- I Size, n. a glutinous substance, 
 ter. I 
 
 Note. — Size, bulk ; magnitude ; is an abbreviation of Assize, a court, or the sitting 
 of a court, from Latin {assideo, to sit by or near,) formerly anything reduced to cer- 
 tainty in respect to time, number, quantity, etc. 
 
 Swyf—Sw^ET. 
 Su'et, n. hard fat, | Su'ett, a. resembling suet. 
 
 T«a^— Tall. 
 Tall, a. high in stature ; lofty. | Tatj/ness, n. height of stature. 
 
 Twc — Tuck. 
 
 Tuck, n. a horizontal fold made in a I Tuck, v. to gather into a narrow 
 garment to shorten it. I compass. 
 
 Tuck'er, n. a small piece of linen over a woman's bosom. 
 
 Gwasg — Pressure ; Squeeze. 
 
 Waist, n. the middle part of the I Waist'band, n. the band which en- 
 body. I circles the waist. 
 Waist'coat, n. a coat over the waist. 
 
 Chwim — Quick Motion 
 
 Whim, n. a sudden turn or start of I Whim'sical, a. full of whims, 
 the mind. I 
 
 Gwingo — to Wriggle ; to Twist. 
 WiNCB, V. to shrink ; to start back. | W!2TCH, n, a crank or handle to turn. 
 
226 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF KTYMOLOaY. 
 
 DANISH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 Bark — Bark. 
 
 Bark, n. the rind or covering of a I Bark, v. to strip off bark, 
 tree, I 
 
 Note. — Bark, the noise of a dog, comes from the A.-S. {beorcan, to bark,) and 
 Bark, a kind of ship, comes from the Dutch {bark.) 
 
 Plet — a Blot. 
 
 Blot, «. to spot ; to stain ; to blur. [ Blot, n. a spot or stain. 
 Blotch, n. a spot upon tbe skin. 
 
 Bolk — Bulk. 
 
 Bulk, n. size ; magnitude. | Bulk'y, a. of great size. 
 
 Bulk'head, n. a partition across a ship. 
 
 Kaste — Cast. 
 
 Cast, v. to throw ; to fling ; to com- I Cast, n. a throw ; a mould, 
 pute. ! Cast'er, n. one who casts. 
 
 Cast'away, n. an abandoned person. 
 
 Dingle — Dangle. 
 
 Dan'gle, ®. to hang loose and swing- 1 Dan'gler, n. one who hangs about 
 ing in the air. | women only to waste time. 
 
 Duun — Dow:n. 
 Down, 7i. the fine soft feathers of fowls. | Down'y, a. covered with down ; soft. 
 
 Dvaeler — to Stay. 
 
 Dwell, v. to live in a place. | Dwell'er, n. one who lives in a place. 
 
 Dwell 'ing, n. place of residence. 
 
 Myg — Soft; Pliable. 
 
 Meek, a. mild ; soft ; gentle. | Meek'ly, ad. mildly ; gently. 
 
 Meek'ness, n. mildness ; gentleness. 
 
 Skaane — to Spare. 
 
 Scant, v. to limit ; to stint. 
 Scant, a. not plentiful ; scarce. 
 Scant'ness, n. smallness. 
 
 Scant'y, a. small ; not ample. 
 Scant'ily, a. sparingly. 
 Scant'iness, n. want of fullness. 
 
 Skrige — Screak. 
 IScBBAK, V. to make a shrill, loud noise. | Screech, v. to cry out as in terror. 
 
GOTHIC BOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 227 
 
 Sky, n. the aerial region which sur- 
 rounds the earth. 
 Sky'ish, a. like the sky. 
 
 Sky — a Cloud. 
 
 Skt'lakk, n. a bird which mounts 
 
 and sings. 
 Sky'light, n. a window in a roof. 
 
 Trives — to Increase. 
 
 Thrive, v. to increase ; to grow. I Thript'y, a. thriving by industry 
 
 Thriv'ing, n. prosperity ; growth. and frugality. 
 
 Thrift, n. frugality ; gain 
 
 Vigre — a Twig. From Viger — to Yield. 
 Wick'er, a. made of twigs or I Wick'erwork, n. a texture of twigs 
 
 osiers. or osiers. 
 
 GOTHIC ROOTS AND DERIYATIVES. 
 
 Kuef—9. Catarrh. -Ko/— Suffocation. 
 Cough, n. a convulsion of the lungs. | Cough'er, n. one who coughi. 
 
 Chreitan — to Cry, 
 Cry, v. to utter a loud noise. | Cry'ing, n. clamor. 
 
 Daddjan — to Milk. 
 
 Dai'ry, n. a place where milk is I Dai'rymatd, n. a female servant in a 
 kept. I dairy. 
 
 Thinsan — to Dance. 
 
 Dance, c. to move with regulated I Dan'cing, n. act of moving with reg- 
 steps. I ulated steps. 
 
 Gruds — Loath. 
 Grudge, v. to grant with reluctance. | Begrudge, «?. to envy the possession of. 
 
 Giutan— to Pour Out. 
 
 Gush, v. to flow or rusll out with I Gust, n. a sudden violent blast, as of 
 violence. I wind. 
 
 Note. — Gust, taste; relish; comes fram the Latin (gustus.) 
 
228 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Hurra — ^to Dbive ; to Move Violently. 
 HuKL, V. to throw with violence. 
 Hur'ly-bur'ly, n. tumult ; a, tumul- 
 tuous. 
 
 Hur'ry, 'd. to hasten ; to drive. 
 Hur'ry-skur'ry, ad. confusedly. 
 
 Mes — a Table. 
 
 Mess, n. a portion of food. I Mess'mate, n. one who eats at the 
 
 I same table. 
 
 Klander — Infamy. 
 
 Slan'der, n. false censure. | Slan'derer, n one who slanders. 
 
 Slan'derous, a. uttering false reproach. 
 
 SWEDISH ROOTS AND DERIVATIYES. 
 
 Krok, kroka — to Curve ; to Bend. 
 
 Crook, n. a bend ; a curvature. | Crook, v. to bend ; to curve. 
 
 Crook'ed, a. bent ; not straight. 
 
 JDaska — to Strike. 
 
 Dash, u. to strike or throw vio- i Dash, n. anything that comes witt 
 lently. | sudden violence. 
 
 I>rahha — to Hit. 
 Drub, «. to beat ; to thrash. | Drub'bing, n. a beating. 
 
 Myra — ^Marshy Ground. 
 Mire, n. soft, wet earth ; mud. | Mi'ry, a. full of mire. 
 
 Slinta — to Slip. 
 
 Slant, a. sloping; inclined from a I Slant'ing, p. a. inclining from a 
 direct line. I right line. 
 
 Vir — Wire. 
 Wire, n. a metallic thread, 
 
GAELIC BOOTS AUD DEEIVATIVBS. 229 
 
 GAELIC ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 Apran — Apron. 
 A'PBON, n. a cloth to keep the dress clean. 
 
 Bog — Bog. 
 
 Bog, n. a soft, marshy place covered I Bog'qy, a. marshy ; swampy, 
 with grass. I 
 
 Bran — Bran. 
 Bran, n. the husks of wheat or other grain. 
 
 Brisg — Brisk. 
 
 Brisk, a. lively ; active. | Brisk'lt, ad. actively. 
 
 Bbisk'ness, n. liveliness. 
 
 Brisgear — Gristle. 
 Bris'ket, n. the breast of an animal. 
 
 Craos — a Wide Mouth ; Revelry. 
 
 Carouse^, v. to drink freely and with I Carou'sal, n. a noisy drinking bout 
 jollity. I Carous'er, n. one who carouses. 
 
 Clann — Clan. 
 Clan, ». a family ; a race; a tribe. | Clan'nish, a. disposed to unite in clans. 
 
 Craig — Crag. 
 
 Crag, w. a rough, steep rock. | Crag'gy, a. rugged ; rocky ; rough. 
 
 Dud — a Rag. 
 
 Duds, ». old worn clothes. | Dow'dy, n. an awkward, ill-dressed 
 
 woman. 
 
230 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 ITALIAN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 Bozza — a Bunch. 
 Botch, n. a work ill finished. J Botch, n. a clumsy workman. 
 
 Brezza — Breeze. 
 Breeze, n. a gentle gale. | Breeze'less, a. without a breeze. 
 
 Broccata — Brocade. 
 Brocade', n. embroidered silk. \ Brocad'ed, a. woven as brocade. 
 
 Buff one, buffo — Comic. 
 Buffoon', n. a low jester. | Buffoon'ery, n. low jests. 
 
 Muffiano — a Pimp. 
 RuFP'iAN, n. a brutal fellow. [ Ruff'ianly, a. brutal ; violent. 
 
 Salvia, from L. Salvo — ;to Save. 
 Sage, n. a plant. 
 Note. — Sage, wise ; prudent ; comes from the Latin {sagm.) 
 
 Scarso — Scarce. 
 
 Scarce, a. not plentiful ; rare. I Scarce'ly, ad. hardly ; with diffi- 
 
 ScARc'iTY, n, want of plenty. | culty. 
 
 Scarce'ness, n. want of plenty. 
 
 Scorare — to Dishearten. 
 
 Scare, v. to terrify suddenly. I Scare'crow, n. an image to frighten 
 
 I birds. 
 
 Scherno — Scorn. 
 
 Scorn, v. to despise ; to disdain. I Scorn'er, n. one who scomg. 
 
 Scorn, w, extreme contempt. | Scorn'ful, a. disdainful. 
 
 Scorn'ing, 2)pr. treating with contempt. 
 
LATIN BOOTS AND DEBIVATIVK8. 231 
 
 lATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 PRONUNCIATION, 
 
 Latin words are usually pronounced in this country, in accordance with 
 the general principles of English pronunciation. It is important, however, 
 to bear in mind : 
 
 1st. That every vowel or diphthong in a Latin word must be enunciated ; 
 i. €., every word has as many syllables as there are vowels or diphthongs in 
 it. Thus, miles is pronounced mi-les ; mare^ ma/r-e. 
 
 2d. Words of two syllables have the accent always on the first syllable ; 
 as, a'cer^ a'go^ ar'lor. 
 
 3d. When a word of more than one syllable ends with a, that letter is 
 sounded as « in ah. 
 
 4th. That the diphthongs cb and ce are sounded as simple e would be in 
 the same place ; thus, fce'diis^ fe'dus ; poe'na, pe'na ; cem'ulus, em'ulus. 
 
 5th. That ch is always sounded like Tc. 
 
 6th. That e and g are hard before a, o, and u^ and soft before e, *, and y , 
 thus, in the words m'Zo, co'lo and cu'ra^ the c has the sound of Ic; in ce'do 
 and ci'vis it has the sound of s. So ^, in the words li'go^ lon'gu% and gut'tOy 
 has the sound of gSn go; in the words ge'ro^ gig'no^ it has the sound of j. 
 
 A&idus — Sour. 
 Acm'iTT, n. sourness ; tartness. | Acid'ulate, v. to make slightly sour. 
 
 A(fris — Sharp; Sour. 
 Ac'rid, a. biting to the taste. | Ac'rimony, n. ill nature. 
 
 A^cu-o, acu^t-um — to Sharpen. 
 Acu'men, n. sharpness of intellect | Acute', a. sharp ; pointed. 
 
 A^gOf acftum — to Do ; to Perform ; to Drive. 
 
 A-CT, in. to do ; to perform. 
 A-c'tion, n. a performance. 
 A-GIl'ity, n. quickness of motion. 
 Ag'ile, a. moving easily. 
 A.c'tuate, '0. to put in action. 
 A'gent, n. a person acting fir another. 
 Ag'itate, «. to put in motion. 
 Co'gent, a. forcible ; powerful. 
 
 Cog'itatb, v. to think. 
 
 Enact', «j. to perform ; to decree. 
 Exact', id. to take by force. 
 Exact', a. accurate ; strict. 
 Ex'igency, n. pressing necessity. 
 PROD'iGAL,a. driving forth recklessly. 
 Transact', «. to perform through. 
 Navigate, v. to drive a ship to sail. 
 React', «. to act back. 
 
232 bmith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 Ag^ger — a Heap ; a Mound. 
 Exag'gbrate, v. to enlarge beyond the truth. 
 
 A'ger, a'gri — a Field. 
 
 Aoba'bian, a. relating to lands. I Ag'rtculture, n. the cultivation of 
 
 I fields. 
 
 A^lius — Other; Another. 
 
 A'lien, n. a foreigner. I A'lienate, v. to transfer to another. 
 
 A'lias, ad. otherwise. I Aliena'tion, n. estrangement. 
 
 Al'iment, n. food. 
 Al'imony, n. the allowance to a di 
 vorced woman. 
 
 7o, aWtum — ^to Feed ; to Nourish. 
 
 Al'moner,7i. one who distributes alms. 
 Alms, n. gifts to the poor. 
 Coalesce, v. to grow together. 
 
 Coali'tion, n. union ; league. 
 
 Alter^nus — by Turns ; One After the Other. 
 Alter'nate, v. to do by turns. | Alter'native, n. a choice of two 
 
 things. 
 
 AVtus — High; Lofty. 
 Al'titudb, n. height ; elevation. | Exalt', <&. to raise up. 
 
 Am^hulo — to Walk ; to Pace. 
 Am'ble, «. to pace, as a horse, | Peram'bulate, v. to walk through. 
 
 A^mo — to Love. Ainvcus — a Friend. 
 
 Am'atory, a. relating to love. 
 Amateur', n. a lover of the fine arts. 
 A'miable, a. worthy of love. 
 Am'orous, a. affected by love. 
 Am'ioable, a. friendly. 
 
 Am'ity, n. friendship. 
 
 En'mity, n. hatred. 
 
 En'emy, n. a foe. 
 
 Inim'ical, a. unfriendly ; opposed. 
 
 Amour', n. a love affair. 
 
 Am'plus — Large; Extensive; Plentiful. 
 
 Am'ple, a. large ; full ; wide. I Am'plify, v. to enlarge. 
 
 Am'ply, ad. largely. I Amplifica'tion, n. enlargement. 
 
 Am'plitude, n. largeness. 
 
 An^f/lia — England, A n'glicus — English. 
 
 An'glican, a. of England ; English. 
 An'glo-Amer'ican, n. an American 
 of English descent. 
 
 An'glo-Da'nish, a. belonging to tte 
 
 English Danes. 
 An'glo-Sax'on, a. belonging to the 
 
 English Saxons. 
 
 Anfgo, anx^i — to Vex. 
 
 An'guish, n. intense pain. I Anxi'ety, n. solicitude. 
 
 An'gbr, n. wrath ; rage. | Anx'/ous, a. troubled in mind. 
 
LATIN EOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 23a 
 
 Anfgulus — a Corner ; an Angle. 
 
 Ai^-'GLB, n. a comer. 
 An'ghlar, a. having comers. 
 Multan'gular, a. many cornered. 
 Pentan'gular, a. five cornered. 
 Quad'rangle, n, a square. 
 
 Tri'angle, n. a three cornered figure. 
 
 Rect'angle, n. a right angled four- 
 sided figure. 
 
 Septan'gular, a. having seven cor- 
 ners. 
 
 EQUiAN'GULAR,a. having equal angles. 
 
 AnHmus — Mind; Courage. 
 
 An^imal, n. a living creature. 
 Animal'cule, n. a minute animal. 
 An'imate, v. to make alive. 
 Animadvert', v. to pass censure. 
 Inan'imate, a. lifeless. 
 Anima'tion, n. liveliness. 
 Animos'ity, n. violent hatred. 
 
 An^nia — Wind ; Breath ; Lifb. 
 
 Unanim'ity, n. agreement. 
 Unan'imous, a. of one mind. 
 Equanim'ity, n. evenness of mind. 
 Magnanim'ity, n. greatness of mind. 
 Magnan'imous, a. brave ; noble. 
 Pusillanim'ity, n. cowardice. 
 Rean'imate, «. to restore to life. 
 
 An'nvLS'—B. Circle ; a Year. 
 
 An'nals, n. yearly records. 
 Anniver'sary, n. a stated day com- 
 ing once in every year. 
 An'nual, a. yearly. 
 Annu'ity, n. a yearly allowance. 
 Bien'nial, a. in every two years. 
 Millen'nium, n. a thousand years. 
 
 Centen'nial, a. in every hundred 
 
 years. 
 Octen'nial, a. in every eighth year. 
 Peren'nial, a. perpetual. 
 Septen'nial, a. in every seven years. 
 Trien'nial, a. in every third year. 
 Superan'nuate, v. to impair by age. 
 
 An'tiquary, n. one who studies an- 
 cient things. 
 
 Antiqua'rian, a. relating to anti- 
 quity. 
 
 AntVquus — Old or Ancient. 
 
 An'tiquate, v. to make obsolete. 
 Antique', a. ancient. 
 Antiq'uity, n. old times. 
 An'cient, a. old. 
 
 if 
 
 An'tic, a. odd ; fanciful. 
 
 Ape^rio, aper'tum — to Open. 
 Ape'rient, a. gently purgative. | Ap'erture, n. an opening ; a hole. 
 
 Ap'^tus — ^Fit; Meet. 
 
 Adapt', «. to fit ; to adjust. 
 Apt, a. fit ; ready. 
 Ap'titude, n. tendency. 
 
 Apt'ness, n. quickness of apprehen- 
 sion. 
 
 A'^qua — ^Water. 
 
 Aquat'ic, a. pertaining to water. 
 A'queduct, n. a channel for water 
 A'QUEous, a. watery. 
 
 Terra'queous, a. composed of land 
 and water. 
 
 Ar^biter — an Umpire or Judge. 
 
 Ar'bitrate, v. to decide. 
 Ahbitra'tion, n. determination by 
 an arbitrator. 
 
 Ar'bitrator, n. a decider; an um* 
 
 pi re. 
 Ar'bitrary, a. despotic. 
 
234 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Ar'^bor—Si Tree. 
 Ar'bor, n. a bower. ^ | Ar'borary, a. belonging to trees. 
 
 Ar^ceo — ^to Keep ; to Driye ; to Restrain. 
 Coerce, v. to restrain by force. | Coer'cion, n. restraint. 
 
 Arc^us—a, Bow. 
 Abch, n. a curved structure. | Arch'er,/i. he that shoots with a bow. 
 
 Ar^deOf ar^sum — to Burn. 
 
 Ar'dent, a. hot ; passionate. I Ar'dor, n. passion ; zeal. 
 
 Ar'denct, n. eagerness ; heat. | Ar'son, n. the crime of house burning. 
 
 Ar^guo — to Argue. 
 Ar'gue, v. to reason ; to dispute. | Ar'gument, n. a reason oflFered. 
 
 A^^ma — Arms; Weapons. 
 
 Arm, v. to famish with arms. 
 Arms, n. weapons. 
 Arma'da, n. a fleet of war. 
 Ar'mament, n. a naval warlike force. 
 Ar'mor, n. defensive arms. 
 
 Ar'mistice, n. a cessation of hostil- 
 ities. 
 Ar'mory, n. a place for arms. 
 Ar'my, n. a number of armed men. 
 Disarm', v. to deprive of weapons. 
 
 Art, n. skill ; cunning ; trade. 
 Art'ist, n. a professor of an art. 
 Art'isan, n. a workman. 
 Artifi'cial, a. made by art ; not gen 
 nine. 
 
 ArSf ar'tis — Art; Skill; Trick. 
 
 Ar'tifice, n. trick ; fraud. 
 
 Art'ful, a. cunning. 
 
 Art'less, a. unskillful ; without 
 
 fraud. 
 Inert', a. dull; motionless. 
 
 Ar^tus — a Joint. Arti&ulws — a Little Joint. 
 
 Ar'ticle, n. a single thing. 
 Artic'ular, a. belonging to the 
 joints. 
 
 Artic'ulate, ®. to speak distinctly. 
 Artic'ulate, a. distinct ; jointed. 
 Inartic'ulate, a. not distinct. 
 
 As^per — Rough; Harsh; Severe. 
 Asper'ity, n, roughness. | Exas'perate, «. to enrage. 
 
 Alfrox, atro^cis — Cruel; Fiercb. 
 Atro'cious, a. extremely wicked. | Atroc'ity, n. great wickedness. 
 
 Au^dio, audVtum — ^to Hear ; to Listen ; to Obey. 
 
 Au'dible, a. that can be heard. 
 Au'dience, n. the persons assembled 
 
 to hear. 
 Au'dit, v. to examine an account. 
 Au'ditor, 71. a hearer. 
 
 Au'ditory, n. an assembly of hearers 
 Obey', v. to comply with commands. 
 Obe'dience, n. submission. 
 Obe'dient, a. obeying. 
 Disobey', v. to break commanda 
 
 Inau'dzble, a. not to be heard. 
 
LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. ii35 
 
 Au^deo— to Dabe. Au'daoc — Very Dakeno. 
 Auda'cious, a. bold and impudent. | Audac'ity, n, effrontery. 
 
 Augment', v. to increase. 
 Auc'tion, n. a sale to the highest 
 bidder. 
 
 Au^geo, auc^tum — to Increase. 
 
 Au'thor, n. an originator. 
 Au'thorize, t. to give authority. 
 Author'ity, n. legal power. 
 
 Auxil'iary, a. helping. 
 
 Au'gur, «. to foretell ; to predict. 
 Inau'gurate, v. to lead into oflSce 
 with suitable ceremonies. 
 
 Augur — a Soothsayer. 
 
 Au'gury, n. prediction by omens. 
 Auspic'ious, a. favorable. 
 Inauspi'cious, a. unfortunate. 
 
 JBa&chus — in heathen mythology, the God of Wine. 
 
 Bacchana'lian, a. pertaining to I Debauch', v. to corrupt ; to ruin, 
 drunken revelry. I Debauchee', n. a rake ; a drunkard. 
 
 Debauch'ery, n. intemperance. 
 
 Bar^harus — Rude; Savage; Crubl. 
 
 Bar'barous, a. rude ; uncivilized. I Barbar'ic, a. foreign ; rude. 
 Barba'rian, n. a savage. I Bar'barism, n. inhumanity. 
 
 Babbar'ity, n. brutality. 
 
 Sea^tus — Happy; Blessed. 
 Beat'ipy, v. to make happy. | Beat'itude, n. blessedness. 
 
 BeVlum — ^War. 
 
 Bellig'ebent, a. waging war. | Reb'el, n. one who revolts. 
 
 ♦ Rebel'lion, n. insurrection. 
 
 Be^ne — Good ; Well. 
 
 Benedic'tion, n. a blessing. 
 Benefac'tion, n. a blessing conferred. 
 Benepac'tor, n. he who confers a 
 benefit. 
 
 Benef'icent, a. kind ; doing good. 
 Benefi'cial, a. advantageous. 
 Benev'olence, n. good will ; charity. 
 Ben'efit, n. advantage. 
 
 Benig^nus — Kind; Liberal. 
 Benign/ a, kind ; generous. | Benig'nity, n. actual kindness. 
 
 BVbo — to Drink. 
 
 Bib'ber, n. a tippler. | Bib'ulous, a. absorbing. 
 
 Imbibe', v. to drink in. 
 
 Blandus — Gentle; WmNiNG. 
 
 Bland, a. gentle ; mild. I Blan'dishment, n. winning words oi 
 
 Bland'ish, v. to smooth ; to soften. | actions. 
 
236 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Bis — Twice. BVni—Tyfo by Two. 
 
 Bi'furcated, a. having two prongs. Bisect', v. to cut into two ec^ual 
 Big 'amy, n. having two wives at once. parts. 
 Bi'nary, a. composed of two. Combine', v. to join or unite. 
 
 Bi'PED, n. an animal with two feet. Bien'nial, a. in every two years. 
 Bis'cuiT, n. a kind of bread, (twice baked.) 
 
 JBre^vis — Short; Brief. 
 
 Brief, a. short ; concise. I Brev'iary, n. an abridgement, 
 
 I Abbre'viate, v. to shorten. 
 Abridge', v. to shorten. 
 
 Brey'ity, n. shortness. 
 
 Bru^tus — Brute ; Senseless. 
 Bru'tal, a. unfeeling. | Bru'tish, a. like a brute. 
 
 Ca^do, ca^sum — to Fall ; to Happen. 
 
 Ca'dence, n. the fall of the voice. 
 Deca'dence, n. fall ; decay. 
 Case, n. condition ; state. 
 Cas'ual, a. accidental, 
 accident, 
 that which happens 
 
 Ac'ciDENT, n 
 unforeseen. 
 
 Cascade', n. waterfall. 
 Coincide', v. to agree. 
 Coin'cidence, n. concurrence. 
 Decay', v. to rot ; to fall away, 
 Decid'uous, a. falling ; dying. 
 In'cident, n. an event. 
 Occa'sion, 'd. to cause. 
 Oc'ciDENT, n. the west. 
 
 Cce^dOf cce^sum 
 
 Incis'ion, n. a cut into any thing. 
 Excis'iON, n. a cutting out. 
 Excise, n. a tax on goods. 
 Concise', a. short ; brief. 
 Decide', v. to determine. 
 Decis'ion, n. determination. 
 Deci'sive, a. conclusive; final. 
 Precise', a. exact ; strict. 
 Precis'ion, n. exactness. 
 
 -to Cut ; to Kill. 
 
 Frat'ricide, n. the murder of 
 
 brother. 
 Hom'icide, n. a manslayer. 
 
 Infan'ticide, 
 
 the murder of an 
 
 the murder of a 
 
 infant. 
 Par'ricide, n. 
 
 parent. 
 Su'iciDE, n. self-murder. 
 Reg'icide, n. the murder of a king. 
 
 CaV cuius — a Small Stone ; a Pebble. 
 Cal'culate, v. to compute. | Cal'culus, n. a disease. 
 
 Caleo- 
 
 Calefac'tion, n. the act of heating 
 Cal'dron, n. a pot ; a boiler. 
 Calor'ic, n. the element of heat. 
 
 to be Warm or Hot. Ca^lor — Heat. 
 
 Calorif'ic, a. making hot. 
 Incales'cence, n. warmth. 
 Scald, «. to bum with a hot fluid. 
 
 Camp''ns- 
 
 Camp, n. the ground on which an 
 
 army pitches its tents. 
 Campaign', n. a military year. 
 
 a Plain ; a Tented Field. 
 
 Decamp, v. to change a camp; to 
 
 move off. 
 Encamp', v. to pitch tents. 
 
LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 237 
 
 Calufn^nia — Calumny. 
 
 Cal'umny, n. false accusation. | Calum'nious, a. slanderous. 
 
 Calum'niate, v. to accuse falsely. 
 
 Canfdeo- 
 
 Can'dor, n. frankness ; sincerity. 
 Can'did, a. fair ; open. 
 Can'didate, n. one proposed for of- 
 fice. 
 Can'dle, n. a light made of tallow. 
 
 to Glow with Heat ; to be Bright or White. 
 
 ExcANDEs'cENCE, n. white heat. 
 Chandelier', n. a branch for candles. 
 In'cense, n. perfume burnt. 
 Incense', v. to enrage ; to provoke. 
 Incen'tive, n. a motive ; inducement 
 
 Incen'diary, n. one who sets on fire. 
 
 Ca'no, cart' turn,— io Sing ; to Sound. 
 
 Chant, n. a kind of sacred music. 
 Can'ticle, n. a song. 
 Can'to, n. a section of a poem. 
 Cant, n. affected manner of speech. 
 Descant', io. to discourse. 
 
 Ac'cENT, n. a stress of voice. 
 Enchant, «. to delight highly. 
 Incanta'tion, n. the act of enchant- 
 ing by singing. 
 Recant', ®. to recall ; to retract. 
 
 Ca^pio, cap^tuin — to Take ; to Take into the Mind. 
 
 Accept', «. to take ; to receive. 
 Accept'able, a. pleasing. 
 Antic'ipate, v. to take beforehand. 
 Ca'pable, a. able to do or take. 
 Capa'cious, a. wide ; large. 
 Capac'itate, ®. to qualify. 
 Capac'ity, n. power of holding. 
 Cap'tious, a. peevish ; caviling. 
 Cap'tivate, v. to take prisoner ; to 
 
 charm. 
 Cap'tive, n. a prisoner. 
 Cap'tor, n. he who takes prisoners. 
 Cap'ture, n. a seizure. 
 Conceit', n. fancy ; opinion. 
 Conceive', v. to think. 
 Concep'tion, n. notion ; idea. 
 Deceive', v. to cheat ; to mislead. 
 Deceit', n. a fraud; a cheat. 
 Decep'tion, n. act of deceiving. 
 Eman'cipate, v. to set at liberty. 
 
 for 
 
 r. 
 
 Cap'ut, capitis 
 
 Cap, 72-. a covering for the head. 
 Cap'ital, a. chief; principal. 
 Capita'tion, n. counting by heads. 
 Capit'ulate,??. to surrender by treaty. 
 Cape, n. a headland. 
 Cap'tain, n. a cliief comn^nder. 
 Chapter, n. a division or nead. 
 Decap'itate, v. to behead. 
 Precipice, n. a headlong steep. 
 
 Except, v. to leave out. 
 Incip'ient, a. commencing. 
 Intercept', v. to stop on the way. 
 Misconcep'tion, n. a false opinion. 
 Occupa'tion, n. employment. 
 Oc'cuPY, V. to possess. 
 Partic'ipate, v. to share. 
 Perceive', v. to notice ; to see. 
 Pre'cept, n. a rule given. 
 Prin'cipal, a. chief; capital. 
 Prin'ciple, n. cause ; motive. 
 Receive', v. to take ; to admit. 
 Receipt', n. acknowledgment 
 
 money paid. 
 Recep'tacle, n. that which receives 
 
 or contains. 
 Recep'tion, n. a receiving, 
 Rec'ipe, n. a medical prescription. 
 Recip'ient, n. one who receives. 
 Suscep'tible, a. sensitive. 
 
 -the Head ; Life. 
 
 Precip'itance, n. headlong hurry. 
 Precip'itate, v. to tumble headlong. 
 Precip'itate, a. headstrong ; Hasty. 
 Precip'itate, n. a sediment. 
 Recapit'ulate, v. to repeat. 
 Chief'tain, n. a headman. 
 Oc'ciPUT, n. the hinder part of the 
 head. 
 
•238 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Car^ho, carho^nis — a Coal. 
 
 Car'bon, n. the essential ingredient 
 
 of coal. 
 Cabbon'ic, a. containing carbon. 
 
 Cab'buncle, n, a little coal ; a gem ; 
 a tumor. 
 
 Ca'rOf caynis — Flesh, 
 
 Car'nage, n. slaughter. Car'nival, n. a feast before Lent. 
 
 Car'nal, a. fleshly ; lustful. Car'rion, n. putrid flesh. 
 
 Carniv'orous, a. feeding on flesh. Oar'cass, n. a dead body. 
 Incar'nate, a. clothed with flesh. j Carnel'ian, n. a red stone. 
 Carna'tion, n. the natural flesh color. 
 
 Cas'tus — Chaste; Pure; Correct. 
 Chaste, a. pure ; uncorrupt. | Chas'titt, n. purity. 
 
 Cav^us — Hollow. 
 
 Cav'brn, n. a deep, hollow place. 
 Cav'ity, n. a hollow place. 
 
 Con'cave, a. hollow. 
 Ex'cavate, v. to hollow out. 
 
 Cau^sa — a Cause ; a Reason. 
 
 Cause, n. that which produces an I Accuse', v. to charge with a crime, 
 eflfect. I Excuse', v. to pardon. 
 
 Because', con. for the reason that. 
 
 Ca^veOf cau'tuni — to Beware ; to Take Care. 
 
 Cau'tion, n. prudence in respect to i Ca'veat, n. a warning, 
 danger. I Incau'tious, a. heedless. 
 
 Precau'tion, n. previous care. 
 
 Ce'do, ces'sufn — to Yield ; to Go Away. 
 
 Cede, v. to yield or give up. 
 Ces'sion, n. the act of yielding. 
 Cease, «). to stop ; to leave ofil 
 Cessa'tion, n. a stop. 
 Accede', «. to assent to. 
 A-CCess', n. approach. 
 Acces'sion, n. an increase. 
 An'cestor, n. a forefather. 
 An'cestry, n. a series of ancestors. 
 Antece'dent, a. going before. 
 Concede', «. to yield ; to grant. 
 CoNCEs'siON, n. the act of granting. 
 Decease', n. death. 
 Exceed', v. to go beyond. 
 
 SuccEs'srvE, a. 
 
 Excess', n. more than enough. 
 
 Inces'sant, a. without pause. 
 
 Intercede', v. to go between. 
 
 Precede', v. to go before. 
 
 Prec'edent, n. an example. 
 
 Proceed', v. to go forward. 
 
 Recede', v. to go back. 
 
 Proc'ess, n. a method. 
 
 Proces'sion, n. a ceremonious marcli. 
 
 Recess', n. a place of retreat. 
 
 Secede', v. to withdraw from. 
 
 Seces'sion, n. a withdrawing from. 
 j Succeed', v. to follow ; to prosper. 
 ' Success', n. fortune ; prosperity, 
 following in order. 
 
 CeVla—B. Cell ; a Small, Close Room. 
 
 Cell, n. a small, close room. | Cel'lar, n. a room under a house. 
 
 Cel'lular, a. having little cells. 
 
LATIN KOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 239 
 
 Celfebris — Renowned ; Famous. 
 Cel'ebrate, n. to praise ; to extol. | Celeb'rity, n. fame ; renown. 
 
 Ce^ler — Swift. 
 Celeb 'iTT, n. swiftness ; speed. | Accel'brate, tJ. to hasten. 
 
 CeVsus — High ; Lifted Up. 
 Excel', tJ. to outdo ; to surpass. | Ex'cellent, a. surpassing. 
 
 Ce'lo — to Cover ; to Hide. 
 Conceal', v. to hide. 1 Conceal'ment, n. the act of hiding. 
 
 Cenfseo — to Think ; to Judge ; to Blame. 
 
 Cen'sor, n. one who judges. I Cen'sus, n. a numbering of the peo- 
 
 Cen'sure, 71. blame ; reproach. | pie. 
 
 Censo'rious, a. apt to censure. 
 
 Cenftrum — the Center. 
 
 Cen'ter, n. the middle point of any 
 
 thing. 
 Cen'tbal, a. relating to the center. 
 
 Eccen'tric, a. going from the center. 
 Cenftum — a Hundred. 
 
 Concen'tric, a. having the same cenv 
 
 ter. 
 Concen'trate, d. to bring together. 
 
 Cent, n. the one-hundredth part of a 
 dollar. 
 
 Cen'tury, n. a hundred years. 
 
 Centen'nial, a. occurring every hun- 
 dred years. 
 
 Cen'tiped, n. an insect with many 
 
 feet. 
 Centu'rion, n. an officer over a hun- 
 
 dred men. 
 CVrch— Wax. 
 
 HP 
 
 Cere, u. to cover with wax. I Sincere', a. pure ; true. 
 
 Ce'rate, n, an ointment of wax, etc. | Sincer'ity, n. honesty ; purity. 
 
 Cer^no, cveftum — ^to Sift ; to Distinguish ; to Decree. 
 
 Concern', ta. to affect or disturb. 
 Decree', 'c. to ordain or command. 
 Discern', 'o. to see ; to distinguish. 
 Discern'ment, n. judgment. 
 Discreet', a. discerning ; prudent. 
 Discre'tion, n. prudence. 
 
 Sec'retary, n. one who writes for another. 
 
 Note. — Secketart, so called from the secret affairs entrusted to liim. 
 
 Discrim'inate; ©. to distinguish. 
 Discrimina'tion, n. distinction. 
 Indiscrim'inate, a. not making any 
 
 distinction. 
 Se'cret, a. hidden ; private. 
 Secrete', ®. to hide or conceal. 
 
 Cer^to — to Contend; to Strive. 
 
 Concert', «. to contrive together. 
 Con 'cert, n. a musical entertain- 
 ment. 
 
 # 
 
 Disconcert', v. to disturb. 
 Preconcert'ed, a. contrived before- 
 hand. 
 
240 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Cer'tain, a. 8ure ; undoubted. 
 Ascertain', «). to make certain. 
 Cer'tify, id. to assure. 
 
 Cer'fi**— Certain ; Sure. 
 
 Certif'icate, n. a testimony in wiit- 
 
 mg. 
 Uncer'tain, 
 
 doubtful. 
 
 Cho^rus — a Dance Accompanied with Song. 
 Choir, n. a band of singers. | Cho'ral, a. belonging to a choir. 
 
 Cho'rus, n. a number of singers. | Chor'ister, n. a leader of a choir. 
 CinfgOf cin&tum — to Gird ; to Surround. 
 
