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 ' a 13 
 
THE UNPROTECTED; 
 
 OR, 
 
 Mistakes of the Republican Party 
 
 BY 
 
 BRYAN W. HERRING. 
 
 With iHTi(ODDdTOi(Y preface 
 
 DEDICATED TO 
 
 THE UNPROTECTED 
 
 BY 
 
 AFRICO-AMERICAN. 
 
 o • f > ■•< 
 
 PRICE, ^1.5CV. ' 
 
 HlSTORICAl^ PUBLISHINQ COIVIPANY, 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, PA. ST. LOUIS, MO. RICHMOND, VA. 
 
 1892. 
 
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 •»• • • ••• • 
 
 
 Copyright 1890, 
 By B. W. Herring. 
 
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PREFACE BY THE AUTHOR. 
 
 HEN a king misgoverns his people lie 
 is held responsible, but the people in 
 a republic are responsible for their own 
 misgovernment. It is the duty, therefore, for all 
 of us to study our political history, so that we 
 may become better informed and consequently 
 be more competent to govern ourselves wisely. 
 All who neglect that duty shall be classed 
 with the ignorant, and they will become a by- 
 word and reproach among all enlightened men, 
 for an amendment of the Constitution was en- 
 acted to give the ignorant the great and glori- 
 ous privilege of voting, so that they might 
 become the victims of their own weakness and 
 folly. But in order to avoid the " pit-falls " 
 intended for them the enlightened are com- 
 pelled to instruct their less fortunate fellows, 
 and those who neglect that duty are equally 
 
 (3) 
 
4 PREFACE. 
 
 responsible with the ignorant for misgovern- 
 ment. So, in presenting the mistakes of the 
 Republican party to the public, no one can 
 charge me with neglect of duty. 
 
 The Author. 
 
INTRODUCTORY PREFACE 
 
 DEDICATED TO THE UNPROTECTED. 
 
 LTHOUGH my enemies say that I 
 have no gratitude, they know that I 
 have never raised my hand against 
 my master and true white friend, who led me 
 from a heathen god to the Christian Church 
 and taught me the useful arts of civilization. 
 Justice rewards everybody for the good they 
 do, and inasmuch as he rescued me from heath- 
 enism, I now come to his relief and pay the Pro- 
 tective Tariff Tax and keep the mortgages off 
 the Southern farms ; and I shall remain in 
 the South and continue to advance my civiliza- 
 tion and live in peace with my true white friends 
 for all time to come, for the good influence of 
 the whites counteract the evil influence of the 
 
 (5) 
 
6 INTRODUCTORY PREFACE. 
 
 blacks, as the good influence of the blacks 
 counteract the evil influence of the whites, and 
 vain will be the effort of the unprotected to 
 resist this decree. 
 
 Africo- American. 
 
List of Authorities Consulted 
 in this Work. 
 
 Old Federal Chronicles and Confederate poets. 
 
 The Soldiers of Sherman's Army. 
 
 The Abolition Bible. 
 
 Reminiscences of Lincoln. 
 
 The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, by 
 
 Jefferson Davis. 
 Hume's History of England. 
 
 The War between the States, by Alex. H. Stephens. 
 White Supremacy and Negro Subordination, by Van 
 
 Every. 
 Abbotts' Lives of the Presidents of the United States. 
 
Table of Contents, 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Preface by the Author, 3 
 
 Introductory Preface, 5 
 
 I.— The Three Evil Spirits, 9 
 
 II.— The Three Political Parties Casting out Devils, • . 15 
 
 III.— The Democratic Party, or Equality of White Men, . 34 
 
 IV.— The Republican Party, or Money Power, 35 
 
 v.— The Abolition Party, or Communism, 37 
 
 VI.— The Causes that Led to the Assassination of Abra- 
 ham Lincoln, 41 
 
 VII.— Conquering the Northern States under Pretence of 
 
 Reconstructing the Southern, 64 
 
 VIII.— The Tempter, 70 
 
 IX.— Who Were the Victors when the War Closed? . . 74 
 X. — The Story of the Two Images in the Looking-glass, 
 in which it appears that Abraham Lincoln 
 Saw His Own Ghost; Comments thereon by 
 
 His Old Friend, Alex. H. Stephens, 119 
 
 XI.— A History of the Rise and Progress of the Manu- 
 facturing Business in the South, 127 
 
 jXII. — Slavery and its Political Significance, 155 
 
 XIII.— The Mistakes of the Abolition Party, 182 
 
 t^lV.— The Mistakes of the Republican Party, 210 
 
 LXV.— The Mistakes of the Democratic Party, 215 
 
 XVI.— Gossiping with a Louisiana Sugar Planter, where- 
 in the Truth is Related that Resembles Curious 
 
 Stories, 217 
 
 XVll.— In which is Recorded a Thousand Trifling Matters, 
 Equally Important and Necessary to the Right 
 
 Understanding of our Political History. ... 245 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBI^ICAN PARTY. 11 
 
 South, and that was the evil spirit that men- 
 aced the Abolition party in the North. The 
 South said : " Our neighbors in the North ask 
 us to change our system of labor, claiming that 
 it was unjust. Surely they are dealing with 
 delusions, for justice rewards everybody for the 
 good they do, and as the negroes have no 
 other means of paying for their civilization but 
 their labor, God's Providence has decreed that 
 they shall give the white people a portion of 
 their labor for civilizing them. We are patient, 
 kind and forbearing with their shortcomings, as 
 enlightened men must be in rescuing God's 
 lowly people from heathenism. 
 
 We have led them from a heathen god to the 
 Christian church and taught them the useful 
 arts and occupations by which poverty and 
 ignorance is driven from the human race. 
 
 They are docile, kind and ever faithful to their 
 masters, which shows their appreciation for 
 civilization. They derive more benefit from 
 slavery than their masters do, and when we have 
 enlightened them sufficiently to be self-support- 
 ing in civilized society, then our mission will be 
 over and God's Providence will appoint the time 
 and manner in which they are to be released from 
 their apprenticeship. But if liberated before the 
 
10 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 and prayed to the man in the moon to cast 
 down the true light of our political history. 
 
 " History, the great mistress of wisdom, fur- 
 nishes examples of all kinds ; and every pru- 
 dential, as well as moral precept, may be author- 
 ized by those events which her enlarged mirror 
 is able to present to us." 
 
 The Abolition party, the Republican party, 
 and the Democratic party, all three diflfered in 
 principle, but owing to the fact that they all 
 wore the same uniforms and combined them- 
 selves in one grand army to defeat the three evil 
 spirits in the South, the historians have drawn 
 no line of distinction between them. 
 
 The Abolition party was composed of the toil- 
 ing classes, who produce the wealth, and the Re- 
 publican party is composed of the class who 
 collect the wealth that the toiling classes pro- 
 duce. In 1832 Congress passed an act aiding 
 this particular class to collect the wealth that 
 other men produced, but South Carolina nullified 
 it, claiming that it was not delegated to Congress 
 to aid particular classes in collecting the wealth 
 that others produced, and that was the evil spirit 
 that menaced the Republican party in the North. 
 The Abolition party claimed that white labor 
 could not compete with negro labor in the 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 11 
 
 South, and that was the evil spirit that men- 
 aced the Abolition party in the North. The 
 South said : ^' Our neighbors in the North ask 
 us to change our system of labor, claiming that 
 it was unjust. Surely they are dealing with 
 delusions, for justice rewards everybody for the 
 good they do, and as the negroes have no 
 other means of paying for their civilization but 
 their labor, God's Providence has decreed that 
 they shall give the white people a portion of 
 their labor for civilizing them. We are patient, 
 kind and forbearing with their shortcomings, as 
 enlightened men must be in rescuing God's 
 lowly people from heathenism. 
 
 We have led them from a heathen god to the 
 Christian church and taught them the useful 
 arts and occupations by which poverty and 
 ignorance is driven from the human race. 
 
 They are docile, kind and ever faithful to their 
 masters, which shows their appreciation for 
 civilization. They derive more benefit from 
 slavery than their masters do, and when we have 
 enlightened them sufficiently to be self-support- 
 ing in civilized society, then our mission will be 
 over and God's Providence will appoint the time 
 and manner in which they are to be released from 
 their apprenticeship. But if liberated before the 
 
12 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 appointed time freedom would be a curse to them, 
 for unscrupulous men would take advantage of 
 their innocence, and God's Providence would hold 
 us responsible for allowing their enemies to 
 destroy them. What did the people of the 
 Northern States ever do to civilize any of God's 
 lowly black people ? The Abolitionists charge 
 us with the sin of slavery. If we understand 
 the meaning of the word, sin is degradation. 
 Now, we only have to compare the advancement 
 of the Southern negro with the condition of his 
 race in Africa to prove that the highest order of 
 humanity is to take the savage man and bring him 
 into the folds of civilization and enslave him 
 until he pays for his civilization by his labor. 
 No man will break a wild horse unless he expects 
 to derive some benefit from the animal. Neither 
 will a civilized man teach another a trade un- 
 less he pays for his instruction by his labor. 
 They say that it is a sin to buy and sell slaves 
 and separate families. 
 
 Without emigration, and immigration, society 
 would soon stagnate, therefore that is no sin. 
 They have not been able to sustain a single 
 charge they have brought against us. They 
 will not listen to reason, they call our states- 
 men fire-eaters. If we do not resist the fanatics 
 of the North they will destroy the Republic. 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 13 
 
 When men want to conquer others any pre- 
 text will answer their purposes. 
 
 At the time of his nomination, Abraham Lin- 
 coln was fifty-two years old, says his biographer. 
 There was then but little doubt that he would 
 be elected. Crowds flocked to pay their homage 
 to one who, as President, would soon have so 
 immense a patronage at his disposal. It became 
 necessary that a room should be set apart in 
 the State House for his receptions. From 
 morning till night he was busy. 
 
 In looking over a book which his friends 
 had prepared, and which contained the result 
 of a careful canvass of the city of Springfield, 
 showing how each man would vote, he was sur- 
 prised and greatly grieved to find that most of 
 the ministers were against him. As he closed 
 the book, he said, sadly : *' Here are twenty- 
 three ministers of different denominations, and 
 all of them are against me but three. Mr. 
 Bateman, I am not a Christian ; God knows, I 
 would be one ; but I have carefully read the 
 Bible, and I do not so understand this book. 
 These men well know that I am for freedom 
 in the Territories, freedom everywhere as far as 
 the Constitution and laws will permit ; and that 
 my opponents are for slavery. They know this ; 
 
14 THE UNPROTECTED. 
 
 and yet with this book in their hands, in the 
 light of which human bondage cannot live a 
 moment, they are going to vote against me. 
 Doesn't it appear strange that men can ignore 
 the moral aspects of this contest ? A revelation 
 could not make it plainer to me that slavery 
 or the Government must be destroyed. It seems 
 as if God had borne with this slavery until 
 the very teachers of religion have come to 
 defend it from the Bible, and to claim for it 
 a divine character and sanction : and now the 
 cup of iniquity is full and the vials of wrath will 
 be poured out." 
 
 Upon this declaration the South seceded, and 
 that was the evil spirit that menaced the Demo- 
 crats in the North. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE THREE POLITICAL PARTIES CASTING 
 OUT DEVILS. 
 
 "I pray thee," said the North, ''cast these evil spirits 
 out from among us. ' ' 
 
 "Therefore, if I know not the meaning of the voice, I 
 shall be unto him that speaketh a barbarian, and he that 
 speaketh shall be a. barbarian unto me. ' ' 
 
 HEN Sherman marclied to the sea, the 
 smoke of his devastating torch rose 
 high in the air, and warned the people 
 at a distance of his coming. 
 The horizon was streaked with smoke for 
 miles. Colnmns after columns went up in the 
 air like mountain peaks. Pliny described the 
 eruption of Vesuvius, and compared the smoke 
 that went up from the crater to an Italian pine. 
 The internal forces of the volcano sent the 
 smoke high in the air, and it spread at the top 
 like the foliage of a pine tree. But the smoke 
 of Sherman's army rose like mountain peaks 
 one after the other, as the soldiers marched 
 along and set fire to the turpentine stills and 
 dwellings of the people. After marching through 
 
 (15) 
 
16 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 Georgia, they directed their ravaging course 
 toward North Carolina, sweeping off cattle and 
 sheep from the pastures of South Carolina; 
 driving on long cavalcades of horses and mules 
 laden with spoil, until the earth shook with the 
 tramping of their feet. Their course was marked 
 through South Carolina by clouds of dust and 
 the smoke of burning villages. 
 
 When they arrived in North Carolina, great 
 clouds of black smoke were seen rising up in 
 the distance, and the soldiers of the three poli- 
 tical parties went among the people casting out 
 devils. 
 
 The soldiers of the Abolition party went to 
 the negro cabins at Goshen plantation and said : 
 " Get out of these houses and break up this 
 slavery, and have paid labor all over this coun- 
 try, so a northern man can come to God Al- 
 mighty's best country and make a living. 
 
 ** Leave here, you infernal woolly head, flat- 
 nosed, black devils, and go back to Africa, where 
 you came from, and quit competing with white 
 labor in free America. 
 
 "Leave here, I say, and break up this southern 
 aristocracy, and make this old rebel work for 
 his living, like we have to do.'' 
 
 The soldiers then went into the cabins with 
 
MISTAKES OI^ THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 17 
 
 drawn sabres and broke up the furniture, and 
 pieces of bedsteads went flying out of doors, 
 with, trunks, bandboxes and clotbing. Tbey 
 ripped open the beds, bunting for treasure, and 
 a shower of feathers went flying through the air 
 as they drove the slaves away. 
 
 The next day the soldiers of the Republican 
 party came to Goshen plantation and plundered 
 the planter's dwelling-house. 
 
 No one can realize how effectually t;he Repub- 
 lican party can plunder the people. 
 
 Bureau-drawers were pulled out and the con- 
 tents emptied on the floor, so they could pick up 
 such articles as they wanted. Beds were ripped 
 open, hunting for treasure ; blankets were carried 
 off; clocks were knocked from the mantels and 
 fell to the floor with a crash, and looking-glasses 
 fell to pieces by the stroke of the sabres. 
 
 The Republicans seemed to have a special 
 spite for looking-glasses, for when they would 
 pass by one the glass would let them see what 
 they were doing, and they would smash it in the 
 face for its impudence. 
 
 When they began to break the furniture, the 
 planter remonstrated with them, saying: — 
 
 " Soldiers, do not break up the furniture and 
 
18 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 the piano, for it will not do you any good to 
 destroy that which is of no service to you." 
 The Republican soldiers replied : — 
 " Shut up, you damned old rebel ; we are 
 going to have protection. We will break up 
 your furniture and make you buy more from the 
 North. We are going to put the bottom rail 
 on top, and make your black negroes vote against 
 you for our protection, and break up this free 
 trade Democracy." 
 
 On the morning of the third day the soldiers 
 of the Democratic party came to Goshen planta- 
 tion, and went to the smoke house and began to 
 load their pack saddles with bacon. 
 
 The planter went out to them and said : — 
 " Gentlemen, do not take all of my meat." 
 One of the soldiers, speaking for his party, 
 said : — 
 
 " We are fighting for the Union, sir, and you 
 must feed us while we are here. If you had 
 not split the Union, we would not have come 
 here. You have the finest hams I ever saw; 
 you ought to send them to the New York fair; 
 they would take the premium." 
 The planter said in reply : — 
 " How in the devil can I send the hams to 
 New York, and you carrying them all away? 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 19 
 
 A party of your soldiers came Here and drove all 
 of my slaves away, and another party of them 
 came here and plundered my house, and here 
 you are carrying oflf all of my bacon." 
 
 In answer to that the Democrat said: — 
 
 " Those men are grand rascals ; they are 
 Abolitionists, the North is full of them; and 
 the bummers are Yankees ; they will plunder 
 anybody, for they are Republicans." 
 
 The planter then said : — 
 
 " It seems to me that if they are such grand 
 rascals, you are in bad company, and ought not 
 to be with them." 
 
 To that the Democrat replied by saying : — 
 
 " We are not keeping their company politi- 
 cally ; we are fighting for the Union. We do 
 not want your negroes ; all that we want is the 
 Union, and when we get it restored you and I 
 will vote the old Jeffersonian ticket together, 
 and defeat the political schemes of both of the 
 grand rascals, the Abolition fanatics and the 
 Republican robbers." 
 
 In reply to this, the planter looked straight 
 into the eyes of the Democrat, and said : — 
 
 " You are a fool. The other two parties are 
 fighting for a principle, but you are fighting to 
 destroy yours by assisting them." 
 
20 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 To this the Democratic soldiers made no reply, 
 but rode off carrying loads of bacon with them. 
 
 On the morning of the fourth day General 
 Kilpatrick called to make the planter a social 
 visit. The General said that he had heard, 
 through some reliable source, that the planter 
 was a very intelligent and well-informed man, 
 and that he desired to talk with some of the old 
 citizens on the probable results of the war. 
 
 The planter met the General at the door and 
 invited him in, and apologized to him in a 
 humorous way for the disordered condition of 
 the house. 
 
 " You will not lose anything by this," said 
 he. 
 
 '* But tell me. General," said the planter, "are 
 these visitations in civilized society for the good 
 of the whole society, or is it the dream of 
 fanatics who are the authors of their own de- 
 struction ? " 
 
 The Generafl was somewhat perplexed for an 
 answer, but after a moment's reflection said : — 
 
 " Slavery is in the way of civilization, and it 
 must give way to a higher order of progressive 
 civilization." 
 
 The planter then said : — 
 
 " You intend to convey the northern idea that 
 
MISTAKES OI^ THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 21 
 
 free labor cannot compete with slave labor in 
 the United States, and slavery must go to make 
 room for free labor?" 
 
 "Yes, tbat is it," said tbe General. 
 
 " But you must remember," said tbe planter, 
 " tbat revolutions sometimes defeat the purposes 
 for wbicli tHey are made ; and abolishing slaver}^' 
 will not abolish the negro." 
 
 " I am fully conscious of that," said the 
 General; "but the negroes will die off; they 
 will scatter and disappear ; they will not be in 
 the care of intelligent masters who look after 
 all their wants, and send for the finest doctors 
 in the United States when they get sick. You 
 take your slaves into your own house when 
 they get sick, and nurse them like 3^ou do your 
 own children; that is the way the southern 
 people do ; and they hire Irishmen to clean out 
 the ditches, to keep the negroes' valuable feet 
 out of the cold water, for fear they will get sick 
 — ^that is the way the southern people do; and 
 when they are set free and cast aside, they will 
 not have anybody to pet them, and they will 
 die off — that is the way the negroes will do." 
 
 The planter then said: — 
 
 " I have not paid a doctor's bill on my plan- 
 tation in eighteen years, for the simple reason 
 
22 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 there has been no sickness here to call a doctor 
 to see, and my family have numbered sixty 
 people, counting both black and white. And I 
 will assure you all the medicine we use we get 
 it out of the kitchen garden, such as sage tea 
 and Jerusalem-oak seed stewed in molasses 
 candy." 
 
 After a moment's reflection, the General 
 said :— 
 
 ** I will admit that our winter march through 
 Georgia and the two Carolinas was a revelation 
 to my soldiers. They never knew before what 
 a good climate is ; the balmy southern air is so 
 genial to the temperature of the blood that con- 
 sumptives in my army, who were barely able to 
 start on the march, come through hearty, robust, 
 well men." 
 
 " I fear, then, the negroes will not die ofi*, as 
 you predict, in such a climate as you found in 
 the South," said the planter. 
 
 "Yes, they will," said the General; "the 
 lazy, sleek, black, flat-nosed, woolly-headed devils 
 will not have sense enough to take care of them- 
 selves in any climate without masters." 
 
 " I would like you to tell me the real motive 
 of your people for making war upon the South. 
 It certainly must be a great political mystery 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 23 
 
 to them. I have heard the remarks of some 
 of your soldiers, and they do not seem to agree 
 among themselves upon a single political prin- 
 ciple. They call each other rebels, Aboli- 
 tionists, Communists, Republicans and Cop- 
 perheads ; pray, tell me sir, what does all of 
 that mean ? Tell me if you can, what is this 
 war about ? In reply, the General said : — 
 
 " To make room for white labor to come down 
 South from the North, and take the place of 
 slave labor, and build up schools and factories 
 all over the South like we have up North. ^^ 
 
 The planter, continuing in his philosophical 
 way, said: — 
 
 " I cannot understand. General, how you can 
 expect to benefit white labor at the North by 
 changing the political status of the negro in the 
 South, for the physical man will remain the 
 same as he now is, and that being the case I 
 cannot understand how white labor can compete 
 with free negro labor any better than it can with 
 slave negro labor. Now, it seems to me if your 
 object in making the war is to benefit white labor, 
 you will have to remove the physical competitor 
 by transporting the negroes to Africa or to some 
 other part of the malarial tropics where white 
 men cannot live, and then white men from the 
 
24 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 North can flock to the South like doves in a 
 wheat field. But I think you have but few 
 statesmen in the North who are smart enough to 
 see that, and now since Lincoln has just been 
 assassinated I do not believe that you have any 
 statesmen in the present administration at Wash- 
 ington who have forecast enough to carry out his 
 colonization policy. We of the South had a 
 great mission work on our hands in the civiliza- 
 tion of God's lowly black people, but the people 
 of the North would not allow us to carry it out 
 fully and to the best results. Fifty years ago we 
 began to teach our slaves letters, but as soon as 
 we took that step the people of the Northern 
 States began to circulate incendiary literature 
 among them, and the Southern slavemasters 
 thought it best to stop teaching them how to read 
 and write on that account. And, later still, 
 when the South wanted to scatter the negroes in 
 the territories so as to make the abolition of 
 slavery fall as light on her as possible the North 
 objected to that." 
 
 When the people of the Northern States clam- 
 ored for the freedom of the blacks, Robert 
 Toombs told them how they would be set free. 
 In his lecture in the Tremont Temple, Boston, 
 Massachusetts, Januany 24, 1856, he said : — 
 
MISTAKES Olf THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 25 
 
 *' The condition of tHe African may not be 
 permanent among ns. Under the conditions of 
 labor in England and the Continent of Enrope 
 domestic slavery is impossible there, and could 
 not exist here or anywhere else. 
 
 " The moment wages descend to a point barely 
 sufficient to support the laborer and his family, 
 capital cannot aflford to own labor, and slavery 
 must cease. 
 
 " Slavery ceased in England in obedience to 
 this law, and not from any regard to liberty or 
 humanity. 
 
 *'The increase of the population in this 
 country may produce the same results, and 
 American slavery, like that of England, may 
 find its euthanasia in the general prostration of 
 all labor." 
 
 " Now, Sir, you have made an unnatural cru- 
 sade against the South," said the planter, " to 
 free the slaves before the appointed time, and as 
 you have freed those entrusted to me without 
 my consent, you can go to Africa with them, 
 for they are not fit to be my political equals, 
 for you have not allowed me to fulfil the mis- 
 sion of civilizing these lowly black people. So, 
 if you can do better than I have, go, and come 
 no more." 
 
26 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 The General took his hat and left, mutter- 
 ing, as he went, in an undertone, saying to 
 his body-guard : — 
 
 *' We will not accept his slaves for any such 
 purpose. We have conquered the rebels now, 
 and we will do as we see fit, not as they sug- 
 gest. We will put the bottom rail on top 
 of the proud rebels." 
 
 The planter turned to his son as the General 
 rode away and said : — 
 
 '* What fools fanatics will be." 
 
 Several thousand of General Kilpatrick's 
 Cavalry had gone into camp at Flatwood plan- 
 tation when he made the planter a visit, and 
 a large number were at Thunder Swamp, but 
 the principle number and his headquarters 
 were at Mt. Olive, a station on the Atlantic 
 Coast line Railroad. 
 
 Goshen plantation is about three miles from 
 Mt. Olive and two miles from Flat Wood. 
 
 The public road traverses the centre of Goshen 
 plantation, and the soldiers made a barricade 
 with fence rails across the road directly in front 
 of the house and a picket was kept there until 
 the army left that region to wind up the re- 
 bellion. 
 
 The planters in the neighborhood had bedded 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 27 
 
 their sweet-potatoes and planted Irish potatoes, 
 and were preparing their fields for the general 
 crops when Sherman's army came upon them. 
 At Goshen plantation a patch of Irish potatoes 
 had been planted in the field adjoining the 
 road and near by where the picket were at the 
 barricade. The potatoes were half-grown in 
 April, and they were a great curiosity to the 
 soldiers from the far North, who had never 
 seen potatoes growing so early before. 
 
 One day a soldier who had been admiring 
 the potatoes called the attention of a number 
 of the others to them, and said : — 
 
 " Boys, just look at these potatoes ; they are 
 from eight to ten inches high, and the ground 
 is hard frozen in Michigan yet where I came 
 from. They have not thought of planting 
 potatoes there. Now, mark what I tell you. 
 As soon as the war is over I intend to come 
 back down south to live, for this is the country 
 to live in. What do you all think of it ?" 
 
 A number of others, all speaking at once, 
 said : — 
 
 " Yes, sir, this is the climate ; this is the 
 country to enjoy life in." 
 
 One of them was so enthusiastic contem- 
 plating his future prospects he said that he was 
 
28 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 going to sell what little property lie had in the 
 cold North and come back down South and take 
 a new start in life. " Yes, sir, come back down 
 South and take a new start. That is is the way 
 to do," he said. 
 
 " Now you are talking to my notion," said 
 another. 
 
 "That expresses my ideas," said another. 
 " The war has cost many lives and many millions 
 of dollars, but this country is worth fighting 
 for, and I expect to be fully repaid for m}'' 
 trouble. The Southern plantations, divided into 
 small Yankee farms, would be the finest country 
 on earth." 
 
 At this stage of the conversation a soldier 
 with a very sedate countenance interposed, and 
 said : — 
 
 '' As soon as the war is over I expect to go 
 home and stay there. If I were a Confederate 
 soldier I would shoot Yankees for forty years 
 to come. We had no more right to come here 
 and destroyed the property of the Southern people 
 than we have a right to go to England and 
 destroy theirs. You were not satisfied until you 
 came here to free the slaves, and you found 
 them better off than many of you in the North, 
 and now you talk of coming back here to live 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 2^ 
 
 when the war ends. Do you suppose that the 
 Confederate soldiers will allow you to live here 
 when they come back from the army and see how 
 we have destroyed their property? Look how 
 we have destroyed the property on this planta- 
 tion ; the weather-boards are all torn off of the 
 bam and there is not a grain of corn left in 
 it, and the frame stands there like a skeleton 
 to show what we have done. The furniture 
 in the dwelling is all demolished, and the 
 floors in every room is covered with tobacco- 
 spit. Such insults are worse than injury. When 
 his sons come back from the army they will 
 judge our character by the signs we leave 
 behind us, and the Southern people may yet 
 make it a personal matter with every Northern 
 man in the South, and if they do, no excuses on 
 earth will justify our conduct. It took a hun- 
 dred thousand of us to come through to North 
 Carolina, and the men who opposed such forces 
 as the North marched against the South are not 
 cowards. You cannot say that the Confederate 
 soldiers are cowards on the battle-field, neither 
 will they be cowards at home. I am a demo- 
 crat. Democracy means attend to your own 
 business and let other people alone.'* 
 
 The next day about seventy-five soldiers came 
 
30 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 from the camps to relieve tlie picket at tlie 
 barricade, and they admired the potato patch 
 also. 
 
 "Did you ever see potatoes growing in the 
 winter before ?" said this one. " This is winter 
 with us at the North and here they have 
 potatoes half-grown." 
 
 Upon this remark another proposed^ to go to 
 the fence and take a good look at the potatoes. 
 Whereupon about twenty-five of them went, and 
 as they sat upon the fence admiring the pota- 
 toes and talking about them, one of the soldiers 
 said : — 
 
 "It is the climate ; the climate is what we 
 came to see, not the potatoes. These old rebels 
 have been living here in God Almighty's best 
 country all their lives and never let us know 
 before what a fine climate they have. Why, sir, 
 we Yankees have just discovered that we have 
 been living in the cold, frozen North on half- 
 of what they throw away." 
 
 " But I fear we will be forced to live on what 
 we earn in the future instead of what the 
 Southern people throw away, for I have put 
 paper bottoms in shoes and we have lived well 
 in New England off" of the good money that the 
 Southern people threw away when they bought 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 31 
 
 them. That is the way we have been living on 
 what the Southern people have thrown away," 
 said the shoemaker. 
 
 *' But you must remember that they are rich 
 and have the slave to work for them and of 
 course they do not care for being cheated a 
 little. No, what do they care for being cheated, 
 the never kick at small matters,'^ said another. 
 
 " But I think that it is poor policy to destroy 
 the very customers that we are depending upon 
 to sell our shoes to," replied the shoemaker. 
 
 *^ What are you talking about ? " said another. 
 *^ Nobody is destroying the Southern people or 
 injuring them even; the slaves will be set free 
 but they will remain in the South where they 
 are to work as they always have ; it will only 
 break the political strength of the South and 
 give us protection, and the manufacturers in 
 the North will make millions, why sir, they 
 will make five dollars to one ; it is not fair 
 for the South to have slaves and then not even 
 allow us to make use of our hirelings. The 
 Northern and Western farmers are ignorant. 
 It is the Southern intelligence that will not 
 allow us to have protection, and they must be 
 conquered, for capital must rule labor ; I am a 
 Republican." 
 
32 
 
 The remarks of the Republican caused a 
 murmur among the soldiers and they all jumped 
 down from the top of the fence and went back 
 to the barricade. On their way back one of 
 them said : 
 
 *' If Lincoln has been assassinated, his scheme 
 for colonizing the Negroes is not dead, and these 
 fellows in authority at Washington will be 
 forced by public sentiment North to carry it 
 out. Lincoln had a principle and he was the 
 poor man's friend. But all of those other fel- 
 lows at Washington have no principle, or to 
 say the least, they have never defined 
 their principle; but honest Abe Lincoln had 
 no secrets to keep hid back from any one, he 
 was open in his policy from first to last, he 
 never had any idea of making a black negro 
 a citizen to vote against white men, as you 
 Republicans propose to do. Negro equality, 
 why, sir,'^ he said: ^^ What I would most desire 
 would be the separation of the white and black 
 races." 
 
 " I heard a number of soldiers say that they 
 were going to live in the South when the war is 
 over. Do you want a negro to vote against you 
 when you come back here to live ? It is a 
 blessed thing that there are but few people 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 33 
 
 NortH who advocate your doctrine, for if they 
 were to enfranchise the slaves they not only 
 would disgrace themselves but they would make 
 the negro a permanent industrial competitor 
 with white labor for all time to come, and we 
 never could divide up the Southern plantations 
 into small Yankee farms ; for the negro, bond or 
 free, gives the South her industrial independence. 
 I am in favor of sending them back to Africa 
 where they came from and break up this South- 
 ern aristocracy. You may accuse me of com- 
 munism, or whatever you please, you all know 
 that the working men in this country have the 
 majority, and labor must rule capital. I am 
 an Abolitionist." 
 
 Let all those who question the verity of this 
 most marvellous statement consult the soldiers 
 of Sherman's army. I speak nothing but what 
 I heard them say at Goshen plantation, Duplin 
 County, North Carolina, 1865. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY, OR EQUALITY OF 
 WHITE MEN. 
 
 a country as vast in area and as varied 
 in soil and climate as the United 
 States, tlie interest of the diflPerent 
 States is as varied as the different 
 nations in Europe. This varied interest was 
 designed by Nature for the good of the whole, 
 and Democracy in recognition of this fact has 
 placed no restrictions upon the interchange of 
 commerce between the States. This is free-trade 
 democracy at home, but inasmuch as a revenue 
 is necessary to carry on the Government, Dem- 
 oracy conceded a tariff on importations from 
 foreign nations for revenue only, for any tariff 
 in excess of that is class legislation and conse- 
 quently destroys Democracy or Political Equal- 
 ity of White Men. 
 
 (34) 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE REPUBLICAN PARTY; OR, MONEY POWER. 
 
 jHE great conflict between labor and 
 capital has ever been bow tbe earn- 
 ings of labor shall be divided between 
 them. The South adopted one plan 
 and the North another. 
 
 "In all social systems" said Senator Ham- 
 mond, of South Carolina, " there must be a class 
 to do the menial duties, to perform the drudgery 
 of life. It constitutes the very mudsill of society 
 and of political government, and you might as 
 well attempt to build a house in the air as to 
 build either the one or the other except on this 
 mudsill. 
 
 " The man who lives by daily labor, and who 
 has to put out his labor in the market and take 
 the best he can get for it ; in short, your whole 
 class of manual laborer and operatives, as you 
 call them, are essentially slaves. 
 
 " The difference is, that our slaves are hired 
 for life, yours are hired by the day. Our 
 
 (35) 
 
36 THH UNPROTECTED. 
 
 slaves are black, yours are white. Our slaves 
 do not vote, yours vote." 
 
 The Republican party, therefore, was organ- 
 ized to enfranchise the black slaves, so that 
 they might have the great and glorious privi- 
 lege of voting, and thereby become the victims 
 of their own folly, just as the white slaves are 
 in the North. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 THE ABOLITION PARTY, OR COMMUNISM. 
 
 [HE chosen people of God, by the Le- 
 vitical law, proclaimed under divine 
 sanction, were authorized to hold 
 slaves — not of their own race — (of 
 these they were to hold bondsmen for a term 
 of years) — but of the heathen around them — 
 of these they were authorized to buy slaves, 
 "bondmen and bondwomen," for life, who were 
 to be to them " an inheritance " and " posses- 
 sion forever." 
 
 The people of the Northern States rejected 
 the negro and made a servile class of our own 
 race. Subordination of the superior to the su- 
 perior race traverses the laws of nature, for 
 every white man feels that he is the equal of 
 his own race, and when he is made subordinate 
 to those of his own race he resorts to com- 
 munism to drag down others to elevate himself. 
 
