THE ROBERT E. COWRN COLLECTION PRESENTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF CflUFORNIR BY C. P. HUNTINGTON JUNE, 1897. ssion No o Class CD A GRAMMAR OP THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE A GRAMMAR OP THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE, AtiLEY H. CUMMINS. A.M. "Felix ea gens pne reliquis Germanise populis, quod antiqnas sede.s non solum felici Marte tuita est, sed et fines ferro longe lateque protulit, et vetus ac nobile nomen in hodiernum diem retinuit." HEINECCII ANTIQ. GERM., L. i. c. 2, sec. 29. econn (tuition, ''WITH READING-BOOK, GLOSSARY, ETC. LONDON: TKUI3NE11 & CO., LUDGATE HILL. 1887. [All rights reserved.] BAT.I.ANTYNE, HANSON AND CO, fcUJNHl'RCH AND I.ONlXm TO HYDE CLARKE, D.C.L., F.S.S., AS A TRIBUTE OF RESPECT AND ESTEEM. W^s r^ I7zr. :TT' INTRODUCTION. IN the year 13 B.C. Drusus, the Roman general, afterwards surnamed Germanicus, found a tribe of Germans called by themselves Fresar, and by the Romans Frisii, dwelling on the north-west coast of Germany, between the mouth of the Rhine and of the Ems, together with the Batavi, Bracteri, and Chauci, and not far removed- from their more northern brethren, the Angles, Jutes, and Saxons. We find references made to them by Pliny, Tacitus, and Ptolemy, all placing them virtually in the same position. They came into collision with Drusus and experienced a ter- rible defeat, but in 28 A.D. retaliated upon the Romans, by rising in rebellion against them. They were, however, soon again brought into subjection, and yet shortly thereafter began to expand their borders, absorbing the Chauci, occupying the lands to the southward as fast as vacated by the Franks, and spreading along the shore of the German Ocean to Jutland, where they were known as Strand Frisians. We soon lose sight of them as connected with the Roman Empire, and in the fifth and sixth centuries the Germanic flood swept away all traces of the Imperial dominion over them. The Frisians did not as a body accompany the other mem- bers of the common Gothic stock to Great Britain, but there are scattering evidences to show that many adventurers of that tribe did find a home in those western islands, and copious references are made to their achievements in the ancient naval annals of the islands, as well as in those of the North of Europe in general, but especially in the charming Neder- landsche Legenden of Van Lennep, one of the most gifted poets of Holland. viii INTRODUCTION. It is said in old Dutch of the redoubtable Hengist him- self: " Een hiet Engistus, een Vriese, een Sas, Die ute Land verdreven was." " There was Hengist, a Frisian or a Saxon, Who was driven from his land." Hengist and Horsa are both Frisian names, whether their possessors were myths or not. Mr. Halbertsma, that indefatigable explorer of Frisian an- tiquities, has said that the inhabitants of the east of England, where its Germanic invaders landed, and especially of Kent, Sussex, and Hampshire, vividly recalled to him the Frisians in speech and general characteristics. There are various spots in England where there are .traces of the Frisians of ancient and modern times ; for example, Halifax, to which many excellent weavers, with whom Friesland formerly abounded, migrated ; in whose homely verse is the following saying " Gooid braide, hotter, and sheese Is gooid Halifax and gooid Friese." England must have presented many attractions to the ancient members of the Low German stock, if it be true, as stated in Procopius, iv. 20, that " their souls departed through Helder (Hel, hell, Dor, door porta inferorum) to England, the nebulous abode of disembodied spirits." The same his- torian, De bello Gothico, lib. iv. c. 19, names the Frisians as one of the nations that settled Britain : o/ re xai <&g/Gaovsi; xx) 01 rfi In the seventh and eighth centuries the Frisian dominions were the most extensive, and during those centuries they came in contact with the Frankish power. In 692 Kadbod, their chief, was defeated by Pepin de H^ristal. These were the Frisii Majores, or West Frisians, and they were compelled to embrace Christianity. Poppo, the chief of the East Frisians, was defeated in 750 by Charles Martel, who sent to them as apostles St. Boniface and Willibrod. The latter INTRODUCTION. IX became the Bishop of Utrecht, the former of Mayence, then upon the death of Willibrod, Bishop of Utrecht. In 785 they were finally subdued by Charlemagne, who gave to them a code of laws, in Latin termed the Lex Fri- sonum. In connection with their laws it may be stated that the feudal system was never erected in Friesland. For some time after 785 the country was under the control of the Franks, and in 843 Frisia was divided into three parts, Lewis the German receiving East and Central Frisia, and Charles the Bald the West. Shortly after its subjection by the Franks, Frisia was over- run by the Normans, until A.D. 1024. After their departure the country was parcelled out among several petty princes and powers, and has so remained until modern times; but among this people there has always existed that intense love of liberty which has caused its attribute or epithet of " Free " to be its greatest glory, so that after all these centuries the alliteration Free Frisians inevitably presents itself to the mind of the scholar who thinks of the race ; and not the least of its glories is the fact that under the leadership of that majestic figure, William the Silent, wherever a blow was struck for hearth or home against the overshadowing despotisms of the south, there in the forefront of the battle were to be found these " wild beggars of the sea," as they were termed by the malignity of their foes. Old Friesic literature consists almost exclusively of law books, each district having its own. There are a few other fragments found among the laws the Creation of Man, the ten commandments, a legal riddle, the awful signs and wonders that shall usher in the day of judgment, a sort of scriptural genealogy, and lists of the Roman emperors, and of the bishops who ruled Frisia in early days. They have been printed in full by Eichthofen and Hettema in various works. Their laws extend from the twelfth century to a date late in the fifteenth, and consist of the following : the laws of the Rustringer, those of the Brocmen, the Emsiger Recht, the laws of Fivelgo, Hunsingo, Humsterland, West Lauwers, Ostergo, Westergo, Sevenwold, Drenthe, and North Friesland. X INTRODUCTION. These laws possess the same peculiarities as those common to the other ancient Germans. Crimes were punished by fines and mulcts, and the guilt of the accused ascertained by the ordeal, while innocence was vindicated by the oaths of compurgators and by the other devices of a rude age. There is also an ecclesiastical code, with numerous pro- visions for fasts, regarding priests, other spiritual authorities, and the sanctity of churches. The language is one of the Low German family, very similar to Anglo-Saxon. It is indeed stated that the missionaries sent to the Frisians who were Anglo-Saxons immediately upon their arrival in those regions commenced active labour among the people, preaching and exhorting, and experiencing no difficulty in making themselves understood by their hearers, such was the close agreement of their respective forms of speech. It is peculiar in this, that up to compara- tively modern times, it retained its archaic purity, so that while other members of the common stock were undergoing a change into their middle and modern aspects, it was still spoken in uncorrupted form in its primitive home. Thus about the time of Chaucer might perhaps be placed its most nourishing period. Frisia proper, according to Halbertsma, is a district sur- rounded by the Zuyder Zee on the north-west and south, almost forming a peninsula. Here was the original seat of the Frisians, and here is their modern home. Friesland is divided at present into the provinces of East and West Fries- land, embraced respectively in Hanover and Holland. The Country Friesic, North Friesic, Saterlandic, Schiermonni- koogian, and Hindelopian have remained until these times as spoken dialects. The language is spoken, too, on the islands of Fb'hr, Sylt, Amrum, Wangerog, and Heligoland. " The Frisian which is spoken on a small area on the north- western coast of Germany, between the Scheldt and Jutland, and on the islands near the shore, which has been spoken there for at least two thousand years, and which possesses literary documents as old as the twelfth century, is broken up into endless local dialects. I quote from Kohl's ' Travels : ' INTRODUCTION. XI ' The commonest things/ he writes, ' which are named almost alike all over Europe receive quite different names in the different Frisian islands. Thus in Amrum father is called aatj; on the Halligs, baba or babe; in Sylt, foder or vaar ; in many districts on the mainland, tdte; in the eastern part of Fohr, oti or ohitj. Although these people live within a couple of German miles from each other, these words differ more than the Italian padre and the English father. Even the names of their districts and islands are totally different in different dialects. The island of Sylt is called Sol, Sol, and Sal.' Each of these dialects, though it might be made out by a Frisian scholar, is unintelligible except to the peasants of each narrow district in which it prevails. " What is therefore generally called the Frisian language, and described as such in Frisian grammars, is in reality but one out of many dialects, though, no doubt, the most im- portant." * A volume of poems in Country Friesic was published by Gysbert Japicx about 1650, denominated Friesche Eymlerye, and one or two minor works and a few unimportant specimens of the modern dialects have from time to time been printed, especially in grammars and handbooks of the various dialects, to illustrate the folk-speech. The body of laws which has come down to us from the classical period of the speech is naturally looked upon as a monument of inestimable worth. This brings us to regard a matter which cannot be passed over without a brief remark. It might easily be conjectured that the discovery of any more old Friesic texts would be warmly and eagerly welcomed by philologists and others. In 1872 a work entitled Thet Oera Linda Bok, purporting to be written in more ancient Friesic than any theretofore known, was published in Holland, for another person, by Dr. Ottema a work which has deceived some of the most eminent Frisian scholars. Its contents can hardly be summed up in brief, for they set history, chronology, mythology, and almost conjecture itself at defiance. It pro- fesses to give the history of the race for 3000 or 4000 years, * Max Miiller, Lectures on the Science of Language, ist Series, p. 59. Xll INTRODUCTION. laying down a system of theology, laws, &c., and may well in every sense be termed a " Wonderboek " by the learned doctors of Holland. It is, upon thorough examination, found to be a hodge- podge, a mengelmoes of ancient Friesic, modern Friesic, and modern Dutch, and it is not free from great errors in grammar just such mistakes, in fact, as its alleged author was wont to make in writing his mother-tongue. From all the facts adduced by its critics there is no reason to doubt that they have conclusively demonstrated it to be the work of Cornells Over de Linden (who died a few years ago), Superin- tendent of the Royal Dockyard at the Helder, in the Nether- lands, who undertook and performed the prodigious task the work of many years of writing in uncials, in a dead and obsolete language, a lengthy volume for the glorification of his own family and of his presumptive race. Thus did this singular man to use an inelegant phrase in vogue in Holland "take the learned world by the nose and lead it around the yard." It has been deemed advisable to add to this second edition a short Reading Book with glossary, and examples of the Modern Friesic dialects, as well as a few extracts from the Oera Linda Bok, which, with the extensive additions and improvements, especially in the attempt to illuminate the ancient speech by means of the modern dialects, it is hoped will confer greatly increased usefulness upon this manual. It would not be within the bounds of reason to hope that the Grammar should be found entirely free from errors or in- accuracies, prepared, as it has been, amidst the distracting activities of the life of a practising attorney, far from associa- tions congenial to such labour, or adapted to render assistance in such a task. SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA, January 1887. GRAMMATICAL HELPS, LEXICONS, TEXTS, AND WORKS OF REFERENCE. Bendsen, B. Die Nordfriesische Sprache nach der Moringer Mundart. 