: V* fi\''Ai * ^'i V/l C ' i'l^'m - ^'i _-^ .^^B >' i. 8g^{gg^wZ8Saz»gff^^/8B8^/BBM«X^^ < -^ '" i yjf-,iy§i;^:^?!?v '{' »t^ ■ ^ THE INDUSTRIAL ARTS ANGLO-SAXONS THE INDUSTRIAL ARTS OF THE ANGLO-SAXONS BY THE BARON J. DE BAYE, Correspondent of the Nalionat Society of Antiquaries of France, and of the Ministry of Public Instruction. TRUltb Seventeen Steel plates anO Cibtrtgaone ZTejt Cuts. Translated by T. B. HARBOTTLE. LONDON : SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO. NEW YORK: MACMILLAN & CO. 1893. ^ ^ ^^^ -^^^^ PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON, AND VINEY, LIMITED, LONDON AND AYLESBURY. PREFACE. [UR knowledge of the Barbarian peoples would be infinitely more exact if historians, in recording the various phases of the great invasions, had studied all the nations who took part in them. Inquiry into the special developments and the particular tribal organisation of each of these numerous hordes provides us with material for a better general knowledge of the others, while the gaps in their annals may be filled by the aid of comparisons founded on ethnographic data. In any review of their origin, of the relations which they established along the line of their migrations, the alliances they contracted, the goal they sought, the treaties by which they bound themselves, their various halting-places before finally settling down — it is imperative that they should all be included in one general survey. These invaders, depicted hitherto in somewhat undecided colours, deserve to be more closely studied. Each tribal unit in turn throws light on its vast family, and illustrates its genera character by similarities in customs, language, industry, and tendencies. The interest attaching to the history of nationalities, and of the transformation effected in them by the incursions of the Barbarian tribes, has encouraged us to publish a sketch of Anglo-Saxon archaeology. The industrial art of these invaders has certain characteristics which distinguish it from other branches of contemporary archaeology. The force of the Anglo-Saxon genius compels recognition, and constitutes one of the most striking features in the physiognomy of the Barbarian nations. We cannot pretend to offer to English archaeologists any new or startling discoveries. Anglo-Saxon industrial art has never, it is true, been dealt with as a whole, but its various branches, in all their numberless details, are none the less well known. It is our desire to provide archaeologists with means of comparison, to enable them to judge from a broader stand- point questions relating to the great invasions. Our essay may serve to render less obscure an episode in the Barbarian epoch of which hardly anything is known on the Continent. Nor is there anything surprising in our design, seeing that historians recognise this period as one of general activity among the Barbarian races. These nations were yielding to one universal impulse when they hurled themselves upon the Roman provinces during the decline of the Empire. English archaeologists have collected with care the interesting remains of the industrial art of the Anglo-Saxon race. Numerous learned and elaborate monographs have been published, but they have become extremely rare, and no one has as yet undertaken the production of an archaeological synthesis. We are still waiting for a treatise which shall deal with the subject in its fullest develop- ments, and we should seek in vain in England for a work which would give, even in the briefest 221528 vi PREFACE. form, a general idea of Anglo-Saxon industries. So numerous are the archaeological publications in England that wc cannot hope to furnish English men of science with any fresh materials. Yet this very abundance of matter leads us to think that the time is come to attempt an essay which shall afford an opportunity of acquiring some general idea of Saxon antiquities, the t peculiarities of which are so deeply interesting to archaeologists. So vast is the field to be explored that these preliminary observations will be necessarily incomplete. Our work will be limited to a simple but useful summary of the archaeology of the Anglo-Saxon period. Wc have already published some notes of a similar character on Lombard industries.^ We are starting, amidst numberless difficulties, on a line of investigation which, with time, may be brought to the desired state of perfection. Meanwhile the grouping of the materials relating to the industries of the Barbarian period will be of incontestable utility. It must be admitted that the archzeology of the invaders has been hitherto neglected in France, in England, and else- where. The Roman period and the Middle Ages have received much more attention, and have been much more closely studied. The period of transition between these two epochs has been the subject of investigations on the lines of history, of philology, and of ethnology ; but its archaeological side has remained buried in oblivion. The Romans scornfully designated as Barbarians all those nations which did not belong to the sovereign people ; yet these nation- alities possessed an art which did not merit the scorn poured out with too great severity upon the invaders of the Empire. The epoch of the invasions was the great prelude to the Middle Ages ; this prelude deserves our most serious attention, for it is the introduction to the study of our civilisation. The domain of archaeology among the Barbarian nations contains immense riches, for it covers enormous territories. The problems which it offers for solution are complex, owing to the variety of the subjects it includes, and to the vast extent of its geographical area. We have to go back to the origin of these peoples, accompany them on their march, and trace their development, in order to recognise the forms assumed by their art in each of the different nationalities which they formed. As objects of study, the Barbarian nations are so closely bound up together that isolated investigation is impossible. Only when it has been studied, and interpreted as a whole, will the epoch of the invasions be rightly understood. In recording the principal features of the Anglo-Saxon family we hope to find imitators, and thus succeed in reproducing the general physiognomy of the Barbarian peoples. The English have been scrupulously careful to preserve all such antiquities as had relation to their history. Their public and private collections are numerous, and their dis- coveries have supplied matter for numerous publications. As early as the last century Faussett and Douglas occupied themselves in determining the features which distinguished Anglo-Saxon art from the industrial products characteristic of the Roman occupation. The Nenia Bi-itan7iica of Douglas, printed in 1793, is worthy of attention, as indicating, in various ways, the first appearance of a still youthful science. The Arch(Sological Album (1845), and TJie Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, by Thomas Wright, have next to be noticed, the latter work, first published in 1852, having already gone through five editions. The Inventorium Sepulchrale, by the Rev. Bryan Faussett, written between 1757 and 1773, was published in 1856, with an introduction and notes by Mr. Roach Smith. Next comes the Horcz Ferales of Kemble. Mr. Yonge Akerman ' Atudes Archeologiqwes. iipoque des Invasions Barbares. Industrie Longobarde. Paris, 1888. PREFACE. vii published, in 1847, an Ardueological Index, and in 1855 Remains of Pagan Saxondovt. Mr. Roach Smith produced, between 1843 and 1868, a series of seven volumes, called Collectanea Antiqua, in which Anglo-Saxon archasology plays a very important part. We must further mention Mr. Neville's Saxon Obsequies, an account of the cemetery at Little Wilbraham, which appeared in 1852, and Mr. Wylie's Fairford Graves, published in the same year. The English reviews, especially Archceologia, the Arclueological Journal, the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, and the Journal of t/ie British Archceological Association, have published a considerable series of articles on Anglo-Saxon antiquities. These publications are in general confined to a single locality, sometimes to a county, as in the case of the Inventoriuni Sepulchrale and the Nenia Britannica, which deal specially with Anglo-Saxon barrows in Kent. Kemble's Tlie Saxon in England^ contains some valuable historical documents. From the anthropological point of view, the Crania Britannica^ is full of information concerning the bones found in Anglo-Saxon tombs. It is noticeable that the period during which the most important works on the Anglo- Saxons were published in England is contemporaneous with the explorations of the Abbd Cochet in Normandy. This eminent antiquary gave a great impetus to archaeological research. Since the appearance of the Inventorium Sepulchrale and the Horce Ferales, though investigations have not been exactly abandoned, little has resulted from them beyond review articles. We have drawn upon these scattered sources of information for our sketch of the general position. The knowledge of the archaeology of the great invasion has an inter- national value for those countries in which the Barbarians have left traces of importance. We shall necessarily obtain but an imperfect result, but our observations will at least form one more factor in the study of the Barbarian epoch. ' London, 1849. ' Thumam and Davis, Crania Britannica, London, 1865. CONTENTS. PREFACE PAGE V THE INVADERS OF GREAT BRITAIN IN THE FIFTH CENTURY The Jutes ... The Saxons The Angles The Frisians The Anglo-Saxons... ANGLO-SAXON ARMS The Sword The Spear The Angon The Scramasaxe The Battle-axe The Bow and Arrows The Shield ANGLO-SAXON FIBULA ... Radiated Fibulae ... S-shaped Fibulae Bird-shaped Fibulae Cruciform Fibulae... Square-headed Fibula CUPELLIFORM OR SaUCER-SHAPED FiBUL^ Annular Fibulae ... Kentish Circular Fibul/e ... Cloisonne Jewellery in England ... t 2 4 7 8 lO 13 13 20 25 27 29 30 32 37 40 43 44 45 50 54 58 62 68 CONTENTS, CHATELAINES, OR GIRDLE-HANGERS NECKLACES AND GLASS BEADS Crystal Balls EAR-RINGS, HAIRPINS, AND COxMBS Hairpins Combs BUCKLES... Steels BUCKETS... GLASS VASES POTTERY... ANGLO-SAXON GRAVES 74 76 79 84 85 87 90 96 97 104 112 119 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT. 1. Sword-hilt from Coombe (Kent) ... 2. Sword-hilt from Reading (Berks) 3. Spear-head from Hombli^res (Aisne) 4. Spear-head from Immenstedt (Schleswig) 5. Knife from Beakesbourne (Kent) 6. Umbo from Barrington (Cambridgeshire) 7. Fibula, in Silver-gilt, from Faversham (Kent). South Kens 8. Fragment of Fibula from the same locality 9. Fibulae from Faversham (Kent) ... 10. Cruciform Fibulae 11. Fibula from Ragley Park (Warwickshire) ... 12. Coin of King Offa 13. 14. Fibulae from Fairford (Gloucestershire) 15. Fibulae from Livonia (Russia) 16. Fibulae from Sleaford (Lincolnshire) 17. Fibula from Faversham (Kent) ... 18. Back and Side View of a Fibula from Kingston 19. Glass Beads from Sibertswold (Kent) 20. Crystal Ball from Chatham (Kent) 21. Buckle from Kingston Down 22. Buckle from Gilton (Kent) 23. Buckle from Gilton, near Ash 24. Buckle from Smithfield ... 25. Fragment from Gilton (Kent) 26. Bucket from Envermeu (Normandy) 27. Bucket from Verdun (Lorraine) ... 28. Glass Vase from Faversham (Kent) 29. Glass Vases from England, France, and Germany 30. Urn from Kingston, near Derby 31. Mortuary Urns ngton Museum Page 17 19 23 24 27 35 41 42 44 47 51 56 58 59 61 67 71 77 81 91 92 93 95 99 lOI lOI 107 109 114 »i5 LIST OF PLATES. I. Spears and Angons. II. Umbones. III. Radiated Fibulae. IV. Bird-shaped Fibul/^, Hairpins, S-shaped Fibula. V. Cruciform Fibuije. VI. Cruciform and Square-headed Fibula. VII. Square-headed Fibula. VIII. Saucer-shaped Fibulae. IX. Annular Fibula. X. Kentish Circular Fibulae. XI. Girdle-hangers. XII. Buckles. XIII. Situl^ or Buckets. XIV. Glass Vases. XV. Glass Vases. XVI. Pottery. XVII. Pottery. • • • • • • • • • • - • •• ••:•.:•;? ••• :: THE INVADERS OF GREAT BRITAIN IN THE FIFTH CENTURY. THNOGRAPHY and Archaeology afford each other much mutual aid, and their reciprocal influence throws a flood of light on the facts of history. A knowledge of the tribes which invaded Great Britain in the fifth and sixth centuries, must assuredly assist, in no ordinary degree, in the study of the industrial arts of the Anglo-Saxons. The general anthropology of the primitive races of England is still shrouded in obscurity, but it is no part of our task to attempt to disperse the darkness. The necessary ethnographic inquiries are of course confined to the subject which we have to treat, and we must restrict our list to the races which occupied England after the retreat of the Roman armies. The Jutes, the Saxons and the Angles, are the principal races, coming from the north of Germany, which founded permanent colonies in Britain.^ The Frisians also established settlements of a lasting character, but of less importance. This is the most generally received opinion, but it is not held by all English historians.^ The nations above named are those most frequently mentioned in history, but prior to the period of the invasions, the coasts of Great Britain were constantly visited by corsairs belonging to other Scandinavian tribes. Indeed, a legion which was sent by Honorius to aid the Britons against the Picts and Scots, was also employed in driving out certain Barbarian pirates.^ These general remarks are indispensable for a proper understanding of the archaeological peculiarities noticeable * Pinkerton, Recherches sur POrigine et Us divers Etablissetnents des Scythes ou Goths, p. 321. Paris, 1804. Translated from Dissertation on the Origin and Progress of the Scythians arid Goths. London, 1787. ' " One very large body of Saxon population occupied the present Westphalia, but the tribes by whom Britain was invaded appear principally to have proceeded from the country now called Friesland ; for of all the Continental dialects the ancient Frisick is the one which approaches most nearly to the Anglo-Saxon of our ancestors " (Palgrave, History of the Anglo-Saxons, chap. ii). * Ed. de Muralt, Essai de Chronographie Byzantine, p; 33. St. Petersburg 1855. I »,« r • ••• • 2 THE INVADERS OF GREAT BRITAIN. in the burial-places of the Barbarians. The numerous tribes which started from the Cimbric Chersonese, in the course of their constantly renewed attacks, left traces so various in character, that it is idle to look for any uniformity of type in their mortuary furniture.^ There can be no doubt that the groups of invaders classed as Angles, Saxons and Jutes, were in reality composed of many different tribes ; and this fact helps to explain the peculiarities and special characteristics which we note in their cemeteries.^ THE JUTES. The Jutes occupy the first place in chronological order, among the invaders of Great Britain/ They commenced the conquest by establishing themselves in Kent, and soon afterwards the Saxons obtained a foothold on the south and a portion of the east coast.^ Historians generally place the settlement of the latter tribe in Kent at a later date, but these differences of opinion are probably more apparent than real, for the discrepancies in the matter of date no doubt arise from the habit of describing all the invading tribes by the generic name of Saxons. The various acquisitions of the Jutes, the Saxons and the Angles have been grouped together, and dealt with as a whole, because they have only been submitted to a cursory examination.^ The Jutes or Juti were a people belonging to the Gothic family." Their name assumes many different forms. The Gioti are the Jutes, whose name is preserved in Jutland. They are also called Giotes or Jutes.' By other historians they are called Geatuni, Jotuni, or GutI, the G in this name, according to Grotius, being changed into J. In the opinion of this historian the words Guti and Gothi are synonymous.^ In some writers we find also the forms Gouti, Gioti, and Giothi." Gothi and Guthae again refer to the same nation.^" Ducange gives nearly all these varieties, ^ Thumam and Davis, Crania Britannica, chap, vi., p. 80. London, 1865. * Wylie, Fairford Graves, p. 23. ^ Pinkerton, Recherches sur POrigine et les divers Etablissetnents des Scythes ou Goths, p. 321. Paris, 1804. ^ Freeman, The Historical Geography of Europe, p. 97. London, 1881. * Pinkerton, Recherches. * Dezobry and Bachelet, Dictionnaire de Biographic et d'Histoire. Paris, 1869. ' Doutes et Conjectures sur les Huns du Nord, p. 27, by Jacques Graberg of Hemso. P'lorence, 1810. ^ " Gutas, quod nomen si quis a Gothis differre putat, valde fallitur " (Historia Gothoruin ab Hugone Grotio, p. 17. Amstelodani, CIo IqCLV. Preface). ® " Florentii Wigorniensis ad Chronicum Appendix " (Zeuss, Die Deutschen, Munich). '" "Gothi et GuthtE eadem gens" {Gothorum Sueonumque Historia, p. 5. I. Magnus, 161 7). THE JUTES. 3 and adds to them " Getae, the name by which they were known to the Romans, Geatas, in use amongst the Anglo-Saxons, and Joet, a word belonging to the old Gothic tongue." ^ The word Jute is derived probably from Juto, whence also we have Juthia and Juthonia.^ Vitse is also given as an altered form of Juti.^ The name, under its various transformations, was used to designate the invaders of Great Britain.* The Jutes, who inhabited the Cimbric Chersonese, came from Jutland, to which they gave their name. The united tribes which bore the name of Saxons included not only the Saxons of Ptolemy, but also probably the Frisians, the Angles and the Jutes.* Bede also points to Jutland as the land ot their origin,** and Adam of Bremen expresses the same opinion.^ In fact the starting-point of the Jutes has never given rise to any discussion, all the writers who have dealt with the subject being in complete accord. The Jutes established themselves in Kent in 449, several historians averring that they were the first invaders who formed permanent settlements.^ The limits of the Kentish Jutes have been clearly determined.^ The arrival of the Jutes, and other tribes known in England under the name of Saxons, is almost coincident with the appearance in Gaul of the northern nation called the Franks.^" The united tribes which bore the name of Saxons included probably Frisians, Angles and Jutes. These latter have been considered as repre- sentatives of the Teutons, having undergone a series of transformations." The Jutes were Goths, while, according to Cluver, the Angles inhabited a country which lay between the Saxons and the Giothi. The Goths, the Danes, and even the Gepides came in ancient times from Scanzia.^^ The Jutes were closely allied with the Saxons, and belonged to the same confederation. For example, we find among the edicts 1 Ducange, Glossarium. * "Quod cum Saxones prudentius considerassent, mox arma in Danos duce quodam Juthone (a quo Juthia vel Juthonia nomen accepit) convertebant " {Gothorum Sueonumque Historia, auctore I. Magno, lib. ii., cap. 2). ^ Philippi Cluverii Germania Antiqua, p. 321. Leyden, 1616. — Pinkerton, Recherclm, p. 321. ^ Henrid Huntendonensis Historia Anglorum, lib. v. ; Florentii Wigorniensis ad Chronicon Appendix. * Thurnam and Davis, Crania Britannica, chap, vi., p. 182. London, 1865. — Zeuss, Die Deutschen, pp. 146 and 499. Munich, 1837. * Bede, Historia Ecdesiastica Gentis Anglorum, i., 15. ' Zeuss, Die Deutschen, p. 501. * Malte-Brun, Geographic Universelle, vol. i., p. 211. * Roach Smith, Preface to Faussett's Inventorium Sepulchrale, p. 411. '" Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii., 1852, p. 203. — Dr. Lagneau, Anthropologic de la France, p. 752. '1 Crania Britannica. " Historia Gothorum ab Hugone Grotio, p. 10. Scriptor chorographici non editi : " Quam et Jordanes sapientissimus chosmographus Sanzan appellat : ex qua insula pariterque gentes occidentales egressae sunt. Nam Gothos et Danos immo simul Gepidas ex ea antiquitus exiisse legimus." THE INVADERS OF GREAT BRITAIN. of Edward the Confessor : Guti similiter cum veniunt suscipi debent, et protegi in isto regno Britannice sicut conjurati fratres. THE SAXONS. The names Saxones/ Xa^ovvi^ are used to designate a Germanic tribe which invaded Great Britain. The German Sachs, meaning a knife, dirk or generally a weapon, appears to be the root of the word Saxon.^ A number of ancient writers have shown that the name of the Saxons was derived from that of the swords, daggers, etc., which they habitually carried, and which were called in German Sachsen. Tacitus does not mention the Saxons in his. book on the customs of the Germans.* Ptolemy is the first to name them, and he places them at the entrance of Jutland, where Tacitus locates the Fosi. This title, which is perfectly applicable to the Saxons, for it expresses the same idea in another language, refers to the league of the five nations mentioned by Tacitus. The Cimbric word for the sword-dagger was foss. Tacitus, then, might well name Fosi those whom Ptolemy called Saxons, for the words .fat/^5 2sv6ifoss are synonymous, though from two different languages; so that the two names have a common origin.'^ There seems to be no doubt of the correctness of the etymology." Ethnologists are in full agreement with the ideas thus suggested. The Saxon Sachsen, a name derived from the German word Sachs, may fairly recall the knife or dirk which they carried as early as the second century of our era."^ Palgrave, it is true, does not absolutely accept the opinion of the historians whom we have quoted, but we find in him their views with certain slight modifications.* The Saxons differed very little from the Franks, their contemporaries, or from the other German nations. Like the latter, they were split up into small tribes, as a rule independent, but united in case of war in a federal league of no very ^ Eutropius, Am. M. ^ Ptolemy. ^ Lagneau, Anthropologic de la France. * Crania Britamiica, chap, vi., p. i8i. * Duckett's Dictionary. " " Ipse brevis gladius apud illos saxa vocatur, Unde sibi saxo nomen peperisse notatur." (Gotefridus Viterbiensis, part 15, p. 363.) " Quippe brevis gladius apud illos saxa vocatur, Unde sibi nomen saxo traxisse putatur." (Engelhusius.) ^ Lagneau, Anthropologie de la France, p. 752. Paris, 1879. * Palgrave, History of the Anglo-Saxons, chap. ii. THE SAXONS. 5 stringent character.^ However closely these authorities are examined, we find them in general agreement on certain fundamental points. Seeing that the tribes which formed the league of nations known as the Saxons were settled to the south of the Cimbri, we must look for primitive Saxony in Holstein ; Anglia, the territory of the Anglo-Saxons, situated between Flensburg and Schleswig, marks probably the limit of its extension northward.' If the multitude of witnesses always contributed to make the verdict un- assailable, nothing could be more firmly established than these facts. The Saxon nation properly so called, which inhabited the base of the Cimbric Chersonese, near the mouth of the Elbe, may have had the Angles for their neighbours on the opposite side of the peninsula, in the territory which now forms the Duchy of Schleswig.^ As early as the second century of our era, the Saxons are mentioned by Ptolemy as inhabiting the neck, or narrow portion, of the Cimbric Chersonese, which is now known as Schleswig-Holstein.* Baudot, in his interesting essays, naturally turned his attention to the Saxons, " a seafaring people," as he says, " who were given to piratical incursions on the shores of the Elbe, the North Sea and the Baltic." ^ Their customs were analogous to those of the Barbarians who established themselves in Gaul at the time when the Saxons were settling in Great Britain. The Saxons are represented as forming part of the advanced-guard of those Gothic warriors who issued from the forests of the north.^ They had a reputation for unexampled bravery.^ A poet has drawn a striking picture of their character, painting them as men of iron, fierce of nature and hard of heart.® Paul Orosius also depicts them in similar colours.** More civilised than the first inhabitants of Britain, it was above all in warlike exercises that they excelled, having learnt discipline from the Romans, whom they had often defeated in battle. The Saxons, a nation of warriors who cared nothing for death,^" succeeded, after ^ Henri Martin, Hist, de France, t. i., p. 414. * Malte-Brun, Geographic Universelle, t. i., p. 211. ^ D'Anville, Etats form'es en Europe apres la Chute de P Empire Remain, p. 211. * Lagneau, Anthropologic, p. 752. * Baudot, Sepultures Barbares de VEpoque Merovingienne, p. 139. ^ Lettres Philosophiques et Politiques sur rHistoire de fAngleterre. London and Paris, 1786, t. i., letter vi. ^ Cluver, Germania Antigua, p. 87. * Henri Martin, Hist, de France, t. i., p. 116. ' Pauli Orosii adversus Pagafios Historiarum libri septem, p. 642. Cologne, 1582. '" " Hostis est omni hoste truculentior. Improvisus aggreditur, prsevisus elabitur, spernit objectos, sternit incautos ; ^i sequatur, intercipit, si fugiat evadit. Ad hoc exercent illos, naufragia non terrent. Est eis quaedam cum discriminibus pelagi non notitia solum, sed familiaritas " (Apollinaris Sidonius, Epist., 8, 6). 6 THE INVADERS OF GREAT BRITAIN. two attempts, in establishing themselves in Great Britain in 477. Other dates have been named, but the discrepancies arise from the habit o& certain historians of giving the generic title of Saxons to Jutes and Angles. As we have already said, they belonged to a league which included several neighbouring tribes on the borders of the Cimbric Chersonese. When they made their first descent in Great Britain, the Saxon colonisation was of very little importance ; indeed, some historians allege that the invaders only numbered eighteen hundred. After their first successes this small band was joined by some five thousand.^ They first made good their footing, at a date which has not been definitely fixed, on the coast of Cantium or Kent, a country which had already suffered from determined hostile raids, and their landing was followed by a desperate struggle. The question whether these tribes were mercenaries, or simply invaders,^ is one on which there is some difference of opinion. Undoubtedly, however, the country was energetically defended by its inhabitants, and the Saxon colony had to suffer many serious reverses. The attitude adopted by the Saxons towards the Britons, is not made very clear in the historical documents ; what is certain is that they were obeying the general impetus which drove the invading tribes to seek richer countries and more fertile soils. ^ Their final success was assured by the steady . flow of reinforcements from their native country, and they were rapidly enabled to exercise a predominating influence, which increased as time went on. The Saxons have left remarkable traces of their industrial art. Certain weapons and ornaments are attributable to their civilisation in particular. We will only say here, however, that archaeologically, their existence is fully demonstrated, Saxon barrows being characterised by the presence of ornaments and other objects of a distinctive character. The industrial types in favour with them were brought from their own country, though they were subject to the inevitable modifications produced by lapse of time. The Saxons also founded colonies in Gaul and in Lombardy.* The Lombards, in 1 D'Anville, Atats form'es en Europe aprh la Chute de tEtnpire Romain, p. 201. 2 " Tunc Anglorum sive Saxonum gens invitata a rege proefato Britanniam, tribus longis navibus advehitur, et in Orientali parte insute jubenti eodem rege, locum manendi, quasi pro patria pugnatura, re autem vera banc expugnatura suscepit" (Bede, Historia Ecdesiastica Gentis Anglorum, lib. i., cap. xv). — Lettres Philosophiques et Politiques sur I'JIistoire de PAngleterre, t. i., letter vi. ^ "Saxonum gens, sicut tradit antiquitas, ab Anglis Britanniae incolis egressa, per Oceanum navigans, Germanise litoribus studio et necessitate quserendarum sedium appulsa est, in loco qui vocatur Hadulopha, eo tempore quo Thiotricus, rex Francorum, contra Irminfridum, generum suum, ducem Thuringorum, dimicans, terram eorum ferro vastavit et igni " (Trans. Sci. Alexandri, Monumenta Ger>nanicB, Pertz, ii., 574). * Paul Diacre, bk. ii., chap, vi., and Gr. de Tours, Ifist. EccUsiast. des Franks, bk. iv., chap, xliii. THE ANGLES. 7 Germany, formed a part of the ancient league of the Suevi, and probably also of the more modern one of the Saxons.' It is hardly likely, however, that the Saxons in these different countries found conditions in all respects similar to those of the invaders of Great Britain ; indeed, the variations due to differences of period and locality must necessarily have been considerable. The name of Saxon, becoming more widely applied as time went on, was eventually given to several different tribes. Again, Saxon colonies might be attracted to different regions, and form settlements there, without introducing their civilisation in its fullest and purest form. The distinction made by history between the ancient Saxons and the emigrants is certainly based on solid grounds.^ Before their migration, the Saxons, as we have already remarked, formed with the Jutes and the Angles a confederation of a nature to suggest that these tribes had a common origin, or at least very intimate relations with each other. The different phases of the settlement of these invading hordes in Great Britain, and their eventual fusion, go far to prove the existence of those homogeneous elements which render amalgamation easy.^ This rapid summary of the ethnographical data will certainly facilitate a correct understanding of the archaeological remains which are attributed to them. THE ANGLES. The etymology of the name Angles — Angli, 'AyyiXoi* — is apparently to be found in Angul. '"' The tribe of the Angles inhabited the southern extremity of Schleswig. They are placed by Tacitus and Ptolemy'' among the Suevi of lower Saxony,'^ while in a passage of the Orbis Gothicus they are ranked with the Suevi. ^ The Angles then belonged to the ancient Suevic league, and probably also to the more recent league * Comte Balbo, Histoire (T Italic, t. i., p. 127. Paris, i860. * Sir F. Palgrave, History of the Anglo-Saxons, chap. ii. ' Wylie, Fairford Graves, p. 23 : " There is little doubt that the great divisions of the invaders we classify as Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, were formed of many and varying tribes, who coalesced for the common purpose of conquest." * Procopius. * " Angul, a quo gentis Anglicaj principia manasse memoriae proditum est, nomen suum provinciae, cui praeerat, aptandum curavit, levi monumenti genere perennem sui notitiani traditurus. Cujus successores postmodum Britannia potiti, priscum insulae nomen novo patriae sure vocabulo permutarunt. . . . Testis est Beda" {Danorum Regum Herouinqtie Historia a Saxone Grammatico, 1514). * Didionnaire de Geographic Aucienne. Didot, 187 1. ' " Interiores autem et mediterraneae gentes, maxime sunt Suevi, Angli " (Ptolemy, De German., lib. ii., cap. ii). ^ Matthaei Praetorii, Orbis Gothicus, 1688, bk. i., chap. v. 8 THE INVADERS OF GREAT BRITAIN. of the Saxons/ Ethelwerd assigns the same territory to them,- as also does Cluver interpreting Ptolemy.