 Subordination of the superior to their own 
 class superiority in the Northern States pro- 
 duced communism, or the Abolition party, a 
 
 (37) 
 
88 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 political organization to expel tlie negroes, to 
 deprive the Southern whites of their laborers, 
 to make room for the subordinate class in the 
 Northern States to come South and take their 
 places and divide up the plantations into small 
 Yankee farms. *'That the providence of God 
 has provided a refuge in Africa is, indeed, a 
 great and noticeable fact," says the Abolition 
 bible. *' But to fill up Liberia with an ignorant, 
 inexperience, half-barbarized race, just escaped 
 from the chains of slavery, would be only to 
 prolong, for ages, the period of struggle and 
 conflict which attends the inception of new en- 
 terprises. Let the Church of the North receive 
 these poor sufferers in the spirit of Christ ; re- 
 ceive them to the educating advantages of 
 Christian republican society and schools, until 
 they have attained to somewhat of a moral and 
 intellectual maturity, and then assist them in 
 their passage to those shores, where they may 
 put in practice the lessons they have learned 
 in America." Abraham Lincoln, the great ex- 
 pounder of the Abolition bible said : *^ If all 
 earthly power were given me, I should not 
 know what to do as to the existing institution. 
 My first impulse would be to free all the slaves 
 and send them to Liberia- — to their own native 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 39 
 
 land. But a moment's reflection would convince 
 me that whatever of high hope (as I think 
 there is) there may be in this, in the long run, 
 its sudden execution is impossible. If they were 
 all landed there in a day they would all perish 
 in the next ten days ; and there are not surplus 
 shipping and surplus money enough in the world 
 to carry them there in many times ten days. What 
 then? Free them all and keep them among 
 us as underlings ? Is it quite certain that this 
 betters their condition? I think I would not 
 hold one in slavery at any rate ; yet the point is 
 not clear enough to me to denounce people upon. 
 What next ? Free them all and make them politi- 
 cally and socially our equals ? My own feelings 
 will not admit of this ; and if mine would, we 
 well know that those of the great mass of white 
 people will not. Whether this feeling accords 
 with justice and sound judgment is not the sole 
 question, if, indeed, it is any part of it. A uni- 
 versal feeling, whether well or ill-founded, can- 
 not be safely disregarded. We cannot, then, 
 make them equals. I have no purpose to in- 
 troduce political and social equality between the 
 white and the black races. There is a physical 
 difference between the two, which, in my judg- 
 ment, will probably forever forbid their living to- 
 
40 THE UNPROTECTED. 
 
 gether upon tlie footing of perfect equality, and 
 inasmucH as it becomes a necessity tHat there 
 must be a difference, I, as well as Judge Douglas, 
 am in favor of the race to which I belong having 
 the superior position. What I would most desire 
 would be the separation of the white and the 
 black races." 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE CAUSES THAT LED TO THE ASSASSINA- 
 TION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 
 
 VER since tliat tragical occurrence 
 took place the public have never re- 
 ceived any satisfactory answer as to 
 what prompted the assassin's work. 
 Some said that it was because Lincoln did not 
 want Jefferson Davis arrested. Others dismissed 
 it as the work of a mad man. There were some, 
 however, among the superstitious, who believed 
 it a fulfilment of the prophecy of the two images 
 in the looking-glass, the story which, as related 
 by Lincoln himself, is this : 
 
 " A very singular occurrence took place the 
 day I was nominated at Chicago, of which I am 
 reminded to-night. In the afternoon of -the day 
 returning home from down town, I went up 
 stairs to Mrs. Lincoln's sitting-room. Feeling 
 somewhat tired, I lay down upon a couch in 
 the room, directly opposite a bureau, upon which 
 was a looking-glass. As I reclined, my eye fell 
 upon the glass, and I saw distinctly two images 
 
 (41) 
 
42 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 of myself, exactly alike, except tliat one was a 
 little paler than tHe other. I arose, and lay 
 down again with the same result. It made me 
 quite uncomfortable for a few moments ; but, 
 some friends coming in, the matter passed out 
 of my mind. The next day, while walking in 
 the street, I was suddenly reminded of the cir- 
 cumstance, and the disagreeable sensation pro- 
 duced by it returned. I determined to go home, 
 and place myself in the same position ; and, if 
 the same effect was produced, I would make up 
 my mind that it was the natural result of some 
 principle of refraction or optics which I did not 
 understand, and dismiss it. I tried the experi- 
 ment with a like result ; and, as I said to 
 myself, accounting for it on some principle un- 
 known to me, it ceased to trouble me. But, 
 some time ago, I tried to produce the same effect 
 here by arranging a glass and a couch in the 
 same position, without effect. My wife was 
 somewhat worried about it. She thought it was 
 a sign that I was to be elected to a second 
 term of office, and that the paleness of one of 
 the faces was an omen that I should not see 
 life through the second term." 
 
 Although superstitious persons may believe 
 that the assassination of Lincoln was the ful- 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBUCAN PARTY. 43 
 
 filment of the prophecy of the two images in the 
 looking-glass, a systematic inquiry into the poli- 
 tics of the time reveals the fact that the Republi- 
 cans had him killed. They used him as a warrior 
 to conquer the South, and after accomplishing 
 their purposes with him, they had no use for 
 him as a statesmen and put him out of the 
 way. 
 
 In the first place, then, the most important 
 matter bearing upon the points we have in 
 hand and which claims special attention, was 
 the disagreement between Lincoln and the Re- 
 publicans in Congress. This most extraordin- 
 ary, if not fatal, error of disapproving the arrest 
 of Jefferson Davis, is the more worthy of special 
 notice here, from the fact that Lincoln saw the 
 superior cunning of the Republicans in Con- 
 gress, and he wanted to strengthen himself by 
 making new friends in the South. It is well 
 known that, just before Johnston succumbed, 
 Sherman went round to City Point, Va., where 
 he met and had a personal interview with Mr. 
 Lincoln, and consulted him fully as to the 
 course he should take in winding np the war, 
 which he saw was now rapidly approaching its 
 end. General Sherman says he asked Presi- 
 dent Lincoln explicitly when at City Point, 
 
44 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 whether he wanted him to capture Jeff Davis 
 or let him escape, but the President gave him 
 no reply except a story about a temperance 
 lecturer, who, one day, after a long ride in the 
 hot sun, stopped at the house of a friend, and 
 was regaled with lemonade. His host insinuat- 
 ingly asked, if he wouldn't like the least drop 
 of something stronger to brace up his nerves 
 after the exhausting heat and exercise? 
 
 " No," replied the lecturer; " I couldn't think 
 of it; I'm opposed to it on principle. But,'> 
 he added, with a longing glance at the black 
 bottle that stood conveniently at hand; "if 
 you could manage to put in a drop unbe- 
 knownst to me, I guess it wouldn't hurt me 
 much." 
 
 "Now, General," said Mr. Lincoln, in con- 
 clusion, "I'm bound to oppose the escape of 
 Jeff. Davis ; but if you could manage to let 
 him slip out unbeknownst like, I guess it 
 wouldn't hurt me much." 
 
 As soon as the Republicans heard of this, 
 they asked Lincoln on his return to Wash- 
 ington if he made use of such utterances. 
 " Certainly, I did," he replied ; and feeling that 
 he would soon strengthen himself in Congress 
 by the return of Southern members, he boldly 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 45 
 
 said : *' I do not intend to have any of tlie 
 Confederates arrested. But as soon as tlie rebel 
 army under Johnston surrenders, I intend to 
 issue a proclamation inviting all of the South- 
 em members of Congress to come back and 
 take their seats; and when I get a full Con- 
 gress of the United States assembled, I shall 
 deliver my message to them, and I trust they 
 will be men of sense who will respect my 
 messages and relieve me of this great difficulty 
 I have, in contending with this present Con- 
 gress, composed, as it is, wholly of Northern 
 men. In my message of December 3, 1861, I 
 recommended colonizing the negroes, but the 
 Congress paid no attention to me. The Re- 
 publicans have made good use of me as a 
 warrior to conquer the South, but as a states- 
 man they have no use for me. We have 
 always looked to the South for the brains of 
 Congress, and the absence of Southern mem- 
 bers has left the nation in the hands of im- 
 beciles." When the Republicans heard this, 
 they went about murmuring among themselves, 
 saying: "The President intends to reinstate 
 the Southern members in Congress, and he will 
 submit his old colonization policy to them. 
 He has already said that the Southern people 
 
46 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 ought to be remunerated for the loss of their 
 slaves. Now, with such a proposition to the 
 Confederates in Congress they would support 
 him in colonizing the negroes rather than be 
 dominated by their former slaves in freedom. 
 But the question that comes home to us is this : 
 " Are we to be taxed to pay rebels for slaves ?" 
 besides, if the colonization policy should be 
 adopted the South would build up at the ex- 
 pense of the North. Emigrants would flock to 
 the South like doves in a wheat field, and 
 property in the North would depreciate millions 
 of dollars in value, and aristocracy would be 
 broken up all over the United States. The 
 Southern planters would be left standing alone 
 on their big plantations, and they would give 
 one -half of their land to emigrants from the 
 North; and our fields would go bare by the 
 loss of our laborers, and grass would grow in 
 the streets of the cities all over the North. 
 Lincoln is a dangerous man, his policy is noth- 
 ing but communism, he is about to establish 
 the French commune here in America." 
 
 An Abolitionist, who desired to conceal the 
 true policy of their party, said that the charge 
 brought against Lincoln and the Abolition party 
 by the Republicans was false. Whereupon a 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 47 
 
 Republican rose up and said that lie could 
 sustain the truth of the charge by reading an 
 extract from a speech made by a well-known 
 southern Abolitionist. He unfolded a pamphlet 
 and read an extract from a speech made by 
 Andrew Johnson, who, in alluding to the ex- 
 portation of negroes, to carry out the commune 
 idea of Lincoln, said: "I am almost induced 
 to wish, that, as in the days of old, a Moses 
 might arise, who should lead them safely to 
 their promised land of freedom and happiness. 
 God, no doubt, has prepared somewhere an in- 
 strument for the great work he designs to 
 perform in behalf of this outraged people ; and, 
 in due time, their leader will come forth, their 
 Moses will be revealed to them. I am not 
 an agrarian. I wish to see secured to every 
 man, rich or poor, the fruits of his honest in- 
 dustry, effort or toil. I want each man to feel 
 that what he has gained by his own skill, or 
 talent, or exertion, is rightfully his, and his 
 alone ; but if, through an iniquitous system, a 
 vast amount of wealth has been accumulated in 
 the hands of one man, or a few men, then that 
 result is wrong ; and the sooner we can right it, 
 the better for all concerned. I say, that if these 
 immense plantations were divided up and par- 
 
48 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 celed out amongst a number of free, industrious 
 and honest farmers, it would give more good 
 citizens to the Commonwealth of Tennessee, in- 
 crease the wages of our mechanics, enrich the 
 markets of our city, enliven all the arteries of 
 trade, improve society and conduce to the great- 
 ness and glory of the State. A distinguished 
 Georgian told me in Washington, after the elec- 
 tion of Mr. Lincoln, and just before his in- 
 auguration, that the people of Georgia would 
 not consent to be governed by a man who had 
 risen from the ranks. It was one of the prin- 
 cipal objections of the people of the South to 
 Mr. Lincoln. This aristocracy is antagonistic 
 to the principles of free democratic government, 
 and the time has come when it must give up 
 the ghost. The time has come when this re- 
 bellious element of aristocracy must be punished. 
 The day, when they could talk of their three or 
 four thousand acres of land, tilled by their 
 hundreds of negroes, is past ; and the hour for 
 the division of these rich lands among the 
 energetic and laboring masses is at hand. The 
 field is to be thrown open, and I now invite 
 the energetic and industrious of the North to 
 come and occupy it; and apply here the same 
 skill and industry which has made the North 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 49 
 
 SO ricli. I am for putting down the aristocracy 
 and dividing out their possessions among the 
 worthier laborers of the whole country." 
 
 Thus did the Republicans discuss among 
 themselves the policy to be pursued by Lincoln 
 and his Abolition horde. About that time there 
 were momentous occurrences taking place in 
 the South. 
 
 Jefferson Davis and his cabinet left Richmond 
 on the night of the second of April, 1865, ^^^ 
 on the following day President Lincoln went 
 into the city. 
 
 While he was gone on that trip the Republi- 
 cans at Washington planned his assassination. 
 They said that he was getting too intimate 
 with the rebels for the good of the Republican 
 party. Mr. Lincoln was very much disturbed 
 after the surrender of General Lee. and he had 
 been to Richmond to see his old friend Alex- 
 ander H. Stephens upon the question of what 
 would be the results of peace in the Southern 
 States as effected by the contiguity of the white 
 and black races. He was sadly disappointed on 
 his arrival to learn that his old friend, Mr. 
 Stephens, had gone from the Confederate capital 
 at least two weeks before his arrival there. 
 
 On his return to Washington, he sent for 
 4 
 
50 THE unprotected; or^ 
 
 General Butler, and said : " I am troubled about 
 the negroes. We are soon to have peace. We 
 have got some one hundred and odd thousand 
 negroes who have been trained in arms. When 
 peace shall come I fear lest these colored men 
 shall organize themselves in the South, espe- 
 cially in the States where the negroes are in 
 preponderance in numbers, into guerrilla parties, 
 and we have down there a warfare between the 
 whites and negroes. 
 
 In the course of the reconstruction of the 
 Gk)vemment it will become a question of how 
 the negro is to be disposed of Would it not 
 be possible to export them to some place, say, 
 Liberia or South America, and organize them 
 into communities to support themselves ? Now, 
 General, I wish you would examine the practi- 
 cability of such exportation. Your organization 
 of the flotilla, which carried your army from 
 Yorktown and Fort Monroe to City Point, and 
 its success, show that you understand such 
 matters. Will you give this your attention, 
 and, at as early a day as possible, report to 
 me your views upon the subject." 
 
 After some few days of examination, with the 
 aid of statistics and calculations of this topic, 
 General Butler repaired to the President's office 
 one morning, and said to him : 
 
MISTAKES OI^ THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 51 
 
 "I have come to report to you on the ques* 
 tion you have submitted to me, Mr. President, 
 about the exportation of the negroes/' 
 
 He exhibited great interest, and said: "Well, 
 what do you think of it ?" 
 
 General Butler said : " Mr. President, I as- 
 sume that if the negro is to be sent away on 
 shipboard, you do not propose to enact the 
 horrors of the middle passage, but would give 
 the negroes the air space that the law provides 
 for emigrants. '^ 
 
 He said: ''Certainly." 
 
 " Well, then," said General Butler, " here are 
 some calculations which will show you that if 
 you undertake to export all of the negroes — 
 and I do not see how you can take one portion 
 differently from another — negro children will 
 be bom faster than your whole naval and mer- 
 chant vessels, if substantially all of them were 
 devoted to that use, can carry them from the 
 country." 
 
 He examined General Butler's tables care- 
 fully for some considerable time, and then he 
 looked up sadly, and said : " Your deductions 
 seem to be correct, General. But what can we 
 do?" 
 
 General Butler replied: "If I understand 
 
52 THE unprotkctkd; or, 
 
 you, Mr. President, your theory is this: That 
 the negro soldiers we have enlisted will not 
 return to the peaceful pursuits of laboring men, 
 but will become a class of guerrillas and crim- 
 inals. Now, while I do not see, under the 
 Constitution, even with all the aid of Congress, 
 how you can export a class of people who are 
 citizens against their will, yet the Commander- 
 in-chief can dispose of soldiers quite arbitrarily. 
 Now, then, we have large quantities of clothing 
 to clothe them, large quantities of provision 
 with which to supply them, and arms and 
 everything necessary for them, even to spades 
 and shovels, mules and wagons. Our war has 
 shown that an army organization is the very 
 best for digging up the soil and making in- 
 trenchments. Witness the very many miles of 
 intrenchments that our soldiers have dug out. 
 I know of a concession of the United States of 
 Colombia for a tract of thirty miles wide across 
 the Isthmus of Panama for opening a ship canal. 
 The enlistment of the negroes have all of them 
 from two to three years to run. Why not send 
 them all down there to dig the canal? They 
 will withstand the climate, and the work can 
 be done with less cost to the United States in 
 that way than in any other. If you choose, I 
 
MISTAKES OF THK REPUBLICAN PARTY. 53 
 
 will take command of the expedition. We will 
 take our arms witH us, and I need not suggest 
 to you that we will need nobody sent down to 
 guard us from the interference of any nation. 
 We will proceed to cultivate tHe land and supply 
 ourselves with all tke fresh food that can be 
 raised in the tropics, which will be all that will 
 be needed, and your stores of provisions and 
 supplies of clothing will furnish all the rest. 
 Shall I work out the details of such an expedi- 
 tion for you, Mr. President ?" 
 
 He reflected for some time, and then said: 
 " There is meat in that suggestion, General 
 Butler; there is meat in that suggestion. Go 
 and talk to Seward, and see what foreign com- 
 plication there will be about it. Then think 
 it over, get your figures made, and come to 
 me again as soon as you can. If the plan has 
 no other merit, it will rid the country of the 
 colored soldiers." 
 
 " Oh," said General Butler, '' it will do more 
 than that. After we get down there we shall 
 make an humble petition for you to send our 
 wives and children to us, which you can't well 
 refuse, and then you will have a United States 
 colony in that region which will hold its own 
 against all comers, and be contented and 
 happy." 
 
54 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 " Yes, yes," said lie, " that's it ; go and see 
 Seward." 
 
 When the Republicans heard of this inter- 
 view that General Butler had with Mr. Lincoln 
 upon the subject of exporting the negi'oes, they 
 said : " We must stop this commune movement 
 of the Abolitionists." 
 
 They ordered a call meeting and held a 
 secret session in which the names of all the 
 leaders were ascertained. They then ordered 
 a masacre of Lincoln, Seward, Grant, and sev- 
 eral others. 
 
 In discussing the different plans suggested 
 to take the lives of these high officials with- 
 out being detected in the act, they agreed 
 among themselves to get some of Mr. Lincoln's 
 vials of wrath and pour out upon their heads. 
 
 Now, in order that the reader may more 
 fully understand what these vials of wrath 
 were, we append what Mr. Lincoln said about 
 them himself. 
 
 In looking over a book which his friends 
 had prepared, and which contained the result 
 of a careful canvass of the city of Springfield, 
 showing how each man would vote, he was 
 surprised and greatly grieved to find that most 
 of the ministers were against him. As he 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 55 
 
 closed the book, lie said sadly '' Here are 
 twenty-three ministers of different denomina- 
 tions, and all of them are against me bnt 
 three. Mr. Bateman, I am not a Christian, 
 God knows, I would be one; but I have care- 
 fully read the Bible, and I do not so understand 
 this book. These men well know that I am 
 for freedom in the Territories, freedom every- 
 where as far as the Constitution and laws will 
 permit ; and that my opponents are for slavery. 
 They know this ; and yet with this book in 
 their hands, in the light of which human 
 bondage cannot live a moment, thay are going 
 to vote against me. Doesn't it appear strange 
 that men can ignore the moral aspects of this 
 contest? A revelation could not make it 
 plainer to me that slavery or the Government 
 must be destroyed. It seems as if God had 
 borne with this slavery until the very teachers 
 of religion have come to defend it from the 
 Bible, and to claim for it a divine character 
 and sanction ! and now the cup of iniquity is 
 full, and the vials of wrath will be poured 
 out.'' 
 
 One of the Republicans told a negro to go 
 look in Mr. Lincoln's big blue chest and see 
 how many vials of wrath he had left. The 
 
56 THK UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 negro went and soon came back and said that 
 there was none there. " Go look in his writing 
 desk/* said the Republican. After turning 
 over papers and knocking down inkstands the 
 negro found three vials of wrath and brought 
 them to the Republicans. '' Are thesis all ? " 
 said they, ^' Four years ago when Lincoln left 
 Illinois he had his big blue chest full of vials 
 of wrath. Has he poured them all out but 
 three ? " The negro set the vials of wrath on 
 the table and went on his way. We follow 
 in our legend the details of old Federal chroni- 
 cles, authenticated by Confederate poets. Let 
 those who dispute our facts produce better 
 authority for their contradiction. 
 
 With his preliminary Proclamation of Eman- 
 cipation in September, 1862, Lincoln wished it 
 distinctly understood that the exportation of 
 the slaves was in his mind inseparably con- 
 nected with the policy. He was at that time 
 pressing upon the attention of Congress a 
 scheme of Colonization in Central America. 
 The Republicans said that subsequent develop- 
 ments however, proved that it was simply an 
 organization of Abolitionists for land stealing 
 and plunder, and when Lincoln tried to carry 
 it out by colonizing the negroes they had him 
 assassinated. 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBIvICAN PARTY. 57 
 
 The reader can now see that the Republi- 
 cans and the Abolitionists were both fighting 
 for plunder. But they differed with each other 
 as to who should be plundered. The Aboli- 
 tionists wanted to plunder the rich people and 
 the Republicans wanted to plunder the poor 
 people. In his message to Congress in De- 
 cember 8, 1863, Lincoln thus boasts of his 
 Emancipation proclamation. 
 
 " The preliminary emancipation proclamation, 
 issued in September, was running its assigned 
 period to the beginning of the new year. A 
 month later the final proclamation came, in- 
 cluding the announcement that colored men of 
 suitable condition would be received into the 
 war service. The policy of emancipation and 
 of employing black soldiers gave to the future 
 a new aspect, about which hope and fear and 
 doubt contended in uncertain conflict. Accord- 
 ing to our political system, as a matter of civil 
 administration, the general government had no 
 lawful power to effect emancipation in any 
 State, and for a long time it had been hoped 
 that the rebellion could be suppressed without 
 resorting to it as a military measure. Of those 
 who were slaves at the beginning of the rebel- 
 lion, full one hundred thousand are now in the 
 
58 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 United States military service, about one-half 
 of whicli number actually bear arms in the 
 ranks, thus giving the double advantage of 
 taking so much labor from the insurgent cause, 
 and supplying the places which otherwise must 
 be filled with so many white men. So far as 
 tested, it is difficult to say they are not as good 
 soldiers as any." 
 
 This is a great boast, as everybody will admit ; 
 but upon reflection he began to realize that he 
 had committed high crimes against law and 
 humanity, and he became alarmed at what he 
 did, and said to General Butler : "I am afraid 
 of the negroes. We are soon to have peace. 
 We have got some one hundred and odd thou- 
 sand negroes who have been trained to arms. 
 When peace shall come, I fear lest these colored 
 men shall organize themselves in the South, 
 especially in the States where the negroes are 
 in preponderance in numbers, into guerrilla 
 parties, and we have down there a warfare be- 
 tween the whites and the negroes." 
 
 Justice was soon to be meted out to him. He 
 put arms in their hands and trained their humble 
 but emotional natures to deeds of violence and 
 bloodshed, and sent them out to devastate their 
 benefactors, who gave them their civilization and 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 59 
 
 led them from a heathen god to the Christian 
 Church, and it seemed as if now the hand of 
 Providence had turned against him. He was 
 doomed to die, and that too by the hand of an 
 assassin, in the presence of a house full of wit- 
 nesses. The Republicans were then planning 
 his assassination. They were sitting by a little 
 table talking in a low tone of voice, but appar- 
 ently very much excited, as they gazed upon 
 the vials of wrath that set upon the table before 
 them. As John Wilkes Booth came in, they 
 said : *' What is the news ? " 
 
 Whereupon Booth took a paper from his 
 pocket on which was printed a play-bill, and 
 the announcement that Lincoln would attend 
 the theatre that night. 
 
 The ladies in the dress circle at the theatre 
 wore long robes girdled around the waist, and 
 skirts over huge hoops, and trains tucked up 
 to the waist, with powdered hair surmounted 
 by a forest of feathers. Others wore fancy hats, 
 cunningly calculated by a chronicler as " kill- 
 ing " in effect, with their hair superbly pow- 
 dered, rouge delicately and effectively laid on; 
 their whole precious persons enveloped in a 
 perfect cloud of point lace and the finest of fine 
 linen, for it was considered a State occasion 
 
60 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 when the President attended the theatre, and 
 they wore their best clothes. In the matter of 
 dress, at least, we have considerably improved 
 since those degenerate days, i 
 
 While the President was sitting with his 
 family in a box at the theatre, John Wilkes 
 Booth approached him from behind and shot 
 him, and then leaped to the stage, crying : 
 *^ Sic semper tyrannis ! " which means : " Thus 
 always with tyrants ! " and escaped. The be- 
 ginning of the scene after the murder was con- 
 ducted in terrifying whispers. Their looks and 
 actions supplied the place of words. You heard 
 what they spake, but you learned more from 
 the agitation of mind displayed in their actions 
 and deportment. When, at last, as if unable 
 to support their feelings any longer, two ladies 
 rose from their seats and seized his arms with 
 a half whisper of terror as one of them said : 
 *^Are you hurt?" when Lincoln made no reply, 
 and they were told that Booth had made his 
 escape, they assumed such a look of anger, 
 indignation and contempt as has not since been 
 equalled, much less surpassed. The wonderful 
 expression of heartfelt horror which they all 
 felt when they saw his bleeding head, can be 
 conceived and described only by those who saw 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 61 
 
 him. It is one of the traditions of Iowa that 
 on that night no " copperhead " went forth from 
 his house, and that for days afterward none 
 ventured to open his mouth anywhere over the 
 rolling prairies of that State. 
 
 The Abolitionists' heart was too deeply 
 wounded; it was sullen and wrathful, and 
 there was danger in the air. Although the 
 Republicans made great show of grief, the 
 Abolitionists began to suspect them. '^ We are 
 in danger," said they. " The Abolitionists are 
 mad and we must make a sacrifice to appease 
 their wrath, less they should suspect us. Noth- 
 ing but a human sacrifice will appease them. 
 It is an old custom, we will admit, but the 
 Aztecs in Mexico had human sacrifices, and 
 they were the most highly civilized people in 
 America. The Druids in England had human 
 sacrifices also, and it is well enough to intro- 
 duce anew the ancient customs of our fore- 
 fathers (the Druids) for political purposes in 
 our day and time." 
 
 They arrested David E. Harold, Edward 
 Spangler, Louis Payne, John H. Surratt, 
 Michael O'Loughlin, Samuel Arnold, George A. 
 Atzerott, Samuel A. Mudd and Mary E. Sur- 
 rat. The specification was : They did on April 
 
62 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 15, 1865, combine, confederate and conspire 
 together to murder President Abraham Lincoln, 
 Vice-President Andrew Johnson, Lieutenant- 
 General U. S. Grant and Secretary of State 
 Wm. H. Seward. The sentence of the com- 
 mission was that David E. Harold, G. A. At- 
 zerott, Lewis Payne and Mary E. Surratt be 
 hanged by the proper military authority, under 
 the direction of the Secretary of War, on July 
 7, 1865. The others were sentenced to im- 
 prisonment at hard labor for a term of years 
 or for life. With only one day^s delay, the 
 sentences were carried into execution, for the 
 Abolitionists were wrathful and nothing but 
 human blood would appease them. 
 
 " Oh, wash me in the blood." 
 
 John H. Surratt escaped before trial. He 
 was sought for by the spies of the war depart- 
 ment half round the world, and after a long 
 time was found serving as a soldier in the corps 
 of Papal Zouaves, at Rome. He was brought 
 back to Washington, tried and acquitted. 
 
 The case of Mrs. Surratt, at whose house 
 some of these persons had boarded, awakened 
 much sympathy. She was spoken of by her 
 counsel, Reverdy Johnson, of Maryland, as " a 
 devout Christian, ever kind, affectionate and 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 63 
 
 charitable, which was confirmed by evidence 
 and uncontradicted." 
 
 On the day of this memorable human sacri- 
 fice, '^ her daughter, who was quite a devoted 
 and affectionate person, sought to obtain an 
 audience with President Johnson to implore at 
 least a brief suspension of the sentence of her 
 mother. She was obstructed and prevented 
 from seeing the President by ex-Senator Pres- 
 ton King, of New York, and Senator James H. 
 Lane, of Kansas, who were at the Executive 
 Mansion, it is said, to keep guard over Presi- 
 dent Johnson." 
 
 "Each of these Senators, at a later period, 
 died by their own hands," unable to bear the 
 remorse of guilt and public hate. 
 
 The rest had their sleeps afflicted with ter- 
 rible dreams and grew careless of life and 
 wished for death. W. H. Seward died from 
 violent convulsions, caused by uremic poison- 
 ing, said to have been produced by excessive 
 drinking. 
 
 It is said that each and every one who took part 
 in this human sacrifice lived a short time after- 
 ward in mental agony and died a miserable death. 
 
 Ah, ye wicked men, when the hand of men is 
 powerless to punish, Almighty God, who rules 
 us, after all, deals out justice to transgressors. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 CONQUERING THE NORTHERN STATES UNDER 
 
 PRETENCE OF RECONSTRUCTING THE 
 
 SOUTHERN. 
 
 FTER the Republicans had Lincoln 
 assassinated they had no one left to 
 oppose them, and as soon as the 
 surrender of General Johnston was 
 known at Washington, a proclamation was issued, 
 offering $100,000 reward for the arrest of Jeffer- 
 son Davis, charging him and other Confederates 
 with complicity in the assassination of Mr. 
 Lincoln. 
 
 Orders also were issued for the arrest of Mr. 
 Stephens, Clement C. Clay, of Alabama, and 
 all the Governors of the Confederate States, to- 
 gether with the prominent Confederate officers. 
 Mr. Davis, with Mr. Reagan, Post-Master-Gen- 
 eral, and all his party, including ex-Governor 
 Lubbock, of Texas, were arrested on the loth 
 of May, Mr. Stephens on the nth, and all 
 the Governors with many other prominent 
 Confederates arrested about the same time. 
 
 (64) 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 65 
 
 When tlie orders were issued for tHe arrest 
 of General Lee, he immediately wrote to Gen- 
 eral Grant on the subject. Grant instantly- 
 repaired to Washington, and protested against 
 the arrest. 
 
 It is understood, he said emphatically, that 
 if his parole given to General Lee and his 
 officers and men at Appotomax were violated, 
 he would resign his commission in the army. 
 
 This brought the Republicans to a pause ; 
 the order for the arrest of General Lee and 
 other Confederates, some of whom had already 
 been arrested, was rescinded, and a new phase 
 w^as given to the prospects of affairs in the 
 South. 
 
 They disfranchised the Southern people to 
 conquer the Northern States under pretence of 
 reconstructing the Southern. 
 
 The Thirteenth Amendment says : — 
 
 "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, 
 except as a punishment for crime, whereof the 
 person shall have been duly convicted, shall 
 exist within the United States, or any place 
 subject to their jurisdiction. " 
 
 This amendment closed the slave market in 
 the South, and drove Southern money into the 
 5 
 
66 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 manufacturing business in competition with 
 Northern factories. 
 
 The Fourteenth Amendment says : — 
 
 " All persons born or naturalized in the 
 United States, and subject to the jurisdiction 
 thereof, are citizens of the United States, and 
 of the State wherein they reside. 
 
 " No State shall make or enforce any law 
 which shall abridge the privileges or immuni- 
 ties of citizens of the United States ; nor shall 
 any State deprive any person of life, liberty, 
 or property, without due process of law, nor 
 deny to any person within its jurisdiction the 
 equal protection of the laws. " 
 
 This amendment put to rest the Abolition 
 movement to colonize the negroes, and it gave 
 the South her permanent industrial inde- 
 pendence. 
 
 The fifteenth Amendment says : — 
 
 " The right of citizens of the United States 
 to vote shall not be denied or abridged by 
 the United States, or by any State, on account 
 of race, color, or previous conditions of servi- 
 tude." 
 
 Just at these words the ghost of Lin- 
 coln, whom the Republicans had caused to be 
 assassinated, entered the Senate Chamber, and 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 67 
 
 placed Himself on the chair which President 
 Johnson was about to occupy, just as Banquo's 
 ghost placed itself in the chair that Macbeth 
 was about to occupy. Though Andrew John- 
 son was a bold man, and one that could have 
 faced the devil without trembling, at this 
 horrible sight his cheeks turned white with 
 fear, and he stood with his eyes fixed upon 
 the ghost and repeated to the Senators what 
 the ghost said to him. 
 
 " I submit to Congress,'^ said he, *^ whether 
 this measure is not, in its whole character, 
 scope, and object, without precedent, and with- 
 out authority — in palpable conflict with the 
 plainest provisions of the Constitution, and 
 utterly destructive of those great principles of 
 liberty and humanity, for which our ancestors 
 on both sides of the Atlantic, have shed so 
 much blood, and expended so much treasure ? 
 Those who advocated the right of secession 
 alleged in their own justification, that w^e had 
 no regard for law, and that their rights of 
 property, life, and liberty would not be safe 
 under the Constitution as administered by us. 
 If we now verify their assertion, we prove 
 that they were, in truth and in fact, fighting 
 for their liberty ; and instead of branding their 
 
68 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 leaders with the dishonoring name of traitors 
 against a righteous and legal Government, 
 we elevate them in history in the rank of 
 self-sacrificing patriots, consecrate them to the 
 admiration of the world, and place them by 
 the side of Washington, Hampden and Sydney.'* 
 Most truthful utterances these : And most re- 
 markable, too, prompted as they were by Lin- 
 coln's ghost, who had, himself, just before his 
 assassination been so full of ^breathing out 
 threatenings and slaughter ' against the self- 
 sacrificing patriots." 
 
 The expressions presented a strong argu- 
 ment to his late associates and allies, to in- 
 duce them, if possible, to reconsider and aban- 
 don the monstrous provisions of these con- 
 struction measures. Still, he must have felt, 
 that if they did not so reconsider and abandon, 
 a very great wrong had been done to those 
 who would suffer from them, by other meas- 
 ures to which he had unwittingly given his 
 consent when he was alive, " never supposing 
 that they would lead to such disastrous con- 
 sequences. " But this and other arguments, 
 strong and pointed as they were, and coming 
 from the ghost of Lincoln through Andrew 
 Johnson, produced no effect whatever, but in- 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 69 
 
 creased rage, upon those to whom they were 
 so conscientiously, earnestly, and truthfully 
 addressed. " Deaf in their madness alike to 
 principles, consistency, and all considerations 
 of their own honor, " says Alexander H. Steph- 
 ens, ^'as well as humanity, they were resolved 
 upon the execution of their purpose, though 
 in it they destroyed every vestige of Civil 
 Liberty. " And this, too, was done by them 
 under the atrocious pretext of providing for 
 the establishment of peace and good order. 
 
 They promptly passed this Reconstruction 
 Act, over the ghost's veto, by a two-thirds vote 
 in both Houses of Congress. To commend 
 this monstrous outrage to the favor of their 
 constituents, it was pretended to be justified 
 by those who voted for it, as a proper meas- 
 ure of punishment for those who had engaged 
 in the Rebellion, and as a necessary security 
 in the future, for the conquest of the North- 
 ern States. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 THE TEMPTER. 
 
 EMPTERS are those who solicit to an 
 evil act ; or entice others to some- 
 thing wrong by presenting argu- 
 ments that are plausible or convinc- 
 ing, or by the oflFer of some pleasure or ap- 
 parent advantage as the inducement. 
 
 The fascination of temptation allures men 
 to their own destruction before they are aware 
 of the danger. 
 
 Tempters promised Henry Clay enough 
 votes to elect him President if he would give 
 them the Protective tariff in 1832. 
 
 Think how his eyes must have bulged out 
 when South Carolina nullified it, and ruined 
 his prospects for the Presidency. 
 
 In those days the people ruled, and tempt- 
 ers were compelled to stay away from Wash- 
 ington. South Carolina had the experience 
 of administering a paternal form of Govern- 
 ment to the negroes, and she knew full well 
 that paternalism in any form would enslave 
 
 (70) 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 71 
 
 any man. Consequently, she was deter- 
 mined that there should be no other depend- 
 ents within her borders except the negroes. 
 
 We are told in sacred history that " the 
 devil took Christ up into an exceeding high 
 mountain, and showed him all of the king- 
 doms of the earth, and the glory of them ; 
 and said unto him : " All these things will I 
 give thee, if thou wilt fall down and worship 
 me. " 
 
 But Christ replied: — 
 
 " Get thee hence, Satan. " 
 
 The case, however, with men of low moral 
 bearing, is generally quite different. Henry 
 Clay was tempted by the offer of the Presi- 
 dency of the United States, much less all of 
 the kingdoms of the world. 
 