 Pre'cinct, n. a district. 
 
 Cir^cus — a Circle. 
 
 Cir'cle, n. a ring ; a round space. 
 Cir'clet, n. a little circle. 
 Cir'cular, a. round, like a circle. 
 Cir'culate, v. to move in a circle. 
 
 I Succinct', a. short ; compact. 
 
 Cir'culus — a Little Circle. 
 
 Cir'cuit, n. extent round about. 
 CiRCu'iTOUs, a. not direct. 
 Cir'cus, n. an open space for sports. 
 Encir'cle, v. to surround. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 CVto — to Call or Summon ; to Stir Up. 
 
 Cite, «j. to summon ; to quote. 
 Excite', ti. to stir up. 
 Excite'ment, n. agitation. 
 Incite', v. to urge on. 
 
 Incite'ment, n. impulse. 
 Recite', v. to repeat ; to tell over. 
 Recita'tion, n. a telling over of 
 something: learned. 
 
 Resus'citate, v. to bring back to life. 
 
 Civ'ic, a. relating to a city. 
 Civ'iL, a. gentle ; well bred, 
 Cit'y, n. a large corporate town. 
 Cit'izen, n. an inhabitant of a city. 
 
 CVvis — a Citizen. 
 
 Unciy'il, a. impolite ; rude. 
 Ciy'ilize, v. to reclaim from a savage 
 
 state. 
 Civil 'iTY, n. politeness. 
 
 Cla^tnOf clania^tum — to Cry Out ; to Shout. 
 
 Clam'or, n. outcry ; noise. 
 Clam'orous, a. noisy. 
 Claim, v. to demand. 
 Claim'ant, n. one that demands. 
 
 Disclaim', v. to disown ; to deny. 
 Exclaim', v. to cry out. 
 Proclaim', v. to publish. 
 Reclaim', v. to recall ; to reform. 
 
 Claims — Clear.; Bright. 
 
 Clear, a. bright ; evident. 
 Clar'ify, v. to purify. 
 
 Clar'ion, n. a shrill trumpet. 
 Declare', v. to make known. 
 
 Clau^do, clau^sum — to Shut ; to Close ; to Finish. 
 
 Clause, n. a part of a sentence. 
 Close, v. to shut. 
 Clos'et, n. a small private room. 
 Conclude', ®. to finish. 
 Disclose', «?. to reveal ; to tell. 
 Enclose', v. to shut in. 
 
 Exclude', v. to shut out. 
 Seclude', v. to shut apart. 
 I'reclude', v. to shut before. 
 Include,' d. to shut in. 
 Seclu'sion, n. retirement. 
 Recluse', n. a solitary person. 
 
LATIN ROOTS AND DEBIVATIVES. 241 
 
 Cle^mens, clemen^tis — ^Mild; Merciful. 
 
 Clem'bnt, a. merciful ; kind. I Clem'ency, n. mercy. _ 
 
 Inclem'ent, a. severe ; rough. | Inclem'ency, n. severity. 
 
 Cli'no — to Bend ; to Lean. 
 
 Incline', v. to bend ; to lean. | Decline', to lean downwards. 
 
 Recline', h. to lean back. 
 
 Co'lo, cul^ turn— to Till ; to Cultivate. 
 
 Cul'ture, n. cultivation. 
 Ag'riculture, n. cultivation of the 
 ground. 
 
 Col'ont, n. a settlement in a new 
 
 country. 
 Cul'tivatb, v. to improve by labor. 
 
 Hor'ticulture, n. gardening. . 
 
 Co'meSf comHtis—SL Companion. 
 
 Com'ity, n. kindness of manner. I Count, n. the companion of a king. 
 
 Concom'itant, a. going with. | Coun'ty, n. a district under a count. 
 
 ConciVio, concilia^ turn — ^to Unite ; to Make Friends. 
 Rec'oncile, v. to make friends again. | Concil'iate, v. to win to friendship. 
 
 Cop'ula — Something that Joins Together. 
 Coup'lb, n. two things together. | Coup'let, n. two verses. 
 
 Co' quo, co&tutn — ^to Boil ; to Cook ; to Digest. 
 
 Concoct', v. to prepare by digesting. I Decoc'tion, n. a liquor in which 
 Cook, v. to prepare food by heat. | something has been boiled. 
 
 Cor, cor'dis — the Heart, Mind, or Courage. 
 
 Core, n. the heart or central part. 
 Cor'dial, a. warm ; hearty. 
 Cor'dial, n. any thing that gladdens 
 
 the heart. 
 Con'cord, n. agreement. 
 
 Cour'age, n. the state of having 
 
 heart; bravery. 
 Dis'coRD, n. disagreement. 
 Record', v. to register. 
 Encour'age, v. to animate. 
 
 Discour'age, v. to depress ; to deter. 
 
 Co^rium — a Skin or Hide. 
 Cur'rieb, n. one who dresses hides. | Exco'riate, v. to take off the skin. 
 
 Cor'pus, cor'poris — a Body. 
 
 Cor'poral, n. an army officer. 
 Cor'poral, a. relating to the body. 
 Corpo'real, a. having a body. 
 
 Cor'porate, a. united into a body. 
 Cor'pulent, a. having a bulky body. 
 Corps, n. a body of soldiers. 
 
 Corpse, n. a dead body. 
 
 Cras — To-morrow. 
 Procras'tinate, v. to put off. I Procras'tination, n. deferring. 
 
242 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Cre'do, cred/itum — to Trust ; to Believb. 
 Cred'itor, n, a truster. 
 
 Cbeed, n. articles of belief. 
 Cre'dence, n. belief; credit 
 Cred'it, n, belief; trust. 
 Cred'ible, a. worthy of belief. 
 
 Cred'ulous, a. apt to believe, 
 Discred'it, 'g. to disbelieve. 
 Incred'lble, a. not to be believed. 
 
 Credu'lity, n. easiness of belief 
 
 Cre^o, crea'tum — to Create. 
 
 Create', «. to cause to exist. I Rec'reant, a. cowardly ; false, 
 
 Crea'turb, n. a thing created. | Recrea'tion, n. amusement. 
 
 Cres'co, cre^tum — to Grow ; to Increase. 
 
 CRBs'cEiirr, n. the increasing or new I Decrease', •». to grow less. 
 moon. I Increase', v. to grow larger. 
 
 Recruit', v. to repair ; to supply. 
 
 CrVmen, crim'inis — an Accusation ; a Crime. 
 
 Crimb, n. a great fault. | Crim'inal, a. guilty of a crime. 
 
 Recrim'inate, v. to retort a charge. 
 
 Cru^dus — Raw; Unripe. Crude'^lis — Unfeeling; Cruel. 
 
 Crude, a. raw ; unripe. I Cru'el, a. unfeeling. 
 
 Crudb'ness, n. unripeness. | Cru'elty, n. inhumanity. 
 
 Crus^ta — a Crust ; the Tough Shell op a Lobster. 
 Crust, n. an outer coat ; a case. | Incrust', -». to cover with a crust. 
 
 Cu^hOf or cum'ho — ^to Lie Down 
 
 Cum'ber, d. to burden ; to hinder. 
 Encum'ber, «. to burden. 
 Incum'bent, a. resting upon. 
 
 Recum'bent, a. leaning. 
 Cub, n. the young of a beast. 
 Succumb', «. to sink under a diflSculty. 
 
 CuVpa — a Fault ; Blame. 
 
 Cul'pable, a. worthy to be blamed. I Excul'pate, v. to clear from blame. 
 Cul'prit, n. an accused person. | Incul'pate, v. to put into blame. 
 
 Cu'tnulus — a Heap. 
 Aocu'mulatb, «. to heap up. | Cu'mulative, a. heaping up. 
 
 Cu^ra — Care. Cu'ro — to Take Care Of ; to Heat. 
 
 Cure, «. to restore to health. 
 Cu'rable, a. that may be cured. 
 »;Ou'rate, n. a parish priest. 
 Cu'racy, n. the office of a curate. 
 Care, n. anxiety. 
 Cu'rious, a. prying ; inquisitive. 
 Ac 'curate, a. exact ; correct. 
 Ac 'curacy, n, exactness. 
 
 Secure', a. free from care ; safe. 
 Secu'rity, n. safety. 
 In'secure, a. not safe. 
 Procure', d. to obtain. 
 Prox't, n. a substitute. 
 Si'necure, n. an office of profit with- 
 out employment. 
 
LATIN BOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 243 
 
 Cur^ro, cur^sum — ^to Run ; to Pass Swiftly. 
 
 Incub', v. to become liable to. 
 
 Incur 'sign, n. inroad ; invasion. 
 
 Occur', v. to happen. 
 
 Occur'rence, n. an event. 
 
 Recur', v. to happen again; to re- 
 turn. 
 
 Precur'sor, n. a forerunner. 
 
 Recourse', n. a running to some- 
 thing for protection or aid. 
 
 Cur'rent, n. a running stream. 
 Cur'sory, a. hasty ; slight. 
 Career', n. a course ; a race. 
 Cou'rier, n, a messenger sent in haste. 
 Course, n. career ; progress. 
 Concur', v. to agree. 
 Con'course, n. a gathering. 
 Discourse', n. conversation. 
 Excur'sion, n. a ramble 
 
 Suo'coB, V. to help ; to relieve. 
 
 Cur^vus — Bent; WiNDma. 
 
 Curve, n, a bent line. | Curv'ature, n. crookedness. 
 
 Cubvilin'ear, a. composed of curved lines. 
 
 Curtis — the Skin. 
 Cu'ticle, n. the thin outer skin. | Cuta'neous, a. affecting the skin, 
 
 Dam'num — Loss; Hurt; Damage. 
 
 Dam' AGE, n, loss ; injury. I Indem'nify, v. to relieve from loss. 
 
 Condemn', v. to give sentence against. | Indem'nity, n. security from loss. 
 
 DebHlis — Weak. 
 Debil'ity, n. weakness ; languor. | Debil'itate, v. to weaken. 
 
 Deb^eo, debHtutn — to Owe. 
 
 Debt, n. that which is due. 
 Deb'it, v. to charge with debt. 
 Debt'or, n. one who is in debt. 
 
 Debent'ure, n. a writing acknow^ 
 
 edging a debt. 
 Due, a. that ought to be paid. 
 
 Du'ty, n. that which one ought to do. 
 D^cet — to be Becoming or Proper. 
 
 De'cent, a. becoming ; fit. 
 De'cency, n. propriety of manner. 
 Deco'rum, n. propriety. 
 
 Dec 'orate, v. to adorn. 
 Deco'rous, a. observing propriety. 
 Indeco'rum, n. impropriety. 
 
 DelVcice — Pleasures; Delight; Niceness. 
 
 Deli'cious, a. pleasant to the taste. I Del'icate, a. nice ; fine ; soft 
 Delec'table, a. delightful. I Delight', n. pleasure ; joy. 
 
 Den^sus — Thick; Close. 
 Condense', v. to thicken. | Dense, a. close ; thick. 
 
 Dens, denftis — a Tooth. 
 
 Den'tal, a. pertaining to the teeth. Indent', v. to impress, as with teeth. 
 Den'tist, n. a tooth doctor. Indent a'tion, n, a notch. 
 
 Den'tiprice, n. tooth powder, Tri'dent, n. Neptune's scepter. 
 
244 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 De'us — God. DVvus — a God. 
 
 De'ist, n. one who believes in God 
 
 but denies revelation. 
 De'ity, n. the Divine Being. 
 
 Divine', a. godlike ; heavenly. 
 Divine', v. to predict. 
 Divina'tion, n. foretelling. 
 
 Divin'ity, n. the nature of God. 
 
 X>ed5'fer— Right-handed; Ready; Expebt. 
 Dbx'tekous, a. expert ; ready. | Dexter'ity, n. readiness. 
 
 DVcOf dicta'tum— 
 
 Ded'icate, -0. to devote. 
 Ab'dicate, v. to give up right. 
 In'dicate, v. to point out. 
 
 to Devote ; to Set or Put Apart. 
 
 Pred'ica^te, «. to show before the 
 people. 
 
 I>Vco, di(ftuni — to Say ; to Speak ; to Tell. 
 
 Dic'tion, n. language ; style. 
 Dic'tionary, n. a word book. 
 Dic'tate, v. to give commands. 
 Addict', v. to devote to. 
 Benedic'tion, n. a blessing. 
 E'dict, n. a proclamation. 
 
 Indict', v. to accuse in writing. 
 Interdict', v. to prohibit. 
 Indite', v. to put into words. 
 Maledic'tion, n. a curse. 
 Predict', v. to foretell. 
 Ver'dict, 11. the decision of a jury. 
 
 DVes — a Day. 
 
 Di'art, n. a daily account. 
 Di'al, n. a plate upon which are 
 marked the hours of the day. 
 
 Diur'nal, a. daily. 
 Merid'ian, n. midday or noon. 
 Dis'mal, a. sad ; gloomy. 
 
 Dig^nus — Worthy ; Deserving. 
 
 Dig'nity, n. true honor. 
 Dig'nify, v. to make worthy. 
 Deign, v. to condescend. 
 Condign', a. suitable ; merited. 
 
 Indig'nant, a. angry and disgusted. 
 Indig'nity, n. unworthy treatment. 
 Disdain', v. to despise ; to scorn. 
 iNDiGNA'TiONjTi. anger with contempt. 
 
 )isci'piiE, n. a follower. 
 
 Dis^co — to Learn. 
 
 I Dis'ciPLiNE, n. instruction. 
 
 DivHdo — to Divide 
 
 -3IVIDB', V. to separate into parts. 
 ')ivis'iON, n. a dividing. 
 )ivi8'0R, n. the number to divide by 
 
 Individ'ual, n. a single being. 
 Note.— A single person is indivisible. 
 
 Div'iDEND, n. the number divided; 
 
 a shar€. 
 Divis'ible, a. that may be divided. 
 
 Do, da'tum — to Give ; to Put or Place. 
 
 Ed 'it, i\ to give forth ; to publish. 
 Perdi'tion, n. destruction. 
 Ren'der, n. to give back. 
 Surren'der, v. to give up. 
 
 Add, «. to put to ; to join to. 
 Addi'tion, n. the act of adding. 
 Condi'tion, n. quality; state. 
 Date, n, a point of time. 
 
LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES- 
 
 U^ 
 
 I>o^ceo, doc' turn — to Teach. 
 
 Doc'tor, n. a teacher. 
 Doc'uMENT, n. a paper containing 
 evidence. 
 
 Doc 'trine, n. that which is taught. 
 Doc'iLE, a. easily taught. 
 Docil'itt, n. aptness to be taught. 
 
 Do'leo— to Grieve. 
 
 Dole'ful, a. sorrowful. 
 Do'lorous, a. full of grief. 
 
 Condole', v. to lament with others. 
 In'dolence, n. laziness. 
 
 Dom%nus — Master; Lord. 
 
 Domin'ion, n. supreme power; ter 
 
 ritory. 
 Domina'tion, n. arbitrary power. 
 
 Dom'inant, a. ruling. 
 Domain', n. empire ; estate. 
 Domineer', v. to rule with insolence. 
 
 Predom'enate, ®. to prevail over the rest. 
 
 Do'tnus — a House. 
 
 Dome, n. a house ; a spherical roof 1 Domes'tic, a. belonging to the house 
 Domes'ticate, v. to tame. I or family. 
 
 Dom'icil, n. a mansion or abode. 
 
 Do'nuni — a Gift. Do^no, dona' turn — to Give ; to Present. 
 
 Do'nor, n. a giver. I Don'ative, a. giving. 
 
 Dona'tion, n. a gift. | Donee', n. one who receives a gilt. 
 
 Dor'tniOf dormVtum — ^to Sleep. 
 Dor'mant, a. sleeping. | Dor'mitory, n. a place to sleep in. 
 
 Dor'sum— the Back. 
 Dor'sal, a. relating to the back. | Endorse', v. to write on the back. 
 
 Du'bito — to Hesitate to Believe. 
 
 Doubt, v. to hesitate to believe. 
 
 Du'bious, a. doubtful. 
 
 Doubt, n. uncertainty of mind. 
 
 -^ Dii'cOf ducftum — ^to Lead ; to Bring ; to Carry 
 
 Duct, n. a little channel. 
 Adduce', v. to bring forward. 
 A'queduct, n. a tube for conveying 
 
 water. 
 Conduct', v. to lead or guide. 
 
 Con'duct, n. behavior. 
 Conduce', v. to lead or tend. 
 Con'duit, n. a water pipe. 
 Deduce', v. to draw from. 
 Deduct', v. to substract.* 
 Duke, n. a leader ; a noble. 
 Educe', v. to bring out. 
 Ed'ucate, «. to bring up ; to instruct. 
 
 Lf^DucE', v. to lead by motivei. 
 Induce'ment, n. a motive. 
 Induct', v. to bring in. 
 Induc'tion, n. a leading in. 
 Introduce', v. to usher in. 
 Produce', v. to bring forth. 
 Produc'tive, a. capable of produo 
 
 ing. 
 Prod'uct, n. a thing produced. 
 Reduce', v. to bring down. 
 Seduce', v. to entice ; to corrupt. 
 Seduc'tive, a. fitted to entice. 
 Traduce', «. to calumniate. 
 
24:6 
 
 smith's hakd-book of etymology. 
 
 Duo— Two. 
 
 Djj'al, a. relating to two. 
 Du'el, n. a combat between two. 
 Duet', n. a piece of music. 
 
 Doub'le, a, consisting of two. 
 DuPLi'cATE, a. double ; twofold. 
 DuPLic'iTY, n. double ; dealing. 
 
 Ductus — Hard; Solid, 
 
 Du*iiABLE, a. lasting. 
 Du'rance, n. imprisonment. 
 Dura'tion, n. continuance. 
 
 Du'ring, prep, as long as. 
 Endure', v. to bear. 
 Ob'durate, a. stubborn. 
 
 E^brius — Drunken. 
 
 Ebri'ety, n, drunkenness. | Ine'briate, n. a drunkard. 
 
 , Sobri'ety, n. soberness. 
 
 JE'deSf ce^dis — a House or Building. 
 Ed'ifice, n. a building. | Ed'ify, v. to instruct ; to improve. 
 
 E'go—1. 
 
 E'gotism, n. talking much of one's I E'gotist, n. one who talks much of 
 self. I himself. 
 
 ^ E'mo, emp'tum — to Buy. 
 
 Exempt', a. not liable. 
 Exempt', v. to free from. 
 Exemp'tion, n. freedom from. 
 Per'emptory, a. absolute. 
 
 Prompt, a. ready ; quick. 
 Pre-emp'tion, n. a right of buying 
 
 before others. 
 Redeem', ti. to buy back ; to rescue. 
 
 Redemp'tion, n. deliverance ; rescue. 
 
 EnSf enftis — Being. Es^se— To Be. 
 Ab'sent, a. not present. | In'terest, «. to concern. 
 
 Es'sENCE, n. the best part. 
 
 — J -. -_ 
 
 Pres'ent, a. within sight ; near. 
 
 E^Of i^tum — ^to Go or Pass. 
 
 Ambi'tion, n. desire of honor. 
 Cir'cuit, n. extent round about. 
 Ex 'it, n. a departure. 
 Per'isk, «. to die ; to decay. 
 Pret'erite, a. past ; gone by. 
 
 Sedi'tion, n. a gomg aside. 
 Tran'sient, a. passing quickly. 
 Tran'sit, n. a passing over. 
 Transi'tion, n. change from one con- 
 dition to another. 
 
 E^quus, for JE^quus — Even ; Equal ; Just. 
 
 E'qual, a. of the same size or im- 
 portance. 
 E'qualize, v. to make equal. 
 E'quable, a. not varying. 
 Coe'qual, a. of the same rank. 
 Ad'equate, a. equal to. 
 Equanim'ity, n. evenness of mind. 
 Equa'tion, n. making equal. 
 Equilib'rium, n. equal weight. 
 
 E'quinox, n. the time of equal day 
 
 and night. 
 Eq'uity, n, justice. 
 Iniq'uity, n. injustice. 
 Equiv'alent, a. equal in value. 
 Equiv'ocal, a. ambiguous. 
 Equiv'ocate, «. to use words of 
 
 doubtful meaning. 
 
LATEST ROOTS AlTD DERirATtVES. 247 
 
 E'quus — a Hokse. 
 
 Eqtjes'tbian, a. pertaining to horse- I E'queky, n. a stable for horses, 
 manship. I Equip', v. to famish ; to dress. 
 
 Er^ro, erra^tum — ^to Wander ; to Err. 
 
 Err, v. to mistake. I Err'ing, a. irregular ; vicious. 
 
 Er'ror, n. a mistake. I Erroneous, a. wrong ; incorrect. 
 
 jE^stimo — to Value. 
 
 Es'timate, v. to compute the value. I Es'timable, a. worthy of esteem. 
 Estima'tion, n. computation. | Es'teem, n. high regard. 
 
 ^vum — Life ; Time. 
 
 Coe'val, a. of the same age. | Longev'ity, n. length of life. 
 
 Prime'val, a. of the first age. 
 
 Exem'pluni — an Example; a Copy. 
 
 Exem'plify, v. to show by example. 
 
 Sam'ple, n. specimen. 
 
 Sam'pler, n. a pattern of needlework, 
 
 Exam'ple, n. model ; pattern. 
 Exem'plar, n. a model ; a copy. 
 Ex'emplary, a. worthy of imitation 
 
 Ex'terus — Outward; Foreign; Strange. 
 
 Exte'rior, n. the outside. 
 Exter'nal, a. relating to the outside. 
 Extra NEOus, a. not belonging to 
 the subject. 
 
 Extreme', a. utmost ; last. 
 Extrem'ity, n. the utmost point. 
 Extrin'sic, a. outward ; external. 
 Strange, a. foreign ; unusual. 
 
 Fah^rico, fahrica^tum — to Make ; to Frame. 
 I'ab'ric, n. something made. | Fab'ricate, v. to make or form. 
 
 Fab^ula — a Feigned Story. 
 Fa'ble, n. a feigned story. | Fab'ulous, a. fictitious. 
 
 Fancies — the Face. 
 
 Face, n. the surface of a thing. 
 Deface', v. to disfigure. 
 Efface', «. to blot out. 
 
 Sur'face, n. the outside. 
 Fea'ture, n. cast of the face. 
 Fash'ion, n. form ; custom. 
 
 SuPERFi'ciAL, a. lying on the outside ; shallow. 
 
 Fa&ilis — Easy to Do. 
 
 Fac'ile, a. easily led ; yielding. 1 Facil'itate, v. to make easy. 
 
 Facil'ity, n. easiness. I Dif'ficult, a. hard to be done. 
 
 FaVlp, fal'sutn — to Deceive. 
 
 False, a. not true. 
 Fal'sity, n. an untruth. 
 Fal'lacy, n. a deceitful argument. 
 
 Falla'cious, a. fitted to deceive. 
 Fal'lible, a. liable to error. 
 Fax'sify, v. to make false. 
 
248 
 
 bmith'8 hand-book of etymolooy. 
 
 Fa'ciOf fa&tum — to Make ; to Do ; to Act. 
 
 Effec'tive, a. producing effect. 
 
 Fact, n. a thing done ; a reality. 
 Affect', «. to act upon. 
 Affec'tion, n. love ; kindness, 
 Affecta'tion, n. assumed feeling. 
 Goun'terfeit, n. a forgery. 
 Defeat', v. to undo ; to overthrow. 
 Defec'tion, n. desertion. 
 Defect', n. a fault ; a blemish. 
 Defi'cient, a. faulty ; wanting. 
 Effect', «. to bring to pass ; to do. 
 Effi'cient, a. active ; able. 
 Effect'ual, a. producing decisive 
 effect. 
 
 Infect', v. to taint with disease. 
 
 Infec'tion, n. a tainting. 
 
 Per'fect, a. complete ; pure. 
 
 Profi'cienct, n. a making forwards. 
 
 Profi'cient, n. one advanced in any 
 pursuit. 
 
 Refec'tion, n. refreshment after fa- 
 tigue. 
 
 Refec'tory, n. an eating room. 
 
 Suffice', v. to make enough. 
 
 Suffi'cient, a. making enough. 
 
 Sur'feit, v. to feed to excess. 
 
 Fame, n. celebrity ; renown. 
 Fa'mous, a. full of renown. 
 Defame', v. to slander. 
 
 Fa' ma — ^Fame; Renown; Reputation. 
 
 Defama'tion, n. calumny. 
 In 'f AMY, 11. utter disgrace. 
 In'famous, a. openly censured. 
 
 Fa'uvies — Hunger ; Scarcity of Food. 
 Fam'ine, n. scarcity of food. L Fam'ish, 'd. to starve. 
 
 FamiVia — a Family. 
 
 Fam'ily, n, the persons living in a I Famil'iar, a. affable ; well known, 
 house. I 
 
 Fane, n. a temple. 
 Fanat'ic, n. an enthusiast. 
 
 Fa'num — a Temple ; a Holy Place. 
 
 Profane', ^. to pollute. 
 Profane', a. irreverent ; common. 
 
 Fe'UoCf feWcis — Happy. 
 
 Felic'ity, n. happiness. I Felic'itate, v. to congratulate. 
 
 Felic'itous, a. happy ; fortunate. | Infelic'ity, n. misfortune. 
 
 Fefra — a Wild Beast. 
 Fero'cious, a. cruel ; savage. | Fierce, a. savage ; furious. 
 
 Fe'vo, la' turn — to Bear ; to Carry ; to Bring. 
 
 Fer'tile, a. bearing plentifully. 
 Circum'ference, ri. a carrying round. 
 Confer', v, to consult. 
 Collate', T). to bring together. 
 Defer', «. to put off. 
 Dep'erence, n. regard ; respect. 
 Dif'fer, «. to be unlike. 
 Dil'atory, a. tardy ; slow. 
 Infer', v. to draw a conclusion. 
 
 In'ference, n. a conclusion. 
 Of'fer, d. to present for acceptanca. 
 Prefer', «. to like better. 
 Prof'fer, id. to offer. 
 Refer', 'c. to give to another for de- 
 cision. 
 Relate', v. to tell ; to pertain to. 
 Suf'fer, n. to bear ; to allow. 
 Transfer', to convey ; to remove. 
 
LATIN KOOTS AND DEfilVATIVES. 240 
 
 ^ Fen' do, fen' sum— io Strike; to Ward. 
 
 Fend, «. to ward off. 
 Fence, n. a security. 
 Defend', id. to protect. 
 
 Defence', n. guard ; security. 
 Offend', ®. to displease. 
 Offence', n. crime ; injury. 
 
 Fer'veo — to be Hot ; to Boil. 
 FbbVor, n. heat ; zeal. | Feb' vent, a. hot ; ardent. 
 
 Fes^tum—2. Feast. 
 
 Fes'tal, a. belonging to a feast. I Fes'tival, n. a time of feasting. 
 
 Fes'tive, a. joyful ; gay. | Festiv'ity, n. joyfulness. 
 
 Feast, n. a sumptuous entertainment. 
 
 FVdes — Faith: Trust. 
 
 Fidel'ity, n. faithfulness. 
 Confide', «;. to trust in. 
 Con'fidence, n. trust ; boldness. 
 Defy', «. to challenge ; to dare. 
 
 Dif'fident, a. distrusting one's self. 
 In'fidel, n. an unbeliever. 
 Per'fidy, n. treachery. 
 Affi'ance, id. to pledge faith to. 
 
 FVgo, fix^um— to Fix or Fasten ; to Pierce. 
 
 Fix, v. to make fast. 
 Fix'ture, n. anything fixed to a 
 place or house. 
 
 Affix', v. to join to. 
 Prefix', v. to put before. 
 Suffix', «. to add to the end. 
 
 Transfix', v. to pierce through. 
 
 Fin'ish, v. to complete ; to end. 
 Fi'nite, a. having an end. - 
 In'finite, a. unlimited. 
 Define', «. to limit ; to explain. 
 Def'inite, a. certain ; limited. 
 
 FVnis — the End ; Border ; Limit. 
 
 Fi'nal, a. last ; conclusive. 
 Confine', v. to shut up ; to limit. 
 Indef'inite, a. not limited. 
 Refine', v. to improve ; to polish. 
 Superfine', a. eminently fine. 
 
 Fir'nius — Strong. 
 
 Firm, a. hard ; strong. I Confirm', v. to establish. 
 
 Affirm', v. to declare positively. | Infirm', a. weak ; feeble. 
 
 Fis'cus — a Bag or Basket. 
 
 Fis'cAL, a. pertaining to the public I Confis'cate, v. to seize as a for. 
 treasury. I feit. 
 
 Fla'gro — to Burn ; to Be in Flames. 
 Fla'grant, a. burning ; notorious. | Conplagra'tion, n. an extensive fire. 
 
 Flaln'ma — a Flame ; a Fire. 
 
 Flame, n. a burning vapor. I Flam'beau, n. a kind of torch. 
 
 Inflame', «. to set on fire. I Inplam'mable, a. easily set on fire. 
 
250 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Fla^tus — a Blast ; a Puff of Wind. 
 Flat'ulbnt, a. windy ; vain. | Inflate', v. to puff up. 
 
 Fle&to, flex^um- 
 
 Crn'ouMFLEX, a. moving round. 
 Flex'ible, a. ductile ; pliant. 
 Deflec'tion, n. turning from the 
 true course. 
 
 •to Bend; to Tukn. 
 
 Inflex'ible, a. not to be bent. 
 Reflect', v. to cast back ; to think. 
 Inflect', v. to bend. 
 Inflec'tion, n. a bending inward. 
 
 FWgo, fLi&tum — to Beat ; to Dash. 
 Afflict', v. to pain ; to grieve. I Con'flict, n. contest ; struggle. 
 
 Afflic'tion, n. calamity. 
 
 Inflict', i). to beat in or on. 
 
 Flo'ra, n. the goddess of flowers. 
 Flo'ral, a. relating to flowers. 
 Flor'ist, n. a cultivator of flowers. 
 
 FloSf flo'ris — a Flower. 
 
 Flor'id, a. flushed with red. 
 Flow'er, n. a blossom. 
 Flow'er, v. to blossom. 
 
 Flour'ish, «. to thrive ; to grow. 
 
 Flu'o, fluQc^um — ^to Flow. 
 Flux, n. the act of moving, as a fluid. In'flux, n. a flowing in. 
 
 Fluid, n. anything that flows. 
 Flu'ent, a. flowing; voluble. 
 Flu'ency, n. readiness of speech. 
 Ef'flux, n. a flowing out. 
 Af'fldence, n. riches ; plenty. 
 Con'fluence, n. a flowing together. 
 
 Re'flux, n. backward course. 
 In'fluence, n. power. 
 Influen'tial, a. exerting power. 
 Super'fluous, a. overflowing. 
 SuPERFLu'iTY, 71. more than enough 
 Fluc'tuate, t). to move as waves. 
 
 Fluctua'tion, n. wavering. 
 
 Fo'cus — a Hearth ; a Fire-Place. 
 Jro'cus, n. the place of fire. | Fo'cal, a. belonging to the focus. 
 
 Note.— The place of heat when a burning glass is held in the sun. 
 
 Fo^lium — a Leaf ; a Sheet, (as of paper.) 
 
 Foil, n. a thin leaf of metal. 
 Fo'liage, n. a growth of leaves. 
 
 Fo'lio, n. a large book. 
 Portfo'lio, n. a case for loose leaves. 
 
 For^tna — a Form : Beauty. 
 
 Form, n. shape ; figure. 
 Form'al, a. ceremonious. 
 Formal'ity, n. ceremony. 
 Conform', «j. to make like 
 
 ply with. 
 Deform', i). to disfigure. 
 
 to com- 
 
 Inform', v. to instruct. 
 Perform', 'd. to do or act. 
 Perform 'ance, n. action ; work. 
 Reform', v. to grow better. 
 Transform', n. to change. 
 U'niform, a. even ; regular. 
 
 ForSf /or'iCis— Chance ; Luck. 
 
 For'tunb, n. chance ; wealth. I Unfor'tunate, a. unlucky. 
 
 For'tunate, a. successful. | Misfor'tune, n. calamity. 
 
 Fortu'itous, a. accidental. 
 
LATIN ROOTS AKD DT^RIVATlVES. 
 
 251 
 
 {f- 
 
 For^tis — Beave; Strong. 
 
 For'titude, n. courage ; bravery. 
 For'tipy, v. to strengthen. 
 For'tress, n. a fortified place. 
 Force, n. strength. 
 
 Force, v. to compel. 
 Com'fort, v. to cheer. 
 Ep'fort, n. exertion. 
 Enforce', ^. to put in execution. 
 
 Fran^gOf fra&tum — to Break. 
 
 Frac'tion, n. a broken part. 
 Frac'ture, n. a breaking. 
 Frag'ment, n. a broken part. 
 Frag'ile, a. easily broken. 
 
 Frail, a. easily broken. 
 Frail 'ty, n. weakness. 
 Infrac'tion, n. a violation. 
 Infringe', v. to break in upon. 
 
 Fra^ter, fra'tris — a Brother. 
 Frater'nal, a. brotherly. | Frat'ricidb, n, the murder of a 
 
 brother. 
 Fraus, frau^dis — Deceit ; Cheat. 
 
 Fraud, n. deceit. 
 Defraud', v. to cheat. 
 
 Fraud'ulent, a. deceitful. 
 Frau'dulence, n. deceitfulness. 
 
 FrVgus, fri'goris — Cold. 
 
 Frig 'id, a. cold. I Refrig'erate, v. to cool. 
 
 Frigid'ity, n. coldness. I Refrig'erator, n. a cooler. 
 
 Frons, fronftis — the Forehead ; the Face. 
 
 Front, n. the face ; the forepart. I Confront', ®. to meet face to face. 
 Affront', v. to offend. I Effront'ery, n. impudence. 
 
 Fru'or, fru^itiis — ^to Enjoy. 
 
 Frui'tion, n. enjoyment. ] Fruc'tify, «. to make fruitful. 
 
 Fruit, n. the produce of a tree or plant. 
 
 4^ 
 
 Fu'giOf fu'giturn— to Fly or Flee. 
 
 Fu'gitive, a. running away. 
 Sub'terfuge, n. an evasion. 
 Rep'uge, n. shelter. 
 
 Refugee', n. one who flies for pro» 
 
 tection. 
 Ver'mifuge, n. a worm medicine. 
 
 Fu^mus — Smoke; Fume. 
 
 Fume, n. smoke ; vapor. 
 Fu'migate, x. to smoke. 
 
 Fu'ming, a. raging ; smoking. 
 Perfume', v. to scent. 
 
 Ftm^dOf fu^sum — ^to Pour Out ; to Melt. 
 
 Fuse, v. to melt. 
 Fu'siON, n. the act of melting. 
 Fu'sible, a. that may be melted. 
 Confound', v. to mingle. 
 Confuse', v. to confound ; to mix. 
 Diffuse', v. to spread. 
 Effu'sion, n. a poyring out. 
 
 Infuse', v. to pour in. 
 Profuse', a. lavish. 
 Profu'sion, n. abundance. 
 Refund', «. to pour back. 
 Suffuse', v. to spread over. 
 Refuse', v. to deny ; to decline, 
 Refu'sal, n, a denial. 
 
262 
 
 SMITHES HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Fun^dus — a Bottom or Basis. 
 
 Found, ■». to lay the basis of. 
 Foun'deby, n. a casting house. 
 Fotjnda'tion, n. basis. 
 
 Fdndamen'tal, a. lying at the base. 
 Profound', a. deep ; thorough. 
 Profundity, n. depth. 
 
 Fu'ria — Madness. 
 
 Fu'rious, a. mad ; raging. | Fu'ry, n. rage ; frenzy. 
 
 Infu'riate, X). to make furious. 
 
 Congeal', ??. to freeze. 
 Congela'tion, n. a freezing 
 Gbl'id, a. extremely cold 
 
 f 
 
 Ge'lu — Frost; Ice. 
 
 Gel'atine, n. an animal substance 
 
 resembling jelly. 
 Jel'ly, n. a kind of sweetmeat. 
 
 Gelat'inous, a. like gelatine. 
 
 Ge^mis, gen'eris — Birth 
 agreeing in temper 
 
 Family: Race. 
 
 Con'genial, a 
 
 and tastes. 
 Degen'erate, v. to grow worse. 
 Engen'der, 1). to produce. 
 Gen'der, n. kind ; sex. 
 Gen'eral, a, public ; extensive. 
 Gen'erate, v. to beget ; to produce. 
 Gen'erous, a. noble ; liberal. 
 Generos'ity, n. liberality. 
 Ge'nial, a. causing production. 
 Ge'nius, n. mental power. 
 