^ Further, Palgrave and Duckett assert that the Angles were neighbours of the Saxons and the Jutes, and inhabited Schleswig-Holstein.* The Angles, though really under Saxon domination, yet gave their name to the nation. Their triumph in this respect appears largely due to the influence of Bede, the title of whose work, Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, must have contri- buted to this result. By an edict of Egbert this was made the legal designation of the inhabitants of Britain.'^ The pioneers of the Angles made a descent upon Bernicia in 547, after which date the country previously occupied by them on the continent appears to have been entirely abandoned." Numerous cemeteries are assigned to the Angles.''' There is thus evidence, and indeed complete proof, of their existence, from the point of view of archaeology. Later on, the amalgamation of the Angles with the Saxons, was largely instrumental in causing confusion between the handiwork of the two nations. It is difficult for a conquered tribe, downtrodden, and scattered amongst other victorious peoples, to leave any demonstrable proofs of its separate existence. THE FRISIANS. The Jutes, the Saxons and the Angles, were the tribes most conspicuously concerned in the invasion of Great Britain, but it must be admitted that among the invaders was a certain admixture of the Frisian element. Procopius, in fact, mentions the Frisians, 4>/3icro-oves, as among the peoples inhabiting Great Britain in the sixth century.® The Frisians came from a region situated on the coast between the Rhine and the Ems," Mercia, which Bede declares to be an Anglian kingdom, is held by Pinkerton to have been Frisian." There is no doubt that the Frissi were ^ Comte Balbo, Histoire d' Italic, t. i., p. 127. Paris, i860. * "Est autem regio ilia Anglia vetus dicta, unde Angli venerunt in Britanniam, inter Saxones et Giothos constituta " (Ethelwerdus). ^ Cluver, Germania Antigua, bk. iii., p. 105. * Palgrave, History of the Anglo-Saxons, chap. ii. ; Duckett's Dictionary, under article "Angles." ^ " Egbertus coronatus rex totius Britanniae apud Wentoniam faciens edictum, ut omnes Saxones Angli dicantur et Britannia Anglia" (Chronol. Augustinens. Cant. ap. Twysden, p. 2238). * " Angli . . . quo post Taciti verum, sive sponte antiquis sedibus cedentes, sive ab finitimis pulsi transmigrarunt " (Bede, in Historia Anglorum). — "Angli de ilia patria quae Angulus dicitur, et ab eo tempore usque manere deserta inter provincias Jutarum et Saxonum perhibetur" (Philip. Cluverii, Germania Antigua, lib. iii., p. 106). ' Inventorium Sepulchrale. Preface by Roach Smith. * Procopius, De Bella Gothico, t. iv., cap. xx. ^ Ptolemy, t. ii., cap. x., p. 150. ^^ Pinkerton, Recherches, p. 322. THE FRISIANS. 9 among the nations which conquered Great Britain, though Bede does not mention them. Indeed, the invading tribes seem to have come in great part from the country now known as Friesland. Of all the Continental dialects, ancient Frieslandish is the most closely allied to the language spoken by the first founders of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.^ These conclusions, now by no means new, are admitted by modern linguistic science. The great analogy existing between the Flemish, Frankish, Dutch, Frieslandish and Saxon dialects has apparently been recognised by M. L. Rodet,* M. de Coussemaker,^ and other specialists.* Frisian art has made no place for itself in archaeology, for the small number of individuals who supplied the Frisian element among the invaders was rapidly absorbed by the more powerful tribes. The confederated tribes which invaded Kent have left important traces of their national industries, enabling archaeologists to follow them, with more or less certainty, to the countries in which they settled. The barrows which have been explored are attributed, according to circum- stances, now to one nation, now to another ; but all the objects discovered in them are, in practice, included by English archaeologists under the general description of Anglo-Saxon remains, a title which may be said to have its raison d'etre in the edict of Egbert above referred to. Speaking generally, the word Anglo-Saxon, as applied to the industries of the conquered districts, will suffice to indicate the art peculiar to a portion of England in the period following the invasion, but archaeologically we have a right to ask for greater precision. The Kentish explorations have formed the subject of publications of a most interesting character, but nearly all are of the nature of monographs. They deal, in fact, with a particular district, a single locality or a special subject, and give no general idea of the industrial arts of the Anglo-Saxons. The art which is characteristic of this people cannot indeed be considered the special creation of the invaders of England. We have no difficulty in discovering in it the distin- guishing features which characterise the work of other nations of Scandinavia and neighbouring countries. In earlier days English savants considered themselves ^ Palgrave, History of the Anglo-Saxons, chap. ii. * Ldon Rodet, Remarques sur quelques Diakctes paries dans I'Europe Occidentale. {Annates du Comitk Flamand, t. v., p. 874, etc., 1859-70.) ' De Coussemaker, Delimitation du Flamand et du Fran^ais ; quelques Reclurches sur le Dialecte flamand. — Revue de Bergues. {Annates du Comite Flamand de France, t. iii., p. 394 et seq., 1856-57 ; t. iv., p. 79, 1859 ; and t. v., p. 183, 1859-60, etc.) * Dr. Lagneau, Ethnoginie des Populations du Nord de la France, p. 28. Paris, 1874. lO THE INVADERS OF GREAT BRITAIN. entitled to treat the types of decoration as being of indigenous origin and essentially British, but this view has been stoutly opposed, one distinguished scientist declaring without hesitation that the Anglo-Saxon models are the common inheritance of all the Indo-Germanic peoples.^ THE ANGLO-SAXONS. The ethnographical data which we have collected in the foregoing pages will undoubtedly prove of great assistance in explaining the discoveries of archaeology with regard to the Anglo-Saxon period. It may be useful, however, in addition to this general outline, to sketch the special characteristics of the Anglo-Saxons after their fusion and their final settlement in Kent. The tribes of Barbarian origin which took, possession of Kent came from the north. They had long occupied the Cimbric Chersonese and the neigh- bouring countries, and the league which they had formed is a matter of history. Though they bore different names, they had been united by treaty bonds long before the date of the invasions.^ A period of development in Oriental countries had bound them together, and prepared them for the execution of their gigantic migrations. Asia, the cradle of most of these numerous tribes, had witnessed their departure for Europe, which they entered as nations apparently independent, but in reality closely allied. We may expect, therefore, to find among these peoples a common fund of manners, customs, and artistic traditions. These tribes, in the course of their migrations, occupied several countries, especially Scandinavia and Northern Germany, where they formed various confederations.^ Even when they were not bound by treaties, they at least maintained sufficiently intimate relations to perpetuate their family likeness, and reproduce the distinctive features of their ancestry. Ample proof of this fact is found in the traces they have left behind them in their wanderings, and in the countries they have conquered. Everywhere we find the same characteristics of Teutonic civilisation asserting themselves. Yet this brotherhood of nations, united by joint colonisation, has not always succeeded in stamping its work with the characteristic marks of its birthplace. Time has produced its inevitable effect : types have been modified by contact ^ Eug. Miintz, Etudes Iconographiques et Archeologiques, i™ s^rie, p. 135. Paris, 1887. ^ Crania Britannica, chap, vi., p. 180 et seq. ^ Des Michels, Precis de FHistoire du Moyen dge, pp. 12, 14. Paris, 1846. THE ANGLO-SAXONS. II with other peoples, and much has been borrowed to increase artistic resources.* To give one example only, it is certain that Saxon art has been strengthened by purely internal and national development. In the face of powerful traditional influence, the goldsmith's work of the Anglo-Saxons has assumed forms entirely unknown in other regions occupied by the Barbarian nations. It is deeply penetrated by the influence of Scandinavia, and thus a new art has been developed which has necessarily been of a permanent character, artistic contact being aided by the constant flow of fresh immigrants, and by new maritime expeditions. Cremation long remained a funeral rite among the Anglo-Saxons. It continued to be practised in Kent for a considerable period after it had fallen into disuse in other countries. It is precisely in cases of urn burial that objects betraying Scandinavian influence are most commonly found, — a fact the truth of which is fully admitted by the authors of Crania Britannica. The perseverance of English archaeologists has enabled them to distinguish the productions of the various tribal industries, and to assign them to their true sources. In this they have been greatly aided by historical documents and geographical data. Yet, without disparaging the all-important geographical investi- gations of d'Anville, it is to archaeology that their success is chiefly due. It is by comparing the results of their researches that we have learnt the develop- ments of Anglo-Saxon industrial art, and are enabled to recognise its productions with absolute certainty.^ It has long been studied by English savants,^ and has certainly not escaped the attention of the learned authors of the Crania Britannica. Some controversy also has arisen between the savants of England and the North as to* the origin of this art, owing to the difficulty of attributing to British inspiration workmanship which recalls the typical forms of the Cimbric Chersonese. However, be its origin what it may, it cannot be doubted that certain orna- ments are of native manufacture. These objects show us to what perfection the goldsmith's art had been brought, even at this distant period, while later the Anglo- Saxons became celebrated throughout Europe for the beauty of their jewellery.* * Wylie, Fairford Graves, p. 30 : " The tribes, however, who came to our shores fresh from the sands of the Baltic and the wilds of Scandinavia, must have gazed with intense amazement on the first relics of Roman art and luxury, as on treasures now first presented to their gaze, creative of new images in minds not, even in barbarism, altogether insensible to poetry, or devoid of finer aspirations- That they would at once appreciate and preserve what they could not understand, is not to be supposed, . . . yet, doubtless, Roman elegance, manifested in the works of art, was not without its beneficial influence on the minds even of these barbarous Teutons." ^ A. (jeffroy, Rotne et les Barbares : Etude sur la Germanie de Tacite, p. 2. Paris, 1874. ^ Miintz, Etudes Iconographiques et Archeologiques, p. 135 et seq. Paris, 1887. * Wright, The Celt, the Roman and the Saxon, p. 486. 12 THE INVADERS OF GREAT BRITAIN. Mr. Roach Smith has given expression to this view.^ The Anglo-Saxons, he says, are represented as Barbarians who devastated all the cities they en- countered with fire and sword. Yet we are surprised to find that they have left works of art made with such taste and skill as to show a profound know- ledge of several arts and various methods of manufacture. We are struck by the elegance of design of their fibula, the harmony of their colours, and the excellence of their workmanship. Even the modern jeweller is obliged to recognise their beauty and to admit that they rival the jewels of our own time. Traces of this industry have been found in the cradle of the Saxon race. M. Hildebrand notes the fact in his book Das heidnische Zeitalter in Schweden. Nadus also speaks of it in his voluminous work ; and Mdlle. Mestorf, in her compila- tion Vorgeschichtliche Alterthumer aus Schleswig-Holstein, gives the result of the excavations in the Borgsted cemetery. The graves contained pottery and fibulae similar to those found in England, and considered to be typical Anglo-Saxon or Saxon forms. The existence of a special Anglo-Saxon art has thus obtained full scientific recognition. The archaeological facts with which we shall now proceed to deal may help to bring it into greater prominence. 1 Roach Smith, Introduction to the Inveniorium Sepulchrale, p. xx. ANGLO-SAXON ARMS. HE Saxons were conspicuous among the barbarian nations for their bravery in battle ; and history provides ample proof of their love of arms. We shall therefore assign to these highly prized weapons the rank which they held in the interior economy of the Saxon tribes. The soldier who had wielded them in life desired to bear them even to the grave. THE SWORD. The part played by the sword amongst the tribes generally who invaded the empire has been clearly described by archaeologists. We need not therefore enter into details here, but can confine ourselves to those specific points which bear on its use with the Anglo-Saxons. The Anglo-Saxon sword has been the subject of special study at the hands of the English savants, from the point of view alike of history and archaeology. The spear, the ordinary national weapon, has frequently been found ; the sword, on the contrary, is much more rare.^ The number of swords discovered bears a very small proportion to that of the graves explored, and the sword is seldom mentioned in the Capitularies— another proof of its rarity. Only individuals belonging to the upper classes were buried with this weapon,- and it is quite possible also that handsome and valuable swords were preserved as family treasures, and left to heirs or to friends.^ .^thelstan (Etheling), in his will, bequeaths several richly ornamented swords. One of these, with a hilt of silver, a belt and gold buckle, was left to his brother Edward, as was another, also with a silver hilt, which had belonged to Ulfcytel. He also left as legacies a sword ' Yonge Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, p. 48. London, 1853. — Kemble, Horce Ferales, p. 80. * Yonge Akerman, Remains, etc., p. 49 : " The swords found in Anglo-Saxon graves . . . clearly evidence that the defunct, when living, was either wealthy or had attained to a certain dignity." * Roach Smith, Introduction to the Inventorium Sepulchrale. 13 14 ANGLO-SAXON ARMS. of King Offa/ and another which was conspicuous for its stippled hilt. Under the same will Earic, son of Wynflede, received a sword stamped with the repre- sentation of a hand. ^theric^ again bequeathed his sword and baldric, and Wulfric^ left in his will two silver-hilted swords.* Kemble says that only those dignitaries who ranked above the royal vassals enjoyed the privilege of wearing the sword — a fact which is clearly established by the text of the Anglo-Saxon law regarding keriois. After the death of a soldier, his arms, according to the provisions of this law, were to be returned to the king, who was considered, in theory, to have lent them to his tenants and his vassals. The arms {heriots), in conformity with a principle of Teutonic law, were such as of right appertained to the rank of the deceased, and a strict observance of the law required that the arms to be returned were those which he had been entitled to bear during life. The most circumstantial details as to the arms to be returned to the king are found in the law of Canute, who fixed the payments for the several classes as follows : — Class I. — Princes of the blood, archbishops and counts, and the higher nobility : eight horses, four of them with saddles, four helmets, four coats of mail, eight spears, eight shields, four swords, and two hundred gold mancuses. Class II. — The thanes, or tributary chieftains of the highest rank, in the king's train, the nobles and members of his court : four horses, two swords, four spears, four shields, a helmet, a coat of mail, and fifty gold mancuses. Class III. — The lesser nobility : a horse with trappings and arms, or instead thereof a sum of money. It is quite plain that those who were not noble were not obliged to return a sword, for it was not worn by men of their class, but all those who bore the sword were bound to return horses.® The two-edged sword was too heavy to be wielded by a dismounted man ; it was therefore the special appanage of the horseman. In fact, we have every reason to believe that the warriors who carried this weapon were knights, thanes, or, at least, persons of superior rank. The Capitularies of Charlemagne prove clearly that the Franks were armed * Was this the Hunnish sword sent by Charlemagne as a present to Offa ? " Vestrse quoque dilectioni unum balteum et unum gladium Huniscum, et duo pallia Serica" {Epistola ad Offam, Regent Merciorum : Corpus Juris Germanici Antiqui, p. 125, edition Walter, vol. ii). ^ A.D. 997. ' A.D. 1002. * Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom. ^ Kemble, Hora Feraks, pp. 83, 84. THE SWORD. 15 much in the same fashion as the Saxons. Their ordinary arms were spear and shield, horsemen only bearing the sword.^ Every one who is accustomed to the use of arms will admit the impossibility of a foot-soldier wielding these awkward blades. These ill-forged swords were of little service except for striking ; their badly formed edges could not be used to much advantage. According to Kemble, only persons of a certain rank enjoyed the privilege of wearing the sword. The obligation to serve on horseback imposed on the proprietor of a certain amount of landed property the further necessity of providing the arms appropriate to cavalry service. Thus the graves in which large swords are found must be assigned to men of noble rank, while those from which they are absent belong to the ceorlas, the countrymen, and small freeholders who formed the rank and file of the Saxon armies.^ A monument which has been preserved at Mayence bears the figure of a Roman auxiliary horseman, armed with a sword similar in all respects to those of the Anglo-Saxons. This sword is suspended from the breast of the horseman, and hangs by his side. He is represented as slaying a fallen enemy by a spear-thrust. Behind the horse stands a foot-soldier, carrying two long spears of the same form as that borne by the horseman. This monument dates back to the middle of the third century. It can easily be shown by other examples that the long iron sword, or spaiha, was in general use amongst the auxiliaries, and the Romans themselves, especially in the period immediately preceding the fall of the Empire.^ The Anglo-Saxon sword is essentially of Teutonic type ; it appears to have been in use from a very early date, and to have lasted for a long period. It has been found in the Saxon barrows in various parts of England, in the tombs of the Livonians, the Burgundians, and the Franks. The Scandinavian sword also is of similar character, but heavier and longer. The Anglo-Saxon sword answers to the description given by Plutarch in his life of Marius of the weapon of the Cimbri,* and it further resembles the Suevic swords brought to Italy by Pope Leo IX in 1053.^ ' The Encyclic. Capit., 806 (Pertz, iii., 145) : " Ita vero preparatus cum hominibus tuis ad predictum locum venies, ut inde in quamcumque partem nostra fuerit jussio, et exercitaliter ire possis ; id est, cum armis atque utensilibus, necnon et cetero instrumento bellico, in victualibus et vestimentis, ita ut unus- quisque caballarius habeat scutum et lanceam, et spatam et semispatam," etc. * Teutonic Swords, Horce Feraks, description of pi. xxvi. 3 Roach Smith, Introduction to the Inventorium Sepulchrale. London, 1856. * McyaXats kyjmvro kox /BoLpetai'i /xa^atpai?. ' " Haec gens animosa feroces fert animos ; sed equos adeb non ducere cauta. Ictibus illorum, quam lancea, plus valet ensis, nam nee equus docte manibus giratur eorum ; ncc validos ictus dat lancea ; prreminet ensis ; sunt enim longi specialiter et peracuti illorum gladii ; percussum a vertice corpus scindere soepe solent ; et firmo stant pede postquam deponuntur equis, potius certanda perire qukm dare terga volunt ; magis hoc sunt marte timendi, quam dum sunt equites ; tanta est audacia gentis." 1 6 ANGLO-SAXON ARMS. Many centuries earlier Tacitus wrote that the Germani rarely used the sword ; the phrase rari gladiis utuntuv has often been quoted by those archaeologists who have studied the Barbarian epoch. The sword blades from Kent are usually of identical length, about seventy-eight centimetres.^ The swords found at Ozingell (Kent), in the Isle of Wight, at Little Wilbraham (Cambridgeshire), and other places, are about the same size, — near the hilt the blade is about seven centimetres wide, and narrows gradually towards the point.^ The hilts of Anglo-Saxon swords, which have generally no pommel, end in a small cross piece, to which was fixed the wood which completed the hilt. The specimens discovered by Mr. Hillier^. answer to the above description, and represent the ordinary type of Anglo-Saxon sword. The point of the sword is often hidden from view* owing to the bronze at the extremity of the scabbard being rusted on to it. It must not, however, be taken for granted that these peculiarities are always met with, for a few swords provided with pommels have been found in some of the Kentish barrows.^ We must, however, remark that richly decorated sword-hilts are still rarer.'' Mr. Kemble, in estimating the usual size of the swords, gives them an extreme length, from pommel to point, of ninety centimetres. The sword-guard is often missing, but the remains of hilts in ivory, bone, or some other perishable material, are frequently discovered.'' The scabbard was of wood, covered with leather, some- times with ornamentation in bronze. An interesting account of these ancient scabbards is given by the Monk of St. Gall in his description of the costume of the Franks,* Among the rare swords which are rendered exceptionally remarkable by their artistically ornamented hilts, we must mention those coming from Gilton, near Sandwich," and from Coombe^" (fig. i). This interesting specimen was found in ' Throughout this work I have retained the metrical dimensions given by the author, as being more accurate than English measures, and thoroughly familiar to all students of these subjects. — Tr. ^ The blunt points of these long blades were of little avail for thrusting. This is pointed out by Apollinaris Sidonius in his account of a victory of the Franks over the Goths : " Alii hebetatorum csede gladiorum latera dentata pernumerunt. Alii, csesim atque punctius foraminatos circulos loricarum metiuntur" (Lib. ii., ep. 3). 3 History and Antiquities of the Isle of Wight, pi. i. * Fairford Graves, pi. iii., and Saxon Obsequies, pi. xxxiv. * Inventorium Sepukhrale, pi. xiv., fig. 6. ^ Roach Smith, Introduction to the Inventorium Sepukhrale. ' Hora Ferales, description of pi. xxvi. " " Post hsec baltheus spatae colligatus. Quse spata primo vagina fagea, secundo corio qualunque, tertio lineamine candidissimo cera lucidissima roborato, ita cingebatur" {Be Reb. Gest. Caroli M., lib. i., cap. 36). ® Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, plate xxiv., fig. 2: London, 1853. — Archceologia, vol. xxx., p. 132- 1" Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii., p. 164. — Lindenschmit, Handbuch der Deutschen Alterthumskunde, 1880, p. 220. THE SWORD. 17 a grave, together with another sword, the two being wrapped in the same piece of stuff. The same barrow contained a copper basin, filled with burnt human bones, a spear-head, some glass and amber beads, and part of a jewelled ornament, set with garnets or coloured glass. ^ The weapon, the hilt of which is here represented, measures about ninety centimetres in length ; the blade is rather more than seventy-eight centimetres long, and seven centimetres wide near the hilt. Portions of the wooden scabbard are still adhering to it. The hilt has been so Fig. I. Sword-hilt from Coombe, Kent. fashioned as to allow of its being firmly gripped. Each end of it is furnished with a band of bronze, with plaited decoration. The most ancient mention of Anglo-Saxon swords is a reference, in a celebrated poem, to the ornamentation of hilts and scabbards.' ^ Proceedings of the Bury and West Suffolk Archceological Institute, vol. i., p. 27. * " When he did off from himself His iron coat of mail. The helmet from his head, t Grave his ornamented sword, The costliest of steels." {Beowulf, line 1346.) " And the hilt also. With treasure variegated." {Beowulf, line 3228.) 1 8 ANGLO-SAXON ARMS. Mr. Rolfe's collection contains a sword-hilt bearing an inscription in Runic characters — an interesting piece, which was found in the parish of Ash, near Sand- wich.^ Mention is made in Beowulf of swords ornamented with Runic characters and interlaced serpents.^ Some time back a very remarkable sword, richly decorated, was found at Reading. We consider the hilt worthy of reproduction here, as a typical specimen of Anglo-Saxon art (fig. 2). The pommel and guard are in white metal, resembling an alloy of pale copper and silver. The guard is ornamented with rudely sculptured figures of men and animals. This weapon, when discovered, was lying beneath the skeleton of a horse, and the blade was bent from the pressure of the animal's ribs. Only the metal portion of the sword still exists, the ivory fittings having, almost immediately after its discovery, fallen into dust. The human bones and the horse's skeleton were well preserved.^ The scarcity of swords in Anglo-Saxon barrows finds a parallel in the results of explorations in Germany. The cemeteries of Selzen and Sinzheim have yielded very few swords in proportion to the number of burials. At Sinzheim some eighty graves yielded four swords ; forty graves at Oberflacht furnished eight swords ; and excavations in the north of Germany have given approximately the same results. Spears, on the contrary, are more numerous. Kemble, from a group of six hundred graves at Liineburg, though several spears were discovered, did not exhume a single sword ; and Count Miinster, in his explorations on the banks of the Weser, obtained similar results. Baron Estorff has also recorded the rarity of the sword, while the same conclusions have been deduced from excavations in Livonia and other countries. 1 Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. xxiv., fig. 3. ^ " He gazed upon the hilt, The old legacy On which was written the origin Of the ancient contest. So was on the surface Of the bright gold In Runic letters. Rightly marked, Set and said. For whom that sword, The choicest of irons. Was first made With twisted hilt and serpentine." (^Beowulf, line 3373.) ' Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 2nd series, vol. iii., no. vii., p. 467. THE SWORD. 19 We have already referred to the very small proportion of swords found in Anglo- Saxon cemeteries, and the following figures will serve to confirm our statement. Fig. 2. Sword-hilt from Reading, Berks. At Little Wilbraham from one hundred and eighty-eight graves only four swords were taken.^ The cemetery of Faversham,^ Kent, furnished about twenty ' Saxon Obsequies. " C. Roach Smith, Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon and other Antiquities discovered at Faversham, in Kent, and bequeathed by IV. Gibbs to the South Kensington Museum. London, 1873. 20 ANGLO-SAXON ARMS. swords, now in the South Kensington Museum, and the collection of Humphrey Wood of Chatham. The two hundred and seventy-two graves examined by Mr. Brent at Sarre yielded twenty-six swords, a relatively large number. Bryan Faussett gives sixteen only as the result of the exploration of eight hundred and three graves.^ In the cemetery of Ozingell, near Sarre, in the Isle of Thanet, a larger number were found ; but, on the other hand, Mr. Akerman examined seventy graves in the cemetery of Harnham Hill, near Salisbury,' without discovering a single specimen. THE SPEAR. When the Barbarian conquerors first stepped on the stage of the world's history they appeared armed with the formidable spear. Our imagination, influenced by legendary tales, always pictures these invaders of the Roman Empire brandishing the menacing spear with which they were identified ; while the teachings of history have, in this instance, been enforced and popularised by the fine arts. The young freeman, in accordance with the custom of the Barbarian nations, received the spear, or " framea," as soon as he was of an age to bear arms. This practice, which was common to all the Teutonic tribes, was maintained by the Saxons, whose national arms were the spear and the javelin.^ These customs explain the frequent recur- rence of the spear, of different forms and dimensions,* in Anglo-Saxon barrows. The types discovered in the Germanic cemeteries throughout Europe reappear almost without exception in England. Spears, the use of which was so universal, may be divided into two classes, differing in the mode of manufacture — those, namely, with cylindrical sockets, and those in which the socket is slit on one side. Anglo-Saxon spears belong to the second class, the socket, throughout its length, being open on one side, leaving the shaft exposed to view. This peculiarity enables us easily to distinguish the Anglo-Saxon spear from that of the Danes, which also is foundin England. In France and Germany it is the second type of spear-head which is most common, but in the Lombard cemetery of Testona, and in the specimens pre- ^ Inventorium Sepukhrale. — Gilton, io6 graves, 7 swords; Kingston Down, 308 graves, i sword; Sibertswold, 181 graves, 7 swords. * Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, p. 49. London, 1853. * Ibidem, p. 48. * Kemble, Horce Ferales, pi. xxvii., p. 86. — Roach Smith, Introduction to Faussett's Inventorium Sepukhrale, p. xxxvii. ^ THE SPEAR. 