 Alex. H. Stephens, the great historian, 
 says :— 
 
 " Power generally seems to change and 
 transform the characters of those invested with 
 it. Hence, the great necessity for * those 
 chains ' in the Constitution, to bind all rulers 
 and men in authority, spoken of by Mr. Jef- 
 ferson. " 
 
 When the tempters induced Henry Clay to 
 disregard '' those chains " South Carolina re- 
 moved the tempters by nullification. 
 
72 THE UNPROTECTEt) ; OR, 
 
 Congress forthwith repealed the Clay Pro- 
 tective Tariflf bill. It was a severe rebuke to 
 Mr. Clay, and to his tempters^ who afterwards 
 threatened war, but Mr. Clay said : — 
 
 " If there be any who want Civil War — 
 who want to see the blood of any portion of 
 our countrymen spilt, I am not one of 
 them — I wish to see war of no kind; but 
 above all, I do not desire to see a Civil War. 
 When war begins, whether Civil or Foreign, 
 no human sight is competent to foresee when, 
 or how, or where, it is to terminate. But 
 when a Civil War shall be lighted up in the 
 bosom of our own happy land, and armies are 
 marching, and commanders winning their vic- 
 tories, and fleets are in motion on our coasts — 
 tell me if you can, tell me if any human 
 being can tell its duration ? God alone knows 
 where such a war will end. In what state 
 will be left our institutions ? In what state 
 our liberties ? I want no war ; above all, no 
 war at home. 
 
 " Sir, I repeat, that I think South Carolina 
 has been rash, intemperate, and greatly in the 
 wrong ; but I do not want to disgrace her, not 
 any other member of this Union. No, I do 
 not desire to see the lustre of one single star 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 73 
 
 dimmed of tliat glorious Confederacy, wHicli 
 constitutes our political sun ; still less do I 
 wisli to see it blotted out, and its light oblit- 
 erated forever. Has not the State of South 
 Carolina been one of the members of this 
 Union in the days that tried men's souls? 
 
 " Have not her ancestors fought alongside our 
 ancestors ? Have we not conjointly won to- 
 gether many a glorious battle ? 
 
 *^ If we had to go into a civil war with such 
 a State, how would it terminate ? Whenever 
 it should have terminated, what would be her 
 condition ? 
 
 ^' If she should ever return to the Union, 
 what would be the condition of her feelings 
 and affections — ^what the state of the heart of 
 her people ? 
 
 '' She has been with us before, when her an- 
 cestors mingled in the throng of battle, and 
 as I hope our posterity will mingle with hers 
 for ages and centuries to come in the united 
 defence of liberty, and for the honor and 
 glory of the Union. I do not wish to see her 
 degraded or defaced as a member of this Con- 
 federacy. I would rather be right than be 
 President." 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 WHO WERE THE VICTORS WHEN THE WAR 
 CLOSED ? 
 
 his "Rise and Fall of tlie Confed- 
 erate Government," Jeflferson Davis 
 says : — 
 
 " The fathers of the Constitution 
 of the United States sought to limit every 
 grant of power so exactly that it should ob- 
 serve its bounds as invariably as a planetary 
 body does its orbit. Yet, within the first 
 hundred years of its existence all these limits 
 have been disregarded, and the people have 
 silently accepted the plea of necessity. It 
 must be manifest to every one that there has 
 been a fatal subversion of the Constitution of 
 the United States. In estimating the results 
 of the war, this is one of the most deplorable ; 
 because it is self-evident that, when a Consti- 
 tutional Government once oversteps the limits 
 fixed for the exercise of its powers, there is 
 nothing beyond to check its further aggres- 
 sion ; no place where it will voluntarily halt 
 
 (74) 
 
MISTAKES OI^ THH REPUBLICAN PARTY. 75 
 
 until it reaches the subjugation of all who 
 resist the usurpation. This was the sole issue 
 involved in the conflict of the United States 
 Government with the Confederate States ; and 
 every other issue, whether pretended or real, 
 partook of its nature, and was subordinate to 
 this one. 
 
 *' Let us repeat an illustration : In strict 
 observance of their inalienable rights, in abun- 
 dant caution reserved, when they formed the 
 compact or Constitution — whichever the reader 
 pleases to call it — of the United States, the 
 Confederate States sought to withdraw from 
 the Union they had assisted to create, and to 
 form a new and independent one among them- 
 selves. Then the Government of the United 
 States broke through all the limits fixed for 
 the exercise of the powers with which it had 
 been endowed, and to accomplish its own will, 
 assumed under the plea of necessity, powers 
 unwritten and unknown in the Constitution, 
 that it might thereby proceed to the extremity 
 of subjugation. Thus it will be perceived that 
 the question still lives. 
 
 "Although the Confederate armies may have 
 left the field, although the citizen soldiers may 
 have retired to the pursuits of peaceful life, 
 
76 THB UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 although, the Confederate States may have re- 
 nounced their new Union, they have proved 
 their indestructibility by resuming their former 
 places in the old one, where, by the organic 
 law they could only be admitted as republican, 
 equal and Sovereign States of the Union. And 
 although the Confederacy as an organization 
 may have ceased to exist as unquestionably as 
 though it had never been formed, the funda- 
 mental principles, the eternal truths, uttered 
 when our colonists in 1776 declared their inde- 
 pendence, on which the Confederation of 1781 
 and the Union of 1788 were formed, and which 
 animated and guided in the organization of the 
 Confederacy of 1861, yet live and will survive, 
 however crushed they may be by despotic force, 
 however deep they may be buried under the 
 debris of crumbling States, however they may 
 be disavowed by the time-serving and the faint- 
 hearted ; yet I believe they have the eternity 
 of truth, and that in God's appointed time and 
 place they will prevail. 
 
 *' The contest is not over, the strife is not 
 ended. It has only entered on a new and en- 
 larged arena. The champions of Constitutional 
 Liberty must spring to the struggle like the 
 armed men from the seminated dragon's teeth 
 
 id^B 
 
■mistakes of the republican party. 77 
 
 until the Government of the United States is 
 brought back to its Constitutional limits and 
 the tyrant's plea of '' necessity " is bound in 
 chains strong as adamant: 
 
 * For freedom's battle once begun, 
 Bequeathed by bleeding sire to son, 
 Though baffled oft, is ever won." 
 
 " When the war closed, who were the victors ? 
 Perhaps it is too soon to answer that question. 
 Nevertheless, every day, as time rolls on, we 
 look with increasing pride upon the struggle 
 our people made for constitutional liberty. The 
 war was one in which fundamental principles 
 were involved ; and, as force decides no truth, 
 hence the issue is still undetermined as has 
 been already shown. 
 
 " We have laid aside our swords ; we have 
 ceased our hostility ; we have conceded the 
 physical strength of the Northern States. But 
 the question still lives, and all nations and 
 peoples that adopt a confederated agent of gov- 
 ernment will become champions of our cause. 
 While contemplating the Northern States with 
 their Federal Constitution gone, ruthlessly de- 
 stroyed under the tyrant's plea of '' necessity," 
 their State Sovereignty made a byword, and then 
 people absorbed in an aggregated mass, no longer 
 
78 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 as their fathers left them, protected by reserved 
 rights against usurpation — the question natur- 
 ally arises: On which side was the victory? 
 Let the verdict of mankind decide/' 
 
 It stands on record that the Southern peo- 
 ple have always fought for Constitutional Lib- 
 erty, while their opponents in every instance 
 have sought usurpation of power. The object 
 of the meeting of the first Congress may be 
 seen from some of the powers conferred on 
 their delegates in several of the colonies. 
 
 Virginia : ''To consider of the most pro- 
 per and eflfectual manner of so operating on 
 the commercial connection of the Colonies 
 with the Mother country, as to procure redress 
 for the much injured Province of Massa- 
 chusetts Bay, to secure British America from 
 the ravage and ruin of arbitrary taxes, and 
 speedily to procure the return of that har- 
 mony and union so beneficial to the whole 
 empire, and so ardently desired by all British 
 America." 
 
 Maryland : "To attend a General Con- 
 gress to assist one general plan of conduct 
 operating on the commercial connection of the 
 Colonies with the Mother Country, for the 
 relief of Boston and the preservation of Amer- 
 ican Liberty.'' 
 
 WPi 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 79 
 
 South Carolina : "To consider the acts 
 lately passed, and bills depending in Parlia- 
 ment with regard to the Port of Boston and 
 Colony of Massachusetts Bay ; which Acts 
 and Bills, in the precedent and consequence, 
 affect the whole Constitution of America. Also 
 the grievances under which America labors, by 
 reason of the several Acts of Parliament that 
 impose taxes or duties for raising a revenue, 
 and lay unnecessary restraints and burdens on 
 trade, etc." 
 
 England was hard pressed for money at 
 that time, and she sought relief by imposing 
 unjust taxation upon her colonies in America, 
 notwithstanding their chartered rights secured 
 them against such injustice. But by the plea 
 of necessity and virtue of force, England re- 
 sorted to usurpation of powers, and not till 
 then did her colonies resist. It is just as 
 characteristic of the Southern people to obey 
 Constitutional laws now, as it was a hundred 
 years ago. But, when the people of the 
 Northern States disregarded the Constitution 
 it became obsolete and was no longer any 
 service to the South. So they withdrew from 
 the Union and carried the Constitution with 
 them. 
 
80 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 The Soutli said : — 
 
 *' We quit tlie Union, but we rescued the 
 Constitution. 
 
 It is the ark of the covenant of our liber- 
 ties, and it is our duty to keep it, hold fast 
 to it, and defend it." 
 
 The Cavaliers in England, and their de- 
 scendants in the Southern States have always 
 been on the side of Constitutional laws, and 
 the Roundheads in England and their de- 
 scendants in the Northern States have always 
 been restless under Constitutional laws, and 
 have sought usurpations of power. 
 
 The Cival War in England, from 1642-6, 
 was waged by the Roundheads for power, and 
 the Civil War in this country was waged by 
 the Northern people for power. 
 
 In reference to the war in England, Hume's 
 History says : — 
 
 " When two names so sacred in the English 
 Constitution as those of king and parliament 
 were placed in opposition, no wonder the peo- 
 ple were divided in their choice, and were 
 agitated with the most violent animosities and 
 factions. 
 
 " The nobility and more considerable gen- 
 try, dreading a total confusion of rank 
 
 'ry 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 81 
 
 from tiie fury of the populace, enlisted 
 themselves in defence of the monarch, 
 from whom they received, and to whom they 
 communicated their lustre. Animated with the 
 spirit of loyalty derived from their ancestors, 
 they adhered to the ancient principles of the 
 Constitution, and valued themselves on exert- 
 ing the maxims, as well as inheriting the pos- 
 sessions of the old English families. And 
 while they passed their time mostly at their 
 county seats, they were surprised to hear of 
 opinions prevailing with which they had ever 
 been unacquainted, and which implied not a 
 limitation, but an abolition almost total of 
 monarchical authority. " 
 
 This reminds us somewhat of the Southern 
 planters, who passed their time mostly at their 
 county seats, they were surprised to hear of 
 opinions prevailing with which they had ever 
 been unacquaintjed, and which implied the de- 
 struction of States Rights. The liberties of 
 the people in this county rest upon the Sov- 
 ereignty of the States as their chief corner-stone. 
 
 Destroy the Sovereignty of the States, and 
 the whole fabric falls to the ground, and cen- 
 tralized power with Military Despotism takes 
 
 the place of Constitutional Liberty. 
 6 
 
^ THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 '^ To destroy our liberties " said the South, 
 <^ must cost the Northern people their own, and 
 the Republicanism of America must, in future? 
 be regarded as a reproach and a by-word 
 among all nations. '' 
 
 State Rights was the fatal point about 
 which the Civil War had arisen with us, as 
 Religion was the fatal point about which the 
 Civil War had arisen in England with 
 Charles I. 
 
 The Roundheads demanded of the King, in 
 express terms, utterly to abolish Episcopacy ; 
 and they required, that all other ecclesiastical 
 controversies should be determined by their 
 assembly of divines; that is, in the manner 
 the most repugnant to the inclinations of the 
 King and all his partisans. Lord Broke was 
 a zealous Puritan. He was killed by a 
 shot while he was taking possession of Lich- 
 field. He was viewing from a window St. 
 Chad's Cathedral, in which a part of the roy- 
 alists had fortified themselves. He was cased 
 in complete armor, but was shot through the 
 eye by a random ball. He had formerly said 
 that he hoped to see with his eyes the ruin 
 of all the Cathedrals of England. It was a 
 superstitious remark of the royalists, that he 
 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 83 
 
 was killed on St. Cliad^s day by a shot from 
 St. Chad's Cathedral, which pierced that very 
 eye by which he hoped to see the ruin of all 
 Cathedrals. 
 
 The Puritans in this country where they 
 are at liberty to make new religions have 
 planted Mormonism, conjuring and witchcraft 
 ideas all across the Continent from Maine to 
 California. 
 
 A number of them at Battle Creek, Michi- 
 gan, have recently sent out a new religion 
 printed in book form, from which the fol- 
 lowing extract is taken. 
 
 '^The two-horned beast must symbolize an 
 earthly government which is to be wielded by 
 certain religious elements in the persecution 
 of God's true people. 
 
 "The two-homed beast is not the same as 
 the papal beast, because it does its work in 
 the presence of that beast, or before him, 
 hence the government symbolized by the two- 
 horned beast, cannot be the same as that 
 symbolized by the ten-homed beast. It must 
 be a power equal in extent and influence to 
 that symbolized by the leopard beast ; or, in 
 other words, to the Roman Empire." 
 
 Hume, the great historian, says, that the 
 
84 THK UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 Puritans in England made religion "not on 
 any principles of human reason, but as if 
 they relied upon low rhetoric to recommend it 
 to others." 
 
 In the war with Charles I. the Puritans 
 were called Roundheads, owing to the fact 
 that they cut their hair short, but the royal- 
 ists wore their hair long and were called 
 cavaliers. 
 
 Some of their descendants in the Southern 
 States 'have long hair, but in these days of 
 political degeneracy the clippers are plied 
 vigorously in the South, but there may be 
 seen occasionally, a man with long locks to 
 remind the young men of the South of whom 
 they are descended. They are the most stately 
 in appearance of any other men that America 
 ever produced. Tall and graceful in carriage, 
 they are benevolent, courteous and polite. They 
 are men of profound thought, men of exem- 
 plary habits. It was just such as they who 
 with their servants defended their Constitution 
 and lawful Sovereign against the Roundheads 
 of the cities of England. 
 
 "In that war what alone gave the King 
 some compensation for all the advantages 
 possessed by his adversaries was the nature 
 and qualities of his adherents. 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 85 
 
 More bravery and activity were hoped for 
 from the generous spirit of the nobles and 
 gentry than from the base disposition of the 
 multitude. And as the men of estate, at their 
 own expense, levied and armed their tenants, 
 besides an attachment to their masters, greater 
 force and courage were to be expected in these 
 rustic troops than in the vicious and ener- 
 vated populace of cities. 
 
 The contempt entertained by the Round- 
 heads for the King's party was so great, that 
 it was the chief cause of pushing matters to 
 such extremities against him ; and many be- 
 lieved that he never would attempt resistance, 
 but must soon yield to the pretensions, however 
 erroneous, of the Roundheads. 
 
 Even after his standard was erected, men 
 could not be brought to apprehend the danger 
 of a Civil War; nor was it imagined that he 
 would have the imprudence to enrage his im- 
 placable enemies, and render his own condition 
 more desperate, by opposing a force which was 
 so much superior. The Roundheads hoped 
 that the King's cavaliers, sensible of their 
 feeble condition, and convinced of their slen- 
 der resources, would disperse of themselves, 
 and leave their adversaries a victory so much 
 
86 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 the more complete and secure, as it would be 
 gained without the appearance of force and 
 without bloodshed. The King, on mustering 
 his army, found it amounted to ten thousand 
 men. The Earl of Lindesey, who in his youth 
 had sought experience of military service in 
 the low countries, was general ; Prince Ru- 
 pert commanded the horse; Sir Jacob Astley, 
 the foot ; Sir Arthur Aston, the dragoons ; 
 Sir John Hey don, the artillery. 
 
 Lord Bernard Stuart was at the head of a 
 troop of guards. Their servants under the 
 command of Sir William Killigrew, made an- 
 other troop, and always marched with their 
 masters. With this army the King left 
 Shrewsbury, resolved to give battle as soon 
 as possible to the army of the Roundheads, 
 which he heard was continually augmenting 
 by supplies from London. In order to bring 
 on an action, he directed his march towards 
 the capital, which he knew the enemy 
 would not abandon to him. Two days after 
 the departure of the King with his army 
 from Shrewsbury, Essex, Commander of the 
 Roundheads, left Worcester. 
 
 Though it is commonly easy in Civil 
 Wars to get intelligence, the armies were 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 87 
 
 witHin six miles of each otlier before either 
 of the generals was acquainted with the ap- 
 proach of his enemy. Shrewsbury and Wor- 
 cester, the places from which they set out, 
 are not more than twenty miles apart; yet 
 had the two armies marched ten days in this 
 mutual ignorance ; so much had military 
 skill, during a long peace, decayed in Eng- 
 land. The Royal Army lay near Banbury ; 
 that of the Roundheads, at Keinton, in the 
 County of Warwick. Prince Rupert sent in- 
 telligence of the enemy's approach. Though 
 the day was far advanced, the King resolved 
 upon the attack. Essex drew up his men 
 to receive him. 
 
 Sir Faithful Fortescue, who had levied a 
 troop for the Irish wars, had been obliged to 
 serve in the Roundhead army, and was posted 
 on the left wing, commanded by Ramsay, a 
 Scotchman. 
 
 No sooner did the King's army approach, 
 than Fortescue, ordering his troops to dis- 
 charge their pistols in the ground, put him- 
 self under the command of Prince Rupert. 
 Partly from this incident, partly from the 
 furious shock made upon them by the Prince, 
 that whole wing of cavalry immediately fled, 
 and were pursued for two miles. 
 
88 THK unprotected; or, 
 
 The right wing of the Roundhead army 
 had no better success. Chased from their 
 ground by Wilmot and Sir Arthur Aston they 
 also took to flight. 
 
 The King's body of reserves, commanded by 
 Sir John Biron, judging, like raw soldiers, 
 that all was over, and impatient to have some 
 share in the action, heedlessly followed the 
 chase which their left wing had precipitately 
 led them. Sir William Balfour, who com- 
 manded the Roundhead reserve, perceived the 
 advantage ; he wheeled about upon the King's 
 infantry, and he made great havoc among 
 them. 
 
 Lindesey, the general, was mortally wounded, 
 and taken prisoner. His son, endeavoring his 
 rescue, fell likewise into the enemy's hands. 
 
 Sir Edmund Verney, who carried the King's 
 standard, was killed, and the standard taken ; 
 but it was afterwards recovered. In this situ- 
 ation, Prince Rupert, on his return found 
 affairs. 
 
 Everything bore the appearance of a defeat, 
 instead of a victory with which he had easily 
 flattered himself. Some advised the King to 
 leave the field ; but he rejected such pusilla- 
 nimous counsel. 
 
MISTAKES OI^ THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 89 
 
 The two armies faced eacli otHer for some 
 time, and neither of them retained courage 
 sufficient for a new attack. All night they 
 lay under arms ; and next morning found 
 themselves in sight of each other. Generals 
 as well as soldiers, on both sides seemed 
 averse to renew the battle. 
 
 Essex first drew off and returned to War- 
 wick. The King returned to his former quar- 
 ters. Five thousand men are said to have 
 been found dead on the field of battle ; such 
 was the event of the first great battle of the 
 war fought at Keinton. 
 
 We follow in detail some of the narratives 
 of the Civil war in England, for comparison 
 with those of the Civil war in this country. 
 
 For the first two years of the war the 
 King obtained many advantages over the 
 Roundheads, and had raised himself from that 
 low condition into which he had at first fallen, 
 to be nearly upon an equal footing with his 
 adversaries. Yorkshire, and all the northern 
 counties, were reduced by the Marquis of New 
 Castle : and, excepting Hull, the Roundheads 
 were masters of no garrison in these quarters. 
 In the west, Plymouth alone, having been in 
 vain besieged by Prince Maurice, resisted the 
 
90 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 King's authority, and liad it not been for the 
 disappointment in the enterprise of Gloucester, 
 the royal garrison had reached, without inter- 
 ruption, from one end of the kingdom to the 
 other, and had occupied a greater extent of 
 ground than those of the Roundheads. 
 
 Many of the King's Cavaliers flattered 
 themselves that the same vigorous spirit 
 which had elevated them to the present 
 height of power would still favor their pro- 
 gress, and obtain them a final victory over 
 their enemies. But those who judged more 
 soundly observed, that besides the accession 
 of the whole Scottish Nation to the side of 
 the Roundheads, the very principle on which 
 the King's Cavaliers' successes had been 
 founded, was every day acquired more and 
 more by the opposite party. 
 
 The King's troops, full of gentry and 
 nobility, had exerted a valor superior to their 
 enemies, and had hitherto been successful in 
 almost every battle; but in proportion as the 
 whole nation became warlike by the continu- 
 ance of civil discords, this advantage was 
 more equally shared ; and superior numbers, 
 it was expected, must at length obtain the 
 victory. The King's troops also, like the 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBI^ICAN PARTY. 91 
 
 Confederate soldiers, ill paid, and destitute of 
 every necessity, could not possibly be retained 
 in equal discipline witb the Roundhead forces, 
 to whom all supplies were furnished from un- 
 exhausted stores and treasures. But fighting 
 for Constitutional liberty, like the Confederate 
 soldiers, they staid in the field until driven 
 away by superior numbers. 
 
 Oliver Cromwell, who took an active part 
 in the war, was 43 years old when he first 
 embraced the military profession, and by 
 force of genius, without any master, he soon 
 became an excellent ofiicer ; though perhaps 
 he never reached the fame of a consummate 
 commander. 
 
 He raised a troop of horse ; fixed his quar- 
 ters in Cambridge; exerted great severity 
 towards that university, which zealously ad- 
 hered to the royal party ; and showed himself 
 a man who would go all lengths in favor of 
 that cause which he had espoused. He 
 plainly told his soldiers that if he met the 
 King in battle, he would fire a pistol in his 
 face, as readily as against any other man. 
 His troop of horse he soon augmented to a 
 regiment ; and he first instituted that disci- 
 pline, and inspired that spirit, which rendered 
 the Roundhead army in the end victorious. " 
 
92 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 " Your troops, " said he to Hampden, " are 
 most of them old, decayed serving men and 
 tapsters, and such kind of fellpws ; the 
 King's forces are composed of gentlemen's 
 younger sons, and persons of good quality, 
 and do you think that the mean spirits of 
 such base and low fellows as ours will ever 
 be able to encounter gentlemen, that have 
 honor, and courage, and resolution in them? 
 You must get men of spirit ; and take it not 
 ill that I say, of a spirit that is likely to go 
 as far as gentlemen will go, or else I am sure 
 you will still be beaten, as you have hitherto 
 been, in every battle. " 
 
 He did as he proposed. He enlisted the 
 sons of freeholders and farmers. 
 
 He carefully invited into his regiment all 
 the zealous fanatics throughout England. 
 When they were collected in a body, their en- 
 thusiastic spirit still rose to a higher pitch. 
 
 Cromwell, from his own natural character, 
 as well as from policy, was sufficiently inclined 
 to increase the flame. 
 
 He preached, he prayed, he fought, he pun- 
 ished, he rewarded. The wild enthusiasm, to- 
 gether with valor and discipline, still propa- 
 gated itself; and all men cast their eyes on 
 so pious and so successful a leader. 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBUCAN PARTY. 93 
 
 From low commands, lie rose with great ra- 
 pidity to be really tHe first, though in appear- 
 ance only the second, in the army. By fraud 
 and violence, he soon rendered himself the 
 first in the State In proportion to the in- 
 crease of his authority, his talents always 
 seemed to expand themselves ; and displayed 
 every day new abilities, which had lain dor- 
 mant till the very emergency by which they 
 were called forth into action. 
 
 The Presbyterians in England whose credit 
 had first supported the arms of the Round- 
 heads, or Puritans, were enraged to find that 
 by the treachery, or superior cunning of their 
 associates, the fruits of all their successful 
 labors were ravished from them. 
 
 The same fate has overtaken the western 
 men in this country who took sides with New 
 England in the war against the South. By the 
 superior cunning of the Yankee, the fruits 
 of all their successful labors have been rav- 
 ished from them, and they are now tenant 
 farmers all over the West for Yankee-land 
 lords. They are enraged at the consequences 
 of the war. But who cares if they are? 
 The South says : — 
 
 "Lay the lash on. What is the use to 
 
94 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 be a slave master and not lay the lash 
 on?" 
 
 At the close of the Civil war in England 
 the height of all iniquity and fanatical ex- 
 travagance yet remained — the public trial and 
 execution of their sovereign. The Parliament 
 was composed of Roundheads or Puritans, and 
 the leaders intended that the army themselves 
 should execute that daring enterprise; and 
 they deemed so irregular and lawless a deed 
 best fitted to such irregular and lawless in- 
 struments. But the Generals were too wise to 
 load themselves singly with the infamy which 
 they knew must attend an action so shocking 
 to the general sentiment of mankind. The 
 Parliament, they were resolved, should share 
 with them the reproach of a measure which 
 was thought requisite for the advancement of 
 their common ends of safety and ambition. 
 
 In the House of Commons, therefore, a 
 committee was appointed to bring in a charge 
 against the King. On their report a vote 
 passed, declaring it treason in a king to levy 
 war against his parliament, and appointing a 
 high court of justice to try Charles for this 
 new-invented treason. 
 
 This vote was sent up to the House of 
 
 # 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 95 
 
 Peers. The House of Peers, during the Civil 
 war, had all along been of small account ; 
 but it had lately, since the King's fall, be- 
 come totally contemptible ; and very few mem- 
 bers would submit to the mortification of 
 attending it. It happened that day to be 
 fuller than usual, and they were assembled to 
 the number of sixteen. Without one dissent- 
 ing voice, and almost without deliberation, 
 they instantly rejected the vote of the lower 
 house, and adjourned themselves for ten days ; 
 hoping that this delay would be able to retard 
 the furious career of the Commons. The 
 Commons were not to be stopped by so small 
 an obstacle. 
 
 Having first established a principle which 
 is noble in itself, and seems specious, but is 
 believed by all history and experience, " that 
 the people are the origin of all just power,'' 
 they next declared, that the Commons of 
 England, assembled in Parliament, being 
 chosen by the people and representing them, 
 are the supreme authority of the nation, and 
 that whatever is enacted and declared to be 
 law by the Commons, hath the force of law, 
 without the consent of the King or House of 
 Peers. 
 
96 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 The ordinance for the trial of Charles 
 Stuart, King of England (so they called him), 
 was again read, and unanimously assented to. 
 The Yankees in Congress, established the 
 same precedent during the war and even since, 
 claiming that they being chosen by the people 
 and representing them, were the supreme au- 
 thority of the nation, and that whatever they 
 enacted and declared to be law, was the law; 
 regardless of the Constitution, of course. 
 
 In the case of Charles I., in proportion to 
 the enormity of the violence and usurpations, 
 were augmented the pretences of sanctity 
 among those regicides. 
 
 " Should any one have voluntarily pro- 
 posed " said Cromwell, in the House of Com- 
 mons, to bring the King to punishment, I 
 should have regarded him as the greatest 
 traitor; but since Providence and necessity 
 have cast us upon it, I will pray to God for 
 a blessing on your counsels ; though I am 
 not prepared to give you my advice on this 
 important occasion. 
 
 '' Even I myself, " subjoined he, *' when I 
 was lately offering up petitions for His Ma- 
 jesty's restoration, felt my tongue cleave to the 
 roof of my mouth, and considered this preter- 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 97 
 
 natural movement as the answer wliich 
 Heaven, having rejected the King, had sent 
 to my supplications. " In this, Cromwell 
 showed himself to be as great a hypocrite as 
 Abraham Lincoln, who just before issuing his 
 emancipation proclamation, said : — 
 
 '* It is startling to think that Congress can 
 free a slave within a State. " A woman of 
 Hertfordshire, illuminated by prophetical vi- 
 sions (just such as Harriet Beecher Stowe's 
 visions in the Abolition bible), desired admit- 
 tance into the military counsel, and commu- 
 nicated to the officers a revelation, which as- 
 sured them that their measures were conse- 
 crated from above, and ratified by a heavenly 
 sanction. This intelligence gave them great 
 comfort, and much confirmed them in their 
 present resolutions. 
 
 Colonel Harrison, the son of a butcher, and 
 the most furious fanatic in the army, was 
 sent with a strong party to conduct the King 
 to London. 
 
 At Windsor, Hamilton, who was there de- 
 tained a prisoner, was admitted into the 
 King's presence ; and falling on his knees, pas. 
 sionately exclaimed, " My dear Master " — " I 
 have indeed been so to you, " replied Charles 
 7 
 
98 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 embracing him. No further intercourse was 
 allowed between them. The King was in- 
 stantly hurried away. 
 
 Hamilton long followed him with his eyes 
 suffused in tears, and prognosticated that, in 
 this short salutation, he had given the last 
 adieu to his sovereign and his friend. 
 
 Charles himself was assured that the period 
 of his life was now approaching; but notwith- 
 standing all the preparations which were mak- 
 ing, and the intelligence which he received, 
 he could not even yet believe that his enemies 
 really meant to conclude their violence by a 
 public trial and execution. A private assas- 
 sination he every moment looked for ; and 
 though Harrison assured him that his ap- 
 prehensions were entirely groundless, it was 
 by that catastrophe, so frequent with de- 
 throned princes, that he expected to termi- 
 nate his life. In appearance, as well as in 
 reality, the King was now dethroned. 
 
 All the exterior symbols of sovereignty 
 were withdrawn, and his attendants had 
 orders to serve him without ceremony. At 
 first, he was shocked with instances of 
 rudeness and familiarity, to which he had 
 been so little accustomed. '' Nothing so con- 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBUCAN PARTY. 99 
 
 temptible as a despised Prince, '' was tlie re- 
 flection wliicli they suggested to him. But 
 lie soon reconciled his mind to this, as he 
 had done to his other calamities. 
 
 All the circumstances of the trial were now 
 adjusted, and the high court of justice fully 
 constituted. It consisted of one hundred and 
 thirty -three persons, as named by the Com- 
 mons ; but there scarcely ever sat above 
 seventy : so difficult was it, notwithstanding 
 the blindness of prejudice and the allurements 
 of interest, to engage men of any name or 
 character in that criminal measure. 
 
 Cromwell, Ireton, Harrison, and the chief 
 officers of the army, most of them of mean 
 birth, were members, together with some of 
 the lower house, and some citizens of London. 
 
 The twelve judges were at first appointed 
 in the number ; but as they had affirmed 
 that it was contrary to all the ideas of Eng- 
 lish law to try the King for treason, by 
 whose authority all accusations for treason 
 must necessarily be conducted, their names, as 
 well as those of some peers, were afterwards 
 struck out. 
 
 Bradshaw, a lawyer, was chosen president. 
 Coke was appointed solicitor for the people of 
 
100 THK UNPROTKCTED ; OR, 
 
 England. Dorislaus, Steele, and Aske, were 
 named assistants. Tlie Court sat in West- 
 minster Hall. It is remarked that in calling 
 over the Court, when the crier pronounced 
 the name of Fairfax, which had been inserted 
 in the number, a voice came from one of the 
 spectators, and cried, ^'He has more wit than 
 to be here." 
 
 When the charge was read against the 
 King, " In the name of the people of Eng- 
 land," the same voice exclaimed, " Not a 
 tenth part of them." Axtel, the officer who 
 guarded the Court, giving orders to fire into 
 the box whence these insolent speeches came, 
 it was discovered that Lady Fairfax was there, 
 and that it was she who had had the courage 
 to utter them. She was a person of noble ex- 
 traction, daughter of Horace, Lord Vere of 
 Tilbury; but being seduced by the violence 
 of the times, she had long seconded her hus- 
 band's zeal against the royal cause, and was 
 now, as well as he, struck with abhorrence at 
 the fatal and unexpected consequence of all 
 his boasted victories. 
 
 The pomp, the dignity, the ceremony of 
 this transaction, corresponded to the greatest 
 conception that is suggested in the annals of 
 
MISTAKES O^ THE REPUBUCAN^ PAINTY. Ifll, 
 
 human kind ; the delegates of a great people 
 sitting in judgment upon tHeir supreme 
 magistrate, and trying him for his misgov- 
 ernment and breach of trust. The solicitor, in 
 the name of the Commons, represented that 
 Charles Stuart, being admitted King of Eng- 
 land, and intrusted with a limited power, yet 
 nevertheless, from a wicked design to erect an 
 unlimited and tyrannical government, had trait- 
 orously and maliciously levied war against 
 the present Parliament, and the people whom 
 they represented, and was therefore im- 
 peached as a tyrant, traitor, murderer, and a 
 public and implacable enemy to the common- 
 wealth. 
 
 After the charge was finished, the president 
 directed his discourse to the King, and told 
 him that the court expected his answer. The 
 King, though long detained a prisoner and now 
 produced as a criminal, sustained by his mag- 
 nanimous courage the majesty of a monarch. 
 With great temper and dignity he declined the 
 authority of the court, and refused to submit 
 himself to their jurisdiction. He represented 
 that, having been engaged in treaty with his 
 two Houses of Parliament, and having finished 
 almost every article, he had expected to be 
 
102 Tt£B ifNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 brought to his capital in another manner, and 
 ere this time to have been restored to his power, 
 dignity, revenue, as well as to his personal 
 liberty; that he could not now perceive any ap- 
 pearance of the upper house, so essential a 
 member of the Constitution ; and had learned 
 that even the Commons, whose authority was 
 pretended, were subdued by lawless force and 
 were bereaved of their liberty; that he himself 
 was their ^' native, hereditary King ;" nor was 
 the whole authority of the state, though free 
 and united, entitled to try him, who derived his 
 dignity from the Supreme Majesty of heaven ; 
 that, admitting those extravagant principles 
 which levelled all orders of men, the court 
 could plead no power delegated by the people, 
 unless the consent of every individual, down to 
 the meanest and most ignorant peasant, had 
 been previously asked and obtained ; that he 
 acknowledged without scruple that he had a 
 trust committed to him, and one most sacred 
 and inviolable ; he was intrusted with the liber- 
 ties of his people, and would not now betray 
 them by recognizing a power founded on the 
 most atrocious violence and usurpation; that 
 having taken arms, and frequently exposed his 
 life in defence of public liberty, of the constitu- 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 103 
 
 tion, of tlie fundamental laws of the kingdom, 
 lie was willing in this last and most solemn 
 scene to seal with his blood those precious 
 rights for which, though in vain, he had so long 
 contended ; that those who arrogated a title to 
 sit as his judges were born his subjects, and 
 bom subject to those laws which determined 
 *'that the king can do no wrong;" that he was 
 not reduced to the necessity of sheltering him- 
 self under this general maxim, which guards 
 every English monarch, even the least deserv- 
 ing, but was able, by the most satisfactory rea- 
 son, to justify those measures in which he had 
 been engaged; that to the whole world, and 
 even to them, his pretended judges, he was de- 
 sirous, if called upon in another manner, to 
 prove the integrity of his conduct, and assert 
 the justice of those defensive arms to which, 
 unwillingly and unfortunately, he had had re- 
 course; but that, in order to preserve a uni- 
 formity of conduct, he must at present forego 
 the apology of his innocence, lest, by ratifying 
 an authority no better founded than that of 
 robbers and pirates, he be justly branded as the 
 betrayer, instead of being applauded as the 
 martyr, of the Constitution. 
 
