PS 3505 O458 T6 1885 MAIN UC-NRLF B 3 32E 21b GOLDEN ERA JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIIR >:$ . A, S. CONDON BO1 IH THE GOLDEN ERA. PROF. LISTON S EXTRACT OF BEEF, MANUFACTURED BY LISTON BEEF COMPANY, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, U. S. A. This Extract is prepared with the greatest care, from a superior quality of Beef. It is a delicious article and is highly recommended by all the best physicians a* the most nutritious Extract known for all purposes. It makes a better and more palatable Beef Tea than any other Extract. A boon for the nursing mother and her child. An invaluable remedy for indigestion and sleeplessness." No package genuine or warranted unless it bears the signature of PROF. J. 12. For Sale by all Grocers and Druggists. THE WON DER FLOWER AND FEATHER STORE, lOS^l HVTfVA ljLot {Street, JSo-xx DB*r,3O.oisoo, WILL UNDERSELL ANY HOUSE IN THE CITY. Tine Name Above and Below the Window. STECK, ESTEY, SCHWECHTEN, SCHUBERT, SMITH AMERICAN ORGANS. PIANOS BENJ. CURTAZ, WENT 2Q ? SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. OTARRELL St near Market, Pianos to rent and sold on easy monthly installments. REMINGTON AND ROYAL ST. JOHN ARE THE LATEST IMPROVED, MOST COMPLETE AND PERFECT SEWING MACHINES IN THE WORLD. They Run Easier, Make Less Noise, are Simpler and More Convenient than any other Machine in the Market. C. SHAWL, GEN. AGENT, No. 30 Second Street, San Francisco, Cal. ALSO DKAI.KU IN NEEDLES, OILS AND STAPLE SUPPLIES For all kinds of Sewing Machines. INVALUABLE TO MERCHANTS, LAWYERS. MIN ISTE RS. THE STANDARD OF THE WORLD, AWARDED I irst l*r< CIEE ii in ^1 << Ii;; it i< * Kuir Over All Opposition. The Rl.Ml.MiTON is the only Writing Machine that will stand hard service and prove equal to the work rightly expected of a Type Writer. Mirewd business 111 f II use the ICemitigtoll, and accomplish three times as nm. h with tin: same help as their less successful competitors who waste forty minutes of every hour their clerks spend over the pen, while lawyers \\itll ail eye to business produce several copies upon the K 1 , M I .\( i l ON at one-third the expense of writing a singlt < >|ty with tli .- pen. THE STENOGRAPH. \ S!IOItTIIAM> \\ it i i i > . n % E 1 1 \ i . Hajtid, Ae.reira.te, It can be learned in one-third the time the pencil systems require. All its work is uniform, and echanically exact. Its use is pleasant, and does not strain the eyes, bands or body. It can be opera ted in the dark, as well as in the light. It can be used upon the lap in a public assem- bly, without attracting notice. The writing of one operator can easily be read by an other. We claim that we have in the Stenograph a svstem of shorthand as rapid as any other; the most exact and uniform, th<- least tiresome in practice, and by far the m >st easily and quickly learned Price of Stenograph, with Manual, > 4O.oo; with In struction, SSO.QO. This includes the machine, the li.unlM.me leather and p ish ci.se, paper, and full course of Instruction in our School, or Correspondence to noil- -eMder. I < ddress, I . .me and make a trial free, <;. .. \VK > KS>\ A < >.. ATIIIS. :ts C alilornia Street, S. I . WM. DRURY, MERCHANT TAILOR, NTKEET, SAN FRANCISCO. Sir:|ri- Ilian :il :my oilier Hou^e in Hit- < ii>. Fri.i. STOCK OF I- Kr.NfH, Ex(;i,isH AND AMERICAN CLOTHS AM> THE GOLDEN ERA. TAKES^W^EST PHOTOS-IN-THE-GltYi 724-i MARKET Sj-S.F. C. P. Sheffield. N. W. Spaulding, J. Patterson ~JE j^. O I ~E* I O Saw Manufacturing Company, 17 SAN FRANCISCO. Price, with Pacific Saw Manufacturing Co. s Extra Blade, $1.50 each. SAWS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION On hand and made to order. Agent* fov V. K. PA1JI/N File*. Repairing of all kinds done at short notice. LECTRICITY FOR ALL, RICH OR POOR. The " Perfection" Electric Kelt is the latest and best. Powerful current suitable for either sex. Guaranteed first- class in every respect and superior to belts sold for $20, #30, and 840. It cures without medicine, and is specially ree ommended to cure diseases of the Nerves, Stomach, Liver, and Kidneys, Male and Female Weakness, General Dehil ity, etc. Price, Six (96) Dollars. Sent free on receipt of price, or by express, C. O. D. Airents wanted. Call or >ruggist)> 701 Market St., cor. REMOVAL NOTICE. " T7V IXj JS O DKT I -A. " Magnetic Garments EFFECT SEND FOR CIRCULAR. For Certificates of and reference to Prominent Citizens of San Francisco who have been cured apply to Wilsonia Agency 38 McAllister Street. QUICK TIME AND CHEAP FARES Eastern and European Cities via the Great Trans-continental All-rail Routes SOUTHERN PACIFIC (PACIFIC SYSTEM.) Daily Express and Emigrant Trains make prompt comic" tions with the several Railway Lines in the Mast, NEW ORLEANS \vith the several Steamer Lines to AM, EUiOPEAN 10RT*. PULLMAN PALACE SLEEPING CARS attached to Overland Express Trains. THIRD-CLASS SLEEPING CARS arc run daily with Overland Emigrant Trains. No additional charge for 1 erths in Third-class Cars. jf< Tickets sold, Sleeping car Berths secured, and other information given upon application at the Company s( )li:o-s, where passengers I .i ling in person ran secure ehoiee >.| routes, etc. R Al LROAD LANDS FOR SALE ON RFASONACLF, TERMS. Apply to, or address, W. II. MILLS, JEROME MADDEN, Land Agent, Land Agent, C. P. R. R., San Francisco. S. P. R. R., San Francisro A. N. TOWNE, T. II. GOODMAN, ( M-iu-ra! Manager. Gen. Pass. Tkt. A t?j SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. WINSLOW S A. ( . & S. ( . ( LIB SKATES, Also Vineyard Skates tor Kink I * Prices Reduced Send for Catalogue. WIESTER & CO., 17 New Montgomery Street, San Francisco, more ** IMsease" or l>nt Plenty of EGGS! EGGS!! EGGS!!! \V H K N U SING WELLINGTON S IMPROVED FOR POULTRY. i-lb boxes, 350.; 3-lb, 1.00; lo-lb, ^2.50; 2%-lb, 5.00. Ask any Grocer or Druggist for it. Any not having it should write for the trade terms and supply themselves. 1!. F. WELLINGTON, Prop. A choice lot of Burr Clover in the Burr; also im porter and dealer in Alfalfa, Grass, Clover, Vegetable, Ever- -rt-cn Millet and seeds of every variety; also, every variety of Fruit Trees and Nursery Stock. Send for Catalogue. 495 Washington .St., San Francisco, Cal. A MAGIC CURE Rheumatism, Neuralgia, Pneu monia, Paralysis, Asthma, Sciatica, Gout, Lumba go and Deafne>s. Mx-r} liuilj should hurt* it ! (. (i. BUKXETT, Agt. r-^7 Montgomery Street, S -N FKAM is< o. 1 KICE, - ONE DOLLAR. Sold by all Druggists. CALL AND SKK I>lt. c ii \KI.I s i:<\\ i i i Office, 426 Kearny St., SAN FRANCISCO. C. E. CHAMHKKI.AIN, |K The Leading Business College of the Pacific Coast. Li IV Scholarships, - s7O, >1 M) FOR A CIRCULAR. WANTED Ciood reliable agents in every county on the coast to collect small pictures to enlarge. Work finished in water i olor, India ink and crayon. All work guaranteed; great reduction in prices. We also have a small household arti cle that sells on sight, which agents can handle at same time. For full particulars, address or call on BAXTER & CO., 432 Sutter Street, S. } . SOHMER PIANOS, Absolutely -lir Krsl. BRUENN PIANOS. SCHUMANN PIANOS. <;K.vrs \VAVJTKD. SEND FOR 1 Kli IS. 1070 Broadway Oakland. NAPA COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, NAPA, CALIFORNIA. l>o;inlhm School for Ladies X Gentlemen. ELEVEN EXPERIENCED PROFESSORS AND TEACHERS. EIGHT DEPARTMENTS OF S TUDY. Scientific, Fine Art, Classical, Commercial, Musical, Normal, El ocution, Primary. For i ataloyueor information, address the Principal. A. K. I, AN HER, A. _U. NYcdlKim s Red Clover M!,.s- soins and Extracts prepared from the Blossoms, cure Cancer, Salt Rheum and all diseases arising from an impure state of tin- blood. It will also clear th<- complexion of all pimples, erup tions, etc. Is a sure cure for Constipation, Piles and many other diseases. Is both laxati\r and tonic. For full particulars, address W. C. NEEDHA.M, Box 422, San Jose, Cal. Mighell & Richards, Gen l Agents C, icinnatti Safe Lock Co. Cor. of Market and Davis Streets. Fire and Burglar- Proof and BANKERS SAFES In all sizes. Agents for Yale Time and Ccmbinalion Locks. Vauit Doors, all Sizes and weights. Alarm Tills. Send for Prices and Circulars. Safes Exchanged and Repaired "THE DINGEE & CONARD GO S BEAUTIFUL, EV KK-liLOOMING ROSES Onr CJreat Specialty is growing and distributing ROSES. We have RoMt<t/aUiM*<Mtdf>rt>M. The Latest XavrUies and Fine.xt Trxt d srts. We deliver Strong / I li.uit* sufely by mail, at ail I ost Office*. 7 SPLENDID VARIETIES Q I Your Choice, all labeled, for 3> I lforS2; 4() for s.">. Also other Varie ties, 2, 5, and 1 2 for S I .OO. o 3XT ID IVE I JNT IE STHE CELEBRATED f^ OHMER PIANOS OPERA MARKET BYRON MAUZY, SOLE 107 <fc 109 POST STREET, AGENT SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. AT LAST TO "PEKFECTION. New Becker Washer. Patented July 9, 1879 ; Fourth Improved, Sept. 20, 1880 ; Fifth Improved, April 4, 1884; Sixth Improved, Sept. i, 1885. Will ship Machines to any part of the United States, on trial, where good references accompany the order, otherwise I demand cash with the order ; and if the machine fails to do as rep resented, you can send it by Express C. O. D., and get back your money. Costs but little more, and is worth double any other Machine in the market. No. i, 18 inch wide Machine, $12.00, No. 2, 24 inch wide (family size,) #15.00. Wring ers, from ^3.50 to *5.oo. Agents wanted everywhere. Circulars free. Proprietor and Exclusive Manufacturer for Pacific Coast. Office and Factory, Mechanics Mills, Fifth and M Sts.. Sacramento. Branch Offices: 115 Clay Street, San Francisco ; Marysville, San Jose, Stockton and Los Angeles, Cal., Portland, O., and Denver, Colorado. SUCCESSOR TO SEEDS IMPORTER AND DEALER IN GARDEN AND VEGETABLE SEEDS, Alfalfa, Timothy, Red and White Clover, Millet, Flax, Red Top, Blue Grass, Lawn Grass, Orchard and Rye Grass, Bird Seeds, etc. Imported Red and Blue Gum and French Mangel Wurxel and Sugar Beet Seed. No. 317 WASHINGTON STREET, SAIN FllANCISCO, CAL, MARLIN IJLJXI -tU DQosrfc In. Tlio for large or small game made in 32 calibre, 40 grains powder ; 38 cal. 55 grains; 40 cal. 60 grains; 45 cal, 70 and 85 grains. The strongest shooting rifle made. Perfect accuracy guaranteed and the only absolutely safe rifle made. All styles, all sizes, all weights, Prices reduced. * Jt fj ^% Gallery, Sporting and Target Rifles, world renowned. The standard for iJJidCiVJCXJL^ target shooting, hunting, and shooting galleries. Ail calibres from 22 to 45. u,o S u, MARL1N FIRE ARMS CO., NEW HAYEK, COHN. SAN JOSE AND KNVIRONMENTS ( l .,i;,. 4 6,). The Golden Era. VOL. XXXIV. DECEMBER, No. 8 [PRIZE POEM.") A LEGEND OF SUTRO RIGHTS. Once when the world was new, Once in its dawns and springs, When the waters a language knew, And the hills were living things, The mount that is Tarnalpais And this terrace-bordered Hight, vStood side by side in the wall of land Which held the seas aright. And the Mount and the Hight were lovers, And they stood with clasping hand In their verdure crowns and beauty The pride of the Western land. They were lovers rival lovers In love with the Sea were they, In love with the syren Ocean Whose beauty before them lay ; Her emerald gown was broidered With lace the mermaids spun, And her tawny bosom glittered With the diamonds of the sun. They gazed on the matchless vista On the wide out-sweeping zone Of amber-dappled Ocean, And they claimed her each his own. And a quarrel grew between them, And the contest rose and raged Till the universe was shaken With the jealous war they wage<? All vain the angered Ocean Invoked each nymph and gnome, And beat her breast against them, And flung her arms of foam, The sun and the moon drew backward And hid in their clouded light, - M130030 THE GOLDEN ERA. 459 ,\n<l the pale stars fled affrighted ? ** Back into the aisles of night. Then the king of the hills and the Arose in his wrathful might, And kindled his red death-furnace Under the Mount and the Hight The sea-waves stop and tremble, The hills like waves careen And the wall was rent asunder, And the Ocean rushed between. The king of the hills and the waters Still stood in his wrathful might, And he hurled his curse prophetic On the riven Mount and Hight : Ye shall stand thus widely parted While the sea-waves wash the shore, And hear the ocean moaning For ever, ever more ; And thou, rebellious Mountain, Be a barren waste and dumb Till the world shall bring you ransom, Till the East to the West shall come." The circling years whirled onward, The birds forgot to sing ( )n the barren, nameless summit Under the ban of the king. One day from the dust and tumult, From the cares and frets and ills, Where standeth the busy city On its ocean-dented hills, Came one and stood on the Mountain On the mountain cursed of fate. He looked on the broad Pacific, On the narrow-bounded strait ; He saw old Tamalpais, Black-browed as the frown of hate ; He saw the ships of the nations Come into the Golden Gate. And the humbled soul of the Mountain Crept into the soul of the man, Swift in his brain evolving The lines of a mighty plan. He wove him a wondrous vision; Of the desolate land he made A flower-wreathed dome of beauty, A sylvan perfumed shade. 1 lo planted the snow pale flowers And the blooms of tropic dye, And a giant redwood forest Held its arms up toward the sky. THE GOLDEN ERA. 461 The rare and the quaint and curious Of the world he hither brought, And the wonder-shapes in sculpture Which the master hands had wrought. And he builded here a temple To the muses Time has sung, Full-stored with the hoarded volumes Of many a clime and tongue, Where the scholar s hand might gather From the past its fading gleams, And the poet s fancy fashion The thought in his realm of dreams. And his templed palace garden, With a royal generous hand, He gave a gift to the people Of the Golden Western land. From the ocean s lambent splendor, From his vision-bowered strand, He turned to the rock-ribbed summit And the glaring dunes of sand. He had forced the earth to open Her secret treasure door And back to the earth he yielded Her gold thrice doubled o er. The jagged rocks are shapen, To curious curving walls, To granite carven stairways And terrace-circled halls. And curve in curve encloses Long flower embroidered lines, Where mythic gods and graces Dream under palms and pines; Where the ministers of winter Sleep in acacian bowers, Drugged with the breath of incense From purple-throated flowers. The west wind whispers, whispers, Its story in the nights, And the ocean chants its anthem At the foot of Sutro Hights. The humbled soul of the Mountain Liveth HO longer dumb The world has brought its ransom, The East to the West has come. Madge Morris* 462 THE GOLDEN ERA. SAN JOSE AND ENVIRONMENTS. Some one has remarked that " when good closure includes about ten acres in which are Americans die they go to Paris." How- situated seven large buildings, besides others ever this may be, it would seem not inappro- of minor importance. Each department priate that some of the denizens of the icy of instruction is most complete and under Eastern States should enjoy a fortaste of the care of a professor especially fitted for the "Summer land" by taking a trip to his work. The care and training of stu- California while yet in the flesh. dents is most complete and thorough. A A trip to California is not a success very important feature is the careful su- unless one includes a visit to San pervision given to students during the Jose and valley. Around the place yet hours of recreation, as teachers always ac- lingers a halo of the old romance of " early company the boys at such times, not as days." The foundation stones of its civili- stern teachers, but as friends and com- zation were laid far back in the dim ages panions in recreation. The fathers seem of the past century, and the w r hole path- to consider that the word " education " way of its progress to its present position includes much besides the mere informa- is made sacred by the incense of toil and tion drawn from books. Therefore the privation, and sacrifice, that can be made mental, moral and social faculties are all only to the founder of States. cultivated. A fine theatre building gives The first European settlement in this excellent opportunity for dramatic train- valley, was made at Santa Clara on the ing, and frequently dramas from the best 1 2th of January, 1777, when the mission authors are creditably rendered by the was founded by Franciscan Friars on the students, accompanied by an orchestra of banks of Guadalupe. In 1779 the adobe students. The writer had the pleasure, a church, which had been built by the few months ago, of witnessing selections fathers, was destroyed by heavy floods, and from " The Merchant of Venice," which in 1784 a new church was built near the were finely rendered by the students. It present depot of the Southern Pacific Rail- is something of a reccommendation to this road. This was ruined by an earthquake, College that among its graduates can be in 1818. Not daunted by this discourag- numbered some of the best men of our ing warfare with the elements the brave State, ornaments to bar, to the medical Franciscans, in 1822, built the present profession, in the field of politics and in church which, during the present year, has other walks of life. A visit to the old been, as far as possible, restored to its ori- church possesses much interest. As it ginal condition. stands now, restored as far as possible to And here one cannot but be reminded its primitive condition, it is a study for an of our indebtedness to those patient, per- antiquarian. The bells were a gift from sistent pioneers, the brave Franciscan the King of Spain, I believe Charles III., Friars, for very much of our present condi- about A. D. 1800. The water fonts are tion, not alone in this valley, but through- of a very peculiar and beautiful marble out the State. With this thought in our mixed with quartz, yellow and white, and minds we are tempted to spend a few hours came from Mexico or Spain. The ceil- at the Santa Clara College, which occupies ing over the altar enclosure is identical the site of the old church of 1822, and is with the original, while the altar-rail is one simply a continuation, as it were, of the of the original heavy beams of the ceiling, original work on a broader plane. polished in a very fine manner. The In 1851 the Jesuit Fathers took posess- painting and frescoing throughout the en- tion of the old Mission, and in the same tire church betrays the old, almost Orient- year founded Santa Clara College. al love for high coloring, which was a trait It would seem that the ancient fathers of the Mexican character. One should were inspired by prophetic vision, as not neglect to visit this old church while scarcely a spot in California could be making his trip to our valley. A very selected more favorable for such \\ork lovely feature of the College grounds, and than the present site of the College. The in- one that always causes exclamations of de- 4 6 4 THE GOLDEN ERA. light, especially from Eastern visitors, is the garden, enclo sed in a large court. Here bloom rare exotics, as the peculiarly shel tered position of the court renders the cli mate almost tropical. Orange trees in full bloom and fruit can be seen in January and February, with other rare plants and trees, which are a source of wonder and admiration to one accustomed to snow and ice during those months. It would seem that next in order should be a brief sketch of the College of Notre Dame, conducted by the Sisters of that Order, in San Jose. A few facts gleaned during some very pleasant hours passed in a visit to that famed institution, may be of interest. A visit to a convent was rather a new experience, but one which gave great pleas ure, from the fact that almost at the thresh old we were met and welcomed by one who, though personally unknown had long been known to us through the medi um of her most graceful pen. Her noble face with its marked lines of strength and womanly grace, was a pleasant study. From her lips we obtained much of interest concering the institution, and I trust she will pardon me for sometimes quoting her words. A brief history of the founding of the Order of Notre Dame was new and of interest to us. "The Sisters of Notre Dame/ she said, "are members of a So ciety of ladies, devoted to the education of youth both in Europe and America; Na- mur, Belgium, being the centre of the or ganization, which though not a century old, has already more than a hundred flourish ing academies or colleges, and can count its teachers by thousands, and its children by tens of thousands." The society was the offspring of the tu multuous times of the French Revolution. It had two foundresses, one springing from the people, the other from the nobility. In the reception room we were shown two fine portraits, representing these ladies, and as we studied them we could trace, in the peasant " mother," the firm lines of de termination and strength, that told of hard won encounters in life. In the other face, was strength also, but ornamental with the grace and beauty, which comes from generations of culture and refinement. But to return to our San Jose branch. In 1843, the Sisters of Notre Dame, in Europe, influenced by the representations of the zealous missionary, Father de Smet, de termined to establish a branch on this Coast. After seven months of a weary perilous voyage, the little band of six reached the mouth of the Columbia river, in 1844, and were seven years in Oregon. In 1851, two of the pioneer sisters came to San Francisco to meet some others of the Order to arrive from Cincinnati, and being compelled to await the arrival of these latter, they gladly accepted the invi tation of Mr. Martin Murphy, of San Jose, to visit his family, and remained the guests" of this noble-hearted man and his equally noble and generous wife during their stay. Such inducements were offered them to remain and found an institution of learn ing here, that they at last resolved to do so. The present site was chosen, and un der the direction of Mr. Levi Goodrich, the architect, buildings were erected and a day and boarding school opened August 4, 1851. In 1855, the College was incor porated by the State Legislature. This convent is the head of the order in Cali fornia. The enclosure contains ten acres, and, at present, has the appearance of a city by itself. New and commodious buildings, and additions have been made, until now it would seem that the institution is most complete in all departments. About sixty sisters are in the institution, and nearly eight hundred pupils, including boarders, day boarders, pupils of select school and free school, and a free school for little boys under eleven years of age. A most commendable feature is the free school where children, of those who cannot afford to pay tu.tition, receive the best advantages "without money and without price." Here poor women, who are compelled to go out to their day s labor, can leave their little ones during the day, assured that their children will receive the best of care from these noble women whose maternal instincts embrace all humanity. The department of music is under the charge of one of the Order, a graduate of the Conservatory of Ghent, and the insti tution is most thorough and complete. Twenty pianos were being manipulated most earnestly during our tour of the es tablishment. THE GOLDEN ERA. 465 466 THE GOLDEN ERA. The art department attracted us most be exhibited to view. They were laying strongly, not alone from the really good the foundations, which, though not very work in painting and other branches, but sightly, were necessary to the structure." also from the gentle, refined manner of The doctor then gives a vivid picture of the presiding genius, who bore under her the doubt and perplexity connected with black veil a face that reminded one of the final selection of a permanent site, Raphael s Madonnas. which, at last, resulted in the choice of the We cannot leave this subject without present location. And it would seem that remarking upon the order and system, like it could not have been a more fortunate clock-work, moving the daily machinery selection. Situated midway between San of this large institution. The neatness and Jose and Santa Clara, just off the far- cleanness, the white floors unsullied by famed Alameda, within easy access of contagion-hiding carpets, the snowy beds either city, by two lines of street cars, in the dormitories, nestled away, each under possessing a healthful climate and lovely its spotless curtain, were a few of the many situation, one can scarcely see how it things that struck us most favorably, but could be improved. Thus, in the early which could not, for lack of space, be struggles of the founders, one can say with even mentioned in a magazine article. Emerson : Nor must we omit a mention of the vener- . ,, r* * i "They bunded better than they knew able Superior, Sister Mary Cornelia, and The conscious stones to beauty grew." the second in authority, Sister Mary, both ladies being upward of seventy years of At present, there are eighteen acres in age, yet retaining their powers of mind the College campus, ornamented with and body as vigorous as though they were " academic groves," and delightful ave- but half that age. Nor yet one other item, nues - One finds himself reverting to his which speaks well for the sanitary manage- own lon g ne sch o1 da y s and feels a g ain ment of the institution : that during thirty- the thri11 of "young romance," as he four years but two deaths have occurred watches the crowds of students of both among pupils, and the little " sick beds " sexes > with their burdens of books, cross- are seldom used. m & and recrossing the campus. We are San Jose might well be called the indebted to the courtesy of President Athens of the Pacific Coast, from the Stratton, and Professors F. W. Blackmar number and excellence of its schools. and T - C - George, for a very pleasant Certainly no city on the Coast has a bet- hour or two > and many items of interest, ter showing. A visit to the University of There are, at present, five large build- the Pacific the educational institution of ings on the grounds East Hall, West the Methodist Church in California but Hall, South Hall, a new and commodious confirms this opinion. dining hall, and a very fine observatory. The University of the Pacific was East Hall, is a handsome new building erect- founded in 1851, in the town of Santa this year, and is a credit to the architect, Clara, and consisted, at that time, of two Mr. Levi Goodrich. It is largely devoted departments, a male and female quite to the Preparatory Department, but has separate. Quoting the language of the rooms for philosophy and chemistry on eloquent Dr. Sinex, in an address de- the ground floor. The first floor is de livered at the laying of the corner stone of voted to recitation rooms ; the second and the new building, I would say : " In the third floors, to sleeping rooms for boys, pioneer days of the commonwealth, the The new and elegant dining-hall was in- fathers founded the University of the Pa- spected with interest, especially the cific. In buildings of the plainest archi- modern improvements in the kitchen de- tecture, limited in size, and inconvenient partment, attention to which was called in arrangement, with small libraries and by the housekeeper. A convenient, cabinet, and the simplest apparatus, the commodious kitchen is the delight of early professors endeavored to meet the every housekeeper s heart, and this one demand of their patrons for a collegiate should be satisfied. education. Their embarrassments, their The buildings are all heated with struggles, their partial successes, need not steam, and every attention is given to THE GOLDEN ERA. 467 HIGH SCHOOL. such hygienic regulations, as ventilation, cleanliness, etc. The professors thoroughly understand the necessity of combining recreation with labor, and encourage gymnastic ex ercises and games of all kinds. The students have an athletic club, base ball clubs, tennis courts and various other amusements. The students conduct two papers, the Hatchet, a weekly which, I trust, is not as formidable as its name and the Epoch, the regular College paper issued every third week. The College has a library of over three thousand volumes, accumulated by dona tion and purchase, there being no library fund. It is arranged alphabetically with a cabinet, in the same manner as the library at Ann Arbor. Through the kindness of Professor George, we were shown through the new observatory, where we were astonished to find so many valuable articles necessary to an observatory, all donated by generous hands to the University. We entered the transit room first, where was a fine transit instrument costing one thousand dollars, and donated by Captain Goodall of San Francisco. In the observing tower is a fine six-inch refracting telescope, provided with declination circles, right ascension or hour circles, and driven by clock-work, the whole costing about one thousand eight hundred dollars, and donated by David Jacks, Esq., of Monterey. Pro fessor George seems very enthusiastic in his chosen branch of astronomony, but also instructs in Natural Sciences. Through the kindness of several, in cluding Professor George, and also F. W. Blackmar, professor of mathematics who, by the way, has no superiorin the State in his chosen branch we carried with us a most pleasant impression of the University of the Pacific. The Garden City Commercial, or Busi ness College, being mentioned to us as one the solid institutions of the place, we called one day upon Professor Worcester at the College, for a few items of interest concerning it. This is indeed a live institution and we found the throng of young ladies and gen tlemen, as busy as only a thorough, wide awake teacher can make them. Professor Worcester is a man of much character, and has had many varied experi ences, before locating in San Jose. In 1 86 1 he entered the army, with the first 4 68 THE GOLDEN ERA. call made for six hundred thousand troops. Was in the i8th Wisconsin regi ment of Grant s army, in Sherman s Divis ion at Pittsburg Landing. After the close of the war, he pursued his academic studies in Chicago, and received a thor ough business education and training. He removed to California and became the proprietor of this institution on the first of January, 1877, beginning the school first in his own parlors. Then followed some years of a hard struggle to secure and maintain a solid foundation for his school. During this time ten other schools schools and colleges. And he deserves it. While we are on the subject of schools, mention must be made of the public schools of San Jose, which are at present under the management of City Superin- tendant L. F. Curtis, aided by a corps of thorough and efficient teachers. Great credit is due Mr. Curtis for the excellent standing of the schools, and the good work done by teachers and pupils during the past year. Besides these mentioned, the State Nor mal School is located in San Jose, which, under the generalship of that veteran edu- HON. B. D. MURPHY. were opened in opposition, but one by one closed out, until at present he has no rival in the field, which fact certainly speaks well for his patience and persever ance. This institution is regularly fitted for thorough training and instruction in all those branches pertaining to a Business College. There are about one hundred and twen ty-five pupils in attendance ; and when one considers that the course is only of six months duration, and that during the year the number would be doubled, he will un derstand that Professor Worcester certain ly has his share of pupils in this city of cator, Professor Charles H. Allen, ranks equal to any similar institution in the United States. So closely entwined is the name of Mur phy with the history of Santa Clara county that one finds it impossible to separate the two histories were he inclined to do so. But so much has our County been benefitted and honored by the members of that numerous family, that we find no one who does not rejoice at this close connection. The oldest representative of the family now living is Mrs. Mary Murphy, widow ot the late Martin Murphy, and mother of several children, among whom are Hon. P. W. Murphy of San Luis Obispo; Hon. THE GOLDEN ERA. 469 B. D. Murphy, of San Jose ; Mrs. Carroll, than fifty years. One by one she had of San Francisco ; Mrs. Arques, of Santa seen the coffin lid close over six children, Clara, and James T. Murphy. precious as only children can be to a The story of her life reads like a page tender mother heart, yet this last blow was from romance, so filled is it with incidents saddest of all to the true wife, and since of travel and adventure. She was married that time her health has been frail. The on the 1 8th of July, 1831, to Martin Mur- writer .enjoyed a very pleasant call upon this phy, in Quebec, Canada, where they re- venerable woman and from her lips heard mained until 1832, when, on account of much that is given in this sketch. While cholera, they joined her father at Framp- listening to her, one seems to feel with her ton. the pangs known only to a woman s heart, On September, of 1842, Mr. and Mrs. endured by these brave women of pioneer Murphy decided to take the long journey days ; the lonely watching over cradle to the then wild West, Missouri. Every beds ; the sadder vigil over tiny coffins ; mother s heart can sympathize with Mrs. the perils of maternity so bravely borne, Murphy s feelings at leaving forever the and all the thousand nameless experiences little graves of her two first-born children, which can never be voiced. They remained, however, but two years It is pleasant to know that now, in her in Missouri, when the long, lonely trip beautiful home, surrounded by all that wealth across the plains was begun. About May and love can give her, carefully attended i, 1843, tnev teft Council Bluffs, Missouri, by children and grand-children, to whom in company with a large company of rela- she is ever beloved and revered, and tives and friends, and were ten months in whose little attentions are unceasing, she making the trip. Think of that, you who will be sheltered from every jar of life and fly across that space now in four or five cherished as she deserves, days! Try to picture the toil and privation As I stood upon her porch at parting borne by this band of brave pioneers, from her, and watched her venerable face whose wagons were first to leave their im- enshrined in its snowy lace almost saint- press upon the untracked soil of Califor- like in its serenity smiling upon her sons nia! They made their own roads, these and daughters who had come to spend travelers; they were their own guides, Thanksgiving day with the dear "little trusting their own lives and fates to the mother," and thought what noble men hand of an all-wise Ruler, who " made the and women she had given to our State in way plain " for them. Hardest of all, it her sons and daughters, it seemed to me seems, was the lot of these brave women that not only "her children rise up and to whom children were born on the road, call her blessed " but many others should In the lonely wilderness they passed down do so. into the dark waters whose waves must en- May she be spared many years to her compass every woman who wins the sacred family and friends and may her name de crown of motherhood. On the Yuba scend to posterity with all the honor which river was born the first white child in Cal- it deserves. ifornia, which was a daughter to Mr. and It would scarcely be proper to leave this Mrs. Martin Murphy. She was christened subject without a brief reference to Hon. Elizabeth, and afterwards became the wife B. D. Murphy, her son. His name is so of William P. Taffe. In 1850, Mr. and closely connected with the social and politi- Mrs. Murphy removed to Santa Clara cal history of our section that it could not county. Their golden wedding anniver- well be omitted. sary was celebrated in July, 1881, and was He has served four terms as Mayor of perhaps the grandest fete ever held in San Jose, four terms as State Senator, in the California. Children, grandchildren, rela- Assembly a term or so, has held, I do not tives and friends came from nearly every know how many other positions, and is yet part of the State, to congratulate the a young man in years. Honorable and honored couple. In 1884 the hardest upright in every walk of life, a man whose trial she had ever borne came to Mrs. word is as good as his bond, and whose Murphy in the death of the noble husband hand is ever extended in sympathy to the by whose side she had walked for more afflicted, such is B. D. Murphy. 470 THE GOLDEN ERA. RESIDENCE OF MRS. MARTIN MURPHY. In this connection I am reminded of a pretty little legend of a tree that grew and flourished beyond its fellows be cause it was nourished and supported by a hidden fountain. When one enters Mr. Murphy s home "home " is the right word here and meets the bright, intelli gent woman who reigns there as its queen and the mother of the fair bevy of boys and girls who throng the wide halls, we know where is the hidden fountain of his happiness and prosperity ; that from her lovely eyes radiates the sunshine that bless es the hearts of her husband and children; and we say with one of old : " The heart of her husband doth safely trust in her ; she doeth him good and not evil all the days of her life." The appearance of Mr. Murphy s pic ture in this article will surprise no one so much as himself as it was a little plan of his friends to insert it without his knowl edge. In writing of San Jose and her people there are some names that are so truly a part of her history, so closely connected with her interests, that one cannot refrain from giving them a brief mention at the risk of being personal. Among the prominent women, I like the word woman, could be mentioned the name, of Mrs. Sarah L. Knox-Good- rich, who has a national reputation as a worker in the cause of Woman Suffrage, and a zealous and capable worker, she is, in any enterprise that she undertakes. Mrs. L. J. Watkins, and Mrs. E. ( O. Smith, workers in the same cause, are women of power, and executive ability. Mrs. S. J. Churchill, president of the W. C. T. U., is another strong worker ; and one must not forget those talented writers Mrs. Mary H. Field, and Mrs. Nellie Eyster ; nor Mrs. Murphy Columbet, who has watched San Jose s growth since her childhood ; nor Mrs. E. H. Guppy, who is not only a queen among mothers and home keepers, but her husband s partner and confidante THE GOLDEN ERA. 471 in his business. And many more strong, brave earnest women could be named, not only as occupying prominent positions but as silent capable workers in Life s great harvest field. I think God s master piece was a strong, brave, true, womanly woman, and he has done well by San Jose. Among the gentlemen of San Jose none deserves, or receives more respect from his fellow citizens, than Judge Lawrence Archer, who has been for many years, prominently before the people. He has been twice Mayor of the city, and in that capacity received General Grant and party during their visit to San Jose. He served one term on the County bench, and one term in the Legislature 1875 and 1876, where he obtained a record for " making things lively" among the Solons. Always a conscientious and consistent Democrat, his adherence to principle has been un swerving. Judge Archer is another member of that fraternity, "Old Californians " as he crossed the plains in the standard way in 1852, leaving a good law practice, and resigning the office of District attorney in St. Joseph Mo., on account of failing health. He has resided in San Jose ever since his arrival in January, 1853. Another representative man is State Senator James R. Lowe. Born in Massa chusetts, in 1 840; he came with his parents to California in 1852, and received his education at Gates Institute in this city. He studied law with Hon. F. E. Spencer, present Superior Judge, and is one of the successful lawyers of this city. He was ap pointed U. S Consul to the City of Te- hauntepec, Mexico, in 1866, by President Andrew Johnson, and represented the United States at that place, at the time Maximilian was shot by decree of Presi dent Juarez. In 1876, Mr. Lowe was elected President of the Board of Educa tion of San Jose, and held that office for two successive terms, during which time the schools were managed to the entire sat isfaction of the people of the city, and in a manner unexcelled before or since. He was elected State Senator on the Republi can ticket in Santa Clara County by a very large majority. His record as a Senator is among the best, and he is regarded as among the ablest members of that body. Mr. Lowe s wife was a former teacher in San Jose, and a lady of much culture and refinement. Among our illustrations appears the Bap tist Tabernacle, and its pastor, Rev. N. F. Ravlin. The congregation of the Taberna cle is quite independent of the Baptist or ganization, having been separated through the independent and outspoken sentiments of Dr. Ravlin. The doctor is quite a de cided character, whom we studied with much interest, while listening to his lecture recently given on the Chinese Problem, trying to discover the secret of his great power over his immense congregations. He speaks in sympathy with the masses, upon subjects vital to them, and in a man ner easily comprehended. Of a strong, de cided, independent nature, he fights wrong and oppression, with the Bible in one hand and the sword of justice in the other. He is evidently formed for a leader; has very warm friends, and, as is the fate of all strong characters bitter enemies. He was born, raised, and educated in New York, the son of Rev. Thomas Ravlin, and or dained in 1853. During his discourse he was frequently interrupted by applause, every member of his congregation being intensely attentive, and alive to his re marks. I wish I could give a synopsis of his discourse, which was given with much force, as he kept restlessly walking up and down the platform, and pulling his black mustache. The Tabernacle folks are not insensible to the power of other attractions, as they have a fine organ, and organist, and a choir which includes San Jose s sweetest vocalists. It may be stated, en passant, that the congregation of the Tab ernacle have entered into a written contract with Dr. Ravlin for two years longer. It is evident they do not intend to let him get away from them. One of the well-known men of San Jose is James A. Clayton, whose genial counte nance affects his friends like sunshine. He is one of the old residents of San Jose, whose fortunes have "grown with her growth, and strengthened with her strength." He is a native of England, but came to the United States in 1839, when he was a child. In company with his brother, Joel Clayton, he crossed the plains to Califor nia in 1850, from Wisconsin. On the 25th of August of the same year, he took up his residence in Santa Clara, acting as 472 THE GOLDEN ERA. COURT HOUSE. clerk for his brother Charles, who had been a resident of this valley since 1848. But after the manner of many new-comers and old residents also Mr. Clayton could not resist the fascination of the mines. He went to the "diggings," in 1851, and worked there awhile ; then went to Aus tralia, and tried the mines there. But California had thrown her charm so close ly about him, that she drew him back to her shores in 1852. After several changes he finally located in San Jose, in 1856, where he purchased a photograph gallery which he owned about thirteen years. In 1861 he was elected County clerk, and served two terms. In 1867 he established his well-known real-estate business and has continued in that ever since. His busi ness is very extensive, and his name is known throughout the length and breadth of the State. Lately Mr. Clayton has been resting on his laurels, so to speak, and putting into active harness his sons in the same business. His family consists of six children. If I had not started out with the assertion that Mr. Clayton was an Englishman, it would be quite reasonable to imagine him a Yankee, from his pecu- larly Yankee-like experiences, and early life of change and adventure. As a citizen, and in his social and busi ness relations, the name of James A. Clay ton has become a synonym for honesty, integrity, and purity of motives. What man, woman or child in San Jose is not familiar with the name and counten ance of Samuel A. Bishop? Genial, hap py, generous a warm friend, and a pub lic benefactor, he is universally respected and esteemed. Mr. Bishop was the originator and builder of the first horse railway in Ais city, which was built in 1868, between San Jose and Santa Clara. On the first day of August the first rail was placed, and on the first day of November, of the same year, the first trip was made in the cars, which was to convey passengers to a politi cal meeting held in Santa Clara, during the presidential campaign, preceding Gen eral Grant s first election. Mr. Bishop is at present president and manager, and one of the principal owners, of the San Jose and Santa Clara line of street railways, together with the " People s" line, that has been consolidated with the former, and runs from Reed and Ninth streets through Stockton Avenue to the Alameda. Mr. Bishop s plans and schemes are al ways something unique, conceived upon the broad basis of benefit to his fellow men ; and he generally succeeds in his undertakings. His life of strange adveh- THE GOLDEN ERA. 47S ture would fill an interesting volume, and he has kindly promised sometime to allow some of his experiences to be placed be fore the reading public. A brief sketch of him, as this necessarily is, can in no wise do him justice. Beginning his career in Albermarle County, Virginia, on the second of September, 1825, his life has been one shifting scene of change, ad venture and ups and downs, until within a few years. Coming to California in 1849, he explored nearly every mile of Southern California, besides much of Ari zona and New Mexico, and his experiences resided ever since, with the exception of a brief absence during a bad attack of mining fever in an early day. He tells of a severe toothache which attacked him soon after his arrival here. But there was no other physician, and no dentist, there fore he sought the kind services of a black smith who relieved him of his ache and his tooth. Among the physicians of later date might be mentioned the name of Dr. W. S. Thome, who bore credentials from the State Medical Society to the British Medi cal Association, which met at Cambridge HON. LAWRENCE ARCHER. sound like an extract from the "Arabian Nights Entertainments." Another old land mark long may he remain to us is Dr. Benjamin Cory, the oldest resident physician, not only of this County, but of California. He arrived in Oregon City in October of 1847, DUt came almost immediately to California, arriving in San Francisco Nov. zyth of the same year, on the anniversary of his twenty-fifth birthday. But there were two physicians, since deceased, already in that burg, more than it needed, thought Dr. Cory, and hearing of the pueblo of San Jose, he came here two weeks later, where he has in the year 1879. During his absence Dr. Thorne made the tour of Europe, visiting all the great hospitals of Paris, Vienna, London, Italy, Ireland, England and Scotland. He is an enthusiast in his profession, which fact explains his suc cess and popularity, as evinced by his large practice. He is a graduate of Bellevue College Hospital, but received his classical education in Virginia. Dr. William Simpson has a well-earned reputation as an oculist and aurist, aside from his general practice. He is careful, conscientious and skillful in his treatment of that delicate organ, the eye, and his 474 THE GOLDEN ERA. SENATOR JAMES R. LOWE. eye-practice is very large. The Doctor is a New York man by birth and education. He was, at one time, physician to the Children s Aid Society, and first resident physician to the Children s Sea-side Home at Coney Island. He is a graduate of the Long Island College Hospital at Brooklyn, and attended lectures at the New York Homeopathic College. One of the unique institutions of San Jose is the establishment of Dr. Jennie E. Williams, who makes a specialty of vapor, magnetic and electric baths, followed by massage, a process that is certainly the quintessence of luxury. The Doctor is a warm, living battery of magnetic power and force, and infuses her spirit into the depressed patients in a manner that pro duces most satisfactory results. To a weary, half-sick, depressed mortal, I know of nothing that is a greater renewer of life and energy than an hour passed in Dr. Williams hands. A firm most eminently representative of Californian enterprise and executive ability, is that of the Hale Brothers, a branch of whose establishment is located in San Jose. The firm originated in San Jose, com mencing business in 1876, in a small store, on a somewhat retired street, and with a very modest stock of dry goods. The members were Marshall Hale and his two sons, O. A. Hale and E. W. Hale, and they employed one clerk. The firm now consists of the four brothers, O. A. Hale,* E. W. Hale, P. C. Hale and F. D. Cobb, a half brother. They have extensive estab lishments in Sacramento, Stockton, Peta- luma, Salinas and San Jose, and their dai ly business transactions exceed in value the whole combined stock of the little original nucleus store, around which this great business has gathered. O. A. Hale, the manager, and one of the leading spirits of the business is a Napoleon in his line. Modest and unassuming, almost to a fault, yet his wonderful executive ability, his power to grasp details and convert them into a harmonious whole, his ability to keep the whole complicated machinery running noiselessly and frictionless, are seldom seen in one man, and he is pecu liarly fortunate in having the hearty co-op eration of every member of the firm. The brothers come from a mercantile stock, the father, Mr. Marshall Hale, having been in that business many years in New York, and always bore the name of a square THE GOLDEN