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 STATISTICAL SKETCH 
 
 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 
 
 BY 
 
 JOSIAH BOOTHBY, Esq., J.P., 
 
 UNDER SKCKETAUY AND GOVKHSMENT STATIST; HONORARY CORRFS^rOXDINC. MF.5IBFR 01" 
 THF, STATISTICAL SOCIF-TV OF LONDON. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY AUTHOniTY OF THE GOVEBNMENT 
 OF SOUTH AUSTBALIA. 
 
 LONDON: 
 SAMPSON LOW, MAESTON, SEAELE, AND EIVINGTON, 
 
 CROWN BUILDINGS, 1S8 FLEET STREET. 
 
 1876. 
 
 [All rights reserved.] ,
 
 LONDON : 
 
 PRINTED BY WILLTAK CLOWES AND SONS, 
 
 STAMtORD STKEET AND CHABING CBOS?.
 
 He 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PACE 
 
 Geographical Position 5 
 
 General Government 8 
 
 Local Government 10 
 
 Population 11 
 
 Distribution 12 
 
 Birth-places 13 
 
 Conjugal Condition Ii3 
 
 Occupation . . . ; 10 
 
 Religions of the People 20 
 
 Education 21 
 
 Births, Marriages and Deaths 21 
 
 Immigration and Emigration 24 
 
 Public Education and Educational Institutes 25 
 
 Public Worship 27 
 
 Charitable Institutions 29 
 
 Administration of Justice 31 
 
 Land Transfer, Liens, Mortgages, &c 3-i 
 
 Revenue and Expenditure 36 
 
 Loans for Public AVorks . 39 
 
 Banking -10 
 
 Savings Banks 42 
 
 Land and its Occupation 43 
 
 Agriculture 48 
 
 Pastoral Occupation 54 
 
 1\L\.nufactures 55 
 
 Import and Export Trade 57 
 
 Staple Products (52 
 
 Breadstuffs 62 
 
 AVwL 63 
 
 Copper 65 
 
 Miscellaneous Products 66 
 
 A 2 
 
 4r?(M13
 
 4 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 SiiiprixG 67 
 
 RivEu Murray Tkafe 68 
 
 Railways 69 
 
 EoADS 72 
 
 Waterworks 72 
 
 Postal Communkatiox 73 
 
 Telegraphs 75 
 
 Rates of Wages 77 
 
 Prices of Provisions, &c 81 
 
 Meteorologxcai 84: 
 
 CoNcr.rsioN 86
 
 STATISTICAL SKETCH 
 
 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 
 
 The following paragraphs furnish a statement of facts, based 
 upon official records, showing the present position of South 
 Australia, and the progress made from time to time since 
 her colonization in 1836 — not forty years ago. Exhaustless 
 natural resources, a salubrious climate, indomitable industry 
 and enterprise in her j)eople, and a freedom and stability 
 in her institutions, have together placed South Australia in 
 the high rank she occupies amongst the dependencies of the 
 British Crown. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. 
 
 That portion of the Continent of Australia bounded on the 
 east by the 141st degree of east longitude, on the north by the 
 2Gth degree of south latitude, on the west by the 132nd degree 
 of east longitude, and on the south by the Southern Ocean, 
 was constituted a British Province by Act of Parliament 4 & 5 
 William IV. c. 95, under the designation South Australia. 
 The area contained within those limits is estimated to be 
 300,000 square miles, or 192,000,000 acres, nearly twice and a 
 half that of Great Britain and Ireland. In 18G1, the territory 
 known as " No Man's Land," about 80,000 square miles, lying
 
 6 SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 between the boundaries of South and Western Australia, was 
 added, by xict 24 and 25 Vict. c. 44, making the western 
 boundary the 129th degree of east longitude. 
 
 All the country north of the 26th parallel of south lati- 
 tude, between the 129th and 138th degrees of east longitude, 
 has also been annexed to South Australia, and is known as 
 the Northern Territory. The present northern boundary is the 
 Indian Ocean, latitude 11° S. ; the southern boundary, the 
 Southern Ocean, in latitude 38° S. The Province of South 
 Australia covers twenty-seven degrees of latitude, and twelve 
 degrees of longitude, forming, at present, the largest British 
 colony — the area extending over more than 900,000 square 
 miles. 
 
 The northern coast-line included in the before-mentioned 
 limits, starting from the 138th degree of east longitude, about 
 120 miles west of the Albert Kiver, comprises the western 
 shore of the Gulf of Carpentaria, trending northward to Cape 
 Arnheim ; thence west to Port Essington (latitude 11° S.), 
 thence south-west across Van Diemen's Gulf, into which the 
 Adelaide River (Stuart's furthest) flows, opposite Melville 
 Island ; and thence to longitude 129° E., Cambridge Gulf, 
 into Avhich, about 100 miles within the boundary, the Victoria 
 River flows. The western boundary is in the 129th degree 
 of east longitude, running from Cambridge Gulf to a point 
 west of the head of the Great Australian Bight, in latitude 
 32° S., whilst the eastern boundary runs northerly on 
 the 141st degree of east longitude to latitude 26° S,, thence 
 west to longitude 138° E., thence north to the Gulf of 
 Carpentaria. 
 
 The southern coast-line extends from latitude 38° S. longi- 
 tude, 141° E. to latitude 31° 45' S., longitude 129° E., and 
 from its peculiar configuration presents a sea-board of over 
 2000 miles in length. Between the eastern boundary, near 
 Cape Nortliumberland, and Encounter Bay, west of the mouth 
 of the River Murray, the coast is generally low and sandy. 
 There are, however, excellent shipping places available for 
 large vessels — among them Port Victor, Lacepede Bay, 
 Guichen Bay, Rivoli Bay, and Port MacDonnell. Westward
 
 ITS STATISTICS. ^ 
 
 of Spencer's Gulf is a succession of secure harbours, several 
 of large extent, and with good anchorage for ships of con- 
 siderable tonnage. Port Lincoln, Smoky, Denial, Venus, 
 Streaky, and Fowler's Bays are imjjortant shipj)ing places to 
 the westward. 
 
 The coast-line is also deeply indented by two large gulfs — 
 the eastern, St. Vincent's Gulf, running inland to the north- 
 ward for eighty-five miles, and the larger, Spencer's Gulf, run- 
 ning ]S'.N.E. towards the heart of the colony for one hundred 
 and eighty miles. These gulfs have a mean breadth of thirty 
 and fifty miles respectively, and both taper towards their 
 northern ends. St. Vincent's Gulf is sheltered by Kangaroo 
 Island, ninety miles in length, which lies to the southward of 
 it, leaving two fine entrances, one from the westward through 
 Investigator's Straits, twenty-eight miles broad, and the other 
 from the eastward through Backstairs Passage, eight miles in 
 width. 
 
 The principal agricultural and mineral districts of the 
 Colony are contiguous to the two gulfs, the shores of which 
 are seven hundred and eighty miles in length, the greater part 
 being entirely protected from the ocean swell. Numerous out- 
 ports and shipping places, of which there are over fifty, enable 
 settlers to ship their produce at a very small cost. These gulfs 
 are divided by Yorke's Peninsula, some one hundred and 
 twenty miles long, and twenty miles broad, having large tracts 
 of wheat-growing land, and the principal seat of mining- 
 industry. 
 
 Situate on the eastern side of St. Vincent's Gulf are the 
 following ports : — Ports Adelaide, Glenelg, Wakefield, Wil- 
 lunga, Noarlunga, and Yankalilla ; and on the west, or penin- 
 sula side, shipping places at Edithburg, Stansbury, and 
 Ardrossan. The eastern side of Spencer's Gulf is supplied by 
 Ports Moonta, Wallaroo, Broughton, Pirie, and Port Augusta 
 at the head of the gulf, while Franklin Harbour, Tunby 
 Bay, and Port Lincoln, are on the western side of the 
 same gulf. 
 
 A mountain range commences at Cape Jervis, at the eastern 
 entrance to Gulf St. Vincent, and extends in a northerly direc-
 
 8 SOUTH AUSTKALIA. 
 
 tion, averaging some thirty miles in breadth, and dividing the 
 waters flowing eastwards into the Kiver Murray and lakes, and 
 westwards into the gulf. The highest point is Mount Lofty, 
 after which the range is named, having an elevation of 2334 
 feet above sea level. Descending rapidly on the western side, 
 marked by numerous glens and valleys for about three miles, 
 it declines gently over the extensive Adelaide Plains for five 
 miles, to the capital, from thence a plain of six miles (almost 
 level) stretches to the sea-coast. 
 
 Opposite the north end of the gulf the range separates into 
 parallel ridges, divided by fertile plains of an average width of 
 eight miles. 
 
 On the eastern side of Spencer's Gulf, and about ten miles 
 from its shore, the Hummocks and Flinders Ranges rise to a 
 considerable height. Mounts Eemarkable, Brown, and Arden, 
 and other points, being about 3000 feet above the level of the 
 sea. From the head of the gulf the range sweeps easterly and 
 then northerly, and forms a chain of hills extending to latitude 
 29° 30'. This chain, however, separates into distinct ridges, 
 with wide valleys, generally north and south, intervening. In 
 the south-eastern portion of the Colony there are several 
 volcanic craters. Mounts Gambler and Schanck being the 
 most remarkable ; the former being 900 feet high, and having 
 at its base soil of the richest description. Throughout the 
 remainder of the district are low ridges parallel to the coast, 
 with intervening swamps and plains. 
 
 Adelaide, the capital of the Province, is situate about five 
 miles from the eastern shore of St. Vincent's Gulf, in latitude 
 34° 57' S. and longitude 138° 38' E., and Port Adelaide, the 
 principal port, is about seven miles north-west from the City, 
 and connected therewith by rail, 
 
 GENERAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The Constitution granted to South Australia by Her 
 Majesty, by virtue of Imperial Act 13 and 14 Victoria, c. 59, 
 was proclaimed on the 24th October 1856, on which day the
 
 ITS STATISTICS. J) 
 
 Queen's assent to the Constitution Act, No. 2 of 1855-G, was 
 received in the Colony. Under that Statute the Parliament 
 consists of two Houses — the Legislative Council and the 
 House of Assembly — the former being composed of eighteen 
 members, and the latter, at that time, of thirty-six. In 1873 
 the electoral districts of the House of Assembly were increased 
 from eighteen to twenty-two, and the number of members from 
 thirty-six to forty-six. 
 
 The Legislative Council, which cannot be dissolved by the 
 Governor, is elected by ballot, the whole Province forming one 
 electoral district for that purpose. Each member is elected 
 for twelve years ; and every four years the six members who 
 have been longest on the roll of the Council retire. The 
 qualification for a member of the Legislative Council is that 
 he shall have attained the age of thirty years, that he is a 
 subject of the Queen, and that he has resided in the Province 
 for three years. The qualification of a voter for this branch of 
 the Legislature is that he shall be twenty-one years of age, a 
 natural-born or naturalized subject of Her Majesty, and have 
 been on the electoral roll for a period of six months. He 
 must also either be possessed of a freehold of the value of 
 fifty pounds, or of a leasehold of the annual value of twenty 
 pounds, having three years to run, or with right of purchase ; 
 or be in occupation of a dwelling-house of the annual rent 
 value of twenty-five pounds. The constitution of the Legis- 
 lative Council is unaltered by the late amendment of the 
 Electoral Act. The total number of voters for the Legislative 
 Council is 18,445, or forty per cent, of the adult male popula- 
 tion. 
 
 The House of Assembly, which is liable to dissolution by 
 the Governor, is elected for three years ; and of the twenty- 
 two districts represented in it, three return three members 
 each, eighteen two members each, and the other returns one 
 member only. The Constitution Act prescribes no other 
 qualification as necessary for a member of the House of 
 Assembly than that he shall be an elector. An elector's 
 qualification to vote is that he shall be of full age, and have 
 been six months on the electoral roll. The total number of
 
 10 • SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 
 
 electors on the roll for the Assembly is 34,404, or seventy- 
 live per cent, of the adult male population. 
 
 Responsible Government is carried on by six Ministers, 
 members of the Legislature, who form the Cabinet, and who 
 are ex officio members of the Executive Council, advising the 
 Crown, in the person of Her Majesty's representative, His 
 Excellency the Governor of the Province. 
 
