LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 RECEIVED BY EXCHANGE 
 
 Class 7k 8 h 
 
NOTES ON THE 
 
 SYNTAX OF MARTIAL 
 
 
 BY 
 
 HUGH SEARS LOWTHER 
 
 THESIS 
 
 PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY 
 OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA IN PARTIAL FULFILL- 
 MENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF 
 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 
 
 PRESS OF 
 
 THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPAK 
 
 LANCASTER, PA. 
 
 1906 
 
NOTES ON THE 
 
 SYNTAX OF MARTIAL 
 
 BY 
 
 HUGH SEAES LOWTHER 
 
 THESIS 
 
 PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY 
 OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA IN PARTIAL FULFILL- 
 MENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF 
 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF 
 
 PRESS OF 
 
 THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY 
 
 LANCASTER, PA. 
 
 1906 
 
PKEFACE. 
 
 These notes represent an abridgment of a doctoral disserta- 
 tion presented to the Faculty of the Department of Philosophy 
 of the University of Pennsylvania in June, 1904. I wish to 
 acknowledge my indebtedness to the Harrison Foundation of 
 that University for the leisure it allowed me in the working 
 up of a rather abundant material, and to thank Professors Rolfe 
 and McDaniel for their kind aid and valuable suggestions. 
 
 H. S. L. 
 COLLEGE OF THE CITY OF NEW YOBK, March, 1906. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Notwithstanding the large number of dissertations dealing 
 with the syntax of special authors that have appeared in the 
 past and are still appearing in apparently undiminished num- 
 bers both in this country and in Europe, especially in Germany, 
 the syntax of Martial has never been systematically treated as 
 a whole. How large is the number of such dissertations and 
 how great a proportion of them appear in Germany may be 
 seen from the list given in the third volume (pp. 88-96) of the 
 Historische Grammatik der lateinischen Sprache 1 ; and this 
 list does not include works on particular points of syntax con- 
 nected with special authors, but only such works as deal with 
 the syntax of an author as a whole. 
 
 It is true that certain points in connection with the syntax 
 of Martial have been investigated. The most ambitious at- 
 tempts are the dissertations of O. Guttman, Observationum in 
 Marcum Valerium Martialem Particulae Quinque, 2 of which 
 two Particulae deal with points of syntax, Part I, pp. 1-30, 
 with the dative case, and Part III, pp. 40-45, with the plu- 
 perfect tense; of H. Seeding, De Infinitivi apud Martialem 
 Usurpatione 3 ; and of G. Meinzer, De Genetivi apud Martialem 
 et Juvenalem usu syntactico. 4 The use of the verb licet ap- 
 pears in Renn's Beitraege zu Martial 5 and valuable grammat- 
 ical notes are often given by Friedlaender in his edition 6 and 
 by Walter Gilbert in his programs. 7 To show the need felt 
 for a thorough treatment of the syntax of Martial, I may cite 
 the fact that Landgraf, in the Historische Grammatik, in treat- 
 Leipzig, 1903. 
 
 2 Diss. inaug. Vratisl., 1866. 
 
 3 Diss. inaug. Marburg., 1891. 
 
 * Diss. inaug. Friburg., Karlsruhe, 1894. 
 
 5 B1. f. d. Bayer. Gymnasialschulwesen XVII (1881), p. 444 f. 
 
 6 Leipzig, 1886. 
 
 7 See bibliography following. 
 
Vi NOTES ON THE SYNTAX OF MARTIAL. 
 
 ing of the perfect subjunctive with ne in prohibitives, passes 
 over the usage of Martial. 1 The ordinary school Latin Gram- 
 mars rarely give illustrations from Martial. 
 
 A few years ago there appeared an interesting work along syn- 
 tactical lines the Principles and Methods in Latin Syntax of 
 Professor E. P. Morris. 2 In this work the author attacks the 
 plan of syntactical dissertations of the day, especially as exem- 
 plified by those appearing at the German universities, and, in 
 attacking them, assails Draeger, upon whose work 3 their plan 
 is for the most part based. In this work Morris takes up the 
 points of advantage and disadvantage of the old classifications 
 of Draeger and reaches the conclusion that they are unsatis- 
 factory. His own theory is that certain words have a tendency 
 from their meaning to fall into certain constructions, and upon 
 this theory he argues for a formal classification of words as 
 opposed to the functional one of Draeger. An exemplification 
 of Morris's own method as applied to the verb may be seen 
 from his treatment of the Subjunctive in Plautus. 4 Some 
 attempts have been made to follow him (e. g., an article by A. 
 L. Wheeler on the Imperfect Indicative in Early Latin 5 ). 
 But it is a question of grave doubt whether Morris's theory 
 can be applied to the strained relations and forced metaphors 
 which language constantly assumes. For instance, it is easy 
 enough to see that loco, from its form and meaning, falls into 
 the ablative of place, but it would be difficult to say apart from 
 their context that natura and dolo are in the ablative of place. 
 Gladiis at a glance is seen to denote instrument, but not dolore. 
 Until this theory is put on a surer foundation, it seems safer 
 to follow the old classifications of Draeger. 
 
 1 Vol. 3, p. 199. The Hist. Gr. seems to have overlooked the article by 
 Clement on Prohibitives in Silver Latin, A. J. P., XXI (1900), p. 154 ff. 
 
 2 New York, 1901. 
 
 3 Syntax der lateinischen Sprache 2 , 2 vols., Leipzig, 1878, 1881. 
 * A. J. P., XVIII (1897), p. 133 ff. 
 
 6 A. J. P., XXIV (1903), p. 163 ff.; see also The Plan and Scope of a 
 Vergil Lexicon, M. N. Wetmore, New Haven, 1904. 
 
INTRODUCTION. vii 
 
 In the matter of bibliography, I have tried to consult as 
 many works as possible on syntactical questions, both of a 
 general and special nature, and everything dealing with special 
 points in the syntax of Martial has received a careful examina- 
 tion. I append below a list of those general works on syntax 
 which I have most frequently consulted, and the few special 
 treatises that concern Martial. I have omitted from my bib- 
 liography titles that occur in the full list given by the His- 
 torische Grammatik. 1 
 
 GENERAL WORKS ON SYNTAX. 
 
 DRAEGER, A. Syntax der lateinischen Sprache 2 . Leipzig, 1878 (Vol. I), 
 
 1881 (Vol. II). 
 
 HAND, F. Tursellinus, sive de particulis Latinis. 4 vols., Leipzig, 1829. 
 Hiatorische Grammatik der lateinischen Sprache. Vol. Ill, Leipzig, 
 
 1903. (Prepared conjointly by Landgraf, Goelling and Blase.) 
 HOLTZE, F. W. Syntaxis priscorum scriptorum Latinorum usque ad 
 
 Terentium. 2 vols., Leipzig, 1861-1862. 
 LANE, G. M. A Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges, revised by 
 
 Oertel and Morgan. New York, 1904. 
 MORRIS, E. P. On Principles and Methods in Latin Syntax. New York, 
 
 1901. 
 NEUE, F. Formenlehre der lateinischen Sprache 3 . Revised by C. Wagener. 
 
 Leipzig, 1902 (Vol. I), Berlin, 1902 (Vol. II), 1894 (Vol. III). 
 STOLTZ, FB., and SCHMALZ, J. H. Lateinische Grammatik 3 . Muenchen, 
 
 1900. 
 
 SPECIAL WORKS DEALING WITH MARTIAL. 
 
 GILBERT, W. Ad Martialem Quaestiones Criticae, Program des kgl. 
 Gymnasiums zu Dresden-Neustadt, 1883; Neue Jahrbb. f. Philologie 
 CXXVII, Vol. 9 (1883), pp. 643-648; Beitraege zur Text Kritik des 
 Martial, Rhein. Mus., N. F., XXXIX (1884), pp. 511-520 (I-VI) ; 
 XL (1885), pp. 210-222 (VII-XIV). 
 
 GUTTMAN, O. Observationum in Marcum Valerium Martialem Particulae 
 Quinque. Diss. inaug. Vratisl., 1866. 
 
 MEINZER, G. De Genetivi apud Martialem et Juvenalem usu syntactico. 
 Diss. inaug. Friburg., Karlsruhe, 1894. 
 
 SOEDING, H. De Infinitivi apud Martialem Usurpatione. Diss. inaug. Mar- 
 burg., 1891. 
 Though not dealing especially with syntax, the following may be noted: 
 
 'Vol. 3, pp. 88-96. 
 
viii NOTES ON THE SYNTAX OF MARTIAL. 
 
 FBIEDLAENDEB, L. Martial is Epigrammaton Libri, mit erklaerenden An- 
 merkungen. Leipzig, 1886. Good for suggestive notes. 
 
 PAUKSTADT, R. De Martiale Catulli imitatore. Diss. inaug. Halis S., 1876. 
 
 RENN, E. Die griechischen Eigennamen bei Martial, Program des kgl. 
 Bayer. Studienanstalt Lands-hut (1888-1889); Beitraege zu Martial, 
 Bl. f. d. bayer. Gymnasialsehulwesen, XVII (1881). 
 
 STEPHANI, E. De Martiale verborum novatore. Breslau, 1889. 
 
 WAGNEB, E. De Martiale poetarum Augusteae aetatis imitatore. Diss. 
 inaug. Regim., 1880. 
 
 ZINGEKLE, A. Martials Ovidstudien. Innsbruck, 1877. 
 
 ARTICLES IN PERIODICALS. 
 CLEMENT, W. K. Prohibit! ves in Silver Latin. A. J. P., XXI (1900), 
 
 p. 154 ff. 
 MA YOB, J. E. B. Unus et unus. Cl. R. XIII (1899), p. 76 (a brief note). 
 
OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY V 
 
 OF 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 ON ADJECTIVES USED SUBSTANTIVELY (BY ELLIPSIS OF A 
 SUBSTANTIVE). 
 
 Adjectives may be used substantively in two ways: first, the 
 termination of the adjective may determine the meaning, e. g., 
 boni means ( good men/ bond i good things ' ; secondly, an 
 omitted substantive may determine the meaning of the ad- 
 jective, e. g., calda by the ellipsis of aqua comes to mean ' warm 
 water.' It should be noted that the substantive must be of 
 such common occurrence as to be readily supplied. Thus 
 ' Baldwin ' in English immediately suggests the omitted ' apple/ 
 ' Remington ' either 'gun ' or ' bicycle.' 1 In dealing with the 
 question of the use of adjectives as substantives by the omission 
 of some noun, we are fortunate in having models. Draeger 2 
 gives a list of omitted substantives which is far from complete, 
 since it does not include at least seventy which are omitted by 
 Martial. A general work on the same subject is Die Sub- 
 stantiviering des lateinischen Adjectivum durch Ellipse, by 
 Professor J. !N". Ott, which appeared in Rottweil in 1874 as a 
 Gymnasium-program. This work arranges the omitted sub- 
 stantives alphabetically, giving under each head illustrations 
 from Latin authors of the use of adjectives with which these 
 substantives are to be supplied. As the pioneer work in this 
 field, the program has deservedly gained much praise. Some 
 of Ott's illustrations are drawn from Martial, though often 
 without citing the passage. In his paper on The Formation 
 of Latin Substantives from Geographical Adjectives by Ellip- 
 sis, 3 Professor J. C. Rolfe has explained the term f ellipsis ' 
 and discussed the substantives commonly omitted with geo- 
 
 1 Cf. Jersey (cow), Canary (bird), Shanghai (rooster). 
 
 2 Hist. Syntax 2 , I, pp. 59-66. 
 
 3 T. A. P. A., XXXI ( 1900), p. 5 ff. 
 
 1 
 
2 NOTES ON THE SYNTAX OF MARTIAL. 
 
 graphical adjectives. He gives a list of elided substantives 
 which, however, does not include many that Martial omits. 
 The Archiv list of omitted substantives, prepared by Karl Eitt- 
 weger in 1884, which I have been fortunate enough to consult, 
 is also incomplete so far as Martial is concerned. 
 
