"^mv^HSITY^ ACHIEVEMENT OF ARMS OF THE RIGHT HONOURABLE noble ladies who have married commoners, are always lozenge or diamond-shaped. This custom was not general until the end of the fifteenth century, although instances are known about the year 1300. lO HERALDRY. The shield was often represented as suspended from the guige^ or shield-beh, and sometimes the long guige appeared on either side of the shield, and was passed over a corbel. Some beautiful examples of these may be seen in Westminster Abbey. The shield occasionally is represented couche^ that is, pendent from the corner, an arrangement supposed to have had its origin in the custom of competitors who are said to have hung up their shields previous to a tournament (No. lo). Merchants' marks appear represented on shields in monumental brasses and in old wood carvings, notwithstanding the prohibition by the heralds of the sixteenth century ; and the heraldic insignia of cities, towns, and corporations are and have been generally represented on shields. Na zz.— ExAMPLB OP Shield, from thb Abbey Church of St. Alban CHAPTER 11. THE TINCTURES. NEXT to the shield are the Tinctures that cover it. Tinc- tures are divided into Metals, Colours, and Furs. Ancient heralds sometimes blazoned by the names oi planets and by precious stofies: besides these there were other fanciful ways of blazoning. Sir J. Ferne gives at least twelve of these. The days of the week, t\\Q principal parts of the body, &c., &c., supplied the names for the heraldic blazon. In the present day we have, fortunately, one uniform set of terms which all heralds acknowledge and make use of. There are two Metals employed in Heraldry, viz. — Gold and Silver. The former is represented in engraving by dots or pricks (No. 12), and the latter by a plain surface (No. 13). One Silvestre Petra Sancta, an Italian writer, whose works on Heraldry contain much valuable matter, is said to have been the first to have proposed the ingenious method of representing the heraldic tinctures by lines and dots. The use of these lines and dots came into use about the time of the accession of the Stuarts to the English crown. 12 HERALDRY Gold and silver are blazoned Or and Argent^ the latter generally abbreviated to arg. or ar. No. 12. No. 13. There are five heraldic Colours : to these some amiorists add two more. Azure signifies blue, and is marked by horizontal lines (No. 14). Gules, which signifies red, is represented by perpendicular lines, drawn from the chief to the base of the shield (No. 15). Sable, which expresses black, by lines horizontal and perpendicu- lar, crossing each other (No. 16). Vert, indicating green, by diagonal lines drawn from the dexter chief to the sinister base of the shield (No. 17). Purpure, representing purple, by diagonal lines drawn contrary to those of vert (No. 18). The two other colours alluded to are tenne or tawney, the orange colour, which is indicated by diagonal lines as vert crossed by horizontal lines; and sanguine or murrey^ a dark redox blood-colour, expressed by diagonal lines X\Vq purpure,hMt. crossed by horizontal lines. THE TINCTURES. 13 No. 14. No. 15. No 16, No. 17. No. 18. Titles. h lBBREVIATIONS . . Azure . . . Az. . . . Gtdes . . Gu. . . Sab/e . . Sa. . . Ferf . . Vert . . Piirpiire . , Purp. . . Tenne. our Sanguine. ^0 14. j> 15- >) 16. >5 17- ?* 18. 1. Blue . 2. Red . 3. Black . 4. Green . 5. Purple 6. Orange 7. Blood-Colour There are eight Furs used in Heraldry, viz. : Ermine. Vair. Ermines. Counter-rair. Erminois. Potent. Pean. Potent Counter-potent. 1. Ermine is a field argent with a small sable pattern formed of spots and small triangles spread or powdered over it (No. 19). 2. Ermines (sometimes called Cont re-ermine) is a field sab/e with the powdering argent; that is, the reverse of ermine (No. "20). 3. Erminois, a field or, powdered sable (No. 21). 4. 7V^« is a field Jd!<^/^ of Abbot Ram- 92 HERALDRY. RYGE, at St. Albans; No. 226 (page 137). This shield shows real artistic feeling, considering the lateness of the Gothic era in which it was sculptured. No. 203 (page 88) is the shield of Abbot Ramrydge, and bears three eagles. Some writers describe the double-headed eagle of the preceding conventional forms as the Imperial eagle, and the single-headed as the Royal eagle. The usual position of the eagle in arms is displayed. In the instance of all birds of prey, the expanded wings are said to be displayed, while those of all birds that are not birds of prey are disclosed. When more than three eagles are borne in a shield, they are blazoned Eaglets. Falcotis were early employed in Heraldry. The well-known seal of John of Ghent is charged with his badges — two falcons hold- ing fetter-locks in their beaks. When falcons or hawks are represented with bells and straps on their legs, they are blazoned belled and jessed. Falcons are repre- sented generally with wings close. The Hawk appears as a single supporter in a special grant of arms of Charles I. The paternal shield is charged upon the breast of the hawk. The Earl of Mountcashell bears for a crest Sigoshaivky seizing a coney y both ppr. Of the second class of heraldic birds are the Swan, the Cygnety the Wild Goose, the Wild Duck, the Sheldrake, the Shoveller, the Cormorant, the Stork, the Heron, the Stern, the KingHslier, &c. CHARGES, 93 The Swan^ when blazoned proper^ is white, with red beak, and has some black about the nostrils. The Calders, of Muirtoune, have for a crest a swan swimming in a loch bordered with flags. The celebrated badge of the De Bohuns was a sivan crowned or ducally gorged and chained (No. 405, page 310) ; and many beautiful and ingenious designs introducing the swan remain on the monuments and seals of that great family. On the seal of Humphrey de BoHUN, A.D. 1322, the guige, or shield-belt, is carried by a swan. A swan having a collar and chain is sometimes blazoned a Cygnet Royal. The Sheldrake and the Shoveller are borne by Jackson. The Cormorant was borne as a crest by the father of Cardinal Pole, on a wreath^ a cormorant trussing a fish^ all proper. The Stork is borne by Cave ; Cornish Choughs by Colebrooke. The head of the family of Heron bears gu., three heroiis, two aftd one, arg., beaked and legged or. The supporters of the shield of the Earl of BucHAN are two Ostriches. The Dove is borne by Lord Chelms- ford ; the Raven by the family of Corbett ; the Cock by Lord Castlemaine, in allusion to the family name, Handcock. The Pelican is used as a crest and also as a Christian symbol : she is generally blazoned as 2, pelican in its piety, and is represented standing above its nest, and nourishing its young with blood. The BuxTONS, of Shadwell Court, Co. Norfolk, bear for a crest 2i pelican in her piety. All small birds are generally drawn in the form of Blackbirds, but their colour must be blazoned. 94 HERALDRY. The Peacock^ the Game Cock, and many other birds are borne in Heraldry. The peacock, with tail spread, is said to be in pride. Birds represented as about to take wing are blazoned rising, or roussant i when flying aloft, soaring, or volant; when the wings of a bird are close to its body, it is said to be close. The Ga?ne Cock, represented with comb and gills of a different tincture from the body, is said to be crested and wattled of such a tincture. He is armed of his beak and spurs. Beaked is applied to birds, not of prey, to denote the tincture of their beaks. Membered applies in the same manner to the beak and legs of any bird. In blazoning wings with the tips elevated, the term erect is em- ployed. Winged is the term used when the wings differ in tincture from the bird. Parts of birds are borne with many variations of arrangement. Two wings inverted and endorsed, arg., co?iJoi?ied by a cord, with tassels or, is borne as a crest by the Meux family. The two wings of an eagle displayed, when conjoined and borne as a charge, are sometimes blazoned as a vol, and demi-vol when a single wing is borne. The head of a swan in a charge is blazoned a swan's neck. Fish have been much employed in Heraldry, and every variety are borne as charges. " The Heraldry of Fish " is sufficient of it- self to form a volume, as the valuable work by Mr. Moule testifies ; therefore but a mere mention of this important branch of the sub- ject can be here given. It is supposed that fish were regarded with CHARGES. 95 special favour as heraldic charges in the middle ages, from the belief that " they were the first living things created by God." The Dolphin seems to have held the rank amongst fish that the lion holds amongst beasts. No. 227 (page 138) is a good example of the heraldic dolphin. The arms of the late Lady Frankland Russell, borne in pretence by the late R. Neville Grenville, M.P., are az., a dolphin naiant embowed or, on a chief of the second, two saltires gu. It may be advisable to explain here that a fish swimming infesse across the field is blazoned naiant ; when it is in pale, as if rising to the surface for air, it is hauriant ; but when in pale, with its head in base, it is uria?if. When the body is bent or carved, it is blazoned embowed. Most of the families of Franklin and Franklyn bear a dolphin or dolphins in their arms. The family of Dolphin, of Eyford Hall, Co. Gloucester, bear az., three dolphins naiant fesse- ivays in pale, or. The family of Dolphingley bear vert, three dolphins naiafit in pale, ar. The Pike is frequently borne as a charge under the name of luce. The famous Sir Thomas Lucy, of Charlecote, Warwickshire, who, in the time of Queen Elizabeth, was so satirized by Shakspeare as Justice Shallow, in retaliation for the prosecution by him of the bard for stealing deer, bore gu., three luces hauriant, arg. In the first scene of the first act of the " Merry Wives of Windsor," there is a discussion about the luces upon the coat of Shallow. No. 242 (page 169) is the Lucy seal, with three luces intertwined. The Duke of Northumberland quarters the Lucy arms. 96 HERALDRY, Amongst the other fish commonly borne in Heraldry are Barbels^ Herrings^ Roach^ &c. The arms of Whaley Monastery, Lancashire, were^/., three whales hanriantj or, in the mouth of each a crozier of the last. It will be seen that the whales have allusion to the name, and the crozier to the monastery. The Whalleys of Norton Hall, Co. Somerset, descended from Wyamarus Whalley, standard-bearer at the Battle of Hastings, bear arg., three whale's heads haiiriafit, e7'asedy sa. Several branches of the Herring family bear three herrings. The Salmon is borne by some branches of the family of Salmon. In 1 62 1 the arms, sa., three sahnons hauriant, or, were granted to Salmon of Wildheath, Co. Chester. The Roach, the Trout, the Sturgeon, and the Eel are all to be found as charges. When the fins of fishes are of a different tincture from their bodies, they are blazoned finned of such a tincture. When no particular variety of fish is specified, and the creature is of small size, the blazon simply states the charge to be a " fish." Reptiles and Insects are also introduced into coat armour. Nearly all reptiles are represented with their back to the spectator, and with the head in chief. A Snake may be borne noived, that is, turned into a knot ; curl- ing and erected on its tail, and i^liding. The arms of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, ar, on a chev., between two couple-closes indented, sa., three escallop shells or, for Gonville; impaling or,semee of ftoivers, gentle, in the middle of the chief a sengreen resting upon the heads of two serpents, in pale, their tails knit together, all proper colours. CHARGES, 97 resting upoti a square marble stone verty for Caius ; the whole within a bordure gobony or and sa. No more extraordinary or lengthy blazon could probably be found ; the knitting of the tails of the serpents together, and decorating their heads with house-leek, is very curious. No. 206.— ShiEiD OF William Longspee, Earl of Salisbury CHAPTER XIII. BLAZONING. TO blazon a coat is to describe the field and all that is borne upon it in their proper and respective metals, colours, and positions. It is to explain and display amis in accordance with the rules of Heraldry. To group several coats into one heraldic com- position is called Marshalling^ and in Blazoning and Marshalling consists the skill of Armoury. In blazoning arms, first describe the metal, tincture, or fur of the field, that is, the groundwork of the shield. For instance, if the field be red, " he beareth gules," &c. If the field be not of one metal or colour, but is parted by a perpendicular line, then the blazon would be, " he beareth per pale or and gules." The ground of the shield is called the field, because the charges upon it originally represented the great deeds done upon the field of battle. When the field is divided by a partition line, such line is understood to be straight unless described otherwise. The shield is called charged when a device is laid upon it, and such device is again entitled charged when another object is placed upon it. Devices laid upon a shield are termed charges, but a single charge is generally called a bearing. BLAZONING. 99 Heraldic language is most concise and explicit, and conveys to the mind's eye an exact representation of the arras. If a tincture or a number should occur twice in the same sentence, such tincture or number is to be indicated by reference to the words already used, and not by actually repeating them. Thus, should a charge be of the same tincture as the field, it is said to be ^'- of the field , " or as the tincture of the field is always the first that is specified in the blazon, a charge of that tincture may be blazoned as ^^ of the first." So any charge is said to be "^ the second,'' ^^ of the third,'' '^ of the last," &c., if its tincture be the same as the second, the third, the last, or any other that has been already specified. In no case must there be a repetition of words. Having blazoned the field — that is, the groundwork of the shield — then, if there be several charges, follows that which is next to, or immediately upon the field. " The blazon of a coat or quartering," says Mr. Gough Nichols, " should be commenced with a capital letter, but no other capitals should be used, except when a proper name occurs, such as Katherine-wheel ; " and he urges that no more points than are absolutely necessary be introduced, and seldom any stronger than a comma, unless in a long and compli- cated coat. After the tincture of the field always place a comma. The presence and the position of the stops ox points demand espe- cial care. Every abbreviation must be marked with a.fuU stop — thus, arg. for argent. Nothing is specified that can be understood without description, and nothing is left in uncertainty. After the description of the principal charge, then secondary 7—2 lOO HERALDRY. objects are described, and lastly, any charge placed upon another charge. The tincture of any charge always follows the name of the charge itself— thus, a lion rampant sable. There are many varieties of attitude in which animals, as charges, may be emblazoned ; and the great importance of attending to these should not be over- looked, as there is as great a difference between a lion rampant and a lion passant, as between two distinct animals. No. 207. When several charges appear in one shield, the number in each row is generally indicated— as, ^''thiee, t^, and one," and these must be given in writing, not in figures ; but when the numbers ex- ceed six, they produce the appearance of a pattern, and the field so covered is said to be semee with the charge in question, as in No. 207, of the ancient shield of France from Westminster Abbey. Mr. Gough Nichols, in the " Herald and Genealogist," calls BLAZONING. loi attention to numerous errors to be found in blazon; and he points out, among other things, that we should write "three wolfs heads," not " three wolves' heads ; " and " three lioii!s jambs," not " three lions' jambs." When charges are represented of their natural colour, they are blazoned ^^ proper^'' or, more generally, ^^ ppr." For instance, *■'■ a falcon's head erased^ ppr^ ^VSj^"^ '■' "^ Blazon always expresses with consistent distinctness the attitude, " , costume, action, &c., of every figure. Thus, a head would be in profile, or affrontee, or ttguardant ; and the hand would be either the dexter or the siftister, and ered^ g^^^pi^^Si or appaumee. The same would be the case with an arm, which, when bent at the elbow, is embowed, &c. Different terms are applied to different animals to express the same position. For instance, to animals of the chase we apply the term trippings or trippant^ that is, when in an easy motion ; to the lion, passant. To the eagle, the falcon, and all birds of prey having the wings expanded, the term displayed is appiled, but to other birds, disclosed. A lion lying down is said to be cotichant ; an animal of the chase, lodged. The Glossary which follows gives all these different terms in the fullest and most explicit manner. In blazoning a shield the last thing is to describe differences, or marks of cadency — that is, the distinguishing marks of different members or branches of a family. A separate chapter is given to Cadency and Differencing. 102 HERALDRY. The study of genealogy and the use of arms being so closely allied, as the use of armorial bearings increased, it became most important to represent correctly in one shield the arms of the several families with whom there had been intermarriage. The quartered shield presented correctly at one view the hereditary dignity of a family ; and blazonry, which simply described a shield and its bearings, called forth a new art to divide the shield into quarterings, and assign properly each part. The most careful laws and practice became necessary to determine such combinations, and this art was called " Marshalling." No. ao8.— CoDDiKRB OR Elbow-Guard. St. Edmund's Chapel, Westminster Abbey. CHAPTER XIV. GLOSSARY. ABACOT.— ^ cap of state. Abaisse. — Said of an ordinary when placed below the centre of the shield, as, gu., a chevron abaisse ar. (No. i6o, page 56). Abased. — See Abaisse Abatement. — A mark whereby the coat or shield is lowered or degraded in its dignity. There are several ways of marking an abatement. Guillim gives nine such marks, all of which are of either one or the other of the two colours, " tenne " (tawney) and " sanguine." Abbot. — A title originally given to any aged monk, but since the sixth century it has been applied to the head of any monastery or abbey, whether lay or clerical. In England, mitred abbots sat and voted in the House of Lords, and laymen, who were styled secular abbots y had to appoint regular abbots to perform the monastic duties. Monasteries often chose for themselves a powerful noble or Prince as lay abbot, for the sake of gaining his protection. Abbofs staff. — The official staff of an abbot, having a crooked head. A vexilluvi, or scarf, hangs from almost all representations of the pastoral staff, encircling its shaft. In the case of an abbot the crook is turned inwards, to symbolize the limitation of his power, in contradistinction to the staff of a bishop, of which the crook is represented turned outwards, to show his extended power. io4 HERALDRY. Abeyance, — A term importing that a dignity is in expectation. When there are several claimants or co-heirs, the dignity is in suspense until one co-heir only remains. A boiiche. — Said of a shield pierced on the dexter side for the lance to pass through (No. 4, page 7). Aboute. — See Conjoined. Accessories. — The paraphernalia belonging to a shield. These are the helm, cap, coronet, crest, ciown, wreath, mantle, supporters, badge, scroll, motto, &c., &c. Accession. — The succession of an heir to a title or estate. Accolee. — Collared. Collars of knighthood encircle impaled shields in foreign Heraldry ; and, when there are two shields cucoleeSy a collar may encircle both. Accolade. — The term applied to the ceremony of the admission of a knight into any order. Accosted. — Charges placed on either side of another charge, or side by side. Accrued. — Full-grown; in full vigour of leaf, branch, and fruit : generally used to distinguished a tree grown to maturity from a sap- ling. Achievemait. — The symbols, badges, and full armorial honours of a Sovereign or subject. A- chievement now chiefly refers to hatchments displaying the en- o^lo^^i^^^SiTZ .«5 *QQ Stall-Plate. Gauntlet. — A glove of mail. This must be blazoned dexter or sinister. Gaze. — The same as guardant, but applied to animals of the chase. 6^.C.i9.— (Knight) Grand Cross of, the Bath. aC/^— (Knight) Grand Cross of Hanover. 6^.CJ^. 6^.— (Knight) Grand Cross of St. Michael and St. George. Ged. — See Pike. Geniel. — See Bar-Gemel. Genet. — An Order of Knighthood. Genet. — A small animal like a fox. Gentleman. — The title next below an esquire. " Ordinarily, the King doth only make knights and create barons, or higher degrees. As for gentlemen, they be made good cheap in this kingdom ; for whosoever studieth the laws of the realm, who studieth in the Uni- versities, who professeth the liberal sciences, and who can live idly and without manual labour, and will bear the post, charge, and countenance of a gentleman, he shall be called ' master,' for that is the title which men give to esquires and other gentlemen^ and 1S4 HERALDRY. shall be taken for a gentleman." — "Commonwealth of Eng- land." George Badge. — The badge of the Order of the Garter. The figure of St. George on horseback piercing the dragon. George, St., Banner of. — A white banner with a red cross. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, all English soldiers wore the red cross of St. George over their armour. St. George is the patron saint of England, and the St. George banner was the national banner until the incorporation of the banners of St. Patrick and St. Andrew, which formed the Union Jack. Gerated. — Powdered. Gerrattyng. — The ancient practice oi powdering shields for diffe- rence is described in the *' Boke of St. Albans" (printed i486) urider the title of " Gerattyng." Gilly-Floiuer. — A species of carnation. Gimme/ Ring. — Two annulets interlaced. Girl J in Heraldry, signifies the young of the roe in its second year. Girt or Girdled. — Bound round any object. Gironne. — See Gyronny. Gliding. — Said of snakes when represented moving forward. Globes Terrestrial. — Borne in his arms by Sir H. Dryden. Globes are also borne broken or fraeted by the families of Hope and HoPETOUN. Glorious Virgin. — An Order of Knighthood in Venice. Glory. — Issuing rays. The circle of rays which surround the head of a saint. Glove. — Falconer's gloves are sometimes used as charges. Goat. — The animal of this name. Gobony. — See Compouy. A gobonated bordure is often carried instead of the bastard bar or bar sinister. GLOSSARY. 15s Gold. — One of the heraldic metals, blazoned or. Golden Fleece. — A celebrated Order of Knighthood in Austria and Spain. It was established in the year 1429 by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. Both Austria and Spain claim to exercise the privileges of this Order. Golpe (sometimes called a Wound). — A purple roundel. Gojifatinon. — A pointed pendant banner richly fringed and em- broidered, used in processions in the Catholic Church. Gorge or Gnrge. — A charge sui)posed to indicate a whirlpool. Gorged. — Having a collar round the neck. Gorget. — Neck armour. Goshawk. — A kind of hawk. Gouttee. — See Gutiee, Gradient. — Walking j applied to the tortoise. Grafted. — Inserted and fixed in. Said of that part of a shield which is inserted into the other as one of the quarterings. Gi-ain Tree. — A crest borne by the Dyers' Company. Grappling Iron. — A four-armed anchor. In Heraldry always represented in perspective. Grasshopper. — The crest of Sir Thomas Gresham, the founder of the Royal Exchange. This crest surmounts the pinnacle of the present building. Grater. — A glazier's tool. Greyhound. — Generally borne courant. Grice. — A young wild boar. Gridiron. — This is borne with handle //; base. Grieces or Degrees. — Steps. Griffin or Gr}i/i?i, anciently gryphon. — A fabulous beast which combines the bodily attributes of the lion and the eagle. The Griffin, like the lion, is borne passant, &c. ; but when erect and 156 HERALDRY, with wings expanded, it is blazoned segreant. Griffins are fre- quently borne as supporters ; they are sometimes ivingless, as in the arms of the Marquis of Ormonde. When this monster has two horns, it is blazoned a 7nale griffin. Guardant. — Looking towards the spectator. This term applies to beasts of prey. Guard.— Axi old heraldic term for doubling. Gmge — A shield-belt. Gules or Gu. — The colour red, expressed in engravings by per- pendicular lines. Gunstone. — See Pellet. Giirge. — A whirlpool. Gussets. — Portions of the sides of the shield. Ancient abate- ments of honour. Guttee or Gouttee, from the Latin giitta, a drop, signifies in Heraldry a field covered or sprinkled with drops. These drops may be of different tinctures, and they must be distinguished in blazoning them by using the various affixes, as follows : Or. Guttk d\rr . . . sprinkled with gold. Arg. Guttee d'eau . . „ „ water. Gu. Guttee du sang . . „ „ blood. (No. 237.) Az. Guttee de larmes . „ „ tears. Vert. Guttee de vert, or d'olive „ „ oil. Sa. Guttee de poix . . „ „ pitch. No. 937. f ^^ f M r f ? ? No. 238. GLOSSARY. 