ERA. 475 dealer, and a man of fine business abilities. It would appear that the sons are examples of inherited genius. P. C. Hale resides in New York city, and superintends the purchasing for the different establishments, as also for the commission and wholesale house of R. W. Burtis, a gentleman who is married to Miss Delia Hale, a sister of the Hale Brothers. The manager of the Salinas branch is Mr. Nathan Clark, who has been of this cash system into their business is very amusing. As he said, some were of fended, some indignant, and some left the store never to return again, and for weeks there was a "general circus," But the busi ness has settled into its even tenor at last, and now credit is never solicited. Of the Superior Judges, David Belden, of Department i, and Francis E. Spencer, of Department 2, are the present incum bents. Judge Belden is an old Califor- NEW ODD FELLOW S HALL. in their employ for eight years. The Pet- aluma store is in charge of J. W. Miller; the Stockton branch is under the manage ment of Mr. F. D. Cobb ; and the Sacra mento branch under the care of E. W. Hale ; while Mr. O. A. Hale, circulates among them all like the genius of order, inspiring energy, enthusiasm and industry into whatever establishment he enters. -For many years the firm has dealt strictly on a cash basis in every respect. Mr. Hale s account of their first institution nian, having come to California in 1853, and entered the practice of law in Neva da County. He served as State Senator from Nevada County two terms. He came to S^n Jose in 1869, and became Judge in 1871. Judge Spencer is a native of New York, but came to California in 1852, and has resided in San Jose ever since. His edu cation was completed in California, and he was admitted to the Supreme Court in 1858. He went immediately into active THE GOLDEN ERA. practice, especially in land matters. He served as District Attorney from 1860 to 1865. Among the many handsome buildings of San Jose may be mentioned Paul Block, owned by a former resident and one upon whom Santa Clara county jealously desires to retain a partial hold Mr. D. M. Delmas, of San Francisco, who stands to-day at the very front of the California Bar. A gentleman endowed with the god like gift of eloquence ; possessed of tho divine faculty of extracting more power and sweetness from the English language than any other man on the Coast. A man whose honor and principle are beyond question ; whose denunciation of wrong and fraud is fearless, and as fierce as the lightning blast ; yet whose sympathy for the oppressed and down-trodden is as warm and genial as our own August sun shine. We give an illustration of the New Odd Fellows Hall, one of the handsomest buildings in the city. In November of 1884, the site of the new building was selected and purchased at a cost of ten thousand dollars. The architecture and general construction of the new build ing was entrusted to Jacob Lanzen & Son, and the contract for its building was awarded to D. H. Kelsey. The corner-stone was laid in April, 1885, and the work has progressed satisfactorily un til its completion about one month ago. The cost of the building has been only about thirty-two thousand dollars, which, considering its architectural beauty, is very little, and reflects credit upon its architect and builder. On Monday, December ist, 1885, the ceremonies of dedication were held in the main hall, which was crowded with spec tators. The ceremony was very beautiful and impressive, and was conducted by the Grand Master, Grand Marshall, and other officers. At the close of the ceremonies, Miss Virginia Calhoun read a dedicatory ode, written by Mrs. M. H. Field. The address delivered by John B. Harmon, Past Grand Sire of the Order, was elo quent and impressive. In the evening a grand ball was given by the members of the Order, at the Turn Verein Hall. Be fore the ceremony of dedication, Grand Secretary Lyon offered a resolution that the Order cause the flags of the building to be placed at half-mast for the death of Vice President Hendricks, which was car ried. Of the various real estate men the firm of Cordell & Blaney may be mentioned as among the most enterprising and honor able. They have a connection with a San Francisco firm and also extensive acquain tance and correspondence throughout the State. From personal experience we can recommend them as "square men." I cannot close this sketch without a kindly mention of the St. James Hotel and its proprietor, Mr. Tyler Beach and his helpful wife who made our stay there so homelike and pleasant that we left them with reluctance. The St. James Hotel is situated on First street, opposite St. James Park, a most fortunate site for a hotel. In its management, order, neatness and thorough attention to guests are the characteristics. This little notice is simply a sincere offer ing to Mr. and Mrs. Tyler Beach for their kind and uniform courtesy and their supe rior management of the hotel. It is in contemplation to erect soon on the site of the present hotel, a larger and more commodious structure, that will be more in keeping with the managing capac-% ity of the owners than is the present smaller building a consummation sincere ly to be desired by the San Joseans, as the city needs a larger hotel than it yet has- and Mr. Beach is just the man to make it a success. The principal newspapers are the Her- ald. Newt) Mercury and Santa Clara Valley. To those who extended to us kindly journalistic courtesies we desire to express our gratitude. Only those of ",the guild" can fully appreciate such kindness. And thus ends our sketch of San Jose, containing merely a brief mention of a very few of the prominent points and people. The County has been the home of the writ er for many years and its institutions and interests are very dear. CARRIE STEVENS WALTER, THE GOLDEN ERA. 493 I was sick, and we fell behind with our board, and had to move from post to pil lar. I did not know where to address a letter to my husband, but left one for him at each place we vacated, so he might trace us. But he has never found us, though I feel sure he has tried, and is trying if he still lives ; but sometimes I fear that on his way back to us he was foully dealt with for his money. The people we lived amongst when he went away were very un kind. They said he had deserted us. But they were only jealous ; for they had often heard him tell me that when he got his in heritance and could take me to his people s home, it would seem a palace to me. He may now have a title, who knows ! I still keep hoping on, hoping on : and my Paul has fine prospects, if he does look poor ; finer than many in the school who can laugh at him now." I overheard this recital and it made Paul appear to me like many of the prin ces in disguise of whom I had read in my fairy tales. It interwove that strong fibre, romantic feeling, into my friendship for him. He continued to miss in his classes all winter and was in such constant disfavor with the teacher that I again cast about in my mind for a plan by which a " gentle man s son " might earn enough to buy fuel and light to study by. One day, hav ing matured this plan, I cautiously suggest ed it to him. I said: " The Judge s lit tle boy, who lives next door to us, sat to an artist and the artist gave him a handful of money for it. The artist called it making the boy a present of the money, but of course it was paying Guy, and he only called it a present because Guy did not need the money. You could sit to an artist too." Paul seemed delighted, so we formed a plan to elude our legitimate school and go the next day to the School of Design where he could offer himself as a model. Paul still wore the talma and Reuben s hat and looked a very sketchable figure as he presented himself bashfully to the prin ciple, saying : "Sir, do you want a boy for a model?" A minute before he had, perhaps, not thought of wanting a boy, but he said promptly, "I do whenever I see one like you;" and he drew the picturesque figure into the antique room where the life-class sat. After their delight subsided, Paul asked timidly : * How much do you pay ?" " A dollar an hour, my man." Paul s face beamed. He drew me be hind a green curtain and whispered : "A dollar an hour ! Ten dollars or eight a day ! Remember what teacher told us once of a fine old artist who lived three months in a palace painting the picture of a king ? I expect these young artists will not paint so fast. They may need me six months, and I shall make eight or ten times as much money as Mamma." Ten dollars ? Poor Paul had computed according to the number of hours in the workingman s day. While he sat, his brown eyes seemed feasting on all the beautiful things around him. This elegance seemed his natural element. Once when they gave him time to rest, he whispered to me, " I expect Pa pa s home is like this." At the end of two hours his disappoint ment was cruel when they dismissed him with two dollars and made him understand they needed him no longer. " It will not buy even the least little stove," he cried out bitterly, and I tried in vain to comfort him. I cast about for some new plan, and after reflecting I asked : " Didn t you tell me once you could play the violin?" but I looked somewhat incredulously at his crippled hand. "Yes," he answered, dejectedly, "a lit tle ; but grandmother pawned my violin (it had been papa s, too), to buy a theatre ticket. My grandmother is flighty, and she has what mamma calls a monomania for going to the theatre. She has found out three different times where mamma had money hid to pay the rent with, and has stolen it away to buy tickets, and had us turned out of our house. The next time mamma hid it in a mouse-hole, and thought it would be safe, but when we went to get it out, the mice had eaten it up. And grandmother has pawned most of her stage-clothes for theatre tickets except what will do for me," he said, looking rue fully down at his fantastic attire. "If you could buy another violin with this two dollars, and play under windows, you could make any amount of money ; for people would be sorry for you on account 494 THE GOLDEN ERA. of your hand, and it s respectable to be a musician, for my mother says my music- teacher is a perfect lady." Paul s eyes flashed; he turned upon me, angrily, " Respectable to be a musician ! I should think it is respectable ! It is grand. It is what I will be when I am a jj^an. You might be proud if you could be one," he said, with fine scorn. " O, if I were only a man, so I need do nothing else but study to be a great musician ! " I understand, now, that it was the yearnings of genius that fired the boy. He seemed to think that I disparaged music by asserting that it was a respecta ble profession, as if any one had ever doubted it. And he maintained an angry silence as we walked down to the music store. But when we reached the music-dealer s we found that violins were far beyond our means. "Never mind, Paul," I said, " I will go home with you and help you find a safe place to hide this from your grandmother, till you can somehow get enough to put to it to buy a violin." To tell the truth, I was drawn to make this offer partially through curiosity to see the raving old woman, who could have the heart to steal from her own poor kin. I found Paul s home more miserable than any place I had ever imagined. No stove, no carpet, no curtains, no sunlight, a mere sleeping place. No wonder they found it difficult, in this dearth, to conceal money from the old grandmother. We found her lying in bed for warmth, conning an old yellow play-book. She was a peculiar, theatrical looking woman with glittering black eyes, hair prematurely white, with the eagle fea tures characteristic of the dramatic pro fession ; and she wore a bright spot of rouge on each withered cheek, as mis placed there as gaudy tulips planted on a grave. I whispered and asked Paul if it had been put there when she was on the stage, and would not wash off, but he ex claimed with his winning simplicity, "Grandma only puts on the paint when she is going out to ask credit at the bakery, for she says people can t get trust if they look pale with hunger. I was too young then to be touched by her solicitude." The morning after my visit, Paul missed his lesson again, and suffered such a cruel whipping that the thin blood oozed from his crippled hand. I could stand it no longer, but springing up cried indignantly to the tyrant : " If you were Paul, and too poor to have a light or fire, you wouldn t know your lessons, either!" But I here un wittingly hurt him worse than the teacher had, his tears gushed forth now, for I had cut his pride. He could not rally from his mortification, but rested his proud little head on his arms and sobbed all the rest of the afternoon. When school was out we all walked home with him for sym pathy. As we neared his tenement he broke from us with a bitter cry, and ran toward a group upon the pavement. Paul s mother and grandmother stood weeping by their things, which the land lord s agent was throwing out. It was sad that his patience had held out till mid winter, for they were now houseless in the bitter cold. The agent seemed a brutish- hearted man who jeered at them to his as sistant. When that functionary seemed about to falter in the work of ejecting, the agent sneered, " Oh come ! Don t waste sympathy, professional beggars, I guess. Might as well try to get nineteen at crib- bage, or fatten a greyhound, as get money from such." This insult stung Paul, who had been weeping beside his mother. The fire flashed into his eyes, drying his brush lashes. Doubling his delicate, impotent fists, he shook them under the agent s eyes crying, "We are not such! You shall not insult my mother ! " The creature laughed and walked off murmuring, "When the dew-drops kiss the roses," casting an insinuating glance at Paul s grandmother s withered cheeks, from which the tears were washing off the rouge. We more fortunate boys crept away, awed by the sight of so much misery. After that day of mortifications Paul never returned to our school. We re gretted him greatly, and hunted him dili gently, but I did not see him again for months. When I, at last, caught sight of him it was bitter winter again, and he was coming out of a Relief Soup House with a little bucket of charity soup dangling like a signal of distress from his arm. He wore the same old velvet talma, eaten to shreds by the starving tenement-house THE GOLDEN ERA. 495 mice. The icy pavement bit pieces of skin from his delicate feet, and through his soleless shoes an ooze of blood traced his footprints on the snow. The feather was gone from his Reuben s hat, replaced by rusty crepe. I ran after him, and we made a joyful meeting of it. I enquired with a child s want of tact why the crepe was on his hat, and he told me that his mother had taken cold on the day I had seen them ejected, and had died of con sumption. He had apparently recovered from the first poignancy of his grief, for he spoke of her calmly. It is well that it is only while gravemounds are new and high that they cast a shadow over chil dren s lives, and that they sink under the leveling hand of time, letting the sunlight again into the darkened places ; for Paul had enough to distress him in trying to take care of his helpless grandmother. He told me, reluctantly, that he was now obliged to do for support those things his mother had said were not for a gentleman s son to do, and I caught a glimpse of a boot-black s box from under his talma, and the knees of his short pants hung in tat ters. Paul seemed so sad that I determined to go that evening to see him. When I found his place I was arrested on his land ing by a sweet concord of harps and vio lins. But suddenly came a blur, a gruff voice shouted "stop," and then "You, Carlo, stand out, I ll make you keep time to another kind of stringed instrument," and a heavy lash cut the air with a hiss. Then this ruffianly trainer of street musi cians thrust a punished boy out into the hall, and I saw Paul presently steal out of his own room to give him sympathy. I heard the boy sob out : u Oh, this is not the worst ! I shall have to go around with Adam and the grinding-organ till I learn time." " Who is Adam ? Is he cross, too ? " " No ; Adam is a new monkey, and all the other chaps look on carrying him around as a greater disgrace than to cry for a whipping." I crept away and left them alone, sor rower and comforter. Circumstances now prevented my seeing anything of Paul s family until one fatal day, two years later, when my father took me to the matinee ; and while we were detained at the box office, a quaint figure in the vestibule hiring an opera-glass, at tracted our attention by saying grandly : " Ah ! we must see this through a teles cope." I turned, and recognized in her Paul s grandmother, spending, I sup pose, her pilferings from his hard earnings to gratify her passion. She passed in be fore us to die where the better part of her life had been spent near the foot lights, for that day occurred that well-re membered, tragic panic caused by the par rot, necessary to the play, unexpectedly crying "fire," in the first scene. The weird voice and the word combined, created a terrible panic. It was my fate to see, amid the agony, Paul s grandmother, dead; her painted cheeks, horrible in death, had they not told me blushingly that she had intended to atone to Paul for her ex travagance by begging credit for bread for him on her way home. I searched out Paul as soon as I recov ered from the hurt I received in the panic. When I asked if he was now alone in the world, he answered falteringly : " No, I have hired myself to the trainer of street-musicians. He was glad to get me, because he thinks my deformed hand earns me money through sympathy. He used to cripple his boys, but the law is down on that now, so he was glad to get me. I hate it, but it is ail I can do. And, it is the only way I can learn music." " You play the violin ? " I asked. He blushed. "No, I carry round Adam and the organ now. But I shall know the violin well enough, soon. Oh, I shall rise by degrees ; I am determined." Brave little heart ! despite the knowl edge that the other boys would deride, and the certainty of the descending lash, he had taken up this burden which seemed a degradation of his musical talent. He was determined to learn, and to climb^ though his ladder was runged with thorns, I learned that he still retained a child ish faith in his father, for he said : -H " I never tell the trainer s other boys I have prospects, for they haven t, and the contrast might make them sad." It was well for Paul that he wove out of silence this mantle of charity to protect the other boys from the stings of envy, for it fell soon upon his own shoulders. How 49 6 THE GOLDEN ERA. they would have jeered at him for an emp ty boaster ! for the next time I met him he was accompanied by a vile-looking, bold- eyed, bloated man, his father. He looked quite the man who could desert wife, with a child in its infancy, and return to claim support from that child in the early de cline which follows an evil life a creature so unlike Paul s dreams of him, that I hastened to relieve the poor boy s mortifi cation by leaving them alone together. I never met either of them again, but a year ago I received a letter from Paul, a detail of his subsequent trials and achieve ments and both were great ! It told how he toiled his way up to violinist of a trav eling quintette club; how the Duke of Tessi, happening to hear him play, engaged him to live in his palace and teach his sons music ; and I have heard that the duke has had a medal struck for him, with an inscription on each face. One reads, " Affliction, like the ironsmith, shapes what it smites." The other holds the legend, "The spider takes hold with her hands and weaves into king s palaces." So, not through his father, but unaided, through the germ of power that was in him, he attained the life of studious ele gance for which his refined nature had yearned. KENELM D. FORGERON. THE CACHED COIN. He belonged to the genus called tramp, and was a fair specimen of his class. When he had not been in these United States it was not worth while for any other man to attempt to go, and the men of prominence with whom he was personally acquainted were legion. To study his make-up from a philosophical or physical standpoint was an interesting occupation. His hat was a nondescript in color and style, being simply a limp affair with a wonderfully abreviated brim. His hair was an iron gray, but showed that it had been as black as a raven s wing in the olden days before age and rough living had left their traces upon him. His eyes were small, and peered out from their deep sockets with a sort of squinting, quiz- ical gaze, that impressed one with the idea that he was trying to look through a gimlet hole. His face was as red as the comb of a cock, while his nose, which was some what on the pug order, was almost like a glowing coal of fire, giving indication of the numberless cocktails and gin-slings, not to say anything of the whisky straights that had passed under it on their way into the seemingly cast-iron labyrinths of his internal organism. His shoulders stooped a little from the weight of accumulating years. His gait was far from being regal, but it was well befitting a man of his po sition in the social scale. A brown, heavy ducking hunting coat, with pantaloons to match, a blue woolen navy shirt, cowskin boots numbering up among the tens, into the tops of which his trouser legs were half stuffed with a reckless neglige, completed the outer covering of the man. He said he was a native of Connecticut, and claimed to be a son of Vulcan. So here you have a faithful pen picture of the man who played such an important part in the drama which I am about to re cord. One day just after lunch I was sitting in the business office of a friend, when Charley, the tramp, as we had all come to call him, dropped in and joined us in our conversation. At last he spoke up in rather an abrupt manner, just as if he had suddenly returned from an excur sion to dreamland, and said : " Say, do yer fellers know I ve got a gift?" " A gift! No; who s been giving you anything, and what is it ? The gift of gab is about the only thing you seem to be pos sessed of," said my friend Siebe. "O you don t sabe ; I mean spiritualism gifts; transitory gifts like, you know." "Transitory gifts ! pray what are they?" " Why didn t yer ever hear tell of them ar fellers what goes into a transitory state, a kinder sleep, so to speak, and then tell all manner of queer things ? " " Oh, you mean a trance. Why, of course we know all about that. Do you mean to say that you can go into a trance?" THE GOLDEN ERA. 497 "Wall, neow," said he, giving the two words the broad Yankee twang, " I should ruther presume I can, that is, when I ve got any one what knows how to mesmerize me. Why, I traveled for four years with Prof. J. R. Lovejoy of Maine, and I used to tell fortunes, read sealed letters, tell ages, find lost things, heal the sick, detect criminals and everything else miraculous and funny. Why, I will just give you one instance. A young fellar away down in Maine killed his uncle and aunt for their money, and skipped the country. Nobody could find him. The detectives couldn t somehow catch onto anything that d pan out worth a cent. The Professor came to the town to hold one of his sayonses, as he was always careful to call em, and as a little business dodge just put it in the pa per that I would tell the whole history of that boy s movements after he killed the old folks, and also his present whereabouts. The house was full of course, for people do so like to be humbuggedl but I fooled em that night, for sure s you re born, I did tell em to a dot all about it, and a detec tive went and found him on a cattle ranch in Texas just as I had said." "Well, Charlie," said Siebe, " do you ever do anything in that line nowadays ? " " Oh yes, sometimes." "Well," said Siebe, " I understand this thing of mesmerism and have seen a great deal of it in days gone by. My friend here is a stenographer, and we three will meet at eight o clock to-night in my back office, and I will put you into a trance con dition, and my friend will write down all you say, and we will see what kind of a circus we will have." According to appointment, we met in the back parlor of Mr. Siebe s business office. The gas was turned down till a mellow tone of light was produced, giving everything in the room a wierd, far-away look. Charley took his seat in the great easy chair, leaned his head back against the soft upholstery, and, closing his eyes, seemed about to fall asleep. The few magical passes were made, and the soul of the man was off on spirit wings to other realms. Presently the muscles of his face began to twitch, his hands moved nervously, and his whole body seemed to be pervaded by a something that was foreign to himself. Suddenly he sprang up, and with a deft kilt of his hat, and the unbottoning and shifting up of his shirt, he looked the very image of a sailor. With a swinging tread, unsteady, as if on a vessel riding over waves, now easy, now bracing, but ever keeping with the sway of the ship, he walked across the room. " Yi ho-o, yi ho-o, me hearties," he sung out with a clear and musical voice that was very foreign to Charley s own, as we had heard it. " Hello," said Seibe, " can t you tell us who you are ? " " O I m the captain of a gallant ship, To you I ll tell her name, O, I m the captain of a gallant ship It is the Oriflamme," he sang in reply, in the minor cadences one often hears emenating from the fo castle. "You re of a nautical turn," said Siebe. "Oh, I never sing," he replied, "ex cept when I am happy. I am overjoyed tonight, for I ve got what I have been longing for these twenty years, as you of earth reckon time." " What s that ? " said Seibe. " Don t you see that I m at the helm of this blasted old craft you call Charley. Just see how I can steer it about. Port, starboard, steady. Port,hard up, (makes a short turn). See how I made her come round without a misstay. But this isn t all, for I am going to tell you a sailor s yarn that will make your eyes hang out like saucers ; and the best part of it is, that it will be true. This is something which has weighed upon my mind ever since I crossed over to shadow land, and when I have told you what I have to say, my soul will be at rest, and I can then pass on to higher planes of existence. As it is, I am held firmly bound to the lowest levels, and that is why I am so rejoiced to be able to use the or ganism of the medium to-night. I do not know you from Adam, a personage, by the way, I have not yet had the felicity of see ing, but I would just as soon narrate my story to you as to any of Adam s sons, for they are all one to me now. Now, you fellow with the writing fixings, get all ready, for I m going to talk it off very fast, for that fool Charley will be back here pretty soon and want to take his turn at the wheel of this old craft, and I ll have to go below and turn in." 49 8 THE GOLDEN ERA. " All ready, Captain, "said I, after I had adjusted my note-book and taken a freshly pointed pencil. And this is what he told me: " First of all, my name is James Albert White, and I shipped from New Bedford in 1844, on a hide and tallow drogher as skipper, bound for a cruise of three yeais to California. She was called the Ori- flamme. It was a merry day when we set sail and stood out of the harbor. Flags were flying and guns were fired, and the populace lined the wharves and decks, waving adieux with their handkerchiefs. But in all that vast throng there was no face that had any charms for me, for, lean ing from a balcony far up the street, was a face, to look upon which would have made the heart of any mortal leap with joy. In stead of a kerchief wave, her lithesome fingers sent kisses floating out towards the fast receding ship. "Then came the long and tedious passage around the Horn, and on to California. We sailed in May and it was late in No vember before we dropped anchor off San Diego, our first station. Then came the long year and a half of bartering for and stowing away our cargo of hides, tallow and horns. Just two years to a day from the time I left New Bedford, I hove anchor in San Francisco Bay and set the prow of the Oriflamme homeward. With a sigh of relief I saw the white cliffs recede as my vessel held her course westward, far out beyond the Farallones. I should have laid her course for the Cape at once, but there was an ill-guiding star in the plan ning of my chart. I had told the bonnie, sweet-faced lassie who tipped the kisses at me that bright May day as I sailed out of the harbor at New Bedford, to write a let ter and send it to the Sandwich Islands by some whalers who were to sail the next spring, and I had hoped that some chance vessel, bound for California, would pick it up at the islands and bear it on to me. But my hopes had all been in vain ; I reasoned that she had sent the letter, and that it was still at the islands awaiting some opportunity of being sent to me. "Then I said : Here, it will not take me but a month or two longer to run over to the islands and get the letter, and then I will still have ample time to pass Terra del Fuego before the winter solstice. So I shaped my course, and in due time sighted the volcano of Owhyhee ; once at anchor, I hastened ashore to inquire for my letter. Theie were two instead of one, and they were tied together with a piece of black crape. How my heart leaped into my throat when I saw that ! My mother or sister must be dead, I said to myself, and Nellie has written me of it. Impatiently cutting the band which bound them to gether, and breaking the great wafer seals, so common then, I saw that one was in the smoothly-flowing, shapely handwriting of a few other small billet doux which I had in my chest on board ship, and which I had read and re-read, till there was precious little of them left to read. The other was the strong, bold hand-writing of a man. Of course, I began to read Nellie s first There were tear stains all down the page. And this is what was written : " DEAR, DEAR JAMES: I promised to write you a letter when the whalers sailed, but it is still long before that time, and yet if I ever write you another letter in this world I must do it to day. O, my dearly beloved, how can I tell you ! I am dying, James. I cannot see to-morrow s sun, so they say. Oh, to see you once more ! To have you with me to-day so that I could lay my poor, aching head upon your breast and have you stroke my hair, as in the days of our happiness, would be worth half a lifetime. To have your strong arms around me when I go down into the cold waters, would sustain me till I do not think I should fear to die. Oh, my dar ling ! how I have loved you how I love you now ! The bright dreams of our youth have flitted by all unrealized, and love s sweet hopes are blasted in an hour. But my strength fails me my hours are num bered. In the great love of the All-Father I trust, and I pray you do the same, that we, whose hearts are thus so early torn asunder, may be reunited where God s good angels dwell. These tear stains will tell you more than my pen can. Good-by, my darling, God bless you ! I am so weak, I am "Here the letter ended. Dazed and wild with grief, I returned to the ship, and go ing into the cabin, I locked myself up and gave vent to my pent up passions. Curses,, such as mortal ear has never heard, and none can utter save fiends incarnate, I THE GOLDEN ERA. 499 gave vocalization. In it all I saw only the black hand of Despair, dashing from my lips the sweet cup of love s fruition. God, I cursed as the author of my exist ence. Man, I cursed, that my idol had not been preserved to me by human agen cy. Devil, I cursed as the entailer of all my woe, and myself I cursed with impre cations inconceivable and unutterable. The first paroxysm of grief passed, I became calmer; and read the other letter, which was from a friend, and contained a detailed account of Nellie s death, burial, etc. "The next day I went ashore again, and still being overburdened with the agony of my great grief, I sought to cheer myself up a little by drinking. Then, after a few glasses had fired my brain, I determined to drink, till in my potations, I found the Lethean solace so vainly sought for from that source. Glass followed glass in rapid succession and I became at last uncon scious * * * When I awoke *rom my stupor, had I but just come from the regions of the damned, I could not have felt more poignantly the torments of hell. Finally I succeeded, in a measure, in slaking my insatiable thirst and partial ly collected my scattered senses. I started to go to my vessel, but when I reached the strand, lo, it was gone ! "What can that mean ?" said I. Just then one of my sailors approached me and said : Skip per, that was the devil s own caper you cut yesterday. " And what was that, pray ? said I. " Why, your getting drunk and selling the Oriflamme to those Englishmen for ;8,ooo and that old tub of a schooner they had. " The what? screamed I. "He then sat down on a flat rock by the seashore and told me all about it. Shortly after I had begun drinking, some English men, who were in port with a small schoon er, came up and finding me the worse for liquor, planned my ruin. For the consid eration of the paltry sum of ^8,000 and the old schooner, I had sold my vessel and cargo, which of coursa was valued at sever al times that amount, to those men and they had taken a portion of my corn and sailed out of port while I was yet intoxi cated. The money was in the schooner, and two of my most trusty sailors were with it. " Here was a quandary truly. But what was to be done ? To try to return to New Bedford in that old craft were certain death, and to remain there till I could get home on some whaler was only to go to a fate worse than death state s prison for life. So, the days and weeks went by. At last, I de cided to return to California. Repairing the schooner as best I could, I set sail for San Francisco, which port I reached with out further accident or incident. Then the question arose, what am I to do with myself, and with my money? I dare not show myself at any of the ranches, or at the Pueblo or Presidio of San Francisco, for I was liable to meet with those who would recognize me, and, doubtless, they would ask me questions, which it would be hard for me to answer, if I remained within the bounds of the realm of truth. All was gone which I had any ambition to live for, so I drifted about in a listless sort of way from place to place, moving gener ally in the night, and remaining in the un frequented sloughs and estuaries of the bays. At last, I chanced to enter the Rio de Napa, as the Spaniards called the stream, and after sailing along its sinuosi ties for several miles, I came to a very large sycamore tree standing on the bank of a slough just at its junction with the main stream. I proceeded up this slough a short distance and dropped anchor. My two faithful sailors were still with me, but I had come to fear that they might plot together to dispose of me, so that they might be able to obtain possession of the gold. " While lying at anchor there, I deter mined upon the culminating deeds of my career of crime. My plan was to kill the two seamen, as they were the only ones who knew of the money being in my pos session. I would then take the coin ashore and bury it. This done, I would go away into the interior and live among the Indians for ten years. At the end of that time I concluded that all remem brance of me among men or nations would be obliterated, and I could then return to my cache of English sovereigns, and use them with perfect immunity from detection. I carried my plan out to the letter as far as disposing of my two comrades and the burying of the gold was concerned. I then cast the old schooner adrift, and af- 5 oo THE GOLDEN ERA. ter taking exact measurements from what I considered were substantial land marks I set out for the mountains. " For two days I traveled northward through a charming valley, along the banks of the Rio de Napa, and then a mighty mountain closed my pathway. I crosed over it by a trail, and passed on northward through a broad and well wooded valley, when I came to another great mountain. This crossed, I came upon a stream of water winding through the mountain glades, like a ribbon of silver painted by an ar tist s hand upon a background of russet and emerald. On and on I followed this stream until it developed from a sprawling brook into almost majestic proportions. At last I came to an adobe house which was deserted. Here I concluded to spend the winter. Farther on to the northward the stream debouched into a most beauti ful lake, which lay nestled in the bosom of the mountains, very much like Gennesaret of old, on whose sacred banks he was want to teach, from whose lips fell such words as never man spake. The country was teeming with savages, but was unable to approach any of them. If I entered a vil lage they ran away as if panic stricken. One day I went into a village, and sudden ly I found myself surrounded by a host of of Indians, with drawn arrows pointing di rectly at me. I made a dash for my life, and as I ran that fatal gauntlet an arrow, barbed with the black obsidian so common in that section, pierced my side and en tered deep into my body. I knew, of course, that death must result from the ter rible wound. I hastened with all dispatch, hoping to reach the old adobe, but the king of terrors overtook me by the wayside, and in the chemisal at the foot of Konocti mountain my body fell never to rise again. " But a rainbow rich of glory Spanned the yawning chasm o er. And across that bridge of beauty Did I reach the other shore. "At the foot of an oak tree one hundred yards northwest of the site of the old adobe, you will find, interred in a small iron chest, full directions how to find the coin which I buried. " My story is ended, gentlemen, and I must bid you a long adieu." "Hold on just one minute," said Siebe, " I have a great curiosity to know whether or not you have had the great pleasure of meeting with the young lady you told us of, Nellie I think you called her, since you have been a resident of the land inhabited by the great majority? " " I will tell you all, in words of one of earth s sweetest bards who voiced his experi ences over there through the lips of a wo man years ago, and mine was like unto his: " Mid the surging seas she found me With the billows breaking round me And my sadened, sinking spirit, in her arms of love up-bory, Like a lone one, weak and weary, Wandering in the midnight dreary, " In her sinless, saintly bosom, brought me to the heavenly shore, Like the breath of blossoms blending Like the prayers of Saints ascending; Like the rainbow s seven-hued glory, blend our souls forevermore. " " Hello, there s that fellow Charley com ing back, I can see him away off yonder." " Oh, I m the Captain of a gallant ship As ever sailed the main, O, I m the Capt " ****** Here tbe cheery song of the Captain ended abruptly, and the body of Charley, the tramp, fell prone upon the floor, to all appearances as bereft of life as though a cannon ball had taken off his head. Siebe made a few passes, and the spell was, in a measure, broken ; but Charley looked dazed and bewildered. A drink of whis ky of enormous proportions had the result of reviving him to quite an extent, though his entire nervous system had suffered from the excessive strain upon it. He asked what had been said while he was in the transitory state, as he persited in call ing it. The notes were read to him, and his look of surprise was fully as great as ours had been when we heard it from the Captain through Charley s organism. Our proposition to Charley was as follows : If he could go to the site of the old adobe house, spoken of by the Captain, and find the iron chest containing directions for lo cating the exact spot where the treasure was buried, then we would believe in the truthfulness of his control, and enter heart ily into the search for the coin, and when it was found we would all share equally in it. It was long after 1 2 o clock when we separated for the night and business kept THE GOLDEN ERA. 501 us apart for several days. At last, one We opened the rust-eaten old chest night about a week later, Siebe and I were with care, and there we found the letters sitting in his back office chatting quietly, of which the Captain had told us ; also * when suddenly there came a furious rap at shining tress of golden hair and some oth- the door. When it was opened^ to our er keepsakes. But the best of all, so far surprise, there stood Charley, with a pack- as we were concerned, was a plat of the age in his hand about a foot square, which ground for some distance around the tree, was carefully wrapped in an old burlap at the foot of which the treasure was bur- bag and securely tied about with Califor- ied. Everything was so plainly indicated nia s salvation baling rope. His small that we had no trouble whatever in fully black eyes were dancing with delight as verifying the statements made by the he placed his parcel on the table before us- Captain. LYMAN L. PALMER. " Eureka! Unibus plurum !" he shouted. Napa, Cal. TO JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER. ?T ON THE ANNIVERSARY OF HIS ^TH BIRTHDAY. O, earnest heart that kindly feels For all oppressed beneath the sky ; Strong as thy mountain-rooted oak, Warm as Aeolia s tropic sigh. So long as despots breathe the air, Or protean wrong defies the So long may Time give gen rous years, And keep thy fervid stylus bright. No more the slave with clanking chain Disturbs thy numbers graceful flow, His grateful heart and sable hand Twine fadeless laurels for thy brow. O, nevermore beneath that flag Where Freedom s god-like sons are found, Shall grieved Columbia pour her tears, To see her children captives bound. May gentle Peace inspire thy Muse, And Love and Joy breathe through thy song ; May sweet Content for work well done, Thy ripe and honored years prolong. And when th^sun shall near the west, And heav n at last break on thy view ; May Angel guides and Seraph hosts, Safe conduct give to shield thee through. From shades " lang syne " dear forms come up (Like ghosts forbid to walk the earth), To teach thy bard, who humbly sings, This simple tribute to thy worth. 502 THE GOLDEN ERA. Thy name, to him, is like a chain, And ev ry link is wrought of gold ; It wreathes with gems a chalice rich With all the wond rous cup can hold. He sees in stratum deeply hid, A childhood s vanished joys and tears ; And over it, in close review, The struggles of his graver years. He draws the blinds, and Mem ry brings Her priceless trophies into night ; Of winter hours, the chimney s glow, The room ablaze with ruddy light. The rattling storm that smote the house, Borne o er Atlantic s crested foam, Enhanced the gladsome hours within ; (For heaven is like a cheerful home.) The evening long, but never dull, Albeit Boreas loudly roard, We had enough to welcome give The " Snow Bound " trav ler at our board. A neighbor s children dropping in, (They always found the latch string out) We boldly challenged long- faced Care With merry joke and roistering shout. From granite cave beneath the house, Brought crimson apples up the stairs, And when the well-earned forfeit paid, Kissed bashful cheeks as red as theirs. Soon jest and prank were put aside, And drawn out table cover d o er With magazine and calf-bound tome ; And ev ry page was rich with lore. With one accord, " Tom, read to us " (He stands the first on mem ry s list ; He sleeps beside the Golden Gate ; My eyes are dim with gathering mist.) No need to urge. He slowly turns The well-thumbed leaves of Whittier s book And to his thoughtful audience reads The " Royal Bride of Pennacook." Enough of that. Again he turns To " Songs of Freedom s " little band, Which shows how more than " graven arms," May be the sign of " Branded Hand." rf\ He turns again, The very room Seems choked with odors from the grave; We hear the dip of Charon s oar; Q The mournful sob of Acheron s wave. U THE GOLDEN ERA. 5,0$ The midnight cry, " Bring out your dead " Rin^s wildly through the fetid air, Slow moved Death s awful carnival, The sheeted dead seemed everywhere- Responsive to the harsh command Is brought one, only, fragile form ; Tis laid upon the coarse dead-cart, To feel no more life s bitter storm. Twas she who watched beside the couch, And tried to mend the vital thread ; Like her who sat beside the tomb, To see the Christ rise from the dead. (God bless these angels in disguise, Whose own lives guard the smitten couch ; Nepentha s in their patient ways, And balm that heals in ev ry Thus sped the hours with little thought That Time, the thief, was stealing so ; Till the long clock with stroke of ten Admonished guests twas time to go. Since then the years like dreams have flown, And still my years unceasing run ; And I have floated on their tide Till I m a man, or big as one. Thy name is graven on my heart Where wasting time cannot efface ; And teeming recollections leave Along the way their golden trace. God bless thee through thy snowy years, And lengthen out life s longest span, And ages hence the world will tell Of one who loved his fellow-man. Ogden, Utah. A. S. CONDON. SUNSET. Pink clouds, the smiling pages of the sun, Glide slowly by, Like new-born hopes that cast a roseate glow O er life s gray sky. Alas ! That king and pages all, should sink Into the sea, And leave Fate s bitter shades to quickly close Round you and me. from a Rosary of Rhyme. CLARENCE URMY. 5 o 4 THE GOLDEN ERA. HOW MISS HOPKINS NEARLY GOT MARRIED. Upcott House was a queer-looking chair, alternately reading a large print Bi old place in New England, standing in ble, and knitting with great dignity. She the midst of a small estate. Everything was just thinking what a wicked place about the place bespoke of ancient English America must be, for she now and then origin, and so exclusive were its inmates heard a little of the world through her that the few farmers who lived in the vicin- servants, and was rejoicing in her heart ity knew scarcely anything of them. that she was so far removed from its evil The owner and tenant of Upcott House influences. Little reflections like this are was an old, or rather to speak more cor- good sometimes, for were it not for their rectly, a middle-aged maiden lady named refreshing influence, those of us to whom Alvira Hopkins. The term " old maid " Nature has not been kind, would have lit- would be a more appropriate epithet, if tie satisfaction in living. At this juncture one might be allowed to speak so plainly of a tap comes at the door, and an old man one of aristocratic descent. Yes, Miss Hop- in knee breeches and stockings, totters kins was an old maid, and she was possess- across the room and presents a letter to ed of all the whims and fancies usually his mistress. ascribed to those unfortunate mortals. She "A letter for you, madam," he says, had for many years shut herself up from with a rheumatic bow, then backing to the the world with a pair of quaint old confi- door to await orders, dential servants, who from their long service " A letter for me ! Who can be writing in the family had become almost a part and tome?" She breaks open the seal, and parcel of it. reads as follows : The life at Upcott House, at the period of our story, was exactly the same as it had " KIRKTON HOTEL, Tuesday. been in the Hopkins family at least fifty " MY DEAR ALVIRA / U I am stayln . at years before the same fashions were in the Kirkton Hotel, and by chance learning vogue and the same manners. Everything y ur address * occurs to . me to send y u was antiquated and seemed to bear the a line to ask if you are wiling to make up mustiness of faded aristocratic grandeur, the old famil y W**** We are ^oth get- like the three old people who might now be tm old now, and are the only living said to constitute the family. It is true members. If you share my spirit, you will that Upcott House had seen the time when find m Y man Wllham at the depot to meet gallant men and fair women flitted hither the 2: 3 train tomorrow, and he will drive and thither, making the now silent rooms Y ou to m Y hotel . l thmk J make . suffi echowith brilliant conversation and sweet cient concession m taking the initiative in music; but that was long, long ago, when this matter > and ex P ect y u to T do y ur Miss Hopkins was quite a little thing. The share and come and see e - * am leav years rolled on, and the little thing grew in for Europe at once. Your affectionate into a girl, but no suitor sought her hand cousin, in marriage. She grew into a woman, and It took the good lady some time to read the hot atmosphere of disappointment this curt note, as she was very shortsighted, turned sour her milk of human kindness. But, at length, getting at the pith of it a By degrees she ceased to mix with the cold severe expression, more cold and se- world, and by degrees she drifted further vere than usual, came over her face. She and further away from all knowledge of seemed to be having a struggle with her- outside life. In short, Miss Hopkins had self her own feelings against her religious renounced the world and shut herself with- convictions. Presently her eye fell upon in her own wicket gate. She had not the open Bible, and her better nature tri- kept pace with the times and felt in her umphed. She looked up and beckoned heart that the world was fast, very fast go- to the footman, ing to the devil. "James ! " she said, "I am going into Miss Hopkins was sitting alone in her the city to-morrow." drawing-room in a very straight-backed This was a rude shock for poor old THE GOLDEN ERA. 55 James, he tottered to his mistress s side was a matter of doubt. But Miss Hopkins all trembling with anticipation, knowing was very proud of her "old silk," and no that something had occurred. doubt, thought it suited her and it did " G-o-o-d G-r-a-c-i-o-u-s, madam ! Into too, for they were both a little back of the the city ?" times. " Yes, James. Send Margaret to me at The excitement at Upcott House was at once." fever heat until the hour for departure