 The president, in order to support the ma- 
 
104 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 jest}'' of the people and maintain the superiority 
 of his court above the prisoner, still inculcated 
 that he must not decline the authority of his 
 judges; that they overrule his objections; that 
 they were delegated by the people, the only 
 source of every lawful power; and that kings 
 themselves acted but in trust from that com- 
 munity which had invested this high court of 
 justice with its jurisdiction. 
 
 Even according to those principles, which, 
 in his present situation, he was perhaps 
 obliged to adopt, his behavior in general will 
 appear not a little harsh and barbarous ; but 
 when we consider him as a subject and one, 
 too, of no high character, addressing himself 
 to his unfortunate sovereign, his style will be 
 esteemed to the last degree audacious and in- 
 solent. Three times was Charles brought be- 
 fore the court, and as often declined their 
 jurisdiction. On the fourth, the judges having 
 examined some witnesses, by whom it was 
 proved that the King had appeared in arms 
 against the forces commissioned by the Par- 
 liament, they pronounced sentence against 
 him. He seemed very anxious at this time to 
 be admitted to a conference with the two 
 houses ; and it was supposed that he intended 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 105 
 
 to resign the crown to his son ; but the court 
 refused compliance, and considered that request 
 as nothing but a delay of justice. 
 
 It is confessed that the King's behavior 
 during this last scene of his life does honor 
 to his memory ; and that, in all appearances 
 before his judges, he never forgot his part, 
 either as a prince or as a man. Firm and 
 intrepid, he maintained, in each reply, the ut- 
 most perspicuity and justness, both of thought 
 and expression ; mild and equable, he rose into 
 no passion at that unusual authority which 
 was assumed over him. His soul, without 
 effort or affectation, seemed only to remain in 
 the situation familiar to it, and to look down 
 with contempt on all the efforts of human 
 malice and iniquity. 
 
 The soldiers, instigated by their superiors, 
 were brought, though with difficulty, to cry 
 aloud for justice. 
 
 " Poor souls," said the King to one of his 
 attendants, ^' for a little money they would do 
 as much against their commanders." Some of 
 them were permitted to go the utmost length 
 of brutal insolence, and to spit in his face, as 
 he was conducted along the passage to the 
 court. To excite a sentiment of pity was the 
 
106 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 only e£fect which this inhuman insult was 
 able to produce upon him. 
 
 The people, though under the rod of law- 
 less, unlimited power, c-ould not forbear, with 
 the most ardent prayers, pouring forth their 
 wishes for his preservation ; and in his present 
 distress, they avowed him, by their generous 
 tears, for their monarch, whom, in their mis- 
 guided fury, they had before so violently re- 
 jected. The King was softened at this 
 moving scene, and expressed his gratitude for 
 their dutiful affection. One soldier, too, seized 
 by contagious sympathy, demanded from 
 Heaven a blessing on oppressed and fallen 
 maj esty : his officer, overhearing the prayer, 
 beat him to the ground in the King's presence. 
 
 " The punishment, I think, exceeds the 
 offence," said Charles. 
 
 As soon as the intention of trying the King 
 was known in foreign countries, so enormous 
 an action was exclaimed against by the general 
 voice of reason and humanity ; and all men, 
 under whatever form of government they were 
 bom, rejected this example as the utmost ef- 
 fort of undisguised usurpation, and the most 
 heinous insult on law and justice. The French 
 ambassador, by orders from his court, inter- 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBI.ICAN PARTY. 107 
 
 posed in tHe King^s behalf; the Dutch em- 
 ployed their good ofl&ces ; the Scots exclaimed 
 and protested against the violence ; the Qneen, 
 the Prince, wrote pathetic letters to the parlia- 
 ment. All solicitations were found fruitless 
 with men whose resolutions were fixed and 
 irrevocable. 
 
 Four of Charles's friends, persons of virtue 
 and dignity, Richmond, Hertford, Southampton, 
 and Lindesey, applied to the Commons. They 
 represented that they were the King's coun- 
 sellors, and had concurred by their advice in 
 all those measures which were now imputed 
 as crimes to their royal master ; that in the 
 eye of the law, and according to the dictates 
 of common reason, they alone were guilty, and 
 were alone exposed to censure for every blam- 
 able action of the Prince ; and that they now 
 presented themselves in order to save, by their 
 own punishment, that precious life which it be- 
 came the Commons themselves, and every sub- 
 ject, with the utmost hazard to protect and de- 
 fend. Such a generous effort tended to their 
 honor, but contributed nothing towards the 
 King's safety. 
 
 The people remained in that silence and as- 
 tonishment which all great passions, when they 
 
108 THK unprotected; or 
 
 have not an opportunity to exert tHemselves, 
 naturally produce in the human mind. The 
 soldiers, being incessantly plied with prayers, 
 sermons and exhortations, were wrought up to 
 a degree of fury and imagined that in the acts 
 of the most extreme disloyalty towards their 
 King consisted their greatest merit in the eye 
 of Heaven. 
 
 Three days were allowed the King between 
 his sentence and his execution. This interval 
 he passed with great tranquillity, chiefly in 
 reading and devotion. All his family that re- 
 mained in England were allowed access to him. 
 It consisted only of the Princess Elizabeth and 
 the Duke of Gloucester ; for the Duke of York 
 had made his escape. Gloucester was little 
 mOre than an infant; the Princess, notwith- 
 standing her tender years, showed an advanced 
 judgment ; and the calamities of her family 
 had made a deep impression upon her. 
 
 After many pious consolations and advices, 
 the King gave her in charge to tell the Queen 
 that during the whole course of his life he had 
 never once, even in thought, failed in his 
 fidelity towards her; and that his conjugal ten- 
 derness and his life should have an equal 
 duration. 
 
MISTAKES Olf THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 109 
 
 To the young Duke, too, he could not for- 
 bear giving some advice, in order to season his 
 mind with early principles of loyalty and obe- 
 dience towards his brother, who was so soon 
 to be his sovereign. Holding him up on his 
 knee, he said, ^'Now they will cut off thy 
 father's head." At these words the child looked 
 very steadfastly upon him. " Mark, child ! what 
 I say ; they will cut off my head, and perhaps 
 make thee a king ; but mark what I say, thou 
 must not be a king as long as thy brothers 
 Charles and James are alive. They will cut 
 off thy brothers' heads when they can catch 
 them. And thy head, too, they will cut off at 
 last. Therefore, I charge thee, do not be made 
 a king by them." 
 
 The Duke, sighing, replied, *' I will be torn 
 in pieces first." So determined an answer 
 from one of such tender years, filled the 
 King's eyes with tears and admiration. 
 
 Every night during this interval the King 
 slept as sound as usual ; though the noise of 
 workmen employed in framing the scaffold, 
 and other preparations for his execution, con- 
 tinually sounded in his ears. 
 
 The morning of the fatal day he rose 
 early, and calling Herbert, one of his atten- 
 
110 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 dants, he bade Him employ more than usual 
 care in dressing Him, and preparing Him for 
 so great and joyful solemnity. 
 
 BisHop Juxon, a man endowed witH tHe 
 same mild and steady virtues by wHicH tHe 
 King Himself was so mucH distinguisHed, as- 
 sisted Him in His devotions, and paid tHe last 
 melancHoly duties to His friend and sovereign. 
 
 THe street before WhiteHall was tHe place 
 destined for the execution ; for it was intended 
 by cHoosing tHat very place, in sigHt of His 
 own palace, to display more evidently tHe 
 triumpH of popular justice over royal majesty. 
 
 WHen tHe King came upon tHe scaffold. He 
 found it so surrounded witH soldiers, tHat He 
 could not expect to be Heard by any of tHe 
 people : He addressed, tHerefore, His discourse 
 to tHe few persons wHo were about Him ; par- 
 ticularly Colonel Tomlinson, to wHose care He 
 Had lately been committed, and upon wHom, 
 as upon many otHers, His amiable deportment 
 Had wrougHt an entire conversion. He justi- 
 fied His own innocence in tHe late fatal wars ; 
 and said, tHat He Had not taken arms till after 
 tHe Parliament Had enlisted forces : nor Had 
 He any otHer object in His warlike operations 
 tHan to preserve tHat authority entire wHicH 
 His predecessors Had transmitted to Him. 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. Ill 
 
 He threw not, however, the blame upon the 
 Parliament, but was more inclined to think, 
 that ill instruments had interposed, and 
 raised in them fears and jealousies with re- 
 gard to his intentions. 
 
 Though innocent towards his people, he 
 acknowledged the equity of his execution in 
 the eyes of his Maker; and observed, that 
 an unjust sentence which he had suffered to 
 take effect was now punished by an unjust 
 sentence upon himself. 
 
 He forgave all his enemies, even the chief 
 instruments of his death ; but exhorted them 
 and the whole nation to return to the ways 
 of peace, by paying obedience to their lawful 
 sovereign, his son and successor. When he 
 was preparing himself for the block. Bishop 
 Juxon called to him : " There is, sir, but one 
 stage more, which, though turbulent and trouble- 
 some, is yet a very short one. Consider, it will 
 soon carry you a great way ; it will carry you 
 from earth to heaven ; and there you shall 
 find to your joy, the prize to which you has- 
 ten, a crown of glory. " 
 
 '' I go, " replied the King, " from a corrupt- 
 ible to an incorruptible crown, where no dis- 
 turbance can have place. " 
 
112 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 At one blow was his head severed from his 
 body. A man in a visor performed the office 
 of executioner; another, in a like disguise, 
 held up to the spectators the head, streaming 
 with blood, and cried aloud, ^' This is the head 
 of a traitor. " 
 
 It is impossible to describe the grief, indig- 
 nation, and astonishment which took place, 
 not only among the spectators, who were 
 overwhelmed with a flood of sorrow, but 
 throughout the whole nation, as soon as the 
 report of this fatal execution was conveyed to 
 them. Never monarch, in the full triumph of 
 success and victory, was more dear to his 
 people, than his misfortunes and magnanimity, 
 his patience and piety, had rendered this un- 
 happy Prince. In proportion to their former 
 delusions, which had animated them against 
 him, was the violence of their return to duty 
 and affection ; while each reproached himself 
 either with active disloyalty towards him, or 
 with too indolent defence of his oppressed 
 cause. The very pulpits were bedewed with 
 unsuborned tears, those pulpits, which had 
 formerly thundered out the most violent im- 
 precations and anathemas against him. And 
 all men united in their detestation of those 
 
MISTAKES OF THE RKPUBUCAN PARTY. 113 
 
 hypocritical parricides, who, by sanctified pre- 
 tences, had so long disguised their treasons, 
 and in this last act of iniquity had thrown an 
 indelible stain upon the nation. 
 
 A fresh instance of hypocrisy was displayed 
 the very day of the King's death. The gen- 
 erous Fairfax, not content with being absent 
 from the trial, had used all the interest which 
 he yet retained to prevent the execution of 
 the fatal sentence; and had even employed 
 persuasion with his own regiment, though 
 none else should follow him, to rescue the 
 King from his disloyal murderers. Cromwell 
 and Ireton, informed of this intention, endea- 
 vored to convince him that the Lord had re- 
 jected the King ; and they exhorted him to 
 seek by prayer some direction from heaven on 
 this important occasion ; but they concealed 
 from him that they had already signed the 
 warrant for the execution. Harrison was the 
 person appointed to join in prayer with the 
 unwary general. By agreement he prolonged 
 his doleful cant till intelligence arrived that 
 the fatal blow was struck. He then rose from 
 his knees, and insisted with Fairfax, that this 
 event was a miraculous and providential an- 
 8 
 
114 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 swer which Heaven had sent to their devout 
 supplications. 
 
 It being remarked that the King, the mo- 
 ment before he stretched out his neck to the 
 executioner, had said to Juxon, with a very 
 earnest accent, the single word, '' Remember," 
 great mysteries were supposed to be concealed 
 under that expression ; and the generals vehe- 
 mently insisted with the prelate that he should 
 inform them of the King's meaning. Juxon told 
 them that the King, having frequently charged 
 him to inculcate in his son the forgiveness of his 
 murderers, had taken this opportunity, in the 
 last moment of his life, when his commands, 
 he supposed, would be regarded as sacred and 
 inviolable, to reiterate that desire ; and that his 
 mild spirit thus terminated its present course 
 by an act of benevolence towards his greatest 
 enemies. The confusion which overspread Eng- 
 land after the murder of Charles I. proceeded 
 as well from the spirit of refinement and innova- 
 tion which agitated the ruling party as from 
 the dissolution of all that authority, both civil 
 and ecclesiastical, by which the nation had ever 
 had been accustomed to be governed. Every man 
 had formed the model of a republic ; and, however 
 new it was, or fantastical, he was eager in 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 115 
 
 recommending it to his fellow-citizens, or even 
 imposing it by force upon them. Every man 
 had adjusted a system of religion which, being 
 derived from no traditional authority, was pecu- 
 liar to himself. The levellers insisted on an 
 equal distribution of power and property, and 
 disclaimed all dependence and subordination. 
 The Millenarians, or Fifth Monarchy men, re- 
 quired that government itself should be abolished, 
 and all human powers be laid in the dust, in 
 order to pave the way for the dominion of 
 Christ, whose second coming they suddenly 
 expected. The Antinomians even insisted that 
 the obligations of morality and natural law were 
 suspended, and that the elect, guided by an in- 
 ternal principle, more perfect and divine, were 
 superior to the beggarly elements of justice 
 and humanity. A considerable party declaimed 
 against tithes and a hireling priesthood, and 
 were resolved that the magistrate should not 
 support by power or revenue any ecclesiastical 
 establishment. Another party declared against 
 the law and its professors ; and, on pretence of 
 rendering more simple the distribution of jus- 
 tice, were desirous of abolishing the whole sys- 
 tem of English jurisprudence, which seemed in- 
 terwoven with monarchical government. Even 
 
116 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 those among tlie republicans wlio adopted not 
 such extravagances were so intoxicated with 
 their saintly character that they supposed them- 
 selves possessed of peculiar privileges ; and all 
 professions, oaths, laws and engagements, had, 
 in a great measure, lost their influence over 
 them. The bonds of society were everywhere 
 loosened, and the irregular passions of men 
 were encouraged by speculative principles, still 
 more unsocial and irregular. The royalists, 
 consisting of the cavaliers and more considerable 
 gentry, being degraded from their authority and 
 plundered of their property, were inflamed with 
 the highest resentment and indignation against 
 those ignoble adversaries who had reduced them 
 to subjection. Rather than live under the rule 
 of the Roundheads, thousands of them fled from 
 England and settled in Virginia and the other 
 southern colonies. 
 
 After taking possession of the Government 
 the Roundheads could not agree in Parliament, 
 Cromwell saw his opportunity. When there 
 is no unity of feeling between men they are 
 easily dissolved. Cromwell seeing this has- 
 tened to the House of Commons, and carried 
 a body of three hundred soldiers along with 
 him. He suddenly loaded the Parliament with 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 117 
 
 the vilest reproaclies, for their tyranny, ambition, 
 oppression and robbery of the public. 
 
 Then drawing his sword, which was a signal 
 for the soldiers to enter, *^ For shame," said he 
 to the Parliament, " get you gone, give place to 
 honest men, to those who will more faithfully 
 discharge their trust. You are no longer a 
 Parliament, I tell you, you are no longer a 
 Parliament. The Lord has done with you, 
 he has chosen other instruments for His 
 work." 
 
 Having commanded the soldiers to clear the 
 hall, he himself went out last, and ordering the 
 doors to be locked, departed to his lodgings in 
 Whitehall. In this furious manner which so 
 well denotes his genuine character did Cromwell, 
 without the least opposition, or even murmur, 
 annihilate that famous assembly, which had filled 
 all Europe with the renown of its actions, and 
 with astonishment at its crimes. 
 
 From that time, Cromwell ruled with an iron 
 hand, until his death, after which the people in 
 England were compelled to recall their banished 
 King, Charles II., and reestablish the Constitu- 
 tional Government to secure themselves against 
 their own weakness and folly. 
 
 After the restoration the Roundheads or Puri- 
 
118 THE UNPROTECTED. 
 
 tans, fled from England by thousands and 
 settled in the New England States. 
 
 Thirsting for power in this country, they 
 overthrew the Constitutional laws and made 
 war upon the South, and established a cen- 
 tralized Government. They enfranchised the 
 slaves to rule the South, but the negroes give 
 the South her industrial independence, and 
 when Northern men come south the Souther- 
 ners can say to them, " We have our negroes 
 and their votes that you unwittingly made us 
 a present of, and if you do not do as we de- 
 sire you can go back North and work for 
 your Yankee boss for just such wages as he 
 sees fit to pay you." 
 
 When Abraham Lincoln was told that they 
 would enfranchise the slaves he foresaw that, 
 and he said : — 
 
 ** The enfranchisement of the negro race 
 would place the diadem of power upon the 
 heads of the Southern people." 
 
 Then who were the victors when the war 
 closed ? 
 
 The tempter controls the centralized Gov- 
 ernment in Washington, and the South has 
 the diadem of power. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE STORY OF THE TWO IMAGES IN THE LOOK- 
 ING-GLASS, IN WHICH IT APPEARS THAT ABRA- 
 HAM LINCOLN SAW HIS OWN GHOST — 
 COMMENTS THEREON BY HIS OLD FRIEND, 
 ALEX. H. STEPHENS. 
 
 VERY singular occurrence took place 
 the day I was nominated at Chicago, 
 of which I am reminded to-night. In 
 the afternoon of the day, returning 
 home from down town, I went upstairs to Mrs. 
 Lincoln's sitting-room. Feeling somewhat tired, 
 I lay down upon a couch in the room, directly 
 opposite a bureau upon which was a looking- 
 glass. As I reclined, my eyes fell upon the 
 glass, and I saw distinctly two images of my- 
 self, exactly alike, except that one was a little 
 paler than the other. I arose and lay down 
 again with the same result. 
 
 *' It made me quite uncomfortable for a few 
 moments; but some friends coming in, the 
 matter passed from my mind. 
 
 "The next day, while walking in the street, 
 (119) 
 
120 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 I was suddenly reminded of the circumstance, 
 and tlie disagreeable sensation produced by it 
 returned. I determined to go Home and place 
 myself in the same position, and if the same 
 effect was produced, I would make up my mincj 
 that it was the natural result of some principle 
 of refraction or optics which I did not under- 
 stand, and dismiss it. I tried the experiment, 
 with a like result ; and, as I said to myself, 
 accounting for it on some principle unknown 
 to me, it ceased to trouble me. 
 
 " But some time ago I tried to produce the 
 same effect here by arranging a glass and couch 
 in the same position, without effect. My wife 
 was somewhat worried about it. She thought 
 it was a sign that I was to be elected to a 
 second term of office, and that the paleness of 
 one of the faces was an omen that I should 
 not see life through the second term." 
 
 This incident in the life of Mr. Lincoln, as 
 restated by himself, is thus alluded to by Dr. 
 Draper in his "Civil War in America:" — 
 
 "As is not unfrequently observed of western 
 men, there were mysterious traits of superstition 
 in his character. 
 
 A friend once inquiring the cause of a deep 
 depression under which he seemed to be suffer- 
 ing :— 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 121 
 
 ^'I have seen this evening again," he re- 
 plied, " what I once saw before on the evening 
 of my nomination at Chicago. As I stood be- 
 fore a mirror there were two images of myself, 
 a bright one in front and one that was very 
 pallid standing behind. It completely un- 
 nerved me. The bright one I know is my 
 past, the pale one my coming life. And feel- 
 ing that there is no armor against destiny," he 
 added, " I do not think I shall live to see the 
 end of my term. I try to shake oflf the vision 
 but it still keeps haunting me." 
 
 Alex. H. Stephens, the great historian says : — 
 
 *' Of Robespierre it is said that he was de- 
 votedly attached to the principles of liberty. 
 ^' He was deeply read in the history of the 
 Grecian and Roman Republics, and had a high 
 admiration for the examples set by the free 
 States and heroes of antiquity." These were 
 the models according to which he had formed 
 the ideal of a State. 
 
 " Trial by jury, the enfranchisement of the 
 slaves, the liberty of the press, the abolition of 
 capital punishment, were among the special 
 subjects advocated by him. 
 
 "These were certainly high and admirable quali- 
 ties, to say nothing of his many other private 
 
 I 
 
122 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 virtues. This, however, is the man who in 
 power made such bloody use of the guillotine, 
 without allowing his victims any hearing what- 
 ever, not even by a military commission, 
 much less a jury ; and for which his name 
 has been associated with everything cruel, in- 
 human and execrable. But in these acts it is 
 said he was influenced by ' a sense of justice' 
 which was 'incorruptible in its nature, 'but 
 statue-like in its frigid insensibility.' 
 
 " A man may possess many amiable qualities 
 in private life — many estimable virtues and ex- 
 cellencies of character, and yet in official posi- 
 tion commit errors involving not only most un- 
 justifiable usurpations of power, but such as 
 rise to high crimes against society and against 
 humanity. This, too, may be done most con- 
 scientiously and with the best intentions. This, 
 at least, is my opinion on that subject. The 
 history of the world abounds with apt instances 
 for illustration. Mr. Lincoln, you say, was 
 kind-hearted. In this I fully agree. No man 
 I ever knew was more so, but the same was 
 true of Julius Caesar. 
 
 " All you have said of Mr. Lincoln's good 
 qualities, and a great deal more on the same 
 line, may be truly said of Caesar. He was cer- 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 123 
 
 tainly esteemed by many of the best men of 
 his day for some of the highest qualities which 
 dignify and ennoble human nature. He was 
 a thorough scholar, a profound philosopher, an 
 accomplished orator and one of the most gifted 
 as well as polished writers of the age in which 
 he lived. No man ever had more devoted per- 
 sonal friends, and justly so, too, than he had. 
 And yet, notwithstanding all these distinguish- 
 ing, amiable and high qualities of his private 
 character, he is by the general consent of man- 
 kind looked upon as the destroyer of the liber- 
 ties of Rome. The case of Caesar illustrates to 
 some extent my view both of the private charac- 
 ter of Mr. Lincoln, and of his public acts. 
 
 " In all such cases in estimating character we 
 must discriminate between the man in private 
 life and the man in public office. The two 
 spheres somehow, and strangely enough, too, 
 appear to be totally different. Power generally 
 seems to change and transform the characters 
 of those invested with it. Hence the great 
 necessity for ' these chains ' in the Constitu- 
 tion, to bind all rulers and men in authority, 
 spoken of by Mr. Jefferson. Hazael, for all we 
 know, may have been highly distinguished and 
 perhaps beloved by the virtuous and good of 
 
124 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 his acquaintance for many excellent traits of 
 character in private life. He was, unquestion- 
 ably, an eminently representative man. From 
 his knowledge of himself in the lower, he seemed 
 to have not the slightest conception of what he 
 would or could be induced to do when raised 
 to the higher official sphere; no more than a 
 man in this life can conceive of the impulses 
 by which he will be governed in the life here- 
 after. When he was told by Elisha, the prophet, 
 that Benhadad, the King of Syria, would surely 
 die and that he would be elevated to the throne 
 in his stead, and when he was further told of 
 ^the eviP he would do, and the barbarous 
 iniquities he would commit in this, to him, new 
 sphere, he was so shocked at the announcement 
 that he exclaimed : ^ But what, is thy servant a 
 dog, that he should do this great thing ? ' So, 
 perhaps, it would have been with Mr. Lincoln, 
 if a like prophetic disclosure had been made to 
 him. 
 
 " If, for instance, on the evening of his nomi- 
 nation at Chicago, when the two images of him- 
 self were presented in his mirror at Springfield, 
 which ever afterwards so haunted him, it had 
 been told to him, that the ^ bright ' one of these 
 images was but the true likeness of himself in 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 125 
 
 the Sphere of private life, and the other — pale 
 and ^ statue-like in its frigid insensibility ' to 
 all the gentle promptings of his generous heart 
 — was the future image of himself in that 
 official sphere to which he was soon to be 
 elevated; if the curtain of the future had been 
 further raised, and ' Death upon his pale horse ' 
 had been seen doing his tragical work on the 
 rugged grounds of Manassas, at Oak Hill, at 
 Corinth, on the battle-fields around Richmond — 
 at Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Murfreesboro, 
 Chancellors ville, Gettysburg, Vicksburg and 
 Chickamauga; if the scenes of slaughter and 
 carnage in the Wilderness, at Cold Harbor and 
 Atlanta had been exhibited ; if the wails of 
 horror that went up from the crater of the vol> 
 canic mine at Petersburg had been heard, even 
 at a distance, commingling with like cries from 
 the dying in the prisons of Camp Douglas, 
 Rock Island and Elmira, as well as Salisbur}- 
 and Anderson ville, and others of less note ; if 
 the devastations in the valley of Virginia by 
 Sheridan, and the conflagrations and desola- 
 tions by Sherman through Georgia and the two 
 Carolinas, especially at Columbia, had passed 
 in grand panorama before his vision, reflected 
 from that mirror, and he had been then and 
 
126 THE UNPROTECTED. 
 
 there told by some inspired prophet that all these 
 terrible scenes — these sufferings and woes of 
 milUions — these convulsive throes of this our 
 * Nation of Nations ' in the days of their agony 
 — would soon be the results of his own acts in 
 his official character, in that higher sphere to 
 which he was to be elevated — represented by 
 the second image thus reflected — he would 
 doubtless have heard the announcement with no 
 little horror, — he would, indeed, have been ' un- 
 nerved,' and would have exclaimed, in language 
 of equal surprise and indignation, with that of 
 Hazael to Elisha; he would have believed and 
 would have said, with all the emphasis he could 
 have commanded, that it was impossible for him 
 to do such things." 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 A HISTORY OF THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 THE MANUFACTURING BUSINESS IN 
 
 THE SOUTH. 
 
 N tHe day the electric telegrapH 
 flashed the news over the country 
 that Abraham Lincoln was elected 
 President of the United States with 
 his previous declaration ^' and now the cup of 
 iniquity is full, and the vials of wrath will be 
 poured out, " the manufacturing business 
 sprung into existence in the South. 
 
 On that day the Southern people began to 
 repair their arms. The repair shops soon 
 grew into immense manufactories. 
 
 In his history, ^^ The Rise and Fall of the 
 Confederate Government, " Jefferson Davis, 
 says : — 
 
 '' We began in April, 1861, without an ar- 
 senal, laboratory, or powder mill of any capa- 
 city, and with no foundry or rolling mill, ex- 
 cept in Richmond, and, before the close of 
 1863, or within a little over two years, we 
 
 (127) 
 
128 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 supplied them. During the harassments of 
 war, while holding our own in the field de- 
 fiantly and successfully against a powerful 
 enemy ; crippled by a depreciated currency ; 
 throttled with a blockade that deprived us of 
 nearly all the means of getting material or 
 workmen ; obliged to send almost every able- 
 bodied man to the field; unable to use the 
 slave-labor, with which we were abundantly 
 supplied, except in the most unskilled depart- 
 ments of production ; hampered by want of 
 transportation even of the commonest supplies 
 of food ; with no stock on hand even of arti- 
 cles such as steel, copper, leather, iron, which 
 we must have to build up our establishments 
 — against all these obstacles, in spite of all 
 these deficiencies, we persevered at home, as 
 determinedly as did our troops in the field, 
 against a more tangible opposition; and in 
 that short period erected, almost literally out 
 of the ground, foundries and rolling mills at 
 Selma, Richmond, Atlanta, and Macon ; smelt- 
 ing works at Petersburg ; chemical works at 
 Charlotte, North Carolina; a powder mill far 
 superior to any in the United States, and un- 
 surpassed by any across the ocean ; and a 
 chain of arsenals, armories, and laboratories 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 129 
 
 equal in their capacity, and tlieir improved 
 appointments to the best of those in the United 
 States, stretching link by link from Virginia 
 to Alabama. 
 
 " There was before the war little powder or 
 ammunition of any kind stored in the Southern 
 States, and this was a relic of the war with 
 Mexico. It is doubtful if there were a million 
 of rounds of small-arms cartridges. The chief 
 store of powder was that captured at Norfolk; 
 there was, besides, a small quantity at each of 
 the Southern arsenals, in all sixty thousand 
 pounds, chiefly old cannon -powder. The per- 
 cussion caps did not exceed one-quarter of a 
 million, and there was no lead on hand. There 
 were no batteries of serviceable field-artillery at 
 the arsenals, but a few old iron guns mounted 
 on Gribeauval carriages fabricated about 1812. 
 The States and the Volunteer companies did, 
 however, possess some serviceable batteries ; but 
 there were neither harness, saddles, bridles, 
 blankets, nor other artillery or cavalry equip- 
 ments. Within the limits of the Confederate 
 States the arsenals had been used only as depots, 
 and no one of them, except that at Fayetteville, 
 North Carolina, had a single machine above the 
 grade of a foot-lathe. Except at Harper's Ferry 
 9 
 
130 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 Armory, all the work of preparation of material 
 liad been carried on at the North ; not an arm, 
 not a gun, not a gun-carriage, and, except dur- 
 ing the Mexican War, scarcely a round of am- 
 munition had for fifty years been prepared in 
 the Confederate States. There were conse- 
 quently no workmen, or very few, skilled in 
 these arts. Powder, save perhaps for blasting, 
 had not been made at the South. No saltpetre 
 was in store at any Southern point ; it was 
 stored wholly at the North. There were no 
 worked mines of lead except in Virginia, and the 
 situation of those made them a precarious de- 
 pendence. The only cannon foundry existing 
 was at Richmond. Copper, so necessary for 
 field artillery and for percussion caps, was just 
 being obtained in East Tennessee. There was 
 no rolling mill for bar iron south of Richmond, 
 and but few blast furnaces, and these, with 
 trifling exceptions, were in the border States of 
 Virginia and Tennessee. 
 
 '' The first efforts made to obtain powder were 
 by orders sent to the North, which had been 
 early done both by the Confederate Government 
 and by some of the States. These were being 
 rapidly filled when the attack was made on Fort 
 Sumter. The shipments then ceased. Nitre 
 
MISTAKES OF THK REPUBI.ICAN PARTY. 131 
 
 was contemporaneously sought for in North 
 Alabama and Tennessee. Between four and five 
 hundred tons of sulphur were obtained in New 
 Orleans, at which place it had been imported 
 for use in the manufacture of sugar. 
 
 " Preparations for the construction of a large 
 powder mill were promptly commenced by the 
 Government, and two small, private mills in 
 East Tennessee were supervised and improved. 
 
 On June i, 1861, there was probably two 
 hundred and fifty thousand pounds only, chiefly 
 of cannon powder, and about as much nitre, 
 which had been imported by Georgia. There 
 were the two powder mills above men- 
 tioned, but we had no experience in making 
 powder, or in extracting nitre from natural de- 
 posits, or in obtaining it by artificial beds. 
 For the supply of arms an agent was sent to 
 Europe, who made contracts to the extent of 
 nearly half a million dollars. Some small arms 
 had been obtained from the North, and also 
 important machinery. 
 
 " The machinery at Harper's Ferry Armor}^ 
 had been saved from the flames by the heroic 
 conduct of the operatives, headed by Mr. 
 Armistead M. Ball, the master armorer. Of 
 the machinery so saved, that for making rifle 
 
132 The unprotected ; or, 
 
 muskets was transported to Richmond, and tliat 
 for rifles with sword bayonets to Fayetteville, 
 North Carolina. In addition to the injuries 
 suffered by the machinery, the lack of skilled 
 workmen caused much embarrassment. 
 
 '* In the mean time the manufacture of small 
 arms was undertaken at New Orleans and 
 prosecuted with energ}'-, though with limited 
 success. In field artillery the manufacture was 
 confined almost entirely to the Tredegar Works 
 in Richmond. Some castings were made in 
 New Orleans, and attention was turned to the 
 manufacture of field and siege artillery at Nash- 
 ville. A small foundry at Rome, Georgia, was 
 induced to undertake the casting of the three- 
 inch iron rifle, but the progress was very slow. 
 The State of Virginia possessed a number of old 
 four-pounder iron guns which were reamed out 
 to get a good bore, and rifled with three grooves, 
 after the manner of Parrott. The army at 
 Harper's Ferry and that at Manassas were sup- 
 plied with old batteries of six-pounder guns 
 and twelve-pounder howitzers. A few Parrott 
 guns, purchased by the State of Virginia, were 
 with General Magruder at Big Bethel. 
 
 For the ammunition and equipment required 
 for the infantry and artillery, a good laboratory 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 138 
 
 and workshop Had been established at Ricb- 
 mond. Tbe arsenals were making preparations 
 for furnisbing ammunition and knapsacks ; 
 but generally wbat little was done in tbis re- 
 gard was for local purposes. Sucb was tbe 
 general condition of ordnance and ordnance 
 stores in May, 1861. 
 
 '^ Tbe progress of development, bowever, was 
 steady. A refinery of saltpetre was establisbed 
 near Nasbville during tbe summer, wbicb re- 
 ceived tbe nitre from its vicinity and from tbe 
 caves in East Tennessee. Some inferior powder 
 was made at two small mills in Soutb Carolina. 
 Nortb Carolina establisbed a mill near Raleigb ; 
 and a stamping mill was put up near New 
 Orleans, and powder was made tbere before tbe 
 fall of tbe city. Small quantities were also re- 
 ceived tbrougb tbe blockade. It was estimated 
 tbat on January i, 1862, tbere were fifteen hun- 
 dred sea-coast guns of various calibre in posi- 
 tion from Evansport, on tbe Potomac, to Fort 
 Brown, on tbe Rio Grande. If tbeir calibre was 
 averaged at twenty-two pounder, and tbe cbarge 
 at five pounds, it Would, at forty rounds per 
 gun, bave required six bundred thousand pounds 
 of powder for tbem. Tbe field artillery — say 
 tbree bundred guns, witb two bundred rounds 
 
134 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 to the piece — would require one hundred and 
 twenty-five thousand pounds ; and the small-arm 
 cartridges — say ten million — ^would consume 
 one hundred and twenty-five thousand pounds 
 more, making in all eight hundred and fifty 
 thousand pounds. Deducting two hundred and 
 fifty thousand pounds, supposed to be on hand 
 in various shapes, and the increment is six 
 hundred thousand pounds for the year 1861. 
 
 " Of this, perhaps two hundred thousand 
 pounds had been made at the Tennessee and 
 other mills, leaving four hundred thousand 
 pounds to be supplied through the blockade, 
 or before the beginning of hostilities. 
 