21 served in the Brera Museum at Milan, the sockets are, without exception, round. The different methods adopted by the armourers of the Lombards and the Saxons have survived the close relationship existing between these tribes. Spears are occasionally found the sockets of which are bound round with strong rings, with a view of giving additional solidity to the shaft. Several pieces from the cemetery of Ozingell are provided with these rings,^ and sockets of a similar character have been found in the graves of Nydam, in the Schleswig marshes.* Spears and javelins are often included under the same denomination, their use having been in many cases identical. It is therefore impossible to treat of them under separate headings. It is frequently very difficult to distinguish a small spear from a large javelin, and a similar difficulty arises in dealing with a certain type of arrow and the smaller javelins.^ In the latter case, however, there was no error in classing them together, the so-called arrows being in reality genuine javelins. Several archaeologists have made a special study of spear-heads coming from various localities. Mr. Akerman has examined the spears from Driffield (pi. i., fig. 5) and Harnham (pi. i., figs. 4 and 6). He records their large size and their resemblance, in the length of the blade, to similar weapons coming from other Anglo-Saxon cemeteries. Mr. Wylie, among the specimens found at Fairford, notices one of exceptional size, and another which resembles the bayonet in form. The excavations at Barrington (Cambridgeshire) provided Mr. Foster with fifteen specimens.* Faussett found thirty-five spears in the three cemeteries of Gilton, Kingston Down, and Sibertswold." Neville gives the number of these weapons unearthed at Little Wilbraham as thirty-five ;" while Mr. Roach Smith calculates that forty-five were taken from the barrows of Faversham.^ These latter cemeteries are thus remarkable for the number of spears they yielded. Spear-shafts were, as a rule, shod with iron ferules,^ by means of which they could be planted obliquely in the ground to serve as a line of defence, and to aid in repelling a charge of cavalry. The presence of this iron foot enables Mr. ^ Roach Smith, Collectanea Antiqua, vol. iii., fig. 20. ^ Engelhardt, Denmark in the Early Iron Age, pi. xi. Nydam, fig. 39. ^ Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, p. 20. London, 1853. * Account of the Excavation of an Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Barrington, p. 12. Cambridge, 1883. * Bryan Faussett, Horce Ferales, p. 83. * Neville, Saxon Obsequies, p. 8, and pis. xxxv. and xxxvi. London, 1852. ^ Roach Smith, Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon and other Antiquities discovered at Faversham, Kent, pi. xi. London, 1873. * Akerman, in his Remains of Pagan Saxondom (Introduction, p. ix., pi. ix., fig. 3), and Mr. Wylie in Fairford Graves (pi. xi., fig. 8), have given illustrations of spear-ends. Mr. Roach Smith also refers to them in his Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Antiquities in the South Kensington Museum. 22 ANGLO-SAXON ARMS. Akerman to measure the ordinary length of the spear, which he puts at i metre 80 centimetres. Kemble is of opinion that the spear-head varied in length from 12 to 90 centimetres. In one case the position of the shaft in the grave has been deter- mined by the presence of a line of decayed wood, with an iron ferule. This spear was I metre 40 centimetres in length. The length of the spear-heads examined by Mr. Wright is given by him as being from 30 to 45 centimetres.^ The distinctive feature of the Anglo-Saxon spear is a rather short socket. Three centimetres from the socket the spear-head takes a slight bend outward, then widens considerably (as in fig. 3, pi. i.), and finally diminishes gradually to form the point. This type of spear is peculiar to England,^ and appears to have been adopted as well for the larger as for those of small dimensions. The smaller heads were probably those of the framea^ or javelin. We must also notice, in addition to the spears above mentioned, a missile weapon, the two blades of which were not in the same plane.* We reproduce two specimens (pi. i., figs. 4 and 6) giving the horizontal section. The unequal surfaces recall the Hottentot assegai and certain weapons still in use in the East Indies, and this similarity has not escaped the attention of English archaeo- logists.5 This arrangement of the blades imparted to the weapon in its flight a rotary motion of increasing velocity." Missiles of this character are only met with in Anglo-Saxon graves, but a somewhat similar idea is occasionally revealed on the Continent. Thus a spear was found at Homblieres (Aisne),' the blades of which start from different points of the central shaft. By the kindness of M. Pilloy we are enabled to give an illustration of it (fig. 3). This form is different from the Anglo-Saxon type, but the section shows that the weapon was intended to assume a rotary motion in its flight. English savants have, in the past, aided considerably in dispelling the erroneous notions current with regard to barbed lances, which for a considerable period were looked upon as angons,^ These spears, which were intended to catch the shield, could not possibly be used as missile weapons, and, further, they are very rarely found in Barbarian cemeteries, Lindenschmit, indeed, hesitates to enumerate them ^ Th, Wright, The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, p. 474. ^ There is, however, a specimen from the cemetery of Furfooz, now in the Museum at Namur (Belgium), which has some analogy with the type in question. ^ The English verb to frame, or forge, is connected with the word framea. * Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, Introduction. ^ Kemble, Hora Ferales, p. 87. ^ "Sed illam (hastam) turbine terribilem tanto et stridore volantem" (J he Waltharliede, v., 1289). ^ Pilloy, Etudes sur d'Anciens Lieux de Sepultures dans PAisne, p. 232. * ArchcEologia, vol. xxxv. THE SPEAR 23 as a distinct type, though he mentions a few specimens as having been found in Germany.^ They are, in fact, widely distributed. M. Calandra has described those of Testona^ (Italy), M. Namur those of Luxemburg.' M. Baudot mentions their existence in Burgundy,* and M. de Bonstetten in Switzerland, 5 while the Abbe Cochet has met with them in Normandy.^ In Belgium several examples are preserved in the museums of Charleroi and Namur. Fig. 3. Spear-head from HombliIres (Aisne). Lastly, Champagne, especially the cemetery of Oyes, has furnished us with specimens of this rare weapon.'' 1 Lindenschmit, Handbuch der deutschen Alterthumskunde, p. 176. — Mayence Museum. Bessungen graves, Darmstadt Museum. * Calandra, Di una Necropoli barbarica scoperta a Testona. From the proceedings of the Societa d'Arr/ueologia e belle artt., vol. iv. Turin. ' Publications of Soci'etk Archeologique de Luxembourg. * Memoire sur les Sepultures Barbares de rMpoque Meroiiingienm et Principalement celles de Charnay ' Recueil d'Antiquites Suisses, pi. xxiii. ' Abb6 Cochet, Za Normandie Souterraine, p. 236. Rouen, 1854. ' Mus^e de Baye. 24 ANGLO-SAXON ARMS. English archaeologists are of opinion that the barbed spear is probably the lancea uncata mentioned by Apollinaris Sidonius in his letter to Domitius.^ Lancea uncata has been rendered by a translator as piqiie a crochets ^ (barbed pike). Uvolfgangus Lazius, a writer of the sixteenth century, asserts that this weapon was exclusively confined to the Goths ' — a fact which would fairly explain its absence from Anglo-Saxon graves. England has furnished us with a few examples of spears with a projection on each side at the head of the socket (pi. i., fig. 2). The specimen there illustrated is from Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire.* Two 'n Fig. 4. Spear-head from Immenstedt (Schleswig). Other specimens found in London and at Nottingham have been reproduced in Horis Ferales, and Mdlle. Mestorf has discovered similar spears at Immenstedt, Schleswig." The spear was the national weapon of the Anglo-Saxons, among other evidence 1 "Eo quo comebantur omatu, muniebantur, lanceis uncatis securibus missilibus dextrte refertse, clypeis leavam partem adumbrantibus, quorum lux in orbibus nivea, fulva in umbonibus, ita censum pro- debat ut studium" (Apollinaris Sidonius, bk. iv., letter 20). * Apollinaris Sidonius, translated by Gr^oire Collombet, 1836. ^ De aliquot Gentium Migrationibus, auctore Uvolfgango Lazio. Basle, 1572, — Hasta uncatce Gothorum, p. 681. ^Journal of the British Archceological Association, 1882, p. 276. * Mestorf, Mittheilungen des Anthropologischen Vereins in Schleswig-Holstein. Ausgrabungen bei Immenstedt, fig. 2. Kiel, 1888. THE ANGON. 25 of which is the custom of calling the man the spear-half, while the woman was called the spindle-half.'^ In the laws of Edward the Confessor the word spear is used as an equivalent of man? So many spears have been found in England, that Mr. Roach Smith has no hesitation in asserting that one was buried with every freeman.' It was exclusively the weapon of the freeman, the serf being forbidden to carry it.* THE ANGON. When the earliest works on the archaeology of the Anglo-Saxon period were published the angon was unknown in England, and a very confused impression prevailed concerning it. The absence of the weapon itself led to many erroneous conjectures as to the interpretation of passages where it is mentioned. The influence of English archaeologists, however, has been of great value in the settlement of the vexed question of the angon. They discarded all the weapons inaccurately described by that name, acting on the belief that it was the annalists of the Franco- Merovingian period who could throw most light on the interpretation of their national antiquities. The word angon is connected with the German angel, a hook, or barb. The angon of the Franks had two barbs ; it is therefore probable that these words, angon and angel, are derived from the same root.^ The word for the angon in different languages always suggests the same idea ; in German and Flemish hangen, in English hang, in Swedish hcenga. The description of the angon given by Agathias® has been the starting-point for much patient and useful research ; there are, however, other ancient writings in which mention is made of it. Thus Suidas ' speaks of this weapon, though the passage is less familiar, and Pachymeres * (quoted by Ducange) contains references to it which are worthy of being noted. * Will of Alfred the Great. — Codex Diplomaticus y^vi Saxonici, vol. ii., p. 116. ^ Leges Regis Edward. Confess. — Ancient Laws and Lnstitutions of England. Thorpe, vol. i., p. 447. ^ Roach Smith, Introduction to the Lnventorium Sepulchrale. * " Et ut servi lanceas non portent. Qui inventus fuerit post bannum, hasta frangatur in dorso ejus " (jCapit., lib. vi. — Corpus juris German. Antiq. Walter's Edition). * Littr^, Dictionnaire de la Langue Fran(aise, 1873. " " Brevia tela quas ipsi angones vocant ; cujus pars major ferro obducta est, ita ut ex ligno aliquid prseter membrorum vix extet : in superiori ferro tanquam hami utrinque sunt, et deorsum vergunt " (Agathias, bk. i.). ' 'Ayyovts fTTix^pia Sopara wapa c^pdyyois (SuidaS, bk. Xvii., cap. 8). * 'IraXiKOLS Tolots (ca^oTrAxcr/ici'oi, avTOLfiev ■ttcA.tui', koI waXTutv i->n\u>pio)v Soparojv, a o^ to waXxuov ayywts hcakovvTo, rov TroXefiov avtOappovv (Pachymeres, lib. xii., Cap. 30). 26 ANGLO-SAXON ARMS. Archseological discoveries have now confirmed the correctness of the information given by the Greek writers of the later Empire. The barbed spear, lancea uncata, of ApolHnaris Sidonius was, when first dis- covered, mistaken for the angon.^ The discovery of this error is due to English archaeologists, and especially to Mr. Wylie. The angon is now perfectly familiar and it is useless, therefore, to enumerate the specimens which have been found in Germany,^ France,' and Belgium.* It must be mentioned, however, that in all these countries the angon is extremely rare. Roach Smith considers that the information obtained with regard to this weapon tends to prove that its use among the German Barbarians was confined to the period between the fourth and eighth centuries.'' Mr. Akerman, in an interesting article, drew attention to the angons found on the Continent, this weapon being then unknown in Great Britain. Later, in 1861, Roach Smith made known to English archaeologists the angon found at Cavoran (pi. i., fig. 7), on the line of the Roman wall," describing it, however, simply as a javelin. This specimen is very like that from Strood (pi. i., fig. i), brought into notice by Dr. Bruce. Both these angons are from Kent. The angons in the museums of Mayence, Wiesbaden, and Darmstadt are much longer than those found in England i'^ but it must be mentioned that these latter have not preserved their original dimensions, being in a very bad state of preser- vation. From whatever source they come, there is never any question as to the unity of type in these weapons ; while, on the other hand, they differ so decisively from the spear and the javelin, that they cannot be mistaken for any other than the arm described by Agathias.* ^ Archceologia, vol. xxxv., p. 54, 1853. ^ Lindenschmit, Die alterthilmer unserer heidnischen vorzeit, 1881, dritter band, Neuntes Heft, Taf. V. (Handbuch der deutschen alterthumskunde). ^ Abb^ Cochet, Sepultures gauloises, romaines et franques, p. 215, 1857. — H. Baudot, Mhnoire sur les sepultures barbares de I'epoque merovingienne, et principakment celles de Charnay, p. 150. — F. Moreau, Collection Caranda. Sepultures d'Arcy Sainte Restitue {Aisne), pi. M. — J. de Baye, Sepultures Franques de Joches (Mama), p. 7, 1880. * Namur Museum, Memoires imprimes en vue du Congrh d' Arckeologie de Charleroi, 2nd pamphlet, p. 235, 1888. — Baron A. de Loe, D'ecoicverte d" Antiquiles franques a Harmignies, p. 7. Antwerp, 1886. ^ Revue Archeologique, t. xi., p. 84, 1865. " Roach Smith, Collectanea Antiqua, vol. v., p. 13, 1861. ' Archaologia, vol. xxxvi., pi. vii. * Collectanea Antiqua, vol. v., p. 15. THE SCRAMASAXE. 27 THE SCRAMASAXE. The iron knife, sacks, seax, or scramasaxe, seems, as we stated in our sketch of the origin of the Saxons, to have given its name to the nation/ We have the testimony of several historians, that the scramasaxe was a weapon of war among the Saxons ; "^ yet while small knives abound in Anglo-Saxon graves, the large knives, or scramasaxes, are especially rare.* Some English authors, misled by the constant presence of the small knife, have thought that this was the true seax of the Saxons ; but, according to the received idea, the seax was a weapon only smaller than the sword.* Mr. Roach Smith, referring to these weapons, which he calls sword-knives, considers these cultri validi to be identical with the scramasaxes mentioned by Gregory of Tours.^ The description given by this historian is quite applicable to the large knives, which are much more common in France, Belgium and Germany Fig. 5. Beakesbourne; Kent. than in England." Widukind says that these large knives were included in the ancient Saxon armoury.' The best preserved specimens have two long narrow grooves along the back of the blade. These war knives, or seax, are often referred to in the poem of Beowulf. Thus the mother of the demon Grendal in her struggle with Beowulf is represented as * Ducange, Glossarium, article " Saxa." * " Mutato denique nomine quae ad id tempus Turingia, ex longis cultellis, sed victoriosis, post- modum vocata est non Saxonia sed Anglico elemento Saxonia " Contennator Florentii Wigorniensis, Anno 1 138). ' The men's graves, almost without exception, contained a small knife {Remains of Pagan Saxondom, p. 21. London, 1853). * A hand-seax is mentioned in the will of ^Elfheah {Codex Diplomaticus, vol. iii., p. 127). ' Histoire des Francs, bk. iv., chap. 46, and bk. viii., chap. 29. * Yonge Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, "p. 21. — Roach Smith, Introduction to Inventorium Sepulchrak. — Collectanea Antigua, vol. ii. — Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 2nd series, vol. x., No. I, 1883. ' " Erat autem illis diebus Saxonibus magnorum cutellorum usus, quibus usque hodie Angli utuntur morem gentis antiquae sectantes " (Widukind, bk. i., chap. vi.). 28 ANGLO-SAXON ARMS. drawing her seax^ and Beowulf himself, when his sword was broken, turned to the seax which was attached to his coat of mail.^ According to Nenius, it was with the scramasaxe that the Saxons were armed when, at the famous feast of reconciliation, the signal was given by Hengist for the massacre of the Britons : Nimed cure Saxes. The sexaudrtis of the Salic laws appears to have been a small knife similar to those frequently found in Anglo-Saxon graves (fig. 5). These laws enacted that whosoever stole a knife should return it to his owner, and pay in addition fifteen solidi.^ Kemble states that the large knives are generally found in the graves of men only ; while the smaller ones, on the contrary, are found with the remains of men, women, and children alike, in almost every barrow.* The excavations of Faussett in one hundred and six graves at Gilton produced a hundred and twenty-nine knives ; three hundred and eight graves at Kingston Down contained two hundred and twenty-two knives, while about one hundred and eleven came from the hundred and eighty barrows opened at Sibertswold. Mr. Neville, in his work on the cemetery of Little Wilbraham (Cambridgeshire), remarks that knives were found together with spears in nearly all the graves. In one exceptional case two knives enclosed in an urn were found. As a rule these blades were placed somewhere near the hips.^ Anglo-Saxon scramasaxes were occasionally ornamented. The Rev. Mr. Beck describes one, ninety centimetres long, found at Little Bealings in Suffolk," which is decorated with a band of damascened work throughout its length. Among the scramasaxes found in the Thames, the most interesting is one which is ornamented with a runic alphabet, and bears the name of the soldier to whom it belonged, in similar characters. The letters are inlaid in copper and silver.^ ^ " She beset them the hal-guest, And drew her seax Broad, brown-edged." {^Beowulf, h'ne 3089.) 2 " Drew his deadly seax Bitter and battle-sharp, That he on his byrnie bore." {^Beowulf, line 5400.) ' De cultello sexaudro. " Si quis alteri cultellum furaverit et ei fuerit adprobatum, ipsum in loco restituit, et insuper do den. qui faciunt sol. xv. culp. judicetur" {Legis Salica, tit. Ixxiii. i). ■* Hora Ferales, p. 81. ' Neville, Saxon Obsequies, p. 9. London, 1852. * Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 2nd series, vol. x., No. i, 1883. ' Ibidem. THE BATTLE-AXE. 29 Inscriptions on scramasaxes are extremely rare, but in the Prankish cemetery of Pondrome, Belgium, one of these weapons was found which bore the maker's name.^ THE BATTLE-AXE. The iron battle-axe is also called the Prancisca, it being the especial weapon of the Pranks,^ and it is to this arm that English archaeologists have turned in seeking to explain the axes found in Anglo-Saxon graves. As is stated by historians,^ the axe is very frequently discovered in Prankish cemeteries ; * in fact, it has long been admitted that this weapon was in much more general use on the Continent than in Great Britain.^ England has, however, provided us with a few examples.® The Barbarian conquerors carried the axe in battle, but its use was reserved to certain privileged persons. The terrible effects of this weapon have been noted by ancient writers.'' Those who were armed with the sword or the battle-axe were always picked men, and owed their selection for that honour either to rank or prowess.* History testifies to the use of the battle-axe among the Anglo-Saxons. It formed part of the equipment of most of the soldiers who fought against the Normans at Hastings.® It is probable, however, that the axe was a somewhat late importation, introduced, according to Mr. Wylie, by the Scandinavian invaders.^" Mr. Akerman appears to support this view, and leans to the opinion that the battle-axe came into general use during the Danish invasion, because it was less costly than the sword. ' Vol. xvii. of the Annaks de la Societe Archeologique de Namur. "^ "Quas (secures) et Hispani ab usu Francorum per derivationem Franciscas vocant" (Isidore de Seville, Etymol., lib. xviii., cap. vi.). * "Pedites erant caeteri omnes (Franci) non arcu, non hasta armati, sed ensem clypeumque gestabant singuli ac securim unam : cujus ferrum valde crassum et utrinque acutissimum erat, e ligno manubrium admodum breve. Ut signum datum est, primo statim congressu ea securi iacta, hostium scuta diffringere solent eosque conficere " (I'rocopius, De Bella Gothico, lib. ii., cap. 25). * Roach Smith, Introduction to the Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Antiquities in the South Kensington Museum, p. xi. ' Abbe Cochet, La Normandie Souterraine, p. 203. Paris, 1854. — Wright, The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, p. 477. London, 1885. * Archteologia, vol. xxxiv., p. 171. ' " Recentes quippe qui supervenerant, et viri electi eranl, securibus et gladiis horribiliter corpora Brittonum findebant " (Hen. Hunt. IV., a.d. 752). * " Congregantes autem se ad vexilla utrinque proceres et fortissimi, gladiis et securibus amazonicis rem agentes, acies aciebus funeste irruebant " (Hen. Hunt. IV., a.d. 752). ' William of Malmesbury^ Chronique de Normandie : " Et sitot comme les Anglois les virent fuir, ils commencerent h poursuivir chacun la hache h. son col." — Math. Paris, Ifist. Angl. : " Saxones pedites omnes cum securibus." "> Wylie, Fairford Graves, p. 22. Oxford, 1852. 30 ANGLO-SAXON ARMS. The taper-axe was common at the time of the promulgation of the Charter of Canute. One article in this charter assigned to Christ Church, Canterbury, the possession of the port of Sandwich, with the right to levy taxes on the adjacent lands. At high tide an axe was thrown ashore, from a vessel in the harbour, and all the land to the seaward of the point where it fell was liable to the tax.^ The axes of English origin resemble the Francisca of Merovingian cemeteries. One specimen was discovered at Faversham (Kent).^ Mr. Roach Smith quotes six from Ash, Ozingell (Kent), Colchester, Richborough and Canterbury,^ while Mr. Neville mentions the finding of one at Little Wilbraham (Cambridgeshire). In his Remains of Pagan Saxondom'^ Mr. Akerman reproduces three examples, coming from the bed of the Thames at London, from Colchester, and from Icklingham (Suffolk). The size of these battle-axes was occasionally such as to permit of their being used as missile weapons.^ THE BOW AND ARROWS. Archaeologists do not always include bows and arrows among weapons of war. The Franks, it is now believed, did not reckon them as part of their warlike equipment, and the rare specimens discovered are considered to have been used only in the chase." Arch(Bologia brings together a mass of evidence to show that the bow was not employed as a weapon of war by the Anglo-Saxons ; ^ but it would be wrong to conclude that this was also the case among other Barbarian nations. Alaric, when preparing in Thessaly to take the field against Stilicho, had bowmen under his command.® Certain small shafted weapons have been erroneously described as arrows, though in reality javelins.® At an earlier period Mr. Faussett wrote of the iron points of missile weapons as arrows. It is clear, however, that they were darts, or small lances. * Codex Diplomaticus Aivi Saxonici, vol. iv., p. 24. ^ Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon and other Antiquities discovered at Faversham in Kent. London, 1873. 3 Collectanea Antiqiia, vol. ii., p. 224. ■* PI. xxiii. * " Jactant Angli cuspides ac diversorum generum tela, saevissimas quasque secures " (fiesta Gtdielmi, duds Normdnoruni). ^ Bequet, Fouilles en 1883 et 1884, p. 17. ' Archceologia, vol. xxxiv., p. 171. * Am. Thierry, Alaric, chap, ii., p. 50. " Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, p. 22 THE BOW AND ARROWS. 3 1 The presence of arms of small size in the graves of the young proves that youths of the free classes were initiated into the art of war with weapons appropriate to their age.^ Mr. Akerman says, very decidedly, with respect to arrows : " We know of no authentic account of the discovery of arrow-heads in these graves ; the iron heads, barbed or otherwise, which some antiquaries have erroneously fancied to be the heads of arrows belong rather to these spicula. It is not asserted that the bow was unknown to the Anglo-Saxons, but there is abundant evidence that it was not commonly used by them as a weapon of war."^ The scarcity of arrows in the cemeteries of Kent has been explained on the ground that they had been completely destroyed in the graves by rust. However, the cemetery of Chessell Down, in the Isle of Wight, has provided Mr. Hillier with a few barbed triangular arrow heads.' It is remarkable that the bow, never used by the Anglo-Saxons before the Danish invasion, became eventually the national weapon.* No mention is made of bows and arrows in Canute's law concerning arms, but they are referred to in the Encyclical Capitulary of 806,® and again in similar terms in a summons issued by the King to the Counts and Bishops in 813, ordering a levy of troops.** The Lombard cemetery of Testona (Italy) contained numerous arrows, con- siderably more in proportion than the graves of the Anglo-Saxons and Franks. These missiles are mentioned in the Lombard laws,' while we learn from history that the Gothic armies contained trained archers.^ We must therefore conclude that the absence of arrows among the Anglo- Saxons constitutes an exception to the rule generally obtaining among the Barbarian nations. ' Roach Smith, Introduction to the Inventorium Sepulchrale. * Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, Introduction, p. ix. ^ Roach Smith, Introduction to the Inventorium Sepulchrale. * Wylie, Fairford Graves, p. 19. Oxford, 1852. * " Ita vero preparatus cum honoribus tuis ad prsedictum locum venies, ut inde in quamcumque partem nostra fuerit jussio et exercitaUter ire possis; id est cum armis ... ita ut unusquisque cab- allarius habeat scutum et lanceam et spatam et semispatam, arcum et pharetras cum sagittis " (Pertz, iii., 145). — Epist. Caroli M. ad Fulradum abbatem S. Dionysi, 784. — Eccart, De rebus Francia Orientalis, i., p. 522. " " Et ipse comes praevidet quomodo sint parati, id est lanceam scutum, aut arcum cum duas cordas, sagittas duodecem; de his uterque habeant " (Pertz, iii., 188).— Capit. Aquisgranense, a. 813. ^ " Si quis in curte alterius irato animo sagittaverit, aut lanceam jactaverit componat xx solidis " {Leges Longobardicce, xliv.). * " Quarum (Vesegothi et Ostrogothi) studium fuit primum inter alias gentes vicinas arcus intendere nervis. Lucano plus historico quam poeta testante : armenios arcus gethicis intendite nervis." — " Detectis pectoribus et capitibus, congress! contra Gothos, milites nostri multitudine sagittariorum saepe delecti " (Vegetius, De re Militari, i., xx.). 32 ANGLO-SAXON ARMS. THE SHIELD. The shield is the only defensive armour found in Anglo-Saxon graves. It was of comparatively small size, and circular or slightly oval in shape/ made of light wood,^ or wicker-work, and completely covered with a thick tanned hide.^ Its lightness and handiness rendered it highly serviceable. The bucklers found in England are usually about 54 centimetres in diameter. In the poem of Beowulf linden-wood bucklers are entitled lind, a poetic expression designating a buckler in the Germanic tongue. Wood, then, was the material usually employed, the exception claimed for the buckler of Beowulf serving to emphasise the general rule. The hero is said to have been armed with an iron shield, in order to fight the fire-dragon.* The Codex Exoniensis also confirms the fact of wood having been the usual material of the buckler, which is therein called poetically the linden.^ Ancient poems and illuminated manuscripts speak of certain coloured shields, the varied tints of which served to distinguish different bodies of troops — a custom probably borrowed from the Romans, if we may judge from the description given in the Notitia^ The wood and other materials of which the buckler was constructed have long since perished ; only the metal part is found in the graves. The umbo, or boss, of iron, was in the centre of the shield.' It was fixed to the wood by strong rivets, with big iron heads. These large heads were often overlaid with ' Roach Smith, Introduction to the Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Antiquities in the South Kensington Museum, p. xiii. London, 1873. — Kemble, Horce Ferales, p. 87. ^ Codex Exoniensis (Gnomic verses, p. 339). 2 Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, p. 22.— Roach Smith, Introduction to the Inventorium Sepulchrale. * "Then commanded to be made for him The refuge of warriors, All of iron, The lord of earls, A wondrous war-board : He knew well enough That him forest-wood Might not help. Linden-wood opposed to fire." (Beowulf, line 4668.) ' " A ship shall be mailed ; A shield bound; The light linden board." * Collectanea Antiqua, vol. iii. ' " Umbo scuti pars media est, quasi umbilicus " (Isidore de Seville, Etymol., lib. xviii., cap. xii.). THE SHIELD. 33 copper, white metal, or silver, while one specimen exists in which gold has been so employed.' The button forming the top of the umbo was ornamented in similar fashion. The handle crossed the hollow of the umbo. Its length was generally equal to the width of the shield, the handle proper fitting the lower part of the umbo. Shields constructed in this fashion have been found in the cemeteries of Gilton,' Little Wilbraham,^ and Harnham Hill, near Salisbury. As we have mentioned above, the handle extended on each side in the form of a cross-piece, which gave strength to the buckler as a whole. The thickness of the wood and its covering is shown by the length of the rivets. The convex form of the umbo was of great value in causing the enemies' missiles to glance off, and in protecting the hand of the warrior. At the same time the buckler could be used as a weapon of offence. Muratori expresses the opinion that umbones furnished with a very sharp point (pi. ii., fig. 3) were used, in hand-to-hand fighting, to keep the enemy at arm'sl-ength.* Nor is this an altogether gratuitous assertion, for Tacitus relates incidents which support the contention.