157 Not only the field of the shield, but the field of any charge can be 'puttee. The arms of John Feld, emblazoned upon his tabard and also on his shield (in his brass at Standon, Herts), djQ—gii., a (esse or, between three eagles displayed, arg. guttees du sang. (No. 187, page 69.) Guttee reversed. — Is when the drops have their natural position inverted. (No. 238.) Giize. — A roundlet of the now obsolete tincture murrey or san- guine. Gyron. — An ordinary, composed of two lines issuing from the dexter chief point, and meeting in an acute angle at the fesse point. (No. 68, page 29.) Gyronny or Gironnee. — A field divided into several parts or gyrons. If there be six gyrons, it is blazoned gyronny of six. NiSBET, in speaking of the paternal ensign of Campbell, says, " It is composed of the four principal partition lines, parti, coupe, traufiche^ taille^ which divide the field into eight gironal segments, ordinarily blazoned with us— girony of eight, or, and sable." Habergeon. — A jacket without sleeves, composed of chain mail; but in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries a Habergeon oi plate armour was worn over the hauberk. Habick or Habeck. — A cloth-dressing tool, borne in the arms of the Clothiers' Company. i^^Z^/V^^/.— Clothed. Hackle. — See Hemp-bf-ake. Hake-Fish. — A fish similar to the cod. Halbert. — An ancient weapon in use from the time of Henry VIII. to the last century, and now sometimes used at certam ceremonials. Halk-spear. — A short-handled spear. 158 HERALDRY. Hames or Heames. — Part of a horse's harness ; a badge of the family of St. John. Haffimer or Martel. — An early charge. The hammer is borne by the Plasterers' Company ; and it is also borne, ducally croi-vned^ in the arms of the Blacksmiths' Company. Hand. — This charge is variously borne in Armoury. It must be so blazoned as to define the position, &c. — whether the dexter^ or the sinister^ or erect, or graspitig some object. An open hand is said to be appaumee. The Badge of Ulster is blazoned arg.y a sinister hand, couped at the wrist and erect, gu. Hare. — The animal of this name, generally borne courant. Harington Knot. — A cabled frette. Harp. — The musical instrument of this name, headed with the upper part of a winged angel — this was originally called a Welsh harp. It is the national device of Ireland, and it is borne in the Irish quarter of the Royal arms of Great Britain. Harpoon. — The points or spears of this charge are generally borne in base. Harpy. — A fabulous heraldic creature, represented as a vulture with a woman's head and neck. Hart. — A stag of six years, or of full growth, with branching horns. The female, without horns, is a hind. A Hart is part of the crest for Ireland. Hatchet. — An early charge. In the thirteenth century, William De Hursthelve bore az., three hatchets arg. Hatchment. — The armorial bearings of a deceased person, usually placed on the front of a house, whereby may be known what rank the deceased was of when living. When a Hatchment is erected on the death of a husband, the dexter half of the field of the Hatchment itself is sable, and the sinister, argent. On the death GLOSSARY. 159 of a 7vife, this order of the tinctures is reversed. When a Hatch- ment bears the arms of a widower, widow, or unmarried person, the whole of its field is sable. Hauberk. — A coat of mail, sometimes reaching up to the neck, and sometimes so as to form a coif. Hauriant. — Faleivays or /;/ pale, and having the head in chief. Applied to a fish as if rising to the surface for breathing. It is the converse of Uriant. Hause or Hausse. — Enhanced. Placed higher than its customary position. Hawk.—h. bold and courageous bird of prey, which frequently appears in Heraldry. It is blazoned as belled, jessed, and varvelled (varvels are small rings attached to the end of the jesses). HaivKs-lure, — A decoy used by falconers, and composed of two wings, with their tips downwards, joined with a Ime and ring. Hawk's Bells. — Bells for attaching to hawks' legs. Hawks Jesses, are leathern thongs for attaching the bells. Hay-fork. — See Shakefork. Hazel-leaves. — Borne by the family of Hazelrigg. Head. — A head must be so blazoned that its position may be understood. Heavies. — See Hamcs. Healme, Heaume, or Z?^/;;/r.— Defensive armour for the head. See chapter on Helms. Heart or Human Heart. — This charge is sometimes borne in coat armour, and it is frequently blazoned a body heart. The Douglas badge is, a human heart gules. Hedgehogs are borne passant, with quills elevated. Heightened. — Having a decorative accessory or another charge, placed above or higher in the field. [6o HERALDRY. Helmet. — See Healmc. Hevtp-brake or Hackle. — An instrument for bruising hemp ; borne by Sir Geo. Hampson, Bart. (Nos. 239 and 240, drawn from ancient examples.) No. 239. No. 240. Hen and Chickens^ an emblem of God's providence. Heneage Knot. — The device used as a badge by the family of this name. Herald. — An officer whose duty is to marshal processions, super- intend ceremonies, and regulate armorial bearings. The office of Herald is probably coeval ^vith coat armour. In P^ngland, there are six Heralds, viz. : Windsor, Chester, Richmond, Somerset, York, and l^ancaster. In Scotland, the principal heraldic officer is Lyon King-at-Arms ; and there are six Heralds. Heron's Head. — The crest of Beckford is a heroth hecui erased ^^i Sf^S^d with a collar fleurie pi.y in the beak a fish arg. Herse. — An iron framework, with spikes to hold candles, used at funeral ceremonies ; originally very simple in form, but of beau- tiful workmanship in the fifteenth century. In the seventeenth century it lost all elegance of form, and afterwards degenerated into the hide- ous hearse of the present day. The ancient herse was covered with heraldic devices, and bearings of the deceased. The Society of Antiquaries, in the " Monumenta Vestusta," has engraved four GLOSSARY. i6i plates, illustrating this. At the funeral of Queen Mary, in West- minster Abbey, there were " on the same hersse many skochiones in metall, with many small skochiones of wax. . . . Under the said great skochiones, went a valence of taffeta, a quarter of a yard depe, wrythen with lettres of gold, dieu et mon droit, and armes in the same." Highness. — A princely title of honour. Until the time of Henry VIII., "Your Highness" was used in addressing the Sovereign. Hill and Hillock. — A green mound. One is blazoned a hill; when two or more, the term hillock is used. Hilled. — Having a handle. Hi?td. — The female stag, without homs. Hirondelle. — A swallow. Hoist. — The depth of a flag, from chief to base. Holy Lamb. — A lamb having a circle over its head, and holding a banner. Holy Sepulchre (Knights of the). — An Order of Knighthood of very early date, and reconstructed in 1814. Honour Point. — That part of the shield next above the centre. Honourable Ordinaries. — The nine principal ordinaries (see chapter on Ordinaries). Hooded. — Having the head covered with a coif or hood. Hoofed. — Having hoofs of a tincture different from the body. Horned. — Having horns of any particular tincture. Horse. — The horse is borne passant, courajzt, &c. The white horse in the arms of the County of Kent is said to be one of the oldest heraldic devices. Horse-shoes are generally borne with the ends turned up, and placed in base. This charge is borne in the arms of the Ferrers, Earls of Derby. 11 i62 HERALDRY. Hound. — The bloodhound^ which is generally represented on scent. Humette. — An ordinary couped^ so that it does not extend to the outer line of the shield. This term is seldom applied to any ordinary but the fesse. Hunting-Horn. — A slightly-curved horn, generally borne pale- ways. There is also the Bugle-Horn^ which is of a semicircular form. Hurst.— A clump of trees. Hurte or Huert. — An azure roundel. Hurtec—^QVCi^Q of hurtes. Hydra. — A fabulous heraldic animal, represented by a dragon with many heads. Ibex. — One of the heraldic beasts (similar to the heraldic ante- lope), with two straight serrated horns projecting from the forehead. Idcle. — Similar to Gutte, but with more elongated drops. Imbattled.—^tQ Embattled. Imbrued. — Bloody, or dropping with blood. Impaling. — Arranging two coats of arms side by side in one shield. hnperial Croivn. — A mitre-like crown, properly that of the Emperor of Germany. Imperial Crown is now the correct term for all kingly crowns. Imperially Crowned. — Surmounted by the crown of England In Base. — At the bottom of the shield. In Bend. — Set bend-wise. In Chevron. — In the form of a chevron. In Chief.— ^ti in the chief. In Cr^xj.— Arranged in the form of a cross. In T^j^. —Placed fesse wise. In Foliage. — Bearing leaves. GLOSSARY. 163 In Glory. — A term applied to the sun when surrounded by rays. /;/ Lure. — Two wings conjoined, with their tips in base. In Pale. — In the direction of a pale. In Pile. — Arranged in the form of a pile. In Pride. — Said of a peacock or other ornamental bird having its tail displayed or spread. In Saltire. — Placed in the form of a saltire. In Splendour. — See In Glory. Increment. — See Increscent. Increscent. — When the points of a crescent are both on the dexter side. Indorsed or Addorsed. — Placed back to back. Indented. — Having a serrated line. This is one of the partition lines, and is similar to dancette^ but has smaller notches. Indian Goat. — A goat with horns very much curved, and with ears like those of the talbot. Inescutcheon. — A small shield in the fesse point or in the chief, to hold the arms of Ulster for the distinction of Baronets. When there are more than one they are called Escutcheons. The Inescutcheon must not be mistaken for the shield of pretence. Infamed or Defa?tted. — Without a tail, the loss being supposed to defame or disgrace the lion or other animal. Inflamed. — With fire issuing. Ingrailed. — See Engrailed. Inkhorn or Penner and Inkhorn. — The usual emblems of a notary, a pen-case and vessel containing ink, as they were carried in the middle ages by notaries, appended to their girdles. The penner and inkhorn are represented on two brasses of notaries A.D. 1475 ^^^ 1566 in the church of St. Mary Tower, Ipswich. Ink Moline. — See Millri?id. 11—2 1 64 HERALDRY. Interlaced. — Laced or linked together. Invected. — The converse of engrailed. Inverted. — Said of wings when turned downwards. Irradiated. — Illuminated, or decorated, with rays or beams of light. Isabella the Catholic. — A Spanish Order of Knighthood, founded in 1815. Issuant. — Issuing from the bottom of a chief. Ja?nb or Gamb, — The paw, and part of the leg, of the lion or other animal. James, St. — A Dutch Order of Knighthood. Januarius^ St. — An Order of Knighthood, founded by C has. III. of Spain. lavelin. — A barbed dart. Jellop. — The comb of a cock, &c. Jessant. — Rising or issuing from the middle of a fesse Jessant-de-lis. — When a fleur-de-lis issues from any object; for example, a leopard's head jessant-de-lis. Some writers are of opinion that the head of a leopard, in this case, should be reversed, but the reason for their opinion is not apparent. Jessed. — Said of a hawk when the jesses or straps of leather by which the bells are attached to its legs, are of a different tincture from the bird. Jesses. — Small leather straps, or thongs. John, St., o/Jen/salem.— The most celebrated of all the military and religious Orders of Knighthood of the middle ages. The knights were afterwards called Knights of Malta. Joinant. — See Conjoined. Jousts. — Exercises of arms. A:i?.— Knight of the Bath. GLOSSARY. 165 ^.C^.— Knight Commander of the Bath. K.C.H. — Knight Commander of the Order of Hanover. Key. — The emblem of St. Peter. Keys are frequently borne in the arms of ecclesiastical corporations dedicated to St. Peter. When borne singly they are generally in pale, with wards iii chief. Kings-of-Arms. — The principal heraldic officers of the College of Arms; these are three in number: Garter, Clare?2ceux, and Norroy ; of these, Garter is the chief, and Clarenceux and Norroy have jurisdiction severally to the south and north of the Trent. There is also, for Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, Bath, Lyon, and Ulster, Knights. — See chapter on Orders of Knighthood. Knots. — Heraldic badges, borne by different families; they are composed of twisted silk cord, tied in different ways. Label or File. — A brizure, or figure of three points, used as a mark of cadency, to distinguish the eldest son during the lifetime of his father. Lacy Knot.- — See Knots. Lambrequin or Mantling. — A small mantle, generally of crimson velvet or silk, lined with ermine, with tassels attached to the basinet or helm, and hanging down over the shoulders of the wearer. In Heraldry, the mantling is often so adjusted that it forms a background for the shield and its accessories ; and thus with them it constitutes an achievement of arms, or, it simply hangs in such a manner as to cover the back of the helm. Laminated or Scaled. — Having scales. Lampasse. — See Langued. Lancaster Herald. — One of the six heralds of the College of Arms. Lancaster Rose. — A conventional red rose. i66 HERALDRY. Langued. — Said of an animal when the tincture of the tongue differs from the body. All beasts and birds are langued gu., unles the beast or bird be itself gu.^ or the blazon directs otherwise. Laurel-leaves are borne with the point of the leaf in chief. Leash. — A strap or coupling. Leashed. — Said of greyhounds when coupled at the collars. Leather Bottle. — The ancient oblong-shaped bottle. Leaves. — The leaf or leaves, or the branches of any tree or plant, must be specified and described in the blazon. Hazel-leaves are borne by Hazelrigg ; oak-branches by Okstead and Oakes \ strawberry-leaves {ox /raises) by Frazer ; laurel-leaves by Leveson (No. 241). No. 241.— Leveson. Legged or Membered. — Said of the legs of a bird when they are of a different tincture from the body. Legion of Honour. — A French Order, both civil and military. It was instituted in the year 1802, by the French Republic. The Order comprehends "Knights of the Grand Eagle," "Grand Officers," "Commanders," and "Legionaries." The Bourbons remodelled the order, and displaced the " Grand Eagle," and sub- rtituted "Grand Cross," and "Knights" replaced the "Legionaries." The Order has since undergone many changes. Jj^s are oftc n borne in coat armour, and must be blazoned with GLOSSARY. 167 great care. They are sometimes borne couped(or erased) at the thigh^ in armour^ booted^ and naked. The knee is always represented embowed. Three legs in armour, conjoined in the fesse point at the upper part of the thighs, spurred and garnished, forms the insignia of the Kingdom of Man. Legs of horses, lions, &c., are often borne as crests. The entire leg of a lion is a liorHs jambe or gambe. If the limb be cut ofif at or below the middle joint, it is termed Sipaw. Leopards. — The position of leopards is expressed by the same terms as those used for lions. When a leopard's head appears without part of the neck, it is blazoned a leopard's faee. '•' Leopard," anciently, was the blazon for the lion passant or passant guardant, and this method of blazon is still adhered to by some foreign heralds. Some heralds describe the leopard as the issue of the pard and lioness, and they assign the unproductiveness of such hybrids as a reason for its frequent adoption in the arms of abbots and abbesses. It has been very keenly contested whether the three animals in the Royal arms of England were originally lions or leopards. It is a great argument in favour of the belief of the substitution of the lion for the leopard, that the leopard has dis- appeared from English Heraldry, but that the face and head of the leopard have remained. Letters of the Alphabet. — These are frequently employed as charges. The particular text or character of the letter must be described. Lieutenant (from Loami-tene?is).—k representative officer. Lily-pot. — See Covered Cup. Lily.—ThQ emblem of the Blessed Virgin ; frequently borne in coat armour, representing purity and chastity. Limbeck or Alembick. — A still; generally represented in an antique form. 1 68 HERALDRY. Lines of Partition are the various dividing and border lines, in addition to simple right lines and curves. These are illustrated in another part of this work. Lion. — A Royal symbol. In Heraldry, the king of beasts. See chapter on the Heraldry of the Lion. Lion^ Demi. — In a "demi-lion" the tail, although separate from the body, is represented. Lion's fambe or Gambe. — The whole fore-leg of a lion. Lioficels. — A field of lions. A term used when more than three lions occur on a shield. Lined. — Having cords or chains attached ; also having an inside lining. Lists. — Enclosed spaces for holding tournaments. Livery Colours. — Colours adopted by families for the dress of their servants ; these should properly be of the chief colours of the family arms. Colours were originally adopted by certain eminent personages for various decorative uses : as scarlet and white, by the Plantagenets ; blue and white, by the Lancastrians ; blue and crimson, by the House of York : white and green, by the Tudors, &c., &c. Lizard, — A beast resembling a wild cat. Lizard. — The reptiles of this name are generally blazoned vert. Lobster. — Always represented with claws in chief, Lochabar Axe, — An axe with a broad blade and long handle. Lodged.— K term applied to a stag, or other beast of the chase, as couchant applies to the lion. Lozenge, — A four-sided diamond-shaped figure. Z^jsr^-//^.— Covered with or composed of lozenges; that is, a field divided by diagonal lines crossing at intervals, and forming a diamond pattern. GLOSSARY. 169 Luce. — The fish called a pike. In the first scene of Shakspeare's " Merry Wives of Windsor," Slender says : " They may give the dozen white luces in their coat.^^ The "dozen white luces" apply to the arms of the Lucy family. (No. 242 is the seal of Sir Thomas Lucy, of Charlecote .; . —three white luces interlaced.) r^^m^cc^ (^^ Luna. — The ancient blazon for argent. Lure. — See HawJH s-lure. Lyinphad. — An ancient galley, with one mast, and a sail furled, and propelled by oars. This charge is borne by the Lords of Lorne. Lyon. — The King-of-Arms for Scotland, whose title is derived from the lion in the Royal shield. Originally he was styled Lord Lyon. NiSBET says he has precedence of all knights and gentlemen other than State offi- '^^^ ^''^' cers. Lyon ranks next to Garter. Lyo7i Court. — The Herald's Court presided over by Lyon, and composed of six Heralds and six Pursuivants. Mace. — An ensign of authority ; originally a spiked metal- headed staff. Macers. — Officers of the Supreme Courts in Scotland. Maideiis Head. — The head, neck, and shoulders of a woman, generally crowned and wreathed. Katherine Parr had for a badge a maiden^ s head, rising from a large Tudor rose. Maintenance, Cap of. — See Cap of Maintenance. Sir John Fearne says : ''The wearing of the cap had a beginning from the duke or general of an army, who, having gotten victory, caused the chiefest of the subdued enemies, whom he led, to follow him in his triumph, bearing his cap after him, in token of subjection and captivity." I70 HERALDRY. Male Gryphon, — See Griffin. Maltese Cross. — A cross having eight points. The Maltese Cross is worn as a decoration by several Orders of Knighthood. Manacles or Shackles. — Ancient handcuffs. Manch. — See Maunche. Maned. — Said of an animal when the mane differs in tincture from the body. Maris Heady is variously represented, viz., in profile, affronte, &c., &c. Mantle. — A long and flowing robe, worn in the middle ages over the armour. The mantle also constitutes an important part of the official insignia of the Knightly Orders. Mantle of Ladies. — A garment worn in the middle ages by ladies of rank. These were often decorated with heraldic charges, generally the impaled arms of the lady and her husband. Mantling. — The decorative ornament attached to the helmet, and hanging down behind the escutcheon in an achievement. It is sometimes intended to represent the mantle or robe of estate, and then the arms or bearings of the shield are generally embroi- dered on it j but when it represents the scarf called the cointise, or contoise, it is depicted as ragged, with the torn ends twisted into ornamental scrolls. It is not clear whether the cointise and contoise did not refer to two different scarfs — the former to that worn round the waist and over the shoulder, and the latter to that attached to the helm. Man-Tiger.-^K fabulous heraldic monster, with the body of a lion and the head of a man, having horns on the head. Marcassin. — A young wild boar, represented as having its tail hanging down. Mark of Cadency. — That heraldic distinction of the several GLOSSARY. 171 members of the same family, or of the collateral branches of the same house, which is indicated by some device specially adopted and borne for that purpose. Marquess. — The second rank in the British Peerage. This title was originally given to commanders on the sea-coast or frontiers of countries, but in the time of Richard II. it became honorary. Marquess' Coronet, is formed of a circle or band of gold, with four strawberry or oak-leaves, with as many pearls alternating, slightly raised on pyramidal points. In representations two of the pearls and three of the leaves are seen. The cap is of crimson velvet, with a golden tassel, and guarded with ermine. Marshal of Efigland. — See Earl Marshal. Marshalling. — The disposition and arrangement of heraldic compositions. Marshalling is more fully explained in another part of this work. Mars. — The ancient blazon for gules or red. Martel. — See Hanifner. Martlet. — The heraldic swallow, always represented without legs and with long wings. In the early representations it is represented with legs. In cadency, the Martlet is the difference of the fourth son. Mascle. — A lozenge voided or perforated. In early Heraldry the lozenge and mascle were probably one. Masaily. — Composed of mascles. A shield divided into lozenge- shaped compartments, having the centres voided, and of alternate tinctures. Masoned. — Said of a castle, &c., when the divisional lines of the brickwork or stonework are represented. Master of Ceref?iomes. — An office originally instituted for the reception of distinguished persons at the Court of England. It 17: HERALDRY. is now extended to the president or regulator of ordinary assem- blies. Maiimhe. — A sleeve, having long hanging ends, worn about the time of Henry I. by EngUsh gentlewomen (Nos. 243 to 246). No. 243. No. 245. No. 246. Mayor. — The chief magistrate of a city or corporate town. The Mayors of London, York, and Dublin are styled " Lord Mayor," and the first has borne the title of Right Honourable since the year 1354. Medals. — Honourable insignia bestowed uy the Sovereiojn for eminent worth, generally for naval or military services. Ancient medals bear the portrait of princely personages only, but after the fifteenth century this custom was discontinued. Medals generally have ribbons attached, and sometimes small bars or clasps bearing the name of a particular action in a campaign. Medjidic.—K Turkish Order, instituted in 1852. Membered.—S2i\6. of the beak and legs of any bird when they are of a different tincture from the body Merchants' Marks. — Devices adopted by the merchants and traders of the middle ages (Nos. 247 and 248). Mercury. — The ancient blazon iox purpure or purple. Meriette.—^te Martlet. Merlion. — See Martlet. GLOSSARY. 173 Mermaid. — A fabulous being, half woman and half fish. The mermaid is a badge of the Berkeleys ; it was the dexter supporter of Sir Walter Scott ; and the supporters of Viscount Boyne are meruiaids. Lord Berkeley, in his brass at Wotton-under-Edge, A.D. 1392, wears a collar of mermaids (No. 249) over his camail. No. 248. No. 249.— Collar of Mermaids. Merman. — A sea-man or Triton. Mesne Lord. — An old title given to a lord who was subject to another lord. Metals. — The metals in Heraldry are two— viz., gold and silver — or and argent; the former represents yellovv^, and the latter white. Gold is represented in engraving by dots, and silver by the absence of lines or dots. Middle Base. — That part of the shield close to the lower point. Middle Chief.— ThQ upper central part of the shield. Mill-pick. — An instrument of the pickaxe description, used for dressing millstones. No. 250. No. 251. No. 252. No. 253. 174 HERALDRY. Millrind or Millrine. — The iron which is fixed in the centre of a millstone (Nos. 250 to 253). Millstone. — Generally represented charged with a millrind. When the lines of the stone are of a different tincture, they must be blazoned picked of such a tincture. Miniver. — A white fur used in Peers' robes. Mirror. — Always represented framed and with a handle. Mitre, — A crown or cap of Bishops and Abbots. In England, since the Reformation, the mitre has not been worn by Bishops upon their heads, but it is painted on their carriages, and other- wise variously borne. The pastoral staff of the Bishop is again coming into use, and probably the mitre will again be used for the purpose it was originally intended. Molitie. — A cross, terminating like a millrind. Monarch. — The chief ruling power of a community. The title of Monarch is sometimes hereditary, and sometimes conferred after election, as in the case of the Pope. Monogra7n.