 So frequent is Martial's use of adjectives as substantives 
 through the ellipsis of a noun that it may be called a distin- 
 guishing feature of his style. 
 
 To the bibliography mentioned above may be added : 
 
 HIRT, P. Ueber die Substantivierung des Adjektivums bei Quintilian. 
 
 Prog. Soph. Gym., Berlin, 1890. 
 
 ROLFE, J. C. Die Ellipse von ars. A. L. L., X, p. 229 ff. 
 WOELFFLIN, E. Die Ellipse von Navis. A. L. L., IX, p. 285 ff. 
 
 In my citations from Martial I have followed the text of 
 Lindsay; elsewhere the Teubner text-editions. 
 
 aes, see under vas. 1 
 
 actor (histrio). 
 scaenicus 9, 28, 6. 
 
 adytum. 
 
 penetrale 4, 53, 1 ; 10, 51, 13. Cf. aeternumque adytis effert 
 penetralibus ignem, Verg. Aen. 2, 297. 
 
 aetas. 
 
 senecta 1, 105, 3 ; 4, 25, 7 ; 5, 7, 3 ; 6, 49, 6 ; 8, 2, 7 ; 9, 29, 1 ; 
 10, 24, 8; 10, 38, 14; 13, 29, 1; 13, 117, 1. Martial uses 
 senedus but twice, 5, 6, 4 and 6, 29, 7. Cf. senecta aetate, 
 Plaut. Amph. 1032 ; aetate senecta, Lucr. 5, 873, 883 ; senecta 
 debilis, Phaedrus 4, 2, 10; vergente iam senecta, Tac. Ann. 
 4, 41 ; extremam senectam, Ibid. 4, 58. Martial uses the 
 noun iuventa (for iuventus) three times, 2, 90, 1 ; 7, 40, 5 ; 
 10, 50, 5. The form iuventus does not occur. 
 
 ager, cf. fundus, rus. 
 
 Nomentanus 9, 60, 6. Cf. in Nomentanis agris, 1, 105, 1 ; 
 ager Nomentanus, 2, 38, 1 ; Nomentani ruris, 6, 43, 3; 
 Nomentani agelli, 7, 93, 5. 
 i See T. A. P. A., XXXI (1900), p. 12 f. 
 
ADJECTIVES USED SUBSTANTIVELY. 3 
 
 suburbanus 5, 35, 3. Cf. suburbanus ager, 13, 12, 2. In 
 some places Martial, like other writers, uses the plural of the 
 name of the people of a certain locality for an estate, e. g. f 
 Tusci Tusculive 1 , 7, 31, 11. Cf. satis beatus unicis 
 Sabinis, Hor. Carni. 2, 18, 14; quo modo te veteres Marsi 
 tui, Pliny Epist. 2, 15, 1. 
 
 ales, cf. avis. 
 
 Strictly speaking, ales is an adjective used substantively with 
 the ellipsis of avis, and I have so treated it under avis. That 
 its original adjectival use was lost and that it was used as a 
 pure substantive at times is clear from galbuli, 13, 68, tit., 
 where allies (common gender) is to be supplied. In 13, 68, 1, 
 we have galbina ales. 2 
 
 amicus, arnica. 
 Sabinus 10, 44, 9. 3 
 una 1, 68, 3. 
 
 aper. 
 
 saetiger 13, 93, 1. Cf. laniger (sc. agnus), Phaedr. 1, 1, 6, 
 and freq. ; saetigerae suis, Ov. Fast. 1, 352. 
 
 aqua. 
 
 Albula 1, 12, 2 ; 4, 4, 2 ; 12, 98, 4. 
 
 calda 1, 11, 3; 12, 60, 7; 14, 105, 1. Cf. caldam aquam 
 
 6, 86, 6 and 8, 67, 7 ; caldum (sc. vinum) 14, 113, 1. 
 cocta 2, 85, I. 4 Cf. frigidior Geticis petitur decocta pruinis, 
 
 Juv. 5, 50. 
 frigida 14, 105, 1. Cf. aquae frigidae 14, 196, tit.; frigida 
 
 non lavi magis lubenter, Plaut Most. 157; frigida, Mart. 8, 
 
 67, 7, is dxb xotvoij. 
 Marcia 6, 42, 18; 9, 18, 6; 11, 96, 1. 
 
 is Friedlaender's explanation (notes on 7, 31, 10 and 10, 44, 9), 
 though it is possible that agri is to be supplied in 7, 31, 10 with Tusci- 
 Tusculive. In 10, 44, 9 I prefer to supply amicis with Sabinis, though 
 Friedlaender again sees in the plural form a reference to an estate. 
 
 2 T. A. P. A., XXXI (1900), p. 16. 
 
 3 See note 1 above. 
 
 * Itself modified by nivea, 2, 85, 1. Cf. per niveam aquam 12, 17, 6. 
 
4 NOTES ON THE SYNTAX OF MARTIAL. 
 
 In (aqua) Virgo we have a good example of a noun used as 
 an adjective: 
 Virgo 5, 20, 9; 6, 42, 18; 11, 47, 6; 14, 163, 2; niveas prope 
 
 Virginis undas 7, 32, 11. 
 
 argentum. 
 
 pustulatum 7, 86, 7. 
 
 arvum. 
 culta (sc. arva) 8, 28, 4. 
 
 auriga, cf. color, pannus. 
 prasinus 11, 33, 1. 4. 
 
 venetus 6, 46, 1. 
 
 avis, cf. ales, gallina. 
 
 ales 6, 55, 2; 9, 11, 4; 9, 31, 8; 9, 55, 1; 13, 61, 1; 13, 68, 1; 
 
 14, 67, 2; 14, 216 (218), 1. 
 
 Atthis 1, 53, 9 (nightingale) ; 5, 67, 2 (swallow). 
 Libjca 13, 45, 1. 
 
 noctua 3, 93, 10; 10, 100, 4; 11, 34, 1. Cf. Plaut. Men. 653. 
 Numidica 3, 58, 15; 13, 73, tit. Cf. Suet. Calig. 22. 
 phasiana 3, 58, 16. Cf. Suet. Calig. 22; Phasiani (masc.), 
 
 Mart 13, 72, tit. 
 Phasides 13, 45, I. 1 Cf. nee Libye mittit nee tibi Phasis aves, 
 
 3, 77, 4 ; Phasidis ales, Stat. Silv. 4, 6, 8. 
 Stymphalides 9, 101, 7. 
 volucris 5, 55, 1 ; 5, 67, 4; 13, 67, 2 ; 13, 78, 1 ; 14, 217 (216), 
 
 1. Cf. Libycae volucres, 2 13, 45, 1. 
 
 belua, see bestia. 
 bestia (belua). 
 
 fera sp. 10, 6 ; 11, 6 ; 12, 8 ; 13, 6 ; 21, 5 ; 22, 2 ; 27, 2. 8. 12 ; 
 28, 4; 30, 8; 1, 22, 2; 1, 49, 14; 1, 60, 6; 3, 19, 2. 6; 4, 
 56, 6; 4, 59, 2; 4, 74, 2; 5, 65, 14; 6, 15, 2; 7, 27, 2; 8, 
 53 (55), 16; 8, 67, 4; 8, 78, 10; 9, 71, 9; 10, 20 (19), 8; 
 
 1 Possibly masc. ; in such case it would fall under gallus ( q. v. ) . 
 2 1 take volucres here to be an adjective limiting Libycae (aves). 
 
ADJECTIVES USED SUBSTANTIVELY. 5 
 
 13, 95, 1 ; 14, 166, 2. Of. ferae bestiae, Quint. Curt. 8, 2, 7. 
 
 quadripes 13, 92, 2. 
 
 bos, see vacca. 
 
 iuvencus Sp. 16b, 3; 22, 9 (23, 3); 1, 60, 4; 1, 104, 20; 
 1, 107, 7; 4, 55, 25; 5, 31, 1; 9, 42, 10; 14, 4, 1; 14, 52, 1. 
 
 Of. Yerg. Eel. 2, 66. 
 
 caelum. 1 
 
 serenum 6, 42, 8. Cf. postea ponito pocillum in sereno noctu, 
 
 Cato, Agr. 156, 3. 
 
 calceus. 
 
 vardaicus 4, 4, 5. See Forcellini under Bardaicus and cf. 
 Bardaicus iudex, Juv. 16, 13. 
 
 campus. 
 
 Elysius 9, 51, 5. Cf. Elysio agro, 10, 101, 1; Elysium 
 nemus, 7, 40, 4 ; 11, 5, 6 ; Elysio campo, 12, 52, 5. 
 
 canis. 
 Molossus Sp. 30, 1. 
 
 (canticum) . 
 
 3, 63, 5, cantica qui Mli, qui Gaditana susurrat (fab xoivou). 
 
 carmen (epigramma). 
 distichon 2, 71, 2; 2, 77, 8; 3, 11, 2; 6, 65, 4; 7, 85, 2; 8, 
 
 29, 1 ; 11, 108, 2 ; 13, 3, 5. Cf. xarxaMv lar Imrpafjtfjta TO 
 
 dlaTt%ov, Anthol. Pal. 9, 369. 
 
 tetrasticon 7, 85, 1. 
 
 caules. 
 
 prototomi 10, 48, 16. Cf. prototomis coliculis, 14, 101, 2. 
 
 cena. 
 
 adventoria 12, epist., 22. 
 recta 8, 49 (50), 10. 
 
 cera, see codicilli, libelli, tabulae (tabellae). 
 quinquiplex 14, 4, tit. Cf. quinquipliei cera, 14, 4, 2. 
 
 codicilli, see cera, libelli, tabulae (tabellae). 
 triplices 7, 53, 3; 7, 72, 2; 10, 87, 6; 14, 6, tit, 1. 
 Vitelliani 2, 6, 6 ; 14, 8, tit, 2. Cf. epigram 14, 9. 
 1 Possibly nubila, 6, 58, 4, belongs here. 
 
6 NOTES ON THE SYNTAX OF MARTIAL. 
 
 color, cf. auriga, pannus. 
 
 prasinus 10, 48, 23; 14, 131, 1. 
 venetus 10, 48, 23; 14, 131, 1. 
 
 conchy lia (ostrea). 
 Lncrina 6, 11, 5; 12, 48, 4. Cf. Lucrina conchylia, Hor. 
 
 Ep. 2, 49. 
 
 corona. 
 
 civica 8, 82, 8. Cf. Sen. de Clem. 1, 26, 5. 
 
 crustum (crustulum), see edulium. 
 
 deus, dea. 
 
 Cytherea 9, 12 (13), 4; 11, 81, 6. 
 superi 1, 103, 1; 4, 44, 8; 8, 49 (50), 2; 9, 3, 1; 9, 20, 9; 
 
 9, 22, 15; 9, 51, 1; 9, 91, 4; 11, 53, 7. 
 Trivia Sp. 1, 3 ; 5, 1, 2 ; 6, 47, 3 ; 9, 64, 3. 
 
 dies. 
 
 bruma 1, 49, 19; 3, 58, 8; 3, 93, 16; 4, 40, 5; 4, 57, 9; 5, 
 34, 5; 6, 80, 9; 7, 65, 1; 7, 95, 1; 8, 14, 1; 8, 41, 2; 8, 
 68, 3; 8, 71, 1; 9, 13 (12), 2; 10, 5, 6; 10, 15 (14), 7; 
 
 10, 104, 9; 12, 62, 7; 12, 81, 1; 13, 1, 4; 13, 127, 1; 14, 
 72, 1. 
 
 fastus. See liber. 
 