 The following are the titles of the ministerial officers, 
 viz. : — Chief Secretary, Attorney-General, Treasurer, Commis- 
 sioner of Crown Lands and Immigration, Commissioner of 
 Public Works, and Minister of Agriculture and Education. 
 Each Minister has control over several departments of the 
 public service, the duties of which are conducted by perma- 
 nent official heads. 
 
 LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Local self-government was established in South Australia 
 as far back as 1840, in which year the Corporation of 
 Adelaide was constituted ; but elective Municij)al Institutions 
 only became general during the administration of Sir Henry 
 Young. Most beneficial results have flowed from the adop- 
 tion of the princij)le. Under it the people have been taught 
 the lesson of self-reliance, and have cheerfully taxed them- 
 selves for the prosecution of public works of general utility, 
 over which the local authorities — a Board of from five to seven 
 members elected by and from the ratepayers of the District — 
 exercise control. Although the State supplements pound for 
 pound all sums raised and expended on public works in the 
 District, the Council have in their hands the entire manage- 
 ment of such expenditure, and of all municipal affiiirs. With- 
 out such Councils it would have been difficult to introduce 
 into sparsely populated and unsettled districts many of the 
 social and political advantages now enjoyed by people resident 
 at considerable distances from the seat of Government. 
 
 Corj)orations have been established in the principal centres 
 of population to the number of sixteen, and ninety District 
 Councils, constituted throughout the settled districts. The
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 11 
 
 total annual rateable value of prof>erty is £1,045,711, of which 
 £391,929 is within the limits of Municipal Corporations, and 
 £653,782 is within the boundaries of District Councils. The 
 usual rate declared upon the assessment is one shilling in the 
 pound sterling. The total revenue of these local bodies in 
 1874 Avas £125,351, and the amount expended on works of 
 permanent utility £80,945. 
 
 The following return of the aggregate assessments and 
 receipts of the several Municipal Corporations and District 
 Councils, and the amount expended on local improvements, 
 affords a reliable index of the steady settlement of the country 
 during the last ten years : — 
 
 Rateable E.xpendpd on 
 
 Year. Annual Value. Receipts. Locul improvement. 
 
 £ £ £ 
 
 1S65 684,095 75,296 43,185 
 
 1870 920,951 86,499 72,865 
 
 1874 1,045,711 125,351 80,944 
 
 Of the total municipal income, about one-fifth was con- 
 tributed by the State in the shape of grants, and the expen- 
 diture on local improvements of a permanent character was 
 two-thirds of the total receipts. 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 Inhabitants. — The population of South Australia at the 
 close of 1875 was estimated to be 210,442 souls. The last 
 Census was taken on 2nd April 1871, on the same day and in 
 the same manner as those of Great Britain and her other 
 Australian Colonies. A general idea of the social condition of 
 the people at the present time may be gathered from a review 
 of the chief points then inquired into, bearing in mind the 
 fact that whilst the number of the population has increased by 
 one-third, a more than proportionate advance has been made 
 in industrial progress, material wealth, and social prosjDerity. 
 Altogether seven enumerations have taken place since the 
 establishment of the Colony — latterly at intervals of five 
 years — as shown in the following table : —
 
 12 
 
 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 
 
 Date of Ekumeratiox. 
 
 1844. February 26. 
 
 1846. February 26. 
 
 1851. January 1 
 
 1855. March *31 
 
 1861. April 8 
 
 1866. March 26 
 
 1871. April 2 
 
 1875. December 31 (estimated) 
 
 
 Population. 
 
 Males. 
 9,526 
 
 Females. 
 
 7,840 
 
 ' 12,670 
 
 9,720 
 
 35,302 
 
 28,398 [ 
 
 i 43,720 
 
 42,101 
 
 : 65,048 
 
 61,782 
 
 1 85,334 
 
 78,118 
 
 95,408 
 
 90,218 
 
 107,944 
 
 102,498 
 
 Total. 
 
 17,366 
 
 20,390 
 
 63,700 
 
 85,821 
 
 126,830 
 
 163,452 
 
 185,626 
 
 210,442 
 
 In the foregoing table the aborigines are not included. At 
 the Census of 1871 they numbered 3369, so far as could be 
 ascertained. 
 
 It will be observed that during the last ten years there has 
 been a numerical increase of population to the extent of 
 46,990, or nearly one-third. The total population enumerated 
 in 1871 was 185,626, of which 95,804 were male, and 90,218 
 females. The number at the close of 1875 is estimated, as 
 before said, to be 210,442, namely, 107,944 males and 102,498 
 females. So close an approximation to equality in the 
 numbers of the sexes is highly satisfactory, and testifies to 
 the settled character of the people. 
 
 Distribution. — One of the most important facts brought 
 out by the Census is the way in which the population is dis- 
 tributed throughout the country. A frequent review of the 
 movements of the people is essential to the carrying on of the 
 duties of Government in a country where settlement advances 
 •so rapidly that centres of population arise where but a few 
 years before sheep only depastured. 
 
 The returns under this head are exceedingly satisfactory, 
 as showing that eighty-five per cent, of the whole number of 
 the people are resident in the country districts, and employed 
 directly or indirectly in the cultivation of the soil, or in the 
 production of mineral and pastoral wealth. Since 1861 the 
 residents in the city have increased from 18,303 to 27,208, 
 or by forty-eigh|; per cent. During the same ten years the
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 13 
 
 settlers in the C(3imtry districts have increased from 108,527 to 
 158,413, or by forty-six per cent. 
 
 The table on page 14 shows the nnmber of inhabitants, the 
 number of males and females, the number of houses, and the 
 number of adult males in each county, and in the Province, at 
 the date of the Census of 1861 and of 1871. 
 
 In a country where so large a proportion of the people is 
 engaged in agricultural and kindred pursuits, population must 
 be widely distributed. There are, how^ever, in addition to the 
 City of Adelaide, with a present population of over 30,000 
 (exclusive of suburbs, which may be computed at as many 
 more), other poj)ulous townships, viz. Kensington and Norwood, 
 with 5132 inhabitants ; Moonta, 4775 ; Hindmarsh, 3221 ; 
 Port Adelaide, 2482 ; Kapunda, 2273 ; Wallaroo, 1983 ; 
 Kadina, 1855; Gawler, 1652; Gambierton, 1604; Kooringa, 
 1561, Glenelg, 1324 ; and Clare, 1004. There are 20 town- 
 ships with between 500 and 1000, and 60 with between 200 
 and 500, and some 150 villages with an average of less than 
 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Birth-places. — The returns showing the birth-places of 
 the people indicate a steady increase in the number of the South 
 Australian born and of British birth, as well as, in a lesser 
 degree, of those from British possessions other than the United 
 Kingdom. The native-born element, of course, preponderates, 
 forming 55 per cent, of the population ; the next largest class 
 being persons of English birth, who form twenty-five per cent. 
 Ireland has contributed eight per cent., and Germany and 
 Scotland each 4*5 per cent. The proportion of males and 
 females in the settled districts is about equal. There are more 
 English men than English women, and more Irish women than 
 Irish men. Out of 8309 Germans, 4681 are males and 3628 
 females. Of the 185,626 enumerated in 1871, 102,676 were 
 native-born, 46,752 were of English birth, 14,255 came from 
 Ireland, 8309 from Germany, 8167 from Scotland, 3469 
 from other British possessions, and 1356 from other foreign 
 States. The children of German and other colonists from 
 foreign countries are returned as South Australians.
 
 14 
 
 SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 
 
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 ITS STATISTICS. 
 
 If) 
 
 Conjugal Condition. — With reference to the conjugal 
 state, there were, in 1871, 30,002 married males and 30,029 
 married females. Married women exceed in number the 
 married men in towns, and the reverse is the case in the 
 country districts, where also bachelors predominate. The 
 proportion of bachelors to spinsters at marriageable ages (all 
 above fifteen), is as twenty-one to fifteen, but of adults as 
 eleven to five. The following table shows the number of 
 married, unmarried, and widowed persons, males and females, 
 of the age of fifteen and upwards : — ■ 
 
 Number. 
 21,638 
 15,179 
 
 Unmarried , 
 
 Married 
 Widowed 
 
 {Bachelors 
 Spinsters 
 (■Husbands 
 ■(Wives 
 (Widowers 
 ■(Widows . 
 
 30,002 
 
 30,029 
 
 1,571 
 
 3,521 
 
 Ages. — The proportion in which the number of males and 
 females at the under-mentioned periods of age stood to the 
 total of the Province is as follows : — 
 
 
 The Colony. 
 
 City 
 
 of Adelaide. 
 
 Kural Pastoral Districts 
 and Sliipping. 
 
 
 Persons. Males. Females. 
 
 Persons. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Persons, j Males. Females. 
 
 AUages 
 
 185,626 ' 95,403 90,218 
 
 27,208 
 
 12,699 
 
 14,509 
 
 158,418 82,709 
 
 75,709 
 
 Under 5 
 
 5 and under 15 
 15 and under 21 
 21 and upwards 
 
 31,450 
 52,237 
 20,625 
 81,141 
 
 15,920 15,530 
 26,277 25,961 
 10,088 10,537 
 43,003 38,138 
 
 3,992 
 6,950 
 3,249 
 12,997 
 
 1,983 
 3,340 
 1,350 
 6,012 
 
 2,009 27,458 ' 13,937 13,521 
 3,610 1 46,287 22,937 22,350 
 1,899 17,376 H,73S ' 8,63« 
 6,985 68,144 36,991 31,153 
 
 From the above statement it will be seen that in a popula- 
 tion of 185,626 souls, seventeen per cent, were infants under 
 five, twenty-eight per cent, were children under fifteen, twelve 
 per cent, youths, and the remaining forty-three per cent, of 
 the whole number were adults. 
 
 Taking the number of persons between the ages of fifteen 
 and sixty-five, viz. 98,365, as fairly representing the class 
 upon whom devolves the duty of sustaining the extreme youth 
 and the bulk of the old age of the country, it will be seen that 
 such class forms fifty-three per cent, of the whole population. 
 The man power — that is, all males of fifteen years and upwards
 
 16 
 
 SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 — numbers 51,271, or but twenty-eight jDer cent, of the whole 
 people ; being three per cent, below the proportion in 1861. 
 
 Occupation. — Yery full information with regard to the 
 occupations of the jDCople has been obtained at each census, 
 and no returns can be more practically useful than those 
 which show in what direction the labour of the country is 
 chiefly employed. The following classification shows the 
 number under each head in 1871 : — 
 
 The Provisce. 
 
 OcXUPATIOXS. 
 
 Persons. Males. | Females. 
 
 Class , 
 
 I. Persons engaged in the general and local ] 
 
 government of the colony, police, &c. ... ; 1,495 
 II. Professional : persons in the learned pro- 
 fessions (with their immediate subordi- ; 
 nates) not in the Government service ... ' 645 
 
 III. Professional : persons engaged in literature, 
 
 fine arts, and sciences ... ... ... 1,575 
 
 IV. Trading : persons who buy, sell, keep, or 
 
 lend money on goods 4,301 
 
 V. Personal offices : persons engaged in enter- 
 taining, clothing, and performing personal 
 
 offices for man i 10,802 
 
 YI. Manufacturing : persons engajred in art and I 
 mechanical productions, and in working | 
 and dealing in mineral, vegetable, and i 
 animal matters ... ... ... ... 7,S49 
 
 Mining: persons engaged in 3,338 
 
 Agricultural, horticultural, and pastoral : 
 persons working land and engaged in 
 growing grain, fruit, animals, and other 
 
 products ; 24,224 
 
 Carrying : persons engaged in the convey- ' 
 
 auce of men and goods ... ... ... 2,917 
 
 X. Persons dealing in food and drinks 1,732 
 
 Xr. Miscellaneous pursuits : persons engaged in 
 
 occupations not embraced in other classes 6,060 
 Xir. Independent means: persons of property or 
 rank not returned under any office or 
 occupation 543 
 
 XIII. Persons engaged in domestic offices or 
 
 duties, and of no specified occupation, ] 
 scholars, &c 117,766 
 
 XIV. Persons maintained at public cost or by the , 
 
 community ... ... ... ... ... I 944 
 
 XV. Persons whose pursuits have not been speci- 
 fied, or were unemployed, &c 1,435 
 
 VII, 
 VIII 
 
 IX. 
 