—K single initial or other letter, also a combination of several initials or letters, arranged as to form a single compound device. In the church of St. Mary, at Bury St. Edmunds, the ceiling of the eastern compartment of the south aisle, once the chantry of John Baret, is richly painted and diapered with beautifully drawn collars of SS, each collar enclosing the monogram of this zealous Lancastrian, I. B. Montem C//j/^w.— A triennial procession No. 254.- Monogram and at Eton College, discontinued about thirty Collar of SS op John Ba- ° ' •' RBT, Bury St. Edmunds. years agO. GLOSSARY, 175 Moon. — The moon is variously borne in Heraldry. She is said to be in her complement, or /// plentitude, when at the full ; she is a crescent when her horns point toward the chief. She is decrescent when her horns point to the sinister, and i7icrescent, or in increment, when her horns point to the dexter. Moor Cock. — The male of the black game. Moor's Head. — The heraldic term for the head of a negro man. This charge is generally placed in profile, and wreathed about the forehead. Morion. — A steel cap worn by a man-at-arms. It has neither visor nor beaver. Morse. — A clasp, usually encircled with varied ornamentation. Morse. — See Sea-Lion. Mortar. — See Pestle a?id Mortar. Mortier. — A cap of estate. Mortcours. — Funeral lamps, borne in the arms of the Wax- chandlers' Company. Motto. — A word or sentence which accompanies a coat of arms or badge. Mottoes originally belonged to the badge, and when there was no badge, to the crest. In battle, the motto or mot was used as a war-cry ; it generally bore reference to the family name, the badge, or crest, or to some charge on the shield. The motto of the Nevilles is, "Ne vile velis j" that of Vernon, "Ver non semper viret." These two instances may be classed with punning mottoes. Some mottoes take the form of a prayer. Mound. — The ball or globe surmounting a crown. This ball or globe is represented bearing a cross, generally a cross pattee. The seal of William the Conqueror represents a crown surmounted by a mound. Mullet or i^//t.. barry often flrg. andgu. . crovmed or, and holding in his dexter paw a sword ppr., hilt and pommel or. Quill. — An instrument on which is wound yam, gold thread, &c. GLOSSARY. 187 It must be expressed in the blazon whether the quill be filled or unfilled. Qidlled. — Used to denote the tincture of the quills or feathers. Qiiintai7i. — A tilting post used in mediaeval games. Qiiintcfoil. — See Cinqiie-foil. Quiver of Arrows. — A case filled with arrows. Rack-pole beacon. — See Fire-beacon. Radiant. — See Rayontik. Ragidy or Ragulee. — A line having serrated projections. Rainbow. — Represented naturally, as issuing from clouds. Ram. — The Ram, in Heraldry, is generally treated conventionally. Abbot Ramryge, of St. Albans, assumed and bore rams as his supporters, and in the Abbey of St. Albans some beautiful sculp- tured examples of the heraldic Ram exist. Ra7n. — See Battering-ram. Rampant. — Standing erect on the hind-legs ; a term applied to the lion and other beasts of prey. One of the fore-legs is repre- sented elevated, and the head in profile. Rapier. —A narrow stabbing sword. Ras'ee. — See Erased. Raping or Rapin. — Preying. Raven. — The bird of this name. Borne by the family of CORBETT. Rayonne or Radiant. ^llsL\mg rays issuing from the edge of the charge or ordinary. Rays. — When drawn round a figure of the disc of the sun, heraldic Rays are sixteen in number, and tiiey are akernately straight and wavy. Rebated. — Broken or cut off at the point. Rebus.— In Heraldry a charge having an allusion to the liearer s 1 88 HERALDRY. name. Devices or charges allusive to the name of the bearer were very common in the middle ages. In Westminster Abbey, Abbot IsLip's chapel gives two forms of his Rebus — one a man falling from a tree, exclaiming, " I slip ; " the other a human eye, and a small branch or slip of a tree. Rec€7'cellee. — Curled. Reed. — See Stay. Reflected or Reflexed. — Turned or bent backwards. Red Hand. — A sinister hand, erect, open, and couped ; the arms of Ulster, and the distinguishing badge of Baronets. Regalia. — The ensigns of royalty, dignity, or office, more espe- those of a coronation. The Regalia of England, before the Refor- mation, was in the keeping of Westminster Abbey, and it is still presented to the Sovereign, at the coronation, by the Dean. Reguardant. — Looking back. Reindeer. — A stag with double attires. Removed. — Out of its proper position. Respectant or Respecting. — Two beasts (not of prey) rampant face to face. Rest. — See Clarion. Retorted. — Intertwined frette-wise. Reversed. — A charge with the upper part turned downwards. Riband. — A diminutive of the bend. It is similar to a cotise, but is couped at the extremities. Rising or Roussant. — Making ready for flight. Rompu. — Broken, or interrupted. Rose. — In Heraldry the Rose is represented in a conventional form, generally with ten leaves (No. 261), but sometimes with only five (No. 260). When there are ten, five are represented within or upon the outer five. The rose is never drawn with a stalk, unless GLOSSARY. 189 expressed in the blazon. As it is sometimes gules, and sometimes argent, it is not blazoned /r^/ifr; but it is often blazoned ^^ barbed and seeded proper^' and then the barbs are to be represented green, and the seeds gold or yellow. The Red Rose was the badge of the Plantagenets of the House of Lancaster, and the White Rose that of York. An example of the heraldic Rose, with foliage, occurs carved upon an oak bench-end, in the chancel of Pulham, in Norfolk. The monument in Westminster Abbey to the memory of Henry VH. is adorned with beautiful specimens of this re- nowned historical badge. No. 260. No. 261. No. 262. Roses of York and Lancaster. Rose-en-soleil.~ThQ rose argent of the House of York, sur- rounded with rays, as of the sun (No. 262). Roiielle-Spur. — See Spur. Rottge Croix. —The title of one of the pursuivants belonging to the Enghsh College of Arms. The period of the institution of Rouge Croix is not certain, but it is believed to be the most ancient. The title is derived from the Red Cross of the patron saint of England. Rouge Dragon. — The title of one of the pursux nts of the Col- lege of Arms, founded by Henry VII. immediately before his coro- nation. Henry VII. used a Red Dragon as one of his supporters. I90 HERALDRY, Routidel ox Koundlet.—K charge of a circular form. Roundels have special indicative names, according to their tinctures, viz. : a roundel or is blazoned a bezant ; a roundel ar. a plate, &c., &c. In foreign Heraldry these distinctive names are not given, neither are they in Scotch Heraldry. Fowei. — Part of a spur. Euby.—ThQ ancient blazon {or gules or red. Rudder. — A badge of the Lords Zouche. The tiller and stays are generally blazoned of a different tincture. Rue, Chaplet or Wreath of. — A charge in the arms of Saxony. It resembles a coronet placed bend-wise, and it is sometimes blazoned a bend archee coronette, a coronet extended in bend, or a bend treflee vert. On the continent it is blazoned a crancelin (a small garland.) Rustre. — A pierced lozenge. Sable. — Black ; represented in engraving by horizontal and ver- tical lines crossing each other. Sacre. — See Saker. Sagittarius.— ^Qt Cefitaur. Sail. — Sails are generally represented in Heraldry with a portion of the mast before them. Saint George's £mign.— The distinguishing flag of the British navy. It is the red cross of St. George upon a white field, with a Union Jack in the dexter chief corner. Saint Andrew's Cross. — See Saltire. Saker. — A kind of falcon. Salamander. — A fabulous monster, generally depicted passant, surrounded by flames. A golden Salamander is the crest of James, Earl Douglas, K.G., the first Scottish noble who was elected into the Order of the Garter, and who died a.d. 1483 ; this ani- GLOSSARY. [91 mal is represented on the Garter-plate of the Earl as breathing flames (No. 263). No. 263. Salient or Saliant. In the act of springing. It is similar to rampant, but with two paws up and two down. Solid. — A mediaeval metal helmet. Sail-cellars.— -Cuips represented with salt falling from them. Salt-cellars are borne in the arms of the Salters' Company. Saltire or Saltier. — One of the honourable ordinaries. This is also called a St. Andrew's Cross. The Saltire is formed by a bend dexter and a bend sinister crossing each other, like the letter X. The Saltire contains one-fifth of the field, but one-third when charged. Saltire-wise. — As a saltire. When two swords or other charges are placed saltire-wise, the sinister is generally placed uppermost. Saltorels. — Small saltires. Sandal or Brogue. — A foot covering. Sanglant. — Stained with blood. Sanglier. — The boar. Sanguine. — Murrey, or blood colour ; represented by lines cros- sing each other saltire wise. This tincture is of rare occurrence. Sa?is Nombre. — See Powdered. Sapphire. — The ancient blazon for azure or blue. 192 HERALDRY. Saracen.— QtXitxzSiy represented wreathed about the temples. Sarcellee. — Cut through the middle. Saturn. — An ancient blazon for sable or black. Satyr.— K fabulous monster composed of the lion and antelope, and having the face of an old man Savage or Wild Man. — A man represented naked, or with wreaths round the head and loins, and bearing a club in one hand. Savages are frequently borne as supporters^ especially in Scotch armoury. Scaled. — Said of a fish, when the scales differ in tincture from the fish itself Scaling- Ladder. — A ladder having two hooks at the upper end, and generally placed bend-wise on a shield. The family of Grey bear the Scaling-Ladder for a crest (No. 264). No. 264. Scallop. — A kind of shell, supposed to have been introduced into Heraldry by the pilgrims who bore it as a badge (see Escallop). Scarf. — A small banner attached to a crozier. When borne as a charge, tlie Scarf is generally represented in bend. Scarpe or Escarpe. — A diminutive of the bend sinister, and one- half its breadth. Sceptre.— Pl staff; the symbol of Royal authority, and the most ancient ensign of sovereignty. GLOSSARY. 193 Scimitar.— K weapon like the falchion, but narrower and more curved. Scintillatit. — Sparkling, or emitting sparks. Scorpion. — The reptile of this name, borne with head in chief. Scotch Spur or Pryck-Spur. — See Spur. Scrip. — A pouch used by pilgrims. Scrog. — A branch of a tree. Scroll. — One of the ornaments of a shield, whereon the motto is written. The scroll and motto are placed below the shield, unless the motto has some special reference to the crest ; it then stands either above the achievement, or between the shield and crest. Scr little. — See Wi?inounng- Van. Scut. — The tail of a hare, or rabbit. Saitcheon.— See Escutcheon. Sea-Dog. — A dog like the talbot, with a fin from the head to the tail, a tail like that of the beaver, the body and legs scaled, and the feet webbed. Sea-Horse. — A horse with a fin in place of a mane, the feet webbed, and the hinder part like a fish's tail. Sea-Lion. — Half lion and half fish. Seal. — Represented naturally in Heraldry; generally blazoned a sea-wolf. Seax. — A broad curved blade, notched at the back. Seeded. — Applied to the centre of the heraldic rose. Segreant. — Said of a griffin erect, with spread wings. Sejant or Segeant. — In a sitting posture. Seja?it Addorsed. — Sitting back to back. Sejant Affro?ite. — Sitting with the fore-paws extended sideways, and facing the spectator. Seffiee. — Strewed or scattered with any charge or object. A field 13 [94 HERALDRY. thus covered with charges has the appearance of a pattern, or as if it had been cut out of a larger surface. Seraph's Head. — A child's head adorned with three pairs of wings. Serpent. — Serpents are borne erect, involved, and nowed. Seruse or Cerise. — A torteau. Shackle. — A horseshoe-shaped iron, with an eye at each end, through which a bolt passes. This is sometimes erroneously con- fused with the handcuff 2Xidi fetterlock. Shack-bolt or Shackle-bolt. — See Fetterlock. Shafted. — Having a shaft; said of a spear, arrow, &c. A term also applied to a feather when the quill or shaft differs in tincture from the remainder of the feather. Shake-fork. — A charge resembling a pall, but humetteezxi^ pointed. Shamrock. — The national emblem of Ireland. A trefoil or three-leaved grass. Sheaf. — A term applied to a bundle of three arrows. A sheaf of com is termed a garb. Sheldrake. — A bird of the duck genus, in which the hind-toe has no pendent membrane. The sheldrake is said to be between a goose and a duck. This bird does not often occur in Heraldry. It is borne by the family of Jackson, March, Co. Cambs., and Highgate, Co. Middlesex. Shield. — A piece of armour on which heraldic bearings are depicted. The shield is treated of in another part of this work. Shield of Pretence. — Feudal arms are often placed on a shield of pretence in the insignia of Elective Sovereigns, who bear their own arms in surtout over those of their dominion. In the arms of Hanover the crown of Charlemagne is placed in surtout, and for some years the Hanoverian insignia was borne on a shield of pre- tence in the centre of the Royal arms of England (see Pretence). GLOSSARY. 195 Ship.— OngmzWy represented by the ancient galley , but of late years ships of a more modem character have been used in He- raldry. Shoveller.— A kind of duck. Sickle and Garb. — The well-known Hungerford badge. Sijtgle. — The heraldic term for the tail of a deer. \ Shuttle. — A weaver's instrument. ' Silk Hanks.— Small bunches of silk twisted into a knot. Sinister. — The left side of the shield, that is, that which covers the bearer's left side, and lies to the spectator's right. Sinople. — See Vert. Six-foil. — A flower of six leaves or cusps. Slay. — A weaver's instrument. Slip. — A small twig with three leaves. ►S/?/>/^y.— Represented as having a stalk. Snake. — See Serpe?it. Soarifig. — As the word implies, flying aloft. So77ierset Herald. — One of the six heralds of the College cf Arms. Sol. — The ancient heraldic term iox gold. Soldering-iron. — A plumber's tool, borne in the arms of the Plumbers' Company. Spancelled. — Fettered. Said of a horse having one fore and one hind-leg secured by fetterlocks. Spear. — The tilting spear. Spears are variously borne. One is borne on a bend by Shakspeare. Speed, At. — Said of the stag when running. Spervers. — Tents. Sphinx. — A fabulous monster, composed of parts of a lion, bird, and woman. Splendour. — The sun is said to be in its splendour when it is 13— -2 196 HERALDRY. encircled with rays, and is represented with a human face in the centre. Sprig. — A sprig, in Heraldry, consists oi five leaves. Springing. — The same as salient, but referring only to beasts of the chase. Spur. — The earliest spur, both in actual use and represented in Heraldry, was the "Pryck Spur." This was generally made of bronze, and it had a single goad-like point. About a.d. 1320, the spur, having a great wheel, began to supersede the earlier form, and shortly after, the true Rouelle spur, having the wheel spiked, made its appearance. The use of spurs, in the middle ages, was allowed only to knights, and was one of the emblems of knighthood. Gallant conduct won knighthood and spurs, in the days of chivalry, and the degradation of a knight brought the loss of his spurs. A host, tired of his guest, would, in the days of knighthood, have the knight's spurs served to him on a dish. Square- Pierced. — A charge perforated so as to show the field through a square opening. SS Collar. —The badge of the Lancastrian Princes, and their supporters, friends, and dependants. By Henry VHI. the wearing the SS collar was restricted to the degree of a knight. Stafford Knot. — One of the badges of the house of Stafford. StagSy in Heraldry, have several terms peculiarly their own. Their antlers are attires, the branches tynes. They are blazoned at gaze, springing, courant, trippant, lodged, at speed, &c., &c.— terms not applied to animals generally. Sta^s Attires. — The horns and scalp of the stag. Stall-Plate.— Bxd^s plates bearing the arms of a knight, affixed to his stall in the chapel of the Order. GLOSSARY. 197 Standard. — A military ensign, originally allowed to none of a lower degree than a Knight Banneret. Staple. — The iron fastening of this name, represented of square form. Star, Etoile, or Estoile.—K star is represented as having six wavy points or rays > when there are more rays than six they are generally represented alternately wavy and straight. The star has always been an ensign of knightly rank, and a star is in some form or another always part of the insignia of all the Orders of Knighthood. Star of India. — An Order of Knighthood instituted in 1861 by Queen Victoria. Starved. — Said of a branch having no leaves.^ »S/^/rt!///.— Standing on all four legs, both fore and hind-legs being in a straight line. Staves. — See Pilgrim's or Palmer's Staff, Steel Cap. — A close-fitting head defence. Stern. — A term for the tail of a wolf. Still.— See Alembic. Stirrup.— Generally represented leat/iered a.nd buckled. Stock. — The stump of a tree. Stole. — Part of a priest's vestment. Streaming. — Said of the tail of a comet. Stringed. — Applied to harps, &c., when the strings differ in tincture from the instrument. This term also refers to the strings or bands of a mitre. Subordinaries are a group of devices, less simple and less im- portant than the Ordinaries. They are mostly formed of straight or curved lines. The names and forms of this group are given in a separate chapter. Subverted. — R eversed. 198 HERALDRY. Sufflue. — See Clarion. Suffragan. — A title given to a Bishop in his relation of subordi- nation to the Metropolitan of the Province. Sun.— In Heraldry, generally represented with a human face, environed with rays, these rays generally being alternately straight and wavy ; when so represented it is said to be in its glory or in its spletidotir. In some instances it appears as shining from behind a cloud, or as rising or setting, but such positions must be mentioned in the blazon. Supporters. — Figures placed on each side of a shield in the atti- tude of supporting it (No. 265). No. 265.— Shield and Si'pportkrs of Jaspar Tudor, K.G., Earl of Pbmbroke in 1452, and in 1485 Duke of Bedford; Second Son of Queen Catherine and Owen Tudor. Surcoat. — A loose coat worn over the armour. It was generally GLOSSARY. 199 charged with the armorial bearings of the wearer. Many beautiful specimens remain of the monumental effigies of knights represented wearing the Surcoat. Among these may be mentioned that of Aymer de Valence (who died in 1323), in Westminster Abbey. Snr le tout or Surtout. — Overall. A charge, or small escutcheon, containing any coat of augmentation, placed over or upon the shield. Surmounted. — One bearing or charge placed upon another of a different tincture. Sustained. — Having a narrow lower border; thus, a chief gu.y sustained or, would be a red chief, having a narrow lower border of gold. Swan. — The Swan is often and variously borne : when blazoned proper^ it is white, with red beak, and has some black about the nostrils. Such a Swan, ducally gorged and chained, was the badge of the De Bohuns. It appears upon the secretuni (No. 275), be- tween the bases of two shields ; and again, in a similar position, upon the seal of Pleshy College, founded by the same Thomas and his Duchess Alianore. Swivel. — Two iron links connected by a bolt, around which they revolve \ borne by the Ironmongers' Company. Sivord, in Heraldry, is represented unsheathed, straight in the blade, and pointed. The hilt, pommel, and accoutrements of Swords are always to be specified in blazon. Sivepe. — An engine used in ancient warfare for throwing stones. Syren. — See Mermaid. Tabard. — A military garment in use in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, fitting close to the body, with large flap sleeves. On the front, back, and sleeves were emblazoned the arms of the wearer {i.e., there were four distinct representations of the arms). 200 HERALDRY. Representations of the Tabard remain on many of the monu- mental effigies of the period. One of the earliest of these is that of John Fitzalan, in Arundel Church. This John was born in 1407, and died in 1434. No. 187 represents the Tabard of John Feld, with its armorial blazonry— ^/^., a f esse or, behveen three eagles displayed arg., guitees du sang. In the present day the Tabard is worn only by Officers of Arms, who wear it at great ceremonials, embroidered with the arms of the Sovereign. Tabernacle. — A pavilion or tent. 7^^//.- -The tails of many animals have particular terms; for instance, the tail of the wolf is the stern ; of a deer, the single, &c. Th^ direction of the tail is sometimes blazoned. In the crest of the Duke of Northumberland the tail of the lion is extended. A lion coiuard is represented with his tail between his legs, &c. Talbot. — A sort of hunting dog, between a hound and a beagle, with a large nose, long, round, and thick ears. The Talbot dog is the badge of the Earl of Shrewsbury, and two talbots ar.y are his supporters. Target. — A round shield or buckler. Tasselled, — Adorned with tassels. Tau. — A charge resembling the Greek letter Taic. This is generally called a Cross Tau. Taw f ley. —See Tenney. Teazle. — The head or seed-vessel of a species of thistle used in cloth manufacture. Tenants. — A term sometimes used for Human Figures when supporting the shield. Tenney or Tawncy. — The tincture orange; represented in en- graving by diagonal sinister lines and horizontal lines crossing each other. Tenney is of rare occurrence in English Heraldry. GLOSSARY. Some English heralds do not admit this colour, but as Guillim quotes two English families that have borne Tenney, to reject it would be unreasonable. Tergiant. — Having the back displayed. Teutonic Knights. — An Austrian military and religious Order, instituted at the time of the Crusades. Thistle. — The Emblem of Scotland. It is now represented as growing on the same stalk as the rose and the shamrock. Thistle^ Order of. — A Scotch Order of Knighthood. Threstle or Trestle. — A three-legged stool. TJiimderbolt. — Represented by two jagged darts, two wings dis- played with streams of fire, &c. Tiara. — A triple crown. The Pope's Tiara is composed of a cap of gold, encircled by three coronets, with a gold mound and cross on the top. Two strings embroidered and fringed at the ends, and semee of crosses of gold, hang from the cap. Tiercee or Per tierce. — Divided into three equal parts. A shield may be tierce in pale, in fesse, &c. Three coats are sometimes marshalled in one shield, under the blazon of tierce in pale. Tilting Hebnct. — The helmet worn over the basinet, and at- tached to the armour by a ring and chain. Tilting Spear. — A heavy lance, borne in the arms of Shakspeare. Timbre. — The helm, when placed above the shield. Tinctures. — The metals, colours, and furs used in Heraldry. Toison d'or. - Golden fleece. Topaz. — The ancient blazon for gold. Torch.— Qtxi^xzWy borne ififlajned or lighted. • Torqued.—Vlxe2i{\\t6.. Twisted in the shape of a letter S. Toret. — A ring moving on a swivel. Torse. — The wreath placed on the helmet. 202 HERALDRY. Torteau. — A red roundel, represented spherical. Tortoise, — Generally blazoned passant. Tourtiee. — See Reguardant. Touriiament. — A mediaeval military sport. Toiver. — Generally represented as a circular embattled building, with a door or port Towered. — Said of walls or castles having one or more small towers or turrets on the top. To7ver Triple-towered. — A tower surmounted by three small towers. Trade Alarks. — Devices adopted as distinguishing marks by manufacturers. The merchants of the middle ages, to whom the use of true heraldic insignia originally was not conceded, are sup- posed to have generally employed them. These marks were often borne on shields, and they were often quartered in a shield with the arms of some mercantile guild. The brass to John Terri, A.D. 1524, at St. John's, Maddermarket, Norwich, was a shield which quarters the arms of a commercial guild with a merchp,nt's mark. In the present day the importance of Trade Marks is very great, and they possess a considerable personal value. The protection afforded to the owners of these Trade Marks pre- vents piracy, and it is a matter of regret that the existing College of Arms has not the power of granting the same pro- tection to those who have honourably and legally obtained ar- morial bearings. Transpierced. — Pierced through. • P Transfixed.— See Transpierced. Transfluejit. — Flowing through. This term generally refers to the water represented falling through the arches of a bridge, as in the seal of the Bridge wardens of Rochester Bridge. GLOSSARY. 