ar- The old footman shuffled off eagerly rived ; and such a running up and down with the news. His mistress was going to stairs had not been gone through for many the city ! What can have happened ? a long day. At last a hack rumbled up to Presently s Margaret came running in all of the front door and Miss Hopkins was a flutter with excitement, and old James handed in with a world of wraps after hur- followed to the door, where he paused, riedly delivering farewell instructions breathless, to overhear more. enough to last for half a century. "Margaret," said the mistress solemnly The railway was a stranger to Miss and impressively, " I am going into the Hopkins, but with the assistance of the city to-morrow." hack-driver she was safely lodged in her gracious, madam ! Into the seat, and, beyond a little nervousness, ex perienced nothing of consequence until she lived together arrived at her destination. Good city ?" These three persons had so long that they all spoke and acted one individual. like When the train stopped and she found herself at the depot, she was a little be- "Yes, Margaret, it is true ; circumstan- wildered on account of her shortsighted- ces make it necessary for me to once more walk through the streets of sinfulness even as Lot walked in Sodom and orrah." "But you will not go alone, surely ; something might happen ; the world is a very wicked place, one is not, now-a-days, safe in broad daylight in the city." ness, and at a loss to find her cousin s vehicle. Outside the depot there were Gom- quite a number of vehicles, and after most of the crowd had gone away Miss Hop- madam, kins was on the point of asking some one (who, for all she knew, might be a mur derer or a robber,) to find the vehicle for her. At this juncture a cabman, who had been sent to drive a wet nurse to a certain " I shall go alone, Margaret, there is no address, accosted her thus : necessity for evil to befall one who is so Here you are, mum, this ere s your well acquainted with the world as I am. kerredge." I know the world, Margaret, and know "Dear me!" exclaimed the bewildered how to take care of myself. I shall wear my lady, "are you William?" silk dress, my best one, so you had best " Yessum, that ere s my name, how- begin at once. See that it is quite clean, somever they most calls me Bill cept in I shall wear my brown wig." perlite serciety, then its William. Sit Margaret was not quite satisfied until right there mum. I suppose," he con- she had learned all the details of the visit, tinued, with a sly wink, " I must drive and when at length, she had wheedled kinder steady so s not to churn yer up ? " out of her mistress, the whole story, as she Dear me, William ! you are very well knew how to do, set about her work familiar," she replied, not quite knowing of preparation. Margaret was one of whether or no to be angry, as it might, those strong-minded old servants, who, perhaps, be the new fashion, and she did after once getting a footing in a place, not want to make an exhibition of her keeps it by force of will, and in time be- ignorance. comes the tyrant of her mistress. "Look ere mum," said the driver grin- The best silk dress an old family in- ning over his shoulder as he gathered up stitution was unpacked from some remote his reins, "I don t know how yer got a corner where it had lain for the last ten hold of my name, but howsomever ye years. It was known to have belonged to might as well call me Bill as its kinder her grandmother, but how many gener- more social like. Ye ain t been in these ations before that it had been in existence, parts afore ? " 506 THE GOLDEN ERA. This familiarity was just a little more than the good lady could stand, so she replied rather sharply in the negative, and assumed a manner that was calculated to freeze the vivacious William. But it was not the slightest use in the world, for that individual merely remarked, half aloud : " Tears to me as she s a pretty tough old fowl. Blowed if I think it aint a case of buyin a pig in a poke. " The good old lady s cup of wrath now fairly boiled over, but she could never de scend to bandy words with such a low creature, so she called up all her ancient dignity to command his respect. Miss Hopkins had never seen her cousin and accordingly, began to wonder what kind of a man he could be to employ such an ill- bred creature. But she determined to take full and complete vengeance when she reached her destination. They had not driven very far up the street when the driver pulled up at a beer saloon, and after asking the lady to excuse him whilst he " made a call," went in for a drink. It was, perhaps, fortunate for William that Miss Hopkin s bad sight pre vented her from knowing she was in front of a saloon, actually a beer saloon, or the consequences might have been unpleasant. Next to the saloon was a vacant lot, in which stood a horse, who, seeing friends drawn up in front, came to look over the fence at them. Miss Hopkins, looking up and catching sight of the nodding head, thought it was somebody bowing to her. "How do you do?" she said in swave tones. The horse nodded his head again, and the lady thinking her bow had not been observed, bowed again, in her most lady like manner ; but being in doubt as to the sex of the supposed acquaintance, thought it best to let the person speak first. The horse nodded again twice and the lady bowed again. "How do you do? How do you do?" She said louder, and beginning to feel em barrassed. The horse nodded again and this time gave vent to a faint whinny. Miss Hopkins bowed again and "begged pardon." Then the thought suddenly crossed her mind that it might be her cou sin who was too proud to come to her and expected her to go to him. "4 re you Lambert, my cousin?" she asked, with a smile and voice of forgive ness. The horse uttered another faint whinny, and nodded its head, which the lady mistook for an answer in the affirma tive, and she was just on the point of get ting out of the hack when she was restrain ed by a loud laugh from William, who had been watching her for several moments, from the door. " Ha ! ha ! ha !" laughed that individual, " Blowed if she ain t bowin to a orse ! ; She s a queer old party anyhow. Pears to me she s been drinkin ." William, still chuckling to himself, mounted the box, whilst Miss Hopkins sank back in her seat, mortified at having made such a ridiculous mistake, which she admitted in her heart furnished some grounds for the driver s insulting insinuation. She felt the wide gap between herself and the world, and was making a secret resolve never to travel alone any more, when the hack pulled up, and she was shown to the door by the driver, who rang the bell for her. A girl opened the door, and without a word she was ushered into a dark sitting- room and left to herself, the girl hurrying off without giving her time to speak. Miss Hopkins began to think the present man ners a very deplorable state of things as she sat in momentary expectation of seeing her cousin walk in. When she had been sitting alone for about a quarter of an hour, a man came to the door, and after surveying the indignant lady for a few seconds, went away. Pres ently two children came and peeped at her round the door, then a lady in a dressing- gown, with a very young child in her arms, came in, and after making a formal bow, took a chair opposite Miss Hopkins. " You must excuse me," said the lady nervously, " but we did not hear who your husband was. Of course we would like to know that." " My husband ! " gasped the thunder struck spinster. " My dear madam, I I " she began in freezing tones. "Good gracious ! cried the lady," you don t mean to say you are not a married woman ? " "No! madam," almost shrieked the outraged maiden. "You know I am not married ; this is an infamous plot to insult me !" "A plot to insult you mdeed.madam !" THE GOLDEN ERA. 57 said the lady rising to leave the room. " I beg that you will leave this house at once, and not pollute it with your presence. I can t think what Mrs. Jones could have been about to send such a creature here. You are much too old under any circum stances." The lady left the room with dignity and Miss Hopkins quite thunderstruck, sat motionless until her senses became clear enough to allow her to think. She then resolved to sit where she was until her cousin should make his appearance, for she was now fully persuaded that the whole af fair was a diabolical plot to provoke her. In a little while the gentleman who had looked at her before from the door-way again made his appearance, and Miss Hop kins was on the point of asking the mean ing of the insults, when he gravely said: " My good woman, my wife has already told you, you will not suit. Will you have the goodness to leave the house ? " " I shall not move a single step sir, until I see my cousin. Are you Lambert ? " "Your cousin!" said he, thinking she was a little tipsy. "Your cousin is not here. Now do go before I am obliged to call a policeman." This was the last straw that broke the camel s back ; the good lady rose up in her wrath, with her eyes flashing and her chest heaving violently. " Do you know to whom you are speak ing?" she asked in an awful voice. " Are you not the wet nurse ? " " The the oh you brute ! I shall have you punished sir, I shall have you im prisoned if it costs me every cent I have. I will show you sir, that Miss Hopkins, of Upcott House, is not to be insulted in this way for nothing." " Oh, pray, pardon me, my dear lady," said the gentleman, scarcely able to repress a twitching of the lips. " I see now we have made an absurd mistake." "Absurd, sir! There is nothing absurd in insulting Miss Hopkins as you shall dis cover to your cost." It took a long time to persuade the good spinster that she had come to the wrong house, and after the same things had been said over and over again a great many times, a hack was finally called and she proceeded on her way to the Kirkton. It was now quite late and as she did not like the idea of travelling about by herself after dark, made up her mind to spend the night in the city. Upon her arrival at the Hotel she was much troubled to find that her cousin had left about an hour before her arrival, evidently thinking she was not coming. The good lady was a little upset with the day s events and very much disap pointed that she would not see her cousin, so ordering a bedroom and private parlor, she determined to retire early. Now, it so happened that a runaway match had been arranged between a young and loving couple, who had made the Kirkton their rendezvous, intending to be married there. The landlord had been bespoken, and had agreed to give the young lady No. 6, when she should drive to the door in a hack. It so happened that he was at dinner when Miss Hopkins arrived, and taking it for granted that she was the expected runaway, gave orders accordingly, but kept out of sight himself, as he was a prudent man and wished to wash his .hands of the affair. The good spinster supped in her private parlor, and then retired for the night. She had not been in bed very long, when the young man came in search of his lady love. After a few whispered words with the landlord and sundry sly winks from that gentleman, the young Lothario hurried upstairs to No. 6. Softly opening the door he was surprised to find the par lor in darkness. He lit a lamp on the table, and after looking around walked softly to the bedroom door. He was just about to rap at the door when he was ter ror-stricken to hear the well-known angry tones of his lady love s father loudly de manding to be shown to No. 6. It was no time for ceremony, so he opened the door hastily and went in. Miss Hopkins, terrified at what she supposed a burglar, began to scream loudly, and the young man naturally thought his fiancee was ter rified at the approach of her father. He had no time to attempt to console her, however, for the next moment the angry parent burst into the room. "Hands up !" he roared. The young man threw up his hands, and allowed himself to be searched for weapons, whilst the landlord stood by with a light. Miss Hopkins hid her face under the bed clothes in mortal terror. 508 THE GOLDEN ERA. "Sit there !" said the enraged father, in "Yes," said the minister, opening a a voice of thunder. " By Gum, sir, you black bag and laying some documents and shall marry her at once. Landlord, will things on the table. you send a man to fetch the nearest " Guess this will fix em up for sure, minister and let him know what he s Where s the parties ? " wanted for, too ?" "That s him \ She s inhere dressing The excited pater then withdrew to the herself," said the father, striding over to sitting-room and closed the door to make the bedroom door, sure of his couple. " Now, then !" he roared, " ain t you The good lady lay with her head cover- dressed yet ?" ed all the time thinking that at least she " Oh, sir!" came faintly from beneath was going to be robbed and perhaps mur- the bed-clothes. dered; but when she heard that she was "None of this blasted nonsense! I m to be married she nearly fainted away, not going to be humbugged any longer, After a few moments silence the young you shall be married in your night-gown, man groped his way to the bedside, anx- by Heavens you shall ! Minister, fetch a ious to console her. light along and we ll make a job of it right " Darling, " he whispered, " Don t be off." frightened, they are going to marry us. It s The minister came in with the light fol- all right." lowed by the young man. Miss Hopkins " Going to to marry ! oh, do leave still kept her head covered and was now me pray leave me, sir oh, what shall I almost hysterical, do ! " " Now, then, turn out, or sit up if you It sounded like " don t leave me," from like it better !" cried the father, giving the under the bed-clothes, and the amorous clothes an angry twitch. But she clung to youth, in his anxiety to assure her he had them with a vice-like grip and the only re- no such intention, snatched the clothes ply was a sob of terror, from her head and imprinted a kiss which " You wish to marry this young man ?" landed somewhere near the nape of her said the minister bending over her. neck, bringing forth a dreadful scream. " Never !" shrieked the lady. "What s all this blamed row about?" "You hear that?" said the minister, roared the father, putting his head in at "You cannot make her marry against her the door. "Come in here, sir, and let will, you know." her alone till after you re spliced. Dress " Dash my buttons ! I ll soon change yourself, you vixen, do you hear? " her mind for her." He took a hasty step " Oh, sir ! " came faintly from the bed. to the bedside and snatched the clothes "Silence ! " roared the father, "and do violently away. what I tell you, or I ll have you married in " Oh, sirs, sirs !" wailed the good maid- your nightgown, by by gum, I will." en sitting up in bed and wringing her The father and his would-be son-in-law hands in terror. " For the love of God then withdrew to the sitting-room. The have pity on me !" father took a seat with the back of his chair " Blank, blank, blank !" roared the m- against the door, and putting his feet on furiated father, "that old hag ain t my the table, prepared to make himself comfor- Norah. You blank, blank, blank fool," he table. cried to the astonished young man, "this " You need not be in such a darned scot is one of your blasted larks. Where is about it," said the young man at length, my daughter, you hound?" "I was going to marry her all right." "Oh, oh, oh, my goodness ! He called But the surly father was not to be drawn nie an old hag, " shrieked the maiden, into conversation, anyhow, and remained sinking back on her pillow almost in a in grim silence until he heard the landlord faint, at the door. The intended bridegroom having stood " Sorry to have to bring you here at this as much as a man could be expected to time of the night," be said to the minister, stand from a father-in-law, upon seeing "but business is business. Got all your the turn events had taken, made it a pre- fixings? " text to violently assault that gentleman. THE GOLDEN ERA. 509 The two men rolled over on the floor ; the landlord and minister fled, shutting the door after them, and Miss Hopkins, after screeching fearfully, went off in a dead faint. There is very little more to tell. Miss Hopkins got very little sleep that night, even after the trouble was all over, for her nerves had received a rather severe shock. Her wrath with the landlord was unbound ed, and to him alone she attributed the whole affair. Indeed, she never quite managed to understand the thing properly, and actually went away with the idea that a real attempt had been made to marry her. She had at one time made up her mind to bring the matter into court ; but on second thought concluded it was bet ter to retire within her gate and keep there for the rest of her days. The world was far too wicked a place for her, and the less she had to do with it the better would she be for it. The next morning Miss Hopkins ar rived home and found her two old ser vants at their wits end to account for her absence. The good old lady walked in to her sitting-room, with an air of such import that the unpleasant surmises of those two old bodies underwent a confir mation, and they began to prepare them selves for the worst. Miss Hopkins seated herself in an old carved oak chair, in which she had been Accustomed to be seated when settling matters of family im portance. "James, Margaret !" she began in sepul chral tones, "I have been grossly violent ly outraged!" Margaret screamed and James trembled with agitation. " Yes, they they tried to make me m-marry by force," she exclaimed, burst ing into tears. James seized his mistress hand, and began to maudle and kiss it, whilst Mar garet threw herself down on the floor, and hugged her mistress knees. The three remained speechless for some time before Margaret could command voice enough to say : "Did did they do ?" "No, Margaret, I am still Miss Hop kins." "Thank God for that!" exclaimed the two servants in chorus. " Amen !" exclaimed the good spinster, with something of irony in her voice. WALTER E. ADAMS. SKETCH OF CALIFORNIA SHIPPING. A little more than three hundred years ago Sir Francis Drake brought the first Anglo-Saxon ship to the coast of Califor nia. After sailing through the straits of Magellan and capturing many Spanish ships, he determined to return to Europe by sailing west, in order to avoid the Span ish ambush he anticipated would be in wait for him if he returned the way he came. Contrary winds, however, pre vented his design, and drove him north ward until he found himself in very cold latitudes. He gave up the project and returned to the coast of California, strik ing it a little to the northward of the Bay of San Francisco. Some say he discov ered the Bay of San Francisco, but it is by no means certain that he did. This may be considered the pioneer of California shipping. Could Sir Francis sail into the Bay to-day he might well gaze around him with astonishment even more marked than did Rip Van Winkle after his long sleep in the mountains. But Sir Francis would not be alone in his aston ishment by any means, for many a master of the floating palaces of the present day, would gaze with wonder at the frail vessel scarcely larger than a schooner, which had so successfully battled with the elements through so long a voyage. The primitive rig and antique hull would attract thou sands to the city front, who would gaze with admiration upon the stout-hearted pioneer, who with so many disadvantages could do so much. The ship of the sixteenth century was a peculiar contrivance, and not very man ageable. She could not work to windward at all, except in a light breeze, and even THE GOLDEN ERA. then it was a doubtful undertaking. The ships of the present day can all work to windward as long as there is any breeze at all ; they have better compasses and unfailing means of finding their position at sea within a radius of three miles. We cannot then do otherwise than admire the unceasing vigilance and consummate skill of the bold spirits of the sixteenth cent ury, who, under the greatest disadvantages, could navigate safely, when even steam vessels of the present day, possessed of every means short of infallibility, are fre quently wrecked. Although the.e were many vessels on the Coast previous to the year 1800, no trade was carried on up to that date ; most of the vessels were for other purpos es than trading. A little exchange had been carried on along the coast of Califor nia, but no regular trade. "It is sad not to see a single owner on the Pacific Coast," wrote Costanso in 1794. "There is no trade in the South Sea islands, and conse quently no revenue." The old Spanish laws strictly forbade all trade, not only with foreign vessels and foreign goods, but with Spanish and Spanish- American goods, except the regular arti cles brought by transports. At first the transports were forbidden to bring other goods than those included in the regular invoices to the habilitados. After the year 1785, however, the trade was free on trans ports except that from 1790 to 1794 one- half of the regular duties had to be paid, and at no time could foreign goods be admitted. Whale ships began to make their appear ance in the fall of 1882, and have in creased in numbers year by year since that period. However, some impolitic port regulations had the effect of sending off a a great number of them to the Hawaiian islands, a place much less convenient for getting supplies than San Francisco, though in other respects more desirable ; for when the gold fever broke out the sailors would desert, and it was at that time impossible to replace them. It was, therefore, in many cases, irrespective of port regula tions, found expedient to refit and victual at Honolulu. Previous to the year 1822 a small traffic was carried on between Mexico and Cali fornia, the latter exporting principally tallow and a little soap. A few small ves sels from the Hawaiian islands occasional ly visited San Francisco, and in the last named year trade began between Califor nia, the United States and Europe. The first harbor master of San Francisco was Captain W. A. Richardson, who was appointed in 1835. He it was who erected the first dwelling of any kind in San Francisco, which consisted of a can vas hut, supported on a wooden frame. The captain s occupation at the time was the management of two small schooners, one belonging to the Mission of San Fran cisco and the other to the Mission of Santa Clara. These schooners were employed in bringing the produce of the farms around the bay to the sea-going vessels at Yerba Buena Cove. The amount of freight then received was ten cents per hide, and one dollar for each bag of tallow. The tallow was melted down and run into hide-bags, which averaged twenty-five cents a fanega (about two and a half English bushels.) The first vessel built in California was launched about this time. This was a small schooner of about thirty-three tons, built for Carlos Carrillo and William G. Dana, for coasting trade and otter fishing. Some years before this Yerba Buena Cove had been habitually visited by Rus sian ships for small quantities of supplies^ One of these vessels took away annually about one hundred and eighty or two hundred tons of provisions. In the year 1816 the English sloop of war " Racoon " entered the port, and in 1827 the "Blossom," of the same nation, on a sur veying cruise. In the last named year the "Artemesia," French frigate of sixty guns, arrived. In 1839 there appeared the English surveying ships "Sulphur" and "Starling." In 1841 the first American ship of war the " San Luis" (sloop) ar rived, and in the same year the " Vincen- nes,"also American, on a surveying cruise. After this, ships of war of all nations have frequently entered the Bay. On November 15, 1847, the first steam vessel of any description was brought from Sitka, by Mr. Leidesdorff, and made a trip round Wood Island. Being the first vessel of the kind in California it was called the "Steamboat." Two days later she sailed for Santa Clara, and in the Feb- THE GOLDEN ERA. ruary following was sunk in a heavy "norther." On Sept. 9th, the first square-rigged ves sel discharged cargo at Broadway wharf. This was the brig " Belfast," from New York. The price of goods fell in conse quence 25 per cent, and real estate rose from 50 to 100 per cent. On February 28th, 1849, the steamship " California " arrived, being the first of a line of mail service on the coast, which is now known as the Pacific Mail Steamship Co. For twenty years the " California " ran on the Coast carrying passengers and fast freight. She was afterwards laid up and then sold. The new owner converted her into a bark, and she has since been to many ports under that rig. A short time ago she was again in the Bay, and is, at the time of writing, on the way to Mel bourne, Australia. She is said to be an extremely lucky vessel, and a remarkably fast sailer. When last in the Bay some planks were taken from the bow and she was found to be in a complete state of preservation, though nearly forty years old. In October, 1849, the second of the P. M. S. Company s steamers arrived. This was the " Oregon "; she brought 350 pas sengers. The steamboat then became a regular institution, and a line was estab lished between New York and San Fran cisco via Panama. The arrival and de parture of the steamer, at first once a month, and afterwards once a week, was an event of unusual attraction. Business was almost entirely suspended for the day, and the people crowded to the wharf. The Agent, by virtue of his position, was one of the leading men of the city. The immense business of the Company soon attracted competition, and a rival line was established crossing from ocean to ocean through Nicaragua. This new line ob tained large patronage, until the route was closed by the occupation of the country by Walker s filibustering party. The overland mail route which ran be tween San Francisco and St. Louis in 1859, and the Middle route between Sacramento and Missouri in 1861, took but few pas sengers, probably on account of the three weeks jolting, night and day over bad roads ; and for twelve years, until the completion of the transcontinental railroad, the P. M. S. Company had no serious competition. They were, therefore, able to build the largest and most comfortable vessels afloat. The importance of this company was greatly increased by the subsidizing of a mail route to China, which opened from San Francisco to Hong Kong on ist of January, 1867, and began to make monthly trips in 1868. The business was regular and safe, and the revenue immense, but the management fell into the the hands of stock-jobbers, and the stockholders were sacrificed. Besides this misfortune, the company was obliged to pay extortionate rates to the Panama Railroad Company for the use of its fifty miles of transportation. Rival lines were then established across the Pacific to China, and the railroad began to take the passengers between New York and San Francisco. Some time ago the company sold their line of steamers run- ming to Oregon and northern ports. For the last thirty-three years the Pacific Mail Steamship Company has been, and still is, one of the largest transfer companies of the world; and though the majority of its stock-holders are still in New York, the center of business has been, from the first, in this city. For many years the company had no steamers on the Atlantic, whilst it has always had at least two lines on the Pacific. Until a very recent date it has had three lines on the Pacific, but that to Australia has recently been withdrawn. The two remaining lines run to China and New York via Panama. Among the steamers possessed by the P. M. S. Com pany, are the "City of Pekin," 5000 tons, the " Colima, " 2,900 tons, the "City of Syd ney "and "City of New York," each 3,200 tons, and a number of smaller, though by no means inferior vessels. The company suffered a severe loss in the recent wreck of the magnificent " City of Tokio," which with the "City of Pekin," was one of the largest steamships afloat. The first jail in San Francisco was the hull of the brig "Euphemia," which was dismantled and hauled on the mud flats near the shore where she soon became em bedded, and afterwards rotted away. About the same time a vessel called the "Apollo," was moored near the shore, and as the city improved lots were piled in on the mud flats, far beyond 5 12 THE GOLDEN ERA. where the "Apollo" lay and she gradually became surrounded by houses and streets. The dilapidated hull was made into a many cases the wages of the seamen ex ceeded that of the captain himself. As early as 1848 the want of wharves drinking saloon, and strangers were sur- was seriously felt, and it was not until 1 849 prised to find the hull of a large ship in that any steps were taken in the matter. the midst of the city. In October 1849, steam navigation began to be adopted on the Bay and upper waters, just two years after the first steamer, previously mentioned, had made her appearance. Speculators then sent out some good steamers from the Atlantic States. The "Pioneer," a little iron steamer, was the first sent out. She arrived in pieces, and was put together in San Francisco. On the 9th of October tonnage at any tide. At that time a proper wharf association was formed, capital raised, and operations be gun. By December of the same year 800 feet of w T harf was completed ; but the great fire in 1850 destroyed most of it. In August following, measures were adopted for continuing the work, and the wharf was extended to two thousand feet, at a cost of $18,000. The wharf was then capable of berthing ships of the largest the small steamer, " Mint, " made her trial run on the Bay, which proved highly satis- In the great fire of 1851 some of the old store ships, which had been built factory. She soon began to ply between San round as the city increased, were burned. Francisco and the upper waters. On the same day the screw propellor, "McKim," One of these, the "Niantic," had long lain at the corner of Clay and Sansome left for Sacramento. Previously to the in- streets, where the hotel of that name now troduction of steamers on the rivers, all stands. In digging the foundation for traffic was carried on by means of schoon- the present hotel, it is said that a case of ers or sloops, which would sometimes take fine old champagne was found among the ten days on the trip to Sacramento. The steamers began to run every alternate day, sailing from Sacramento on the interven- decayed timbers. The "Apollo" and " General Harrison " were also burned at this time. By breaking up the wharves, ing day. The fares at that time were, and so cutting off the connection, an im- cabin, $30, or $20 on deck. If berths were mense amount of valuable shipping was saved, which at one time was in imminent peril. The earliest shipping records of Cali fornia are for the year ending June 30, 1851, for which the value of imports from foreign ports amounted to $13,530. The earliest record of exports is, for the year used $5 extra was charged ; meals on board were $2 each. The well-known steamer, "Senator," was soon afterwards placed on the line, and the little " Mint " taken off and placed on another line. This was the commencement of a very great and increasing trade. Towards the end of 1849 there w r ere be- ending June, 1854, valued at $3,466,222, tween three and four hundred square rig- and of imports for that year $8,456,633. ged vessels of all kinds in the Bay. The Total value in that section $i 1,922,855. crews of these vessels had deserted during In October, 1851, there were four hun- the gold rush, so that they were unable to dred and fifty-one vessels of all classes in go to sea. Many of them never got away the Bay, nine of which were ocean at all, but rotted and tumbled to pieces at steamers. Of the remainder, one hun- their moorings. As stores and dwelling dred and forty-eight w r ere store-ships be- places were scarce at that time, and labor longing to all nations, though mostly to yet more scarce, many of these vessels were America. Most of these store-ships were hauled on the mud flats where came imbedded, and used as houses, saloons, stores, etc., to accomodate they be- among those that came in 1848-9, lodging previously mentioned as rotting in the Bay ; others were unseaworthy ships that the crow r ded population. These ships had been pressed into the service to carry were also enclosed with houses of brick immigrants during the gold fever, and frame when the city grew over the In June, 1852, from the Harbor Mas- flats. When the gold fever began to die ter s report that of Captain King it out, the sailors returned and many of the appears that seventy-four vessels, entitled to ships were able to go to sea ; though in be called "clipper ships" and averaging THE GOLDEN ERA. 5*3 over 1,000 tons burthen, had arrived track of eddying foam far in the rear, in San Francisco Bay during the past Some of these vessels have made four three years. These records commence hundred miles in twenty-four hours, with the well-known brig, " Colonel Fremont" in May, 1849, and in- In th L e early days, wrecks do not seem eludes the "Aramingo," which arrived to have been so frequent as may be rea- in 1852. The average passage of these sonabl y expected, when it is remembered vessels was 125 days on the trip outward, that many vessels quite unseaworthy under- though some made the voyage in a little took ^ voyage from the East to Califor- morethan half that time. The "Flying nla " On March 6th l88 3> the P addle Cloud," which arrived in August, 1851, s ^ eamer > " Tennessee," of the Pacific Mail made the trip in eighty-nine days from Company, went ashore at Tagus Beach, New York. The "Sword Fish" made Bolmas Ba ^ The vessel ran on thls the trip in ninety days; the "Surprise," bea ? between the cliffs ma dense fog. "Sea Witch" and the "Flying Fish," Had she struck on the cliffs, every soul made the run in ninety-six, ninety-seven must have been lost ; but as it happened, and ninety-eight days respectively. But all were saved. Within a few weeks of this these records have been surpassed by ships dl u saste ^ * wo me big wrecks occurred. sailing from San Francisco to Eastern The " Independence of Vanderbilt s In- ports, on account of the prevailing wester- dependent line, struck a hidden rock a ly winds at Cape Horn. Thus, the mi . le from ^^ at Daybreak. The sea "Northern Light " ran to Boston in seven- bem <~ alm at the tlme > the *f was ty-six days, in the year 1853. There are backed ? but , soon . be f n to leak badlv a great manv fine ocean steamers afloat Tt was then d etermmed to steam for a now that could not make the voyage in beach about five miles awa ^ and beach so short a time ; and when it is considered her The Passengers and crew had hith- that the wind could not have been always erto been calm and collected, but it was steady, or always favorable, or even always soon ^covered that the vessel was on fire, blowing, we get some idea of the immense and a P ani ? set m Th f P e P le Became speed these ships were capable of making. frantlc and man y lea P ed overboard to es- The clipper ships were virtually a creation ca P e the fl am f> but ^ tc \ P erlsh m the of San Francisco, for the necessity of car- water " Allord er was lost and the scene was rying goods as quickly as possible to the horrible m the extreme Strong men thrust distant market, one, too, which was so the women and children aside to save likely to be over-stocked, forced builders themselves. Of the four hundred and four- to design a new class of vessel of superior ^ een ^ on board, two hundred perished, model, in point of speed. Hence, the Deluding seventeen children and fifteen modern clipper with her great length, men - T hree d ays after this disaster sharp entrance and clearance and flat bot- the steamship Lewis, of the Nicaragua torn. These magnificent vessels now lme ! ran ashorc m a fo Slx miles q rth J make the longest voyages known to com- Bolmas Ba y- The t hree hundred and merce, running both coasts of the Ameri- ei hteen souls on board were all saved. A cas in four months, whilst the ordinary high sea was running, and the vessel soon ships of the old model would take from went to P ieces : Xt seemed that there was seven to eight months on the same trip, a kind of fatality attending San Franciscan The contrast is very striking between the steamers at that period, for eleven vessels short, chunky ships that brought the first u f thls Ascription were totally lost within Europeans to California, and the beautiful the P revious two years, birdlike clipper of the present day, some The number of vessels which entered of which register as mnch as three thou- the Bay in 1881, including small craft en- sand tons. A clipper ship with all sail gaged in foreign and domestic trade, was set in a fresh breeze is one of the most 3,500 or 1,700,000 tons ; an average of bdautiful sights a man can hope to see. 485 tons to each vessel. Of these 174 She careens over with the pressure of the were steamers. Fifty vessels came from sail, and gently swaying to and fro, dashes China, averaging 2,500 tons each, sixty along like a race horse, leaving a long from American ports on the Atlantic aver- 5 T 4 THE GOLDEN ERA. aging i, 600 tons each, and 200 from Great Britain averaging 1,400 each. The re mainder averaged less than 1,400 tons each. The charges for pilotage, towage, dock age, wharfage and repairs at San Francisco and the Columbia River, are the subject of much complaint and annoyance to the ship master, and are also serious obstacles to the development of the shipping interests of this State. The pilot fees, fixed by Legislature under the influence of politi cal favoritism, have been especially oppres sive, and were the more offensive because made obligatory. Vessels discharging at San Francisco must pay dockage in pro portion to their tonnage. A vessel of 225 tons must pay $5 a day ; one of 550 tons $8.50 ; one of 1050 tons $12.50, and one of 2100 tons must pay $23.50 per day. Whilst loading, receiving, or discharging ballast, or doing nothing after discharging, the vessel must pay half rates. Every load of merchandise, no matter how small, hauled to the ship, must pay a wharfage toll of ten cents; but the charge is five cents per ton if in loads of two or more tons. All vessels entering or leaving the harbor of San Francisco, unless on a fish ing or whaling voyage, or engaged in trade between American ports, must pay $5 per foot of draught; and if the vessel be more than 500 tons 4 cents per ton ad ditional when she takes a pilot, and if she refuses a pilot she must pay half pilotage charges according to the schedule of charges. The pilotage at the Columbia River is $8 per foot for crossing the bar and $4 additional per foot for taking a vessel to Portland. At Victoria the pilot age is $3 per foot. Vessels leaving Hum- boldt Bay are towed out and pay 75 cents for every 1000 feet of lumber and 25 cents for each ton of merchandise. The charges are the same for Coos Bay. From the foregoing it will be seen that much damage must necessarily have resulted in past years by these exorbitant charges. The principal part of the ocean traffic of California is carried on by lines of large ocean steamers belonging to great trans portation companies. The companies have lines plying between San Francisco and Asia, Australia, British Columbia, Pu- get Sound, Oregon, the Hawaiian Islands, Panama, Mexico, and the Southern Coast of California. The Central Pacific Rail road Co., the Oregon Improvement Co., and Dunsmuir, Diggle & Co. have vast deposits of coal in Washington Territory and Vancouver Island, and in supplying San Francisco employ steam colliers which compete for return freights. The steam boat is destined to render service in devel oping the wealth of the remarkable archi pelago extending north from latitude 48 deg. to 58 deg., with 3,000 miles of chan nel, deep and wide enough for safety, and protected from the roll of the ocean to such an extent that the water is as smooth as the Bay of San Francisco. After the Pacific Mail Steamship Com pany the next great line of ocean steamers is the Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company, which plies between San Fran cisco and China. This company runs four fine steamships the " Oceanic " and " Ar abic," 3,800 tons each, and the " Belgic " and "Gaelic " each 2,600 tons. These vessels run to Hong Kong, alternating with the vessels of the Pacific Mail Company. The^ third great line of ocean steamers is the Oceanic Steamship Company, ply ing between Honolulu and San Francisco. This company runs the magnificent steam ships "Mariposa" and "Alameda," each 3,000 tons. They are the fastest Ameri can built steamships afloat, and the Pacific Slope may well be proud of them. The " Mariposa " has made the run from San Francisco to Honolulu in five days, twenty and one-half hours, the usual time occu pied by other fast steamers being seven days or more. Both these vessels are capable of steaming at the rate of sixteen knots an hour for days together. The West Coast trade is chiefly carried on by several large shipping companies among which are the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company and Pacific Coast Steamship Company. The former com pany runs a line of fine steamers to Port land and Astoria, and the latter runs steam ers both north and south of San Fran cisco. The great magnitude of the Pacific coast grain trade will perhaps be more clear ly understood by comparing it with the cotton trade of the United States. The total weight of domestic exports of raw cotton during the two years, from July ist> 1882 to June 3oth, 1884, was 2,075,323 THE GOLDEN ERA, 515 tons. The total weight of exports of about two thirds of the vessels engaged in wheat and wheat flour from the Pacific the transportation of grain to Europe sail coast during the same time was 1,814.815 under foreign flags. tons. From this it appears that the ex- The greater part of the grain ships are iron ports of wheat and flour from the Pacific vessels sailing under the British flag. There Coast alone was only 12.5 per cent less have been many attempts made to under- than the tonnage of the total export of cot- stand the reason why English iron ships are ton from the United States for these ten preferred bythe insurance companies to good years. hardwood American ships. Records of ship- The merchant marine of California on ping show beyond dispute that the American the 3oth of June, 1884, consisted of 875 wooden ships not only sail faster, but as vessels with an aggregate tonnage of 233,- a general rule suffer less disaster than 480 tons. There were engaged in domes- the ships of any other nation. It is not tic commerce 683 vessels, the aggregate improbable that the reason is as follows : tonnage of which amounted to 116,074. English ships are consigned to agents, There were 39 vessels built in the State who do the whole of the ship s business ; the during the fiscal year ending June 3Oth, captain has nothing to do but to navigate 1884, the tonnage of which amounted to the ship. When the ship arrives, she is 6301 tons. The tonnage built consisted received by an English clerk, attended to entirely of wooden vessels. by an English company, and insured by an As the production of wheat increased on English firm. The result is, that many the Pacific coast it drew hither a numer- ships are chartered before they arrive at ous fleet of the larger class of sailing ships San Francisco, frequently several months which pursue a random occupation on the before. ocean, wherever profitable freights may be On the other hand, American ships are had at the ports of the various commercial wholly in the charge of the captain, who nations. Many of these ships in the ordinary acts as his own agent. He is instructed course of their wanderings, circumnavigate on sailing to do the best he can in the in- the globe about once a year. In the year terests of his employers. The English 1882 the grain fleet (as these vessels are companies, who have agents everywhere, called) amounted to 446 vessels with an ag- are naturally prejudiced in favor of their gregate of 628,380 tons. Of this entire own ships, and by these means secure the fleet only three were steamers, all the rest control of the trade. were sailing vessels. The general nature There are other thi ngs, too, which will and business of these ships may be inferred materially act in preventing the revival of from the following facts : A large number American shipping. Wheat can be grown of them sail from Europe to this Coast in India for one fourth the cost of Ameri- with cargoes of coal, pig iron, tin and gen- can wheat, and it is now being grown, eral merchandise ; many of them also take Wheat is being grown in Australia and cargoes of general merchandise from Eng- New Zealand, and it will be a matter of land and from ports in continental Europe surprise, if natural national prejudice will to Australia and thence bring coal to San not in time veto the importation into Francisco, and others take coal or general Great Britain of American wheat, when it merchandise from ports in Great Britian to can be supplied from its own colonies. Calcutta and Bombay or Hong Kong and Wheat can never be produced in America thence proceed to San Francisco with light as cheaply as it can in India. The corn- cargoes or in ballast. Many American petition of Indian and Australian wheat is ships return to Atlantic ports of the United now being felt, and one would not be far States and there carry railroad iron , coal wrong in asserting that last year s wheat and general merchandise to this Coast, crop of the Pacific coast has not yet been Under our navigation laws only American touched. There are thousands of tons of vessels can engage in trade between the wheat now unable to find a foreign mar- Atlantic and Pacific ports of the States, it ket, lying stored in California, being regarded as a branch of the coast There are a few other things in connec- trade of the country. Notwithstanding this tion with the decadence of American ship- advantage enjoyed by American ships, ping. At Astoria, where a great deal of THE GOLDEN ERA. wheat is exported, the bar of the Colum bia River is so shallow that only shallow draught ships are able to load a full cargo. From the annual report of Charles F. Powell, captain of engineers at present at work on the improvments at the mouth of the Columbia, it appears that there is only about 19 feet of water on the bar at high tide, where at least 26 is required. En glish iron ships draw less water than Amer ican ships, and are consequently better able to compete for the trade in that sec tion. An English iron ship, as a rule, draws about 20 or 21 feet, when an Amer ican vessel of the same size draws often as much as 26 feet. It is ruinous to Ameri can shipping not to hasten the deepening of this bar, which it seems might be done at no very great cost. Vessels that cannot take in their full cargo inside the bar are unable to do so outside, on account of the continual rough sea. Thus many Ameri can ships are obliged to leave the port with several hundred tons less than they can carry. It would not be just to close this sketch without mentioning some of the large ship ping firms of the Pacific slope. Goodall, Perkins & Co have a large busi ness at No. 10 Market Street. This firm has the Agency for the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company, and the Pacific Coast Steamship Navigation Company. They also employ a number of steam tugs on the Bay. George C. Perkins of the above firm, is one of the most notable ship owners of California. He was born in Maine, August 23, 1839, and is now 46 years of age. After spending six years at sea as a cabin boy, he arrived in Cali fornia at the age of 16, and after working in the mines and suffering from sickness, he obtained employment as porter in a store at Oroville, for which he received a salary of $60 per month. By hard work, combined with natural ability, he made himself so useful that he rose to the position of clerk. But he did not stop there, for his valuable qualities induced his employer to make him a partner in the business. In time he became the sole owner of the establishment. He pushed the business and gained the confidence of everybody ; money accumulated and busi ness prospered more and more. He was elected to the Legislature, and shortly af terwards moved to San Francisco where he became a member of the leading steam ship company of the city. In the year 1879 he was elected to the responsible position of Governor of the State. The Hon. George C. Perkins is one of those men who, by economy, industry, tact, integrity and business capacity, has raised himself from the humblest position to one of the highest positions in man s estate. He is universally esteemed and respected, and adds one more name to the long list of names of which all Americans are so just ly proud. Charles Goodall, the partner of George C. Perkins, is a native of England He had a common school education and at the age of fourteen went to sea. After arriving in California he went to the mines. He next established a shipping firm in San Francisco, which has since grown to be one of the first of the State. He was elected Harbor Master in 1861-3 and was a member of the State Assembly in 1870. He after wards became a member of the Senate for Butte county and the acquaintance of Mr. Perkins led to that gentleman s admission into the firm as a member. G. W. McNear is extensively en gaged in the shipment of wheat from Cali fornia, and is one of the best known busi- ness men in the city. During the five years ending June 30, 1882, he shipped more wheat than anyone else on the Coast. During that period he sent away 335 car goes. The great wheat-shipping depot at Port Costa owes its existence to his bold plans and judicious investment. He has built a wharf there 2,000 feet long with a depth of water from twenty-five to thirty feet and warehouses capable of hold ing 50,000 tons of grain. Eight ships can load at once. The extra expense of tow age for twenty-five miles is compensated for by free wharfage. As much as 2,000 tons of wheat has been loaded into a ship in one day of twelve hours. Mr. G. W. McNear was born in Maine, in 1837, and at the age of fifteen went to sea. At the age of nineteen he took command of a steamer plying between New Orleans and Pascagoula and remained in that position for four years. In 1860 he came to this THE GOLDEN ERA. Coast and went into partnership with his brother, John A. McNear. Although Mr. McNear owns the wharves at Port Costa he offers the free use of them to all shippers at reasonable rates so that they may all share in its ad vantages. John Rosenfeld holds a prominent po sition among the shipping men of this Coast. He came to the State in 1850 and started raising sheep. He afterwards set tled in San Francisco, and in 1856 took the agency for the Vancouver Coal and Land Company of Nanaimo, B. C. In 1875 he invested largely in the Pacific Coast Steamship Company and is now Vice-President of it. In 1880 he suc ceeded to the shipping and commission business of Leo. Howes & Co. Mr. Ro- senfelt now owns a line of vessels plying between San Francisco and New York. These are only a very few of the many deserving men which want of space pre vents us from mentioning. The San Franciscan shipping men bear a name for uprightness and are respected all over the world. BON GAULTIER. SONG OF THE SHEA-OAK.