* The Barbarians were accustomed to raise loud war-cries before going into battle, to strike terror into the hearts of their enemies. They used to intensify the sound by holding the hollow of the umbo to their mouths, and so alarming were their cries that even the Roman legions were unnerved by them in their earlier engagements. The hollow of the umbo increased the reverberation ten- fold, while the clash of arms against it re-echoed with terrifying effect. The rank and file of the Anglo-Saxons were armed with spear and shield, knives, and sometimes light javelins." When the word arma is used in old historical docu- ments, it means the complete equipment of spear and shield. Proof of this may be found in the Capitularies of Ansegio.' The manufacture of bucklers became a very important industry among the ' Roach Smith, Introduction to the Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Antiquities in the South Kensington Museum, p. xiii. 2 Inventorium Sepulchrak, pi. xv., fig. 14. ' Saxon Obsequies, pi. xxxviii. * " Brocchiere s'io non m'inganno, fu chiamata quella specie di scudi che nel mezzo teneva uno spontone, o chiodo acuto di ferro, ed eminente, con cui anche si potea ferire il nemico, se troppo si avvicinava. . . . Brocca volea dire uno ferro acuto." * " Igitur et Batavi miscere ictus, ferire umbonibus ora foedare ccepere " {Agricola, 36). — " Sternitur et quaedam pars duro umbone vivorum" (Walthar, v., 195), •* Kemble, Horce Ferales, description of pi. xxvi. ' " Ut nullus ad mallum vel ad placitum intra patriam arma, id est scutum et lanceam portet " (HI., § 4 ; 22). — Muratori, Dissert., 26. 3 34 ANGLO-SAXON ARMS. Anglo-Saxons. In the reign of ^thelred the shield-wrights had become a numerous body ; indeed, a street in Winchester was named after them.^ Legal provision was made to secure the proper construction of these bucklers. A law of yEthelstan inflicted a fine of thirty shillings on any workman who used sheep- skin to cover them.^ The shields in use among the Teutonic tribes were not carried on the arm, but held in the hand, the warrior being thus enabled to parry blows aimed at him, or to diminish their force. This method of carrying the buckler explains the sense of the phrase clypeos rotare, used by Apollinaris Sidonius in his de- scription of the Frank warriors. Anglo-Saxon bucklers were similar in shape and size to those of the P' ranks."' Both Mr. Wylie * and Mr. Akerman ^ mention specimens in which the wooden portion was ornamented with bronze or iron discs placed round the umbo, at a distance calculated to increase its power of resistance. The commonest form of Anglo-Saxon umbo is also general in Prankish graves, in the Barbarian cemeteries of the Rhineland, of Bavaria, and even of Northern Italy. As a rule they are simply varieties of the general type (pi. ii., figs, i, 4, and 6). There exist, however, certain very rare umbones, much more conical in form, which Kemble looks upon as importations.''' Under this head we must include two from Sibertswold, which are illustrated in the Inventorium Sepulchrale? The same type, but more strongly marked, was found by Mdlle. Mestorf in a grave at Frestedt, Schleswig.^ In pi. ii., figs. 2 and 5, we illustrate two umbones remarkable for size and shape, and belonging to a rare and unusual type. The first (pi. ii., fig. 2) comes from Farthing Down, Surrey. Our drawing was made in the museum at Oxford, the specimen being unique in style, and never before figured. It is composed of several iron plates, joined together by little rings of the same metal. The second (pi. ii., fig. 5) was found at Sittingbourne," placed vertically to the right of the skeleton. Among exceptional specimens we must notice the umbo recently discovered at ^ Charter of ^thelred, a.d. 996 {Codex Diplomaticus ^vi Saxonici, vol. vi., p. 135). ^ Leges ALthelstarii^ xv. ^ Roach Smith, Introduction to the Inventorium Sepulchrale. * Fairford Graves, p. 14. ^ Remains of Pagan Saxondom, Driffield umbo, pi. ix. j " Hora Ferales, p. 87. ' PI. XV., figs. 13 and 15. ® This umbo is in the Kiel Museum. — Vorgeschichtliche alterthiimer aus Schleswig-Holstein, pi. Iviii., fig. 709. Hamburg, 1885. * Collectanea Antiqua, vol. i., p. 104. THE SHIELD. 35 Barrington, Cambridgeshire, of which we give an exact illustration (fig. 6).' There is nothing very remarkable in the shape, but the button affixed to the top is interesting in its decoration. The stem and the button are in bronze gilt, and are fastened to the umbo by three feet. The button is deeply chased, the workmanship recalling the ornamentation of the massive saucer-shaped brooches. The incised designs are separated by double lines. One compartment contains an imaginary Fig. 6. Umbo from Barrington, Cambridgeshire. bird, with a swan's head and neck, while in the others the S form of decoration appears very distinctly. The cemetery of Barrington alone contained eight umbones. From the hundred and six men's graves at Gilton eighteen were taken, and the same number of spears. At Kingston Down thirteen bucklers were discovered in three hundred and eight graves. Seventeen were found at Sibertswold,'^ four at Ozingell,^ eight at Fairford,* ' Walter K. Foster, Account of the Excavation of an Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Barrington, Cambridge- shire, p. 12. Cambridge, 1883. ^ HorcE Ferales, p. 82. ' " Anglo-Saxon Remains discovered at Ozingell, Kent " Collectanea Antiqua, vol. iii., pi. ii. * AbW Cochet, La Normatidie Souterraim, p. 241. — Fairford Graves. 36 ANGLO-SAXON ARMS. and nineteen at Little Wilbraham.^ Lastly we may mention a barrow at Sporle, Norfolk, which contained seven skeletons lying side by side. Some of these had bucklers placed over their heads ; the bodies were enveloped in woollen mantles, fastened over the breast, and with each one was a spear of the most general type.^ ' Neville, Saxon Obsequies, pis. xxxvii. and xxxviii. ^ Remains of Pagan Saxondom. ANGLO-SAXON FIBULA. RTISTIC character, variety of form, and delicacy of workmanship combine to render the fibulae of Anglo-Saxon manufacture objects of the highest interest. In no other part of Europe in the fifth and sixth centuries do we find, within so small a limit, so many distinct models, or so many perfectly independent creations. The position of the Anglo-Saxons in history being recognised, we are enabled to draw definite conclusions from the geographical distribution of their fibulae. The concentration of certain types in particular districts implies colonisation by distinct sub-tribes, the variety of decorative styles, and the multiplicity of forms aiding us in assigning each type to the tribes to which it properly belongs. On the other hand, when we find a special form of fibula recurring constantly, in a locality the inhabitants of which are known, we are justified in attributing to them a special fondness for that form. Archaeologists are thus enabled to argue back to the primitive types, follow their various modifications, and arrive eventually at unassailable conclusions. The due assignment of archaeological remains to their proper source is rendered unusually easy in England by the accurate knowledge we possess of the movements of the invaders. The artistic peculiarities of their fibulae display the national characteristics of the Anglo-Saxon peoples ; yet, notwithstanding their common origin, each tribe among the Barbarian conquerors has preserved in its art work those features which were peculiarly its own, and which have in part resisted the influence of the closest contact. Anthropology recognises in the Anglo-Saxon races characteristics which exist to-day among the people of Great Britain. The facial type of the invaders still lives in their descendants, in the regions they colonised. It is impossible to confound it with that of the Britons, who were driven by their conquering hordes into the fastnesses of Cornwall and Wales.^ Like other Barbarian nations, the Anglo-Saxons were fond of personal orna- ' Crania Britannica, chap, vi., p. 183. — Lappenberg, Thorpe's translation, vol. i., p. 112. London, 1845. 37 38 ANGLO-SAXON FIBUL.E. ments,^ and in especial of fibulae." Their brooches are thus worthy of attention by reason of their archaeological importance as well as of their artistic merit. Four or five fibulae are often found in the same grave,^ placed on different parts of the body.''' It is plain, therefore, that more than one was habitually worn. A few Anglo-Saxon fibulae are of large size. On the other hand, no specimen of exceptional dimensions has been found on the Continent. Fibulae, as a rule, and especially in the north of England, differ widely from all the productions of Roman art. In the invaded provinces the Teutonic ideal displaced the classic in the abruptest fashion. The transformation was of the most radical nature, due either to very strong national traditions, or to an invincible repugnance for the civilisation of Rome. Henri Martin apparently adopts the latter alternative when he represents the Saxons as repudiating with hatred and contempt the arts, laws, and religion of the Romans.'^ A brief summary of the whole subject is advisable before considering in detail each variety of fibula. Certain fibulae from Kent and the Isle of Wight are looked upon as importations from the north-west of Gaul. They are of three types, — Radiated or digitated fibulae. S-shaped fibulae. Bird-shaped fibulae. English savants rightly class these as Continental types. The other Anglo- Saxon varieties are, — Cruciform fibulae. Square-headed fibulae. Cupelliform or saucer-shaped fibulae. Annular fibulae. Circular fibulae (Kentish). The cruciform type is peculiar to England, and in its developments takes rank as an Anglo-Saxon creation, though the original idea came from Sweden. The Midland counties of England form the area of its most general distribution. * Am. Thierry, Alark, p. 210. ^ Claud., In Eiitrop., lib. ii., verse 183. f ,. ^ Roach Smith, Introduction to Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Antiquities in the South Kensington Museum. * " Fibulae sunt, quibus pectus fasminarum ornatur, vel pallium tenetur a viris in humeris, seu cingulum in lumbis " (Isidore of Seville, Etymol., bk. xix., chap. xxxi.). ^ Henri Martin, Histoire de France, t. i., p. 414. ANGLO-SAXON FlBULiE. 39 These ornaments were at first extremely simple, but later, under the influence of various artistic movements, were covered with decorations of a rude and some- times grotesque character. They have not, however, even under a superabundance of decorative detail, lost their primitive form. They are wrought in the mass of the metal, and are never set with glass or stone — a peculiarity which is worthy of special notice. The upper portion of the fibula is more or less in the form of a cross ; hence, the name cruciform. Nothing has been found in the south of England similar in style to these fibular. Another type of elongated fibula forms an interesting class. In these the upper part is square, while the lower often assumes the form of a grotesque head. The cross-shaped development of the lower part of these fibulae has caused them to be included under the head of cruciform ; but in our opinion this name should be specially reserved for the type previously referred to. They are not, in fact, always so styled by English archaeologists, Mr. Wylie, for instance, calling them double fibulae.' They are sometimes inlaid with pastes or stones. Circular fibulae may be divided into three categories. The fibulae called in England dish-shaped might be named concave, or, better still, cupelliform ; they are found in the more eastern settlements of the Barbarians. They form an exclusively Anglo-Saxon group, and may be considered indigenous to Great Britain. Anglo-Saxon art has produced another variety, annular in shape, composed of a simple ring, which is crossed by the acus. The ring is sometimes filled up in part by radii cut in the bronze, the centre taking the form of a cross, pat^e, or with equal branches. Lastly, the south of England, and especially Kent, has given us a class of fibula quite distinct from those already described. Mr. Roach Smith divides them into three groups."' In the first the fibula is formed of two metal plaques, joined by a circular border. In the second a disc of bronze or silver, slightly concave, is decorated with gold-foil, covered with compartments forming geometrical figures. The fibulae of the third group, which are far more numerous, are composed of a single piece of metal, decorated with incised work, and set with jewels and glass. This splendid array of fibulae, the delicate workmanship of which is so characteristic of Anglo-Saxon art, is of incontestable utility in the study of their cloisonne goldsmith's work. * Wylie, Fairford Graves, p. 23. * Roach Smith, Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Antiquities discovered at Faversham, p. xiii. London, 1873. 40 ANGLO-SAXON FIBULA. RADIATED FIBULA. The settlements of the Barbarian tribes usually contain certain large fibulae improperly called digitated. This type, generally considered by archaeologists to be highly characteristic, is a compound of two styles. The upper part is in form rectangular, or semicircular, with radiated ornament ; the lower varies con- siderably, being sometimes quite simple, but more often lozenge-shaped. The two extremities are joined by a curve. These ornaments are generally assigned to the period of the Germanic migrations, as specimens of the type are found among the most ancient of the invading peoples. They extend over a large geographical area, and display various peculiarities of artistic detail. The type has been met with in Eastern Europe, in France, and in Germany ; it has been found in some abundance by the archaeologists of Hungary,^ and it is also common in Southern Russia.^ In the north of Italy again it is not unknown, and we have had occasion to refer to it in our treatise on the industrial arts of the Lombards.^ The heads of these fibulae are square, or semi-circular, and ornamented with radii, often to the number of five. This arrangement has suggested to some investigators the idea of the five fingers of the hand, and has earned for them the title of digitated fibulae.* These ornaments are very rare in England, and are looked upon as impor- tations — a conclusion which English savants base on solid grounds, for the Saxons may very well have received them from the Franks, with whom, according to Procopius, they were in communication.'' At the same time the presence of these fibulae in Kent, in conjunction with work of Anglo-Saxon origin, renders it necessary we should refer to them. Their striking resemblance to the types known in Central Europe, and especially in France, renders these pieces of great value. 1 Arch. Ertesitb. — Dr. W. Lipp, Die grdberfelder von Keszthely, figs. 328 and 332. — Proceedings of the Jnterjiationl Congress of Buda-Pesth. 2 D. Macpherson, Antiquities of Kertch. London, 1857. — Transactions of the Historical Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, vol. x., 1858.- — Roach Smith, Collectanea Antiqua, vol. v. London, 1861. — J. de Baye, " Les Bijoux Gothiques de Kertch," Revue Archeologique, 1888. ^ Industrie Longobarde, p. 31. Paris, 1888. * Abb^ Cochet, La Normandie Soicterraine, p. 228. •' "Tanta est hominum multitudo, ut inde singulis annis non pauci cum uxoribus liberisque migrant ad Francos, qui in suae ditionis solo, quod desertius videtur, sedes illis ascribunt : ex quo fieri dicitur, ut sibi quoddam jus in insulam arrogent. Certe Francorum Rex non ita pridem, cum nonnullos ex intimis Byzantium legates ad Justinianum Augustum mitbret, Anglos illis adjunxerat, ambitiose ostendens, se huic etiam insulse dominari " (Procopius, de Bello Gothico, cap. iv., 20). RADIATED FIBULAE. 41 The radiated fibula;, and those in the shape of birds, are considered by Roach Smith ^ to be prior in point of date to the cruciform and all other Anglo- Saxon types.* This opinion is confirmed by the classification which it has been proposed to adopt on the Continent. In fact, there seem good reasons for placing them earlier than the other Prankish and Merovingian fibulae. The connection between the Anglo-Saxons and the Germanic tribes inhabit- ing the north-west of Gaul receives confirmation, archaeologically, from the discovery of these fibula;. The Barbarian cemeteries in the neighbourhood of the Straits do not, it is true, contain so many specimens as those of the Rhenish provinces, but they have at least furnished a few fine radiated fibulae,^ and their very rarity should certainly entitle them to the closest attention. From another point of Fig. 7. Fibula in Silver-gilt from Faversham (Kent). South Kensington Museum. view, the relations subsisting between the inhabitants of the south coast of Great Britain and the Franks did not exclude the possibility of communications with other Teutonic tribes ; but it is noticeable that the English examples of this type come, almost without exception, from Kent, and especially from the coast.* Chatham (Kent) has supplied two very characteristic specimens^ (pi. iii., figs. I and 6), now in the Museum at Oxford. From Faversham (Kent) come several of these ornaments, three of which are illustrated in pi. iii., figs. 4, 5, * Introduction to the Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Antiquities discovered at Faversham, p. xv. ^ Collectanea Antigua, vol. v., p. 138, 1861. * Vaillant, Le Cimetiire de Nesles-les- Verlincthun, pi. i., figs. 4 and 5 ; pi. iii., figs, i and 3 Arras, 1886. * Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii., p. 218, 1852, and vol. v., p. 137, 1861. * Douglas, Nenia Britannica, pi. iv., fig. 7. 4 42 ANGLO-SAXON FIBULA. and 7. Figs. 4 ^ and 5 ^ were found in duplicate — an experience which is by no means uncommon in cemeteries containing objects of this class. The fibula^ in silver gilt which we reproduce (fig. 7) is from the same locality. It is set with garnets, and, like those above referred to, is one of a pair.* Notwithstanding its square head, we are forced to include it in this category, as it is identical in technique with the other specimens. In order to omit nothing which bears on the consideration of this type of fibula, we give an illustration of a fragment also found at Faversham.® A pair of fibulae were found at Folkestone Hill, between Folkestone and Dover," of bronze gilt, set with slabs of garnet, or coloured glass. Two similar specimens were discovered at Ozingell ' and Harrietsham.^ The half of one of these fibular ^ has been found at Chessell Down, in the Isle of Wight, the grave from which it was taken being older than the others composing the cemetery. This fact, which is noted by Mr. Fig. 8. Fragment of Fibula from Faversham (Kent), South Kensington Museum. Hillier, confirms the view previously expressed as to the antiquity of fibulae of this type. The excavations undertaken by Mr. Neville in the vast cemetery of Little Wilbraham, Cambridgeshire, brought to light one hundred and eighteen fibulae, only one of which belonged to the category now under consideration. This specimen is given at pi. iii., fig. 3. 10 ' South Kensington Museum, Nos. 1079, 1079a, in Catalogue. ^ Ibidem, Nos. 1080, 1080a. 3 Ibidem, Nos. 1054, ioS4a. * Roach Smith, Introduction to the Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Antiquities discovered at Faversham, p. xiv. ^ Catalogue of the Faversham Antiquities, Nos. 1083, 1083a. " The fournal of the British Archaeological Association, vol. iv., p. 159, 1849. — Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii., 1852, pi. 1., fig. 3, and p. 218. ' Collectanea Antiqua, vol. iii., pi. vi., fig. 2. * Ibidem, vol. v., p. 137. ^ Now in the British Museum. '" Neville, Saxon Obsequies, pi. viii., fig. 133. S-SHAPED FIBULiE. 43 We have further only to cite a fibula found exceptionally far north, namely, at Searby, in Lincolnshire. This example is in silver gilt, set with red glass or garnets' (pi. iii., fig. 2). Its admirable workmanship, and the fantastic head which forms its lower extremity, render it a most interesting piece. This series of fibulae found in England provide a most valuable fund of informa- tion for those archaeologists who are occupied in investigating their origin and geographical distribution. S-SHAPED FIBULA. S-shaped fibulae have been the object of special study on the part of archaeolo- gists ; it is therefore necessary to notice their presence in Anglo-Saxon territory. They are rarely met with in England, where they are looked upon as an importation from the Franks — a view which is in all probability the correct one. The rarity of their appearance prevents our assigning an important place to them among the antiquities of Great Britain. Fibulae of various forms, ornamented with birds' heads, undoubtedly belong, whatever their source, to the same type of industrial art. The few specimens which we have been able to examine in England are illustrated in pi. iv. ; they afford us some additional data for the study of S-shaped fibulae. Two of these ornaments, forming a pair, which come from Sleaford, Lincolnshire (pi. iv., fig. 6), are the only examples which can be attributed to Saxon manufacture. They are in bronze, plated with tin, and are decorated with designs sunk in the metal by means of a punch. They are heavy and inartistic in shape, and their imperfect workmanship is nothing but a degenerate copy of the typical specimens found in France and Bavaria. The idea, which is certainly identical, is far less artistically rendered. The valuable collection of Mr. John Evans contains two similar fibulae (pi. iv., fig. 7) in bronze, found in a grave at Halsingfield, Cambridgeshire. These pieces, which are of somewhat peculiar workmanship, are now illustrated for the first time. A still more characteristic specimen, now in the British Museum, "Was dis- covered at Iftley, Oxford (pi. iv., fig. 8). It is decorated with slabs of garnets, set on gold foil, and with its peculiar style, its jewels, its shape, its double bird's head, with hooked beak, resembles, in the most remarkable way, the ornaments of a ' ColUctanea Antiqua, vol. v., pi. xii., fig. i. 44 ANGLO-SAXON FIBUL.E. similar type taken from Prankish, Burgundian, and Bavarian graves. We reproduce also another brooch, one of a pair, found in the cemetery of Chessell Down, Isle of Wight, and now in the British Museum (pi. iv., fig. 9). A pair of bronze fibulae, set with red and blue enamel, connected by a chain, is also specially noteworthy (fig. 9). It belongs to the same artistic period, and recalls the style of the specimens previously referred to. The chain, which is formed of slender metal links, is not usually found with Fig. 9. Fibula: from Faversham (Kent). S-shaped fibulae, though these are generally met with in pairs. This ornament, which was worn on the breast,^ comes from Faversham, Kent.^ The pin, which was always in iron, has in this case been destroyed by oxida- tion, and has left only a few shapeless traces of its existence. BIRD-SHAPED FIBUL^:. Bird-shaped fibulae are very rarely met with in Anglo-Saxon barrows. This very scarcity, however, combined with their strong resemblance to those exhumed from Frankishc emeteries,^ is a sufficient reason for not passing them over. In pi. iv. we give illustrations of all the specimens at present known in England. The fibula which shows the greatest variation from the original type was found in the cemetery at Fairford * (pi. iv., no. i). It is easy to recognise the degene- rate art of this specimen, which is more like a duck than the usual bird with hooked beak. The specimen from Chessell Down, Isle of Wight, now in the British Museum, represents a bird resembling a dove (pi. iv., fig. 4). The cemetery of Barrington, ^ Roach Smith, Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Antiquities discovered at Faversham in Kent. London, 1873. Introduction, p. xv. ^ South Kensington Museum, No. 1088. ^ Roach Smith, Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii., p. 148. * Wylie, Fairford Graves, pi. iii., fig. 7. CRUCIFORM FIBUL.E. 45 Cambridgeshire, has also produced a bird-shaped brooch, in bronze gilt' (pi. iv., fig. 2). The Chessell Down cemetery, the mortuary furniture of which resembles so closely that of the Prankish burial-places, yielded the fibula reproduced in pi. iv., fig. 3. It exactly resembles the typical bird, with its characteristic hooked beak. The question of the source of these ornaments, representing the hook-beaked bird, which are found in Barbarian cemeteries on the Continent, has often engaged the attention of archaeologists. The Gothic tribes had a great predilection for the bird as a decorative subject,''' and its constant recurrence in those countries where the Goths remained longest is sufficient proof of its origin. English savants, it must be said, noting the rarity of bird-shaped fibulae in Anglo-Saxon graves, have concluded that they are a Continental type, and that their presence in England is due to importation. Kent and the Isle of Wight alone have furnished objects which are considered as of Continental origin, and it is in these districts only that the rare examples of the hook-beaked bird have been found. The bird-shaped fibulae of Fairford and Barrington are imitations, and of inferior artistic value. The original type, in all its purity, is represented by the fibula of the Isle of Wight (pi. iv., fig. 3), the hair-pin of Faversham, Kent^ (pi. iv., fig. 5), and one or two pendants.* These figures of birds, decorated with slabs of garnet and glass, are always found in connection with jewellery set with precious stones. The association of bird-shaped and radiated fibulae is now an ascertained fact of archaeology. The Barbarian ornaments imported into England, and classed as of Continental origin, are of great importance. Not only are they proofs of intercourse, but they also illustrate the artistic influence exerted over that part of Great Britain which was near France. It is only when freed from this foreign element that Anglo- Saxon art stands revealed in all its originality. CRUCIFORM FIBULA. Scandinavia has produced certain objects which suggest a comparison with Anglo-Saxon antiquities, the period during which this comparison is possible being ^ Walter K. Foster, Account of the Excavation of an Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Barrington, Cambridge- shire, pi. iv., fig. 3. Cambridge, 1883. 2 "Les Bijoux Gothiqifcs de Kertch " from the Revue Archeologiqice, 1888. * Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Antiquities in the South Kensington Museum. Gibbs' Collection, No. T130. * Ibidem, No. 1145. 46 ANGLO-SAXON FIBUL.E. that known to the sav^ants of the North as the first Iron Age. At this epoch the North was coming under the sway of new nations, who introduced the Runic character, and at the same time showed, in a variety of ways, that they had been in contact with the civiHsation of Rome. The language of the oldest Runic inscriptions proves that the inhabitants of Sweden, during the first Iron Age, were of Germanic origin. The progress of science, however, does not as yet permit us to affirm that this was the first appearance of the Germans in Scandinavia.^ These considerations, advanced on the authority of a savant whose competence is undoubted, may fittingly preface the study of those fibulae known to English archaeologists as cruciform. We represent here three of these objects, two being of Swedish origin, while the third is English. No. i, from Svanskog, Vermland, and No. 3, from Oland, are in the Stockholm Museum ; No. 2 is in the Anglo-Saxon collection at South Kensington. It would be easy to multiply points of resemblance, but the three specimens here brought together show plainly enough a common artistic parentage. These typical fibulae have also been studied by Mr. Hildebrand, who states that they are extremely rare in Gothland, but abundant in Sweden and Norway. The numerous varieties found throughout this vast region are a proof of the estimation in which these ornaments were held by the Scandinavians, during a period suffi- ciently long to afford scope for many modifications in the less essential details. In Denmark fibulae of this form are rare, an exception to the general rule, for the Scandinavian and Danish antiquities of the first Iron Age are usually very similar in type. The presence of this class of fibula in England is most interesting, and highly important. Mr. Neville, in his valuable work Saxon Obsequies, gives a series of these fibulae, from the original model down to the most degenerate form to which it has given birth. There is considerable difficulty in defining accurately the geographical limits of the type, and its early disappearance from Denmark requires explanation, in view of the fact that it conflicts with the teachings of history as to the early home of the Angles.^ The examples figured on page 47 show the oldest variety of cruciform fibulee imported from Scandinavia. Amongst these early models, the primordial types of the cruciform fibulae, a few are remarkable as ending in animals' heads, very elongated, and with prominent eyes. Mr. Akerman, speaking of the bronzes from Rugby, expresses the opinion that these are horses' heads.^ In pi. V. we reproduce some examjDles in which the type, though it has already 1 Montelius, Antiquites Su'edoises, p. 83. ^ H. Hildebrand, The Industrial Arts of Scandinavia in the Pagan Time, p. 23. London, 1883. ^ Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom. Description of pi. xviii. CRUCIFORM FIBULiE. 47 undergone some modification, yet retains the more archaic form. Finally, two specimens shown in pi. vi. indicate, by their profuse decoration, a still more recent date. Central and Eastern Europe have not furnished a single specimen of these fibulae ; they are found only in Scandinavia and in England ; not, however, in the southern counties. Faussett's Invent oritim Sepulckrale, and Douglas' Nenia Britannica, which deal specially with Kent, make no reference to cruciform fibulse. These bronze ornaments, so peculiar in form, are never set with garnets or other stones. Some few are gilt, or plated with silver — a style of decoration apparently peculiar to them, and not found in the brooches of the south of England. Akerman gives an illustration of the first cruciform fibula found in England.^ It was discovered near Rothley Temple, Leicestershire, in 1785, together with some Roman coins, mostly of the reign of Constantine. This fibula was originally gilt, ' Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. xx., fig. 2. 