203 Transmuted. — See Comiter changed. Transposed. — Having the original or natural position or arrange, ment reversed. Traversed. — Facing to the sinister. Treflee. — Adorned with Trefoils. Trefoil. — A leaf or flower having three cusps, generally borne slipped^ borne by Sir Will. Murston Need Young, Baronet. Treille or Latticed. — Narrow strips of wood crossing each other, representing trellis-work. Treille differs from frette in that the pieces do not interlace under and over. They are all nailed at the intersections. Tressiire. — One of the subordinaries, a diminutive of the orle, and half its breadth ; generally borne double. It is borne in the arms of Scotland, and it is there ornamented with fleurs-de-lis, and is blazoned yf^wry counter-fktiry. This subordinary is held in great esteem, and it is very rarely granted to other than persons of Royal descent. The Double Tressure was granted as an honourable augmentation to the citizens of Aberdeen for their loyal services against the English. Tricked.— Axm% sketched in outline with pen and ink, and the different tinctures written. Tricolour.— A flag of three colours. Several of the continental national ensigns are Tricolours. Tricorporate. — This is said of a bearing representing the bodies of three lions rampant, conjoined under one head guardant, in the fesse point. Trident. — A barbed fork, with three prongs. Triparted. — Divided into three parts. Trippant or Tripping signifies the light movement of beasts of the chase, and they are represented with one foot up. This term 204 HERALDRY. compares yf\i\\ passant, which in the same way applies to beasts of prey. When a stag, &c., moves more rapidly, it is said to be at speed. Counter-tripping implies that two or more animals of the chase are tripping past each other ifi opposite directions. Triple Plumes. — Three rows of feathers above each other. Triton. — The male of the mermaid. See Merman and Neptune. Trononne. — See Dismembered. 7>//;;//^/. —Shaped like a postman's horn, i.e. a long straight tube, expanded at the extremity ; it is borne in the arms of Trumping- DON, az., tiao trumpets in pile, or. These are sometimes erroneously blazoned in pale. Truncheon. — The official badge of the Earl Marshal of England, consisting of a golden rod, tipped at each end with gold enamel, and having the Royal arms on the upper, and the Earl Marshal's own arms on the lower end. Trundle.— h. quill of thread for fixing in a shuttle. Trunked. — Said of the main stem of a tree couped. Trussing. — The same 2.?, preying, but applied only to birds. Tudor Rose. — A combination of the Red and White Roses of the Houses of York and Lancaster. Sometimes the rose argent is charged upon the rose gules, and sometimes it quarters the two tinctures. Tun. — Often used as a rebus by persons whose names end in Tun or Ton, as a bolt in a tun for Bolton, an ash issuing from a tun for AsHTON. Turnpike. — A frame formed of three vertical and three horizontal bars, revolving on the centre bar (No. 266). Turnstile. — As tlie foregoing, but raised on a step or ibot-frame (No. 267). Turret. — A small tower surmounting a castle. GLOSSARY. 205 No. 266. No. 267. 7>/^/^^rt^.— Applied to an animal when the tincture of the tiisks differs from the body. Tyjies. — A term for the branches of the horns of a stag. U/ster King-of-Arms. — The principal heraldic officer for Ireland. The office of Ulster was instituted in or about the year 1552, but' a similar office, under another title, existed long previously. U/ster Badge. — A sinister ha?id open, erect, couped at the wrist, gules. This armorial ensign of the province of Ulster is the dis- tinguishing badge of Baronets, and is borne upon their shields. Uinbrated or Adumbrated. — Shadowed. Ufidee or Undy.— One of the divisional lines. Undulating. Unguled. — Hoofed. Said of hoofs when of a different tincture from the animal. U7iicorn.—k fabulous beast resembling the horse, but with one long horn projecting from its forehead. U7iion Jack. — A combination of the national banners of England, Ireland, and Scotland, in one flag. A fuller description of the Union Jack is given in another chapter. Upright. — Applied to reptiles and shell-fish, as rampant is to animals. Urchin. — See Hedgehog. Urinant or Uriant. — The reverse of hauriant ; applied to fish. Usher of the Black Rod.—kn officer of the Order of the Garter. 2o6 HERALDRY, Vair. — One of the furs ; it is represented as composed of rows of small shields, alternately reversed. Vair occurs very often in early shields, and it most probably bore its part in effecting diffe- rence, by means of varying the tincture of any shield or of its charge. Vair was used for lining garments, and La Colombiere observes, that when furriers first made this lining, they used small pieces, most frequently of the azure colour, which they felled to white furs ; and he infers from that, that those who have settled the rules of Heraldry decreed, in relation to Vair, that this fur in its natural blazon should be always argent and azure, but if there be any other tincture it must be expressed in the blazon. Vairy. — Charged with Vairs. Vallary Crmvn.—K crown formed of a circle of gold, with a number of flat pointed pieces surmounting it (No. 357, page 272). Vambraced or Umbraced. — An arm covered with armour. Vamplate. — A piece of steel on a tilting spear, to protect the hand. Vane. — See Winnowing-vane. Vannet. — See Escallop. Vmus. — The ancient blazon for vert. Verdke. — Powdered or strewed with leaves or plants. Verdon Knot. — A fret with the extremities couped. Vert. — The colour green, represented in engraving by diagonal lines, drawn from the dexter to the sinister side of the shield. ^^/a/.— Bent or bowed. F(r^/^;//.— Originally an Earl's deputy. The title or office of Viscount was instituted when earldoms became hereditary. It is now xht fourth degree and title in the order of rank in the British peerage. The hereditary title of Viscount was first granted by Henry VI., a.d. 1440, to John, Baron Beaumont, K.G. Viscounfs Coronet. — A circlet of gold enclosing a velvet cap. Upon the circlet a row of fourteen pearls^ nifie of which only are shown in representations. F^/V/ golden chevron with three eaglets sable; and other Cobhams carry out the system of severally charging their chevron, which is always golden, with either three crosslets, or t lure fleurs-de-lis, or three crescents, or three martlets, all sable; Rauf de Cobham adds an estoile for a secondary difference, 7i.'ith his crosslets. Crosslets were evidently the favourite charges for marking early Cadency; Martlets and Mullets were held nearly in the same esteem. In his celebrated brass, a.d. 1275, Roger de Trumping- DON bears on his shield az., crnsilee, two trumpets in pile, or. The arms of De Lucy are^//., three lucies hanrient in f esse, arg.^ (Roll H. III). This shield is differenced by substituting, or for arg., and powdering the field with crosslets, first of silver and then of gold. Thomas Bardolph has an azure shield, crnsilee, a cinqiiefoil or; — his elder brother William Bardolph, az., three cinquefoils, or. The Berkeleys' red shield, with their chevron variously tinctured, appears in the early rolls powdered with either silver crosses pattees, silver crosses crosslets, silver cinquefoils, or silver roses. In the roll of H. III. Maurice de Barket>e bears simply gu., a chevron arg. Camden remarks that " Lord Berkeley, who first bore gules, a chevron argent, after serving in the Holy Wars, added ten crosses patte'e to his shield." At Caerlaverock the brothers Bassett, who both bear erm., a 252 HERALDRY. chief indented gu., difference their shields by severally charging tlieir chiefs with three mullets and three escallops or. The Martlets that are charged upon the shield attributed to the Confessor, have been assumed by Mr. Planche to have been derived from the impress of the pennies of the last Saxon Edward, which are stamped with a plain cross between four doves. The orle of martlets in the shields of William and Aymer de Valence, is another familiar example of the use of the martlet as a mark of Cadency. The paternal shield of these distinguished Barons, was simply barruly (the bars sans nonibre) arg.^ and az. The beautiful heraldic Chample've enamel shield of Earl William on his monu- ment in Westminster Abbey, is an example of artistic work worthy of any age. Many instances of the Fleur-de-lis charged as a difference appear. It is probable that the fleurs-de-lis in the arms of France were designed to mark a difference from a kindred shield charged with a single fleur-de-lis. On the seal of Philip II. (Augustus) King of France, ii8o, the King is represented seated, holding in the sinister hand a sceptre, surmounted with a fleur-de-lis^ and in the dexter hand a fleur-de-lis. On the reverse of the seal is an oval impression containing one fleur-de-lis. Numerous coats of arms are charged with the fleur-de-lis, probably owing to the wars with France. In the arms of Sir Cloudeslev Shovel there is one fleur-de-lis, which was granted in honour of a victory over the French. A remarkable incised monumental slab at Abergavenny has a CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. 253 shield charged with three large fleurs-de-lis. The shield of the De Cantelupes furnishes a curious instance of the fleur-de-lis, which has been placed in strange association with lion's faces, evidently with a view to compound two coats. Roundels, Annulets, Crescents, &c., were used with other charges for differencing. No. 313. No. 314. No. 315. No. 316. No. 321. No. 322. No. 323. Differenced Shields of Neville of Raby. The shields of the Neville family alone would suffice to illus- trate the system of Cadency. Above are some of the difle- 254 HERALDRY. renced shields of one branch of the family, the Nevilles of Raby. . Sir John Neville, K.G., in his Garter-plate bears ^^z., a saltire arg.y charged with a label of three points componky arg. and az.; another Neville, Lord Laiymer, charges a pellet npon his silver saltire for difference, and another Peer of the same family, Neville, Lord Bergavenny, differences his saltire with a rose gu. No less than eight other differences of the simple shield of Neville of Raby are found to have been assumed to distinguish the various branches of that powerful and far-spreading house (Nos. 313 to 323). Thus the entire group of these Neville differences are three labels^ the crescent^ martlet, mullet, fleur-de-lis, cifujuefoil, rose, pellet, and two interlaced annidets, forming a gimmel-ring, all of them charged upon the silver saltire. The branch which adopted the rose as a difference is now the most important. As the fifteenth century advanced, instances of Cadency marked by a single small charge increase in number. Numerous examples of a crescent, a mullet, and a martlet appear. There is little doubt that, if it could be traced, some good reason might be found for every charge on the early shields that was employed as a difference. Honours, alliances, victories had their share in suggesting particular marks, and the early heralds assigned those devices that bore some special significance. Modem Cadency in its general character differs very little from that of the fifteenth century, but the present order of arrangement may not perhaps be considered to have been recognized earlier than the sixteenth century. CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. 255 The following charges are borne by the sons upon the paternal arms in tlie following order of precedence : Ljruxt^ \w^m msr ^^"^ 1 a 11 ^swxmf wc^lh? vc^rypr::; ^ o No. 324. No 325. No. 326. No. 327. No. 328. No. 329. No. 330. No. 331. No. 332. I. The Label (No. 324), by the eldest son (during his father'^ life ime). by the second son. „ third son. „ fourth son. „ fifth son. ,, sixth son. ,, seventh son. „ eighth son. „ ninth son. 2. The Crescent (No. 325) 3. The Mullet (No. 326) . 4. The Martlet (No. 327) . 5. The Annulet (No. 328) . 6. The Fleur-de-lis (No. 329) 7. The Rose (No. 330) 8. The Cross Moline (No. 331) 9. The Double Quatrefoil (No. 332) These marks are generally placed upon the honour point of the shield, or in chief The first son of the first son, may charge his label with a label, and the second son with a crescent. The first son of the second son may charge his crescent with a label ; and so on. Royal Cadency, as will be seen hereafter, is marked exclusively with a label, and each Prince and Princess charges his, or her label with a difference. Daughters, except of the Royal Family, do not difference their paternal arms, unless a difference of the paternal arms has become permanent, as in the shield of the COURTENAYS. Marks of Cadencv also include marks of Difference to denote 256 HERALDRY. illegitimacy. In early coats the same system of Differencing w^s employed by the natural, as by the legitimate sons. In the fifteenth century, the paternal shield was sometimes borne upon a fesse or a bend by illegitimate sons. Sir Roger de Clarendon, son of the Black Prince, bore or, on a bend sa., three ostrich feathers, labelled, arg. His near kinsman, the son of John of Ghent, John de Beaufort, before the act of legitimation in 1397, bore a similar parody of the arms of his father, per pale arg. and az., on a bend gu., three lions of^ng- No. 333.— Ralph de Arundel. lami^ etisigned with a label of France. The tinctures of the field, argent and azure, were the livery colours of the Lancastrian Plan- TAGENETS. JoHN DE Beaufort afterwards retained these same tinctures in his bordure compony. Ralph de Arundel, a natural son of one of the Fitz-Alans, bears the shield of Fitz-Alan, flanched arg. ; that is, a shield arg.^ having flanches of Fitz-Alan and Warrmm quartet ly^ as they were quartered by the Earls (No. 333.) CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING, 2S7 The Difference for illegitimate descendants of the Royal Family has been, since the fifteenth century, a bendlet or baton sinister. It was borne by Arthur, Viscount Lisle, son of Edward IV. ; by Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond, son of Henry VIII. ; and by all the illegitimate descendants of Charles II., excepting the Duke of Richmond, who differenced with a bordure. At the present day, the baton of the Duke of Saint Albans is ^//., charged with three white roses arg. ; that of tfie Duke of Cleve- land is ermijie; and that of the Duke of Grafton is compony arg. and az. The Duke of Buccleuch also bears the Royal arms, differenced with a baton sinister argent. The term given to this section of Cadency by some writers is Abatement. With the exception of these illegitimate distinctions, no marks of Abatement are borne in coat armour. Arms are ne- cessarily honourable records, and therefore any abatement, other than marking illegitimacy, would be a contradiction of the pui-pose for which arms were designed. Differencing was not exclusively confined to the shield, but was extended to the mantling, crests, supporters, and badges. The achievement of Sir John DAUBVONfe (No. 209, page 104), is an interesting example of a differenced mantling ; and some of the Windsor Garter-plates afford other good examples. The mantling of George Plantagenet, K.G., Duke of Cla- rence, is semee of the white roses of the house of York (No. 334). No. 336 represents the mantling of Henry Bourchier, K.G., Earl of Essex, who died in 1483 : here the crimson mantling 17 258 HERALDRY itself is hilletee or^ and the lining is semee of small water-botigets sable (Garter-plate, and brass at Little Easton in Essex). The mantling of John Bourchier, K.G., Lord Berners (died 1449), is also billetee, and its lining is semee alternately of Bourchier-hwts and water-botigets. Sir R. Harcourt, K.G., has his ermine-lined mantling sem^e of quatrefoils, and the mantling of Earl Rivers, the father-in-law of Edward IV., is sefnee of trefoils (No. 335). No. 334- No. 335. No. 336. In the instance of animals, the marks of Cadency are sometimes charged upon their shoulders, or they are seme'e with them ; and sometimes the marks are formed into collars. The lion crest of Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Dorset, is represented as gorged CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. 259 about the throat with a collar company erm. and az. as the bordure of his shield ; and the lion crest of his father, John Beaufort, K.G., Duke of Somerset, has a collar company arg. afid az.. In like manner, the shield of Sir Thomas Lancaster (Calais Roll) bears gu., a lion rampt. guard, or, gorged laith a collar of France (a blue collar charged with three golden fleurs-de-lis). The Royal lion upon the helm of the Black Prince is gorged with his silver label] and many instances occur of lion crests of the Plantagenets being charged with a label. These labels appear on the lions after the manner of bands or frills. Numerous instances of Cadency may be found on reference to the Peerage. The crescent of Cecil, Marquess of Salisbury, and of the Earl of Stanhope ; the mullet of the Howards, Earls OF Carlisle and Effingham ; the martlet of Brudenell, Earl OF Cardigan, and of Murray, Lord Elibank ; the annulet ol the Earl of Abingdon ; the rose of Neville, Earl of Aber- gavenny, are among some of the examples. The arms of the Earl of Eldon are differenced with a mullety to show that they were first borne by the younger of the two illustrious legal brothers, William and John Scott, and by the third son of their father. In like manner, a mullet upon the shield of the Duke of Wel- lington shows that the Duke was the third son of the Earl of MORNINGTON. The marks of Cadency of the Plantagenet, and Tudor Princes, will be alluded to in the chapter on "Royal Heraldry." Space will not admit of this subject being treated to the fullest extent, but 17—2 26o HERALDRY, the miscellaneous examples given, will illustrate the principle of Cadency, and will form a groundwork for the student, who will find other examples in abundance, equally characteristic, and interesting. The examples of Cadency given in this chapter, have been more numerous than those of Difference, not because the former is of more interest than the latter, but because Differencing belongs more to the antiquarian, and less to the modern student than Cadency. The example given in the early part of the chapter of John Paignel's arms is, however, a typical specimen which fully exemplifies the system of Differencing, as distinct from Cadency. One more instance may be given, that of the shield of the Prince OF Wales, who bears, as Earl of Chester, three garbs or wheat- sheaves, Mr. Planche says, *' one or more garbs are seen in the majority of coats belonging to the nobility, and gentry, of the County Palatine of Chester." As the same arms have been borne by the Earls of Chester since the thirteenth century, and as the arms of these noblemen and gentlemen are of very early date, it is evident that these differenced garbs must have been the result of some feudal connection. The Rolls of Arms show clearly that many distinguished families holding feudal tenure differmced the arms of their lord. Originally, great nobles granted arms, and men to whom land was granted, sometimes adopted the arms of the noblemen making such grants, adding some charge of distinction, or difference to the shield. Cam- den mentions many instances of families, who having held a manor by knight's service, illustrated this upon their armorial bearings. No 337.— Crown from the Monument of Margaret, Countess of Richmond, A.D. 1509. Westminbter Abbey. CHAPTER XVII. CROWNS, CORONETS, CAPS, MITRES, &C. CROWNS in ancient times were garlands of leaves. The diadem was a fillet of silk, or other material, and was the distinguishing ornament of Kings. The Crown of modern times superseded the diadem rather than the ancient crown, and it is, throughout Europe, the emblem and ensign of sovereignty. ROYAL CROWNS AND CORONETS. The history of the various crowns of England forms an important chapter in the annals of Heraldry. The earliest crowns of this country, were probably simple circles of gold, adorned, or heightened with leaves, probably of the oak-tree, which was held in great veneration by our ancestors. After the Conquest, the simple design developed into a richly jewelled circle of gold, variously adorned with leaves. The crown worn by the English Kings is exemplified 262 HERALDRY. in the effigies of Henry II. and his Queen Alianorej of Richard I. and Isabella of Angouleme, at Fontevraud ; of Berengaria, at L'Espan, near Mans; and of John, at Worcester. These sculptured crowns are all much mutilated, but still they plainly declare their original character. The effigies of Henry III. and Alianore of Castile, have crowns of trefoil-leaves of two sizes, a slightly raised point inter- vening between each pair of the leaves, as in No. 189, page 75. The crown of Edward I. differed little from that of his father. No. 338.— Crown of Edward IL No. 339.— Crown of Henry IV., Canterbury. The crown of Edward II., (No. 338) taken from his effigy at G]otJce.ster, is formed of four large, and four small strawberry-leaves, rising with graceful curves from the jewelled circlet, and having eight small flowers alternating with the leaves. During the reigns of Edward III. and Richard II., the crown remained without alteration; but at the accession of the first Lancastrian Sovereign, Henry IV., it was of the most elaborate design and workmanship. The sculptured effigies of this Prince and his Queen Joanna, at Canterbury, wear magnificent crowns CROIVNS, CORONETS, CAPS, MITRES, &-c. 263 (No. 339). Both are of similar character, but that of the Queen is of smaller size and more delicate construction. These sculp- tured images, may be supposed to be faithful representations of the splendid " Harry Crown," broken up, and employed as security for the loan required by Henry V., when about to embark for France. Rymer records that the costly fragments were redeemed in the eighth and ninth years of Henry VI. No. 340— Ckowx of Henry VII., King's College Chapel, Cambridge. No. 341.— I.MPEKi.AL Crown. Henry V. introduced the arched crown, that is, the enriched circlet was arched over with jewelled bands of gold, and a mounti and cross surmounted the enclosed diadem. The arched crown of Henry V. has two arches, intersecting each other at right angles above the centre of the crown. In the crown of Henry VI. the arches are numerous, but in that of Henry VII. the two arches only appear (No. 340). The arched crown, at first, has the arches elevated almost to a 264 HERALDRY, point, after a while they are somewhat depressed, then this de- pression is greatly increased. The Crown remained without any change during the reigns of Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth. The crown of the Stuart Sovereigns, James I. and Charles I., has four arches. The crown of Charles II., James II., and Anne, had two arches, No. 342.— State Crown of Her Majesty the Qleen. and that number nas since remained unchanged. Thus the crown is brought to assume the character shown in No. 341, which has four crosses patties, and four fleurs-de-lis, set alternately on the circlet, and two pearl-studded arches, which rise from within the crosses, and are surmounted by a mound signifying the world, which in its turn becomes subjected to the cross. The State crown, made for the coronation of Her Majesty CROWNS, CORONETS, CAPS, MITRES, &-c. 265 THE Queen, and which is used on occasions of high State cere- monial, differs from the preceding, principally in enrichment. The arches, which are formed of wreaths of roses, thistles, and shamrocks, are composed of brilliants, and are elevated at the intersection rather than depressed. The crown is completely covered with diamonds, and is also richly studded with various other costly gems (No. 342). The heraldic crown incHnes to a type of an earlier time. This No. 343. — Coronet of the late No. 344.— Prussian Crohn. Prince Consort. heraldic crown of Her Majesty is represented on page 278, No. 368. The Coronet of H.R.H. Albert, the late Prince Consort (No. 343), has four arches; these arches rise from strawberry- leaves. This is not unlike the Prussian crown, which is illustrated for comparison, excepting that the latter has not a cap. The coronet of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, has one arch only, which rises from a jewelled circlet. The cap is of cnmson velvet (No. 345). The Prince of Wales also bears, as the 266 HERALDRY. ensign of that Principality, a jewelled circlet heightened with four crosses pattees and as many fleurs-de-lis, which enclose a plume of three ostrich feathers. Below, on a ribbon, the motto, " Ich Dicn'' (No. 375, page 288). No. 345.— Coronet of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales. The Coronets of the other Princes, the sons of the Queen, and of the Princesses, the daughters of Her Majesty, are formed of a circle of gold, surrounded with four fleurs-de-lis and four crosses patties; there is no arched diadem, and the velvet cap is sur- mounted with a golden tassel. The coronet of nephews of the blood Royal consists of a circle of gold, surmounted with four strawberry-leaves, and four crosses patte'es. The coronets of Princes, and Princesses, the grandsons, and and granddaughters of the Sovereign, have the circle of gold heightened by two crosses patties, four fleurs-de-lis, and two strawberry-leaves. The coronets of the Royal cousins of the Sovereign have only crosses and strawberry-leaves. CROWNS, CORONETS, CAPS, MITRES, &-c. 267 The monumental effigies, and monuments of the middle ages furnish some beautiful examples of crowns and coronets. No. 33 7> P^ge 261, is a crown from a monument of Margaret, Countess of Richmond, a.d. 1509, Westminster Abbey. CORONETS OF THE NOBILITY. rr The coronet of a Duke consists of a chased circle of gold, heightened by eight strawberry-leaves, a cap of crimson velvet, with a golden tassel, and guarded with ermine. In representations five only of the leaves are shown (No. 346). The effigy of the No. 346.