 Idus 3, 6, 1; 4, 66, 3; 5, 41, 5; 7, 74, 5; 10, 62, 11; 12, 67, 
 
 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 
 Kalendae 1, 99, 6; 4, 66, 3; 5, 84, 11; 6, 30, 5; 8, 33, 11; 
 
 8, 44, 11; 8, 64, 4; 9, 1, 4; 9, 52, 3. 7 ; 9, 90, 15; 10, 24, 1. 2; 
 
 10, 29, 3 ; 10, 75, 7 ; 10, 87, 1 ; 10, 92, 10 ; 12, 32, 1 ; 12, 36, 
 
 4; 12, 60, 5; 13, 27, 1. 
 natalis 8, 64, 14; 9, 52, 2; 9, 53, 1; 10, 24, 1; 10, 27, 1; 10, 
 
 87, 4; 12, 60, 7. Cf. natalicium diem, 8, 38, 12; natalis 
 
 dies, Plant. Capt. 174; meo natali, Cic. Att. 7, 5, 3. 
 sollemnis 8, 38, 9. 
 
 donum. 1 
 
 congiarium 3, 7, 2. Cf. Quint. 6, 3, 52; Cic Att. 16, 8, 2. 
 1 See Draeger 2 , I, p. 64. 
 
ADJECTIVES USED SUBSTANTIVELY. 7 
 
 draucus. 
 
 tantus 6, 54, 1. 4. Cf. 1, 96, 12. 
 
 edulium (crustum, crustulum, opus [pistormm] ) . 
 adipatum 14, 223, tit. Cf. opera pistoria, Suet. Tib. 34. 
 
 faber. 
 
 aerarius 12, 57, 6. 
 
 farina. 
 
 alica 1 2, 37, 6; 12, 81, 3; 13, 6, tit, 1; 13, 9, 2. 
 
 febris. 
 
 quartana 10, 77, 3. Cf. Cic. ad Fam., 16, 11, 1; Hor. Serm., 
 2, 3, 290. 
 
 femina. 
 
 In such forms as arnica,, ancilla, condiscipula, domino,, 
 magistra, moecha, vetula, vilica, and the proper adjectives, 
 Patavina, Sabina, etc., the feminine gender is indicated by 
 the feminine termination, and there is no necessity to pre- 
 suppose the omission of femina. See puella. 
 
 festum (tempus). 
 
 Saturnalia 4, 46, 1. 18 ; 5, 84, 6. 11 ; 6, 24, 2 ; 7, 53, 1 ; 11, 
 2, 5 ; 14, 71 (70), 1. Cf. Ovid Fast., 4, 877. 8aturnalis, e, 
 is used as an adjective only with festum. 
 
 ficus. 
 
 Chia 7, 25, 8; 7, 31, 2; 12, 96, 9. 10; 13, 23, 1. Cf. ficus 
 
 Chiae 13, 23, tit. 
 marisca 7, 25, 7; 11, 18, 15; 12, 96, 9. 10. Cf. ficos mariscas, 
 
 Cato, Agr., 8, 1. 
 
 filum, see ramentum. 
 
 filius. 
 
 unicus 6, 62, 1, amisit pater unicum Salanus. 
 
 frenum. 
 
 lupatum 1, 104, 4. Cf. Mart. 1, 104, 5 ; lupatis frenis, Hor. 
 Carm. 1, 8, 7. 
 
 See Friedl., Intr., p. 113, for the orthography of this word. 
 
8 NOTES ON THE SYNTAX OF MARTIAL. 
 
 frumentum. 
 
 diarium 11, 108, 3. 
 
 diurnum 3, 10, 4. 
 
 fundus, cf. ager, rus. 
 Albamis 11, 7, 3. 
 
 funis. 
 
 cereus 5, 18, 2; 10, 87, 5; 14, 42, tit., 1. 
 
 gallina, cf. avis. 
 
 rustica 13, 76, 1. Cf. igitur sunt gallinae quae vocantur 
 generum trium, villaticae et rusticae et Africanae, Varr. 
 K. E., 3, 9, 1. 
 
 rusticula 13, 76, tit. 
 
 gallus. 1 
 
 Phasianus 13, 72, tit. 
 
 gladiator. 
 oplomachus 8, 74, 1. 2. 
 
 hira. 
 
 Lucanica 4, 46, 8 ; 13, 35, tit. ; 13, 35, 1. Cf. Charisius 1, 
 94, 9K: praetextum quidam dici volunt, quia intelligitur 
 vestimentum ; sed consuetude vicit, quae praetextam dicit, 
 referens scilicet ad togam. Nam quaecumque derivantur vel 
 mediae sunt potestatis quovis genere dici possunt. Sumunt 
 enim genus ab his quibus coniuncta sunt; ut puta Lucani- 
 cum, intelligitur pulmentum vel intestinum, et hie Lucanicus, 
 auditur botulus vel apparatus, et haec Lucanica femineo 
 genere, intelligitur hira, hoc est intestinum, aut aliud quod 
 unus quisque intelligere voluerit. 
 
 histrio, see actor. 
 hora. 
 
 decuma 7, 51, 11; 10, 70, 13. 
 
 octava 10, 48, 1 ; 11, 52, 3. 
 
 prima 10, 70, 8. 
 
 quarta 8, 67, 3. Cf. ad quartam iaceo, Hor. Serm. 1, 6, 122. 
 
 quinta 8, 44, 8 ; 8, 67, 9 ; 10, 70, 8. 
 
 1 For Phasides, 13, 45, 1, see note 1 under avis. 
 
ADJECTIVES USED SUBSTANTIVELY. 9 
 
 sexta 10, 48, 4. Cf. sexta hora, 3, 100, 1. 
 tertia 8, 44, 8. 
 
 In Martial 4, 8, wherever numerals are used with hora to be 
 supplied, we have the dno xotvou construction, since hora is ex- 
 pressed in verse 1. Ott 1 , therefore, errs in citing Martial 4, 
 8, 6, as an example of an adjective (nona) with omitted sub- 
 stantive. 
 
 indumentum, see vestimentum. 
 
 instrumentum. 
 
 muscarium 14, 67, tit. ; 14, 68 (71), tit. Cf. fugatque muscas 
 myrtea puer virga, Mart. 3, 82, 12. 
 
 involucrum. 
 
 graphiarium 14, 21, tit, 1. 
 manuale 14, 84, tit. 
 
 Juppiter. 
 
 Tonans 5, 16, 5 ; 5, 55, 1 ; 5, 72, 1 ; 6, 13, 7 ; 6, 83, 5 ; 7, 60, 2 ; 
 9, 3, 9; 9, 11, 7; 9, 86, 7 (to Domitian also) ; 9, 91, 5; 10, 
 20 (19), 9; 10, 35, 19; 10, 51, 13; 10, 92, 6; 11, 43, 3; 
 11, 94, 7 ; 12, 15, 6 ; 13, 74, 1. The following passages refer 
 to Domitian: 6, 10, 9; 7, 56, 4; 7, 99, 1; 8, 39, 5; 9, 39, 1; 
 9, 65, 1; 9, 86, 7 (to Juppiter also). Cf., also, in reference 
 to Domitian: nostrum deum, Sp. 17, 4; sui Jovis, 9, 28, 
 10; nostrum Jovem, 14, 1, 2. 
 
 lacerna. 
 
 coccina 4, 28, 2. Cf. lacernae coccineae, 14, 131, tit 
 Hispana 4, 28, 2. 
 
 Tyria 4, 28, 2; 14, 133, 2. Cf. Tyrias lacernas, 9, 22, 13; 
 albas calla'inas (lacernas, 1. 1), 14, 140 (139), 2. 
 
 lactuca. 
 
 Cappadoca 5, 78, 4. 
 
 lacus. 
 
 Avernus 1, 62, 3. 
 Fucinus Sp. 28, 11. 
 
 J P. 11, sub hora. 
 
10 NOTES ON THE SYNTAX OF MARTIAL. 
 
 Lucrinus 1, 62, 3 ; 4, 57, 1 ; 6, 43, 5 ; 6, 68, 1 ; 13, 82, 1. Of. 
 Lucrino in stagno, 3, 20, 20; Lucrini stagni, 5, 37, 3. 
 Owing to the peculiar topography of the Lucrine Lake region 
 it was partially enclosed by the mole of the Via Herculanea 
 sinus may also have been an easily supplied substantive 
 with Lucrinus. The Lucrine really was a xofaoz 1 rather 
 than a lacus. 
 
 lagona. 
 
 Spoletina 6, 89, 3. Of. nee fuerat soli tota lagona satis, 6, 89, 
 4; de Spoletinis lagonis, 13, 120, 1. 
 
 lapis. 
 
 quartus 3, 20, 18, an Pollionis dulce currit ad quartum. Of. 
 ad lapidem quartum, 10, 79, 1 ; ad quartum, 10, 79, 2 
 (d.nb xotvou). 
 
 libelli, see codicilli, cera, tabulae (tabellae). 
 
 liber (libri). 
 
 fasti 8, 2, 1 ; 11, 4, 5 ; 12, 29 (26), 5. Dies was doubtless the 
 original substantive with fasti.* 
 
 loca. 
 
 avia 8, 53 (55), 1, Massyla per avia. 
 planaS, 31, 6; 12, 14, 6. 
 
 malum (pomum). 
 
 Apyrina 13, 42, tit. ; 13, 42, 1 ; 13, 43, 1. 
 Cydonea 10, 42, 3 ; 13, 24, tit, 1. 
 Persica 13, 46, tit. ; 13, 46, 2. 
 
 manus. 
 
 dextera Sp. 13, 3; Sp. 22, 8 (23, 2) ; 9, 61, 7; 10, 92, 16. 
 dextra Sp. 18, 1; 1, 21, 1. 7; 2, 11, 5; 2, 21, 1; 6, 83, 3; 7, 
 
 20, 16; 8, 30, 5; 9, 43, 4; 11, 29, 1; 11, 99, 3; 12, 28 (29), 
 
 3 ; 12, 82, 3 ; 14, 208, 2. 
 
 1 Strabo, c. 244. 
 
 2 See above, under dies. 
 
ADJECTIVES USED SUBSTANTIVELY. 11 
 
 laeva 5, 51, 1; 9, 41, 1; 9, 43, 4; 11, 58, II 1 ; 12, 82, 3. 
 sinistra 7, 72, 11; 8, 30, 8; 11, 73, 4; 11, 99, 3; 12, 28 (29), 
 
 3 ; 14, 46, 1. 
 
 medicus. 
 
 opthalmicus 8, 74, 1. Cf. Gk. 
 
 mernbrum. 
 
 languida virilia 11, 29, 1. 
 
 mensa. 
 
 Delphica 12, 66, 7. 
 
 mensis. 
 
 December 1, 49, 19 ; 3, 36, 7 ; 4, 14, 7 ; 4, 19, 3 ; 5, 30, 5 ; 5, 
 49, 8 ; 5, 84, 9 ; 7, 8, 3 ; 7, 28, 7 ; 7, 36, 5 ; 7, 37, 6 ; 7, 72, 1 ; 
 7, 95, 1; 10, 5, 6; 10, 87, 7; 12, 18, 7; 12, 62, 15. Cf. 
 mense Decembri, 2, 85, 3 ; Decembri mense, 5, 18, 1 ; in 
 mensem Aprilem, 7, 95, 18 ; mensem Augustum, 3, 93, 
 16; mense Augusto, 6, 59, 8. 
 
 November 3, 58, 8. 
 
 mentula. 
 
 ilia 3, 68, 7; 11, 15, 8. 
 
 rigida 9, 47, 6. Cf. rigida vena, 11, 16, 5. 
 
 tanta 6, 54, 1. 4. 
 
 miles. 
 
 evocatus 4, 4, 5. 
 
 missicius 3, 91, 1. 
 
 mons. 
 
 Aventimis 10, 56, 2. Cf. Liv. 1, 33, 1. 
 
 morbus. 
 
 hemitritaeos 2, 40, 1 ; 12, 90, 2. Cf. declamas hemitritaeos, 
 4, 80, 3, where the adjective means ' one who has the ague.' 
 
 nummus. 
 
 aureolus 5, 19, 14; 9, 4, 1. 3; 10, 75, 8; 11, 27, 12; 12, 36, 3. 
 binus 12, 55, 8, aut binos quater a nova moneta (sc. nummos). 
 denarius 1, 117, 17; 2, 51, 1; 9, 32, 3; 9, 100, 1. 6. 
 