8vo. Leiden, 1860. Bosworth, J. The Elements of Anglo-Saxon Grammar. 8vo. London, 1823. Bosworth, J. Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Royal 8vo. London, 1838. Bouterwek, K. A. Die vier Evangelien in Alt-Nordhumbrischer Sprache, Giitersloh. 8vo. 1857. Braune, W. Gotische Grammatik. 8vo. Halle, 1880. Cleasby and Vigfusson. Icelandic-English Dictionary. 4to. Oxford, 1874. Diefenbach, L. Vergleichendes Worterbuch der Gothischen Sprache. 2 vols. 8vo. Frankfurt-a-M., 1851. Doornkaat-Koolman, J. Ten. Worterbuch der Ostfriesischen Sprache. 3 vols. 8vo. (1879-84). Norden. Ehrentraut. Friesisches Archiv. 2 vols., 8vo. Oldenburg, 1849-54. Epkema, E. Thet Freske Riim. 4to. Workum, 1835. Epkema, E. Woordenboek op de Gedichten en verdere Geschriften van Gijsbert Japicx. 4to. Leeuwaarden, 1824. Graff, E. G. Althochcfeutscher Sprachschatz. 7 vols. 4to. Berlin, 1834-46. Grein, C. W. M. Sprachschatz der Angelsachsischen Dichter. 2 vols. 8vo. Cassel und Gottingen, 1864. XIV GRAMMATICAL HELPS, ETC. Grimm, J. Deutsche Grammatik. 4 vols. 8vo. Gottingen und Berlin, 1831-78. Grimm, J. Geschiclite der Deutschen Sprache. 2 vols. 8vo. Leipzig, 1880. Giinther, C. Die Verba im Altostfriesischen. 8vo. Leipzig, 1880. Hahn, K. A. Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik. 8vo. Frankfurt-a- M., 1871. Hahn, K. A. Althochdeutsche Grammatik. 8vo. Prag, 1875. Halbertsma, J. Lexicon Frisicum, A to Feer. Royal 8vo. Haarlem, 1872. Helfenstein, Dr. Jas. Comparative Grammar of the Teutonic Lan- guages. Royal 8vo. London, 1870. Hettema, M. and P. E. Posthumous. Onze Reis naar Sagelterland (containing a grammar and word-list of that dialect). 8vo. Franeker, 1836. Hettema, M. Proeve van een Friesch en Nederlandsch Woordenboek. 8vo. Leeuwaarden, 1832. Hettema, M. Jurisprudentia Frisica, een Handschrift uit de vijftiende eeuw. 8vo. Leeuwaarden, 1834. Hettema, M. Idioticon Frisicum. Imp. 8vo. Leeuwaarden, 1874. Hettema, M. Oude Friesche Wetten. 8vo. Leeuwaarden, 1846. Hettema, M. Het Emsiger Landregt van het jaar 1312. 8vo. Leeuwaarden, 1830. Hewitt, W. T. Frisian Language and Literature, an Historical Sketch. 8vo. Ithaca, New York, 1879. Heyne, M. Altsachsische Grammatik. 8vo. Paderborn, 1873. Heyne, M. Altsachsisches Glossar, in his edition of the Holland. 8vo. Paderborn, 1873. Heyne, M. Kleinere Altniederdeutsche Derikmaler. 8vo. Pader- born, 1867. Heyne, M. Kurze Laut und Flexionslehre der Altgermanischen Dialecte. 8vo. Paderborn, 1874. GRAMMATICAL HELPS, ETC. XV Hoenfft, J. H. Taalkundige Aanmerkingen op eenige Oud- Friesche Spreekwoorden. 8vo. Breda, 1812. Japicx, G. Friesche Rijmlerye, ed. Epkema. 4to. Leeuwaarden, 1821. Leo, H. Angelsachsisches Glossar. Royal 8vo. Halle, 1872. March, F. A. Comparative Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Language. Royal 8vo. New York, 1875. Motley, J. L. The Dutch Republic. 3 vols. 8vo. New York, 1880. Milller, F. Max. Lectures on the Science of Language. 2 vols. 8vo. New York, 1875. Ottema, Dr. J. 0. Thet Oera Linda B6k, English edition. 8vo. London, 1876. Outzen, N. Glossarium der Nordfriesischen Sprache. 4to. Kopen- hagen, 1837. Rask, R. Anglo-Saxon Grammar, by B. Thorpe. I2mo. London, 1865. Rask, R. Frisische Sprachlehre aus dem Danischen ubersetzt, von Dr. F. J. Buss. I2mo. Freiburg-im-Braunschweig, 1834. Rask, R. Friesche Spraakleer mit enige veranderingen uit het Deensch vertaald door Mr. M. Hettema. 8vo. Leeuwaarden, 1832. Rasks Icelandic Grammar. 8vo. London, 1869. Richthofen, K. F. Friesische Rechtsquellen. 4to. Berlin, 1840. Richthofen, K. jP Altfriesisches Worterbuch. 4to. Gottingen, 1840. Rieger, M. Alt-und- Angelsachsisches Lesebuch nebst Altfriesischen Stuck en. 8vo. Giessen, 1861. Schmeller, J. A. Heliand. 4to. Monachii, &c., 1830-40. Sievers, E. Angelsachsische Grammatik. 8vo. Halle, 1882. Sturenburg, C. H. Ostfriesisches Worterbuch. 8vo. Aurich, 1862. Sweet, H. Anglo-Saxon Reader. I2mo. Oxford, 1876. Sytstra, H. S. Klank-schrift en Woorden-leer der Friesche taal. 8vo. Two parts. 1856-62. >*$^^% XVI GRAMMATICAL HELPS, ETC. Von Wicht, M. Ostfriesisches Landrecht. 4to. Aurich, 1738. Wackernagel, W. Altdeutsches Worterbuch. 8vo. Basel, 1878. Wiarda, T. D. Altfriesisches Worterbuch. 121110. Aurich, 1786. Wiarda, T. D. Asega-Buch. 4to. Berlin und Stettin, 1805. Wiarda, T. D. Willkuren der Brokmanner. 8vo. Berlin, 1820. Williams, M. Sanskrit-English Dictionary. 4to. Oxford, 1872. Winkler, J. Algemeen Nederduitsch en Friesch Dialecticon. 2 vols. 8vo. 'S Gravenhage, 1874. Zeuner. Die Sprache des Kentischen Psalters. 8vo. Halle, 1882. FRIESIC GRAMMAR. PART L PHONOLOGY. THE ALPHABET. . a, b, c, d, e, /, g, h, i, j, k, I, m, n, o, p, (q), r, s, t, u, v, w, (x), ),- SOUNDS OF LETTERS. 1. VOWELS. (i.) a like a in lad. d a ball. e ,, e ,, rest. ^ ,, e they. i , i ,, hit. i like ee in seem. o o blot. 6 o dome. u u ,, full. u oo tool. (2.) There was but little difference between the sounds of a and o in such words as man, mon, land, land, wald, wold. Regarding the free interchange of these vowels with each other see section 3. (3.) The same is true of e and i at the end of unaccented syllables ; we find them indiscriminately used, as in hire, hiri, nose, nosi, &c. (4.) The vowels rarely had an absolutely determinate sound, being subject to innumerable shades and slight variations much like the varied shades of colours that are so prevalent, to which but seldom can an absolutely distinctive epithet be applied ; and, then, again in the senescence of the language the sounds assimilated themselves to those of the conquering and absorbing dialect of Holland. 1 8 THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. CONSONANTS. 2. (i.) The consonants are pronounced as in English, with the following exceptions : (2.) c pronounced always like k (3.) ch like the German ch ; it is the equivalent of the Anglo-Saxon hard h, as in brdchte, A.-S. brohte. (4.) h before all consonants, but w is but a slight aspirate, as in hldpa, to leap ; hrof, robbery. Sometimes pronounced so indistinctly as to be omitted from words, as ors for hors; and from the same word the r was occasionally dropped, making hos, which sounds like the vulgar or backwoods pro- nunciation of English horse. hw = wh in what. (5.) ./before a vowel pronounced like English y. (6.) k sometimes is pronounced like ch and sh } &c. ; but as to this see under gutturals. (7.) If and Iv. In these combinations the Frisians were inclined to absorb the / or v in the pronunciation, and thus wrote indiscriminately dela or delva, to delve ; bihale or bihalva, beside ; cf. the Scotch sel' for self. (8.) s finally assumed the Dutch sound of z, and sonder was pronounced zonder ; syn, zyn, &c. (9.) wl, wr. In the combination wl, the w has something of the sound of the German w, as in wlite = vlite. Before other consonants the w is but slightly, if at all, pronounced ; accordingly the manuscripts exhibit wrogia, rogia, wriust, riust, wrauld, rauld, &c. Other remarks regarding pronunciation will be found scattered through the following sections, composing Part I. of this work. VOWELS. Short vowels a, e, i, o, u. Long vowels d, e, i, 6, d. Diphthongs iu, ei, au, eu, ou. 3. (i.) Original a (*>., that of the parent Old Low German) is preserved before m and n, whether single, geminated, or THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. 19 combined with a mute, and also before a single consonant with a or u in the following syllable, as in nama, name ; fara, traveller ; although this vowel manifests a tendency to change to o before nasals, as in man, man ; kamp, Jcomp, fight; but a can never change to o where the umlaut occurs. (2.) a represents Goth, a and the simple A.-S. ea, as in al, all, Goth, alls, A.-S. eall ; half, half, Goth, halbs, A.-S. healf. (3.) An e for original i in the final syllable gives rise to umlaut, as in hangst, gen. hengstes. (4.) a frequently becomes e before two consonants, but generally remains unchanged before I, x, and geminated mutes, as in J 'alia, to fall; snabba, mouth; katte, cat ; salt, salt ; walda, to rule ; sax, knife ; but before r e appears, as in herd, hard, Germ, hart, Icel. har$r: exceptions barn, child; garda, a garden. 4. (i.) e is derived from three other vowels, viz., a, i, and u ; from a by umlaut, as in hangst, hengstes ; lemithe, laming ; and by a simple weakening of the sound before two conso- nants, as indicated in section 3. (2.) It is derived from i by the power of assimilation exercised by an a in the following syllable, as in helpa, to help, it being considered that this e was so indistinctly enunciated as much to resemble a. It does not change back, as in A.-S., O.-S., and O.-H.-G., in the strong conjugation of the verb, and we consequently have werpe, werpst, werpth, helpe (helpst), helpt. (3.) It appears for u after that vowel has been intermedi- ately changed into o, as in fel for ful, much; ken, genus (0.-H.-G. chunni). (4.) In the participles bifelen, breken, broken, &c., the e represents the vowel of the infinitive where other verbs have o, as in A.-S. gebrocen, and the parallel form in Friesic, bifolen; so beren and boren; nimen, O.-S. (bi-)noman, stelen. (5.) Its correspondences are first, A.-S. and Icel. e, as in setta, to set, A.-S. settan, Icel. setja. Second, the A.-S. " fracture " ea (fracture of a), Icel. e, or a changeable to e by umlaut bern, child, A.-S. beam, Icel. barn (bernska) ; erm, 20 THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. poor, A.-S. earm, Icel. armr. Third, A.-S. ce. as in gers, A.-S. goers, grass; weta'r, A.-S. wceter, water. Fourth, A.-S. eo, (fracture of e), fore/*, mountain, A.-S. foorA ; melok, milk, A.-S. meoloc. EUPHONICALLY INSERTED e. 5. When in Gothic a mute is followed by a liquid or a nasal, and one of the latter forms a syllable by itself without the help of a vowel, as in akrs, fugls, taikns, maifims, there is generally developed in Friesic an intrusive euphonic vowel before the consonant : thus in ekker, acre, ager ; fugel, fowl ; teken, token, sign. Unlike A.-S., O.-F. presents only e; so in winter, Goth, wintrus ; finger, Goth, figgrs ; appel, A.-S. ceppl. Metathesis occurs in axle (also axele), shoulder ; nedle, nidle, needle. 6. (i.) i pure is preserved before many combinations begin- ning with m and n, and before r with a dental following, where A.-S. has eo: Unda, to bind; hirte (also herte), A.-S. heorte : but u, or its representative o, in the following syllable, causes it to yield to e, as in felo, much ; fretho, peace ; selover, silver. (2.) i is fractured to in before cht, as in riucht, right, law; fliucht, he flies. Fracture also seems to occur in tziurke, church ; wriust, wrist ; and tziust (kiust), a fell, pelt. (3.) It appears for a, or its umlaut e, in skil, shall ; while the second person has skalt ; in tzilik, kilik, calix ; hiri, army; wirid, pret. part, of wera, to defend; for u in skila, shall; kining, king; kin, kin, 0. S. kunni but of these last two words the umlaut forms occur; kening and ken; also skela for skila. (4.) It corresponds to A.-S. i, y (and eo, as has above been observed), and Icel. e. Mith, with, A.-S. mi*, Icel. me. Nima, to take, niman or ny man, ,, nema. Irthe, earth, ,, eorSe. Hirte, heart, ,, heorte. Fir,i&T l feor. THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. 21 7. o is generally the representative, the "Triibung" or obscuration of u ; before mp, nd, and n it is a mere variation of a, as in komp, kamp ; lond, land ; hond, hand ; gong, gang, a going, walking ; mon, man. It is equivalent to A.-S. o and the o of the other dialects. Dolch, wound, A.-S. dolh, Mod. Fries, dolge and G?0Zc&. Folk, folk, /o/c. folclc. 8. (i.) w is but seldom preserved; it has given way so ex- tensively to the " Triibung " in o. It corresponds to A.-S. u. Hundred, A.-S. hundred. Tunge, tongue, ,, tunge. (2.) Organic generally before nasal combinations grund, ground ; tunge, tongue. (3.) u = O.-H.-G. o in tlmner, thunder, O.-H.-G. donar ; kuma (also parallel form koma), O.-H.-G. coman, queman ; w>ima(also ivona), to dwell, inhabit, O.-H.-G. wonen. Also to Latin o in words from that language, munek, munik, monik, L. monachus ; pund, pound, L. pondus. (4.) u for a in gunga, to go j it is very frequently written for v and w ; for v, as in erue, heir; 'oua, over; for w, as in tud t two; wedue, widow. LONG VOWELS. 