— Duke's Coronet. No. 347— Marquess's Coronet. Black Prince, a.d. 1376, at Canterbury, exhibits on the basinet what may have been the prototype of the Duke's strawberry-leaf coronet : from the circle there rise sixteen leaves, with a second series of the same number and smaller size alternating with the larger ones (No. 427, page 327). The coronet of a Marquess, or Marquis is a chased circlet of gold ; on its upper rim are set four low points, surmounted by four heraldic pearls or balls of silver, alternating with four strawberry -leaves, all of the same height. 268 HERALDRY. Three of the leaves, and two of the pearls only, are exhibited m representations. The cap is of crimson velvet, and has a golden tassel (No. 347). The first Marquess in England was Robert De Vere, Earl of Oxford, who, by Richard II., a.d. 1387, was created Marquess of Dublin. No. 348.— Earl's Coronet. No. 349.— Coronet of Thomas Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel, a.d. 1445. The coronet of an Earl consists of a chased circlet of gold, heightened by eight lofty rays, on which are set eight pearls; also between each pair of rays, at their bases, is a golden straw- berry-leaf one-fourth of the height of the rays. In representations five of the pearls and four of the leaves are seen. The cap is of crimson, with a golden tassel (No. 348). The coronets worn by the Earls, and Countesses of the middle ages, and which are represented on some of the beautiful monu- mental effigies, are very interesting. The crest of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, rises from a plain circlet, sur- mounted by pearls, but without strawberry-leaves. The Earl and Countess of Arundel, at Arundel, early in the fifteenth CROWNS, CORONETS, CAPS, MITRES, &-c. 269 century, have remarkably rich coronets ; the Earl's has a series of leaves and of clusters of three small balls alternating, all of them equally raised to a considerable height (No. 349). In the coronet of the Countess the raised groups are set alternately with single balls that are less elevated. No. 350 represents the coronets of another Earl and Countess of Arundel. These are formed entirely of conventional architectural leaves of the period. No. 350.--EARL AND Countess of Arundel, a.d. 1487. The coronet of a Viscount has a row of twelve, fourteen, or sixteen pearls, set upon a circle of gold. In representations, nine of these pearls are shown (No. 351). The privilege of wearing No. 351. — Viscount's Coronet. No. 352.— Baron's Coronet. coronets was first granted to Viscounts by King James I. The cap is of crimson and the tassel of gold. The coronet of a Baron consists of a circle of gold, surmounted 270 HERALDRY. by six pearls larger than those of a Viscount's coronet, and not placed in contact with each other, and a velvet cap and tassel of gold (No. 352). This coronet was first granted by Charles II., at the Restoration, before which the Barons wore plain gold circles. The Coronet is worn by Peers on the occasion of the coronation of the Sovereign. In comparatively modern times, they have been made to enclose a velvet cap, lined with ermine, and surmounted with a. golden tassel ; but revived good taste is now generally dis- carding the velvet cap. The coronets, Nos. 346, 347, 348, 351 and 352, are the com- monly accepted forms of these symbols ; but a more artistic style of design, and more in accordance with true heraldic feeling, is beginning to prevail. HERALDIC CROWNS, CORONETS, AND CAPS. Varieties and modifications of ancient crowns, and also of the Duke's coronet, are used as heraldic accessories, and are sometimes No. 353. borne as charges. The latter is called a Ducal Coronet, or a Crest Corofiet (No. 353). This was probably derived from the coronet- like enrichment of helms, as appears in many of the existing monumental effigies of the middle ages. CROWNS, CORONETS, CAPS, MITRES, &-c. 271 This coronet, although blazoned a ducal coronet, has no reference to ducal, or to any other rank. In form it bears a close resemblance to the crowns of Henry III. (No. 189, page 75) and Alianore of Castile. When borne as a charge, this form is generally drawn. The arms of the See of Ely are gu., three ducal crowns, or coronets or. Those of the See of Bristol are sa., three ducal crowns in pale^ or. One of the shields on the beautiful chantry of Abbot Wheat- HAMPSTEADE, A.D. 1460, is charged with three crowns, two aful one. The crowns are excellent early examples, having their circlets heightened with alternate crosses pattees and fleurs-de-lis (No. 354). No. 354.— Example of Crown, Abbey Church of St. Albans. Crowns are frequently used with crests, and crests often issue from them or are placed upon them. The crest of the Earl of Perth and Mel ford is on a ducal coronet a sleuth-hound ppr.^ 272 HERALDRY. collared and leashed gu. The crest of the Earl of Pomfret is out of a ducal coronet y gold, a cock's head gu., crested and wattled or. Beasts and birds, when used as crests, or supporters, are o(ten gorged with a ducal coronet. One of the supporters of the Earl Beau- champ is a swan gorged with a ducal coronet. The Mural Crown is a circle of gold embattled, and it is asso- ciated with military success in sieges (No. 355). It is borne by Baron Seaton both as a crest and charge, and it is often granted as a crest of augmentation. No. 355.— Mural Crown. No. 356.— Naval Crown. The Naval Crown is a golden circle surmounted with sterns and square sails of ships, placed alternately (No. 356). The Naval Crown was granted to Earl Nelson as an honourable augmenta- tion to his arms. No- 357— Crown Vallary. No. 358.— Eastern Crown. The Crown Vallary is a circlet of gold, with palisades fixed to the rim and rising above it (No. 357). The Eastern Crown, called also the Radiated on^ the Antique CROWNS, CORONETS. CAPS, MITRES, &~r. 273 crown (No. 358), is borne both as a crest and as a charge. The family of Grant, of Kilgraston, Co. Perth, bear as charges //iree antique crowns. There are other crowns and caps used in Heraldry, which are difficult to place exactly according to their rank of precedence. The varieties of Mitres too, should, strictly, precede some of the before-mentioned crowns, but for clearness, and to prevent confu- sion, they are arranged in a group by themselves. No. 359.— Crest and Cap of Maintenance of Lord Dynham, K.G. The Cardinal's Hat is the scarlet hat given to Cardinals by the Pope's own hands, after the cap has been given or sent by a special messenger. Thus it happens, sometimes, that Cardinals, who do not visit Rome, never receive the hat; but an exception is made in favour of Royal houses, to whom the hat may be sent. The hat is broad-brimmed and very low in the crown, and of a scarlet colour, with two large triangular tassels, themselves made 18 274 HERALDRY. of smaller tassels. It appears above certain shields of arms of the middle ages. The Cap of Maintenance was an early symbol of high dignity and rank ; it is still retained in use, and is occasionally placed beneath modern crests in place of the customary wreath. It is of crimson velvet, and guarded with ermine. The example (No. 359) is drawn from the Garter-plate of Lord Dynham, K.G., at Windsor, who died a.d. 1501. The Cap of Maintenance or Estate did not originally belong to any but nobles, but it is now granted to gentlemen, and is borne, as the ducal coronet, irrespective of rank. MITRES. The Mitre is the ensign of Archiepiscopal and Episcopal rank and dignity; by the Archbishops and Bishops of the Anglican Church it Is allowed to be used for every purpose but that for No. 36a— Archbishop Cranlrv, a.d. 1407. No. 361.— Bishop Goodryke, a.d. 1554. which it was first designed, and it is worn only by Prelates of the Roman Church. In representations of the arms of Prelates CROWNS, CORONETS, CAPS, MITRES, &-c. 275 and their Sees, the Mitre, as a badge of office, is placed above the shield. The contour of the Mitre underwent several changes in the middle ages. At first, very low, simple, and concave in outline, and later more elevated and convex. No. 360 is an example from the brass to Archbishop Cranley, a.d. 1407, at Oxford. This and all other mitres are cleft from the summit downwards; and two infulae, or ribbons fringed at the ends, depend from them. No. 361 is from the brass of Bishop Goodryke, a.d. 1554, at Ely. The next example assumes the convex form; this is from the monument of Archbishop Samuel Harnsett, a.d. 1631, at Chigwell, Essex, No. 362.— Archbishop Harnsett, a.d. 1631, No. 363.— Archbishop (Modern), The mitres of Archbishops are now generally represented rising from ducal coronets, as in No. :^6^. Much difference of opinion exists as to the correct use of the ducal coronet, and many eminent 18—2 276 HERALDRY. heralds object to its use. The Bishops of Durham, as nominally Counts Palatine of the County of Durham, as well as Bishops of the See, had their mitres rising from a similar coronet, as in No. 364. Many curious examples of mitres with coronets, feathers, and crests appear on the seals of Thomas de Hatfield, a.d. 1345 ; of John de Fordham, 1382 ; and on the monument of Thomas RuTHAL, 1520. No. 364.— Bishop of Durham No. 365 —Bishop (Modern). The mitres of Bishops are now usually represented as No. 365, but there is no reason why the earlier and more elegant forms should not again be employed. Mitres are used as charges and for differencing, as in the ex- amples Nos. 310 and 311, page 247. The Imperial crown of Austria greatly resembles the Episcopal mitre, and for comparison is illustrated (No. 366). The arms of the Emperor Francis of Austria, K.G., are blazoned on his Garter-plate at Windsor. CROWNS, CORONETS, CAPS, MITRES, &-c. 277 No. 366.— Imperial Crown of Austria. The Crown of the Kings-of-Arms (No. 367), placed at the end of this chapter, is composed of sixteen oak-leaves set erect upon a golden circle, nine of which leaves appear in representa- tions. The crown encloses a cap of crimson satin, turned up with ermine, and it is surmounted by a golden tassel ; and in the circle itself is the legend, " Miserere mei Deus secimdum magnam miseri- iordiain ttiam.'^ No. 367.— Crown of Herald Kings-of-Arms. No. 368.— Her Majesty Queen Victoria. CHAPTER XVIII. ROYAL HERALDRY. — ARMS OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND. THE shields of the early Norman Kings of England are of questionable authenticity, and may have been assigned to them by the heralds of a later period, as they were to the Saxon Princes. For instance, the arms of Edward the Confessor, azurtf a cross JUurie^ between five martlets or. must have been as- ROYAL HERALDRY. i-jc^ signed to him many years after his death, since the Royal Heraldry of England unquestionably dates its origin from a period subsequent to the Conquest. Many beautiful examples remain of the shield of the Confessor, in Westminster Abbey, Luton Church, Beds., Westminster Hall, &c. These examples differ only in the form of the cross, which is sometimes hX^-zon^di fleiiriey fleurettee, and paiojiu. This coat of arms was impaled by Richard H., and it was granted by him to some of his near kinsmen. Thus^ the arms of the Confessor were granted to Thomas Holland, to be impaled to the dexter within a bordiire ermine. William I. is said to have assumed the " two golden lions, or leopards, of his Norman Duchy," and these were borne by Wil- liam II., Henry I., and Stephen. We should now blazon their shield thus : gu.^ two lions pass, guard. ^ inpale^ or. Stephen is said to have borne on a red shield three golden centaurs armed with bows and arrows ; but this idea may have arisen from the " Sagittary " having been Stephen's badge. The Plantagenets, Henry II., Richard I., John, Henry III., Edward L, Edward II., and Edward III. till the thirteenth year of his reign, a.d. 1154 — 1340, bore gu.^ three hons pass, guard. y in pale, or. (No. 189, page 75.) The three lions appear on the second great seal of Richard I., on the great seals of John, Henry HI., Edward L, and of Edward IL, and on the first and second great seals of Edward III. The second great seal of Henry HI. for the first time bears the 28o HERALDRY. words ** DEI : gratia : anglie : kex : '* &c. These arrns were also borne by the various Royal branches with the marks of cadency as in the shield of Henrvt of Lancaster, England, differenced with an azure Jbendlet (No. 369). No. 369.— Henry, second Son of Edmond, first Earl of Lancaster. The Royal arms of the French Kings (No. 207, page 100) were introduced into the English shield a.d. 1340, by Edward III., in consequence of his claim to be King of France ; he quartered the shield and placed the French arms in the first and fourth quarter, and the English lions in the second and third. This is blazoned France ancient and England quarterly (No. 370). Richard II., upon his great seal, retained the arms of his grandfather without any change, but elsewhere he generally associ- ated with them, the arms attributed to Edward the Confessor. About the year 1365, Charles V. of France reduced the num- ber of the fleurs-de-lis in his arms to three only. Henry IV. effected the same change in the first and fourth quarters of the arms of ROYAL HERALDRY, 281 England. This modification, which bears three fleurs-de-lis only, is styled in Heraldry ^^ France modern,'' and thus is distinguished from the shield semee de lis, or ^^ France ancient!' Henry IV. before his accession bore France ancient (No. 370). No. 370.-- Shield borne by Henry Plantagenet of Bolingbroke, a.d. 1399. Henrv V. bore France modern and England quarterly, as Henry IV. No. 371 is an illustration of the shield of Henry V. as Prince of Wales, from his stall-plate in St. George's Chapel, Windsor. This bears the label as a mark of cadency. Henry VI., Edward IV., Edward V., and Richard III. ; and the Tudor Sovereigns, Henry VII., Henry VIII., Edward VI,, Mary, and Elizabeth, all bore the same arms, viz., quarterly: — i and 4, France modern; 2 and 3, England; but Elizabeth sometimes also bore Ireland. 282 HERALDRY. No. 371.— Shield of Henry V. as Prince of Wales. James I. incorporated into the Royal shield, the arms of both Scotland and Ireland. The arms of the former are or^ within a double tressure flory counter -flory, a lion rampant gu.; those of the latter are azure, a harp or^ stringed argent. The arrangement adopted to introduce these two coats involved quarterly quarter- ingt as No. 35, page 18. The original shield (France and Eng- land) occupied the four divisions A and D, Scotland the division B, and Ireland that of C. Charles I., Charles IL» and James II. bore the same shield as James I., and it was thus blazoned: quarterly: — ist and ^th grand quarters^ France modern and England quarterly; 2nd grand quarter J Scotland, $rd grand quarter, Ireland, William III. retained the same shield, but, as an elected Sovereign, he placed upon it, in pretence, his paternal arms of ROYAL HERALDRY. ' 283 Nassau, az., billetee^ a lion rampant or. Mary, his consort, bore the Stuart shield; and, during her Hfetime, the Royal arms appeared impaled^ to denote the joint sovereignty of the King and Queen. The Royal shield, accordingly, was charged on both the dexter and sinister half with the same Stuart arms, those on the dexter having Nassau in pretence. After the death of Mary, William discontinued the impaled shield. Anne, until May i, 1707, bore the shield of her predecessor (excepting Nassau in pretence) ; but after the union with Scot- land, another change took place, and it was quarteiiy : — i and ^, England impaling Scotland ; 2, France modern ; 3, L-elatid. George I. on his accession made it necessary to assign a place in the Royal shield for the arms of Hanover, which are thus blazoned : — Per pale and per chevron : i, gules, two lions passant guardant, in pale, or^ for Brunswick (the same as the Norman shield of England) ; 2, or, semee of hearts, a lion ra77ipant, azure, for Lunenburgh ; 3, gides a horse coiirant argent, for Westphalia ; and, over all, an inescutcheo?z gules, cha?ged with the golden crown of Charlemagne. The Royal shield, after incorporating the Hanoverian arms, was blazoned — Quarterly: — i, E?igla?id iin- paling Scotia fid; 2, France; 3, Ireland; 4, Hanover. George H. bore the same shield as his predecessor. George IH., during part of his reign, bore the shield of his predecessor; but, upon the ist January, 1801, by Royal proclama- tion, the French fleurs-de-lis were removed from the arms of Eng- land, and the Royal shield of England during the latter part of 284 HERALDRY. this King's reign was — quarterly: — i a7td ^, England; 2, Scotland; 3, Ireland; and over all hi pretence^ Hanover. From 1801 till 18 16 the inescutcheon of pretence was ensigned by George III. with the Electoral bonnet of Hanover. In 18 16 the Electorate of Han- over was elevated to the rank of a Kingdom, and from that date the shield of pretence was ensigned with a Royal crown. George IV. and William IV. bore the shield without alter- ation. No. 37a.— Shiild op Arms op H.R.H. the late Prince Consort. ROYAL HERALDRY. On the accession of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, the King- dom of Hanover passed from the Sovereign of this country, and therefore the Hanoverian escutcheon of pretence ceased to form part of the Royal arms ; and thus the Royal shield is composed of insignia of the three realms of tlie United Kingdom, England, Scotland, and Ireland, as in No. 368, page 278. His late Royal Highness Albert, the Prince Consort, bore the arms of Saxony quarterly, with the Royal arms of England differ- enced with his own label — a label of three points arg.^ charged on the central point with a cross gu. The ancient arms of Saxony were barry of ten, or and sa. As an augmentation to these arms, when he conferred the Dukedom of Saxony upon Bernard, Count of AscANiA, the Emperor Barbarossa took off the Crown of Rue which he wore upon his head, and threw it obliquely across the shield of the newly-created Duke. This bend is in English Her- aldry blazoned as a bend treflee vert, or as a bend archee coronettee, or a coronet extended in bend. This chaplet of rue is, on the Con- tinent, blazoned a Crajicelin. The shield of His late Royal Highness (No. 372) is encircled with the Garter and ensigned with his own coronet (No. 343). This singular example of quartering differenced arms, is not in accordance with the rules of Heraldry, and is in itself an heraldic contradiction. H.R.H. Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, usually bears the Royal arms of England, differenced with the label of the Heir Apparent — a label of three points arg. ; over all, Saxony : Suppor- 286 HERALDRY, ters — the Hon and unicorn of England, diferenced with the label and coronet of the Prince: Crest — the crest of Eitgland, but the lion diffe- renced and crowned as tlie dexter supporter. The Prince of Wales, K.G., K.S.L, is also Duke of Corn- wall and of RoTHSAv, Earl of Chester, of Dublin, and of Na 373 — D«siCN FOR Marshalling the Arms of the Prince of Wales, K.G. Carrick, Baron Renfrew, and Lord of the Isles; also, in right of his father, is Duke of Saxony. No. 373 is a suggestion for marshalling the arms of the Prince, differenced with his own label, quarterly with Saxony. That is, it represents the Prince as the eldest son and heir of the Queen and of the late Prince ROYAL HERALDRY. 287 Consort. The escutcheon of pretence quarters Cornivally Chester, Rothsay, and Dublin (the label improperly omitted), and it bears the feudal shield of the Isles in pretence. The arms of Cornwall are — sa.^ ten bezants^ four, three, two^ and one. Rothsay — Scotiatid, differeticed with a label of three points arg. Chester — az.^ three garbs or (No. 236, page 152). Dublin — Ireland^ differenced with a label of three point <; arg. Lord of the Isles — arg.^ on waves of the sea ppr.^ a lymphad sa. \^ ^A.// 1 \ \ \ 2. \ \ II 9. r 10. 1 No. 374.— Diagram of the Shield of the Princess of Wales. H.R.H. Alexandra, Princess of Wales, as daughter of the King of Denmark, bears the Royal arms of Denmark without any difference. The arms of Denmark proper are or, semce of human 288 HERALDRY, No. 375.— Shield of the Prince of Wales impaling Denmark. hearts gu.^ three lions pass, guard, inpaky az.j crowmd gold; but the shield of the Princess, after the manner of continental Heraldry, is one of many quarterings ; and it is very remarkable that this shield, when blazoned with all its various bearings, in its marshal- ling exhibits the same order of arrangement as distinguishes the shield of the Prince of Wales himself when completely blazoned. No. 374 represents the quartered shield of the Princess : a, a, a, a, the white cross of Detimark upon red: i, Denmark; 2, Schleswig; RO YAL HERALDR Y. 2«9 3, Sweden modern ; 4, Iceland, gu.^ a stockfish arg.j crowned or. ; 5, Faroe Islands, az.^ a cock passant arg. ; 6, Greenland, az.^ a polar bear ra?npt. arg. ; 7, Jutland ; 8, Ensign of the Vandals. On the secondary shield, or inescutcheon : 9, Holstein ; 10, Stormerk; II, Dietmarschen (Ditzmers); 12, Lanenbiirg, gti., a horses head coupcd arg. On the the third shield, in pretence over all : 13, Oldenburg; 14, Delmenhurst. In marshalling the arms of the present Prince and Princess OF Wales, the early usage of impaling the arms of a married Prince and Princess has been set aside, and the arms of the Prince are placed on one shield and those of the Princess on another. No. 375 represents the arms of the Prince impaling the arms of Denmark proper in exact accordance with early principles and early practical usage. The marks of cadency of the family of Her Majesty the Queen are as follows : ■ , " H.R.H. Albert Edward, K.G., Prince of Wales, K.S.I. : a label of three points arg. (No. 376.) H.R.H. the Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh : on the first and third points^ ananchor az.^ on the central point a cross gu. (No. 378.) H.R.H. THE Prince Arthur,Duke of Connaught : a cross gu.^ between two fleurs-de-lis az. (No. 380.) H.R.H. THE late Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany : a cross between two hearts^ all gu. (No. 382.) H.R.H. THE Princess Royal : a rose between two crosses^ all gu. (No. 377.) 19 290 HERALDRY. No, 376.— Prince of Wales. I +n$ No. 378.— Pkince Alfked. c= — + * No. 380.— Prince Arthur. V T t No. 382.— Prince Leoi'olu. i J + # + No 377.— Princess Ro\ AL. L_ ^ . 1 ••• 4 ^ ••• 4 No ■ 379-- Princess Alice. c: 1 # + ^ No. 381.-P RINCE ss Heli TNA. 1 1 1 1^ 1 No.; }82A.-1 KINC tiss Louisa. EZ- 1 ^ ¥ ^ No. 383.— DuKB OF Camdridcb. No. 383A.— Princess Bbatricb, ROYAL HERALDRY. 291 H.R.H. THE Princess Alice: a rose gu. between two ermine spots (No. 379). H.R.H. THE Princess Helena : a cross between t2ao roses, ail gu. (No. 381.) H.R.H. the Princess Louisa : a rose between two cantons^ all gu. (No. 38 2 A.) H.R.H. the Princess Beatrice: a heart between two rose:; allgu. (No. 383A.) The crest and supporters of the Princes are differenced as well as the Royal arms, and they ensign the shield with the coronet. The Princesses bear the Royal arms upon a lozenge ensigned with their coronet, but they do not bear the crest. H.R.H. the Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence AND AvoNDALE : the arms of his father differenced. H.R.H. THE Duke of Cambridge, K.G., differences the Royal arms, supporters and crest, with his own label, a cross between two hearts, all gu. (No. 383.) The Royal crowns are described in the chapter on Crowns, and the supporters and badges are given in the respective chapters upon Supporters and Badges. 19—2 No. 384.— Arms of Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington. CHAPTER XIX. AUGMENTATION. AN Augmentation, or Augmentation of Honour, is an honour- able addition to arms, specially granted to commemorate some heroic deed. Augmentations are generally charged upon shields of pretence, and these are distinct and complete in them- selves, and are never quartered. They are also frequently borne as crests, badges, and supporters. Henry VHI. granted to Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, and his posterity, for his victory at Flodden Field, wherein King James IV. of Scotland was slain, Sept. 9, 1 5 13, as a commemorative Augmentation, the Royal shield of Scotland, having a detni-lion only^ which is pierced through the mouth with an arrow, to be charged upon the silver bend of Howard (No. 385). AUGMENTATION. 293 Henry VIII. granted to some of his consorts Augmentations to their paternal arms. The Duke of Somerset bears the Aug- mentation granted by him to Lady Jane Seymour. No. 385.— Augmented Shield of Howard. The Earl of Rutland bears an Augmentation granted to his ancestor by Henry VIII., viz., a chief of France afid England^ that is, quarterly i and 4, az.^ two fkurs-de-h's or; 2 and 3, gu.y a lion of England. This chief was anciently^?