* What can it be, What can it be, That is sad in the spot where care is not, And whispers so drear To many an ear, the tale of an unknown woe? The Shea-Oak tree, The Shea-Oak tree, With its whispering leaf and voice of grief, Seems ever to weep In agony deep, and brood o er a wild despair. When the gale blows, When the gale blows, And the shadows of night, phantoms invite, A deep stricken wail Is borne with the gale and heard mid the howling blast. The twilight grey, The twilight grey, And the soft sighing breeze, and rustling trees, Bring never relief To the restless sleep, that troubles the weird Shea-Oak. The sad Shea-Oak, The sad Shea-Oak, To the forest s green glade brings tristful shade, And its mournful tone And sorrow unknown, wakes many a gruesome thought. WALTER E. ADAMS. *The Shea-Oak is a tree of sombre hue, found in the Australian " bush." It is often found in groves round a swamp where it helps to add to the dismalness of the surroundings. The breeze passing through its long, dark-colored, hair-like leaves produces a mournful, wailing sound. THE GOLDEN ERA. THE NATIONAL GUARD OF CALIFORNIA. I. Few of the fables of quaint old . are more familiar than that of the " Boar who was whetting his tusks against a tree," although "there was neither hunter nor hound in sight, nor any other danger at hand." And the maxim which it teaches " In time of peace, prepare for war " is so evidently based on soundest wisdom, that probably no one has ever, when brought face to face with it, had the audacity to dispute it. Every one has laughed at the absurdity of the philosopher discovered under the leaky roof of his Arkansas hut, which couldn t be mended when it was raining, and didn t need mending when it was dry weather. But people are quick to see wisdom or folly in others, who yet fail to exercise the same keen judgment in affairs that concern themselves as individuals or as a nation. There is no political institution of merit that has met with more opposi tion, ranging from the covert sneer to ac tive hostility, than has that of the Militia in our own country. Yet those who thus decry members of the militia as "playing at war," or as a source of useless expense to the State, reason precisely as did the Arkansas philosopher in dry weather. Such opponents, it is almost needless to say, have never been found among our statesmen. Instead, we find Washington, at the close of the Revolution, recommend ing : " The adoption of a proper peace establishment in which care should be taken to place the militia throughout the Union on a regular, uniform and efficient footing. The militia of this country must be considered as the palladium of our security, and our first effectual resort in case of hostility." And again and again, in the legacy of counsel which he has left to the Ameri can people, has he repeated these senti ments. That remarkable body of statesmen who formulated for us our National Constitu tion, have also incorporated in it a lasting testimony to the value and the necessity of a citizen soldiery. To this may be added the authority of our earlier Presidents, each of whom, from Washington to Jack son, at various times, publicly upheld the establishment of militia as a safe-guard of public security. Perhaps the consideration that weighed the most with these men was their distrust and fear of standing armies, as being a menace to the free government which they had done so much to form. Said Jefferson: "None but an armed nation can dispense with a standing army." This is, indeed, its best characteristic, that in the words of Thos. Cazneau, " The National Guard are of the com munity whose interests they aim to up hold." Yet it is perhaps on this very ac count that the enemies of the institution have oftenest attacked it. They have cited instances again and again where the militia, instead of firing on the men, women and children whom the authorities have attempted to disperse, have even joined them, arms and all. Thus Governor Johnson, in 1856, in his report concerning the "Vigilance troubles," says : "The military organized under the authority of the State, with a few noble exceptions, ingloriously deserted the post of honor and duty ; and either abandoned their arms to the State, or yet less honor- ably carried them into the ranks of the Vigilance Committee. * * * In vain the authority of the Sheriff was strenuously exercised to protect the jail ; his orders were disregarded and defiance hurled in his face by those summoned to the duty." But such condemnation has not been the verdict of the people. It is for this righteous disobedience by the militia of that day, composed as it was of the very best citizens of San Francisco, that we honor them for this refusal to uphold an iniquitous and fraudulent administration of injustice that we indorse them. It was pre cisely for this characteristic that they were organized. Our statesmen saw, that being of the people, the National Guard could not, as can a standing army, be made the tool of tyranny or fraud. And so, I think, it will be generally found that cases of disobedience of militia in times of disturbance result from a con- THE GOLDEN ERA. 519 sciousness that the position of the govern- be made to what will be treated in more ment is wrong, and not from cowardice or detail further on ; to the early Indian inefficiency. On the contrary the militia troubles, beginning with the Gila campaign; has, when properly organized, as a rule, to the squatter riots of 1850; the rescue tendered brave and effective service to a of Berdue from a mistaken mob ; the righteous government. protection of emigrant trains on the north They quelled the " whisky rebellion " in frontier; the Klamath war; the bloody Pennsylvania an outbreak that seriously Indian campaign of 1859; the aid to Ne- threatened our weakened government ; vada after the Carson river massacre; the they fought Indians at heavy odds, and important part of the Calitornia regiments they furnished the cause of freedom a furnished by the militia during the rebel- basis for the armies which reunited the lion ; the squatter troubles in Sonoma nation. And it may be remarked that in county in 1862 ; the Amador mine diffi- proportion as the States enjoyed an effect- culties, in which the property saved by ive militia system, they furnished quickly the National Guard could have paid for and easily the troops called for by Lincoln the expenses of the regiment to the State at the outbreak of the civil war. many times over; the guard duty during Major General N. P. Banks said : the San Quentin fire, and at the Stockton "Massachusetts could never have done what J ail > the preventive services of the city she did without long preparation preparation in regiments during the labor troubles of time of peace; preparation at a moment when none 1876-7 ; the moral effect of their appear- supposed there was to-be war; when the great ance under arms during the excitement mass of the people were wild enough to believe .. . , . "_... ... that a war anywhere that could entangle us in its following the shooting of Kalloch ; a like meshes was impossible ; preparation made when service at Sacramento in 1882; and, final- everything connected with the military name and ly, ] a st year, the services of the Stockton organization and military spirit was looked upon compan i es in aid of writs upon the Mo- as the spirit of dissipation, to be discouraged and TV/I- i i discountenanced, and not regarded as part of the quelumnes grant settlers. More than these conduct or duty of an honorable or reputable actual services performed, is the influence man." for the prevention of disturbance which And as an example of what a single the knowledge of a disciplined body of militia regiment did in those times, may troops is perpetually, though silently ex- be instanced the New York Seventh, which erting upon the lawless. This, General furnished six hundred and six officers who Sherman referred to, when in his Palace served with distinction through the war. Hotel speech to members of the National Among the number were three major-gen- Guard, he said : erals, nineteen brigadier-generals, twenty- " Especially in these United States nine colonels, and forty-six lieutenant- col- shoukl *\ ave some volunteer soldiers. * i There should be volunteers in every city that has a large population floating and sometimes unem- Flfty-eight members gave their lives in ployed. Be ready for any duty that defence of the Union, of which the monu- may come. If you are prepared, the day won t ment in Central Park testifies. Come 5 hut if vou are not h mav come -" And to come to the examples which our That the value of these services has, to own National Guard of California has fur- some extent, been appreciated by the citi- nished in defence of the system by virtue zens is evidenced by a fact casually stated of which it exists, the list is too long to be by Adjutant-General Backus in his report given here in detail. For the isolation of for 1880, where he mentions that a citi- California, especially before the era of rail- zens committee in San Francisco, in view roads, its proximity to hostile Indian tribes, of threatened disturbance, collected and and often scarcely less hostile white na- expended some $40,000 in procuring uni- tions, the circumstances under which it forms and equipments for the thousand or was settled, and the cosmopolitan and ad- more who then joined the National Guard venturous nature of its immigration even of San Francisco. The influence of this to-day, all combined to give constant rise to donation was immediately and sensibly events, which imperatively call for the use felt throughout the State in increased of an armed force, for defence or in aid membership in the National Guard, of law and order. Reference only need The six brigades of young men now in 520 THE GOLDEN ERA. the State, it will thus be seen, are not or- land, with such gradual and for the most ganized for mere pastime or ornamental part unimportant changes, as the chang- appearance on parade. It is true that ing conditions of the nation itself called for, even in actual service their duties rarely until the present day. And when it is re- have the exciting character that attach membered that our own constitutions to regulars in war times ; that they are model our militia system in almost every often called upon for guard duty only ; detail, after the English pattern, the in- or to face unruly and insulting crowds fluence of these early institutions on our without firing. These are the most dis- own w r ill be easily recognized. To cite a tasteful of duties, but they are performed single instance, there has been in England as faithfully, unshrinkingly, and with as since the time of Edward III., a statute true a patriotism as if that performance that no militiaman shall be summoned from were attended with all the glory of active his county save in time of war or im mi- strife. In quiet times like these, as they nent danger of invasion, and in no instance meet from week to week in their armories, can he be sent outside the realm, they vary the monotonous routine of drills This provision, as is well known, is par- with an entertainment or ball. They fit alleled in our own militia system, in which their armories with the comforts of a club the State corresponds to a certain extent, and make them places of social enjoyment, to the English county. But should these "piping times of peace " give way to war, the California National Guardsman will be found ready to do his j n the American colonial days we had part, as brave as any other American, and substantially the English organization of ten times better prepared than he who be- the militia. In revolutionary times, this longs only to the "enrolled militia." body of soldiery, unlike that of a standing jj army, sided with the colonies, for then, as now, they w r ere "of the community whose In England, in the time of the Saxons, interests they aim to uphold." the ceorles or peasants held lands under And while they rendered important ser- condition of military service. They were vice, their occasional failures which have . banded in bodies of which the command been recorded are due only to defective was given to the ealdormen (aldermen) training, a matter which the National elected by the people in the folk-motes Guard, as organized to-day, is designed to < (folk-meetings). In time of war, these avoid. bodies were united under the leadership of The actual estimate which our fore- the lords, who, however, exerted no other fathers formed of the militia may, however, authority over them than the temporary one be best inferred from these provisions which of leading them in the fight in the main, they incorporated in the National Consti- these citizen soldiers were directly respon- tution. sible to themselves and to their king. The secO nd amendment asserts that " A Although this system has been attributed wdl regu l a ted militia, being necessary to to the wise and good King Alfred, yet the secu rity of a free state, the right of the traces of it have been found in earlier people to keep and bear arms shall not be times than his. infringed." The Norman conquest introduced the The f ramer s did not indeed incorporate feudal system of land tenure. The con- in the body of the constitution this and the queror divided his territory among his other declarations of rights which compose barons, requiring each in return, to furnish the first installment of constitutional amend- a certain number of troops in time of war. mentSj believing that such truths "go with- These barons distributed their territory on out sa y m g like terms to their knights who in turn, ^ fct ^ afterward to let their allotments out to the peasants on assurance do S b ly sure, and secure condition of a legriance. It will easily be , . . . } , , those rights by express provisions, seen now quickly and surely an army could thus be raised in an emergency. In the Constitution itself, Congress is This system has been continued in Eng- entrusted with the power : THE GOLDEN ERA. 521 To provide for calling forth the militia to exe cute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplin ing the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the appointment of the officers and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress. And the troops are herein provided with a leader (Art. u) : The President shall be Commander-in-chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States when called into the actual service of the United States. In the earlier part of our National exist ence, the relation of the militia to the State and to the Nation was very imper fectly understood, and frequent disputes arose between the State and the National authorities on that account. Governors of States often claimed the right to decide finally as to the necessitv for calling out the militia, even after receiving such call from the National Executive. In accordance with the general tenden cies, these, as most similar questions, have been finally resolved in favor of the general government. At first the State militia systems were very inadequate. They were principally based on a provision for an annual drill, on a day universally known as "training day." The enrolled militia were summoned, and a part responded. In country dis tricts it was a gala day. The Brigadier- General appeared in state. The maneu vers were ordered, as slowly read or spelled, from the book. The wearisome ordeal being over at last, the warriors gladly adjourned to some public house. The opinion gradually became prevalent that all this was useless. "Training day" became a stock joke for the humorists. The final blow was given in Congress in 1846. General Crary, of the Michigan militia, criticised General Harrison s con duct at Tippecanoe. The inimitable Tom Corwin deliciously replied. His irresistible description of "training day "convulsed the House. The unfortunate Brigadier was referred to, on the following day, as " the late General Crary." And just as chivalry received its final blow from Cervantes " Don Quixote," so "training day" vanished amid the laughter of the Nation over Corwin s witty address. With that time may be said to have dawned a new era in the militia system, that of permanently organized volunteer companies. It needs no explanation to show its advantages over the old system. It was in this era that the first California, Constitution was adopted. It provides : (Article VII.) 1. The Legislature shall provide by law for organizing and disciplining the militia in such manner as they shall deem expedient, not incom patible with the Constitution and laws of the United States. 2. Officers of the militia shall be elected or appointed in such manner as the Legislature shall from time to time direct, and shall be commis sioned by the Governor. 3. The Governor shall have power to call forth the militia to execute [the laws of the State, to suppress insurrections, and repel invasions. From a comparison of this with what has already been quoted from the United States Constitution, it will be seen that the status of the militia man, is that of a citizen-soldier. His connection with an organized company, while it intensifies, does not substantially alter his duties and relations to the State and to the Nation. He is subject to the call of the Governor for State duty ; his arms, accoutrements and training are furnished by the State di rectly, and in part by the Nation indirectly. But on the call of the Nation, the Gov ernor, under certain limitations, is obliged to assemble the troops and place them under the direction of the Nation. IV. In accordance with the State Constitu tion, the first act, organizing the Militia of California, was passed April 10, 1850. It established an enrolled militia of all free, white, able-bodied male citizens from the age of 18 to 45, not otherwise ex empt. From this list it exempted all officers or members of volunteer or independent com panies within the State. These companies were organized in four divisions, each officered by a Major-General, and eight brigades commanded by Brig adier-Generals. The territory of these divisions extended in four belts across the State, east and west. The office of Adjutant-General and Quartermaster-General was established. 522 THE GOLDEN ERA. The enrolled militia could avoid per- This requirement of a weekly drill was formance of military duty by a commuta- by 1872, extended to include the Sacra- tion tax of two dollars annually, paid in- mento companies, and in 1878, was further to the Military Fund. extended to Oakland, Vallejo, San Jose The immediate officers of the voluntary and Los Angeles, organizations were elective. The same act of 1863 accorded the Thus, at the outset of the State history, privilege of exemption to members who the militia were divided into the two class- had served seven years a privilege of es of volunteer organizations, and an enrolled which many have since availed themselves, militia, paying an annual tax in lieu of mili- The next important law affecting the tary duty. This tax is in no way to be militia organization was passed April 2, confounded with a poll tax. 1866. It cut down the number of corn- It has since varied from as low as twen- panics which had, under the quickening ty-five cents to as high as two dollars per influence of civil war, grown inordinately year. large. It assigned to the organized militia This exemption of members of volunteer the name NATIONAL GUARD. And the companies from this tax was followed in unity of this organization was still further 1851 by an act exempting -them also from strengthened by the adoption of a uniform jury duty. of a dark blue frock coat and light blue This was afterward repealed, but was re- pants. Heretofore companies had select- stored a few years ago. ed their own uniforms, whose color in In 1852, there were established seven many cases determined the name of the military districts. Each county was au- company. thorized to organize one or more independ- In 1870 and 187 2, an additional branch of ant companies. The State furnished the the service was organized. The act of 1870 arms and equipments. The office of authorized the formation of a cadet battalion Quartermaster-General was merged into at the University of California, and this as that of Adjutant-General, which William C. amended in 1872, was made to apply to any Kibbe held from this time on until 1864. collegiate institution in the State. The in- From year to year, the volunteer com- structor of any such department was given panics were rendered less and less inde- the rank of Major in the National Guard, pendent, and the system was more and In this connection it may be well to ob- more consolidated and centralized. In serve that in accordance with the first of % 1855, an act was passed ordering a parade these acts, a battalion of cadets was or- of the companies twice a year. An act of ganized at the University of California, in 1862 still further developed the sys- the fall term of 1870. It consisted of tern. The war was diffusing new ideas of four companies, lettered from A to D, and the value of the militia and the expedience within a year had a hundred and twenty of a compact organization. members. The arms and equipments were The many-headed system of manifold furnished by the State, and we find the divisions was replaced by the present or- colonel (Frank Soule, Jr.,) recommending ganization into a single division consisting the substitution of light breech loaders as of six brigades. The important provision more suitable to the size and age of the was made that each company was to be cadets. known by a particular letter or number of In 1867, the U. S. Government adopted its regiment. No one was allowed to be a Upton s tactics, and the year following member of more than one company at a California did the same, thus making pos- time. Thus the volunteer companies were sible the harmonious drilling of all the deprived of their independent character, troops in a body. and, for the first time, the State militia as- In 1874, a movement was on foot to sumed the form of a little army. disband the National Guard. But the In 1863, the lines of discipline were chairman of the Legislative Committee drawn more tightly. Parades were ordered made a report strongly favorable both as to four times a year, monthly drills were re- the condition of the National Guard, and quired, and the San Francisco companies as to the necessity of its existence, and the were compelled to drill weekly. threatened dissolution was averted. THE GOLDEN ERA. 5 2 3 The adoption of the New Constitution of 1879 did not materially affect the National Guard. The old constitutional provisions, in this respect, were retained. In addition is an affirmation of the sub ordination of the military to the civil power, and a prohibition of the carrying of any other flag in National Guard parades, than that of the United States or Califor nia. It secures the National Guardsman from imprisonment for a militia fine in time of peace, and all electors from militia duty during attendance at an election. In April 1880, any Colonel of a regi ment was authorized to organize a cadet company, and prescribe the ages of eligible members. These members were required after they became eighteen, and before they reached the age of twenty-one, to join some company of the National Guard for at least one term of enlistment. The Colonel was made instructor of his cadet company. These companies were to re ceive one-third the State allowances to other companies of the regiment. On March 4, 1881, the Legislature en acted that commissioned officers djsabled and rendered incapable of service, or having served continuously for eight years may be retired, ranking next to officers of like rank on the active list. In March of this year a provision was made allowing each company to have as many as ten honorary members who shall pay fifty dollars per annum into the com pany treasury, and shall thereupon be en titled to all the exemptions to which men on the active list are entitled. Such is an ontline of the development of the present militia system of California. The enactments made from time to time have been in part an effect, and in part a cause, of the varying condition of the National Guard. They have, however, been oftenest a cause, and for this reason have been narrated first. V. The history of the National Guard of California as an effective body of men, has been far more varied than that of the average and peaceful State. There was first a period of lawlessness in the State during the " good old days of 49," and, for a few years after, this was complicated by frequent troubles with the Indians. Then after a short period of compara tive quiet came the Civil War, and the tremendous impulse that it gave to all matters military. During all this time California was in an isolated condition, and left more or less by the Nation to attend to her own affairs. Following the war was a period of apathy in military matters. But the com pletion of a transcontinental line of rail way brought a new tide of immigration. California thus collected not only valuable citizens, but also a large amount of drift from the class that floats about in the West. This cosmopolitan and unstable element during periods of trade depression, gave the National Guard, particularly of San Francisco, plenty to do. It is to be feared that this period yet continues, al though all upon the surface is serene. The earliest military companies were independent of the authorities. A gang of desperadoes in the early days of our city s history, known as the "Hounds," whose outrageous operations had made life and property insecure, led to the organization of the first militia com pany, which was known as the First Cali fornia Guard. It was an artillery corps, but also drilled with muskets, and in the evolutions of infantry. It was after the expulsion of the notorious " Hounds," and when the excitement, which they created, had in a measure subsided, that some of the most prominent citizens, dread ing a recurrence of like scenes, conceived the idea of the organization of the com pany mentioned above to aid the legal officers in the maintenance of order. The suggestion met with ready acquies cence, and in the early part of July, 1849, several preliminary meetings were held in the "Institute," as the school-house on the plaza was called, for the purpose of ef fecting said organization. On the 2yth of the month, forty-one gentlemen signed the following preamble : We, the undersigned, do hereby form ourselves into an association under the name and style ot the First California Guard, and for the good gov ernment thereof have adopted a Constitution and by-laws, for the support of which we mutually pledge ourselves. Among the signatures are those of the following well-known gentlemen : H. M. Naglee, W. D. M. Howard, E. L. Sulli van, Alexander G. Abell, W. H. Tilling- 524 THE GOLDEN ERA. hast, Hall McAllister, H. E. Teschemacker, and John Sime. The officers elected were, Henry M. Naglee, Captain ; W. D. M. Howard and Myron Norton, First Lieutenants; Hall McAllister and David T. Bagley, Second Lieutenants ; Richard H. Linton, Orderly Sergeant ; and Dr. S. R. Gerry, Surgeon. To provide an armory, certain members of the Guard organized a joint stock com pany, purchased a lot, and erected a building on the northeast corner of Dupont and Jackson Sts. This was ready for oc cupation in the fall of 1849. On the following 22d of February, they held their first military entertainment a very elaborate affair. This armory was burned in September of that year, and the building, with which the company replaced it, suffered a simi lar fate in 1851. The membership of the California Guard was of a high order, comprising many of the most prominent men of the city, and its esprit de corps was well sus tained by accessions of men, who had seen service in the Mexican war. About this time, there were several other companies of a more or less tem porary nature, organized in many instances to meet special exigencies of service. The next organization of note, however, was the Marion Rifle Corps, which dates from the i/j.th of May, 1852. The offi cers were T. B. Schaelffer, Capt. ; G. T. Davidson, First Lieutenant ; J. W. Rider and W. W. Hawks, Second Lieutenants ; and W. Neely Johnson, First Sergeant. Soon afterward the Eureka Light Horse Guards and the National Lancers, cavalry companies, and the San Francisco Blues, an infantry company, were formed. These five companies, and the Sutter Rifles of Sacramento, were organized July 4, 1853, into a battalion. On this occasion they were received by Major-General John Sutter, and presented with an ensign by Mrs. Catherine N. Sinclair. In August 1850, their services were first called for, to suppress the Squatter Riots. As Gen. A. M. Winn of the Second Brig ade, First Division, California Volunteers had been ordered to the scene, Captain Howard, then commanding the California Guards, was applied to for the loan of the company arms to the authorities ; but the company decided to bear them in person. Together with the Protection Fire Com pany all under command of Colonel Geary, they repaired to Sacramento. Their actual services were, however, not needed and after complimentary resolutions from the civil and military authorities at Sacra mento, they returned. In the early part of the same year, an Indian attack had been made at the junction of the Gila and Col orado rivers. In October, Indian depre dations were committed in Eldorado Coun ty. In both these cases, the Sheriffs of the nearest counties raised emergency compa nies who succeeded in thoroughly punish ing the Indians. In 1851, there were various Indian troubles, quelled, as was usual in those days, by local companies temporarily or ganized. The Washington Guard performed a valuable service at that time for a man Called Stuart or Berdue. They protected him from a mob who were trying to lynch him, as the alleged murderer of a merchant named Jansen. It was afterward learned that Berdue was not the man that the mob supposed he was. He escaped to furnish a remarkable instance of the mistakes which mobs, and even courts, are liable to make. In 1852, the only services required of the militia, were the protection of emigrant trains in the northeast. This duty was performed by the Fitzgerald Volunteers and by the Volunteer Rangers. The worst element of San Francisco, had, in 1856, by virtue of fraud, intimi dation, and the like means, obtained con trol of the city government in all its branches. The worst crimes went unpun ished, and murders and all violence increased alarmingly. James King of William, editor of the Evening Bulletin , was particularly bold in his denunciation of the corruptionists. He finally offended Jas. P. Casey, of the Sunday Times, who met Mr. King on May i4th, and mur dered him. Fearing that Casey s trial would result as trials usually resulted at that time, a mob gathered about the jail and an assault was freely threatened. The only guard mustered to defend the jail was of about twenty men commanded by Lieu tenant Reese. THE GOLDEN ERA. 525 There was at that time an organized mounted battalion under Major Rowell, consisting of the California Guards (Lieut. Curtis), the Light Dragoons (Capt. Reed), and the National Lancers (Capt. Hayes). Captain W. T. Sherman had been ap pointed Brigadier-General of this division in place of W. R. Gorham, and was at this time in command of all the military forces. These were not ordered out at once. Instead, the Sheriff attempted to maintain his authority by a special detail of private citizens. But the better class of San Francisco were arrayed against the authorities, and a Vigilance Committee was formed. The people arrayed themselves under the committee, into several companies. On May 1 8th, these companies were summoned early and were placecd in charge of Chief- Marshal Charles Doane. A detachment took possession of the field-piece of the California Guard and prepared it for ac tion. Shortly after noon the companies formed under the escort of the Citizens Guard, Capt. James N. Olney. Among the remaining company officers were Capt. Donnelly, Lieut. Frank Eastman, and Capt. Richard. On the following day, they raided the armory of the First California Guard, tak ing therefrom, rifles, swords, ammunition, and two sixpounders. With these they established an armory of their own at their headquarters. The number of the vigilants rapidly swell ed to thousands of men. They assumed the administration of justice themselves. A Trial Committee investigated all charges of crime, and their verdict was reviewed by a still larger committee. Crim inals were either exiled or hung. Of course, all this could not be tamely viewed by the State authorities, and con sequently, on June 2, Gov. Johnson order ed Gen l Sherman to call upon such as might be deemed necessary of the enroll ed militia or those subject to military duty; also, upon all the voluntary independent companies of the military division, to en force the law. San Francisco was declar ed in a state of insurrection. But the Governor s proclamation was ridiculed as too late, and but about seventy- five men responded to Gen. Sherman s or ders. Many military companies disbanded throughout the State as well as in San Francisco. Some returned their arms to the State, others took them to the Vigilance Committee as the real representatives of the people. General Sherman, finding himself not in sympathy with the authorities, resigned and Volney E. Howard was appointed in his place. In a few months the criminal element of society, under this irregular, but effect ive reign of the Vigilants was, in a great measure, subdued. The Committee dis banded, and on November 3d, returned the captured arms to the State. In the spring of the same year, the In dians in Klamath County proved trouble some, and to subdue them a company of volunteers was formed of about thirty men. These had several brushes with the In dians, who were finally subdued, however, later in the year by a force under General John Cosby. In the winter of 1858-59, a still more severe campaign was held. The volun teers were under the direct leadership of Adj. General Kibbe. Some one hundred Indians on the northwest frontier were killed, and about three hundred were cap tured and sent to a reservation. In the following summer the Indians of Mendocino County destroyed life and property. The hostile band was chased and scattered by a company of about twenty volunteers. The last militia service worthy of note before the time of the civil war, was in 1860, at the time of the Carson river mas sacre in the State of Nevada. With sub stantial courtesy to a sister State in trouble, California forwarded assistance in the shape of arms and men. Up to this time all troubles calling for armed bodies of men, had been with In dians, criminals or squatters. In their nature, these troubles were of an irregular and temporary character, and were settled in the main, by men who organized and acted on the need and impulse of the oc casion. But now came ominous rumors of an impending national struggle. The need was felt for the use of all the energies of the State toward the organization of all her resources of defense or offense upon a THE GOLDEN ERA. war footing. Citizens aroused themselves. Companies of all kinds were formed se cretly and openly. It was rumored that plans were afoot to tear the Pacific Slope from the Union, and make a Pacific Re public. Various military companies were organized to prevent this, and various oth ers for no other than the vague idea that they would be somehow needed. In the Legislature matters were equally stirring. A committee made a thorough examination, and a valuable and systemat ic report of the state of the militia. The first call for troops from California, by the Secretary of War, was made in the middle of the year 1862. It was for one regiment of infantry and five companies of cavalry. Their duties were to protect the mail route from Carson valley to Salt Lake and Fort Laramie. Tinkham, in his history of Stockton, mentions that the Light Dragoons served as an honorary escort to these vol unteers on their way to Salt Lake. A few days after the first call, a second was made for four regiments of infantry and some cavalry. These reported to General Sumner, then in charge of the United States troops in the Pacific di vision. It may be well to mention that in these exciting times, minor troubles escaped no tice that would otherwise be better known. In Santa Clara County, by certain deci sions, a large number of settlers were or dered dispossessed of the lands that they were living on. But to the number of about a thousand, they offered resistance to the execution of the writs, and memo rialized the authorities in a forcible appeal modeled closely after the National Declar ation of Independence. In consequence, the Sheriff of the Coun ty reported the state of affairs and asked for about three thousand men as military aid. The Governor gave a synopsis of the matter in a message to the Legislature, May 1 6, 1861. In September of the following year, Gov. Stanford, at the request of the Sheriff of Sonoma County, ordered out the Petaluma Guard, Captain P. B. Hew- litt and the Emmet Rifles, Captain T. F. Bayliss, to execute writs of restitution or dered by the courts of Sonoma County, which writs the occupants of the land were resisting. The companies reported at Santa Rosa on September 2yth. On ar rival at the lands in question, they en countered an armed body of the settlers- A flank movement on the part of the militia caused their opponents to retreat, leaving the State troops in possession without the discharge of a gun. During the Civil War, California had plenty to do in fighting Indians, both to the north and south, from Washington Territory to New Mexico. She sent to the aid of the Government all the troops required of her, and offered more. But the Government considered them more useful at home, as the distance and isolation of the State, with the prev alence in certain districts of a strong Southern sentiment, rendered California an object of solicitude to the Washington authorities. The glorious part performed by the California regiments in the war, interest ing as it is, is yet more within the pro vince of another article than this. The era of political excitement succeed ing the war, infected many of the militia companies to such an extent that the boys occasionally forgot themselves as a non- partisan organization. As an instance, the news of the nomination of Grant and Colfax in 1868, so aroused the enthusiasm of the Stockton Light Artillery, that they fired a salute of a hundred guns in honor thereof. So natural a prompting of the Republican sentiments of the company, although it resulted in a great, good time for the boys, failed to elicit a very sympa thetic response from the Democratic senti ments of the State authorities, who promptly disbanded the company amid immense excitement, and the local his torian, who chronicled the affair several years after, was even then unable to re strain his indignation. A period of activity in the militia was ushered in by the expedition to Sutter Creek, usually referred to as the "Amador War." Early in July, 1870, the miners and laborers in Amador County organized a league, whose beneficial aims secured for it a membership embracing in addition many of the solid businessmen of the com munity. But in 1871 a strike was begun, which went to the extent of the prevention by force of the employment of non-mem- THE GOLDEN ERA. 5 2 7 bers at the mines. In addition, the pumps were not allowed to be worked by the en gineers and the mines were rapidly filling with water, to the great prospective damage of the mining property. Appeal for troops was made to Governor Haight, the mine owners at the same time offering, inasmuch as State money was not available at the time, to pay expenses and good wages to the troops while in service. Gov. Haight, accordingly, on June 2ist, 1871, ordered Brig. Gen l Hewston, com manding the 2d Brigade, to designate two companies from the First Regiment (Col. Barnes) to report to Maj. J. F. Brbnson, as commander of the battalion. The First assembled early the next day, and Companies C (Nationals) and E (Sum- ner Light Guard) were chosen. Details from other companies of the regiment were made as follows : Co. B, twelve men ; Co. D, eight men; Co. F, eight men; and Co. H, six men; to report to Capt. Oscar Woodhams, of Co. E ; and Co. G, ten men, to report to Capt. Geo. Humphrey, of Co. C. At six o clock, the men were on the steamer. The force consisted of ten offi cers and over 165 men. They were se lected from San Francisco, so that Sacra mento, being nearer the scene, could promptly re-enforce if necessary. The Leaguers were estimated at from three to five hundred men, armed with breech loaders. The command was quartered at Sacra mento, while Governor Haight proceeded to Sutter Creek to negotiate, if possible, a peaceful settlement of difficulties. His mission failed. On the twenty-fifth, the troops left Sac ramento, and reached Sutter Creek after nightfall. The only hostile demonstra tions made were the firing of a few blank cartridges by the Leaguers, over the heads of the troops. Guards were imme diately stationed at the threatened proper ty, and on June 26th, the mines and mills were again working. No interference was offered by the strikers to the employment of laborers. After several days of quiet, it became apparent that the protection by the troops would continue while necessary. Accord ingly, the Leaguers and mine-owners held a conference, in which it was agreed that the former rates of wages were to be continued, while, on the other hand, the Chinese, who had been partly the source of the difficulty, were to be discharged. On July 1 6th, the troops broke camp, and marched to Latrobe. The twenty- two miles of rough country were traversed in eight hours, principally at night. On arrival at San Francisco, they were met by the remainder of the regiment, with a band of music, and marched to their quarters amid an ovation from their friends. In this little campaign, the conduct of the men was admirable. There was the strictest discipline, good order, sobriety, and unremitting drill. Adj. Gen. Caz- neau says : " The refreshing union of sol dier and gentleman was always apparent, and when the force finally withdrew from Sutter Creek, the League were foremost among the public to express their admira tion of the conduct of the soldiery." Which last remark suggests the idea that the Leaguers were not such misguided fellows, after all ! The sad episode of the affair was the death of Major Bronson, after his return to San Francisco a result attributed to the exposures and hardships of camp life and marching, and the cares of responsi bility. By his death, the Guard lost a sterling soldier, and the State a faithful citizen. Others also died shortly after wards from colds, etc., undoubtedly caused by the unwonted exposure and fatigue they had undergone. The Amador war is responsible for many of those reminiscences, which re hearsed again and again, at the many so cial gatherings in the National Guard, are received and understood as pleasant com pounds of memory, imagination, and in vention. One of these attaches to the then Colonel of the First, General Barnes. There is danger that investigation would spoil the story, and so it is here given as told. The mine-owners had at the outset guaranteed to the men pay and subsist ence. Col. Barnes communicated this to his men, and assured them of the good faith of the mine-owners. But, at the close of the service, there seemed to be some doubt whether subsistence was to have come from the State or the mine-owners 5*8 THE GOLDEN ERA. hence, a dollar a day per man was with held from their pay, until the question should be settled. Now, certain of these men who served, made this disputed dollar a special study, and finally arrived at the conclusion that they must look to the Colonel for it. This was the more natural, inasmuch as Col. Barnes had been a sort of godfather to the regiment, from the time he had taken command, and as it was through his efforts that they had received uniforms, equip ments, breech loaders, and various other blessings, they had come to believe that it was but "ask and ye shall re ceive." Accordingly they formed in a body and proceeded to his office. Their spokes man entered their complaint and made formal demand for that dollar. It was a critical moment. The odds were enor mous. The doorway was held by the right of the enemy, and the Colonel s line of retreat was cut off. To accede to their de mands was ruin. With rare presence of mind, he said: "You are all members of the First Regiment ? " " Yes," (unanimously and hopefully). " And subject to my orders ? " "Yes," (not quite so unanimously). "Fall in!" A line was formed facing the Colonel. " Right, face !" Beautifully done ! " Forward, march \ " In a minute the last man of that formid able file had marched from the room, and the Colonel was saved by the discipline of his men. In the latter part of 1872 and in 1873, there were various brushes with the In dians. In Siskiyou county and vicinity, various independent companies were armed against them. Some of the regular State troops also saw service in the lava beds against Cap tain Jack, and the Modocs. In January, 1876, from the Second Brigade was furnished a funeral escort to the remains of Benjamin P. Avery, Minis ter to China. On February 28, 1876, a fire broke out at San Quentin prison, and a call was made for troops from the city to prevent a pos sible escape of prisoners. A detachment under Lieutenant-Colonel Oscar Wood hams, consisting of the "Nationals," Captain Humphreys, and the "Union Guard," Cap tain Fritz, promptly left for the scene. The good behavior of the prisoners, how ever, rendered their services unnecessary. The Sheriff of San Joaquin county, on July 22nd, called for 30 men of the Stockton Guard, " because certain lawless persons were combining to take from jail a certain prisoner held by him in lawful custody." The men were immediately fur nished, and the danger was averted. The Chico Guard, in March, 1877, were mustered and kept under arms while a number of prisoners were removed from Chico to Oroville for trial. In the turbulent years of 1877-78-79, the National Guard were often looked to for security, and although their duties went little farther than the frequent assemblage at their respective armories, to be in read iness for service, yet there is little doubt that their influence toward civil order was pre-eminently effective. In Sept. 1879, the Second Brigade bore a conspicuous part in the reception ac corded to General Grant on his return trip around the world. A remarkably fine dis play was also made by this brigade on the occasion of the visit of President Hayes. When Kalloch was shot, an excited crowd gathered, and the troops were again needed and furnished until all danger had passed. A similar service was performed by Companies A, G, B, and the cadets, of the First Artillery at Sacramento, following the killing of James Lansing by one Raten, in 1882. The last difficulty that has occasioned the services of the National Guard was in July, 1884, and like the first trouble in 1850, sprung from disputed land titles. The Sheriff of San Joaquin County being resisted in the execution of writs upon set tlers on the Moquelumne grant, called for aid. The Stockton and Emmet Guards, under Captain Eugene Lehe, of the Stock tons, thereupon accompanied the Sheriff, and under their protection, the writs were successfully served. The promptitude and unanimity with which these companies responded to the summons, and the readiness with which they took the field, although armed at THE GOLDEN ERA. 529 first with obsolete and condemned guns, is creditable to their courage and disci pline. VI. Upon the organization of the First California Guard, the pioneer company, the number signing the roll was forty-one. This was soon increased to a hundred. As detailed before, other companies were rapidly organized until in 1854, they numbered twenty-four, with a membership of 1600, which increased the next year to 3000. In 1860 there were 49 companies, 4000 strong. In 1861, there 31 companies with 1860 men. The Senate committee report ed this year that some seventy companies had been organized since 1852. In 1862 the influence of the war had in creased the number to 5,694 out of an en rollment of 142,000 subject to militia duty. In 1865 there were 140 infantry, 20 cavalry and 5 artillery companies, with a membership of 8,250. In 1866, to reduce the militia to a peace footing, 14 field and staff organizations and 88 companies were mustered out. This left 73 companies; n cavalry, 4 artil lery and 58 infantry, with a membership of 5,200. In 1868, the number of companies