 1,482 
 
 644 
 
 765 
 3,960 
 
 23,606 
 
 2,915 
 1,672 
 
 5,919 
 368 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 810 
 341 
 
 2,712 \ 8,090 
 
 7,842 
 3,338 
 
 618 
 
 , 2 
 60 
 
 141 
 
 175 
 
 38,262 79,504 
 
 620 324 
 
 1,303 132 
 
 Total of the population 
 
 185,626 95,408 90,218
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 17 
 
 Agricultural, pastoral, and horticultural pursuits are those 
 \i})on which the labour of the majority of the industrial popu- 
 lation is bestowed, the number actually engaged therein being 
 24,224, or forty-three per cent, of the specified occupations of 
 males. 
 
 3Iining is the next prominent branch of industry. Its 
 importance cannot be judged of by the comparatively small 
 number of persons returned as directly engaged in it. The 
 great extent and richness of our mineral properties afford 
 profitable emjjloyment to large numbers of artisans, mechanics, 
 and others, who are returned under the headings " Trades " 
 and " Manufactures," but who are in fact dependant upon the 
 prosecution of mining industry. The total number of miners 
 was 3338 in 1871, 1504 in 1861, and 840 in 1855. 
 
 The next most important class of manufacturers, persons 
 engaged in art and mechanical productions and working and 
 4lealing in mineral, vegetable, and animal matters, numbers 
 7849, of whom only seven are females. 
 
 The next class in point of importance are persons, chieflv 
 females, engaged in entertaining, clothing, and performing- 
 personal offices for man, numbering altogether 10,802. 
 
 The trading class amounts to 4301 ; persons engaged in 
 conveying men and goods, 2917 ; persons dealing in food and 
 <lrink, 1732 ; professional persons engaged in literature and 
 the fine arts, 1575 ; persons in the learned professions, 645 ; 
 persons engaged in the general and local Government, police, 
 A'C, 1495 ; persons engaged in miscellaneous occupations not 
 enumerated in the above classes, 6060 ; and the residue of the 
 population, 120,688, comjDosed chiefly of persons engaged in 
 domestic duties, scholars, &c., including those whose pursuits 
 have not been specified and also persons of independent 
 means. 
 
 The following table shows the occupations of the popula- 
 tion and the number of persons engaged in them, arranged in 
 numerical order : —
 
 18 SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 MALES. 
 
 Occupation. Number. 
 
 Farm labourers and servants 1 1 , 1 28 
 
 Farmers 8,531 
 
 Labourers (branch of labour undefined) 5,013 
 
 Overseers on stations, stockmen, shepherds, hutkeepers, station 
 
 labourers 2,500 
 
 Miners— Copper 2,100 
 
 Carters, slabbers, enghie-drivers, stokers, and 
 
 others on mines 530 
 
 Gold 319 
 
 Smelters, ore-dressers, &e 223 
 
 Miners and diggers (otherwise undefined) ... 124 
 
 Lead 42 
 
 3,338 
 
 Commercial clerks, assistants in shops, storemen, &c 2,057 
 
 Builders, carpenters, building surveyors, timber merchants, 
 
 sawyers, &c. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 , 786 
 
 Blacksmiths, whitesmiths, founders, mechanical engineers, &c — 1 , 682 
 
 Tailors, shoemakers, dressmakers, outfitters, hatters, &c. ... 1,439 
 
 Shop and storekeepers, warehousemen, dealers, hawkers, &c. ... 1,200 
 
 Other artisans and mechanics — printeis. bookbinders, coopers, &c. 1 , 162 
 
 Masons, bricklayers, slaters, hodmen, stucco-men, &c 1,137 
 
 Cariiers, draymen, bullock-drivers on roads, lightermen, &c. ... 1,108 
 
 Engaged in sea navigation — sailors, ship stewards, &c 927 
 
 Horticultural— market gardeners, gardeners (master), &c. ... 867 
 Vegetable food chiefly and drinks — bakers, confectioners, green- 
 grocers, &c. 840 
 
 Animal food chiefly — butchers, poulterers, fishmongers, &c. ... 832 
 Domestic servants" (general) — cooks, coachmen, grooms (private 
 
 servants) 791 
 
 Quarrymen, brickmakers, road and railway labourers, &c. ... 726 
 Workmen in Government employment — messengers, ofiice- 
 
 keepers, chainmen in survey parties, telegraph constructors, 
 
 &c. 664 
 
 Other occupations — proprietors of labour markets, billiard-table 
 
 keepers, &c 594 
 
 Owners and drivers of coaches, cabs, watermen, &c 555 
 
 Oflicers of general government — ^.judges, resident magistrates, 
 
 government clerks, surveyors, &c 524 
 
 Bankers, brokers, accountants, auctioneers, commission agents, 
 
 &c 499 
 
 Coach and cart makers, wheelwrights, implement makers, &c — 493 
 
 Inn and lodging-house keepers, inn servants, &c. 482 
 
 Teachers, schoolmasters, tutors, &c, 4051 
 
 Pastoral— sqnatters, stockholders, graziers, sheepfarmers, &c. ... 393: 
 
 "Woodsplitters, fencers, bushmen (otherwise undefined), &c. ... 312 
 
 Cabinetmakers, furniture dealers, carvers and gilders, turners, &c. 299 
 Tanners, fellmongers, soapboilers, woolsorters, charcoal burners, 
 
 &c. ... ... 249 
 
 Clergy, ministers, priests, missionaries and their subordinates, 
 
 pew-openers, &c. ... ... ... ... ... • • • • • • 245' 
 
 Other professions — authors, editors, reporters, photographers, 
 
 musicians, &c. ... ... ... ... ... ••• ••• 237 
 
 Police, wardens, turnkeys, &c 217 
 
 Annuitants, independent means, &c. 211 
 
 Merchants, importers, &c 204 
 
 Porters and messengers (not assistants in shops or stores) ... 171 
 
 Contractors (branch undefined) 160 
 
 Carried forward 53,97S
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 
 
 10 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 Brought forwartl 
 
 Vignerons, dressers, gardeners, &c — 
 Woodcutters, water-carriers, woodmen, &c. 
 
 Overseers (branch of labour undetined) 
 
 Physicians, surgeons, oculists, dentists, &c. 
 
 Architects, civil engineers, surveyors (land), draughtsmen, 
 
 Dispensing chemists, druggists, &c. 
 
 Lasvyers, barristers, attorneys, conveyancers, &c 
 
 Persons deriving income from houses — householders, house 
 
 prietors, &c 
 
 Law clerks, law stationers, baililFs, &c. 
 
 Officers of corporations, district councils, &c 
 
 Gentlemen (not otherwise defined') ... 
 
 Cattle-dealers and saleyard keepers, farriers, poundkeepers, 
 
 Church officers, vergers, sextons, &e. 
 
 Kesidte of the Male Popilation. 
 Children, relatives, visitors, &c. (not otherwise defined) ... 
 Scholars, whether in public or private schools, or at home 
 Unemployed, " No occupation at present "... 
 
 Occupation not stated 
 
 Patients in hospitals, asylums, depots, &c. 
 
 Prisoners 
 
 Total of the male population 
 
 &c. 
 
 pro- 
 
 &c. 
 
 NUMBKR. 
 
 53,978 
 154 
 154 
 148 
 123 
 123 
 96 
 90 
 
 87 
 80 
 77 
 70 
 33 
 10 
 
 23,526 
 
 14,736 
 
 816 
 
 487 
 419 
 201 
 
 FEMALES. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 Domestic servants (general), cooks, &c 
 
 Dressmakers, milliners, tailoresses, &c 
 
 Teachers, schoolmistresses, governesses, music teachers, &c. . . . 
 
 Farm labourers and servants, &c 
 
 Farmers ... ... ... ... ... ... 
 
 Assistants in shops, &c. 
 
 Shop and store keepers, dealers, hawkers, &c 
 
 Other occupations 
 
 Annuitants, independent means, &c. 
 
 Inn and lodging-house keepers, inn servants, &c. 
 
 Persons deriving income from houses — house proprietors, &c. ... 
 Vegetable food chiefly and drinks — bakers, confectioners, green- 
 grocers, &c. 
 Animal food chiefly — butchers, poulterers, fishmongers, &c. 
 
 Ladies (not otherwise described) ... 
 
 Horticultural — market gardenei's, &c. 
 
 Shepherds' wives assisting as hutkeepers, &c 
 
 Vignerons, dressers, &c. 
 
 In Government employment — office keepers, nurses, &c. 
 
 Otlier professions — authors, musicians, &c. 
 
 Merchants, importers, &c. 
 
 Pastoral — squatters, stockholders, graziers, sheepfarmers, &c — 
 
 Registry office keepers, &c. ... 
 
 In Government employment 
 
 Employed by corporation — office keepers, &c. ... 
 
 Other artisans and mechanics — bookbinders, &c. 
 
 Chemist and druggist (proprietor) ... 
 
 Mason (ditto) 
 
 Blacksmith (di( to) 
 
 Carried forward 
 
 55,223 
 
 40,185 
 95,408 
 
 Number. 
 
 6,443 
 
 1,552 
 
 803 
 
 330 
 
 244 
 
 170 
 
 161 
 
 141 
 
 117 
 
 95 
 
 38 
 
 32 
 
 28 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 10,253 
 B 2
 
 20 
 
 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 
 
 Brought forward 
 
 Builder (proprietor) 
 Cabinetmaker (ditto) 
 Tanner, &c. (ditto) ... 
 Wood and water carter 
 Porter and messenger 
 
 Residue of the Female PoprLATiON. 
 Cliildren, relatives, visitors, &c. (not otherwise defined) 
 Wives, widows, &e. ... 
 Scholars, whether in public or private schools, or at home 
 Patients in hospitals, asylums, depots, &c. 
 Occupation s not stated 
 
 Unemployed, " No occupation at present," itc. 
 Prisoners 
 
 NirMBER. 
 
 10,253 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 .34,826 
 30,555 
 14,123 
 
 284 
 84 
 48 
 40 
 
 10,2:8 
 
 Total of the female population 
 
 79,9G0 
 90,218 
 
 -The various religious de- 
 
 Eeligions of the People 
 nominations were ascertained at the census taken in 1871, 
 and the numbers in connection with each were found to he 
 as follows : — 
 
 Church of England 
 Roman Catholic 
 
 Wesleyan Methodist 
 
 Lutheran, German 
 
 Presbvterian 
 
 Baptist 
 
 Primitive Methodist 
 
 Congregational or Independent . . . 
 
 Bible Cihristian 
 
 Christian Brethren 
 
 Methodist New Connection 
 
 Unitarian 
 
 Moravian 
 
 Society of Friends ... 
 
 New Jerusalem Church 
 
 Jews 
 
 Protestants (not otherwise defined) 
 
 Other Religions 
 
 Object 
 
 Not stated 
 
 Excluding those cases in which objection was taken to 
 affording the information, or the information was not given, it 
 would appear that about eighty-five per cent, of the whole 
 population are members of Protestant Churches, and the 
 remaining fifteen per cent, are Roman Catholics. The Church 
 of England is represented by twenty-seven per cent., the 
 Wesleyan Methodists by fifteen per cent., the German Luther- 
 ans by eight per cent., Presbyterians by seven per cent., and 
 
 Number. 
 
 Ttr cent, of the 
 
 
 Population. 
 
 ... 50,849 
 
 27-39 
 
 ... 28,668 
 
 15-44 
 
 ... 27,075 
 
 14-59 
 
 ... 15,412 
 
 8-30 
 
 ... 13,371 
 
 7-20 
 
 ... 8,731 
 
 4-70 
 
 ... 8,207 
 
 4-42 
 
 ... 7.969 
 
 4-29 
 
 ... 7,758 
 
 4-18 
 
 ... 1,188 
 
 •64 
 
 363 
 
 •20 
 
 662 
 
 •36 
 
 210 
 
 -11 
 
 92 
 
 •05 
 
 137 
 
 •07 
 
 435 
 
 -23 
 
 ... 4,753 
 
 2-55 
 
 508 
 
 •27 
 
 ... 5,436 
 
 2-92 
 
 ... 3,808 
 
 2-04
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 21 
 
 the Congregationalists, Bible Christians, Primitive 3Iethodists, 
 and Baptists each by about five per cent, of the total population. 
 