 Genteel', a. elegant in manners. 
 Gentil'ity, n. dignity of birth. 
 Gen'tile, n. a pagan. 
 Gen'tle, a. soft ; mild ; tame. 
 Gen'uine, a. pure ; real. 
 Inge'nious, a. witty ; skillful. 
 Ingen'uous, a. open ; frank. 
 Ingenu'ity, n. wit ; acuteness. 
 Progen'itor, n. a forefather. 
 Prog'eny, n. oflFspring ; race. 
 Regen'erate, «. to renew. 
 
 Ges'ture, n. action. 
 Gestic'ulate, v. to use gestures. 
 Digest', v. to arrange ; to dissolve. 
 
 Ge^ro, ges'tum — to Bear^ to Carry. 
 
 Conges'tion, n. a caiTying together. 
 
 Indiges'tion, 
 digest food. 
 
 want of power to 
 
 Suggest', v. to hint. 
 
 GWria — Glory; Honor. 
 
 I Glo'ry, n. praise ; renown. 
 
 Glo'rify, «. to give glory to. 
 
 Inglo'rious, a. shameful. 
 
 Gva^dior, gres^sus 
 
 Grade, n. rank ; degree. 
 Grad'ual, a. advancing by steps. 
 Grada'tion, n. regular progress. 
 Grad'uate, v. to mark degrees. 
 Degree', n. a step ; a rank. 
 Degrade', v. to put in a lower rank. 
 Degrada'tion, n. a low condition. 
 Digress', v. to turn aside. 
 
 Transgress', 
 
 — to Go Step by Step. 
 
 E'gress, n. a going out. 
 In'gress, n. entrance. 
 Con'gress, n. a coming together. 
 Aggres'sion, n. an attack. 
 DiGREs'siON, 71. a deviation. 
 Progress', v. to advance. 
 Progres'sive, a. advancing. 
 Ret'rograde, a. going backward, 
 V. to violate. 
 
LATIN KOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 253 
 
 Gill' tlo— to Gulp Down, 
 
 Glut, v. to overfill ; to stuff. | Glut'ton, n. an excessive eater. 
 
 Degluti'tion, n. the act of swallowing. 
 
 Grau'dis- 
 
 Grand, a. great ; high in power. 
 Grandee', n. a man of high rank. 
 
 Great; Grand. 
 
 Grand'eur, n. state ,• splendor. 
 Ag'grandize, v. to make great. 
 
 Gra^num — a Grain op Corn. 
 
 Grain, n. a seed of com. 
 Gran'ary, n. a storehouse for grain. 
 Gran'ite, n. grain stone. 
 
 Gran'ule, n. a small grain. 
 Gran'ulate, v. to form into grains. 
 Gran'ular, a. consisting of grains. 
 
 Gra'tus — Pleasing ; Thankful. 
 
 Grate'pul, a. thankful ; pleasing. 
 Grat'itude, n. thankfulness. 
 In'grate, a. unthankful. 
 In'grate, n. an ungrateful person. 
 Grat'is, ad. for nothing. 
 Gratd iTous, a. given with out reward. 
 Gratu'ity, n. a free gift. 
 
 Grat'ify, v. to indulge ; to pl( 
 Congratulate, n. to wish joy to. 
 Grace, n. favor; kindness. 
 Gra'cious, a. merciful ; kind. 
 Disgrace', v. to dishonor. 
 Ingra'tiate, v. to put or wind into 
 favor. 
 
 Gra'vis — Heavy ; Grievous. 
 
 Grave, a. serious ; weighty. i Grieve, v. to mourn. 
 
 Grav'ity, n. weight ; seriousness. ; Griev'ance, n. an injury. 
 
 Grief, r^. sorrow; trouble. j Aggrieve', v. to vex; to trouble. 
 
 Griev'ous, a. mournful ; sad. ' Ag'gravate, v. to make worse. 
 
 Grega'rious, a. going in flocks 
 Con'gregate, v. to assemble. 
 Congrega'tion, n. an assembly. 
 
 Greoc, gre^gis — a Herd or Flock. 
 
 Egre'gious, a. remarkably bad. 
 Ag 'GREG ate, «. to gather into a masa 
 Ag'gregate, n. a mass. 
 
 CrTuSf gru'is — a Crane. 
 
 Con'gruous, a. going together 
 cranes in a flock. 
 
 1^ 
 
 Incon'gruous, a. unsuitable. 
 CoNGRu'iTY, n. agreement ; fitness. 
 
 Gus'tus — Taste; Relish. 
 Gust, n. tasie ; relish. | Disgust', n. distaste ; dislike. 
 
 Note. — Gust, a blast of wind, comes from the Danish {gust.) 
 
 Ha'heo, hab'ituin 
 
 Have, v. to possess. 
 Hab'it, n. custom ; use. 
 Habita'tion, n. a dwelling. 
 Habit' UAL, a. customary. « 
 Habit'uate, v. to accustom. 
 A'ble, a. having power. 
 Abil'ity, n. power. 
 
 —to Have ; to Hold. 
 
 Habil'iment, n. a garment. 
 Disa'ble, v. to deprive of force. 
 Ena'ble, v. to empow^er. 
 Exhib'it, v. to show ; to display. 
 Debil'itate, v. to enfeeble. 
 Inhab'it, v. to dwell in. 
 Prohib'it, 'g. to forbid. 
 
254 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 •44_ 
 
 Hce^reOf hce'sum — ^to Stick Fast ; to Stop 
 
 Adhere', v. to stick to 
 Cohb'sive, a. sticking. 
 Cohe'sion, n. state of union. 
 
 Hes'itate, v. to delay ; to pause. 
 Cohe'rent, a. sticking together. 
 Incohe'rent, a. unconnected. 
 
 Heir, n. one who inherits. 
 Inher'it, v. to possess by descent. 
 Coheir', n. an heir with another. 
 Heritage, n. property inherited. 
 Inher'itance, n. patrimony. 
 
 Inhe'rent, a. existing in. 
 
 Hce^res, hcere^dis—sm Heir. 
 
 Disinher'it, v. to cut off from suc- 
 cession. 
 
 Hered'itary, a. that has descended 
 from an ancestor. 
 
 Heir'loom, n. any movable owned 
 by inheritance. 
 
 Ma^lo — to Breathe. 
 
 Exhale', v. to breathe out. | Exhala'tion, n. vapor. 
 
 Inhale', v. to breathe in. 
 
 Hau^rio, hau^tujfi — to Draw, as water. 
 
 Exhaust', v. to draw out until noth- I Inexhaust'ible, a. that cannot be 
 ing is left. | exhausted. 
 
 HWaris — Cheerful; Merry. 
 Exhil'arate, v. to make cheerful. Hilar'ity, n. cheerfulness. 
 
 Hu'man, a. belonging to mankind. 
 Humane', a. kind ; tender. 
 Hu'manize, v. to render humane. 
 
 Ho^^no, hom^inis — a Man. 
 
 Human'ity, n. the nature of man. 
 Inhu'man, a. barbarous ; cruel. 
 Hom'icide, n. manslaughter. 
 
 ILo'nor, hones^tiis — Honorable; Honest. 
 
 Hon'or, n. dignity ; respect. 
 Hon'orary, a. done in honor. 
 Hon'orable, a. worthy of honor. 
 
 Dishon'or, n. disgrace; shame. 
 Hon'est, a. without fraud ; upright. 
 Hon'esty, n. justice ; truth. 
 
 Dishon'est, a. unjust ; wicked. 
 
 Hos'pes, hos^pitis—a Host or Guest. 
 
 Hos'piTABLE, a. kind to strangers. I Host, n. one who entertains another. 
 Hos'pital, n. a building for the sick. | Hotel', 71. an inn. 
 
 Host'ler, n. a man who takes care of horses. 
 
 Sos^tis—BXL Enemy. 
 
 Host, n. an army ; a multitude. | Hos'tile, a. adverse ; opposite. 
 
 Hostil'ity, n. open war. 
 
 Hummus — the Ground. Hu^milis — of the Ground ; Low ; Hcmble. 
 
 Inhume', «. to bury. I Hum'ble, v. to crush ; to subdue. 
 
 Exhume', ®. to take out of the ground. Humil'ity, n. freedom from pride. 
 Hum'ble, a. modest ; submissive. ! Humilia'tion, n. abasement of pride. 
 
LATIiS^ BOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 265 
 
 Fdem — the ^amk. 
 
 Iden'tity, n. sameness. | Iden'tical, a. the very same. 
 
 Iden'tify, v. to prove to be the same. 
 
 \jr- Ig'nis — FiKE. 
 
 Ignite', v. to set on fire. 
 Ig'neous, a. containing fire. 
 Igni'tion, n. the state of red heat. 
 
 Igni'tlble, pjpr. capable of being set 
 on tire. 
 
 Inia^go, imag^inis — an Image 
 
 Im'age, n. a picture ; an idol. 
 Imag'ine, ©, to form an idea in the 
 mind. 
 
 Imagina'tion, n. fancy ; idea. 
 Imag'inary, a. existing only in fancy. 
 
 Em'pire, n. the dominion of an em- 
 peror, or of a mighty nation. 
 Impe'rial, a. royal ; regal. 
 
 Im'pero, imper a' turn— to Command. 
 
 Em'peror, n. a commander ; a mon 
 
 arch. 
 Imper'ative, a. commanding. 
 
 Impe'rious, a. overbearing. 
 
 In^sula—an Island, 
 
 In'sular, a- belonging to an island. 
 In'sulate, v. to detach from sur 
 rounding objects. 
 
 I'soLATED, a. placed by itself. 
 Penin'sula, n. land almost surrouded 
 by water. 
 
 In'teger — Whole; Entire; Unbroken. 
 
 In'teger, n. a whole number. I Integ'rity, n. honesty : purity. 
 
 In'tbgral, a. whole ; complete. | In'tegrate, ia. to make entire. 
 
 In^tus — Within. 
 
 Inte'rior, a. inner; inland. I In'timate, v. to hint. 
 
 Inter'nal, a. inward ; within. I In'timacy, n. close familiarity. 
 
 In'timate, a. inmost ; familiar. I Intrin'sic, a. internal ; real. 
 
 I^ra — Anger. 
 
 Ire, n. anger ; rage. | Ir'ritable, a. easily provoked. 
 
 Iras'ciblb, a. easily made angry. | Ir'ritate, v. to tease; to fret. 
 
 Ja^cio, jacftum — ^to Throw or Cast. 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 Ab'ject, a. thrown away ; mean. j Interjec'tion, n. an exclamation, 
 Ad'jective, n. a describing word. | Object', v. to oppose, 
 Conjec'ture, ??. to guess. 
 Deject', v. to cast down. 
 Dejec'tion, n. lowness of spirits. 
 Eject', 'c. to throw out. 
 Inject', ■». to throw in. • 
 Ejac'ulate, V, to utter abruptly. 
 
 Subject', v. to put under. 
 
 Ob'ject, n. purpose ; design. 
 Pro'ject, n. scheme ; contrivance. 
 Project', 'c. to cast forward ; to plan. 
 Pro JEC 'tile, n. a body thrown for- 
 ward. 
 Reject', «j. to refuse. 
 
256 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 Ja^ceo — to Lie. 
 
 Ja'cent, a. lying at length. I Circumja'cent, a. lying round. 
 
 Adja'cent, a. lying next. | Interja'cent, a. lying between. 
 
 fTo^cus — a Joke ; Sport. 
 
 Jocose', a. merry ; waggish. I Joc'ular^ a. sportive ; merry. 
 
 Joke, n. a merry trick. I Joc'und, a. gay; lively. 
 
 Jii^dico, judica^twm— to Judge ; to Decide. 
 
 Adjudge', v. to pass a sentence. 
 Adju'dicate, v. to try and decide. 
 Judge, v. to decide. 
 JuDi'cious, a. guided by judgment. 
 
 JuDi'ciAL, a. pertaining to courts of 
 
 justice. 
 TuDi'ciARY, n. the system of courts 
 
 of justice. 
 
 Prej'udice, n. a prejudgment. 
 
 tTu'gufti—d^ Yoke. 
 
 Con'jtigal, a. pertaining to marriage. | Con'jugate, v. to join together. 
 Sub'jugate, -y. to put under the yoke. 
 
 Junc'tion, n. union. 
 Join, v. to unite ; to combine. 
 Joint, n. a joining ; a connection al- 
 lowing motion. 
 Adjoin'ing, a. next ; contiguous. 
 Ad'junct, 71. something joined. 
 
 Jun'go, junc^tum — to Join. 
 
 Conjoin,' t. to unite ; to associate. 
 Disjoin', v. to separate. 
 Enjoin', v. to direct ; to order. 
 Injuno'tion, n. precept ; order. 
 Subjoin', t. to add at the end. 
 Sub JUNO 'tive, a. conditional. 
 
 tTu^ro — to Swear, 
 
 Abjure', v. to renounce upon oath. 
 Adjure', v. to charge solemnly. 
 Conjure', v. to summon in a solemn 
 manner. 
 
 Con JURE, ■». to practice secret arts. 
 Ju'ry, n. a set of men sworn to give 
 
 a true verdict. 
 Ju'ror, n. a member of a jury. 
 
 Just, a. equitable ; honest. 
 Just'ice, n. right. 
 Injust'ice, n. wrong. 
 Jus'tify, v. to clear from guilt. 
 
 Per'jury, n. false swearing. 
 
 Jus, ju^ris — Right ; Justice ; Law. 
 
 Adjust', v. to set right. 
 
 In'jure, v. to treat unjustly. 
 Inju'rious, a. hurtful. 
 Jurisdic'tion, n. legal authority. 
 
 Ju'venis — Young. 
 Ju'vBNiLE, a. youthful. ( Ju'nior, n. one younger. 
 
 Ju'vOf ju^tum — ^to Help or Aid. 
 Ad'jtjtant, n. a major's aid. | Coadju'tor, n. a fellow helper. 
 
 La'hor, lap^sus— to Fall ; to Slip ; to Glide. 
 
 Lapse, n. a slip ; a fault. I Elapse', v. to pass away. 
 
 Collapse', v. to fall inward. | Relapse', v. to fall back again. 
 
LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 257 
 
 La^hor — Labob. 
 
 La'bok, n. work ; toil. I Lab'oratort, n. a chemist's work- 
 
 Labo'rious, a. fatiguing. I room. 
 
 Elab'orate, a. much labored upon. 
 
 Lac, Idcftis — Milk. 
 Lac'teal, a. pertaining to milk. | Lactif'erous, a. bearing milk. 
 
 lianfgueo — to Droop ; to Languish. 
 
 Law'guid, a. drooping ; weak. | Lan'guish, v. to grow feeble. 
 
 Lan'guor, n. faintness ; weakness. 
 
 La^pis, lapHdis—a. Stone. 
 
 Lapidary, n. a worker in precious I Dilapida'tion, n. ruin ; decay, 
 stones. 1 
 
 La^ttLS — a Side. 
 Lat'eral, a. pertaining to the side. | Collat'eral, a. placed by the side. 
 
 La^tus — Wide; Broad. 
 Dilate', v. to widen apart. I Lat'itude, n. breadth. 
 
 r. Laus, lau^dis — Praise. 
 
 Laud, v. to praise ; to extol. I Lau'dable, a. praiseworthy. 
 
 Lau'datory, a. oestowing praise. 
 
 La^vOf lo'tum — to Wash. 
 Lave, «. to wash ; to bathe. | Lo'tion, n. a medicinal wash. 
 
 Laxftis — Loose; Slack. 
 
 Lax, a. loose ; dissolute. I Relax', v. to slacken ; to remit. • 
 
 Prolix', a. loosened out ; lengthy. | Relaxa'tion, ri. ease ; remission. 
 
 -4^ !-<''.*, lega'tuvfi — to Send as an Ambassador ; to Bequeath. 
 
 Allege', «. to affirm. 
 Allegation, n. affirmation. 
 Col'league, n. a partner. 
 Alle'giance, n. the duty of a subject. 
 Del'egate, n. a deputy. 
 
 Del'egate, ■». to send on an embassy. 
 Leg'acy, n. a gift made by will. 
 Leg' ATE, n. an ambassador of th« 
 Pope. 
 
 Lev'ity, n. lightness ; gayety. 
 Alle'viate, tJ. to make easy to. 
 El'evate, id. to raise up. ^ 
 Leav'en, n. a substance to make 
 bread light. 
 
 Le^vis — Light; East. 
 
 Leav'en, «. to make light, as bread. 
 Le'ver, n. a mechanical power. 
 Lev'y, «. to raise ; to collect. 
 Rel'evant, a. applicable. 
 Relieve', v. to ease ; to succor. 
 
 Relief', n, ease ; assistance. 
 
258 
 
 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 f 
 
 L^gOf le&tuni — to Gather ; to Read ; to Choose. 
 
 Collect', v. to gather together. 
 Di'alect, n. subdivision of a lan- 
 guage. 
 Dil'igent, a. industrious. 
 Elec'tion, n. the act of choosing. 
 El'igible, a. fit to be chosen. 
 In'tellect, n. understanding. 
 Intel 'ligent, a. able to understand. 
 Intel'ligence, n. information. 
 Lec'tuke, n. a discourse. 
 
 Selec'tion, n. choice. 
 
 Le'gend, n. a wild narrative. 
 Leg'ible, a. that can ])e read. 
 Le'gion, n. a body of soldiers. 
 Neglect', v. to pass over carelessly. 
 Neglect', n. inattention ; slight. 
 Neg'ligent, a. careless ; heedless. 
 Predilec'tion, n. a liking before 
 
 hand. 
 Recollect', v. to bring to mind. 
 Select', «). to choose out. 
 
 J/e'ms— Mild; Gentle. 
 Le'neent, a. mild ; soothing. | Len'ity, n. mildness of temper. 
 
 Le'gal, a. lawful. 
 Ille'gal, a. unlawful. 
 Legal'ity, n. lawfulness. 
 Le'galize, v. to make lawful. 
 Leg'islate, v. to make laws. 
 
 LeXf le'gis—2i Law or Rule. 
 
 Leg'islature, n. the law making 
 
 power. 
 Legit'imate, a. lawful ; genuine. 
 Legit 'iMACY, 71. lawfulness of birth, 
 Priv'ilege, n. a special advantage. 
 
 LVber, lib^ri — a Book. 
 
 Li'brary, n. an apartment for books. I Libra'rian, n. one who has charge 
 Li'bel, n. a defamatory writing. | of a library. 
 
 Li'belous, a. defamatory. 
 
 LVber — Free. 
 
 Lib'eral, a. free ; generous. 
 Lib'erty, n. freedom. 
 
 Lib'erate, v. to set free. 
 Illib'eral, a. mean ; suspicious. 
 
 LVbra — a Pound ; a Balance. 
 Delib'eratb, v. to weigh mentally. | Equilib'rium, n. an equal balancing, 
 
 LVceo, li(fitum — to be Lawful or Permitted. 
 
 Illic'it, a. unlawful. 
 Li'cense, n. permission. 
 
 Li'cense, v. to grant authority to. 
 Licen'tious, a. unrestrained. 
 
 Alle'giance, n. the binding of a sub- 
 ject to his government. 
 League, n. a binding or union. 
 Li' ABLE, a. bound ; responsible. 
 
 Li' go, liga'tufn — to Bind ; to Tib. 
 
 Ob'ligate, v. to bind by contract. 
 Ob'ligatory, a. binding. 
 Oblige', v. to gratify ; to corapeL 
 Relig'ion, n. duty to God. 
 
 LVmen, limHnis — a Threshold. 
 Elim'inate, v. to put out of doors. | Prelim'inary, a. introductory. 
 
LATIN BOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 259 
 
 lA'nea — a Linen Thread. LVnuni -Flax. 
 
 Delin'eate, «. to describe. 
 Interline', v. to write between lines. 
 Line, n. a rank ; a row ; extension in 
 
 length. 
 Lin'eal, a. descending in a line. 
 
 Lin'eament, n. feature ; outline. 
 Lin'eage, n. race ; progeny. 
 Lin'en, n. cloth made of flax. 
 Lin'seed, n. the seed of flax. 
 Lint, n. down scraped from linen. 
 
 Litifgua — the Tongue ; a Language. 
 Lan'guage, n. a using the tongue ; 
 
 speech. 
 
 Lin'go, n. corrupt language. 
 Lm'GUiST, n. one skilled in languages. 
 
 Lin'quOf li&tum — to Leave ; to Forsake. 
 
 Delin'quent, a. failing in duty. 
 Delin'quent, n. an offender. 
 Derelic'tion, n. a forsaking. 
 
 Rel'ic, n. something left. 
 Rel'ict, n. a widow. 
 Relin'quish, v. to forsake ; to quit. 
 
 LVqueo — to Melt ; to Flow, as water. 
 
 Liq'uefy, v. to make liquid. I Liq'uid, //. a fluid. 
 
 Liq'uor, n. a liquid substance. I Liq'uid, a. flowing like water. 
 
 Liq'uir ATE, V. to clear away ; to pay. 
 
 LiSf Wtis — Stripe ; a Lawsuit. 
 Lit'igate, v. to contest in law. | Litiga'tion, n. a suit at law. 
 
 Litig'ious, a. given to litigation. | Lit'igant,;^. one engaged in a lawsuit 
 
 lAtfera — a Letter. 
 
 Let'ter, n. a character representing 
 
 some sound ; an epistle. 
 Literal, a. exact to the letter. 
 Literary, a. relating to letters. 
 
 Lit'erature, n. learning. 
 Litera'ti, n. men of learning. 
 Illit'erate, a. unlearned. 
 Oblit'erate, ^. to rub out. 
 
 Lo'cus—2i Place. 
 
 Lo'cal, a. relating to place. 
 Lo'cate, t). to place ; to fix. 
 Local'ity, n. situation ; place. 
 Col'locate, v. to place together. 
 Dis'locate, T). to put out of joint. 
 
 Locomo'tion, n. the power of chang- 
 ing place. 
 
 Locomo'tive, n. a steam engine on 
 wheels. 
 
 Lo'qifor, locu^tus — to Speak 
 circuit of 
 
 Circumlocu'tion, n. a 
 words. 
 
 Col'loquy, n. a speaking together. 
 
 Collo'quial, a. relating to conversa- 
 tion. 
 
 El'oquent, a. having the power of 
 oratory. • 
 
 Note.— Ventriloquism is the art of modifying the natural voice so that it seems 
 to come from a greater or less distance, and from different directions, 
 
 Elocu'tion, n. a speaking out. 
 Loquac'ity, n. talkativeness. 
 Ob'loquy, n. blame ; slander. 
 Solil'oquy, n. a speech to one's sel£ 
 Ventril'oquism, n. the act of speak- 
 ing from the stomach. 
 
260 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Long, a. having length. 
 Long, 'd. to desire earnestly. 
 Elon'gate, v. to lengthen. 
 LoNGEv'iTT, n. length of life. 
 
 Lonfgus — Long. 
 
 Ob'long, a. longer than broad. 
 Prolong', xi. to lengthen out. 
 Lon'gitude, n. length ; distance east 
 or west. 
 
 Lu^crum — Gain: Profit. 
 
 Lu'cRE, n. gam ; money. 
 
 Lu'cRATiVE, a. profitable. 
 
 Lu^dOf lu^sum — to Play ; to Deceive ; to Cheat. 
 
 Allude', v. to refer to. 
 Allu'sion, n. a reference to. 
 Collu'sion, n. dishonest agreement. 
 Delude', v. to deceive ; to mislead. 
 Delu'sive, a. deceptive. 
 
 Elude', t). to escape by deception. 
 Illu'sion, n. a deceptive appearance. 
 Lu'dicrous, a. laughable. 
 Prel ude, n. something introductory. 
 In'terlude, n, a play between. 
 
 Lu'minous, a, giving light. 
 Lu'minary, n, anything that gives 
 
 light. 
 Illumina'tion, n, a lighting up. 
 
 Lu'ciD, a. bright ; shining. 
 Lu'cifer, n. the morning star ; Satan. 
 Elu'cidate, d. to clear up. 
 Pellu'cid, a. clear. 
 
 Translu'cent, a. transparent. 
 
 Lu'na — ^the Moon. 
 
 Lu'nar, a. relating to the moon. I Lu'nacy, n. madness. 
 
 Luna'tion, n. a month. | Lu'natic, n. a madman. 
 
 Sub'lunary, a. beneath the moon. 
 
 Lu^o, lu'tuTYi — to Wash. 
 
 Ablu'tion, n. a washing, 
 Allu'vium, n. soil deposited by water- 
 Allu'vial, a. deposited by water. 
 
 Dilute', v. to make thin or weak. 
 Dil'uent, a. that which dilutes. 
 Pollute', 'o. to make unclean. 
 
 Lus'trOf lustra^ turn — to Purify : 
 
 to Make Clean or Bright. 
 
 Lus'tre, n. brightness ; splendor, 
 Illus'trious, a. very distinguished. 
 
 Illus'trate, d. to explain. 
 Lustra'tion, n. a cleansing. 
 
 Luxu'^ria — Lux ury. 
 
 Lus'cious, a. sweet to excess. 
 Luxury, n. a great or excessive 
 pleasure. 
 
 Luxu'riance, n. rank growth. 
 Magis^ter — a Master ; a Ruler. 
 
 Luxu'riant, a. growing rank. 
 Luxu'rious, a. voluptuous. 
 Luxuriate, v. to revel ; to wanton. 
 
 Mag'istrate, n. a civil officer. 
 Mag'tstracy, n. the office of a mag- 
 istrate. 
 
 Magisterial, a. having the air of 
 
 authority. 
 Mas'ter, n. one v;ho controls. 
 
LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 261 
 
 Mag'neSf magne^tis— Loadstone. 
 
 Mag'net, n. the loadstone. | Magnet'ic, a. attractive. 
 
 Mag'netism, n. the power of attraction. 
 
 Mag'fius — Great; Large; Grand. 
 
 Mag'nitude, n. size ; greatness. 
 Mag'nify, v. to make greater. 
 Magnaist'imous, a. of noble mind. 
 Magnif'icence, n. grandeur. 
 Magnif'icejsit, a. splendid. 
 Ma'jor, a. greater. 
 
 Ma'jor, n. a military officer. 
 Major'ity, n. the greater number. 
 May'or, n. the chief magistrate of 
 
 city. 
 Maj'esty, n. dignity. 
 Majes'tic, a. grand; stately. 
 
 Ma'gi, n. a wise man. 
 Mag'ic, n. enchantment. 
 
 Ma^gus — a Divine or Enchanter ; a Priest. 
 
 Mag'ic AL, a. produced by enchant- 
 ment. 
 Maqi'cian, n. a sorcerer. 
 
 3Ia'le — Badly; III. 
 
 Dis'mal, a. sorrowful ; gloomy. 
 Maledic'tion, n. a curse. 
 
 Malefac'tor, n. a criminal. 
 Malev'olence, n. ill will. 
 
 Jlalig^nus—ENYiovs 
 
 Malign, a. having malice and envy. 
 Malig'nant, a. hostile to life. 
 Malig'nity, ?i. violent hatred. 
 
 Fatal to Life. 
 
 Malig'nantly, ad. with ill intention. 
 Mal'ice, n. desire to injure. 
 Mali'cious, a. ill disposed. 
 
 MaVleus — a Hammer. MaVleo — to Beat. 
 
 Mall, n. a large wooden hammer ; a 
 
 beetle. 
 Mal'let, n. a little mall. 
 
 Mal'leable, a. that may be spread 
 by hammering. 
 
 t 
 
 Man^do, manda^tutn — ^to Commit ; to Command. 
 
 Demand', v. to ask with authority. 
 Demand', n. a call of authority. 
 Remand', v. to send back. 
 Recommend', v. to commend to an- 
 other. 
 
 Man'date, n. a command. 
 Command', t?. to govern ; to order. 
 Commend', v. to praise. 
 Commenda'tion, n. praise. 
 
 Countermand', «j. to revoke a com- 
 mand. 
 
 Ma^neo, manf sum— to Stay ; to Abide. 
 
 Man'sion, n. a house ; a residence. I Remain', «. to stay ; to continue, 
 Per'manent, a. durable ; lasting. | Rem'nant, n. that which is left. 
 
 Marine', a. belonging to^the sea. 
 Mar'iner, n. a seaman. 
 HafJitime, a. near the sea. 
 
 Ma^re — the Sea. 
 
 Submarine', a. under the sea. 
 Transmarine', a. across the sea. 
 Ultramarine', a. across the sea. 
 Ultramarine', n. a very fine blue. 
 
262 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Manifest tus — Cleab; Evident. 
 
 Man'ifest, a. plain ; open. | Man'ipest, n. a list of a cargo. 
 
 Manipes'to, n. a declaration. 
 
 Ma'nus — ^the Hand. Manip^ulus—a Handful. 
 
 Man'ual, a. performed by the hand. 
 Manufac'ture, n. anything made by 
 
 art. 
 Maintain', v. to support. 
 
 Man'acle, v. to handcuff. 
 Man'age, v. to conduct. 
 Manip'ulate, v. to handle. 
 
 Eman'cipate, v. to set free. 
 Manumis'sion, n. giving liberty to 
 
 slaves. 
 Manumit', v. to set free. 
 Manure', v. to fertilize. 
 Man'uscript, n. a writing. 
 Manceu'vre, n. a skillful movement. 
 
 Mar'gOf mar'ginis — a Brink or Edge. 
 Mar'gin, n. the border ; the edge. | Mar'ginal, a. on the margin. 
 
 Master, mat'ris — a Mother ; a Matron. 
 
 Mater'nal, a. motherly. I Ma'tron, n. an elderly woman. 
 
 Mat'rimony, n. marriage. I MAT'RiciDE,7i.the murder of a mother. 
 
 Matxi^rus — Ripe ; Mature. 
 
 Mature', a. ripe ; complete. I Immature', a. not ripe. 
 
 Matu'rity, n. ripeness. I Premature', a. ripe too soon. 
 
 Me'deop — ^to Heal ; to Cure. Med'icus — a Physician. 
 
 Med'icine, n. any substance used in 
 
 curing disease. 
 Medic'inal, a. having the power of 
 
 healing. 
 
 Reme'dial, a. affording remedy. 
 
 Med'ical, a. relating to medicine. 
 Med'icated, a. tinctured with med' 
 
 icine. 
 Rem'edy, n. a cure. 
 
 Me^dins — Middle ; Between. Medioc'ris — Middling. 
 
 Imme'diate, a. instant ; direct. 
 Interme'diate, a. coming between. 
 Medioc'rity, n. middle rate. 
 
 Me'diuisi, n. the middle point. 
 Me'diate, «. to interpose. 
 Me'diate, a. put between 
 
 Mediterra'nean, a. between lands. 
 
 Med'itor, medita^tus— to Muse ; to Think Upon. 
 Medita'tion, n. deep thought. | Premed'itate,^. to think beforehand 
 
 3Ie^ trior — Mindful ; Keeping in Mind. 
 
 Mem'ory, n. the faculty of recollect- 
 ing. 
 
 Mem'orable, a. worthy to be remem- 
 bered. 
 
 Memo'rial, n. something to keep in 
 memory. 
 
 Memoir', n. a short account. 
 Immemo'rial, a. beyond memory. 
 Memen'to, 71. a memorial. 
 Men'tion, v. to speak of 
 Remem'ber, v. to bear in mind. 
 Reminis'cence, n. recollection. 
 
 Commem'orate, v. to hold in memory. 
 
LATm ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 263 
 
 Mens, men'^tis — the Mind; Keason. 
 
 Men'tal, a. relating to the mind. 
 Demen'tate, v. to make insane. 
 Dement'ed, p. a. insane. 
 
 Ve'hemence, n 
 
 Com'ment, n. note ; explanation. 
 Com'mentary, n. a writing to explain 
 
 another, 
 
 force: ardor. 
 
 Mensu'ra — a Measure. Me^tior — to Meastjre. 
 
 Mete, v. to measure. 
 
 Me'ter, n. a measure. 
 
 Meas'ure, ?;. to compute quantity by 
 
 a rule. 
 Commen'surate, a. equal. 
 
 Mensura'tion, n. the art of measur- 
 ing. 
 Dimen'sion, n. bulk ; extent. 
 Immense', a. very great ; vast. 
 Immen'sity, n. unlimited extent. 
 
 3£er^cor, nierca^tus — to Buy ; to Trade. 
 
 Mer'cantile, a. relating to trade. 
 Mar'ket, n. a place of sale. 
 Mer'cenary, n. one who is bought ; 
 
 actuated by the hope of gain. 
 Mer'cer, n. a dealer in silks. 
 Mer'cury, n. the god of commerce. 
 
 Note. — Mebcury, an ancient heathen deity, the messenger of the gods, and the 
 god of eloquence, commerce, travelers, etc. 
 
 Com'merce, n. trade ; intercourse. 
 
 Commer'cial, a. relating to com- 
 merce. 
 
 Mer'chant, n. a trader. 
 
 Mer'chandise, n. things bought and 
 sold. 
 
 Mer^go, mer^sutn — to Plunge or Dep ; to Sink. 
 
 Merge, v. to swallow up ; to sink. 
 Emerge', v. to rise out of 
 Emer'gency, 71. sudden occasion. 
 Immerse', v. to put under water. 
 Submerge', v. to put under water. 
 
 Immer'sion, n. the act of putting be- 
 low the surface of a fluid. 
 
 Submer'sion, n. the state of being 
 wholly covered by a fluid. 
 
 Me'reOf mer^itum — to Earn ; to Deserve. 
 
 Bemer'it, n. fault; vice. | Mer'it, v. to deserve. 
 
 Merito'rious, a. full of merit. 
 
 MVgrOf migra^tum — to Change One's Abode or Dwelling 
 
 Mi'grate, v. to remove from one 
 
 place to another. 
 Em'igrate, v. . to remove out of a 
 
 country. 
 
 Migra'tion, n. change of residence. 
 Im'migrate, v. to remove into { 
 
 country. 
 Em'igrant, n. one who removes. 
 
 Mil'itant, a. fighting. 
 Mil'itary, a. relating to soldiers. 
 
 MVleSf iniVitls — a Soldier. 
 
 I Mil'itate, v. to operate against. 
 
 Mili'tia, n. citizen soldiers. 
 
 Minis^^er — a Servant ; a Helper. 
 
 Min'ister,^. a servant of the church. I Admin'ister, v. to supply to; to 
 Min'istry, n. the body of ministers. | manage or rule. 
 Administra'tion, n. government. 
 
264: 
 
 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 Em'inent, a. distinguished ; high. 
 Im'minent, a. near ; at hand. 
 
 MVneo — to Jut Out; to Hang Oveb. 
 
 Prom'inence, n. distinction. 
 Prom'inent, a. standing out. 
 
 MinfuOf ininu^tum — to Lessen or Diminish. 
 
 Dimin'ish, v. to lessen. 
 Diminu'tion, n. a growing less. 
 Dimin'utive, a. small. 
 Min'iature, n. a small portrait. 
 JVIin'imum, n. the smallest quantity. 
 Mi'nor, n. one under age. 
 
 Minu'tle, n. small particulars. 
 MVrus — Strange ; Wonderful. 
 
 Minor'ity, n. the less number. 
 Min'uend, n. the number to be di- 
 minished. 
 :Mi'nus, a. diminished by. 
 Minute', a. very small. 
 Min'ute, n. a portion of time. 
 
 Admire', v. to regard with wonder or 
 
 esteem. 
 Mir'aclb, n. a supernatural event. 
 
 affection mingled 
 
 AdMIRA'tION, 71. 
 
 with wonder. 
 MiRAc'uLous, a. supernatural. 
 
 Mis' ceo, mioo'tum — to Mix ; to Mingle. 
 
 Mix, «. to mingle. 
 Mix'ture, n. a mixed mass. 
 Min'gle, v. to mix ; to join. 
 Commix', v. to mingle ; to blend. 
 Intermix', v. to mingle together. 
 
 Mis'cELLANY, 71. a coUcction of va- 
 rious things. 
 
 Miscella'neous, a. of various kinds. 
 
 Promis'cuous, a. mingled indiscrim- 
 inately. 
 
 Mit'to, mis' sum — to Send ; to Let Go or Come. 
 
 Admit', v. to suffer to enter. 
 
 Admit'tance, n. entrance. 
 
 Commit', v. to intrust. 
 
 CoMMis'sioN, n. a trust; authority 
 given, 
 
 Commit'tee, n. persons selected to ex- 
 amine or manage any matter. 
 