had fallen to 37, of which 30 were infantry, 5 cavalry and 2 artillery. The force was 2,700 men. In 1871, there were 3400 enlisted out of 94,000 enrolled; in 1873, 2,700 out of 105,000; in 1874, 2,600 men ; in 1876, 2600; in 1879, 2,700 out of 1 1 2, ooo en rolled ; in 1880, 3, 300 out of 122,000 ; in 1882, 2,650 men. At the time of the Division Encampment this year the force was in 43 companies. VII. While from the first, companies in the Guard have in whole or in part been sub ject to expenses arising in various ways, the institution is theoretically paid for by the State and the Nation. The National sup port is allotted to the states, according to their respective strength ; and to this, the State adds such funds as may be deemed ne cessary. The first public support was to the com panies of San Francisco, being an appro priation by the city in 1853 of $500 monthly for rent of armories. For the three years previous to 1856, the quota which California received from the United States in the shape of arms and the like averaged about $20,000 annually. In 1 86 2, an appropriation of $2 50 a month was made for the First California Guard as a mounted battery of artillery. Then there was gradually developed a method of allowance to the different com panies according to strength, arm of ser vice, necessary equipment and the like. This has been frequently changed as to de tails. In March 1885, this allowance was specified as follows : To each infantry or artillery company, $100 per month. To each artillery or Gatling battery, having four guns, $200 per month. To each cavalry company, $150 per month. To each regiment or battalion, $5 monthly, for incidentals, and, if the body contains four companies, $25 monthly for an organized band of twelve pieces. To each Brigade General, $5 monthly for each company for incidentals. To the Major-General, $600 per year. To each company, uniforms and their repair, to the amount of $150 per year. To the Adjutant-General, $3,500 annu ally, for the promotion of rifle practice. VIII. The necessity to the National Guard of effective weapons and skill in their use is so self-evident, that any deficiency in that di rection which may exist anywhere, must be attributed more to carelessness or lack of funds than to any positive opinion other wise. Of course, the weapons used at different times varied with the state of the art of manufacturing them. In the Con stitution of 49, the militia-man is required on certain occasions to be provided " with three good flints, or 100 percussion caps," thus indicating that the old flint-lock was not even then obsolete. The stimulus given to invention in the direction of arms during the Civil War, soon made the muzzle loaders an obsolete weapon. The first regiment armed with breech loaders was the First Infantry, Sec ond Brigade. These guns were of Sharp s 53 THE GOLDEN ERA. pattern, 500 in number, and cost nearly $12,000 which was raised by private sub scription through the efforts of Colonel Barnes. Recommendations were frequently made to the authorities that they arm the troops with the Springfield breech-loading rifle. In 1875 the Governor, by energetic efforts obtained the desired arms from the general government and by the close of that year, a majority of the troops had been supplied. In 1877, all but two infantry companies were reported armed with the new weap ons. Cotemporaneous with the introduction of this arm, was the rise of interest in rnark- manship. Target excursions grew more frequent. On March 20, 1875, a match was shot between a visiting team of fifteen from a Nevada company, and a like num ber from Company E, of the First Regi ment, San Francisco. This was won by the California men by three points. The same Company E (Sumners) also arranged a match by telegraph with Com pany D, 1 2th New York, N. G., to take place June 26th, 1875. This was also won by the Sumners. It was in this year that, mainly through the efforts of Col. Shaw, the California Rifle Association was organized. Its ob ject is " to encourage rifle practice and promote a system of aiming drill and target firing among the National Guard." Members of the Guard are admitted at one-half the regular rates, under certain conditions. This association holds a semi annual meeting for prize shooting. Such was the progress made by the in dependent efforts of companies all over the State, but particularly in San Francisco, that attention was called to it in the offi cial State reports of that year. The Ad jutant-General suggested that the practice be introduced of firing at unknown distances. Major-General George R. Vernon remarks (Report 1875-77) that the scores at the target practice of the California compa nies led all the other States. In 1876, the city of San Francisco of fered for a prize to the regiment or bat talion whose company teams make the highest aggregate score, a centennial tro phy valued at $500. This was to be held by the winner for one year and again con tested for, and so on until 1976. But the rules have been amended so as to bring the possibility of permanent possession within the range of our times. The trophy was won by the First Regiment, which is now in possession of it. In September, 1877, a team of twelve were invited from California to contest at Creedmoor, New York, for a bronze statue, "The Soldier of Marathon," pre sented by the State of New York, to be annually contested for at Creedmoor by teams from the National Guard of differ ent States. Accordingly, sixteen of the N. G. C. were selected by competitive matches from which the twelve were to be chosen on the day of the contest at New York. These sixteen, with the scores made at Creed- moor, were Brigadier-General John McComb, 79. Capt. H. J. Burns, Company E, First Infantry, 84. Capt Wm. H. Brockhoff, Company D, Second Infantry, 89. Lieut. J. Robertson, Company E, First Infantry, 87. Serg t C. P. LeBreton, Company C, First Infantry, 87. Serg t Harry Hook, Company A, Sec ond Infantry, 83. Serg t J. P. Warren, Company A, Sec ond Infantry, 86. Corp. Charles Nash, Company C, First nlfantry, 86. J. W. Maher, Company C, First In fantry, 82. L. Barere,Company E. First Infantry, 76. E. H. Ladd, Company A, Second In fantry, 80. Wm. Wright, Company A, Second In fantry, 76. E. Unger, Company B, First Infantry. E. N. Snook, Company C, First In fantry. T. E. Carson and Geo. H. Strong, Company E. First Infantry. Of the above, only the first twelve par ticipated in the contest. The other States contesting were Connecticut, New York and New Jersey. The following is the score by teams : 200 yds. 500 yds. Total California 499 496 995 Connecticut 505 466 971 New York 480 487 967 New Jersey 411 333 744 THE GOLDEN ERA. 531 As the possible number of points was A suitable rifle range for the Second Brigade, 1,200, it will be seen that California won * d J a t c , ent *? f San Francisco, to be used exclusively by the National Guard, should be provided. by a score of 82 1 1-12 per cent. This is a great nec essity. On the return of the victorious team, it I respectfully recommend that an allowance of was welcomed at Sacramento and ban- at least 100,000 rounds of cartridges, freshly load- queted at Stockton and Oakland. Speak- f d ^d reliable, be expended annually in rifle prac- . ,. * f tice; that a rifle range be constructed; that prizes ing Of this match, Gen. Benet, Chief Ot and trop hi e s be offered by the State for competi- Ordnance, U. S. A., in his report to the tion in markmanship; that the various commands Secretary of War said : ^ e required to practice rifle firing at least six times . . in each year; that the troops be classified accord- " In the hands of the California team ing to the progress ma d e in shooting, and insig- from Gen. McComb s brigade, the score nias be distributed for the two highest classes; and made is said never to have been equaled that Subdivision 2, of Section 2018, of the Politi- in a militirv team match " cal Code rec l uirin g annual target practice on Sep- m a military tearr tember ninth of each be aled> l furtner . The well-won trophy had to be return- more res pectfully recommend the appropriation of ed the following year, as the expense of $7,500, to be expended by the Adjntent -General,. the trip is tOO great to be incurred every for ammunition, a range for the Second Brigade, prizes, trophies, etc. It is of vital importance to . the service that the soldier be experienced in the In 1878, at the Sacramento State Fair, use of his wea pon, and failure in that respect the prize Of $300 and gold medal was won places him under great disadvantage when op- by the "Sumners" of San Francisco. P osed b Y those with whom this practice and in- The second prize of $200 was taken by s ^^s^ ffi^ and persistently the Sarsfield Guard Of Sacramento. neglect the instruction of their men in the use of In 1878 the office of Inspector Gene- the rifle, are thoughtless of the great responsibility ral Of Rifle Practice was created, and it which rests on those in whose hands the lives of is apparent that the tendencies are to men are P lacecL " farther encouragement of this important The first to introduce a modern system accomplishment, by the State. The re- of nfle practice was the Sumner Guard, port of the present incumbent embodies "Previously, the target used was the old many practical suggestions for the future : regulation one, roughly approximating the figure of a man, and scores were deter- The State should furnish ammunition, suitable -, , , , mM<ilirprn p n f o f distances rifle ranges, transportation to and from the ranges, m targets, and markers, free to her troops. from the centre. The Sumners began In addition to individual practice, volley and using the Hythe system, which differs only file firing ought to be regularly pursued. Men f rom t h e Creedmoor as to the shape of the should be accustomed to firing by platoons, or w hirh is smnre while the Creed- companies, with coolness, precision, and effect, target, WHICH IS square, Will It is folly to expect a body of troops, inexperienced moor is circular. The target surface in in firing in ranks, to present an effective front to these modern systems is divided by con- a determined enemy. centric circles or squares, the belts so J^^te^^^l^. m^e being valued in the order of their Certainly not by requiring men to pay from their distances from the bull S eye. private purses for ammunition, use of range, etc. It must be remembered that the scores As I said before, the State ought to furnish all of mac [ e by National Guardsmen s weapons these free. Officers and men should be classified , u i j i ,1 j n i in three classes, according to certain percentages must nOt be J ud S ed b ? th Se made by m- of proficiency they attain in shooting, the highest dependent sharpshooters guns With their being designated as Sharpshooters, the next Marks- accurate sights and hair triggers. The men, and the next, Third Class. Buttons, badges, regulation gun for the N. G. C. has an or other similar insignias should be given, to be ,. i ,1 ,n ^f tV,^ f^J worn on the coat, or collar, indicating the class P en S1 S ht and the " P ul1 f the trl to which the shooter belongs. Prizes and trophies ger IS fixed at nx pounds, should be offered, and no medals but those do- The practice of most value to the Guard, nated by the State, or authorized by the Adjutant- however, is that of volley firing rather than Uo C n n :[G\ U len r^hlTntl^tL^b^: individual marksmanship. This was first tons or badges of veteran soldiers excepted. Rifle done under rules, by the Oakland Guard practice should be made apart of the regular drill, in 1878, at which time also the practice of and men should be taught that it is just as essen- est i mat i n a distances was introduced. In the &*^fft% 5^4JSrf service to which the troops are most liable, arms, or tactics. that of facing undisciplined crowds, aim is 53 2 THE GOLDEN KRA. not usually taken, and the end to be attained is the sudden demoralization of the mob. This is more quickly, and, in the end, more bloodlessly accomplished by volley than by desultory shots. IX. In time of peace, military routine is no toriously dull. To the spectator the evolutions of a well-drilled body of men seem easily performed, and convey a sense of pleasure, but, to those participat ing, it is work, and when often repeated, monotonous work. The majority of the National Guard are young men, too, and have a keener taste for enjoyment. It is natural, therefore, that we find the annals of the N. G. C. abounding in records of visits, and banquets, and socials, and ex cursions, and balls. In such times as these, there is no harm in the " sound of revelry by night," if there is no battle of Waterloo impending the next day. The first thing the California Guard of 1849 did, was to et an armory. The next thing, was to dedicate it, which, as mentioned before, was done on the 22d of February, 1850, by an entertainment and ball. This was of so magnificent a character, as to remain worthy of special mention some years after in the " Annals of San Francisco." The finale of the parade, which followed the organization of the first battalion in 1853, was a large old-fashioned dinner at Russ Gardens in San Francisco. Here it was that Mrs. Catherine M. Sinclair presented to the newly united companies a silken ensign. In 1857, the militia parade in San Francisco was the main feature of the cel ebration of the Lafayette Centennial. The Union Guard of Stockton, at their first annual ball in November, 1861, were presented with a beautiful flag by Miss Mary Loring. Mr. George W. Tyler, now of San Francisco, then a member of the Company, made an animated and loyal speech in response. By 1871, the custom of Sunday picnics and entertainments had grown to such an extent that the Adjutant General saw fit to recommend their discouragement by Law. A more orthodox method of Sunday observance was taken by the First Regi ment of San Francisco, in 1878. In this year, Dr. Stone, of the First Congregational church was appointed chaplain of the reg iment. A newspaper report published at the time, gives an account of one of the special church services for the Regiment. The officers and men attended in a body, and the subject of the sermon w>s appro priate to the occasion. In June 1873, Mayor Alvord gave a stand of colors to this Regiment, Governor Booth making the presentation speech, before a brilliant assemblage. But affairs of this kind so abound in the records, that to mention all is impossi ble, and to select, save as illustration, is invidious. Companies frequently inter changed visits. Many hold monthly socials. Exhibition drills are frequently given. Regimental wing drills, introduced, it seems, by Colonel Woodhams, of the First Regiment, furnish the stimulus of rivalry. The armories of the respective compan ies are fitted up according to taste, with the various comforts of a social club. The visitor to the different armories will see gymnasiums, billiard tables, and like fa cilities for amusement ; organs, pianos, paintings, historic flags, reading rooms and libraries. In 1873, a Military Li brary was organized by the officers in San Francisco, is now located in the Safe Deposit Building, and contains about 1300 volumes, all on military subjects. Armories were at first rented at the ex pense of the companies, and consisted, generally, of a bare room for drill. The armory of the" California Guard, however, seems to have been an exception to this rule. At the close of the Vigilance troubles, the building the committee used as an arm ory, was thrown open to a curious public. It was stocked with all sorts of arms, ac coutrements and flags. The false-bot tomed ballot boxes, which they had man aged to secure, attracted much attention. One San Francisco company owns its own armory building, and in 1883, the Sacramento First Artillery purchased their present regimental armory. But there is an old and growing neces sity for armories owned by the State. As early as in the fifties, it was yearly urged upon the State that it should take meas ures to own safe armories and stop rents. This is especially necessary in San Fran- THE GOLDEN ERA. 533 cisco, where the rental of the scattered armories in use, amounts to tens of thou sands annually. The insecurity of present accommodations is such, that a few years back, arms had to be placed in the City Hall for security, and the first necessity, at present, when difficulties threaten, is to coop the bulk of the National Guard in their drill rooms, as guards to the build ings. In March, 1864, seven mounted guns were forwarded to the care of the Adju tant General, who took the best measures possible in the absence of any building al ready provided, by renting a place to keep them. The door fastenings being inse cure, disloyal incendiaries entered and set fire to the building, necessitating the remounting of the guns at great delay and expense to the State. The advantages of State armories in point of security, economy and means of concentrating troops are becoming more and more evident. The National Guard Officers Association, which held its first meeting in San Francisco, in December, 1884, presented these advantages to the Legislature in a well-conceived petition. X. The California National Guard is re markable for its excellence in company drill. As an evidence, one of the San Francisco companies several yearj ago as tonished the people of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and other Atlantic cities by the performance of evolutions in blindfold drill that were as perfect as many well- drilled companies of these cities could give with open eyes. In fact, it did open their eyes. This perfection has been largely carried into the battalion and brigade drill of the California National Guard and its discipline as a whole, while on duty, is as good as that of the regular armies of many countries. The many sincere compliments that its performances have on various occa sions elicited from army officers are further evidence in its favor and need only be al luded to, to be remembered by all old members. But drill on smooth floors and profi ciency in theory is quite another thing than excellence in the field. They are valuable as preliminaries, but it is necessary that the fullest experience possible, short of actual warfare should be attained. It is also desirable in the highest degree that before actual service, troops should become as thoroughly as possible used to the exposures and other circumstances in cident to camp life. This was early under stood by those to whom the interests of the Guard had been entrusted. The Mexican war had taught them that among war troops in actual service, the camp kills four men where the bullet kills one. We find in the reports along in the "fifties " many repeated appeals to the Legislature to establish for short periods each year, National Guard Encampments. It was finally seen that the companies themselves must make the start. Accordingly in September, 1859, the First California Guard, the Marion Rifles, the Sutter Rifles, the Stockton Blues, the Coloma Grays the Independent National Guard, and the Independent City Guard, each with 25 to 45 men, as sembled a mile west of Sacramento, in Yolo county, as a battalion, for an experi mental camp. Officers of both the U. S. A. and the N. G. C. were in command. Of the former, Col. Hooker, afterwards known to fame as " Fighting Joe," was at the head of the battalion. Camp Weller, as it was known, in honor of the then Govern or, awarded a first prize to the Independ ent National Guard as the best disciplined and instructed company ; a second, to the same company for steady conduct and ac curate drill ; a third, to the Stockton Blues for target shooting ; a fourth (a gold med al), to the Sutter Rifles for the best rifle shooting ; a fifth (a silver medal), to the Marion Rifles for the second best rifle shooting; and finally, a silver bugle, to the First California Guard for efficiency in drill of light artillery. The camp lasted for three days, remem bered yet by those participating, as a time of enjoyment and instruction. The most memorable encampment be fore that of the present year was held from May 21 to May 29, 1863, in accordance with the provisions of an act of the Legis lature of the preceding year. This act was to the effect that the Commander-in- Chief shall order a Camp of Military In struction to continue ten days in April or May of each year, which shall be attended by all the commissioned and non-commis sioned officers in the California militia, and be commanded by the Major-General. 534 THE GOLDEN ERA. The site chosen for this camp was a the day. Fogarty was elected. Of course mile from the Encinal landing, Alameda no camp was ever entirely satisfied with county. A uniform of a dark blue cloth its rations ; but in this case, the only fault cap, dark-colored frock coat, and dark-col- that could be found, was with the cooking, ored pants, was required to be worn by all A review was held before General Geo. in attendance. Camp Stanford, as it was T. Wright and when the "camp was over, named out of compliment to the Governor, the troops marched in San Francisco to was to be commanded by Major-General Washington Square where they were finally Allen, but the command eventually de- reviewed by the Governor, volved upon General John S. Ellis, then The benefits of this camp were so great, of the Second Brigade. The State fur- that after a lapse of ten years, the Adjutant- nished transportation to all attending. General took occasion to refer to it in his General Headquarters were established report and to recommend a similar encamp- in two old fashioned houses ; an organi- ment again. zation was effected into a regiment of The act of 1862 already referred to, also eight companies, with a total strength of provided that the Governor should order 740 men. Work immediately began in an annual encampment of not more than earnest. It was in war time, and the ten days, of the organized militia, to be pressing need of instruction was felt by held in September or October within the every one there. This instruction was brigade limits, and further provided, that given by Colonels Wood, McKenzie and troops attending should be deemed in ac- Cazneau. Schools were formed in the tive service and paid accordingly, infantry, in the cavalry, and in the ar- In accordance with this, the Second tillery, arms of the service. Daily recita- Brigade organized Camp Allen near the tions in the School of the Soldier, were Encinal on October 6, 1863, under Bri- held. All the different drills were practiced. gade-General John S. Ellis; the Third Nor was it all work and no play. The Brigade established Camp Gilmore on the men exercised their taste in the most elab- i4th of September, near Stockton, under orate decorations, admired by all visitors. General Alex M. Dobbie ; the Fourth Those in command at first disapproved, Brigade Encampment was at Camp Kibbe but soon saw their mistake. Such en- on September ipth, near Sacramento, un- deavors at ornamentation strengthen es- der General James Collins, and the Fifth prit de corps, and add to the contentment Brigade went to Camp Ellis, near Red and good fellowship of the men. In the Bluff, October 26th, under General John evening, visited by citizens, graced by the Bidwell. presence of ladies, made attractive by the The Code provided for the expenses of virtues of hospitality, made gay by light pay and subsistance to men in camp under and color and brilliant uniforms, the camp certain conditions, but in no important was a pleasant resort. instance does it seem that companies or Their duties over, the men disported regiments availed themselves of its provis- themselves in various ways. Strange ani- ions. The next Brigade Encampment mals could be seen moving through the noted is that of the Second Brigade at camp. Elephants were represented by Schofield, near San Rafael, May 20-22, two men bending down covered with a 1875. It was under command of Brevet blanket, the front man carrying a rolled Major-General W. L. Elliott, U. S. A , and blanket for a trunk, and two sword scab- it was a feature of this camp, that there was bards for tusks. Others got themselves up present with the brigade, a detachment of the as tigers ; many personified Indians. First U. S. Cavalry, and the Light Battery Mock parades were given, and the pecu- of the Fourth U. S. Artillery, under Major liarities of the camp officers reproduced in Hasbrouk. burlesque. A general election for Gov- The plan of having companies and ofifi- ernor was held, in which the rival candi- cers of the regular army in camp with the dates one a wit by the name of Fogarty National Guard worked well. Uncle Sam the other a man from Pike county, furnished nearly all the tents ; a detach- Missouri, known as Bull Run Joe ad- ment of his soldiers pitched them, and his dressed their constituents on the issues of officers planned the camp ; the First U. S. THE GOLDEN ERA. 535 Cavalry furnished free music; and above all was the value f the example furnished by the regular soldiers and the instruction given by the reglular officers. Owing to the lack of uniformity in arms, uniforms and equipments, few prizes were given ; the thousand dollars set apart for the purpose was divided among the com panies instead. On one day during this camp, nearly 900 men answered to roll call. Regimental emcampments were in augurated in 1878. During the State Fair, the First Regiment of San Francis co, the Oakland Guard, the Emmet Guard, of the Third Regiment ; the San Francisco Light Artillery, the Jackson Dragoons, of the First Cavalry ; the Placer- ville City Guard, the City Guard, and the Sarsfield Guard, of the first battalion of Infantry ; the Sacramento Light Artillery, and the St. Patrick s Cadets, organized Camp Irwin, in Sacramento. Prize drills were held, and prize rifle shooting prac ticed. All the companies in camp won golden opinions for conduct, discipline, and training. In that year, also, nearly all the com mands in the State went into camp for periods of from two to four days. A camp was also held at Sacramento in the following year, and named Camp Walsh. One of its features was a sham battle. Other encampments were held this year, and in 1880, the Legislature passed an act for the benefit of regimental encampments. In accordance therewith, the First Artillery camped, September, 1880, at Alameda; in 1881, near Nevada City ; in 1882, at Laurel Grove, near San Rafael. The First Infantry camped in 1880 at Sacramento, in 1881 at Santa Cruz, and in 1882 at San Jose, in 1883, for eight days, at Santa Cruz, and in 1884, for the same period, at Santa Rosa. In July, 1882, companies F, G and H of the Second Artillery, and the Oakland Light Cavalry camped three days at Santa Cruz at their own expense. The Third Regiment encamped for three days at Monterey in 1884. In the same year, Company G, of the Second Artillery, marched to the Yosemite, where they remained in camp for a few days. The Stockton Guard encamped at Oak- dale, in Stanislaus county. A general encampment of the rank and file of the National Guard of California has, at various times, been proposed. In 1869, the Adjutant-General took occasion to officially recommend the project to the Legislature. Besides the advantages of regimental and brigade encampments, it was urged that a general encampment would unify the whole force, and increase soldierly pride in the National Guard. An appropriation for this purpose was not, however, decided upon, until March 10, 1885, when the Legislature allowed to the National Guard $20,000 to be expended in one or two years, as the Board of Loca tion and Organization may direct for a general division encampment. It was also enacted in the same month, that bodies encamping annually during seven days, receive from the State for ex penses $1.25 daily for each member in the camp, within the limit of $400 for each company. As the total allowance was none too large, it was easily decided to expend the amount in one year and thus Camp Stone- man was established in August of this year. Before a site for a camp was finally selected a party of regimental command ers visited various places on a tour of in spection. The choice was finally made in favor of Santa Cruz. The site selected was about a mile from town. It is a level field of about 120 acres covered with thick growing turf. Wooded ridges border and shelter it on two sides. From any eleva ted point of view it is a scene of beauty. It has the varied elements of mountain, hill and level; forest and field; orchard and meadow ; pretty houses and winding roads and beyond it all, the spires of the little city and the glimmer of the bay. But Santa Cruz did not trust to these natural advantages alone. Realizing the value of the camp in a business point of view, well knowing that no National Guards man would take any money back with him, and wanting the presence of the boys and a good time anyway, they enterprisingly and generously offered the site free ; to put the grounds in good condition, to furnish food and stabling for the horses, straw for mattresses, lumber for needful buildings, tables and benches, to erect a platform, 536 THE GOLDEN ERA. band-stand and flag-pole, to furnish seven electric lights on poles, to sprinkle the grounds and keep the roads in order, to lay pipes and furnish water in unlimited quantities, and, finally to donate $1,000 to cover anything they might have forgot ten. These offers were accepted. On May 30, the general orders were issued and Camp Stoneman was located at Santa Cruz. On July 12, the camp was laid out by Generals Turnbull and Cosby and Col. Hall and Major Gordon the latter of the U. S. A. This was done in generous pro portions, for they had the room. Details from the different companies were on the grounds a day or two in advance and pitched the tents. Liberal transportation rates had been secured for the Guardsmen and their friends. The most of the troops arrived at the grounds on Saturday night, August 1 5th. On the morning of the i6th, about 1 600 answered at roll call. This attendance was considerably increased by the end of the week. The Legislative appropriation was sufficient for an average of only about forty men to each company ; but in some companies, a larger number came, the companies paying the additional ex pense. The appropriation was supple mented also very considerably in various Avays. From the first day it became evident that the men were there for work. Drills formed a generous part of the routine of the day, and the programme was rigidly carried out. Discipline was strict, the pickets were vigilant, and doubtless very few culprits escaped the penalty of the guard-house. When the tired camp had sunk to rest after taps, the stillness was broken only by the frequent cry of " Cor poral of the Guard, Post Number five " or whatever other number designated the post indicating that one more belated unfortunate had failed in his attempt to enter without the regulation latch-key of a countersign or pass. The 1 8th will be remembered as the date of the first general review ever held of the State troops. This was before Gov ernor Stoneman in person. The faultless lines and the accurate evolutions of the National Guard on the ample parade ground, gave ocular evidence of the labor and study and expense and time that the friends of the National Guard had devoted to it from the days of 49 until the pres ent had produced tangible results. A feature of the occasion was the music which was furnished by six combined bands under the leadership of Drum Maj or C. M. Mayberry, of the First Infantry. From the first, the companies were indus trious and tasteful in ornamenting their quarters. Those regiments and compan ies who had been often in camp took the lead in this direction, but the others quick ly caught the infection, and each last com pany effort surpassed all the others. The tent floors were carpeted with the green foliage of the fir tree, arbors were con structed before the tent entrances ; one company "hung banners on the outer walls", another arranged a system of lights in various colored glasses ; one regiment erected a tall mast, fr"<m whose top ran in every direction to the ground lines sus pending Chinese lanterns. Trees were brought from the woods and planted in rows along the streets, and remained green throughout the week. Different regiments erected their own band stands and laid their own dancing-floors. Hardly an eve ning passed but some regiment gave a ball, to the delight of the fair visitors that on each evening thronged the tented streets. Companies gave and returned to each other receptions with a hospitality charac teristic of the National Guard. Many of the tents contained musical talent sufficient for quartettes or sextettes of quite a cred itable order, and strains floated on the evening air from instruments of almost all varieties, even including a piano brought by one of the companies. Among the officers and their visiting friends, social receptions and balls were brilliant and frequent, both in camp and at Santa Cruz. The beach was daily the resort of those successful enough to get leave of absence from camp. In the rear of the General Headquarters, tents were erected for a printing office, known as the Encampment Press. Here were printed all the general or ders, and social invitations. Quite a custom sprang up of the interchange of personal address cards, bearing in the cor ner some design indicative of the proper THE GOLDEN ERA. 537 rank or the arm of the service to which the person belonged. On the afternoon of the 22nd, the en campment was virtually terminated by a sham battle ; the most elaborate and suc cessful mimic contest ever held in the State. The hills were lined with specta tors. The attacking forces were the First, Third and Fifth regiments of the Second Brigade, commanded by General Dimond. The camp was defended by the First and Second Artillery (in reality, infantry reg iments), the Provisional Regiments, and the Hussars. The attack was made over and around the low, cleared extension of the wooded ridge, which bordered the camp-ground For the most of the time, the First Artillery faced the First Infantry; the Second Artillery, the Fifth Infantry; and the Provisional Regiment, the Third Infantry; while the Hussars were principally engaged with the Light Battery. This latter was once captured and once re-taken ; the attack was, as arranged, steadily successful, and the final and al most hand-to-hand conflict, was held on the parade ground. Governor Stoneman umpired the con flict, ordering those companies to retreat, which would probably have been forced to do so, had it been actual warfare. The next day tents were struck. The episode of the morning was the burial procession, made up principally from the Fifth Regiment. It was headed by a band playing a dirge. Gaps were worn reversed; all sorts of implements and improvised ensigns and banners were carried. Four men bore a bier decorated with flowers and covered with empty bottles. These were laid to rest in front of General Head quarters, in presence of the Governor and staff, to appropriate remarks, convulsive weeping and suppressed murmurs of the name of that execrable article of diet which had aroused so much wrath, and which it has become unwise to mention in presence of a National Guardsman. It is too soon to write fully of the re sults of this encampment. Its friends can not claim for it all the advantages of regi mental encampments, nor can its opposers deny them all. The greatest benefits were to those regiments who are most scattered and isolated, and who have least experi ence in encampments. The most of those who doubt the wisdom of a Division En campment are to be found in the city regiments. It is claimed for the encamp ment that it is economical, unifies the troops, increases friendly feeling between brigades, and pride in the National Guard, It is claimed for regimental encampments that they admit of a routine better adapted to the wants of the regiment, and a selec tion of a locality more in accordance with the wishes of its members. A San Fran cisco private, in a conversation with the writer, claimed, with amusing naivete that there are not officers enough at a regiment al encampment to monopolize the society of the fair visitors. It is certain, however, that Camp Stone man came reasonably up to the expecta tions of its projectors, and that it enabled every National Guardsman to form a good idea of the stength and proficiency of that splendid body of young men of which he- is a member. At Camp Stoneman the Na tional Guards encouraged itself and its friends, and gave promise for the future of a continuation of the advancement which, we have just seen in all its past. CLARENCE A. MILLER. HISTORY OF COMPANIES. In the preceding general sketch, it was not deemed advisable to introduce company histo ries, except in so far as they were necessary to the general view of the subject. Nor is it possi ble in the limits of a magazine article, to sketch the career of each of the hundreds of companies that have been in existence in this State. It was necessary therefore, to select a few of what may be termed representative companies, old and new, city and interior, in such a way that their histories which are here appended, may convey to the reader as clear an idea as possible, of the general characteristics that belong to all the companies in the National Guard. Our choice has been largely determined, too, by our facil ities for obtaining correct information in regard to them. In the general article, reference has princi pally been made to the earlier companies. Eno"ugh, however, has not been given of the pioneer of all California companies. FIRST CALIFORNIA GUARD. The date of this organization has already been given as July 27, 1849. Its charter members numbered many of the best citizens of San Francisco, and nave already been referred to, and the causes and manner of organization have been given. This company participated in the Sacramento Squatter war. 538 THE GOLDEN ERA. In the May fire of 1850, the Armory equip ments ami all property belonging to the "First California Guard" were entirely destroyed. The Battery again equipped itself, and built an other arnioYy, but in the great fire of June 1851, all was again lost. Through the enterprising and energetic spirit of its members, the Old (iuard procured another armorv and was again equipped. The first funeral ceremonies performed by the Guard, were over the death of Hon .E. Gil bert, first Congressman from the State of Cali fornia. He was killed in a duel in Sacramento. When the First Regimental Organization was formed in this city, the Guard became Company "A," which letter it has ever since retained (ex cept for a short period of time, when it was known as Co. B. 2nd Artillery Regiment.) With the "San Francisco Blues" which has since disbanded the Battery acted as the Sheriffs posse, and formed around the scaffold for the first execution in San Francisco, held on Russian hill. In IS- ii, many members of the Battery were killed and wounded by the explosion of the steamboat "Queen City." In 1857, a large number of the members joined the last "Vigilance Committee," and others the " Peace Committee," which was intsrumental in bringing about a peaceful solution of the dif ficulty between the State Government and the Vigilantes. When the late war broke out, the Battery was for the Union, and large numbers enlisted and obtained rank in the Federal Armies. With pride, the present members refer to its War Roll: General Wm. T. Sherman, U. S. A. Brevet-General John W. Geary, Brigadier- General U. S. Volunteers. Brig. Gen. H. M. Naglee, U. S. Vols. Brevet-Brig. Gen. Thos. D. Johns, Col. 7th Mass. Vol. Infantry. Brevet-Brig. Gen. A. Van Horn Ellis, Col. 124th Reg. N. Y. Vol. Infantry, killed July 2, 1863, at Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet-Brig. Gen. Francis Lippett, Lieut. Col. 2nd Reg. Cal. Vol. Infantry. Brevet-Brig. Gen. Jas. F. Curtis, Lieut. Col. 4th Reg. Cal. Vol. Infantry. Brevet-Brig. Gen. Greely S. Curtis, Lieut. Col. 1st Reg. Mass. Vol. Cavalry. Brevet-Brig. Gen. Jno, N. Hammond, Major and Asst, Adj. Gen. U, S. Volunteers. Major D. W. C. Thompson, 2nd Mass. Vol. Cavalry. Major R. B. Hampton. U. S. A. Major T. Elliott, N. Y. Volunteers. Major G. Hammond. Pa. Volunteers. Major. T. A. Wakeraan, N. Y. Vol. Artillery. Commander L. W. Sloat, U. S. Navy. Captain R. S. LeMotte, U. S. A. Captain C. S. Eigenbrodt, 2nd Mass. Vol. Cavalrv, killed in action Aug. 25, 1864, Hail- town, Va. Captain J. S. Reed, 2nd Mass. Vol. Cavalry, killed in action Feb. 22, 18(54. Captain C. Mason Kinne, Brev. Maj. and Asst. Adj. Gen. U. S. Volunteers. Captain (J. S. Watson, U. S. Volunteers. Captain Selim Woodworth, U. S. Navy. Captain Dan. McLean, r. S. Volunteers. Captain W. E. Hull, V. S. Volunteers. Captain Thad. Mott, U. S. Volunteers. Captain Eli Cook, 6th Cal. Vol. Infantry. First Lieut. J. W. Sim, 2nd Mass. Vol. Cav alry. Lieut. A. C. Wakeman, Q. M. Dept. U. S. A. Lieut. D. T. Berry, U. S. Volunteers. Lieut. John J. Sheppeard, U. S. Volunteers. Lieut. J. Mead Huxley, 1". S. Volunteers. Lieut. John Hill, 5th Gal. Infantry. Lieut. Frank Wheeler, 2nd Reg. Cal. Vol. Infantry. Sergeant Chas. W. Nystrom, 2nd Mass. Vol. Cavalry. Privates Geo. Simmons, B. Richards, John Palmer, Campbell, and J. L. Von Bokelen. In 1<S)3, the Hrst California < iuard was given the "Post of Honor" in guarding the remains of Col. E. D. Baker, who fell mortally wounded at the head of his gallant California Regiment at Ball s Bluff. The history of the Battery since the war has been the same as the other companies of the National Guard ; but the company boasts of having given the following eminent officers : Major Generals J. P. Havens, J. S. Ellis, H. A. Cobb. Jr., D. \N 7 . C. Thompson; Colonels R. H. Sinton, Archibald Wason, C. Mason Kinne, and also from among its members are the following named gentlemen who have stood high in their professions in civil life. John W. Geary, Ex-Governor of California and Pennsylvania, Thos. O. Larkin, 1st Alcalde of San Francisco, P. A. Roach, 1st Alcalde of Monterey, and present Public Administrator of San Francisco, Eugene L. Sullivan, late Col lector of the Port, A. J. Moulder, Hon. H. H. Haight, late Governor of California, Hon. Hall McAllister, Frank Turk, W. T. Coleman, J. King of William, Sam Hrannan.W. D. M.How ard, C. K. Garrison, W. C. Ralston, Wm. Sher wood, Albert Dibblee, M. D. Boruck, Jos. Dona hue and Peter Donahue. The following have served as Captains com manding the Battery: H. M. Naglee, R. H. Sinton, E. J. Lippett, F. A. Woodworth, T. D. Johns, J. S. Ellis, Frank Wheeler. Isaac Blux- ome, Jr., H. J. Pippy, Marcus Harloe, W. C. Burnett, R. G. Brush, Grant Lapham and W. B. Collier. The Armory of the Battery is now located at 590 Mission Street. Its armament consists of 4 ten pdr. Parrott guns and caissons and 4 Gatlings, all ready for immediate service. After a hard and w r eary struggle, assisted by the untiring labors of Capt. W. B Collier and Lieut. Geo. Reynolds, for several years, the Battery succeeded in lifting the heavy debt that hung over it, and is now in a prosperous condi tion, with $800 in the General Fund. The ? resent officers are: Captain, W. T. Sime; 1st -ieutenants, Wm. Macdonald, John Beatty; 2nd Lieutenant, Chas. C. Fisher, and 1st Ser geant, John Elliott. In the hope of influencing good men to be come members of the Battery, a proposition has been made to organize a Mutual Benefit Fund. THE CITY GUARD. One of the companies formed out of the First California Guard, is what is now Co. B. of the First Infantry Regiment, San Francisco. It was organized March 31, 1S.