9. (i.) d occurs in some cases of contraction, as infd (Germ. fangen), to take, seize ; sld (Germ, schlagen), to strike. (2.) It appears in the third person plural of the eighth class of strong verbs, as in ndmon, from nima, to take. (3.) It represents Goth, di and A.-S. d, as in Mm, A.-S. ham, Goth, hdims ; dga, to have, Goth, dig an ; but it is most frequently found in the place of the Gothic diphthong du, which appears in A.-S. as ed. E.g., dre, ear ; dge, eye ; hldpa, to run ; gd, a town, region, or district (Germ. Gau) ; for Goth, duso, dugo, hldupan, 22 THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. and gduja. Its other equivalents are Icel. aw, O.-H.-G. 6, as in Ddd, death, A.-S. dead, Icel. dauVr, O.-H.-G. tod. Mdd, red, redd, rauftr, rdt. Lds, loose, leds, laus, 16s. Strdm, stream, stream, straumr, Mod. ver. (Strom). (4.) It appears in the singular preterit of the eighth class of strong verbs, as kds, from kiusa, to choose ; bdd, from biada, to command. (5.) There is some vacillation between a and e, as in the words fldsk, flesh, kldth, vestis, hlddder, ladder in the Hunsin- goer Eecht flesk, kleth, hledder ; and then, vice versa, gdstlik in it forjestlik in the other. 10. (i.) e represents O.-S. e instead of O.-H.-G. ei, as in bred, broad, O.-S. bred, O.-H.-G. breit. (2.) It sometimes represents O.-H.-G. e and A.-S. e instead of ie t as bref, ber, prester, for brief, bier, priester. (3.) It is equivalent to A.-S. e, as in fet, A.-S. fet ; dema, to judge, A.-S., deman ; fera, to go, to lead, A.-S. feran. (4.) It also represents A.-S. ce, ce, and Icel. d. Her, hair, A.-S. hcer (htr), Icel. Mr. Dede, deed, deed, ddft. ddla, to divide, dcelan. Snick, any, dnig (Kentish, dlan, enig}. (5.) It also represents A.-S. y and Icel. ey. Lesa, to loose, A.-S. /^aw, Icel. leysa. ' Hdra, to hear, ,, ^ hi/ran, heyrq. (6.) It occurs, as in A.-S. ed, or its contraction e, as a con- densation of Goth. du. Ned, need, A.-S. ned, Goth. Ddpa, to dip, ddupjan. Skene, pretty, (Germ, schon), skduns. (7.) The condensed form e appears also for the Gothic diphthong iu, A.-S. e6 ; gret, grit, sand, A.-S. great ; kne, Goth. kniu; bineta, to rob, deprive, O.-S. biniotan. THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. 23 (8.) e represents the contraction of the diphthong ei, as in en, one; swepa, to sweep, Icel. sveipa ; leda, to lead, Goth. ga-leifian ; het, hot, Goth. * heit. (9.) e is employed to indicate the umlaut of 6; dom, judi- cium, dema, to judge ; fela, to feel ; wepa, to weep ; greta, to greet. It is even so employed with respect to d, as in sele, Germ. Saule, pillar ; hede, hide, A.-S. hud, corresponding to the A.-S. umlaut of u, which is y. (10.) In a few instances this vowel has been retained in pure correspondence with Goth, e, as in mel for mdl, time ; wepen, weapon, for wdpen ; weron, they were ; jevon, they gave. As intimated in these instances, the vowel d corresponds generally in this and the other old Teutonic dialects to Goth. e. This vowel will frequently be found written thus, ee, as i is written ii, and d, uu. 11. (i.) i represents the Gothic diphthong ei, and answers to I in the other old Germanic dialects ; e.g., Goth, hweila, a time, O.-H.-G. hwila, O.-S. hwtla, A.-S. hwile, Fries, hwile, Saterlandish wila, North Fries, wile; Goth, fireis, three, O.-H.-G. dri, A.-S. thri, Icel. J>rir, Fries, thria, thrice. (2.) This vowel may also take the place of the ei arising from eg, as in dt, day ; mi, may. (3.) It may result from contraction, as in nia, new, Goth. niujis ; sia, to sew, Goth, siujan. (4.) y, which has in this dialect a proper place only in foreign words, is frequently found for i, as well as i, as in ivyf for wif, wife. 12. (i.) 6 equals Gotho, A.-S. 6, and Icel. 6, as in D6m, judgment, Goth, ddms, A.-S. dom, Icel. ddmr. Bok, hook, bdka, b6c, Uk. Brother, brother, brdfyar, brother, broftir. (2.) It' answers to Gothic nasal d for an, as in brdchte, brought, Goth, brdhta, pret. of Iriggan ~ bring an ; Fries. 24 THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. thogte, Goth, fidhta for fianhta. It takes the place, as in A.-S., of Goth, a before a nasal which has dropped out ; as in other ', other, ander, Goth, anfrar ; so A.-S. gos (for gons), goose, Goth, hansa; A.-S. softe, adv. softly, O.-H.-G. samfto. (3.) So it represents Goth, e before a nasal in some words, as in mdna, moon, Goth, mena ; mdnajy, month, Goth, menofis ; kdmon, pret. plur. of kuma, to come, Goth, qemun ; nomon, pret. plur. of nima, to take, Goth, nemun. 13. (i.) u represents Gothic 4 and iu, and the u of the other dialects. Goth, fids, the same in Fries, and the other ancient dialects. Goth, fills, foul; Fries. ful, A.-S. ful; Icel. fOll. (2.) It is a contraction of iu, as in frudelf=friudelf, lover ; kriose, krtis, cross ; ftucht for fliucht, he flies. (3.) It occurs in some other cases of contraction, as in hua, to hang, for hangja. DIPHTHONGS. 14. (i.) This dialect is restricted to the single diphthong iu, with the weakened forms ia, io. Iu appears at the end of words, as iu+thriu, three ; hiu, she. Some words waver between iu and io, as fiur and^or, four; diure and diore, dear ; liude and liode, people. The Rustringer Recht seems to prefer io, the other laws the form iu. (2.) There was such a stress upon the pronunciation of this diph- thong that in later Friesic, as in Heligoland, the consonant preceding fell away by aphseresis, leaving jur for djiir, dear, jied for Ijycht, O.-F. liucht,junk instead of diunk, dark, obscure. So in Sagelterland d before the same is but slightly heard, as in dju, djop, &c. In Schier- monnikoog/wMee? O.-F. liode, which retains the / in the other modern dialects. (3.) In the words ja, to confess, and sia, to see, the a must be considered as the infinitive ending O.-H.-G. j'dhan, sehan ; in tta, to lead ; flia, to fly, which stand for tiaha, fliaha, the THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE, 25 infinitive ending may have fallen away, the naked stem diphthong remaining. LATER DIPHTHONGS. 15. (i.) ei is usually an inorganic and later formation ; it arises from the contraction of the terminations ag and eg, as in wei, way, for weg ; dei, day, gen. deges or deis ; but in the plural the g reasserts itself, and wegar, degar, &c., appear. (2.) In ein (also written ain), own, it is a contraction of eg egin, and heia = hega, to fence, preserve. (3.) For i taking the place of ei, see section 11 (2.) (4.) The parallel forms deil for del, dale (O.-S. dal) ; weisa for wesa, to be ; beile for bel, boil, occur. (5.) ei equals A.-S. ce in eider, either, A.-S. ceghwafter, cegder. (6.) ei = d in O.-S., breid, bride, O.-S. Irtid. ei = ou in O.-H.-G., hei, a blow, O.-H.-G. hou (hau). (7.) There is another ei which arbitrarily takes the place of e, as in O.-H.-Gr. and O.-S., or Frankish: thus in eifna, to level. (8.) In keisar, emperor; leia, layman, the ei is identical with the same diphthong in O.-H.-G., from which, in fact, these forms are derived. It is sometimes written ey, mey = mi, possum. (9.) Sometimes ai occurs for ei, as in aider, eider, either; ain, ein, own. 16. au is an inorganic diphthong resulting from the con- traction of aw ; naut for ndwet. It also sometimes stands for a, as in auwa for diva, to show ; auber for dber, open, manifest. Again for al, as saut for salt. 17. ui stands sometimes for d, as in kuisman, tenant. 18. u, as in breud, a pulling (her-breud, hair-pulling; nose- breud, &c.), from the verb brida, is another inorganic diph- thong resulting from the loss of a g in the verbal and nominal forms; thus brida stands for brigda. 26 THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. 19. ae = a, generally, as aegh for dch, bistaen for bistdn (Germ. bestehen). It also occurs for e, as in haet for heth, has ; aerst for erost, first ; waepen for wepin. It but seldom occurs in the Rustringer Recht and other old texts. 20. oe is usually the later and Dutch orthography for u, as in bloed, blood ; soen for sunu, son ; hoemanich (quam multi), Dutch hoe menigerlei ; doem, judicium (Older Fries, dom), Dutch doemen, to judge. 21. ou is sometimes equivalent to Germ, au : Iroute = Brau, a brewing. It forms a compensation sometimes for a lost /, as in goud, gouden, gold, golden ; houda for holda, friend : appears for th in ouder for 22. The Consonants. Liquids I, r. Nasals m, n> Spirants v, w, s, z, j. Labials p, b,f. Mutes. Dentals*, d, th. Gutturals & (c), g, h. q = kw ; x = ks. 23. LIQUIDS. (i.) I and r. This dialect carefully distinguishes be- tween the Gothic simple initial liquids I and r and their aspirated compounds A/, hr, wl, and wr (so also with the nasal n-hn). HI and hr are sometimes found with the liquid and the spirant transposed, as lh, &c. (2.) These aspirated compounds did not descend to the modern dialects. (3.) There is an elision of I before certain consonants, as there is in the pronunciation in English would, could, should (which, by the way, are written phonetically in Modern Friesic woe'd, koe'd, scoe'd by apocope woe', koe\ . ^>.xf . THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. >oftfi scoe), as in selik, Goth, siva-leiks, such; salk, sek ; sullik, sulk, sUk; hwelik, hwelk, hwek, hob, and hdL (4.) Gemination is rejected at the end of a word, and is not found in compound words where the preceding vowel is short, as al, all ; al-sd, also. In this it fully agrees with A.-S. (5.) r answers to ancient Germanic r, as in rike, kingdom ; renna, to run; brenga, to bring; wer, man; Goth, reiki, rinnan, briggan, wair : to original z in the middle of a word (Goth, z or 5), as in mar a, more, Goth, maiza ; dre, ear, Goth. duso ; nera, to support, foster, Goth, nasjan (to save). (6.) A tendency to indulge in rhotacism (the change of s into r) pre-eminently characterises Friesic ; e.g., it appears in the nominative plural of substantives, as in degar, days, A.-S. ddgds; fiskar, fishes, A.-S. fiscds. Sometimes, however, the liquid entirely disappears, as in dega ; the probability, there- fore, is that the pronunciation of the r was as indistinct as is that of the same letter now in England in such words as bar, tar, &c. 24. There are many evidences of the fact that there has been a marked tendency in Friesic, as to a certain extent in English, to slur over and indeed neglect the pronunciation of both the liquids I and r, though frequently with a vowel compensation. r is cast away as in A.-S. where not organic, as in md, more, Icel. meir; min, less, Icel. minnr or miftr. 25. r is generally absorbed in the pronunciation of Modern Friesic words, as in thdn for thorn, h6n for horn, k6n for korn, been for lern ; beens-been, nepos ; so kerne and herne are pronounced kenne, henne. The same thing occurs in the Westphalian dialect of the Platt- Deutsch. So in Norwegian barnsdom is pronounced bansdom, &c. Again, in M. F. boarstje, to burst, is pronounced boast "je, while in another district there is elision of the sibilant, bart occurring for barst. 26. Metathesis is quite common, as in gers, grass; hars, horse (O.-H.-G. hros); fersk, fresh; barna, to burn (Germ. 28 THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. brennen) \ forst, frost. En for the negative ne occurs joined to another word, as ik enhebbe, I have not. NASALS. 27. (i.) Final n is almost uniformly rejected in infinitives * (though it reappears in the gerund), in the termination of the subjunctive, in the inflections of the weak declension, and in various words; as finda, to find, A.-S., findan ; thene hona, (ace. of gallus), instead of honan. The a thus left answers in all cases to A.-S. an and on; e.g., ma, A.-S. man, one; thana, thence, A.-S. franon; buta, without, A.-S. butan. (2.) The Northumbrian dialect of the A.-S. presents examples of the rejection of final n as in Friesic, in infinitives; e.g., ge-hdlgia, to sanctify ; ge-cuma, to come ; locia, to look ; weorthia, to honour ; leornia, to learn ; thenka, to think ; hera, to hear ; aria, to honour ; gonga, to go ; habba, halda, tenere ; honga, to hang, and many others. See the glossary to " Die vier Evangelien in Altnordhum- brischer Sprache," von K. W. Bouterwek. (3.) The corrosion of centuries has further abbreviated the Frisian infinitive in some districts now to simple -i, as in the East Frisian words eeri, to honour, O.-F. erfa; gungi, to go, O.-F. gunga ; macki, to make, O.