 Com 'promise, n. an adjustment by 
 concessions on each side. 
 
 Demise', n. death ; decease. 
 
 Demise', v. to grant at one's death. 
 
 Dismiss', v. to send away. 
 
 Dismis'sion, n. discharge. 
 
 Em'issary, n. one sent out as a secret 
 agent. 
 
 Emis'sion, n. a sending out. 
 
 Emit', v. to send forth. 
 
 Intermis'sion, n. cessation for a time. 
 
 Intermit'tent, a. ceasing at intervals. 
 
 Manumis'sion, n. sending away from 
 bondage. 
 
 Manumit', 'd. to release from slavery. 
 
 Mis'siVE, n. a letter sent. 
 Mis'sn.E, n. that may be thrown. 
 Mis'siON, n. a being sent by authority. 
 Mis'sionary, n. one sent to propa- 
 gate religion. 
 Omit', v. to leave out. 
 Omis'sion, n. neglect ; failure. 
 Per'mit, n. a written permission. 
 Permit', v. to grant permission, 
 PERMis'sroN, n. leave granted. 
 Premise', v. to state beforehand. 
 Prom'ise, v. to engage to do. 
 Prom'issory, a. containing a promise. 
 Remiss', a. slack ; careless. 
 Remit', i). to relax ; to forgive. 
 Remis'sion, n. abatement ; pardon. 
 Remit'tance, n. a sum sent back. 
 Submit', v. to yield to authority. 
 SuBMis'srvE, a. humble ; yielding. 
 Surmise', n. a suspicion. 
 Transmit', v. to send over. 
 Transmis'sion, n. a sending over. 
 
 Mo'lior, moWtus — to Heap; to Build, 
 Demol'ish, v. to destroy. | Demoli'tion, n. destruction. 
 
LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 £t>5 
 
 Mi'ser — Wretched. 
 
 AIis'ert, n. wretchedness. 
 
 Mi'sER, n. one who is 
 
 through covetousness. 
 
 wretched 
 
 Mi'sERLY, a. very covetous. 
 Mis'erable, a. unhappy. 
 Commis'erate, v. to pity. 
 
 Mo^dus — a Measure ; a Limit ; a Mode or Manner. 
 
 Mode, n. a manner or fashion. 
 
 Mood, n. temper of mind. 
 
 Mod'el, n. a copy to be imitated. 
 
 Mod'ify, v. to alter ; to soften. 
 
 Mod'ulate, v. to vary sound. 
 
 Mod'erate, a. temperate; not do- 
 lent. 
 
 Mod'est, a. restrained by a sense of 
 propriety. 
 
 Mod'esty, n. decency ; diflSdence. 
 
 Remod'el, «. 
 
 Mod'icum, n. a small portion. 
 
 Commo'dious, a. convenient, 
 
 Commod'ity, n. an article of mer- 
 chandise, 
 
 Accom'modate, v. to make conven- 
 ient to. 
 
 Discommode', «. to put ':o trouble. 
 
 Incommode', v. to disturb ; to annoy. 
 
 Immod'erate, a. excessive. 
 
 Immod'esv, a. wanting modesty, 
 to model anew. 
 
 MoVlis — Soft. 
 Emol'lient, a. softening. 
 
 MoVlio — to Soften. 
 I Mol'lify, v. to assuage ; to soften. 
 
 Mo^neo, mon'itum — ^to Remind ; to Warn. 
 
 Admonition, n. gentle reproof. 
 Premoit'itory, a. giving warning 
 beforehand. 
 
 Mon'itor, n. one who warns 
 Mon'ument, n. a memorial. 
 Admon'ish, «. to warn ; to reprove. 
 
 Sum'mon, «. to call by authority. 
 MonSf tnonftis — a Mountain ; a High Hill. 
 
 Mount, n. a hill. 
 
 Moun'tain, n. a very large hill. 
 
 Mound, n. a heap or bank of earth. 
 
 Amount', n. the sum. 
 
 Dismount', v. to alight from a horse. 
 
 Par'amount, a. above all others. 
 
 Prom'ontory, n. high land jutting 
 
 into the sea. 
 Remount', v. to mount again. 
 Surmount', v. to rise above. 
 Tan'tamount, a. equal in value or 
 
 meaning. 
 
 Mon'strOf tnonstra^ turn— to Show ; to Declare. 
 
 Remon'strate, v. to present reasons 
 against. 
 
 Demon'strate, v. to show plainly, 
 Mon'ster, n. something unnatural. 
 Mon'strous, a. unnatural ; huge. 
 
 Mor'deo, tnor'sum — to Bite. 
 
 Mor'sel, n. a little bite. 
 Remorse', n. a biting again ; sorrow 
 for a fault. 
 
 Mor'dant, n. any substance to hold 
 colors in dyeing. 
 
 MorSf mor^tis — Death. 
 
 Mor'tal, a. subject to deajja, 
 Mor'tify, v. to lose vitality ; to 
 shame or vex. 
 
 Immor'talize, v. 
 
 Mortal'ity, n. death, 
 Mur'der, tJ, to put to death. 
 Immor'tal, a. exempt from death, 
 to make immortal. 
 
26d 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 MoSf mo'ris — Manner; Custom. 
 
 Mor'al, a. conformed to law and 
 
 rectitude. 
 Moral'ity, n. correctness of life 
 
 Mor'alize, v. to apply to moral sub 
 
 jects. 
 Immoral, a. vicious. 
 Demor'alizb, v. to make immoral. 
 
 Mo^veOf mo^tutn — to Move. 
 
 Move, «. to put out of one place into 
 
 another. 
 Move'ment, n. change of place. 
 Mo'tion, n. change of place. 
 Mo'tive, n, cause ; reason. 
 Mob, n. a disorderly multitude. 
 Momen'tum, n. force of motion. 
 
 Commo'tion, n. tumult. 
 Emo'tion, n. disturbance of mind. 
 Promote', v. to advance ; to exalt. 
 Promo 'tion, n. advancement to high 
 
 er rank. 
 Remote', a. at a distance. 
 Remove', «. to put from its place. 
 
 MuVtus- 
 
 Multi'tude, n. a great number. 
 Mul'tiply, v. to increase in number. 
 
 Many; Numerous; Much. 
 
 Multifa'rious, a. having great vari- 
 ety. 
 
 Mu^fiuSf mu^neris — a Gift ; an Office. 
 
 Munif'icent, a. very liberal. 
 Commune', v. to talk together. 
 Commu'nicate, v. to impart. 
 Com'mon, a. shared by all. 
 
 Commu'nion, n. intercourse. 
 Commu'nity, n. the commonwealth. 
 Immu'nitt, n. exemption. 
 Remu'nerate, v. to reward. 
 
 Mu^rus — a Wall. 
 Mu'ral, a. pertaining to a wall. | Immure', v. to imprison. 
 
 Mu'table, a. changeable. 
 Muta'tion, n. change. 
 Commute', i). to exchange. 
 Mu'tual, a. reciprocal. 
 
 -to Change. 
 
 Mu'tiny, v. to rise against authorit}'. 
 Permuta'tion, n. exchange. 
 Transmute', v. to change from on& 
 nature into another. 
 
 Nas^cor, na^tus — to be Born ; to Spring Up ; to Grow. 
 
 Na'tal, a. relating to one's birth. 
 Na'tion, n. a distinct people. 
 N a'tive, a. conferred by birth. 
 Na'tive, n. one who is born in 
 
 country. 
 Nativ'ity, n. birth. 
 Nat'ural, a, made by nature. 
 
 Supernat'ural, a. above nature. 
 
 Na'ture, n. original quality ; the 
 power which produces or causes 
 things to grow. 
 
 Innate', a. bom with us. 
 
 Nat'uralist, n. a student of nature. 
 
 Nat'uralize, v. to intrust with the 
 rights of a native. 
 
 -fr 
 
 Na'vy, n. the ships of war of a na 
 
 tion. 
 Na'val, a. relating to ships. 
 Naviga'tion, n. traveling by ships. 
 Nav'igable, a. passable by ships. 
 
 Na^vis — a Ship or Vessel. 
 
 Nau'tical, a. pertaining to sailors 
 
 or sailing. 
 Nau'sea, n. sea-sickness. 
 Nau'seous, a. loathsome. 
 Nau'tilus, n. tlie sailor-fish. 
 
LATIN BOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 267 
 
 Nec'essary, a. needful. 
 Neces'sitate, v. to make necessary 
 Neces'bitous, a. needj. 
 
 Neces'se — Necessary ; Inevitable. 
 
 Neces'sity, n. compulsion ; want. 
 Nefa'rious, a. wicked. 
 UimEc'EssARY, a. not needed. 
 
 NetftOf nexfum — to Tie or Bind ; to Kjnit. 
 Gonnect', v. to join together. | Disconnect', v. to sever. 
 
 Connec'tion, n. a joining ; relation. | Annex', v. to unite at the end. 
 
 Nef(jo, nega'tUTYi—io Deny ; to Refuse. 
 
 Nega'tion, n. a denial. I Neg'ative, n. that which denies. 
 
 Neg'ative, a. denying. I Deny', 'o. to contradict ; to refuse. 
 
 Neu^ter, neu^trum — Neither. 
 
 Neu'ter, a. neither one or the other. 
 
 Neu'tral, a. of neither side or party. 
 Neu'tralize, v. to destroy the pecu- 
 liar properties of. 
 
 Neutral 'iTY, n. the state of being 
 neutral. 
 
 No'CENT, a. hurtful. 
 Noxious, a. hurtful. 
 Inno'cent, a. guiltless. 
 
 No^ceo — to Hurt; to Offend. 
 
 Obnox'ious, a. hateful ; offensive. 
 In'nocence, n. purity ; simplicity. 
 Nui'sANCE, n. something offensive. 
 
 Nor' una — a Rule or Square. 
 Nor'mal, a. according to rule. | Enor'mous,^. beyond rule or measure. 
 
 No'men, nornHnis—a Name. 
 
 Denom'inate, v. to name down. 
 Denom'ination, n. a name ; a class. 
 Ig'nominy, n. disgrace ; shame. 
 Name, n. the term by which we dis- 
 tinguish things. 
 Nom'inal, a. in name only. 
 
 I No'menclature, n. a system of 
 I names. 
 
 Nom'inate, «. to name ; to propose. 
 
 Renowned', a. named again an6. 
 again. 
 
 Nos'co, no'tum — to Understand ; to Know. No'hilis — Noble. 
 
 No'ble, a. high in rank ; generous. 
 Nobil'ity, n. dignity ; rank. 
 Igno'ble, a. of low birth. 
 No'tice, id. to observe. 
 
 Rec'ognize, v. to know agaJn. 
 
 No'tify, v. to give notice to. 
 No'tion, n. thought ; idea. 
 Notorious, a. known or famous (in 
 a bad sense.) 
 
 Nov'el, a. new ; unusual. 
 N'ov'el, n. a tale ; a romance. 
 Xov'eltst, n. a writer of nojtels. 
 Nov'elty, n. newness. 
 Novi'tiate, n. the time of learning 
 rudiments. 
 
 3ro't;«*s— New. 
 
 Nov'iCE, n. one new in the business. 
 Renew', v. to make again. 
 Renova'tion, n. renewal. 
 In'novate, v. to introduce novelties 
 or change. 
 
^6S SMl'TH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY* 
 
 No^ta—B. Mabk. 
 
 Denote', v. to mark down. I No'tice, n. observatiorii 
 
 No'table, a. worthy to be noted. | No'tary, n. one who notes. 
 
 NodCf no&tis — Night. 
 
 Noctur'nal, a. nightly. I E'quinox, n. the time of equal day 
 
 Night, n. the time of darkness. | and night. 
 
 Equlnoc'tial, a. pertaining to the equinox. 
 
 Nu^hOf nup^tuni — to Marry. 
 
 Connu'bial, a. pertaining to mar- I Nup'tial, a. pertaining to mar- 
 riage. I riage. 
 
 Nu^dus — Naked; Bare. 
 Denude', v. to strip ; to make bare. | Nu'dity, n. nakedness. 
 
 NuVlus — None ; Null or Yoid. 
 
 Null, a. void ; of no force. I Nul'lify, v. to make null or void. 
 
 Nul'lity, n. nothingness. I Annul', v. to make void. 
 
 Num'ber, n. more than one thing, 
 Num'ber, v. to count ; to reckon. 
 Nu'merous, a. containing many. 
 Numera'tion, n. the art of number 
 ins. 
 
 Nu^merus — a Number. 
 
 Numer'ical, a. denoting number. 
 Num'eral, a. relating to number. 
 Enu'merate, 'd. to reckon up singly. 
 Innu'merable, a. too many to be 
 counted. 
 
 Nun^ciOy nuncia'tuin — to Bring News ; to Tell. 
 
 Announce', v. to give notice. 
 Denounce', v. to declare against. 
 Denuncia'tion, n. public threat. 
 Enun'ciate, v. to tell or speak out. 
 
 Pronounce', «. to tell or speak out. 
 Pronuncia'tion, n. mode of utter- 
 ance. 
 Renounce', v. to disown. 
 
 Nu'triOf nu'tritum — to Nourish ; to Suckle. 
 Nu'triment, n. food. 
 
 Nour'ish, v. to support by food. 
 Nurse, n. a person who has the care 
 of infants or sick persons. 
 
 Nutri'tion, n. the act of nourishing. 
 Nutri'tious, a. nourishing. 
 
 Oc'uLAR, a. known by the eye ; evi 
 
 dent. 
 Oc'uLiST, n. an eye doctor. 
 
 O&ulus — an Eye ; a Bud. 
 
 BiNOc'uLAR, a. having two eyes. 
 Inoo'ulate, v. to insert an eye or bud 
 of one tree in another. 
 
 O'leo, oritum — to Emit Odor ; to Grow. 
 
 Abol'ish, ■». to do away with, 
 Aboli'tion, n. a doing away. 
 Adult', n. one full grown. 
 
 Ob'solete, a. out of use. 
 Olfac'tory, a. pertaining to smell. 
 Red'olent, a. diflPusing odor. 
 
LATIN BOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 26i? 
 
 O'di— to Hate. 
 O'dious, a. hateful. | O'dium, n. hatred ; dislike. 
 
 O^merif omHnis — a Sign ; an Omen. 
 
 O'men, n. a sign ; a prognostic. I Abom'inate, v. to loathe extremelj 
 
 Om'inous, a. foreboding evil. I Abom'inable, a. hateful. 
 
 Oni^nis — All; Every. 
 
 Omnip'otent, a. having all power. 
 Omnipres'ent, a. present every- 
 where. 
 
 Omnis'cient, a. knowing all things. 
 Om'nibus, n. a public coach. 
 
 O^nuSf on^eris — a Burden or Load. 
 On'erous, a. burdensome. | Exon'erate, «. to disburden. 
 
 Op'era — Work. 
 
 Op'erate, t). to work or act. | Opera'tion, n. action ; effect. 
 
 Coop'erate, «?. to work together, | Operator, 71. one who works. 
 Op'era, n. a dramatic work set to music. 
 
 OpVnor — to Think ; to Believe. 
 Opine', 'g. to think. | Opin'ion, n. belief; judgment. 
 
 Op^to — ^to Wish; to Choose. 
 
 Op'tion, n. choice ; preference. I Adopt', v. to choose or take to one's 
 
 Op'tative, a. expressing desire. | self. 
 
 Adop'tion, n. the act of adopting. 
 
 Orchis — a Circle ; a Wheel ; an Orb. 
 
 Orb, n. a circle ; a globe. 
 Or'bit, n. the track or path of a 
 planet. 
 
 Exor'bitant, a. going beyond the 
 regular path or limit ; enormous. 
 
 Or^dOf or^ dints — Order; Rank. 
 
 Or'der, n. regularity. 
 Ordain', «?. to appoint ; to decree. 
 Or'dinal, a. noting order. 
 Or'dinance, n. a pubhc law. 
 Or'dinary, a. common ; usual, 
 Subor'dinate, a. in a lower rank. 
 
 Coor'dinate, a. holding the same 
 
 rank. 
 Inor'dinate, a. excessive. 
 Extraor'dinary, a. beyond the usual 
 
 course. 
 Disor'der, v. to confuse. 
 
 Orior — ^to Rise or Spring From. 
 
 O'rient, n. the east ; the rising sun. I Or'igin, n. source ; beginning. 
 O'riental, a. eastern. | Orig'inal, a. first ; primary. 
 
 Orig'inate, v. to bring into being. 
 
 Or' no, otpna'tum — to Deck ; to Adorn, 
 
 Adorn', v. to decorate. 
 Or'nament, n. that which adorns. 
 Or'nate, a. beaiy^iful. 
 
 Suborn', i). to induce a person to 
 swear falsely. 
 
270 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 Ora'tion, n. a formal speech. 
 Or'ator, n. a public speaker. 
 Or'ison, n. a prayer. 
 Or'acle, n. one famed for wisdom. 
 O'ral, a. delivered by mouth. 
 
 O^ro, or a^ turn — to Pray; to Beg. 
 
 Adore', «?. to worship. 
 Adora'tion, n. worship. 
 Or'ifice, n. an opening. 
 Inex'orable, a. not to be moved bj 
 entreaty. 
 
 Os, os^sis—a. Bone. 
 Os'seous, a. bony. | Os'sify, 'v. to change into bone. 
 
 Ostium — Ease ; Repose ; Retirement from Business. 
 
 Ease, n. quiet ; facility. | Nego'tiate, v. to transact business. 
 
 Disease', n. malady. 
 
 (Yvum — an Egg. 
 
 O'vAL, a. shaped like an egg. \ OVary, n. the seat of eggs. 
 
 Ovip'arous, a. producing eggs. 
 
 FaVleo — to be Pale. 
 Pal 'lid, a. pale ; not bright. | Pal'lor, n. paleness. 
 
 JPaVlium — Mantle or Cloak ; a Covering. 
 
 Pall, n. a covering for the dead. I Pal'liate, «. to put a cloak upon 
 Pallia'tion, n. mitigation. | to cover with excuse. 
 
 PaVpo — to Touch Gently ; to Feel. 
 Pal 'p ABLE, a. that may be felt. | Pal'pitate, v. to beat ; to flutter. 
 
 Tanfdo, pan' sum — to Open ; to Spread. 
 
 Expan'sive, a. having power to ex- 
 pand. 
 
 Expand', 'd. to spread ; to open. 
 Expan'sion, n. a spreading out. 
 
 Expanse', n. a wide extent 
 
 Pa'nis — Bread. 
 
 Compan'ion, n. one who eats bread 
 with another ; an associate. 
 
 Com'pany, n. a number of compan- 
 ions. 
 
 Accom'pany, «. to go with. 
 
 Pana'da, n. bread boiled and sweet- 
 ened. 
 
 Pan'try, n. the place where bread is 
 kept. 
 
 Panfnus — Cloth ; a Patch or Piece of Cloth. 
 
 Pan'el, n. a patch or piece ; a piece 
 of parchment on which the names 
 of jurors were written ; a piece of 
 board inserted into a frame. 
 
 Impan'el, v. to enrol as jurors. 
 Pane, n. a piece of thin cloth used 
 
 in windows ; a piece or square of 
 
 glass for windows. 
 
 iPa'riOf par" turn— to Bring Forth; to Generate; to Produce. 
 Pa'rent, n. that which produces ; a father or mother. 
 
LATIN EOOTS AND DEEIVATIVES. 
 
 271 
 
 Far — Like; Equal. 
 
 Pair, n. two things like each other. 
 Par'itt, n. likoness ; equality. 
 Dispar'ity, n. inequality. 
 Compare', v. to examine together. 
 
 Compeer', n. an equal. 
 
 Dispar'age, n. to cause disgrace. 
 Peer, n. an equal ; a nobleman. 
 Peer'less, a, without an equal. 
 Peer'age, n. the rank of a peer. 
 
 Pa^reo, par^itum — ^to Become Visible ; to Appear. 
 Appear', v. to become visible to. | Appari'tion, n. a spectre ; a ghost. 
 
 Appar'ent, a. visible ; evident. | Disappear', v. to become invisible. 
 
 Transpa'rent, a. that can be seen through. 
 
 Pa^rOf para^tum — ^to Get Ready or Prepare. 
 
 Appara'tus, n. necessary instruments 
 
 for any trade or art. 
 Apparel, n. dress; clothing. 
 Sev'er, t. to separate. 
 Dissey'er, v. to part in two. 
 Insep'arable, a. not to be parted, 
 
 Sey'eral, a. many ; distinct. 
 
 Irrep'arable, a. not to be repaired. 
 Prepare', v. to make ready. 
 Repair', v. to mend ; to restore. 
 Parade', n. military preparation. 
 Prepara'tion, n. act of getting ready. 
 Sep'arate, v. to divide ; to part. 
 
 Pars, parous— 
 
 Part, n. a portion ; a share. 
 Par'ticle, n. a little part. 
 Partic'ipate, v. to take part. 
 Par'ty, n. a set of persons engaged 
 
 in one design. 
 Par'tisan, n. a party man. 
 Par'tial, a. inclined to favor one 
 
 party. 
 Apart', ad. separately ; asunder. 
 Part'ner, n. a sharer. 
 Copart'ner, n. a sharer. 
 
 a Part ; a Share. 
 
 Depart', v. to go away ; to leave. 
 
 Depart 'URE, n. a going away. 
 
 Impart', v. to give. 
 
 Impar'tial, a. just; equitable. 
 
 Par'cel, n. a small package. 
 
 Por'tion, n. a part ; a share. 
 
 Partic'ular, a. pertaining to a part ; 
 exact. 
 
 Propor'tion, n. the portion or meas- 
 ure of one thing considered in com- 
 parison with some other thing. 
 
 Pas^sus — a Pace ; a Step. 
 
 Pass, v. to move in space ; to go. 
 Pace, v. to measure by steps. 
 Com'pass, v. to go round ; to grasp. 
 Encom'pass, v. to surround. 
 Pas'sage, n. a way or channel. 
 Pas'senger, n. one who goes. 
 
 Pass'port, n. a permission of passage. 
 Pas'time, n. amusement. 
 Surpass', «. to excel ; to exceed. 
 Tres'pass, v. to pass beyond; to 
 transgress. 
 
 Palter, pa^tris — a Father. 
 
 Pater'nal, a. fatherly. 
 Pat'rimony, n. an inherited estate. 
 Pa'triot, n. a lover of one's country. 
 Compa'triot, n. a fellow countryman. 
 Expa'triate, v. to put out of one's 
 country. 
 
 Pa'tronize, v. to protect ; to support. 
 
 Par'ricide, n. the murder of a par- 
 ent. 
 
 Patri'cian, n. a nobleman. 
 
 Pa'triarch, n. the father and ruler 
 of a family. 
 
 Pa'tron, n. a protector. 
 
273 
 
 smith's hand-book of ETYMOLOaY. 
 
 Pas^cOf pas^tutn — to Feed ; to Eat. 
 
 Pas 'tor, n. a shepherd ; a clergyman. I Pas'ture, n. land on which cat>,ie 
 Pas'toral, a. relating to shepherds. | graze. 
 
 Repast', n. an eating again ; a meal. 
 
 Pa'tior, pas'sus — to Suffer ; to Endure. 
 
 Pa'tience, n. calm endurance. 
 Pa'tient, a. enduring without com- 
 plaint. 
 Pa'tient, n. a sick person. 
 Impa'tient, a. hasty ; fretful. 
 Pas'sion, n. anger ; zeal. 
 
 Pas'sive, a. suffering without resist- 
 ance. 
 
 Pas'sion ATE, a. easily moved to an 
 ger. 
 
 CoMPAs'siON, n. pity ; sympathy. 
 
 DisPAs'siONATE, a. Calm. 
 
 Pau'per, n. a poor person. 
 Poor, a. indigent; lean. 
 
 Tau'per — Poor. 
 
 Pov'erty, n. indigence ; want. 
 Impov'erish, 'd. to make poor. 
 
 JPax, panels — Peace. 
 
 Peace, n. quiet ; rest. * I Pac'ify, v. to calm ; to quiet. 
 
 Pacif'ic, a. mild ; gentle. I Appease', «. to quiet ; to still. 
 
 Pe&tus, pe&toris — the Breast ; the Chest. 
 Pec'toral, a. belonging to the breast. | Expec'torate, v. to cough up. 
 
 PeVlo, piiVsuni- 
 
 Pulse, n. the throbbing of the 
 
 ries. 
 Pulsa'tion, n. a throbbing. 
 Compel', ti. to force ; to drive. 
 Compul'sory, a. forcing. 
 Dispel', n. to drive away. 
 Expel', 'o. to drive out. 
 Expul'sion, n. a driving out. 
 
 to Drive ; to Strike or Beat. 
 
 arte- Impel', id. to urge forward. 
 Im'pulse, n. force given. 
 Impul'sive, a. moved by sudden 
 
 thought. 
 Propel', -y. to drive forward. 
 Repel', 'o. to drive back. 
 Repulse', n. a rejection. 
 Repul'sive, a. forbidding in manners. 
 
 Perpendlc^ulum — a Plumb Line. 
 
 Impend', v. to hang over. 
 Indepen'dent, a. free. 
 Propen'sity, n. inclination. 
 Suspend', i). to hang ; to delay. 
 Suspense', n. uncertainty. 
 Suspen'sion, n. a hanging up ; a stop. 
 Perpendic'ular, a. directly down- 
 wards. 
 
 -Peit'cieo— to Hang; to Lean. 
 
 Pen'dent, a. hanging. 
 
 Pen'dulum, n. a body to swing to 
 
 and fro. 
 Pend'ing, a. remaining undecided. 
 Append', v. to hang or join to. 
 Append'ix, n. something added at 
 
 the end. 
 Depend', v. to hang from ; to rely on. 
 Depend'ence, n. trust. 
 
 Note.— A Plumb Line is a line perpendicular to the horizon, or a line directed to 
 the center of gravity of the earth. 
 
 Penfna~2, Feather ; a Wing. 
 Pen, n. an instrument of writing. | Pen'nate, a. winged. 
 
LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 273 
 
 Ten^do, penfsunt — to Weigh ; to Lay Out. 
 
 Compend'ium, n. an abridgment. 
 
 Com'pensate, «. to give an equiva- 
 lent. 
 
 Dispense', i). to distribute. To dis- 
 pense WITH, to do without. 
 
 Expend', t). to spend ; to lay out. 
 
 Sti'pend, n. wages ; stated pay. 
 
 Expend'iture, n. amount expended. 
 Expanse', n. cost ; charges. 
 ExpEN'srvE, a. costly. 
 Pen'sive, a. thoughtful ; sad. 
 Pen'sion, n. annual allowance. 
 Recompense, n. reward. 
 
 Pe'nal, a. enacting punishment. 
 Pen'alty, n. suffering or loss in con- 
 sequence of crime. 
 Peniten'tiary, n. a prison. 
 
 Pc^na — Punishment. 
 
 Pen'ance, n. voluntary suffering on 
 
 account of sin. 
 Pen'itent, a. contrite for sin. 
 Repent', v. to sorrow for sin. 
 
 Perpetfiius — Unceasing ; Perpetual. 
 
 Perpet'ual, a. never ceasing. | Perpet'uate, v. to make perpetual. 
 
 Perpetu'ity, n. duration to all futurity. 
 
 JPerso^na — the Mask Worn by Players. 
 
 Per'son, n. a human being. I PERsoN'rFY, v. to make or regard as 
 
 Per'sonate, v. to represent by action. | a person. 
 Pbr'sonally, ad. in person. 
 
 Pes, pefdis — a Foot. 
 
 Ped'al, n. a key designed to be moved 
 
 by the foot. 
 Ped'estal, n. the foot of a column 
 
 or statue. 
 Pedes'trian, a. going on foot. 
 Ped'igree, n. lineage. 
 Bi'PED, n. a two footed animal. 
 Quad'ruped, n. a four footed animal. 
 
 Imped'iment, n. hindrance. 
 
 Expe'dient, a. facilitating or helping. 
 
 Expe'dient, n. contrivance. 
 
 Expedi'tion, n. a hastening; an en- 
 terprise on which one undertakes 
 a journey. 
 
 Ex'pEDiTE, V. to hasten. 
 
 Expedi'tious, a. quick. 
 
 Impede', v. to hinder ; to retard. 
 
 Pe^to, petVtunn — to Seek ; to Strive For ; to Ask. 
 
 Peti'tion, n. an asking. 
 Ap'petitEjW. hunger; desire. 
 Compat'ible, a. suitable to. 
 Compete', io. to strive for together. 
 Compet'itor, n. one who strives with 
 another. 
 
 Com'petent, a. fit ; capable. 
 Com'petence, n. sufficiency. 
 Incom'petent, a. nv)t capable. 
 Im'petus, n. force from motion. 
 Impet'uous, a. violent ; fierce. 
 Repeat', «. to do again. 
 
 Tinfgo, pic'tuTn — to Paint. 
 
 PiCT, n. a painted person. • 1 Pig'ment, n. paint ; color. 
 
 Pic'ture, n. a painting. | Depict', v. to paint ; to describe* 
 
 Picturesque', a. like a picture. I Paint, v. to describe ; to color. 
 
 Picto'rial, a. containing pictures. 
 
274 
 
 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 PVo, pia'tutti — to Atone Fob. 
 Ex'piATB, «. to atone for. | Ex'piatory, a. atoning. 
 
 JPis^cis — a Fish. 
 Piscato'rial, a. relating to fishermen. | Pis'catory, a. relating to fishes. 
 
 Pla^ceo — to Please 
 
 Plac'id, a. pleasing to one's self ; se 
 
 rene; gentle. 
 Compla'cence, n. satisfaction. 
 Com'plaisant, a. desirous to please. 
 Please, v. to delight ; to gratify. 
 
 Displease', v. to make angry. 
 Pleas'ant, a. gay ; agreeable. 
 Pleas'antry, n. gayety ; mirth. 
 Pleas'ure, n. that which pleases or 
 delights. 
 
 JPlan^go, plan&tum — to Beat ; to Bemoan. 
 
 Complain', ®. to murmur ; to lament. 
 Complaint', n. a lamentation. 
 Plaint, n. a lamentation. 
 
 Plain'tiff, n. the one who begins a 
 
 lawsuit. 
 Plain'tive, n. lamenting. 
 
 Planfta — the Bottom op the Foot ; a Plant. 
 
 Plant, n. a vegetable. 
 
 Plant, v. to put into the ground to 
 
 grow. 
 Displant', v. to pluck up. 
 
 Implant', v. to set ; to insert. 
 Supplant', v. to displace. 
 Transplant', v. to move and plant 
 in another place. 
 
 Planta'tion, n. a place planted. 
 
 JP^a'nws— Smooth ; Plain; Evident. 
 
 Plane, i>..to make smooth. I Explain', «. to make plain or clear. 
 
 Plain, n^ a level region ; evident. | Explana'tion, n. act of explaining. 
 
 Plau'dOf plau^sum — to Praise by Clapping Hands. 
 
 Plau'dit, n. loud praise. 
 Applaud', v. to praise ; to extol. 
 Applause', n. approbation. 
 Plaus'ible, a. right in appearance. 
 
 Explode', i). to burst with a loud 
 
 report. 
 ExPLo'siON, n. violent bursting. 
 ExpLo'srvE, a. causing explosion. 
 
 Ple'o, ple^tuni— 
 
 Ple'nary, a. full ; complete. 
 Plen'ty, n. abundance. 
 Plen'itude, n. fullness. 
 Plen'teous, a. abundant. 
 Keplen'ish, v. to fill again. 
 Accom'plish, ti. to finish entirely. 
 Complete', a. full ; perfect. 
 Com'plement, n. full quantity. 
 
 to Fill. Ple^nus — Full. 
 
 Com'pliment, n. an act of civility. 
 Ex'pletive, n. a word added to fill 
 
 up. 
 Im'plement, n. a tool ; a utensn. 
 Incomplete', a. not finished. 
 Deple'tion, n. an emptying. 
 Replete', a. completely full. 
 Supply, v. to fill up ; to furnish. 
 
 Sup'pLEMENT, n. an addition. 
 
 Plu'ma — a Feather ; a Plume. 
 Plume, n. a feather. I Plu'mage, n. feathers. 
 
LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 275 
 
 JPlVco, plica^tunt — to Fold ; to Knit. 
 
 Accom'plice, n. one united with an- 
 other in a crime. 
 
 Apply', v. to put one thing to an- 
 other ; to seek or ask for. 
 
 Applicant, n. one who applies. 
 
 Applica'tion, n. the thing applied. 
 
 Com'plex, a. twined or knit together. 
 
 CoMPLEx'iON, n. the texture and color 
 of the skin. 
 
 Com'plicate, v. to entangle. 
 
 Comply', v. to yield to. 
 
 Compli'ance, n. submission. 
 
 Display', t). to unfold ; to exhibit. 
 
 Doub'le, v. to make twice as much. 
 
 DuPLic'iTY, n. doubleness of inten- 
 tion. 
 
 Du'PLicATE, n. a second thing of the 
 sort. 
 
 Tkip'let, n. three together 
 
 Note. — Supplicate, to fold or bend the knees under 
 
 ExpLic'iT, a. unfolded ; plain. 
 Imply', v. to express indirectly. 
 Im'plicate, v. to involve. 
 lMPLic'iT,a. trusting without reserve. 
 Mul'tiply, v. to make many fold. 
 MuLTiPLic'iTY, n. a great variety. 
 Pekplex', v. to entangle ; to vex. 
 Pli'ant, a. yielding ; easily bent. 
 Pli'able, a. flexible ; pliant. 
 Ply, v. to keep busy. 
 Reply', v. to answer. 
 Sim'ple, a. plain ; artless. 
 Simplic'ity, n. innocence. 
 Sim'plify, v. to make easier. 
 Sup'pLiCATE, V. to entreat. 
 Suppliant, n. a petitioner. 
 Triple, a. three-fold. 
 Treb'le, v. to multiply by three. 
 
 Plo^ro, plora^tutn — to Weep ; to Lament. 
 
 Deplore', v. to lament about. I Explore', v. to search out carefully. 
 
 Deplor'able, a. lamentable ; sad. | Implore', v. to weep or lament to. 
 
 Plum/huin — Lead. 
 
 Plumb, n. a piece of lead attached I Plum'met, n. a little plumb, 
 to a line. I Plumba'go, n. black lead. 
 
 Plumb, a. perpendicular to the horizon. 
 
 Plus, plii^ris — More. 
 
 Plu'ral, a. containing more than one. 
 
 Sur'plus, n. that which remains over 
 
 the necessary quantity. 
 
 Plural'ity, n. the greater number. 
 Non'plus, n. a situation in which no 
 more can be done. 
 
 Non'plus, v. to confound ; to puzzle. 
 
 Po^wiujii — an Apple. 
 
 Pom'ace, n. the substance of ground i Pomegran'ate, n. a fruit, 
 apples. I Pom'mel, n. a knob or ball. 
 
 Note. — Pomegranate, an apple having many grains or seeds. 
 
 Pop'ulus — the People. Puh'licns — Common to All. 
 
 Peo'ple, n. persons ; a nation. 
 Popula'tion, n. the whole number 
 
 of inhabitants. • 
 
 Pop'uLACE, n. the common people. 
 Pop'uLAR, a. liked by the people. 
 Pop'uLOus, a, full of people. 
 
 Poput.ar'ity, n. favor of the people. 
 Depop'ulate, v. to deprive of people. 
 Pub'li€, a. open to ail. 
 Public 'ity, n. open to the knowledge 
 
 of all. 
 Pub'lish, v. to make known. 
 
276 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Ponfdus, ponfderis — a Weight ; a Pound. 
 
 Pound, n. a weight. I Pon'der, v. to weigh in the mind, 
 
 Pon'derous, a. heavy. I Prepon 'derate, «. to outweigh. 
 
 Poise, v. to weigh ; to balance. 
 
 Po^nOf posHiutn — to Put ; to Place. 
 
 Posi'tion, n. place ; attitude. 
 
 Pos'itiv'e, a. set ; certain. 
 
 Post, n. a place ; office. 
 
 Postpone', v. to put off; to delay. 
 
 Pos'ture, n. attitude ; condition. 
 
 Compose', v. to put together. 
 
 CoMPOs'iTOR, n. one who sets types. 
 
 Com'post, n. a putting together; a 
 mixture. 
 
 Compo'sure, n. tranquillity. 
 
 Decompose', v. to separate into orig- 
 inal elements. 
 
 Depo'nent, n. a witness on oath. 
 
 Depose', 'd. to put down. 
 
 Depot', n. a place of deposit. 
 
 Depos'it, n. to lay down ; to place. 
 