~>1, and is therefore the oldest infantry Company in the State. This is the company before referred to as disbanding on account of dissatisfaction with duties re quired by the authorities during the Vigilance troubles, and reorganizing as the Independent City (iuard. It was re-mustered into the State service March 11, 1859. Its record of services during its 31 years of existence, is a long one. and space will permit mention of only a part of it. It guarded the jail in which Casey was con fined in 1S5<>, from May 15th to May lSth. On the day following the assassination of President Lincoln, from April 15th to April 20, 18(55, it was under arms and ready to suppress possible riots. THE GOLDEN ERA. 539 It served throughout the campaign in Amador county in 1871. ^Among its numbers is the oldest active mem ber of the N. G. C., Lieut. L. R, Townsend, who joined the First California Guard in Feb ruary 1854, and was transferred to the City Guard in April 1854. The strength of this company has varied from fifty to seventy members; but at the begin ning of the rebellion it grew to one hundred and twenty members. The following gentlemen have served as its Captains: J. A. Clark, G. F. Watson, Chas. Doaiie, W. C. Little, G. W. Granniss, Douglas Gunn, Chalmers Scott, T. J. Johnson, David Wilder, H. A. Plate, J. H. Dickinson, E. F. Selleck, S. J. Taylor and Geo. R. Burdick. The company is justly proud of its membership and history. FRANKLIN LIGHT INFANTRY. This is another of the companies antedating the civil war. It was organized in the early part of 1861, with Valentine Dreschcr as Cap tain. He, with all of his command but seven members, entered the Federal service. The remnant successfully reorganized the company in June of that year, under the name which heads the sketch. It was lettered "E of the First Artillery Battalion" (afterwards Regi ment). It became Company C of the 2nd In fantry, when that regimejit was organized, and in 1870 was transferred to the First Infantry regiment as Company D, its present designation. It was principally organized from the printers and compositors on the city newspapers ; Captain (afterwards General) McComb, being connected with the Alta. A detail of eleven men from this company served during the Amador troubles in 1871. During the disturbances of July 1877, an average of 53 men from this company reported every night that it was ordered on duty. It formed the escort to the arms sent at that time to the City Hall. It won the first prize for drill at the Sacramento Fair in 1878. Since then it has given numerous exhibitory drills and taken several prizes. It holds and deserves a fine reputation as a well-drilled company. Among its members, the following have been long in the service : Corporal A. R. McFarlane enlisted in June 1864; Corporal M. J. Myers, July 1864; Capt. V. Kingwell, April 1865; Sergeant H. A. Perry, Feb. 1874, and E. J. Selleck, July 1874. The company now numbers 66. The following have been its Captains : John McComb, Wm. O. Breyfogle. Fred W. Pierce, R. H. Orton, E. A. Allen, S. F. Wentworth, G. D. Harvey and Vincent Kingwell. COMPANY F, FIRST INFANTRY. Co. F. First Infantry, organized Nov. 12, 1858, under the name of the "Light Guard," making it the fourth oldest Company in the N. G. C., Captain Eli Cook was the first captain. For years after this company was organized, it was the pride of the militia, never parading less than one hundred men. Its first armory was on Market Street opposite where the Palace Hotel now stands. Among the officers of the old company were such men as Hon. Alex. Badlam, A. D. Barker, and other prominent men. At the breaking out of the war, a large number of the members of the Light Guard, joined the California troops, and all distin guished themselves by their bravery on the field, many rising to important offices. Of all the N. G. C. companies represented in the U. S. Volunteers during the war, the largest number of promotions was accorded to former members of Co. F. In 1866, the company was attached to the First Infantry and designated as Co. F. Since then, the company has steadily maintained its position as one of the foremost companies in the service, and of late years it has been noted for its contributing some of the most efficient officers that have served in the State troops, among whom may be mentioned the late Lieut. Col. Geo. M. Gaylord, without doubt the best officer ever in the service. Capt. Henry Levy, now in the Third Infantry, Lieut. Col. L. L. Bromwell, Major Geo. W. Reed, Major J. P. Clark, Capt. C. F. Holyoke, Lieut. W. H. Mc- Clintock, Lieut. W. M. Cavanaugh, Col. W. C. Little, Capt. Geo. Teller and many others. In 18SO, the Company moved to the lower floor of the National Guard building on Post Street, from the Regimental Armory, and fitted up its new quarters in an elegance unequaled by any Company in the State, a piano, billiard table and first class gymnasium being among its pos sessions. On Aug. 1, 1885, Co. E. First In fantry, was mustered into this company, bring ing the membership up to nearly 130 men, the second largest company in the State. The present officers are Geo. Teller. Capt; P. S. Teller, First Lieut; G. W. Longley. Second Lieut; E. J. Longley, First Sergeant/ COMPANY G, FIRST INFANTRY. Of the more recently organized companies of the same regiment, is Company G, which in its present form was organized May 10, 1882. The present officers are Chas. L. Tilden, Captain; H. W. Adams, First Lieutenant; Wm .Sumner, Second Lieutenant. This company contains the senior First Sergeant of the regiment, Chas. E. Thompson. Its first Captain was Charles P. LeBreton, one of the best tacticians in the N. G. C. This company has a well furnished armory on Post street, and the monthly socials held there have achieved for the company quite a local reputation as a social body of gentle men. COMPANY H, FIRST INFANTRY. This company was organized August 4, 1869, to fill the vacancy caused by the mustering out of the California Tigers. It began its exist ence with about sixty members. Its first Cap tain was R. G. Gilmore, who was succeeded by J. V. Spader, and his successor is the pres ent Captain, H. P. Bush, who has, it seems, been longer in continuous official servce in the N. G. C. than any other officer. The First Lieutenant, W. H. Fraser, and Second Lieutenant, J. M. Duncan, have been with the company since it was formed, and all the non-commissioned offi cers are old members of the company. At present Company H numbers sixty men, and is one of the best equipped in the National Guard. It has a complete camping outfit, and its armory room is handsomely furnished with pictures, piano, and in other ways made a com fortable place of meeting. The social character of its members have made this company, when in camp, famous for its open-handed hospitality. THE THIRD INFANTRY. The Third Regiment was organized in March, 1862, by Major Thomas L. Cazneau. Some of the companies comprised in it were organized much earlier. The first, the Montgomery Guards organized in December, 1859, became Com pany A. Company B was the MacMahon Guards, organized in 1860. In 1861 the Shields Guards was organized. These three companies 540 THE GOLDEN ERA. then organized into a battalion, electing Thos. L. Ca/noau as Major. In 1802 the Invincibles, (Company D) organized, and almost immedi ately changed their names to the Wolf Tone ; tta rds. Next came the Meagher Guards, Com pany E. About the same time a Petaluma com pany, the Emmet Rifles (Company F) was or ganized, with Thomas F. Baylisa as Captain. The Sarsfleld Guards of Benicia, constiuted Company <i ; the Emmet Guards was Company H, and the Hugh O Neil Guards was Company K, of what then grew from the battalion to be the Second Regiment of the California State Militia. The regimental headquarters were on the corner of Jackson and Front streets. In 1 " ; I they were moved to the south side of Mar ket street, opposite Sansome, where the regi ment remained until it was mustered out of the State service in October 1866. Four companies the Montgomery, Wolf Tone, Meagher and Shields Guards then formed an independent battalion, and elected Archibald Wason, Major in command. The battalion used the old regi mental armory, and in a short time fire de stroyed the building and all its contents, leaving the battalion without arms or uniforms. Major Winters, who succeeded Major Wason, exerted himself, raised money for new arms and uni forms, and with his enthusiasm and work kept the battalion together. On February 22, 1808, Gov. Haight mustered the battalion into the National Guard. In May, 1868, the Emmet Guards was mustered in. In 1870, the Mc- Mahon Guards was mustered in, and completed a regiment. Wason became Colonel, Bateman, Lieutenant-Colonel, and John J. Conlin was elected Major. In 1880, the Emmet Guards withdrew. Five months later the Colonel and his staff were niustered out. In 1882, an independent 3d reg iment was again formed, with Harry T. Ham mond (since dead) as Colonel, William Corcoran as Lieutenant-Colonel, and John T. Conlin as Major. The independent organization was maintained until after Governor Stoneman took his seat, and, in April, 1883, he mustered it back into the National Guard. At present, the regiment is organized as follows: Colonel, Robert Tobin; Lieutenant-Colonel, P. Boland; Major, Thos. F. Barry; Surgeon, F. B. Kane; Chaplain, Rev. J. E. Cottle; Inspector Rifle Practice, J. J. O Brien; Pavmaster, B. P. Oli ver; Ordnance Officer, R. P. Hammond, Jr. ; Quartermaster, W. D. Lawton; Commissary, Jas. C. Dunphy; Adjutant, P. M. Delany. Captains, Robert Cleary, Thos. Drady, Hen ry Levy, J.C. O Conner, M. McCormick, J. C. Smith; Second-Lieut., J. W. Warren; Captain, D. J. Driscoll. THE EMMET GUARD. The following is compiled from the account furnished us by Capt. Robert Cleary : This company was organized in November 1862, by a split from the Shield s Guard, Co. C, 2nd Regiment, and was admitted into the ser vice on the above date. Michael Coonan was elected Capt., Patrick Redding, First Lieut., Thos. O Neil and John O Brien Second Lieuts. Since then the captains of the company have been Michael Coonan, Thos. O Neil and Rpbt. Cleary, the latter having served as such since May 15, 18G8. The present officers are Robt. Cleary, Capt., Daniel Foley, First Lieut., and M. J. Bolger, Second Lieut. In October 180G, the company was mustered out of the State service, together with the entire Regiment. The members became scattered through four companies of the old regiment. On May 15, 1868, shortly after ihe formation of the First Infantry Battalion, the Emmet (iuard was re-admitted into the State service and was assigned the letter E. With some $300 collected back claims due the old company from the State, we commenced again, not having as much as a fatigue cap. On the 4th of July, 1868, our company paraded 48 muskets in full U. S. Regulation uniforms, and on the 17th of March, 1869, paraded 55 men in full company uniform ; green swallow-tail coats, white facing s and epaulettes, black bear-skin hats and blue pants with white stripes, which style of uniform continued to be worn up to 1874, when the reg iment adopted the regulation one; but our green coats were always worn in company pa rades. The company, with the regiment, spent three days at Brigade Camp Schofield in 1875. In that year, the company received and enter tained the Emmet Guard of Virginia, Nev. In 1878, the company went to Sacramento to par ticipate in the encampment and competition drill held there during the State Fair. In 1879 the company returned the visit of the E mmet Guards, of Nevada, remaining a week. In Nov. 1880, owing to difficulties between the Battalion commander and the company com mander, the company was mustered out, and the whole regiment soon after becoming an independent organization. After Gov. Stoneman s election, the regiment being re-admitted as the Third Infantry, our company became Co. A. This was April 18, 1883. A year or more previous, the Emmet (>\ ard and several other companies formed an independent regiment with Harry T. Hammond as Colonel not long from the U. S. Army. The regiment early learned to love and respect him, and deeply regretted that he did not live to see his regiment a constituent of the N. G. C. After long years of service in the military of San Francisco, I can state that I feel prouder of the old Third than I ever did before, for the manner in which it is governed, and I consider it the equal, if not the superior, of any regiment in the State service to-day. COMPANY G, THIRD INFANTRY. This is instanced as a representative company of young men. During February of the present year, a num ber of young gentlemen conceived the idea of forming a military organization which should be composed exclusively of young men. The preliminary meeting was held at the armory of the Third "Regiment, at which fifteen persons attended, with D. J. Driscoll acting as chair man. At this meeting a committee was ap pointed to nominate members and a canvass instituted. The result of this action was that in two weeks fifty names were on the roll. On March 3d, the following officers were elected: Capt., D. J. Driscoll; First Lieut., S. J. Ruddell; Second Lieut., T. J. Morse. Through the efforts of Col. Robt. Tobin, the company became a part of the Third Regiment as Co. G Cadet Corps, the old cadet company consolidating witli the new to raise the company to the num ber required by law. The officers at once set the standard of excel lence by passing a very creditable examination, for which they received special praise from the Brigade Examining Board. On April 30th the members gave their first entertainment and hop at Saratoga Hall. This was so much enjoyed that at the request of many friends they gave a second successful party at the same place, on Nov. 19th. In July last Co. G was raised to a full company. The number of men on the roll THE GOLDEN ERA. is 62. The officers are as follows : Capt., D. J. Driscoll: First Lieut., S. J. Ruddell; Second Lieut., T. . I. Morse :Rec. Sec., W. V. White; Fin. Sec., J. W. Dermody; Treas., W. S. Thurgood. COMPANY E, SFCOND ARTILLERY. Another promising company, of compara tively recent organization, is Company E, which dates from July 16, 1882. It was formed to fill a vacancjr left by mustering out another company. Its first arid present captain is Jo seph T. Donovan ; the other commissioned offi cers are Jno. H. Flynn, First Lieut., and T. J. Desmond, Second Lieut. The company has grown from 47 men to 73 men, and is now fully uniformed and equipped. They have lately moved into new quarters, which they are fitting up in handsome style. COMPANY H, SECOND ARTILLERY. This company was organized Aug. 7, 1863, as the San Francisco Cadets, Co. K, First Artillery under C. E. S. McDonald, Capt ; Geo. Wood, First Lieut; H. J. Davis, and J. M. Greenlaw, Second Lieutenants. Upon the reorganization of the militia in 1866, the company became H, of the Second Infantry. This is the company already referred to, as exhibiting the blindfold drill in Eastern cities. Captain McDonald had arranged a fancy Zouave drill compiled from he tactics ofjHardee, Casey, McClellan, and Monstree. On Aug. 12, 1873, the company left for the East. In New York it was the guest of the famous "Seventh." Its exhibitions became celebrated at once; invi tations crowded upon them ; the principal cities were visited, and large crowds attended their performances. On their return they were re ceived with military honors. During the centennial year, Ex-Capt. Mc Donald trained and drilled a band of Indians, and appeared in all the prominent cities of the United States; he also appeared before the crowned heads of Europe. Capt. McDonald was one of the organizers of the First Califor nia Guard. Company H won a competitive drill at Sacramento, and also (under the present Capt. Waters) the contest for the U. S. championship in the Manual of Arms, held in 1866 at the old American Theatre. Co. H has given benefit drills at various times, an exhibition blindfold drill before King Kal- akau, and at present has a Drill Corps of six teen men under Lieutenant Thos. F. O Neil, which challenges any similar organization in the State. During the excitement over the news of Lin coln s assassination, the company was on duty for two days and nights. In 1877, Co. H was on duty whenever called, and was specially detailed by Gen. McComb as an escort to the guns from the Pavilion to the old City Hall. On Gen. McComb s retirement from the Second Brigade, the company, at a banquet, presented him with an elegant gold headed cane. This company has encamped at Camp Scho- field, in 1875, at Camp McComb, Santa Barbara, in 1878; at Camp Murphy, in Los Angeles City Gardens, Oct. 79; at Camp Dana, San Luis Obispo county, in Aug. 1881; and at Camp Stoneman this year, having a daily average at the latter camp, of fifty men. Capt. McDonald s successor was Capt. Bigley, whose record of faithful and conscientious ser vice deserves remark. He enlisted in 18(53, and for over nineteen years was an active member of the company, and a commissioned officer for over thirteen years. The present officers of the company are : Win D. Waters, Capt; Jas. W. Reinfeld, First Lieut; and Thos. F. O Neil, Second Lieutenant. CADET CORPS, SECOND ARTILLERY. This was formed February 1, 1882, at the San Francisco Boys High School, with 61 members, all of the school. The Captain was Wm. C. Sharpstein. After drilling five months, they stood a very creditable competitive drill at Oakland Park, with the St. Patrick Cadets, the older company beating them by but two points. In November, they were made a battalion of four companies, Captain Sharpstein becoming Major. In August, 1883, about forty men be ing transferred to Company G, the battalion was again made a company, with C. A. Davis as Captain. After his death, two months later, Emmet Rixford was made Captain, who re signed April 6, 1885. Previous to this, the com pany was again organized as a battalion. The successor of Capt. Rixford, Capt. R. S. Atkins, is, at present, in charge of the organiza tion, with Gailiard Storey as First Lieut., and Walter W. Kaufman as Second Lieut. COMPANY A, FIFTH INFANTRY. At the beginning of the late war, Oakland de termined to form a military company for possi ble service for the Union in this State. Among the citizens who were the original promoters and organizers of the Oakland Guard \vere Wm. Hoskins, Jerry Tyrrell, Jas. Brown, Har ry N. Morse, John Potter, Chas. McKay, Hen ry Hillebrand, W. W. Crane, Jack Orr, C. H. Ellis, Geo. Carleton, Alfred W. Burrell, H. H. Burrell, Chas. Reed, and about sixty others. The Company was organized and mustered into the State Militia June 10, 1861, and Jas. Brown was elected the first Captain. Following him in office were Harry N. Morse, W. C. Little, Alfred W. Burrell, Horace D. Ranlett, Henry Levy, Albert L. Smith, Thos. H. Thompson, and Gilbert B. Daniels, the present Captain. The present First Lieut, is J. A. C. McDonald, and Second Lieut, is Geo. C. Pardee. The Company for some ten years past, has given special attention to rifle practice, particu larly under the administration of Capt. Ran lett, In 1879, being equal to any in the State, it won matches with the Roxbury City Guard, Mass., and at Sacramento in 1879, with seven State companies. The Company was on duty during the troub les in 1877, being the first company called un der arms at that time. It also served in 1878 at a similar juncture. It is now one of the solid, well organized companies of tiie State. COMPANY B, FIFTH INFANTRY. This was organized early in the war as the San Jose Zouaves. After being attached to the Fifth Infantry Battalion, it was in 1879 re-or ganized in its membership, and for the past three years has held a high reputation from both a social and military point of view. Its officers are: Capt., Albert K. Whitton; First Lieut., T. F. Morrison; Second Lieut., Alva W. Ingalls. COMPANY C, FIFTH INFANTRY. Aii enthusiastic company of the " Dandy Fifth," as it is now called, is Company C, which was organized June 29, 1869, with James Arm strong, Captain, commanding under the name of Hewston Guards. It continued under this name until the early part of 1882, when it be came part of the Fifth Battalion. 542 THE GOLDEN ERA. Shortly after, a large number of the young men of Petaluma joined the Company, who re placing the former members, gradually worked the Company to an excellent position/ The present officers are : Captain. 1). B. Fair banks; First Lieut., G. W. Xartman; Second Lieut. , Joseph Naylor. In this company particular attention is given to Target Practice. At the Regimental Match at Camp Stoneman, Aug. 17, 8.">, Co. C \von the first pri/e, averaging 80 per cent., ten men shooting in each team. The company has fitted up fine ranges, and practice-shooting is contin ually indulged in. They are in possession of commodious quar ters, well furnished, and have a complete supply of clothing of all kinds, and \yere probably one of the best equipped companies that went into camp at Santa Cruz. Though for many years it was the only com pany north of San Francisco, and not far dis tant, it has never been called to arms but once and then from a rumored outbreak at San Quentin, which proved a false alarm. It has a membership at this writing, of 03 enlisted men. COMPANY 1), FIFTH 1NFANTUY. This Company, located at San Rafael, was organized under its present name on May 14th of this year. It supplied the place of the Yalle- jo Company I), wnich was mustered out the month before. This Company has a membership of about 70 men; about fifty of whom were in attendance at Camp Stoneman. It has had a brief but lively existence under its Captain, Jos. B. Lauck. Its First Lieut, is J. 1). Lawton; its Second Lieut, is Win. Elliott. COMPANY E, FIFTH INFANTRY. This is a very newly organized company at Santa Rosa, dating only "from June 10,1885. . i tain was s. I. Allen, but it is, at present, under the command of Lieutenant L. W. Juil- liard, and promises to be a fine company. COMPANY F, FIFTH INFANTKY. Previous to August, 1885, this was known as iht- Oakland Light Cavalry. It was organized in ls77. under Captain W. C. Little. For five or six years, it has been one of the best com panies in the State. Its present officers are : Captain, George B. Flint; First Lieut., A. M. Boyden.and Second Lieut., J. L. 1 arsons. COMPANY F., FIIiST UITII.LERY. Of the Sacramento Companies, Companv K was organized in Camptonville, Yuba Co., Cal,, where for twenty-one years it was under the command of Capt. J. P. Brown, and during the year 1881, won from the State a beautiful gold medal offered to the N. G. C. for the best Companv attendance for that year. Camptonville being largely* a mining town, and the mining interests having declined in that locality, during the last few years, Capt. Brown, who had been engaged for a generation or more in Yuba Co, as a hanker, found it liec- essary to make a change. Feeling that the company could not be well -ii>tained any longer, he asked to have it mus tered out of the service, which was done. Within a few weeks, however. Capt. Fred F.i*- enminger, then in command of a Sacramenio Cadet Co., attached to the First Artillery Regi ment, organized a new company in Nov., ivs:;. in Sacramento, which was promptly mustered into the service, and thereafter known as Com pany F, First Artillery Regiment. The first officers of this new company were Fred Kisen- minger. Captain; ( has. Lovell, First Lieut.; Chas. L. Fonteneau, Second Lieut. Capt. Fred Kisenminger having resigned in Oct., 1884, he was succeeded by the present incumbent, who was then First Lieut, of Company A, First Ar tillery Regiment. The officers of the Company at present an-: H.W. Einstock, Captain; Geo. W. Satford. First Lieut. ; ( has. L. Fonteneau, Second Lieut. Company K has seventy names on its muster roll, and is in a strong, healthy condition. THE FORSYTHK QUABDS. This is one of the newest companies in the service. It was organized at Fresno on the 13th of June, 1885, and mustered into the service in of the State a few days later. The following officers were elected by this company: M. W. Muller, Capt; S. S. Wright, First Lieut; O. J. Meade, Second Lieut. The company comprises representatives from many trades and professions. The legal profession is represented by six members, and the medical by two. The company commenced special preparations for the Santa Cruz encampment with great enthusiasm, being well represented at several drills, each week during the six weeks preceding the 15th of August. Forty-three of the company were on the ground at Santa Cruz where they received many encomiums for rapid progress. They voted the Santa Cruz encampment a grand success, and another like encampment would, no doubt, find them present. The For- sythe Guards were among the number of those who forsook the tripe pots of the camp and sought a moregenereus allowance of grub at the restaurants in Santa Cruz. The weekly drills are kept up by a fair attendance. When any special event requires the attendance of the Guards, they are generally well represented in full uniform, and bearing aloft the beautiful flag which Col. Forsythe (for whom the company was named) generously presented to them. THE SAN FRANCISCO Hl SSAUS (r N ATTACH !:!>). The first company from which finally origin ated the San Francisco Hussars, was the Citi zen s Dragoons, organized directly after the Vigilance troubles in 18.*!. In about three years this companv was re organized as the Black Hussars, At the begin ning of the civil war this name was changed to that which it now holds the San Francisco Hussars. Its first Captain after it was finally reorgan ized, was Captain Broad. Succeeding him wa- Captain Seymour. Then followed Capt. Broad again, and then 1). A. McDonald. His suc cessor was Captain J. Schreiber, who wa> followed November I M. l*7ii, by the present Captain C. C. Keene. Captain Keene joined the Hussars in l^ il. in the following year became Second Lieutenant of the company, and afterwards became First Lieutenant, which place he held until he became Captain. His official service is therefore one of the longest in the National Guard. THE GOLDEN ERA. 543 REPRESENTATIVE RECORDS IN THE NATIONAL GUARD. GOVERNOR GEORGE STONEMAN. By virtue of his office, Governor Stoneman is Commander-in-Chief of the National Guard of California. He was born the 8th of August, 1822 at Busti, Chatauqua county, New York. He entered West Point on the ist of July, 1842, grad uating four years later, being breveted Second Lieutenant of the First Dragoons, stationed at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. During the war with Mexico he was ordered to San Diego, California, and was A. A. Q. of the Mormon Battalion, ar riving at the Mission San Diego in January, 1847. He was commissioned Second Lieutenant in July, 1847, and during 1848-9 commanded the post in San Francisco at the Presidio. He was engaged in all the Indian wars on this Coast until 1854, when he was commissioned First Lieutenant. In the following year he was made Captain, and stationed at Camp Cooper, in Texas. His pro motion to Major occurred at Washington, where he was stationed in the spring of 1861 . For good work in the cavalry service he was made Brigadier General and chief of the cavalry of the Army of the Potomac. He took part m the thirty days siege of Vorktown, .Vtechanicsville, Fredericksburg, in 1863, being made Major General. From July, 1863, to January, 1864, he was Chief of the Cav alry Bureau at Washington. In March of the same year he was made Lieutenant Colonel of the Third Cavalry, and on the 3Oth of July was taken prisoner and sent to Andersonville, being ex changed in October following. After this he was in active service until the close of the war, doing splendid execution and breveted Major General, the close of the rebellion finding him in command of the Department of Tennessee. General Stone man remained in the regular army until June, 1871, when he resigned and was on the retired list of the army when elected Governor, and came to California. He has since occupied the position of Indian Agent, Railroad Commissioner and in 1882 was elected Governor by a handsome ma jority. ADJUTANT GENERAL GEO. B. COSBY. General Cosby, the Adjutant General of this State, relieved Adjutant General J. F. Sheehan in January, 1883, having been appointed by Govern or Stoneman. He is a graduate of West Point, having been appointed from Kentucky, and enter ed the army as Brevet Second Lieutenant of Mounted Rifles in July, 1852; he was commission ed Second Lieutenant in 1853 and transferred to the Second Cavalry in March, 1855; he became First Lieutenant in May, 1856, and Captain on the Qth day of May, 1861. The following day, May loth, he resigned from the army and joined the Confederate forces, rising to the rank of Brig adier General, and at the battle of Red River suc cessfully combating General Bank s forces. Gen eral Cosby came to California soon after the war closed, and before his appointment as Adjutant General was chief clerk in the State Engineer s office. He is a gentleman of most genial disposi tion and has many personal friends. COLONEL A. ANDREWS. The present Paymaster General and consequent ly a member of the general staff of Governor Stoneman, was born April 7th, 1826, in London. He came when a child to New Orleans, and iu 1846 enlisted in the U.S. army for the Mexican war, as a lieutenant. Then he became Captain of Company A, 2nd Ohio. Thence he joined Gener al Lane s staff in which he served till the close of the war. In 1849, he came to California. On October 3rd, 1853, he was appointed Lieutenant Colonel on the staff of Major General John A. Slitter, where he served six years. Shortly after this ap pointment he became Quartermaster General with the rank of Colonel. On the breaking out of the Rebellion, he was appointed Major of the Second Cavalry Regiment. Shortly after, he resigned. Then he left Califor nia and before his return had made a tour of the world, experiencing all kinds of adventures and vicissitudes. \Vhen he returned, he was appointed on the staff of Major General Lewis, as Commissary with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and served during his administration. Closely following the inauguration of Governor Stoneman, he was appointed to his present posi tion of Paymaster General with the rank of Colonel. He is the first Vice President of the Mexican War Veteran Association, and was for the nine years preceeding 1884, Treasurer of the California Rifle Association. COLONEL CHAS. SONNTAG. Colonel Charles Sonntag was born at Wilming ton, Delaware, January 6, 1848, and came to California in 1854. His military record begins at the early age of thirteen years. It was a time of commotion and preparation for a great con flict. Of the many organizations formed to pro tect the Union from a threatened Pacific Rebel lion, he joined one as a drummer boy. On April, 21, 1877, he became a member of the staff of General McComb as Captain and A. D. C. Some three years afterward, this position was re signed. He was appointed to his present position as In spector General of Rifle Practice, with the rank ^f Colonel, on February I, 1883. His last official report contains many valuable suggestions in re gard to the improvement of the rifle practice of the National Guard. LIEUTENANT COLONEL GEORGE HARTWELL KIMBALL. This record begins with the Civil War. In April, 1861, Col. Kimball joined the famous Thirteenth Massachusetts. He participated, as a member, in the battles of Antietam, Martinsburg, and all of the famous conflicts in which that reg iment fought from the middle of 1861 to the same time in 1862. In December of the latter year, he joined the command of General Banks at New 544 THE GOLDEN ERA. Orleans. One year afterward, having in the meantime been promoted to the position of As sistant Adjutant General, he was compelled to officer in the National Guard of that high grade. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri, on the 2ist of March, 1848. He received a commercial edu- resign his position on account of an attack of the cation at the Washington University, of St. Louis. General Matthews springs from a family in whom the military ardor has shown itself, having three uncles who served throughout in the Mexican war holds. Col. Kimball is also a member of the Military Order of the Royal Legion of the United States. LIEUTENANT COLONEL HARRY W. CARROLL dreaded yellow fever. His connection with the X. G. C. begins with February I, 1883, when he was commissioned Lieutenant Colonel and A. D. C., on the staft of and relatives on both sides who were in th late Governor Stoneman, which position he now war. He served two years and and a half in the Second Regiment, National Guard of Missouri, under Colonel Squire and Captain C. P. Ellerly as company commander. He was commissioned Brigadier General of the First Brigade by Gover- ner Stoneman on the 2Oth of last February, vice Col. Carroll received military instruction as a cadet at St. Augustine Academy, from August 1873 to June 1875. He was a member, also, ot the Cadet Corps at the University of California from Aug. 1875 to June 1880. In the former corps be became 1st Corporal. At the University, after a term of one year as private, he became Corporal of A Co. for one year, then Orderly Ser geant of A Co. and right-guide batallion for one year, and then Captain of D Company for one 1". K. Hewitt, resigned His brigade consists of the Eagle Corps, of Los Angeles, and Company B, San Diego City Guard, two very effective and well-drilled organizations. year. During his command this company won every prize it ever competed for. In February iSSo, ru was also a com missioned Engineer officer on the staff of Brigadier General John F. Sheehan, com manding the Fourth Brigade, which place he held one year and a half. He was then advanced MAJOR L. S. BUTLER. Major Butler, now Assistant Adjutant General, and Chief of Staff of the First Brigade, can date his military record from the beginning of the Civil War, when, in May, 1861, he entered the 7th Ohio Volunteer Infantry. He experienced various promotions and changes from regiment to regiment through five years of service, receiving his final discharge some time after the close of the war. Major Butler s first commission in his present position bears date of May 9, 1883. He has re- to the position of pjgade Inspector (under Gen. ceived similar appointments to this place by three successive Brigade Commanders. GENERAL W. H. DIMOND. Brigadier General Dimond, commanding I he Second Brigade, is one of the members of the in fluential firm of Williams, Dimond & Co ; a dig nified, refined and public-spirited citizen, whose popularity is shown in the fact that his second ap pointment as Brigadier General, by Governor Stoneman, was at the unanimous request of every commissioned officer of the Second Brigade. Wil liam Henry Dimond was born on the Sandwich Islands, ot American parents, in 1840, and is a graduate of the Oahu College. The year 1861 saw him enlisted in the First Hawaiian Cavalry, and before the close of the year he was commis sioned Second Lieutenant. He served as such until the news of the battle of the Wilderness reached the Islands, when he resigned his commis sion, abadoned his business pursuits and embark ing for the continent, with the highest testimonials proceeded to Washington and tendered his ser vices to President Lincoln. He was appointed Captain and A. A. G. of U. S. Volunteers from New York City, serving until the close of the war when he resigned and returned to his Island home. Again he entered the Hawaiian service, being commissioned Captain of Troop B, First Cavalry resigning in 1867, when he came to San Francisco and entered into business. On the election of Governor Perkins, he was commissioned Lieuten ant Colonel and A. D. C. on the staff; and in 1 88 1 was commissioned by him as General of the Second Brigade, vice John McComb, who resigned. General Dimond belongs to the Masonic fraternity, the G. A. R., Military Order of the Loyal Legion, the Military Association of the Pacific, and is President of the California Rifle Association. He Tozer, who succeeded Gen. Sheehan), which he held till Gov. Perkins administration closed. He was then appointed Lieut. Col. and Aid-de-camp on the staff of Gov. Stoneman, which position he now holds. He has attended Camp Backus (Ala- meda); Camp Brown (Nevada Co.); Camp Hay- mond (San Rafael), and Camp Stoneman (Santa Cruz). He is a great friend and admirer of mili tary matters, and has many friends among the commissioned officers of the U. S. Army. MAJOR GENERAL WALTER TURNBULL. The above-named commander has a record of twenty-two years service in the National Guard. He enlisted in the City Guard, Company B, First Infantry Regiment, under Captain W. C. Little, on the the 28th of December, 1863. His subse quent promotions were rapid, being made a Cor poral in 1865, a Sergeant in 1867, and receiving a state exemption certificate from further military service, if he chose to avail himself of it, on the 9th of August, 1871. He was commissioned First Lieutenant and Quartermaster on the staff of Col. W. H. L. Barnes, commanding the crack organiz ation of the First Infantry Regiment, in June, 1872, and was made Adjutant, with the rank of Captain, in March, 1873, remaining as such until his resignation, on the 3Oth of December, 1874. He was then commissioned Lieutenant Colonel and Division Inspector in April, 1880, on the staft" of Major General Barnes, whom he succeeded in that office in February, 1883, when General Barnes resigned. General Turnbull was born in Canada in 1844. GENERAL JOHN R. MATTHEWS. Brigadier General Jn<>. K. Matthews, command ing the First Brigade, N. G. C. is the voungest THE GOLDEN ERA. 545 has twice been decorated by King Kalakaua in recognition of his services in opening up that country to commercial relations with foreign na tions. MAJOR JOHN T. CUTTING. This member of General Dimond s staff has an interesting record. He has proved to be a very capable staff officer since his appointment by Col. Dickinson as Quartermaster of the First Infantry. He is generally respected in the community as an honorable and successful merchant, and is well known as an earnest comrade of Geo. H.Thomas Post, G. A. R. The record of war service which earned for him the right to be a member of this association of veterans is as follows : He enlisted at the commencement of the war, at the age of sixteen years, in Company B, Chica go Light Artillery (known as Taylor s Battery), in response to President Lincoln s call, April 15, 1 86 1, for 75,000 men to serve three months. He re-enlisted for three yeare in the same company, and during his connection with Taylor s Battery, participated in the battles of Frederickstown, Mo., Belmont, Mo., and Forts Henry and Donelson, receiving a wound at the latter battle, from which he was laid up in Mound City Hospital several months. After a severe illness of long duration he was honorably discharged from the service on account of general disability on January 4, 1864 ; he re-enlisted for three years, or during the war, in the Chicago Mercantile Battery ; accompanied Genenal Banks expedition up Red River, and took an active part in the battle of Sabine Cross Roads. In this disaster the battery was lost and all the officers but one, with thirteen men, were either killed or taken prisoners. After the battle of Pleasant Hill, the company, or what was left of it, was returned to New Orleans where it was reorganized and supplied with full equipments. It accompanied General Davidson s raid from Baton Rouge to Pascagoula Bay, a distance of nearly 400 miles, seventy-five of which was through swamps over which corduroy bridges were built the whole distance. The roads were ren dered almost impassable by heavy rains. Yet the march was effected within fifteen days, the men halting not exceeding four hours at any one time. Maj. Cutting was mustered out of the ser vice at the close of the war, after having served three years in all before reaching the age of twen ty-one years. He was appointed Quartermaster of the First Infantry, N. G. C., May 24, 1 88 1, with the rank of First Lieutenant on Col. Dickinson s staff. He was promoted Jan. 10, 1882, to his present position of Major and Ordinance officer on the staff of the Second Brigade. MAJOR Z. P. CLARK. The creditable record of Major Clark, long as it is, can be given in almost a word. He was an officer in the First Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry and served in all the campaigns of the army of the Cumberland from 1861 to 1865. He is now Major and Paymaster on the staff of Brigadier Gen. Dimond, commanding the Second Brigade N. G. C. COLONEL JOHN H. DICKINSON. John Henry Dickinson, of the First Infantry Regiment, was born in Parkersburg, West Vir ginia, in 1849, and moved with his parents to Portland, Oregon, in 1854, where he resided until 1866. He managed to save sufficient money to go East and take a five months course in the Ohio Military College, returning to Portland in the fall of 1865. In 1869 he went to St. Augus tine Academy in Benicia, where he was engaged as military and general instructor, and remained until 1873. Then he began the practice of law in this city. In 1879 Colonel Dickinson was elected to the State Senate, serving two terms ; also, in 1880-81, under the new constitution. The Colonel is life member of Companies B (City Guard) and C (National Guard), of the First In fantry Regiment. He was elected Captain of Company B in 1877, and promoted a Colonel in 1880. The regiment is the pioneer organization of the N. G. C., and has always been noted for its esprit de corps. The Colonel is Presiden. of the National Guard Officers Association ; had con siderable to do with the passage and framed the Military bill passed by the last Legislature. He has always been an enthusiastic member of the National Guard. LIEUTENANT COLONEL R. H. ORTON. The second in command of the First Regi ment was a member of its organization, hold ing the position of Second Lieutenant of Co. K. Thence he entered the Sumners, then Co. I, as a sergeant. In March, 1863, he became Second Lieut, of Company F, of the First California Vol unteer Cavalry, and in Jan. 1864, he was pro moted to be First Lieutenant. While in the U.S. service he was stationed in New Mexico and Texas. During the winter and spring of 1864-5 he was in command of the out post of San Ehzario, Texas, and made five raids into old Mexico in pursuit of Indians and desert ers. During the summer of 1865 he was Adjutant of an expedition against the Comanche and Kiowa Indians under the celebrated Kit Carson, and was promoted Captain in his regiment, while on that expedition, and on the return of the same assumed command of Co. M, at Fort Selden, New Mexico while at that post during the winter and spring of 1866 information was received that the town of Janos, Mexico, had been captured by Apache Indians and that they were still holding the town. An expedition was organized by Col. Ned Willis, P irst Cal. Infantry, for the rescue of the same, and Capt. Orton went in command of the Cavalry por tion of the expedition, which resulted successfully. Capt. Orton was mustered out of the U. S. ser vice Jan. 4th, 1867, being the last Californian volunteer in the U.S. service. He again entered the State service as Second Lieutenant, Co. D, First Infantry, N. G.C., April 1873, was promoted First Lieutenant, Sept. 1874, and Captain of the same Co. Feb. 2, 1875. The Company, while under his command, won the first prize for excellence in drill at the State Fair in Sacramento in 1878. He was promoted Major of the First Cavalry Battalion in Aug. 1878, and was placed on the retired list in Sept. 1881. He re-entered active service in April 1885, as Ma jor of the First Infantry and was elected Lieut. Col. of the same regiment on May 3Oth, 1883. He also holds the position of Assistant Quarter master General, G. A. R. 546 THE GOLDEN ERA. LIEUTENANT FRANK BUXTON. Another very complete war record is that of Lieutenant Buxton, who joined the Twentieth Massachusetts Infantry, August, 1861. With this regiment he served about two years, participating in all its battles including the Hall s Bluff disaster. Joining the Tenth Unattached, Artillery, he served with them until the close of the war, and then remained with it as a militia organization until he left Massachusetts in about 1866. Coming to California in 1869, he joined the N. G.C. about seven years thereafter as a member of the Light Dragoons. On July 16, 1880, he was appointed to his present position of First Lieutenant and Ordinance Officer on the staff of the First In fantry. LIEUTENANT A. S. PETERSON. The record of Lieutenant Peterson begins at the outbreak of the rebellion. In 1861, he joined the Little York Union Guard of Nevada County. Out of 1 08 voters in the village from which it was organized, 76 joined the company. Lieutenant Peterson was one of the attendants at the lamous Camp Kibbe in 1863. Coming to San Francisco, he joined Company C of the First Infantry in 1865. He was appoint ed in 1882 on the staff of Col. Dickinson, and is now First Lieutenant and Paymaster on the same staff; his commission bearing date March 19, 1884. He is now treasurer of Company C and Com pany G of the First Infantry. Mr. Peterson is one of the California pioneers of 1849. DRUM MAJOR C. M. MAYBERRY. In his search for certain items in the history of the National Guard, the writer came upon a re markable military record. It begins in 1847, when Mr. Mayberry, who by the way is a native of New London, Connecticut, joined the U. S. Marine Corps, serving until 1849. He was also in service from 1853 to 1859. In January, 1862, he joined the Ninetieth Pennsylvania volunteers, and in 1863 joined a third arm of the service by connecting himself with the New Jersey Cavalry. From May, 1868 till the year 1876, he was a member of the Twelfth United States Infantry. IP September of the latter year he became a member of the First Regiment, N. G. C. This veteran, if there ever was a veteran, is now armorer at the First Regimental Armory, on New Montgomery and Howard streets, San Francisco. COLONEL WILLIAM R. SMEDBERG. William Renwick Smedberg, Colonel lately commanding the Second Artillery Regiment, is the bean ideal of the soldier in the N. G. C. He is high in the Grand Army of the Republic, is Recorder of the Loyal Legion of the United Stairs, Comrnandry of California, and a member of the Military Association of the Pacific. Colonel Smedberg 18 a soldier by i>rotVs*i>n and inclination, and the greater part of his busy life was spent in the service. Born in New York City on the IDth of March, is;i<), he entered Columbia College, New York, iii is. ):;, graduat ing in .Inn:-. lx.">7. He enlisted in Company F of the New York Seventh Regiment in July. L858, remaining with it until ISiiO, when he was honorably discharged on ai count of his re moval to Washington, 1). C., where he joined the National Rifles in 1861, and resided until the breaking out of the war. He enlisted in the United States service on the 15th of April as a volunteer and private in Company A, Third Battalion, District of Columbia Volunteers, and was honorably discharged on the 4th of July, on acceptance of a commission in the United States army, serving in the Potomac and Patterson campaigns. Hamersly s "Kecords of Living Officers of the United States Army " gives his record of service as follows: Fi r.-t Lieutenant, Fourteenth U. S. Infantry, May 11, isci ; Captain, October25, 1861; Breveted Major on July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious ser vice at the battle of Gettysburg, Penn. : Breveted Lieutenant Colonel, May 6, 18G4, for like con duct at the battle of the Wilderness, Ya. ; Ad jutant Second Battalion, Fourteenth Intantrv, from August 30th to October 25, 1861; Division Inspector, First Division, Fifth Army Corps, when wounded May 5, 1864, after which he served as Recruiting and Mustering Officer until the close of the war, when he came with his regiment to California in November, 1865. He was Assistant Inspector of the Department of California from December, 1865, to May 26, 186(3 A. D. C. of the Military Division of the Pacific from that period to the 31st of May, ixil!) and A. A. G. from June, 1869 to December 15, 1870, when he was retired from active service, with rank of Mounted Captain, on account of the loss of his right leg from a wound received at the battle of the Wilderness, Colonel Srnedberg s connection with the N. G. C., dates from Sep tember, 1874, when he was commissioned Lieu tenant Colonel and Division Inspector on the staff of Major General D. W. C. Thompson; Brigade Inspector on the staff of General John McCornb, Second Brigade, January 19, 1876, am! elected Colonel of the Second Infantry (now the Second Artillery Regiment) October, 1876, being successivelv re-elected, and lastly in October last. Much to the regret of the Second Regi ment, Col. Smedberg has recently tendered his resignation which has been accepted. Since his retirement from the army, in 1X70, Colonel Smedberg has been intrusted* employment with the Pacific Mail Steamship Company. C. A. Low & Co., and is now with Balfour, Guthrie ct Co. In private, as in military service. Colonel Smedberg is a dignified courteous and irre proachable citizen. LIEUTENANT COLONEL DAVID WILDER, While the bare dates of the record of a man so well known in militaay circles as Colonel Wilder, hardly do justice to his carreer, they show a lad der of promotion without the absence of a single round a rise due evidently to merit, not favor. They begin with his enlistment in the City Guard Company B, 1st Infantry Regiment, August 15, 1862. Thence he rose through the positions of Corporal and Sergeant to that of Second Lieuten ant, Oct. 16, 1866. On Nov. i, 1869, he became First Lieutenant, and was commissioned Captain of his company March 4, 1871. Stepping out of his company, he became Maj or of the First Infantry Regiment, on Feb. 27, 1875, and on Dec. I, 1877, he received his com mission as Lieutenant Colonel. With this rank lie was placed on the retired list July 14, iSSo, but on August 4, of the following year, he was as signed the position which he now holds that of THE GOLDEN ERA. 547 Lieutenant Colonel of the Second Artillery Regi ment. He is also Military Librarian, and, apropos of this, it may be said that the Colonel s informa tion regarding the history and present state of the National Guard of California is remarkably com plete. LIEUTENANT HANS H. KOHLER. The present Paymaster on the staff of the Sec ond Artillery, first enlisted in Company E, of this regiment a company formed of mem bers of the Olympic Club. He remained with the company when it was consolidated with Com pany G. In the early part of 1883 he was made a corporal, and on August of that year he was promoted to his present position with the rank of First Lieutenant. COLONEL ROBERT TOBIN. Colonel Robert Tobin, commanding the Third Infantry Regiment, was born in San Francisco on the 30th day of October, 1854, and received a literary and classical education at St. Ignatius College. Graduating in 1872, he entered upon the study of the law in his father s office, and in October, 1875, was admitted to practice before the Supreme Court, and became the junior mem ber of the law firm of Tobin & Tobin. He was elected Colonel of the Regiment on the 29th of June, 1883. Colonel Tobin was one of the elect ed members of the Board of Fifteen Freeholders to frame a charter for the city of San Francisco under the new constitution. He has been Vice Chairman of the State Central Democratic Com mittee, and a member for three terms, being now a member at large of that body. He was the first officer of the N. G. C. to be favored with honor ary membership in the Military Association of the Pacific. Colonel Tobin is a most energetic of ficer, and very popular in his command. COLONEL H. D. RANLETT. Colonel Horace Dodge Ranlett, commanding the Fifth Infantry Regiment, is one of the most zealous and energetic officers of the N. G. C., be sides being a crack shot and an enthusiast in rifle practice. He was born in Charlestown, Mass., on the 4th of April, 1842, received an education in in the public grammar and High Schools of Char lestown, and from his sixteenth to nineteenth year was engaged in fitting himself tor a mercantile life. He came to California in July, 1861, going thence to Yokohama. He remained in the orient both at Yokohama and Shanghai in mercan tile pursuits, but had to leave in 1864, on account of ill -health. In 1865, Colonel Ranlett was chief clerk in the State Controller s office at Concord, New Hampshire, and in 1866 came to California a second time, where he has since resided. He was a member of Salignac s Drill Battalion of Boston in 1 860-61, and of the " Yokohama Vol unteers" in 1862-63. In 1866, he enlisted as pri vate in Company B. N. G, C.; was Second Lieu tenant in 1869, First Lieutenant in 1870, Captain of the Oakland City Guard for six years, and in 1882 was commissioned Major, and later Lieuten ant Colonel. Colonel Ranlett is President of the Pacific Rifle Club, and the only representative on this Coast of the National Guard Association of the United States. LIEUT. COL. JAS. MERVYN DONAHUE. Col. Donahue was born April 30, 1859, and is, therefore, one of the youngest regimental officers in the National Guard. He became a National Guardsman, Feb. 9, 1879, when he joined Com pany G of Second Regiment, San Francisco. He was afterward appointed Paymaster on the staff of Major Hammond. Then followed his appoint ment on the staff of Governor Perkins and after ward on Gov. Stoneman s staff, ranking as Lieut. Col., his commission dating from Jan. 12, 1882. On June 16, 1885, he resigned from the staff and accepted the place of Captain and Adjutant of the Fifth Infantry Battalion. About four months ago he was elected to his present position as Lieutent Colonel of the Fifth Infantry. In business Col. Donahue holds the responsible place of Vice-President of the San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad, i MAJOR WM. M. GIBSON. In August, 1874, Major Gibson enlisted as a rivate in the Stockton Guards, Third Brigade, N. G. C, On May 20 of the following year he was ap pointed Major and Ordinance officer on the staff of the General commanding the Third Brigade. This position he resigned March 5, 1877, but in the same year he was appointed Major and Aid- de-camp on the staff of Major General Lewis, commanding Division; the commission expir ing bv the resignation of General Lewis. February 20, 1880, Major Gibson was appoint ed Brigade Inspector on the staff of the Third Brigade. Two years after he was promoted to the position of Major and Assistant Adjutant General on the same staff. One June 24th, 1885, he was placed on the re tired list with the rank of Major. On October 16, of this year, at the request of Major Budd, commanding the Sixth Infantry Battalion. Third Brigade, he was detailed by the commander-in-chief as Adjutant of the Battal ion, which position he now holds. GENERAL JOHN T. CAREY. Brigadier General John T. Carey, command ing the Fourth Brigade, is a lawyer by profes sion, and served as District Attorney of Sacra mento county during the years 1883-4. Pre vious to his acceptance of the Brigadier Gener : alship he was Rifle Inspector on the staff of Colonel Creed Haymond, of the First Artillery Regiment, and as early as 18<>8 was a member of the Sacramento Light Artillery. General Carey is a native of Missouri, and came to this State when a child with his father, R. S. Carey, who has figured as one of the most prominent citizens of Yolo and Sacramento counties. MAJOR W. J. DAVIS. This gentleman, to whom we are indebted for courtesies in the way of information in regard to many points in the general history of the National Guard, was connected with the Fourth Brigade, July 29, 1881, as Commissary Sergeant of the First Artillery Regiment. Since Novem ber 10th of the same year, he has borne his commission as Major and Engineer officer on the staff of the Brig. Gen. of the same Brigade. 