48 ANGLO-SAXON FIBULiE. and the prominent portions were plated with silver. A similar specimen was found at Billesdon in the same county.^ We have already referred to the examples reproduced by Mr. Neville.^ Figs. I and 3, pi. v., are taken from this group. The splendid series in the British Museum finds worthy rivals in the collection of Mr. Evans. Among these latter is the fibula of Haslingfield, Cambridgeshire (pi. v., fig. 4), which was found in the same barrow with another of similar character. The Sporle (Norfolk) fibula (pi. v., fig. 5) is now in the Norwich Museum.^ Among the examples discovered at Harrington, Cambridgeshire, we illustrate (pi. v., fig. 2) the specimen which is most interesting, on account both of its rich decoration and of its large size. It was found on the right shoulder of a skeleton, and was accompanied by two other cruciform fibulae of a much simpler character. The same grave contained forty amber beads, twenty-six smaller beads of terra-cotta, bronze clasps on both wrists of the skeleton, and other objects of less importance.* Two fibula; of this type, found in a barrow near Driffield, Yorkshire, are quoted by Mr. Bowman. They were worn on the breast of a woman, as is clearly indicated by the position they occupied on the skeleton. Mr. Roach Smith has illustrated a series of cruciform fibulai from Stowe Heath, Suffolk." Several specimens have been exhumed from the cemetery at Barrow Furlong, Northamptonshire,* while Lord Braybrooke has found them in the graves of Wilbraham, Cambridgeshire. Mr. Wright has reproduced the fibula from Stowe Heath, Suffolk, a remarkable specimen, eighteen centimetres in length, and decorated with monstrous heads very roughly executed.' Cruciform fibulae, when of unusual size, are most profusely decorated, but the workmanship is wanting in delicacy. Among the most elaborate, in the class under notice, the first place must be assigned to the two specimens found at Sleaford, Lincolnshire* (pi. vi., figs, i and 2), and now in the British Museum. The first of these (pi. vi., fig. i) is very rich in detail, and full of interest. English archaeologists are agreed in regarding these wonderful ornaments as an original creation of Anglo- 1 Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. xiv. ^ Saxon Obsequies, pis. i., ii., iv., v., vi., vii., viii., ix., x. ^ Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. xxxix. * Foster, Account of the Excavation of an Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Barringtoti, Cambridgeshire, 1880. ^ Collectanea Antigua, vol. ii., pi. xl. '' Archceologia, vol. xxxiii. '' Wright, The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, p. 479. * G. W. Thomas, " On Excavations in an Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Sleaford," Archceologia, 1887, vol. 1., pi. xxiii., fig. I, and pi. xxiv., fig. 2. CRUCIFORM FlBULiE. 49 Saxon industry. The rudely suggested human face bears eloquent testimony to the originality of this specimen. Another remarkable peculiarity is the triangle which decorates the base of the fibula ; indeed, the whole scheme of decoration excites our curiosity, and demands explanation. This type, which is relatively rare, and some- what strictly localised, seems to be an exaggeration of the cruciform fibula of Scandinavian origin, and indicates a new, independent, and peculiar artistic creation. Its localisation may perhaps point to its use by one particular tribe, whose arrival was independent of the more general migration. Its rarity may indicate that its use was confined to a single community, or that but few artists were capable of e.vecuting work of this character, while the date may possibly throw some light on points which are otherwise obscure. The grave at Sleaford from which this interesting fibula was taken was that of a woman of wealth. It contained another brooch of smaller size, a necklace of two hundred and seventy-one amber beads, to which was attached a silver bulla, two silver discs, placed on the bosom, part of the clasp of a bracelet, some fragments of bronze rings, and a girdle-hanger with three bronze pendants ; near the waist was found a buckle, an iron knife, and some objects of less importance. On the second Sleaford fibula is figured a swastika, a sacred emblem often seen on objects of the Barbarian epoch ; we have met with it in a large number of localities. It is impossible, however, to consider it as anything more than a reminiscence of the same symbol found by Mr. Schliemann in his excavations in Greece. On this subject English archaeologists have maintained a prudent reserve, and do not seem to have sought in other regions for an explanation of this comparatively late use of the swastika. We shall for the present imitate our neighbours, merely suggesting here the presence of a problem awaiting solution.' Cruciform fibulae are found in Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire, Northamptonshire, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, and Yorkshire. They were evidently peculiar to the Angles, who inhabited Mercia, East Anglia, and North- umbria. It is impossible to determine accurately the date of the principal colonising incursions of the Angles, but it may be assumed to be the middle of the sixth century. The Anglian colonies in the East were known as the North-folk and the South-folk. The Midlands and the North were also occupied by immigrants of Anglian origin, or ' The connection between the swastika of Eastern mysticism and the Scandinavian Thor's hammer is fully recognised by students of symbology. The presence of this symbol on cruciform fibulae is an additional proof, if one were needed, of their Scandinavian origin and pre-Christian date. — Translator. 50 ANGLO-SAXON FIBULA. of tribes allied to them ; the Angles, in fact, who were much more numerous than the Saxons, spread over a larger extent of country.^ The word cruciform must not be allowed to suggest any idea of Christianity, the resemblance to a cross being the only reason for so styling these fibulae. The barrows in which they are found undoubtedly belong to the epoch of the pagan Saxons.^ SQUARE-HEADED FIBULA. The cruciform fibula is not the only type included in the class of elongated fibulae. To the group above discussed must be added the second subdivision, square-headed fibulae, though hitherto no distinction has been made between the two types. The division of elongated fibulae into cruciform and square-headed seems reasonable, and will be of use in the study of Anglo-Saxon archaeology. English savants give the name of cruciform to the second class, on account of the form which is often assumed by the base of the fibula. A closer examination, however, shows that it is not always in the shape of a cross ; while the head, on the other hand, always, without exception, retains its rectangular form. This, then, may fairly be considered the characteristic mark of the type, and the title, square-headed fibula, will prevent any confusion with the preceding group. Mr. Wylie's suggested name, double fibula, has not been adopted.^ We cannot admit that this type of fibula is exclusively Anglo-Saxon. Several specimens have been met with in France "* and Germany,'' and we have reproduced two ornaments of the same form, which were found at Testona," Italy. It is, however, only in Scandinavia that we find square-headed fibulae, which recall in their development of form and ornamentation the specimens of Anglo-Saxon handiwork. The results obtained by MM. Hildebrand and Montelius, in their researches into the antiquities of Sweden, are of great service in the study of Anglo-Saxon art. The cruciform fibulae of Sweden are assigned to the first Iron Age ; '' the square- headed, on the other hand, are classed in the second Iron Age.** 1 Crania Britannica, p. 182. * Wright, The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, p. 4S1. 2 VVylie, Fairford Graves, p. 19. * Caranda (Aisne). Allnan of M. Fr. Moreau, pi. xxxi., fig. i. — Baudot, Sepultures de Charnay {B. urgogne). " Lindenschmit, Handbuch der Detitschen Alterthumskunde, Taf. xvi. and xvii. '' Industrie Lotigobarde, pi. iv., fig. 7. Paris, 1888. ' From the birth of Christ to about 450 a.d. MonteUus, La Suede Prehistorique, p. 83. ** From 450 A.D. to 700 a.d., approximately. Ibidem. SQUARE-HEADED FIBULA. 5T Fig. II. Fibula from Raglev Park, Warwickshire. These scientific conclusions, when applied to Anglo-Saxon industrial art, lead to the supposition that the simple cruciform fibulae of the archaic type were introduced 52 ANGLO-SAXON FIBULA. into England at an earlier date than the square-headed fibulae. The latter, being less ancient, presumably represent more recent burials in those cemeteries in which the two styles are found. There can be no doubt that the cemeteries of Little Wilbra- ham and Barrington were used for a considerable period. It would be incorrect, therefore, to assume that these fibulae were peculiar to one district ; they belong rather to a special period,^ though certain archaeologists have shown that they are commoner in the Midland counties than elsewhere.^ All the Anglo-Saxon cemeteries have produced a few examples of the square- headed fibula, but this type is especially rare in the extreme north and in Kent. There are evident traces of an artistic influence of a purely local character. Thus there is a strong contrast between the fibulae of Chessell Down, drawings of which we have taken from the British Museum (pi. vii., figs. 2 and 6), and those from the Cambridgeshire cemeteries (pi. iii., figs, i, 3, and 4). The latter are more massive, and more fantastically irregular in their style of decoration. Some small specimens are represented (pi. vii., figs. 2 and 5) alongside of the larger fibulae. There are a few in existence, however, which are of exceptionally large dimensions, a remarkable example of which we give (natural size) at fig. t i. This extraordinary fibula of bronze gilt was found at Ragley Park, Warwick- shire.^ Two very similar brooches were discovered at Norton, Northamptonshire,* and at St. Nicholas, Warwick.^ Four fibulae in bronze gilt," belonging to the same category, were found, amongst many others, in the cemetery of Little Wilbraham. One of these four was exhumed from a grave which contained, in addition, eight beads, portions of two other fibulae, a pair of bronze girdle-pendants, a spear, a knife, an iron ring, and two finger-rings in silver.' Mr. Wylie mentions a large number of fibulae as coming from Fairford, but only two of them belong to the type under discussion. Mr. Wylie is of opinion that these fibulae, which he styles double fibulae,** marked the military rank, or social position, of the wearer." One of them was lying on the breast of a skeleton. ' " Saxon antiquities will be invested with a novel and higher interest if they should be found to carry in their form and character certain peculiarities which suggest earlier and later dates, and a diversity of parentage " (Roach Smith, Introduction to the Inventorium Sepulchrale, p. xii.) 2 Archceologia, vol. xliv., description of pi. xviii. ' "On an Anglo-Saxon Brooch found in Ragley Park," Archceologia, vol. xliv., pi. xviii. ■* Archceologia, vol. xli., pi. xxii. ^ Archceological Journal, vol. ix., p. 179. •^ Neville, Saxon Obsequies, pis. ii., v., vi., and x. ' Ibidem, p. 15. ^ Wylie, Fairford Graves, pis. ii. and iii. * Ibidem, p. 23. SQUARE-HEADED FIBULiE. 53 Similar fibulce have been found at Barrington ; one specimen, admirably gilt, and decorated in a most complicated and curious fashion, is in the collection of Mr. Conybeare.^ Another, from the same spot (pi. vii., fig. 3), was found on the left shoulder of a skeleton, together with two saucer-shaped or concave fibulae of bronze, which still preserved some traces of gilding. This rich grave also yielded an iron knife, a silver bracelet," and a few glass and amber beads scattered over the upper part of the body.' A skeleton discovered by Mr. Neville in the cemetery of Linton Heath, Cambridgeshire, bore on its left breast a fibula belonging to the class with which we are dealing. The grave contained a wooden bucket with bronze hoops, two large circular fibular, also of bronze, and one hundred and fourteen glass and amber beads, scattered irregularly over the clavicles.* Mr. Akerman, who has carefully examined this fibula, considers it far superior in execution to any other of its class. Archaeologists are generally of opinion that these fibulae were cast. The incised decoration, added after the casting, varied in every instance, imparting to each reproduction an artistic peculiarity which distinguished it from the original model. If this be so, we can understand why these fibulae, while resembling each other strongly in general outline, are never exactly alike. Mr. Akerman looks upon the Linton Heath fibula as a prototype, and its regularity of ornamentation and delicacy of workmanship seem to entitle it to this distinction. Mr. Akerman has no hesitation in comparing it with the Fairford fibulae.' To the same archaeologist we owe our acquaintance with the fibula from Billesdon, Leicestershire, now in the Leicester Museum. It is of an inferior quality of bronze, much used in Anglo-Saxon art-work. The surface was thinly plated with gold, and certain portions were decorated with a plating of silver, now almost entirely destroyed by oxidation. The ornamentation of this fibula is less fanciful than is usual with this type, but as a whole it is not devoid of interest." A recent purchase has enriched the British Museum with a splendid series of Anglo-Saxon objects from Kenninghall, Norfolk. This collection, of which no description has yet been published, includes three square-headed fibulae, one of which, by the kindness of Mr. Charles Read, we are enabled to reproduce (pi. vi., fig. 3). * Report Presented to the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, No. xxiii., pi. viii. Cambridge, 1883. ^ Bracelets are excessively rare in Anglo-Saxon graves. ' Collectanea Antigua, vol. vi., p. 159, and pi. xxxiii. * Archceological Journal, vol. xi., p. 95. " Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. xxxvii. * Ibidem, pi. xiv. 54 ANGLO-SAXON FIBULA. This example is interesting, as showing that the lower part of the square-headed fibula is not always lozenge-shaped, with a tendency to become cruciform. It is impossible to enumerate all the known specimens of the class to which the above-mentioned fibulae belong. We will only mention in addition the Sporle fibula^ in the Norwich Museum, six others found at Chessell Down" (pi. vii., figs. 2 and 6), and the fibula from Marston Hill, Warwickshire.^ CUPELLIFORM OR SAUCER SHAPEIJ FIBULA. Anglo-Saxon cemeteries have furnished an interesting series of fibulae which are specially characteristic, and which we look for in vain in the other European countries invaded by the Barbarians. These fibula; are confined to Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire, and Buckinghamshire.* As we see, they belong exclusively to the West Saxons, and they are specially interesting on the ground both of their execution and of their origin. Mr. Wright has found occasion, in dealing with these remarkable objects, to express his regret that the traces left by the Anglo-Saxons had not been more carefully studied. The circular form, concave like a saucer, has earned for these fibular in England the title of dish-shaped or saucei'- shaped^ — a name which very fairly describes their peculiarity, and which may be rendered in French concave, or cupelliforme. These fibulae are always of bronze or of copper. The edge is plain and undecorated, while the centre is ornamented with designs of an essentially Saxon character." A play of light was reflected from the polished border upon the glittering incised work in the centre, the decoration of which invariably consisted of rudely engraved outlines of the human face, or of animals, executed in the same style as the cruciform fibulae. Saucer-shaped fibulae may be divided into two categories, according to the method of manufacture. The first are cast in one piece, while the centre is decorated with incised work. ^ Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. xxxiv. ^ British Museum. ^ Archceologta, vol. xxx., pi. xiii. * Wright, T/ie Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, p. 483. — Mr. Roach Smith, in the preface to the Inventorium Sepulchrale (p. xiv), adds Berkshire. ' The period of Saxon graves containing circular concave fibute is from the fifth to the seventh century approximately. - * In every instance the iron acus is destroyed. CUPELLIFORM OR SAUCER-SHAPED FIBULA. 55 In the second category the ornamental portion consists of a thin plate of bronze gilt, which is applied by a further process. The added portion was probably decorated by hammer-work, the design differing in every specimen,' notwithstanding their general similarity of character. It was presumably soldered to the bronze, for there is no trace of rivets. The fibulae thus constructed in two portions are rarer than those with incised decoration in the solid bronze. The peculiar shape of these ornaments, and the fact that they were generally found in pairs, have led to the belief that they were scales, and Mr. Neville, who bought, at the Stowe sale, some fibulee found at Ashenden, mentions that they were described in the catalogue as antique scales.^ There is, however, no foundation for this idea. Among the saucer-shaped fibular from the cemetery of Fairford, Gloucestershire, we must refer specially to one, the decoration of which is quite exceptional.^ The design is in the form of a wheel, surrounded by an interlaced border, while between each radial line is a T-shaped ornament. This style of decoration is thoroughly characteristic of the Anglo-Saxons. Mr. Miintz has recognised it in their manuscripts,* and it has also been found on ornaments older than, or contemporaneous with, these manuscripts. Interlaced ornament was employed by all the Barbarian tribes, but the T, as a decorative motive, is confined exclusively to the Anglo-Saxons. Its introduction in their goldsmiths' work may be the result of a special artistic inspiration, or of individual taste, or it may be due to their inability to give a proper rendering of the features of the human face. Though it is difficult to give a decided opinion as to its origin, it must be noted that the T-shaped decoration is common to their goldsmiths and their scribes. The ever-perplexing study of the arts, as practised by the various Barbarian nations, demands the grouping together of the characteristics common to all the Germanic tribes ; but at the same time the features peculiar to certain nationalities are of equal importance. Mr. Akerman is of opinion that this form of decoration still requires explanation ; but an examination of the Fairford fibula ' suggests the thought that it was intended to convey an idea of the principal lines of the human face. The question lies rather within the province of a numismatist familiar with the ^ Foster, Account of the Excavation of an Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Barrington, p. i o. - These fibuht are illustrated by Akerman in his Remains of Pagan Saxondom, and by Wright in The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon. * Fairford Graves, pi. iii., fig. 4. * M\)M.z, Etudes Iconographiques et ArchcologiqUes, i" Sdrie. Paris, 1887. * Engraved in Archoeologia, vol. xxxiv., pi. xx. 56 ANGLO-SAXON FIBULA. debased artistic types observable in the ancient coins of Barbarian or semi- Barbarian states.' This very design, for instance, is found on coins of Mercia dating back to a period prior to that of the similarly decorated fibula;. The ornament resembling a T seems to be a rudimentary representation of the human face. The two branches of the T curve inwards, each underlined, as a rule, by a circle or a point. In some cases the base of the T ends in a bar,^ or a lozenge- shaped ornament,^ rudely suggesting a mouth. These indications are crude and vague, but they lend a certain probability to the idea that it was an attempt to portray the human face.* In the rich series of fibulae found at Fairford specimens of this type of decoration can be seen in all stages of debasement. Rude outlines of the human face are the starting-point for a succession of modifications which end in the simple representation of the letter T. Anglo-Saxon scribes and jewellers alike have always shown them- FiG. 12. Coin of King Offa. selves inept, even incapable, when they attempted to portray the human features. The celebrated manuscript^ which has recently been placed in the national library is a sufficient proof of this. Certain capital letters, composed of interlaced ornament in the form of animals, ending in clumsy attempts at the human face, betray the same handiwork, and are on the same artistic level as the incised decoration forming the centre of several of the Fairford fibular. The style of ornamentation in these fibulae also permits the use of lattice-work " and spirals.' The celebrated cemetery of Fairford (Gloucestershire) has produced a consider- able number of concave fibulae. They include every style of decoration, from rudely ^ Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, description of pi. xix. ^ See the details of the elongated fibulae illustrated in Fairford Graves, pi. iii., fig. 2. ^ Ibidem, pi. iii., fig. 5. * The T-shaped ornament is, not improbably, a variant of the Thor's hammer before referred to, in which case the simpler forms would be the older, and those approaching more nearly to the outlines of the human face would be the later and the degraded forms. — Translator. ^ An Hiberno-Saxon Manuscript, copied by Holcundus, attributed to the eighth century. 8 Fairford Graves, p. 16, pi. iii., fig. 4. ' Ibidem, p. 14, pi. v., fig. 3- ■ CUPELLIFORM OR SAUCER-SHAPED FIBULiE. 57 executed human heads, bordered by different designs, up to varied combinations of geometrical figures and gracefully entwined spirals. The learned explorer of the Fairford cemetery recognises the necessity of seeking, in each locality, the predominant type of arms and ornaments ; and, indeed, this is the most efficacious method of arriving at a knowledge of special tribal characteristics. The invaders, whether known as Angles, Saxons, or Jutes, were, in reality, an amalgamation of many tribes, associated only for the purpose of ensuring a successful issue to their incursions, and of sharing the spoils. It is therefore by no means unusual to observe, either in arms or ornaments, often in both, a preponder- ance of a special type in one locality, as compared with similar objects found elsewhere. At Fairford, for instance, the fibulee discovered in the graves of persons of high rank are, as a rule, of the saucer-shaped class. They were always found in pairs, generally one on each breast, but occasionally both were worn on the same side.* English archaeologists have been unable hitherto to assign the Fairford cemetery to any tribe with certainty. Some consider it to be Saxon, while others attribute it to the Angles of Mercia.^ Mr. Wylie mentions that the saucer-shaped fibulae were found indifferently in the graves of men ' and women."* One of the fibulae figured on page 5.8 (fig. 14), the centre of which is decorated with a star, came from the grave of a male, and is one of a pair, which were worn one on each breast. This grave contained, in addi- tion, an amber bead of large size, placed near the hips, a large number of small beads in amber and glass scattered over the body, and an iron dagger-blade, while a very interesting vase, of yellow glass, had been placed near the skull. The other fibula (fig. 13), which is in excellent preservation, and admirably gilt, was one of a pair found with a female skeleton. The use of the spiral in decoration is very rare in Anglo-Saxon art. Mention ' Wylie, Fairford Graves, p. 23. 2 "Whether the Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Fairford is to be ascribed to the West Sexe, or to the Angles of Mercia, may be questioned ; and it is possible it may have been used by both people in succes- sion. The antiquarian evidence, however, seems to us in favour of its Mercian attribution, and of its belonging to the Pagan period. Christianity had been introduced into Wessex in 635, and finally esta- blished in that kingdom in 646 a.d. The conversion of Mercia was at a somewhat later period. In 653, two years before the death of Fenda, Peada his son had been baptized, and Christianity was first preached among the Mercians, under Diuma, the Scot, who in 655 became their first bishop. Twenty-five years, however, elapsed before the Mercian kingdom, under ^-Ethelred in 680, was divided into five dioceses, of which the sub-kingdom of the Hwiccas, with its see at AV'orcester, formed one. During the whole of this period Christianity was doubtless spreading more and more among the people ; but many pagan customs certainly survived" {Crania Britannica, "On an Anglo-Saxon Skull from Fairford"). * Wylie, Fairford Gracves, p. 16. * Ibidem, p. 14. 6 58 ANGLO-SAXON FIBULAE. should be made, however, of a fibula from Brighthampton,^ Oxfordshire (pi. viii., fig. 4), ornamented with spirals similar to those referred to above. Mr. Wylie notes also certain fibulae decorated with grotesque faces, and designs which resemble characters in Oriental writing.^ Mr. Akerman illustrates nine saucer-shaped fibulce from Fairford.* He states that they appear to have been silvered at the back, where the acus was affixed. The gilding of the front portions is executed with extreme care, and is exceedingly well-preserved, owing to the hollow form of these ornaments. Fig. 13. Fig. 14. FlEULiE FROM FaIRFORD, GLOUCESTERSHIRE. We have said that all the Fairford fibulse were placed on or near the breast. This custom is apparendy peculiar to the locality, for at Harnham ^ and other Anglo- Saxon cemeteries they were placed above the shoulders, of which fact additional proof is afforded by the presence of traces of oxide of copper on the clavicles. ANNULAR FIBULA. Several groups of circular fibulse have been noted in the districts to the north of Kent. There exists another type, though comparatively an unimportant one, to 1 Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. ^ Fairford Graves, p. 15, pi. iii., figs. 2 and 5. ^ Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. xix. * Archceologia, vol. xxxv., pi. xii. ANNULAR FIBULiE. . 59 which but little attention has been given hitherto. These fibulre, which are generally of a very simple character, are called by some archaeologists annular. They consist of a bronze ring, usually flat, the centre of which was filled by the folds of the dress, while the acus crossed the whole width of the brooch. The ring generally formed a complete circle, but in a few exceptional cases it consisted of a curved metal rod, the extremities of which received some slight decoration. Plate ix., which is devoted to annular fibula;, reproduces specimens of the simplest, together with some of the most elaborate type. The care brought to bear on the manufacture and decoration of these latter shows that this form of ornament had been adopted by the richer class. The copies or imitations of the modest bronze brooches, executed in precious metals, adorned with incised work, with filigree, and Fig. 15. Fibula from Livonia, Russia. sometimes even with substances of great rarity (pi. ix., figs. 5 and 8), prove conclu- sively that annular fibulae were not worn only by the poor. Observant English archaeologists have remarked that the penannular fibula is unknown in Prankish barrows.' A few specimens, however, have been taken from certain cemeteries in Livonia (Russia), two examples of which, borrowed from the work of M. Bahr,- we here reproduce. From the Fairford cemetery come eight fibulae of this type, in bronze, bronze plated with tin, white metal and silver. Two of these are given in pi. ix., figs, 3 and 4. The first is one of a pair found on the same skeleton. In all these specimens the decoration is of the simplest character.^ ' Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, description of pi. xviii. M. F. Moreau, however, figures a fibula of this kind, coming from Sablonni^re, Aisne, under the following title, " Fibule en Bronze, dite Affique," Album Caranda, pi. i., fig. 16. * J. K. Bahr, Die Griiber der Liven, Taf. viii. Dresden, 1850. ^ Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. xxx., figs, i to 8. — Wylie, Fairford Graves, pi. vi. figs. 5 and 6. 6o ANGLO-SAXON FIBULAE. The cemetery of Little Wilbraham (Cambridgeshire), which we have so often had occasion to mention, produced twelve annular fibulce, forming six pairs, generally without ornament, and all of bronze (pi. ix., figs. 7 and 9). In two cases the iron acus was still intact. Among fibulae of this type, which are remarkable for their simplicity, must be placed those from Rugby, Warwickshire (pi. ix., figs, i and 6). The first of these (fig. i), an incomplete circlet formed by the bending of a metal rod, is very similar in character to the two Livonian specimens from the British Museum to which we have referred above. The second (fig. 6) is very clumsy in execution, and may be compared with the Stowe Heath fibula^ (pi. ix., fig. 2). The majority of the bronze annular fibulae are characterised by this excessive simplicity. Those manufactured of the precious metals, and elaborately decorated, are very much rarer. Mr. Akerman reproduces two specimens of the latter type, the decoration of which obviously owes its existence to the artistic inspiration of the Kentish artificers. The first, the source of which is unknown, is a remarkable example of goldsmiths' work, and excels all known specimens in delicacy and finish. The gold plate, is covered with filigree work, with the S decoration constantly repeated. The cloisons, which stand out from the surface, contain slabs of garnet and opaque stones of a greenish colour. The second fibula (pi. ix., fig. 5) is larger. When discovered the iron acus was still in existence, and traces of it are shown in a contemporary engraving of small merit.