 Education. — The returns under this head only show the 
 number of persons able to read and Avrite, those able to read 
 only, and those unable to read. Omitting children under five 
 years of age, the proportion of each class is as follows : — 
 Seventy-five per cent, of the population can read and write, 
 fourteen per cent, can only read, and ten per cent, can neither 
 read nor write. 
 
 Of the rising youth, say from fifteen to twenty-one years of 
 age, ninety-one per cent, can read and write, six per cent, can 
 read only, and only three per cent, are totally uneducated. 
 
 That parents are alive to the necessity of giving their 
 children a degree of education which they, from the circum- 
 stances of their early life, were precluded from receiving, is 
 proved from the fact that whilst among the adult population 
 sixty-one in every 1000 are returned as unable to read, the 
 number of youths of both sexes between the ages of fifteen and 
 twenty-one who cannot read is only thirty in every 1000 ; the 
 numbers specified ten years before being respectively eighty- 
 three in every 1000 adults as against fifty-one in every 1000 
 youths unable to read. 
 
 The following table aftords a comparison of the degree of 
 education in the different Australian colonies : — 
 
 Name of Colonv. 
 
 Proportion of every 1000 Child 
 and filteeu yeurs of at;e 
 
 ren between five 
 who could 
 
 
 Read and Write. 
 
 Read only. 
 
 
 Not Read. 
 
 South Australia 
 
 Victoria 
 
 New South Wales 
 
 Queensland 
 
 576 
 640 
 536 
 512 
 
 234 
 
 207 
 209 
 246 
 
 1 
 
 190 
 154 
 2.i5 
 242 
 
 BIRTHS, MAERIAGES, AND DEATHS. 
 
 The Province is divided into twenty-eight registration 
 
 districts for the purpose of recording births and deaths and 
 
 for the registration of marriages. The number of births 
 
 registered during 1875, was 7408, namely, males 3774, and
 
 99 
 
 SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 females 3634. The following tables show the number of births 
 at quinquennial periods : — 
 
 BIRTHS. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Males. 
 
 1856 
 1861 
 
 1866 
 1871 
 
 1875 
 
 2336 
 
 2868 
 3470 
 3695 
 3774 
 
 Females. 
 
 Total. 
 
 2152 
 2683 
 3312 
 3387 
 3634 
 
 4488 
 5551 
 
 6782 
 7082 
 7408 
 
 The average birth-rate is thirty-seven per thousand of 
 the jjopulation, which compares favourably with the birth- 
 rate in England and Wales, viz, thirty-three jjer thousand. 
 The proportion of births is 104 males to 100 females, or the 
 same proportion as is recorded at home. The number of 
 marriages registered in 1875 was 1688. 
 
 There is an average of eight marriages per thousand of 
 the population, being almost identical with the rate in the 
 Mother Country. The annexed statement shows the number 
 of marriages solemnized by each denomination in 1866, 1871, 
 and 1875 :— 
 
 MARRIAGES. 
 
 
 Solemnized 
 
 
 
 1866. 
 
 1871. 
 
 1875. 
 
 Bv the Churcli of Enj^land 
 
 325 
 
 284 
 
 391 
 
 „ Roman Catholics 
 
 
 
 183 
 
 177 
 
 199 
 
 
 „ Lutherans 
 
 
 
 101 
 
 82 
 
 99 
 
 
 , Congregational Independents 
 
 
 
 122 
 
 95 
 
 110 
 
 
 , Weslevans ... 
 
 
 
 164 
 
 178 
 
 306 
 
 
 , Free Church of Scotland 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 
 , Presbyterian 
 
 
 
 108 
 
 88 
 
 92 
 
 
 , Christians 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 33 
 
 
 , Baptists 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 58 
 
 82 
 
 
 , Bible Christians ... 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 93 
 
 109 
 
 
 , Primitive Methodists 
 
 
 
 94 
 
 107 
 
 162 
 
 
 , Methodist New Connection 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 
 , Moravians 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 , Unitarians ... 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 
 , Jews 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 ... 
 
 2 
 
 
 , District Registrars 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 76 
 
 76 
 
 
 , Christian Brethren 
 
 
 
 • •■ 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 , Mission to Aborigines 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 ... 
 
 
 , New Jerusalem Church ... 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 1299 
 
 1250 
 
 1688
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 
 
 23 
 
 The rate of mortality throughout the Province was much 
 higher in 1875 than usual, owing to the prevalence of zymotic 
 diseases — measles and scarlatina — which caused (local diseases 
 supervening) an advance of the death-rate, especially amongst 
 infants and children. The total deaths registered were 2118 
 males and 1918 females. The following is a table showing 
 the mortality in the years mentioned :-t- 
 
 
 DEATHS. 
 
 
 
 Yeais. 
 
 jMales. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 
 1856 
 
 658 
 
 489 
 
 1147 
 
 
 
 1861 
 
 1095 
 
 867 
 
 1962 
 
 
 
 1866 
 
 1537 
 
 1216 
 
 2753 
 
 
 
 1871 
 
 1352 
 
 1026 
 
 2378 
 
 
 
 1875 
 
 2118 
 
 1918 
 
 4036 
 
 
 Nearly one-half of the mortality is of infants under two 
 years — a rate not so high as rules in England. A larger 
 number of male than of female children die at that period 
 of infancy. 
 
 The following table shows the average death-rate for ten 
 years under each class of disease in England and in South 
 Australia : — 
 
 Deatii-katk pee 1000 of Population. 
 
 Class. 
 
 I. Zymotic ... 
 II. Constitutional 
 
 III. Local ... 
 
 IV. Developmental 
 V. Violent ... 
 
 VI. Unspecitied 
 
 All causes 
 
 South 
 Australia. 
 
 England. 
 
 4-28 
 
 1-68 
 
 5-26 
 
 2-88 
 
 0-7 
 
 0-34 
 
 5-19 
 4-19 
 8-68 
 3-60 
 0-78 
 
 15-14 ! 22-47 
 
 The average death-rate in South Australia is fifteen per 
 thousand, as compared with twenty-two per thousand in 
 Enirland.
 
 24 
 
 SOUTH AIJSTEALIA. 
 
 IMMIGKATION AND EMIGRATION. 
 
 Last year, 6566 persons arrived in South Australia, and 
 4019 left it, yielding an increase of the population from this 
 source of 2547 persons. During that and the preceding- 
 twelve months assisted immigration was resumed by Govern- 
 ment after a lapse of several years. The sum voted by 
 Parliament for the introduction of immigrants during the 
 coming year (1876) is £100,000, and the balance of the amount 
 voted for expenditure in 1875, equal to £18,551, is also available 
 for the like purpose. These sums provide a fund sufficient for 
 the introduction of about six thousand adults, or between four 
 and five hundred souls monthly. 
 
 When it is considered that during the past five years nearly 
 two and a half millions of acres of land have been taken up 
 for agricultural settlement, a steady and moderate increase 
 of man power, suitable to the requirements of the country, 
 becomes an absolute necessity. Such additional labour will be 
 readily absorbed into the general population without ])vo- 
 ducing any disturbance of social interests. This large aug- 
 mentation of the area occupied by the farming classes has 
 taken 2)lace during a period in which the influx of population 
 from abroad only amounted to 4555 souls. 
 
 The following statement shows the total immigration and 
 emigration during each of the past five years, and also the 
 number of immigrants introduced at the public expense : — " 
 
 Emigration. 
 
 Immigrants at Public 
 Kxpen.se. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females 
 
 Total. 
 
 ' Males. 
 
 1 Females. 
 
 Total. 
 
 ' Males. 
 
 Females. Total. 
 
 1871 
 1872 
 1873 
 1874 
 1875 
 
 1,681 
 1,604 
 3,064 
 3.555 
 4,311 
 
 851 
 
 797 
 
 1,484 
 
 2,002 
 
 2,255 
 
 2,532 
 2,401 
 4,548 
 5,5.57 
 6,566 
 
 2,037 
 2,173 
 2,126 
 
 2,226 
 
 2,718 
 
 1,145 
 1,232 
 1,046 
 1,045 
 1,301 
 
 3,182 
 3,405 
 3,172 
 3,271 
 4,019 
 
 104 
 1,192 
 1,156 
 
 122 226 
 960 2,152 
 911 2,067 
 
 Total.. 
 
 .14,215 
 
 7,389 
 
 21.604 
 
 11,280 
 
 5,769 
 
 17,049 
 
 2,452 
 
 1,993 14,445 
 
 Government immigration was resumed in 1873 ; since the 
 commencement of which year the balance of immigration over 
 emigration has amounted to 6209 souls, or 1764 more than
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 25 
 
 the number introduced at the expense of the State, It will 
 also be noticed that the proportion of immigrants at their own 
 cost largely increased during the past year. 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 The administration of the public votes for educational 
 purposes, and the control and management of State assisted 
 schools throughout the Province, have been vested, since 1851, 
 in a Central Board of Education. 
 
 The number of schools licensed by the Board in 1874 was 
 three hundred and twenty, of which fourteen were Avithin the 
 City of Adelaide, twenty-seven in other corporate towns, and 
 two hundred and seventy-nine in the country districts. Pre- 
 siding over these schools, were two hundred and seventeen 
 licensed schoolmasters and ninety-eight licensed schoolmis- 
 tresses. The number of scholars attending was 17,426 ; of whom 
 9625 were boys, and 7801 girls. The average attendance at 
 all schools was 13,774 for one month ; the average number on" 
 the roll at each school was fifty-four, and the average attend- 
 ance forty-three, whilst the percentage of attendance to the 
 number on the rolls, during one month, was 79. 
 
 The following table shows the operations of the Board last 
 year as compared with 1870. 
 
 1870. ' 1874. 
 
 Number of licensed schools ... ... ... 300 
 
 Number of licensed schoolmasters 2'22 
 
 Number of licensed schoolmistresses 72 
 
 320 
 217 
 
 98 
 
 „,,•,,. TV,,, ( Bovs... 8,491 Bovs... 9,02.5 
 
 Scholars at licensed schools, Highest number Girls... G 617 i Girls... 7 801 
 
 including destitute child- > on tlie { 
 
 ren and orphans ) montlily roll. I •,- -.qo I j- ^i,(j 
 
 Average attendance ... ... ... ... 1 11,9G9 j 13,773 
 
 The expenditure of tlie Board in 1874 was £29,689, being 
 an advance of £9266 upon that of 1870. The total sum 
 expended in aid of erecting district school-houses has been 
 £22,207. The average amount of school fees paid for each 
 scholar by parents, &c. was 19s. l^d. The average expense to 
 the State of each licensed school was £83 10s. 3c?.
 
 26 SOUTH AUSTKALIA. 
 
 Ill addition to schools receiving aid from the Government, 
 there have always existed a large number of private schools 
 with an average attendance of about 7000 scholars. 
 
 During the past year, a new Education Act was passed, 
 providing that the future management of public education shall 
 be committed to a Council, with a paid president and staff 
 of officers directly responsible to the Minister of Education — a 
 member of the Cabinet. Mr. Harcus thus describes the nature 
 of the improvements contemplated by the new measure : — 
 " Schools will be established wherever there is a certain number 
 of children of a school age who will j)ay a moderate fee to the 
 teachers " [viz. 4cZ. per child per week]. " In addition to the 
 fees, the teachers will be j^aid by the Government, through 
 the Council, salaries varying from £100 to £300 per annum. 
 8choolhouses will be provided, and the necessary education 
 material. Grants of public lands will be set apart every year, 
 and placed under the control of the Council, the rents from 
 which will be devoted to school purposes. Four and a half 
 liours each day will be devoted to secular instruction, previous 
 to which the Bible may be read — without note or explanation : 
 practically, the instruction will be secular. All children of 
 school age will be required to be under instruction until a 
 certain standard of attainment (to be fixed by the Council) is 
 reached : so far, the system will be compulsory. Provision is 
 made for the gratuitous instruction of children whose parents 
 can show that they are not able to pay for it ; but fees may be 
 enforced in all cases where inability to pay them has not been 
 proved. It will thus be seen that the three great principles 
 of public education which are now so much in vogue are 
 adopted in the Bill, with certain modifications — the education 
 is secular, but not to the exclusion of the Bible ; free, to those 
 who cannot afford to pay a small fee ; and compulsory, wherever 
 practicable. Provision is also made for the establishment of 
 model and training schools, of Boards of Advice, and for the 
 systematic examination of teachers and their classification 
 according to their attainments and proficiency, and for scho- 
 larships." 
 