-F. makja. Many verbal forms in Heligoland t and Wangerdg have, like the English, entirely lost the vowel of the infinitive in such words as bed, to bid ; buug, to bow ; hidr, to hear ; it, to eat ; lied, to lead ; thenk, to think ; bring, to bring ; set, to sew ; sliap, to sleep ; deil, to deal with ; bdrg, to hide, A.-S. bergan ; bifel, to command, O.-F. bifella; bik, to pick ; bit, to bite ; brik, to break. (4.) We find the gemination of n arising from the con- traction of two n's, which have come into closer contact by the elision of one or more vowels, as in enne for enene, minne for minene, thinne, &c. * It appears, however, in kwdn and seggen, bistdn, adjurare, dicere ; sian, to see ; bringan, to bring ; wesan, to be ; fdn, to take ; gdn, to go ; jdn, to give; bi-schojan, Germ, beschauen, &c. ; similar forms also prevail in M.-F., thus : gton, sjaen, stton, jaen. t This island was Frisian as early as the eighth century, and received its name, Sacred Island, from its being the principal place of worship of Fosite, Norse, Forseti (?) According to others, of Odin. THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. 29 (5.) In this, as well as in other Old Teutonic dialects, in- flectional m has, when occurring in terminations, always been changed to n ; n is dropped when occurring in the middle of a word before s, th, d, and /, as in ds (Germ. uns\ nobis, ev-est, hatred (Goth, anst) ; gds, goose, pi. ges, O.-H.-G. gans ; other, Goth, anfrar ; toth, pi. teth, Goth, tunfrus ; sith, Goth. sinps; muth, fif (Germ, mund, Goth, fimf) : exception, winstere, left, ath appears for and in the plural terminations of the verb. SPIRANTS. 28. (i.) v. and w. v is sometimes written at the beginning and in the middle of words for the vowel u e.g.,vrdriva for urdriva, to drive out ; vr for ur, over ; vtor, extra ; vndvnga, se liberare. (2.) w appears also for u at the beginning and in the middle of words, and in some cases wu is rendered by a simple w wtward for titward, outward ; wrsia for ursia, to oversee ; wnde for unde, wound; dwa for dua, to do. Of w for wu observe wllen, woollen ; wnnen, won ; and wrdon, become. (3.) Of combinations we note wl and wr in wlite, msibilis, and wlemmelsa, laesio, which are combined in ivliteivlemmelsa, a visible wound (i.e., one not covered by clothing) ; wr in wreka, ulscisci ; ivrogja, accusare, and others. (4,) w occurs with another consonant preceding, in the combinations dw, hw, lew, sw, tw, thw ; dtudlicheed (Mid. Fr.), error ; hwd, who ; kwetha, to say j swerd, sword ; twd, two ; thwinga, to force, compel. They are, as a rule, strictly preserved from intermixture with the succeeding vowel. (5.) Where w occurs in New Friesic it is almost uniformly strongly aspirated, sounding like English wh in where. (6.) The A.-S. vocalisation (i.e., w after another conso- nant and before i is vocalised into u, the * being dropped) is admitted in the following cases : suster, sister ; kuma, to come j and kom, came ; for svister (Riistringer swester) kvima, Icvam. (7.) w is sometimes dropped in the middle of a word, as in 30 THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. sela, A.-S. sdwel, soul, life ; hiskthe, family, O.-H.-G. hiwisca ; ondsera for ondswera, to swear free ; tolef, tolefta, twelve, twelfth, for twilif, twilif ta; storing for swiaring, son-in-law; and at the end it is sometimes retained and sometimes falls away, in the latter case lengthening the preceding vowel. Retained, as in daw, dew ; bldw, blue : falls away, as in gd, a district, vicus ; d, a law. The w has developed no diphthong, but simply a long vowel in frowe, woman ; hdwa, to hew ; strewa, to strew*; bdiva, to build. (8.) The u in such forms as fiuwer, four; triuwe, faith; hauwen, hewn, is, so to speak, but a diphthongal gemina- tion of the w, for fiwer, triwe, hawan a peculiarity also observable in O.-H.-G. (9.) v replaces the nasal m infovne forfdmne, fomne, woman, maid : drops out of sJcrion for shriven, written ; jondis for avend, evening. 29. (i.) s and z. Rhotacism of s into r takes place as in O.-H.-G. and O.-S. The s is preserved in the present and preterit singular of strong verbs; while the preterit plural and the participle adopt r, e.g., kiase, kds, keron, keren; wesa, was, weron. (2.) The softening of sk into sch is a dialectic peculiarity : before e and i we find schet, treasure ; schel for sbel, shall ; scheldech, guilty ; schilling, shilling : before a and u in schangt, present; schule, shelter, hut. (3.) The soft sibilant z is found at the beginning of but few words, and there mostly appears in later forms in sympathy with, and under the influence of, the Dutch, as zeerdwer, pirate, viking, Dutch zeeroover; zwarra, to swear, Dutch'zweeren. For the combinations tz, sz, dsz, dz, &c., see under Gutturals, section 36. 30. Contrary to the custom of some of the other Old-Ger- manic dialects, which often supplant j by g, the Old Friesic has, in addition to the organic j, employed this consonant in the place of g (the j is written t in the manuscripts, and has usually been so printed), e.g., jeld, poena, pecunia, for geld; THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. 31 jeva, to give, &c. The spirant is organic in jer, year ; Jung, young ; federja, patruus ; makja, to make ; sparja, to spare ; erja, to honour. It is ordinarily vocalised into i where it forms part of the root, and is therefore seldom to be met with; e.g., nia, new; fri, free. When once vocalised it does not reappear in the word hiri, army, has not in the dative hirji, but hiri. MUTES. LABIALS. 31. (i.) p in general and 6 and/ at the beginning of words are organic ; b, except in the combination mb and in cases of gemination, is replaced by v in the middle, and by / at the end of words ; e.g., wif, genitive, wives; stef, staff, dative sieve; half, genitive halves ; but /remains in the middle of a word where a t sound follows, as in efter, after ; Mfd, head ; jeftha, or. The labial aspirate ph is represented by the spirant / or v. (2.) p is identical in its relations with the same letter in the other Old-German dialects. Initial p is practically a foreign letter to the Old-Teutonic tongues. The gemination f occurs only in foreign words, and pp is rare. (3-) /renders the A.-S. combination hw in the word fial, wheel, A.-S. hweol, Icel. hvel, Swed. and Dan. hjul. This form is analogous to the ancient and modern Dutch wiel. There is an obvious and natural affinity between the labial and the spirant, which has resulted in the interchange in this instance, regardless of its combination with the aspirate. (4.) A remarkable rendering of Latin p is found in prdgost (prdvest), Lat. prcepositus, where a guttural replaces the spirant ; A.-S. prdfast, Icel. prdfastr. We also find the same consonant taking the place of the labial media in sigun, seven. Cf. also progja for provja, to prove ; also jog for jof, gave ; pagus for pans, pope. This consonant might, with a considerable degree of appropriateness, be denominated a gut- tural spirant. This applies as well to the guttural under the same circumstances in the modern Saterlandish dialect j e.g., 6gen for oven. Observe also O.-F. tonghere for thuner, thunder ; sogenja for somnia, to collect. So ch occurs for /in stichte (Ger. Stiff), church, monastery, O.-H.-G. ga-stifte, aedificium. 32 THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. DENTALS. t, d, th. 32. (i.) t is almost uniformly organic; it sometimes drops out at the end of a word after ch, as riuch for riucht ; and th sometimes loses the aspiration and becomes t, as in nimat for nimath ; klit for klith, clothing ; ddt for ddth, death ; and vice versd, th frequently occurs for t, as weth for wet, wet ; with for wit. This peculiarity is principally characteristic of the Em- siger Recht, the aspirate being partial to the end of a word. Thus, in the West Lauwers laws of 1276, senth for send, will for dt,foth foTfot. (2.) d when initial is organic. The media is liable, as in Gothic, to yield to the aspirate when terminational, but does not in such words as breid, bride; hdfd, head; bed, asked; but the aspirate prevails in the terminations of the verb, -th and -ath occurring for d and -a(n)d. rd and rth are kept distinct, as in gerdel, girdle ; irthe, earth : Id may be either organic or take the place of lth t as holda, to hold, Goth. haldan; bilde, O.-S. Ulithi. (3.) The gemination dd corresponds to d with an original formative -i, as in bed, gen. beddes, Goth, badi; bidda, Goth. bidjan; thredda, third, Goth, frridja. (4.) The media is sometimes inserted in a word for the sake of euphony to give a full and forcible sound much as /3 is found in Greek words like yafj.pp&s, /^eo^/A/Spta, &c., and in the Friesic nember for nimmer, never. Thus, in Stmelde, pi. of Stmel, a space of time ; dey and nacht, jcftha twd etmelde, day and night, or two divisions of time. So in from(d) sind, the first synod a judicial day. Then, again, it drops out of a word, asjel iorjeld, garja for gaduiya. 33. (i.) th. The aspirate is made to answer (written th) to both A.-S. and Icel'. }> and $ ; it undoubtedly had a softer sound in the middle and at the end of words than at the beginning. (2.) The aspirate and media occasionally interchange, as sdda for sdtha, sod ; steth for sted, place, stead ; keddes, gen. of ketha, nuntius. (3.) Observe ,the change of the dental aspirate into the THE OLD FKIESIC LANGUAGE. 33 sibilant in strot for A.-S. throte, throat, and tosch for toth, tooth; the dental aspirate for the spirant / in midrith for midrif. 34. The pronunciation of the voiceless stopped consonant th has been practically lost among all the Continental members of the Ger- manic race, but retained among the islanders : e.g., in F6r and Amrum we find thaank, thanks ; thdrp, village ; thiif, thief ; thing, thing, &c. Wangerogian thwong, thong ; thacke, thatch ; thum, thumb ; thitsel, thistle, pronounced as in English. 35. The inhabitants of the islands above enumerated dis- tinguish between the sharp and soft aspirate. When the true pronunciation is being lost among them, they substitute the tenuis for the sharp and the media for the soft, and even follow up the exceptions that we have in English, as in this, that, than, the, thee, then, there, they, thou, thine, though, thus, which begin with the soft instead of the sharp aspirate ; there- fore there are presented, dizze, dat, dan, de or di, dinne, daere, dy, dou, dine, doghs, doz. These dialects, from their insulated position, and consequent retention of many Old-Friesic pecu- liarities, shed much light upon the ancient phonology. GUTTURALS. k, g, h. 36. k is frequently principally in the combinations cl, en, cr, sc, and at the end of words represented by c, as in clage (Germ. Klage), complaint ; clinna (Germ, klingen), to ring, re- sound ; mere, mark ; comp for komp or kamp, pugna. k, and not c, is used before e and i, as in Jcemen, come ; kiasa, to choose : the tenuis is but rarely geminated, as in ekker, acre ; smek, taste, genitive smekkes ; stole, stolckes, stick. It was pro- nounced with so strong an aspiration in a number of words, as in betel, kettle; kerke, church; reka, to reach, that they were frequently written as detailed in the next section. x = ks. C 34 THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. 37. (i.) Very peculiar is the conversion (alluded to above) of a guttural into a palatal, which occurs as follows, and for the reason just given. Before e or i, at the beginning of a word, k was frequently replaced by a palatal sound written thus sz and sth when the e or i was followed by a single consonant or a liquid, as in szin for kin, chin ; sthereke for kerke, church. (2.) At the beginning of a word g was not thus affected. gg in the middle of a word is replaced by dz, and k by ts, tz, tsz; thus in sicha for sigga, segga, to say, though sometimes vocalised, as in leia, to lay, ditsa, to ditch; the English equivalent is an evidence of the same tendency in our own language : ditch is the modern pronunciation of A.-S. die. This peculiarity is also characteristic of Modern Friesic. (3.) After a consonant sz and simple z are written for this letter, as brensza, to bring (brenza) ; ledza, to lay. (4.) A simpler mode of rendering the palatal is adopted in West Frisian in the employment of a simple z or s. (5.) With reference to the pronunciation, we may conclude that tz, ts, and sth represented the Anglo-Saxon weak c, or the Italian ce y sz the English sh, and dz the g, in such words as genius, general, &c. The tennis remains in but few words keda, chain; kerva, to carve; kersten, Christian; kempa, champion, &c. (6.) The Friesic method of spelling some proper names is interesting; for instance, Ritsard, JUdzard, Witsard. e a, e a, e i, e CLASS 9. Grimm xi. a i, e a, e, $ M i, e CLASS 10. Grimm xii. a ** e CL u u Helfenstein's Compar. Gram, of the Teutonic Languages, p. 411 ff. THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. 