 1 Lindsay reads lana here. 
 
12 NOTES ON THE SYNTAX OF MARTIAL. 
 
 flavus (' yellow boys ') 12, 65, 6. Cf. et centum dominos 
 novae monetae, 4, 28, 5; hos nisi de flava loculos implere 
 moneta | non decet, 14, 12, 1. 
 
 sestertiolus 1 1, 58, 5. 
 
 nux. 
 
 castaneae 5, 78, 15; 10, 79, 6. 
 
 officium. 
 
 annuum (iustum) 10, 61, 4. 
 illud puerile 9, 67, 3. Cf. puerile officium, Plaut. Cist. 657. 
 
 oliva. 
 
 Picena 4, 88, 7 ; 7, 53, 5. Cf. Picena oliva, 9, 54, 1 ; Picenis 
 
 trapetis, 13, 36, 1. 
 
 orrXa. 
 
 %(ttxca 9, 94, 4. 
 ypiHTsa 9, 94, 4. 
 
 opus. 
 
 adipatum, see edulium. Cf. opera pistoria, Suet. Tib. 34. 
 
 Capelliana (' preserves ') 11, 31, 17. 
 
 sacrum 1, epist, v. 1, 1. 18 ; 3, 6, 2 ; 3, 24, 9. 11 ; 3, 81, 6 ; 
 
 7, 63, 5; 8, 4, 4; 8, 30, 6; 8, 81, 1; 9, 48, 2; 10, 41, 7; 
 
 10, 58, 13 ; 11, 4, 1 ; 12, 62, 6. 14. 
 tabulatum 9, 59, 5. 
 
 ostrea, see conchylia. 
 paenula, see vestis. 
 
 endromis (cf. Gk. Ivdpo/juc) 4, 19, 4; 14, 126, tit, 2. 
 gausapina 6, 59, 2. 8. Cf. paenula gausapina, 14, 145, tit. ; 
 
 cubicularia (sc. stragula) gausapina, 14, 147, tit. 
 scortea 14, 130, 2. Cf. paenula scortea, 14, 130, tit. 
 
 pannus, see auriga, color. 
 
 pars. 
 
 calva 3, 74, 1. 5 ; 5, 49, 3 ; 6, 57, 2 ; 6, 74, 2 ; 10, 83, 2 ; 12, 
 45, 2 ; 14, 27, 2. Cf. calvam auro caelavere, Liv. 23, 24, 12. 
 1 Sestertia, from sestertium (nummorum), is so far removed from its sub- 
 stantive as not to merit special treatment as an adjective. 
 
ADJECTIVES USED SUBSTANTIVELY. 13 
 
 pecunia. 
 
 inpensa Sp. 4, 6. 
 
 pellis. 
 
 aluta 2, 29, 8 : 7, 35, 1 ; 11, 60, 3 ; 12, 29 (26), 9. 
 
 perna. 
 
 Cerretana 13, 54, 1. 
 
 pila. 
 
 paganica 7, 32, 7 ; 14, 45, 1. Cf. pila paganica, 14, 45, tit. 
 
 piscis. 
 
 aurata 13, 90, tit., 1. 
 
 poculum. 
 
 archetypum 8, 6, 1. Cf. pocula archetypa, 14, 93, tit; 
 archetypum argentum, 8, 34, 1. 2. 
 
 Pompeius. 
 
 Magnus 11, 5, 11. 
 
 pomum, see malum. 
 
 pons. 
 
 Mulvius 4, 64, 23. Cf. a ponte Mulvio, 3, 14, 4. 
 
 praedium. 
 
 pomarium 6, 16, 3; 8, 14, 1; 8, 68, 1; 10, 94, 1. Cf. Hor. 
 
 Carm., 1, 7, 14 ; pomarium seminarium, Cato, Agr. 48, 1. 
 rosarium 5, 37, 9; 12, 31, 3. 
 
 praemium. 1 
 
 salarium 3, 7, 6. 
 
 pretium. 
 
 magno 3, 75, 8 ; 10, 75, 2. 
 
 minoris 12, 66, 9. 
 
 nostro 7, 46, 4; 8, 42, 3. 
 
 pluris 1, 58, 6; 3, 56, 2; 3, 62, 6; 4, 26, 4; 4, 29, 10; 11, 83, 
 
 2 ; 14, 118, 2. 
 
 quanti 1, 66, 3; 5, 16, 4; 5, 58, 6; 6, 88, 3; 14, 218 (217), 1. 
 tanti Sp. 33, 2; 1, 12, 11; 1, 66, 2; 1, 108, 6; 1, 117, 18; 
 
 2, 63, 3; 5, 22, 12; 5, 27, 3; 8, 69, 3; 9, 4, 4; 10, 12, 5; 
 
 1 Draeger 2 , I, p. 64. 
 
14 NOTES ON THE SYNTAX OF MARTIAL. 
 
 10, 57, 2; 11, 71, 3; 12, 43, 11; 12, 48, 11; 12, 59, 11. 
 
 vili 12, 66, 10. 
 
 prunum. 
 
 Damascenum 5, 18, 3 ; 13, 29, tit. 
 
 puella. 
 
 One need not presuppose the omission of puella^ filia f or virgo 
 with such adjectives as nata, nupta, and sponsa^ as these ad- 
 jectives may all get their meaning from the gender alone. See 
 femina above. 
 
 vidua, see uxor. 
 
 quadrantes. 
 
 centum plumbeos 10, 74, 4. 
 
 ramentum (filum). 
 
 sulphuratum 1, 41, 4. Of. sulphurate ramento, 10, 3, 3; 
 sulphuratae mercis, 12, 57, 14. 
 
 I 
 
 res. 
 
 summa 10, 75, 10; 12, epist., 13; 12, 66, 2. 
 
 rus, cf. ager, fundus. 
 
 suburbanum 8, 61, 9. Cf. rus in verse 6. 
 Tiburtinum 4, 79, 1. Cf. rus in verse 2. 
 
 sacerdos. 
 
 calvus 12, 28 (29), 19. 
 
 sacrificia (sacra), 
 annua 10, 61, 4. 
 
 scutica. 
 cirrata 10, 62, 8. 
 
 sella. 
 curulis 11, 98, 18. 
 
 servus. 
 
 fugitivus 3, 91, 3 ; 11, 54, 6. 
 inscriptus 8, 75, 9. 
 urbanus 3, 58, 29. 
 vernaculus 10, 3, 1. 
 
ADJECTIVES USED SUBSTANTIVELY. 15 
 
 spatium. 
 
 triduum 2, 6, 12. 
 triennium 12, epist, 1. 
 
 spelunca. 
 Aeolia 2, 14-, 12. 
 
 stragulum, see tegumentum. 
 tabulae (tabellae), see cera, codicilli, libelli. 
 pugillares 14, 3, tit. ; 14, 5, tit. ; 14, 7, tit. (pugillares mem- 
 branei) ; 14, 184, tit. 
 
 tegumentum ( stragulum ) . 
 
 cubicularia 14, 147, tit. (gausapina) ; 14, 150, tit. (polymita). 
 Though itself an adjective, stragida may be felt as the 
 omitted substantive with cubicularia. Cf. cubicularia 
 stragula, Plin. N. H., 8, 58 (83), 226. 
 
 stragula 2, 16, 1. 6; 14, 86, 1; 14, 147, 1; 14, 148, 1. 
 
 terra. 
 
 creta 6, 93, 9 ; 8, 33, 17 ; 12, 61, 9. 
 
 patria Sp. 3, 12; 8, 31, 4; 12, 62, 7. Cf. patria terra, 2, 
 24, 3. 
 
 textum, see vestimentum. 
 
 theatrum. 
 
 Marcellianum 2, 29, 5. Cf. sed nee Marcelli Pompeianumque, 
 10, 51, 11 ; scaena Marcelliani theatri, Suet. Vesp., 19. 
 
 Pompeianum 10, 51, 11 ; 11, 21, 6. Cf. in Pompeiano 
 theatro, 6, 9, 1 ; 14, 29, 1 ; de Pompeiano theatro, 14, 166, 1. 
 
 thermae. 
 
 Neronianae 7, 34, 9. Cf. thermas Neronianas, 2, 48, 8; 
 Neronianas thermas, 3, 25, 4; thermis Neronianis, 7, 34, 
 5 ; in thermis Neronianis, 12, 83, 5. 
 
 tomentum. 
 
 Leuconicum 11, 21, 8; 14, 160, 2. Cf. tomentum Leuconicum, 
 
 14, 159, tit. 
 
 tunica. 
 
16 NOTES ON THE SYNTAX OF MARTIAL. 
 
 Patavinae trilices 14, 143, 1. Of. tunicae Patavinae, 14, 
 
 143, tit. 
 
 unguentum. 
 
 capillare 3, 82, 28. 
 
 Cosmianum 11, 15, 6; 12, 55, 7. Cf. Cosmianis ampullis, 
 
 3, 82, 26. 
 
 cosmicum 7, 41, 2. 1 
 foliatum 11, 27, 9; 14, 110, 2. 
 glaucinum 9, 26, 2. 
 Mcerotianum 6, 55, 3. Cf. nimbis Nicerotianis, 10, 38, 8 ; 
 
 Mcerotis libram, 12, 65, 4. 
 
 urbs. 
 
 patria 10, 13 (20), 2. 
 
 uxor. 
 
 vidua 1, 49, 34; 2, 32, 6; 4, 56, 1; 7, 73, 3. Cf. viduam 
 uxorem, Naevius, Gymnasticus 1 (Mueller's ed. of Liv. Andr. 
 and Naev., p. 17) ; viduas puellas, Propert. 3, 31 (33), 
 17 ; viduae puellae, Ovid Fasti, 2, 557 ; viduos viros, Ovid 
 Ars Amat., 1, 102. 
 
 vacca, see bos. 
 
 iuvenca 2, 14, 8; 7, 80, 7; 8, 81, 2; 10, 48, 1. Cf. Verg. 
 Georg., 3, 219. 
 
 vas. 
 
 ahemim 10, 17 (16), 7, Agenoreo aheno; 14, 133, 1. Cf. 
 
 vasa ahena, Plant. Pseud. 656. 
 anaglyptum 4, 39, 8. 
 aureum 3, 26, 2; 12, 49, 4. 
 boletarium 14, 101, tit. 
 chrysendetum 2, 43, 11 ; 2, 53, 5 ; 6, 94, 1 ; 11, 29, 7 ; 14, 97, 1. 
 
 Cf. lances chrysendetae, 14, 97, tit. 
 Corinthium, 9, 57, 2. 
 crystallinum 1, 53, 6; 3, 82, 25; 9, 59, 13; 14, 111, tit, 1. 
 
 1 Other references to the perfumer Cosmus are: 1, 87, 2; 3, 55, 1; 9, 26, 
 2; 11, 8, 9; 11, 18, 9; 11, 49 (50), 6; 12, 65, 4; 14, 59, 2; 14, 110, 1; 14, 
 146, 1. Cosmicos, 7, 41, 1. 
 