^ This ornament, together with some human remains, was found by a labourer in a gravel pit between Husband's Bosworth, Leicestershire, and Welford, Northamptonshire. It consists of a circular plate of silver, to which are affixed two plates of gold, with filigree decoration; united by loops of gold wire. On these two semicircular plates four ivory bosses are inserted in sockets, with cable pattern borders,^ and in the centre of each boss is set a thin circular garnet.'' Somewhat similar to the specimen above described is a fibula from Harrington, Cambridgeshire, formed of a thin silver disc, with a circular perforation in the centre. The acus is lost, but it is plain that it crossed the centre of the fibula vertically. On the upper surface of the disc is a series of very slight indentations, forming three concentric circles. This fibula, in all its essential characteristics, ^ Collectanea Antigua, vol. ii., pi. xli. ^ Gentleman' s Magazine, 181 5 ' These bosses are very similar to those of the circular fibulce peculiar to Kent. See pi. x * Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom. ANNULAR FIBUL/E. 6i recalls the circular brooches found at Chavenage (Gloucestershire)/ It has four buttons, irregularly placed, each composed of a round carbuncle, surrounded by a beaded border.- Lastly, we must mention the fibula found at Stamford, Lincolnshire (pi. ix., fig. 8). This trinket is in white metal, gilt, and in perfect preservation. It is decorated with four stones resembling carbuncles, and the upper surface is covered with interlaced work of the most irregular character. The back is entirely devoid of decoration.' There are a few other fibular which form a variety of this type. In this group Fig. i6. Fibula from Sleaford, Lincolnshire. the central space, which is left open in the true annular fibulae, is occupied by a cross paUe, or with equal arms, cut out in the metal. Several specimens were found at Little Wilbraham* and Sleaford,' of which we reproduce one of the latter, from the British Museum collection. A similar fibula was discovered at Islip," Oxfordshire. ' Engraved in \\\& Journal of the Archceological Association, vol. iv., p. 51, figs. 2 and 3. * Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, 1870, vol. v., series ii., p. 14. ^ Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. xii., p. 26. * Neville, Saxon Obsequies, pi. iii., figs. 3 and 116. * G. W. Thomas, "Excavations in an Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Sleaford," Archaologia, vol. !., p. 12, No. 95. ' Proceedings of the Antiquarian Society, 2nd series, vol. ix., p. 90. 62 ANGLO-SAXON FIBULiE. KENTISH CIRCULAR FIBULA. All the efforts of archaeological research have not as yet produced in any one country a collection of fibulae to be compared with the productions of Anglo-Saxon art. We have still to describe the circular fibulae discovered in the cemeteries of Kent, to which county and the Isle of Wight they are almost exclusively confined. There is indeed no difference of opinion as to their rarity in other parts of England.^ The preponderance of these highly artistic ornaments in certain cemeteries is very marked. Many of them are extremely tasteful in design and decoration, and give evidence of the most careful workmanship. They are a standing proof of the falsity of the theory taught in English schools, that there was no Anglo-Saxon civilisation. The costume worn by the nations of classic antiquity is revealed to us, in its minutest details, by ancient writers, mummies, sculptures, and frescoes. On the other hand, we have no such sources of information with regard to the Anglo- Saxons, and must look to the remains exhumed from their graves as the only means by which we can obtain a fairly true insight into their customs.^ The writers of the Roman decadence often mention golden fibulae, set with precious stones.^ Spartianus, a writer of the time of Diocletian, deplores the ever- increasing love of gorgeous jewellery, and regrets the simplicity of the tunics of Hadrian. He records with delight the disdain of that prince for showy ornaments.* Pollio Trebellius represents Gallienus as steeped in luxury, and adorning his person with fibulae set with glittering gems.'"' Vopiscus, discussing the effeminate habits of Carinus, refers in like manner to his habit of wearing jewellery of a similar character." No indication is given in these ancient authors of the origin of this fashion, but enough is said to show that these sumptuous ornaments were not products of Roman art, Pollio Trebellius, indeed, mentions a fact which clearly establishes their foreign origin. He relates that Claudius the Goth, before his accession to the throne, wrote to Regillianus in Illyria, asking him to send him some Sarmatian bows, * Wright, The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, p. 478. ^ Roach Smith, Introduction to the Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon A?itiquities from Faversham, p. xiii. 2 All the Kentish circular fibulae are decorated with precious stones or with glass. * "Sine gemmis fibulas stringeret" (Spartianus, In Hadriano). ^ " Cum chlamyde purpurea, gemmatisque fibulis et aureis visus est ... . gemmato balteo usus est caligas gemmatas annexuit " (Pollio Trebellius, In Ga/l/eno). ' " Habuit gemmas in calceis : nisi gemmata fibula usus non est " (Vopiscus, In Carina). KENTISH CIRCULAR FIBULiE. 63 and two cloaks with their fibulae.' It is plain that the reference here was to orna- ments in use in the province where Regillianus commanded. We know nothing of the form and style of manufacture of these fibula;, though they were undoubtedly different from those usually worn in the later days of the Empire. It is fair to presume, however, that the art of Byzantium had influenced, to some extent, the productions of the Teutonic tribes ; but it is at least as certain that the Romans had borrowed certain customs and certain artistic ideas from their tributaries.' Contact with the Barbarians undoubtedly exercised some influence on the goldsmiths' work of the Romans, and even if this were a contested point, it is certain that jewels of Barbarian origin were worn by personages of the highest rank. The poet Corippus thus describes the dress of Justinus 11. : "A purple robe, flowing from the shoulders, drapes the person of Ca.-sar. It is fastened by the pin of a fibula, the chains of which are glittering with precious stones, a trophy of his victory over the Goths." ^ Mr. Roach Smith, in several of his works, compares the circular fibula; of Kent to the brooches of similar character found in Frankish cemeteries.* The Kentish ornaments, however, are sufficiently different in decoration and execution from those of the Continent for us to recognise in them an original style which, at that period, had no counterpart among other nations. By way of illustrating this difference we give a drawing of a circular fibula (pi. x., fig. 9), reputed to be a Frankish importation into England, and found in Kent in company with other fibula; of the same shape. It is in silver, set with slabs of garnet, and was exhumed at Faversham. In this locality, at Chessel Down, and in other places, intercourse with the Franks is shown only by importations of this nature. It seems probable that the circular fibulae of Kent are of local manufacture; though Mr. Roach Smith does not consider that the fact is conclusively proved.* Mr. Smith asks, whether these precious ornaments were made in the country inhabited by the Saxons, or were simply imported, and, in the latter case, whence did they come.""' He has not ventured on a decided answer, but he leans to the opinion that England could as well produce these remarkable fibulae as other Saxon objects which are incontestably of native origin. ' " Arcus sarmaticos et duo saga ad me velim mittas, sed fibulatoria " (PoUio Trebellius, In Regilliano). * Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, description of the Abingdon fibula in pi. iii. ' Corippus, De Laudibus Justini Minoris, lib. ii., 118. •* Roach Smith, Introduction to the Inventorium Sepulchrak. * Roach Smith, Introduction to the Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Antiquities in the South Kensington Museum, pp. xivf xv. * Roach Smith, Introduction to the Inventorium Sepulchrak, p. xxiii. 64 ANGLO-SAXON FIBULA. Mr. Akerman is more decided in his view/ The magnificence of their gold- smiths' work proves, he thinks, that the Saxons, long before their conversion to Christianity, were already remarkably expert in the manufacture of these ornaments. The goldsmiths' craft was held in high esteem by all the Teutonic tribes. With the Burgundians, the blood money to be paid for the murder of a slave who was a worker in gold was more than was demanded for a freedman of ordinary rank.^ The Anglo-Saxon poem which dilates on the various stations in life, and the special capacities required for them, lays particular stress on the privileged position occupied by the goldsmith ; ^ nor are the interesting details there set forth to be regarded only as an effort of the poetic imagination. King Edgard, for instance, granted lands in perpetuity by special Charter to yElfsige, his goldsmith.* The inscription found on a stone at Vieux (Calvados) '' enumerates, amongst the objects sent from Britain to Gaul as presents, a gold fibula set with precious stones.*^ We have here documentary evidence of the existence of a school of goldsmiths in Great Britain.^ M. Odobesco, who has made a special study of these questions, is disposed to consider the cloisonne jewellery of Kent as the production of a local industry, originating in the special art to which all branches of the Gothic race appear to have devoted themselves from their earliest appearance in Europe. Circular fibulae seem to have been especially feminine ornaments, and to have been worn on the bosom.** Mr. Roach Smith compares them to a similar ' Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, description of pi. xxix. 2 " Qui aurificem lectum occiderit, cl, sol. solvat " {Legis Burgiindionum, tit. x., c. 3).—" Si quis aliquem in populo nostro mediocrem c, pro minore persona, Ixxv. solidis prsecipimus numerare " {Ibid., tit. ii., c. 2). — " Faber, aurifex aut spatarius qui publice probati sunt, si occidantur quadraginta solidos componatur. Si aurifex fuerit, quinquaginta solidos componatur" {Ibid., cap. add. 44). — Compare Leg. Anglorum et Werinoruiii, tit. v., cap. 20. ° " For one of wondrous gift A goldsmith's art Is provided; Full oft he decorates. And well adorns A powerful king's noble, ^ And he to him gives broad Land in recompense." Codex Exoniensis, Collection of Anglo-Saxon poetry. Manuscript in the library of the Dean of Exeter, with translation by Mr. Thorpe. Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London, p. 331, 1842. * Registrum Wiltunense, p. 42. ® Collectanea Antigua, vol. iii., p. 95. " " Fibula aurea cum gemmis." "^ Roach Smith, Introduction to the Jnventorium Sepulchrale. ' Wright, The Celt, the Ro7nan, and the Saxon. KENTISH CIRCULAR FIBULiE. 65 jewel represented on the statue of a Roman lady, which is preserved at Mayence,' and concludes that we must seek the influence of the Romans in the art-work of the Anglo-Saxons.^ This opinion is characteristic of a school which would find the source of Barbarian industries in Romano-Byzantine art. It is true that their common origin must occasionally render it difficult to discriminate between them, but the two currents, which had their starting-point in the East, have widened out under opposite influences and amid different surroundings, and have retained complete independence of each other. Is it not logical to conclude that Eastern conceptions would be understood and applied in a different sense by the inhabitants of the North ? How can we expect to find an identical development of the same art among the Barbarians, endowed with all the vigour of a new race, and the effete Graeco-Romans of the later Empire .'** Douglas, in his Nenia Britannica, has furnished us with some very valuable information in his notes on the Heppington (Kent) fibula. He considers that the various discoveries of these fibulae in the Kentish barrows prove that these ornaments were exclusively worn by womea This view is confirmed by an ancient statue of Queen Ultragotha, wife of King Childebert,'* in which the neck of the Queen is adorned with a fibula almost identical in dimensions with the circular specimen found at Heppington, near Canterbury. The fibula occupied the same position both in the statue and on the skeleton, and Douglas concludes that it was used to fasten the under garment (subucula) at the neck. The mortuary furniture of Heppington is attributed to the second half of the sixth century.** F"aussett's excavations, again, afford very strong evidence that these circular fibulai are found almost exclusively in the graves of women." Mr. Roach Smith divides them into three categories. The first consists of brooches formed of two plates, placed one on the other. The upper surface is divided into cells, prepared to receive slabs of jewels or glass ; the acus is fixed at the back. These fibulae are the richest, and also the rarest productions of Anglo- Saxon art. We shall pay special attention to them when we come to deal with cloisonne jewellery in England. ' Collectanea Antigua, vol. ii., pi. xxx. * Roach Smith, Anglo-Saxon Antiquities front Faversham, section ii., "Ornaments," p. xiii. ' " If the art of the Barbarians resembles in any sense that of the Byzantium of Justinian, the fact must be explained by community of origin rather than by any direct bond of dependence " (Salomon Reinach, Catalogue du Musk des Antiquites Nationales, p. 182). * This statue was on the old tower of the church of St. Germain des Pres, in Paris. According to Montfaucon, this church was founded by Childebert in 541. * Douglas, Nenia Britannica, pi. x. * See the Inventorium Sepulchrale \ Kingston Down, Nos. 161, 205, 299; Gilton, Nos. 19, 42, 87; Sibertswold, No. loi. 66 ANGLO-SAXON FIBUL.E. The second class is more common (pi. x., figs, i, 2, 4, 5, and 8). The principal part is a slightly concave disc of bronze or silver, into which is fitted another disc of gold, divided into cells. The latter is covered with geometrical figures, stars, and buttons, which vary in number in different specimens (pi. x., figs. I and 2). Fibuke of the third category are considerably simpler in character, and very abundant. The fibula is composed of a single metallic disc, ornamented with incised work, and set with stones (pi. x., figs. 3, 6, and 7). From both the first and the second classes we should obtain much valuable assistance in the study of cloisonnd jewellery. We shall, however, deal with the two last divisions in this place, reserving the first only for discussion under the head of the cloisonne work of Kent. Plate X., fig. I, represents a fibula in silver, with a gold plate decorated with filigree work and garnets, from Sibertswold, This specimen belongs to the second category of circular fibula;. It was found near the neck of the skeleton, together with seventeen amethysts, the barrow containing, in addition, only one large bead, twenty-four smaller, and an ivory hair-pin.^ Plate x., fig. 2, is borrowed from Douglas' work,'-' and represents a fibula formerly in Faussett's collection. The foundation of this ornament is in silver, covered with a plaque of gold, decorated with filigree-work. It is further ornamented with four hemispheres of mother-o'-pearl, one of which forms the central point of the brooch. Each of these bosses is surmounted by a garnet on gold foil. From the central boss radiate three triangles, set with slabs of garnets, at the apex of each of which is a circular garnet. In order to give a more distinct idea of the class of ornament we will further mention a specimen from Chartham Down, which we also take from Douglas' book.^ This fibula, like those above described, consists of a thick plate of silver, to which is fitted a smaller plate of gold, which is thus bordered by the silver. All these fibula; have a more or less regularly beaded border, and are surrounded by a band decorated with niello in zigzags. The Chartham Down fibula is also ornamented with ivory buttons, to the number of five, the centre one being surrounded by garnets set in the gold. Each point of the central star is formed of precious stones, and terminates in a triangular piece of lapis lazuli. Fig. 5, pi. X., differs in some points of composition from the preceding specimen, but the general idea is the same. In this piece, found at Wingham, near Sandwich, a disc of bronze is covered by a gold plaque, decorated with filigree. 1 Faussett, Inventorium Sepulchrak, p. 118, No. 10 1, and pi. ii., fig. 6. ^ Douglas, Nenia Britannica, pi. xxi., fig. 9, and p. 87. ^ Ibidem, pi. v., fig. i. KENTISH CIRCULAR FIBULA. 67 In the centre is a four- pointed star of cloisonnd in coloured glass, garnets, and blue enamel, the last named in very bad preservation. Between each of the points is a stud inlaid in a circular plate of red glass. The central stud alone is ornamented with an uncut garnet.' In the fibula from Ash (pi. x., fig. 8) the foundation is an alloy of silver, to which are affixed thin plates of gold. The centre consists of a very prominent ivor)' boss, surrounded by a cable-pattern ornament in silver. Garnets .set in the gold, alternating with ivory buttons, and separated by S-shaped mouldings in relief in gold, compose the rest of the decoration.^ The number of fibula; belonging to the second category is considerable. Douglas enumerates thirteen examples found in Kent ; Faussett mentions several Fig. 17. Fibula from Faversham (Kent). Others, recorded by Mr. Mayer, in the Inventorium Sepulchrale, and since that time discoveries have been so numerous that it would be impossible to give a correct list. The third category, consisting of fibulae made in one piece, is represented by figs. 3, 6, and 7 of pi. x. Fig. 3 is from the grave of a female at Gilton. It is of silver, ornamented with garnets set round a semi-spherical ivory boss, as is usual with this class, while between the stones is incised work, gilt.^ The other two examples engraved (pi. x., figs. 6 and 7) come from Chatham * and Faversham * respectively. The latter place has furnished another specimen, which we reproduce here (fig. 17). ^ Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. xi., fig. i. * Douglas, Nenia Britannica, pi. ix., fig. 2. ^ Faussett, Inventorium Sepulchrale, p. 16, and pi. ii., fig. 7. * Douglas, Nenia Britannica, pi. viii. ' South Kensington Museum. 68 ANGLO-SAXON FIBULA. The third category is very largely represented in the Gibbs collection at the South Kensington Museum. Several examples also are figured in the Inventorium Sepulchrale^ and in Archceologia Cantiana. CLOISONNE JEWELLERY IN ENGLAND. When Europe, invaded by the Barbarians, was freed from the Roman yoke, there dawned the era of a new type of goldsmiths' work ; ^ classic art disappeared with great rapidity, or underwent a most violent and radical transformation.^ The path of the migratory tribes can be traced throughout its length by discoveries of their artistic productions. The process, till then unknown, by which a metallic basis was covered with precious stones or other hard material, set in cloisons of various designs, superseded the Roman method of enamelling. Both styles had the same object in view, namely, to enhance the brilliancy of the metal by the aid of varying colours. To obtain this result the Barbarians had recourse to artistic methods which were in harmony with their tastes, thereby bringing about a complete change in the style of their trinkets. Stones, either uncut or in slabs, set in the gold, or contained in delicate cloisons, replaced polychromatic enamels applied to the metal by various processes. The most distinguished savants have attempted to explain the reason of this almost universal revolution, and several remarkable works have been published on the subject. In all probability this class of ornament is Scythian in its origin. At least it is the Scythian tribes who aided its development, and secured its lasting predominance. The cloisonnd style thus adopted by the Gothic nations during the early centuries of the Christian era permeated all the countries of Europe. Under their influence it spread over the Continent from Novotcherkask in Russia to Petrossa in Roumania, thence to Kalocsa in Hungary, St. Moritz in Switzerland, Monza in Lombardy, Ravenna in Romagna, Charnay in Burgundy, Pouan in Champagne, Tournay in Belgium, Envermeu in Normandy ; to Kent, to Gourdon in Aquitaine, to Guarrazar and Oviedo in Spain, and to many other places in 1 Plates ii. and iii. 2 " This class of goldsmiths' work is remarkable, among other special characteristics, for the employ- ment of garnets, tabulated, lamellated, or occasionally uncut, sometimes simply set in the metal, some- ' times disposed in symmetrical patterns, either in a bezel or in very delicate cloiso?ine" {De Lasteyrie EOrfcvrerie, p. 67. Paris, 1877). ' A revolution alike moral, legal, and political signalises the epoch of the escape of Europe from the Western Empire. Radical in its effects on the people, it could not fail to be so also in their art. CLOISONNE JEWELLERY IN ENGLAND. 69 Germany and Scandinavia. The East can justly claim in all these localities that she is the mother of their art.' We may not have long to wait for proof that at a very early period invaders from the North introduced into many provinces of Central and Western Europe the taste for ornaments which are entirely Eastern in conception. This cloisonne work is, in our opinion, the first resthetic manifestation of the Gothic nations. It is idle to seek its origin in the degradation and decrepitude of the classic art of Greece and Rome ; still less can it be considered as directly borrowed from the civilised nations of the East. It is more reasonable to regard it as the adoption and improvement of a distinctive art, practised through long ages by the Barbarian tribes.* We cannot believe that these Northern races, with all the vigour of a young nation, but without artistic traditions, adopted slavishly, during their long sojourn at the gates of Asia, an art whose canons were already fixed and definite. It is at least certain that they did not copy the precious objects which were the fruit of their plundering raids on the nations of the East. These Barbarians, under the softening influence of contact with the civilised peoples of Persia, India, and Egypt, who already occupied a recognised position in the domain of art, created an industry peculiar to themselves, and utilised to that end the gold of the Rhiphaean mountains, and the precious stones of Persia and the neighbouring countries. These are the constituent elements of this sumptuous art, which was destined, in its later developments, to assume such import- ance. Its peculiarities are due not only to local influences, but also to the initiative of the Scythian goldsmiths, who, drawing their inspiration alike from the North, the South, and the extreme Orient, stamped all they touched with the mark of their own individuality. This cloisonnd work, set with precious stones in a kind of mosaic, and combined at times with the most delicate filigree, is sufficiently charac- teristic to be remarkable in every country where it has left traces. Its technique and its constituent elements are easily recognisable. Ornaments of this nature found in Barbarian cemeteries reach the highest point of luxury and refinement, and indicate the graves of the wealthy. This sumptuous art, however, so favoured in the country of its birth by the abundance of the rich materials needed, must have lost much of its splendour as it wandered farther afield.^ The original idea, the style, the form, the processes of manufacture, survived for ' "The proof that this art, wrongly styled Merovingian or Germanic, is not of Western origin, is found in the fact that it left its traces in the valley of the Danube and in Hungary long before it became common in Gaul" (Reinach, Catalogue du Musce de St. Germain, p. 182). * Odobesco, Antiquites Scythiques, chap. vi. Bucharest, 1879. ' " If the Goths, in this period of their power, used massive gold only . . . they were forced later to abandon this extravagance " (Henslmann, ^tude de FArt Gothique). JO ANGLO-SAXON F1BUL.E. centuries, notwithstanding wars and migrations, but the raw material brought originally from the East became more and more scarce. Massive gold ^ was replaced by thin metal plates, often attached to a bed of mastic, which represented approximately the weight of the metal original. To garnets, turquoises, and other precious stones succeeded glass," coloured to deceive the eye. The work of the Barbarian goldsmiths passed through these successive modifications, during the various stages of their wan- derings, before their arrival on the Western confines of Europe ; but the changes were limited to the material employed, and did not touch the style or the processes of manufacture. While perpetuating its original characteristics, and retaining its essential unity of type, the cloisonne spread over widely distant regions, and adopted here and there certain local peculiarities. It penetrated as far west as Kent and the Isle of Wight, where it became localised, and assumed a special character. These two localities form the extreme limits of the geographical area in which these ornaments are found. We may ask how it is that this jewellery, adopted and preserved with obvious care by the inhabit- ants of Kent, has been kept within these limits, has never become common, and has never penetrated into the other portions of Great Britain invaded by the Saxons.^ Archaeology sets us here a problem in ethnology of the most interesting nature, the solution of which demands the closest investigation. Numerous discoveries attest the great development of cloisonne in Kent, where the Anglo-Saxon goldsmiths produced those splendid ornaments so thoroughly repre- sentative of the art. We may therefore reasonably investigate the technique of the Kent cloisonne, shown in its most characteristic form in the circular fibulae of Kingston,* Abingdon,'' and Sittingbourne," which, with some few other pieces, form the finest collection of ornaments of this type. These remarkable specimens are the highest expression of the art of cloisonne ; Anglo-Saxon workmen, at least, have never produced anything superior to them. We have stated above that Mr. Roach Smith placed these brooches in the first category of Kentish circular fibulae.' ^ Proceedings of the Congress of Buda Pesth, p. 527. 2 Ibidem. 3 Mr. Wright mentions, as an exception, a fibula found at Sutton, near Woodbridge, Suffolk. It is illustrated in the Archceological Album. * Inventorium Sepulchrah, pi. i. ^ Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. iii. — Archaological Journal, vol iv., p. 253. — Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. — The two Abingdon fibulae, one of which is preserved in London, the other at Oxford, are very similar. " Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. xxix., fig. 5. ' This category is the least numerous of the three. M CLOISONNE JEWELLERY IN ENGLAND. 71 They are composed of two plates of metal, placed one upon the other, and joined by a band of the thickness of the jewel. The acus is fixed at the back, and the front of the ornament is entirely covered with cloisonnd work,^ When the Eastern Goths spread over Central and Western Europe, they intro- duced cloisonnd work among all the Germanic races — Alemanni, Franks, Saxons, etc. This art, of which they were the founders, necessarily underwent certain Fig. i8. Back and Side View of the Kingston Fibula. modifications, according to the tastes, the material resources, and the distribution of these various nations. The style, at first thoroughly Eastern, and among the primitive Goths very ornate in form and in composition, gradually lost its strength and brilliancy, and when it reached England had arrived at its smallest dimensions.^ The process, however, remained unaltered. In Kent the cloisonne work is on a ^ Roach Smith, Introduction to the Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Anticpiities from Faversham. * The small size of the cloisons has been noticed, in the case of the Sittingbourne and Abingdon fibulae, by Mr. Akerman in his description of pis. iii. and xxix. of the Remains of Pagan Saxondom. 72 ANGLO-SAXON FIBULA. very small scale, and the materials employed of little value ; while the general effect is much less striking than in the Gothic ornaments of the South. It is very improbable that the Jutes were the introducers of cloisonne work into Great Britain, for they could not have learnt it from the Gothic nations of the North. We are in full agreement with the opinion expressed by M. Odobesco, that the Eastern Goths ^ alone have handed on the knowledge of cloisonnd work to the inhabitants of the North and West The Kentish ornaments are characterised by remarkable regularity and symmetry of design. Concentric circles of decreasing diameter^ contain cells of various shapes, fitted into one another with the greatest precision. The general scheme of decoration invariably takes the form of a more or less simple geometrical figure, resulting from the regular combination of these compartments. But it is not only in style that the cloisonnd of Kent resembles the numerous analogous productions found scattered over Europe ; the materials themselves, garnets,^ lapis lazuli,^ ivory,'* mother-o'-pearl," turquoises,' and rubies,** are of Eastern origin. Thus the discoveries of archaeology attest the importation of an Eastern industry into England, though the ancient texts are silent as to the existence of any intercourse between the Goths of the East and the inhabitants of Kent. Towards the end of the last century Douglas, studying the magnificent fibula from Heppington, Canterbury," was driven to look to the East for its origin. He recognised in this brooch all the characteristics of a Persico-Gothic style much appreciated in the Western Empire, and concluded that all these fibulae were im- portations, the result of invasion or of commerce.*" Since Douglas' period Anglo- Saxon archaeology has made notable strides, but his conclusions have not in any degree lost their interest. Minute descriptions of these magnificent ornaments have been given by various ^ The Goths who issued from Russia are the only tribe, among their Barbarian contemporaries who have given proof of any artistic taste. " In the Kingston fibula there are seven circles, divided into compartments, some containing filigree and others slabs of precious stones. ^ Nearly all the circular fibulae of Kent are ornamented with garnets, or with coloured glass, in imitation of those stones. M. Henslmann has remarked that the Goths had a very strong predilection for red stones. — International Congress of Buda Festh, p. 527. * Sittingbourne fibula. — Archaological Index, pi. xvi., and Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. xxix. — Archceological Album, pi. ii. — Collectanea Antiqua, vol. i., pi. xxxvi. ^ Fibulce from Sittingbourne, Abingdon, and other places too numerous to mention here. ^ Fibula from Kingston Down. — Inventorium Sepulchrak, pi. i., and p. 77. ^ Fibulie from Kingston Down, and from Minster, Kent. * Wright, The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon. '^ Douglas, Nenia Britannica, 1793. I*' Ibidem. v CLOISONNE JEWELLERY IN ENGLAND. 