/./ the Augmentation represents a descent from the blood Royal of King Edward IV. Augmentations were granted at almost all periods. Edward the Black Prince granted Richard de la Bere a crest, con- sisting of a plume of ostrich feathers out of a ducal corofiet^ as a reward for rescuing that Prince from danger. The crowned heart, on the shield of Douglas, was Augmenta- tion granted about 1330, as a reward for the services of Sir James Douglas, who conveyed the heart of King Robert to the Holy Land. To the arms of Fitz-Harding, Lord Berkeley, were added 294 HERALDRY ten crosses pattee ar., after his return from the Holy Wars, and the Berkeleys still bear these in their arms. The Duke of Newcastle quarters the celebrated augmented quarterly shield of Pelham, which Augmentation was granted in commemoration of the capture of John, King of France, at Poictiers, by Sir John Pelham : — gii.^ two dcmi-belts palemise, in fessc^ their buckles in chiefs arg., in the 2nd and 3rd quarters with No. 386.— Augmented Shield of Pelham. No. 387.~Harpur Crewe, Bart. Pelham— fl2., three pelicans arg.^ vulning themselves ppr. (No. 386). The Pelhams also assumed as a crest a cage, and as a badge, a buckle. Sir Cloudesley Shovel (a.d. 1692), whose arms surmount the old clock at Rochester, bore as an Augmentation, to com- memorate two naval victories over the Turks, ticfo crescents az, ; and for a victory over the French, a fleur-de-lis or. In the seventeenth century, many shields of arms were diffe- renced by Augmentation. No. 387 is an Augmented shield, — that of Harpur Crewe, Bart., ad. 1626: arg.^ a lion nunpt.y within a A UGMENTA TION. 295 bordure engr. sa. No. 389, Molesworth, Bart, a.d. 1689 : vaivy a bordure gu., charged with crosses cross let or. One more example is that of Astley, Baron Hastings, who bore the Astley shield Augmented : az., a cinquefoil erm., within a bordure engr. or (No. 388). No. 388.— Astley, Baron Hastings. No. 3S9.— Molesworth, Bart. Sir Francis Grant, Lord Cullen, born in 1660, received a special warrant, under the hand of King George I., granting him the unusual armorial Augmentation of a bordure ermiiUy as a testi- mony of his Sovereign's favour, and a memorial of his judicial eminence, together with two angels as supporters; the motto ** Suwn cuique " on a scroll above, and the motto ^^/eho7'ah Jirch " on a scroll below — the only instance in Scottish Heraldry of a Hebrew motto. John Churchill, K.G, first Duke of Marlborough, was granted, as an honourable Augmentation, in chiefs an incscutcheon ajg.y charged with the cross of St. George^ gu., and thereon an escutcheon of the arms of France (No. 390). 296 HERALDRY. Augmentations of honour were also granted to General Sir Edward Kerrison and to Horatio, Viscount Nelson. The Augmentation of the Duke of Wellington is perhaps the most appropriate, and the most in accordance with ancient heraldic feeling that could be devised, viz., an inescutcheon charged with the Union device of Great Britain and Ireland (No. 384, page 292). Augmentations are borne also upon the colours of our regi- ments, and the clasp that is added to the medals of our sailors and soldiers may be considered as an Augmentation of Honour. Na 39a— Akms op Spencer Churchill, Duke of Marlborough. No. 391.— Crested Helm, from Cobham Church, Kent. CHAPTER XX. CRESTS. A CREST is a figure or device, originally of even greater honour than coats of arms, worn by heroes and by soldiers of superior military command. The Crest was worn upon the helm, that the bearer might be distinguished in an engagement, and that notice might be taken of his valorous actions. It is evident, that with the armour that was worn in. the middle ages, it was necessary for warriors to have some dis- tinguishing mark, whereby their friends and enemies might know them. The Crest was generally worn supported by a Chapeau or Wreath, or sometimes it issued from a coronet. No. 391 is an example, from one of the celebrated brasses in Cobham 298 HERALDRY. Church, Kent, of a helmet surmounted by a Crest. The liead of the figure rests upon the helm, which is used as a pillow. The Crest was generally made of wood or of stiffened leather, and was laced on to the top of the helmet, and in some instances was kept in its place by an arched support rising from the upper back part of the helm. A helm with the Crest, an old man's head, (>fo. 435) is still suspended in the chancel of Cobham Church, Kent, this Crest has a support, not unlike the head-rest used by modern photographers. The ducal coronet, so often used with Crests, is described in the chapter on coronets. The Wreath is now represented as having six folds, three of the principal metal, and three of the principal colour of the arms, and in the case of a quartered shield, the tinctures of the wreath are those of the first quarter. Crests are not borne in the armorial insignia of ladies, with the exception of the Sovereign. Crests, as hereditary bearings, are of later origin than coats of arms, but they form a very important part of modern Heraldry. Thousands of men wear Crests upon their rings, &c., and yet they are altogether ignorant of what a Crest really is, and do not even know the difference between a Crest and coat of arms. They wcare thcirc grandsircs signet on theire thumb, Yet aske them whence theire crest is, they are nnim. The earliest Crests were fan-like decorations surmounting the helm. Richard I. in his second seal, a.d. 1194, is represented CRESTS. 299 bearing one of these. In some instances the same decorative device is represented on the head of the charger as upon the helm of the mounted knight. Edward III., upon his great seal, for the first time bears a true heraldic Crest — the crowned lion of Englatid standing upon a chapeau, and this has ever since been the Crest of England. It has always been customary to display marks of cadency upon the Royal and other Crests, as upon shields. No. 392.— Crest: Sir Thomas DE Saint Quintin. No. 393.— Crest-Wkeath: Probably of Lord Willoughby de Eke by Feathers were very generally borne as Crests in the middle ages, and tliese were frequently formed into a panache, or upright plume. No. 428, page 328, represents the panache, formed of peacock's feathers, of Sir Edmund de Thorpe, a.d. 1418. In his brass at Harpham, a.d. 1420, Sir Thomas de Saint Quintin is represented with a singular modification of the panache upon his basinet (No. 392). In another brass at Spilsby, a knight has his basinet encircled with an orle of roses (No. 393). 300 HERALDRY. The seal of Edmund de Arundel, who was Earl from 1301 to 1326, has two crested helms placed at the sides of the shield (No. 398, page 302). Panache or Plume Crests, like other Crests, are sometimes differenced; as by the Tyndalls, with either a martlet or an ermine circlet (Nos. 394 and 395). No. 394. Crests of Tyndall. No. 395. Crests are now generally represented resting upon a wreath, but the Crest-coronet, and also the chapeau, are still retained in modern blazon. In No. 359, page 273, an ennine^ the Crest of Lord Dynham, K.G., stands upon a cap of estate between two tall spikes. The Crest of Cape (No. 397) is an example of the customary way Crests are now represented. The Crest of Newcombe (No. 396) is another modern example. Every description of animal, bird, &c., is used as a Crest. The Percy lion (No. 196, page 81), the Howard lion (No. 197, page 81), and the dun bull's head of Neville, are amongst the well-known animal Crests. CRESTS. 301 There is a very interesting and romantic story attached to the Crest of the Stanleys, a7i eagle and child. An eagle having built a nest in Terlestowe Wood, one day brougnt a child swaddled in a red mantle. The Lord of Latham made this child his heir, who, having grown to manhood, became the father of John Stanley. The present Earl of Derby bears this Crest. No. 396.— Crest of Newcombe. No. 397.— Crest of Cape. Many other interesting stories are attached to the origin of Crests, some real and others fanciful. The Crest of the Viscount DowNE, a deini- Saracen in armour, holding in the dexter hafid a ring, gold, stoned az., and in the sinister, a lion's gatnb, erased, or, was granted to his ancestor. Sir William d'Aunay, who, having slain a Saracen Prince, and afterwards killed a lion, he cut off the 302 HERALDRY, paw of the lion and presented it to the King, who, to record his approbation, gave the warrior a ring from his own finger (which ring'is still in the family's possession), and ordered that he should bear the Crest which the present Viscount Downe now bears. Two, and more, Crests can be borne under certain conditions, viz., by special grant from the Crown as an augmentation, and by the Royal licence permitting a subject to bear the arms and name of another family in addition to, or instead of, his own ; in these cases the two Crests are displayed above the quartered arms. The Crests of Wellesley, Hardinge, Cameron, &c., were grants of augmentation. Crests have been considered by some heralds to be personal bearings only, but there can be little doubt that, like arms, they were, as they are now, hereditary. No. 398.— Edmund uu Arunobil. No. 399.— Tudor Rose, from the Cedar Coffin of Queen Elizabeth. CHAPTER XXL BADGES AND KNOTS. BADGES. BADGES, or Cognizances, are figures, totally distinct from crests, and are borne without a shield. Crests were ori- ginally borne only by such as had superior military command, but Badges were worn also by dependants, subordinates, and soldiers. Badges were usually embroidered on the sleeves of servants and followers, and on the breasts and backs of soldiers. The bedesmen at Westminster Abbey and some of our cathedrals have still the 304 HERALDRY. Tudor rose embroidered on their sleeves, and the Old Guard at the Tower still bear it on their breasts. The Badge is said to have been introduced by Henry II., and many Royal and other persons personally bore Badges, and used them for tlie decoration of their military equipments, household furniture, and for every variety of decorative purpose. Badges, like arms, are hereditary, and in the early days of He- raldry it was considered a great punishment to be deprived of one's Badge. No. 400.— Tub White Hart, Badge of Richard II. Many of the signs of our old inns are the Badges of ancient families, and passing through the streets of London we see many of these referring to the past, such as the Badge of Richard II., the white hart (No. 400) ; the boards head of Richard III., and the greyhound of the Tudors. Badges generally have reference to some heroic deed, or to some BADGES AND KNOTS. 305 family or feudal alliance ; they are sometimes the same device as the crest, or a charge of the shield, and two or more Badges may be borne in combination, or as distinct devices. In the Second Part of " Henry VI." (Act V., Scene i), Shak- SPEARE, with characteristic discrimination, has adverted to the use of Badges. He makes Clifford conclude his brief threatening address to Warwick with the words, Might I but know thee by thy household badge 1 to which appeal Warwick replies, Now, by my father's badge, old Neville's crest, The rampant bear chained to the ragged staff. First among the Badges of the Sovereigns of England is the planta genista — that simple sprig of broom-plant which gave the name of Plantagenet to our early Sovereigns. Next to this in importance are the ivhite and red roses of York and Lancaster. The Badges of some of the Sovereigns are — Stephen : A Sagittarius. Henry II. : The plajita genista (showing the leaves and seed- pods) ; an escai'buncie ; a sword ; and an oiive branch. Richard I. : A star issuing from a crescent ; a star and crescent separately ; a mailed arm, the hand grasping a broken lance; a sun on two anchors, with the motto, " Christo duce^^ John and Henry III. : A star issuing from a crescent. Edward \.\ A rose or, stalked ppr. Edward 11. : A castle of Castile. Edward III. : J^ajs issuing from a cloud ; the stock of a tree, 20 ■^06 HERALDRY. couped; a falcon; a gryphon; an ostrich feather ; a fieiir-de-lis ; and a sword. Richard II. : An ostrich feather; the sun behind a cloud (No. 401) ; the sun in splendour ; a white hart lodged (No. 400) j the stock of a tree; and a white falcon. No. 401.— Badge of Richard II., from his Effigj' at Westminster. Henry IV.: The monogram SS.; a crescent; a fox's tait ; a stock of a tree-y an ermi?ie or gennet; a cro^vned eagle: a craianed panther; an ostrich feather ; an eagle displayed ; a columbine flaiuer ; the Lancastrian red rose, and tJie white swan of the De Bohuns. Henry V.: An ostrich feather ; a chai/ied antelope; a chained swan; and a fire-beacon. Henry VI.: A chained afttelope; a spotted panther ; and two ostrich feathers in salt ire. Edward IV. : A black bull, (Clarence) ; a black dragon, (Ulster) ; a white wolf and a white lion, (Mortimer) ; a white hart; a falcon and fetterlock ; the sun in splendour; and a white rose 7uith rays. Edward V. and Arthur Tudor, as Princes of Wales, c.\ BADGES AND KNOTS. 307 hibit on their seals single feathers. Prince Edward's feathers are held by lions (No. 402), and Prince Arthur's by dragons (No. 403). No. 402. No. 403. Fkom the Seals of Edward V., and Arthur Tudor, as Princes of Wales. Richard III. : A luhite rose; the sun in splendour ; a white boar; and a falcon ivith a virghisface, holding a white rose. Henry VII. : A portcullis; a ivhite greyhound courant ; a red dragon^ (Cadwallader) / a dun coia, (Warwick); a hawthorn bush royally crowned, with cypher HR. ; a rose of York and Lancaster ; and a crowned fleur-de-lis. The beautiful chapel of this King, at Westminster, contains many illustrations of his Badges. Henry VIII. : A portcullis ; a fleur-de-lis ; a rose of York a?td Lancaster; a white cock; and a white greyhound courant. His Queens: Catherine of Arragon — The pomegranate, the rose, a)id the sheaf of arrows. Anne Boleyn — A crowtud falcon 20- -2 3o8 HERALDRY. holding a sceptre, Jane Seymour — A Phoenix rising from a castle, between Tudor roses. Catherine Parr — A maiden! s head crowned, rising from a large Tudor rose. • Edward VI. : T/ie sun in splendour, and the Tudor rose. Mary: A pomegranate; a pomegra7iate and rose conjoined; the Tudor rose impaling a sheaf of arrows, ensigtied with a crown, and st0rroufided by rays. Elizabeth : T/ie crowned falcon atid sceptre of her mother, a?id the Tudor rose. The latter is carved upon the lid of the cedar coffin that contains her remains at Westminster (No. 399, page James I. : A thistle, and a rose and thistle dimidiated and crowned. Charles I., Charles II., and James II. : The same Badges as James L Anne : A rose-branch and a thistle growing from one stalk and crowned. From this time personal Badges ceased to be adopted by English Sovereigns, but the rose, thistle, and shamrock, all of them im- perially crowned, as the Badges of England, Scotland, and Ireland, have permanently taken their place in the Royal achievement of England. The Ostrich Feather was a very favourite Badge of the Princes of the middle ages. All the sons of Henry IV. bear it, and it was retained in use until, with the close of the Plantagenet era, it gradually assumed a distinctive character as the peculiar ensign of the Princes of Wales. The Black Prince gave directions that BADGES AND KNOTS. 309 on the occasion of his funeral, two distinct armorial shields should be displayed, one " for war," and the other " for peace," and these are displayed on his monument at Canterbury : that for war is charged with the quartered arms of Fra?tce and Etigland^ with his silver label; and \}ci2X for peace is sable, three ostrich feathers argent, their quills passing through scrolls with the motto "Z:// Dien'' (No. 229, page 145). At the time of the Stuarts, three ostrich feathers were grouped together within the circles of a princely coronet, and these are now familiar to us, being borne by our own Prince of Wales. No. 404. — Heraldic Rose. Pullutm Church, Norfolk, Another renowned historical Badge is the Rose, tinctured either argent or gules, or having both the metal and colour conjoined (No. 260, page 189). The large number of roses borne in Heraldry is most probably owing to the " Wars of the Roses," when the badge of a white or red rose held such an important meaning. The De Bohun Badge is another celebrated early Badge. 3IO HERALDRY. Henry of Bolingbroke displays this upon his standard, and it is introduced into the central spandrel of the canopy of the De BoHUN brass at Westminster. This Badge is a swan ppr.^ ducally gorged and chained i^o. 405). No. 405. — De Bohun Badge. From the central spandrel of the Canopy of the Brass to Alianorb de Bohun, Duchess of Gloucester, a.d. 1399, in Westminster Abbey. Numerous examples might be given of famous badges, but space only permits a few of these to be given. The well-known Badge of Warwick, the bear chained to a ragged staff {bonit also as a crest) ; and the portcullis of the Nevilles, borne by Neville Grenville, in allusion to his descent from John of Beaufort, son of John of Gaunt ; the buckle of Pelham ; the sickle of Hunger ford ; and the human heart of Douglas, are among the most important historical Badges. A most interesting class of devices, which may be properly placed under the head of Badges, is that in which the device is allusive to the name or office of the bearer, and may be termed a Rebus. In the middle ages the Rebus was a favourite form of heraldic expression, and many quaint and curious examples BADGES AND KNOTS. 311 remain of such devices : for instance, the monument of Abbot Ramryge, at St. Albans, abounds in figures of rams^ each of which has, on a collar about its neck, the letters ryge. An ash- UTTINC. No. 406. — Collar of Ram, bearing the letters " ryge.' No. 407.— Head of Ram, from the Monument to Abbot Ramryge. ttre growing out of a cask or tim, for the name of Ashton, is another exam.ple of a numerous series. The tun, to represent the terminal syllable "ton," was in great favour. A to7i or tun pierced by a bird-bolt for Bolton ; a musical note called " long " and a ton for Langton ; a capital T and a hen sitting on a ion for T. HuNTON ; a vme and a ton for Winton. Bishop Oldham, A.D. 15 19, in Exeter Cathedral, has a device — an ^w/ with the iabel in its beak charged with the letters dom; this forms a Rebus of the Bishop's name — ozvl-dom, or old-ha?n (No. 408). Bishop 312 HERALDRY. Lyhart, at Norwich, has his Rebus a stag or hart lying down. Dering of Kent has a deer and a ring; Barker, a man barking a tree. In Abbot Islip's Chapel, Westminster, is his Rebus — a human eye, and a small branch or slip of a tree, and another, a man in the act of falling from a tree, and exclaiming "/j-//)>." No. 408.— Rebus of Bishop Oluham. Exeter Cathedral. These canting or punning devices are most numerous among ecclesiastics, and the Badge of Abbot John of Wheathamstede, No. 409.— Badge op Abdot John de Whkathamstbdk. St Albans Abbey, a.d. 1460. A.D. 1460, a cluster of ivhcat-ears carved upon his monument at St. Albans (No. 409), illustrates the careful treatment, as well as BADGES AND KNOTS. 313 the ingenuity of the designers : the Rebus was not restricted to ecclesiastics or to noblemen, for in some instances we find it borne somewhat as a trade-mark, as Grafton, the publisher, used as his sign the graft of a tree issuing from a ton. There is a class of Badges which are borne upon the shield, such as the Badge of Ulster — arg.^ a sinister hand, couped at the wrist and appaiimky gu. ; this badge is borne by all Baronets, and generally upon a small shield of pretence. KNOTS. Knots are a distinct class of devices borne as Badges. They are represented as formed of intertwined cords, probably originally No. 410. No. 411. No. 412. No. 413. No. 414 No. 415. intended to convey the idea of a monogram ; they are sometimes used in combination with other devices, as will behereafter described. The varieties of this device are : 314 HERALDRY. The Stafford Knot (No. 410); the Boiirchier (No. 411, also No. 208, page 102) ; the Hcneage (No. 412); the Wake and On?io?id (No. 413), formed from the initials W and O intertwined; the Bowen (No. 415); the Zacy, which is an elegant interlaced cord (No. 414), that forms a Rebus of the name; the Savory; and the Harrington (No. 417). The examples of Compound Badges of this class are the Badge of the Dacres (No. 416), a cord entwined about an escallop-shell and a ragged staff; and the Badge of Edward, Lord Hastings, which unites the Hungerford sickle and the Pelham garb (No. 418). Badges were sometimes taken from the family coat, and they were borne upon the standard, but not upon the shield or tabard. The motto belonged to the Badge, and not to the arms, as it is now commonly used. No. 416. No. 417. No. 418. No. 419.— Supporter of the Neville Shield. From Butleigh Court, Somerset. CHAPTER XXII. SUPPORTERS. SUPPORTERS are figures placed in the attitude of holding up or protecting a shield. In almost every instance in English Heraldry, Supporters appear in pairs, one on the dexter and the other on the sinister of the shield. Originally these were generally alike, but now they are more generally distinct from one another. Supporters are taken from every living or imaginary creature — angels, men, animals, fabulous beasts, birds, &c., &c. The origin of Supporters to shields is not quite agreed upon : some suppose them to have been suggested by devices engraved on seals, others from the grotesque and fantastically dressed guardians of the knights' shields at tournaments. These honourable acces- ,i6 HERALDRY. sories of the heraldic shield are said to have been introduced in the time of Edward III. Animals, either the same as appear in the blazon of the shields which they support, or obtained from some allied coat of arms, together with personal and family badges, are common on seals long before the regular appearance of true Supporters. The figures of animals that were introduced into their compositions, and charged by the early heraldic seal-engravers with the duty of Supporters, are placed in various positions, but they always lead more or less directly to the idea of the true Supporter. One of the earliest indications of the use of an heraldic Supporter is on the seal of Humphrev de Bohun, a.d. 1322 (No. 279, page 215). The guige pr shield-belt in this composition, instead of being passed over some architectural detail, in this shield is carried by the swan that was the badge of the Earls of Hereford. \nother seal exhibits the De Bohun swan in the same position above the shield (No. 480, page 399) ; but here the guige is omitted, and in its stead the chain that leads from the collar of the bird is fastened to the chief of the shield. The seal of Thomas Holland, half-brother of Richard H., represents the shield of arms, of the Earl, having the guige buckled round the neck of a white hind (No. 481). The seal of Edmond de Mortimer (No. 483), contains a curious and characteristic example of Supporters. Another interesting example is the seal of Richard, Earl of. Arundel (No. 482, page 401). In this the Supporters hold up the crested helms above the shield. SUPPORTERS. 317 No. 420, drawn from the seal of John, Earl of Arundel, is another spirited example of Supporters, designed by the heraldic artists of the fifteenth century. The Supporters of the English Sovereigns form a very interesting group. No. 420.— John, Earl of Arundel. Edward III. is said to have borne a Hon and a falcon, Richard II. has been assigned two white harts. Henry IV. : A lion and an antelope ^ also a snan. Henry V. : A lion and an antelope. There is some uncertainty whether these Sovereigns actually bore such Supporters. Henry VI. bore two antelopes argent, also a lion a?id a panther or antelope. 31 8 HERALDRY. Edward IV. : A lion or.^ and a bull sa.j also a lion arg.j or kco lions arg.y or a hart arg. Edward V. : A lion arg., and a hart arg., gorged and chained or. Richard III. : A lion or, and a boar arg., or t^iw boars arg. Henry VII. : A dragon gii., and a greyhound arg., or two grey- hounds arg.; also a lio?i or, and a dragon gu. Henry VI II.: A lion or, and a dragon gu., and sometimes a bull, a greyhound, or a cock, all argent. Edward VI. : A lion or, and a dragon gu, Mary and Elizabeth : A lion or, and a dragon gu. or a grey- hound arg. James I. first bore two lions ; secondly, two unicorns ; and after- Awards a lion or for England and a u?iicorn arg. for Scotland. The Supporters of the Royal shield of England have remained un- changed since the time of James I. They are now blazoned as follows : — Dexter Royal Supporter : a lion rampafit guardant or, imperially cro^uncd ppr. Sinister Royal Supporter : a unicorn arg., armed, unguled, and crined or, gorged with a coronet composed of crosses pattees and fleurs-de-lis gold, a chain affixed thereto of the last, passing between the fore-le^s and reflexed over the back. Supporters are borne, by right, by all the Peers of the realm, by Knights of the Garter, and Knights Grand Crosses of the Bath, also by Nova Scotia Baronets, and the chiefs of the Scottish clans ; and they are conceded to those sons of Peers who bear honorary titles of nobility. Supporters are not borne by Spiritual Peers, but originally, it was not uncommon for ecclesiastics to use their family SUPPORTERS. 319 badges as Supporters to their official shield. Abbot Ramryge of St. Albans assumed two rams gorged with collars bearing the letters '-' RYGE " as Supporters to the arms of the Abbey of St. Alban (No. No. 421.