6l 111. Verbs to illustrate the classes. Class i, sUpa, rdda, ttta, wepa. 2, halda, walda, banna (bonna). 3, heta, sketha. 4 (i), hldpa, steta ; Goth, stautan. 4 (2), hrdpa, * fioka. 5, gripa, driva, snitha, hniga, stiga. 6, diupa, kriapa, niata, skiata, sluia, biada, kiasa, liasa, liaka. 7, fara, skapa, waxa, draga, slaga. 8, 9, jeva, bira, stela, nima, wesa, breka, spreka. 10, hilpa, binda, finda, winna, berna, werpa, wertha. 112. PARADIGMS. Finda, to find ; kiasa, to choose. PRES. INFIN. PRET. INDIC. PRET. PLUR. PASS. PART. kiasa. fand, kds. fundon, keron. funden, keren. ACTIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Ikfinde, kiase, I find, choose Thu findest, kiosest, thou fiudest, choosest Hifindeth, kioseth, he finds, chooses Plural. Wifindath, kiasath, we find, choose / findath, kiasath, you find, choose Hia findath, kiasath, they find, choose Fand, kds, I found, chose Fundest, kerest Fand, kds PRETERIT. Fundon, keron, we found, chose Fundon, keron Fundon, keron Skilfinda, kiasa Skaltfinda, kiasa tikilfinda, kiasa Hebbefunden, keren Hdstfunden, keren Hethfunden, keren FUTURE. I shall find, choose. Skilu(ri) finda, kiasa Skilu(n) finda, kiasa Skilun finda, kiasa PERFECT. I have found, chosen. Hebbath funden, keren Hebbath funden, keren Hebbath funden, keren This verb also lias a weak preterit, hr6p-te. 62 THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. Hedefunden, keren Hedefunden, keren PLUPERFECT. I had found, chosen. Hedon funden, keren Hedon funden, keren Hedon funden, keren SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. PRETERIT. (If) I find, choose. Singular. Finde, kiase Finde, kiase Finde, kiase Plural. Finde, kiase Finde, kiase Finde, kiase (If) I found, chose. Singular. Funde, kere Funde, kere Funde, kere Plural. Funde, kere Funde, kere Funde, kere PERFECT. (If) I have found, chosen. Singular. Hebbe funden, keren Hebbe funden, keren Hebbe funden, keren Plural. Hebbe funden, keren Hebbe funden, keren Hebbe funden, keren Singular. Hedefunden, keren Hedefunden, keren Hedefunden, keren Find, kios (2d person) PLUPERFECT. (If) I had found, chosen. Plural. Hedefunden, keren Hedefunden, keren Hedefunden, keren PERATIVE MOOD. Find, choose. | Findath, kiasath INFINITIVE. To find, choose. Finda, kiasa PARTICIPLE. PRESENT. Finding, choosing. Findand, kiasand PRETERIT. Found, chosen. Funden, keren GERUND. To find, choose. Tofindande, kiasande. THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. PASSIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. 63 - Singular. Ik bem (ben) funden, keren, I am found, chosen Thu (bist) funden, keren, thou art found, chosen Hi is funden, keren, he is found, chosen Was funden, keren Were funden, keren Was funden, keren Plural Wi send funden, keren I send funden, keren Hia send funden, keren PRETERIT. I was found, chosen. Weron funden, keren W^ron funden, keren W^ron funden, keren FUTURE. I shall be found, chosen. Singular. Skil wesa funden, keren Skalt wesa funden, keren Skil wesa funden, keren Plural. Skilu(n) wesa funden, keren Skilu(n) wesa funden, keren Skilun wesa funden, keren PERFECT. I have been found, chosen. Bern, wurthen funden, keren, &c. | Send wurthen funden, keren, &c. PLUPERFECT. I had been found, chosen. Was ivurthen funden, keren, &c. I 8$ funden, keren Se funden, keren S3 funden, keren SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. (If) I be found, chosen. S3 funden, keren Sd funden, keren S^ funden, keren Were funden, keren Were funden, keren Were funden, keren PRETERIT. (If) I were found, chosen. W^re funden, keren Were funden, keren ' Wfrefunden, keren \ 64 THE OLD FRIES 1C LANGUAGE. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Be found, chosen. Wese funden, keren (2d person) | Wesath funden, keren INFINITIVE. To be found, chosen. Wesa funden, keren PARTICIPLE. Found, chosen. Funden, keren 113. Contracted forms of wesa with the negative : nis, is not ; nds, was not ; n$re, were not (subj.) 114. A future perfect tense may be formed by means of sTcil and hebba ; thus : Ik skil hebba funden, I shall have found. 115. INTRANSITIVE FORM OF THE VERB. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRETERIT. Singular. Ik bem kemen, I have (am) come Thu (bist) kemen, thou hast come Hi is kemen, he has come Plural. Send kemen Send kemen Send kemen PLUPERFECT. Was kemen, had come, &c. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRETERIT. Ik se kemen, that I have come. 116. REMARKS ON THE PARADIGMS. No dental but t can remain before the st of the second person singular: xst becomes xt; th in the third person is contracted with a preceding d into t, as in fint, lialt; so also THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. 65 with t preceding : with a preceding th into th ; with s or st into st; with x to xt. i for e occurs in the second and third persons singular : ist and ith. There is quite a manifest inclination in the th to lose its aspiration ; sometimes it is dropped altogether, as bieda for biadat(h). 117. There is but little evidence of the employment of the umlaut in the verbal inflections. Erhotacism has been adopted, especially in Classes 5 and 6, as kds, plural Tceron ; was, weron, &c. 118. Class 9 may be considered as identical with Class 8, because the preterit participle has in both the weakened radical e; iu in Class 6 is condensed into ft, as in sMta, Itika. 119. The subjunctive in both present and preterit has suffered apocope of the n, and ends regularly in -e. 120. The so-called gerund is merely an inflected form of the infinitive a verbal noun. 121. The verb meaning to hang has four stems, hang, honga, hit, huang. Fa, to take, presents the two stems fanga 122. The following have one or more weak forms, principally in the pret. participle : berna, bonna, kerva, riva, sMtha, steta, strida. 123. Verbs like ./?&*, to fly ; sia, to see ; tia, to draw ; Ha, to loan ; sla, to strike ; fd, to take ; hua, to hang ; bi-fella, to command, have lost an h before the infinitive termination: O.-S. fiiohan, gi-sehan, tiohan, O.-H.-G. lihan, O.-S. slahan, fdhan, Goth, hahan, O.-S. bi- felhan. 124. The dental is frequently omitted from the present participle, as in driwen for driwend, dregan, libban, &c. 125. In such forms as onsittane and lidsane the final vowel is a relic of the ancient -ja. The present part, often has this conclusion, causing it to appear as -ande. E 66 THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. 126. PERIPHRASTICAL CONDITIONAL FORM OF THE VERB. (VERBA PR^ETERITO-PR^ESENTIA.) The prceterito-prcesentia are a number of ablaut verbs which no longer exhibit a present form, but use the preterit form in a present sense, and for the expression of past time take to themselves the endings of weak verbs. PRES. SING. PRES. PLUR. PRET. INFIN. kan, kunnon, kunda, kunna, can. thurf, thurvon, thurva, need to. dur, thur, thuron, thorste, thura, need to. skil, skilu(ri), skoldi(e), skila, shall. mei, mi, mugu(n), machte, (mega), may. dch, agon. Achte, dga y hdga, have to. w$t, wtt, wita, know how to. (ducht), duga, able to. mdt, mdton, mdste, mdta, must. They are used with the infinitives of verbs as auxiliaries, as mei finda, may find ; mot kuma, must come. To form the passive, insert between the auxiliary and participle wesa or wertha ; thus : kan wesa funden, can be found. 127. Bi-jenna, one of the verbs following the analogy of the prceterito-prcesentia, has, in addition to the regular preterit, also bigunde, bigonste ; the others are werka, which has a pre- terit written by metathesis wrochte ; brenga, brensza, bring, brochte; thanka, thenszja* think, thochte; and wille, wilt, wille, plural willath, preterit welde, wolde. 128. SECOND CONJUGATION. WEAK VERBS. For the formation of the infinitive, -ja, for primitive -ay a or -6 (sometimes represented by -a) is added to the root. Nera, theme ner-ja, to preserve j seka, to seek ; sdlvja, to save. THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. 6 7 PRETERIT INDICATIVE. Singular. Nerede, sdchte, salvade Plural. Neredon, sdchton, salvadon PARTICIPLES. PRESENT, nerand, PRETERIT, nerid, sSkand, sdcht, salvjand. salvad. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Nere, sSke, salvje Nerist, nerst, sdkist, sekst, salvast Nereth, sSkth, salvath Plural. Nerath, sdkath, salvjath Nerath, sekath, salvjath Nerath, sekath, salvjath PRETERIT. Nerede, nerde, sdchte, salvade Neredest, sdchtest, salvadest Nerede, sdchte, salvade Neredon, sdchton, salvadon Neredon, sdchton, salvadon Neredon, sdchton, salvadon Ik skal nera, seka, salvj'a Thu skalt nera, seka, salvja Hi skil nera, seka, salvja FUTURE. Wi skilu(n) nera, seka, salvja I skilu(n) nera, seka, salvja Hia skilu(n) nera, sd/ca, salvja PERFECT. Ik hebbe nerid, sdcht, salvad Thu hast nerid, sdcht, salvad Hi heth nerid, sdcht, salvad Wi hebbath nerid, sdcht, salvad I hebbath nerid, sdcht, salvad Hia hebbath nerid, sdcht, salvad PLUPERFECT. Ik hede nerid, sdcht, salvad Hi hede nerid, sdcht, salvad Wi hedon nerid, sdcht, salvad I hedon nerid, sdcht, salvad Hia hedon nerid, sdcht, salvad SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Neri (e), seki (e), salvje Neri, seki, salvje Neri (e), seki (e), salvje Nerede, sdchte, salvade Nerede, sdchte, salvade Nerede, sdchte, salvade Hebbe nerid, sdcht, salvad Hebbe nerid, sdcht, salvad Hebbe nerid, sdcht, salvad PRESENT. Neri (e), s$ki (e), salvje Neri (e), seki (e), salvje Neri (e), seki (e), salvje PRETERIT. Nerde, sdchte, salvade Nerde, sdchte, salvade Nerde, sdchte, salvade PERFECT. Hebbe nerid, sdcht, salvad Hebbe nerid, sdcht, salvad Hebbe nerid, sdcht, salvad 68 THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. PLUPERFECT. Hede nerid, socht, salvad Hede nerid,, socht, salvad Hede nerid, sdcht, salvad Hede nerid, socht, salvad Hede nerid, sdcht, salvad Hede nerid, socht, salvad IMPERATIVE MOOD. Nere, sece, salva (2d person) | Nerath, secath, salvjath INFINITIVE. Nera, seka, salvja. PRESENT PARTICIPLE, nerand, sekand, salvjand. PRETERIT ,, nerid, sdcht, salvad GERUND, to nerande, sekande, salvjande. 129. The following are the most important weak verbs : Wera, to defend ; era, to plough ; bera, to behoove, to become ; lema, to weaken ; nera, to save ; sella, to sell ; setta, to set ; strekka, to stretch ; tella, to number ; segga, sedza, to say ; spera, to investi- gate ; cdpja, to buy ; makja, to make ; halja, to fetch ; nomja, to name ; rdvja, to rob ; endgja, to end ; folgja, to follow ; askja, to ask ; klagja, to complain, accuse ; radja, to speak ; skathja, skathigja, to damage ; wardja, to ward ; hlaka, to laugh ; gddurja, to gather ; spera, to touch, reach ; ttda, to lead ; dema, to judge ; fSra, to lead, bring ; beta, to compensate ; selm, to seek ; dela, to divide ; swera, to swear ; timbria, to build ; ondwardja, to answer ; reka, to deliver to ; hera, to hear ; slepa, to sleep ; hebba, to have ; riuchta, to judge ; libba, to live ; thanka, to think ; erja, to honour. 130. REMARKS ON THE WEAK CONJUGATION. Two forms of verbs are exhibited, viz., those having a short or long radical, as in O.-S. and A.-S. The preterit suffix is -de, which is added to the root. Short verbs may though they seldom employ it add the preterit suffix by means of the connective e (for i from ja). The Old Saxon preterit termination -da, connecting vowels i and o, appears in Friesic as -de, connecting vowels e and a / O.-S. nerida, skawode ; Fries, nerede, salvade. 131. Verbs with organic gemination add the suffix without connecting vowel, and also quite a number of short verbs which, by means of inorganic gemination, have become long, as sella = selja, setta, tella, segga, stodon, preterit participle, stenden, stinsen. COMPOSITION. 140. There is a great abundance of compound words in Friesic. Nouns frequently appear unchanged in composition : e.g>, sign-lids, stone-house; the first member of the compound is sometimes in the genitive, as sunna-skin, sunshine.