 With a view of showing that Parliament is desirous of
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 27 
 
 fostering and encouraging the growth of a comprehensive 
 system of public instruction, it may be stated that the follow- 
 ing grants of money and land have lately been made : — 
 Towards the expenses of the Education Department, payment 
 of teachers, &c., a yearly sum of £60,000 ; and a like amount 
 for the erection of public school-buildings. One hundred and 
 twenty thousand acres of the public estate were also granted to 
 the Council, and provision made for setting apart 20,000 acres 
 in future years. To the University of Adelaide, lately esta- 
 blished, an annual grant of five per cent, on all sums contributed 
 to the University from private sources (at present amounting 
 to over £40,000), and also an endowment of 50,000 acres of 
 land. For the maintenance of Institutes, and for the erection 
 of buildings connected therewith, the sum of £16,000. 
 
 The South Australian Institute, established in 1856, contains, 
 under one roof, a Public Library and Museum, a Circulating 
 Library, and a Public Reading and News Room. It has also 
 incorporated with it societies for the promotion and study of 
 Philosophy and the Fine Arts. The Institute is managed by 
 a Board of Governors, and is subsidized by the State. The 
 seventy-five country institutes which the parent institute has 
 afiiliated are scattered over the length and breadth of the 
 Province. They are governed by Committees elected by the 
 members of each institute. About twenty possess buildings 
 half the cost of which has, in each case, been defrayed from the 
 public revenue. 
 
 The number of volumes in the Library of the South 
 Australian Institute is 18,837 ; the number of subscribers is 
 715 ; and the number of volumes in circulation during the 
 year, 54,648. In the country institutes, the number of volumes 
 is 42,393 ; the number of members, 2904 ; the aggregate 
 income (exclusive of the Government grant), £3360 ; and the 
 number of volumes circulated during the year has been 76,487. 
 
 PUBLIC WOKSHIP. 
 
 The voluntary principle, or freedom of religion from State 
 assistance and consequent control, was established in South
 
 28 
 
 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 
 
 Australia from the date of its foundation. The beneficial 
 results of its operation under the circumstances of this com- 
 munity may be estimated by the fact that two-thirds of the 
 population are provided with suitable accommodation for the 
 observance of public worship. The number of churches, 
 chapels, rooms, and other buildings used for public worship at 
 the end of 1874 was 876, providing 132,000 sittings, dis- 
 tributed in the proportion shown in the following table : — 
 
 Kenomixa riox. 
 
 jXumber of 
 
 I Churches 
 
 or 
 
 Chapels. 
 
 Church of England 
 
 Church of Scotland 
 
 Roman Catholics ... 
 
 Congregationalists or Independents 
 
 Baptists 
 
 Wesleyan Methodists 
 
 German Lutherans ... 
 
 Bible Christians 
 
 Primitive Methodists 
 
 Methodist New Connection 
 
 Free Presbyterian 
 
 Presbyterian Cliurch of South Australia. 
 Unitarians ... 
 Moravians ... 
 
 Friends, Society of 
 
 New Jerusalem Church 
 
 Christians (Bretliren, Disciples, &c.) 
 
 Hebrews 
 
 Nutaber of 
 Number of Kooms Number of 
 
 Sittings 
 in such 
 Churches 
 
 or 
 Chapels. 
 
 and other 
 Builiiings, 
 used for 
 Public 
 Worship. 
 
 Sittinps 
 in such 
 Rooms, 
 
 1874. 
 
 1874. 
 
 1874. 
 
 1874. 
 
 73 
 
 19,452 
 
 38 
 
 1,273 
 
 2 
 
 150 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 42 
 
 11,500 
 
 5 
 
 480 
 
 36 
 
 8,400 
 
 10 
 
 400 
 
 27 
 
 5,725 
 
 11 
 
 680 
 
 160 
 
 30,296 : 
 
 104 
 
 2,000 
 
 31 
 
 5,324 ! 
 
 8 
 
 400 
 
 86 
 
 14,000 
 
 20 
 
 750 
 
 106 
 
 14,000 
 
 41 
 
 1,000 
 
 2 
 
 625 
 
 2 
 
 90 
 
 4 
 
 600 ' 
 
 4 
 
 300 
 
 15 
 
 3,960 
 
 13 
 
 1,190 
 
 1 
 
 300 
 
 1 
 
 100 
 
 1 
 
 200 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 200 
 
 — 
 
 
 1 
 
 130 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 20 
 
 5,000 
 
 9 
 
 2,450 
 
 1 
 
 200 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Totals 
 
 610 120,062 
 
 2G6 11,113 
 
 Ten years ago there were 535 churches, containing 86,000 
 sittings. The number of Sunday schools in 1874 was 525, 
 attended by 35,671 children, instructed by 4650 teachers, of 
 whom 2200 were male and 2450 female. The average attend- 
 ance of scholars has been uninterruptedly increasing year by 
 year since 1865, when the number reached 23,739.
 
 ITS STATISTICS. ^29 
 
 CHAEITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 Ample provision is made by the state for the relief and 
 support of that helpless section of the community which mav 
 be divided into aged and sick, persons mentally infirm, and 
 orphan children. 
 
 The Adelaide Hospital is a Government institution, under 
 the management of a Board consisting of professional and non- 
 professional members, who with an efficient staff of officers 
 administer the affairs of the institution. During the year 
 1874, there were 1806 inmates of the Hospital, of whom 98 
 died, 1579 were discharged, cured, or relieved, and 129 re- 
 mained on the last day of the year. The daily average 
 number of patients was 134. There are five hospitals in the 
 <'ountry districts, and in addition thereto provision is made for 
 medical attendance on the indigent sick throughout the settled 
 portions of the Colony. 
 
 Two hospitals for the insane are also provided by the State, 
 and are conducted on the same principles as similar asylums 
 in the Mother Country, and with great efficiency. For every 
 100,000 of the population. South Australia has 195 insane 
 persons ; England has 226. The total number of cases treated 
 was 464 ; the daily average number in the asylums was 352 ; 
 the number of admissions w^as 106 ; the number of patients 
 <lischarged, cured, or relieved, was 81 ; and the number of 
 deaths was 32. Patients able to maintain themselves are 
 also admitted for treatment upon paying reasonable fees. 
 
 The asylum for the relief of infirm and destitute persons 
 not requiring active medical treatment affords assistance to 
 the necessitous. The rule is rigidly followed of excluding 
 from in-door relief any able-bodied person, and out-door relief 
 is only given to males in consequence of sickness— and then 
 only on medical certificate ; it being understood that no man 
 capable of working and able to earn his own livelihood should 
 be assisted from the funds of the institution. The cases of 
 widows and orphans, or females deprived of their natural pro- 
 tectors, are exceptionally regarded ; and applicants for relief of 
 this class are treated according to circumstances, and receive 
 all necessary assistance. The average number in the asylum
 
 30 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 
 
 of male adults is 175, chiefly infirm and decrepit, and 83 
 female adults. Seventy-two, principally young children, were 
 maintained in the Industrial Schools connected with this 
 institution. On arriving at a suitable age, the children are 
 placed with or adopted by private families, under what is 
 known as the boarding-out system, under the careful super- 
 vision of the department, assisted by a committee of ladies Avho 
 voluntarily devote the necessary time to overlooking the 
 children's welfare. Some five hundred orphans and neglected 
 children have by these means found comfortable homes, and 
 the system generally is considered to have worked with great 
 success. 
 
 The protection of the aborigines and the duty of supplying 
 them with medical comforts in sickness, &c., is performed by a 
 public officer. The welfare of these people has also been 
 attended to by several long-established institutions, mainly 
 supported by voluntary contributions. 
 
 Among other benevolent institutions of a private character 
 are the Strangers' Friend's Society, Hebrew Philanthropic 
 Society, Female Eefuge, Homoeopathic Dispensary ; institutions 
 for the relief of the blind, deaf, and dumb ; cottage homes for 
 the aged and infirm poor and widows ; Convalescent Hospital ; 
 Orphan Home, for the reception and training of orphan girls ; 
 Prince Alfred's Sailors' Home ; and Servants' Home. 
 
 Although not strictly coming under the head of charitable 
 institutions, it is desirable to mention that twenty-eight 
 Masonic lodges, English, Irish, and Scotch constitutions, are 
 distributed throughout the Colony. 
 
 Friendly Societies have also been for many years in active 
 operation under local legislation, and are firmly established 
 with a large accumulated fund at their disposal. The chief 
 orders of these societies are, I.O.O.F., M.U. ; the Ancient 
 Order of Foresters ; the U. 0. Oddfellows ; the Ancient Order 
 of Druids ; two Independent Orders of Kechabites, and the 
 Order of Good Templars. The total number of members of 
 Friendly Societies is 15,092 ; their total income, £42,464 ; 
 their total expenditure, £35,434 ; and their total assets amount 
 to £87,250.
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 
 
 31 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE. 
 
 The legal tribunals of the Province consist of a Supreme 
 Court, presided over by the Chief Justice, and two Puisne 
 Judges ; the Court of Vice- Admiralty, of which the Chief 
 Justice is Judge ; the Court of Insolvency, presided over by a 
 Commissioner ; Local Courts of Civil Jurisdiction, presided over 
 by Stipendiary Magistrates ; and Police Magistrates' Courts. 
 
 Subjoined is a statement of the proceedings in the Supreme 
 Court in its civil jurisdiction, during the years 1865, 1869, and 
 1874 :— 
 
 Common Law — 
 
 No. of Writs issuetl 
 
 No. of Records entered for trial ... 
 
 Total amount for which judgments signed 
 Equity — 
 
 No. of Bills filed 
 
 No. of Claims 
 
 No. of Petitions 
 
 Testamentary — 
 
 No. of Probates 
 
 Amount sworn to . . . 
 
 No. of Letters of Administration 
 
 Amount sworn to 
 
 IMatrimonial Causes Jurisdiction — 
 
 No. of Cases 
 
 Appellate Jurisilictiou — 
 
 No. of Special Cases from Insolvency'l 
 Court / 
 
 No. of Appeals from Local Courts 
 No. of Writs of Certiorari removing Judg-| 
 ment from Local Coiut ... / 
 
 No. of Writs of Habeas Corpus, INIanda-"* 
 
 mus, &c / 
 
 No. of Special Cases 
 
 No. of Writs of Summons 
 
 1865. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1874. 
 
 710 
 
 51 
 
 £12,530 
 
 610 
 
 61 
 
 £23,444 
 
 479 
 
 35 
 
 £19,390 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 25 
 
 33 
 
 30 
 
 23 
 
 27 
 
 88 
 £277,070 
 
 56 
 £16,670 
 
 102 
 £155.267 
 
 55 
 £38,860 
 
 167 
 
 £394,180 
 
 89 
 £57,680 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 33 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 44 
 
 56 
 
 48 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 366 
 
 9 
 216 
 
 159 
 
 The number of writs passing through the Sheriff's office 
 during the same years was as follows : — 
 
 Capias ad satis. 
 Fieri facias ... 
 Other writs . . . 
 
 Totals 
 
 ISG5. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1874 
 
 17 
 
 31 
 
 25 
 
 36 
 
 35 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 11 
 
 68 
 
 82 
 
 54 
 
 The following table shows the number of insolvencies, 
 assignments, &c., and the amount of liabilities and assets
 
 ?.9 
 
 SOUTH ATJSTEALIA. 
 
 specified in the insolvents' scliedules, also taken for the same 
 interval of five vears : — 
 
 No. of Adjuflications issued — 
 
 On Pel itioii of Creditors... 
 