73 English writers, to whose works we must refer the reader, in order to avoid lengthy and unnecessary repetition. We cannot, however, pass over one special peculiarity of the Kingston fibula, which belongs to the very highest type of cloisonne jewellery. On the back of the brooch is a projection, intended to catch the point of the acus, in the form of a grotesque animal's head, the eyes, nostrils, and neck of which are decorated with filigree work ' (fig. 18). The same idea is seen in the splendid fibular of Wittislingen ^ and Nordendorf." These heads of dragons and grotesque animals are generally indications of Gothic workmanship. ' Roach Smith, Introduction to the Inventoritnn Sepukhrak, p. xxii, 1856. ^ Lindenschmit, Die Alterthilmer . . . Band iv., Taf. xxiv. ' Lindenschmit, Handbuch der Deiitsdun Alterthumskunde, Taf. xx., 1886. CHATELAINES, OR GIRDLE-HANGERS. MONG the objects exhumed from Anglo-Saxon graves are certain bronze pieces, generally found in pairs near the waist of female skeletons.^ Anglo-Saxon ladies wore a very complicated dress, richly and elegantly ornamented. These bronze objects, called by English archaeologists girdle-hangers, have attracted considerable attention. Nothing resem- bling them has been found in the cemeteries excavated on the Continent, nor has Kent furnished a single specimen. They belong, in fact, exclusively to the districts occupied by the Angles. Plate xi. is devoted to these objects, but we only give a very limited number, in order to be able to reproduce them the natural size. Besides, all the known specimens are similar in their general outlines ; it is only in the details that there is any variety. The shape of these objects at first suggested the idea that they might be keys ; but this view had soon to be abandoned, the bronze not being sufificiendy thick or strong for that purpose. Mr. Roach Smith, who took a great interest in these mysterious articles, is of opinion that they are girdle-pendants, serving the same purpose as the modern chatelaine. He compares them to certain triangular plates, in open-work bronze, found in Germany, at Sinsheim^ and Selzen.'' This comparison, however, would only be permissible if we could consider the German bronzes as mutilated specimens ; as a matter of fact they have retained their original shape. Similar ornaments have been found on the banks of the Rhine and in France, and it is quite impossible to attribute to them the same role as that of the Anglo-Saxon bronzes of which we are speaking. * Wright, The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, p. 491. — Roach Smith, Collectanea Antiqua, vol. v., P- 139- ''^ Jahresbericht an die Mitglieder der Gesellschaft von R. Wilhelmi, 1838. ^ Lindenschmit, Das Germanische Todtenlager bei Selzen, p. 25, 1848. — Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii. pi. Ivi., fig. 4- 74 CHATELAINES, OR GIRDLE-HANGERS. 75 Most archa:ologists are of opinion that these ornaments were the fastenings of a bag.^ Mr. Wright believes them to have served this purpose, basing his view on the presence of holes in the extremities of certain specimens, these holes being at times even furnished with rings ^ (pi. xi., fig. 2). Mr. Thomas agrees, but argues from some new and very interesting observations.^ He shows that five out of eight of the girdle-hangers coming from the cemetery of Sleaford were accompanied by certain small objects in bone or ivory, disposed in an incomplete circle, about nine centimetres in diameter near the upper part of the girdle-hanger. The presence of these small bone objects had not been previously noticed. These girdle-hangers, therefore, were probably the framework to which was attached a purse of stuff or of leather. The metal portion often shows traces of an adhesion of stuff,* and the decoration of the bronze is only on one side. Again, the perforations at the base, and especially at the angles, seem to show that the girdle-hangers were fastened to some textile fabric. A good many specimens are figured in Mr. Roach Smith's Collectanea Antiqua^ We reproduce the example from Searby (pi. xi., fig. 2), found close to the thigh- bone. The grave contained, in addition, a pair of quoit-shaped fibulae, corresponding in position to the breasts, and a necklace of twenty or thirty glass and amber beads about the neck. One of these pendants, exhumed without its tellow from the barrow of Sporle, near Swaffham, Norfolk, is also given in the same work. Chatelaines being rare, it may be useful to mention the localities in which they have been found ; these are, in addition to those already cited, Stowe Heath," Suffolk (pi. xi., fig. i) ; Scaleby,' near Caistor, Lincolnshire ; Little Wilbraham,** Cambridgeshire (pi. xi., fig- 3) ! ^ place not accurately specified in Leicestershire ; '■* and Soham,^*' Cam- bridgeshire. ' Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 2nd series, vol. v., p. 496, 1873. * Wright, The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, p. 491. ^ G. W. Thomas, " On Excavations in an Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Sleaford, in Lincolnshire," Archaologia, vol. 1., p. 4. * Roach Smith, Collectanea Antigua, vol. ii., p. 234. * Ibidem, vol. ii., pis. xxxix., xli., Iv., Ivi. ; vol. v., pi. xiii. ' Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. xxxix., fig. 2. ^ Roach Smith, Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii., pi. Iv. ^ Neville, Saxon Obsequies, pis. xiii. and xiv. " Wright, The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, p. 49. '" Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, p. 496, 1873. NECKLACES AND GLASS BEADS. EVERAL varieties of beads are included amongst the mortuary- furniture of Anglo-Saxon barrows. Even the most modern are undoubtedly of older date than the introduction of Christianity, and those found in the graves of Saxons who had been converted to the new religion must be referred to a period earlier than that of the burial. Many pagan superstitions still lingered among the new converts, and these beads retained their mysterious prestige in the eyes of the Barbarians, and had lost none of their miraculous virtue.^ In the opinion of Mr. Wright the many varieties exhumed from Anglo-Saxon barrows are composed in part of Roman specimens of the commonest type, and in part of beads which undoubtedly belong to Anglo-Saxon art. The manufacture of Roman beads no doubt continued after the colonisation of Great Britain by the Anglo-Saxons, and Mr. Wright has satisfied himself of the existence of every variety in Saxon cemeteries. Glass beads certainly belong originally to Roman art. The beads in terra cotta or faience, incrusted with vitreous substances, are undoubtedly of Anglo-Saxon origin, and are necessarily in various styles. These brilliant incrustations are in many colours, and are executed with excellent taste." Some archaeologists have remarked the resemblance between the necklaces of glass beads from Barbarian graves and those coming from Asia and Africa. The famous traveller Masson has noted the analogy between the beads exhumed in Saxon cemeteries and those of the mounds of Northern India. Mr. Roach Smith is prepared to attribute these objects to importation from the East.'"* Pollio Trebellius mentions a large trade in beads, which he calls gemmcB vitrecE, or bullcB vitrece} Glass beads are sometimes transparent, sometimes opaque ; occasionally transparent in part only. Those of medium size are of every possible shape — rounded, flat, or conical, cylindrical, oblong, or square; they vary as much in ^ "Remarks on a Coloured Drawing of some Ancient Beads executed by B. Nightingale," ArchcEologia, 1851. ^ Wright, The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, p. 426. ^ Introduction to the Inventorium Sepulchrale, pi. xxxvi. — Faversham Catalogue, p. xvi. * Pollio Trebellius, De Gallieno. — Claud., Epigramm. de Crystallo. 76 NECKLACES AND GLASS BEADS. n colour as in form.^ There is no doubt that they were used, as Mr. Wright says, to form necklaces, which were worn by both sexes.^ Certain other beads of exceptionally large size have also been discovered in Anglo-Saxon graves. These specimens are not apparently connected with the smaller varieties by any intermediate gradations in size. Archaeologists, therefore, who have found them in the Barbarian cemeteries of the Continent have not hesitated to place them in a separate category. Archa;ologists have often mistaken for necklace beads a class of objects which while they are similar in appearance, are not identical in shape. They are less regular than the rounded beads intended to be seen from all sides, and, though larger, they cannot be compared with those intended for use in necklaces. They ■Wr» — ".11^ L.I ..II ,j, I j^iii •^mmr-^m'mmmmmmimmmmi^'i'*^ I'iG. 19. Beads from Siuertswold, Kent. are semi-spherical, the rounded side being covered with ornament, while the flat surface is quite plain. This arrangement clearly indicates that the object was intended to be attached to the clothing, so that the portion which was decorated like the beads was alone visible. A hole drilled through the centre rendered the fixing of these ornaments an easy matter.^ Messrs. Wylie, Akerman, and Chiflet, and some other antiquaries, regard these large glass beads as amulets or talismans.* Baudot, however, as the result of his own observations, preferred to regard them as a ' Douglas, Nenia Britannica, p. 115. '^ Wright, The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, p. 189. ' Baudot, Sepultures des Barbares de PEpoque Merovingienne, p. 62. * Mr. Wylie remarks on the rarity and the interesting nature of a large bead in greenish glass which he found near the hand of a skeleton (Fairford Graves, p. 14). The grave of a warrior also contained an amulet bead of green and bluish glass {Ibidem, p. 20). 78 NECKLACES AND GLASS BEADS. kind of button employed to fasten the garment, and it is quite possible that they have been occasionally used instead of fibulee for this purpose. With fastenings of this character, a loop ot cord or a simple button-hole would suffice to hold the robe firmly. The explorer of the Charnay cemetery has called attention to the absence of fibulse from the graves containing these large glass beads, which he calls buttons, while Douglas had long before expressed almost the same opinion. These large beads are about eight centimetres in diameter. Some few speci- mens, transparent, with opaque white decoration, and others with circular yellow lines on a black ground, have a perforation of exceptional size. They have apparently been used as buttons, to fasten the folds of the garment.^ We figure on the previous page three of these beads from Sibertswold Down, Kent. They are found exclusively in the graves of females.^ Anglo-Saxon -cemeteries contained beads of various materials, as is shown by the excavations of Faussett. Amber, glass, both transparent and opaque, clays of different colours, crystal, amethystine quartz, and even silver, were employed in their manufacture.^ Besides these varieties, Douglas mentions a row of garnet beads, and others made from shells. The latter, which are of Eastern origin, are generally from a shell of the genus Cyprea.* The abundance ol amber beads in Anglo-Saxon graves is a fact beyond dispute ; * they vary, however, very much in size and shape, being sometimes round, at others lozenge-shaped, square, or flat." The decomposition, however, which has taken place on the surface of the material has destroyed their transparency, their lustre, and their polish. These amber beads, unless found singly, formed a part of the necklace. Tacitus states that amber was collected on the shores of the Baltic by the Germanic tribes, who were astonished at the high prices they obtained for it.' Pliny also tells us that it was largely employed by the Romans in the manufacture of jewellery. It was held in high estimation by the Roman ladies, though Pliny seems unable to assign any reason for their preference.** These beads were not only used as ornaments, but were also talismans for protection from danger, ^ Douglas, Nenia Britannica, p. 114. * Faussett, Inventorium Sepulchrale, p. io8, Nos. 30 and 31. ^ Roach Smith, Introduction to the Inventorium Sepulchrale, p. xvi, et seq. * Douglas, Nenta Britannica, p. 115. ^ Roach Smith, Introduction to the Inventorium Sepulchrale, p. xxvi. ^ Douglas, Nenia Britannica, p. 114. ' Tacitus, De Moribus Germanorum, xlv. * " Proximum locum in deliciis, feminarum tamen adhuc tautuni, succina obtinent eademque omnia hac quam gemma auctoritatem," etc., {Hist. Nat., lib. xxxvii., cap. 9). CRYSTAL BALLS. 79 and especially against witchcraft. Mr. Wright has frequently noticedin Anglo- Saxon graves a single amber bead, hung round the neck, or placed near the head of the corpse,^ and it is probable that this practice was very general, for St. Eloi enjoined on women not to wear amber beads in this manner.^ Beads in amethyst are very frequently found in England, and especially in Kent.^ A barrow explored at Breach Down, in the village of Barham, near Canter- bury,* contained a complete necklace composed of eighteen beads of amethystine quartz. This example has been reproduced by Akerman." Beads of this substance are constantly found in Kent ; for example, one necklace composed of various materials contained eleven of them." Douglas calls them native amethysts, but Akerman, relying on a chemical analysis, asserts that there is good reason for believ- ing them to be of Transylvanian origin. It must be admitted, however, that amethystine quartz of the same character is found at Oberstein in Germany. These beads, and the crystal balls of which we have next to treat, are drilled with extreme regularity,' the perfection of their workmanship indicating an advanced stage of the lapidary's art.^ CRYSTAL BALLS.' The oldest mention of crystal balls coming from Anglo-Saxon graves is in Douglas,^" who attempts to prove that they were used for occult purposes. Mr. Roach Smith, however, is of opinion that all the objects exhumed are capable of a perfectly simple explanation, and sees no reason to seek for any exceptional inter- pretation in the case of articles the use of which is somewhat less obvious, or to assign to them any fanciful role}'^ The crystal balls which have formed the subject of ^ Wright, The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, p. 489. ^ Dom Grenier, Introduction to the Historre Gencrale de la Picardie, p. 315. 3 Archaologia, vol. xxxvii., p. 149, 1855. * Ibidem, vol. xxx., p. 47. * Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. v. * Douglas, Nenia Britannica, p. 35, pi. ix., fig. t, and p. 46, pi. xii., figs, i and 3. ' Roach Smith, Introduction to the Inventorium Sepulchrale, p. xxvi. * Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, p. 9. * Douglas' note on pp. 14 and 15 of Nenia Britannica puts the case so strongly, in favour of the crystal ball being used for magical purposes, that it is certainly not to be disposed of by the somewhat summary methods of Mr. Roach Smith. Douglas points out, that it was employed for purposes of divina- tion — a use which certainly lasted into the middle ages in Europe among the practitioners of the occult sciences. It was also so used in Japan and the Far East generally, and magic crystals may still, with difficulty, be obtained in those regions. — Translator. ^^ Douglas, Nenia Britannica, pi. iv., fig. 8. " Roach Smith, Preface to the Inventorium Sepulchtale, p. xxxvii. 8o NECKLACES AND GLASS BEADS. Douglas' long dissertation are merely ornaments intended to be hung from the waist, or worn in some other way/ After a comparison of similar examples from Ober- flacht (Swabia) with those discovered in England, and especially in Kent, Wylie pronounces them to be amulets. The poem of Beowulf gives an illustration of the Teutonic belief in their virtue. One of these talismans, we read, was attached to the crest of the helmet, to neutralise the force of the enemy's blows,' and it seems probable that this marvellous protector was a ball or a bead of some kind. This theory appears to obtain some confirmation from the fibula in the Wiesbaden Museum, from which a pendant of crystal is suspended by wire fastenings. These objects have retained their magical reputation even in modern times. They are supposed to have the power of stanching the flow of blood, for which reason they are known as blut-siein. The Kormak Saga also speaks of an amulet called the stone of life. ^ Aker- man considers crystal balls to be talismans,* necessarily of different forms ; sometimes the mineral was simply polished, and suspended by fastenings of iron or silver,® while other specimens are cut with facets, and drilled for purposes of suspension. We will first mention the best-known examples of the former class. The ball from Kingston Down, Kent," quoted by Mr. Roach Smith, is worthy of attention, but it is exceeded in interest by the Chatham specimen, figured by Douglas' (fig. 20). In the latter the sphere is suspended by two silver bands, which cross each other below, and are joined on the upper surface of the ball. Through the cap, which covers them, is passed a ring, and through this a second ring of larger size. A similar specimen, but without its setting, was found in the same locality.* One of these crystal balls, with its mounts, from Faversham, Kent," is in the South Kensington Museum, and Roach Smith, Collectanea Antiqua, vol. vi., p. 150. * " About the crest of the helm, The defence of the head, It held an amulet Fastened without with wires. That the swcrd hardened with scouring, Might not violently injure him When the shield-bearing warrior Should go against his foes." Beowulf. ^ " The Graves of the Alemanni at Oberflacht in Swabia," ArchcBologia, vol. xxxvi., p. 149, 1855. * Akerman, Jiemains of Pagan Saxondovi, pp. 9 and 10. ^ The latter seems peculiar to Kent. Roach Smith, Introduction to the Catalogue oj Anglo-Saxon Antiquities in the South Kensington Museum. * Faussett, Inventoritan Sepukhrale, p. 42. ' Douglas, Nenia Britannica, pi. iv., fig. 8. * Roach Smith, Preface to the Inventorium Sepukhrale, p. xxvii. " Roach Smith, Catalogue of Atiglo-Saxcn and other Antiquities discovered at Faversham in Kent, p. 10, No. 1 147. CRYSTAL PALLS. 8i another of the same kind was found by Mr. Brent in the cemetery of Sarre, Kent.^ The presence of these amulets in the Kentish cemeteries, in conjunction with per- forated silver spoons, constitutes one of the points of resemblance between the burial- places of that county and those of the Isle of Wight, and clearly indicates a close Fig. 20. Ball from Chatham, Kent. relationship between their inhabitants. Bede had excellent reasons for his assertion, that settlers in Kent and the Isle of Wight had a common origin, both being of Jute descent,^ and archaeology adds the weight of its discoveries in support of this contention. Mr. Hillier found in the Chessell Down cemetery two crystal balls, 1 ArcluBologia Cantiana, vol. v., p. 310. — Roach Smith, Collectanea Antiqua, vol. vi., p. 150, 1868. * Collectanea Antiqua, vol. vi., p. 150. 82 NECKLACES AND GLASS BEADS. suspended in the same manner as the Chatham specimen/ and, as in the latter case, one of them was accompanied by a perforated silver spoon. ^ The historical evidence on this interesting question has been fully discussed, and is now admitted without reserve. The corsairs of the Frisian coast '^ are the earliest people mentioned in history as having formed a permanent settlement in Great Britain (a.d. 488). A little later, according to the statement of Nennius, another colony was founded in the neighbourhood of Wall by the Jute Chiefs Octa and Ebissa ; while at the beginning of the sixth century a further westward migration took place. To these we must add, on the authority of Bede,** the establishment of a colony of Jutes in the Isle of Wight. This historian states that the population of Kent, the Isle of Wight, and the Hampshire coast opposite the Island, were descended from the Jutes, a Germanic nation ; ° and Anglo-Saxon chroniclers seem unanimous on that point." We have now to consider the perforated balls.' The earliest discovery of this character was made in the course of some excavations undertaken by Lord Londes- borough in a barrow at Breach Down, near the village of Barham, Kent.* It is probable that this interesting specimen is from the grave of a female. The mortuary furniture consisted of a necklace of eighteen amethyst beads, a circular gold pendant, in the centre of which was set a garnet, and, finally, two plain silver finger rings.^ Amulets of this type are not confined exclusively to Kent. Mr. Wylie mentions three found at Fairford, of which one, which he figures, came from the grave of a warrior.^" Another specimen, placed in a mortuary urn, was exhumed at Hunsbury Hill, Northamptonshire,^^ while Mr. Wyatt notes the discovery of a similar object at Kempston, near Bedford. '" In various localities on the Continent, which we briefly enumerate, the Barbarian 1 Hillier, History and Antiquities of the Isle of Wight. — Inventorium Sepulchrale, Preface, p. xxvii. 2 Roach Smith, Introduction to the Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Antiquities from Faversham, p. vii. ^ Worsaae, The Danes and Norzvegians, p. xvii, 1852. * Thurnam and Davis, Crania Britannica, chap. vi. London, 1865. ^ Bede, Hist. Eccles , bk. i., chap. xv. ^ Lappemberg, vol. i., p. 96. ^ It seems probable that this class of crystals, as well as those which were cut in facets, were merely worn as ornaments, or at most as talismans. Their value for purposes of divination would, by the analogy of Eastern crystals, be destroyed by drilling or cutting. — Translator. ^ Archceologia, vol. xxx., p. 47. 3 Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, p. 9, pi. v. w Wylie, Fairford Graves, pp. 15, 19, 20, pi. iv., fig. i. 11 Remains of Pagan Saxofidom, p. \o.— Journal of the Arcfiaological Institute, vol. ix., p. 179. ^^ Collectanea Antiqua, vol. vi., p. 150. CRYSTAL BALLS. 83 cemeteries have furnished these amulets. The so-called tomb of Childeric contained a crystal ball.' Several others were found by M. F. Moreau in the department of Aisne. Another, now in the Evans Collection, was formerly amongst the treasures of Pecquigny (Somme). Perforated crystal balls have also been found at Vicq (Seine- et-Oise), Nesles-les-Verlincthun ^ and Sens (Pas-de-Calais). A single specimen comes from the cemetery of Spontin,^ Belgium, and, finally, their presence has been recorded in Germany at Nordendorf, Alzey,^ Heddesdorf, and Schiersteiner."' * Abbd Cochet, Le Tombeau de Childeric, p. 221. - J. Vaillant, Le Ciiiieiihe Francomerovingien de Nesles-les-Verlincthun, pi. iii., fig. 5. Arras, 1886. * Namur Museum. * Mayence Museum. * Lindenschmit, Die Alterthilmer, band ii., taf. 6, heft xii. EARRINGS, HAIRPINS, AND COMBS. ARRINGS have never held the same rank as ornaments with the Anglo-Saxons as with the Franks. The Barbarian graves of Belgium, France, the Rhenish provinces, Bavaria, and, above all, Hungary, have produced a large number of specimens, some of them of great beauty. The scarcity and the extreme simplicity of these ornaments in England, when compared with their abundance elsewhere, is one of the distin- guishing features of Anglo-Saxon cemeteries. While their rarity is thus a matter of comparison, of their simplicity there is no question. These English earrings were manufactured by the same process as the finger rings of silver wire, namely, by simply bending the metal into the form of a ring, to which a spiral twist is occasionally imparted.^ From the cemetery of Chavenage, Gloucestershire, earrings were exhumed formed of thin crescent-shaped plates of silver, running into very fine points, which were connected by a twisted wire.^ Mr. Akerman cites an earring in copper or alloy, gilt, found near Stamford, Lincolnshire ; ^ and a pair of these ornaments were dis- covered near a female skull at Fairford, Gloucestershire. Careful search has been made for traces of these ornaments, their comparative rarity having given them a special interest, and here and there some few isolated beads have been discovered, and cited in archaeological works. For example, a bead of white and turquoise blue, which had formed part of an earring, was exhumed at Sleaford, Lincolnshire.' Graves Nos. 65 and 66 in this cemetery yielded two glass beads,*^ one of opaque white, the other of yellow, also opaque, which had been broken off an earring. Grave No. 4 produced an earring in twisted bronze ;^ while its neigh- 1 Wright, The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, p. 485. ^ Ibidem. ^ Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. xii., fig. 3, p. 26. * Wylie, Fairford Graves, p. 14. ^ G. W. Thomas, On Excavations in an Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Sleaford, p. 7, 1887. ^ Ibidetn, p. 10. '' Ibidem, p. 7. 84 HAIRPINS. 85 bour contained a small specimen in silver similarly treated.' Lastly, two other graves numbered 197 and 232 yielded several examples in iron, simply twisted.'^ Mr. Roach Smith has been unable to come to a definite conclusion as to the beads set in rings which are figured in the plate of the Inveniormm Sepulchrale? He is of opinion, however, that they were intended for the ears. Being generally found in the region of the neck, they must either have been worn as earrings, or formed part, with other beads, of a necklace.' Faussett, however, in speaking of similar objects discovered in the excavations at Gilton,'' Sibertswold," Kingston Down,' Barfriston Down,** and Chartham Down,* Kent, describes them, without hesitation, as earrings. HAIRPINS. Messrs. Wright and Roach Smith hold opposite views on the subject of Anglo- Saxon hairpins. The former asserts that they are common,'" while Mr. Roach Smith maintains them to be rare ; " which latter view we consider the more plausible. In fact, hairpins are scarcely mentioned in the numerous works which we have con- sulted, and are, in addition, very rarely seen in museums. With the Barbarians and the Romans alike they were evidently used to keep the hair in place at the back of the head. They are generally in bronze, but sometimes in bone. The more simple specimens were almost always provided with a ring at the upper extremity, and in the cases where it is missing a hole is drilled in the end through which the ring passed. Mr. Roach Smith has described an interesting specimen in iron, with a bronze head, from which were hung triangular plates of the same metal,'" attached to a movable ring. These pendants, which were in use among several of the Teutonic tribes,'^ were especially affected by the Livonians." The 1 G. W. Thomas, On Excavations in an Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Sleaford, p. 8, 1887. 2 Ibidem, pp. 20 and 22. * Faussett, Inventorium Sepulchrale, pi. vii. * Roach Smith, Introduction to the Inventorium Sepulchrale, p. xxvii. ' Faussett, Inventorium Sepulchrale, p. 15. * Ibidem, pp. 105 and 115. ^ Ibidem, pp. 43 and 62. * Ibidem, p. 140. * Ibidem, p. 170. 1" Wright, The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, p. 485. ^* Roach Smith, Introduction to the Inventorium Sepulchrale, p. xxxi. 1* Collectanea Antiqua, vol. v., pi. xiii., fig. 4, p. 139. ^' Ibidem, vol. ii., p. 235. i* Dr. Gosse, Mcmoires et Documents Publics par la Societe d'lfistoire et d' Archcologie de Genhve, t. ix., pi. i., fig. 4. — VVylie, Jittes on the Swabian Mounds discovered by Captain von Durrich. 86 EARRINGS, HAIRPINS, AND COMBS. metal triangles striking against each other produced a sound whenever the wearer moved/ The hairpin in bronze, gilt, with its head set with stones, coming from a female grave at Wingham, Kent, and described in Archceologia^ has been figured by Mr. Akerman ^ and by Mr. Lindenschmit.* The head of the pin found at Sleaford in 1881 is fan-shaped, like the Wingham specimen above mentioned ; it is, however, essentially different in workmanship. The Sleaford specimen, now in the British Museum, is in places plated with gold and tin.^ Mr. Akerman has also figured a hairpin in bronze, with cruciform head, very elegant in design and careful in workmanship, which comes from a barrow at Breach Down, Kent." Another in bronze gilt, and very richly ornamented, which was found in a grave at Gilton, Kent, is now in the Canterbury Museum.' Lord Londesborough's collection contained two hairpins joined by a chain ^ — a circumstance which may perhaps explain the holes drilled in the heads of certain specimens to which we have previously referred. We will conclude this dry list of names with a description of the most interesting specimen of all. Like the majority of those above mentioned, it comes from one of the rich burial-places of Kent, having been exhumed at Faversham. It is repro- duced in pi. iv., fig. 5. Our cordial thanks are due to the Director of the South Kensington Museum for the photograph of this piece. Mr. Roach Smith has figured it " as a parallel to a pin found in Normandy ; '° while similar specimens have been dis- covered in Belgium, Wurtemberg, and Burgundy." Numerous examples show the connection between these bird-shaped hairpins and the group of Continental antiqui- ties to which belong the fibulse of similar form. Archaeologists are of opinion that they were imported into England, which seems to be conclusively proved by their extreme rarity in that country, and their localisation in Kent and the Isle of Wight. ^ For this reason this ornament is called in Germany Klapper Sckmuck {Arckceologia, vol. xxxvii., p. 28). 2 Vol. xxxvi., p. 177. ' Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. xl., fig. 3. ^ Lindenschmit, Handbuch der Deutschen Alterthumskunde, 1880-86, pi. ix., fig. 6. * Archaologia, vol. 1., 1887, pi. xxiv., fig. i. ^ Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. xl., fig. 2. ' Roach Smith, Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii. — Wright, The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, p. 485. * Archaeological Album, pi. i., fig. 13. 9 Collectanea Antiqua, vol. vi., pi. xxv., fig. i. ^^ Abb^ Cochet, Normandie Souterraine, pi. xii., fig. i. " Cemetery of Brochon (Baudot, Sepultures des Barbares h PEpoque Mtrovingienne, pi. xxvi., fig. 19). COMBS. 