* Some nouns ending in e cast that vowel away before the last member of the compound : e.g., irth-fal, earth-fall, felling to the ground, for irthe-fal. 141. Verbs are freely compounded with adverbs and pre- positions : up-stonda, to arise ; of-gunga, to go away ; forth- fdra, to fare forth, &c. (a.) The prefixed preposition or adverb may occasionally, as in Ger- man, be separated from the verb whose meaning it modifies, and appear later on in the sentence : as in sprec-ma thene rMjeva on, if one appeal to the judge, &c. And some prefixes have in course of time become so thoroughly incorporated with the verb, that the perception of their original signification has been lost, and the primary sense of the prefix is expressed by another, giving rise to apparent tautology. 142. An adjective is usually compounded with a noun without any change, as ful-brother, half-brother, &c. 143. Some particles change their meaning in composition, as for, to, te, and under. * In the compound word for Saturday, which answers to German Sonna- bend, there is syncopation of the stem in both members ; thus, Sniond for fonna-dvend, Snaind, Sniun (parallel forms Snevend, Sntvend). THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. 71 To has the sense of violence involved in it sometimes under such circumstances, though it is really not the preposition ; it is a prefix signifying separation, destruction originally te. Examples : to-driva, to tear apart ; to-dela, separate ; for-stonda (Germ, verstehen), to understand ; for-sitta, to lose, neglect ; under-stonda, to understand. The particle ur corresponds to the German ver : urbarna (Germ. verbrennen), to burn up. It is liable to be confounded with ur, over. 144. The first word in a compound, as a rule, serves to define and qualify the second; the latter is generally the more important, and gives the gender to the compound. 145. PREFIXES. The following are the prefixes most frequently used : as in a-jen, against ; a-twA, in two : in verbs, a-sld, a-stonda, be-, bi-, bi-halda, to hold, retain ; bi-fella, to command.* forth-) , , forth-branga, to bring forward ; forth-fara, to proceed. ful-, >> ful-branga, to complete. in-, ,, in-branga, to bring in ; in-kuma, to come in. mis-, ,, mis-dede, misdeed ; mis-Uk, unlike. f--> >> of-snUha, to cut off; of-sld, to strike off. on-, ,, on-bijenna, to begin. ond-, ' ond-wardja, to answer; ond-lete (Germ, antlitz), face. onaer-, I ^ under-standa, understand. to-, to-bera, adferre : to-breka, to rend. ,. 7 ( thruch-sktna, shine through; thruch-hawa, to hew tlirucii-, j through. umbe-, ,, umbe-kuma, to arrive. und-, ,, und-swera, to swear free. un-, ,, un-skeldich, innocent ; un-dom, wrong. up-, ,, up-stonda, to arise ; up-riucht, upright. ur-,for-, ,, ur-dSma, to condemn ; for-derva, to destroy. ut-, ,, ut-gunga, to go out ; ut-driva, to drive out. with-(e}ir-,, wither-jeva, to give back ; with-stonda, to withstand. * There is much of a middle sense in verbs combined with the prefix bi- in the Germanic languages. In fact, they indicate the same very frequently by the addition of the reflexive pronoun, as in English, to bethink one's self, to begrime one's self, &c. 72 THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. 146. SUFFIXES. The following denote personal agents : a, bon-a, murderer ; aseg-a, judge. -and, a participial ending, jiand, enemy. ( drocht-en, a lord. This suffix also indicates things : j tek-en, token ; bek-en, beacon. er-e, scriv-ere, writer, scribe ; prest-er, priest. ina \ hdS'Wfft paterfamilias ; Kin-ing, king ; Sthel-ing, noble- ) man. 147. (i.) The following denote abstract notions, circum- stances, or things : -ath, mon-ath, month ; thing-ath, assembly. -ddm, fri-dom, freedom; kersten-dom, Christendom. A T 7 T ( (A.S. -had. Germ, -heit) kersten-$de, Christendom ; -ede,-hed, j fri.Md, freedom. ~er, fing-er, finger. -ethe, -the thiuv-ethe, theft ; lemi-the, injury. -elsa wlem-elsa, a wound. ( blend-ing, blinding ; btiw-unge, building, dwelling. tnge, -unge, j (Thig ig ft participial form)> -ma, set-ma, order ; brek-ma, fine. -nese, heft-nese, prison ; urdem-nese, condemnation. -rike, himul-rike, heaven ; kining-rike, kingdom. -skip, her -skip, army ; red-skip, advice. (2.) -d6m, -skip, -Me, -Tied, and -rike were originally independent words : -skip, being from the same root as skeppa, to create, form, make, had the original signification of shape, condition. Ddm is cognate with Sanskrit dhdman (root dhd, ponere, constituere), dignity, heroism, &c. -lied, -ede, is a noun from the theme hiv-, signifying to form, create. Rike occurs separately in the form rik. 148. (i.) ADJECTIVE ENDINGS. -da, -ta, forming the ordinals. -e, btis-e, bad ; diur-e, dear. -en, st$n-en, of stone ; kerst-en, Christian. -er, -ern, suth-er, stith-em, southern. -/aid, thrt-fald, threefold. -ich, bldd-ich, bloody ; skeld-ich, guilty. -isk, -esk, himul-isk, heavenly ; wrald-esk, worldly. -Ids, hds-lds, houseless, homeless. -lik, jest-lik, ghostly, spiritual ; god-lik, godly. -och her-och, obedient. -sum, hdr-sum, submissive. (2.) -Ids is preserved as an independent word, with the sense of loose, freed from, without. THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. 73 149. FORMATION OF THE ADVERB. (i.) The genitive of a noun is frequently employed as an adverb: e.g., nachtes, at night. ~e is the ordinary ending to convert an adjective into an adverb, as jerne, willingly ; riuchte, recte; godlike, in a godly manner; idle, idly. (2.) Adverbial expressions are frequently met with; they are readily formed, and employed to an indefinite extent. (3.) Adverbs of place or direction have endings as follows : a, from a place, hwan-a, whence. -d, to a place, thar-d, thither. -r, hwdr, where ; Mr, here. ~e, tit-e, without ; inn-e, within. ~er, dst-er, eastward ; west-er, westward. -wirth (A.-S. weard) ; sud-wirth, southwards. ( 74 ) PART II L SYNTAX. GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 150. Friesic syntax is much like that of the Anglo-Saxon, though it does not so much resemble Latin syntax as the Anglo-Saxon does. It leans more to the German model than the latter. The fundamental principles of all syntax we must suppose to be understood, such as, for instance, that nouns in the plural require the verb to agree with them in the plural ; that an adjective must agree with its noun in gender, number, and case, &c. 151. Adjectives, however, and participles in the predicate are uninflected, retaining the form of the nominative singular masculine, e.g., tha, redjeva ther thenne weldech send, the judges who then are in power ; hwersd him sine cldthar wet wertJiat, whenever his clothes may be wet upon him. 152. The proper place for a verb in a sentence or clause is at the end; the auxiliary, however, following the principal verb : as, sd hiversd en mon dad eslein werth, whenever a man shall be slain ; hwenne tha wed elast werthat the ther on ebrcken send, until the penalties be paid that thereto attach. This rule, however, is subject to numerous exceptions. 153. The subject generally precedes the verb, though, THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. 75 for the sake of emphasis, and sometimes, undoubtedly, for euphony's sake, it follows the verb : thus, thd festade Moyses, then fasted Moses ; thit riucht slcref God selva dse hera, this law God Himself, our Lord, enacted. There is no strict necessity in Friesic for any precise collocation of the words in a sentence, for the inflections are an infallible guide to the sense, as in German, Latin, Icelandic, and other highly-inflected languages. OF NOUNS. 154. Nouns of time, in answer to the question "howjlong?" are put in the accusative: thet tilath ma thriujer, that shall be tilled for three years ; jer and di, for a year and a day. In answer to the question " when ? " and where we in English say per (per annum, per month, per day, &c.), the noun is put in the genitive : thes selva dis, the same day ; liachtes deis, in broad daylight ; tkiu mdder thiu mey nima fon hire unjerige bern thes jeres fif scillingar, the mother may take for her minor child five shillings per year. 155. A preposition with the dative is also frequently used to answer the question " when 1 " as, binna xiv jerum, within fourteen years ; bi sHnandere sunna, in the broad sunlight. 156. The dative expresses the indirect object, the agent, and manner and means. When a noun defines an adjective in the comparative, it is placed in the dative : as, ena kni mdr, one grade more nearly related ; in defining a superlative it is put in the genitive, as, alra nest, the nearest of all. A pre- position is most usually found with a dative of manner and means, and with a dative of the agent. 157. The dative expresses the object of interest, advantage or disadvantage, for whom or which something is, is done, or is to be done, as in hiri tivintich merka to bote, for her (shall be) a compensation of twenty marks ; sd-hwet-sd hire e-den is, whatever be done to (or for) her; hire en unde den, (if) she be wounded (lit. if to her a wounding be done). 76 THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. 158. The dative is used in an ablative sense in such ex- pressions as end urstelen him sines gddes, and his property be stolen from him. 159. The dative may denote that with which something is compared : e.g., thi kining is him rike and weldech, the king, in comparison with him, is mighty and great. 160. Nouns expressing the material or quantity of a sub- stance, age, &c., are put in the genitive : as, merk seloueris, a mark of silver ; en shilling goldes, a shilling of gold. 161. Partitives govern the genitive : e.g., alsd stor hevena, so much of possessions ; oiler monna ek t every man ; thera wedda awet, one of the pledges ; thera othera enich, any of the others. 162. Instead of the construction found in the Anglo-Saxon of two datives (somewhat like the Latin double dative), the latter governed by to in Friesic there is a genitive, and then a dative governed by that preposition : as, td lioda londriuchte, as a statute for (of) the people. OF ADJECTIVES. 163. Adjectives signifying worthiness, responsibility, plenty, want, guilt, ignorance, &c., govern the noun in the genitive : e.g., thera erana wel werth, truly worthy of honour; eniges jeldes schieldich, liable to a penalty ; thes ethes Ids, free of the oath ; lives and lethana unweldich, powerless over life and limb ; sines londes and sines ethes weldech, master of his land and oath ; thes wiges plichtich wesa, to have charge of the way. 164. Some adjectives require the dative, as, ena monna schieldich, liable to a man ; him framd, foreign to him ; jef hit him selua lief is, if it be agreeable to himself ; hit se enre penningskelde lie, let it be like a debt ; Godi hdrsum, obedient unto God ; dat zie da personna kund, let that be (made) known to the parson. THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. 77 165. Such adjectives as govern a dative of indirect object in other languages do so in Friesic. 166. Tha (than in West Lawers laws) and sd are used after com- paratives : e.g.,ftror thd t6 tha Fit, farther than to the Fly ; m$r than the thre delan, more than the three parts; hagra sd tuelf jerdfota, higher than twelve feet. 167- Superlatives employed as partitives govern the geni- tive; as, alra beste, the best of all. OF PRONOUNS. 168. An inclination of pronouns to contract with other words in the sentence has been explained in Sections 96 and 97. 169. Partitives govern the genitive : as, hwet werTca, what of works. 170. The pronoun of the second person is very frequently omitted with the imperative : as, sei mi, tell me. 171. The dative of the pronoun exhibits a manifest tendency to supplant the accusative a result which has been fully attained in English, in him and them. Thus in Friesic him is the direct objective of a transitive verb in many cases; e.g., jef hi him urbaernt, if he burn him (i.e., prove him guilty by the fire ordeal) ; end ma him da schelta brinckt, and one take him to the magistrate ; alsd se him siath, when they see him. 172. Reflexives are supplied by the personal pronouns with self (which, as in Anglo-Saxon, is inflected both after the weak and strong declension) ; sometimes without it : as, iJc bem self, I am myself; sa sikure hine, so let him make himself safe. There is a later reflexive, sick, which is an intruder from, the Dutch zich. 78 THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. , OF NUMERALS. 173. The higher tens and hundreds of the cardinals some- times govern the genitive : e.g., thritich merka, thirty (of) merks; then, again, they are found agreeing as adjectives with the substantives following. 