548 THE GOLDEN ERA. MAJOR H. A. WEAVER. The following facts were furnished bv the Major himself at our request. We find our selves unable to state them better, and hence give them verbatim: " I beg to state tint my first service for the State was performed in >3 at Camp Kibbe.on the Kncinal. where the town of Alameda now stands, in a Santa Cruz company, located at Watson- ville (Jerome Porter, now of your city, Capt. ), in the honorable position of private. In 18 >4, returning from an excursion of one of the city companies of Sacramento, I carried a musket for a wounded soldier, whose repeated attacks on John Barleycorn had disabled him for the service. Next commissioned Aid-de-camp on the Staff of Brig. Gen. Jno. F. Sheehan,4th Brigade, now of the Post, your city. Promoted to Asst. Adj. Gen. and Chief of Staff under the same gallant commander; re-appointed under Brig. Gen. L. Tozer, Major and Quartermaster, same Brigade; re-appointed to the same position on the Start of Gen. J. T. Carey, who cc date. commands at this COLONEL T. W. SHEEHAN. The Colonel of the First Artillery Regiment ha> had military experience covering a "period of twenty-three years. He entered the I Hion army from Maine when not more than a boy in year-, his regiment serving in the Butler expe dition to New Orleans and doing good service before Port Hudson, where the men suffered terribly. At the close of the war, he came to California, and was soon Captain of a company of the old Fourth Regiment, in Sacramento, where he has since resided, having held for .many years the position of business manager of the Ketord-Umon. Some years ago, he be came Captain of Company G of the First Artil lery, and on Colonel Raymond s retirement was elected his successor. Colonel Sheehan has the reputation of being one of the best tacticians in the National Guard. He is a strict disciplinarian, but is very popular with his command. MAJOR J. S. CAMERON. One who has always taken a lively interest in the welfare of the National Guard is the present Fifth Brigade Surgeon. Maj. Cameron has been connected with the Start of Gen. Cadwal- ader for nearly ten years. His first appointment was early in 187<>. The Major is a genial gen tleman, and as his position indicates, is a phy sician and surgeon. GENERAL CHARLES CADWALADER. Brigadier General Charles Cadwalader, the commander of the Fifth Brigade, is a native of Pennsylvania, having been born at Brownsville, in that state. At an early age he became a civil engineer on the Central Ohio Railroad, re maining in the employ of the company as con structing engineer until 1852, when became to this state. Clerking in his father s store at Mokelnmn.e Hill for four years, he removed to Sacramento and engaged in the Imsin. farming, which he followed until the beginning Of the building Of the Central 1 acilic Railroad. He then obtained the position of assistant chief engineer, which beheld for twenty years. He was also lo -ating and constructing engineer be tween Sacramento and Ogden and between the caj.itol city and Redding, on the Oregon A: Cal ifornia Railroad. He was a member of the Sutter Rtrles until the > corup-iny wa-i disbanded, at the time of the Vigilante troubles, in is."),. Charles Cadwalader wa- appointed Brigadier General of the Fifth Brigade. N. G. C., in 1873, by Governor Booth, and at the expiration of commissions has been successively reappointed by Governors Irwin, Perkins and Stoneman. MAJOR GEO. W. REED. In the general historical sketch, reference has been made to that branch of the National Guard represented at the different institutions of learn ing in the State. The present instructor of cadets at the University ot California, is Maj.G. W. Reed. His fitness for the position as far as experience in the National Guard is concerned, is abundantly shown by the following olh cial record : First enlisted inJCo. F, 1st Infantry Reg., Aug. 4th, 1877. Appointed Sergeant Co. F, 2st Infantry Reg. , May, 25, 1878. Appointed 1st Sergeant Co. F, 1st Infantry Reg., Jan. 2, 1879. Commissioned 2d Lieut. Co. F, 1st Infantry Reg., April 1,1879. Commissioned 1st Lieut, Co. F. 1st Infantry Reg., Aug. 19, 1879. Commissioned Capt. and A. I). C. 2d Brigade, N. (!. C., March 8, 1880. Resigned and commissioned 1st Lieut, and Adj. 1st Infantry Reg., July Hi, isso. Commissioned Capt. and Adj. 1st Infantry Reg., March 4, 1881. Commissioned Maj. and Asst. Adj. Gen. 2d Brigade, June 9, Issi! Resigned and commissioned Capt. and Adj. 1st Infantry, Reg., May 25, 1883. Received Exempt Certificate Aug. 4, ISM. Commissioned Maj. and Instructor of cadets at Berkeley, June 25, 1885. COL. OSCAR WOODHAMS. One of the most enterprising and enthusi astic members of the National Guard, was Col. Oscar Woodhams. He became a member of his^ favorite "Simmer Light Guard." Sept. 7, 1863. On Oct. 2. 18(35, he was elected corporal ; on April 4, 1S:)7, he was elected 1st Sergeant; on April 13, I*. ;s lie was elected 2nd Lieut., and on May 17, 18U9 he became Captain. His regimental record begins Aug. , JO, 1871. when he became Major of the First Regiment. On Feb. 27_, 1S75, lie became Lieut. Col., arid on Dec. (!, 1877, he assumed the position of Colonel of the 1st Infantry Regiment. During his of ficial connection with the National Guard, he was fertile in the devices to increase the in terest of the men of his command in their duties. He introduced the custom of Kxhibition Wing Drills, under direction of I", s. oii n-ers; lie held the first regimental encampment in the State; his was the lirst command to attend Divine Service in a body. The church was that of Dr. Stone, who at that time was the Regimental Chaplain. Col. \Voodhams was born in New York City in 1837, and came to California in IS.M). He was retire 1 May 1">, 1-^n, with the rank of Col. COL. WM. HARNEY. On the retirement of this well-known gentle man from the service, the following, written by one of Col. Harney s friends, appeared in one of the dailies: The retirement of the oldest commissioned oilicerof the National Guard oalls for more than THE GOLDEN ERA. 549 Eassing comment. Col. Harney commenced is military career at twelve years of age as Sec. ond Lieutenant of a cadet company in New York, gaining there a knowledge of drill which was of much service to him, when on the 16th of March, 1857, he enlisted as private in the Black Hussars Cavalry of San Francisco. In this company he held the commissions of Sec ond and First Lieutenants, remaining with it until the outbreak of the war, when he resigned and organized a company of cavalry volunteers for service in the East. Finding that the com pany was destined for service in Arizona, he resigned his commission as lieutenant, and as sisted in organizing the San Francisco Guard for home protection. In 1802 he was commis sioned Judge- Advocate on the Staff of Brig. Gen. J. S. Ellis, commanding 2d Brigade, and took considerable part in organizing the military school and camp at Alameda, where the militia of the whole State were concentrated for in struction. He was then promoted Aid-de-camp on the Staff of Gov. F. F. Low, and served in the same capacity on the Staff of Governors H. H. Haight and Newton Booth, being promoted by the latter to be Col. and Paymaster^General. This office he continued to hold until lately, having been re-appointed and commissioned successively by Governors Pacheco, Irwin and Perkins, and on Jan 19, 1882, he was placed upon the retired list as Colonel, upon his own request, after a service in the State militia of over twenty-four years, during more than half of which he has occupied the responsible office of Paymaster-General. LIEUTENANT COLONEL L. L. BROMWELL. Another veteran war record is that of Colonel L. L. Bromwell, who entered the U. S. service in 18(52. From that time on, until the close of the Rebellion, he participated in all the many engagements where duty called him. This period of active service was closed by his hon orable discharge as acting master s mate, U. S. Steamer Abeona, No. 32, Mississippi squad ron. Col. Bromwell s connection with the National Guard of California begins in Oct. 15, 1880, when he was elected Major of the First Infan try Regiment of San Francisco. Here he served until Feb. 13, 1882. He was then unanimously petitioned by the Oakland Light Cavalry to assume their com mand, which he did. Here he served until March 10, 1883, when he was elected Lieut. Col. of the First Infantry Regiment, vice Gen. Turnbull, promoted. This place he held until his resignation on March 27, 1885. MAJOR FRED. G. SMITH. A i the time of his retirement (August 13, 1880), Nvith the rank of major, Fred. G. Smith was Brigade Inspector on the staff of the Brig adier General, commanding the Second Brigade. His connection with the N. G. C. dates from Feb. 15, 1805, when he joined Co. A, First In fantry. On March 8, 1809, he was transferred to Co. C, of the same regiment. On Jan. 3, 1870, he was elected Treasurer of that Company, an office which he held for ten consecutive years. On Jan. 22, 1872, he became Sergeant in his Company; on Feb. 5, 1877, he was elected a veteran member; made a life member Jan. 5, 1880, and an honorary member Sep. 6, 1880. .During the disturbances of 1880, he acted as A. A. A. General. He was appointed Brigade Quartermaster on the staff of Gen. Coey, and was afterward appointed, as before stated, to the position of Brigade Inspector on the staff of Gen. McComb. MAJOR EDWIN J. ERASER. Major Fraser entered service in the 2d Regi ment, 2d Brigade, National Guard of Cal., in the spring of 1874. His first commission as First Lieut, and Ass t Surgeon, was dated Aug. 10, 1874, with rank from July 30, 1874. His second commission was the same, and was dated June 24, 1875. His third commission as Major and Surgeon of the 2d Regiment, the 2d Brigade, N. G. C. T is dated April 28, 1880. He was retired from service with the rank of Major on Oct. 25, 1882. BRIGADIER-GENERAL JOHN MCCOMB. John McComb enlisted in the Franklin Light elected Lieut. Col. of the 2nd Infantry, N. G. C. He was chosen Col. of the 2nd Infantry in Feb. 1875. He was appointed Brig. Gen. by Gov. Pacheco in Dec. 1875, and confirmed by the Senate in Jan. 1876. He was re-appointed Brig. Gen. by Gov. Perkins in Jan. 1880, and con firmed by the Senate on the same day ; on re ceiving his appointment to his present position as Warden atFolsom,he went on the retired list of the N. G. C., with the rank of Brig. Gen. Dec. 24, 1881. It was during his term as Brig. Gen. com manding the 2nd Brigade, that the Chinese riots and labor troubles so frequently threatened the peace of San Francisco. The efficient ser vice rendered by his brigade, under his direc tion, has been elsewhere cnronicled. Reference has also been made in the same article to the team that, under his leadership, won the rifle match at Creedmoor, in 1S77. CAPTAIN HENRY A. PLATE. Capt. Plate was born in New York City, Jan. 9, 1860, and came to California in May, 1851. His militarjr connection began in 1863, when, as a student at City College, he joined the City College Cadets as u drummer boy. From 1865 to 1868, Capt. Plate was in Europe, but after his return he joined the City Guard (now Co. B.) of this city, in 1870. His promotions in this company were asfollo\vs: In 1871, corporal; in 1872, Sergeant; in the latter part of that year, Second Lieut; and in 1873, Captain (holding the office four years). In 1877, he w r ent back to the ranks, and after ward accepted the position of Quartermaster Sergeant fora short term. Resigning, he joined Co. G, of the 2nd Artillery as a private. On January 31, 1881, he was appointed Capt. and Aid-de-camp on Gen. Dimond s Staff, which po sition he resigned Feb. 15, 1883. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF ALLEXEY W. VON SCHMIDT. This civil engineer and surveyor has an illus trious record. Born in Russia in 1822, he, at the early age of six years, left his native land and made his home in New York City. In 1846 he joined Co. 8, of the famous N. Y. 7th Reg., and his connection with that military or ganization continued for about two years. In the memorable hegira of gold hunters to the Pacific Coast, Von Schmidt was in the van, arriving in California in May, 1849. His mil- 550 THE GOLDEN ERA. itary career here extends over a period of seven teen year<. ij r \ va - appointed Major of Engi- . ii the stall of Brig. Gen. II. A. Cobb. He became Lieut. Col. of Engineers when Gen. Cobb was appointed Maj. Gen. of the Cal. Na tional Guard. He was re-appointed on the stall s of Lucius Allen and Gen. W. II. L. Barnes. He ^yas re tired with the rank of Lieut. Colonel at his own request, having served the State in his military capacity, ably, faithfully, and enjoying the profound respect, and sincere friendship of his brethren in arms. Col. Von Schmidt has not only the mental but the physical qualifications of the true sol dier. He has an imposing military presence tall, straight, sinewy, and with the elastic tread of an Olympian athlete, does great credit to the citizen soldiery of his adopted State. It may not be deemed inappropriate in this connection to state that the subject of this brief biographical sketch has a justly deserved repu tation as a skillful and wonderfully successful civil engineer. His construction of the Spring Valley Water Works, his building of the great Dry l>ock of San Francisco, his blowing up of Blossom Rock, are but few of many of the mon uments of his genius, ingenuity and intelligent mechanical labor. Col. Von Schmidt is an Ex-President of the Association of California Pioneers; and as a citizen, universally respected throughout the community to the advancement and prosperity of which he has so materially contributed. COLONEL GEO. W. GRANNISS. Col. Granniss has been closely identified with the career of the National Guard of California from its earliest days, and has contributed much of his time, energies and means to its ad vancement. His military record does him honor. He re ceived his first lessons in the ranks of the fa mous New Haven Grays, at New Haven, Conn. Coming to California in 1850, and while resid ing at Sacramento, he became a member of the military company selected from volunteers (ailed out during the squatter troubles of that year. This company was the nucleus of the iirst military organizations of Sacramento. Afterwards becoming a resident of San Francis co, he enrolled himself in the " Independent City Guard" in 185i. Moving to Sonoma County in 1858, he became Second Lieutenant of the " Sotoyonie< iuard. He returned to San Francisco in* 18(50, and rejoined his old com pany B, of the 1st Infantry. On October I !), 18(51, he was appointed Fourth Corporal, and May 12, 18(52. 1st Corporal of the company. On August 14th, in the same year, he wa.- pro moted Second Sergeant, and on July .".l.isu:;. he was advanced another grade, to wit, First Sergeant of the company. Two years later, on .Inly (J, 18(1,"), he was commissioned Junior Sec ond Lieutenant, and on September 18th follow ing, Senior Second Lieutenant. He was elected First Lieutenant before the commission was is sued. A vacancy occurring in the Captaincy, he was, on October 1(5, 18(>i>, elected and com missioned Captain. On Nov. 19, 18<58, he wa- promoted Major of the 1st Regiment, and he succeeded to the Lieutenant-Colonelcy on Nov. i. I860, He succeeded Colonel W. H. L. Barnes as Colonel of the 1st Regiment on the 27th of February, 1875. It is very well known that po sitions in the 1st Regiment do not " go beg ging, "as at elections of commissioned officers very severe struggles for preferment take place. He was appointed Colonel and Engineer on the staff of Governor Perkins. On .Ian. 2U, 1883. he was retired with the rank of Colonel. Colonel Granniss can say what no other ofiicer can. who has held so many positions, lie was ad vanced in ever} grade without opposition. LIEUTENANT W. J. YOUNGER. One of the early members Sumner L - 1 A J He joined Light Guard, is Dr. W. J. Younger, the company in October, 18>1, very shortly after its organization. Passing from the ranks, as Corporal, and then Sergeant, he became Second Lieut, of his Company in 18ti7. and in May 1st;!) became First Lieut, This po sition he afterwards resigned, and continued in the Company as a private, and as such served through the campaign at Sutter Creek, at Camp Morgan, and at Advance Post. Not long afterward, Dr. Younger left the State on a foreign tour. On his return, he was appointed First Lieut, and Quartermaster on the staff of Col. Granniss of the 1st Regiment, May 2<>, 1877. On Jan. 23, 1878, he accepted the position of First Lieut, and commissary on the same staff, which position he resigned in 1880. Dr. Younger is a good raconteur of reminis cences of his associatious in the National Guard, and has evidently thoroughly enjoyed his ex periences in the 1st Regiment. THE AMADOR FIASCO. In 1871 the "Amador war " created a ripple of excitememt in militia circles. The true innernness of -that fiasco has nev er appeared in print. The moving of troops to Amador upon that occasion, was not only an insult to American manhood, but an outrage upon the citizen sovereign ty of the men who then composed our militia, inasmuch as they were unwittingly made to play the part of hirelings paid by prviate capital to defend the Chinese with whose labor capitalists sought to supplant the American workers of the mountain mines. Governor Haight was a sworn member of "The Sovereigns of Labor," and there fore sworn to oppose the employment of Chinese. The employment of Chinese in the Amador mines caused the white miners to form a union or "league." The league struck against the pigtails and " boycotted " the mines in which they were THE GOLDEN ERA. 55 1 employed. To protect their mines /. e., their Chinamen the mine-owners called for troops. In all probability, Governor Haight was in sympathy with the strikers; at all events he made the play that there were no funds available for the payment of expenses incident to a compliance with the demand of the Amador nabobs. The nabobs, however, were not to be put off. They brought pressure to bear and the pressure brought about an agreement by the stipulations of which State troops were to be forwarded to Amador, the nabobs to furnish the cost of transportation and the per diem of the men. In effect, the troops, to the number de sired, were hired to the Capitalists of the State, who were interested in the mines of Amador County, a proceeding which I hope may never again be chronicled. A CAMP KETTLE CAMPAIGN. On the 25th of June, 1871, two com panies of the first regiment, under the command of Col. W. H. L. Barnes, arriv ed at Sutter Creek, Amador County. Aside from the baseness of the princi ple involved, and which, at the time, was wholly unperceived by the men, the troops had a jolly time of it ; the only warlike demonstration which appeared being a casemated mountain battery of camp ket tles which some wagish mountain men had arranged for the field-glass ogling of Com mandant Barnes and his staff. Rising abruptly from Sutter Creek, a mountain spur frowns down upon the vil lage as the shaggy moustache of Comman dant Barnes frowned down upon his chin. One morning, early, while strolling along the base of the mountain, an emotional little Corporal discovered that a formidable battery of howitzers had been planted dur ing the night high upon the mountain and directly over the ill-fated town. Filled with trepidation and alarm, the man has tened to headquarters and demanded an interview with the Commandant. A three-foot by five matron, of the Hi bernian persuasion, informed the excited Corporal that "Th Gen ral" had "spirit a moighty loud noight" and that he was still wrapped in the "arrums av Murphies." The Corporal insisted that his mission was one of life and death and made such racket that the Cammandant was roused from the " arrums av Murphies " and roared out, " come in ! " With becoming seriousness and wonder ful composure, (considering the loudness of the night just passed), the Commandant heard the tale of the Corporal. Trumps of war were sounded, messengers were dispatched to rouse the staff from the " ar rums av Murphies " and the " Ginral " fished from the depths and straw of a cham pagne crate his sword-knot and field-glasses. A reconnoitering party was hastily formed and from a sheltered coign of vantage, the midnight battery was anxiously scrutinized. Sure enough, there it was. Ten great black mouthed howitzers gaped and yawned down upon the town each firmly bedded in a bastion of great brown rocks in rear of which, and pitched at a suggestive angle, the eagle eye of Commandant Barnes de tected the bulging belley and the iron lips of a monster mortar. A council of war was immediately held, the result of which, perhaps, will never be known. Col. Barnes, however, took the next stage for Frisco and never more saw the brown rocks and gaping gunnery of Amador. The hire of an army, even of two com panies, began to bear heavily upon the mine owners. They settled with the strik ers and discharged the Chinese and their protectors. The "battery of howitzers" was dismantled and proved to be ten big mouthed camp kettles bolstered by rocks and clods, and backed by a great hog scalding cauldron that had served the imag ination of the " The Commandant " as "a monster mortar." Thus ended the Camp Kettle Campaign. The nabobs settled with all parties con cerned except the rank and file of the militia. To each man of the two companies who dared the "monster mortar" one dollar is yet due. The heroism of "Captain Jack," the Modoc martyr, the Fraud of 76, the Order of Caucasians, the riot of 77, the coward ice of Ktarney and the murder of Lancing excited the attention of malitia men but called for no service worth the labor of a chronicler. AN OLD SOLDIER. 55 2 THE GOLDEN ERA. THE GALLANT MILITIA MAN. I. As he marches gay, on a summer s day, "When smiling maids but scan The polished boot and the bran new suit Of the young militia man; In the youthful face and lithesome grace The thoughtful surely see The bud and bloom, the bride and groom, The foliage of the free! CHORUS. To the right about march on, and shout- Go it while you can! Let love and law shout out hurrah! For the gallant militia man. II. When the plum d cockade nods in parade, And treasure s watchdogs sneer At the awkward squad, as the columns plod, While gamins whoop and cheer; In the blue and buff, I see in rough The brawn of a hero heart And drum beats con: "You ll need anon The spirit we impart." CHORUS. III. Forevermore each front and fore To the right and on, march on! Let law control while girls extol The gallant militia man. In love and law first freedom saw The twain that teaches men : "Let no surcease of slothful peace Forge your chains again." CHORUS. AN OLD SOLDIER, THE MILITIA. The idea, as well as the practice, of maintaining an organized body of citizen soldiery must be traced in my judgment to the Celtic nations. True, the ancient Per sians maintained "The Immortals," a choice body of ten thousand men, but they were " Soldiers of the king " and made no pretensions to the rights and priveleges of citizenship. Mithridates maintained a standing army, but Pontus contained no citizen militia. Carthage and Rome main tained neither standing army nor militia, but drafted as emergency required, en forcing involuntary service and in many instances compelling their slaves to stand in the front of battle. Such was never the case among the Celts. Each member of a Celtic clan or sept was the equal of all others in citizenship. Every clan was an organized battalion and every chief was a captain. Those features of Celtic clan ship made a forcible impression upon the mind of Julius Caesar and are largely men tioned in his commentaries. THE FEUDAL SYSTEM. The peculiar organization and polity of the Teutonic tribes Gothic and German ic developed feudalism ; while the for mation and polity of the Celtic clans ren dered the establishment of the feudal sys tem impossible. Though the elective franchise was in vogue among the Germans in some form from time immemorial, yet the civic and military being of the tribesman were by no means co-equal. In the person of the citi zen the soldier always appeared, but in the person of the soldier the citizen was dor mant or dead. The tribesman held his land yea, even his right of life, by a mili tary tenure. Fealty to the death was due the chief, and through the chief, the king, from whom the petty ruler held his terri tory in fief. By a process of natural de velopment this system raised up Clovis and sprouted and spread till it bloomed in the splendid feudality of Charlemange, which the descendants of Rollo planted in Britian, grafted in Italy, bannered in Morocco and displayed in Palestine. Feduality added flame to the fire of war and romance to the calling of the soldier. It did so, however, at the expense of citi zenship. But while feudalism retarded the march of liberty, it taught the value of discipline and the power of concentra tion. As we are indebted to no one man for the full perfection of any great machine THE GOLDEN ERA. 553 neither are we indebted to any one race or nation for the perfection to which our militia mechanicism has attained. To the Romans we owe the germ of discipline; to the German that idea of concentration and the retention of the elective franchise in ourmilitia militant. To the Celts, however, we are indebted for the form of the militia itself, as well as the preservation of the citizen in the person of the soldier. A body of men who render service in lieu of lands, booty or privileges held, pro mised, or expected, are in no sense a militia, as we now understand that term. Nor can a body of men who serve because of fealty due by oath or inheritance to king, chief, or dynasty comply with our under standing of the term. The mere semblance of such fealty is a just, if not imperative reason, for disband ing any part or portion of our militia dis playing such semblance. For such a dis play, at the close of the Grant-Colfax cam paign in this State, a Stockton company was rightly and properly disbanded. Hence, the berserkers of the Scandinavian Vikings, or the fighting vassals of the Saxon Heptarchy, cannot be regarded as a militia. As I regard the Roman " Enrollment of the Tribes," as the basis of the present German Landwehr, so I regard the Celtic clan system as the basis of our modern militia. THE CELTS. The members of a Celtic clan regarded each other as blood relations. Every member bore the same general or family name, that is to say, each member of Clan Catesby, was a Catesby ; every mem ber of Clan Donald, was a Donald ; and all of Clan Nial, were Nials, a peculiarity emphasized by the use of the prefixes : "O, : " Mac," and "App." The prefix " App," was used by the Cambrians or Celts of Briton, and meant and still means " of" " Rurac App-Morgan," was Rurac of Morgan. "O" and "Mac" were prefixes used by the Celts of Scotia Major (Ireland), and Scotia Minor (Scotland), and meant and still means " Descendant " " Son." "Rory O Niell was Rory, descendant of Nial. " Angus MacDonald was Angus, son of Donald." That the members of a clan were co equal in clanship, and only graded as fam ilies are graded, is fully evidenced by the facts that the Celts knew no aristocracy, and that the only title in vogue was the use of the article "the" before the prefix "Mac," " O" or "App," and which desig nated the chief of a clan. Thus : "The " O Niell was chief of the O Niells; "The" MacGregor, chief of the MacGregors ; and "The ; App-Jones was chief of clan Jones. From the foregoing it will be seen that each member of a Celtic clan was the peer of all the others in clanship, and clanship comprehended all that we know to-day of citizenship so far as its exercise was need ed. No land tenure bound the Celtic clans man to his chief; no military fief bound the clan to the king. Clan lands were held a la commune ; even the king could not sell a grain of sand. Each clan was a complete political and military community ; a federation of clans formed a province or palatinate, and a con federation of provinces formed the nation. Every clansman was born a soldier and every chief was born a captain. Military duty came to the Celt with his birth. It was a duty as naturally inherited and unquestioned as the duties of the chase, the spade and the plow. It was not a duty formulated by king or chief and rendered for value received or privileges conferred or promised ; but one born with the clansman, grown with his growth, an at tribute of manhood extending from the cradle to the grave. Those conditions naturally led to the formation of a national military body, re sembling in formation and in many of its obligations the militia of America. THE FENIANS OF FION. The term " National Guard " describes a military body organized in the interest of the nation as in contradistinction to one organized in the interest of the king and pledged to the crown ; and the first military body of this kind known to history a body combining all the qual ities of citizenship with the duties and ob ligations of the soldier was organized many centuries prior to the Christian era by Fion MacKool, a noted chief of ancient 554 THE GOLDEN ERA. Erin. This was the famous Fenian militia whose deeds and heroes form the base and burden of the songs of Ossian, the Irish Homer. To be a Fenian was an acknowledg ment of distinguished citizenship ; a cov eted honor to be won only by the citizen whose moral, mental and physical qualifi cations stood the test of a most rigid ex amination. The Fenian made no oath of fealty to the king he was sworn to defend the nation. The body first formed by Fion may therefore be considered the first properly organized national guard or state militia known to the world. Among the ancient Irish the term "clansman" was equivalent to the modern term, " citizen," and in the Hibernian mind the quality of citizenship was insep- erably associated with the duties of the soldier. Such is the case to-day in Swit zerland ; and though the Swiss are among the most peaceable and law-abiding of people, they are the most war-like of men, and possess, at this time, a militia system the most complete and perfect in the world. The military spirit of the Swiss, as well as the perfection of their milita system, is entirely due to the prevailing estimate of "the citizen" an estimate that places first among the integrals of citizenship the defense of the nation the duties of the soldier, principles first formulated by Fion MacKool and given first practical effect in the formation of the Fenian militia. SWITZERLAND S NATIONAL GUARD. Every Celt was a soldier by birth, and a citizen by inheritance. Each Swiss is a citizen by birth, and a soldier by law, be ing so declared by the Constitution of the State. Before this law all men in Switzer land stand equal ; no man can be substi tuted for another. Money cannot pur chase blood, and blood alone can prove patriotism and win honor. Exemption from service can be had only by officers of the Government, of public institutions, clergymen, students of theology, members of the police and pilots. Exemption may also be extended to the only son, or one of the sons of a widow, or widower. In the later case, the widow er must have passed his sixtieth year, and prove that his only son is necessary to his support. A widower with minor children, and who has no means of support save the labor of his hands, may also be exempted as well as one or two brothers, whose la bor is absolutely necessary to the mainte nance of aged parents, or growing and helpless young. The Council of State of each Canton appoints each year a Commission on Fur lough. This Commission is composed of ten persons, four of whom represent the militia as follows : 2 commissioned offi cers, i corporal, i private. The Commis sion on Furlough acts under oath, grants exemption for physical defects, or want of height, passes men from one branch of the service to another, or relegates them from active service to the reserve. Five feet and one inch is the Swiss minimum mili- itary height, and the man of twenty, who cannot fill this measure is furloughed for two years, at the close of which period, if he still lacks, he is dismissed for good, as unavailable timber. Men convicted of crime, or of known bad character, are de barred from service, and once thus de barred, no man can hold a commission in the service of Switzerland. The Swiss militia is composed of two great divisions the Federal Contingent and the Landwehr. The first is divided in two general bodies the Elite and the Reserve. The Elite is composed of per sons between the ages of twenty and thirty-five years, and includes three per cent of the whole population. The Re serve contains no man above forty years of age, and includes one and one-half per cent of the population. The Landwehr is composed of men between the ages of twenty and forty-four. The Landsturm is another and the der nier source of Switzerland s military strength ; but it must not be confounded with the organized militia. It is, as its name implies, a levy en masse a dernier resort, and consists of the whole male pop ulation capable of bearing arms, and not incorporated in the Elite or Reserve. SERVICE OF THE SWISS. Eight years is the term of service in the Elite, and no man can enter that body who has not passed through a complete course of primary instruction. Each Canton is charged with the primary instruction of THE GOLDEN ERA. 555 its militia, contingent to which pupose fif ty-six days of each year is set aside. The infantry, cavalry and riflemen, of the Elite, are called out anually for masse, skelton and battalion drill. Special atten tion is paid to the drilling of dragoons and guides, the drill occupies six days, three of which are devoted to the instruction of commissioned and non-commissioned of ficers a practice that might be profitably duplicated by the militia of California. Each alternate year is set aside for the drill and field practice of engineers and artillery upon which occasions new phases and inventions of gunnery are test ed and new theories of fortification and demolition are proved or exploded. In addition to the foregoing, annual Federal camps are established to which the Cantons send their men that they may become familiar with camp life and the pomp and panoply of the larger combina tions and movements. Those camps are on the highest grade of " the school of the soldier," and serve as a piactical drill for commanders and staff officers. The militia of Switzerland is subjected to a rigid annual inspection by Federal Colonels appointed by the general govern ment ; and if any want of perfection be de tected in the contingent of any Canton, the inspectors have the power to order such additional drill as may, in the judgment of the inspecting officer, remedy the defi ciency. A colonel s commision is the highest military parchment issued by the govern ment. Even the commander of all the forces of the Swiss Republic is only a General by courtesy. All officers, up to the rank of Major,are appointed by the Cantonal author ities. Colonels are appointed by the Fed eral government. No one can be commissioned in the en gineers, cavalry or artillery except such as have passed through a creditable course of instruction at a military school. In ad dition to the educational and technical qualifications required, two years service is exacted for the holding of the lowest com mission eight years for the commission of Major and twelve years for that of Colonel. All candidates for promotion must pass a public examination As a result of her complete and well nurtured militia system, Switzerland can place 300,000 well armed and well drilled men in the field ; one hundred thousand men, armed, equipped and ready for ac tion, can be placed in line within the lim it of forty hours. When it is considered that the country contains only two million and a half of people, this showing is won derful almost incredible. But the offi cial record proves the fact, and facts force credibility. ORIGIN OF AMERICA S MILITIA. Sam Adams, a shoemaker of Boston, was the soul of the colonial secret society known as the Sons of Liberty. Adams and his comrades were the sowers of the seed from which sprang the Republic that to-day stretches its giant limbs from the lakes to the gulf and from sea to sea. From the seed thus sown leaped the Minute Men of New England whom the ride of Paul Revere roused from repose to light the torch of war, to build the pyre of tyran ny, and to witness the travail of the grand est birth known to the maternity of na tions. The Minute Men were sworn to liberty and "The Continental Congress," /. <?., the nation and the constitution. They were the seed and soil of America s militia. The English Volunteers of to-day are not militia ; they are sworn to the Crown, not the nation. They bear arms not by right but by the will of " Her Majesty." The same is true of the Royal Volunteers of colonial times ; they were sworn to George, " the beast " and bore arms not by right, but by " the will of His Majesty." With a few noble exceptions, such as War ren and others the King s Colonial Vol unteers were officered by enemies of Ameri ca sycophantic snobs, toadies of "the Colonial court." While those officers were unable to hold all the rank and file of their several organizations, they filled the vacancies with dependents and hirelings and preserved the organisms intact for "the King." Former members who were taken with arms fighting for kith, kin and freedom, were held to the royal compact, tried and convicted of desertion, and exe cuted. A notable incident of this kind occurred in Charleston, South Carolina, immediately after the fight at Concord. 556 THE GOLDEN ERA. THE MCCOYS. Prior to revolutionary troubles, an old man named McCoy occupied a farm close to Charleston. He was a hard worker, stern of aspect and stalwart of frame. With his wife and only son a noble spec imen of young manhood, Mr. McCoy lived quietly and prosperously. Like many young men of the period, his son had joined one of the Colonial Volunteer companies. But the "Time that tried men s souls " came upon the country, and " Old McCoy " was spotted he was known to be a pronounced and active "rebel." One morning, when talk and threats had given way to blows, the Mc Coy farmhouse was suddenly surrounded by the very Company of which the young man was a member. " Old Mac " was of the blood that rarely shirks and never surrenders, and hastily barricading his log home, he bade defiance to the king s hire lings, and fought like a tiger. At the moment of attack, young Mc Coy was at work some distance from his home ; roused and alarmed by the firing, he made haste to the scene of action, and arrived at the house, just as his former comrades-in-arms forced the door and swarmed upon his heroic father. With the howling tories the young man entered. He saw his father fighing sav agely, surrounded by the cursing cowards; he saw him stagger and fall he saw the stalwart old frame, with a mighty effort, force itself partially erect, resting painfully upon one knee, in which position, bleeding and faint, the gallant old hero continued to fight like a stag at bay. All this he saw in a single glance, and wresting a weapon from the nearest Tory he dashed through the murderous circle and stood beside his dying sire. The cruel conflict was brief and bloody. "Old Mac" lay dead, slashed and gored from head to foot. The young man lay bound and pinioned, desperately, if not fatally wounded. Young McCoy, was borne, bound and bleeding to Charleston, where he was charged with (< desertion and treason, in having been found and taken with arms in hand, fighting against the king s Colonial Dra goons of which he was a member and to whose oath of fealty he had subscribed." Drum-head courts have a penchant for conviction, and as a matter of course young McCoy was found guilty as charged. He was publiclv hanged in the market place amid the drunken jeers of a Tory mob. Hanged in the presence of his bowed and aged mother who, kneeling upon the ground, at the foot of the " Gallows Tree," wept not a tear, but prayed as Mary prayed at the foot of the cross ; prayed for the souls that were gone for the noble son and the hero sire South Carolina s first font of blood in liberty s baptismal rites. From the blood of the McCoy s, sprung the Minute Men of the South the Swam}) Angels Marion s Men ; and many a Tory whose drunken jeers embittered the last moments of liberty s young martyr found "The rest that knows no waking " at the hands of the sleepless Swamp Fox and his men. Such, in brief, were the impulses and materials from which sprung America s militia. Its Fion MacKool, however, the master spirit that forced its permanent or ganization, the legal father who gave it law ful being, was the immortal Patrick Henry, of Virginia. FIRST MILITIA MEASURE. In the Old Dominion House of Repre sentatives "The Convention of the Coun ties and Corporations of Virginia" Pat rick Henry introduced the following reso lutions on the twenty-third day of March, 1775 : " ftesoh t d: That a well-regulated militia, com posed of gentlemen and yoemen, is the natural strength and only security of a free government; that such a militia in this colony would forever render it unnecessary for the mother country to keep among us for the purpose of our defence, any standing army of mercenary soldiers, always sub versive of the quiet, and dangerous to the li! of the people, and would obviate the pretext of taxing us for their support. "That the establishment of such militia is, at this ti>/u , peculiarly necessary, by the state of our laws, for the protection and defence of the coun try, some of which are already expired, and others will shortly do so; and that the known remissness of government in calling us together in legislative capacity, renders it too insecure in this time of danger and distress, to rely, that opportunity will be given of renewing them, in general assembly, or making any provisions to secure our inesti mable rights and liberties, from those further viola tions with which they are threatened. " Resoh cd, therefore: That this colony be im mediately put into a state of defence, and that there be a committee to prepare a plan for em- THE GOLDEN ERA. 557 bodying, arming, and disciplining such number of men as may be sufficient for that purpose." These resolutions were adopted ; and Patrick Henry, George Washington, Rich ard H. Lee, Robert C. Nicholas, Benja min Harrison, Adam Stevens, Lemuel Riddick, Andrew Lewis, William Christian, Edmund Pendleton, Isaac Zane and Thomas Jefferson were appointed a com mittee to prepare a plan in accordance with the last resolution. It was during the debate on these reso lutions that the American Demosthenes delivered the tremendous storm of elo quence which stands to-day as a model of its kind and which closes with the ever liv ing sentence: "I know not what course others may ake ; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death ! " The Henry resoultions were the sills of our militia system ; and with their passage was laid its legal foundation. Their pith and spirit were afterwards incorporated in the organic law of the nation and appear to-day in the constitution of every state of the Union. CALIFORNIA S MILITIA. As the organization of the militia system ante-dates the birth of the Union, so the or ganization of California s militia ante-dates the birth of the State. California never had a territorial exis tence under the laws of the United States. The country had a provincial government under Spain and Mexico, but was born to America, armed and equipped as a State. California was admitted to the Union on September 9, 1850, and the first mili tary company was organized in Sonoma County in 1848. This was a body of Americans now known as " The Bear Flag Pioneers." Such is a resume of the general history of the militia as an institution up to the or ganization of California as a State. STATUS AND SERVICE OF THE N. G. C. As this issue contains another paper wherein may be found a detailed state ment of the strength and cost of the N. G. C., its armament, location, etc., I will only supplement the same as follows : We have had seven Major-Generals of militia who succeeded in the following or der: Lucius H. Allen, H. A. Cobb, D. W. C. Thompson, Geo. R. Vernon, E. ] Lewis, W. H. L. Barnes, Walter Turnbull- We have had nine Adj utant-Generals as follows : Wm. C. Kibbe, Geo. S. Evans, Jas. M. Allen, Thos. N. Cazneau, L. H. Foote, P, F. Walsh, Samuel W. Backus, John F. Sheehan and Geo. B. Cosby. Generals Cosby, Walsh, Backus, Shee han and Foote are still with us in the flesh, and all are gentlemen of social and official distinction. The present personnel of the N. G. C. will compare favorably with any similar body in the Union. As an old soldier, however, and with the kindliest of feelings I will venture to suggest the propriety of imitating the Swiss practice in the matter of creating and promoting militia officers, as well as the sound military policy of in augurating consecutive skeleton drills for commissioned and non-commissioned of ficers. That the militia of California contains-- all the essentials of an efficient and capa ble corps, goes without saying. That it is the stuff that braves the brunt of war, is true : , and that its past has not been wholly an. idle pageant is proved by the following ex tract from a report made by Adjutant Gen. P. F. Walsh and rendered by request of the Constitutional Convention of 1878 . I have examined the records of the cavalry battalion, consisting of four hundred officers and men, which left San Francisco on the twenty-first day of March, 1863, to join the Army of the Po tomac, and served until the close of the war, and find the following casualties: Killed, died of wounds and in prison. , 70 Wounded 55 Missing 13. Casualties in the Cal. Hundred : killed, died of wounds and in prison 13, Wounded 5. California also furnished eight infantry- regiments, two cavalry regiments, one bat talion of mountaineers, one battalion of na tive cavalry, besides a large number who went East to serve in both armies, in all not less than 20,000 men." For valuable official data I desire to ac knowledge my indebtedness to Ajt. Gen. Cosby and Gen. P. F. Walsh. I am thank ful to both whom I respect as gentlemen and know as soldiers. Of those who took a prominent part in- the militia of 1861, J. G. Downey, of Los Angeles; John B. Frisbie, of the city of THE GOLDEN ERA. Mexico ; N. Green Curtis, of Sacra- forces who opposed the Americans, and -dnento; James L. English, also of Sac- who were driven from Los Angeles by -amento, and A. B. Dibble, of Grass General Stephen \V. Kearney. General Valley, I believe to be still "to the fore." John A. Sutter has also passed the rtibi- Don Jose Covarubias and Don Andreas con, and sleeps the sleep of death. Green Pico have passed the last picket post of be the memory of the dead they were life. They were both Hispano-Americans, good men and true ! and Don Andreas had served in the service of Mexico as General of the Mexican P- S. DORNKY. ENCAMPMENT O/ THE NATIONAL GUARD AT SANTA CRUZ. ii THE MUSEUM. TY MINCE-PIES. Christmas memories come stealing over me about this ume of the year, seeming like days of delight in a joyous procession. A happy childhood is one in which the first six months of the year are spent in recalling the joys of the past Christmas, and the next six preparing for the coming ane, with Fourth of July and Thanksgiving and birthdays :.hrown in to relieve the tedium between. There are those of Puritan ancestry who have imbibed the .jitter hatred of those doughty old souls against celebrating Christmas, as a sort of Catholic mummery, and who devote all their energies to the observance or Thanksgiving in stead, and they cannot understand why children lose their heads at the approach of the 25th of December, But there is something in Christmas that is pre-eminently suited to the childish heart gifts and giving are easily understood by the youngest one of the flock. As we have the holiday at present, it is surrounded by a lumber of customs and symbols gathered up from many uitions of the earth, the origins of which are lost in antiqui- ,i(! this, doubtless, was one of the reasons that our J uritan ancestors took so little stock in Christmas. I remember a joyous little celebration spent in the East, .n the center of Pennsylvania, where in the midst of our Christmas-tree excitement, a strange man made his appear ance and denounced my grandfather for permitting us to !