ADJECTIVES USED SUBSTANTIVELY. 17 
 
 Cf. crystalla 8, 77, 5; 9, 22, 7; 9, 73, 5; 10, 14 (13), 5; 
 
 10, 66, 5 ; 12, 74, 1. 
 diatretum 12, 70, 9. 
 fictile 5, 59, 4; 14, 98, 2. 
 Gratianum 4, 39, 6. 
 murrinum 3, 26, 2 ; 3, 82, 25 ; 9, 59, 14; 11, 70, 8 ; 13, 110, 1 ; 
 
 14, 113, tit. 
 Vatinium 10, 3, 4. 
 vitreum 1, 41, 5. 
 
 vehiculum. 
 
 hexaphorum 2, 81, 1; 4, 51, 2; 6, 77, 10. 
 octaphoron 6, 84, 1. 
 
 velum. 
 
 flammeum 11, 78, 3; 12, 42, 3. 
 
 venenum. 1 
 toxicum 1, 18, 6; 5, 76, 2; 10, 36, 4. 
 
 versus. 
 
 elegus 3, 20, 6; 7, 46, 5; 12, 94, 8. 
 
 herons 3, 20, 6. 
 
 hexameter 6, 65, 1. 
 
 scazon 1, 96, 1 ; 7, 26, 1. 10. 
 
 vestimentum (indumentum, tegumentum, textum). 
 amictorium 14, 149, tit 
 
 bombycimim 8, 68, 7; 11, 49 (50), 5; 14, 24, 1. 
 candidum 2, 46, 5. 
 
 cenatorium 10, 87, 12; 14, 136 (135), tit. 
 coccinum 2, 16, 2 ; 2, 39, 1 ; 2, 43, 8; 14, 131, 1. 
 ianthinum 2, 39, 1. 
 linteum 2, 57, 6; 12, 70, 1; 12, 82, 7; 14, 51, 2; 14, 104, 1; 
 
 14, 139 (138), 1. 
 leve 14, 138 (136), 1. 
 nativum 1, 96, 8. 
 
 1 Venenum was originally an adj., venenum (medicamentumf), if its orig- 
 inal meaning was " love-charm." *Venes-no-m, cf. Veneris, early *Venes-is. 
 
18 NOTES ON THE SYNTAX OF MARTIAL. 
 
 Sericum, 9, 37, 3; 11, 8, 5; 11, 27, 11. 
 textum 8, 28, 18. 
 tritum 2, 58, 1. 2. 
 Tyrianthinum 1, 53, 5. 
 
 vestis, see paenula. 
 
 Canusina 14, 127, tit, 1; 14, 129, tit. Of. canusinatus 
 Sums, 9, 22, 9. 
 
 fusca rufa 14, 129, 1. 
 
 via. 
 
 Aemilia 6, 85, 6 ; 10, 12, 1. Cf. Aemiliae viae, 3, 4, 2. 
 Appia 9, 101, 1; 10, 18 (17), 6. Of. Latiae viae, 9, 64, 2; 
 
 Ausoniae viae, 9, 101, 2 ; Appia (sc. via),Hor. Serm. 1, 5, 6. 
 Flaminia 4, 64, 18 ; 6, 28, 5 ; 8, 75, 2 ; 9, 57, 5 ; 11, 13, 1. 
 
 Cf. Flaminia via, 10, 6, 6. 
 Salaria 4, 64, 18. 
 
 Tecta 3, 5, 5 ; 8, 75, 2. 
 
 vicis. 
 alterna 5, 38, 10. 
 
 vinum. 
 
 acetum 7, 25, 5 ; 10, 45, 5 ; 11, 56, 7 ; 12, 48, 13 ; 13, 122, tit, 1. 
 
 Albanum 13, 109, tit 
 
 Caecubum 2, 40, 5; 3, 26, 3; 10, 98, 1; 11, 56, 11; 12, 17, 
 6 ; 12, 60, 9 ; 13, 115, tit., 1. Cf. Caecuba vindemia, 6, 
 27,9. 
 
 Caeretanum 13, 124, tit, 1. 
 
 caldum 14, 113, 1. Cf. calidum bibunt, Plaut Cure. 293. 
 
 defrutum 4, 46, 9. 1 
 
 Falernum 1, 18, 1. 5; 1, 71, 3; 1, 106, 3; 2, 40, 6; 3, 77, 8; 
 5, 64, 1; 6, 27, 5; 7, 27, 8; 8, 55 (56), 14; 8, 77, 5; 9, 22, 
 8; 9, 73, 5; 9, 93, 1; 10, 36, 5; 10, 66, 6; 11, 8, 7; 11, 26, 
 3; 11, 36, 5; 11, 49 (50), 7; 12, 17, 5; 12, 70, 5; 13, 108, 
 1; 13, 111, tit; 13, 120, 2 (musta Falerna) ; 14, 113, 1; 
 14, 170, 2, Cf. in Falerno colle, 12, 57, 22. 
 
 Fundanum 13, 113, tit, 1. 
 
 1 Vinum mustum is the full substantive. 
 
ADJECTIVES USED SUBSTANTIVELY. 19 
 
 Mamertanum 13, 117, tit. 
 
 Marsicum 13, 121, 1. 
 
 Massicum 3, 26, 3 ; 3, 49, 1 ; 4, 69, 1 ; 13, 111, 1. Cf. Massica 
 
 cella, 1, 26, 8; Massica vina, 4, 13, 4. 
 Massalitaruim 13, 123, tit. 
 merum 1, 11, 4; 1, 18, 6; 1, 28, 1; 1, 56, 2; 1, 105, 2; 1, 106, 
 
 9 ; 3, 57, 2 ; 4, 66, 12 ; 5, 4, 3 ; 6, 89, 8 ; 8, 6, 12 ; 8, 33, 10 ; 
 
 8, 45, 6; 9, 43, 4; 9, 61, 16; 9, 90, 16; 11, 57, 4; 11, 104, 
 
 12; 12, 60, 8; 13, 23, 2; 13, 68, 2; 13, 108, 2; 14, 103, 2; 
 
 14, 113, 2. 
 mixtum 3, 57, 2. 
 
 mulsum 9, 94, 2 ; 13, 6, 1 ; 13, 106, 2 ; 13, 108, tit. ; 14, 127, 1. 
 mustum 1, 18, 2; 3, 58, 50; 3, 82, 23; 6, 27, 7; 7, 28, 4; 11, 
 
 18, 24; 13, 8, 2; 13, 113, 2; 13, 120, 2 (nmsta Falerna). 
 Nomentaimm 13, 119, tit. Cf. Nomentana lagona, 10, 48, 
 
 19. 
 Opimianum 9, 87, 1; 10, 49, 2. Cf. Opimianum nectar, 3, 
 
 82, 24; testa antiqui felix Opimi, 1, 26, 7; annus 
 
 Opimi, 2, 40, 5 ; Opimi Caecuba, 3, 26, 3 ; autumnus Opimi, 
 
 13, 113, 1. 
 
 Paelignum 13, 121, tit. 
 passum 13, 106, tit. 
 
 picatum 13, 107, tit., 1. Cf. resinata vina, 3, 77, 8. 
 Sabinum 10, 49, 3. 
 Setimmi 4, 69, 1; 6, 86, 1; 8, 50 (51), 19; 9, 2, 5; 12, 17, 5; 
 
 13, 112, tit; 13, 124, 1. Cf. Setini trientes, 10, 14 (13), 
 
 5 ; Setinos trientes, 14, 103, 1 ; Setina gleba, 9, 22, 3 ; 
 
 clivi Setini, 10, 74, 11 ; Baccho, quern Setia misit, 13, 23, 
 
 1; cellis Setia cara suis, 10, 36, 6; Setini soli, 11, 29, 6. 
 Signimim 13, 116, tit,, 1. 
 Spoletnmm 13, 120, tit. ; 14, 116, 1. 
 Surrenthram 13, 110, tit, 1. 
 Tarentinum 13, 125, tit. 
 Tarraconense 13, 118, tit. 
 Trifolinum 13, 114, tit, 1. 
 
20 NOTES ON THE SYNTAX OF MARTIAL. 
 
 Vaticanum 6, 92, 3 ; 10, 45, 5. Cf. Vatican! cadi, 12, 48, 14. 
 Veientanum 1, 103, 9 ; 3, 49, 1. Cf. Veientana uva, 2, 53, 4. 
 
 vitis. 
 vinea 3, 56, 1 ; 3, 65, 3 ; 9, 57, 7 ; 14, 49, 2. 
 
 DOUBTFUL CASES. 
 
 aedificia (?). 
 praetoria 10, 79, 1. 
 Saepta 2, 14, 5; 2, 57, 2; 9, 59, 1; 10, 80, 4. 
 
 caelum (?). 
 nubila 6, 58, 4. 
 
 loca (P). 1 
 proxima 6, 27, 1. 
 summa 8, 60, 1 ; 11, 46, 6. 
 vicina 6, 43, 9. 
 
 1 Possibly no substantive is felt with the following adjectives. 
 
CHAPTEE II. 
 
 1. THE PERFECT, PLUPERFECT AND FUTURE PERFECT PAS- 
 SIVE IN fui, fueram, fuero. 
 
 The compound tenses passive were regularly formed by 
 the perfect passive participle with sum (sim), eram (essem), 
 and ero. The participle, however, came to be treated fre- 
 quently as an adjective and sum as the verb, thus giving the 
 force of a present, imperfect, or future tense. To make the 
 distinction of time more clear and precise, fui, fueram, and 
 fuero were often joined to the perfect passive participle to 
 form respectively the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect 
 tenses passive. This periphrasis with fui is found in early 
 Latin without distinction in meaning from the perfect parti- 
 ciple with sum, though it never gained the ground that the 
 forms of the perfect passive participle with fueram and fuero 
 as pluperfect and future perfect passive gained. 1 This peri- 
 phrasis was specially common in the popular speech. Martial's 
 usage is as follows: 
 
 Perfect passive in fui. 
 (1) 1, 43, 1. 2 Bis tibi triceni fuimus, Mancine, vocati \ et 
 
 positum est nobis nil here praeter aprum. 
 
 In the above passage we have an example of the correct use 
 of fui, i. e., fuimus is the verb and vocati is treated as an 
 adjective. 2 This is shown by the presence in verse 2 of the 
 
 1 For examples of the correctly distinguished forms of fui and sum, see 
 Neue-Wagener 3 , III, p. 135 ff.; for incorrectly distinguished forms, ibid., 
 p. 139 ff. For the perfect in fui, see Hist. Gr., Ill, pp. 173^176; the 
 pluperfect in fueram, ibid., pp. 220, 221; the future perfect in fuero, 
 ibid., pp. 188, 189. Statistics as to the use of these forms by other 
 writers are there fully given. 
 
 2 The Hist. Gr. (Ill, p. 175), explains as: wir sind frueher eingeladen 
 gewesen. 
 
 21 
 
22 NOTES ON THE SYNTAX OF MARTIAL. 
 
 true perfect form, positum est. The meaning is, " We have 
 been three hundred invited guests of yours and " . . . 
 
 (2) 4, 88, 3. 4 ergo nee argenti sex scripula Septiciani | missa 
 nee a querulo mappa eliente fuit. 
 
 This is a correct use of fui, the meaning being, " Have there 
 been then no sex scripula which were sent to you missa ad te 
 a eliente and later to be sent on to me ? " 
 
 (3) 6, 76, 2 credita cui summi castra fuere ducis, = credita 
 sunt. 
 
 (4) 8, 50 (51), 10 ab hoc mallet vecta fuisse soror, = vecta 
 esse. 
 
 (5) 8, 77, 8 longior huic facta est quam data vita fuit. 
 
 This a correct use of fuit, since the time of data fuit is 
 regarded as prior to that of facta est. 
 
 (6) 9, 56, 7 non iaculo, non ense fuit laesusve sagitta, = est 
 laesusve. 
 
 (7) 11, 87, 2 et tibi nulla diu femina nota 1 fuit. 
 Here nota (or nata) is an adjective and fuit the verb. 
 
 (8) 14, 35, 2 haec quadringentis milibus empta fuit, = empta 
 est. 
 
 Martial, therefore, uses the perfect passive participle with 
 forms of fui eight times, four of which are for the simple per- 
 fect form. 2 
 
 Pluperfect passive in fueram. 
 
 (1) 1, 82, 4. 5 tectis nam modo Regulus sub illis 
 
 gestatus fuerat recesseratque, =gestatus erat, as the plu- 
 perfect recesserat, with which it is coordinate, shows. 
 
 (2) 3, 52, 1 Empta domus fuerat tibi ducentis, = empta 
 erat, as the dative of the agent tibi would seem to indicate. 
 