 Discompose', v. to disorder ; to vex. 
 
 Dispose', v. to place in order. 
 
 Dispos'al, n. control. 
 
 Disposi'tion, n. management; tem- 
 per of mind. 
 
 Expose', v. to lay open. 
 
 Expos'iTOR, n. an explainer. 
 
 Expound', v. to explain ; to clear. 
 
 Impose', v. to put upon ; to cheat. 
 
 Imposi'tion, n. a cheat. 
 
 Im'post, n. a tax on imported goods. 
 
 Impos'tor, n. a deceiver. 
 
 Impos'ture, ?i. a fraud ; a cheat. 
 
 Interpose', «. to put between. 
 
 Oppose', v. to act against. 
 
 Oppo'nent, n. an adversary. 
 
 Op'posite, a. on the other sicle ; 
 facing. 
 
 Propound', v. to offer for considera- 
 tion. 
 
 Propose', «. to offer for consideration. 
 
 Propo'sal, n. an offer. 
 
 Proposi'tion, n. a thing proposed. 
 
 Pur'pose, n. intention ; design. 
 
 Repose', v. to rest ; to place out of 
 the way. 
 
 Repos'itory, n. a place for laying up 
 things. 
 
 Suppose', v. to imagine. 
 
 Transpose', v. to put each into the 
 place of the other. 
 
 JPons, ponftis — a Bridge. 
 
 Pon'tiff, n. a high priest ; the pope. 
 
 Pontoon', n. a boat used for making 
 floating bridges. 
 
 Note. — The first bridge over the Tiber was constructed and consecrated by the 
 chief priest. 
 
 Possum, pot^ui — to be Able. 
 
 Pos'siBLE, a. that can be done. 
 Po'tent, a. powerful. 
 Im'potent, a. j)owerless. 
 Omnip'otent, a. having infinite j)ow- 
 er. 
 
 Impos'sible, a. that cannot be. 
 Pos'sE, n. aii armed power. 
 Po'tentate, n. one having great 
 
 power. 
 Poten'tial, a. relating to power. 
 
 Pos^terus — After ; Coming After. 
 
 t*08rE'Ri0R, a. coming after. | Post'ern, n. a back door or gate. 
 
 Poster'ity,w. succeeding generations. I Prepos'terous, a. absurd. 
 
 JPo^tOf pota^ta^n — to Drink. 
 Po'tion, n. a draught ; a dose, | Pota'tion, n. a drinking. 
 
LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 277 
 
 For^to, porta'tum — to Carry ; to Bear ; to Bring. 
 
 Por'ter, n. a carrier ; a doorkeeper. 
 Port'able, a. easily carried. 
 Port'ly, a. bulky ; corpulent. 
 Por'tal, n. a gate ; a door. 
 Por'tico, n. a covered walk. 
 Portman'teau, n. a portable bag. 
 Port'hole, n. a gun liole in a ship. 
 Port, n. a harbor. 
 
 Portfo'lio, n. a case for loose papers. 
 Pur'port, n. meaning. 
 Comport', 'd. to suit ; to bear. 
 
 Deport 'ment, n. conduct. 
 Export', v. to carry out. 
 Import', v. to bring in. 
 Impor'tant, a. weighty. 
 Importune', v. to solicit earnestly. 
 Opportu'nity, n. fit time. 
 Opportune', a. well timed. 
 Report', n. a rumor. 
 Support', v. to bear ; to uphold. 
 Transport', v. to carry from place to 
 place. 
 
 Pra'vt*«— Crooked ; Wicked. 
 Deprave', v. to make wicked. | Deprav'ity, n. corruption. 
 
 I^re^ciutn — a Price, Value or Worth. 
 
 Appraise', ?j. to set a price upon. I Price, n. value ; rate. 
 Pre'cious, a. of great value. j Prize, v. to value highly, 
 
 Pre^cor, preca^tus — to Entreat ; to Pray. 
 
 Dep'recate, v. to dread or regret. I Preca'rious, a. uncertain. 
 Im'precate, v. to pray curses upon. | Preach, v. to proclaim. 
 
 Pre' da — Prey; Plunder. 
 
 Prey, n. plunder. 
 Pred'atory, a. plundering. 
 
 Dep'redate, v. to rob ; to pillage. 
 Dep'redator, n. a robber. 
 
 Prehen'dOf prehenfsum — to Take Hold Oi ; to Seize. 
 
 Apprehend', «. to seize ; to suspect 
 
 with fear. 
 Apprshen'sion, n. seizure ; fear. 
 Apprise', v. to give notice. 
 Appren'tice, n. one bound to learn 
 
 an art or trade. 
 Comprehend', v. to understand; to 
 
 include. 
 Comprehen'sive, a. capacious ; full. 
 Comprise', v. to include. 
 En'terprise, n. an undertaking. 
 
 Surprise', v. 
 
 Impreg'nable, a. not to be taken. 
 Incomprehen'sible, a. not to be un- 
 derstood. 
 Pris'on, n. a place of confinement. 
 Impris'on, v. to confine. 
 Misapprehend', v. to misunderstand. 
 Prize, n. something taken or won. 
 Repri'sal, n. a seizure in retaliation. 
 Reprehend', «. to blame. 
 Reprehen'sible, a. blame- worthy. 
 Reprieve', v. to respite, 
 to astonish. 
 
 Press, v. to squeeze ; to urge 
 Impress', v. to imprint. 
 Impression, n. a 
 
 pressure. 
 Compress', v. to force togettier 
 Depress', v. to bear dow^n. 
 
 JPre'mOf pres^sum— to Press. 
 
 iiit. 
 mark made by 
 
 Depres'sion, n. dejection 
 
 Express', v. to squeeze out ; to de- 
 
 clare. 
 ExpREs'srvE, a. showing with force. 
 Print, v. to stamp with letters. 
 Imprint', v. to press on. 
 Repress', v. to force back. 
 Suppress', v. to subdue ; to conceal. 
 Oppress', v. to crush by severity. 
 
278 
 
 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 JPre^tiuni — Price ; Reward. 
 
 Price, n. the money asked or paid Appre'ciate, 
 
 for anything. ue on. 
 
 Pre'cious, a. valuable ; costly. Depre'ciate, i 
 
 . to set a just vaU 
 to undervalue. 
 
 Prl'mus — First. JPrin'ceps, prin^cipis — Original; Chief. 
 
 Prime, a. first rate ; highest. 
 Prime, v. to apply a first coat of 
 
 paint. 
 Prim'br, n. a child's first book. 
 Prime'val, a. original. 
 Prim'itive, a. original. 
 Prince, n. a king's son. 
 Pri'mate, n. an archbishop. 
 
 Prem'ier, n. a prime minister. 
 Prim, a. formal ; precise. 
 Pri'mary, a. first ; chief. 
 Prin'ciple, n. original cause ; 
 
 ment. 
 Prin'cipal, a. chief; main, 
 Pri'or, a. preceding in time. 
 Prior'ity, n. state of being first. 
 
 ele- 
 
 Pris'tine, a. first ; original. 
 
 PrVvus—^mGJM ; Belonging to One's Self Alone. 
 belonging to 
 
 Pri'vate, a. secret ; 
 
 one's self alone. 
 Pri'vacy, /I. secrecy. 
 Priva'tion, n. loss ; absence 
 
 Priv'ilege, n. a peculiar advantage. 
 Priv'y, a. sharing in a secret ; secret. 
 Priv'ily, ad. in a secret manner. 
 Deprive', v. to take from. 
 
 Privateer', n. a private ship of war. 
 Pro'bo, pvoba'tu^n — to Prove ; to Try. Pro'hus — Honest. 
 
 Prob'ity, n. honesty ; integrity. 
 Probe, «, to search into. 
 Prob'able, a. likely. 
 Proba'tion, n. trial. 
 Prove, v. to confirm by experiment. 
 Proof, n. that which renders certain. 
 Approve', v. to like ; to be pleased 
 
 with. 
 Approval, n. the act of approving. 
 
 Approba'tion, n. the act of approv- 
 ing. 
 
 Disprove', v. to show to be false. 
 
 Disapprove', v. to account deserving 
 censure. 
 
 Improve', 
 
 Reprove', 
 
 Reprobate', a. lost to virtue. 
 
 Reproof', n. open censure. 
 
 to make better. 
 
 to blame : to chide. 
 
 Pro^pe — Near. JProxHmus — Nearest or Next. 
 
 Propin'quity, n. nearness. 
 Prox'imate, a. nearest ; next. 
 Approx'imate, «j. to come near. 
 Approach', «. to draw near to. 
 
 Proxim'ity, n. nearness. 
 Propi'tious, a. favorable. 
 Propitiate, v. to conciliate. 
 Reproach', v. to censure. 
 
 Pro'prius—O's^^s. Own ; Peculiar ; Fit. 
 
 Appro 'pRi ate, v. to take for one's 
 
 own use. 
 Appro'priate, a. peculiar; suitable. 
 Prop'er, a. suitable; tit. 
 Improp'er, a. unbecoming. 
 
 Impropri'ety, n. unfitness. 
 Propri'ety, n. fitness ; justness. 
 Prop'erty, n. that which is one's 
 
 own. 
 Propri'etor, n. an owner. 
 
 Pug^nus — the Fist. Pug'no — to Fight or Contend. 
 
 Pu'gilist, n. one who fights with his I Pugna'cious, a. quarrelsome, 
 fist, I Impugn', «?. to attack ; to oppose. 
 
 Reptjg'nancb, n. opposition of mind. 
 
LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 279 
 
 Tun' go, punc'tum — to Prick ; to Sting. 
 
 Pun'gent, a. pricking ; sharp. 
 Punct'ure, n. a hole pierced. 
 Punct'ual, a. exact; precise. 
 Punctil'ious, a. exact to excess. 
 Compunc'tion, n. sting of conscience. 
 Expunge', v. to rub out. 
 
 Poig'nant, a. severe ; intense. 
 Point, n. the sharp end of anything. 
 Point, v. to aim ; to direct. 
 Pon'iard, n. a dagger. 
 Pounce, v. to fall on and seize. 
 Punch, v. to perforate. 
 
 Fu'niOf punVtufn — to Punish. 
 
 Pun'ish, v. to inflict pain for evil I Impu'nity, n. freedom from punish- 
 conduct. ment. 
 
 JPur'go — to Cleanse ; to Clear. 
 
 Purge, ■». to make clear or pure. | Pur'gative, n. a purging medicine. 
 Expur'gate, v. to cleanse from. 
 
 JPu^'rus- 
 
 PuRE, a. free from mixture. 
 Pu'rify, v. to make pure. 
 
 -Clean; Pure. 
 
 Pu'ritt, n. cleanness. 
 Impure', a. not pure ; unholy. 
 
 Ba'to, puta'tum — to Cut or Prune ; to Think ; to Reckon. 
 
 Account', n. a reckoning; a narra- 
 tive. 
 
 Am'putate, ®. to cut off. 
 
 Compute', v. to count or reckon. 
 
 Count, «?. to number. 
 
 Dep'utt, n. one appointed to act for 
 another. 
 
 Recount', v. to relate. 
 
 Depute', v. to empower to act. 
 Dis'couNT, ti. to count off; to deduct. 
 Dispute', t. to contend in argument. 
 Repute', n. character ; name. 
 Reputa'tion, n. character by report. 
 DisREp'uTABLE, a. dishonorable. 
 Impute', «. to charge upon. 
 
 JPu'tris — ^Rotten. 
 
 Pu'trid, a. rotten. 
 Putrid'ity, n. rottenness; 
 
 Pu'treo — to be Rotten. 
 
 Pu'trefy, v. to make rotten. 
 Putres'cent, a. growing rotten. 
 
 Qua'lis — of What Sort ; Such As. 
 
 Qual'ity, n. degree of excellence. 
 Qual'ify, ^. to render fit. 
 
 Qualifica'tion, n. fitness. 
 Disqual'ify, 2). to render unfit. 
 
 Qua'tuor — Four. Qua(Vra — a Square. 
 
 Quad'rant, n. a quarter of a circle. 
 Quadrille', n. a dance. 
 Quadroon', n. a person quarter 
 
 blooded. 
 Quad'uuple, a. fourfold. 
 Quad'ruped, n. a fourfooted animal. 
 
 Quart, n. one-fourth of a gallon. 
 Quar'ter, n. the fourth part. 
 Squad'ron, n. part of a fleet. 
 Square, n. a figure of four equal 
 
 sides and four right angles. 
 Quar'antine, n. forty days. 
 
 Quefror, que^tus — to Complain. 
 Quar'rel, v. to contend angrily. | Quer'ulous, a. full of complaint. 
 
2S0 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 Quest, n. search ; inquiry. 
 Qpe'ky, n. an inquiry, 
 Ques'tion, n. something asked. 
 Que'rist, n. an inquirer. 
 
 Quce^rOf qucesVtum — to Seek ; to Ask. 
 
 Ex'quisite, a. excellent ; fine. 
 In'quest, n. a judicial inquiry. 
 Inquire', v. to seek out. 
 Inquisi'tion, n. search ; trial. 
 
 Acquire', «. to obtain. ! Inquis'itive, a. curious ; prying, 
 
 Acquisi'tion, n. the thing acquired. 
 Con'quer, v. to gain by force 
 Con'quest, n. victory 
 
 Per'quisite, n. a fee of office. 
 Request', v. to ask ; to solicit. 
 Require', to demand ; to claim. 
 
 Req'uisite, a. necessary. 
 
 QuVeSy quie^fis — Rest ; Ease. 
 
 Qui'et, a. still ; calm. I Acquiesce', v. to quietly assent. 
 
 Qui'etude, n. rest ; repose. I Disqui'et, v. to make uneasy. 
 
 Re'quiem, n. a hymn for the dead. . 
 
 Quot — How Many ; So Many. 
 
 Al'iquot, a. measuring without a re- 
 mainder. 
 
 Quo'rum, n. a competent number to 
 do business. 
 
 Quo'ta, n. a just part or share. 
 
 Quo'tient, n. the number which 
 shows how many times the divisor 
 is contained in the dividend. 
 
 Ila'ilius — ^the Spoke of a Wheel ; a Beam or Ray op Light. 
 
 Ha'dius, n. the semi-diameter of a 
 
 circle. 
 Ray, n. a line of light. 
 
 Ra'diate, v. to emit rays, 
 Ra'diance, n. sparkling luster. 
 Irra'diate, v. lo illumine. 
 
 JRa^diQCf rad^icis — a Root ; a Foundation. 
 Rad'ical, a. pertaining to the root. ] Erad'icate, v. to root out 
 
 Ma^do, ra^sum — to Shave ; to Scrape. 
 
 Abrade', ti. to rub or wear off, I Erase', ■». to rub out. 
 
 Abra'sion, n. the act of rubbing off. | Raze, v. to destroy utterly. 
 Ra'zor, n. a tool for shaving, 
 
 Ma^mus — a Bough or Branch. 
 Ram'ify, i). to branch out. | RjsI^ifica'tion, n. a branoli* 
 
 Ran' ceo — to be Stale ; Strong Scented. 
 
 Ran'cid, a. having a rank smell. I Rank, a. strong to the taste. 
 
 Ran'cor, 71, spite ; malice. | Ran'kle, v. to fester. 
 
 Ka'piOf rap' turn,— to Snatch ; to Seize ; to Hurry Away. 
 
 Rap'ture, n. extreme delight. 
 
 Rap'ine, n. plunder. 
 Rapa'cious, a. plundering ; greedy. 
 Rav'enous, a. hungry to rage. 
 Rapt, a. seized with rapture 
 
 Enrap'ture, v. to delight highly. 
 Rap'id, a. hurrying away ;' swift. 
 Rav'age, v. to lay waste. 
 
 Rav'ish, «. to take away by violence. 
 
LATllT ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 281 
 
 Ita^rus — Scattered; Scarce; Thin. 
 
 RAR'BFt, V. to make thin. 
 
 Rar'ity, n. thinness. 
 
 Mefgo, re&tum — to Govern ; to Rule. 
 
 Rec'titude, n. uprightness ; virtue. 
 Re'gent, n. a governor. 
 Rec'tor, n. a minister of a pariah. 
 Reg'icide, n. the murderer of a king. 
 Reg'imen, n. course of diet. 
 Reg'ular, a. agreeable to rule. 
 Reg 'UL ate, v. to adjust by rule. 
 Regular'ity, n. conformity to rule. 
 Regula'tion, n. method ; rule. 
 Reign, v. to rule, as a king. 
 Right, a. just ; true ; not wrong. 
 Right, n. freedom from error ; justice 
 Rule, v, to govern ; to control. 
 
 Re'gal, a. royal ; kingly. 
 Correct', v. to make right. 
 Direct', v. to guide ; to order. 
 Direct', a. straight. 
 Direct'ly, ad. immediately. 
 Direc'tion, n. aim ; order. 
 Erect', a. upright. 
 Incor'rigible, a. bad beyond cor- 
 rection. 
 Incorrect', a. not exact ; wrong. 
 Indirect', a. not direct. 
 Irreg'ular, a. not regular. 
 Rec'tify, v. to make right. 
 
 Rega'lia, n. ensigns of royalty. 
 
 Me^or, vastus— to Think ; to Judge. 
 
 Rate, n. a fixed price. 
 Rate, v. to appraise. 
 Rat'ift, v. to confirm. 
 Ratifica'tion, n. confirmation. 
 
 Ra'tional, a. agreeable to reason. 
 Ra'tion, n. a fixed allowance. 
 Ra'tio, n. proportion ; rate. 
 Rea'son, n. the faculty of judging. 
 
 Rea'son, v. to examine by arguments, 
 
 Me^pOf rep'tum— to Creep. 
 Rbp'ttle, n. a creeping animal. 
 
 B,es — a Thing. 
 
 Re'al, a. actually existing. I Re'alize, v. to feel strongly, or con. 
 
 Real'ity, n. actual existence. | sider as real. 
 
 Be'te- 
 
 Ret'icule, n. a small bag. 
 Ret'iform, a. having the form of a 
 net. 
 
 a Net. 
 Ret'ina. 
 
 n. one of the coats of the 
 
 eye, like a net. 
 
 RVdeOf rVsutn — to Laugh; to Smile. 
 
 Rid'icule, a. to make sport of. I Ris'ible, a. laughable. 
 
 RiDic'uLOUs, V. worthy of ridicule. | Deride', v. to laugh at ; to mock. 
 Deris'ion, n. contempt. 
 
 MVgeo — to be Cold or Stiff. 
 
 Rig'id, a. stiff; strict. I Rig'or, n. stiffness ; severity. 
 
 Rigid'ity, n. stifl&iess ; harsly;iess. | Rig'orous, a. severe ; exact. 
 
 Mo^bur, ro^boris — an Oak ; Strength. 
 Corrob'orate, v. to confirm. | Robust', a. strong ; vigorous. 
 
282 
 
 smith's hakd-book of etymology. 
 
 MVvus — a Stbeam or River. 
 
 Riv'er, n. a large stream. 
 Rrv'uLET, n. a little stream. 
 Arrite', v. to come to. 
 
 Derive', v. to deduce ; to draw. 
 
 Ri'vAL, n. a competitor. 
 
 Ri'vAL, 1). to try to equal or excel. 
 
 Mo^do, ro^sum — ^to Gnaw ; to Eat Away. 
 Corrode', v. to eat away slowly. | Corro'sion, n. the act of corroding. 
 
 Ko^gOf roga'tu7n — to Ask ; to Demand or Claim. 
 
 Ab'rogate, v. to repeal ; to annul. 
 Ar'rogate, v. to claim proudly. 
 Ar'rogant, a. haughty ; conceited. 
 Der'ogate, 1). to detract. 
 
 Prorogue', «. to put off. 
 
 Derog'atory, a. tending to lessen. 
 Inter'rogate, v. to question. 
 Prerog'ative, n. an exclusive priv 
 ilege. 
 
 Mo^ta — a Wheel ; a Circle. 
 
 Ro'tary, a. turning on its axis, as a 
 
 wheel. 
 Rote, a. a mere repetition of words 
 
 without attending to the sense. 
 
 Rota'tion, n. a turning round. 
 Rotund', a. round ; circular. 
 Rotund'ity, n. roundness. 
 Rotund'o, n. a round building. 
 
 Routine', n. a round of business. 
 
 Mu^dis — Rude; Unwrought; Untaught. 
 
 Rude, a. rough ; coarse ; unfinished. I Erudi'tion, n. learning. 
 Er'udite, a. learned. | Ru'diment, n. a first principle. 
 
 Ru^ga — a Wrinkle. 
 Cor'rugate, v. to wrinkle. | Cor'rugated, p. a. furrowed. 
 
 Mu'mfpo, rup^tum — to Break ; to Burst. 
 
 Rup'ture, n. a breaking. 
 Abrupt', a. broken off short. 
 Bank'rupt, n. one who cannot pay 
 
 his debts. 
 Corrupt', «. to deprave. 
 
 Corrup'tion, n. depravity. 
 Erup'tive, a. a bursting forth. 
 Erup'tion, n. a bursting out. 
 Irrup'tion, n. a bursting in. 
 Interrupt', ■». to stop ; to hinder. 
 
 Hus, rn'rls — the Country. 
 
 Ru'ral, a. relating to the country. I Rustic'ity, n. want of refinement. 
 Rus'tic, a. plain ; rude. I Rus'ticate, n. to reside in the country. 
 
 Saucer, sa^crl—BA.CRm) ; Holy. 
 
 Sa'cred, a. holy ; inviolable. 
 
 Con'secrate, «. to make sacred. 
 
 Des'ecrate, «. to pervert from a sa- 
 cred purpose. 
 
 Desecra'tion, n. a profaning. 
 
 Sacerdo'tal, a. belonging to the 
 priesthood. 
 
 Ex'ecrate, «. to make hateful. 
 Sac'rament, n. the Lord's supper. 
 Sac'ripice, n, a religious ofiering. 
 Sac'ripice, «. to offer to heaven. 
 Sac'rilege, n. a violation of sacred 
 things. 
 
LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 283 
 
 Sa^gio — to Perceive Quickly ; to Foresee. 
 
 Sage, a. wise ; prudent ; solemn. 
 
 Sage, n. a wise man. 
 
 Sagacious, a. discerning quickly. 
 Sagac'ity, n. quick discernment. 
 Presage', 'd. to foretell. 
 
 Sal — Salt; Seasoning; Wit. 
 
 Sal ad, n. raw herbs eaten as a relish 
 
 to other food. 
 Sal'ary, n. yearly wages. 
 
 Saline', a. like salt. 
 Sauce, n. something to give relish to 
 food. 
 
 Sa^liOf sal^tum — to Leap ; to Jump ; to Spring. 
 
 Assail^, v. to attack. 
 Assault', ii. an attack. 
 Des'ultory, a. jumping from one 
 
 thing to another. 
 Exult', v. to leap for joy. 
 
 Insult', v. to leap upon ; to abuse. 
 Result', v. to spring back. 
 Sal'ly, v. to issue out. 
 Sa'lient, a. leaping ; projecting. 
 Salm'on, n. a leaping tish. 
 
 Salta'tion, n. a leaping or jumping. 
 
 Sarins, salu'tis 
 
 Sal'utary, a. healthful. 
 Safe, a. free from danger. 
 Salu'brity, n. healthfulness. 
 Salute', v. to wish health to. 
 Sal'vage, n. an allowance for saving 
 goods from a wreck. 
 
 Safety; Health; Welfare. 
 
 Saluta'tion, n. a greeting. 
 Salva'tion, n. preservation from des- 
 truction. 
 Sal'vo, n. an exception. 
 Salve, n. an ointment. 
 Save, v. to preserve ; to rescue. 
 
 Sav'iour, n. a deliverer, 
 Sa'n/cio, san&tum — ^to Make Sacred ; to Confirm. 
 
 Saint, n. a holy person. 
 Sanc'tify, v. to make holy. 
 Sanc'timony, n. holiness. 
 
 Sanc'tion, n. confirmation. 
 Sanc'tity, n. holiness. 
 Sanc'tuary, n. a sacred place. 
 
 San^guis, san^guinis — Blood. 
 
 San'guinary, a. bloody. | Consanguin'ity, n. relationship. 
 
 San'guine, a. full of blood ; ardent. | Ensan'guine, v. to stain with blood. 
 
 Sa^nus — Sound; Healthy. 
 
 Sane, a. sound ; having reason. 
 San'ity, n. soundness of mind. 
 
 Insane', a. disordered in mind. 
 Insan'ity, n. madness. 
 
 Sa^pio — to Savor or have Taste ; to be Wise. 
 Insip'id, a. tasteless. 
 
 Sa'pient, a. wise ; knowing. 
 Sa'pience, n. wisdom, 
 Sap'id, a. having taste. 
 Saporif'ic, a. producing taste. 
 
 Sa'vor, n. taste or oder. 
 Sa'vory, a. pleasing to the taste or 
 smell. 
 
 Sca'ta — a Ladder ; a Stair. 
 
 Escalade', n. an assault of a fortress I Scale, «. to mount by a ladder, 
 by means of ladders. I 
 
284 
 
 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 Sa'tis — Enough ; Sufficient. 
 
 Sate, v. to give enough. Sati'ety, n. an excess of gratification, 
 
 Sa'tiate, v. to fill beyond natural de- Sat'urate, i). to supply fully, 
 sire. Sat'isfy, v. to make or give enough. 
 
 Insa'tiable, a. not to be satisfied. 
 
 Scan' do, scan' sum — to Climb; to Mount. 
 
 Transcend', v. to rise beyond. 
 Scan, v. to examine nicely. 
 Condescen'sion, n. a voluntary stoop- 
 ing from dignity. 
 
 Ascend', v. to climb or go up. 
 Ascent', n. an eminence. 
 Descend', v. to go down. 
 Descent, n. declivity. 
 Condescend', v. to stoop. 
 
 Scin'dOf scis'sum — to Cut ; to Divide. 
 Scis'soBS, n, small shears. | Rescind', v. to revoke. 
 
 Sci'o — to Know. 
 
 Sci'ence, n. knowledge. 
 Scientif'ic, a. relating to science. 
 Sci'oLiST, n. a smatterer. 
 Con'scious, a. knowing, 
 
 Scien'tia — Knowledge. 
 
 Con'science, n. the knowledge of 
 
 right and wrong. 
 Conscien'tious, a. obedient to the 
 
 dictates of conscience. 
 
 Omnis'cient, a. all-knowing. 
 
 Scri'bOf scrip'tufu — to 
 
 Scribe, n. a" writer; a secretary. 
 Scrib'ble, v. to write carelessly. 
 Script'ure, n. a writing ; the Bible. 
 Scrip, n. a small writing. 
 Subscribe', v. to sign ; to attest. 
 Subscrip'tion, n. the act of sub- 
 scribing. 
 Ascribe', v. to attribute to. 
 Circumscribe', v. to limit. 
 Describe', v. to give an account of. 
 Inscribe', v. to write upon. 
 Inscrip'tion, n. an address. 
 
 Write ; to Draw or Paint. 
 
 Man'uscript, n. a paper written. 
 
 Prescribe', v. to give a written di- 
 rection. 
 
 Prescription, n. a medical receipt. 
 
 Proscribe', v. to censure and con- 
 demn. 
 
 Transcribe', ti. to copy. 
 
 Tran'script, n. a copy. 
 
 Superscrip'tion, n. a writing on the 
 outside. 
 
 Post'script, n. something written af- 
 terwards. 
 
 Scru'tor, scruta'tus — to Search Closely. 
 
 Scru'tiny, n. close examination. | Scru'tinize, v. to examine closely. 
 
 Inscru'table, a. unsearchable. 
 
 Scur'ra — a Scoffer ; a Buffoon. 
 Scurrel'ity, n. abusive language. | Scur'rilous, a. vulgar ; indecent. 
 
 Se'co, se&tufn- 
 
 Sec'tion, n. a part. 
 Sect, n. a division ; a party. 
 Seg'ment, 71. a part cut off. 
 Sec'tary, 71. one of a sect. 
 Dissect', v. to cut in pieces. 
 
 -to Cut ; to Divide or Separate. 
 
 Bisect', v. to divide into two equal 
 
 parts. 
 In'sect, n. a small animal. 
 Intersect', v. to cut mutually. 
 Venesec'tion, n. blood-letting. 
 
LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 285 
 
 ScuVpo, sculp^tum — to Cakve. 
 
 Sculp'tob, n. a carver of wood or | Sculp'ture, n. the art of carving, 
 stone. 
 
 Sefdeo, se^sum — ^to Sit ; to Light or Settle. 
 
 Possess', v. to hold ; to own. 
 Preside', v. to direct or control. 
 Reside'^ v. to live in a place. 
 Ees'idue, 71. that which is left. 
 Subside', v. to settle down ; to sink 
 
 away. 
 Subsid'iary, a. aiding. 
 Sub'sidize, ?j. to hire with a subsidy. 
 Sub'sidy, n. aid in money. 
 
 Sed'entary, a. sitting ; inactive. 
 Ses'sion, n. a sitting. 
 Sedate', a. settled ; calm. 
 Sed'iment, n. that which settles. 
 Sed'ulous, a. diligent. 
 Assid'uous, a. constant in applica- 
 tion. 
 Assess', v. to set a tax or duty. 
 Insid'ious, a. sly ; deceitful. 
 
 Supersede', v. to take the place of 
 
 Seamen, semHnis — Seed. 
 
 Sem'inal, a. pertaining to seed. | Sem'inary, n. a place of education. 
 
 Dissem'inate, v. to scatter apart, as seed. 
 
 Se^neoc, se^nis — an Old Person. 
 
 Se'nior, n. one older than another. 
 Se'nile, a. pertaining to old age. 
 
 Sen'ate, n. a body of senators. 
 Seign'ior, n. a nobleman. 
 
 Sen^tio, sen' sum — to Perceive ; to Feel ; to Think. 
 
 Sen'timent, n. thought ; opinion. 
 Sentimen'tal, a. reflective. 
 Sense, n. perception ; meaning. 
 Sens'ual, a. pleasing the senses. 
 Sen'sitive, a. easily affected. 
 Sen'sible, a. intelligent. 
 
 Consent', v. to yield. 
 Dissent', v. to differ in opinion. 
 Dissen'sion, n. strife ; quarrel. 
 Present'iment, n, a perceiving be- 
 forehand. 
 Resent', v. to be angry at. 
 Scent, v. to perceive by the smell. 
 
 Se^quoVf secu' 
 
 Se'quel, n. that which follows. 
 
 Se'quence, n. a following. 
 
 Sub'sequent, a. coming after. 
 
 Consec'utive, a. following in regu- 
 lar order. 
 
 Con'sequent, a. following as an ef- 
 fect. 
 
 Ensue', d. to follow. 
 
 Ex'ecute, '0. to carry into effect. 
 
 tus — to Follow. 
 
 Obse'quious, a. servilely obedient. 
 Ob'sequies, n. funeral solemnities. 
 Per'secute, «. to pursue with hatred. 
 Pros'ecute, v. to follow with a view 
 
 to accomplish. 
 Pursue', v. to follow ; to chase. 
 Sue, v. to prosecute by law. 
 Suit, n. a petition ; a set. 
 Suite, n. attendants following. 
 
 Se'rOf ser^tum- 
 
 m 
 Se'ries, n. a succession of things. 
 Ser'mon, n. a religious discourse. 
 Assert', v. to declare ; to affirm. 
 
 -to Knit ; to Join. 
 
 Desert', v. to forsake. 
 Disserta'tion, n. a treatise. 
 Insert', v. to set in or among. 
 
286 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Ser^po- 
 
 Ser'pent, n. a creeping animal. 
 
 -to Creep. 
 
 I Ser'pentine, a. winding; spiral. 
 
 Sei'^vio, servi^tum — to Serve ; to Obey. 
 
 Serve, v. to assist ; to wait on. 
 
 Serf, n. a kind of slave. 
 
 Ser'vile, a. meanly submissive. 
 Ser'vitude, n. slavery. 
 Deserve', v. to be worthy of. 
 
 Subserve', v. to serve slightly. 
 Ser^vo, serva'tmn — to Keep ; to Save. 
 
 Conserve', v. to preserve entire. 
 Con'serve, n. a sweetmeat. 
 Conserv'ative, a. opposing injury. 
 Observe', v. to watch ; to keep. 
 
 Preserve', v. to keep ; to save. 
 Reserve', v. to hold back. 
 Reservoir, n. a place where any- 
 thing is stored. 
 
 Seve'rus — Severe. 
 
 Severe', a. sharp ; harsh. 
 Persever'ance, n, constancy in a 
 pursuit. 
 
 Sever'ity, n. harshness; strictness. 
 Persevere', «. to persist in an at- 
 tempt. 
 
 Si^dus, sid'eris — a Stab. 
 Side'eeal, a. relating to the stars. | Desire', -zj.'to request ; to wish. 
 
 Consid'er, «. to think of. 
 
 Desidera'tum, n. something needed. 
 
 Sig^nuin — a Mark or Sign. 
 
 Sign, n. a token ; a mark. 
 Sign, «. to mark with one's name. 
 Sig'nal, n. a sign to give notice. 
 Sig'nal, a. remarkable ; eminent. 
 Sig'nify, v. to express ; to mean. 
 Insignif'icant, a. unimportant. 
 Sig'nalize, v. to make eminent. 
 Sig'nature, n. a sign or mark im- 
 
 Significa'tion, n. meaning. 
 Sig'net, n. a seal. 
 Assign', v. to mark out. 
 Assign'ment, n. a making over. 
 Consign', v. to commit to another's 
 
 care. 
 Design', v. to purpose ; to plan. 
 Des'ignate, v. to point out. 
 Resign', v. to give up ; to yield. 
 
 SifnHlis — Like 
 
 Sim'ilar, a. like ; resembling. 
 Sim'ile, n. a comparison. 
 Assim'ilate, v. to make like to. 
 Dissem'ble, v. to hide under a false 
 appearance. 
 
 Simula'tion, n. a counterfeiting. 
 Sis^to — to Stand ; to Stop. 
 
 Dissim'ilar, a. unlike. 
 Dissimula'tion, n. hypocrisy. 
 Simil'itude, n. resemblance. 
 Fac sim'ile, n. an exact imitation. 
 Resem'ble, v. to be like. 
 
 Assist', v. to help. 
 Consist', v. to be composed of. 
 Desist', «. to cease from ; to stop 
 Exist', v. to have being. 
 
 Resist', v. to make opposition. 
 
 Consis'tent, a. agreeing together. 
 Insist', v. to stand upon ; to be un- 
 yielding. 
 Persist', v. to stand to the end. 
 
LATIN KOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 287 
 
 SVnus — ^the Bosom ; a Bend. 
 
 Si'nus, n. a bay. I Insin'uate, v. to introduce slowly 
 
 SiNUOs'iTY, n. a bending in and out. | and artfully. 
 Insinua'tion, n. a hint. 
 
 ^ So^cius — a Companion. 
 
 So'ciABLE, a. familiar ; friendly. I Soci'ety, n. a collection of persons. 
 
 So'ciAL, a. relating to society. I Asso'ciate, v. to unite. 
 
 Sol — the Sun. 
 So'lar, a. belonging to the sun. j Sol'stice, n. the tropical point. 
 
 Solic'itus — Uneasy; Anxious. 
 SoLic'iT, V. to ask with earnestness. 1 Solic'itous, a. anxious. 
 
 Solicita'tion, n. entreaty. | Solic'itude, n. anxiety 
 
 Soridtis—BoijiD : Firm; Entire. 
 
 Sol 'id, a. hard ; firm ; not liquid. 
 Solid'ity, n. hardness ; firmness. 
 Consol'idate, v. to unite into a solid 
 
 Solid'ify, v. to make solid. 
 Sol'der, v. to unite by metallic ce. 
 
 ment. 
 Sol'dier, n. a warrior. 
 
 So'lor, sola^tus — to Cheer ; to Comfort ; to Soothe. 
 
 Console', v. to comfort ; to cheer. | Sol 'ace, n. a comfort ; ease. 
 Discon'solate, a. sad ; hopeless. 
 
 •^ So^lus — Alone. 
 
 Sole, a. single ; only. I Sol'itude, n. a lonely place. 
 
 Sol'itary, a. alone ; lonely. I Des'olate, a. without inhabitants. 
 
 Solil'oquy, n. a speech to one's self. 
 
 4^ SoVvo, solu'tum — to Loose ; to Free ; to Melt. 
 
 Solve, ». to explain. 
 
 Solu'tion, n. explanation. 
 
 Soluble, a. capable of being dis- 
 solved. 
 
 Sol'vency, n. ability to pay. 
 