— Shield of Arms of the Abbey of St. Alban, with the Supporters OF Abbot Ra.mryge. 421). The arms are az.^ a saltire or, and the shield is ensigned with a rich coronet-like cap. Nos. 406 and 407 are enlarged drawings of the head and collar of the rams, which are sculptured with great freedom and boldness. Supporters are not granted in England without the express com- mand of the Sovereign; but in Scotland "Lord Lyon" enjoys the privilege. Supporters, like crests, can be charged with marks of 320 HERALDRY, cadency, but are not hereditary, except to the eldest sons of Peers. Supporters are frequently incorrectly represented as lying down or resting in some comfortable attitude near the shield ; they should always be depicted erect and in the attitude of supporting and guarding the shield. CHAPTER XXIII. MOTTOES. MOTTOES are words or short sentences, generally inserted in a scroll, and placed under, or sometimes above, the shield. Mottoes are of various kinds : some are derived from war-cries, some have allusion to the character or disposition of the bearer, and others are puns upon the bearer's name. The Motto originally belonged more particularly to the badge, and not to the arms, as it is now commonly used. The Scroll or Ribbon, which bears the Motto, is now inconsistently used by modern heralds for a standing-place for supporters. When the Motto has direct reference to the crest, it should be placed either immediately above or below the crest. The Earl OF Malmesbury bears a motto over the crest, on an orange-coloured label, ''^Je 77iaintiendrai " (the Motto of the house of Nassau). Of the War-cry Mottoes, may be given as an example the motto of Viscount Mountmorris ^^ Dieic aydef" (God help !) This is part of the war-cry of Montmorency, the chief Christian Baron i* " Dieu ayde an premier chretien " (God help the chief Christian). 21 322 HERALDRY, Of Mottoes considered to be characteristic of the original bearer, may be instanced such as that of Bulwer-Lytton— "^^z;^^/> major^ par secundis " (great in adversity, equal in prosperity), and that of Earl Onslow — " Semper fidelis " (ever faithful). Of Allusive or Punning Mottoes : Fortescue — " Forte scutum, salus ducum " (The safety of the chief is a strong shield) ; Neville — " Ne vile veils " (Form no mean wish) ; Home — " A Home, a Home, a Home I ''^ There are various other sources from which Mottoes are de- rived. The Baronets Clerk, who hold the property of the Barony of Penicuick, have for a Motto ^^ Free for a blasts Burke says this property is held by a singular tenure, viz., that the proprietor must sit on a piece of rock called the Buckstane, and wind three blasts of a horn when the Sovereign shall come to hunt on the Borough Muir, near Edinburgh ; hence the family crest {a demi-huntsman sounding a honi) with the above motto. Earl Rothes has for a Motto " Grip fast'' Barthol. Leslie, when he saved Margaret, Queen of Scotland, from drowning, used these words. Mottoes sometimes help to explain the charges of the shield, and sometimes they are derived from the religious sentiments of the adopters. A very large proportion of English Mottoes are religious expressions, such as ** A cruce salus " (Salvation from the cross); ^^ A la volonte de Dieu'^ (By the will of God); ^^ Aides, Dim!" (Help, O God!); '' Dms nobiscum, quis contra V (God with us, who against us ?) ; " Fiat Dei voluntas " (God's will be MOTTOES. \o^ 323 done); ^^ Gardez la foi"" (Keep the faith); ^^ Lux mihi Deus" (God my light) ; " Spes viea Christus " (Christ my hope) ; Vive Deo et vives " (Live for God, and thou wilt live). The Royal Mottoes of England are — " Christo diice,'^ used by Richard I. ; " Dieti et mon droit^'' the ancient Royal war-cry, first assumed as a regular Motto by Henry VI. ; " Veritas temporis filiaP Mary ; " Rosa sine spina" " Semper eadefn " (in addition to the established Royal motto), Elizabeth; *^ Beati pacifici^' James I. Since this time, '^ Dieu et mon droit''' has been the permanent Motto of the Sovereigns of England. The various Orders of Knighthood have Mottoes assigned to them. The Motto of the Order of the Garter, "■ Honi soit qui mal y pense^' with the romantic story of its origin, is as familiar as household words. The Order of the Bath has for a Motto, " Tria juncta in imo " (three — naval, military, and cifil— united in one). The Order of the Thistle, " Ne?no me impime iacessit:' In Orders of Knighthood, the motto encircles the shield of arm.s. Mottoes were very commonly introduced into heraldic decora- tion during the middle ages. In stained glass, wall painting, &c., Mottoes were very cleverly associated with various heraldic devices. It was not uncommon for the knight to have a Motto engraved on his sword. Thus the famous weapon of the great Earl of Shrewsbury bore " Sinn Talboti pro vincere inimicos meos " (I am Talbot's to conquer my enemies). Up to the present century it was usual for Mottoes to be engraved within the circle of rings, and this was more especially the case 21—2 324 HERALDRY. with wedding-rings. Church bells also were generally encircled with some appropriate Motto, and those of the middle ages which still remain, bear some beautiful and expressive legends. No. No. 423. No. 424. CHAPTER XXIV. HELMETS. THE Helm, Heaume, or Helmet, was worn as a defence for the head, in the field or the lists, by the knights of the middle ages. It is now used, as an accessory, above a shield of arms, and modem heralds have introduced fanciful shapes un- known in earlier times. When in actual action, the knights wore a second Helm of great strength, which was made to rest upon the shoulders, and was secured to the knight's person by a chain. In monumental effigies the great Helm frequently forms a characteristic pillow for the head of the deceased warrior, and it is adorned with his crest y wreath, and viantliiig, as in the example (No. 391, page 297) from Cobham Church, Kent. The Saxon Helme, and the Norman Heaume, were conical 326 HERALDRY. caps with a nose-guard. The heavy, flat-topped, cylindrical helmet came into use about the year 1 150 to 1200. These Helmets, of which No. 422 is an example, were used over the ordinary head- covering during an encounter only; air was admitted by holes pierced in ornamental patterns ; the weight of these helmets was very great, but the weight was chiefly borne upon the shoulders. No. 425. No. 426. A little later the flat top gave place to a raised or rounded top (No. 423). This illustration shows the ring at the back of the Helmet ; to this ring was fastened a chain, by which the Helmet was secured to the breastplate. About this time we also find a sugar-loaf shape in use, like that illustrated on the well-known brass of Sir Roger de Trumpingdon, near Cambridge. About A.D. 1320, these sugar-loaf Helmets were made to project in front, as in the example, No. 424, from the monument of Sir William de Staunton, a.d. 1336, illustrated in Stotherd's ** Monumental Efiiges." This Helmet is ornamented and strength- HELMETS. 327 ened with a cross fleury, and on the top is a ring, which is sup- posed to have been intended for attaching the lady's glove or other favour. Under the helmet was worn the close-fitting basinet, which about this period was conical shaped, and to this was attached No. 427.— Basinet with Camail. From the Monumental Effigy of the Black Prince. a tippet-like defence of interlaced chain mail, called the camail, which hung down and protected the neck and shoulders. The splendid basinet and camail of the Black Prince, from his effigy at Canterbury, a.d. 1376 (No. 427), is illustrated as an example of this head-covering. A fine example of a Tilting Helmet of the reign of Edward III., from the collection of Mr. Pratt, of Bond Street (No. 425), was illustrated and described in the "Journal of the Archaeol. Ass.," Vol. VI. The strengthening-bar of this Helmet is oma- 328 HERALDRY. mented with fleurs-de-lis, and the perforations are also made in the fonn of fleurs-de-lis. Somewhat similar to this, but of later date, is the Helm of the Black Prince (No. 426). Later still the front strengthening-bar was dispensed with, and the two slits were made into one. On the top of the Helmet was fixed the Wreath and the Crest. (No. 428), is the Helm of Sir Edward de Thorpe, a.d. 141 8, with a mantling, and surmounted with a plume of feathers. No. 488.— Hblm, Crest, etc., of Sir E. de Thorpe. Ashwel-Thorpe Church, Norfolk Many fine examples of the Tilting Helmet remain, some of which have still the original crest attached, and others exhibit the attaching arrangement In Cobham Church, Kent, are several HELMETS. 329 Tilting Helmets (Nos. 433, 434, and 435), one of which has the crest, an old man's head (No. 435), fixed upon it. At the end of the reign of Henry VHI. the Tilting Helmet was discarded, but its use in achievements of arms is still re- tained. Why some of the beautiful early examples, which abound, are not taken as models by the modem heralds, instead of the singularly unbecoming designs which constantly appear, it is difficult to understand. In modern Heraldry, the Helm always rests upon the chief of No. 429.— Hei.m of the Sovereign, No. 430.— Helm of Princes and Nodles. the shield. Commoners, Knights, and Baronets have their crests placed upon their Helms, the crest in every case being sustained by its wreath, cap, or crest-coronet. Peers and Princes place the coronet of their rank upon their Helm, and their crest, duly sup- ported, is placed above the coronet. The Helm of the Sovereign, and Princes of the Blood Royal, is of gold, and stands affronte^ guarded with six bars (No. 429). The Helm of nobles is of 330 HERALDRY. silver, decorated with gold ; it is represented in profile, and show- ing five bars (No. 430). On the monumental effigy of Thomas Ruthal, Abbot of West- minster, and Bishop of Durham, his mitre is represented placed upon a Royal helmet. The Helm of Baronets and Knights is of steel, garnished with silver, and standing affroiitk; the vizor is raised, and without bars (No. 431). The Helm of Esquires and Gentlemen has the vizor closed, and is placed in profile (No. 432). No. 431.— Helm op Baronet. No. 432.— Helm of Esquire. Sometimes two helmets are placed over a sliield, and, in tliis instance, one is placed in the reverse direction, so that the crests surmounting them may face one another. When three Helmets bearing crests are placed over the shield, the middle one is affronlff and the two outer ones are placed looking upon it. Helmets are in many instances borne as charges upon the field. Thus the Marquess of Cholmondelev bears f;//. /;/ chief two HELMETS. 331 helmets in profile^ arg., a?td in base a garb, or. In the nineteenth century John Daubeny bore sa., three helms arg. The Earl of Cardigan bears three morions, or steel caps. The Marquess of Northampton bears, for Compton, sa, a lion pass, guard., or, betw. three esquires helmets, arg. The Hon passant guardant was added by permission of King Henry VIII. No. 4315. No. 434 No. 435. Helmets fkom Cobh.^vm Church, Kent. CHAPTER XXV. GENEALOGIES. THE records of the Descents and Alliances of families, are closely bound up with the armorial bearings of such families. To investigate, display, and enrol Genealogies, is part of the duty of the Heralds of the College of Arms. In arranging a Genealogy, the main line of descent is to be indicated by keeping the successive names in a vertical column. All persons of the same generation are to have their names in the same horizontal line. Spaces of equal depth are to be allowed to each generation. The fti embers of the same family are to be arranged in their order of birth in two groups — the sons first, then the daughters — each series commencing from the her- aldic dexter side of the paper. In extended Genealogies, distinct groups may be indicated by inks of different colours. Badges may be placed with the names, and, in some instance, shields of arms. In compiling a Genealogy, it is necessary, in giving the fullest particulars, also to use the greatest brevity. Abbreviations and signs will frequently convey as much as the most lengthy de- o > O O < w o .1 §1 U»3 v2 !=^ J" o .. r"^ ON fO II •-5 y'^ 4 ^ -^-^o lO -. ;« -^ goo •5:2 J) ct; rt a> n -z; 1^ c3 ^'A J- o If- cJ t- ,. «^ ^^-6 6 so 111 I S ^^ 1^ J^^ tX)r ^ ^ rt '^ i^ OS ►»^lO .. . IJ, g -d Q ^ CO 3 >^0 r^ro .. ^ O 5 < 6 s o I .a I I O IS o w >§ Q Q ::§ c o £ j-'d o 'd ,o H ^ 0) M •I s (A Vm •« O ^^ 'SPQ , )-< 'O o W 00 O § is V O If— 1 d 1 1 1 1 { .s* PQ « ::3 « with the legend " rex anglie et francie." Another seal, made in accordance with the Peace of Bretigny, a.d. 1360, omits the " francie " altogether from the legend, but retains the quartered fleurs-de-lis in the shield as before. The "francie," however, resumes its original place before the close of the reign. 396 HERALDRY. The Great Seals of the preceding and succeeding reigns afford characteristic illustrations of costume, arms, armour, and horse equipments. The Great Seals of several personages of importance in the mediaeval history of England, abound in heraldic accessories and devices. The practice prevalent with the early seal-engravers of introducing figures of animals on each side of either shield or crest, was in all probability instrumental in introducing regular supporters a? accessories of achievements of arms. No. 473.— Seal of the Dauphin Louis. No. 474.— Seal of Thurstan. It will only be possible to adduce a few examples in illustration of the Heraldry of Seals. Nos. 469 and 470 are two early Seals of the Nevilles of the time of Henry HI. and Edward I. An- other seal of the same early period is charged with a similar shield of St. John (No. 471) ; and in the corresponding seal (No. 472) of a St. John of Sussex, the shield has its own chief with its six pointed mullets charged upon a field of Warrenne — a re- markable instance of heraldic combination. The heraldic Seal SEALS AND COINS. 397 of Thurstan — ^^ Dispensatoris regis" (No. 474), is another early example. With this may be included the Seal of the Dauphin Louis, a.d. 12 16, which bears a shield semee de lis (No. 473). With this early group may be associated the seal of Mauger le Vavassour (No. 475). This last shield bears the letter M— the No. 475.— Seal of Mauger le Vavassour. initial of the owner's name; or possibly, the device which afterwards was modified into the well-known fesse dancette of the Vavassours was originally designed to be a monogram of the two initials MV. About the middle of the fourteenth century, the skill of the seal- engravers was employed in decorating the Seals with elaborate traceries of Gothic architectural design. The Seal of Joan, Countess of Surrey (No. 273, page 212) is 398 HERALDRY. an example of this decoration. The beautiful Seal of John, Lord Bardolf, is remarkable for its exquisite design and the engraving of the geometrical tracery. This Seal (No. 477) bears the arms in a central shield, as does that of Elizabeth, Lady Bardolf (No. 276, page 214). The Secretum of Henry, second son of the first Earl of Lan- caster, who afterwards succeeded his father and his elder brother No. 476.— Secretum of Henry Plantagenet, Second Son of the first Earl of Lancaster. No. 477.— Seal of John, Lord Bardoh'h. in that Earldom, is also a good specimen of seal engraving. It bears the shield of the Earl : England differenced with an azure bendletf as he displayed the same composition upon his banner at Caerlaverock (No. 476). The Seal of Queen's College, Oxford — one of the most beautiful heraldic Seals in existence— is charged with three shields : to the dexter a shield of France ancient and England; to the sinister a shield of Queen Philippa, of Hainault, bearing England quarter- SEALS AND COINS. 399 Nos. 478, 479.— Seals of William and Humphrey de Bohun. ing Hainaidt, as in No. 298, page 232; and in base the arms of the College, or^ three eagles disp. gu. No. 480.— Seal of Thomas Plantagenet, K.G., Duke of Gloucester. The beautiful Seal of Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Glou- cester, youngest son of Edward III. (No. 480), has a shield 400 HERALDRY. which bears Frame ancient aiid England quarterly, within a bor- diire arg. between two scrolled feathers. The Seal of Thomas Hol- land, K.G. (No. 481), represents the shield of arms of the Earl: England withi7i a bordure arg. The design of this Seal is singularly- good. Nos. 478 and 479 represent two Seals of the De Bohuns, Earls No. 481.— Seal of Thomas Holland, K G a.d. 1380. OF Hereford and Northampton. The mullets of Northampton here have six points, and the Earl of Hereford shows his close alliance with the Crown of England in introducing three lions pas- sant gnardant into the composition of his Seal. The Seal of Richard, Earl of Arundel, bears his achieve- ment of arms (No. 482). The supporters, crest, helm, &c., are as conspicuously drawn as the shield. The crest is large in proportion SEALS AND COINS. 401 to the shield ; it was usually thus represented in the compositions of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Some few of the most effective heraldic Seals display the armorial insignia charged upon banners instead of shields. Thus the Seal of No. 482.— Seal of Richard, Earl of Arundel Sir Henry Percy, eldest son of Henry, Earl of Northumber- land, A.D. 1445, bears a lion holding a quartered banner of Percy and Lucy, differenced with a label of three points. Seals of the middle ages also bore mounted effigies, representing 26 402 HERALDRY. both horse and charger, in coats bearing heraldic devices. Repre- sentations of shipping of the olden time are not at all uncommon in mediaeval Seals. The remarkable Seal of Edmund de Arundel (No. 398), and the Seal of Mortimer (No. 483), placed at the end of this chapter, complete the number of examples of this most interesting portion of Heraldry. COINS. The Heraldry of the Coinage displays the Royal Heraldry of England. The shield of arms of the reigning Sovereign, with certain significant devices as accessories on the one side, and the head of the Sovereign on the other, is perhaps the most expressive historical record that could be devised. Some of our early coins do not bear shields of arms. The Nohky Edward HI., the Rose Noble or Rial^ Edward IV., the Angela Henry VI., the Sovereign, Henry VII., the George Noble, Henry VII., all in gold, and the Crown in both gold and silver, Henry VIII., are amongst these, but even these bear heraldic devices in some form or another. Until the present century, the Coins in their heraldic and artistic character possessed great merit, and it is a matter of surprise that the artistic excellence cannot be restored, and that such an im- portant opportunity is lost of cultivating and educating the taste of the people. INDEX. Abacot, 103 Abaisse, 103 Abased, 103 Abatement, 103 ; of lUegitimacj', 257 Abbot, 103 Abbotsbury Abbey, arms of, 105 Abbot's staff, 103 Abbreviations, 13 Abercorn, the Marquess of, 229 Abergavenny, the Earl of, 33c Abergavenny, slab at, 252 Abeyance, 104 Abingdon, the Earl of, 259 A bouche, 104 Aboute, 104, 128 Accession, 104 Accessories of Shields, 104 Accolade, 104 Accolee, 104, 210 Accosted, 104 Accrued. 104. Achievement of Arms, 9, 104, 231, 308 Acorn, 105 Addorsed, 82, 105 Admiral, 105 Admiralty Flag, 359 Adoption, arms of, 109 Adorned, 105 Advancers, 105 Affronlee, 87, iot, 105 Agnus Dei, 105 Aguilated, 105 Aiguisee, 105 Aisle, 105 Ajoure, 105 » Alant, 105 Alb, 105 Albany herald, 105 Albert, H.R.H. the late Prince Consort ; his arms, 284 ; coronet, 265 Albert Edward, H. R. H. the Prince of Wales, K.G. ; arms, 285, 288 ; label, 289. Design for marshalling his arms, 286 ; his coronet, 263 ; his badge, 308 Albert medal, 391 Alcantara, Order of, 105 Alderman, lo^. Alembic, 106 Alexandra, H. R. H. the Princess of Wales, 287 Alfred, H.R.H. the Prince, 289 Alianore de Bohun. See Bohun. Alianore of Castile and Leon, 53, 217 Alianore Holland, 71 Aliaize, 106 Alice, H.R.H. the Princess, 291 Alise, 106 AUerion, 106 Alliance, arms of, 109, 222, 225 AUumee, 106 Allusive arms, 352 Almoner, 106 Altar, 106 Ambulant, 106 Amethyst, 106 Amherst, Lord, 61 Amphisien cockatrice, 106 Ananas, 106 Anchor, 106 404 INDEX, Ancient, io6 Ancred or anchored, io6 Andrew cross, 107 Andrew, St., Order of, 107 Angel (the coin), 402 Angenne, 107 Angles, 107 Animd, 107 Anne of Bohemia, 71 Anne Boleyn, her badge, 307 Anne, Queen, her arms, 224, 283 ; badge, 308 ; crown, 264 Annodated, 107 Annulet, 37, 107 ; in modem cadency, 255 Annulett^e, 107 Annulets conjoined, 107 Annunciation, Order of, 107 Anson, arms of, 57 Antelope, 107 Antique crown, 107 Appaum^e, loi, 108 Apostles, 108 Apple, 108 Archbishop, the, 108, 36J Archduke, 108 Arches, 108 Archiepiscopal staff. See Croziil Architectural Heraldry, 368 Argent, 12, 108 Argyll, the Duke of, 50 Arm, 108 Armagh, Archbishop of, 384 Armed, 87, 108 " Armes parlantes," 109 Arming buckles, 109 Arming doublet, 109 Armori, Roger d', 213 Armourer, 109 Armoury, 98, 109 Arms, heraldic, origin of, 350: Allusive, 352; Alliance, 222: Archbishop's, 224; Corporate, 229; of Dominion, 229; Husband and wife, 222 ; Peeress in her own right, 2305 Widow- ers and widows, 223 Arms, dimidiating. 221 : impaling. 223; in- heritance of, 225 ; marshalling. 210. 225 ; permanent combination of, 225 ; temporary combination of, 223 , quartering, 217 Armstrong, arms of, 58 Arrache, 109 Arragon, Catherine of, her badges, 307 Arraswise, 109 Arrayed, 109 Arrayer, 109 Arriere, 109 Arrondie, 109 .%rov', !«;, 119 ArtJiCr, H.R.H. the Prince, 289 Arundel, the Fitz-Alans, coronets, 268 Arundel, Edmund d', 300 Arundel, John, Earl of, his seal, 317 Arundel, Ralph d', 256 Arundel, Richard, Earl of, his seai, 400 Ascania, Bernard, Count of, 285 Ascendant, 109 Ash Keys, ixo Ashmolean MSS., 346 Aspect, no Aspersed, no Ass, no Assis, no Assurgent, no Assumptive arms, ito Ashton, Rebus of, 311 Astley, Baron Hasiiiiga, 295 At bay, no At gaze, 87, no At speed, 87 Attire, no Attires, 87, no Audele, Sir Hugh, 239 Audele, Sir James, 239 Augmentation of Honour, no, 229, /gz Aulned, xio Aumberdene, Nicholas, 138 iVuuay, Sir William d , 301 Aure, no Auiiflamme, no Austria, the crown of, _yJ Avellane, cross, 44, no Aversant, no Aviz, Order of, 110 Aylets. no Ayrant, no Azure, 12, iti INDEX. 405 bachelor, m iSacinet. See Basinet ''^Badges, iii, 303 ; Royal of England, 305 ; White Hart badge, 304 Badge, or jewel, of Knights of the Order of the Garter, 377, 378 ; of the Order of the Thistle, 381 : of the Order of St. Patrick, 384 ; of the Order of the Bath, 387 ; of the Star of India, 389 Bag of madder, 11 1 Bagpipes, in Bagwyn, in Baillon^, in Baldrick, in Bale corded, in Bale-fire. See Beacon Balista, in Ball, in Bande, in Banded, in Banderole, in Bandrick, in Bangor, Viscount, 42 Bangor, arms of the See, 362 Banner, in, 148, 356 Banneret, knight, 112, 356 Baphomet, 112 Bar, 20, 24, 112 Barbarossa, the Emperor, 285 Barbed, 109, 112 Barbel, 96, 112 Barclay, arms of, 41 Barded, 66, 112 Bardings, 66 Bardolph, Eliz., Lady, her seal, 213, 398 Bardolph, John, Lord, his seal, 213, 398 Bardolph, Thomas and William, 251 Baret, John, his monogram and collar, 174 Barkele, Maurice de, 251 Barker, rebus of, 312 Barnacle, 112 Barnacles, 113, 119 Baron, 113 Baron's coronet, 269 Baron and femme, 113, 22i Baronets, 113, 313 Barr, De, arms of, 211 Barr, De, Henry, 212 Bar-shot, 113 Bars gemelles, 25, 112 Barrow, arms of, 61 Barrul^e, Barruly, 47, 1x3 Barrulet, 24, 112, 113 Barry, 47 Barry bendy, 49, 113 Barry pily, 50, 113 Bar-wise, 114 Base, 114 Basinet, bacinet, 71, 114, 299, 327 Bassett brothers, 251 Bastard-bar, 114 Bat, 114 Bateman, Lord, 57 Bath herald, 342 Bath, the Marquess of, 48 Bath, Order of the, 384 ; motto, 323 Bath and Wells, arms of the See, 362 Baton, 24, 114 Baton sinister, 257 Battering-ram, 114 Battle-axe, 114 Battled, 114, 141 Battled, embattled, 114 Batune, 114 Baynes, arms of, 42 Bayeux tapestry, 139, 355 Beacon, 115 Beaked, 94, 108 Beam, 115 Beams, 115 Bear, 88, 115 Bear and ragged staff, badge, 310 Beard, 115 Bearded, 115 Bearers, 115 Bearing, bearings, 98, 115 Beatrice, H.R.H. the Princess, 291 Beatrice of Portugal, her seal, 392 Beauchamps, their differences, 250; their monuments, 250 Beauchamp, Sir John, K.G., 250 Beauforts, their cadency, 245 Beaufort, John, K.G., 256 Beaufort, Margaret de, 244 Beautified, 115 Beaver, 89, 115 4o6 INDEX. Beckett, Thomas \ 352 Bladed, 117 Beckford, crest of, 160 Blanche-Lyon, 117 Bees, 115 Blantyre, Lord, 57 Beddeth, 115 Blazing star, 117 Bedesmen, 303 Blazon, blazoning, 98, 117 Bell, 125 Bloomfield, Lord, 60 Bellamont, De, 250 Blue, 117 Belled. 