*ow down and worship idols. To this day I can still feel the tremor and sensation of horror that came over me at the sound of his voice and his words. And yet from his point . perhaps he was justified. The tree was worshipped by the Druids, and undoubtedly borrowed from their old rites, and grafted on to Christianity when they adopted the new religion, and thus has come down to us. Be this as it may. a Christmas is not half a Christmas that has no tree. It is like a breath from the forest, or a sigh from the wildwood, to smell the fresh, piny fragrance of the Christmas greens, and it is a delightful custom, whether borrowed from those sun-worshipping heathens or not. There are a number of savors that must always accompany that piny odor, to make it seem like Christmas, and not the least of these is the aromatic mince-pie not the counterfeit mince-pie found in the modern restaurant, but the real thing itself. I don t know why it is that I so seldom meet a real mince-pie nowadays. I think, possibly, that the halo of childhood and the freshness of the senses must have some thing to do with it. It is said that a legend hangs over the Christmas pie as well as the Christinas tree, and that it originated in the gift of frankincense and myrrh presented to Marc by the wise men. These spices were in time placed between two crusts, and by a course of evolution became the mince pie which descends to us of a later day. I remember a season of mince-pie beside which all other mince-pies pale in comparison. It was when we lived in a deep canon of the Sierras, miles away from any other h use, and in the long, cold winters we had to find our recre o on within our own little family circle. In preparing for our Christmas, my mother devoted several days to baking, wh ile myself and brothers danced around in delight at seeing that the promised time was nearly at hand. The usual custom is to make up :t -teat jar of mince- THE GOLDEN ERA. 559 meat and use it from time to time throughout the days suc ceeding the holidays; but this time, the winter was so cold and severe and everything seemed to favor the idea, so that she resolved to make up the entire jar at once. I remem ber seeing visions of mince-pies standing in. rows so many of them, that just out of curiosity, I counted them and found forty forty mince-pies ! We had an addition built on to the house, commonly called an L , a room which in winter was utterly unhabit able, it was so much like the Arctic regions. A fire made no appreciable difference in its temperature, so that it had to be abandoned for sleeping purposes. Into this natural refrigerator, we laid the multitude of pies, and during those long solemn nights of stillness and icy chill, or of tempest and snowy death we gathered close to the merry, crackling blaze, and told stories and riddles and sang songs ; and then one of us would be sent into the " cold room " for our little banquet. In we would fly, seize the treasure, and dart out like a hero who had dared the goblins. Placing the frozen morsel between two pans, we would turn it over and over before the flame, and slowly upon the atmosphere would steal those delicious flavors, subtle and spicy, which belong to the mince pie, and the mince pie alone. When cut into mathematical segments, each expectant youngster received his or her share, and smilingly absorbed the fragrant triangle. We were hardy children, Nature ad apting us to battle with the cold, and the mince-pie seemed specially designed for the peculiarities which surrounded us. We never had the dreams that fall to the ordinary mince-pie eater, but slept peacefully and soundly after our feast, and awoke refreshed and ready to battle with the rigors of Nature again in the morning. The long, bitter winter in the ice-bound canon would have long since faded from my mind, but it has become crystal- ized into a sort of dim legend, on account of the forty mince- pies. TWO BAGS OF GOLD. A TRUE STORY. It was long, long ago, perhaps in the year of 52. One night, quite late, a miner bought a large bill of goods from the provision and grocery store of " Kelsey & Martin," of Sacramento. He was about to start for Frazer River, and the goods were to be shipped there for him. It being so late, and the man hesitating where to spend the night, one of the younger men of the firm invited him to stay with them in the room over the store, where they rolled them selves in their blankets and took it easy. He accepted the invitation, and listened to the talk going on around him with a singular interest. It was steamer day and they were reading aloud the letters they had received from the folks at home. One read of Sally s new beau, and Mary s baby, and how anxious mother was, and another re sponded with a thoughtful letter from father, full of good advice, and a third read an affectionate, childish letter from a little sister, all breathing of a strong love for those far away wanderers, stretched on the hard floor with nothing but their blankets under them. The old miner listened to these items with more than a passing interest, and the next morning, he sought out the head of the firm and asked to leave two bags of nuggets and gold-dust in their care. Said he, "I listened to them letters last night, and they waz so good and homely, that I jest made up my mind that all you folks waz to be trusted around nere. I dunno when I ll be back again, but I d ruther leave it here than in a bank." There were so many unconventional things done in those days, that no one expressed much surprise, and the miner went away leaving three thousand dollars worth of treasure in their care. Two years had clasped when the miner returned from his Frazer River trip. He was much older, much more weather- beaten, and had gathered only a small stini for his years of toil, but he had resolved to collect his money together and go to his home in the East, worn out with the privations and disappointments of a miner s life. He called at the store and was surprised to see the sign changed. An unfamiliar face greeted him. " Isn t this the store of Kelsey & Martin V" he asked, be ginning to be troubled. " It was, sir, but it has passed out of their hands and be longs to me." "Where can I find Mr. Kelsey?" " Mr. Kelsey has been dead a year," was the startling re sponse. " And Mr. Martin ?" the miner s face was a study. " He went East, six months ago. Anything I can do for you?" The miner shook his head gravely. " I don t see how I could have been mistaken. I d do it over again. The fact is I left two bags o gold-dust and nuggets here with them, but how 1 am agoin to get em agin, beats me." " Just step in here, sir, and tell me the circumstances," and he led the way. When the miner had finished the odd little story with full reference to Sally s beau, and Mary s baby, and how worried mother was, the incidents of the letters they read aloud to each other, the owner of the store opened his safe and said, " Mr. Seaman, here is your property. Your nuggets are identically the same, but the gold dust, we made use of to tide us over a financial stress, and it put us on our feet again. We would have gone to the wall without it. But it is safe and sound, replaced severai months ago, and here is the in terest for the use of it. See ! here it is on my books to your credit. I was one of the young men that you met up stairs that night, but I have grown a beard since then, which was the reason you did not recognized me." Words cannot express the miner s grateful surprise, but when he gained possession of his speech, he said, heartily, " Well, now, I knowed it. A lot o young men with such good relations back home, as them there folks that writ them there letters they re most always safe to leave yer money with. I tel yer, famerly s a great thing." . LOGICAL. An Evolutionist was talking of his belief the other day. " Why," said he, "Evolution can explain everything. For instance now its plain enough why children are afraid of the dark. When we were monkeys, we could escape from all the wild beasts of the forest easily enough in the daytime, but at night, in the darkness, we hid in the trees with fear and trembling, completely at the mercy of serpents and all kinds of horrible foes and this is why, to this very day, that we imagine the darkness is filled with horrid shapes and monsters," and he glanced around to see if any one would dare to refute it. " Well, if that s so," said little Rosebud, visibly giving her curls a shake to dash off arepulsive blue-bottle, "I think I must have been sugar once, cause I hate flies so." A RACE FOR AN APPLE. " Let s have a race !" cried Billy to his brothers. "And I ll give my big red apple to the one that wins, said his pretty little sister. As they came in panting and breathless, she cried, " Billy ! its yours ! you came in ahead." He planted his teeth in its juicy red cheek, then recoiled with a shudder. "I didn t win the race after all," he said dryly, "for there s been a big worm got in ahead o me." THE EDITOR S OFFICE. CHRISTMAS. So the old year is sinking slowly, but surely to its latter end ! We may mourn its decease, but we meet it with good cheer amid family rejoicings. Christmas is the time of good cheer and happy reunions ; the children are all a tip toe with expectancy, and as the warm breath of summer gradually gives place to the settling chill of the dying year, we bury past animosities, forget old troubles and turn our thoughts above the common places of everyday life. When the crisp air tingles our cheeks we catch the spirit of expectancy from each other; the dispersed members of families long to meet once more, the holiday attire is donned and all the world seems kind and smiling. When the children begin to talk of Christmas, fond parents remember with sweet sadness the dear old bye-gone days when they were themselves bright, happy children. The present seems drawn closer to the past ; the children s joys and sor rows seem more closely blended with our own, until at length amid laughter and romping, we forget that we are children no longer. Come dear old father Christmas with thy mirth and THE GOLDEN ERA. laughter! Come /or the child r en ! Come for the parents ! and bring, and in the plenteousness of thy love, toys for the little ones and sweet, happy reminiscences for all. Lift pur souls above the petty cares and troubles of every day life, and keep ever before us the blameless life of Him who was sacrificed on the cross ! Christmas is the time when we should banish all unhappy thoughts. What should we care that we are all a year older, or for the past sorrows? Let us say with the poet : "Then what avail are grief and tears, Since life that came must go, And brief the longest tide of years As waves that ebb and flow. " For each, oh, be there many years, Apart from every woe ; The blue serene which heaven wears, When waves scarce ebb and flof." When the midnight chimes ring out upon the expectant air and toll the knell of another departed year, the GOLDEN ERA will have entered upon the thirty-fifth year of its exist ence. This original publication has stood the shock of many a reverse. It is like a circum-polar star which has sunk to its lower culmination, without going out of sight altogether. It is in the ascendant now, and will gradually climb to the zenith, until it shines out with a pure and effulgent lustre. The star of the GOLUEA ERA S destiny will never set it has too many friends; and those who lost sight of it when it went down, down, close to the horizon, now begin to recog nize it again as it ascends ; and they welcome it cordially, too, as the friends of their bye-gone days. We are pleased to be able to say that the GOLDEN ERA has of late made wonderful strides, as the last numbers must indicate. We may cordially thank our supporters and wish them a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year, WOMEN AS WRITERS. In a back number of the GOLDEN ERA we find it stated that Mr. J. M. Foard, one of the original proprietors, com plains that the effect of allowing women to contribute was to kill this journal with their "namby-pamby, school-girl trash." The GOLDEN ERA does not seem to be very dead just now in spite of the fact that many of our articles come from female writers. Perhaps Mr. Foard had some grounds for his unhappy remark, but however that may be he was not careful enough in arriving at his conclusion. The only grounds that we can admit he has any claim to, is the fact that women more often write of what they know, and should know least about, than men do. In the case of gen eral experience of life men see more, and are obliged to learn more than women. When a woman writes a story she is, in most cases, obliged to gai.. her knowledge of the world from reading other authors, and as a natural conse quence her writings are more or less formed after the style of some favorite writer. There is a very interesting book by J. S. Mill called "The Subjection of Women "not the subjugation mind, in which the author show.s very clearly that women s writing is not of necessity inferior to that of men. The great difference, as he points out, is that as yet women, in their writings, have not originated a style of their own : that as men were the originators of science and litera ture, women who are as yet only beginners in these subjects have been under the necessity of copying, as all young writers are, the only style in existence ; that when women are sufficiently far advanced to originate a new style of lit erature in which they can give full swing to their feelings, a new era will begin in the writing of fiction. There seems to be a good deal of truth in this, and it pro bably explains why we have had no female writer equal to Dickens, Thackery, Shakespeare, etc. What can respectable women (as a rule) know about many of the subjects, which have made the reputation of these writers ? We have been accustomed to look upon the styles of these writers as the acme of story-telling, because we have not as yet seen the other side. There is a great field in literature open to women in the future, if they will only try to discover a new style. Now a-days women have much more encouragement to write than they had a few years ago. They write much more for magazines than of old, and also read more. Maga zines are read just about twice as often by women as by men, and the former appear to be beginning to take an interest in each other s writings. We have often heard women re fuse to read certain books because they happened to be written by persons of their own sex; but we hope such sentiments have died out by this time. haps more toward it than Adam Smith or John Stuart Mill. Jf there had been no Adam Smith there would have been no Henry George, and those who are inclined to give George the best praise, because he has built upon the life work of the earlier political economists, and has raised it one step nearei the objective point, should re member that the science of political economy as it stands at present, will never completely solve the problem. To solve this complex question it is necessary to touch upon many more sciences than are usually supposed to be necessary for its solution. The best example of our meaning will be found in a close perusal of Buckle s " History of Civilization in England. " The political economists of the present schoo 1 confine themselves strictly to one narrow course of argument. In all solution hitherto propounded (or nearly all) the ele ment of human character, for instance, has been ignored. Thus it is then, that a new class of thinkers is beginning to be required ; for as the science stands now, it has been carried to such a degree of perfection that a man similar to Buckle is required, who will take the investigation of meta- physicians. historians, naturalists, etc., and forces them to a single point, namely ; a " science of existence," or some such term in substance. As we conceive it, all the sciences tend to the betterment of the human race ; so that each indivi dual science is but a factor in the whole equation. The undertaking of Buckle will be again taken up where he un fortunately left it b y his untimely death, and carried on by philosophers of a new grade. One of the first things necessary to establish is (it appears to us) that there are, in nature, no hard and fast rules of universal application. This is generally understood in a vague sense by a great number of unthinking people as well as by the thoughtful. But in thes-e simple words there is something back of the sense in which it appears to strike most people. Take the human will for instance. It cannot be denied that the human will is subject to extraneous in fluences, though it is to a great extent under the control of each individual. If the human will is not absolute, nothing can be absolute for reasons which it would take too long here to explain. Every mind is the slave of its own consti tution, and all minds are not subject to the same influences If the wish, which is father to the thought, does not occur, the thought will not occur. We can never make all men wish alike much less think alike ; hence it is an utter fallacy to attempt to make rules of universal application. Every rule must admit of exceptions, and every rule should be an exact mean between extremes. The science of political economy has been pushed to a great extent , but the art remains yet to be discovered. John Stuart Mill says in substance that art presupposes science, and that each art is evolved frcm either one or several sciences. Hitherto political economists have not used a sufficient number of sciences to discover the art they are in quest of ; but as it is first necessary to pursue each individual science to the end, the work that has now been done will be of lasting %-alue in this connection. It appears to us that the point has now been reached beyond which very little can be be done until some new science is applied. This is an all-important subject, and it is remarkable that more men do not take it up in preference to other subjects. PROF. W. T. ROSS. It is with pleasure that we call attention to the important work being accomplished by this well known elocutionist. In addition to supervising the proofs of his new book, "Voice Culture and Elocution," he has a large class in Sacramento, another at the Y. M. C. A. of this city, regular classes at Trinity School, and also classes and private pupils at his parlors in St. Ann s building, No. 6 Eddy street. Prof. Ross is thorough in everything he does. There is no half-way work, and the results of his work border on the marvelous. We doubt if there is another teacher in the country more successful in voice building. He has strengthened many a weak voice, and thereby added the power of useful ness to professional men and women. Prof. Ross is a scholar, and has a thorough understanding of that which he teaches. To be under his instrutcion means hard work, and improvement. His terms are reasonable. His book will be sent to any address for Si.oo Write for circulars to Prof. Ross. 6 Eddy street. POLITICAL ECONOMY. Has Henry George resolved the Politico Economic ques tion ? No ! decided! lly, he has not, though he has done per- PRIZE POEM. In November we offered a prize .of thirty dollars for the best poem on Sutro Hights. About twenty poems were placed in competition by December ist. The judges Hon. A. I. Moulder, J. J. Owen and S. M Shortridge, in award ing the prize to "A Legend on Sutro Hights," Madge Morris proved to be the lucky poet. The poem isprinted in this issue. All who have read the advance sheets pro nounced the poem worthy the genius of the talented writer THE GOLDEN ERA. SKETCHES ON WHEELS. Mr. Harr Wagner will resume his sketch, " On Wheels," with the January number. He will visit San Antonio, New Orleans, Louisville, Cincinnati, Washington, Philadelphia, New York, Boston and Chicago. VAIN NOTES. "Re-married," by C. R., rejected. All writing should entertain, or preach a moral. Yours simply stupefies the intellect. Dr. A. S. Condon, the poet of Utah, has been writing a humorous critique on literary forgeries for the Salt Lake Tribune. "The Land Question," by Judge Maguire, is the title of a series of articles to appear in the ERA. C. S. W. In reply to your question, "Name the three brightest women in California," would say, you analyze your self, then ask, "Who are the other two ?" M. T. K. The San Franciscan is the best literary weekly on the Coast. Hazel. Glad to see you back, but regret to say that your verses are too amatory for publication. A continued story by Carrie Stevens Walter, a poem by Madge Morris, " A Bear Hunt in Mendocino," by F. M. Stone, "Ethics of Suicide," by. Dr. Brown, "The Geological Phases of Sutro Heights," by Adele Brown Carter, and a number of other articles in tended for this issue, will appear in the January number. "An unexpected Smack" has been re jected. The merit of a smack is in the sweetness expected. Try your unexpected smack upon a magazine or journal edited by a lady. Will the lady who sends us a poem beginning, " Let me kiss you," please send her address to the editor of the Maverick. A. K. You asked me confi dentially why the ERA does not raise its standard and pin it up ? I reply, because you would not read it, nor would the other subscribers if it were not for the delightful sensation of finding now and then a rare gem, and more rarely an error in its pages devoted to the literature not of the cul tured, but of the people. Amador. We can not accept your "Christmas Story". Christmas literature must be very good, else it is very bad. It is mostly the latter. THE LIBRARY TABLE. B. P. Moore s book, "Endura," has met with a fair and steady sale. The entire edition will be disposed of within six months. Mrs. Jean Bruce Washburn is one of the most voluminous writers in California, and belongs to the old school of authors. She has eight or ten ordinary volumes of unpublished MSS., of stories, poems and dramas, also as much more that has appeared in print. She used to write for the early Eastern literary journals. Her industry is mar velous, and all her writings show the evidence of culture and careful work. " Montezuma," and the "Legend of a Kiss," are for sale at C. Beach s store. THE ART AMATEUR for December, is devoted specially to illustrations of the unique style of Bume Jones works of art. OUTING, beautifully illustrated, contains a charming article by Thomas Stevens, " Around the World on a. Bicycle." THE SOUTHERN BIVOUAC, devoted mostly to Southern war articles, presents an interesting class of literature from the other standpoint. THE CENTURY contains a humorous sketch by Mark Twain on the war, in which he says " he learned more about retreating than the man who invented retreating" The short stories are utterly pointless, but the engravings are superb. THE LEGEND OF A Kiss, by Henry Sade, is a charm ing yet tragic story told in verse, of the flower that grows in England, called the "Kissing Cup." There are many pretty lines and ideas which are worthy of a little more mechanical skill in the carving and setting. LIPPINCOTT S MAGAZINE promises a new dress, and new editorial management for its next number with the price re duced to $2.00. Its articles are always good, and of great interest, while the short stories are noted for brightness and motive. THE DOMESTIC MONTHLY contains an interesting article on "How to make Christmas Presents," very appropriate for this time of year. THE BROOKLYN MAGAZINE has an interesting article from the pen of Canon Farrar entitled, "Shall America Have A Westminster Abbey ? THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW replete with national articles, hag a gem in Robert Ingersoll s tribute to Lincoln in "Motley and Monarch," while Rosecran s sketch, "The Mistakes of Grant," is in exceeding bad taste. ARTHURS HOME MAGAZINE presents items and short stories relative to the domestic circle, particularly a sketch on Christmas gifts. ST. NICHOLAS with a new cover, comes in all its glory, radiant with story and picture, Mrs. Bamett s tale of "The Little Lord of Fauntleroy, " increasing in exquisite tender ness, and Frank Stockton s " Fruit of the Fragile Palm," provoking a comical smile. THE ART INTERCHANGE brings an autumn study as well as the usual designs and art decorations. THE ST Louis MAGAZINE contains a short sketch of Madge Morris, our California poet. THE CURRENT issues 1,500 sample copies a week, and sends them broadcast over the country. THE PACIFIC MONTHLY, a new musical and literary journal, published by Broderson & Co., has a sketch on Califor nia wild flowers, by Ella Sterling Cummins, and also a sketch of Edgar S. Kelley. It was our good fortune recently to attend a reception tendered Walter B. Lyons, Grand Secretary of Odd Fellows by the member of the order in this city, and we have never seen a more artistically arranged table than the one set on that occasion by Mrs. Kate L. Hart, of the " Home Lunch Room." It was in buffet style, with a center piece three feet high, resting on a French plate mirror in a heavily chased silver frame. Crystal and silver epergnes and bon bon stands occupied the four corners of the buffet, and on each end stood two massive candelabra, every available spot was filled with the choicest eatables, and the whole was profoundly decorated with smilax and chrysanthemum. Although but recently starting in this line of business, Mrs. Hart has met with the most unqualified success, and already has an assured position as caterer for the California Com- mandry of Knights Templar, the S. F. and Cal. Chapters of R. A. M., the Congregational Club of San Francisco, and many others. 5 02 THE GOLDEN KR.\. THE THEATERS. XKVADA S second advent into San Francisco was almost a disappointment. Ju Uic AT THK KAI.UWIN. -Judic, the fair, piquant Pari sian comedienne ! She makes the greatest "hit " with her eyes. The voice sings French, the naughty, beautiful eyes talk purely accented English. During the season the following combinations will appear at the Bush-street theatre, presenting, as it does, a list of first-class attractions rarely offered. M. B. Leavitt s European Specialty Company. Alvin Joslin Co. and his 10,000 Challenge Brass Band. Alice Harrison in her New Musical Comedy, "Hot Grand Italian Opera Troupe 50 Artists. & Hoey s " Parlor Match" Company. Water." Milan Evans Buffalo Bill arid his Great Show. Harrison & Gourlav s Co. Tony Pastor s Grand Combination. Edouin & Sanger s "Bunch of Keys" Co. Mr. and Mrs. Tony Hart in their New Comedy, " But tons." Lillian Russell Opera Bouffe Company. Eugene Tompkins " A Tin Soldier" Company. Mile. Aimee, in English. Harry and John Kernell s Double Attraction. Baker & Farron in their " Soap Bubbles." Tony Denier "s Pantomime Company. Hallen & Hart First Prize Ideals. THE Rankins are nothing, if not successful and they are never nothing. " Allan Dare " is a greater success than was even " A Wall-street Bandit," which it succeeded at the California. The secret of attraction in its first night was the debut of Mrs. Susie Williams. Critical San Francisco was evidently pleased with her acting. Miss Trella Foltz has a prominent part in "Allan Dare." She has a sweet girlish face, and witching manner, and is winning the hard-earned laurels of her chosen profes sion. "Allan Dare" is an American play dramatized by an American author, and enthusiastically received by San Fran ciscans Aiiit_rii::ins are slowly learning to appreciate their own. The arrangement of the play is good but it could be improved. McK.ee Rankin, as Macbeth, was not at his best. In " Al lan Dare," he makes of the ideal man, a living icalty, Mr. Rankin is so inimitable in "49 " that one who has seen him in that play imagines a subtle flame of it pervades whatever else he undertakes. Little Minnie Tittle is a cunning " Midget," Col. Ed. Price is the most popular manager the California has had for years. J. J. Wallace, as Mungo Park, is master of the art of im personation. With so strong a cast, "Allan Dare " could not be other than the success which it is. 11,- Mrs. McKee Rankin is in the country. The absence^ of this favorite of San Francisco artists is strikingly conspicu ous. The latest attraction at the Tivoli is the " Three Guards men." The performance at this popular place of amusement is so very good that, were it not for the smoke of tobacco and the smell of beer, one could mistake it for a dollar-and- a-half-admittance opera. Miss Mabel Bert has an exquisitely pretty form. " Dreams," at the Bush, are very waking dreams the kind of dreams one likes to see repeated. There is enough of nightmare in real life. Charlie Reed s laughter-provoking burlesques continue to keep crowded houses at the Standard. He is the prince of fun-makers, and "The sad, old earth must borrow its rnirth." (Ella Wheeler and Col Joyce will please observe that this line is quoted). " The Battle of Waterloo " still rages in its mysterious panorama, which mysteriousness is probably the hidden source of its long continuance. There is always the witchery of fascination about that which we cannot fathom. Mazzanovich s scene painting is making him an enviable fame. " Around the World in Eighty Days" will be the Kiralfys opening at the California. PUBLISHERS DEPARTMENT. Christmas Goods. At this season of the year, when beautiful and appropiate holiday presents constitute the principal thought in the minds of nine out of ten people, we feel that we can interest a pro portionate part of our readers by drawning attention to the magnificent selection of goods which Col. Andrews, of the Diamond Palace, has just imported from Paris and Berlin. These goods include superb toilet sets, various useful articles inclosed in exquisite ornaments, ladies writing desks, beauti ful plaques set in plush, satchels, ladies work boxes and leather goods of all descriptions. Next to the uniquely artistic devices and shapes in which these goods are worked, the things which attracts one s attention most in regard to them, is the surprisingly low prices. Of the Col. s grand collection of diamonds it seems almost superfluous to speak. His reputation as the diamond merchant of the Pacific Coast, has long since been established. We may mention, how ever, that, being somewhat overstocked, the Col. has deter mined to mark all his precious stones at 5 per cent above cost, for cash. A Valuable Medical Treatise. The edition for 1886 of the sterling Medical Annual, known as Hosteller s Aimanac, is now ready, and may be obtained, free of cost, of druggists and general country dealers in all parts of the United States, Mexico, and in deed in every civilized portion of the Western Hemisphere. This Almanac has been issued regularly al the commence ment of every year for over one-fifth of a century- It com bines, with the soundest practical advice for the preserva tion and restoralion of heallh, a large amount of interesting and amusing light reading, and the calandar, astromical calculations, chronological items, &c,, are prepared with great care, and will be found entirely accurate. The issue of Hosteller s Almanac for 1886 will probably be the largest edition of a medical work ever published in any country. The proprietors, Messrs. Hosteller & Co., Pillsburgh, Pa., on receipl of a Iwo cent stamp, will forward a copy by mail lo any person who cannol secure one in his neighborhood. IM: 4 i I m*. Mr. A. H. Baldwin, formerly McDowell & Baldwin, of the New San Francisco Carpet Beating Machine, 1321 and 1323 Market Street, has improved new machinery through- oui. He calls for carpels, cleans and relays them, all in one day. Renovaling and refilling carpets a specially. Tele phone 3036. Only first-class workmen employed no Chinamen. HOMCEOPATHIC REMEDIES. We show elsewhere, on a purple page, Boericke & Schreck s family medicine cases. They are invaluable to res idents of the interior. We take great pleasure in endorsing them, and recommend them lo our subscribers. Send for " Guide lo Heallh." Seni free on application. Address. BOERICKK iS: SCHKHCK, 234 Suller Si., San Francisco. Read ihe adverlisemenl of Dr. Pierce & Co. s in ihis issue. THE GOLDEN ERA. PET CIGARETTES Cigarette smokers who are willing to pay a little more than the price charged for the ordinary trade Cigarettes will find the PET CIGARETTES SUPERIOR TO ALL OTHERS. They are made from the most delicate-flavored and HIGHEST-COS F GOLD JLEAt TOBACCO grown in Virginia, and are ABSOLUTELY WITHOUT ADULTERATION OR DRUGS. The Richmond Straight Cut No. 1 Cigarettes are made from the same stock as the Pets. They are shorter and thicker than the Pets, but the same weight. While the sale of the adulterated brands of many American manufacturers has been prohibited in Great Britain, our ABSOLUTELY PURE GOODS have attained the largest popular sale ever known in Cigarettes in that country, with a steadily increasing demand. RICHMOND, VA THE GOLDEN ERA. FOR 10 CEXTS. The St. Louis Magazine, purely western in to le and make up, edited by Alexander N. DeMeuill, now in its isth year- is brilliantly illustrated, replete with stories, timely reading and humor. *i 50 a year. Sample copy and a set of gold, colored picture cards sent for 10 cents. Address Geo. J. Gilmore, 218 North Eighth Street, St. Louis, Mo. The GOLDEN ERA and St. Louis Magazine sent one year for *3 25- Pierce & Co, have recently placed a beautiful case of their goods in J. H. Widber s drug store, cor. Market and Third St. Smith s Cash Store is unequalled on this coast for the line of goods and prices. Read the full-page advertisement and if you see anything you want, send for it. We will guarantee that you will obtain perfect satisfaction. THE GOLD MEDAL. No California piano received the gold medal at New Orleans, but Behr Bros., of New York, Ivers & Pond, of Boston, did receive the medal Kohler & Chase, 139 Post Street, Agents. Nervous Debilitated ITIeii. You are allowed a free trial of thirty days of the use of Dr. Dye s Celebrated Volcanic Belt with Electric Suspensory Appliances, for the speedy relief and permanent cure of Nervous Debility, loss of Vitality and Manhood, and all kindred troubles. Also, for many other diseases. Complete restoration to health, vigor and manhood guaranteed. No risk is incurred. Illustrated pamphlet, with full informa tion, terms, etc., mailed free by addressing Volcanic Belt Co., Marshall, Mich. The Fireman s Fund Insurance Company of California. Home office, 401 California St. The leading Pacific Coast company. Total assets, 1,473,025 76. D. J. Staples, President. William J. Button, Secretary. I .. A. lioniiore, I>. Dr. Bonnore has been located in San Jose for many years and has treated thousands of difficult cases successfully Educated abroad, with natural talents as a physician, she has gained the confidence and patronage of the public. If you are afflicted, try Dr. Bonnore. New methods are often times successful when all else fails, and you may be a s sured of successful and intelligent treatment. Mrs. Bonnore has her excellent remedy, the Electro-Magnetic Liniment, for sale. It is a wonderful remedy and worthy a trial. Call on or address L. A. Bonnore, 797 and 799 South First Street, San Jose. Gold Weight Soap is unsurpassed. Ask your grocer for it. MOTHERS! -GIVE YOUR CHILDREN IB. * S. HOKHEOPATHIC COUGH AND CROUP The Safetest, most Reliable, ami one of the Oldest Family medicines in the t|;rk<-t. Thousands of families are constantly using it in different parts of the Union. Recommended by physicians as the most convenient and surest remedy for CROUP. Keep it on hand for emergencies. The attacks of Croup come on so suddenly and unexpectedly, generally in the middle of the night when medical aid cannot so readily be obtained, that a positive remedy for croup one that is speedy in its action, pleasant to the taste, and always ready for use becomes a great desideratum. All these conditions are fulfilled by 15. A N. Homoeopathic Cough and Croup Syrup. This preparation has been in use for over twenty-five years ; and millions of Ijottles have been consumed, and thousands of valuable lives saved ! As a remedy for COUGHS, Catarrh on the Chest, Bronchitis and Pneu monia, it is without a peer, for children as well as adults. In Asthma, especially Humid Asthma, it greatly aids in cutting short the paroxysms and preventing their return. B. A . S. Homoeopathic < - onl> and Croup Syrup does away with the necessity of resort ing to all sorts of soothing syrups which annually destroy as many little lives as this preparation saves. It assists nature in curing or relieving all diseases of the Respira tory Organs, whether acute or chronic. PRICE 50 CENTS. To be had at all drug Mrrs. Wholesale and retail de pot at BOOH KE & SCHRECK S HOMEOPATHIC PHARMACY, 234 Sutter Street, above Kearny, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. JOHN W. GARMANY, Manufacturer and Dealer in AND- MEN S FURNISHING Shirt* to Order a Specialty. NO. 25 KEARNY STREET, Between Market and Post. SAN FRANCISCO. Fine Kid and Driving Cloves. TWO FOR THE >RICE OF ONE. We will Club the RANCH, FIELD AND FIRESIDE FOR THE AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST, loo Columns and 100 Engravings in each Issue. 44th Year. Si. 50 a Year. The Recognized Leading Periodical of its kind in the world. Address GOLDEN ERA CO., 712 Montgomery Street IMPORTANT NOTICE!! TO THE PUBLIC: I have just received a Fine and Very Select Assortment -OF THE- Latest Styles of Woolens for Fall and Winter Wear. I will make them up in SUITS TO ORDER, at a GENUINE REDUCTION OF 40 PER CENT. than anv other Tailor in Sail Francisco. BUSINESS SUITS, to order, (all wool) from $20 oo BUSINESS PANTS, to order . " 6 oo DRESS PANTS, to order " 8 oo DRESS SUITS, to order " 30 oo OVERCOATS, to order " 20 oo The very best of French Corkscrew, French Piques, French Beaver, to order, from $40.00 to $50.00 For which you would have to pay the so-called " high-toned" tailors from $65.00 to $75,00 ; and who do not give as good Fit and Workmanship as I do, at a reduction of from $20.00 to $25.00. I have three stores, and do the largest business on the Pacific Coast. I buy all my Goods for "CASH," and obtain a discount, which en ables me to sell much cheaper than the tailors who are unable to secure this advantage ; and to keep a variety of goods which cannot be found in any other tailoring establish ment in the city. Honest Dealing*. Prompt Attention. Perfect Fit. and the Best of Workmanship Guaranteed, or No Sale. My Cutting Department is Composed of the Yery Best Cutters that can be obtained in America. Don t fail to give me a call before buying elsewhere, and see my immense selection. "THE TAILOR," 2O3 MONTGOMERY, 724 MARKET, 111O and 1112 MARKET, 11 and 13 TURK STREETS, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFRONIA. F. L. HEATH, STUDIO, 218 Post St.. Room 24, SAN FK \ i VIRGIL WILLIAMS, DIRECTOR ART SCHOOL, 430 Pine Street. J. A. CRACKBON, PORTRAIT ARTIST IN WATER COLORS AND CRAYON, M. STRAUS, ARTIST, 15 Dupont Street. Room 63, Third Floor. Miss IDA LATHROF, Miss JKNNIK RICH. MRS. M. E. FOUNTAIN, STUDIO AND ART DECORATIVE ROOMS, PHELAN BUILDING, ROOM 329. ASTLEY D. M. COOPER, ARTIST, Room 17, St. Ann s Building. Instructions given in Crayon, Portraits and Sketches. Landscape Painting in Oil. Flower Painting a Specialty. Luster Painting (new and beautiful work). Painting on Plush and Satin. Studio open to visitors. MRS. C. E. DANIELWITZ, ARTIST, ROOM 75, ST. ANN S BUILDING Opposite Baldwin Hotel, San Francisco. ALBERT MORTON, STUDIO, 331 PHELAN BUILDING. Fine Crayon Portraits a Specialty. Lessons in Drawing and Crayon. Hours 10 A. M. to 4 p. M. E. J. LEWIS, ARTIST, ROOM 75, ST. ANN S BIMI.IMNG Opposite Baldwin Hotel, San Francisco. C. A. ROGERS, ARTIST, Room 216, Phelan Building, SAN FRANCISCO A. RAY DIETRICK, ART SCHOOL, L. ROETHE, STUDIO, Post St., Room 24, SAN FRANCISCO Penmanship, Painting, Drawing and Designing Cards and Private Letters written. Art Needle work. Kensington Luster. White Velvet Paint ing- 104 EDDY STREET. DR.PIERCE S ELECTRO-MAGNETIC BELTS. THE ABOVE ILLUSTRATION TRUTHFULLY REPRESENTS ONE OF THE GREATEST REMEDIAL agents in existence namely, I>r. Pierce s Electro-iflagnetic Belt, complete and durable, by means of which the human body may be supplied with continuous currents of Electricity and Magnetism. This Belt is different from ALL others, and will produce an electric current WITH or WITHOUT ACIDS. It gives satisfaction where others have failed, and will positively relieve and cure ALL diseases and weaknesses of male and female that it is ill positively possible to relieve or cure by means of Electricity and Magnetism. For full particulars of this Electro-Medical appliance address the undersigned. n UR If Ruptured, send for our New Illustrated Book. Address MAGNETIC ELASTIC TRUSS COMPANY, 7OJ, Sacramento Street, San Francisco, Cal. LOTS TO SUIT AT LOW PRICKS. SPECIAL RATES VEETABI,E, FLOIVEII AND TREE SEEOS. Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Flowering Bulbs and Plants. f^arge Stock. Best Quality at I,ovv Rates. Address for Catalogues, R. J. TRUMBULL & CO., 41?) & 421 ^ansome St., S. F, THE GOLDEN ERA. [AKE SIMMONS LIVER REGULATOR For all Diseases of the Liver, Kidneys, Stomach and Spleen. This purely vegetable pre paration, now so celebrated as a Family Medicine, originated in the South in 1828. It acts gently on the Bowels and Kidneys and corrects the action of the Liver, and is, there fore, the best preparatory medicine, whatever the sick ness may prove to be. In all common diseases it will, un assisted by any other medi cine, effect a speedy cure. The Regulator is safe to administer in any condition of the system, and under no circum stances can it do harm. It will invigorate like a glass of wine, but is no intoxicating bever age to lead to intemperance; will promote di gestion, dissipate headache, and gener ally tone up the system. The dose is small, not unpleasant, and its virtues undoubted. No loss of time, no inter ruption or stoppage of business while taking the Regulator. Children complaining of Colic, Headache, or Sick Stomach, a teaspoonful or more will give relief. If taken occasionally by pa tients exposed to MALARIA, will expel the poison and protect them from attack. A PHYSICIAN S OPINION. I have been practicing medicine for twenty years, and have never been able to put up a vegetable compound that would, like Simmons Liver Regu lator, promptly and effectively move the Liver to action, and at the same time aid (instead of weak ening) the digestive and assimilative powers of the system. L. M. HINTON, M. D. , Washington, Ark. f EE THAT YOU GET THE GENUINE. PREPARED BY J. H. Zeilin & Co., Philadelphia, Pa, The New Instantaneous Process. i mil Send six cents for postage, and receive free, a costly box of goods which will help all, of either sex, to more money right away than anything ehe in this world. Fortunes await the workers, absolutely sure. Terms mailed free. TKL-IJ & Co., Augusta, Maine. SEEDS. E. J. BO WEN S large Illustrated, Descriptive and Priced Catalogue of Vegetables, Flower, Glover, Grass and Alfalfa Seeds Mailed to all applicants free. Address E. J. BOWEK, Seed Merchant, 815 and 817 S si us OHIO Street, *. F W. 11. incCORUHCK, Importer and Manufacturer of A-WD Of American and Foreign Marbles, AND SCOTCH UBAMTE, MARBLE MAXTKLS. ETC. 827 Market St., bet, 4th & 5th SAN FRANCISCO. 3TSend for designs and prices. CURRY & IIRO. 113 San sonic St., San Francisco. Agents for Colt s Fire Arms, Parker Guns, Remington Arms and Smith & Wesson Pistols, Cartridges, Shells Primers, Gun Wadding and Percussion Caps. Discount to the trade. Mention the GOLDEN ERA. FAMILIES LEAVINGJTHE CITY. i|FURNITURE, TRUNKS, PIANOS, Pictures, Carpets stored and taken care of. Having no rent to pay, we store goods low. Advances made. References, dat ing back 2 1 years given. H. \\ I M>i:i & CO., 310 Stockton St. LADIES PrLLA-SOLVENE-Only Genuine Solrent. Per- manenlly dissolves Superfluous Hair, root and branch. In five minutes, without pain, discoloration, or injurj. Particulars, 6 cento. MAMALENE-Developi the Bust. BarmleM anl Certain. Particulars, 6 cent*. WILCOX SPECIFIC CO., Philadelphia, P., THE GOLDEN ERA. 4-11 4-13 & 415 SANSOME ST. S.F DEALERS IN kinds of Printing and Wrapping Papers. GOLD, SILVER, NICKEL AND COPPER PLATING WORKS. BOARDING AND DAY SCHOOL FOR YOUNG LADIES. Oak street, between Tenth and Eleventh, Oakland, Cal. Miss s. 15. Bisbee, Principal. The location of this school is retired, the grounds are spacious, well shaded and beautiful. The building is con structed in the most approved style of modren architecture, securing sunshine and ventilation in every part. The school is limited in number, and is strictly select. Each pupil is considered one of the family, and all freedom and comfort, consistent with good order, are enjoyed as at home. WANTED for DR. SCOTT S beautifulElectric Corsets. Sam- free to those becoming agents. No risk, quick sales.Territory given, satisfaction guaranteed Address DR. SCOTT, 842 Broadway St., N. Y. M OI-&ITT& A II til I N **"*" ^ ^* Table Ware Re-plated. Watches and Jewelry of all de scription gold and silver plated. Repairing done on all kinds of work. Silver-plated Amalgamating Plates fur nished to order. W. E. SHEPMAH, Prop. 103 Geary St., S. W. cor. Dupont. F. A. BLISS, DENTIST, 9o6.Market Street, Rooms 7 and 8, SanFrancisco. CLAY STREET, || r/ -2JSF ^^TPlace on the \ ^f^JT Coast to get Sup- ^Vjlr^ plies. Wholesale prices fSbr to Consumers. Equality to all. No Humbug. No Tricks. A full List of Prices sent free on application. CASH SAN FRANCISCO. CAL. A. H. CUMMINS. C E. ROYCE 1DOYCE & CUMMINS, ATTORNEYS AT LAW, 507 Montgomery Street, San Francisco. Entrance, Room 3. Telephone No. 132. CONSUMPTION, I have a positive remedy for the above disease ; by its usa thousands of cases of the worst kind and of long standing have been cured. Indeed, so strong is my faith in itsefficacy that I will send TWO BOTTLES FREE, together with a VAL UABLE TREATISE on this disease, to any sufferer. Give ex press it P. O. address. OR. T. A. SLOCUM, 181 Pearl St. N. Y WILLIAM McPHUN, (Successor to Hartshorn & McPhun,) 861 Market Street, opp. Baldwin Hotel. Factory, cor. 22d and York Sts, PAPER HANGINGS, Carpets and Oil Cloths. I Manufacture WINDOW SHADES for Stores and Dwelling Houses. Original Designs a Specialty. t& Opaque Shade Cloth and Floor Oil Cloths. "SA BEAUTIFUL LADIES! Inckif 1C?. (stamps) for particulars I i testimonials I etc., in weulud letter by return mall, of Elegant Toilet Keaulaltes! How to BeautKy and Adorn the Coirplexioa! Remove Wrinkles! Flesh-Worms! Black-Heads! Freckles! Pimples! Tan! and Pock-Marks ! Adlpo-Mulene develops the Bust! ffon-injuriou* ! Corpus-Lean reduces superfluous flesh 10 to 15 IDS. a month 1 NO POISON! Leuko- Lentlne cures all Womb Diseases and Female Complaints ! NAME PAPER and mention the artlclerwanted ! tthlchmtor Chemical Co., ;V,1S Madiaon Square, Philadelphia. Pa. BUSINESS COLLEGE, 24 Post St. S, F. Sem Francisco, Cal. Commercial Education, Penmanship, Telegraphy, Short hand Type-writing, and the Modern Languages are now in cluded in our Business Course all for $75 for a six months iim. Send for circular. THE GOLDEN ERA. FAMOUS Full Power, Price Full Power, Price 10. The Ulost Wonderful Curative A^ent in the World. DUPLEX GALVANIC BELT, CURES WITHOUT THE AID OF MEDICINE General Debility, Nervous Prostration, Rheumatism, Neuralgia, Sciatica, Paralysis, Constipation, Disease of Liver, Kid ney or Bladder, Seminal Weakness, Sick Headache, Female Weakness, Dyspepsia, Insipient Catarrh, Insipient Consumption, Lame Back and many other diseases. For full Information and Circulars, address: PACIFIC ELECTRIC CO., 33O Slitter St., San Francisco, Cal. PACIFIC ELECTRIC PAD TRUSS THE GREATEST DISCOVERY OF THE AGE. Patented January 10, 1882. BEST RETAINER IN EXISTENCE. Cures Rupture in from (JO to 90 Days. SINGLE TRUSS, with solution DOUBLE *"***( lives perfect gase ,-ind comfort in all positions. Does not interfere with work or business. We guarantee a perfect cure of rupture in all cases which we accept and treat, both of adults and children. Our Terms: >O < I Kl . NO JPAIf. Now, reader, if you are ruptured, this is worthy of your investigation. We especially desire all ex treme cases, those difficult to retain, and those considered incurable. If other treatment has failed you, COME AND SEE US. We Guarantee to Retain any Case. TJ 3XT I 3VE I T Consultation and Advice Free. OFFICE OPEN EVENINGS. Pacific Electric Company, Sole Proprietors. SUTTER ST., FRAIWINC O, CAI,. CATARRH CURED. !TTO n e kcn le of our Holbrook s Electric Catarrh and Asthma Cure will cure the worst case. One bottle will last a whole family a year. Convenient of application, prompt in action. The money refunded if not as represented. Sent to any address on the receipt of one dollar. Pacific Electric Company, Sole Proprietors, ^30 SUTTEI5 ST., SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. THE GOLDEN ERA. GOLD WEI6HT CJf^ A TJ Is one of the finest for |9 V/JCjLJL Laundry and all other pur poses ever used. It is full weight, neatly wrapped, and Bells for the price of common soap. Ask your grocer for it and prove it* value by its use. Depot, 115 Clay St. This Fine Washing Powder is now sent to every State and Territory on the Coast, and is fast working its way east of the moun tains. You will find your wash ing can be done with half the labor if you use this fine powder according to in structions. Send 10 cents in stamps and get a trial package. Tell your grocer about it and induce him to keep it. It is worth twice as much as any other article ot the kind. Addrew Climax Washing Powder Co., 117 Clay St., S. F. Our own Brand. Send 75 Cents and get ft TRIAL PACKAGE. By Mail 115 TT?A JU JJ> J,A Finest Basket Fired JAPAN. The "HOME CIBCLE," published every month, giving full quotations for all family supplies. Sample copy Free. Address Smith s Cash Store, 115 & 117 Clay St.,S.F. SILVER PILL Did you ever try them? Ask somebody about them; most remarkable medicine in the world. By mail everywhere, $1.00. DE. WELLS, P.O. Box 2633, S. F., Cala. PARLOR OIL. OUR OWN BRAND, has a Good Reputation, and we intend to maintain it. Send for it to SMITH S CASH STORE, 115 Clay Street, San Francisco, Cal. T\o not toe put off J with a common or medium quality of POOR WHEN you can GET this Celebrated arti- cle at about the same price. Your Grocer keeps it or will get it for yon. Use GOLD WEIGHT BAKING POWDER! Warranted to give Satisfaction. ime Price as the Royal. for FRANCISCO, SMITH S CASH STORE. English and Scotch People THIS FINE BRAND OF ENGLISH Breakfast Tea. RED ROSE By Mail as Sample for 85 Cts. per Ib. Address, SMITHS CASH STORE, 115 Cl-ay Street, S. F., Cal. THE GOLDEN ERA. PLATE & CO., Manufacturers and Dealers in A. H I RSCH, -AND- SOCIETY GOODS, Military and Society 17 POWELL STREET, SAN FRANCISCO. Opp. Baldwin Hotel. NEW YORK WORLD Has the l.:iry;-st < ir< 11 In t ion of any Newspaper in America, because it is the Best Newspaper Published. WEEKLY SEMI-WEEKLY SUNDAY DAILY.. Over i ,000,000 Copies Printed Weekly. Per Annum $i oo 2 05 i oo 6 oo The WEEKLY WORLD is now offering the best pre" miums to subscribers, and the best terms to agents of any papers in the country. Agents will find that they will be most liberally treated with and have a chance to MAKE MONEY if they will work for the WEEKLY WORLD. For full particulars and terms address THE WORJLD, 32 Park Row, New York Cisy. THE BEST PLACE FOR Musical Instruments IS AT C . C. K E E i\ E S Xo. 9 Third *t., Ssin Fruncisco. 320 Kearny St., bet. Pine and Bush. Universal Barometer for Farmers, Mariners, etc. Price $6.00. Spectacles, Eyeglasses, Gpera Glasses, Field and Marine Glasses. Send for Price List and Eye Test. E. BUTTERIK CO. S PATTERNS For Indies , 3Iis*es% Boy** and Little Children s Garments. Uuequaled for Style and Reliability. The sale of these Patterns is much larger than that of all other Patterns combined. Send for Illustrated Catalogue. Mailed Free, H. A. DEMING, - - - GEN L AGENT. >o. 124 Post St., San Francisco. MEW YORK GALLERY, 25 Third Street, San Francisco, Cal. Cabinet Photographs, only #4.00 per dozen. First-civ work guaranteed. SEWELL & CO., Proprietors J. L - CAHILL, DECORATIVE PAPER HANGER. Kalsomining and Painting in all their branches. "SI 23 Sixth Street, San Francisco. JOHN B. McINTYRE, 423 Clay and 422 Commercial Sts., S. F., Book Binder & Blank Book Manufacture First-class Work at Reasonable Rates * a sov-g.jfcjsJ 1 ^, Condon. A To John s. frrnnl pn f* C74 / t Tflfhittier. n f DEC 11 19 46 OF C 4 1946 ^ / ^/ M1300SO 35 3v C-74 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY H Hi