 Sol'vent, a. able to pay all debts. 
 
 Sol'vent, n. a fluid which dissolves 
 a substance. 
 
 Insol'vent, a. unable to pay. 
 Absolve', 'o. to acquit of a crime. 
 Ab'solute, a. unlimited. 
 Absolu'tion, n. acquittal. 
 Dissolve', «. to melt. 
 Dis'solute, a. loose in morals. 
 Resolve', «. to determine. 
 Resolu'tion, n. determination. 
 
 Res'olute, a. fixed in purpose. 
 
 Som'mis — Sleep. 
 
 Somnam'bulist, n. one who walks in I Somnif'ic, a. causing sleep, 
 sleep. I Som'nolency, n. drowsiness. 
 
 Sor^beOf sorp^tum — to Suck or Imbibe. 
 Absorb', v. to suck up. I Absorp'tion, n. a sucking up. 
 
288 
 
 SMITH'S HAJS^D-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 So'^nus— Si Sound. 
 
 Sound, n. a noise. 
 Sono'rous, a. loud sounding. 
 Con 'sonant, n. a letter. 
 Con'sonant, a. consistent. 
 
 Dis 'sonant, a. discordant. 
 Resound', v. to send back sound. 
 U'nison, n. agreement of sound. 
 Res'onant, a. resounding. 
 
 Sors, sor^tis — a Lot ; a Kind or Sort. 
 
 Consort', v. to associate. 
 Resort', ^. to turn to. 
 Sort, n. a kind ; a species. 
 
 Assort', v. to separate into classes. 
 Con'sort, n. a companion ; a wife or 
 husband. 
 
 Spar'go, spar'stiiri — to Scatter 
 
 Sparse, a. thinly spread. 
 Asperse', v. to bespatter with cal- 
 umny. 
 
 Asper'sion, n. calumny. 
 Disperse', i). to scatter. 
 Intersperse', «. to scatter between. 
 
 Spa^tium — Space; Room. 
 
 Space, n. room ; extension. 
 
 Expa'tiate, 
 
 I Spa'cious, a. roomy ; extensive, 
 to enlarge upon a subject. 
 
 Spe^cio, spe(ftum — to Look ; to See. 
 
 As'pECT, 11. look ; appearance. 
 Cir'cumspect, a. watchful ; cautious. 
 CoNSPic'uous, a. in full view. 
 Despise', v. to look down upon. 
 Des'picable, a. base ; mean. 
 Espe'cial, a. particular. 
 Expect', v. to look for. 
 Inspect', v. to look into. 
 Perspec'tive, n. a view through ; a 
 
 prospect. 
 Perspicu'ity, n. clearness. 
 Pros'pect, n. view within reach of 
 
 the eye. 
 Prospec'tive, a. looking forward. 
 Retrospec'tive, a. looking back. 
 Respect', n. regard ; honor 
 
 Disrespect', n. want of respect. 
 Respect'able, a. worthy of regard. 
 Respec'tive, a. particular. 
 Spe'cial, a. particular ; uncommon. 
 Spe'cies, n. a sort or kind. 
 Specif'ic, a. naming the particular 
 
 properties. 
 Specif'ic, n. an unfailing agent. 
 Spec'ipy, v. to mention particulars. 
 Spec'imen, n. a sample. 
 Spe'cious, a. apparently right. 
 Spec'tacle, n. a show ; a sight. 
 Specta'tor, n. a looker on. 
 Spec'ter, n. an apparition. 
 Spec'ulate, «. to meditate. 
 Suspect', t>, to mistrust. 
 
 Suspi'cioN, n. act of suspecting. 
 SpVrOf spira'turti — to Breathe. 
 
 Spir'it, n. the soul ; the life. 
 Spir'itual, a. belonging to the spirit. 
 Sprite, n. a spirit. 
 Spir'itualize, «. to refine. 
 Spir'acle, n. a breathing hole. 
 Aspire', 'd. to aim at something ele- 
 vated. 
 As'piRANT, n. one who aspires. 
 Aspira'tion, n. a breathing after. 
 Conspir'acy, n. a plot ; treason. 
 
 Conspire', «. to combine for some 
 evil purpose. 
 
 Dispir'it, v. to discourage. 
 
 Expire', «. to die. 
 
 Inspire', v. to breathe into. 
 
 Inspir'it, v. to animate. 
 
 Perspire', i). to emit by the pores. 
 
 Respire', x. to breathe. 
 
 Transpire', ti. to pass out; to be- 
 come known. 
 
LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 289 
 
 Despair', n. hopelessness. 
 Desperate, a. reckless ; hopeless. 
 Despera'do, n. a reckless villain. 
 
 Spe^ro — to Hope. 
 
 Pros'per, V, to be successful. 
 Prosper'ity, n. success ; fortune. 
 Pros'perous, a. thriving. 
 
 SpVna —a Thorn ; the Spine or Back Bonk. 
 
 Spine, n. the back bone. I Spi'nal, a. pertaining to the back 
 
 Spi'nous, a. full of thorns. I bone. 
 
 Splen'deo — to Shine. 
 
 Splbn'ded, a. shining ; showy. | Splen'dor, n. luster ; elegance. 
 
 Resplen'dent, a. very bright. 
 
 Spo'liuiti — Spoil ; Booty. 
 Spoil, n. plunder; pillage. j Despoil, v. to. rob; to strip. 
 
 Spon'deo, sx)on^suni — to Promise ; to Hope. 
 
 Spon'sor, n. one who promises for 
 
 another. 
 Spon'sal, a. relaring to marriage. 
 Spouse, n. a husband or wife. 
 Espouse', «. to take to one's self. 
 
 Correspond', ??. to suit ; to answer. 
 Despond', v. to lose courage. 
 Despond'ent, a. not hoping. 
 Respond', v. to answer. 
 Response', n. a reply. 
 
 Respon'sible, a. answerable. 
 
 SteVla — a Star. 
 
 Constellation, n. a cluster of stars. | Stel'lar, a. starry. 
 Stel'late, a. like a star. 
 
 Ster'Uis — Barren. 
 Ster'ile, a. barren ; unfruitful. | Steril'ity, n. barrenness. 
 
 Ster^no, stra^tum — to Strew ; to Lay Flat. 
 
 Substratum, n. a lower layer. 
 Prostrate, a. lying flat. 
 Consternation, n. great terror. 
 
 Stra'tum, n. a layer, as of earth. 
 Strat'ified, a. composed of layers. 
 Strat'ify, v. to arrange in layers. 
 
 StVgo — ^to Prick ; to Spur. 
 In'stigate, v. to stir up ; to urge. | Instiga'tion, n. a spurring on. 
 
 StiVlo, stilla'tufn — ^to Drop or Trickle Down. 
 Distill', v. to fall drop by drop. | Instill', «.to drop in; to teach slowly. 
 
 Stim^ulus — a Spur. 
 
 Stim'ulus, n. something tlftt excites. ] Stim'ulant, n. something that ex- 
 Stim'ulate, ®. to spur ; to urge. i cites. 
 
 Stim'ulative, a. exciting. 
 
290 
 
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Stin'guOf stlnc' turn— to Mark ; to Thrust. 
 
 Distin'guish, t). to mark difference 
 
 to make eminent. 
 Distinct', a. separate ; clear. 
 
 Extinct', a. put out ; destroyed. 
 Indistinct', a. not plain ; confused. 
 Extin'guish, v. to quench ; to destroy. 
 
 StVnOf stina'tum — to Fix; to Set. 
 
 Dbs'tinb, v. to fix unalterably. f Ob'stinate, a. stubborn. 
 
 Dbstina'tion, n. a purpose or end. [ Predes'tine, «j. to foredoom. 
 
 StirpSf stir'pis — a Root or Stem. 
 
 Exter'pate, v. to take out the roots ; I Extirpa'tion, n. total destruction, 
 to destroy utterly. | 
 
 Sto, sta'^tufn — to Stand ; to Place ; to Set Up. 
 
 State, n. rank ; condi.tion. 
 
 Sta'tion, n. a standing place. 
 
 Sta'tionary, a. standing still. 
 
 Stat'ure, n. the height of a person. 
 
 Stat'ue, n. a standing image. 
 
 Sta'ble, a. able to stand. 
 
 Stabil'itt, n. firmness. 
 
 Ar'mistice, n. a short truce. 
 
 Arrest', v. to stop ; to seize. 
 
 Cir'cumstance, n. a fact or event at- 
 tending something else, 
 
 Circumstan'tial, a. detailing all the 
 circumstances. 
 
 Con'stant, a. unvaried. 
 
 Con'stable, n. a police ofiicer. 
 
 Consist', v. to be composed of. 
 
 Con'stitute, v. to set or build to- 
 gether. 
 
 Constitu'tion, n. a building togeth- 
 er ; the fundamental laws of a na- 
 tion or society. 
 
 Contrast', xi. to set in opposition. 
 
 Desist', v. to stand off; to stop. 
 
 Des TiTUTE, a. being in want. 
 
 Supersti'tion, 
 
 Destitu'tion, n. utter want. 
 
 Dis'tant, a. not near. 
 
 Dis'tance, n. space between two ob- 
 jects. 
 
 Estab'lish, v. to settle firmly. 
 
 Exist', v. to be. 
 
 Extant, a. now in being. 
 
 Insist', v. to stand upon. 
 
 Instance, n. urgency; example. 
 
 In'stant, a. pressing ; urgent. 
 
 In'stant, n. a moment. 
 
 Instanta'neous, a. done in an in- 
 stant. 
 
 In'stitute, v. to establish. 
 
 In'terstice, n. a space between. 
 
 Ob'stacle, n. something standing in 
 the way. 
 
 Persist', v. to persevere. 
 
 Resist', «. to withstand. 
 
 Pros'titute, v. to devote to a base 
 purpose. 
 
 Restitu'tion, n. a placing back. 
 
 Sub'stance, n. being ; body. 
 
 Substan'tial, a. real ; solid. 
 n. false religion. 
 
 Strin^gOf strict turn — to Bind ; to Draw Tight. 
 
 Strict, a. exact ; severe. 
 Astrin'gent, a. drawing together. 
 Constrain', v. to bind or oblige. 
 Constraint', n. compulsion. 
 Distrain', v. to lay hold on. 
 
 Restrain', ^. to draw or hold back. 
 Restraint', n. hinderance of the will. 
 Restrict', v. to limit. 
 Restric'tion, n. limitation. 
 Strain, i). to extend with force. 
 
 Stu'deo — ^to Study. 
 
 Stu'dent, n. a person studying. 
 Stu'pious, a, devoted to study. 
 
 Stud'y, v. to apply the mind. 
 Stu'dio, n. the workshop of an artist. 
 
LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVAITVES. 29i 
 
 Struma, stru&tuni — to Build ; to Place in Order. 
 In'strument, 11. a tool. 
 
 Struc'ture, n. a building. 
 Construct', v. to build ; to form. 
 Con'strue, v. to interpret. 
 Instruct', v. to teach ; to inform. 
 
 Obstruct', d. to block up. 
 Destroy', t). to put an end to. 
 Destruc'tion, n. waste ; ruin. 
 
 Stu'peo — to Be Dull or Senseless. 
 
 Stu'pid, a. dull ; senseless. I Stupefac'tion, n. dullness. 
 
 Stu'pefy, v. to make stupid. | Stupen'dous, a. to be wondered at. 
 
 Sua^deo, sua^sum — to Advise. 
 
 Persuade', v. to advise strongly. I Persua'sive, a. having the power to 
 Dissuade', «. to advise against. | persuade. 
 
 Sua^'vis — Sweet ; Pleasant. 
 SuAv'iTY, n. sweetness ; softness. | Suav'ify, v. to render agreeable. 
 
 Su^do, suda^tum — to Sweat. 
 Exude', «. to sweat out. | Sudorif'ic, a. causing sweat. 
 
 HiifgOf sufftum — to Suck or Draw In. 
 
 Suck, v. to draw into the mouth. 1 Suc'tion, n. the act of drawing in. 
 Suck'le, v. to nurse at the breast. | Suc'culent, a. juicy ; moist. 
 
 SuH — of One's Self. 
 Su'iciDE, n. self-murder. ( Suici'dal, a. self-destroying. 
 
 Sum/ma — the Chief Part ; the Whole. 
 
 Consum'mate, a. complete ; finished. I Sum'mary, n. an abridgment. 
 Sum, n. the whole ; the amount. | Sum'mary, a. short ; brief 
 
 Sum'mit, n. the utmost height. 
 
 Su^mOf sump^tuni — to Take ; to Spend or Consume 
 
 Assume', v. to take upon one's self 
 Asbump'tion, n. the act of taking 
 
 upon one's self. 
 ConsuaxE', v. to use ; to waste. 
 Consump'tion, n. a using or wasting. 
 
 Presume', v. to take for granted. 
 Presump'tuous, a. too bold. 
 Resume', v. to begin again. 
 Sump'tuary, a. relating to expense. 
 Sump'tuous, a. costly ; magnificent. 
 
 Supe'rior, a. higher in place or ex 
 
 cellence. 
 Super'latiye, a. highesWin degree. 
 Supreme', a. highest ; greatest. 
 Suprem'acy, n. highest power. 
 Superb', a. grand ; magnificent. 
 
 Supper — Above; Over; High. 
 
 Su'perable, a. that may be over- 
 come. 
 
 Insu'perable, a. that cannot be over- 
 come. 
 
 Supercil'ious, a. haughty ; over- 
 bearing. 
 
292 
 
 smith's hand-book of etymology 
 
 SouKCE, n. origin ; first cause. 
 Surge, n. a rising mass of water. 
 I]^sur'gent, n. a rebel. 
 
 Sur^ffOy surre&tum — to Rise. 
 
 Insurrec'tion, n. a rebellion. 
 Resurrec'tion, n. a rising again. 
 
 Surge'less, a. smooth ; calm. 
 
 Taher^na — a Shed or Shop ; an Inn. 
 Fab ERNACLE,?i. a temporary dwelling, j Tav'ern, n. a drinking place. 
 
 Tab'ula — a Board ; a Gaming Table. 
 
 Ta'ble, n. a board for holding dish- I Tab'ular, a. in the form of a tabla 
 es, etc. I Tab'let, n. a little table. 
 
 Ta'ceo, ta(fitu^n — to be Silent. 
 Tac'it, a. silent ; implied. | Tac'iturn, n. habitually silent. 
 
 Tan' go, taciturn — to Touch. 
 
 Tan'gent, n. a line touching a curve. 
 Tan'gible, a. that may be touched. 
 TACT,?i.peculiarskill;niceperception. 
 Intact', a. untouched. 
 Con'tact, n. touch ; close union. 
 Conta'gion, n. communication of dis- 
 ease by touch. 
 
 Contig'uous, a. touching. 
 Contigu'ity, n. contact. 
 Contin'gent, a, accidental. 
 Entire', a. whole ; unbroken. 
 In'teger, n. a whole number. 
 In'tegral, a. whole. 
 Integ'rity, n. honesty ; purity. 
 
 Tar'dus — Slow. 
 Retard', v. to stay or keep back. ] Tar'dy, a. slow ; not swift. 
 
 Te^go, tec'tuin — to Cover. 
 
 Integ'ument, n. a covering. I Protect', v. to cover ; to defend. 
 
 Teg'ument, n. a natural covering. | Detect', «). to find out. 
 Detec'tion, n, discovery. 
 
 Tent/no, temp'tum — to Scorn. 
 Contemn', v. to despise ; to scorn. | Contempt', n. scorn ; disregard. 
 
 Tem'pero— to Temper ; to Regulate. 
 
 Tem'per, n. disposition. 
 Tem'per, v. to moderate. 
 Tem'perance, n. moderation. 
 
 Intemperance, n. excess. 
 
 I Tem'perate, a. moderate. 
 
 I Tem'perament, 71. constitution. 
 
 I Tem'perature, n. state as regards 
 
 i heat or cold. 
 
 Distem'per, n. disease. 
 
 Tem'piiSf teni'^por is— Time, ; Occasion. 
 
 Contem'porary, a. living at the same 
 time. 
 
 Extem'pore, ad. without premedita- 
 tion. 
 
 Tem'poral, a. relating to time. 
 Tem'porary, a. lasting only a time 
 Tem'porize, v. to comply with times 
 and occasions. 
 
 Extempora'neous, a. uttered without previous study. 
 
LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 293 
 
 Ten^dOf tenfsuTtt, or teri^tiun — to Stretch ; to Go Towards. 
 
 Tend, v. to move towards ; to watch. 
 Tend'ency, n. direction towards. 
 Attend', v. to listen ; to regard. 
 Atten'tion, n. regard ; care. 
 Contend', v. to strive. 
 Conten'tion, n. strife. 
 Distend', v. to expand. 
 Extend', v. to spread ; to enlarge. 
 Extent', n. size ; compass. 
 Exten'sive, a. large ; wide spread. 
 Intend', v. to mean ; to design. 
 Inten'tion, n. design. 
 Intent', «. eager in pursuing. 
 Intense', a. strained ; ardent. 
 Inten'sity, n. ardor ; violence. 
 
 Osten'sible, a. seeming ; plausible. 
 Ostenta'tion, n. vain show. 
 Portend', v. to foreshow. 
 Portentous, a. foretokening ilL 
 Portent', n. an omen of ill. 
 Pretend', v. to feign. 
 Pretense', n. a feigning. 
 Preten'sion, n. a claim. 
 Subtend', v. to extend under. 
 Superintend', v. to have the direc- 
 tion of 
 Ten'don, n. a sinew. 
 Tense, a. stretched to stiffness. 
 Ten'sion, n. tightness. 
 Tent, n. a portable dwelling. 
 
 -ft- 
 
 Te^neOf ten' turn — ^to Hold ; to Keep. 
 
 Abstain', v. to keep from. 
 Ab'stinence, n. the act of keeping 
 
 from. 
 Abste'mious, a. temperate ; sober. 
 Appertain', v. to belong to. 
 Contain', v. to hold ; to comprise. 
 Content', a. satisfied. 
 Contin'ue, v. to remain ; to last. 
 Continual, a. uninterrupted. 
 CoNTiNu'iTY, n. unbroken connection. 
 Coun'tenance, n. features ; look. 
 Detain', v. to keep back. 
 Deten'tion, n. a detaining. 
 Entertain', v. to receive into one's 
 
 house. 
 Maintain', v. to support ; to persist 
 
 in. 
 Obtain', v. to gain ; to get. 
 
 Pertain', t). to belong to. 
 Per'tinent, a. to the purpose. 
 Imper'tinent, a. not pertinent; ill 
 
 mannered. 
 Pertina'cious, a. obstinate. 
 Pertinac'ity, n. obstinacy. 
 Retain', «. to keep ; to hold. 
 Reten'tive, a. having the power tc 
 
 retain. 
 Sustain', v. to hold up ; to support. 
 Sus'tenance, n. support. 
 Ten'ant, n, an occupier. 
 Ten'dril, n. the clasper of a vine. 
 Tena'cious, a. holding fast. 
 Ten'ement, n. a dwelling. 
 Ten'et, n. an opinion ; a principle. 
 Ten'ure, n. a holding. 
 Ten'ob, n. continued course; meaning. 
 
 Ten' to, tenta'tum, — to Try, 
 
 Attempt', n. a trial ; an effort. ] Tempt, v. to solicit to an evil act. 
 
 Ten'tative, a. trying. 
 
 Ten'uis — Thin; Fine. 
 
 Ten'uous, a. thin ; small. I Atten'uate, v. to make thin. 
 
 Tenu'ity, n. thinness. I Exten'uate, v, to lessen ; to palliate. 
 
 Te^ro, trr turn— to Wear by Rubbing. 
 
 Trite, a. worn out by use* 
 Attri'tion, n. a wearing away by 
 rubbing. 
 
 Con'trite, a. bruised in spirit. 
 Det'riment, n. loss ; damage. 
 Detri'tus, n. matter worn off. 
 
 Trit'urate, v. to grind to a powder. 
 
294 
 
 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 Ter^minus — an End ; a Limit or BouiroART. 
 
 Term, n. an end or limit. I Deter'mine, v. to fix ; to decide. 
 
 Ter'minate, v. to put an end to. | Exter'minate, v. to destroy utterly. 
 Inter'minable, a. having no end. 
 
 Ter'ra — the Earth or Ground. 
 
 Inter', «. to bury in the earth. 
 Disinter', v. to unbury. 
 Ter'race, n. a platform of earth. 
 Terres'trial, a. earthly. 
 Ter'ritory, n. a tract of land. 
 Terra'queous, a. composed of land 
 and water. 
 
 Mediterra'nean, a. encircled with 
 land. 
 
 Subterra'nean, a. beneath the sur- 
 face of the earth. 
 
 Terrier, n. a dog that hunts under 
 ground. 
 
 Ter^reo — to Make Afraid ; to Frighten. 
 
 Deter', ». to stop by fear. 1 Ter'rible, a. frightful. 
 
 Ter'ror, n. extreme fear. I Ter'ripy, v. to frighten. 
 
 Terrif'ic, a. causing fear. 
 
 Tes^tis — a Witness. 
 
 Attest', v. to bear witness. 
 Contest', ??. to dispute ; to struggle. 
 Detest', v. to abhor. 
 Detesta'tion, n. abhorrence. 
 Testa'tor, n. one who makes a will. 
 Tes'tament, n. a will. 
 
 Intes'tate, a. not having made a 
 
 will. 
 Protest', v. to declare against. 
 Prot'estant, n. one who protests. 
 Testimo'nial, n. a certificate. 
 Tes'tify, 'd. to bear witness. 
 
 Tes'timony, n. evidence. 
 
 TexfOf tex^tum — to Weave ; to Knit. 
 
 Context', a. knit or woven together. I Pre'text, n. pretence. 
 Con'text, n. the connected passages. | Text, n. a passage of Scriptur«. 
 Text'ure, n. the thing woven. 
 
 Tifti^eo—to Fear. 
 
 Tim'id, a. fearful. | Tim'orous, a. cowardly. 
 
 Intim'idate, v. to make fearful. 
 
 Tin^gOf tin&tum — to Dip or Steep ; to Dye ; to Stain. 
 
 Tinge, v. to color slightly. Tinc'ture, n. a steeping or dyeing. 
 
 Tint, n. a slight coloring. Attaint', v. to fix a stain upon. 
 
 Taint, n. a stain or blemish. Attain'der, n. a putting a stain 
 Taint, v. to corrupt ; to infect. upon. 
 
 ToVerOf tolera^tum— to Bear With or Suffer 
 
 Tol'erate, v. to bear with that which 
 
 is not approved. 
 Toleration, n. allowance of that 
 " which is not approved. 
 
 Intol'erable, a. that can not be 
 borne. 
 
 Intol'erant, a. that can not toler- 
 ate. 
 
LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 295 
 
 TWulus — a Title ; an Inscription. 
 
 Ti'tle, n. a name ; a claim of right. I Tit'ular, a. relating to a title. 
 Enti'tle, t>. to give a claim to. j Unti'tled, a. having no title. 
 
 Tor'peo- 
 
 Tor'pid, a. inactive ; numbed. 
 Tor'por, n. numbness. 
 
 -to Be Numb or Torpid. 
 
 I Tor'pitude, n. sluggishness. 
 I Torpe'do, n. an electric fish. 
 
 Tor^reo — to Parch ; to Roast ; to Boil. 
 
 Tor'rid, a. dried by heat. | Tor'refy, v. to dry by a fire. 
 
 Tor'rent, n. a rapid stream. 
 
 Tor'queOf tor^tum — to Twist ; to Writhe. 
 
 Contor'tion, w. a twisting. 
 Distort', v. to twist out of shape. 
 Extort', v. to wrest from one. 
 Extor'tion, n. illegal exaction. 
 Retort', n. a severe reply. 
 
 Retort', v. to throw back a charge 
 
 or argument. 
 Tor'ment, 71. extreme pain. 
 Tort'ure, n. extreme pain. 
 Tort'uous, a. twisted ; winding. 
 
 Tortus— the Whole ; All. 
 
 To'tal, a. whole ; entire ; full. • | Facto'tum, n. a person for all kinds 
 To'tally, ad. wholly ; entirely. I of work. 
 
 Surtout', n. an overcoat. 
 
 Tra'JiOf tracftum — to Draw ; to Take. 
 
 Abstract', 'd. to draw from. 
 
 Ab'stract, a. existing in the mind 
 only. 
 
 Abstrac'tion, n. absence of mind. 
 
 Attract', id. to draw to ; to allure. 
 
 Attrac'tfve, a. having power to at- 
 tract. 
 
 Contract', id. to draw together. 
 
 Detract', v. to take from. 
 
 Distract', «. to draw apart. 
 
 Distrac'tion, n. derangement of 
 reason. 
 
 Extract', v. to draw out. 
 
 Portray', «. to draw forth or exhibit. 
 
 Por'trait, n. a likeness. 
 
 Protract', «?. to draw out or length- 
 en in time. 
 
 Retract', ?j. to draw back. 
 
 Subtract', «. to take a part from the 
 rest. 
 
 Trace, n. a mark left. 
 
 Track, n. a footprint ; a path. 
 
 Tract, n. a region • a treatise. 
 
 Tract'able, a. docile. 
 
 Tract'ile, a. ductile. 
 j Trail, v. to draw along the ground. 
 I Trait, n. a feature ; a line. 
 
 Treat, t. to use : to discuss. 
 
 Treat'y, n. a contract or league. 
 
 Tre^mo — to Shake ; to Tremble. 
 
 Trem'ble, t). to quake ; to quiver. I Tremen'dous, a. to be trembled at 
 Tre'mor, n. a trembling. I or feared. 
 
 Trem'ulous, a. shaking ; quivering. 
 
 TrepHdus — Agitated ; Trembling. 
 Intrep'id, a. not trembling ; fearless. | Trepida'tion, n. fear ; tremor. 
 
SMITH S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Tres, trVa — Thbee. 
 
 Tbeb'le, a. threefold. 
 Trip'le, a. threefold. 
 Tri'ad, n. the union of three. 
 Tri'angle, n. a figure with three an- 
 gles. 
 Tri'une, n. three in one. 
 
 Tri'o, n. three united. 
 
 Tri'pod, n. a three legged stool. 
 Tri'dent, n. an instrument haring 
 
 three prongs. 
 Trin'ity, n. a union of three in one. 
 Triv'iai,, a. unimportant. 
 Trisect', «. to divide into three parta 
 
 TrWuOf trihu'tum — to Give ; to Pay. 
 
 Trib'ute, n. a tax paid to a con- 
 queror. 
 Trib'utary, a. paying tribute. 
 At'hrib'ute, v. to ascribe. 
 
 Retribu'tion, n. a paying back. 
 
 Contrib'ute, v. to give with others. 
 Distrib'ute, v. to deal out. 
 Distribu'tion, n. a giving to severaL 
 Retrib'utive, a. repaying. 
 
 TrVbus — a Tribe. 
 
 Tribe, n. a distinct body of people. | Trib'une, n. a Roman officer. 
 Tribu'nal, n. a court of justice. 
 
 Note.— Tribus, originally a third part of the Roman people, afterwards a tribe; 
 Tres, three. Tribune, an officer chosen by the common people to protect them 
 from the oppression of the nobles. 
 
 Tru^dOf tru^sum — to Thrust ; to Push. 
 
 Abstruse', a. difficult to be under- 
 stood. 
 
 Detrude', v. to thrust down. 
 
 Intrude', v. to thrust in. 
 
 ExTRu'siON, n. the act of thrusting 
 out. 
 
 Protrude', «. to thrust forward. 
 
 Intru'sion, n. the act of intruding. 
 Obtrude', v. to thrust on. 
 Obtru'sion, n. act of obtruding. 
 Obtkusive, a. bold; coming unin- 
 vited. 
 Intru'sive, a. entering without right. 
 
 Tu^her — a Swelling. 
 
 Tu'ber, n. a knob in roots. 
 Tu'bercle, n. a small tumor. 
 
 Protu'berance, n. a swelling out. 
 Tu'berous, a. having tubes. 
 
 Note. — Tuber, a thickened portion of a subterranean stem or branch, having eyes 
 or buds, as a potato. 
 
 Tu^eor, tuVtus — to Watch ; to Guard. 
 
 Tui'tion, n. instruction. 
 Intui'tion, n. immediate perception 
 
 of truth. 
 Tu'telage, n. guardianship. 
 
 Intu'itive, a. having the power to 
 
 discover things untaught. 
 Tu'telar, a. protecting. 
 Tu'tor, n. a teacher ; a guardian. 
 
 Tu'mid, a. swollen ; pompous. 
 Tu'mor, n. swelling. 
 Tu'mult, n. a commotion. 
 Tumult'uary, a. disorderly. 
 Con'tumely, n. haughty behavior. 
 
 u^meo — to Swell. 
 
 Con'tumacy, n. contempt of author- 
 
 ity. 
 Contuma'cious, a. stubborn. 
 Tomb, n. a grave ; a burial place. 
 Entomb', v. to put m a tomb. 
 
LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 297 
 
 TunfdOf tu^sutn— to Beat ; to Bruise. 
 CoNTu'siON, n. a bruise. | Obtuse', a. dulled or blunted. 
 
 Tur^ba — a Crowd : Confusion. 
 
 Disturb', v. to disquiet. 
 Disturb'Ance, n. confusion. 
 Perturba'tion, n. agitation of mind. 
 
 Troub'le, n. perplexity. 
 Tdr'bid, a. muddy ; not clear. 
 Tur'bulent, a. full of confusion. 
 
 Tur'bulence, n. violence. 
 
 Tur^geo — to Swell ; to be Inflated. 
 Tur'gid, a. bloated ; swollen. | Tur'gent, a. swelling ; tumid, 
 
 Wher — Fruitful; Plentiful. 
 Exu'berant, a. very plentiful. | U'berty, n. fruitfulness. 
 
 Ulte^rior — Further. Ul^timus — Furthest or Last. 
 
 Ulte'rior, a. further. I Ul'timately, ad. in the end. 
 
 Ul'timate, a. furthest ; final ; last. I Ultima'tum, n. a final proposition. 
 
 TJmfhra — a Shadow or Shade. 
 
 Um'brage, n. suspicion of injury; 
 
 offence. 
 Umbra'geous, a. shady. 
 
 Umbrel'la, n. a shade or screen car- 
 ried in the hands. 
 
 Unfda — a Wave. 
 Un'dulate, v. to move like waves. Abun'dance, n. more than enough. 
 
 Un'dulating, a. rising and falling. 
 Un'dulatory, a. moving like waves. 
 Abound', t). to be in great plenty. 
 Abun'dant, a, plentiful. 
 
 Inun'date, «. to flow upon. 
 Inunda'tion, n. a flood. 
 Redound', ^. to be sent back, as k 
 wave ; to result. 
 
 Redun'dant, a. full to overflowing. 
 
 TJWguO) urnftum — ^to Anoint. 
 
 Unc'tion, n. an anointing. I Un'guent, n. ointment. 
 
 Unc'tuous, a. oily ; greasy. | Oint'ment, n. a salve. 
 
 TTnus — One ; Alone. 
 
 TJ'nit, n. a single thing. 
 
 U'nity, n. oneness. 
 
 Unite', v. to make one ; to join. 
 
 Disunite', v. to separate. 
 
 Reunite', v. to unite again. 
 
 Unanim'ity, n. agreement in opinion. 
 
 U'niform, a. even ; regular. 
 U'nion, n. concord ; agreement. 
 Unique', a. the only one of its kind. 
 U'nison, n. concord of sounds. 
 U'niverse, n. the whole system of 
 things. 
 
 Unan'imous, a. of one mind. i Univer'sal, a. pertaining to all. 
 
 Note.— Union, the upper,^niicr corner of a flag, the rest being called the^?/. The 
 union of the U. S. flag is a blue field with white stars, representing the confederation 
 of the States, one for each State, and the fly is composed of thirteen alternate white 
 and red stripes, representing the original thirteen states. 
 
^^ 
 
 SMITHES HAIfD-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY 
 
 "^h JJrbs, ur^his — a City. 
 
 Uk'ban, a. pertaining to a city. I TJrban'ity, n. politeness. 
 
 Urbane', a. civil ; polite ; refined. | Sub'urbs, n. the out part of a city. 
 
 Wtor, u^sus — to Use. 
 
 Use, v. to employ. 
 Use'ful, a. serviceable. 
 U'suAL, a. customary, 
 U'sAGE, n. established custom. 
 Abuse', v. to use improperly. 
 Disuse', v. to cease to use. 
 
 Uten'sil, n. that which is used. 
 
 Misuse', v. to treat ill. 
 Util'ity, n. usefulness. 
 Inutil'ity, n. uselessness. 
 Peruke', v. to read. 
 U'suRY, n, illegal interest. 
 Usurp', v. to seize without right. 
 
 Va^cOf vaca'tutn — to Be Empty ; to Be at Leisure. 
 
 Va'cant, a. empty. I Vac'uum, n. an empty space. 
 
 Vaca'tion, n. being at leisure ; recess. | Evac'uate, «. to make empty. 
 
 Va'do, va'sum, — to Go. 
 
 Evade', d. to go from or shun, I Invade', -». to enter, as an enemy. 
 
 Eva'sion, n. an artifice to elude. j Inva'sion, n. a hostile entrance. 
 
 Pervade', ti. to pass through. 
 
 Va'grant, n. an idle wanderer, 
 Va'grant, a. wandering ; unsettled. 
 Vague, a. indefinite ; uncertain. 
 
 Vaga'ry, n. a whim ; a caprice 
 
 Va'gus — Wandering, 
 
 Vag'abond, n. a worthless person. 
 Extrav'agant, a. wasteful ; exces- 
 sive. 
 Extrav'agance, n. excess. 
 
 Va^leo — ^to Be "Well or Strong ; to Be Worth. 
 
 Avail', v. to take advantage of; to 
 
 be of use to. 
 In'valid, n. a sick person. 
 Inval'id, a. of no force, 
 Inval'idate, v. to make weak or null. 
 CoNVALEs'cENT, a. recovering health 
 
 and strength, 
 Equiv'alent, a. equal in value. 
 Prevail', v. to overcome; to have 
 
 effect. 
 Prev'alent, a. widely existing. 
 
 Prev'alence, 71, general existence. 
 
 Valedic'tion, n. a farewell. 
 
 Val'iant, a. brave ; strong, 
 
 Val'id, a. of full force; good in 
 law. 
 
 Yalid'ity, n. soundness ; strength. 
 
 Val'or, n. bravery. 
 
 Yal'ue, n. worth ; price, 
 
 Inval'uable, a. precious above esti- 
 mation. 
 
 Vacuus — Vain; Empty. 
 
 Vain, a. empty ; worthless. 
 Van'ity, 71. petty or empty pride. 
 
 Van'ish, v. to disappear. 
 
 EvANEs'cENT, a. fleeting. 
 
 Va^rius — Changeable; Diverse; Different. 
 
 Va'ry, T). to make different. 
 Va'riance, n. disagreement. 
 
 Va'riegate, v. to diversify. 
 Vari'ety, a. change ; diversity. 
 
LATIN KOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 299 
 
 Va^por — Steam; Fume. 
 Va'pob, n. fume , steam ; mist ; fog. | Evap'orate, v. to pass away in vapor. 
 
 Vas^tus — Yery Large; Desert. 
 
 Vast, a. very large ; great. 
 Devas'tate, «. to lay waste. 
 
 Devasta'tion, n. waste ; havoc. 
 Waste, n. a desolate country. 
 
 Ve^ho, ve&tutn—to Carry ; to Bear. 
 
 Inveigh', v. to carry or bring charges 
 
 against. 
 Ve'hemence, n. ardor; violence. 
 
 Convey', v. to carry. 
 
 Convey'ance, n. that which conveys. 
 
 Invec'tivb, n. angry abuse. 
 
 Ve'hicle, n. a carnage. 
 
 VeVlo, vuVsum — to Pull ; to Pluck. 
 Convulse',??, to give violent motion to. | Revul'sion, n. a drawing back. 
 
 Ve^lo — to Cover; to Conceal 
 
 Veil, v. to hide ; to cover. 
 Veil, n. a curtain. 
 Devel'op, v. to unfold ; to unclose. 
 Devel'opment, n. an unfolding. 
 
 Envel'op, t. to wrap up. 
 
 Reveal', h. to draw back the veil ; to 
 
 make known. 
 Revel a'tion, n. discovery. 
 
 Ven^do— to Sell. 
 
 Vend, v. to sell. 
 Vender, n. one who sells. 
 
 Vendue', n. an auction. 
 
 Ve'nal, a. that may be bought or sold. 
 