 On Petition of Imprisoned Debtors 
 Of which, in forma -pauperis. .. 
 
 On Petition of Debtors at large 
 
 Totals 
 
 Amount of Liabilities, as shown in the In- 1 
 
 solvents' Schedules J 
 
 Amount of Assets, as shown in the Insol-1 
 
 vents' Schedules... ... ... / 
 
 Amount of Deficiency, as shown in the In-^ 
 
 solvents' Schedules j 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 23 
 
 39 
 
 68 
 
 67 
 
 38 
 
 67 
 
 66 
 
 .58 
 
 63 
 
 nil 
 
 109 
 
 144 
 
 90 
 
 £117,482 
 
 £75,868 
 
 £54,637 
 
 £69,741 
 
 £31,605 
 
 £19,434 
 
 £47,741 
 
 £44,263 
 
 £35,202 
 
 Local Courts of civil jurisdiction are established in all the 
 principal towns throughout the Province, and number forty- 
 five. They are arranged in circuits, and are presided over by 
 Stipendiary Magistrates. These courts adjudicate in all per- 
 sonal actions involving amounts up to £100, and in actions 
 of ejectment where the land is under the Eeal Property Act, 
 and does not exceed £100 in value. A Special and two 
 other Magistrates, or a Special Magistrate and a jury of four, 
 constitute a court of full jurisdiction, and one Special Magis- 
 trate a court of limited jurisdiction. The latter does not 
 adjudicate on amounts above £20. 
 
 Tlie following return shows the number and extent of pro- 
 ceedings in the Local Courts. The figures given as amount of 
 j udgments obtained after hearing do not, of course, represent the 
 whole amount recovered through the agency of these Courts, as 
 a considerable proportion of the claims are settled out of Court 
 after issue of the summons, and do not come on for hearine: : — 
 
 Claims made in the Local 
 
 Number of Sum- 
 monses Issued. 
 
 Amount of Claims sued 
 for. 
 
 Judgn 
 aftc 
 
 1865. 
 
 ents olitained 
 r Hearing. 
 
 
 1865. 1 1869. 1874. 
 
 1865. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1874. 
 
 1869. 1874. 
 
 Limited Jurisdiction — 
 
 Up to £5 
 
 Above £5 and up to £10 
 
 „ £10 „ £20 
 
 Full Jiirisdiclion — 
 Above £20 and up to £30 
 ,, £30 ,, £50 
 „ £50 „ £100 
 „ £100, "by consent" 
 
 3,806 
 1,434 
 1,014 
 
 393 
 
 327 
 
 248 
 
 2 
 
 5,264 
 1,879 
 1,348 
 
 610 
 
 468 
 
 373 
 
 1 
 
 6,674 
 1,926 
 1,318 
 
 507 
 369 
 280 
 
 £ 
 9,056 
 10,251 
 14,478 
 
 9,388 
 
 12,720 
 
 18,3 '4 
 
 240 
 
 £ 
 11,653 
 13,184 
 19,376 
 
 14,813 
 
 18,281 
 
 29,490 
 
 131 
 
 £ 
 14,432 
 14,363 
 17,985 
 
 12,635 
 14,2(i5 
 20,508 
 
 2,699 
 3,34.5 
 5,120 
 
 3,419 
 3,!»30 
 5,416 
 
 3,430 ! 3,345 
 4,615 3,"86 
 6,703 5,4GU 
 
 5,210 4,137 
 
 6,153 4,809 
 
 8,789 4,856 
 
 205 — 
 
 
 7,314 
 
 943 
 
 11,074 
 
 74,528 
 
 104,931 
 
 94,191 
 
 23,931 
 
 35,138 26,646
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 
 
 33 
 
 The legal profession numbers eighty-five members; the 
 two branches of barrister and attorney are united. A valuable 
 law library, containing about two thousand volumes, is attached 
 to the Sujjreme Court. 
 
 The criminal records of the Courts are calculated to convey 
 a favourable impression of the law-abiding impulses of the 
 South Australian community, the proportion of serious crimes 
 being exceedingly small. In fact, the " criminal class " may 
 be said to be unknown in South xVustralia. Following is a 
 statement of the number of convictions in the Supreme Court 
 during the years named : — • 
 
 
 Number of Felonies — 
 
 Against the person 
 
 Against property 
 
 Total number of Misdemeanours 
 
 Total 
 
 1865. 
 
 1*69. 
 
 1S74. 
 
 
 12 
 98 
 24 
 
 17 
 
 87 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 53 
 14 
 
 
 134 
 
 121 
 
 74 
 
 The annual number of convictions in the Supreme Court 
 has averaged during the last three years seventy-two, or only 
 one in three thousand of the population. During the past ten 
 years capital punishment has been inflicted in four instances — 
 amongst them one aborigine suffered the extreme penalty of 
 the law. 
 
 The folio win 2: table shows the number of cases of felon v 
 and misdemeanour preliminarily investigated in the Police 
 Courts, and how they were disposed of — whether by committal 
 to the Supreme Court, summary convictions under the Minor 
 Offences Act, conviction of juvenile offenders, or by dismissal 
 of cases : — 
 
 How disposed of. 
 
 1865. 
 
 1869. 
 
 ls74. 
 
 Committed to Supreme Court 
 
 Committed to Local Court Full Jurisdiction 
 
 Convicted — Minor Offences Act 
 
 Convicted — Juvenile Ofifenders 
 
 Cases dismissed 
 
 197 
 
 79 
 
 155 
 
 237 
 207 
 
 150 
 
 150 
 
 22 
 
 132 
 
 Total 
 
 431 
 
 505 
 
 454
 
 34 SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 About one-half of the commitments for trial in the Supreme 
 Court resulted in conviction. 
 
 In addition to the preliminary investigations above referred 
 to, the Stipendiary Magistrates have summary jurisdiction in 
 cases of breaches of the provisions of Acts of Parliament 
 where the penalty is limited to fine, or to fine and imprison- 
 ment. This class of offences is principally composed of cases 
 of drunkenness in the streets, offences under the Police Act, 
 common assaults, breaches of the Waste Lands and Impounding 
 Acts, the Merchant Shipping and Marine Board Acts, and 
 non-compliance with Municipal bylaws. 
 
 The following table indicates the number of cases heard 
 and determined in the years 1865, 1869, and 1871 : — 
 
 
 ' Acts of Councils, &e. — 
 
 Total 
 
 186S. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1874. 
 
 Informations undei 
 Dismissals 
 Convictions 
 
 Drunkenness . . . 
 Dismissals 
 Convictions 
 
 732 
 2,632 
 
 105 
 1,530 
 
 749 
 3,129 
 
 86 
 1,540 
 
 688 
 3,445 
 
 55 
 1,615 
 
 
 4,999 
 
 5,504 
 
 5,803 
 
 Considering the increase of poimlation during the ten 
 years, the relative number of convictions, especially in cases 
 of drunkenness, has materially declined. 
 
 LAND TRANSFER, LIENS, MORTGAGES, ETC. 
 
 The Statute known as the Keal Property Act of South 
 Australia affords a facile and convenient process by which the 
 transfer of landed proj^erty may be accomjjlished in as easy 
 and cheap a manner as any ordinary commercial transaction.. 
 Where almost every man is a landowner, or is interested in 
 land — either as vendor or vendee, lessor or lessee, mortgagor 
 or mortgagee — dealings in real estate become a matter of 
 almost everyday occurrence. It may be said to be quite 
 exceptional for an individual in South Australia not to be, 
 more or less, personally interested in the establishment of a
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 
 
 35 
 
 3uipnpui *!J3Y JO uoi^vaodo 
 aopuu :}iii5noaq puu'^ jo axi^u^v 
 
 
 CO n o 
 
 CO O — ' « — 
 
 IM CO O r-. CC 
 
 <-i C*l M M 
 
 -O ^D « 
 
 i-t M '* O ■-' -^D 
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 r- O CO O J- CO 
 
 'sajnsopaioj 
 
 •s^PAV 
 
 CO t^ Cfl ift -N 
 
 C0.-IN05C1OC0C0 
 
 •^noo JO sjapjo 
 
 rH rH I-* rH '^ O 
 
 O -* C^ *- M iO 
 
 ■sjossa^ jfq sdja^Aooa^ 
 
 •pajisod 
 -8p **D:y *s:ju9tnaSissy 
 
 I I 
 
 •S'J1?9A^3 IT^AlBipq^I^VV 
 
 O N CS O C>» O O 
 
 CO O GO 
 
 CNdCOC^iNCOCOCOr-lC^Cl 
 
 '0^ *SUOISSlUISUBJX 
 
 to 01 CO CO '* 
 
 05 to W3 
 
 C^U3i0^t00)OC0 
 
 rH rH .-H C^ 
 
 ^ c^ t- o 
 
 ■saouaoiq 
 
 COtOCOf-f-^-^tOClWMOOeO 
 
 ^rXi-lCICOCOCOW 
 
 
 •sjsnaxjosainpaqos 
 
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 rH N W W 01 i-H M 
 
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 rH^t--*<r-lr-.01Jr-«DC001OiCO 
 OlCOCOCOOOiOtOt^*'*-- 
 
 •sasuaT jo sjajsaB.ij, 
 
 COt-'^t^OSQOtOrH 
 
 f-<i-ico-^cooieo-* 
 
 'B3ouBiqinnoug 
 
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 A in CO O) 
 
 'saa^^sn-tx Jo suoi^vuiino^ 
 
 •0?^ *s^eaA^3 
 
 
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 •spigj^sqy uon^JisiSa^ 
 
 I I I I 
 
 •.<taujo:>^y jo sjaMoj 
 
 r-t r-r iH Tj< OJ C^ 
 
 ■*Jt'**<r-CiOlOWC0'*Cl^ 
 
 COC<lWrH01r-*i-*i-tC101C10Q 
 
 •s^393:^0H jo saSa^qosiQ 
 
 Ci CO ifi oi ia n 
 
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 •sa3B3;joiii jo sjajsuBJx 
 
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 O <-( CO ^ Tf rH d 
 
 tOOOOO'*COOi-l 
 
 *sasBaT[ 
 
 O -* O O CO 
 
 OS CO M C35 CO 
 OJ CO CO C^ CO 
 
 CO CO CO ^ 
 
 *saSB3)joj\[ 
 
 'Sjajsu^JX 
 
 'suoi'jTJond'Jv 
 
 a J 
 
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 -^J" CO "-< W5 
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 rH CO OS t^ OS O i-H 
 
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 rH O 00 
 
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 pH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t-< 
 
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 m 
 
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 c 2
 
 36 
 
 SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 simple and inexpensive method of dealing with this description 
 of 23roperty. There can be no question that the operation of 
 the measure has been higlily advantageous to the community ; 
 and as considerable interest is attached to the working of so 
 important a reform, a detailed statement is given of the trans- 
 actions of the ofBce in each year since its establishment in 
 1858. {See page 35.) The total value of the lands brought 
 under the operation of this law amounts to nearly ten millions 
 sterling. 
 
 An xissurance Fund in connection with the Act was esta- 
 blished with a view of meeting claims for compensation on the 
 part of any person who, through error or fraud, might suffer 
 from the carrying out of the principles of absolute inde- 
 feasibility of title. This fund is derived from a contribution 
 of one halfpenny in the pound levied on all property brought 
 under the oj^eration of the Act ; it now amounts to over 
 £30,000, and is invested in Government securities. The claims 
 on the fund have reached £308 up to the present time. 
 
 The following statement shows the number and amount of 
 liens, mortgages, and other securities for advances of money 
 registered during the years mentioned : — 
 
 Years. 
 
 Mortgages on Land. 
 
 Mortgages on Stock. 
 
 Liens on Wool. 
 
 Bills of Sale, &c. 
 
 1866 ... 
 
 No. 
 2,252 
 
 £ 
 1,033,422 
 
 No. 
 91 
 
 £ 
 266,031 
 
 No. 
 22 
 
 £ 
 51,072 
 
 No. 
 158 
 
 £ 
 130,153 
 
 1871 ... 
 
 1,922 
 
 920,891 
 
 151 
 
 116,875 
 
 36 
 
 82,513 
 
 259 
 
 67,498 
 
 1875 ... 
 