 ''The liability of powder to deteriorate in 
 damp atmospheres results from the impurity 
 of the nitre used in its manufacture, and 
 this it is not possible to detect by any of the 
 usual tests. Security, therefore in the pur- 
 chase, depends on the reliability of the 
 maker. To us, who had to rely on foreign 
 products and the open market, this was 
 equivalent to no security at all. It was, 
 therefore, as well for this reason as because 
 of the precariousness of thus obtaining the 
 requisite supply, necessary that we should 
 establish a Government powder mill. 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 135 
 
 "It was our good fortune to have a valu- 
 able man whose military education and 
 scientific knowledge had been supplemented 
 by practical experience in a large manufac- 
 tory of machinery. He, General G. W. 
 Rains, was at the time resident in the State 
 of New York ; but when his native State, 
 North Carolina, seceded from the Union, and 
 joined the Confederacy, true to the highest 
 instincts of patriotism, he returned to the land of 
 his birth and only asked where he could be 
 most useful. The expectations which his re- 
 putation justified caused him to be assigned 
 to the task of making a great powder mill, which 
 should alike furnish an adequate supply, and 
 give assurance of its possessing all the requi- 
 site qualities. This problem, which, under 
 the existing circumstances, seemed barely pos- 
 sible, was fully solved. 
 
 '^ Not only was powder made of every vari- 
 ety of grain and exact uniformity in each, 
 but the nitre was so absolutely purified that 
 there was no danger of its deterioration in ser- 
 vice. 
 
 '' Had Admiral Semmes been supplied with 
 such powder, it is demonstrated, by the facts 
 which have since been established, that the 
 
136 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 engagement between the Alabama and the 
 Kearsage would Have resulted in a victory for 
 the former. 
 
 '' These Government powder mills were located 
 at Augusta, Georgia, and satisfactory progress 
 was made in the construction during the year. 
 All the machinery, including the very heavy 
 rollers, was made in the Confederate States. 
 Contracts were made abroad for the delivery of 
 nitre through the blockade; and, for obtaining 
 it immediately, we resorted to caves, tobacco- 
 bams, cellars, etc. The amount delivered from 
 Tennessee was the largest item in the year's 
 supply, but the whole was quite inadequate to 
 existing and prospective needs. 
 
 ^' The consumption of lead was mainly met by 
 the lead-mines at Wytheville, the yield from 
 which was from sixty to eighty thousand pounds 
 per month. Lead was also collected by agents 
 in considerable quantities throughout the coun- 
 try, and the battle-field of Manassas was closely 
 gleaned, from which much lead was collected. 
 
 " A laboratory for the smelting of other ores 
 was constructed at Petersburg, Va., and was in 
 operation before midsummer of 1862. By the 
 close of 1 86 1, eight arsenals and four depots 
 had been supplied with materials and ma- 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 137 
 
 chinery, so as to be efficient in producing the 
 various munitions and equipments, the want 
 of which had caused early embarrassment. Thus 
 a good deal had been done to produce the 
 needed material of war and to refute the croakers 
 who found in our poverty application for the 
 maxim, ^ Ex nihilo nihil fit.' The troops were, 
 however, still very poorly armed and equipped. 
 
 " The old smooth-bore musket was the principal 
 weapon of the infantry; the artillery had mostly 
 the six-pounder gun and the twelve-pounder 
 howitzer ; and the cavalry were armed with such 
 various weapons as they could get — sabres, horse- 
 pistols, revolvers. Sharp's carbines, musketoons, 
 short Enfield rifles, Holt's carbines, muskets 
 cut off, etc. Equipments were in many cases 
 made of stout cotton domestic, stitched in triple 
 folds and covered wnth paint or rubber varnish. 
 But, poor as were the arms, enough of them 
 such as they were, could not be obtained to arm 
 the troops pressing forward to defend their homes 
 and political rights. 
 
 *' In December, 1861, arms purchased abroad 
 began to come in, and a good many Enfield 
 rifles were in the hands of the troops at the 
 battle of Shiloh. The winter of 1862 was the 
 period when our ordnance deficiencies were most 
 
138 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 keenly felt. Powder was called for on every 
 hand, and the equipments most needed were those 
 we were least able to supply. The abandon- 
 ment of the line of the Potomac, and the upper 
 Mississippi from Columbus to Memphis, did 
 somewhat, however, reduce the pressure for 
 heavy artillery ; and, after the fall of 1862, 
 when the powder-mill at Augusta had got into 
 full operation, there was no further inability to 
 meet all requisitions for ammunition. To pro- 
 vide the iron needed for cannon and projectiles, 
 it had been necessary to stimulate by contracts 
 the mining and smelting of its ores. But it 
 was obviously beyond the power of even the 
 administrative capacity of the chief of ordnance, 
 General J. Gorgas, to whose monograph I am 
 indebted for these details, to add, to his already 
 burdensome labors, the numerous and increasing 
 cares of obtaining the material from which am- 
 munition, arms and equipments were to be manu- 
 factured. On his recommendation a nitre and 
 mining bureau was organized, and Colonel St. 
 John, who had been hitherto assigned to duty 
 in connection with procuring supplies of nitre 
 and iron, was appointed to be chief of this 
 bureau. A large, difficult, and most important 
 field of operations was thus assigned to him^ 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 139 
 
 and well did lie fulfill its requirements. To 
 his recent experience was added scientific knowl- 
 edge, and to both, untiring, systematic industry 
 and his heart's thorough devotion to the cause 
 he served. The tree is known by its fruit, and 
 he may confidently point to results as the evi- 
 dence on which he is willing to stand for judg- 
 ment. 
 
 *^ Nitre was to be obtained from caves and 
 other like sources, and by the formation of 
 nitre beds, some of which had previously been 
 begun at Richmond. These beds were located 
 at Columbia, South Carolina, Charleston, Sa- 
 vannah, Augusta, Mobile, Selma and various 
 other points. At the close of 1864, there were 
 two million eight hundred thousand feet of 
 earth collected, and in various stages of nitri- 
 fication, of which a large proportion was pre- 
 sumed to yield one and a half pound of nitre, 
 per foot of earth. The whole country was 
 laid off into districts, each of which was under 
 the charge of an officer, who obtained details 
 of workmen from the army, and made his 
 monthly reports. 
 
 " Thus the nitre production, in the course of 
 a year, was brought up to something like 
 half of the total consumption. The district 
 
140 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 from whicli tlie most constant yield could be 
 relied on had its chief office at Greensboro, 
 North Carolina, a region which had no nitre- 
 caves in it. 
 
 **The nitre was obtained from lixiviation of 
 nitrous earth found under old houses, barns, 
 etc. 
 
 "The supervision of the production of iron, 
 lead, copper, and all the minerals which 
 needed development, as well as the manufac- 
 ture of sulphuric and nitric acids, (the latter 
 required for the supply of the fulminate of 
 mercury for percussion caps), without which 
 the fire arms of our day would have been use- 
 less, was added to the nitre bureau. 
 
 Such was the progress that in a short time, 
 the bureau was aiding or managing some 
 twenty to thirty furnaces with an annual 
 yield of fifty thousand tons or more of pig 
 iron. The lead and copper smelting works 
 erected were sufficient for all wants, and the 
 smelting of zinc of good quality had been 
 achieved. The chemical works were placed at 
 Charlotte, North Carolina, to serve as a re- 
 serve when the supply from abroad might be 
 cut off. 
 
 "In equipping the armies first sent into the 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 141 
 
 field, the supply of accessories was embarras- 
 singly scant. There were arms, such as they 
 were, for over one hundred thousand men, but 
 no accoutrements nor equipments, and a meagre 
 supply of ammunition. In time the knap- 
 sacks were supplanted by haversacks, which 
 the women could make. But soldiers' shoes 
 and cartrige boxes must be had ; leather was 
 also needed for artillery-harness and for cavalry- 
 saddles ; and, as the amount of leather which 
 the country could furnish was quite insufficient 
 for all these purposes, it was perforce appor- 
 tioned among them. Soldiers' shoes were the 
 prime necessity. Therefore, a scale was es- 
 tablished, by which, first shoes and then 
 cartridge boxes had the preference ; after 
 these artillery-harness, and then saddles and 
 bridles. 
 
 " To economize leather the waist and cartridge 
 box belts were made of prepared cotton cloth 
 stitched in three or four thicknesses. Bridle- 
 reins were likewise so made, and then cartridge 
 boxes were thus covered, except the flap. 
 Saddle-skirts, too, were made of heavy cotton 
 cloth strongly stitched. 
 
 '* To get leather, each department procured 
 its quota of hides, made contracts with the 
 
142 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 tanners, obtained hands for them by exemp- 
 tions from the army, got transportation over 
 the railroads for the hides and for supplies. 
 
 *' To the varied functions of this bureau was 
 finally added that of assisting the tanners to 
 procure the necessary supplies for the tanners. 
 A fishery, even, was established on Cape Fear 
 River to get oil for mechanical purposes, and 
 at the same time food for the workmen. 
 
 *' In cavalry equipments the main thing was 
 to get a good saddle which would not hurt 
 the back of the horse. For this purpose 
 various patterns were tried, and reasonable 
 success was obtained. One of the most diffi- 
 cult wants to supply in this branch of the 
 service was the horseshoe for cavalry and 
 artillery. 
 
 " The want of iron and of skilled labor was 
 strongly felt. Every wayside blacksmith shop 
 accessible, especially those in and near the 
 theatre of operations, was employed. These, 
 again, had to be supplied with material, and 
 the employes exempted from service. 
 
 "It early became manifest that great reliance 
 must be placed on the introduction of articles 
 of prime necessity through the blockaded ports. 
 A vessel capable of stowing six hundred and 
 
MISTAKES OI^ THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 143 
 
 fifty bales of cotton was purchased by an agent 
 in England and kept running between Bermuda 
 and Wilmington. Some fifteen to eighteen suc- 
 cessive trips were made before she was cap- 
 tured. Another was added which was equally 
 successful. These vessels were long, low, rather 
 narrow and built for speed. They were mostly 
 of pale sky-color, and, with their lights out and 
 with fuel that made little smoke, they ran to 
 and from Wilmington with considerable regu- 
 larity. Several others were added, and devoted 
 to bringing in ordnance and finally general 
 supplies. Depots of stores were likewise made 
 at Nassau and Havana. Another organization 
 was also necessary that the vessels coming in 
 through the blockade might have their return 
 cargoes promptly on their arrival. These re- 
 sources were also supplemented by contracts 
 for supplies brought through Texas from Mexico. 
 The arsenal in Richmond soon grew into very 
 large dimensions, and produced all the ordnance 
 stores that the army required, except cannon 
 and small arms, in quantities sufiicient to sup- 
 ply the forces in the field. The arsenal at 
 Augusta was very serviceable to the armies 
 serving in the South and West, and turned out 
 a good deal of field artillery complete. The 
 
144 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 Government powder mills were entirely suc- 
 cessful. The arsenal and workshops at 
 Charleston were enlarged, steam introduced 
 and good work done in various departments. 
 The arsenal at Mount Vernon, Alabama, was 
 moved to Selma, in that State, where it grew 
 into a large and well-ordered establishment of 
 the first-class. Mount Vernon arsenal was dis- 
 mantled and served to furnish lumber and 
 timber for use elsewhere. 
 
 " At Montgomery, shops were kept up for the 
 repair of small arms and the manufacture of 
 articles of leather. There were many other 
 small establishments and depots. 
 
 " The chief armories were at Richmond and 
 Fayetteville, North Carolina. The former 
 turned out about fifteen hundred stands per 
 month, and the latter only four hundred per 
 month, for want of operatives. To meet the 
 want of cavalry arms, a contract was made for 
 the construction in Richmond of a factory for 
 Sharp's carbines ; this being built, it was then 
 converted into a manufactory of rifle car- 
 bines. Smaller establishments grew up at 
 Asheville, North Carolina, and at Tallessee, 
 Alabama. A great part of the work of the 
 armories consisted in the repair of arms. In 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 145 
 
 this manner the gleanings of the battle-fields 
 were utilized. Nearly ten thousand stands were 
 saved from the field of Manasses, and from those 
 about Richmond in 1862 about twenty-five thou- 
 sand excellent arms. All the stock of inferior 
 arms disappeared from the armories during the 
 first two years of the war, and were replaced 
 by a better class of arms, rifled and percus-, 
 sioned. 
 
 " Placing the good arms lost previous to July, 
 1863, at one hundred thousand, there must have 
 been received from various sources four hun- 
 dred thousand stands of infantry arms in the 
 first two years of the war. Among the obvious 
 requirements of a well-regulated service was one 
 central laboratory of sufiicient capacity to pre- 
 pare all ammunition, and thus to secure the 
 vital advantage of absolute uniformity. 
 
 " Authority was therefore granted to concen- 
 trate this species of work at Macon, Georgia. 
 Plans of the buildings and of the machinery 
 required were submitted and approved, and the 
 work was begun with energy. The pile of 
 buildings had a fagade of six hundred feet, 
 was designed with taste, and comprehended 
 every possible a.ppliance for good and well-organ- 
 ized work. The buildings were nearly ready 
 10 
 
146 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 for occupation at tlie close of the war, and some 
 of the machinery had arrived at Bermuda. This 
 project preceded that of a general armory for 
 the Confederacy, and was much nearer comple- 
 tion. These, with the admirable powder mills 
 at Augusta, would have been completed, and 
 with them the Government would have been in 
 a condition to supply arms and ammunition to 
 three hundred thousand men. To these would 
 have been added a foundry for heavy guns at 
 Selma or Brierfield, Alabama, where the 
 strongest cast-iron in the country had been 
 made. 
 
 ^' Thus has been briefly sketched the develop- 
 ment of the resources from which our large 
 armies were supplied with arms and ammuni- 
 tion, while our country was invaded on land 
 and water by armies much larger than our own. 
 It will be seen under what disadvantages our 
 people successfully prosecuted the (to them) 
 new pursuits of mining and manufacturing." 
 
 All of this progress was levelled with the 
 ground as an ant-hill by the ravages of the war ; 
 but once begun, no power on earth could stay 
 the manufacturing business in the South, for 
 the progress made by the Confederate Govern- 
 ment revealed the natural resources, and at- 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 147 
 
 tracted tlie attention of capitalists at liome and 
 abroad. 
 
 The war closed the slave market, and the 
 British system of landlord and tenant was 
 established instead. The Southern landlords 
 supplied their tenants with their necessary 
 wants and reaped the profits of their labor. 
 
 In returning the money to the channels of 
 industry, the manufacturing business was re- 
 sumed. Coal and iron mines were re-opened 
 and enlarged. Blast furnaces, rolling mills, 
 foundries and machine shops sprung up, de- 
 veloping all branches of the metal working 
 industry. 
 
 Cotton mills sprung up all over the South 
 and the manufacture of textile fabrics in all 
 forms of that industry began. Saw mills and 
 planing mills sprung up in the forest, and all 
 kinds of wood-working machinery put in opera- 
 tion developing that branch of industry. Brick 
 kilns, tile works and the potter's wheel were 
 put in operation developing all branches of that 
 industry. 
 
 A history of the iron industry alone would 
 fill a book. Alabama iron was hurled against 
 Pennsylvania iron by two hundred Confederate 
 cannon in the battle of Gettysburg. Old sol- 
 
148 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 diers who fought in that battle say that the 
 atmosphere reverberated and the earth trem- 
 bled by the concussion. Pennsylvania was 
 made to feel the force of Southern iron in 
 that great battle. Since that time Alabama 
 has surpassed Pennsylvania in making pig- 
 iron. Which side whipped in the battle of 
 Gettysburg ? 
 
 The iron ore of the South extends link by 
 link all the way from Virginia to Texas. 
 
 The toughest iron was made in Alabama dur- 
 ing the war, but since then the blast furnaces 
 in Texas claim to make the toughest cast-iron 
 in this country. The car-wheel works at Mar- 
 shall, in that State, use more hydraulic pres- 
 sure to put the wheels on the axles than is 
 used any where else, which shows the tough 
 quality of Texas iron. But the Birmingham 
 district in Alabama is the centre point for 
 coal, iron ore and limestone, all of which they 
 must have to make iron, and as it lies in juxta- 
 position there, they can make iron from four 
 to six dollars a ton cheaper than they can 
 make it anywhere else in the United States. 
 They now have twenty-seven blast furnaces in 
 Jefferson County, but they are only the fore- 
 runners of others, for there is iron ore, lime- 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 149 
 
 Stone and coal enough in that county alone to 
 supply five hundred furnaces for ages to come. 
 
 The cotton industry in the South, like the 
 metal-working business, is fast beginning to 
 expand into its future greatness. The crop 
 has been increased year by year until it amounts 
 to about 9,000,000 bales, which is worth, in- 
 cluding the seed $400,000,000, and its value 
 can be doubled by manufacturing it. Mills for 
 that purpose are being built all over the South 
 every year. The manufacture of the crop in 
 the South is divided into two parts, and mills 
 for manufacturing textile fabrics and mills for 
 manufacturing seed products are constantly 
 being erected. With negro labor in the field 
 making cotton and white labor manufacturing 
 it, the South has a combination of industrial 
 forces in the cotton business with which no 
 other labor on earth can compete. Cotton 
 spinning is no longer an experiment in the 
 South. Four hundred and fifty mills are now 
 in successful operation; some of them operate 
 2000 looms apiece. The recent building of such 
 large mills is the result of the success of 
 smaller ones. 
 
 The manufacture of the Southern timber 
 forest has been greatly augmented, and the 
 
150 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 capacity of the mills is now adequate for home 
 and foreign demands. The pitch-pine ranks 
 first in commercial importance. It excels all 
 other trees in its variety of products. It does 
 not grow as large as the oak, cypress and 
 poplar of the river bottoms, but sticks of timber 
 1 8 to 20 inches square and from 50 to 60 feet 
 in length clear of knots can be sawed from it. 
 It makes the best building material of any, 
 and supplies the Southern and Western rail- 
 roads with cross-ties. 
 
 The exportation of pitch pine lumber to 
 Mexico and the West Indies has been car- 
 ried on for years ; and although the home 
 and foreign demands will thin the forests in 
 the next century, the trees that have been cut 
 down can scarcely be missed at the present 
 time. 
 
 In addition to lumber the tree produces tur- 
 pentine, a resinous gum from which, when it 
 is distilled, two other products are obtained, 
 viz., spirits of turpentine and rosin. 
 
 When the tree is cut the turpentine ex- 
 udes from it, but when it is not cut for that 
 purpose the turpentine recedes from the sap 
 into the wood of the tree and makes it im- 
 pervious to rot. 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 151 
 
 Some trees yield more turpentine than 
 others, and those which yield the most are 
 the fattest, and as turpentine is very combus- 
 tible it makes a bright light, hence the ap- 
 pellation, fat light wood (lightard). 
 
 Gate posts are made of fat light wood, 
 and some of them in the Carolinas have 
 stood the storms of a century. 
 
 A gate at Goshen plantation, N. C, stood 
 75 years. 
 
 Another gate at the same plantation was 
 made in 1847, and it has been in constant 
 use ever since, and it is as sound as ever at 
 the present time. 
 
 Tar is also a product of the pitch pine 
 tree. It is obtained by burning fat light 
 wood in a kiln, and another product called 
 pitch is made by mixing tar and rosin to- 
 gether. 
 
 The straw or foliage of the pitch pine tree, is 
 used for making mattresses and carpets, several 
 factories for its manufacture are in successful 
 operation. 
 
 A hundred varieties of trees compose the 
 timber forests of the South, from which the 
 carpenter, the coach maker, and the furniture 
 manufacturer can select their choice. 
 
152 THK unprotkctkd; or, 
 
 With the beginning of the manufacturing 
 business in the South, the printing press was 
 greatly enlarged and was kept running day 
 and night to supply the place of the great lit- 
 erary magazines and newspapers of the North 
 that suspended circulation in the South during 
 the war. 
 
 New type was bought in England and 
 brought over by the blockade runners. 
 
 Paper mills were constructed all over the 
 South, and paper of all kinds, letter, note, fools- 
 cap and legal was successfully manufactured. 
 But owing to the constant cutting of the trans- 
 portation lines by the enemy, it was very diffi- 
 cult to distribute it, and in consequence it was 
 very scarce in some localities, so much so that 
 envelopes were carefully opened and turned in- 
 side out and redirected to the sender. 
 
 A series of Confederate school books, consist- 
 ing of readers, arithmetics, geographies and 
 Latin works, were published and manufactured. 
 
 Besides supplying us with an abundance of 
 Southern literature, some of the best French and 
 English classics were reprinted in the Confeder- 
 ate States. 
 
 ^^ Les Miserables," by Victor Hugo, was trans- 
 lated and reprinted. Thousands of copies of the 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBI^ICAN PARTY. 153 
 
 Confederate reprint are now stored away in 
 private libraries all over tHe South, and they 
 are prized more highly than the recent issues 
 with the finest binding. 
 
 The following note to the public shows the 
 scarcity of paper with the publishers : — 
 
 " Note to the Public. — The last three parts of 
 *Les Miserables,' viz., Marius, St. Denis and 
 Jean Valjean, will be issued in one volume. 
 Should the publishers succeed in obtaining a 
 sufficient supply of paper (its scarcity having 
 greatly delayed all their late issues), they hope 
 to complete the whole work early in the month 
 of August." 
 
 Blockading the Southern ports compelled the 
 South to discover herself. It was the medium 
 through which she discovered her own greatness. 
 
 Proud as the Southerners formerly were, when 
 they discovered their hidden resources which 
 revealed to them the Southern monopoly, the 
 people of the Northern States can imagine their 
 increase of pride. There is not a State north 
 of Maryland that can raise grain enough to 
 supply her people with bread, and New Eng- 
 land is dependent almost wholly upon the West 
 for her supply. 
 
 The South supplies the North with early 
 
154 THE UNPROTECTED. 
 
 vegetables, fruits and nuts; and as tHe cotton 
 crop increases year by year, tbe price will gra- 
 dually decline to 3 and 4 cents per pound. 
 Then tbe South will be forced to raise her full 
 supply of meat and bread, and with her factories 
 she will indeed be a monopoly, independent of 
 the North and the West. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 SI.AVERY AND ITS POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE. 
 
 O much has been written on slavery 
 by those who know nothing of its 
 political significance that the public 
 has been grossly imposed upon. The 
 family from which I am derived has descended 
 all along from slave-holders, and if paternalism 
 is understood by any it is best understood by 
 those who are experienced in administering it. 
 The sons of the Southern planters were re- 
 quired to work in the field side by side with 
 the slaves to learn how to farm, for a general 
 knowledge of agriculture like all other pur- 
 suits, can only be learned by practical appli- 
 cation ; and from seed time to harvest they 
 staid in the field and watched the growth and 
 maturity of all kinds of crops. At harvest 
 time the food crops were hauled from the field 
 and stored away in the common barn of the 
 plantation, generally in sufficient quantity to 
 last until another crop was made. Droves of 
 
 (155) 
 
156 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 fat hogs were slaughtered and the meat stored 
 away in the smoke-house. 
 
 Beef cattle grazed in the meadow and kept 
 fat ready to slaughter at all seasons of the 
 year. 
 
 Stacks of hay, pea vines and fodder stood in 
 the field — in short, the food crops for man and 
 animals were raised at home. 
 
 The market crops consisting of cotton, rice, 
 wheat, sugar, molasses and tobacco were shipped 
 to commission merchants and the money sent 
 back in return went into the common treasury 
 of the plantation. But the slaves were amply 
 provided for. They were entitled by law to a 
 home, to ample food and clothing, and exempted 
 from ^^ excessive'' labor; and when no longer 
 capable of labor, in old age and disease, they 
 were a legal charge upon their master. Old 
 and young whether capable of labor or not, 
 from the cradle to the grave, had the same legal 
 rights ; and in these legal provisions they en- 
 joyed as large a proportion of the products of 
 their labor as any class of unskilled hired 
 laborers in the world. 
 
 In addition to these legal rights they had, 
 by universal custom, the control of much of 
 their own time,, which they applied, at their 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 157 
 
 own choice and convenience, to the mechanic 
 arts, to agriculture, or to some other profitable 
 pursuit, which not only gave them the power 
 of purchase over many additional necessaries 
 of life, but over many of its luxuries, and, in 
 numerous cases, enabled them to purchase their 
 freedom when they desired it. Besides, the na- 
 ture of the relation of master and slave begat 
 kindnesses, imposed duties, and secured their 
 performance. The child of the slave not only 
 had the care of its parents but that of its 
 master also, and interest and humanity co- 
 operated in harmony for the well-being of the 
 slave. The slaves of Goshen plantation. North 
 Carolina, were descended from two different 
 African tribes. One set were of small stature, 
 with small feet, small hands and large noses ; 
 the other were large and portly, had large feet 
 and hands, and flat noses. They were docile 
 and kind, but lazy. The former were great 
 workers, loved dress and were high-tempered, 
 vindictive and somewhat cruel, which made 
 them unfit for good nurses. The children would 
 put hot ashes on each other and do other acts 
 of cruelty which show the race had not lived 
 in civilized society long enough to overcome 
 their African barbarity, and nothing but the 
 
158 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 master's cowhide and fear of the court-house 
 kept the grown ones from practising acts of 
 great cruelty upon each other. 
 
 Since their emancipation negro missionaries 
 have been sent to Africa from all parts of the 
 South, and through them the negroes in this 
 country have been kept in constant communi- 
 cation with their race in Africa. 
 
 Some of these missionaries whom I am per- 
 sonally acquainted with, and whom I have 
 heard lecture, brought back with them idols 
 and the sacerdotal paraphernalia of the priest 
 which they put on themselves to exhibit when 
 lecturing to the southern negroes on Africa 
 and its people. 
 
 '' Great God," said one to his audience in 
 Mississippi as he exhibited an African slave 
 lash, " you never were in slavery in this 
 country, you do not know what slavery is, 
 they would beat you to death in Africa." 
 
 Through these missionaries the negroes in 
 the South have learned much of Africa and 
 the status quo of their race there. With us 
 they are secured against their own barbarity, 
 and that is why they remain with thejir bene- 
 factors in this country. 
 
 As slaves they lived in common on the 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 159 
 
 plantation, and were governed by their master 
 by virtue of autbority vested in bim by the 
 State, wbicb beld bim accountable for tbe 
 well-being of tbe slaves. 
 
 Slavery of tbat kind was communism pure 
 and simple, and demonstrated to tbe full 
 satisfaction of Soutbern slave masters tbat 
 communism in any form cannot exist witbout 
 destroying too mucb of tbe personal liberty 
 of men. Tbat is wby tbe Soutb will not 
 tolerate communism or paternalism in any 
 form for tbe government of tbe wbites. 
 
 It was found absolutely necessary to enforce 
 tbe strictest kind of discipline. Certain duties 
 were assigned to tbe bead of eacb slave family 
 and be was beld responsible for tbe perform- 
 ance tbereof. 
 
 In tbis way tbe industrial forces of tbe 
 Soutb moved steadily on. Trained under tbat 
 discipline tbe emancipated slaves and tbeir 
 children respond to tbe call of tbe plantation 
 bell even to tbe present day, and tbe work 
 goes steadily on. 
 
 It was a political institution in wbicb tbe 
 slaves were secured against tbeir own waste 
 and folly, and compensated in old age by re- 
 tirement from labor. Tbis mucb tbe law se- 
 
160 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 cured to them even if it ruined tHeir master. 
 Its political influence impressed the whole so- 
 ciety and the negroes were seized with con- 
 sternation when they learned that their mas- 
 ter's obligations were released by changing their 
 political status. Taking advantage of this the 
 carpet-baggers or political agents of the Re- 
 publican party held up paternalism to allure 
 them, and had no trouble in securing their 
 votes by promising them 40 acres and a mule. 
 The southern cook was held responsible in 
 her department and it was found necessary to 
 make her as complete mistress of her kitchen 
 as her mistress was of her, and sometimes a 
 great deal more so. Our old cook (Charity) 
 at Goshen plantation was one of the high- 
 tempered kind. She knew how to season the 
 dishes to perfection, and in addition to that 
 she understood the art of retaining the natural 
 flavors in cooking them ; this she could do, 
 provided there was no meddling in her depart- 
 ment. In those days the cooking-stove was 
 not in general use on the plantations, but in- 
 stead the old-fashioned fireplace was with half 
 a hundred cooking vessels. "What on earth 
 do you do with so many cooking vessels ? " 
 said a neighbor who went into the kitchen 
 
MISTAKES 01^ THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 161 
 
 one day. *' To do good cookin' " said tiie 
 cook, " you must have a pot for every dish, 
 for mixin^ cookin* spiles de flavors." 
 
 The small boy on a southern plantation has 
 more freedom than any other creature on 
 earth. He has more latitude in which to de- 
 velop his physical and intellectual growth 
 than his town cousin has. He rides horse- 
 back at three years old and drives at five. 
 He has his dog and gun to hunt with, and 
 by sporting in the forest and field he becomes 
 a profound student of natural history in the 
 early days of his youth. He has the negro 
 boy to play with, which begets a fellow feeling 
 between the two which God himself designed 
 to endure through life, while his town cousin 
 is told that it is not nice to play with little 
 negroes. But the town boy visiting his cousin 
 at the plantation evidently did not believe in 
 such nonsense. '' I'm a negro, I'm a negro^ 
 I'm a negro too," exclaimed a little fellow ex- 
 pressing his delight at play with the little 
 negroes. On some plantations there were five 
 or six cooks and that is why the southern 
 ladies have good cooks at the present time. 
 The cooks could relieve each other and break the 
 monotony. There was great rivalry among 
 II 
 
162 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 tHem and the best one was made queen of 
 the master's kitchen. When old Charity pre- 
 sided over the pots and ovens at Goshen plan- 
 tation the small boy entered the kitchen at 
 his hazard. 
 
 "If you come in this kitchen to snatch a 
 biscuit before I get supper ready to send in 
 the house I'll knock you down with this fire- 
 stick." 
 
 Perhaps the boy had not thought of taking 
 a biscuit, but her threat suggested to him to 
 snatch one and run. 
 
 Her firestick would go whirling through the 
 air after him, but he would soon go back 
 with a handful of rotten eggs and stand out- 
 side and throw them to the top of the chim- 
 ney, to fall down in the fireplace and add fuel 
 to the flame. He would leave the cook in a 
 rage and go to the quarter among the good 
 negroes whose characteristic love for the white 
 people is so admirably portrayed in the Aboli- 
 tion bible in the following conversation be- 
 tween old Aunt Chloe and her Mars'r George : — 
 
 " They wanted me to come to supper in the 
 house, " said George ; " but I knew what was 
 what too well for that, Aunt Chloe." 
 
 " So you did, — so you did, honey," said Aunt 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBUCAN PARTY. 163 
 
 Chloe, Heaping the smoking batter cakes on 
 Hs plate ; '^ you know'd your old aunty 'd keep 
 tlie best for you. Oh, let you alone for that! 
 Go away ! " and, with that, aunty gave George 
 a nudge with her finger, designed to be im- 
 mensely facetious, and turned again to her 
 griddle with great briskness. 
 
 ^'Now for the cake," said George, when the 
 activity of the griddle department had some- 
 what subsided; and, with that, the youngster 
 flourished a large knife over the article in ques- 
 tion. 
 
 " La bless you Mas'r George, " said Aunt 
 Chloe, with earnestness, catching his arm, 
 ^' you wouldn't be for cutting it wid dat ar 
 great heavy knife ! Smash all down, — spile all 
 de pretty rise of it. Here, I've got a thin old 
 knife, I keeps sharp a purpose. Dar now, 
 see ! comes apart light as a feather ! Now eat 
 away, — you won't get anything to beat dat 
 ar." 
 
 " Tom Lincon says," said George, speaking 
 with his mouth full, ''that their Jinny is a 
 better cook than you." 
 
 " Dem Lincons an't much count, no way ! " 
 said Aunt Chloe, contemptuously. " I mean 
 set alongside our folks. They's spectable folks 
 
164 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 enough in a kinder plain way ; but as to get- 
 tin' up anything in style they don't begin to 
 have a notion on't. Set Mas'r Lincon now 
 alongside Mas'r Shelby 1 Good Lor ; and Missis 
 Lincon — can she kinder sweep it into a room 
 like my misses — so kinder splendid, you know I 
 Oh, go away I don't tell me nothin' of dem 
 Lincons ! " and Aunt Chloe tossed her head as 
 one who hoped she did know something of the 
 world. 
 
 " Well, though, I've heard you say," said 
 George, '* that Jinny was a pretty fair cook." 
 
 " So I did," said Aunt Chloe. " I may say 
 dat. Good, plain, common cookin' Jinny '11 
 do ; — make a good pone o' bread, — bile her 
 taters far^ — her com cakes isn't extra, not ex- 
 tra now, Jinny's corn cakes isn't, but then 
 they's far, — ^but. Lor, come to the higher 
 branches, and what can she do ? Why, she 
 makes pies, — sartin she does ; but what kinder 
 crust? Can she make you real flecky paste, 
 as melts in your mouth, and lies all up like a 
 puff? Now, I went over thar when Miss Mary 
 was gwine to be married, and Jinny she jest 
 showed me the weddin' pies. Jinny and I is 
 good friends, ye know. I never said nothin' ; 
 but go long, Mas'r George I Why, I shouldn't 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 165 
 
 sleep a wink for a week if I liad a batcli of 
 pies like dem ar. Why, dey warn't no count 
 'tall." 
 
 " I suppose Jinny thought they were ever so 
 nice," said George. 
 
 " Thought so ; — didn't she ? Thar she was 
 showing 'em as innocent, — ye see, it's jest 
 here. Jinny do7it know. Lor, the family ain't 
 nothing ! She can't be 'spected to know. 'Tan't 
 no fault o' hern. Ah, Mas'r George, you 
 doesn't know half your privileges in yer family 
 and bringing up ! " Here Aunt Chloe sighed 
 and rolled up her eyes with emotion. 
 
 " I'm sure. Aunt Chloe, I understand all my 
 pie and pudding privileges," said George. ^*Ask 
 Tom Lincon if I don't crow over him every 
 time I meet him." 
 
 Aunt Chloe set back in her chair and in- 
 dulged in a hearty guffaw of laughter at this 
 witticism of young Mas'r's, laughing till the 
 tears rolled down her black, shining cheeks, 
 and varying the exercise with playfully slapping 
 and poking Mas'r Georgey, and telling him to 
 go way, and that he was a case — that he was 
 fit to kill her, and that he sartin would kill 
 her one of these days ; and between each of 
 these sanguinary predictions going off into a 
 
166 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 laugh, each longer and stronger than the other, 
 till George really began to think that he was 
 a very dangerously witty fellow, and that it 
 became him to be careful how he talked '^ as 
 funny as he could." 
 
 " And so ye telled Tom Lincon, did ye ? Oh, 
 Lor I what young uns will be up ter ! Ye crowed 
 over Tom? Oh, Lor! Mas'r George, if ye 
 would'nt make a hornbug laugh !" 
 
 " Yes," says George, '' I says to him, ^ Tom, 
 you ought to see some of Aunt Chloe's pies; 
 they're the right sort,' says I." 
 
 " Pity now, Tom couldn't," said Aunt Chloe, 
 on whose benevolent heart the idea of Tom's 
 benighted condition seemed to make a strong 
 impression. '' Ye oughter just ask him here 
 to dinner some o' these times, Mas'r George," 
 she added; ''it would look quite pretty of ye. 
 Ye know, Mas'r George, ye oughtener feel 
 *bove nobody on 'count yer privileges, 'cause 
 all our privileges is gi'n to us ; we ought al'ays 
 to 'member that," said Aunt Chloe, looking 
 quite serious. 
 
 " Well, I mean to ask Tom here some day 
 next week," said George, '' and you do your 
 prettiest, Aunt Chloe, and we'll make him stare. 
 Won't we make him eat so he won't get over 
 it for a fortnight?" 
 