 Ven'om, n. poison. 
 
 Vene^num — Poison; Venom. 
 
 I Ven'omous, a. poisonous. 
 Enven'om, v. to poison. 
 
 Ve^niOf ven^tum — to Come ; to Go. 
 
 Ad'vent, n. a coming. 
 Advent'ure, n. a hazard or risk. 
 Adventi'tious, a. accidental. 
 Av'enue, n. a passage. 
 Circumvent', v. to come round. 
 Contravene', v. to hinder. 
 Convene', v. to assemble. 
 Conven'tion, n. a coming together. 
 Conve'nient, a. fit ; suitable. 
 Conven'tional, a. customary. 
 Cov'enant, n. a mutual agreement. 
 
 Event', n. that which happens. 
 Event'ual, a. happening as a result. 
 Event'ually, ad. in the event. 
 Event'uate, v. to terminate. 
 Intervene', v. to come between. 
 Invent', v. to devise. 
 Prevent', v. to hinder. 
 Rev'enue, n. the income of a state. 
 Ven'ture, v. to run a hazard; to 
 
 dare. 
 Ven'turous, a. daring ; bold. 
 
 Verb, n. a part of speecl^ 
 Ver'bal, a. uttered by the mouth. 
 Ver'biage, n. an unnecessary profu 
 aion of words. 
 
 Ver^bum — a Word. 
 
 Verbose', a. full of words. 
 
 ^d'verb, n. a part of speech. 
 Verba'tim, ad. word for word. 
 
300 
 
 SMITHES HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Venftus — the WmD. 
 
 Vent, n. an air hole. 
 Ven'tiduct, n. a passage for air. 
 
 Ven'tilate, 1). to cause a circulation 
 of air. 
 
 Ve'reor — to Fear ; to Stand in Awe Of. 
 
 Revere', v. to respect greatly, 
 Rev'erence, n. great respect ; awe. 
 Rev'erend, a. worthy of reverence. 
 
 Reveren'tial, a. expressing rever« 
 ehce. 
 
 Ver'go— to Turn or Tend Towards. 
 
 Verge, n. brink ; border ; edge. 
 Verge, v. to bend towards. 
 
 Converge', v. to tend to one point. 
 Diverg'ent, a. going apart. 
 
 Ver^mis 
 
 Ver'min, n. noxious animal. 
 Ver'mifuge, n. a medicine to destroy 
 worms. 
 
 -a Worm. 
 
 Vermic'ular, u. resembling a worm. 
 Vermicel'li, n. a paste in the form 
 of worms. 
 
 Ver^to, ver^sum — ^to Turn. 
 
 Advert', i). to turn to. 
 
 Inadver'tence, n. heedlessness. 
 
 Ad'verse, a. opposed ; hostile. 
 
 Ad'verstty, n. misfortune. 
 
 Ad'versary, n. an enemy. 
 
 Advertise', v. to publish a notice. 
 
 Animadver'sion, n. censure. 
 
 Avert', v. to turn away. 
 
 Aver'sion, n. dislike. 
 
 Controvert', v. to dispute. 
 
 Con'troversy, n. disputation. 
 
 Convert', d. to change from one con- 
 dition to another. 
 
 Converse', «. to discourse with. 
 
 Con'verse, n. an opposite proposi- 
 tion. 
 
 Divert', v. to turn off; to amuse. 
 
 Diver'sion, n. amusement. 
 
 Di'vERS, a. several ; more than one. 
 
 Di'vERSE, a. varied ; unlike. 
 
 Diver'sity, n. variety ; difference. 
 
 Diver'sify, v. to vary. 
 
 Invert', v. to turn upside down. 
 
 Pervert', v. to turn to a wrong use. 
 
 Perverse', a. obstinately wrong. 
 
 Perver'sion, n. a wrong use. 
 
 Revert', v. to turn back. 
 
 Reverse', v. to turn the front part 
 back. 
 
 Rever'sion, n. a turning or falling 
 back. 
 
 Subvert', v. to overthrow. 
 
 Subver'sive, a. tending to over- 
 throw. 
 
 Transverse', a. lying across. 
 
 Trav'erse, d. to pass over. 
 
 Ver'satile, a. easily turning to a 
 new task. 
 
 Verse, n. a line of poetry. 
 
 Ver'sify, v. to make verse. 
 
 Ver'sion, 71. a translation. 
 
 Ver 'terra, n. a joint of the spine. 
 
 Ver'tex, n. the top. 
 
 Ver'tical, a. overhead. 
 
 Ver'tigo, n. giddiness. ! 
 
 Vor'tex, n. a whirlpool. ; 
 
 Ver'ity, n. truth. 
 
 Verac'ity, n. habitual observance of 
 
 truth. 
 Vera'cious, a. observant of truth. 
 
 Vefrus — True. 
 
 Ver'dict, n. the report of a jury. 
 Ver'ify, t. to prove true. 
 Ver'ily, ad. in truth. 
 
 Aver', 'g. to declare positively. 
 
 Ver'itable, a. true ; genuine. 
 
LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 301 
 
 VestVgitini — a Footstep ; a Tkack or Trace. 
 Ves'tige, n. a track ; a trace. | Inves'tigate, v. to search into. 
 
 Ves'^tis 
 
 Invest', v. to clothe m. 
 Vest, n. an outer garment. 
 Veb'ture, n. a garment ; a robe. 
 
 a Garment : Clothing. 
 
 Divest', v. to strip ; to deprive. 
 Ves'try, n. a room in a church 
 the sacred garments, etc. 
 
 :or 
 
 Ve'tus, vetf er is— OijD. 
 
 Vet'eran, n. an old soldier. 
 
 Invet'erate, a. fixed by long con- 
 tinuance. 
 
 rva- 
 
 De'viate, t). to turn aside. 
 De'vious, a. wandering. 
 En'voy, n. a public messenger. 
 Per'vious, a. penetrable. 
 Imper'vious, a. not admitting a pas- 
 sage through. 
 
 a Way. 
 
 Ob'viate, v. to remove. 
 Ob'vious, a. plain to be seen. 
 Pre'vious, a. antecedent. 
 Vi'aduct, n. a structure supporting 
 a passage way. 
 
 Vic'ar, n. a substitute. 
 Vicege'rent, n. a deputy. 
 
 Weis — a Change ; in Stead. 
 
 I Vice ROY, n. a king's deputy gov- 
 
 ernor. 
 
 Vicis'siTUDE, n. change. 
 
 Vis'iON, n. sight. 
 Vis'iBLE, a. that can be seen. 
 Vis'ioNARY, a. not real. 
 Vis'it, v. to go to see. 
 Vis'uAL, a. pertaining to sight. 
 Vi'soR, n. a mask. 
 Vis'ta, n. a view ; a prospect. 
 Vis' AGE, n. the countenance. 
 View, n. a seeing or sight. 
 Ev'iDENT, a. plain ; apparent. 
 Invis'ible, a. not to be seen. 
 Provide', v. to see to beforehand. 
 
 VVdeo, Wsurn — to See. 
 
 Prov'ident, a. providing for. 
 Prov'ender, n. food for cattle. 
 Prov'idence, 11. forethought. 
 Provis'ion, n. victuals ; food. 
 Provi'so, n. something that provides 
 
 against. 
 Pru'dent, a. cautious; wise. 
 Pur'vey, v. to provide. 
 Purvey'or, n. a provider. 
 Revise', t>. to examine again. 
 Review', n. a critical examination. 
 Supervise', v. to overlook. 
 
 Survey', v. to view carefully. 
 
 VVdiio — to Deprive Of : to Part. 
 
 Avoid', v. to keep clear from. 
 Devoid', v. destitute of. 
 Void, a. empty. 
 
 Divide', v. to separate. 
 Div'idend, n. a share. 
 Individ'ual, n. a single person. 
 
 ^ Vig^or — Strength. 
 
 Vig'or, n. strength ; energy. I Invig 'orate, v. to strengthen. 
 
 Vig'orous, a. full of strength. ] Vig'orously, ad, with force. 
 
303 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 VigHlo — to Watch ; to Keep Awake. 
 Vig'il, n. a watching. | Vig'ilant, a. watchful. 
 
 Vi'lis — of LiTTLB "Worth ; Cheap ; Vile. 
 
 Vile, a. base ; mean ; wicked. I Vil'ify, v. to defame ; to abuse. 
 
 Vile'ly, ad. basely ; meanly. | Revile', v. to vilify again and again. 
 
 Vin^co, vi&tum — to Conquer ; to Overcome. 
 
 Invin'cible, a. unconquerable. 
 Prov'ince, n. a subject country; a 
 
 division of a country. 
 Van'quish, 1). to conquer. 
 Vic'tor, 11. a conqueror. 
 Vic'tory, 71. conquest. 
 
 Convince', v. to satisfy by evidence. 
 Convict', v. to prove guilty. 
 Con'vict, n. one found guilty. 
 Convic'tion, n. the state of being 
 
 convicted or convinced ; belief. 
 Evince . d. to show clearly 
 
 Vic'tim, n. a living being sacrificed. 
 
 Vin^deXf vin^dicis — a Defender or Avenger. 
 
 Vin'dicate, v. to defend ; to justify. I Revenge', v. to return an injury. 
 Vindic'tive, a. revengeful. I Avenge', v. to punish for an injury. 
 
 Ven'geance, n. recompense of evil. 
 Vi^nurn — Wine. 
 
 Vine, n. the plant which produces 
 
 grapes. 
 Vinous, a. having the qualities of 
 
 wine. 
 
 Vin'egar, n. sour wine. 
 Vin'tage, n. the crop of grapes. 
 Vine'yard, n. a plantation of grape 
 vines. 
 
 Vir — a Man. 
 Vi'rile, a. masculine. | Vira'go, n. a turbulent woman. 
 
 VVrus — Poison. 
 Vir'ulence, n. malignity. | Vir'ulent, a. full of poison. 
 
 VVtium—B. Vice ; a Fault. 
 
 Vice, n. a fault ; a blemish. j Vi'cious, a. wicked ; sinful. 
 
 Vi'tiate, XI. to deprave ; to spoil. 
 
 V¥to — to Shun ; to Escape. 
 Inev'itable,«. that cannot be avoided. | Inev'itably. ad. certainly. 
 
 Vifrum — Glass. 
 Vit'reous, a. resembling glass. | Vit'rify, ®. to change into glasg. 
 
 Wvo, vie" turn — to Live. 
 
 CoNviv'iAL, a. gay ; jovial. 
 Revive', v. to live again. 
 Survive', i). to outlive. 
 Vi'and, n. an article of food. 
 
 Vrv'iFY, V. to animate. 
 
 Vict'uals, n. food ; provisions. 
 Vi'tal, a. necessary to life. 
 ViVAc'iTY, n. liveliness. 
 Viv'iD, a. active ; bright. 
 
LA.TIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 3oa 
 
 Ad'vocate, n. a pleader. 
 
 Avoca'tion, n. a calling or employ- 
 ment. 
 
 Convoca'tion, n. an assembly. 
 
 Convoke', v. to call together. 
 
 EQUiv'ocAii, a. doubtful. 
 
 Equiv'ocate, V, to use doubtful ex- 
 pressions. 
 
 Evoke', v. to call forth. 
 
 Invoca'tion, n. a solemn address or 
 prayer. 
 
 Vo^cOf voca^tuni— to Call. 
 
 Invoke', v. to implore. 
 Revoke', v. to call back. 
 Irrev'ocable, a. not to be recalled. 
 Provoke', v. to irritate. 
 Provoca'tion, n. a cause of anger. 
 Vocab'ulary, n. a list of words. 
 Vo'cAL, a. relating to the voice. 
 Vocif'erate, v. to cry out loudly. 
 Voca'tion, n. a business. 
 Voice, n. sound from the mouth. 
 Vouch, v. to attest ; to affirm. 
 
 Vol'atile, a. easily evaporated ; gay ; 
 fickle. 
 
 Vow'el, n. a simple sound. 
 Vo'lo, vola'tum— to Fly. 
 
 Vol'ley, n. a flight of shot. 
 
 Benev'olence, n. good will. 
 Malev'olence, n. ill will. 
 Voli'tion, n. the power of willing. 
 
 yo'lo, volVtU7n — to Will ; to Wish. 
 
 Vol'untary, a. acting from choice. 
 Volunteer', n. a voluntary soldier. 
 Invol'untary, a. not willing. 
 
 -Pleasure. 
 
 Volup^tas- 
 
 Volup'tuous, a. full of pleasure. 
 
 Volup'tuart, n. one given 
 pleasure. 
 
 up to 
 
 VoVvOf volu^tuin — to Roll. 
 
 Circumvolu'tion, n. a rolling round. 
 Devolve', v. to deliver over. 
 EvoLVi!}', V. to unroll ; to unfold. 
 Evolu'tion, n. act of unfolding. 
 Involve', v. to envelop. 
 
 -Revolt', v. to throw off subjection. 
 Revolve', v. to roll in a circle. 
 Revolu'tion, n. an entire change. 
 Vol'uble, a. rolling ; fluent. 
 Vol'ume, n. a roll ; a book. 
 
 Volu'minous, a. great size ; bulky. 
 Vo^ro, vora'tum — ^to Eat Greedily. 
 
 Devour', v. to eat up greedily. I Carniv'orous, a. eating flesh. 
 
 Vorac'ity, n. greediness of appetite. Omniv'orous, a. eating all things, 
 Vora'cious, a. eating very greedily, i Ossrv'oROUS, a. eating bones. 
 Piscrv'oRous, a. eating fish. 
 
 Vo'tum — a Vow ; a Wish. 
 
 Avow', «. to declare openly. 
 Devote', v. to set apart. 
 Devo'tion, n. piety ; affection. 
 Devout', a. earnest ; sincere. 
 
 Vo'tary, n. one who has vowed. 
 Vote, n. a wish expressed. 
 Vo'tive, a. given by vow. 
 Vow, n. a solemn promise. 
 
 Volca'no, n. a burning mountam 
 VuVgus 
 
 Divulge', n. to make public. 
 Vul'gar, a. common; unrefined. 
 Vul'garism, n. a vulgar expression 
 
 Vulca'nus — the God of Fire. 
 
 I Volca'nic, a. relating to a volcano, 
 the Common People. 
 
 Vulgar'ity, n. coarseness ; meanness. 
 Vul'gate, n. an ancient Latin version 
 of the Bible. 
 
304 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 GREEK ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 Acadefmia^ {uKadrjula^) — a Grove near Athens, where Plato Taught 
 
 Philosophy. 
 
 Acad'emy, n. a place of instruction. | Academ'ic, a. relating to an academy. 
 
 Al^mef (uKjuff,) — the Summit. 
 Ac'me, n. the top ; the highest point. 
 
 Acou'^Of (uKovo),) — to Hear. 
 Acous'tic, a. relating to hearing. | Acous'tics, n. the science of sounds. 
 
 Ac^ron, (uKpov,) — Summit ; Extremity. 
 
 AcROp'oLis, n. the summit of a city ; I Acros'tic, n. a kind of poem, 
 a citadel. | 
 
 A^er, (dr/p.) — the Air. 
 
 Ae'rial, a. consisting of air. | A'erolite, n. a meteoric stone. 
 
 A'eronaut, n. one who sails in the air. 
 
 A^gOf (a/w,) — to Lead. 
 
 Dem'agogue, n. a factious or sedi- I Ped'agogue, n. a schoolmaster, 
 tious leader. | Syn'agogue, n. a Jewish church. 
 
 A^gon, (dyuv,) — a Combat ; a Contest. 
 
 Ag'ony, n. struggle under severe I Ag'onize, v. to afflict with agony, 
 pain. I Antag'onist, n. an opponent. 
 
 AVgos, (aAyof,)— Pain. 
 Ceph'alalgy, n. the headache. | Ondontal'gia, n. the toothache. 
 
 Alle^lorif (dAAj/Awv,) — One Another ; Each Other. 
 Par'allel, a. equidistant at all points. | Unpar'alleled, a. unequaled. 
 
 AVlos, (aAAof,) — Another. 
 Al'legory, n. a figurative narration. | Allegor'ical, a. not literal. 
 
 Al'pha, {d2,<pa,) — the First Letter in the Greek Alphabet. 
 
 Al'phabet, n. the letters of a Ian- I Alphabet'ical, a. in the order of 
 guage. I the alphabet. 
 
GREEK ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 305 
 
 Ang'eloSf {ayyeTM^^ — a Messenger ; a Bring er of Tidings. 
 
 Evan'gelist, n. a preacher of tin 
 
 gospel. 
 EvANGEL'icAii, a. Contained in the 
 
 gospel. 
 
 An'gel, n. a spiritual messenger. 
 Archan'gel, n. a chief angel. 
 Ev an'gel, n. good tidings ; the gos- 
 pel of Christ. 
 
 Evan'gelize, v. to teach the gospel to. 
 
 An^thos, (dv^of,)— a Flower. 
 
 Anthol'ogy, n. a discourse on flow- I Polyan'thus, n. a plant with many 
 ers. I flowers. 
 
 Helian'thus, n. the sun-flower. 
 
 Anthro^pos, {dvdpuTroc,) — a Man ; a Human Being. 
 
 Mis'anthrope, n. one who hates the 
 human race. 
 
 Misan'thropy, n. hatred of the hu- 
 man race. 
 
 Philan'thropist, n. one who loves 
 inankind. 
 
 Philan'thropy, n. love of the hu- 
 man race. 
 
 Ar^c/ie, (dpxvd — the Beginning ; Government. 
 
 Ar'chitect, n. one skilled in the art 
 
 of building. 
 Ar 'chives, n. records. 
 Mon'arch, n. a sovereign ; a king. 
 Pa'triarch, n. the head of a family. 
 
 An'arch, n. an author of confusion. 
 An'archy, n. want of government. 
 Arch, «. chief ; principal; shrewd. 
 Archbishop, n. the chief bishop. 
 Archduke', n. a chief prince. 
 
 Ar'chetype, n. the original. 
 
 Ar&tos, (dpKTog,) — a Bear ; the North. 
 Arc'tic, a. northern. | Antarc'tic, a. southern. 
 
 Note.— Literally relating to the constellation of the Bear. 
 
 Ar'gos, (dpybf,) — Sluggish; Inactive. 
 Leth'argy, n. morbid sleepiness. | Lethar'gic, a. dull ; sluggish. 
 
 Aris^tos, (dpioTog,) — Noblest; Blest. 
 
 Aristoc'racy, n. the government of I Aris'tocrat, n. one who favors an 
 the nobles. I aristocracy. 
 
 ArithfmoSf (dpidfio^,) — a Number. 
 
 Arith'metic, n. the science of num- I Arithmeti'cian, n. a master of aritb- 
 bers. I metic. 
 
 Aro^ma, (dpufiay) — any Seasoning ; Spice ; Sweet Herb. 
 
 Aro'ma, n. a pleasant odor. I Aromat'ic, a. spicy ; fragrant. 
 
 Aromat'ics, n. fragrant spices. | Aro'matize, v. to scent with spiceai 
 
 AlfmoSf (dT/ioc) — Vapor; Air. 
 
 At'mosphere, n. the air, etc., above I Atmospher'ic, a. relating to the at 
 us I mosphere. 
 
306 SMITH'gi HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Ath^loSf (ad?i,og,) — a Combat. 
 Ath'lete, 71. a wrestler. | Athlet'ic, a. strong of body. 
 
 Ar^trofif (doTpov,) — a Star. 
 
 As'terisk, n. a mark, lik'' a star. 
 As'tral, a. star-like. 
 Astrol'ogy, n. the science of foretell- 
 ing by the stars. 
 
 Astron'omy, n. the science of th« 
 stars. 
 
 Disas'ter, n. a bad or evil star; mis- 
 fortune. 
 
 Au^los, (uilog,) — a Pipe. 
 
 Hydrau'lic, a. relating to water I Hydrau'lics, n. the science of the 
 pipes. I motion and force of fluids. 
 
 Authei^'teo, {dvdevreo),) — ^to Have Authority. 
 Authen'tic, a. genuire; true. | Authentic'ity, n. genuineness. 
 
 Au^tos, ((ivrof ,)— One's Self. 
 
 Au'tocrat, n. a sole ruler. i Autom'aton, n. a self-moving ma- 
 
 Au'tograph, n. one's handwriting. | chine. 
 
 Au'topsy, n. ocular evidence. 
 
 SaVsamum, (jSaTiaafiov,) — a Fragrant Resin ; an Ointment. 
 Balm, n. a fragrant ointment. | Bal'sam, n. a soothing ointment. 
 
 Bap' to, (/3a7rrw,)— to Dip; to Wash. 
 Baptize', v. to immerse. j Bap'tism, n. a Christian sacrament. 
 
 Ba'sis, (jSaaic) — the Base or Foundation. 
 
 Base, n. the bottom. | Base, a. mean ; vile. 
 
 Debase', v. to degrade ; to lower. 
 
 Blh'loSf ((3c(3Xoc,)—a Book. 
 Bi'ble, n. the Holy Scriptures. | Bib'lical, a. pertaining to the Bibla 
 
 BVos, (l3ioc,) — Life. 
 
 Amphib'ious, a. living in two ele- I Biog'raphy, n. an account of one's 
 ments. | life. 
 
 Blap'tO, (/3Aa7rrw,)— to INJURE. 
 Blaspheme', v. to speak impiously. | Blas'phemy, n. impiety of speech 
 
 Bo'leOf (Ba?i?io),) — to Shoot ; to Throw, 
 
 Em'blem, n. a picture. 
 Emblemat'ic, a. using emblems. 
 Hyper'bole, n. an exaggeration. 
 
 Sym'bol, n. a sign ; an emblem. 
 
 Par'able, n. a similitude. 
 Prob'lem, 71. a question proposed 
 Problemat'ical, a. uncertain. 
 
GREEK ROOTS AND DERXVATIVES. 30t 
 
 Hotfane, (JSoTavij,) — an Herb ; a Plant. 
 Bot'any, n. the science of plants. | Botan'ical, a. relating to plants. 
 
 Bron^chos, (JSpovxog,) — the Wind-Pipe. 
 
 Bron'chial, a. belonging to the I Bronchi'tis, n. inflammation of the 
 wind-pipe. I wind-pipe. 
 
 Cannon, (Kavuv,) — a Rule. 
 Can'on, n. a rule ; a law. | Can'onize, v. to declare one a saint. 
 
 Car^dia, (Kapdia,) — the Heart. 
 
 Car'diac, a. relating to the heart. I Pericar'dium, n, a membrane encloa- 
 Cardial'gia, n. the heartburn. | ing the heart. 
 
 Cau^ticuSf (KavoTiKog,) — Burning. 
 Caus'tic, a. burning ; corroding. | Cau'tery, n. a burning or searing. 
 
 Cen^trum, (KevTfyw,) — the Center. 
 
 Cen'ter, n. the exact middle. i Concen'tric, a. having a common 
 
 Cen'tral, a. relating to the center. 1 center. 
 
 EccENTRic'iTY, 71. irregularity. I Concen'trate, v. to bring together. 
 
 Eccen'tric, a. irregular. 
 
 Cephfale, {Kti^aT^rj,) —the Head. 
 
 CsPHAii'ic, a. pertaining to the head. I Hydrocephalus, n. dropsy of the 
 
 I . head. 
 
 Cha'os, Ot^of,) — Confusion. 
 
 Cha'os, n. a confused mass. | Chaot'ic, a. confused ; without order, 
 
 Ch(ira&ter, (xapaKr^p,) — Distinctive Mark. 
 
 Char'acter, n. reputation ; quality. 
 Characte^is'tic, a. indicating char- 
 acter. 
 
 Characteris'tic, n. a distinctive 
 
 mark. 
 Char'acterize, v. to give a character. 
 
 Cha^ris, {xapi^^ — Grace; Joy. 
 
 Char'ity, n. good afiection ; alms. | Char'itable, a. kind ; bountiful. 
 Eu'cHARiST, n. the Lord's Supper. 
 
 Note. — Eucharist, literall}^ the act of giving thanks. 
 
 Chimce^ra, (xcf^aipa,) — a Fabulous Monster. 
 Chime'ra, n. an absurd notion. | Chimer'ical, a. wild ; fanciful. 
 
 Cheir, (x^ip,) — the Hand. 
 IJhirog'raphy, n. handwriting. | Chirur'geon, ??. a surgeon. 
 
308 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Cho^le, {xo'kn^ — Bile; Anger. 
 
 Chol'era, n. a disease. I Chol'eric, a. irascible. 
 
 Chol'er, n. anger ; rage. I Col'ic, n. a pain in the bowels. 
 
 Mel'ancholy, n. sadness ; gloom. 
 
 CJior'day (xop^v,) — a Gut ; a String. 
 
 Jhord, n. the string of a musical in- I Cord, n. a small rope, 
 strument. 1 Cord'age, n. a quantity of cords. 
 
 Accord', v. to correspond in sound. 
 
 Chris" tos, (Xpioro^,) — the " Anointed." 
 
 Christ, n. the Messiah. -'' I Christ'mas, n. the festival of Christ's 
 
 Christ'en, v. to baptize and name. nativity, 
 
 Chris'tian, n. a disciple of Christ. I CHRiSTiAN'iTY,?i.thereligionofChrist 
 
 Chro^ma, {xpufia^ — Color. 
 Chromat'ic, a. relating to colors. | Achromatic, a. destitute of color. 
 
 Chron'os, (xpovog,) — Time. 
 
 Chron'ic, a. of long duration. I Chronol'ogy, n. the science of time. 
 
 Chron'icle, n. a record. I Chronom'eter, n. a time piece. 
 
 Anach'ronism, n. an error in dates. 
 
 Chy^mos, (xwog,)—si Juice ; a Liquid. 
 
 Chem'ist, n. one who is versed in I Chem'istry, n. the science of the na- 
 chemistry. | ture and properties of bodies. 
 
 Chem'ical, a. concerning chemistry. 
 
 Cle^roSf (K?irjpoc,) — a Lot ; a Portion. 
 
 Cler'gy, n. the body of divines. I Cler'ical, a. relating to a writer. 
 
 Cler'ical, a. relating to the clergy. | Clerk, n. a secretaiy or bookkeeper. 
 
 Cosmos, (Kufiog,) — a Jovial Meeting. 
 
 Com'edy, n. an amusing dramatic I Com'ic, a. raising mirth, 
 piece. I Encomium, n. praise. 
 
 Cos'nios, (koo/lloc) — Order ; Ornament ; the World. 
 
 Cosmet'ic, a. beautifying. 
 Cosmet'ic, n. a wash to beautify the 
 skin. 
 
 Cos'mical, a. relating to the world. 
 Cosmop 'olite, n. a citizen of the world. 
 Mi'cROCOSM, n. a little world. 
 
 CrVteSf {KpiTTjc,) — a Judge. 
 
 Crit'ic, n. a judge in literature or 
 
 art. 
 Crite'rion, n. something to judge 
 
 by. 
 Cri'sis, n. the deciding point. 
 Crit'icise, v. to judge; to censure. 
 
 Hypercrit'ical, a. critical beyond 
 
 reason. 
 
 Hypocrit'ical, a. like a hypocrite. 
 
 Hyp'ocrite, ?i. one who falsely as- 
 sumes the appearance of virtue or 
 piety. 
 
GREEK BOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 309 
 
 Cra'nium, (Kpaviov,) — the Skttll. 
 
 Cra'nium, n, the skull. I Pericra'nium, n. the membraikj 
 
 Craniol'ogy, n. the science of skulls. | which covers the skull. 
 
 CrystaVluSf {KpvaraXkbg,) — CONGEALED LIKE Ice ; Transparent. 
 Crystal, n, a hard transparent sub- I Crys'talllne, a. bright; clear. 
 
 stance. I Crys'tallize, v. to form into crystals 
 
 Cy'cle, n. a circle or period of time. 
 
 Cy'cloid, n. a curve. 
 
 Cyclopedia, n. the circle of sciences. 
 
 Cy^cluSf (KVKXog,) — a Circle. 
 
 Encyclope dia, n. the circle of sci- 
 ences. 
 Encyc'lical, a. in a circle. 
 
 CylinfcLrus, {KvXcvdpoc) -a Roller. 
 Ctl'inder, n. a roller. | Cylin'drical, a. like a cylinder. 
 
 Cj/on, (kvuv,) — a Dog. 
 
 Cyn'ic, n. a surly person; a snarler. I Cyn'ical, a. like a dog; snarling. 
 Cyn'ic, a. snarling; satirical. | Cyn'osure, n. the dog's tail. 
 
 Note.;— Cynosure, figuratively, signifies anything that attracts general notice o» 
 admiration. 
 
 jye'ca, (SeKtt,) — Ten. 
 
 Dec'ade, n. the number ten. 
 Decalogue, n. the ten command- 
 ments. 
 
 Dec'agon, n. a figure with ten angles. 
 Dec'imal, a. numbered by ten. 
 Dec 'iM ATE, V. to take the tenth. 
 
 Decem'ber, n. the twelfth month. 
 
 Note.— Among the ancient Komans, March was taken as the first month, conse- 
 
 lently September would b ' .--... ,, . 
 
 ecember the tenth month. 
 
 quently September would be the seventh, October the eighth, November the ninth,and 
 
 Democracy, n. a popular govern 
 
 ment. 
 Endem'ic, a. peculiar to a place. 
 
 De^mos, (Swoc,) — the People. 
 
 Dem'ocrat, n. one who favors democ- 
 racy. 
 Epidem'ic, n. a prevailing disease. 
 
 Despo^teSf (dEanoTTjg,) — a Master or Lord. 
 
 Des'pot, n. a tyrant ; an absolute I Des'potism, n. unlimited monarchy, 
 ruler. | 
 
 Didas^cOf (didaoKcj,) — to Teach. 
 Didac'tic, a. instructive. | Didac'tics, n. the art of teaching. 
 
 ^ Dis, (Sig,)— Two. 
 
 Dilem'ma, n. a difficult or doubtful | Diph'thong, n. a union of two vow- 
 choice. I els in one sound. 
 Dissev'er, v. to part in two. 
 
310 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOaY. 
 
 Box' a, ((Jo^a,)— an Openion ; Glory, 
 
 Het'erodox, a. holding erroneous 
 
 opinions. 
 Orthodox, a. correct in opinion. 
 
 Doxol'ogy, n. words of glory to God. 
 Par'adox, n. something apparently 
 absurd but actually true. 
 
 Dra^fna, (dpafxa,) — an Action ; a Play. 
 Ora'ma, n, a poem written for the 1 Dramat'ic, a. relating to plays, 
 s^^g^- I Dram'atist, n. a writer of plays. 
 
 nyn'amis, ((5wa//if,)— Power ; Force. 
 Dtnam'ics, n. the science of forces. | Dynam'ic, a. pertaining to power. 
 Dy'nasty, n. power or government. 
 
 Dys, (dvf,)— Difficulty ; Pain. 
 Dys'entery, n. a disease. | Dys'pepsy, n. difficulty of digestion. 
 
 Elecftrwm, (jyAe/crpoj',)— Amber. 
 
 Electric, a. of or like amber. 1 ELECTRic'iTY,n. a subtile fluid evolved 
 
 Electrify, ij. to make electric. | by friction, first observed in amber. 
 
 E(feo, (olKEOi.from oUog, a House; a Household ;)— to Dwell. 
 
 Di'ocESE, n. a bishop's jurisdiction. 
 Di'ocESAN, a. pertaining to a diocese. 
 Econ'omy, n. frugality. 
 
 Econom'tcal, a. frugal. 
 
 Par'ish, ??. an ecclesiastical district. 
 
 Paro'chial, a. 23ertaining to a parish- 
 
 ElegVa, {kleyeia^ — a Mournful Poem. 
 El'egy, n. a funeral song. | Elegi'ac, a. mournful. 
 
 E^meo, ((?//£w,)— to Vomit. 
 EatET'ic, a. causing to vomit. | Emet'ic, n, a medicine. 
 
 Epicu^ruSf (EmKovpoc) — a Sensual Philosopher. 
 Ep'icure, n. one given to luxury. | Epicure'an, a. luxurious. 
 
 Ep^oSf (knoc) — a Word ; a Speech ; a Poem. 
 Ep'ic, a. narrative ; heroic. | Ortho'epy, n. correct pronunciation. 
 
 Er^emos, (kprjfiog^ — Lonely; Alone. 
 
 Er'emite, n. one who lives in seclu- I Her'mit, n. one who lives in seclu- 
 sion. I sion. 
 
 Er^gon, (ipyov,) — a Work. 
 
 En'ergy, n. action or activity with- I Met'allurgy, n. the art of extract- 
 in, I ing metals from their'ores. 
 Eth^oSf (edoc) — a Custom. 
 Eth'ics, n. the science of morals. | Eth'ical, a. relating to morals. 
 
GREEK ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 311 
 
 EtNnoSf (kdvoc) — a People. 
 
 Eth'nical, a. relating to the races of I Ethnol'ogt, n, a description of 
 mankind. I races. 
 
 Elfynion, (krv/iov,) — the True Meaning of a Word. 
 
 Et'tmon, n. a primitive word. | Etymol'ogy, n. the derivation oi 
 
 I words. 
 
 Bu, (h,) — Well. 
 
 Eu'logy, n. praise. I Eulo'gium, n. praise. 
 
 Eu'logize, v. to commend ; to praise. I Eu'phony, n. agreeable sound. 
 
 Ga'^lax, (yu?ia^,) — Milk. 
 Gal'axy, n. the milky way ; a splendid assemblage. 
 
 Ga^^neOf (jafieo),) — to Marry. 
 
 Amal'gamate, v. to mix metals. I Big'amy, n. the crime of having two 
 
 Polyg'amy, n. plurality of wives. | wives at once. 
 
 Gas'ter, {yaar^p^ — the Belly ; the Stomach. 
 
 Gas'tric, a. belonging to the stom- I Gastron'omy, n. the art of good liv- 
 ach. I ing. 
 
 Ge, (yr),) — the Earth. 
 
 Geog'raphy, n. a description of the 
 earth's surface. 
 
 Geol'ogy, n. the science of the struc- 
 ture of the earth. 
 
 Geom'etry, n. the science of magni- 
 tude. 
 
 Geopon'ics, n. agriculture. 
 Ap'ogee, n. greatest distance from 
 
 the earth. 
 Peri'gee, n. nearest approach to the 
 
 earth. 
 
 Ge'nea, (yevea,) — Birth; Origin. 
 
 Geneal'ogy, n. an account of one's I Gen'esis, n. origin ; creation, 
 descent. | 
 
 Glos^sa, iyluaaa,) — the ToNGUE. 
 
 Epiglot'tis, n. a cartilage near the I Gloss'ary, n. a limited dictionary, 
 root of the tongue. | Pol'yglot, a. having many languages. 
 
 Gh/phOf {y?iv<po),) — to Curve or Engrave. 
 
 Glyph, n. a kind of ornament in I Hi'eroglyph, n. a mystical charac- 
 sculpture. I ter or symbol. 
 
 Go^niaf (yuvia,) — a Corner ; an Angle. 
 
 Diag'onal, n. a line from angle to 
 angle. • 
 
 Dec'agon, n. a figure having tei. an- 
 gles. 
 
 Pen'tagon, 71. a figure having five 
 
 angles. 
 Pol'ygon, n, a figure of many angles. 
 Trigonom'ktki', 'n. the measuring of 
 
 triangles. 
 
312 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 Gno^inon, (yvwyuwv,)— Something that Makes Known; a Pointer, 
 
 Gnome, n. an imaginary being. I Physiog'nomy, 71. countenance. 
 
 Gno'mon, n. the hand of a sun-dial. | Prognostic, n. that which foreshows. 
 
 Graph' o, (ypactx^,) — ^to Write. Gram' ma, (jpaju/ia,) — a Writing. 
 
 Par'agraph, n. a distinct part of a 
 discourse. 
 
 Stenog'raphy, n. short-hand. 
 
 Tel'egraph, n. a machine for con- 
 veying intelligence by signals. 
 
 Au'tograph, n. one's own handwrit- 
 ing. 
 
 Di'agram, n. a figure ; a drawing. 
 
 Engrave', v. to mark or scratch in. 
 
 Ep'igram, n. a short, witty poem. 
 
 Gram'mar, n. the science of language. 
 
 Graph'ic, a. well delineated. 
 
 Graph'ite, n. plumbago. 
 
 Lithog'raphy, n. the art of drawing 
 on and printing from stone. 
 
 Tel'egram, n. intelligence by tele- 
 graph. 
 
 Topog'raphy, n. a description of a 
 place. 
 
 Typog'raphy, n. the art of printing. 
 