 (3) 5, 23, 1 Herbarum fueras indutus colores, eras in- 
 dutus. 
 
 (4) 6, 15, 3. 4 sic modo quae fuerat vita contempta manente, 
 funeribus facta est nunc pretiosa suis. 
 
 1 Nota is the reading of BA; nata of O. C'f. Friedl., 4, 83, 4, and note. 
 
 2 Naturally Martial makes frequent use of the regular form with sum. 
 Not including the adjectival use of the participle, but inclusive of in- 
 finitive forms, I have counted 142 cases. 
 
PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE. 23 
 
 Here fuerat is used correctly, contempta being treated as an 
 adjective. 
 
 (5) 8, 33, 3 hac fuerat nuper nebula tibi pegma perunctum, 
 = erat perunctum. tibi is dative of agent ; see 3, 52, 1 
 above. 
 
 (6) 12, 60, 4 (Mars) qui fueras Latia culius in urbe mihi, 
 = eras cultus. On mihi, see 3, 52, 1 above. 
 
 Martial, therefore, uses the pluperfect passive in fueram 
 five times as opposed to three times for the form with eram 
 (4, 11, 10; 7,47, 6 1 ; 8,13,1). 
 
 Future perfect in fuero. 
 
 (1) 8, 6, 15 Miratus fueris cum prisca toreumata multum, | in 
 Priami calathis Astyanacta bibes. 
 
 Miratus fueris here is a true future perfect, as the future 
 bibes in the following line shows. 
 
 (2) 9, 56, 9 quisquis ab hoc fuerit fixus morietur amore. 
 
 A true future perfect as the following future, morietur, 
 shows. 
 
 Martial, therefore, uses the perfect passive participle with 
 fuero twice as opposed to four times for ero 2 : 1, 116, 4 hoc erit 
 Antullae mixtus uterque parens; 5, 59, 4 fictilibus nostris 
 exoneratus eris; 8, 38, 16 hoc et post cineres erit tributum^', 
 11, 65, 6 eras mihi natus eris. 4 
 
 An examination of the forms in fuero and ero respectively in 
 Martial will show that he uses the fuero form as a true future 
 perfect while the perfect passive participle with ero forms a 
 simple future, i. e., with ero the participle becomes a predicate 
 adjective. 
 
 Martial does not use fuerim to form the perfect subjunctive 
 passive. He uses sim nine times (1, epist., 5 ; 1, 11, 1 ; 4, 89, 5 ; 
 6, 92, 1 ; 8, epist, 12. 15 ; 10, 102, 1 ; 11, 57, 5 ; 14, 2, 3). 5 Nor 
 
 ir The MSS. are corrupt here. See Lindsay's text. 
 
 2 In 1, 39, 7 erit and subnixus do not make a tense-form. Cf. ibid., 1. 5, 
 
 3 Possibly a noun here. 
 
 * Cf. Friedl., 4, 83, 4, and note, though he does not cite this passage. 
 5 In 4, 17, 2 the part, is an adjective. 
 
24 NOTES ON THE SYNTAX OF MARTIAL. 
 
 does lie use fuissem with the perfect passive participle to form 
 the pluperfect subjunctive passive though he uses essem three 
 times (1, 12, 8; 11, 82, 5; 14, 3, 1) and forem four times (Sp. 
 27, 6 ; 1, 99, 8 ; 8, 30, 7 ; 13, 103, 2. Cf. forem alone 5, 39, 9 ; 
 9, 7 (8), 1; 10, 32, 6; 10, 99, 1; 13, 28, 2; 13, 71, 2; 14, 
 202, 2). Martial uses the future participle with fuero once 
 as equivalent to ero (fueris habiturus 2, epist, 13) while with 
 the same participle he uses ero twice (positurus erit, 11, 5, 10 ; 
 rediturus ero, 14, 181, 2. Cf. rediturus earn, 2, 5, 4). The 
 gerundive with fuero he uses once and that correctly (frangen- 
 dus fuerit, 12, 74, 10). The gerundive with ero does not occur. 
 Elsewhere in Martial the so-called periphrastics are used cor- 
 rectly. 
 
 2. ON THE FORMS -ris AND -re IN THE SECOND PERSON 
 SINGULAR OF PASSIVE AND DEPONENT VERBS. 1 
 
 Of the passive forms in -ris and -re in the second person 
 singular, Martial uses -ris 152 times to -re 15 times. In Lind- 
 say's text the form in -re is found only before consonants, the 
 form in -ris indifferently before vowels and consonants. I have 
 arranged the forms below according to tenses, conjugations, 
 passive or deponent forms. In this classification the verbs 
 delector, foveor, lavor f luxurior, mentior, partior, pascor, videor 
 have been treated as deponents, while fallor has been treated as 
 a passive. 
 
 Forms in -ris. 
 
 Passive indicative present. 
 
 1st conjugation: 2, 5, 5 ; 2, 44, II 2 ; 7, 76, 6; 12, 52, 5 (4). 
 2d conjugation: 1, 70, 1 ; 3, 44, 18 ; 6, 77, 5 ; 12, 96, 3 ; 14, 74, 
 
 1(5). 
 3d conjugation: 1, 106, 2 ; 2, 18, 3 ; 3, 62, 8 ; 4, 69, 3 ; 6, 77, 5 ; 
 
 J In dealing with these forms I have followed the text of Lindsay, 
 noting variant MSS. readings as they occur. For the use of these forms 
 by other writers see Neue-Wag 3 ., Ill, pp. 202-210. 
 
PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE. 25 
 
 7, 47, 3 1 ; 8, 56 (54), 3; 10, 39, 4; 13, 85, 1; 14, 9, 2; 14, 
 
 88, 2 2 (11). 
 
 Passive indicative future. 
 1st conj. (in -bor) : 7, 17, 10 3 (1). 
 3d conj. (in -ar) : Sp. 3, 12 ; 2, 1, 7 4 ; 6, 58, 9 ; 7, 97, 13 (bis) 
 
 (5). 
 
 Passive subjunctive present. 
 
 1st conj.: 2, 44, 12; 6, 11, 10 (2). 
 
 3d conj.: 1, 43, 14; 5, 60, 5; 9, 29, 11 (3). 
 
 Passive subjunctive imperfect. 
 1st conj.: Sp. 8, 1 (1). 
 3d conj.: 6, 17, 4 (1). 
 
 Deponent indicative present. 
 
 1st conj. : 1, 23, 1 ; 2, 89, 5 ; 3, 28, 1 ; 3, 75, 2 ; 3, 87, 3 ; 3, 95, 
 13; 4, 7, 3; 5, 40, 2; 5, 73, 3; 6, 11, 2; 6, 20, 3; 6, 42, 1; 
 6, 51, 1; 6, 81, I 5 ; 6, 89, 7; 7, 18, 4; 7, 35, 8; 8, 16, 3; 8, 
 21, 1; 8, 55 (56), 3; 8, 69, 1; 9, epist, v. 6; 9, 9 (10), 2; 
 
 9, 27, 9; 9, 42, 11; 9, 69, 2; 10, 45, 5; 10, 65, 6; 10, 84, 1; 
 
 10, 96, 2; 11, 35, 3; 11, 38, 2; 11, 57, 1; 11, 75, 5; 11, 87, 
 3; 11, 104, 11; 12, 51, 2; 13, 70, 1; 13, 74, 2 (39). 
 
 2d conj.: 1, 81, 1; 6, 22, 4; 6, 87, 1; 7, 35, 2; 8, 31, 1; 9, 35, 
 1; 9, 52, 1; 10, 34, 1. videris: 1, 41, 1. 15; 2, epist., 10; 
 2, 1, 11; 3, 41 (40), 3 ; 7, 41, 1 ; 8, 64, 12 (15). 
 
 3d conj. : 1, 8, 2 ; 1, 89, 3 ; 1, 92, 9 ; 1, 97, 1 ; 2, 34, 2 ; 2, 61, 5 ; 
 2, 85, 4 6 ; 3, 80, I 7 ; 4, 9, 2 ; 5, 1, 1 ; 5, 5, 2 8 ; 5, 41, 4; 5, 52, 
 2 ; 5, 83, 1 ; 6, 9, 2 ; 6, 47, 2 9 ; 7, 35, 7 ; 7, 47, 10 ; 8, 64, 2 ; 
 
 1 reddideris CA. 
 
 2 decipere vel-res BA. 
 
 'cantaveris CA. 
 
 <legeres CA. 
 
 Maveris T ex coir, (et fort. AA) Lf (et fort. BA). 
 
 6 queris T. 
 
 loqueris AA. 
 8 fueris ut vid. BA. 
 9 lavaris T. 
 
26 NOTES ON THE SYNTAX OF MARTIAL. 
 
 8, 80, 2 1 ; 9, 27, 8; 9, 41, 2; 9, 47, 3; 10, 11, 1; 10, 88, 1; 
 
 11, 24, 3; 11, 35, 3; 11, 39, 9 2 ; 11, 102, 5; 12, 23, 1; 12, 
 27 (28), 2 (31). 
 
 4th conj. : 2, 53, I 3 ; 2, 69, 2 ; 3, 43, 1 ; 4, 19, 7 ; 6, 57, 1 ; 10, 
 39, 2. 3; 11, 32, 7 (bis) ; 12, 40, 1; 12, 53, 3 (11). 
 
 Deponent indicative imperfect, 
 2d conj.: 1, 90, 5 (1). 
 3d conj.: 12, 32, 9 (1). 
 
 Deponent indicative future. 
 3d conj.: 5, 78, 31; 6, 42, 2; 6, 42, 24; 10, 78, 8 (4). 
 
 Deponent subjunctive present. 
 1st conj. : 3, 2, 9; 6, 42, 20; 8, 42, 3 4 ; 12, epist., 17; 12, epist., 
 
 24 (5). 
 
 2d conj.: 8, 3, 21; 10, 83, 10; 11, 55, 7; 11, 75, 7 (4) 5 . 
 3d conj. : 4, 54, 3 ; 5, 80, 5 ; 10, 7, 3 ; 10, 68, 9 ; 12, 14, 1 ; 
 
 12, 24, 5 (6). 
 
 Deponent subjunctive imperfect. 
 3d conj.: 3, 66, 4; 7, 18, 7 (2). 6 
 
 Forms in -re. 
 Passive indicative future. 
 1st conj.: 2, 60, 3 7 (1). 
 3d conj.: 2, 55, 2 8 (1). 
 
 Passive subjunctive present. 
 1st conj.: 7, 29, 3 9 ; 9, 37, I 10 ; 12, 62, 15 11 (3). 
 
 1 poteris CA. 
 
 2 queris T. 
 3 libera mentiri CA. 
 laberis CA. 
 
 6 videaris in all cases. 
 
 6 loquereris in both cases. 
 
 7 castraveris (-beris) CA. 
 
 8 coleris BA : colere CA. 
 
 9 amare CA. 
 
 10 ornare CA. 
 
 11 amare ( cum L ) . 
 
PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE. 27 
 
 3d conj.: 10, 44, 9 (1). 
 
 Deponent indicative future. 
 3d conj.: 11, 78, 9 (patiere) 1 ; 12, 2 (3), 9 (2). 
 
 Deponent subjunctive present. 
 1st conj.: 6,77, 6; 10, 70, 3 (2). 
 2d conj.: 9, 60, 5 (1). 
 3d conj.: 1, 3, 9 ; 2, 80, 2; 9, 42, 2; 14, 130, 1 (4). 
 