MISTAKES OF THK REPUBLICAN PARTY. 167 
 
 " Yes, yes, — sartin, " said Aunt Chloe, de- 
 lighted ; *' you'll see. Lor! to tHink of some 
 of our dinners ! you mind dat ar great chicken- 
 pie I made when we guv de dinner to General 
 Knox ? I and Missis, we came pretty near 
 quarrelling about dat ar crust. What does get 
 into ladies sometimes, I don't know ; but 
 sometimes, when a body has de heaviest kind 
 o' sponsibility on 'em, as ye may say, and is 
 all kinder ' seris ' and taken up, dey takes dat 
 ar time to be hanging round and kinder inter. 
 ferin'. Now, Missis, she wanted me to do dis 
 way, and she wanted me to do dat way ; and, 
 finally, I got kinder sarcy, and, says I, " Now, 
 Missis, do jist look at dem beautiful white 
 hands o' yourn, with long fingers, and all 
 a sparklin' with rings, like my white lilies 
 when de dews on 'em ; and look at my great 
 black stumpin' hands. Now, don't ye think 
 dat de Lord must have meant me to make de 
 pie-crust, and you to stay in de parlor? Dar, 
 I was jist so sarcy, Mas'r George." 
 
 " And what did mother say I " said George. 
 
 " Say ? — why, she kinder larfed in her eyes 
 — dem great handsome eyes o' hern ; and, says 
 she, 'Well, Aunt Chloe, I think you are 
 about in the right on't, ' says she ; and she 
 
168 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 went oflP in de parlor. She ougHter cracked 
 me over de liead for bein' so sarcy ; but dar's 
 wbar 'tis, — I can't do notbin' with ladies in de 
 kitchen I " 
 
 " Well, you made out well with that dinner, — 
 I remember everybody said so, " said George. 
 
 " Didn't I ? And wasn't I behind de dinin- 
 room door dat bery day ? and didn't I see de 
 General pass his plate three times for some 
 more dat bery pie ? — and, says he, " You must 
 have an uncommon cook, Mrs. Shelby.' Lor, 
 I was fit to split myself" "And de General, 
 he knows what cookin' is," said Aunt Chloe, 
 drawing herself up with an air. " Very nice 
 man, de General 1 He comes of one of de 
 fastest families in old Virginny! He knows 
 what's what, now, as well as I do, — de Gen- 
 eral. Ye see, dere's pints in all pies, Mas'r 
 George ; but 'tan't everybody knows what they 
 is, or orter be. But the General, he knows ; 
 I know by his 'marks he made. Yes, he 
 knows what de pints is ! " 
 
 By this time. Master George had arrived at 
 that pass to which even a boy can come (under 
 uncommon circumstances), when he really 
 could not eat another morsel, and, therefore he 
 was at leisure to notice the pile of woolly heads 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 169 
 
 and glistening eyes whicli were regarding their 
 operations hungrily from the opposite corner. 
 
 '' Here you, Mose, Pete," he said, breaking 
 o£f liberal bits, and throwing it at them ; " you 
 want some, don't you ? Come Aunt Chloe, 
 bake them some cakes.** 
 
 The different mental habits of the people 
 of the South, generally, when contrasted with 
 those of the North, show sufficiently that all 
 our ideas are accidental, the result of local 
 circumstances. The presence, therefore, of 
 the negro — of a widely different and subordi- 
 nate element of the population, which had to be 
 provided for by the local Legislatures, their 
 specific wants as well as those of the whites 
 looked after, and their social adaptations ren- 
 dered harmonious with the welfare of the 
 whites — naturally developed new ideas of 
 government and new modes of thought in the 
 dominant and governing race. 
 
 The South was originally settled, to a very 
 large extent, by the offspring of the old Nor- 
 man Chivalry, by the cavaliers, the descendants 
 of the proudest, most war-like, most chivalrous, 
 heroic, and enterprising, and at the same time, 
 most tyrannical and oppressive aristocracy the 
 world has ever seen. These descendants of 
 
170 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 the old Norman race in tHe South have 
 changed completely about, and though their 
 ancestors were the main supporters of kingly 
 despotism, they are the originators and cham- 
 pions of democracy in America. 
 
 The cause of this transformation, this radical 
 and extraordinary change of opinion, which has 
 made the descendants of the proudest and most 
 despotic aristocracy ever known the authors and 
 main supporters of democracy, must be a potent 
 one, and as far removed from the ordinary 
 causes which, in the progress of time, modify 
 men's opinions and habits, as the results them- 
 selves are extraordinary and without parallel. 
 They were in juxtaposition with negroes, with 
 an inferior race, with widely different and sub- 
 ordinate social elements, and new thoughts, new 
 ideas, as well as altogether different habits, 
 naturally and necessarily followed. 
 
 They saw these negroes were different beings 
 from themselves, not in color alone, or in other 
 physical characteristics, but in their mental 
 qualities, their affections, their wants — in short, 
 in their nature and the necessities of their 
 social life, their welfare and happiness ; and, 
 indeed, the welfare of this subordinate element 
 demanded corresponding action, with, of course, 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 171 
 
 corresponding ideas and modes of thouglit. 
 They saw that this negro was not artificially 
 or accidentally, but naturally, different from 
 themselves; that God Himself had made him 
 different and gave him different faculties and 
 different wants, and therefore designed him for 
 different purposes, and that it was an imperative 
 and unavoidable duty as well as necessity to 
 adapt their social habits and legal and political 
 institutions to this state or condition of fixed 
 and unalterable fact. But this was not all, nor 
 the limit to the new ideas that thus originated 
 in the changed conditions under which they 
 were living. Their traditions, the mental habits 
 of their old cavalier ancestry, the ideas they 
 carried from the mother country, taught them 
 to regard the person of a king as something 
 quite sacred, and to whom an absolute and un- 
 questioning obedience was always due, while the 
 class of gentlemen, the nobility or aristocracy, 
 that more immediately surrounded royalty was 
 deemed to be altogether superior and different 
 from the vulgar multitudes that made up the 
 people. 
 
 But the descendants of the Cavaliers in the 
 South were placed face to face with facts that 
 utterly exploded these artificial sentiments that 
 
172 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 had their origin in a certain condition of so- 
 ciety, and not in nature or in the natural 
 relations of men. They were in juxtaposition 
 with negroes, with different and subordinate 
 beings, human, it is true, like themselves, but 
 different human beings, that no amount or ex- 
 tent of sentiment, theory, or mental habit 
 could explain away or modify, or avoid in 
 any respect. They saw this fact daily staring 
 them in the face ; they were compelled to 
 recognize it, to legislate for it, or for these 
 people, to adapt their social customs to it, in 
 short to conform to it, and therefore, were 
 forced to cast aside their preconceived notions, 
 the traditions and mental habits of their ances- 
 tors, their ideas of loyalty to a creature like 
 themselves, and of their own class-superiority 
 which they had brought from the old world. 
 
 What was their fancied superiority over their 
 own humbler brethren, when contrasted with 
 this natural inferiority of the negro ? 
 
 What was the accident of education, of wealth, 
 of refinement of manners, or any other artificial, 
 temporary, or accidental thing worth, which 
 separated them from their less fortunate neigh- 
 bors, when compared with the handiwork of 
 nature, with the fixed and impassable barriers 
 that separated them both from negroes ? 
 
MISTAKES Ol? THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 17S 
 
 WHat, in short, were the petty distinctions of 
 human pride, vanity and accident, in comparison 
 with the ordinances of the Eternal ? 
 
 Such were the facts that confronted them ; 
 such the external circumstances that developed 
 new ideas and new modes of thought in them ; 
 such the potent causes that changed the de- 
 scendants of English cavaliers into the earliest, 
 most consistent, and most reliable champions 
 of democracy in America. This is as true 
 now as it was before the political status of 
 the negro was changed, and there are sound 
 and rational views of liberty and equalit}'' of 
 white men or democracy, or imperfect and un- 
 sound nations in proportion to the absence of 
 this negro element. Those States like Missis- 
 sippi, Texas, Arkansas, and Alabama, that 
 have relatively the largest negro populations, 
 are the most decidedly and consistently demo- 
 cratic, while Massachusetts, Vermont, etc., 
 with the fewest negroes among them, are the 
 most unsound in these respects, and however 
 intelligent in regard to other things, are cer- 
 tainly behind the South in political knowledge. 
 
 Northern residents, and more especially 
 Northern visitors to the South, are agreeably 
 surprised at the politeness of the whole peo- 
 
174 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 pie, caused by this democratic equality of 
 white men. The negroes, imitating their mas- 
 ters are polite and courteous to every one. 
 No man in the South would dare make a 
 breach of politeness, not even to the humblest 
 laborer without the hazard of being knocked 
 down. 
 
 It was '' slavery," or the presence of the 
 negro element in our midst that gave origin 
 to the southern idea of democracy — or more 
 expanded and truthful conceptions of our true 
 relations to each other, which led Mr. JeflFer- 
 son to promulgate the grand idea of equality 
 in 1776 — to make that great movement a revo- 
 lution of ideas as well as a war of independ- 
 ence — ^to render the latter a mere preliminary 
 for ushering in a new political system based 
 on the equal rights of citizenship and the 
 starting-point of a new civilization, widely and 
 radically different in its fundamental idea 
 from anything ever before known in the po- 
 litical experience of mankind. 
 
 But Southern Democracy or political equality 
 of white men does not suit the North. Where 
 there are no negroes they are compelled to 
 make a servile class of the white race, and a 
 Northern majority have opposed Southern 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBI.ICAN PARTY. 175 
 
 Democracy or equality of white men, and 
 labored incessantly to return to tHe European 
 idea of class distinctions, and to render tHe 
 government an instrument for the benefit of 
 the few at the expense of the many. 
 
 They have created national banks, demanded 
 favors for those engaged in manufactures ; for 
 others engaged in Northern fisheries, for the 
 benefit of bands of jobbers and speculators, un- 
 der pretense of internal improvements ; in short, 
 the Northern majority have labored blindly to 
 reduce themselves to tenants on the land for 
 other men just as the negroes are in the South. 
 The great question that is agitating the minds 
 of the Northern and Western farmers at the 
 present time is escape from their condition. 
 There is but one way out of their dilemma and 
 that is to abandon class legislation or pater- 
 nalism, and adopt the Southern idea of democ- 
 racy or equality of white men. The Southern 
 slave masters have had two hundred years' ex- 
 perience in administering paternalism to the 
 negroes, and paternalism will enslave any men. 
 The Northern people could not understand why 
 the slaves in the South did not rise up against 
 their masters and strike for freedom. It was 
 just as difficult for the slaves in the South to 
 
176 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 get their consent to strike against their mas- 
 ters voluntarily, as it is for Northern men to 
 get their consent to vote against the pensions 
 they get from the Government. The South 
 knows the danger of paternalism, and Northern 
 men who draw pensions can realize how difficult 
 it would be for them to reject it. Still the 
 pensions they draw, or paternalism in any other 
 form, will enslave them. There is another dan- 
 ger. The young men of the South are proud 
 and ambitious of mending their was ted fortunes, 
 and temptation may yet induce them to abandon 
 Democracy and unite with the millionaires of 
 the North to make their millions ; and if they 
 do, the rest make look out. 
 
 In order that the people of the Northern 
 States may better understand the character of 
 the Southern people, it is only necessary to 
 refer to history. 
 
 " The Northmen, the robust and enterprising 
 fishermen of the Baltic, the filibusters and 
 pirates of the Northern seas, invaded France 
 and conquered Normandy, and Rolla and his 
 roving horde of followers threatened to overrun 
 Paris, and indeed the whole kingdom. They 
 finally settled down in Normandy, from which, 
 at a later date, they emerged into Italy, con- 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 177 
 
 quered Naples, the island of Sicily, and for a 
 long time threatened an invasion of the Oriental 
 world, which could hardly have resisted such 
 an indomitable race of men. William the Con- 
 querer, a Duke of Normandy, at that time laid 
 claim to the crown of England, and with forty 
 thousand followers landed in that country, and 
 in a single battle so completely demolished the 
 ' Anglo-Saxons ' and Anglo-Saxonism, so much 
 boasted of in these days, that the former have 
 remained slaves ever since, and the latter was 
 so utterly annihilated that it disappeared for- 
 ever on that fatal day at Hastings. Then, for 
 the first time, the Northmen assumed the dis- 
 tinct form of an aristocracy or privileged order. 
 Though they had long since cast off the rude 
 habits and uncouth manners of adventurers and 
 conquerors, and when they invaded England 
 were, perhaps, as intelligent and refined as any 
 similar number of European people, and a great 
 deal more so than those they conquered in 
 England, they had never assumed the form, 
 enacted laws, or established rules and regula- 
 tions as an aristocracy or governing class. 
 
 " From this time forth, however, the Norman 
 aristocracy ruled England with an iron hand, 
 and though the wars of the Roses, and the still 
 
 12 
 
178 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 more fatal conflict with the Puritans or 
 middle class, exterminated or drove out the 
 remains of the Norman blood, and there is 
 little, if any, in England at this time, the 
 country is still governed by the traditions, the 
 habits, in short, the system established by the 
 old Norman aristocracy. 
 
 *' Most of the great families became extinct, 
 while the younger sons and others of broken 
 fortunes emigrated to Virginia, and with the 
 establishment of the Commonwealth, very many 
 of the Norman ancestry abandoned England. 
 So many and so strong were the remnants of 
 the old Norman families in Virginia, that they 
 refused to recognize the Commonwealth, and 
 actually set at defiance the formidable power 
 and iron will of Cromwell. But these remains 
 of the old Norman aristocracy — that aristocracy 
 which for several centuries governed England 
 — have left their impress, their habits, their 
 laws of primogeniture, their feudalistic customs, 
 so deeply engraved on the English mind, that 
 the aristocracy of the day, though entirely 
 modern and with scarcely any family connec- 
 tion with it, is able to govern the masses, 
 through these habitudes, as absolutely as the 
 Normans once did by the sword and the strong 
 hand of arbitrary power." 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 179 
 
 THe fatal battle of Hastings enslaved tHe 
 people in England, and their descendants are 
 the coal diggers and hewers of wood there this 
 day. 
 
 At the surrender of General Lee and his 
 army, the Federal soldiers, conscious that the 
 war was a political trick, made no demonstra- 
 tions of joy whatever — they could not rejoice 
 at their physical victory and political defeat. 
 
 The South had no voice in the Government 
 at that time, and the people of the Northern 
 States went blindly into paternalism, the very 
 thing that the Republican party was aiming at 
 all the time. 
 
 The Southern slave masters administered 
 paternalism to the negroes from 1619, the date 
 of their first arrival in this country, to 1865, 
 and after fighting four years to break it up in 
 the South, the people of the Northern States 
 went blindly into it themselves. Now, theie is 
 one thing they may depend upon. They must 
 either give up paternalism or be enslaved, for 
 it will enslave any man. 
 
 There is nothing more certain than losing 
 their homes if they hold on to paternalism. 
 The pensions paid out in the Northern States 
 are only a mess of pottage for their birth-right. 
 
180 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 They must eitlier give tip the pensions and 
 the protective tariff tax or become tenants on 
 the land for other men just like the negroes 
 are in the South. Which will they do ? The 
 choice is left with them. If they haven't got 
 intelligence enough in the Northern States to 
 know what is their own interest they must 
 abide by the consequences. When the scales 
 fall from their eyes they will all say ^' I once 
 was blind but now I see." 
 
 There will always be men smart enough to 
 get what each other makes without the govern- 
 ment aiding them, and any men who will de- 
 liberately and of their own accord vote the 
 money out of their own into the pockets of 
 other men for a mess of pottage ought to be 
 enslaved. 
 
 The allurements of paternalism have already 
 dispossessed the farmers of the Northern and 
 Western States of their land to a great extent, 
 and when they fully lose their homes and be- 
 come tenants for other men they will have to 
 obey their masters just as slaves always have 
 done. 
 
 Changing the political status of the negro 
 did not set him free. He is still dependent 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 181 
 
 and a tenant on tHe land in tHe South for his 
 white master. 
 
 Give us political equality of white men, 
 then the negro will get the freedom due his 
 faithful, trusty, servile race. 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 THE MISTAKES OF THE ABOLITION PARTY. 
 
 EGRO servants were introduced into 
 Spain by the Arabian and Moorish 
 conquerors. From time immemorial 
 negro '^ slaves " were the favorite 
 bousebold servants of the Oriental Caucasians — 
 not alone because they were the most docile and 
 submissive of human beings — but because they 
 were the most faithful, and absolutely incapable 
 of betraying their masters, and scarcely a Moor- 
 ish family of consideration entered Spain with- 
 out being accompanied by some of their trusty 
 and favorite servants. 
 
 The Portuguese discoveries and conquests on 
 the African coast had also brought many 
 negroes into the Peninsula, and when Colum- 
 bus and the Spaniards began their settlements 
 in the New World, there were negroes to be 
 found in almost every town in Spain. 
 
 The Southern slave masters who practically 
 understands the negro, knows that the strong- 
 est affection his nature is capable of feeling is 
 
 (182) 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 183 
 
 love for his master — tHat affection for wife, 
 parents, or offspring, all sink into insignifi- 
 cance in comparison witH the strong and de- 
 voted love he gives to the superior being who 
 guides, cares, and provides for all his wants. 
 
 See Van Every on " White Supremacy and 
 Negro Subordination." 
 
 The introduction of negro labor into Spain, 
 to compete with white labor, was one of the 
 prime causes that led to the expulsion of the 
 Moors. 
 
 Ferdinand and Isabella in yielding to the 
 popular clamor of their subjects consented to 
 the expulsion of the negroes with their Moor- 
 ish masters, and most of them were sent 
 across the strait with them, but the recent 
 discoveries in America opened iip new fields 
 for settlement and a great many negroes were 
 brought to the Spanish colonies. Columbus 
 brought negroes to the West India Islands in 
 his earliest voyages, and the Portuguese fin- 
 ally sent all of their negroes to Brazil. The 
 reader can now see how the Abolitionists in 
 Spain and Portugal succeeded in ridding the 
 Iberian Peninsula of the negroes. Selling 
 their slaves was a method adopted by the 
 early Abolitionists in the New England States 
 
184 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 for getting rid of tHeir negroes; and as a 
 natural consequence white people succeeded 
 them as servants. 
 
 Ever since the Declaration of Independence, 
 freedom has been shouted to the school boy, 
 and of course where so much freedom is talked 
 of the white servants of the Northern States 
 began to inqnire where their freedom was ? 
 
 They saw plainly that the negro servants 
 debarred them from the South and forced them 
 to serve their own class superiority in the 
 Northern States, and in turn they became the 
 Abolitionists, and their masters the Repub- 
 licans. 
 
 Antagonistic to each other as they were, 
 they colluded against the South to accomplish 
 their respective purposes, and the Abolitionists 
 allowed their leader (Lincoln) to be nominated 
 by the Republicans to secure his election. In 
 his message of December 3, 1861, the great 
 Abolition President recommended that the 
 United States should take steps to colonize 
 the negroes somewhere in a climate congenial 
 to them. 
 
 It is in times of great revolutions that 
 genius shows itself. The South was prostrate 
 beneath the foot of the soldier during the war, 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 185 
 
 and a President of genius migHt liave gov- 
 erned the North with the crook of his finger. 
 
 Had Lincoln been such a one he might 
 have marched every negro out of the south, 
 down through Mexico to Central America 
 where he proposed to colonize them. 
 
 He might have applied the scourge to the 
 back of the northern people, and they would 
 have yelped under it as submissively as any 
 hound. But he was not the man to conceive 
 the emergency, or to avail himself of it. He, 
 on the contrary, sent his legions under Sher- 
 man to devastate the South. 
 
 The following extracts from a pamphlet on 
 the destruction of Columbia, South Carolina, 
 published in 1865, was written by the gifted 
 and accomplished William Gilmore Simmes, 
 LL. D. 
 
 The facts therein set forth by Dr. Simmes, 
 show the mistakes of the Abolition party in 
 letting loose their soldiers for plunder instead 
 of marching the negroes out of the country. 
 
 ''The destruction of Atlanta, the pillaging 
 and burning of other towns of Georgia, and 
 the subsequent devastation along the march 
 of the Federal army through Georgia, gave 
 sufi&cient earnest of the treatment to be antici- 
 
186 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 pated by South Carolina should the same 
 commander be permitted to make a like prog- 
 ress in our State. 
 
 " The Northern press furnished him the cri 
 de guerre to be sounded when he should cross 
 our border. 
 
 " ^ Vse Victis ; ' — Woe to the conquered : — in 
 the case of a people who had first raised the 
 banner of Secession. 
 
 " ' The howl of delight.' (Such was the lan- 
 guage of the Northern press), sent up by 
 Sherman's legions, when they looked across 
 the Savannah to the shores of Carolina, was 
 the sure fore-runner of the terrible fate which 
 threatened our people should the soldiers be 
 once let loose upon our lands. Our people 
 felt all the danger. 
 
 " The march of the Federals into our State 
 was characterized by such scenes of license, 
 plunder and general conflagration, as very 
 soon showed that the threats of the Northern 
 press, and of their soldiery, were not to be re- 
 garded as mere brutum fulmen. Day by day 
 brought to the people of Columbia tidings of 
 atrocities committed, and more extended prog- 
 ress. Daily did long trains of fugitives line 
 
MISTAKES Olf THE RKPUBI.ICAN PARTY. 187 
 
 the roads, with wives and children, and horses 
 and stock and cattle, seeking refuge from the 
 pursuers. 
 
 '^ Long lines of wagons covered the highways. 
 Half-naked people cowered from the winter 
 under bush-tents in the thickets, under the 
 eaves of houses, under the railroad sheds, and 
 in old cars left them along the route. All 
 these repeated the same story of suffering, 
 violence, poverty and nakedness. Habitation 
 after habitation, village after village — one 
 sending up its signal flames to the other, 
 presaging for it the same fate — lighted the 
 winter and midnight sky with crimson hor- 
 rors. 
 
 "No language can describe nor can any cata- 
 logue furnish an adequate detail of the wide 
 spread destruction of houses and property. 
 Granaries were emptied, and where the grain 
 was not carried off, it was strewn to waste 
 under the feet of the cavalry, or consigned to 
 the fire which consumed the dwelling. The 
 negroes were robbed equally with the whites 
 of food and clothing. The roads were ' covered 
 with butchered cattle, hogs, mules, and the 
 costliest furniture. Valuable cabinets, rich 
 pianos, were not only hewn to pieces, but 
 
188 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 bottles of ink, turpentine, oil, whatever could 
 efface or destroy, was employed to defile and 
 ruin. Horses were ridden into the houses. 
 People were forced from their beds, to permit 
 the search after hidden treasures. 
 
 "The beautiful homesteads of the Parish 
 Country, with their wonderful tropical gardens, 
 were ruined; ancient dwellings of black cy- 
 press, one hundred years old, which had been 
 reared by the fathers of the Republic — men 
 whose names were famous in Revolutionary 
 history — were given to the flames as recklessly 
 as were the rude hovels; choice pictures and 
 works of art, from Europe, select and numerous 
 libraries, objects of peace wholly, were all de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 "The inhabitants, black no less than white, 
 were left to starve, compelled to feed only 
 upon the garbage to be found in the aban- 
 doned camps of the soldiers. The com scraped 
 up from the spots where the horses fed, has 
 been the only means of life left to thousands 
 but lately in afiluence. And thus plundering, 
 and burning, the troops made their way 
 through a portion of Beaufort into Barnwell 
 District, where they pursued the same game. 
 The villages of Buford's Bridge, of Barnwell, 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 189 
 
 Blackville, Graliams, Bamberg, Midway, were 
 more or less destroyed ; tlie inhabitants every- 
 where left homeless and without food. The 
 horses and mules, all cattle and hogs, when- 
 ever fit for service or for food, were carried 
 off, and the rest shot. Every implement of 
 the workman or the farmer, tools, plows, hoes, 
 gins, looms, wagons, vehicles, were made to 
 feed the flames. 
 
 " From Barnwell to Orangeburg and Lexing- 
 ton was the next progress, marked everywhere 
 by the same sweeping destruction. Both of 
 these Court towns were partially burned. 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ :i: 
 
 " Hardly had the troops reached the head of 
 Main street, when the work of pillage was 
 begun. Stores were broken open within the 
 first hour after their arrival, and gold, silver, 
 jewels, and liquors, eagerly sought. The 
 authorities, officers, soldiers, all, seemed to con- 
 sider it a matter of course. And woe to him 
 who carried a watch with a gold chain pen- 
 dant ; or who wore a choice hat, or overcoat, 
 or boots or shoes. He was stripped in the 
 twinkling of an eye. It is computed that, 
 from first to last, twelve hundred watches were 
 transferred from the pockets of their owners 
 
190 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 to those of the soldiers. Purses shared the 
 same fate; nor was the Confederate currency 
 repudiated. But of all these things hereafter, 
 in more detail. At about 12 o'clock, the jail 
 was discovered to be on fire from within- 
 This building was immediately in rear of the 
 Market, or City Hall, and in a densely built 
 portion of the city. The supposition is that 
 it was fired by some of the prisoners — all of 
 whom were released and subsequently followed 
 the army. The fire of the jail had been pre- 
 ceded by that of some cotton piled in the 
 streets. Both fires were soon subdued by the 
 firemen. At about half-past one p. m., that of 
 the jail was rekindled, and was again extin- 
 guished. Some of the prisoners, who had been 
 confined at the Asylum, had made their es- 
 cape, in some instances, a few days before, and 
 were secreted and protected by citizens. No 
 one felt safe in his own dwelling ; and, in the 
 faith that General Sherman would respect the 
 Convent, and have it properly guarded, num- 
 bers of young ladies were confided to the care 
 of the Mother Superior, and even trunks of 
 clothes and treasure were sent thither, in full 
 confidence that they would find safety. Vain 
 illusions I The Irish Catholic troops, it ap- 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 191 
 
 pears, were not brought into the city at all; 
 were kept on the other side of the river. But 
 a few Catholics were collected among the corps 
 which occupied the city, and of the conduct 
 of these, a favorable account is given. One of 
 them rescued a silver goblet of the church, 
 used as a drinking cup by a soldier, and re- 
 stored it to the Rev. Dr. O'Connell. This 
 priest, by the way, was severely handled by 
 the soldiers. Such, also, was the fortune of 
 the Rev. Mr. Shand, of Trinity (the Episco- 
 pal) Church, who sought in vain to save a 
 trunk containing the sacred vessels of his 
 church. It was violently wrested from his 
 keeping, and his struggle to save it only pro- 
 voked the rougher usage. We are since told 
 that, on reaching Camden, General Sherman 
 restored what he believed were these vessels 
 to Bishop Davis. It has since been discovered 
 that the plate belonged to St. Peter's Church, 
 in Charleston. 
 
 *' And here it may be well to mention, as sug- 
 gestive of many clues, an incident which pre- 
 sented a sad commentary on that confidence in 
 the security of the convent, which was entertained 
 by the great portion of the people. This estab- 
 lishment, under the charge of the sister of the 
 
192 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 Right Rev. Bishop Lynch, was at once a con- 
 vent and an academy of the highest class. 
 Hither were sent for education the daughters 
 of Protestants, of the most wealthy classes 
 throughout the State ; and these, with the nuns 
 and those young ladies sent thither on the 
 emergency, probably exceeded one hundred. 
 The Lady Superior herself entertained the 
 fullest confidence in the immunities of the 
 establishment. But her confidence was clouded 
 after she enjoyed a conference with a certain 
 major of the Yankee army, who described him- 
 self as an editor from Detroit. He visited her 
 at an early hour in the day, and announced 
 his friendly sympathies with the Lady Superior 
 and the Sisterhood; professed his anxiety for 
 their safety, his purpose to do all that he could 
 to insure it — declared that he would instantly 
 go to Sherman and secure a chosen guard ; and, 
 altogether, made such professions of love and 
 service as to disarm those suspicions which his 
 bad looks and bad manners, inflated speech and 
 pompous carriage might otherwise have pro- 
 voked. The Lady Superior, with such a charge 
 in her hands, was naturally glad to welcome 
 all shows and prospects of support, and ex- 
 pressed her gratitude. He disappeared, and soon 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 193 
 
 after reappeared, bringing with him no less than 
 eight or ten men — none of them, as he ad- 
 mitted, being Catholics. He had some specious 
 argument to show that, perhaps, her guard had 
 better be one of Protestants. This suggestion 
 staggered the lady a little, but he seemed to 
 convey a more potent reason when he added, 
 in a whisper : " For I must tell you, my sister, 
 that Columbia is a doomed czfyy Terrible 
 doom! This officer, leaving his men behind 
 him, disappeared, to show himself no more. The 
 guards so left behind were finally among the 
 most busy as plunderers. The moment that 
 the inmates, driven out by the fire, were forced 
 to abandon their house, they began to revel in 
 its contents. 
 
 ^' But the reign of terror did not fairly begin 
 till night. In some instances, where parties 
 complained of the misrule and robbery, their 
 guards said to them, with a chuckle : ' This 
 is nothing; wait till to-night, and you'll see 
 h— 11.' 
 
 "Among the first fires at evening was one 
 about dark, which broke out in a filthy pur- 
 lieu of low houses, of wood, on Gervar's 
 Street, occupied mostly as brothels. Almost 
 13 
 
194 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 at the same time, a body of the soldiers scat- 
 tered over the eastern out-skirts of the city, 
 fired severally the dwellings of Mr. Secretary 
 Trenholm, General Wade Hampton, Dr. John 
 Wallace, J. U. Adams, Mrs. Starke, Mr. Latta, 
 Mrs. English, and many others. 
 
 '' There were then some twenty fires in full 
 blast, in as many different quarters, and while 
 the alarm sounded from these quarters, a simi- 
 lar alarm was sent up almost simultaneously 
 from Cotton Town, the northermost limit of 
 the city, and from Main Street in its very 
 centre, at the several stores or houses of O. 
 Z. Bates, C. D. Eberhardt, and some others, 
 in the heart of the most densely settled por- 
 tion of the town; thus enveloping in flames 
 almost every section of the devoted city. At 
 this period, thus early in the evening, there 
 were few shows of that drunkenness which 
 prevailed at a late hour in the night, and only 
 after all the grocery shops on Main Street had 
 been rifled. The men engaged in this were 
 well prepared with all the appliances essential 
 to their work. 
 
 " They did not need the torch. They carried 
 with them from house to house, pots and ves- 
 sels containing combustible liquids, composed 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBI.ICAN PARTY. 195 
 
 probably of phosphorus and other similar 
 agents, turpentine, etc., and, with balls of cot- 
 ton saturated in this liquid, with which they 
 also over-spread floors and walls, they conveyed 
 the flames with wonderful rapidity from dwell- 
 ing to dwelling. Each had his ready box of 
 lucifer matches, and with a scrape upon the 
 walls the flames began to rage; where houses 
 were closely contiguous, a brand from one was 
 the means of conveying destruction to the 
 other. 
 
 " The winds favored. They had been high 
 throughout the day, and steadily prevailed 
 from south-west by west, and bore the flames 
 eastward. To this fact we owe the preserva- 
 tion of the portions of the city lying west of 
 Assembly Street. 
 
 ^'The work begun thus vigorously, went on 
 without impediment, and was hourly increased 
 throughout the night. 
 
 " Engines and hose were brought out by the 
 firemen, but these were soon driven from their 
 labors — which were indeed idle against such a 
 storm of fire by the pertinacious hostility of 
 the soldiers ; the hose was hewn to pieces, and 
 the firemen dreading worse usage to them- 
 selves, left the field in despair. Meanwhile, 
 
196 THK UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 the flames spread from side to side, from front 
 to rear, from street to street, and where their 
 natural and inevitable progress was too slow for 
 those who had kindled them, they helped them 
 on by the application of fresh combustibles 
 and more rapid agencies of conflagration. 
 
 ^' By midnight. Main street, from its northern 
 to its southern extremity, was a solid wall of 
 fire. By 12 o'clock, the great blocks, which 
 included the banking houses and the Treasury 
 buildings, were consumed ; Jenney's (Congaree) 
 and Nickerson's hotels ; the magnificent manu- 
 factories of Evans & Cogswell — indeed, every 
 large block in the business portion of the 
 city ; the old Capitol and all the adjacent 
 buildings were in ruins. 
 
 " The range called the ' Granite ' was begin- 
 ning to flame at 12, and might have been 
 saved by ten vigorous men, resolutely work- 
 ing. 
 
 " At I o'clock, the hour was struck by the 
 clock of the Market Hall, which was even 
 then illuminated from within. It was its own 
 last hour which it sounded, and its tongue 
 was silenced forevermore. In less than five 
 minutes after, its spire went down with a 
 crash, and, by this time, almost all the build- 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 197 
 
 ings witHin tHe precinct were in a mass of 
 ruins. Very grand, and very terrible, beyond 
 description, was the awful spectacle. It was a 
 scene for the painter of the terrible. It was 
 tbe blending of a range of burning mountains 
 stretched in a continuous series for more than 
 a mile. Here was ^tna, sending up its 
 spouts of flaming lava; Vesuvius, emulous of 
 like display, shooting up with loftier torrents, 
 and Stromboli, struggling, with awful throes, 
 to shame both by its superior volumes of 
 fluid flame. The winds were tributary to 
 these convulsive effects and tossed the volcanic 
 torrents hundreds of feet in air. Great spouts 
 of flame spread aloft in canopies of sulphurous 
 cloud — wreaths of sable, edged with sheeted 
 lightnings, wrapped the skies, and, at short 
 intervals, the falling tower and the tottering 
 wall, avalanche-like, went down with thunder- 
 ous sound, sending up at every crash great 
 billowing showers of glowing fiery embers. 
 
 *' Throughout the whole of this terrible 
 scene, the soldiers continued their search after 
 spoil. The houses were severally and soon 
 gutted of their contents. Hundreds of iron 
 safes, warranted " impenetrable to fire and the 
 burglar," it was soon satisfactorily demon- 
 
198 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 strated, were not ' Yankee proof.' They 
 were split open and robbed, yielding, in some 
 cases, very largely of Confederate money and 
 bonds, if not of gold and silver. Jewelry and 
 plate in abundance was found. 
 
 " Men could be seen staggering off with 
 liuge waiters, vases, candelabra, to say noth- 
 ing of cups, goblets and smaller vessels, all 
 of solid silver. 
 
 " Clothes and shoes, when new, were appro- 
 priated — the rest left to bum. Liquors were 
 drank with such avidity as to astonish the 
 veteran Bacchanals of Columbia ; nor did the 
 parties thus distinguishing themselves hesitate 
 about the vintage. There was no idle dis- 
 crimination in the mattei" of taste, from that 
 vulgar liquor, which Judge Burke used to say 
 always provoked within him '' an inordinate 
 propensit}'- to sthale," to the choicest red wines 
 of the ancient cellars. In one vault on Main 
 street, seventeen casks of wine were stored 
 away, which, an eye-witness tells us, barely 
 sufficed, once broken into, for the draughts of 
 a single hour — such were the appetites at 
 work and the numbers in possession of them. 
 Rye, corn, claret, and Madeira, all found their 
 way into the same channels, and we are not 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 199 
 
 to wonder when told that no less than one 
 hundred and fifty of the drunken creatures 
 perished miserably among the flames kindled 
 by their comrades, and from which they were 
 unable to escape. 
 