 2,627 
 
 1,289,635 
 
 153 
 
 254,508 
 
 41 
 
 55,043 
 
 268 
 
 168,194 
 
 Of the total amount of mortgages on land registered last 
 year, £997,775 — or three-fourths of the whole — were advances 
 upon land under the operation of the Eeal Projjerty Act. 
 
 EEVENUE AND EXPENDITURE. 
 
 The finances of the Colony of South Australia have never 
 been in a more prosperous condition than at present. The 
 returns of receipts from all sources of revenue indicate the 
 steady progress and growth of the community, and there is a 
 tone of elasticity which promises well for the future.
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 
 
 37 
 
 The General Eeven;ie for the year ended 31st December 
 1875 amounted to £1,143,312 5s. Wd., to which must be 
 added the balance to credit at the commencement of the year, 
 £92,677 2s. 2d., making a total income of £1,235,989 8s. 
 
 The Total Expenditure by the Government during the 
 same period was £1,176,412 18s. lOd., leaving a balance at 
 the end of the twelve months of £59,576 9s. 2d. 
 
 The Public Loan Account is kept distinct from that of the 
 General Revenue. 
 
 The receipts of the year amounted to five pounds twelve 
 shillings per head of the population. The amount of revenue 
 contributed through the Customs — the only source of general 
 taxation — was thirty-three shillings per head, an amount lower 
 than the rate of taxation in the Mother Country, or in any of 
 the other Australian Colonies. 
 
 The following table gives the amount of revenue derived 
 under the several heads of receipt : — 
 
 Heads of Keceipt. 
 
 Customs 339,103 
 
 Maiiue 9,237 
 
 Eents, &c., crown lands 85,74-1 
 
 Rents — ordinary ... ... ... ... ... 1,120 
 
 Licences — business ... ... ... ... ... 13,920 
 
 Postages and telegraphs ... ... ... ... 78,818 
 
 Fines, fees, and forfeitures ... ... ... ... 27,582 
 
 Sales of Government projjcrty ... ... ... 437 
 
 Reimbursements in aid ... ... ... ... 11,991 
 
 Miscellaneous 4,5G1 
 
 Interest and excliange 2,762 
 
 Railways and tramways ... ... ... ••• 183,095 
 
 AVaterworks 30,895 
 
 T 1 1 (Proceeds of 177, .530 
 
 ^^^'^ ^*'^M. Interest on credit sales 112,038 
 
 Immigration 4,473 
 
 £1,143,312 
 
 In young communities the general Government has neces- 
 sarily imposed upon it functions and duties from which, in 
 more advanced conditions of society, the State is exempt. The 
 construction of railways, waterworks, telegraphs, roads, public 
 buildings, &c. must, if entered into at all, be undertaken at 
 the public cost. Moreover, such works must, in common pru- 
 
 430413
 
 38 
 
 SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 dence, be constructed on a scale in advance of the actual 
 requirements of the moment. In South Australia such ex- 
 penditure forms a large proportion of the whole, will benefit 
 future generations equally with the present, and must not be 
 regarded as ordinary current cost of Government. 
 
 The subjoined table shows the exj^enditure, specified under 
 the respective heads of service for which it was incurred : — 
 
 Heaes of Expexdituee. 
 
 Civil list 
 
 The legislature 
 
 Civil establishments ... 
 Judicial and legal departments 
 
 Police 
 
 Gaols and prisons 
 
 Education 
 
 Charitable institutions 
 
 Military defences 
 
 Postal and telegraph services 
 
 Customs 
 
 Harbours and lights ... 
 
 Public works ... 
 
 Railways and tramways 
 
 Waterworks ... 
 
 Survey and crown lands 
 
 Ketiring allowances, &e. 
 
 Interest and excliaijge 
 
 Miscellaneous... 
 
 Immigration ... 
 
 Interest on loans for public works 
 
 Eedemption of ditto 
 
 IS, 900 
 10,803 
 36,035 
 31,059 
 50,245 
 12,337 
 42,636 
 54,042 
 882 
 
 132,744 
 11,577 
 16.498 
 
 247,940 
 
 177,456 
 18,117 
 37,466 
 9,919 
 4,838 
 58,894 
 27,139 
 
 142,476 
 34,400 
 
 £1,176,412 
 
 The payments may be summarised as follows : — The ordinary 
 expenses of Government (including judicial and legal depart- 
 ments, police, gaols, prisons, &c.) amount to £262,000, or 
 twenty-five shillings per head of the population, being eight 
 shillings less than the taxation ; £43,000 is devoted to educa- 
 tion ; £54,000 to charitable institutions ; and £328,000 is 
 required for the service of reproductive works. Among these 
 latter, railways require £177,000, the receipts from that source 
 being £183,000. The waterworks take £18,000, and the re- 
 ceipts therefrom are £31,000. The post and telegraph services 
 absorb £132,000, and the revenue contributed by them is 
 £78,000. The interest on the bonded debt amounts to 
 £142,000, averaging fourteen shillings per head of the popu-
 
 ITS STATISTICS. . 39 
 
 latiou ; but an amount very much larger than this is annually 
 saved by the reduced cost of carriage and other facilities 
 afforded to the public by the works constructed out of the 
 loans upon which this interest accrues. The cost of the 
 survey and management of Crown lands was last year 
 £37,000; and £27,000 was devoted to the introduction of 
 immigrants. 
 
 The expenditure on public works and in reduction of loans 
 amounted to £282,000, being 105,000 more than the sum re- 
 ceived during the year from the proceeds of the sales of waste 
 lands. The Crown lands being the capital of the Colony, it is 
 important to note that not only were the receipts derived from 
 their sale devoted intact to improving the public estate, but a 
 sum equal to one-third more, derived from the general revenue, 
 was also expended in the same direction. 
 
 LOANS FOR PUBLIC WORKS. 
 
 Legislative sanction has been accorded from time to time 
 for the raising of moneys by way of loan for the prosecution of 
 reproductive public works, such as railways, tramways, water- 
 works, telegraphs, .harbour improvements, and other public 
 purposes. The following return shows the amount of Public 
 Debt outstanding on 31st December 1875 for each of the 
 several Public Works, and the total rate of indebtedness per 
 head of the population, and for each undertaking : — 
 
 Railways 
 
 Tramways ... 
 Waterworks 
 
 Telegraphs 
 
 Harbours and lights 
 
 Roads 
 
 Public purposes 
 Northern Territoiy... 
 
 Total 
 
 If it be asked what the Colony has to show in the shape 
 of permanent improvements, it may be answered that there are 
 
 PubUc Debt. 
 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Rate per 
 Head. 
 
 £ 
 
 £ S. 
 
 d. 
 
 1,381,000 
 
 G 11 
 
 
 
 131,500 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 511,600 
 
 2 8 
 
 6 
 
 378,400 
 
 1 16 
 
 
 
 328,000 
 
 1 12 
 
 
 
 236,000 
 
 1 2 
 
 
 
 168,500 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 185,000 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 £3,320,600 
 
 £15 15 
 

 
 40 SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 three liundred and forty miles of railway. The city, port, and 
 suburbs of Adelaide, with sixty thousand residents, have an 
 abundant and constant water supply. Harbours have been 
 deepened and improved, and navigation rendered easy by an 
 almost perfect system of lighthouses. Eighteen hundred miles 
 of macadamised roads are in effective order, and the Province 
 is traversed from north to south and from east to west by tele- 
 graphs, over five thousand miles in length, bringing us into 
 instantaneous communication with the whole world. 
 
 The earlier loans were issued bearing six per cent, interest, 
 but those of late years bear four j^er cent. only. The present 
 price of South Australian four per cents is 9 5 J. Interest and 
 redemption is payable in London on 1st January and 1st July 
 in each year. The currency of the bonds is generally thirty 
 years. Eedemptions to the amount of £678,400 have been 
 made since the first issue of bonds in 1854. 
 
 BANKING. 
 
 Six banking institutions carry on business within the 
 Province, namely, the Bank of South Australia, Bank of 
 Australasia, Union Bank of Australia, National Bank of 
 Australasia, English, Scottish, and Australian Chartered Bank, 
 and Bank of Adelaide, all of which have establishments in the 
 principal seaports and inland townships, numbering altogether 
 sixty-four branches and agencies. Quarterly general abstracts 
 are published of the average amount of liabilities and assets 
 of the several Banks, taken from their weekly statements, and 
 they comprise in each case a return of the notes and bills in 
 circulation, the balances due to other Banks, and deposits with 
 and without interest. The total average liabilities of the six 
 Banks amount to £3,278,121, and the total average assets to 
 £5,157,868. The following table shows the total average 
 assets and liabilities of all the Banks taken for the last 
 quarter of each of the years mentioned : — 
 
 
 1861. 
 
 1866. 
 
 1871. 
 
 1875. 
 
 Liabilities 
 Assets... 
 
 £ 
 .. 1,024,686 
 .. 1,869,068 
 
 £ 
 
 1,715.305 
 3,620.062 
 
 £ 
 
 1,802,634 
 3,524,412 
 
 £ 
 
 3,278,121 
 5,157,868
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 
 
 41 
 
 The annexed statement shows the position of each Banl 
 set forth in the quarterly return of December 1875 : — 
 
 as 
 
 
 
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 ■12 SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 From the above it appears that the amount of coin, bullion, 
 and Government securities held was eleven per cent, of the 
 assets ; and the liabilities amounted to sixty-three per cent, of 
 the assets. 
 
 The rate of interest allowed to depositors by the several 
 Banks during the past year varied as follows : — 
 
 Interest on fixed deposits, at 30 days' notice, at £3 10s. to £5. 
 
 „ „ for three months, and at 30 days' notice, £3 10s. to £5. 
 
 „ ,, for six months, £4 to £5. 
 
 „ „ for twelve months, £4 10s. to £5. 
 
 Special arrangements for particular lodgments. 
 
 The course of exchange was as follows : — 
 
 On drafts issued during 1875 — 
 
 On London, at eO days' sight 1st quarter, 1 per cent, prcmiiuu. 
 
 2nd „ 1 
 3rd „ 1 „ 
 4th „ i „ 
 
 On neighbouring Colonies, at sight, 1st quarter, |, i, 1 per cent, premium. 
 
 2nrl i i 1 
 
 3rd „ i, k, 1 „ 
 4tli i i 1 
 
 On private bills purchased during 1875 — 
 
 On London, at 60 days' sight 1st quarter, 1 per cent, discount. 
 
 2nd „ 1 „ 
 
 3rd „ 1 „ „ 
 
 4th „ i „ 
 
 On neighbouring Colonies, at sight ... 1st quarter, I, J per cent, discount. 
 
 2nd „ a, i ., ,, 
 
 3rd „ i, h „ 
 4tli ' i 
 
 The present (1875) rate of discount on local bills is^ 
 Under 65 days, 8 per cent. ; 65 to 95 days, 8 per cent. ; 95 to 
 125 days, 9 to 10 per cent. ; and over 125 days, 10 per cent. 
 
 SAVINGS BANKS. 
 
 As evidencing the power of accumulation and thrifty habits 
 of the industrial classes, it is only necessary to refer to the 
 progress of one of the most popular of our local institutions — 
 the Savings Bank of South Australia. It was established in 
 1848, incorporated by xict of Parliament, and is managed by a 
 Board of Trustees appointed by the Governor. In addition to 
 the Head Office, there are agencies established in thirty of the
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 
 
 43 
 
 princij^al townships throughout the Colony, in connection with 
 Telegraph and Money Order Offices. Deposits are received in 
 sums from One Shilling up to £500 ; but interest is only 
 allowed up to £250. The rate of interest paid is now five 
 pounds per cent, per annum. The following statement shows 
 the operations and progress of the institution, at intervals, and 
 gives a fair index of the position of the working classes who 
 most largely avail themselves of the facilities afforded by the 
 bank for the safe investment of small sums at a fair rate of 
 interest. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Number of 
 Depositors. 
 
 Amount 
 deposited. 
 
 Amount 
 withdrawn. 
 
 Amount of 
 Jleposi tors' 
 Balances. 
 