 3. ON THE PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE, THIRD PLURAL, 
 IN -ere AND -erunt. 
 
 With regard to the use of the perfect indicative active, third 
 plural, Martial has a decided preference for the form in -ere, 
 using it 72 times as opposed to 38 times for the form in -erunt, 
 or the contracted -runt. In every instance but one (detinuere 
 oculos, 2, 91, 4), the form ending in -ere is used before a con- 
 sonant. A form in -ere does not end a line, the -erunt form 
 being demanded by the metre as making a more sonorous close. 
 The form in -erunt, or the contracted -runt, is used 23 times 
 before a consonant and 6 times before a vowel in the midst of a 
 line (1, 18, 4; 9, 61, 11; 10, 63, 6; 10, 71, 6; 11, 91, 7; 14, 
 104, 1). It ends a line 9 times, in 7 cases of which the follow- 
 ing line begins with a consonant (closing a line where the fol- 
 lowing one begins with a vowel: 1, 99, 7; 5, 65, 15). So np 
 decisive conclusions can be drawn as to the use of -erunt before 
 vowels and consonants. Norunt (1, 104, 22; 4, 30, 4; 10, 2, 
 12 ; 14, 90, 2 ; 14, 104, 1) and velarunt (12, 42, 3) are the only 
 contracted forms in the perfect indicative active, third plural, 
 occurring in Martial. The use of the second person singular 
 form, -ris and -re, and the third plural perfect active forms, 
 -erunt and -ere, in Martial, therefore, present a parallel. The 
 forms in -ris 2 and -erunt are used to close lines and -re and -ere 
 
 i piere ut vid. O (i. e., patiere) (piere EX, periere A). 
 
 * With the exception of 2, 55, 2, where (in Lindsay's text) a form in -re 
 closes a line. In 2, 60, 3 a form in -re comes before a full stop in the 
 midst of a line. No definite conclusions can be drawn from these two 
 cases, however, as there is MS authority for forms in -ris ( see above ) . 
 
28 NOTES ON THE SYNTAX OF MARTIAL. 
 
 (with one exception, 2, 91, 4) are used only before consonants. 1 
 
 Forms in -ere. 
 1st conj.r Sp. 3, 7; Sp. 29, 8; 2, 29, 3; 4, 35, 3; 10, 103, 
 
 10 (5). 
 2d conj.: Sp. 3, 8 2 ; 1, 18, 7; 2, 40, 7; 2, 91, 4; 4, 29, 4; 4, 
 
 35, 5; 5, 10, 9; 5, 19, 4; 5, 23, 2; 6, 59, 4 3 ; 7, 37, 7; 7, 
 
 80, 2 4 ; 9, 61, 15; 9, 73, 7; 11, 36, 4; 12, 42, 3; 12, 74, 
 
 8 (17). 
 3d conj. : Sp. 29, 8 ; Sp. 30, 4. 8 ; 1, 4, 3 ; 1, 18, 3 ; 1, 22, 2 ; 
 
 I, 48, 1; 1, 103, 4; 4, 35, 6; 4, 54, 6; 5, 9, 3; 5, 67, 3. 4; 
 6, 59, 5; 7, 54, 6; 8, 52, 3 5 ; 9, 7 (8), 9; 9, 20, 7 6 ; 9, 59,4; 
 9, 61, 22; 9, 68, 3; 9, 103, 6; 10, 33, 9; 10, 34, 2; 10, 58, 
 4; 11, 54, 5; 12, 6, 10 (27). 
 
 4th conj.: Sp. 3, 9; 3, 91, 5; 12, 70, 7 (3). 
 
 Irregular and defective verbs, 
 coepere: 10, 29, 5 (1). 
 coiere: 7, 74, 8; 9, 71, 2 7 (2). 
 dedere: 4, 44, 4; 9, 13 (12), 4; 12, 6, 4 (3). 
 fuere: 4, 66, 16; 4, 88, 2; 6, 76, 2; 8, 54 (53), 1. 2; 8, 80, 8; 
 
 II, 69, 8; 12, 34,2.4 (9). 
 potuere: 7, 19, 3 (1). 
 transiere: 5, 84, 6 (1). 
 
 tulere: 5, 78, 20; 6, 70, 8; 7, 53, 10 (3). 
 
 Forms in -erunt. 
 1st conj.: velarunt, 12, 42, 3 (1). 
 
 iFor the use of -erunt and -ere in other writers, see Neue-Wag 5 ., Ill, 
 pp. 191-198; note by Woelfflin, A. L. L., XIV, part 4, p. 478; for Livy 
 and Virgil, article by E. P. Lease, Am. Jour. Phil., XXIV (1903), p. 408 ff. 
 
 2 madeo. 
 
 8 tepeo. 
 
 * conticeo. 
 
 6 contingere codd. 
 
 6 cureexere (EA) vel Curti texere (X) CA. 
 
 7 coiere AA (coire T) BA: posuere CA. 
 
PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE. 29 
 
 2d conj. : 1, 103, 4 1 ; 4, 73, 6 ; 5, 10, 8 ; 10, 71, 6 ; 12, 77, 4 (5). 
 3d conj.: Sp. 21, 3 ; 1, 18, 4; 3, 7, 5 ; 4, 51, 4; 6, 64, 17 2 ; 7, 
 
 19, 5; 7, 20, 17; 7, 96, 4; 9, 61, 11; 9, 65, 4; 10, 63, 6; 11, 
 
 91, 7. norunt: 1, 104, 22; 4, 30, 4; 10, 2, 12; 14, 90, 2; 
 
 14, 104, 1 (17). 
 4th conj.: 7, 53, 7; 8, 71, 4; 11, 52, 11; 13, 28, 1; 13, 111, 
 
 1(5). 
 
 Irregular and defective verbs. 
 
 coeperunt: 12, 90, 5 (1). 
 dederunt: 1, 99, 7; 5, 65, 15; 14, 43, 1 (3). 
 defuerunt: 12, 42, 4 3 (1). 
 fuerunt: 1, 54, 5 ; 5, 16, 11 ; 9, 59, 15 (3). 
 perierunt: 2, 64, 5 (1). 
 tulerunt: 8, 71, 5 (1). 
 4. ON PROHIBITIVES IN MARTIAL IN THE SECOND PERSON. 
 
 (1) Bennett, C. E. Critique of some recent Subjunctive 
 Theories, Cornell Studies in Classical Philology, IX (1898), 
 pp. 48-65. 
 
 (2) Clement, Willard K. Prohibitives in Silver Latin, Am. 
 Jour. Phil., XXI (1900), pp. 154-169. 
 
 (3) Elmer, H. C. The Latin Prohibitive, Am. Jour. Phil., 
 XV (1894), p. 133 ff.; review of (1), Am. Jour. Phil., 
 XXI (1900), pp. 80-91. 
 
 (4) Geddes, W. D. The Sequence after Ne Prohibitive, Class. 
 Kev., XII (1898), p. 355 ff.; p. 395 if. 
 
 (5) Postgate, J. P. Ne Prohibitive with the Second Person of 
 the Present Subjunctive in Classical Latin, Jour. Phil., 
 XVIII (1889-1890), pp. 326, 327. 
 
 To express prohibitions in the second person, Martial uses 
 the imperative with ne (nee), the infinitive with noli, the 
 present subjunctive with cave (ne) and vide (ne), and the 
 present and perfect subjunctive with various negatives. Of 
 
 1 aiserunt CA (miserunt A 2 ). 
 2 fixerunt BA CA. 
 
 3 defuerunt (P ante corr. fF) vel -ant (P ex corr. Q) BA (om. L) : 
 defuerunt (E) vel -int (X) CA. 
 
30 NOTES ON THE SYNTAX OF MARTIAL. 
 
 the above methods, the most frequent in classical prose is noli 
 with the infinitive. In Elmer's treatment of the Latin Pro- 
 hibitive, an attempt was made to distinguish between the present 
 and perfect subjunctives, giving to the latter some special excite- 
 ment or emotion. Subsequent investigation, however, has 
 tended to cast some discredit on Elmer's theory, 1 the view com- 
 monly held now being that the distinction between the two 
 tenses is that between durative and momentary (aoristic) ac- 
 tion. In his article on Prohibitives in Silver Latin, 2 Clement 
 has included Martial, with the omission of some instances, 3 how- 
 ever. ' Martial's usage follows 4 : 
 
 1. Ne (nee) + imperative 5 : 3, 2, 12 (nee timeto) ; 4, 14, 11- 
 (nee lege) ; 5, 10, 11 (ne festinate) ; 5, 48, 7 (ne propera 
 ne crede) ; 6, 27, 5 (ne parce) ; 7, 93, 7 (nee abutere) ; 
 8, 59, 3 (ne contemne) ; 12, 55, 3 (ne date) ; 13, 110, 1. 2 
 (nee sume); 14, 69 (68), 1 (ne percute) ; 14, 97, 1 (ne 
 viola) ; 14, 178, 1 (ne sperne). 
 
 2. Noli + infinitive : 1, 24, 4 (nolito credere); 1, 91, 2 
 (carpere noli) ; 2, epist, 8. 9 (noli facere inducere) ; 2, 
 74, 4 (invidere nolito) ; 3, 31, 5 (fastidire noli) ; 4, 38, 2 
 (noli negare) ; 5, 57, 1 (noli placere) ; 7, 76, 5 (nolito 
 placere) ; 9, 8 (9), 3 (queri noli) ; 10, 90, 9. 10 (noli 
 vellere) ; 11, 13, 2 (noli praeterire) ; 11, 14, 1 (nolite 
 sepelire). 
 
 3. Cave (ne) + pres. sub. : 6, 78, 3 (bibas caveto) ; 6, 79, 1 
 (sciat hoc Fortuna caveto) ; 7, 15, 6 (ne velit ipse cave) ; 
 
 1 Hist. Gr. der lat. Spr., Ill, pp. 128 and 197. 
 
 f See bibliography above. 
 
 3 1 have noted the following not included by Clement : ne + imperative : 
 5, 10, 11; 14, 69 (68), 1. Negatived pres. subj.: 5, 73, 4; 6, 28, 10; 6, 63, 
 8; 10, 33, 7. 8; 11, 99, 8; 12, 34, 10; 13, 2, 7; 13, 107, 2; 13, 126, 1. 
 Neg. perf. subj.: 1, 92, 13; 7, 55, 2. 
 
 4 For other writers see Hist. Gr. der lat. Spr., Ill, pp. 197-199, and 
 articles given above; for Statius, not included in the Hist. Gr., see Clement. 
 
 6 Clement has adopted the reading hos ne puta, 3, 26, 5. AA BA reads 
 hoc me puta, which Lindsay follows, nee me puta, Madvig Advers. crit., 
 II, 163. 
 
PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE. 31 
 
 10, 72, 12. 13 (caveto loquaris) ; 11, 102, 7 (audiat 
 aedilis ne te videatque caveto). 
 
 4. Vide (ne) + pres. subj. : 6, 21, 4 (ne pecces vide) ; 10, 
 20 (19), 12. 13 (ne pulses videto) ; 14, 131, 2 (ne fias 
 vide) . 
 
 5. Negatived pr. subj. 5 : 1, 35, 14 (nee velis) ; 1, 54, 4 (nee 
 recuses) ; 1, 70, 13 (ne metuas) ; 1, 117, 13 (nee roges) ; 
 4, 20, 3 (nee possis) ; 4, 59, 5 (ne placeas) ; 5, 73, 4 
 (dones ne) ; 6, 28, 10 (nil fleas) ; 6, 63, 8 (des nihil) ; 
 7, 26, 2 (ne accedas) ; 9, 61, 20 (ne metuas) ; 10, 33, 7. 8 
 (nee contendas) ; 10, 70, 11 (nee possis) ; 10, 78, 15 
 (nee praeferas) ; 11, 55, 2 (ne credas) ; 11, 99, 8 (nee 
 surgas nee sedeas) ; 12, Epist, 17 (ne mireris) ; 12, 14 2 
 (nee eas) ; 12, 34, 10 (nulli te facias nimis sodalem) ; 13, 
 2, 7 (ne perdas) ; 13, 10, 1 (nee possis) ; 13, 66, 1 (ne 
 violes) ; 13, 107, 2 (ne dubites) ; 13, 126, 1 (nee relinquas) ; 
 14, 98, 1 (ne spernas). 
 