 *' The estimate will not be thought extrava- 
 gant by those who saw the condition of hun- 
 dreds after i a. m. By others, however, . the 
 estimate is reduced to thirty; but the number 
 will never be known. Sherman's officers them- 
 selves are reported to have said that they lost 
 more men in the sack and burning of the city 
 than in all their fights while approaching it. It 
 is also suggested that the orders which Sherman 
 issued at daylight on Saturday morning, for the 
 arrest of the fire, were issued in consequence of 
 the loss of men which he had thus sustained. 
 One or more of his men were shot by parties 
 unknown in some dark passages or alleys — it is 
 supposed in consequence of some attempted out- 
 rages which humanity could not endure — the 
 assassin taking advantage of the obscurity of the 
 situation and adroitly mingling with the crowd 
 without. 
 
 '^And while these scenes were at their worst — 
 while the flames were at their highest and most 
 extensively raging — groups might be seen at 
 
200 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 the several corners of the streets drinking, roar- 
 ing, revelling, while the fiddle and accordion 
 were playing their popular airs among them. 
 There was no cessation of the work till 5 a. m. 
 on Saturday. 
 
 " Ladies were hustled from their chambers — 
 their ornaments plucked from their persons, 
 their bundles from their hands. It was in vain 
 that the mother appealed for the garments of 
 her children. They were torn from her grasp 
 and hurled into the flames. The young girl 
 striving to save a single frock had it rent to 
 fibres in her grasp. Men and women bearing 
 off their trunks were seized, despoiled, in a 
 moment the trunk burst open with the stroke of 
 axe or gun butt, the contents laid bare, rifled of 
 all the objects of desire, and the residue sacri- 
 ficed to the fire. You might see the ruined 
 owner standing, woe-begone, aghast, gazing at 
 his tumbling dwelling, his scattered property, 
 with a dumb agony in his face that was inex- 
 pressibly touching. 
 
 " Your watch I " " Your money I " was the 
 demand. Frequently no demand was made. 
 Rarely, indeed, was a word spoken where the 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 201 
 
 watch, or chain, or ring, or bracelet presented 
 itself conspicuously to the eye. It was incon- 
 tinently plucked away from the neck, breast 
 or bosom. Hundreds of women, still greater 
 numbers of old men, were thus despoiled. The 
 slightest show of resistance provoked violence 
 to the person. The venerable Mr. Alfred Hu- 
 ger was thus robbed in the chamber and pres- 
 ence of his family, and in the eye of an almost 
 dying wife. He offered resistance, and was 
 collared and dispossessed by violence. We are 
 told that the venerable ex-Senator Colonel Ar- 
 thur P. Hayne was treated even more roughly. 
 
 th H« ^ ){: 4: ^ 
 
 " Within the dwellings the scenes were of 
 more harsh and tragical character, rarely soft- 
 ened by any ludicrous aspects, as they were 
 screened by the privacy of the apartment, with 
 but few eyes to witness. The pistol to the 
 bosom or head of women, the patient mother, 
 the trembling daughter, was the ordinary intro- 
 duction to the demand, *' Your gold, silver, 
 watch, jewels.'' They gave no time, allowed 
 no pause or hesitation. It was in vain that 
 the woman offered her keys, or proceeded to 
 open drawer, or wardrobe, or cabinet, or trunk. 
 It was dashed to pieces by axe or gun butt, 
 
202 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 with the cry, '' We have a shorter way than 
 that I '^ It was in vain that she pleaded to 
 spare her furniture, and she would give up all 
 its contents. All the precious things of a fam- 
 ily, such as the heart loves to pore over in 
 quiet hours when alone with memory — the dear 
 miniature, the photograph, the portrait — these 
 were dashed to pieces, crushed under foot, and 
 the more the trembler pleaded for the object 
 so precious, the more violent the rage which 
 destroyed it. Nothing was sacred in their eyes 
 save the gold and silver which they bore away. 
 Nor were these acts those of the common sol- 
 diers. Commissioned officers of rank as high 
 as that of Colonel were frequently among the 
 most active in spoliation, and not always the 
 most tender or considerate in the manner and 
 acting of their crimes. And after glutting 
 themselves with spoil would often utter the 
 foulest speeches, coupled with oaths as condi- 
 ment, dealing in what they assumed, besides, 
 to be bitter sarcasms upon the cause and coun- 
 try. 
 
 ^' And what do 3'ou think of the Yankees 
 now ? " was a frequent question. 
 
 " Do you not fear us now ? " 
 
 ^' What do you think of secession ? " etc., etc. 
 
MISTAKES OF THE RKPUBI^ICAN PARTY. 203 
 
 ^'We mean to wipe you out. We'll burn 
 tlie very stones of South Carolina." 
 
 Even General Howard, who is said to have 
 been once a pious parson, is reported to have 
 made this reply to a citizen who had expostu- 
 lated with him on the monstrous crime of 
 which his army had been guilty : 
 
 '' It is only what the country deserves. It 
 is her fit punishment; and if this does not 
 quiet rebellion and we have to return we will 
 do this work thoroughly. We will not leave 
 woman or child. 
 
 * * * * * * 
 
 " There are some horrors which the historian 
 dare not pursue — which the painter dare not 
 delineate. They both drop the curtain over 
 crimes which humanity bleeds to contemplate. 
 Some incidents of gross brutality which show 
 how well prepared were these men for every 
 crime, however monstrous, may be given. 
 
 '*A lady undergoing the pains of labor had 
 to be borne out on a mattress into the open 
 air to escape the fire. It was in vain that 
 her situation was described as the soldiers 
 applied the torch within and without the 
 house. After they had penetrated every 
 chamber and robbed them of all that was 
 
204 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 either valuable or portable tbey beheld the 
 situation of the sufferer and laughed to scorn 
 the prayer for her safety. 
 
 "Another lady, Mrs. J , was but recently 
 
 confined. Her condition was very helpless. 
 Her life hung upon a hair. The men were 
 apprised of all the facts in the case. They 
 burst into the chamber — took the rings from 
 the lady's fingers — plucked the watch from 
 beneath her pillow, and so overwhelmed her 
 with terror that she sunk under the treat- 
 ment, surviving their departure but a day or 
 two. 
 
 " In several instances, parlors, articles of 
 crockery, and even beds, were used by the 
 soldiers as if they were water-closets. In one 
 case a party used vessels in this way, then 
 put them on the bed, fired at and smashed 
 them to pieces, emptying the filthy contents 
 over the bedding. 
 
 "In several cases newly made graves were 
 opened, the coffins taken out, broken open in 
 search of buried treasure, and the corpses left 
 exposed. Every spot in a graveyard or garden 
 which seemed to have been recently disturbed 
 was sounded with sword or bayonet or ram- 
 rod, in their desperate search after spoil." 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 205 
 
 The pillaging and burning of Columbia was 
 one of the many great feasts of the kind that 
 the Abolition soldiers had in their anticipation 
 of dividing up the Southern plantations into 
 small Yankee farms. But it seems as if God 
 turned against them in the very hour of their 
 wickedness, for they were not only not allowed 
 to enjoy the spoil of the city, for it was con- 
 signed to the flame and one hundred and 
 fifty drunken soldiers fell into the fire and 
 were burnt to death. 
 
 When Sherman heard of this he ordered 
 his soldiers to cease burning the city lest his 
 whole army might get drunk and fall into 
 the fire. He then marched on to North Caro- 
 lina and carried destruction into that State. 
 
 The soldiers took delight in telling the citi- 
 zens of North Carolina how they humbled 
 South Carolina, and how they cured her of 
 nullifying. 
 
 *'We will divide up her plantations into 
 small Yankee farms," said they. 
 
 In reply to a number of them thus boasting 
 one day, an old farmer said : — 
 
 " Did it never occur to you that in " curing " 
 South Carolina that you have also ruined 
 yourselves ? You will not be allowed to divide 
 
206 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 up a single plantation nowhere in the South, 
 but you will be taxed out of your own homes 
 and you will be reduced to tenant farmers all 
 over the North on the very land that you now 
 own. You are nothing but tools in the hands 
 of politicians. You and your children will be- 
 come tramps and vagabonds and will wander 
 all over the South and beg bread of the well- 
 fed negroes, and sleep upon a bed of grass by 
 the roadside like the beast of the field, for 
 nobody in the South will give you employ- 
 ment and you will have to go back North 
 and work for your Yankee boss for such wages 
 as he may see fit to pay you. God's Provi- 
 dence punishes transgressors, and He has 
 decreed that your children's children shall pour 
 out their sweat in unrequited toil, until they 
 put back two dollars for every one that you 
 have destroyed in the South." 
 
 Mr. Porter in making the census of Kansas 
 mortgages gives the country the astonishing 
 information that the mortgages on lands alone,i 
 exclusive of chattels, are over 80 per cent, of 
 the assessed value of all the property, real and 
 personal, in the State, railroads alone excepted. 
 
 With $290,593,000 of real and personal pro- 
 perty in the State, the census gives Kansas a 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 207 
 
 mortgage debt of $235,485,000 on land alone. 
 Nor is the case of Kansas an exceptional one. 
 Iowa, Illinois, Michigan, Nebraska and all of 
 the other Abolition States of the West are not 
 far behind it. 
 
 The mortgages on Western farm lands are 
 held by Eastern capitalists, who collect their 
 rents in the West and invest the money in 
 the Sonth building cotton mills, rolling mills, 
 blast furnaces, and factories of all kinds, and 
 in this way the Western Abolitionists are 
 made to replace by their own labor every dol- 
 lar they destroyed in Sherman's march to the 
 sea. But here is something else still more 
 singular to relate which is very edifying to 
 the Southern people. They never cast a vote 
 for Abraham Lincoln, neither did he ever rule 
 over them a day. 
 
 After fighting four years to expel the negroes 
 not one did they ever send from the country. 
 They were not only left here as their indus- 
 trial competitors, but they were enfranchised 
 to vote against them, and the Abolitionists 
 themselves voted with the Republican party 
 and assisted them in making the negroes their 
 own political opponents as well as their indus- 
 trial competitors. 
 
208 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 Why tlie soldiers of the Abolition party 
 should go home and vote to enfranchise the 
 slaves after fighting four years to expel them 
 from the country may be accounted for in this 
 way. There is a law in nature in which ex- 
 tremes meet, and the reaction is always violent 
 in proportion to the violence of the action. 
 Therefore the effort to expel the slaves resulted 
 in their enfranchisement, just as the attempt 
 to divide up the Southern plantations into 
 small Yankee farms resulted in the Yankees 
 losing their own farms. Now, by following 
 this law we can see that Communism has cost 
 the people their liberties in Europe, and it has 
 cost the people their liberties in this country. 
 
 The loss of liberty is hard, but it is a law 
 of nature to punish transgressors, a law which 
 all transgressors are compelled to obey. Trans- 
 gressors cannot conceal their acts, neither can 
 their friends for them, for they are transgres- 
 sors too. 
 
 In the case of Lincoln public exposure has 
 been made by dramatizing his assassination 
 and presenting the scene as a play in the 
 theatres for public amusement. 
 
 It is said by those who have seen it that 
 men rise up in their seats and stretch out 
 
> 
 
 MISTAKES OF THK REPUBLICAN PARTY. 209 
 
 their necks as if tliey were eager to see at 
 tlie critical moment in tHe play and say: 
 
 *' Look, look, they are going to shoot old 
 Abe Lincoln. He is the man who unwittingly 
 destroyed American liberty." 
 H 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 THK MISTAKES OF THE REPUBUCAN PARTY. 
 
 ATURE, the great mistress of wisdom, 
 Has created superior and inferior 
 races of men, and subordination of 
 the inferior to the superior race is 
 the natural relation to each other. 
 
 The inferior is contented in subordination 
 to the superior for benefits they receive from 
 their masters. But subordination of the supe- 
 rior to the superior race traverses the laws of 
 nature. 
 
 The chosen people of God, by the Levitical 
 law, proclaimed under Divine sanction, were 
 authorized to hold slaves — not of their own 
 race — (of these they were to hold bondmen for 
 a term of years) — hence our apprentice laws, 
 but of the heathen around them — of these 
 they were authorized to buy slaves, ^' bond- 
 men '' and *' bondwomen,'' for life, who were 
 to be to them "an inheritance" and posses- 
 sion forever." 
 
 Now, in obedience to these Divine laws the 
 (210) 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBUCAN PARTY. 211 
 
 white people of the Southern States bought 
 slaves, not of their own race, but of the negro 
 race. 
 
 But the white people of the Northern States 
 did not agree with them and the Republican 
 party have learned by experience that it is 
 blasphemous for them or any of His creatures 
 to set up their notions in opposition to His 
 immediate and acknowledged Revelation. For 
 the natural subordination of the negro under- 
 bids the white man in all of the menial occu- 
 pations and duties of life which forces him to 
 elevate himself to the higher plane of his own 
 superior race. Hence the equality of white 
 men and the superiority of the Southern people. 
 
 In surveying the whole civilized world the 
 eyes rests not on a single spot where the in- 
 dividual man, black or white, is exhibited in 
 a higher development, or society in a happier 
 civilization than in the Southern States of this 
 Union. 
 
 The natural subordination of the negro not 
 only forces the white man to elevate himself 
 to the Southern standard of high moral bearing, 
 without which more harm will come to men 
 and women than good, but strengthens the 
 attachment of the dominant race to liberty, 
 
212 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 whilst on the other hand the natural subor- 
 dination of the inferior to the superior race 
 has weaned a race of savages from superstition 
 and idolatry, imparted to them a general 
 knowledge of the principles of the true religion, 
 implanted in their bosom sentiments of human- 
 ity and principles of virtue, developed a taste 
 for the arts and enjoyments of civilized life, 
 given an unknown dignity and elevation to 
 their type of physical, moral and intellectual 
 man. 
 
 After having thus advanced the Southern 
 negro the Republican party of the Northern 
 States made war upon the South to enfranchise 
 the slaves so that they might have the great 
 and glorious privilege of voting, and thereby 
 become the victims of their own folly just as 
 the white slaves are in the North. But they 
 are secured against their own weakness and 
 folly by the Mississippi plan. 
 
 In that State *' any person desiring to vote 
 shall apply to the Deputy Commissioner for a 
 ballot, and on receiving the same shall forth- 
 with go into one of the voting compartments 
 and shall prepare his ballot by marking with 
 ink in the appropriate margin or place a 
 cross (x) opposite the name of the candidate 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 213 
 
 of his choice for each office to be filled, or by 
 filling in the name of the candidate substi- 
 tuted in the blank space as provided therefor 
 and marking a cross (x) opposite thereto. Be- 
 fore leaving the voting shelf, table or compart- 
 ment the voter shall fold his ballot without 
 aisplaying the marks thereon, but so that the 
 words " Official Ballot,'^ followed by the designa- 
 tion of the election precinct for which the bal- 
 lot is prepared and the date of the election 
 shall be visible to the officers of the election. 
 
 " He shall then cast his ballot in the manner 
 provided by law, which shall be done without 
 undue delay, and the voter shall then quit the 
 said enclosed place as soon as he has voted. No 
 voter shall be allowed to occupy a voting shelf, 
 table or compartment already occupied by 
 another voter, nor longer than ten minutes if 
 other voters are not waiting, nor longer than five 
 minutes in case other voters are waiting. 
 
 " No person shall take or remove any ballot 
 from a polling place before the close of the polls. 
 If any voter spoils a ballot, he may obtain 
 others, one at a time, not exceeding three in all, 
 upon returning each spoiled one. Any voter 
 who declares to the person or persons having the 
 official ballots that by reason of blindness or 
 
214 THE UNPROTECTED. . 
 
 Other physical disability he is unable to mark 
 his ballot, shall, upon request, secure the assist- 
 ance of said person or one of the election in- 
 spectors, in the marking thereof, and such person 
 or officer shall certify on the outside of said bal- 
 lot that it was marked with his assistance, and 
 shall not otherwise give information in regard to 
 the same. 
 
 ** No voter shall place any mark upon his bal- 
 lot by which it may be afterwards identified as 
 the one voted by him. 
 
 '' No voter shall allow his ballot to be seen by 
 any person, unless from blindness or other phy- 
 sical disability he is unable to mark his own 
 ballot. 
 
 *' By order of the State Board of Commission- 
 ers of Election." 
 
 Woe to the political party who founds its hope 
 of sway on the weakness or corruption of the 
 people ! The very measures taken by the Re- 
 publican party to perpetuate its power in the 
 South insured its downfall. 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 THE MISTAKES OF THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY. 
 
 ;E consequence of the mistakes of the 
 Democratic party is lamentable. 
 Strong, robust men from the North 
 are seen tramping on the highways 
 all over the South with little bundles on their 
 backs knocking at the negro house doors for 
 bread. Rich and joyous sugar planters of 
 Louisiana, is that a thing for you to wink at ? 
 Some of these unfortunate men have no 
 bundles at all, and they camp out by the 
 roadside and sleep upon a bed of grass like 
 the beasts of the field. 
 
 The very act of those fugitives knocking at 
 your negro house door for bread tells the tale. 
 They are runaway white slaves from the North. 
 They have made slaves of the white race in 
 the Northern States. 
 
 Democrats of the South, you who believe in 
 political equality of white men, is that a thing 
 for you to tolerate ? 
 
 They have made tenant farmers of Demo- 
 (215) 
 
216 THE UNPROTECTED. 
 
 crats all over the North and the West just as 
 the negroes are in the South. 
 
 In surveying the whole political field we can 
 find nobody responsible for their condition but 
 the Northern Democrats themselves. They 
 were told by Abraham Lincoln that the ne- 
 groes would be colonized and the Southern 
 plantations would be divided up into small 
 Yankee farms; and a great many quit the 
 Democratic party and joined the Abolitionists 
 on that account. 
 
 They were told by the Republicans that the 
 protective tariflf tax would make them all rich 
 off the South, and a great many joined the 
 Republican party on that account. 
 
 They were told by the Southern Democrats 
 that they could not destroy the liberties of the 
 South without losing their own, and they have 
 lost their own. 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 GOSSIPING WITH A LOUISIANA SUGAR PLANTER, 
 
 WHEREIN THE TRUTH IS RELATED THAT 
 
 RESEMBLES CURIOUS STORIES. 
 
 HE Mississippi. How, as by an en- 
 clianted wand, have its scenes been 
 changed since Chateaubriand wrote 
 his prose-poetic description of it, as 
 a river of mighty, unbroken solitudes, rolling 
 amid undreamed of wonders of vegetable and 
 animal existence. But, as in an hour, this 
 river of dreams and wild romance has emerged 
 to a reality scarcely less visionary and splendid 
 What other river of the world bears on its 
 bosom to the ocean the wealth and enterprise 
 of such another country ? A country whose pro- 
 ducts embrace all between the tropics and the 
 poles. 
 
 Those turbid waters, hurrying, foaming, 
 tearing along, an apt resemblance of that 
 headlong tide of business which is poured 
 along its wave by a race more vehement and 
 energetic than any the world ever saw. 
 
 (217) 
 
218 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 The slanting light of the setting sun quivers 
 on the sea-like expanse of the river ; the fields 
 of sugar-cane, rice and com glow in the golden 
 ray, as the heavily laden steamboat marches on- 
 ward, piled with cotton-bales from many a plan- 
 tation, up over the deck and sides, till she seems 
 in the distance a square, massive block moving 
 heavily onward to the nearing mart. Such is the 
 picture in the Abolition Bible. 
 
 The fact is so, but half is not told. Louis- 
 iana is favored with such fertile lands as only 
 a few other States contain, and with such an 
 abundance of them as only few other States 
 can exhibit. There is, perhaps, no other 
 country in the world which has such an ex- 
 tensive river bottom. An alluvial plain a 
 hundred miles wide in a mild and happy cli- 
 mate, level as the surface of the ocean, and of 
 inexhaustible fertility, every acre of which is 
 able to produce from sixty to eighty bushels 
 of corn and from one to two bales of cotton, 
 from two to four hogsheads of sugar and from 
 forty to fifty bushels of rough rice. 
 
 The rice fields resemble the great wheat 
 fields of Manitoba. Rice is the wheat of the 
 tropics and supplies food for one half of the 
 inhabitants of the earth. 
 
f 
 
 MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 219 
 
 After the lapse of another century, whatever 
 the Delta of the Nile once may have been 
 will only be a shadow of what the alluvial 
 plain of the lower Mississippi River then will 
 be. Cities like Memphis, Thebes, Andropolis, 
 Busiris, Mendes, and Heliopolis once more 
 will spring up. It will be the centre-point, 
 the garden spot of the North American Conti- 
 nent, the scene of action of the busy activity 
 of agricultural manufacture and commerce, 
 where wealth and prosperity will culminate. 
 The splendor of that which is now seen is 
 only the beginning. 
 
 The Louisiana low-lands are supplied with a 
 network of water-ways navigable for steamboats 
 through which the Mississippi River discharges 
 its waters, and you can see the plantations to 
 better advantage when the steamboat leaves 
 the great river and steams down one of the bayous, 
 for the sea-like expanse of the river obstructs 
 much from view of the plantation scenes that 
 are interesting to see on both sides of it. 
 
 Leaving the Mississippi River at Donaldson- 
 ville the packet steams down Bayou Lafourche 
 (the fork), a natural canal connecting the 
 Mississippi River with the Gulf of Mexico. 
 Here they have elevated steamboats, for at 
 
220 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 flood tide the water rises to the top of the 
 levees and the steamboats float high above the 
 sorroanding plain. 
 
 Along this natnral canal is, perhaps, the 
 most thickly settled agricultural community in 
 the world, for the fertility of the soil is able 
 to support a large population to the square 
 mile. 
 
 As the steamboat floats along you pass by 
 plantation after plantation, and a grand pano- 
 ramic view of negro cabins, bams, stables, 
 sugar-houses, stores, school-houses, and churches, 
 together with the stately dwellings of the 
 princely planters, present the appearance of a 
 continuous village for miles. Fields of sugar 
 cane, rice and com expand in the distance 
 until lost to view. In the sugar-making 
 season clouds of black smoke roll upwards 
 from the tall red chimneys of the sugar-houses 
 and a busy scene of activity is presented that 
 may not be looked for anywhere else. Steam 
 dummies haul sugar cane from the distant 
 fields on the plantation railroads. Three 
 mules hitched abreast draw the heavy cane 
 carts. But this external view only serves to 
 give an idea of what there is inside. The 
 traveller, therefore, must stop and go among 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 221 
 
 tlie planters. He must go into the sugar 
 houses and see wliat they are doing there. 
 He must visit the sugar planters and gossip 
 with them. On approach you will pass through 
 lawns surrounding the dwellings of these 
 princely fellows that surpass the Government 
 gardens at Washington ; for the plants in 
 Louisiana grow in the open air. The banana, 
 fig, orange, lemon, palmetto, live oak, cacti^ 
 ., grasses and flowers all grow in profusion and 
 with a tropical luxuriance, to which has 
 been recently added, oriental fruit trees from 
 China and Japan, consisting of pears, plums^ 
 and persimmons in great variety, all of which 
 flourish and add luxury to that already 
 beautiful spot. Southern Louisiana. The in- 
 terior of the houses is elaborately embellished, 
 and the whole side of rooms filled with books 
 indicate a cultured people. Having previously 
 received an invitation, when passing by I 
 made it convenient to stop and see my friend. 
 After a cordial " howdy do " and introduction to 
 his family, the fields of luxuriant sugar cane 
 that I saw at the plantations had so favorabl}^ 
 impressed me I asked the planter if they 
 had a good crop of sugar cane this year? 
 To which he replied at length, saying : " Good 
 
222 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 crop of sugar cane ? Why sir, we always do 
 have good crops of sugar cane. This is the 
 
 Louisiana low-lands ; the Mississippi 
 
 bottom, it is the very scrapings of the upland 
 dunghills, it is a water deposit, brought down 
 here from the Rocky mountains, the Appala- 
 chian range and all of the intermediate country 
 between the highlands. It is the very cream 
 of the country. Why sir, it is as rich as 
 guano-manure. A chemist cannot analyze it ; 
 the only way to analyze it is to stir it a little 
 with the hoe and the plow and it brings 
 forth hogsheads of sugar and tons of rice." 
 As the steamboat happened to be a little late 
 on that trip I arrived at my friend's house 
 about sundown. His good wife soon lit the 
 lamps and the reflection of the large plate 
 mirrors gave double size to the appearance of 
 the rooms. 
 
 The parlor was furnished with antique oak, 
 mahogany and walnut in the latest styles, and 
 there were some rare pieces of old furniture 
 which is never seen in the " struck ile " 
 families North. 
 
 " Come in to supper," said the planter as 
 the bell rang. We went into the dining 
 room and took our seats at the long table 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 223 
 
 and without apologies of any kind each one 
 turned up their thin china plate and two 
 negro boys in long white aprons " fairly 
 flew " around the table handing hot waffles, 
 biscuits, fried chicken, turkey hash, rice light 
 bread and coffee, which each one sweetened 
 according to taste from sugar bowls that 
 stood conveniently at hand on the table. A 
 general conversation ensued during the meal 
 which was characteristically Southern, and 
 after Supper the planter and myself went 
 into the library to smoke and gossip a little. 
 Among the Louisiana sugar planters they 
 generally have two parlors in every house. 
 One is called the ladies' parlor, which is filled 
 with fine furniture, musical instruments, 
 paintings and ornaments, and the other is 
 called the gentlemen's parlor or library. The 
 whole side of the room is sometimes filled 
 with books, but the furniture is always plain, 
 a few chairs, a table, writing desk, and a 
 lounge or two, and sometimes a hammock 
 swung in the middle of the room comprise 
 the furniture. Now, it is generally under- 
 stood among men everywhere that they can 
 enjoy themselves better when left to them- 
 selves where they can smoke and gossip to 
 
224 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 their own notion, and on tliat account the 
 sugar planters in Louisiana generally enter- 
 tain their friends in the library. So accord- 
 ingly, after supper the planter asked me to 
 go with him into the library, where he opened 
 a box of Havana cigars. After lighting one 
 apiece the overseer came in and made his 
 report, he soon left however, and we began 
 our conversation, but a negro coming to the 
 door, interrupted us by calling to the planter, 
 saying : 
 
 " Bob Brown stold one of your fat pigs this 
 morning for his collection to-night and I came 
 up here to tell you that he had it baked and 
 parbiled and hashed up for de niggers to eat 
 at his house to-night. 
 
 The planter said to him : 
 
 ^' Gk) 'long away from here, sir, I told you 
 not to tell me any more plantation news. Go 
 'way from here, sir." 
 
 The negro immediately left, and the planter 
 said: 
 
 *' He is a meddlesome fellow, he went to the 
 collation and made a fuss with some one there 
 and they drove him away, and he thought 
 that he could get revenge by telling me that 
 they stole one of my fat pigs. He has not 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 225 
 
 been here very long and lie does not know 
 me yet." 
 
 I then asked the planter if they stole many 
 of his fat pigs. He replied at length, saying: 
 
 *' What does a few dozen pigs amount to on 
 a sugar plantation during the year ? When 
 the Yankee came here to farm soon after 
 the war, they had the negroes arrested for 
 stealing, and drove the hands from the plan- 
 tations, they could not discriminate between 
 the value of a negro's work and a fifty-cent 
 pig. They broke all to pieces farming here, 
 and never knew the cause of their failure. 
 
 " I tell my negroes when they have a dance 
 to go and take a pig or a goat or a sheep out 
 of the plantation flock — there is no pleasure 
 at a dance without a good supper, and besides, 
 it induces other hands to come to my planta- 
 tion." 
 
 ^' Then you do not have much faith in Yan- 
 kee farmers ? I said." 
 
 '' Yankee farmers ! Why Sir, Yankee farmers 
 would no more know how to manage a sugar 
 plantation than I would know how to make a 
 Waterbury watch. They do very well at 
 tinkering trades, for they are continually 
 tinkering at one thing and another, and learn 
 15 
 
226 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 How to tinker just as we learn sugar making 
 in the South. 
 
 " Yankee fanners, they batter their hoes and 
 plows against the rocks in New England cul- 
 tivating a few beans and potatoes, and call it 
 farming. If they were to come down here now 
 and see the improvements we have made they 
 would learn something. They are too pica- 
 yunish, they would do very well to come here 
 and do their own work until they learn the 
 value of a negro ; but their ideas are too small. 
 If a Yankee farmer were to meet a negro in 
 the middle of the road with a hat full of eggs, 
 he would stop him and ask a hundred ques- 
 tions and count the eggs to see how many he 
 had. 
 
 " I make my negroes raise my chickens. I tell 
 them there is the barn, go get corn, rice and 
 oats to feed them with. All I want is a sup- 
 ply for my table, but sometimes they bring 
 me chickens and eggs in such quantities I 
 send them back. My wife tried to raise 
 chickens in the yard, once, and she went into 
 the hen-house one day and got chicken lice on 
 her dress, and they got in the bed and made 
 me scratch — I told her to stay out of the hen- 
 house. She does not know anything more 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 227 
 
 about raising chickens on this plantation tHan 
 she knows what is in a hen-house in Illinois. 
 
 " Yankee farmers. Why Sir, their ideas are 
 too small, a hill of beans and a potatoe patch 
 is all they know about farming. They try to 
 make money on little things, they would break 
 up a goose nest to sell the eggs. I keep 
 goods in my store-room to supply my negroes 
 with to keep them from being cheated at the 
 pluck-me stores, and when they want a hat I 
 hand it out to them, when they want snuflf 
 and tobacco I hand it out to them, when they 
 want a dress pattern I hand it out to them, 
 when they want a suit of clothes I hand it 
 out to them. It induces other hands to come 
 to my plantation." 
 
 He knocked the ashes from his cigar and 
 went to the side of the room and took a book 
 from the shelf and said : 
 
 ''This is the Abolition Bible, by Mrs. 
 Harriet Beecher Stowe. Some people call it 
 ^' Uncle Tom's Cabin.'' 
 
 He turned a few leaves and read the follow- 
 ing words : 
 
 " Miss Ophelia piled and sorted dishes, emp- 
 tied dozens of scattering bowls of sugar into 
 one receptacle." 
 
228 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 " Miss OpHelia was an old maid from Ver- 
 mont who came to Louisiana to keep house 
 for her cousin," said the planter, ^^ and coming 
 from such a State she thought that it was a 
 great waste to have more than one sugar 
 bowl about the house." 
 
 I then remined the planter that they made 
 some sugar in Vermont as well as Louisiana. 
 
 " Certainly they do " he said, " but what 
 kind of sugar is it? They tap the maple 
 trees and get a little juice and boil it down 
 and make some sugar that way, I do not 
 actually believe they make enough in the 
 whole State for a first class Louisiana candy 
 pulling. Dozens of sugar bowls — do you 
 know how they do? What little sugar they 
 make they put chalk and one stuflf and an- 
 other in it." 
 
 The planter snufifed the ashes from his 
 cigar again; and holding the book in his 
 hand saying: 
 
 " The Abolition Bible is a hard book for some 
 people to understand, just as all Bibles are to 
 understand. 
 
 " God's Bible forbids us making slaves of our 
 own race and we made slaves of the negro 
 race, but they made slaves or servants, which 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 229 
 
 is the same tiling of our own race in the 
 Northern States which makes them dissatisfied 
 and they are continually going on strikes and 
 one thing and another. 
 
 '^ The Abolition Bible was written to expel 
 the negroes from the South to free the white 
 slaves in the North, but we objected to it 
 because it would have made slaves of our own 
 race in the South. When Mrs. Stowe wrote 
 the Abolition Bible she thought that it was a 
 revelation to release her from her own con- 
 dition of slavery. 
 
 " She taught school, nursed her children, did 
 her cooking and perhaps her own washing 
 when she was writing it. She did more work 
 than was ever required of a black slave in the 
 South. 
 
 *' The Abolition Bible says that she was then 
 in the midst of heavy domestic cares, with a 
 young infant, with a party of pupils in her 
 family to whom she was imparting daily 
 lessons with her own children. 
 
 "They believed its false doctrine North, 
 because they thought that its political teaching 
 would release them from their ov/n condition 
 of slavery. It is not the first time they have 
 worshiped a false god. They worshiped the 
 
230 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 witchcraft doctrine once and failed at that, 
 and the Abolition Bible failed to colonize the 
 negroes for them too." 
 
 I then said that some Southern men think 
 that Lincoln was a great and good man. 
 
 " Certainly they do," said the planter, " there 
 are some gourd heads in the South who think 
 that he was a good man because he wanted 
 the Government to pay them for their slaves 
 — that was his intention — ^he wanted Govern- 
 ment ownership of the slaves and of course 
 Government colonization of them to free the 
 white slaves North, but it would have made 
 white slaves South without freeing them 
 North. They made slaves of themselves in 
 the Northern States and then blamed the 
 South for their condition. Lincoln recom- 
 mended compensation with emancipation to 
 tempt the South. It was nothing but the old 
 temptation trick of the devil. He used to go 
 about tempting men himself and he has his 
 agents on earth for that very purpose now, 
 but we have God's Bible to warn us against 
 them. Lincoln was nothing but an agent for 
 the devil and I took my cowhide and fiddle 
 and made my negroes dance when I heard he 
 was assassinated." 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 231 
 
 When tlie sugar planter told me in his 
 own library that Lincoln was nothing but an 
 agent for the devil I concluded that I had 
 better turn the conversation lest the ghost of 
 his agent should hear what we said. So I 
 asked the planter if the Republicans in the 
 North really believed in negro equality? 
 
 ** Certainly they do," he said "I will tell 
 you what I saw of it. 
 
 " On my last trip North I arrived in Cincin- 
 nati Saturday night, and after breakfast the 
 following Sunday I concluded to walk in the 
 street and see what was going on. I noticed 
 great crowds of men going in and out of a 
 large building, and as I wanted to see some 
 of the sights, curiosity led me in to see what 
 they were doing there. 
 
 " Crowds of men were standing at the door, 
 but I pushed my way through and went into 
 the hall. It was one of those immense beer 
 saloons that Cincinnati, O., is noted for. The 
 air was foggy with tobacco smoke and the 
 floor was slimy with beer foam blown from 
 the top of their mugs. 
 
 " There they were, negroes and white men, 
 sitting together at little round tables smoking 
 pipes, cigars, cigarettes, and drinking lager 
 
232 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 beer and talking negro equality together. The 
 stench was furious, but I held my nose and 
 walked on through the foggy tobacco smoke 
 and took a seat near the back door where a 
 little fresh air came in. As I went into the 
 place to see what was going on, I sat there 
 awhile to see what eflfect the beer had upon 
 them. 
 
 " Negro porters in long white aprons carried 
 tumblers of beer on waiters to those at the 
 little round tables, and the men that stood up 
 and walked about drank at the bar. There 
 must have been at least a thousand men in 
 the place. When the beer began to take 
 effect some of the men at the little round 
 tables hung their heads in a stupor, others 
 tumbled out of their chairs on the floor and 
 negro porters would immediately grab them 
 and carry them up stairs. When the men 
 would hang their heads in a stupor the porters 
 would lead them out into the back yard. 
 
 " I asked one of the porters what they carried 
 the men out of door for ? 
 
 " He said that when the beer began to make 
 them sick they carried them out to the spew- 
 ing pen. 
 