92, 115 Bluebottle, 117 Bellew, Lord, 50 Bluemantle, Pursuivant, 117, 343 Bellows, 115 Roar, 89, 117 Belt, 116 Boar's-head, 117, 304 Bend, 20, 116 ; for differencing, 244 Bohemia, Anne of. See Anne Bendlet, 23, 116 ; for differencing, 247, 257 Bohun, De, arms, 83; badge, 93, 309 j seals. Bend sinister, 20, 23, 116 399 Bend-wise, 116 Bohun, Alianore de, Duchess of Gloucester, Bendy, 47, 116 213 Bendy bordure, 51 Bohun, Humphrey de, third Earl of Here- Bendy pily, 50 ford, his seal and secretum, 66, 93 Bentick, arms of, 226 Bohun, Humphrey de, 215 Bere, Richard de la, 293 Bohun, Margaret de, 242 Bergavenny, See Abergavenny Bohun, Mary de, 237 Berkeleys, their arms, 251 ; augmentation. Bohun, John de, 215 294 Boleyn, Anne, the Queen, 307 Berkeley, Lord, 173 Bolingbroke. See Henry Plantagenet Bemers, John, Lord, K.G., 258 Bolt and Tun, 117 Betw., 116 Boltant, 117 Bezant, 34, 116 Bolton, rebus of, 311 Bezant^e, 116 Bonnet, 117 Bezantlicr, 116 Book, 117 Bicapited, bicapitated, 116 Book-plates, 370 Bicorporated, 116 Book with seven seals, 117 BiU, billhead, 116 Border lines, 19 Billet, 32, 116 Bordure, 32, 117 ; for difference, 244 ; of Billett^e, billety, 116, 258 France, 245 Biparted, 116 Bottle, 118 Bird-bolt, 1x6 Botton^e, botony, 44, 118 Bishops, 116 ; their Sees and arms, 361 Botton^e fitchde, 118 Bishops of London, Durham, and Winchester, BougeL See Water Bouget 363 Boughey, arms of, 37 Bitt, bit, 117 Bourchier, Henry, K.G., 72, 257 Black, 117 Bourchier, John, K.G., 258 Black Eagle, Order of, 117 Bourchier knot, 118, 258, 314 Black Prince, Edward Plantagenet, K.G ,his Bourdon, 118 shields of "War" and of "Peace," 309; Bowed, 118 crest, 259 ; label, 259 : basinet, helm. and Bowen knot, 314 coronet, 267, 327 ; pommel of sword-hilt. Braced, brazed, 118 183 ; effigy, 67 j first Duke, 140 Bradford, the Earl of, 36 Blackbirds, 93 Branches, 118 INDEX. 407 Brands, 118 Cadency, definition of, 120, 233 ; early usage, Brassarts, 118 233 ; modern usage, 254 ; Royal, 255, 289 Brasses, 118 Caduceus, 120 Braybrooke, Lord, 77, 335 Cage, 294 ^ Braye, the Baroness, 86 Caius College arms, 96 Brettessee, 119 Calais roll, 250 Breys, 119 Calatrava, Order of, 121 Bridges, 119 Calder, crest of, 93 Bristled, 119 Caldwell arms, 352 Bristol, arms of the See, 271, 362 Calf, 88 Brisure, brizure, 119, 223 Calvary cross, 121 Broad arrow, 119 Caltrap, 120 Broche, 119 Cambridge, arms of University, 363 Brogue, 119 Cambridge, George, K.G., Duke of, 291 Broke, Sir Thomas, his monument, 70, 71 Camden,William, Clarencieux King-of-Arms, Broken, 119 346, 348 Brotherton, arms of, 215 Camden, the Marquess, 89 Brougham and Vaux, Lord, 42 Cameron crest, 302 Brow-antler, Z19 Camel, 121 Brunswick, arms of, 283 Camoys, Maud de, 243 Bryan, Elizabeth de, 242 Cantelupe, de, 253 Buccleuch, the Duke of, 257 Canterbury, arms of the See, 361 Buchan, Earl of, 93 Canterbury Cathedral, monument of the Bucket, 119 Black Prince in, 267, 327 ; cloisters, 368 Buckle of Pelham, 294 Canting Heraldry, 109, 121, 312 Buckler, 119 Canton, 28 ; for differencing, 244 Bugle-horn, 119 Cantoned, 121 Bull, 88 Camel-leopard, 121 Bullets, 119 Cameleopardel, 121 Bulwer-Lytton, 322 Campanes, 121 Bundle of sticks, 120 Candlestick, 121 Burgh, John de, 212 Cannets, 121 Burghersh monument, 239 Cannon, 121 Burgonet, 119 Cantonnee, 121 Burling-iron, 120 Cap, 121, 231 : of maintenance, 121, 273 Butleigh Court, 315 Cap-a-pie, 121 Butler arms, 225 Caparisoned, 122 Butterflies, 120 Cape, crest, 86, 301 Buttoned, 120 Capital, 122 Buxton, crest of, 93 Carberry, Lord, supporters, 77 Buzzard, 90 Cardigan, the Earl of, 259, 331 Byron arms, 57 Cardinals, 121 ; hat, 121, 273 Cardinal Pole, 93 Carlaverock, Caerlaverock, 234; 240, 242 Carlisle, arms of the See, 362 Cable, cabled, 120 Carlisle, the Earl of, 259 Cabossed, 87, 120 Carmichael arms, 62 Cabre, i2q Carrick, Earl of, 286 4o8 INDEX. Casque, 122 Chess-rook, 124 Castile and Leon arms, 2x1, 213 ; quartered Chester, the Earls of, 260; Edward IIL, as shield of, 217 Earl of, 236 ; Albert Edward, Earl of, 152, Castle, 122 286 Castlemaine, Lord, 93 Chester, arms of the See, 362 Cat-a-mountain, 89, 122 Chester Herald, 160, 342 Cat, 122 Cheval-trap, See Caltrap Cater, Margerye, 346 Chevron, 26, 124; for differencmg, 244; ex- Cater, John, 346 amples of, 58 Catherine of Arragon, the Queen, badges, Chevron, reversed, 124 307. 333 Chevron, couped, 124 Catherine Parr, the Queen, badges, 308 Chevron, braced, 124 Catherine Plantagenet, 245 Chevronel, 26, 58, 124 Catherine-wheel, 122 Chevronny, 124 Catling, Catlyn, arms, 83, 130 Chevron ways, chevron-wise, 124 C.B.,I22 Chichester, arms of the See, 362 Cecil, 259 Chief, ao, 54, 124 ; for differencing, 244 Celestial crown, 122 Chivalry, 125 Centaur, 122 • Cholmondeley, the Marquess, 330 Cercelee, 122 Christchurch Cathedral, Oxford, 245 Cerise. See Seruse Christ, Order of, 125 Chafant, 123 Church, 125 Chained, 123 Church bells, 125 ; mottoes on, 324 Chain-shot, 123 Churchill, John, K.G., Duke of Marlborough, Chalice, 123 295 Chamber-piece, 123 Cinquefoil, 125 Chamberlain, Lord, 123 Cinque Ports, arms, 220 Chamberlain, Lord Great, 123 Citadel, 125 Champagne arms, 62, 218 City of Rochester, arms, 55 Chape. 123 Civic crown, 125 Chapeau of estate, 121, 296 Clam, 125 Chaperonne, chaperon, 123 Clare, De, arms, 58, 213; dimidiating Fitz- Chaplet, 123 gerald, 221 Charge, charges, 75, 123 Clare, Elizabeth de, 212 Charged, 98, 123 Claremonte, Nesle, 221 Charlemagne, 283 ; crown, 123 Clarencieux King?of-Arms, 125, 342 Charles L, arms, 282 ; crown, 264, badges, Clarendon, Sir Roger de, 256 308 : special grant, 9a Claricord, clavicord, 126 Charles IL, arms, 282 ; crown. 264: badges, Clarin^, 126 308 ; arms of his natural sons .257 Clarion, 125 Charles V. of France, 280 Clasps, 126, 296, 391 Charlton, of Powys, 70 Clechd, 126 Chasuble, 123 Clenched, 126 Chauss^c, 123 Clerk, 372 Cheeky, chcqu^e, 49, 123 Cleveland, the Duke of, 257 "Chequers" the sign of, 49 Clifford arms, 250 Chelmsford, Lord, 93 Clock, 126 Cherub, 134 Close, 92, 94, 126, 133 INDEX. 409 Close-^rt, 126 Closet, 24, 126 Closetty, 47 Closing-tongs, 126 Clou€e, 126 Cloves, 126 Club, 126 Club-spiked, 126 Clymant, 126 C.M.G., 126 Coach, 126 Coats of arms, 63, 126 Cobham, brasses at, 297 ; helmets from, 331 Cobham, Sir John de, 250 Cobham, Rauf de, 251 Cobham, Sir Reginald de, 251 Cobweb and spider, 126 Cock, 93, 127 Cockade, 127 Cockatrice, 127 Cocke, 124 Cocquel, 127 Coffin of Queen Elizabeth, 303 Cognizance, 127 Coif of mail, 127 Coins, 402 Colebrooke arms, 93 Collar, 127, 311 : of mermaids, 173; of the Order of the Garter, 37 ; Lancastrian, of S.S., 71 ; Yorkist, of suns and roses, 71; of the Order of the Thistle, 380 ; of the Order of St. Patrick, 384 ; of the Order of the Bath, 386 ; of the Order of the Star of India, 389 Collared, 127 College of Arms, 127, 3^ ; arms, 342, 353 Colours, 13, 127 Column, 127 Colwall, brass at, 244 Columbine, 128 Colyer arms, 62 Combatant, 81, 128 Combed, 127 Combel, 128 Combinations, heraldic, 55 Comet, 128 Community, arms of, 96, 229 Companions of the Order of the Bath, 388 Compartment, 128 Compasses, 128 Complement, 128 Componee, compony, gobony, 51, 128 Compostella, Order of, 128 Compton, 331 Concession, arms of, 109 Coney, 128 Confessor, Edward the, arms, 215, 278 ; origii* of his martlets, 252 ; grant to Tho- mas Holland, 279 ; assumed by Henry Bolingbroke, 237 Confronte, 128 Conger eel's head, 128 Conjoined, 94, 128 Conjoined in lure, 128 Constable, 128 Contoise, 71, 128 Contoumee, 128 Conventionalisms in heraldic drawing, 84, 85 Coote, 128 Cope, 74, 128 Copper, 129 Corbett, rebus of, 187 Corbie, 129 Corded, 129 Cormorant, 92, 93, 129 Cornet, 129, 349 Cornish chough, 93, 129 Cornucopia, 129 Cornwall, Richard, Earl of, and Emperor, 90 Cornwall, Albert Edward, Duke of, 286 Coronets, 129, 231, 261, 270; of Princes and Princesses, 266; of the late Prince Con- sort, 265; of the Prince and Princess of Wales, 265 Corporate bodies, arms, 109, 361 Cost, couste, 23, 129 Cotice, cotise, cotised, 23, 129 Cotoye, 129 Cotton hanks, 129 Couchant, 82, 85, loi, 129 Couchee, 129 Coudiere, 102, 130 Coulter, 130 Counter-changing, counter-changed, 51, 130, 248 Counter-componde, 51, 130 4IO INDEX. Counter-embowed, 130 voided, fimbriated, pierced or quarterly Counter-ermined, 130 pierced, St. George's, cross quarterly, 40 ; Counter-fleurie, 130 patriarchal, nowed, degraded and con- Counter-passant, 82, 128, 131 joined, quadrate, patee, 41 ; patee fitchee. Counter-potent, 131 Maltese or cross of eight points, patonce. Counter- rampant, 81 fleurie, pomme, 42 ; potent, urdee, recer- Counter-salient, 131 celee, fleurettee or flory, cross crosslet. Counter-tripping, 131 entire, 43 ; botonde, avellane, lambeaux. Counter-vair, 14, 131 44 ; fourchee, milrine, rayonnant, pall, Tau, Countess, 131 • 45 Couped, 23, 86, 131 Crossbow, 133 Couped close, 131 Crosslet, 133 ; for differencing, 251 Couple-close, 26, 96 Crossways, 133 Courant, 89, 131 Crouchback. See Edmond Couronne, 131 Crown, the Imperial, 263 ; historical examples Courtenay, original arms, 36 ; label, 241 of, 261 ; arched, 263 ; of H.M. the Queen, Courtenay, William, Archbishop of Canter- 264 ; of heraldic kings, 277 bury, 243 Crown, heraldic, 268, 270 Courtenay, Edward de, 243 Crown, Eastern, 272 ; naval, 272 ; vallary, 133, Courtenay, Hugh de, 242 272 Courtenay, Sir Philip, 243 Crown (coin) of gold and silver, 402 Courtenay, Robert de, 242 Crowns, foreign, of Austria, 276 ; of Prussia, Courtesy, titles of, 131 26s Couste. See Cotise. Crown of thorns, 133 Covered cup, 132 Crown of rue, 133 Coward, cowed, 82, 132 Crusader Kings of Jerusalem, 42 Cowasjee Jehangier, arms, &c., 366 Crusilee, crusilly, 44, 133 Cowl, 132 Cubit arm, 134 Cowper, Earl, arms, 231 Cuffed, 134 Crab, 132 Cuirass, 134 Crampette, crampettde, 132 • CuUen, Lord, 295 Crampit, 123 Cup, covered cup, 132 Cramps, 132 Currier's shave, 134 Crancelin, 132, 283 Cursetjee Furdoonjee Paruk, 367 Cranford, the Earl of, 86 Cushion, 134 Cranley, Archbishop, 274 Cutlas, 134 Crenelles, crenelle*?, 132 Cutting iron, 134 Crescent, 132, 253, 255 Cyclas, 64 Cresset, 132 Cygnet, 92 Crests, 133, 231, 297 ; granted to a lady, 346 Cygnet Royal, 93, 134 Crest-wreath, 133 Crested, 94, 133, 27«. a97 Crcvecoeur, Dc, 40 Crined, 133 Dacre badge, 134, 314 Crocodile, 133 Dagger, 134 Cross, 20, 25 Dais, dois, 134 Cross flamant, 38 ; raguly, engrailed, six fil- Daisy, 134, 35 lets, tripartcd and fretted. double-parted. Dalmatic, 134 INDEX. 411 Dame, 134 Dancette, danse, 134 JDancette, 19, 135 Danebrog, Order of, 135 Danish axe, 135 Dartmouth, Earl of, 334 Dasie, arms, 352 Danberry, John, 331 D'Aubernoun, Sir John, the younger, 64 D'Aubigne, Sir John, 72, 257 Dauphin, 135, 396 Dauphin's crown, 135 Dean, 135 Death's head, 135 Debruised, 135 Decapitated, 135 Dechausse, 135 Decked, 135 Decollated, 135 Decouple, 135 Decours, 135 Decrescent, 135 Defamed, diffame, 135 Defences, 136 Defender of the Faith, 136 Defendu, 136 Degreed, 43, 136 Degrees, 136 Disgraced, 135 Delf, 136 Demembered, dismembered, 83, 136 Demi, 136 Demi-lion rampant, 86, 248 Demi-monk, 136 Demi-Saracen, 86 Denmark proper, arms, 289 Denmark, as borne by the Princess of Wales, 287 Denmark, H.R.H., Alexandra of, 287 Derby. Stanley, Earls of, 301 Dering, 312 Despencer, De Spencer, 150 Despencer, AHanore, 242 Despencer, Henry le, Bishop of Norwich, 246 Detriment, 136 Developed, 136 Devon, the Earls of, 242, 243 Devices, 136 Devouring, 136 Dexter, 136 Diadem, diademed, 13 , 261 Diagonal cross. See Saltire Diamond, 136 Diaper, diapering, 52, 136 Diapered, 136 Dice, 137 Difference, differencing, 137, 233 ; by change of tinctures, 235 ; various methods, 244 ; early differencing charges, 118, 233; acces- sories differenced, 257 ; badges differenced, 257 Dilated, 137 Dimidiation, dimidiated, 137, 220 Diminution of arms, 137 Diminutives, 137 Disarmed, 137 Disclosed, 92, loi, 137 Dismembered, demembered, 137 Displayed, 92, loi, 137 Disponed, disposed, 137 Disvelloped, 137 Ditzmers arms, 289 Dividing or divisional lines, 19, 137 Dobell arms, 352 Dogs, 88, 138 Dog-collar, 138 Dois, 134 Dolphin, 95, 96, 138 Dolphin arms, 95 Dolphingley, 95 Domed, 138 Dominion, arms of, 109, 138, 229 Donjonne, 140 Dormant, 139 Dosser, 139 Double fitchee, 139 Double quatrefoil, 255 Double queue, 139, 186 Double tete, 89, 139 Doubling, 139 Douglas, badge, 159, 310 Douglas, James, K.G., crest, 190 Doure, Foubert de, 52, 54 Downe, Viscount, crest, 86, 301 Dove, 93, 139, 352 Dovetail, dovetailed, 19, 139 412 INDEX. Dragon, 139 ; supporter of the Tudor Sove- reigns, 318 Dragon's head, 139 Dragon's tail, 139 Drawing iron, 139 Dryden, Sir Henry, 154 Dublin, Archbishop of, 384 Dublin, Robert de Vere, Marquess of, 268 Dublin, Albert Edward, Earl of, 286 Ducal coronet, 139, 270 Ducally gorged, 139 Duchess, 140 Duciper, 121, 140 Ducks, 140 Dugdale, William, 344 Duke, 140 ; coronet, 267 Dung-fork, 140 Dunghill cock, 127 Dunjeoned, 140 Durham, Bishop and See of, 276, 362 Durrant arms, 43 Dynham, Lord, crest, 273 Eagle, erne, heraldic, 88, 90, 101, 140 Eagle, early examples of, 90, 91, 137 Eaglet, 9:, 140 Eared, 140 Earl, 140 ; coronet, 268 Earl Marshal of England, 140 Eastern crown, 107, 141, 272 Eclipsed, 141 Edmond Crouchback, 53, 83 Edmond Plantagcnet, K.G., 91 Edward the Confessor. See Confessor Edward I., arms, 229 ; as Prince Royal, 236 Edward II., arms, 279 . as Prince Royal, 236 Edward III., arms, 279, 450: crests, 299; badges, 305 , great seals, 394 , imputed supporters, 317 : his descendants, 334 ; as Prince Royal, 236 Edward IV.. arms, 281 • badges, 306 ; sup- porters, 318 Edward V., arms, aSr ; supporters, 318; as Prince of Wales, 307 Edward VI., arms, 281 : supporters, 318 ; crown, 264 ; badge, 308 Eel, 96, 141 Eel-basket, 141 Eel-spear, 141 Effingham, Howard, Earl of, 259 Eight-foil, 141 Eldon, Earl of, 259 Eleanor. See Alianore Electoral crown, 141 ; bonnet, 284 Elephant, 88, 141 Elephant's head, 89 Elevated, 141 Elibank, Lord, 259 Elizabeth, arms, 281 ; supporters, 318 ; badges and motto, 323 : crown, 264 ; monument, 369 ; coffin, 303 Elizabeth Plantagenet of York, 333 Ellis arms, 223 Eltham. John of. See John Ely, Bishop and See of, 271, 362 Embattled, battled, 19, 141 Emblems, sacred, 369 Embordered, 141 Embowed, 95, loi, 141 Embrued, 141 Emerald, 141 Emmets, ants, 141 Emperor, the, 91, 141 Enaluron, 141 En arriere, 141 Endorse, 22, 142 ; endorsed, 23, 94, 105, 14a Enfield, brass at, 70 Enfiled, 142 England, arms, 75 Englantd, 142 EngouMe, 142 Engrailed, 19, 90, loi, 144 Engrossing block, 142 Enhanced, 57, 142 En manche, 142 Ensigns, 359 Ensigned, 142 Entd en rond, 149 Entoyre, 14a Entwined by, 14a Environn^e, enveloped, 143 Epaulette, 142 Episcopal staff, 14a Eradicated, 142 INDEX. 413 Erased, 86, 109, 142 Erect, loi, 142 Ermine, 13, 142 Ermine, the, 89, 300 Ermine spots, 16 Ermines, 13, 142 Erminois, 13, 142 Ermynites, 15 Escallop, 96 ; for differencing, 252 Escarbuncle, 64, 122, 143 Escarpe, 192 E'jcartele, 143 Esclatte, 143 Escroll, 143 Escutcheon, 30, 143 ; of pretence, 143, 225 Esquire, 143 Essex, Henry Bourchier, Earl of. See Bourchier Essomier, 144 Estoile, 144 Etchingham Church, 360 Evangelists, emblems of, 144, 369 Exeter, the See and Bishops of, 108, 362 Exeter Cathedral, 244, 311 Expanded wings, 144 Faggot, 144 Falchion, 144 Falcon, 90, 92, 10 1 Falcon and fetterlock, 92, 144 Falcon and sceptre, badge, 144 False cross, 144 False escutcheon, 144 False roundel, 144 Fan, winnowing fan, 144 Faroe Islands, arms, 290 Faversham Abbey, arms, 221 Feathers, 144, 299, 307 Feathered, 109, 144 Feathers, ostrich, 144 Feathers, panache, plume of, 145 Feld, John, his tabard, 69 Femme, 146 Fer-de-moline, 14-6 Ferdinand III., King of Castile and Leon, 266 Fermaile, fermaux, 146 Ferr, 146 Ferrers, Earls of Derby, 161 Ferrers, Lord, of Chartley, 145 Fesse, 24, 146 Fesse point, 146 Fesse-wise, fesse-ways, 99, 146 Fetterlock, badge, 146 Field, 98, 146 Figured, 146 File, 146, 165 Fillet, 22, 146 Filliol arms, 214 Fimbriation, 146, 356 ; fimbriated, 44 Finned, 96, 147 Fire-ball, ball-fired, 147 Fire-beacon, 147 P'irebrand, 147 Fish, heraldic, 94, 96, 147 Fissure, 147 Fitchee, 43, 147 Fitz-Alan arms, 246 Fitz-Alan, John, effigy, 63 Fitz-Alan, Thomas, 268 Fitz-Alan, Thomas, Archbishop of Canter- bury, 246 Fitzgerald, 221 Fitz-Geoffrey, 245 Fitzroy, Henry, 257 Fitz-Walter arms, 212 Five-leaved grass, 147 Flag, flags, 147, 355 Flags, military, 359 Flags, naval, 359 Flagon, 148 Flamant, 38 Flanches, 31, 148 Flanders arms, 219 Flasques, 33, 148 Flax-breakers, 148 Fleam, flegme, 148 Fleeted, 141, 150 Fleece, 148 Flesh-hook, 148 Flesh-pot, 148 Fleurie, 42 Fleur de lis, 148 ; its origin, 148 ; semee de lis, 100 ; for differencing, 252 414 INDEX. Heurettee, fleury, 43, 150 Garland, 152 Flexed, 150 Garnished, 119, 152 Flighted, 144, 130 Garter, Order of the, foundation, 152, 373; Flodden Field, the battle of, 292 insignia, 376; motto, 322; Garter-plates, Flotant, 150 153 '< ladies associated with, 73 Fly, 147, 150 Garter King-of-Arms, 153, 342 Foliated, 150 Gauntlet, 153 Fordham, Bishop John de, 276 Gaze, 153 Forcene, 150 G.C.B., 153 Forest bill, 150 G.C.H., IS3 Formee, 150 G.C.M.G., 153 Fortescue motto, 322 Ged, 153 Fountain, 35, 150 Gemel, 153 Fourche'e, queue fourch^e, 44, 150 Genealogies, 332 Fox, 82, 150 Genet, 153 Fracted, 89, 150 Genet, Order of, 153 Fraises, 150 Geneville, de. Lords of Broyes, their cadency, Frame-saw, 150 248 France, "ancient," 149, 281; quartered by Gentleman, 153 Edward III., 280 George I., arms, 283 France, "modern," 288 George II., arms, 283 Francis, Emperor of Austria, K.G., 276 George III., arms, 283 Frankland-Russell arms, 95 George IV., arms, 284 Fraternities of honour, 150 George Plantagenet, K.G., arms, 239 ; man- Frazer arms, i66 tling, 72, 257 Fresnde, 89, 150 George, the, of the Order of the Garter, 154, Frette, 31, 150 378 Frett^e, fretty, 50, 151 George noble (coin), 402 Froissart's Chronicles, 351 George, St, banner of, 154 Fructed, 105, n8, 151 Gerated, 154 Fumant, 151 Gerrattyng, 154 Furnished, 151 Ghent, John of. See John Fumival, the Brothers, 248 Giffard, Margaret, seal, 73 Furs, 13, 14, 151 Giffard, Sir John, arms, 73 Fusil, 31 ; fusillee, 49, 151 Gillyflower, 154 Fylfot, 151 Gimmel-ring, 154 Girl, 154 Gironnd, 154 Gabraille, 152 Girt, girded, 154 Gad-fly, gad-bee, 151 Gliding, 96, 154 Gads, gadlyngs, 152 Globe, the terrestrial, 154 Galley, 152 Glorious Virgin, Order of, 154 Galtrap, caltrap, 120, 15a Glory, 154 Ganib, jamb, 86, 152 Gloucester Cathedral, effigy of Edward II. in, Game-cock, 94, 152 262 Garb, 152 Gloucester, Bishop and See of, 108. 362 Gardant, guardant, 152 Gloucester, Thomas Plantagenet, Duke of. Garde-bras, 152 Set Thomas INDEX. 415 Glove, 154 Goat, 89, 154 Gobony. See Compony Gold, 155 Golden fleece, 148 ; Order of, 155 Goipe, 35, 155 Gonfannon, 155 Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, arms, 96 Goodryke, Thomas, Bishop of Ely, 274 Gordon arms, 89 ; badge, 117 Gorge, gurge, 155 Gorged, 86, 89, 155 Goshawk, 155 Goutlee. See Guttee Gradient, 155 Grafted, 155 Grafton, the Duke of, 257 Grafton rebus, 313 Grandison arms, 247 Grandison, Bishop John de, 248 Grand quarters, i8 Grant arms, 273 Grant, Sir Francis, Lord Cullen, 295 Grappling-iron, 155 Grasshopper, 155 Grater, 155 Great seals, 394 Great Yarmouth, shields of arms in the church of, 238 Greenland arms, 289 Grenville, Neville, 95, 334 Gresham, Sir Thomas, 155 Grey, Richard de, 239 Greyhound, 88, 155, 304 Grice, 155 Gridiron, 155 Grieces, 155 Griffin, gryphon, 155 Grosvenor, Sir Robert, 243 Guard, 156 Guardant, 156 Gufalcon, 90 Guige, 156, 316 Gules, 12, 156 Guillim, 352 Gunstone, 156 Gurge, 156 Gussets, 156 Guttee, de larmes, d'eau, d'olive, d'or, de poix, du sang, 156 Guttee reversed, 157 Guze, 35, 157 Gyron, 29, 157 Gyronny, gyronnee, 50, 157 Habergeon, 157 Habick, 157 Habited, 157 Hackle, 157 Hainhault. See Philippa Hake-fish, 157 Halbert, 157 Halk spear, 157 Hames, Heames, 158 Hamilton, 250 Hammer, 158 Hampson, Sir G., 160 Hands, human, 158 Hanover arms, 283 Hanover, Electoral bonnet of, 284 Harcourt, Sir Robert, K.G., mantling, 258 Hardinge crest, 302 Hare, 158 Harford, Anthony, 244 Harford, with canton of Scrope, 244 Harp, 158 ; badge of Ireland, 158, 282 Harpham, brasses at, 299 Harpoon, 158 Harpur Crewe arms, 294 Harpy, 158 Harnsett, Archbishop, 275 Harrington knot, 158, 314 Harris, 89 " Harry crown," 263 Hart, 87, 158 Hastings arms, 212 ; badges, 314 Hastings, Sir Hugh, his brass, 54 Hastings, Astley, 295 Hastings, John de, K.G., 210 Hastings, the Earl, his banner at Caerlave- rock, 234 Hatchet, 158 Hatchment, 158 ; exemplification of heraldic debasement, 254 4i6 INDEX, Hatfield, Thomas de, 276 Hauberk, 159 Hauriant, haurient, 95, 147 Hause, 159 Hawk, 92, 159 Hawk's lure, 159 Hawk's bells and jesses, 159 Hay-fork, 159 Hay arms, 143 Haynes arms, 36 Hazel-leaves, 159, 166 Hazelrigg, 159 Head, 159 Heames, 159 Heart, 159, 93 Hedgehog, 89, 159 Heightened, 159 Heiress, husband of, 225 Helena, H.R.H. the Princess, 291 Helm, heaume, helmet, 159, 231, 296, 326 ; modem, 329 Hemp-brake, hackle, 159 Hen and chickens, 160 Heneage knot, j6o, 314 Henry I., arms, 179 Henry II., crown. 262 ; badges, 304 Henry III., arms, 279 ; crown, 262; badge, 305 ; the rolls of arms of his period, 79 ; his great seals, 279 Henry IV., Henry Plantagenet of Boling- brokc, 237 : crown, 262 : supporters, 317 Henry IV. before his accession, a8i ; badge, 306 Henry V., arms, aSi ; crown, 263 ; badges, 306 ; attributed supporters, 317 Henry VI., arms, 281 ; crown, 263 ; support- ers, 317 ; badges, 306: motto, 323 Henry VII., arms, 281 ; supporters, 318 ; badges, 307 Henry VIII,, arms, 281; supporters, 318; badges, 307 ; grants and augmentations, 99a Herald, heralds, their duties, 346 Heralds, Kings-of-Arms, their crowns, 277 Herald's College, College of Arms, 343 ; arms of, 353 " Herald and Genealogist," reference to, sax Heraldic terms, 99 Heraldry of monuments, 369; oflficial and corporate, 361 Hereford; Bishops and See of, 362 Hereford, Earls of. See Bohun Heriz, De, arms, 89 Heron arms, 93 Heron, 92 ; heron's head, 160 Heroye, William, 346 Herrings, 96 Herring arms, 96 Herse, 160 Hesse-Darmstadt, 186 Highness, 161 Hill, hillock, 161 Hiked, i6i Hilton, Sir William de, 214 Hind, 87, 161, 400 Hirondelle, 161 Hoist, 147, 161 Holland arms, 219 Holland, Matilda de, 242 Holland, Thomas, K.G., seals, 400 ; sup- porter, 400 Hollands, De, their cadency, 245 Holstein arms, 290 Holy Lamb, 161 Holy Sepulchre, Order of, 161 Home motto, 322 Honourable ordinaries, i6i Honour point, i6i, 255 Hooded, 161 Hoofed, 89, 161 Hope arms, 154 Hopetoun arms, 154 Homed, 110, 161 Horse, 88, 161 Horseshoe, i6r Horseman's staff, 129, 349 Hospitallers, Knights, 374 Hound, 162 Howard arms, T40; differenced, 259 ; lion, 81, 300 Howard, Catharine, Queen Consort of Eng- land, T48 Howard, Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, aug- mentation of his arms, 292 Humctt«:c, 162 Hungcrford badge, 310, 314 INDEX. 417 Hunting-horn, 119, 162 Irradiated, 164 Hunton, Prior, rebus, 311 Ireland, arms, 282 Hurst, 162 Isabel of Angouleme, Queen Consort of Hursthelve, William de, 158 England, crown, 262 Hurte, 35, 162 Isabelle of France, Queen Consort of Eng- Hurtee, 162 land, 219 ; seal, 73 Husband and wife, arms of, 222 Isles, Lord of the, 280 Hyde papers, 346 Islip, Abbot, rebus, 188 Hyde, William, 346 Issuant. 164 Hyde, George, 348 Hydra, 162 Ibex, heraldic antelope, 162 Jackson arms, 93, 194 Iceland arms, 289 Jambe, gamb, 86, 164 "IchDien," 266, 387 James I., of Great Britain, 282 r crown, 264 ; Icicle, 162 badges, 308 ; motto, 323 Illegitimacy, abatement of, 24, 257 James II., of Great Britain, 282 ; badges. Imbattled, 162 308 James IV., of Scotland, 292 Imbrued, imbued, 162 Impalement, impaled, 162 • examples of, 220 James, St., Order of, 164 Imperial crown, imperially crowned, 162 Jane Seymour, Queen Consort of England, In bend, 162 badge, 308 In chevron, 162 Januarius, St., Order of, 164 In chief, 82. 162 Javelin, 164 In cross, 162 Jellop, 164 In fesse, 95, 162 Jerusalem, Crusader Kings of, arms. 42 In foliage, 162 Jessant, jessant de lis, 90, 164 In glorv. 162 Jesses, jessed, 92, 164 In lure, 162 Jewel. See Badge In pale, 163 Joan de Barr, Countess of Surrey, 212, 397 In pile, 163 John, King of England, badge, 305; seal, In pride, 94, 163 393 In profile, loi John "of Eltham," Earl of Cornwall, 216, In saltire. 163 24s , effigy, 65 In splendour, i6^ John Plantagenet, " of Ghent," KG , badge, Imperial eagle, 91 92 , seals, 92 Increment, increscent, 103 John, King of France, 294 Indented. 19. 163 John, St., Order of, 164 Indian goat. 163 Joinant, 164 Inescutcheon, 30, 163 Jousts, 164 Infamed, 163 Jupon, 66 Inflamed, 163 Jutland arms, 289 Inkhorn, 163 Ink moline, 163 Inn signs, 304 Insects, heraldic, 96 K.B, 164 Interlaced, 164 K.C.B., 165 Invected, 19, 164 K.C.H., 165 Inverted, 94, 164 Kerrison, Sir Edward, 296 '27 4i8 INDEX. Key, 165 Kingfisher, 92 Kings-of-Arms, 165 ; crown, 277, 342 King's College Chapel, Cambridge, crcrwn from, 263 Kite, 90 Knight arms, 60 Knights, 165 Knighthood, 372 Knights of Orders, marshalling of their arms, 230, 231 Knights of Malta, 164 Knots, 118, 165, 313 Label, 32, 165 ; cadency marked by, 235 Labels, early, 237 ; various forms, 237 ; dif- ferenced, 238 Labels of Wales, of France, 241, 242, 256; of Brittany, 237 ; of Warren, 239 Labels of Princes and Princesses, 289 Labels' borne as charges, 241 Laci, Henry de, Earl of Lincoln, 66 Lacy knot, 165, 314 Lambeaux, 44, 235 Lambrequin, 165 Laminated, 165 Lampass^, 165 Lancaster, Edmund, first Earl of, 53, 83 Lancaster, Henry, third Earl of, 398 Lancaster, Henry, fourth Earl and first Duke of, 67 Lancaster, Sir Thomas, 259 Lancaster Herald, 160, 165, 343 I..ancastcr rose, 165 Lance, 349 Lanert, 90 Langton, Bishop, rebus, 31 z Langued, 166 Lascelles, Roger de, 314 Latham, Lathom, 301 Latymer, Thomas Ic, 240 Latymer, William Ic, 240 I,auderdale, Earl of, arms, 83 I ^ ;WCULATtON DEPT Mc-.fi;. J^^'O 1983 rec m& JUL 171983 RECCIB .11)12? '83 m *^08^ KCcm-H Hf S ^ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY FORM NO. DD6, 60m, 12/80 BERKELEY, CA 94720 «■ GENERAL LIBRARY -U.C. BERKELEY CR:lI THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA UBRARY