 6. Negatived perf. subj. : 1, 92, 13 (nee dixeris) ; 2, 68, 3 (ne 
 dixeris) ; 5, 6, 16 (nee porrexeris) ; 5, 34, 9. 10 (nee 
 fueris); 6, 64, 27. 28 (nee temptaveris) ; 7, 10, 8 (ne 
 dederis crediderisve) ; 7, 55, 2 (nee dederis remiserisque) ; 
 7, 60, 6 (ne suscensueris) ; 14, 218 (217), 1. 2 (nee 
 addideris). 
 
 5 10, 47, 13, nee metuas nee optes, are not cases of the prohibitive subj., 
 though Clement so takes them. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 SOME USES OF ab, de, AND ex IN MARTIAL. 
 
 1. ab. 
 
 As to form, Martial follows closely the general rule of his 
 time that ab should be used before vowels and h, a before con- 
 sonants. 1 In 9, 101, 8, a(ab) Stygia aqua, there is MS. 
 authority for both a and ab. 2 In strict conformity to rule, we 
 find a before i-consonant (absit a ^ocorum simplicitate, 1, 
 epist, 6. 7), ab before i-vowel (ab lade, 3 1, 34, 7). There is, 
 then, in Martial no real exception to the rule stated above. 
 
 In some cases Martial uses ab with the ablative to denote 
 means : 
 
 cornuto ut ab ore petitus, Sp. 19, 3. 4 
 omnis ab infuso numeretur arnica Falerno, 1, 71, 3. 
 qua plures teneantur a catena, 12, 43, 9. 5 
 levis ab aequorea cortex Mareotica concha \ fiat, 14, 209, 1. 
 
 This is not uncommon elsewhere 6 : 
 Cic. fam., 5, 2, 10 desertus ab officiis tuis. 
 Caes. B. G., 3, 13 ab aestu relictae (naves). 
 Liv. 25, 23, 8 captus ab Romanis navibus. 
 Ovid. Art. Amat,, I, 763 hie jaculo pisces, illic capiuntur ab 
 
 hamis. 
 
 2. De. 
 
 (1) de nobis facile est, scelus est iugulare Falernum 
 et dare Campano toxica saeva mero, 1, 18, 5. 
 Martial has been upbraiding a certain man for mixing cheap 
 
 1 W. M. Lindsay, Lat. Lang., p. 577. 
 2 a BA : ab CA. Lindsay, a: Friedl., ab. 
 
 3 ab iade BA : ab laude CA (pro lade) ; Laide Ital. (del. ab). 
 * Friedl.'s reading. The MSS. are corrupt. 
 B a om. CA. 
 
 6 J. C. Rolfe, Prep, ab, A. L. L., X, p. 465 ff.; Hale & Buck, Lat. Gr., sect. 
 406, b; Draeg 2 ., I, p. 549 (sect. 230). 
 
 32 
 
SOME USES OF AB, DE AND EX. 33 
 
 wine with old Falernian. The meaning seems to be that it is 
 all right so far as we are concerned to kill us off, but don't be 
 strangling the Falernian wine. Some parallel cases 1 are: 
 De me, mi certe poteris formosa videri, Propert. 3, 11, 7. 
 Sed de me minus est, Propert. 3, 30 (32), 21. 
 Et de ceteris facile est, quos nee editos nee amissos civitas sensit, 
 Seneca, Cons, ad Marciam, 16, 3. 
 
 (2) palmam Callimachus, Thalia, de se 
 facundo dedit ipse Brutiano, 4, 23, 4. 5. 
 
 The meaning is that Callimachus has given his own palm to 
 another. De is here used with the substantive palmam very 
 much like the French ' de ' and the English preposition ' of. 7 
 A slightly similar passage is, sic palmam tibi de trigone nudo \ 
 unctae det favor arbiter coronae, 7, 72, 9. 10. Compare, also, 
 victoria nostra | Cypron Idumaes referat de Pallade palmas, 
 Sil. Ital., 7, 455-6. 
 
 (3) de cute quid faciant ille vel ille sua, 7, 10, 2. 
 
 " What care you what this or that fellow does with his own 
 hide ?" This construction is common without a preposition, 
 e. g., quid hoc homine facias, Cic Sest 13, 29. 
 nescit quid faciat auro, Plaut. Bacc. 334. 
 
 With a preposition 2 : 
 Ter. Ad. 996 sed de fratre quid fiet? 
 Cic. fam. 9, 17, 1 quid de nobis futurum sit 
 Liv. 5, 203 quid de praeda faciendum. 
 
 (4) lauti de petasone vorent, 13, 54, 2. 
 
 " Let the rich eat greedily of the pork," akin to the English 
 idiom. 
 
 (5) De with towns depending on nouns: 
 de Gadibus 3 inprobus magister, 1, 41, 12. 
 de Gadibus inprobis puellae, 5, 78, 26. 
 
 With a verb: 
 
 1 See Friedl/s note where other parallel passages are cited. 
 2 Draeg 2 . I, 629 (4). 
 3 cadibus cod. 
 
34 NOTES ON THE SYNTAX OF MARTIAL. 
 
 haec de vitifera venisse picata Vienna \ ne dubites, 13, 107", 1. 
 
 (6) De with substantives corresponding in meaning to the 
 French ' de/ the English ' of n : 
 
 de tardis vitibus uvae, 1, 43, 3. 
 
 de triclinio lectus, 3, 93, 24. 
 
 mensis anaglypta de paternis, 4, 39, 8. 
 
 de plebe donrus, 6, 29, 1. 
 
 de palmite racemos, 6, 49, 9. 
 
 (brattea) de fulcro tuo, 8, 33, 6. 
 
 grege de manus, 8, 50 (51), 18. 
 
 quadra de placenta, 9, 90, 18. 
 
 de Cappadocis eques catastis, 10, 76, 3. 
 
 de plebe verna, 10, 76, 4. 
 
 de moneta decem flavos, 12, 65, 6. 
 
 (volva) de virgine porca, 13, 56, 1. 
 
 gravi de sue volva, 13, 56, 2. 
 
 de primo trifolina Lyaeo, 13, 114, 1. 
 
 Denoting material: 
 pulpam dubio de petasone, 3, 77, 6. 
 ceromata faece de Sabina, 4, 4, 10. 
 de praetoricia folium corona, 8, 33, 1. 
 lanterna de vesica, 14, 62, tit. 
 
 (7) De meaning ' at the price of ' : 
 
 et tua de nostro (sc. pretio) Thalia tacet, 7, 46, 4. 
 licebit | de nostro (sc. pretio) centies laveris, 8, 42, 3. 
 de nostra prasina est synthesis empta toga, 10, 29, 4. 
 
 (8) de denoting ' means ' developed from an original idea of 
 
 ( source 
 
 quae de sanguine thynni | testa rubet, 4, 88, 5. 6. 
 pollice de Pylio trita columba nitet, 8, 6, 10. 
 nee quae Strymonio de grege ripa sonat, 9, 29, 8. 
 et madidum thynni de sale sumen erit, 10, 48, 12. 
 de bibula sarta palude teges, 11, 32, 2. 
 sanguine de nostro tinctas lacernas, 13, 87, 1. 
 a Hand, Turs., II, p. 202, sect. 16. 
 
SOME USES OF AB, DE AND EX. 35 
 
 hos nisi de flava loculos implere moneta \ non decet, 14, 12, I. 1 
 aquam rigentem (recentem) 2 | de nive, 14, 117, 2. 
 ebria Sidoniae de sanguine conchae, 14, 154, 1. 
 
 3. Ex. 
 
 As to form, Martial uses ex before vowels and h, both e and 
 ex before consonants. The usage before consonants follows: 
 Ex: ex qua, Sp. 3, 2 ; ex Chattis, 2, 2, 6; ex me, 2, 59, 2; ex 
 
 nostris, 2, 71, 2 ; ex pecore, 4, 37, 5 ; ex Manilla, 6, 39, 1 ; 
 
 ex concubino, 6, 39, 13; ex qua causa, 8, 23, 4; ex quo, 8, 
 
 40, 3; ex qua, 11, 15, 9 (10). 
 E: e sacra via, 2, 63, 2; e populo, 5, 13, 10; e popina, 5, 84, 
 
 4;ecuruli, 3 11, 98, 18 (4). 
 
 An examination of the above will show that c and p are the 
 only consonants before which both e and ex are used : 
 c: ex concubino, 6, 19, 13; e curuli, 11, 98, 18 (ex 1, e 1). 
 p: ex pecore, 4, 37, 5; e populo, 5, 13, 10; e popina, 5, 84, 4 
 
 (ex 1, e 2). 
 
 Of the remaining initial consonants in the above instances, 
 ch t m, n, and q have ex alone (q four times: ex qua, Sp. 3, 2 ; 
 ex qua causa, 8, 23, 4; ex quo, 8, 40, 3; ex qua, 11, 15, 9. 
 m twice : ex me, 2, 59, 2 ; ex Marullo, 6, 39, 1. ch once : ex 
 Chattis, 2, 2, 6. n once: ex nostris, 2, 71, 2). s has e alone 
 (once: e sacra via, 2, 63, 2). Hand 4 says no other rule can 
 be laid down for the forms e and ex than that e is not used 
 before vowels and thinks any attempt to distinguish between the 
 use of e and ex before consonants fruitless. In answer to the 
 question whether ex or e is used before consonants in Quintilian, 
 
 1 If moneta means * money*; if 'mint/ the construction is separation. 
 Cf. 12, 65, 6. See Hand. Turs. II, p. 225. 
 
 recentem AA : rigentem BA CA. If former, 'separation'; if latter, 
 ' means.' 
 
 *Et te BA ut vid. (et te P, et de Qf; versum om. L.). Friedl. reads c 
 in four other cases: e silva, 3, 58, 35 (de silva, Linds.; e silva, Rooy) ; e 
 lamnisve, 5, 19, 12 ( flammarisve, Linds.; e lammisve Tagi, Munro) ; e 
 cubili, 10, 3'0, 17 (a cubili, Linds.); e mensa, 12, 28 (29), 12 (a mensa, 
 Linds.). 
 
 Turs. II, p. 613. 
 
36 NOTES ON THE SYNTAX OF MARTIAL. 
 
 Hirt 1 says the common form is ex, though instances of e are 
 found. In all authors there are stereotyped forms of expres- 
 sion: e (seldom ex) vestigio, ex (not e) tempore, ex (not e) 
 quo,, e (not ex) re publics, e (not ex) regione, ex (not e) parte. 
 Quintilian, as Hirt shows, constantly writes in accordance with 
 the above ex parte, e re publica, and ex tempore. Before b he 
 uses ex only; before c, 88 ex, 10 e; before d, 49 ex, 4 e; before 
 f, 14 ex, I e; before g, 17 ex, 2 e; before li, ex alone (71 times) ; 
 before i-consonant, 6 ex, no e; before Z, 23 ex, 6 e; before w, 
 40 ex, 4 e; before n, 15 ex, \e; before p, 91 ex, 4 e; before q, 65 
 e#, no e; before r, 24 e#, 2 e; before s, 38 ex, 4 e; before ,35 
 ex, 3 e; before f, 31 ex, 3 e. 
 
 (1) e# with sustantives in prepositional phrases: 
 idem to moriens heredem ex asse reliquit, 3, 10, 5. 
 Heredem Fabius Labienum ex asse reliquit, 7, 66, 1. 
 
 Compare : 
 
 heredem partis quartae, 9, 48, 1. 
 
 Gaium Octavium ex dodrante, et Lucium Pinarium et Quintum 
 Pedium ex quadrante reliquo, Suet. Caes. 83. 
 
 (2) ex denoting source with added idea of agent: 
 quae datur ex Chattis laurea, tota tua est, 2, 2, 6. 
 
 pater ex Manilla factus es septem | non liberorum, 6, 39, 2. 
 
 Compare : 
 gravida e Pamphilost, Ter. Andr. 216. 
 
 Ueber die Substantivierung des Adjektivums bei Quintilian, p. 7, n. 1. 
 

YC 00550 
 
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