 "I went to the back door to see what the 
 
MISTAKES OF THK REPUBLICAN PARTY. 233 
 
 Spewing pen was. It was made of boards 
 about the length of fence rails, like they make 
 a trash pen in the poor land districts of Geor- 
 gia to put cow manure and ashes in to manure 
 the field with. 
 
 " There they were, negroes and white men, 
 standing around leaning over the sides vomit- 
 ing. I asked one of the porters what they 
 carried some of the men upstairs for? 
 
 " He said that they carried those upstairs 
 who could not vomit and let them lie on 
 lounges until the beer died in them. 
 
 " I held my nose again and walked through 
 the hall into the street and left Cincinnati 
 Republicans enjoying negro equality and 
 lager beer. 
 
 '' I went to St. Louis from Cincinnati, but I 
 did not see much negro equality there, for 
 Missouri was one of the slave States, but the 
 muddy water of the Mississippi River that I 
 drank there turned against me and set me to 
 vomiting. As I was walking in the street 
 one day I felt my stomach turn over and I 
 hastened to a drug store nearby and told the 
 Doctor that I was about to throw my insides 
 up. 
 
 "He told me to run out through the back 
 
234 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 door into the yard to the spewing pen. I got 
 there just in time. The Doctor told me that 
 I had been drinking too much beer. I told 
 told him that I was from the South and did 
 not drink a drop of it, that it was the bad 
 water that made me sick. He gave me some 
 medicine to ease my distracted stomach, and I 
 continued my trip north to St. Paul, and east 
 from there to Boston. A gentleman told me 
 that they had spewing pens all over the North 
 and West for the accommodation of those who 
 drink to much beer. 
 
 " When I got to St. Paul I saw negro women 
 ring the door bells and ladies come out and 
 kiss them. No doubt they thought it a great 
 honor to have the negroes to visit them. I 
 thought to myself, surely they have negro 
 equality of the right kind in St. Paul, but 
 when I got to Boston I saw the ladies kiss 
 the negro women on the streets. I asked a 
 Yankee why they kissed the negroes. 
 
 " He said that women would have women's 
 ways, but a Southerner told me that it was a 
 Yankee woman's way of hiring a cook. We 
 are more practical in the South, for if any of 
 the negro women on this plantation were to 
 refuse to cook for my wife I would take a 
 stick and knock their eye-balls out." 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBUCAN PARTY. 235 
 
 Miss Mary and Miss Julia, who Lad come 
 into the library and heard part of the conver- 
 sation, laughed so immoderately at their father's 
 method of hiring a cook their mother came to 
 the door and said : — 
 
 ^^ What are you all laughing at ? I think 
 that you had better go into the parlor and 
 play the piano for your company, instead of 
 sitting in this smoking room laughing at your 
 papa's travels, for he always did see things 
 that other people could not see." 
 
 '' Go and play " Yankee Doodle " and " Dixie," 
 said the planter. 
 
 We all went into the parlor and heard the 
 music. 
 
 Next morning after breakfast we went to the 
 field to see the negroes cutting sugar-cane. 
 
 The cane-knife is a steel blade four inches 
 in width and ten in length, handled; and 
 with one lick up and one lick down the fodder 
 is cut off and the cane is cut down. The 
 fodder is very coarse and unfit for cattle to 
 eat, so they burn it off the ground when it 
 gets dry. 
 
 Sugar-cane is the greatest saccharine-pro- 
 ducing plant we have. It was brought from 
 India to the West Indies, and from there to 
 
236 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 Louisiana, where the cultivation of it has en- 
 riched the planters. It is a tropical plant, and 
 in Louisiana, where the ground does not freeze, 
 they can raise three or four crops from the 
 old stubbles, but farther north where the cold 
 kills it in the ground, they have to plant it 
 every year, and it ceases to be profitable to 
 cultivate it. 
 
 We rambled in the plantation several hours, 
 and I saw such a forest of sugar-cane it looked 
 as though the hands would never be able to 
 clear the fields of it, and I asked the planter 
 if they ever required the negroes to work on 
 Sunday in taking off the crop? 
 
 '' Certainly we do," he said. " Sunday is, 
 and has been, a gala day from time immemorial 
 in Louisiana. It is a legal holiday as Christ- 
 mas is, and the eighth day of January, and 
 the fourth day of July. Everybody is sup- 
 posed to know how to say their own prayers 
 even though they may be seen at the base- 
 ball play, or at work on Sunday. 
 
 " The State declares sins off and declares sins 
 on, as they do in Mississippi. Some time ago 
 it was a sin to bet money on horse races in 
 that State, but in order to encourage stock 
 raising the Legislature declared the sin off. 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 237 
 
 and now it is legal, and of course morally 
 right to bet on horse races. 
 
 *^ The right to declare sins off and to de- 
 clare sins on is the States rights doctrine 
 that the Confederate soldiers fought for. It is a 
 privilege that the Southern people will have." 
 
 After rambling in the fields all of the 
 morning we went back to the house rather 
 tired, and rested in the library until the dinner 
 was ready. 
 
 Whilst we were at dinner the door bell rang 
 and the planter sent one of the negro boys to 
 see who it was at the door. The boy soon 
 came back and said that a tramp was at the 
 door and that he wanted something to eat. 
 
 *' Go and tell him to come in to dinner," 
 said the planter. ^' We never send lunches 
 out to men when they call at dinner hour. 
 
 " Move your place, Mary," speaking to his 
 daughter, " and let him have a seat at the 
 corner of the table, next to me and away 
 from you girls." 
 
 The tramp came in and the planter said: 
 
 '' Take a seat sir, and have dinner with us, 
 we were nearly through eating, but here is 
 enough left for a hungry man ;" and with that 
 he gave one of the waiters a wink, which he 
 
238 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 understood, and lie handed wine and dish after 
 dish, until the tramp's plate was piled high 
 and his eyes bulged out at the repast spread 
 before him. 
 
 " Help yourself, sir," said the planter as he 
 looked at the tramp and saw that he was 
 somewhat embarrassed. 
 
 " We are plain people on this plantation, 
 and we like to see everybody enjoy themselves 
 who come about us ; eat away now, and fill 
 yourself up, we had nearly finished eating 
 when you came in." 
 
 The welcome extended to the tramp whetted 
 his appetite, and he declared that he never 
 enjoyed a dinner so well before. 
 
 The dishes were then removed and a new 
 cloth spread, and dessert and coflfee was served. 
 After which, the planter's good wife filled the 
 tramp's pocket with nuts and cake and he 
 took his hat and went on his way. We then 
 went into the library to smoke cigars and 
 after lighting them the planter in alluding to 
 the tramp said : — 
 
 " Why, sir, he is nothing but a runaway 
 white slave from the North. When they come 
 down South they are obliged to depend either 
 upon the charity of the people, or their in- 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 239 
 
 dustry, for they are afraid to steal, for tlie 
 Southern blood hound would catch them 
 before their tracks get cold." 
 
 After smoking the cigars the planter ordered 
 his horse and buggy and we drove through 
 the plantation into the next one to the Central 
 sugar factory, but before starting he called a 
 negro boy and said: — 
 
 '' Go and get me a jug. Run, sir, and bring 
 me an empty jug before I start off." 
 
 The negro brought the jug and put it in 
 the buggy, and we drove on to the sugar 
 factory. 
 
 On arrival we went into the office and I 
 was introduced to several of the prominent 
 planters of the neighborhood who were there. 
 
 The book-keeper was busy at his desk, for 
 they have accounts with several plantations 
 at the central factories. The chief sugar- 
 maker showed me through the factory and we 
 went to the mill first where the sugar cane 
 is crushed. 
 
 About fifteen negroes were busy putting 
 sugar-cane on the carrier, which is operated 
 like a band on pulleys to carry the cane to 
 the rollers. 
 
 By that device the sugar-cane is fed to the 
 
240 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 mill in a mass five feet in widtH and fifteen 
 inches thick. A stream of the juice flows 
 from the mill as large as a stove pipe. 
 
 After passing through four or five rollers 
 the sugar-cane is squeezed perfectly dry by 
 the heavy pressure, and then it is conveyed to 
 a furnace and burned to get rid of it. 
 
 The juice is conveyed to the evaporators, 
 a hundred or more of them are required in 
 large factories, and after reducing it to syrup 
 it is conveyed to the vacuum pans and 
 reduced to sugar. The crystallized sugar is 
 separated from the mass of molasses in which 
 it is imbedded by means of centrifugal force ; 
 the machines in which it is thus separated 
 revolve with the rapidity of a spinning top, 
 and the molasses passes out through a sieve 
 while the sugar remains inside. By pouring 
 water into the machines while they are in 
 motion the last vestige of the molasses, which 
 contains the coloring matter, can be washed 
 from the sugar, which leaves it perfectly white. 
 By passing the molasses through the evapor- 
 ators and machines a second time another 
 grade of sugar is made, and by repeating the 
 process the last vestige of sugar can be ex- 
 tracted from the molasses. That is why the 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 241 
 
 sugar planter was so anxious for his jug 
 before lie left home. He wanted to get a jug 
 of syrup before the sugar was extracted. 
 Such syrup is a luxury unknown off the 
 sugar plantations, for the sugar it contains 
 would crystallize in transit and they cannot 
 ship it. 
 
 After spending several hours pleasantly and 
 seeing the whole process of making sugar, the 
 planter and myself drove back home. 
 
 With the new syrup, and buckwheat cakes 
 and hot waffles, it is needless to say that there 
 was some good eating done at the supper 
 table. 
 
 After supper the planter and I went into 
 the library to smoke some cigars and gossip a 
 litte before the ladies insisted on us going 
 into the parlor ; and I asked him why they 
 did not invite the Northern farmers to come 
 down and settle in Louisiana ? He snuffed 
 the ashes from his cigar and said : — 
 
 " What is the use to invite them ? They've 
 got no seiise. If they had any sense they 
 would come without inviting. The Abolition- 
 ists got mad because they could not divide up 
 the Southern plantations into small Yankee 
 farms and they went and settled themselves 
 i6 
 
242 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 in the North West. They are nothing but 
 tenants up there raising wheat to build up 
 Chicago. I tell you sir, the Republicans made 
 scape goats of them, they are nothing but 
 scape goats for the Yankees. Some of them 
 found it out and about ten thousand have 
 come down and settled with us. The Lake 
 Charles settlement is full of them ; they are 
 nothing but scape goats.'* 
 
 The planter's good wife, who did not hear 
 the full text of the conversation, came in and 
 said : 
 
 " When I went to Lake Charles to see my 
 sister several of those northern ladies who live 
 there called to see me and I returned their 
 call, and they are just as nice ladies as any, 
 and here you are calling them scape goats. 
 I think that you had better go into the 
 parlor and hear the girls play the piano sqme 
 instead of sitting in this smoking room 
 gossiping so much, you have got so when 
 you have any company you sit in this smok- 
 ing room and gossip all day." 
 
 " There is no harm in that," said the 
 planter. '^ We were talking about the 
 Yankees." 
 
 " But, there is harm in it," said the good 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 243 
 
 lady, " for the habit will grow upon you until 
 will talk about our own neighbors." 
 
 " Call the girls and tell them to go into 
 the parior and play Yankee Doodle, and 
 Dixie, and sing Hail Columbia." Said the 
 planter. 
 
 After breakfast on the morning of the third 
 day we went back into the library to smoke 
 some cigars and gossip a little more. 
 
 Speaking of the Mississippians, the planter 
 said: 
 
 " They need not be continually talking about 
 what we do in Louisiana, every newspaper has 
 something to say about what we do in this 
 State. They make the negro pay the Pro- 
 tective Tariff Tax, and keep the mortgages 
 off their farms too, and besides, they have 
 pluck-me stores all over that State." 
 
 At this juncture of the conversation two 
 negro girls came into the library with brooms 
 and began to sweep and move furniture. 
 
 " What do you mean by rushing in here on 
 me with your brooms so suddenly this morn- 
 ing ? " said the planter. 
 
 " The Hawkins are coming, the Hawkins 
 are coming," said one of the servants. 
 
 " Who are the Hawkins that you are 
 sweeping me out doors for ? " said the planter. 
 
244 THE UNPROTECTED. 
 
 '* I don't know, sir, but Missis told us to 
 clean up this room and we are g winter do it," 
 said the other. 
 
 The Hawkins came and broke up the 
 gossiping with the sugar planter, and I took 
 the lo o'clock train for New Orleans, and saw 
 pluck-me stores at the stations and plantations 
 all the way there. 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 IN WHICH IS RECORDED A THOUSAND TRIFUNG 
 MATTERS, EQUAI^LY IMPORTANT AND NECES- 
 SARY TO THE RIGHT UNDERSTANDING OF OUR 
 POLITICAL HISTORY. 
 
 O man occupies a more conspicuous 
 place in the political history of this 
 country than Abraham Lincoln, con- 
 sequently it is important that the 
 student of our history should follow his steps 
 and avail himself of his ideas concerning poli- 
 tical government. 
 
 Alex. H. Stephens, the great historian, says 
 that he heard Mr. Lincoln, on the 12th day 
 of January, 1848, make a speech in the House 
 of Representatives. In it he used this lan- 
 guage: 
 
 "Any people, anywhere, being inclined and 
 having the power, have the right to rise up 
 and shake off the existing government and 
 form a new one that suits them better. This 
 is a most valuable, a sacred right — a right 
 
 (245) 
 
246 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 which, we hope and believe, is to liberate the 
 world. 
 
 "Nor is this right confined to cases in 
 which the whole people of an existing gov- 
 ernment may choose to exercise it. 
 
 " Any portion of such people that can, may 
 revolutionize, and make their own of so much 
 of the territory as they inhabit. More than 
 this, a majority of any portion of such people 
 may revolutionize, putting down a minority 
 intermingled with, or near about them, who 
 may oppose their movements ; such minority 
 was precisely the case of the Tories of our 
 own revolution. It is a quality of revolution 
 not to go by old lines, or old laws ; but to 
 break up both and make new ones.^' 
 
 The political significance of that speech was 
 sufficient to condemn Mr. Lincoln as a false 
 philosopher, for everybody knows that the 
 rising up and putting down theory has been 
 in practice ever since Cain killed Abel, but 
 the world is not liberated yet. 
 
 In the revolution that subsequently followed 
 President Lincoln tried to separate the slaves 
 from their masters, thinking that that was the 
 true way to liberate men. He recognized the 
 fact that the first step necessary to be taken 
 
MISTAKES 01^ THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 247 
 
 toward the ultimate colonization of the blacks 
 was to break up the political institution of 
 slavery. In 1862, he sent for and had an 
 interview at the White House with the Repre- 
 sentatives in Congress from Delaware, Mary- 
 land, Kentucky and Missouri, upon the sub- 
 ject of abolishing slavery in their States. 
 Speaking to them upon the subject he said: 
 
 "As long as you have the institution in 
 your States the Southern people will claim 
 you as a part of their proposed Confederacy. 
 You and I know what the power of their lever 
 is ; break their lever before their faces and they 
 can never shake you again, forever." 
 
 They replied that the Constitution authorized 
 slavery in every State in the Union, and that 
 he overstepped his authority by meddling with 
 it anywhere. 
 
 They charged him with neglect of official 
 duty and with violating his oath of office. 
 
 " We believe that, had you so desired, you 
 could have stopped the war long ago," said 
 they. 
 
 Mr. Lincoln, in reply to them, said : 
 
 " I shall do less whenever I shall believe 
 what I am doing hurts the cause, and I shall 
 do more, whenever I shall believe doing more 
 
248 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 will help tlie cause. I shall try to correct 
 errors when shown to be errors ; and I shall 
 adopt new views so fast as they shall appear 
 to be true views. I have here stated my pur- 
 pose according to my view of official duty ; 
 and I intend no modification of my oft ex- 
 pressed personal wish that all men, every- 
 where, could be free." 
 
 We are told in the Institutes of Menu, the 
 great lawgiver of India, who lived over 5000 
 years ago, that although the master may liber- 
 ate his own slave, still he will be a slave, for 
 it has been decreed by nature for some men 
 to be reduced to the dominion of others. This 
 is a harsh law, but it is a natural law and un- 
 contradicted, for "a wayfaring man though 
 he be a fool " knows that there are some 
 men in all countries who by their industry 
 and frugal habits accumulate property, while 
 there are others who by their profligate habits 
 or by accident lose what they have, conse- 
 quently they have to work for other men ; and 
 it follows that they get tired of working for 
 poor pay and in their struggles to relieve 
 themselves they reason among one another 
 that the laws are unjust, that the property of 
 the whole country ought to belong to all of 
 
MISTAKES OP THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 249 
 
 the people in common, instead of the few, and 
 the commune idea seizes their minds and 
 induces them to revolutionize and " break up 
 old laws and make new ones that suit them 
 better." 
 
 There was no other man in the whole coun- 
 try, perhaps, who was better suited to advance 
 the cause of communism than Abraham Lin- 
 coln himself. The family from which he was 
 derived descended all along in obscurity and 
 in his efforts to raise himself from it he made 
 desperate struggles in early life to advance 
 himself as a bar-room bully and crack target 
 shot. After making himself proficient in these 
 arts he read law and split rails. But that 
 proved a slow and tedious process to him and 
 he naturally concluded that dragging down 
 others was the most expedient way of elevating 
 himself and his friends, he therefore planned 
 and tried with all the force that he could 
 command to carry out the greatest commune 
 movement of the century. 
 
 Had he succeeded in colonizing the negroes 
 the Southern slave masters could not have 
 paid the taxes on their large estates and they 
 would have been compelled to have abandoned 
 their lands to others on account of their 
 
260 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 inability to cultivate the fields themselves. 
 The same fate would have overtaken the 
 farms in the North by the loss of their 
 laborers moving southward to occupy the 
 places of the deported slaves. The property 
 of the whole country would indeed have been 
 owned by the Abolitionists or Communists, for 
 a while at least. 
 
 In utter violation of the Constitution of the 
 United States the great Abolition President 
 said : — " I shall adopt new views, so fast as 
 they shall appear to be true views." 
 
 Among his " new views and true views" 
 was compensation with emancipation. He 
 thought that it was right to tax the people 
 in Massachusetts to pay for slaves in Missis- 
 sippi, just as all Communists think that it is 
 right to take from one to give to another. 
 The negro slaves lived under a Communistic 
 form of government, and what they made was 
 taken away from them by authority of the 
 State and given to their masters, and what 
 they received was rendered unto them by the 
 State through paternalism administered to them 
 by their masters. The political significance 
 of Communism on the one and paternalism on 
 the other hand is well understood in the 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 251 
 
 South, and while the Southern slave-masters 
 were perfectly willing to administer it to the 
 slaves they have always opposed it for the 
 ;vhites, for it destroys too much of the 
 personal liberty of men. After breaking it 
 up to liberate the blacks, Lincoln unwittingly 
 recommended it to enslave the whites. He 
 adhered to the right ^'as God gives us to see 
 the right." 
 
 God gives idiots the same right, but the 
 people will not allow them do to as they see 
 right, neither did the South allow Lincoln to 
 do as he saw right. When the Illinois rail- 
 splitters rallied around him with fence rails 
 on their shoulders, proclaiming to the South 
 that they would " put the bottom rail on top, " 
 they might have known that Confederate flags 
 would fly in the air. Men generally place 
 themselves in history as fanatics by their own 
 words. It stands on record in the Abolition 
 Bible that Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe was in 
 the Senate Chamber at Washington, and heard 
 these words in the message of President 
 Lincoln : 
 
 *' If this struggle is be prolonged till there 
 be not a house in the land where there is not 
 one dead, till all the treasure amassed by the 
 
252 THE unprotected; or, 
 
 unpaid labor of the slave shall be wasted, till 
 every drop of blood drawn by the lash shall 
 be atoned by blood drawn by the sword, — we 
 can only bow and say : 
 
 " Just and true are thy ways, Thou King of 
 Saints." 
 
 When he was assassinated there was one 
 dead in his house, and we could only bow 
 and say : — 
 
 "Just and true are thy ways. Thou King of 
 Saints." 
 
 God's Bible forbids us making slaves of our 
 own race and in obedience to these divine 
 laws the South made slaves of the negro 
 race, the consequences show clearly that God 
 himself is well pleased with our course, for the 
 good influence of the blacks counteract the 
 evil influence of the whites, as the good 
 influence of the whites counteract the evil 
 influence of the blacks. On that account the 
 people of the North are indebted to the South 
 for their social order. Remove the negro from 
 the South and anarchy would rule the North 
 until military force could suppress it. In 
 all of the different countries in Europe where 
 there are no negroes, standing armies are 
 kept in time of peape to enforce obedience. 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 25B 
 
 France keeps 500,000 soldiers in time of peace 
 to enforce obedience to her social institutions, 
 and physical force is the sole guarantee of 
 lier social order. Physical force is the sole 
 guarantee of our social order, but we have 
 our physical force in the labor of the 
 Southern negro instead of 500,000 soldiers. 
 When Northern men go on strikes and come 
 down South the Southern can say, '^ I have 
 my negro and his vote that you unwittingly 
 made me a present of Now, sir, if you do 
 not do as I desire, you can go back North 
 and work for your Yankee boss for just such 
 wages as he sees fit to pay you." 
 
 The forces that control the Republic lie in 
 the South, and when the scales fall from their 
 eyes the Northern people will see that they 
 must obey their Southern masters. 
 
 The refusal to admit negroes into the Ter- 
 ritories resulted in war, and now negroes are 
 in Kansas and every other State and Territory 
 of the Union. 
 
 ''The Southern negro on the Adirondacks 
 and St. Lawrence Railroad is hoeing his own 
 row." 
 
 The speaker was a member of the Enter- 
 prise Construction Company, which has a con« 
 
264 THE UNPROTECTED. 
 
 tract for building about ninety miles of the 
 road. 
 
 "This thing of bringing Southern negroes 
 to the North," he added, "to compete with 
 white labor is an experiment, but it appears 
 to be a good one. 
 
 •' The contractors have built roads all over 
 the United States. In the South the laboring 
 man is the negro. He applied for and ob- 
 tained work. He was, if found capable, taken 
 around the country and promoted as capability 
 and faithfulness suggested. In this way the 
 Company now has some two hundred negroes 
 in its employ who have been faithful workers 
 for the last ten years. They are thorough, 
 practical railroad men. 
 
 "Although it was predicted that the negro 
 would not be able to stand the cold climate, 
 it has been found that he stands it better than 
 the Italian, and that he does better work and 
 more of it than any other race employed. He 
 does his work in a " bang-up '^ style, there is 
 nothing slip-shod. 
 
 " Some of the Company are Southerners. 
 There is a certain fellow-feeling existing be- 
 tween these fine looking Southern negroes and 
 their white employers, which is impossible 
 for Northern men to understand." 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 255 
 
 The negro not only gives tlie Southern con- 
 tractor a monopoly of work, but he can go 
 with his negro laborers into the Northern 
 States and underbid contractors there. 
 
 Had the builders of the Columbian Expo- 
 sition buildings, at Chicago, employed negro 
 stone-cutters, carpenters, brick-masons, and 
 laborers from the South, instead of white men, 
 it would have silenced the Anarchists in that 
 city. 
 
 As fast as negroes are put in juxtaposition 
 with white men North, Communism and An- 
 archy will recede ; for the negro underbids the 
 white man and forces him to elevate himself 
 He shuns the bar-room more and becomes 
 more chaste in his habits ; this he must do, 
 for as soon as the negro supersedes him in 
 doing the menial service he is compelled to 
 elevate himself. 
 
 The same results South must necessarily 
 follow in the North. The Southern people 
 are called homogeneous, that is they are alike, 
 and on that account they understand each 
 other. Jefferson Davis always addressed them 
 as " My people." 
 
 The negro gives the South her industrial 
 independence and on that account but few 
 
256 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 foreigners come among us, and they are 
 quickly absorbed in tbe Homogeneous popula- 
 tion. The Normans, from whom the Southern 
 people are chiefly derived, conquered France, 
 conquered and civilized England, and their 
 descendants in England settled the Southern 
 colonies, conquered our independence, civilized 
 the African, met the Puritan on the battle- 
 field, and struck him a blow that staggered 
 him in dismay. On the 4th day of July 
 1776, the South declared our independence, 
 conquered it and administered the government 
 according to her own notion until 1861. The 
 North was with us it is true. But she virtu- 
 ally had no experience in administering 
 government and consequently knew nothing 
 of it, and rather than be pulled into the 
 ditch by the blind fanatics of the North the 
 Southern States seceded and formed a new 
 Union of themselves called the Confederate 
 States, and when the people of the North 
 came upon them to oppose their political 
 rights, they drew their sword and went to 
 cutting them down. The Confederates accom- 
 plished the greatest military achievements that 
 ever was known in the annals of history. 
 In that memorable conflict, 700,000 Con- 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 257 
 
 federate soldiers, repelled 3,000,000 Federals 
 for four years, killed 1,000,000 of them, and 
 crippled the rest so it has cost the peaceful 
 farmers of the North their homes to pension 
 them. History does not show, when, or 
 where, the Norman blood ever was conquered. 
 It is absolutely invincible. It is true, they 
 have on several occasions, laid down their 
 arms, but never until they struck the enemy 
 a desperate blow. That is why the Confederate 
 soldiers would not surrender, even when they 
 knew that the cause of the Confederacy was 
 lost, for that was only an organized govern- 
 ment to carry on the war for our Independ- 
 ence in or out of the Union, and they knew 
 that by holding out longer they would cripple 
 the North more, and by thus striking them 
 a desperate blow, the South would be the 
 victor when she re-entered the Union. With 
 that view of the political situation the old 
 Norman French blood in the Confederate 
 soldiers kept on fighting, and when they 
 surrendered the North was in debt three 
 thousand millions of dollars. The Southern 
 people are slave-masters and if they cannot 
 conquer one wa}?' they will another ; they knew 
 that by putting them in debt it would 
 17 
 
258 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 sap the very foundatious of their homes to 
 pay it and stop their aggressions. It has had 
 the desired effect. It completely broke up the 
 Abolition movement to colonize the negroes. 
 The Confederates lost their property, it is 
 true, but what did they care ? They knew 
 that they could make the negro work for 
 them, whether bound or free, and replace it. 
 The negro is a natural slaves, but he does 
 not know it and consequently he is perfectly 
 happy. But the Northern people have no 
 negroes and they have to be their own 
 " nigger," and the consequence of paying the 
 war debt has reduced them to tenant farmers 
 for other men just as the negroes are in the 
 South. In addition they have legislated 
 most unwisely and made bad matters worse, 
 and they are just beginning to realize that 
 something has gone wrong with them but it 
 is wholly unaccountable to them on account 
 of their imperfect knowledge of political 
 affairs. They are just beginning to realize 
 that the consequences of their usurpations are 
 terminating disastrously to themselves. 
 
 The Puritans of the North, like their ances- 
 tors in England under the Cromwellian usur- 
 pation, have learned by experience that they 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 259 
 
 are wholly incompetent to administer political 
 government. After making a signal failure in 
 England they had to recall their banished 
 King, Charles II., and re-established the con- 
 stitutional government to secure themselves 
 against their own weakness and folly. 
 
 As a governing class they ruled in England 
 about twelve years, and they have ruled in 
 this country from 1861 to the present time, 
 which makes about forty-four years that they 
 have ruled all told on both sides of the At- 
 lantic. 
 
 Nothing but disastrous consequences to 
 themselves could be expected of their usurpa- 
 tion in this country. They have unwittingly 
 reduced themselves to tenant farmers all over 
 the North and the West, and the highways 
 in the South are thronged with Northern 
 tramps begging bread of the well-fed negroes, 
 while the millionaires they made are riding 
 all over the country in their palace cars and 
 moving their factories South. 
 
 ***** 
 
 The institution of ostracism, of which there 
 has been so much said of its infliction in the 
 South, was a method which the Athenians had 
 devised for the purpose of getting rid of ob- 
 
260 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 noxious public men ; and was in some respects 
 a very good plan, as it stopped interminable 
 quarrels between rival politicians. 
 
 It derived its name from the fact that the 
 citizens, in voting for its infliction, wrote the 
 name of the objectionable person on a shell 
 (osteron), and if there was a majority of votes 
 for his banishment, he was expelled for ten 
 years. 
 
 The conflict between Aristides and Themis- 
 tocles became at last so sharp that the Athe- 
 nians finally voted to ostracize Aristides. 
 Among those who voted were many, no 
 doubt, whose hostility had been aroused by 
 the stern probity of Aristides, who was known 
 at " the Just." 
 
 The story is true to nature, that when the 
 vote of ostracism was being taken an un- 
 lettered citizen not knowing Aristides, asked 
 him to write for him on the shell. 
 
 ^' And what name shall I write ? " 
 
 " Aristides." 
 
 "And pray, what wrong has Aristides done 
 you?" 
 
 ^' Oh, none, but I am tired of always hearing 
 him called the Just." 
 
 While Grover Cleveland is unquestionably 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 261 
 
 a just man, we are tired of hearing him called 
 *' the just." What we want is a Southern 
 Democrat, and what we will have is a South- 
 ern Democrat. Nominate a Southern Demo- 
 crat for the Presidency and it will break up 
 the interminable quarrels in New York over 
 Cleveland and Hill. 
 
 If there are any in the North who would 
 oppose the nomination of a Southern Demo- 
 crat in the National Convention, let the South 
 nominate a candidate herself and vote solid 
 for him. Such a course taken by the South 
 would put an end to the interminable quarrels 
 they keep up year in and year out. 
 
 If there are any in the North who are mad 
 with the South and would refuse to vote for a 
 Southern Democrat on that account, let them 
 stay mad. 
 
 ^' He will not repent and ask for a par- 
 don,'^ said the North. 
 
 " I have done nothing to ask a pardon for," 
 replied Mr. Davis. 
 
 Now let the South follow his example and 
 make no apologies whatever — none for Rum, 
 Romanism and Rebellion, much less for fight- 
 ing for Democracy or political equality of 
 white men. Until the Northern people learn 
 
262 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 what Democracy is, they have no claim what- 
 ever for the nominee. Then nominate a 
 Southern Democrat for the Presidency even if 
 it makes the North as mad as the three poli- 
 tical parties were casting out devils. 
 
 Three political principles make up the 
 Democratic, Republican and Abolition ideas of 
 political government in this country. 
 
 The Republican party or, money power, in 
 the North, watched for years the political sig- 
 nificance of slavery in the South. They saw 
 that the slaves were perfectly contented and 
 happy under the political influence of paternal- 
 ism. They knew that the soil is the chief 
 source of all wealth, and that the Southern 
 slave-masters reaped the full harvest of the 
 fields. They studied for years how to attain 
 the same results for themselves in the North. 
 
 They first tried the allurements of pater- 
 nalism, but South Carolina nullified it. After 
 that they changed the political status of the 
 slaves and made them tenant farmers in the 
 South. The Southern slave-masters, now land- 
 lords, continued to reap the full harvest of the 
 fields from their tenants. Then the Republi- 
 cans began to practice paternalism in the North 
 in order to attain a like result themselves. 
 
MISTAKES OI? THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 263 
 
 They first appropriated to themselves for the 
 railroads, an area of the public domain equal 
 in extent to that of the original thirteen colo- 
 nies. They paid out of the common treasury, 
 bounties, pensions, and appropriations, under 
 pretense of internal improvements, all of which 
 has called for more taxes from time to time, 
 which the great masses of the Northern people 
 have kindly submitted to under the political 
 influence of paternalism. In this the farmers 
 of the Northern States have exhibited no 
 more intelligence than the Southern negroes 
 who were perfectly contented in slavery under 
 the allurements of paternalism. Indeed it has 
 been the boast of the Southern slave-masters 
 that they have advanced the negroes to a 
 higher degree of intelligence than 'the average 
 white laborer of the North. 
 
 The question that now comes home to the 
 Northern and Western farmers is how to save 
 their homes. Raising good crops will not save 
 them, for the money power can increase taxes 
 and dispossess them of all they make — the 
 McKinley bill for instance, nor will changing 
 political parties save them, for the tempter is 
 in Washington. 
 
 When the Northern people resorted to a 
 
264 THE UNPROTECTED ; OR, 
 
 higher power than the Constitution to crush 
 the South they did not know that that same 
 power would crush them also. 
 
 The New England people are the fathers of the 
 money power in the North, but they did not 
 know that its unlimited restrictions would 
 crush New England. The cotton crop spun 
 and printed would bring a thousand millions 
 of dollars a year. They are now moving the ma- 
 chinery from New England to the South where 
 they can get the full benefit of all the differ- 
 ent products of the plant. The lint to make 
 cloth, the seed to make oil, butter and cheese, 
 oil cake and meal, and paper stock to make 
 paper, and seed hulls to burn to make steam to 
 run the machinery and make ashes to make lye 
 to make soap with, all of which is made from 
 cotton delivered to the mills in the South by 
 wagons from the field. 
 
 When you sit down to king cotton's table 
 in the South you have on your suit of cotton 
 clothes, and a cotton table-cloth spread before 
 you, and salad oil, and butter and cheese to 
 eat, and a bar of soap to wash your clothes 
 with, and paper to write your letters on — all 
 of which is made from cotton. 
 
 The very measures taken by the Northern 
 
MISTAKES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 265 
 
 people to increase tlie money power, insured 
 their own downfall, and now they must 
 either give up the Protective Tariff Tax, or 
 become tenant farmers just as the negroes are 
 in the South, and if they give up the Tariff, 
 the South will get the factories. 
 
 We are now living in the new Republic 
 that Abraham Lincoln unwittingly founded in 
 1 86 1, on the ruins of George Washington's 
 Republic. " We are soon to have peace, and 
 the question of how to dispose of the negroes 
 will first have to be attended to," said Mr. 
 Lincoln. Yes, the question of how to dispose 
 of him had to be first attended to. The 
 Republicans had him killed after using him 
 to conquer the South and they served him 
 exactly right for the question that concerned 
 them most was how to dispose of the barbari- 
 ans they used to conquer the South with and 
 they disposed of them most effectually by en- 
 franchising the blacks. The Romans enlisted 
 their brutal classes to subdue other nations 
 with. The siege and sack of Jerusalem was 
 fun for them and the same brutal force after- 
 wards leveled Rome. The white barbarians 
 of the North would level this country if it 
 were not for the negroes in the South. But 
 
266 THE UNPROTECTED. 
 
 when they come down South they see that 
 the negroes are not black white men as their 
 enfranchisement implies, but that they are 
 negroes at work, trained in the arts of peace 
 by their masters, and they are told to tramp 
 on ; that if they were virtuous men they would 
 not be tramping about the country. When 
 they tramp back to the North with blistered 
 feet they realize that the South has the 
 " diadem of power.'' Such men delight in 
 war and they despise the occupations of peace, 
 that is why they tramp all over the country. 
 But Sherman's raid is perhaps the last oppor- 
 tunity that they will ever have to plunder in 
 this country. From this time forward they 
 will be forced to work for their own class 
 superiority in the Northern States. When 
 they are employed in the occupations of 
 peace they boast that they can do more work 
 than the Southern negro. Nature has en- 
 dowed them with great physical endurance 
 but very little brains. Under these conditions 
 can the South blame the enlightened of the 
 North for taxing them out of all they make ? 
 
 THE END. 
 
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