 Gyni'noSf (yvjuvoc,) — Naked. 
 
 Gymna'sium, n. a place for athletic I Gymnas'tic, a. pertaining to athletic 
 exercises. I exercises. 
 
 Gy'riiSf (yvpog,) — a Circle. 
 Gyra'tion, n. a whirling round. | Gy'ral, a. whirling, 
 
 Harmo'tiia, {dp/uovia,) — Harmony. 
 
 HAR'M0NY,7i. musical concord ; agree I Harmon 'ic, a. musical, 
 ment. I Har'monize, v. to cause to agree. 
 
 Harmo'nious, a. musical ; peaceful. 
 
 He'lioSf (n^ioc) — the Sun, 
 
 Aphe'lion, n. the point farthest from 
 
 the sun. 
 Perihe'lion, n. the point nearest the 
 
 sun. 
 
 Pariie'lion, n. a mock sun. 
 He'liotrope, n. a plant that turns 
 to the sun. 
 
 He^m^a, (a/^a,)— Blood. 
 Hem'orrhage, n. a flow of blood. | Hem'orrhoids, n. bleeding tumors. 
 
 He'm,era, (wepa,) — a Day. 
 Ephem'eral, a. lasting but a day. | Ephem'eris, n. a kind of almanac. 
 
 Hem^Hsus, (v/uiavc) — Half. 
 Hem'isphere, n. half a globe. | Hem'icycle, n. a half circle. 
 
 Hep'ta, (iTTTa,) — Seven. 
 
 Hep'tagon, n. a figure having seven I Hep'tarchy, n. a government by 
 angles. I seven persons. 
 
 Her'esis, (alpeaig,) — an Opinion. 
 Her'esy, n, false doctrine. | Her'etic, n. one guilty of heresy. 
 
GREEK KOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 313 
 
 HeVeroSf (krepoc) — Other; Different; Contrary. 
 Het'eeodox, a. heretical. | Heteroge neous, a. unlike each othei. 
 
 Hex, {i^,)—Six. 
 
 Hexam'etek, n. a verse of six met- I Hex'agon, n. a figure of six angles, 
 rical feet. | Hexag'onal, a. having six angles. 
 
 HVeras, (lepog,) — Sacred. 
 
 Hi'erarchy, n. ecclesiastical govern- I Hieroglyph ic, n. a sacred character 
 ment. I or symbol. 
 
 Hip^poSf (iTTTroc) — a Horse. 
 Hippopot'amus, n. the river horse. | Hip'podrome, n. a circus. 
 
 Hollos, (6Aof ,) — the Whole ; All. 
 
 Cath'olic, a. relating to the whole. I Cathol'icism, n. adherence to the 
 
 I Catholic church. 
 
 HomfoSf (ofioc) — United ; Like. 
 
 Homogb'neous, a. of the same kind. I Homol'ogous, a. proportional to each 
 
 I other. 
 
 Ho^ra, (uga,) — an Hour. 
 
 Ho'ral, a. relating to an hour. 
 Hor'ologue, 7). an instrument that 
 marks the hour. 
 
 Horol'oqy, n. the art of making 
 
 time-pieces. 
 Hor'oscope, n. aspect of the plants 
 
 at the hour of birth. 
 
 HorVzOf {bpii^cd)— to Bound ; to Fix a Limit. 
 
 Horizon'tal, a. parallel to the hori 
 
 zon. 
 Aph'orist, n. a writer of aphorisms. 
 
 Hori'zon, n. the line bounding the 
 
 view. 
 Aph'orism, n. a maxim ; a precept. 
 
 Hy'dra, n. a water snake. 
 Hy'drant, n. a. pipe for discharging 
 
 water. 
 Hydrau'lics, 71. the science of the 
 
 motion and force of fluids. 
 Hydroceph'alus, 71. water in the 
 
 head. 
 
 Hy'dor, (iidwp,)— Water. 
 
 Hy'drogen, n. a gas which combined 
 with oxygen produces water. 
 
 Hydrophobia, n. a dread of water. 
 
 Hydrostat'ics, n. the science of the 
 weight and equilibrium of fluids. 
 
 Drop'sy, n. a disease. 
 
 Clepsy'dra, 71. a water clock. 
 
 Ide'a, 71. an image of the mind. 
 Ide'al, a. pertaining to an image of 
 the mind; imaginary. 
 
 Ide^a, (Idea,) — a Mental Image. 
 
 * * " Ide'alize, «. to form ideas. 
 
 Idol'atry, 71. the worship of images. 
 I'dolize, v. to love to excess. 
 
314 smith's hand-book of etymologv. 
 
 Id^ios, (Miof,) — Peivate; Peculiar. 
 
 Id'iom, n. a peculiarity of speech. I Id'iot, n. a fool. 
 Id'iocy, n. want of understanding. | Idiomat'ical, a. containing an idiom. 
 Idiosyn'crasy, n. peculiar temperament. 
 
 Iro^nia, (eipuveia,) — Irony. 
 
 Crony, n. a mode of speech in which I Iron'ical, a. derisive ; mocking, 
 the meaning is contrary to the words. | Iron'ic, a. derisive. 
 
 Lay'man, n. one who is not a cierg^^ 
 man. 
 
 La^os, Q^aoQ,) — the People, 
 
 La'ity, n. the people as distinguished 
 
 from the clergy. 
 Lay, a. not clerical. 
 
 Lep^ra, (lenpa,) — Leprosy. 
 
 Lep'er, n. one who has the leprosy. | Lep'rous, a. full of leprosy. 
 Leprosy, n. a disease of the skin. 
 
 Le^the, QlvOtj,) — Forgetftjlness ; Oblivton. 
 
 Lbthe'an, a. inducing forgetfulness, | Leth'argy, n. morbid sleepinest^. 
 Lethar'gic, a. sleepy by disease 
 
 LVthos, (Tiidoc) — a Stone. 
 
 A'erolite, n. a meteoric stone. I Lithog'raphy, n. drawing on and 
 
 Lith'arge, n. the scum of lead. | printing from stone. 
 
 Chrys'olite, n. a precious stone. 
 
 Lo^gos, (Tioyoc) — a Speech, Account, or Description. 
 
 Doxol'ogy, 71. words of glory to God. 
 Eulo'gium, n. praise. 
 Eu'logize, v. to commend. 
 Ep'ilogue, n. the speech at the end 
 
 of a play. 
 Log'ic, n. the art of reasoning. 
 Pro'logue, n. a preface to a play. 
 Syl'logism, n. a form of reasoning. 
 
 Anal'ogy, n. agreement throughout. 
 Apol'ogy, n. a warding off by words. 
 Cat'alogue, n. a list. 
 Chronol'ogy, n. the science of dates. 
 Conchol'ogy, n. the science of shells. 
 Di'alogue, n. a conversation. 
 Pec'alogue, n. the ten command- 
 ments. 
 
 Pal'sy, n. a privation of motion. 
 
 Paral'ysis, j2. palsy. 
 
 Paralyt'ic, n one affected with palsy. 
 
 Note. — The termination or suflix log7j, which is found in many words, is from 2,6yog^ 
 and denotes art^ science, description, etc. 
 
 Ly'siSf (Ivmc) — a Loosing or Dissolving. 
 
 Anal'ysis, n. an entire separation of 
 
 a body into its elemental parts. 
 An'alyze, «. to make an analysis. 
 
 Par'alyze, v. to affect as with palsy 
 
 Ma'niaf (jxavia,) — Madness ; Insanity. 
 Ma'niac, n. an insane person. | Ma'nia, n. madness. 
 
 Mar'tyr, {jiapTvp,)—& Witness ; a Martyr. 
 
 Mar'tyr, n. one put to death for ad- I Mar'tyrdom, n the death of a mar 
 herence to a cause. j tyr. 
 
GREEK ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 315 
 
 Mathe'ma, {jiadnfia^ — Learning ; Science. 
 
 JUathemat'ics, 71. the science of quan- I Mathematical, a. relating to math- 
 tity. I ematics. 
 
 Mechan^aOf (jxT/xavau,) — to Contrive ; to Invent. 
 
 Machine', n. a contrivance. j Mech'anism, a the construction of a 
 
 Machina'tion, n. a contriving. machine. 
 
 lVlECHAN'ic8,?i.the science of machines. I 
 
 Mel, tneVlis, (fie?u,) — Honey. 
 
 Mellif'i:rods, a. yielding honey. I Ox'ymel, n. a mixture of vinegar 
 Mellip'luent* a. sweetly flowing | and honey. 
 
 MeVoSf (ji£?iog,) — a Song or Poem. 
 
 Melo'dious, a. agreeable to the ear. I Mel'odrame, n. a drama containing 
 Mel'ody, n. sweetness of sound. | songs. 
 
 MetaVlum, (jneraV.ov,) — a Metal. 
 
 Met'al, n. a hard fossil substance. 
 Met'alloid, n. a substance resem- 
 bling metal. 
 
 Metalliferous, «. producing metals. 
 Met'allurgy, n. the art of working 
 metals. 
 
 Meteo'rrif (jiereupa,) — Flytng Luminous Bodies in the Air. 
 
 Me'teor, n. a shooting star. I Meteorol'ogy, n. the science of me- 
 
 Meteor'ic, a. bright and transient. | teors. 
 
 Metier, (jit/tvp^) me^tros — a Mother. 
 
 Metrop'olis, 11, the largest or chief I Metropol'itan, a. of, or pertaining 
 city of any country. | to, a metropolis. 
 
 Met' rum, {fierpov,) — a Measure 
 
 Me'ter, n. a measurer. 
 
 Me'ter, 71. measure as applied to 
 verse. 
 
 Barom'eter, n. an instrument to 
 measure the weight of the atmos- 
 phere. 
 
 Met'rical, a. pertaining to meter. 
 Chronom'eter, n. a time measurer. 
 Diam'eter, 71. measure through. 
 Gasom'eter, 71. a gas measurer. 
 Thermom'eter, n. a heat measurer. 
 Sym'metry,«. due proportion of parts. 
 
 Mic^ros, {fiiKpog,) — Little; Small. 
 
 Mi'crocosm, Wc the little world. | Mi'croscope, n. an instrument for 
 
 viewing the smallest objects. 
 
 Mon'ad, n. an atom. • 
 Mon'arch, n. a sole ruler. 
 MoN 'aster Y, 7i. a convent. 
 Monas'tic, a. pertaining to monks 
 
 Mon^oSf {fcovoc) — One; Alone. 
 
 Monk, n. one living in a monastery 
 Monopolize, v. to engross the whole 
 Monotony, n. sameness of sound. 
 Monot'onous, a. wanting variety. 
 
B16 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 MVsos, (jxi(7oc,)—I1at-rkt); Enmity. 
 Misan'thropy, n. hatred of mankind. [ Mis'anthrope, n. a hater of mankind. 
 
 Mor'phe, (juop<prj,)—FonM ; Shape. 
 Amor'phous, a. without form. I Metamor'phose, «. to change the 
 
 I form of. 
 
 Mu'sa, (jiovaa,) — a Song or Poem. 
 Amuse', v. to divert. I Mu'sic, n. harmony ; melody. 
 
 Muse, v. to meditate deeply. | Muse'um, n. a collection of curiosities. 
 
 Mys^teSf (uvaTric) — Hidden; Secret. 
 
 Mys'tery, n. something secret. j Mys'tic, a. obscure ; secret. 
 
 Myste'rious, a. full of mystery. 
 
 My'thos, (jivdoc,)—a Word ; a Fable. 
 
 Myth, n. a work of fiction. I Mythol'ogy, n. a system of fables, 
 
 Myth'ic, a. fabulous. | respecting heathen deities. 
 
 Nar'ce, {yapKTj) — Numbness; Stupor, 
 
 Narcis'sus, n. the daffodil. j Narco'sis, n. stupefaction. 
 
 Narcot'ic, a. soporific ; causing sleep. 
 
 Ned" tar, (veKrap,) — the Drink of the Gods ; Honey. 
 
 Kec'tar, n, the feigned drink of the i Nec'tary, n. the place where the 
 gods. I honey is secreted in a flower. 
 
 Ne^os, (veof,)— New. 
 
 Neol'ogy, n. new science or philoso- I Neophyte, n. a new convert; a nov- 
 phy. I ice. 
 
 Neutron, (vevpov,) — a Nerve ; a Sinew. 
 
 Nerve, n. an organ of sensation. I Neural gia, n. a diseased state of 
 En'ervate, v. to weaken. 1 the nerves. 
 
 No'inoSf (voiuog,)—a Law ; a Regulation. 
 
 Anom aly, n. deviation from rule. I Econom'ical, a. using economy. 
 Econ'omy, n. good management. { Econ'omize, 'V. to practise economy. 
 
 (yde, (oj6T],)—an Ode ; a Hymn. 
 
 Ode, n. a short poem or song. 
 Mel'ody, n. sweerness of sound. 
 Com'edy, n. an amusing drama. 
 Pal'inode, n. a recantation. 
 Parody, n. a humorous imitation. 
 Pros'ody, n. the laws of versification. 
 
 Rhapsody, n. a rambling composi 
 tion. 
 
 Rhap'sodist, n. one who writes rhap- 
 sodies. 
 
 Psalm'ody, n. the singing of sacreo 
 gongs. 
 
GREEK ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES 317 
 
 O^doSf {66og^ —a Road or Way. 
 
 Ex'oDUS, n. a departure. I Ep'isode, n. an incidental narrative. 
 
 Meth'od, n. a manner ; a way. ! Pe'riod, n. a circuit. 
 
 Syn'od, n. a church assembly. 
 
 Note. — Exodus, {e^odoc, a going out,) particularly, the departure of the Israelites 
 from Egypt. 
 
 Synod, from aw, together, and 6db^,away; and signifies a journeying or coming to meet 
 one another. 
 
 On^oma, (6vojua,)—a Name. 
 
 Anon'ymous, a. without name. 
 Meton'omy, n. a change of names. 
 Patronym'ic, n. a name derived from 
 a father. 
 
 Syn'onym, n. a word of the same 
 
 meaning with another. 
 Synonymous, a. conveying the same 
 
 idea. 
 
 Op 'tics, n. the science of seeing. 
 Op'tical, a. pertaining to sight. 
 Opti'cian, 71. one skilled in optics 
 Au'topsy, n. ocular evidence. 
 
 Op^tOf (onTcj,) — to See ; to Look. 
 
 Synop'sis, n. a viewing together. 
 Synop'tical, a. affording a general 
 
 view. 
 Thanatop'sis, n. a view of death. 
 
 Ora'tna, {opafia,) — a Sight ; a Spectacle. 
 Dioba'ma, n. an optical machine. | Panora'ma, n. a complete view. 
 
 Os^teon, (ooTeov,)— Si Bone. 
 
 Osteol'ogy, n. the science of the I Perios'teum, n. a fibrous substance 
 bones. I which invests the bones. 
 
 Oxal'ic, a. pertaining to sorrel. 
 Ox'ygen, n. the gas which generates 
 
 acids. 
 Ox'ydize, v. to combine with oxygen. 
 
 Ox'ys, (o|yf,) — Sharp; Sour; Acid. 
 
 Ox 'IDE, n. a substance combined 
 
 with oxygen. 
 Paroxysm, n. temporary violence of 
 
 a disease. 
 
 Pa'pas, (TraTTOf,)— a Father. 
 
 Pa'pacy, n. the office of the pope. | Pope, n. the head of the Roman 
 Pa'pal, a. pertaining to the pope. | Catholic Church. 
 Pope'dom, n. papal jurisdiction. 
 
 Pas, (TTflf ,) or, P(ui — All ; the Whole. 
 
 Panace'a, n. a universal medicine. 
 Panegyr'ic, n. a eulogy. 
 Pan'oply, n. complete armor. 
 Pan'theism^ n. the doctrine that the 
 universe is God. 
 
 Pan'theon, n. a temple dedicated to 
 all the gods. 
 
 Pan'tomime, n. an imitation of all 
 kinds of action, etc., without speak- 
 ing. 
 
 Pen^te, (Treure,) — FrvE. 
 
 Pen'tagow, n. a figure having five I PenVateuch, n. the five books of 
 angles. j Moses. 
 
318 
 
 smith's hand-book of etymology. 
 
 Pa'^ter, {ttuttjp,) — a Father. 
 
 Compa'triot, n. a fellow countryman. 
 Expa'triate, v. to banish from one's 
 
 country. 
 Par'ricide, n. the murder of a parent. 
 Pater'jstal, a. fatherly.' 
 Patri'cian, n. a nobleman. 
 
 Pa'triarch, n. the father and ruler 
 
 of a family. 
 Pat'rimony, n. an inherited estate. 
 Pa'triot, n. a lover of his country. 
 Pa'tron, n. a supporter. 
 Pat'ronize, v. to support. 
 
 Pa'thos, (Tra^of,)— Feeling ; Affection ; Disease. 
 
 Antip'atht, n. aversion. 
 Ap'athy, n. want of feeling. 
 Apathet'ic, a. without feeling 
 
 Pa'thos, n. passion ; warmth. 
 Pathet'ic, a. exciting emotion. 
 Pathol'ogt, n. the science of diseases. 
 
 Sym'pathy, n. fellow feeling. 
 
 Pep^tOf (TTeTrro),)— to BoiL ; to CoNCOCT. 
 
 Dyspep'sy, n. bad digestion. I Eufjp'sy, n. good digestion. 
 
 Dyspep'tic, a. having bad digestion. | Eupep'tic, a. having good digestion. 
 
 Pet^alorif (nsTaTiov,) — a Flower Leaf. 
 
 Pet'al, n. a flower leaf. | Pet'aled, a. having petals. 
 
 Apet'alous, a. without petals. 
 
 Pe^tra, (neTpa,) — a Rock ; a Stone. 
 
 Pe'ter, n. a man's name. 1 Petrifac'tion,/!. the process of turn 
 
 Petres'cent, a. turning to stone. j ing to stone. 
 
 Pet'rify, v. to convert into stone. I Saltpe'ter, n. a mineral salt. 
 
 JPha^nOf {(jyaivo), a ^aco,) — to ENLIGHTEN ; to Say or Tell. 
 
 Blas'phemy, n. impious language. 
 Em'phasis, n. stress laid upon a word. 
 Emphat'ic, a. forcible. 
 Epiph'any, n. the manifestation. 
 Phan'tom, n. an apparition. 
 
 Syc'ophant, n. a low flatterer. 
 
 Note.— Epii^h'any, the manifestation of Christ to the Gentiles 
 
 Phan'tasm, n. a fancied appearance. 
 Phase, n. an appearance. 
 Phenom'enon, n. an appearance. 
 Proph'ecy, n. a foretelling. 
 Proph'et, n. a foreteller. 
 
 JPhar^macon, ((papjuaKov,) — a Medicine or Drug. 
 
 Phar'macy, n. the art of preparing I Pharmaceo'tic, n. relating to pbor- 
 medicines. I macy. 
 
 JPhe^ro, ((p€pu,) — to Carry ; to Bring. 
 
 Met'aphor, n. a short similitude. 
 Metaphor'ical, a. figurative. 
 Periph'ery, n. circumference. 
 
 Phos'phorus, n. a luminous sub- 
 stance. 
 Phosphores'cent, a. shining. 
 
 JPho^nCf {(puvfj,) — a Sound. 
 
 Eu'PHONY, n. agreeable sound. | Euphon'ic, a. agreeable in sound. 
 
 Sym 'phony, n. harmony of sounds. 
 
GEEEK ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 3l9 
 
 PhVloSf ((pi^-og,) — a Friend or Lover. 
 
 Philol'ogist, n. a student of lan- 
 guage. 
 
 Philos'ophy, n, the study of general 
 laws. 
 
 Note. — Philos'ophy, literally, the love of wisdom. 
 
 Philadel'phia, n. brotherly love. 
 Philan'thropist, n. one who loves 
 mankind 
 
 Phra^siSf ((ppaaig,) — a Saying ; a Speech. 
 
 Phrase, n. a short sentence. 
 Per'iphrase, n. a speaking round. 
 Par'aphrase, n. a more clear and am- 
 ple explanation. 
 
 Phraseology, n. expression in 
 
 words. 
 Periphras'tic, a. expressing by inore 
 
 words than are necessary. 
 
 Phren, {(t>pvv,) — the Mind. 
 
 Phrenol'oqy, n. the science of the I Fren'zy, n. madness ; delirium, 
 mind as connected with the brain. | Fran 'tic, a. violently delirious. 
 
 Phys^ls, (<pvaig,)—ai Bringing Forth; Nature. 
 
 Phys'ics, n. the science of nature. 
 Physiol'ogy, n. the science of ani- 
 mals and plants. 
 
 Phys'ical, a. natural ; bodily. 
 Metaphys'ics, 71. the science of the 
 mind. 
 
 Physi'cian, n. a doctor. 
 
 JPla^ne, {irlavi]^ — a Wandering About. 
 
 Plan'et, n. a wandering star. I Plan'etary, a. pertaining to the 
 
 I planets. 
 
 JPlas^so, {TrTiaaao),) — to MouLD or Shape ; to Smear. 
 
 Plas'tic, a. capable of being mould- I Cat'aplasm, n. a poultice, 
 ed ; soft. 1 Plas'ter, n. lime to cover walls. 
 
 Pneu'nia, (nvevfia,) — a Breath ; a Blast. 
 
 Pneumat'ics, n. the science which 
 
 treats of the air. 
 Pneumat'ic, a. pertaining to air. 
 
 Pneumo'nia, n. inflammation of the 
 
 lungs. 
 Pneumon'ic, a. relating to the lungs. 
 
 JPo^leOf (TTwAew,) — to Sell. 
 MoNOp'oLY, n. exclusive sale. | Monop'olize, v. to engross the whole. 
 
 Pol'yglot, n. having many lan- 
 guages. 
 
 Pol'ygon, n. a figure having many 
 angles. 
 
 Po^ly, (7roAi;,)~MANY. 
 
 Polyne'sia, n. a division of the earth 
 consisting of many islands. 
 
 Pol'ypus, n. an insect having many 
 feet. 
 
 Po''ros^(iropog,) — a Passage or Way. 
 
 Pore, n. a small passage in the skin. ] Porous, a. having poreg. 
 Poros'ity, n. porousness. 
 
320 
 
 SMITHES HAKD-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 ro'lis, (TToAtf ,)— a City ; a Town. 
 
 Metrop'olis, n. the chief city. 
 Police', n. the governmeut of a city. 
 Pol'ity, n. the form of government. 
 Pol'itic, a. prudent ; wise. 
 Pol'itics, n. the science of govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Polit'ical, a. relating to politics. 
 Pol'icy, n. management of public af- 
 fairs. 
 Pol'ish, v. to smooth ; to brighten. 
 Polite', a. refined ; genteel. 
 Impolite', a. rude ; uncivil. 
 
 POUS, poUlUSf (rcovg,) — a FoOT. 
 
 Aktip'odes, n. those who stand feet | Tri'pod, n. a seat with three feet. 
 to feet. 
 
 Prac^tos, (TvpaKToc) — Done. JPrag'nia, {npaym^ — a Deed. 
 
 Imprac'ticable, a. that cannot be 
 
 done. 
 Prax'is, n. a form to teach practice. 
 
 Prac'tice, n. habit ; use. 
 
 Pr AC 'tic ABLE, a. that may be done 
 
 Pragiviat'ical, a. meddling. 
 
 Pro'tos, (TtpcjTog,) — First. 
 Pro'tocol, n. a record or registry. | Pro'totype, n. a model. 
 
 Prothon'otary, n. a register. 
 
 Protox'yd, n. the first oxyd. 
 
 Psaltn^df {ipalfxa,) — a Sacred Song. 
 
 Psalm, n. a sacred song. I Psal'tery, n. a harp. 
 
 Psal'ter, n. the book of psalms. | Psalm'ist, n. a writer of psalms. 
 Psalm'ody, n. a singing of psalms. 
 
 Psi/^che, {ipvKT],) — the Breath ; the Soul. 
 
 Metempsycho'sis, n. the transmigra- I Psychol'ogy, 7i. the science of the 
 tion of souls. nature of the soul. 
 
 PyVf (nvp,) Py^ros — Fire. 
 
 Empyr'eal, a. formed of pure fire. I Pyrotech'nics, n. the art of making 
 Pyre, n. a funeral fire. | fireworks. 
 
 Pyrolig'neous, a. produced from smoke. 
 
 Catarrh', n. a discharge of mucus 
 
 from the nose. 
 Diarrhe'a, n. a flux ; a purging. 
 
 Rhe^o, {^EG),) — to Flow ; to Speak. 
 
 Hem'orrhage, n. a flow of blood. 
 Rheum, n. a thin, watery humor. 
 Rheu'matism, n. a painful disease. 
 
 Sarx, ipap^, aapKog,) — Flesh. 
 Sar'casm, n. a keen reproach. | Sarcas'tic, a. keen ; severe. 
 
 Note. — Sak'casm, literally, a cutting or tearing of the flesh. 
 
 Scep^toniai, {aKeTrrofiai,) — to Look About ; to Doubt. 
 
 Skep'tio, n. one who doubts. | Skep'tical, a. doubting. 
 
 Skep'ticism, n. a state of doubting. 
 
GKEEK ROOTS AKB DERIVATIVES. 821 
 
 Sce'naf (aKjfvjf,)— the Stage ; a Representation. 
 Scene, n. an appearance. | Scenery, n. a collection of scenes. 
 
 Schis'tnaf (axiajua,) — a Splitting ; a Division in the Church. 
 Schism, n. a division in the cliurcli. | Schismat'ic, a. promoting schism. 
 
 Scho'la^ {axo^y) — Leisure ; a School. 
 
 School, n. a place of instruction. I Scholas'tic, a. pertaining to the 
 Scho'lar, n. a man of learning. | schools. 
 
 Scho'liast, 71. a commentator. 
 
 Sco'peo, (oKOTreo),)—to Watch ; to Observe Narrowly. 
 
 Tel'escope, n. a glass for viewing 
 distant objects. 
 
 Epis'copal, a. governed by bishops 
 Epis'copate, n. a bishopric. 
 Scope, n. view ; design ; space. 
 
 Si'toSf (cr/roc,)— Wheat ; Food. 
 
 Par'asite, n. one who earns his wel- I Parasit'ical, a. fawning for bread 
 come by flattery. | or favors. 
 
 So'phia, (ffo^m,)— Wisdom. 
 
 Philosophy, n. the love of wisdom. 
 Soph'ism, n. a fallacious argument. 
 Soph'istry, n. fallacious reasoning. 
 
 Unsophis'ticated, a. not acquainted 
 with evil ; pure. 
 
 Hpas'tKia^ {airaaua,) — a CONVULSION. 
 Spasm, n. a violent contraction. | Spasmod'ic, a. convulsive. 
 
 Sta'sis, (araaig,) — a Standing ; a Weighing. 
 
 Hydrostat'ics, n. the science of the 
 weight, motion, and equilibrium 
 of fluids. 
 
 Sys'tem, n. regular method. 
 
 Apos'tasy, n. a departure from one's 
 
 religion. 
 Ecstasy, n. excessive joy. 
 Ecstat'ic, a. rapturous. 
 
 SteVlo, (areA/w,) — to Send. 
 .^pos'tle, n. a messenger. | Epis'tle, n. a letter sent, 
 
 Sten'os, (arevog,) — SnORT. 
 
 Stbnog'raphy, n. the art of writing I Stenog'rapher, n. a shorthand wri- 
 in shorthand. | ter. 
 
 Stichos, (anxog,) — a Line ; a Row. 
 Acros'tic, a kind of poem. ^ | Dis'tich, n. a couplet. 
 
 Stig'tna, (aTiyjua,)—si Mark of Infamy. 
 Stig'ma, n. a blot^ a reproach. | Stig'matize.^. to disgrace; to censure. 
 
SMITH'S HANthBOOK OF ErTMOLOGY. 
 
 Stro^pJie, {aTpo<p7],) — a Turning Round, 
 
 Ajos'tbophe, n. a figure of speech. I Catas'trophe, n. aii unfortunate ac 
 
 I cident ; a final event. 
 
 Ta&tos, (raKToc,) — Put in Order. 
 
 Syn'tax, n. the construction of sen I Tac'tics, n. the art of directing move- 
 tences. I ments. 
 
 Tii^phos, (racpoc) — a Tomb. 
 
 Cbn'Otaph, n. a monument for one I Ep'itaph, n. an inscription upon % 
 buried elsewhere. tomb. 
 
 Tech'ne, {rexvr}) — Art ; Srrr^L. 
 
 Tech'nical, a. belonging to an art. 
 Technol'ogy, n. a discourse upon 
 the arts. 
 
 Polytech'nic, a. embracing many 
 
 arts. 
 Pyr'otechny, n. the art of making 
 
 fireworks. 
 
 Te&ton, {reKTuv,) — an Artist ; a Builder 
 
 Ar'chitecturb, n, the science of I Ar'chitect, n. a builder. ! 
 
 building. | 
 
 TheTos, (0eof,)— God. 
 
 A'theist, n. one who denies the ex- I Theoc'racy, n. government directed 
 istence of a God. I by God. 
 
 Theol'ogy, n. the science of God and divine things. 
 
 The^sis, {6eaic,)^a. Placing or Putting. 
 
 Anath'ema, n. an ecclesiastical curse. 
 Antith'esis, n. opposition of words. 
 Ep'ithet, n. a descriptive word. 
 Hypoth'esis, n. a supposition. 
 
 Syn'thesis, n. a putting together. 
 Synthet'ical, a. relating to synthesis. 
 Theme, n. a subject. 
 The'sis, 71. a position : 
 
 KoTE. — ^Ep'ithet, something placed upon. Hypoth'esis, a placing under, 
 
 To^tnos, (rofioc,) — a Cutting. 
 
 Anat'omy, n. the art of dissecting. I Epit'ome, n. an abridgement. 
 At'om, n. an indivisible particle. | Tome, n. a volume. 
 
 Note.— Anat'omt, literally, a cutting up. Tomb, a section or part cut off. 
 
 Aston'ish, v. to surpnse. 
 Astound', 'd. to strike dumb. 
 Attune', v. to put in tune. 
 Dbt'onate, v. to explode. 
 
 To^nos, (twoc,) — a Stretching ; a Sound. 
 
 Intona'tion, n. manner of sounding 
 Tone, n. vigor ; sound. 
 Ton'ic, a. giving tone. 
 Tune, n. sound ; harmony. 
 
 Top'^oSf (roTTOf ,)— a Place ; a Tract of Country. 
 
 Top'ic, n. a subject of discourse. I Topog'raphy, n. a descriptkm oi 3 
 Top'iCAL, a. local. I place. 
 
GEEEK ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 323 
 
 Tbope, n. a figure of speech. 
 Tro'phy, n. a monument of victory. 
 
 Trop^os, (Tponoc,)—ai Turning* 
 
 Trop'ic, n. the point at which the sun 
 appears to turn again towards the 
 equator. 
 
 Type, n. an emblem; the model or 
 
 form of a letter. 
 Typ'ical, a. symbolical. 
 
 Tj/pus, (rvTrof,)— a Type; a Mark. 
 
 Typ'ify, v. to represent by figure. 
 Typog'raphy, n. the art of printing 
 Ste'reotype, n. solid type. 
 
 Zo'on, (Cwov,) 
 
 Zool'ogy, n. the science of animals. 
 Zo'diac, n. a broad circle in the 
 heavens. 
 
 —an Animal. 
 
 Zo'opHYTE, n. a body which partakes 
 of the nature of both an animal 
 and a vegetable. 
 
 TBB EMD. 
 
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For the Study of Literature 
 
 Matthews' Introduction to the Study of American Literature 
 
 By Brander Matthews, Professor of Literature in Columbia 
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An Introduction to the 
 
 Study of American Literature 
 
 BY 
 
 BRANDER MATTHEWS 
 
 Professor of Literature in Columbia University 
 
 Cloth, 12nno, 256 pages - • - Price, $1.00 
 
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Webster's School Dictionaries 
 
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Pupils' Outline Studies 
 
 IN THE 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 BY 
 
 FRANCIS H.WHITE, A.M. 
 Paper, Square Octavo, 128 pages • - Price, 30 cents 
 
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An Advanced English Grammar 
 
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 HIGH SCHOOL, ACADEMY AND COLLEGE CLASSES 
 
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 Professor of tht English Language and Literature in Vanderhilt Universityy 
 Nashville^ Tenn, 
 
 J. W. SEWELL 
 
 Of the Fogg High School, Nashville^ Tenn, ,_ . 
 
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 This new Grammar is designed for advanced students who desire 
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Halleck's Psychology and 
 Psychic Culture 
 
 By REUBEN POST HALLECK, M.A. (Yale) 
 Cloth, 12mo, 368 pages. Illustrated . . . . Price, $1.25 
 
 This new text-book in Psychology and Psychic Culture 
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 The work includes a full statement and clear exposition 
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 cultivation of the mental faculties, making the work 
 practically useful for self-improvement. The treatment 
 throughout is singularly clear and plain and in harmony 
 with its aims and purpose. 
 
 *' Halleck's Psychology pleases me very much. It is short, clear, 
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 I can sincerely recommend it." 
 
 WILLIAM JAMES, 
 Professor of Psychology, Harvard University. 
 
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Fisher's Brief History of the Nations 
 
 AND OF THEIR PROGRESS IN CIVILIZATION 
 
 By GEORGE PARK FISHER, LL.D. 
 
 Professor in Yale University 
 
 Cloth, 12mo, 613 pages, with numerous Illustrations, Maps, Tables, and 
 Reproductions of Bas-reliefs, Portraits, and Paintings. Price, $1 .50 
 
 This is an entirely new work written expressly to meet 
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 mend this book to teachers and students are as follows: 
 
 It narrates in fresh, vigorous, and attractive style the 
 most important facts of history in their due order and 
 connection. 
 
 It explains the nature of historical evidence, and records 
 only well established judgments respecting persons and 
 events. 
 
 It delineates the progress of peoples and nations in 
 civilization as well as the rise and succession of dynasties. 
 
 It connects, in a single chain of narration, events related 
 to each other in the contemporary history of different 
 nations and countries. 
 
 It gives special prominence to the history of the 
 Mediaeval and Modern Periods, — the eras of greatest 
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 It is written from the standpoint of the present, and 
 incorporates the latest discoveries of historical explorers 
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 It is illustrated by numerous colored maps, genealog- 
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Handbook of Greek and Roman History 
 
 BY 
 
 GEORGES CASTEGNIER, B.S., B.L. 
 
 Flexible Cloth, 12mo, 110 pages. - . Price, 50 cents 
 
 The purpose of this little handbook is to assist the 
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 readers who wish to refresh their minds in regard to the 
 leading persons and salient facts of ancient history. 
 
 It is in two parts, one devoted to Greek, and the other 
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Milne's Elements of Algebra 
 
 A COURSE FOR BEGINNERS 
 By William J. Milne, Ph.D., LL.D. 
 
 President of New York State Normal College 
 
 Cloth, 12mo, 199 pages - • Price, 60 cents 
 
 This book has been prepared to meet the demand for a 
 text-book sufficiently elementary for pupils commencing 
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 Some of the distinctive qualities and features which 
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 The natural arrangement and simple treatment of the 
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 The easy and natural transition from arithmetical to 
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 The large number and judicious selection of examples 
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 The early introduction and practical use of the equa- 
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Important New School Books 
 
 READING 
 
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 Second Year . .35 Seventh Year 50 
 
 Third Year . .45 Eighth Year 50 
 
 Fourth Year . .45 Combined Fourth and Fifth Years . .70 
 
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 Patterson's American Word Book . . . . . .25 
 
 ARITHMETIC 
 
 Baird's Graded Work in Arithmetic Four Books. 
 
 Milne's Mental Arithmetic 35 
 
 GEOGRAPHY 
 
 Natural Elementary Geography . . , , , , .60 
 Natural Advanced Geography 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 Metcalf and Bright's Language Lessons. Part I. . . .35 
 
 The Same. Part II 55 
 
 Metcalf s Elementary English 40 
 
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 HISTORY 
 
 McMaster's School History of the United States . . LOO 
 
 PENMANSHIP 
 
 Spencerian Penmanship, Vertical Edition. 
 
 Shorter Course, Nos. i to 7 . . . . Perdoz., .72 
 
 Common School Course, Nos. i to 6 . . " .96 
 
 Curtiss's Vertical Copy Books, 6 numbers . . " .96 
 Ward's Graded Lessons in Penmanship and Spelling. 
 
 Small Numbers, I to 6 .... P«rdoz., .72 
 
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 MUSIC 
 
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