174. (i.) The halves are expressed as in German and the Scandinavian languages, by the use of the ordinal of the number next higher than that wished to be expressed, with the word half following : e.g., thredda half pund, two and a half pounds; achtunda half shilling, seven and a half shillings. The whole numbers have been dropped out. The original construction is more easily understood from the following Anglo-Saxon example : he waes \& twa gear and Tpridde healf, he was there two years and the third (year) half, i.e., two and a half years. (2.) A similar idiom may be found in Greek (see Section 93). Thus, rplrov -rjfjuT&XavTov, two talents and a half; ^/SSo/iov TjfJUTaXavTov, six talents and a half : so in Sansk. ardha, half, with the ordinal, as in ardha tritiya, two and a half; ardha taturtha, three and a half. There is a word in Old-Friesic for two-thirds (twede), used in precisely the same way. 175. Monig, an adjective, may be considered an indefinite numeral, and be used in the singular without the indefinite article, as in Anglo- Saxon and German. A.-S. rinc manig, many (a) man ; Germ, mancher mann ; Fries, hoe manich riucht ister, how many (a law is) laws are there? 176. The cardinal en is employed as the indefinite article : e.g., en god jeftha en lond, property or a piece of land; n otheres monnes wif, another man's wife ; et ena rdmfdra, of a pilgrim. OF VERBS. 177. Verbs govern the accusative when a direct object is expressed. 178. There is a cognate accusative, and also an accusative of specifi- THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. 79 cation, in Friesic, both of which will he found embodied in the follow- ing sentence : tha monne sin god twijelde to jeldande, to make (pay) a double payment to the man (for) his property. 179. Verbs of influence, principally those of bidding, answering, controlling, withstanding, judging, repaying, imi- tating or being like to, pleasing, following, serving, coming upon, hearkening to, helping, speaking against, giving, for- giving, &c., govern the dative. Examples : S6 bieda wy weduwen, so we bid widows. Thet hi-t him ondwarde thes selua dis, that he answer to him for it the same day. Til thiu thet ma tha ergon stiore, that men may control the evil-dis- Stride withstonda, to withstand an attack. Hi seel demo, tha fiunde alsd friunde, he shall mete out justice to enemy as to friend. Sd skil hijelda . . . alle liodon, so shall he reward all people. Hy Iflketh een stum minscha, he is like unto a foolish man. Thet bihagada tha biskope, that pleased the bishop. Ther tha riuchte folgiat, who follow the right. Tham skaltu thianja, him shalt thou serve. Thet him bikume hunger, that hunger come upon him. Leyntuler . . . herckia (Jur. Fris. ii. 226), to hearken to a liar. Helpa tha erma, to help the poor. And hir with seke ma, and if one do speak against her. Sine kindemjewa, to give to his children. Thet retse-ma thaneste bi there fethersida, that shall be delivered to his nearest relation on his father's side. Tha tian bodo ther God urjef Moysese, the ten commandments which God gave to Moses. Hi scanctum (for scancte Mm) bethe mede and win, he offered him both mead and wine. Sd werth him edemad and edeled thiu hille, then shall hell be allotted and appointed unto him. Sd betere hire mithfullere bdte, so pay her the full penalty. 180. Walda, to govern, wield; wachtja, to take care for, provide against ; plegja, to take care of ; bidda, to request ; missa, to miss, want ; baga, to boast of ; bitila, to obtain ; bruka, to use (this verb also governs the accusative) ; warja t to 8o THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. keep, observe ; undgunga, and other verbs signifying to free one from anything, govern the genitive : e.g. Thd thi kining Kerl and thipdus Leo thes rtimeska rikes ivildon, when King Charles and Pope Leo ruled the Roman world. Sd skel hi thes wachtja, he shall take care as to this. Riuchtes plegja, to practise right. Enes onderdes bidd-ic, I request an answer. Mangra duget missa, to want many virtues. Dis bagaden, of it they boasted. Als6 bruc thu thines liwis, so employ thy life. Thes fret ha to warande, to keep the peace. Thes mitli niugun skeron untgunga, to free one's self from it with nine irons (the ordeal of the red-hot irons). S6 aegh Tiy dis sexasum on(t) swera, he must with five others swear himself free from it. 181. Ja, to admit, governs both the accusative and genitive : e.g., jeth hi then' cdp, if he admit the- purchase ; jef hi thes jech, if he admit it. 182. Undriuchta, legally to purge ; helpa, to help ; birdvja, to rob, bereave ; and bitigja, to complain of, accuse, have an accusative or dative of the more direct, and a genitive of the remote, object, as : Y habbet mi birdwed mines riuchtes, you have robbed me of my right. Sd mot thiu moder hire kind thes lives helpa, so may the mother save her child's life. Hwasd otlierem thes betigath, whoever accuses another of it. SA undriuchte hiu him thes tichta, so shall she free him from the . charge. 183. Binima, to take from, takes an accusative of the thing and a dative of the person : e.g., hiva-sd dthere monne sin quic binimath> when one takes another's cattle. 184. The following verbs, impersonals, &c., likja, to please ; thinka (thinsja, tinsa), to seem to ; bersta, deficere, to fail, be wanting (though this has also the primary signification of " to burst ") ; and bera, decere, govern their logical subject in the dative, as : Him thinsje, it may seem to him. Likath hit him sd, if he like it. Jef him sinra friunda enich bersta, if any of his friends fail him. AlsA stor sd him bereth, so great as becometh him. THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. 3 1 185. BreJca, deficere, has a dative of the logical subject and a genitive of the remote object : brecht him thes riuchtes, if he have not justice (lit. if there be a failure to him of justice). 186. Instead of the two accusatives, one of the person and the other of the thing, found in Anglo-Saxon after the verb dcsian, to ask, in Friesic there is a dative of the person preceded by to, and an accusa- tive of the thing : e.g., to hwam-sd ma en lond dskje, from (to) whom- soever one shall demand land. 187. With makja, to make, in addition to the double accusative of the person or thing, and of the predicate, there occurs the same con- struction as in Anglo-Saxon, viz., of the predicate in the dative pre- ceded by to : id bona makja, to make one out (for) a murderer. 188. The present is, as in Anglo-Saxon, and sometimes in Sanskrit and many other languages, continually used for the expression of future time : as in sd hwer sd en ded eden werth, when a deed shall be done ; sd gunch hit ova sin ein erva, so shall it enter upon its own inheritance : cf. Sansk. pravesay&mi ; I introduce (them), for " I shall introduce them." 189. THE SUBJUNCTIVE. I. (i.) The subjunctive is used to express what is indefinite, a wish, a doubt or possibility : as, sey mi haet Godes riucht se, tell me what is God's law ; hiverso een riuchter onriuchte riucht finde, whenever a judge shall find an unjust law. (2.) It is used for all the persons of the imperative except the second : e.g., sd geie hi mith fiuwer hdgeste mercum, then let him pay five "best" marks. The subjunctive employed in this way will be found all through the laws, the formula being, "if one do such-and- such a wrong, then let (subjunctive) him pay so much," or, "be punished thus and so." II. In dependent sentences : Deer ma . . . wr seyde and dnich man . . . dot hi sines haudis schieldich were, where one said to any man that he had forfeited his life. Istet dc thet ma tha redanewith sedze, but if it be so that one oppose the testamentary disposition. F 82 THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. After verbs : (i.) Of bidding, commanding : God ebdd thet wi Mlde, God commanded that we should keep. (2.) To express purpose : Thit is . . . Kynig Kerles jeft, theter allera monna $k ana sina eynu gode bisitte vmberdvad, this is King Charles's gift (or will) that every man shall possess his own property unmolested. (3.) To express what is fitting : And quethen dat hit bettera wyr dat hy allina driuckte, and said it were better that he alone should drown. Thit is riucht thet him sina friond helpe, it is right that his friends should help him. (4.) In conditional clauses, usually withjef: Sd-hwer-sd ma tMr fon thes kininges haluon sochte to ena monne, j'ef hit him ur kome, when one would inquire on behalf of the king if he were convicted (lit., if it were proved on him). (5.) So in concessive clauses with thdch. Sd nimath hia tha lawa, anda thiu siister nawt, thdch hiu libbende sd, so shall they have the inheritance and the sister not, though she be living. (6.) So, generally, the subjunctive is employed very freely in Old Friesic to express a variety of hypothetical, indefinite, and uncertain notions. The Laws being the only documents that have survived, they very naturally, and continually, put a hypothetical case of an infraction thereof, and then indicate the penalty. PARTICIPLES AND GERUND. 190. The active participle in -and has sometimes a passive sense when used as a noun, as tha drivanda and tha dreganda, cattle and movables (literally things driven and drawn). So also has the gerund, as, te wetande mith tivdm dddethon, to be proved by two solemn oaths ( juramentis probationis], 191. (i.) The gerund is the dative of the infinitive, which latter is a verbal noun. There is a genitive of the gerund, nemennes. It remains to be explained why the dental d has THE OLD FRIESIC LANGUAGE. 83 crept into the gerund in so many instances. The infinitive in Friesic has lost the final n which characterises it in Anglo-Saxon, &c. In the formation of the gerund, however, the liquid re- asserted itself (sometimes in a geminated form) before the termination of the dative, as in td farane, to journey ; to sekane, to seek ; to stiftam, cedificare, &c. ; but on account of the similarity of the form to that of the present participle, and because of, the gerund's origin having been forgotten, the form of the participle with the proper case-ending was adopted. To this may also be undoubtedly added some notion of euphony involved in the selection of the participial form. (2.) The case-ending is frequently omitted, as in to gongen, to go ; to halden, to hold ; to wesan, to wessen, to be, &c. (3.) Interesting in this connection is a peculiarity of the Modern Friesic, in adding d to the pret. part., as in deend, done ; siend, seen ; Hindelopian, drind, portatus, lat'tis, from draga. 192. The intensive prefix ye-, so freely used in Anglo- Saxon with the preterit and the past participle, occurs in Friesic principally in the forms emphatic superlative, 85*. I2 4 INDEX, Emsiger Recht, t in, 32 (i) ; 82; plurals, 57; a distributive in, 92 (2). en, declined, 90. -en, gender of nouns ending in, 48 (3) ; plurals in, 57 ; suffix, 146, 148. end, used to form emphatic superla- tive, 85*. end rhyme, 204, 205. -er, -ere, suffix, 146, 147, 149 (3). -ere, gender of nouns ending in, 48 (i). -er, -ern, 148. -eth, gender of nouns ending in, 48 ( 2 ). 6th, declined, 55. -ethe, -the, 147. etymology, nouns, 47 ; adjectives, 72 ; numerals, 87 ; pronouns, 94 ; verbs, 104. eu, 1 8. expletive (sd), 200. /, 31 ; rendering Anglo-Saxon com- bination hw, 31 (3). -fald, 148. feder, declined, 64. feminine nouns, 48 (2), and see under the declensions. fia, declined, 60. finda, conjugated, 112. following, syntax with verbs of, 179. F6r, dialect of, th in, 34. foreign proper nouns, 69. forgiving, syntax with verbs of, 179. forth-, 145. Fosite, 27 (3)f. Fracture, 44. Prankish, el, 15 (7). freeing from, syntax with verbs of, 1 80. friund, declined, 65. ful-, 145. 