87 From the same cemetery at Faversham came the bird-shaped fibulae figured in pi. iii., figs. 5 and 7, which belong to an art absolutely foreign to England. It is interesting to note the association with these fibulae of other objects representing birds. All these objects apparently betray a common origin. CONfBS. All the cemeteries belonging to the Germanic race/ contain a large number of combs of various forms. They are comparatively rare amongst the Burgundians and the Western Franks, but very common with the Eastern Franks, and abundant with the Anglo-Saxons. The comb, as we find it in their graves, consists of a plate formed generally of several pieces of bone, joined by a cross-piece, to which they were fastened by iron or bronze nails. This plate has teeth on one, sometimes on both, sides.'' These toilet articles, which are generally devoid of ornament, are found in the cemeteries of France and England, in the country of the Alemanni and the Rhine- land, in male and female graves alike. ^ The combs with a double row of teeth required, for their preservation, a special form of sheath of a kind which has been found in England.' This case, which opened on both sides, was an excellent protection ; it was not, however, fixed to the comb. The Abbe Cochet mentions an historical example, preserved in the treasure of Sens Cathedral. This comb is assigned by tradition to St Lupus, a bishop of the seventh century,^ and is inscribed in thirteenth- century characters with the words — Pecien sancti LupH' This inscription at least proves the antiquity of the tradition. In the Collection of the Society of Antiquaries of London is a drawing of a large square comb, with a double row of teeth. The inscription on this specimen shows that it was sent by Pope Gregory to Queen Bertha. '^ Bede, in his list of the presents sent by the Pope to King Ethelbert, appears to corroborate the statement of the inscription. A very interesting letter of Alcuin gives a description of a comb of the eighth 1 It was not only the Frank who at that time wore his hair long ; it was the same with nearly all the peoples of Western Europe (Abb6 Cochet, Le Tombeau de Childeric, p. 273). * M. Pilloy assigns the triangular combs in especial to men. The combs with double rows of teeth are more frequent in female graves {J^tudes sur d'Anciens Lieux de Sepultures dans FAisne, by J. Pilloy, t. !•, p. 255)- ^ Lindenschmit, Handbiich der Deutschen Alter thumskunde, p. 311. ■* Fausset, Inventorium Sepulchrale, pi. xiii , figs. 5 and 6. * Abb^ Cochet, La Normandie Soiiterraine, p. 218. * Probably a liturgical comb {Dictionnaire des Antiquites Chretiennes de I'Abb^ Martigny). ^ Roach Smith, Introduction to the Inventorium Sepulchrale. 88 EARRINGS, HAIRPINS, AND COMBS. century, one having been sent him as a present by Riculf, Archbishop of Metz, to whom the illustrious scholar writes from Saxony a graceful letter of thanks/ This comb was furnished with sixty teeth, and ornamented with two heads. It has some points of resemblance with a specimen exhumed from the Saxon cemetery of Little Wilbraham." It may also be compared with that found in London in 1796.^ The latter specimen is of carved bone, and made in three pieces ; the central plate has teeth on one side, and heads of animals on the other. Mr. Soden Smith has remarked antiquities of this type at Pompeii, and is therefore of opinion that this special form dates back to the Roman period. Similar combs have been discovered in the North of France,* in Luxemburg,'' and Belgium ; ^ these articles, however, which are well worthy of attention, are nevertheless rare. The Abbe Cochet mentions several as having been found in the graves of Prankish warriors,^ and their use among the Franco-Merovingians is further attested by a passage from Apollinaris Sidonius.** Certain examples exhumed in England, however, undoubtedly come from female graves ; ^ it is plain, therefore, that they were used by both sexes. Mortuary urns filled with human ashes have also been found to contain combs ; this has been remarked in the cemeteries of Wilbraham^" (Cambridgeshire), Eye^' (Suffolk), Walsingham^- (Norfolk), and Barrow ^ " De vestra valde gaudeo prosperitate et de munere caritatis vestrae multum gavisus sum, tot agens gratias, quot dentes in dono numeravi. Nimirum animal, duo habens capita et dentes LX, non elephan- tinae magnitudinis, sed eburneae pulchritudinis. Non ego hujus bestiae territus horrore, sed delectatus aspectu. Nee me frequentibus ilia morderet dentibus timui, sed blanda adulatione capitis mei placare capillos adrisi. Nee ferocitatem in dentibus intellexi, sed caritatem in mittente dilexi, quam semper fideliter in illo probavi " (Wright, Biographia Britannica Literarid). ^ Neville, Saxon Obsequies, pi. xxii. ^ The Archaological Journal, i&Tj, p. 451, communication from Mr. Soden Smith. ^ Pilloy, Etudes sur d'Anciens Lieux de Sepultures. Homblieres, pi. ii., fig. 11; pi. v., figs. 22, 23, and 24. * Namur, Steinfort Cemetery. Publications of the Societe pour la Recherche et Conservation des Monu- ments Historiques dans le Grand- Duche de Luxembourg, 1852, t. viii. " Namur Museum. Frankish graves at Furfooz. ^ Abbe Cochet, Normandie Souterraine, p. 218. — Le Tombeau de Childeric, p. 373. * " Hie quoque monstra domat, rutili quibus arce cerebri. Ad frontem coma tracta jacet, nudataque cervix. Setarum per damna nitet, cum lumine glauco Albet aquosa acies, ac vultibus undique rasis, Pro barba tenues perarantur pectine cristae." {Panegyr. Major., V., 238 bis., 242.) ^ Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. xxxi., figs, i, 2, and 3. — Douglas, Nenia Britannica. — The ArchcEological Journal, vol. xxxiv., p. 451. '" Neville, Saxon Obsequies, pp. 8 and 11. " Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. xxii., p. 44. i» Ibidem, p. 78. COMBS. 89 Furlong^ (Northamptonshire). Lastly, four specimens were exhumed, in 1828, from the graves at Lancing, Sussex.^ Combs completely analogous to those placed in Anglo-Saxon graves have been discovered in Ireland. They are generally of bone, ornamented with incised lines and circles, with a central point. Mr. Roach Smith has described the combs from Lagore, which afford several interesting points of resemblance with those of Anglo- Saxon cemeteries. The warriors and priests sculptured on the ancient stone crosses of Ireland are almost always represented with long flowing locks ; while the abundance of combs found in company with antiquities of the Iron Age at Lagore and elsewhere attests the attention which was paid to the hair. The resemblance between the Irish specimens and those met with in England and on the Continent cannot fail to be remarked.* Scotland also has preserved certain stone monuments, attributed to the eighth century, on which are carved numerous combs, surrounded by crosses, lions, elephants, and other subjects.* ' Wright, The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, p. 492. London, 1885. ' Roach Smith, Collectanea Antiqiia, vol. i., p. 93. ' " Irish Antiquities of the Saxon Period," Collectanea Antiqua, vol. iii., p. 43, pi. xii. ■• J. Stuart, Sculptured Stones of Scotland. Album published at Aberdeen in 1857 by the Spalding Club, pis. ii., iv., ix., xii., xvii., xxxiii., Ixiii., Ixxiii., Ixxxix., and cxii. 10 BUCKLES. HE buckles found in Barbarian graves are important, not only from their number, but also from their great variety of form. The wide- spread use of buckles proves that swords, knives, and other weapons were slung from a belt fastened tightly round the waist. These buckles are often very elaborately decorated ; in some cases they are- set with precious stones, or glass in cloisons} The sword-belt was worn by all the tribes who invaded the Roman Empire, whether Franks, Saxons, Burgundians, or Germans.^ The researches of archaeology into Anglo-Saxon antiquities have shown that while those counties which are near the coast or the rivers contain buckles in abundance, those inland furnish only very few specimens.^ This scarcity was noticed at Little Wilbraham, where eighty-eight graves only yielded nine buckles, four in iron and five in bronze.* A single specimen, in iron, came from Fairford ; ^ while Mr. Akerman does not mention one from the Kemble cemetery (Wiltshire), though he explored it with great care." The investigations of Mr. Roach Smith led him also to the conclusion that while tolerably common in Kent, buckles are rare in other parts of England.'^ The same archaeologist, however, speaking of the numerous buckles from Faversham,* says that the largest specimens are less common in Kent than in the other counties of Great Britain.^ Kentish buckles generally belong to the triangular type,^° and are mostly of ^ Wright, The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, p. 476. ^ Abb(f Cochet, Le Tombeau de Childeric, p. 245. — Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, p. 8. ^ Abb6 Cochet, Ibidem, p. 268. * Neville, Saxon Obsequies, pp. 8, 15, and 23. ' Wylie, Fairford Graves, pi. xii., fig. 7. •^ Akerman, " Account of the Discovery of Anglo-Saxon Remains at Kemble," Archaologia, vol. xxxvii., p. 2. ^ Inventorium Sepulchrale, p. 63, note i. * We have given illustrations of four buckles from this locality, pi. xii., figs. 2, 4, 6, and 9. *• Roach Smith, Introduction to the Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon and other Antiquities, Faversham, Kent, p. vii. 1" Buckles from Faversham, in the South Kensington Museum, and the John Evans Collection. — Faussett, Inventorium Sepulchrale, pi. viii., figs. 9, 10, and 12 ; pi. ix., figs, i, 2, and 3. — Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. xxviii., fig. 2 ; pi. xxxix., fig. i. 90 BUCKLES. 91 simple bronze. We shall later on refer more particularly to the richly ornamented specimens. The large massive buckles form a special variety which was used exclusively by men.^ The example which we figure (fig. 21) is from a barrow at Kingston Down, in which a warrior had been buried. The grave contained, in addition, a javelin,- a conical umbo, and another smaller buckle.^ On the other hand, the more elegant buckles of smaller size were worn by women.* The triangular form is also found in Prankish buckles ; indeed, the Abbd Cochet considers the similarity so complete that it is easy to confuse specimens coming from France ° with those of English origin. Roach Smith has also remarked this resemblance," which is especially noticeable in the simpler examples (pi. xii., figs. 7 Fig. 21. Buckle from Kingston Down. and 8). These pieces, which are without plates on either side, are exactly analogous to those which have come, in considerable numbers, from Prankish sources. A few buckles are decorated with coloured glass, precious stones, and filigreq.''' A comparison of the workmanship with that of the splendid circular fibulae of Kent shows that they are of the same manufacture. These gorgeous belt-buckles recall the baldrics which were in use at the same period ; it was with one of the latter valuable articles that Alfred decorated his grandson Athelstane.' ^ Roach Smith, Introduction to the Inventorium Sepulchrale, p. xxviii. ' This weapon measured 120 centimetres. ' Faiissett, Inventorium Sepulchrale, p. 63. ■• Roach Smith, Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon and other Antiquities, Faversham, Kent, Introduction, p. xv, ' Abb^ Cochet, Le Tombeau de Childeric, p. 273. " Roach Smith, Introduction to the Inventorium Sepulchrale, p. xxviii. ' 3idem. * " Quem etiam praemature militem fecerat, donatum chlamyde coccinea, gemmato baltheo, ense saxonico cum vagina aurea " (William of Malmesbury, bk. ii., chap. 6). 92 BUCKLES. Specimens of the work of Anglo-Saxon goldsmiths are numerous ; we shall confine ourselves to citing only the most celebrated. A buckle in silver gilt, bordered with gold, and elegantly decorated with coloured glass and filigree, was found at Gilton, near Sandwich.^ Another (fig. 22) ^ from the same spot, belonging to the Rolfe Collection, was attached to a beautiful oblong plate of silver gilt, covered with delicate filigree work, and ornamented, on its external surface, with an edging of garnets, set in cloisons on gold foil. The Faversham specimens (pi. xii., figs. 4 and 6) belong to the same category.^ Fig. 4 is silver gilt, with gold filigree work. Fig. 6 is of the same metal, also gilt, and decorated with a vermicular pattern in filigree ; the base of the tongue is ornamented with garnets on gold foil. On each side of the hinge, joining the Fig. 22. Buckle from Gilton, near Sandwich, Kent. plate to the buckle, is the head of a bird.* The buckle given at fig. 2, pi. xii., which is essentially a specimen of cloisonnd art, is in a metal alloy, and is covered with garnets set in silver, on a thin gold plaque. The quatrefoil cells are filled with a green enamel, which has suffered considerably from age.^ Gilton, near Ash, has also furnished a buckle, of which the rectangular plate, with its border of cable-pattern filigree, clearly belongs to the art of cloisonn^S' The superiority which is generally apparent in the Gilton specimens is noticeable in the beautiful ornament (fig. 23) which we reproduce from the Inventorium 1 "Antiquities near Sandwich," Archaologia, vol. xxx., p. 135. * Roach Smith, Introduction to the Inventorium Sepulchrak, p. xxix, fig. 2. ^ No. 1097, South Kensington Museum Catalogue. * Roach Smith, Catalogue of Anglo-Saxott Antiquities, Faversham. ^ This piece may be compared to the Cologne specimen figured in Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii., pi. XXXV., fig. 13. * Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, p. 59, pi. xxix., fig. 2. BUCKLES. 93 Sepulchrale. The quadrangular plate, of bronze gilt, is covered with incised work, in the centre of which is set a garnet.^ The finest of the decorated buckles is one in the collection of Mr. John Evans. This magnificent jewel, illustrated by Mr. Akerman in 1852,^ was found at Tostock, near Ixworth, Suffolk ; the richness of its decoration consists of two large plaques of garnet, set on gold foil. In shape and detail it resembles the Gilton buckle."' Baldrics, elaborately decorated, are often mentioned by the writers of the later Empire ; amongst others we may name Apollinaris Sidonius,* Prudentius,^ Claud- ianus," Corippus,''' and St. Ambrose." In pi. xii. (figs. I and 3) we reproduce a special type of sword-belt buckles. Fig. 23. Buckle from Gilton, near Ash, The ring is formed of a characteristic double dragon, the two heads of which are biting the buckle-plate. In the opinion of M. Pilloy,^ these dragon-headed buckles date back to the fourth century, and belong to Gallo- Roman burial-grounds of the transition period. The objects which, in Gaul, generally accompany buckles of this ' Inventorium Sepulchrale, Introduction, p. xxix, fig. 3. — Arcfueologia, vol. xxx., pi. xi. — Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. xxix. * Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. i., fig. 9. ^ Archeeologia, vol. xxx., pi. ii., fig. 5. — Archaological Index, pi. xvii., fig. 10. * T. S. Apoll. Sidon., Opera, carm. ii. and v., lib. iv., epist xx : " Strinxerunt clausa bullatis latera rhenonibus." ^ Prud., carm. v.. In Psicomachid : " Fulgentia Bullis cingula." * Claud., In Panegyrico Stiliconis : " Cingula Bullis aspera," and Pan. Honorii: " Gemmato cinctu." ' Corippus, lib. ii., De Justino Imperatore : " Baltheus effulgens gemmis." * Ambrose, lib. iv., cap. xiii., De HeM etjejunio : " Aureis bullis zonam tegunt." * Pilloy, Etudes sur d'Anciens Lieux de Sepultures dans rAisne, t. ii., fasc. i., p. 47. 94 BUCKLES. character, are representative, according to M. Pilloy, of an artistic style midway between the classic Graeco-Roman and the new importations of Northern and Eastern Barbarians.' The beauty, the workmanship, the delicacy of certain specimens, seem to favour the hypothesis of a hybrid and transitional art. The productions of this apparent combination of styles show traces of Roman art in the good taste of the general scheme ; which, however, is allied, with more or less happy effect, to rude and fantastic ornamentation representing the Barbarian element. This alliance, strange, unusual, inexplicable almost, does not harmonise with the bold self-assertion which generally characterises the dawn of a new artistic era. The most ancient productions of the epoch of the great invasions necessarily indicate, by their daring novelty and their unwonted form, the earliest burial-places of the Germanic tribes. They proclaim, in fact, the new art in its full vitality and its primordial originality. We have here the Barbarian art in all its purity, free from the degradation produced by lapse of time. Its decadence, however, must be attributed, not to any desire to modify the style, but to the incapacity of the craftsman, as is evidenced by the fanciful manner in which animal forms were rendered. A fantastic zoology was beyond the comprehension of the Barbarian artificer, in whose productions it lost all its original characteristics. The goldsmith sought to copy what he had before him, without understanding in the least the idea which was conveyed by the model. It thus becomes a most interesting task to point out with what independence and disdain for tradition the art imported by the invaders imposed itself upon the conquered countries. The so-called Graeco-Roman civilisation of the later Empire and that of the Barbarian immigrants developed side by side under distinct influences, and having but one point of contact, namely, their common country, their common starting-point, the East. . These remarks, which are applicable to the whole of Europe, are justified by the appearance of Barbarian art in Great Britain ; and we do not think we have wandered too far from our subject in setting forth the reflections inspired by a comparison of Anglo-Saxon industrial art with the productions of other countries. The Barbarian graves of the Crimea have furnished a few buckles the rings of which terminate in birds' heads. Pannonia^ has produced similar forms recalling the bronzes of Dorchester (pi. xii., fig. i) and Long Wittenham (pi. xii., fig. 3). The specimens from the Crimea and Pannonia are undoubtedly older than the two latter, but all are certainly Barbarian. 1 M. Pilloy finds a proof of this in the funeral furniture of the military grave of Vermand. — " No buckle or clasp has been found in Gallo-Roman graves which can be attributed with any certainty to the fourth or fifth centuries of our era " (L'Abbe Cochet, Le Tombeau de Childeric, p. 234). ^ Hampel, Z>«r Goldfundvon Nagy-Szent-Miklos, fig. 120, p. 179. Budapest, 1885. BUCKLES. 95 The points of similarity between Anglo-Saxon buckles and those of the Crimea and of Hungary connect them with the starting-point of the Barbarian invasions. Their analogy, however, with those of Nydam (Denmark) and Borgstedt (Schleswig) brings them into more direct relation with the cradle of the Angles and the Saxons. On this point there can be no doubt, and the archaeological kinship of these ornaments is further attested by the ethnical kinship of the peoples who wore them. A know- ledge of the antiquities of Russia familiarises us with the genesis of the vast mass of Barbarian antiquities taken as a whole ; while a special study of the extreme north of Germany is the indispensable preliminary to an acquaintance with the pro- ductions of the Anglo-Saxons. The buckles of Dorchester ' and Long Wittenham - Fig. 24. BucKLK from Smithfield. undoubtedly represent the most ancient Barbarian forms, preserving the original characteristics in all their purity. M. Lindenschmit has reproduced several of these dragon-headed buckles, which he assigns to Prankish art,"* thus distinctly recognising their Barbarian character. To add an interesting detail to this series, we reproduce (fig. 24) a buckle coming from Smithfield.* The buckle proper forms the centre of a plate, which is of the same width as the leathern sword-belt. This specimen greatly resembles those of Worms and Mayence reproduced by Professor Lindenschmit.^ * Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. * " Researches in an Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Long Wittenham, Berks," Arc/usologia, vol. xxxviii., pi. xix., fig. 10, p. 332. 'Lindenschmit, Die Alterthiimer, band ii., heft vi., taf. 6, fig. 6; band iv., taf. 12, figs. 1 and 2. — Handbuch der Deutschen Alterthumskunde, taf. 2, figs. 326 and 327. * Roach Smith, Collectanea Antigua, vol. iv. ; and Lindenschmit, Die Alterthiimer, band i., heft viii., taf. 7. * Lindenschmit, Die Alterthiimer, band i., heft vi., taf. 8, and heft viii., taf. 8. STEELS. The use of the steel is attested by the mortuary furniture of many Anglo-Saxon graves. The tomb of a young pagan which was opened at Harnham, near Salisbury, by Mr. Akerman, contained a specimen placed beside the right arm.^ Another example, originally described by Mr. Roach Smith as the clasp of a purse,^ was found at Ozingell.* The excavation in the cemetery of Chessell Down also brought to light several steels.''' The specimens found at Kingston and Sibertswold have been reproduced in the Inventorium Sepulchrale ; ^ at the time of their discovery, however, they were described as iron objects of uncertain use. The comparative rarity of the steel is explained by the indifference with which it has been regarded by archaeologists. There is no doubt that its use was thoroughly in accord with Saxon customs, and it is constantly met with in the graves of the Franks and other Germanic nations.^ MM. Pilloy and Moreau, in the Department of the Aisne and the author in the Marne, have found a considerable quantity of steels, in many cases accompanied by flints. The latter are much worn by continued striking, and are covered with oxide of iron, showing that they had been in full use. In many cases we found that a, simple piece of iron replaced the steel as it is represented on the coins of Burgundy, and as it has come down to our own days in the country districts, where the lucifer match has not yet completely superseded it.''' Implements for the production of fire were naturally considered to possess magical virtues. Scheffer relates that the Laplanders, who were still idolaters in the seventeenth century, used to place steels in the graves of their dead.^ According to Keysler, every iron article had power to repel spirits ; and this power was especially retained by the fire caused by striking the flint against the steel. ^ Saxo Grammaticus, indeed, expressly mentions the use to which it was put : Extusum silicibus ignem oportunum contra dcemones tutamentum}^ ^ Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, description of pi. xxxvi. — Archceologia, vol. xxxv., pi. xi., fig- 3- ^ Inventorium Sepulchrale, p. 93. ^ Collectanea Antiqua, vol. iii., p. 16. * Hillier, History and Antiquities of the Isle of Wight, p. 33. * Inventorium Sepulchrale, p. 93. ^ Dr. Gosse, Notice des Cimetieres trouves en Savoie, pi. iii., fig. 3. Geneva, 1853, 8°. — Abbd Cochet, La Normandie Souterraine, 2nd edition, p. 258. — Baudot, Sepultures des Barbares de VApoque Merovingienne, pi. xix., figs. 4 to II. — Calandra, Z>/ Una Necropoli Barbarica Scoperta a Testona, p. 18, pi. iii., figs. 39, 4I) and 42. — Campi, Le Tombe Barbariche di Civezzano, pi. v., fig. 4. ' Pilloy, Etudes sur d'Anciens Lieux de Sepultures dans P Aisne, p. 43, et seq. ^ Scheffer, Histoire de la Laponie, p. 292. * Keysler, Antiquitates Septentrionales, p. 173. 1" Saxo Gramm., lib. viii., p. 431, Miiller's edition. 96 BUCKETS. S long ago as 1839 Mr. Houben published, in an important work,* a plate, the curious subject of which evoked considerable attention even from those who were only neophytes in archaeological study. It represented a human skull, crowned with a wide circlet of bronze, with serrated edges. At that time it was believed that the grave from which it had been taken was that of a prince, who had been buried with his crown. This curious plate will remain a monument of the ignorance of the time. Even the Abbe Cochet was influenced by the prevailing opinion, which, it may be remarked, was shared by Oberlin,' and spoke of the so-called crown of Douvrend." These errors, however, were promptly dissipated, and the circlets became once more what they had in fact always been, the simple metal hoops of wooden pails or buckets. Lindenschmit, and also the Abbe Cochet in the second edition of his Normandie Souterraine, did much to destroy the false nomenclature adopted on the first discovery of these objects. The wooden bucket, bound with iron hoops, such as is found in Anglo-Saxon graves, is, by some English archaeologists, called a situla.'' As we are here dealing with a fresh subject, and one which has furnished us with but scanty material, it is desirable to enumerate the specimens known, before proceeding to consider the purpose for which they were used. Cambridgeshire appears to be the county in which pails are most abundant. The sixth volume of Collectanea Antigua contains an engraving of a specimen found at Harrington (Cambridgeshire) in a female grave (pi. xiii., fig. 9). The skeleton was accompanied by a circular fibula in bronze, a hair-pin, a few necklace beads, and a fragment of red pottery of the Roman period." Another bucket, of which only the iron hoops have resisted the action of time, comes from the same cemetery. ' Philip Houben, Romisches Antiquarium, pi. xlviii., Xanten, 1839. • Museum Schoep/elini, Argentorati, 1773. * Abb6 Cochet, La Normandie Souterraine, p. 310 ^/ seq., 1854. ^ Neville, " Anglo-Saxon Cemetery on Linton Heath," The Archaological Journal, vol. xi., pp. 96 and 108. » Roach Smith, Collectanea Antiqua, vol. vi., p. 158, pi. xxxi., fig. 4. 97 II 98 BUCKETS. Mr. Foster, in describing this example, points out its position to the left of the head of a man who was evidently a warrior, as was shown by the presence of a spear, umbo, and sword. ^ The Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Linton Heath ^ (Cambridgeshire), excavated by Mr. Neville, also contained one of these situlse (pi. xiii., fig. 2), which, like the preceding, was found to the left of a skull. In size it is one of the largest known, being thirteen centimetres high and sixteen centimetres in diameter. The wooden staves were naturally decomposed. Several other objects were found in the same grave — one large and two small cruciform fibulse, a bronze ornament in the shape of a wheel, and half the clasp of a necklace, with a hundred and forty-one beads of blue glass and amber. These ornaments are more than sufficient to prove that the grave was that of a woman. ^ In the same locality a situla, which is different in some of its details from the last- named specimen, was taken from a grave with some fibulae and a hundred and fourteen beads. This example, the staves of which had almost entirely disappeared, measured thirteen centimetres in height and the same in diameter, and was placed to the right of the head. It resembles in shape the pails of Little Wilbraham ; * this locality having, in fact, produced two of these utensils ^ (pi. xiii., figs, i and 3). The first, found like those above described, in the neighbourhood of a skull, was formed of staves hooped with bronze, and, as usual, was in a very bad state of preservation. It measured sixteen centimetres in diameter and eleven in height. The second was discovered with a skeleton, together with three fibulae and twelve necklace beads. The bronze hoops are covered with ornaments, while the handle, of the same metal, is perfectly preserved. This specimen is fourteen centimetres in diameter and eleven centimetres high." The list of examples from Cambridgeshire is completed by fig. 7, pi. xiii., which is borrowed from the Inventorium Sepulchrale? Several of these vessels have also been discovered in Kent. Mr. Wright has described the example from Bourne Park, near Canterbury (pi. xiii., fig. 5). This bucket was lying at the feet of a male skeleton, the hoops still in good preservation, and occupying their proper positions. The lower hoop is thirty-six centimetres in diameter, the upper one only thirty. Mr. Wright has also examined some fragmentary ^ Account of the Excavation of an Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Barrington, Cambridgeshire, p. 22, grave 60, pi. vii., fig. I, 1880. * The ArchcEological foumal, vol. xi., p. 95. ' Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. xxvii., p. 54 et seq. * Neville, "Anglo-Saxon Cemetery on Linton Heath," The Archceological fournal, vol.xi., p. 96, fig. 8. * Neville, Saxon Obsequies, pi. xvii. * Ibidem, pp. 15 and 19. Inventorium Sepulchrale, Preface, p. xl. BUCKETS. 99 remains from two other graves in the same district, and believes them to have formed part of similar utensils ' which have been destroyed by the action of time. Douglas, in his Nenia Britannica, has also figured a bucket found at Ash, Kent," which, however, is smaller than those above described, measuring only twenty-four centi- metres in diameter, and somewhat less in height. From Gilton, Kent, comes a very characteristic fragment, which we reproduce from the Inventorium Sepulchrale * (fig- 25)- This remnant, which is the portion of a bucket just below the handle, is very similar in ornamentation to the Envermeu bucket, which we illustrate later (p. loi. Fig. 25. Fragment from Gilton, Kent. fig. 26). Further, we must mention a specimen peculiarly worthy of notice as having been found intact at Gilton.* An example of the same class has been found at Brighthampton (Oxfordshire) in the grave of a male, which contained a sword, with the pommel under the left armpit, a small spear-head near the right shoulder, a knife, a large amber bead, and, near the head, the bucket, which is of the usual form, but highly ornamented.^ Another was discovered at Long Wittenham (Berkshire) above the shoulder of a male skeleton. It is about seventeen centimetres in height." * The Archaological Journal, vol. i., p. 257, 1846. — Wright, The Archaeological Album, p. 208. London, 184.5. * Douglas, Nenia Britannica, pi. xii., fig. 11. * Roach Smith, Introduction to the Inventorium. Sepulchrale, p. xl. * Boys, Materials for a History 0/ Sandwich, p. 868. * " Further Researches in a Cemetery at Brighthampton, Oxon," Archceologia, vol. xxxviii., p. 87, i860. * Akerman, "Researches in an Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Long Wittenham," .(4rfA LIBRARY USE MAR 3 1 1951 20May'60At REC'D LD urn 0^ -jggQ JUN10I972 54 '"^^-^"'^ipLD JUNio 72-11AM54, LD 21-100m-9,'47(A5702sl6)476 'i'.j-i f. :a