'future, see verbal paradigms; present used for, 188. future perfect, 114. g, 37 (2), 38 ; loss of, compensated by eu, 18 ; changed to t, 38 (5). ge-, intensive prefix, 192. (je"an, 27*. gemination, 23 (4), 27 (4); diphthon- gal, 28 (8). gender, rules for, 47, 48, 49, ; pecu- liarity of wtf, 51 ; nouns of more than one, 50. genitive, 154, 160-163, 167, 169, 173, 185 ; prepositions with, 196. German, gender, 47 ; syntax, 150. gerund, see verbal paradigms, and Sections 120, 191 ; case - ending omitted, 191 (2). Gesta Fresonum, 213. giving, syntax with verbs of, 179. g6d, declined, 73, 75. Gothic, vowels, see the various let- ters ; neuter nouns, 57 (3) ; nasal d, 12 (2). governing, syntax of verbs of, 180. Greek, neuter plurals, 57(3) ; peculiar numeral compounds, 93f. gungi, 27 (3). gutturals, 36 ; replacing spirant, 31 (4) ; replacing 6, 31 (4) ; arbitrarily inserted in pagus, 31 (4) ; in Sater- landish, 31 (4); converted into a palatal, 37. h, 2 (4), 39 ; lost from verbal forms, 123. half, with numerals, 174. hearkening to, syntax with, 179. -hed, -$de, 147 ; gender of nouns end- ing in, 48 (2). Heligoland, dialect of, diphthong iu in, 14 (2) ; infinitive, 27 (3) ; article, 99 (2). helping, syntax with verbs of, 179, 182. kerne, 25. hi, declined, 94. hidr, 27 (3). Hindelopian, 64* ; 70 ; 191 (3). hi, hr, 23 (i), 39. hn, 39. hdn, 25. hona, declined, 61. hr, 39. hund, relic of, 88. Hunsingoer Recht, 57, 82. hw, 2 (4), 39. hwa, declined, 101. i, 6 ; pronoun, 94 ; Brechung, 6 (2) ; intensive prefix, 192 ; umlaut, 46 ; as subjunctive termination, 138. i, themes in, 58 ; Modern-Friesic in- finitives, 27 (3) ; plural in, 57 (5). i, ii. ia, 14. Icelandic, gender, 47 ; vowels, see under the various letters. -ick, 148. ie-, intensive prefix, 192. -igja, &c., in weak verbs, 136. ik, declined, 94. imitating, syntax with verbs of, 179. imperative, 170, and see paradigms. impersonate, 184. in-, 145. INDEX. I2 5 indefinite, declension, 73 ; article, 176 ; numeral, 175 ; pronouns, 103. indicative, strong, 112 ; weak, 128. indirect object, 156. infinitive, see paradigms ; Modern- Friesic, 27 (3). inflection, of nouns, strong, 55 ff. ; weak, 61 ; of adjectives, definite, 75 ; indefinite, 73 ; of verbs, strong, no ; weak, 128 ; in Moderu-Friesic, 54- influence, syntax with verbs of, 179. ing, 146 ; gender of nouns ending in, 48 (i). -inge, -unge, 147. inseparable prefixes, 141 (a). instrumental, 99 (3) ; prepositions with, and with other cases, 197. intensive prefix, 192. interjections, 203. interrogative, pronouns, 101 ; adverbs, 202 (2). io, 14. -isk, -esk, 148. it, 27 (3). iu, 14. j, 2 (5), 30. -ja, themes in, 57 (6) ; in verbs, i io, 125, 128. jaen, 27*. jot, declined, 98. -je, as subjunctive termination, 138. jemma, personal pronoun, 94*. jen, pronoun, 95 (i). jied (Helig.), 14 ( 2 )- ju, 95 (i). junk (Helig.), 14 (2). jdr (Helig.) 14 (2). juued (Schierm. ), 14 (2). judging, syntax with verbs of, 179. *, 2 (6), 36, 37. kan, 126. -ke, diminutive in, 70. Kentish, delan, nig, io (4); g changed to i, 38 (5). kerne, 25. kiasa, conjugated, 112. koe'd, 23 (2). k6n, 25. I, 23 ; ou as compensation for, 21. -I, gender of nouns ending in, 48 (i, d). labials, 31. -Ids, 148. Latin, o, 8 (3); neuter plurals, 57 (3) ; syntax, 150 ; monachus, 8 (3) ; pondus, 8 (3) i p, 31 (4). libba, 137. lied, 27 (3). -Itk, 148. likeness, syntax with verbs of, 179. Lind/wld, dual, 98. liode, declined, 58. liquids, 23 (i). list, of nouns of more than one gen- der, 50 ; of strong nouns, 56, 59 ; of weak nouns, 63 ; of nouns with themes in -r, 64 ; themes in -nd, 65 ; of indefinite pronouns, 103 ; of strong verbal classes, no ; of verbs to illustrate the classes, in ; ofprce- terito-prcesentia, 126 ; of preposi- tions with various cases, 193-197 ; of principal conjunctions, 199 ; of interjections, 203 ; of adjectives irregularly and defectively com- pared, 85 ; of weak verbs, 129. listening, syntax with verbs of, 179. lith, plural in -i, 57 (5). logical subject, 184. long voioels, 9, ff . Iv and If, 2 (7). m, 27 (5). -m, gender of nouns ending in, 48 (i). ma, verb agreeing with, in plural, 103* ; euphonic -r suffixed to, 103*. -ma, 147 ; gender of nouns ending in, 48 (i) ; superlative in, 82. macki, 27 (3). makja, followed by double accusa- tive, &c., 187. manner and means, 156. masculine, 48 (i) ; nouns, 48 (i), and see the declensions. material, syntax of, 160. mei, mt, 126. metathesis, 26, 127. Middle- Friesic, 28 (4) ; rhymes, 213. middle sense in certain verbs, 145*. mis-, 145. miss, to, syntax of, 180. Modern- Friesic, 7, 14 (2), 23, 25, 27 (3), 28 (5), 31 (4), 34, 35, 37 (2), 38, 54, 57, 64*, 70, 96 (2), 98, 191 (3). mon, declined, 67. monig, 175. moods, 105. m6t, 126. multiplicatives, 92 (4). mutes, 31. n, 27 ff. ; inserted in verbal themes, 126 INDEX. no; in Northumbrian Anglo- Saxon, 27 (2). naht, declined, 66. nasals, 27. -nd, stems in, 65 ; gender of nouns ending in, 48 (i). ngd, declined, 58. negation, particles of, 202 ; ne trans- posed, 26. nera, conjugated, 128. -nese, 147. neuter nouns, 48 (3), and see under the different declensions. North-Friesic, dual, 98. Northumbrian Anglo-Saxon, 27 (2). Norwegian, 25. nouns, 47 ff. ; syntax, 154. numbers, 52. numerals, 87 ff. ; a distributive nu- meral, 92 (2) ; peculiar use of sum with, 93 ; indefinite, 175. 0,7. 6, 12. object, direct, 177 ; indirect, 156. observing, syntax with verbs of, 180. obtain, to, syntax of, 180. -och, 148. oe, 20. of; 145- Olde Freesche Chronike, 213. Old-High-German, vowels, &c., see under the various letters. 6gen, 31 (4). omission of consonants, 40. on-, 145- ond-, 145. onder-, 145. Old-Saxon, see under the different letters. ordinals, 89. ou, 21. palatals, conversion of gutturals into, paradigms, of verbs, strong, 112 ; weak 128. parallelism, 210. participles, see under the paradigms, also 122, 135; active with passive sense, 190. particles, of interrogation, 202 ; of negation, 202 ; meaning lost in com- pounds, 141 (a.) ; privative, 192. partitives, govern genitive, SOX, 167, 169. passive voice, 112. periphrastic conditional conjugation, 126. place, adverbs of, 149 (3). Platt-Deutsch, 25. pleasing, syntax with verbs of, 179, 184. pluperfect, 112, 128. popular songs, national, 212. possessive pronouns, 95 (2). prcepositus, 31 (4). prceterito-prcesentia, 126 ; verbs fol- lowing analogy of, 127. pravesaydmi, 188. prefixes, 38 (4), 145. prepositions, 193-198 ; with accusa- tive, 193 ; with dative, 194 ; with dative and ace., 195 ; with geni- tive, 196 ; with instrumental, 197 ; double, 198. present, indicative and subjunctive, 112, 128 ; theme, strong verbs, 112 ; theme, weak verbs, 128 ; used for future, 188. preterit, see the verbal paradigms. privative particle, 192. pronouns, 94 ff. ; omitted with im- perative, 170 ; possessive, 95 (2) ; syntax, 168 ; demonstrative, 99, loo ; interrogative, 101 ; relative, 102 ; indefinite, 103 ; contracted, 96, 97 ; reflexives, 172 ; dual, 98. pronunciation, of r, 23 (6) ; of pala- tals, 37 ; of vowels, i ; of con- sonants, 2 ; of If and Iv, 2 (7) ; wl and wr, 2 (9) ; of th, see dentals ; of I and r, 24 ; of Modern-Friesic, see Modern-Friesic. proper names, 37 (6), 69. prosody, 204, ff . providing against, syntax, 180. purging legally, syntax, 182. q, 22. quantity, syntax of nouns expressing, 160. ?*, 23 ; dropped, 24 ; pronunciation, 23 (6), 24 ; added to ma, 103. -r, 149 (3). redundant letters, in verbs, 136. reduplication, no. reflexives, 172. relative pronouns, 102. repaying, syntax with verbs of, 179. repetition of negatives, 202 (3). requesting, syntax, 180. rhotacism, 23 (6), 29; in verbs, 117. rhyme, 204, 205. -rike, 147- Risum, dual, 98. rob, syntax of, 182. INDEX. 127 Riickumlaut, 134. Riistringer Recht, 19, 207 ; plurals in, 57 ; superlative, 82. s, 2 (8), 29 ; for th, 33 ; a plural end- ing in, 64. sd, after comparatives, 166 ; exple- tive, 200. salvja, conjugated, 128. Sanskrit, plural of neuter nouns, 57 (3) > peculiar numeral compounds, 93- Saterlandish, vfila, u (i) ; d before diphthong, 14 (2) ; gutturals, 31 U)- Schiermonnikoog, dialect of, d before diphthong, 14 (2). scoed, 23 (3). seem to, to, syntax of, 184. set, 27 (3). seka, conjugated, 128. -tel, gender of nouns ending in, 48 (3). sele, declined, 55. serving, syntax with verbs of, 179. short vowels, 3-8. siend, 191 (3). sjaen, 27*. skil, 126. -skip, 147 ; gender of nouns ending in, 146. skip, declined, 55. sliap, 27 (3). songs, popular, 212. speaking against, syntax with verbs of, 179. spirants, 28 ff. stean, 27*. sth, 37. strong, nouns, 55 ; adjectives, 73 ; verbs, no. subject, place for, 153 ; logical, 184. subjunctive, see paradigms ; syntax, 189 ; with what conjunctions, 189 (4, 5), 201 ; used for imperative, 189. suffixes, 146 ; contracted, 84 ; of comparatives, 79 ; of superlatives, 79 ; denoting personal agents, 146 ; abstract notions, circumstances, and things, 147. sum, with numerals, 93. -sum, 148. summary of the declensions, 71. sunu, declined, 60. superlative, 79, 82, 84 ; in ordinals, 89 ; as partitive, 167. Sylt, dialect of, dual, 98. syncope, 74, 77, 84, 132, 140*. syntax, general principles, 150-153 ; of accusative, 180-183, I ^6, 187 ; of adjectives, 151, 163-167; of verbs, 152, 177-192 ; of nouns, 154-162 ; of pronouns, 168-172 ; of numerals, 173-176 ; of preposi- tions, 193-198 ; conjunctions, 199- 202 ; adverbs, 202 ; interjections, 203 ; of dative, i55~i59, 165, 179, 182-187 ; with comparative and superlative, 156 ; with genitive, 154, 160-163, 167, 169, 173, 180. sz, 37- t, 32. t-, as relic of hund, 88. -ta, 148. take from, syntax, 183. taking care of or for, syntax with verbs of, 180. -te, gender of nouns ending in, 48 (3). tenses, 106. th, 33 ; pronunciation, 34 ; for /, 33 (3). thd or than, after comparatives, 166. thacke, 34. thaank, 34. thdrp, 34. -the, 147. themes, -a, 58 ; -t, 58 ; -u, 60 ; -an, 61 ; -r, 64 ; -va, 57 (7) ; -nd, 65 ; ending in a guttural or dental, 66 ; anomalous, 67. thenk, 27 (3). Thet Freske Riim, 213. thi, declined, 99. thiif, 34. thing, 34. this, declined, 100. thitsel, 34. thdn, 25. time, nouns of, 154, 155. thruch-, 145. thu, declined, 94. thum, 34. thur, 126. thurf, 126. thrS, declined, 91. thwong, 34. to, in composition, 143. td-, 145. tdth, declined, 58. Trubung, 7, 8. ts, tsz, tz, 37 (2). tunge, declined, 6r. tw&ne, declined, 90. u, 8 ; for v and w, 8 (4) ; ancient umlaut, 46 (2). -u, gender of nouns ending in, 48 (i) ; themes in, 60. U, 13. ui t 17. 128 INDEX. -ul, gender of nouns ending in, 48 (i). umbe-, 145. Umlaut, rule, 46 ; in the compara- tive, 83 ; iu verbs, 117 ; Ruckum- laut, 134. un-, 145. und-, 145. under-, 145. up-, 145. Upst Tpstalbom, plurals, 57. ur-, 145. using, syntax with verbs of, 180. Ht-, 145. v, 28 ; for u, 28 ; replacing nasal, 28 (9) ; drops out, 28 (9). -va, themes in, 57 (7). verbs, 104 if. ; auxiliary, 108, 109 ; strong, no; remarks on, 116 ff. ; weak, 128 ; remarks on, 130 ff. ; in- transitive form, 115 ; of several stems, 121 ; strong with weak forms, 122; prceterito prcesentia, 126 ; verbs following analogy of, 127; anomalous (without connect- ing vowel), 139 ; governing dative, J 79 > genitive, 180 ; accusative and genitive, 181, 182 ; the subjunc- tive, 189 ; voices, 104 ; moods, 105 ; tenses, 106 ; adverbs with, 202 (6). voices, 104. vowels, 3, ff. ; long, 9, ff. w, aspirated in Modern-Friesic, 28 (5) ; used for u, 28 (2) ; for wu, 28 (2) ; combined with I and r, 2 (9), 23, 28 (3) ; dropped, 28 (7). Wangerdg, dialect of, infinitive forms, 27 (3) ; th in, 34. &, declined, 98. iveak, conjugation, 128 ; verbs, 129 ; nouns, 61 ; adjectives, 75. ivertha, 109. ivesa, conjugated, 108. West-Friesic, Brechung,44; (Modern) -an and -en in, 57 ; article, 99 (2). West Lauwers Laws, t in, 32 ; di- minutive in, 70 ; than in, 166. Westphalian, 25. wSt, wtt, 126. wi, 94. wield, syntax of, 180. wt/a, 11. -wirth, 149 (3). with' ir, 145. withstanding, syntax with verbs of, 179. wl and wr, 2 (9), 23, 28 (3). woed, 23 (3). X = ks, 22, 36. y, ii (4). z, 29 (3). PRINTED BY BALLANTYNE, HANSON AND CO. EDINBURGH AND LONDON. ERRATA. The following misprints and errata have been observed : Page 22, line 6 from top, for "ver" read "Ger." 23, line 6 from bottom of page, for " Goth6" read " Goth, o." 29, line 12 from bottom of page, for "Awa" read " hwa" 30, line 15 from top, for "jondis" read "jond is." 46, line 6 from top, for "fovne " read "fdvne." 51, sec. 87, for "threttene" read " threttene, &c. n 54, line 5 from bottom, for "and" read "to." 70, line 3 from bottom, for " Sonna-bend" read " Sonn-Abend." 78, sec. 175, and pp. 117 and 125, for "monig" read "wom'cA." 85, line 2 from top, for "rtimfara" read " riimfara." 1 85, line 23 from top, for "UTA" read "frrA." 89, line 5 from top, for " $a" read "ela." 92, last line, for " Lanwers " read " Lauwers." 105, line 7 from top, for "dy " read " hy." 105, line 9 from top, for " by " read " dy." 108, line 9 from top, for "h&nmel' " read " hemmel." 108, line 13 from top, for " daitrik " read "dait rlk." 109, line 8 from bottom, in " dao't " the circumflex should extend over both vowels. 113, in the Glossary, for " alder to " read " cddertd." 114, col. 2, after "dijjen," for "pres." read " pers." 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