 Total 
 Funds. 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 e 
 
 i- 
 
 +* 
 
 1848 ... 
 
 214 
 
 6,473 
 
 1,180 
 
 5,313 
 
 5,414 
 
 1851 ... 
 
 732 
 
 15,224 
 
 12 761 
 
 14,340 
 
 14,785 
 
 , 1856 ... 
 
 1 1,469 
 
 29,328 
 
 27,142 
 
 52,775 
 
 57,060 
 
 1861 ... 
 
 3,248 
 
 65,373 
 
 37,627 
 
 121,414 
 
 131,590 
 
 1866 ... 
 
 7,679 
 
 124,427 
 
 147,524 
 
 249,329 
 
 266,700 
 
 1871 ... 
 
 14,270 
 
 237,053 
 
 191,161 
 
 490,844 
 
 516,999 
 
 1875 ... 
 
 22,662 
 
 419,914 
 
 393,686 
 
 816,827 
 
 845,276 
 
 The total number of depositors last year was 22,662, the 
 average sum at the credit of each being thirty-six pounds. 
 The total deposits of the year amounted to £420,000, and the 
 total funds of the institution to £845,276, invested chiefly in 
 Government securities (£291,334) and on mortgage of free- 
 hold property (£239,711), The Eeserve Fund amounts to 
 £28,448, In South Australia, the depositors in Savings Banks 
 are one in ten of the population, in New South Wales one in 
 twenty, and in Victoria one in thirty. 
 
 LAND AND ITS OCCUPATION, 
 
 Excluding that portion of the Province known as the 
 Northern Territory, the total area of South Australia is about 
 383,328 square miles, or 245,329,920 acres. It may be roughly 
 estimated that not more than 250,000 square miles are at present 
 put to profitable use. Agricultural settlement has not extended 
 150 miles from the coast, and pastoral occupation may be said 
 to have reached no farther than 500 miles, although squatters
 
 44 SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 have lately taken up large areas of land discovered by recent 
 explorations (lying chiefly on the route of the overland tele- 
 graph), and which are considered capable of carrying stock. 
 Twenty-six counties have been proclaimed up to date, 
 embracing 40,967 square miles, or 26,218,880 acres. Of 
 this large area, only 6,283,881 acres have been alienated 
 from the Crown, amounting, nevertheless, to thirty acres 
 for every man, woman, and child in the Colony, or one 
 hundred and twenty acres for each male adult. About one 
 in every five acres of the alienated land is under tillage ; the 
 remainder is used for pastoral purposes only. All land is 
 surveyed by the Government j)rior to sale, and is divided into 
 farms of extent varying from eighty to six hundred and forty 
 acres, the necessary reserves being made for railways, public 
 highways, watering of stock, &c. This land is thrown open for 
 selection in large quantities, from 50,000 to 100,000 acres 
 being put up at one time. At present there is as much as half 
 a million of acres of land surveyed and open for immediate 
 selection. The total area of land held for pastoral j)urj)oses 
 beyond the boundaries of the counties mentioned is estimated 
 to be 188,000 square miles. 
 
 The table on page 45 shows the names of counties, their 
 area, the quantity of land sold, and the acreage surveyed and 
 open for selection. 
 
 At the close of 1875, of the total area of land alienated 
 from the Crown, namely 6,283,881 acres, 4,634,549 acres had 
 been purchased in fee simple for cash, and 1,649,332 acres 
 under the system of deferred jDayments. The demand for 
 land during the past twelvemonths was very great, being 
 more considerable than in any previous year, amounting to 
 686,050 acres, as compared with 424,130 acres in 1874. Of 
 this quantity, 130,079 acres have been sold for cash, realizing 
 £175,067 ; 555,971 acres were taken up by selectors who 
 agreed to pay on the expiry of their term of credit £764,140, 
 paying a deposit of £76,423, which is treated as interest during 
 the term of agreement. With regard to the 130,079 acres of 
 land sold for cash during the year, Avhicb, as has been stated, 
 realized £175,067, it will be understood that 351 acres were
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 
 
 45 
 
 town lands, averaging £33 an acre, or £13 per acre more than 
 the price realized for town lands in the previous year ; that 
 6,701 acres were suburban lands which realized an average 
 price of £2 17s. per acre, and the remainder was country land, 
 the average price of which (where the land — namely, 28,337 
 acres — was sold outright at a fixed price) was £1 Os. Ihd., or 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 Purdiased 
 
 Extent uf 
 
 
 COUXTIKS. 
 
 Area 
 
 in Square 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Area in Acres. 
 
 Land tu 31st 
 
 December 
 
 1S)75. 
 
 Land 
 
 lield by 
 
 Freeholders. 
 
 Land npen 
 
 for 
 Selection. 
 
 
 
 
 Acres. 
 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Adelaide 
 
 I.IGI 
 
 743,040 
 
 594,369 
 
 313,010 
 
 1,220 
 
 Gawler 
 
 979 
 
 626,560 
 
 438,067 
 
 220,731 
 
 27,652 
 
 Light 
 
 848 
 
 .542,720 
 
 518,183 
 
 372,598 
 
 198 
 
 Stanley- 
 
 1,420 
 
 908,800 
 
 773,30;) 
 
 433,863 
 
 29,873 
 
 Victoria 
 
 1,527 
 
 977,280 
 
 603,793 
 
 178,464 
 
 5,128 
 
 Kimberloy ... 
 
 1,440 
 
 921,600 
 
 39,793 
 
 1,737 
 
 9,414 
 
 Dalhousie ... 
 
 1,220 
 
 780,800 
 
 206,789 
 
 41,061 
 
 22,845 
 
 Fergusson . . . 
 
 2,000 
 
 1,280,000 
 
 304,424 
 
 147,142 
 
 77,635 
 
 Daly 
 
 1,236 
 
 791,040 
 
 283,684 
 
 62,016 
 
 68,112 
 
 Froine 
 
 1,404 
 
 898,560 
 
 269,384 
 
 19,481 
 
 39,363 
 
 Hindmarsli ... 
 
 1,032 
 
 660,480 
 
 340,788 
 
 207,311 
 
 38,362 
 
 Stmt 
 
 1,.343 
 
 859,520 
 
 337,443 
 
 212,209 
 
 87,653 
 
 Eyre 
 
 1,340 
 
 857,600 
 
 245,403 
 
 138,203 
 
 61,796 
 
 Burra 
 
 1,707 
 
 1,130,880 
 
 217,473 
 
 151,950 
 
 2,279 
 
 Young 
 
 2,015 
 
 1,289,600 
 
 690 
 
 320 
 
 
 
 Hamley 
 
 ... 2,135 
 
 1,366,400 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 Alfred 
 
 1,855 
 
 1,187,200 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Albert 
 
 2,136 
 
 1,367,040 
 
 1,765 
 
 1.735 
 
 
 
 Itussell 
 
 1,.542 
 
 980,880 
 
 157,498 
 
 86,097 
 
 16,693 
 
 Buckingham 
 
 1,612 
 
 1,031,680 
 
 34,616 
 
 2,198 
 
 829 
 
 Card well 
 
 1,856 
 
 1,187,840 
 
 1,234 
 
 794 
 
 
 MacDonnell... 
 
 1,944 
 
 1,244,160 
 
 119,835 
 
 52,824 
 
 15,165 
 
 Eobe 
 
 2,028 
 
 1,297,920 
 
 2.36,922 
 
 239,552 
 
 9,286 
 
 Orey 
 
 2,347 
 
 1,502,080 
 
 453,418 
 
 368,221 
 
 11,3.52 
 
 Flinders 
 
 1,100 
 
 704,000 
 
 100,979 
 
 67,663 
 
 44,873 
 
 Carnarvon ... 
 
 1,680 
 
 1,075,200 
 
 2,884 
 
 4,062 
 
 
 Total... 
 
 ... 40,907 
 
 20,218,880 
 
 0,283,414 
 
 3,323,322 
 
 569,728 
 
 Pastoral Distrlc 
 
 ts ... — 
 
 — 
 
 2,238 
 
 352 
 
 
 Grand To 
 
 tal ... 40,907 
 
 26,218,880 
 
 6,285,652 
 
 3,323,674 
 
 569,728 
 
 l^d. per acre above the upset price of one pound. 86,78-1 of 
 the acres which have been sold on credit, and the purchase of 
 -which is now completed, realized £1 4s. Id. an acre, or 4s. 7d. 
 <ibove the upset price of one pound. 
 
 Turning to the sales of Crown lands on credit durino; the 
 year 1875, and wliich have been stated as amounting to
 
 46 SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 555,971 acres, 516,640 acres were selected by agriculturists 
 who entered into an agreement to reside upon the land either 
 personally or by a servant, and to carry out the necessary 
 conditions of improvement and cultivation, agreeing to pay 
 on the average £1 7s. 6cZ. 23er acre at the termination of their 
 agreement, when they would become entitled to the fee simple 
 of the land. Selections which had been taken up previously, 
 and had been forfeited either voluntarily or by reason of neglect 
 in carrying out the requirements of the Act, were re-selected 
 to the extent of 25,387 acres, and the average price agreed 
 to be paid by the new holders was £1 10s. 8d. per acre. 
 
 The following table shows the number of acres sold on 
 credit since the introduction of the existing land system and 
 the aggregate amount to be paid on the termination of the 
 agreements : — 
 
 Area in Acres. Amount. 
 
 1871 289,892 £372,536 
 
 1872 299,957 397,284 
 
 1873 279,512 435,485 
 
 1874 352,166 596 096 
 
 1875 555,971 764,140 
 
 Total ... 1,777,498 £2,565,544 
 
 The total quantity of land taken up during the five years 
 since the Act has been in operation is 1,777,498 acres, for which 
 £2,565,544 was agreed to be paid. Of this amount, £2,406,251 
 still remains on credit awaiting the termination of the agree- 
 ments. 
 
 The following are the principal provisions of the Land Act 
 of 1872 : — " All waste lands, other than township and sub- 
 urban, have a fixed value put upon them by the Commissioner 
 of Crown Lands, not less than £1 per acre. In improved or 
 reclaimed lands the cost per acre of the improvements and 
 reclamation is added to the upset price of £1 per acre. 
 Those lands which have been open for selection, or which have 
 been offered at auction, and neither selected nor sold, may at 
 the end of five years be offered for sale in blocks of not more 
 than 3000 acres, on lease for ten years, at an annual rental of 
 not less than 6d. per acre, with a right of purchase at any time 
 during the currency of the lease at £1 per acre.
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 47 
 
 "When any lands are declared open for selection, by 
 proclamation in the Government Gazette, at a fixed price, a day 
 is appointed for receiving applications for sections, not to 
 exceed in the aggregate 640 acres, or one square mile. The 
 person making the application shall pay at the time a deposit 
 of ten per cent, on the fixed price, m hich sum shall be taken 
 as payment . of three years' interest in advance upon the 
 purchase money. If the price of the land is £100, the selector 
 would have to pay a deposit of £10, Avhich will be all he will 
 1)0 required to pay the Government for three years — about 
 three and three-quarters per cent, per annum. At the end of 
 three years he will have to pay another ten per cent., which 
 will also be received as interest for the next three years. If at 
 the end of six years he is not prepared to pay the whole of the 
 purchase money, he can obtain other four years' credit on 
 payment of half the purchase money, and interest in advance 
 on the other half, at the rate of four per cent, per annum. 
 Lands which have been open for selection two years, and not 
 taken up, may be purchased for cash. The scrub lands may 
 also be taken up on very favourable terms, on long leases. 
 
 " A credit selector may reside on his land either personally 
 or by substitute. The personal resident, however, has advan- 
 tages which he who resides by deputy has not. In cases of 
 simultaneous applications for the same block, the j)ersonal 
 resident has the preference over the other ; and at the end of 
 five years, the selector who has resided on the land and made 
 all the required improvements and complied with all the con- 
 ditions may, by paying his purchase money, obtain the fee 
 simple of his selection. The selector who occupies by sub- 
 stitute cannot get the freehold until the end of six years. 
 
 " Purchasers upon credit will be required to reside, either 
 personally or by deputy, upon the land at least nine months 
 in the year; and absence for any longer time than three 
 months in one year renders the agreement liable to forfeiture. 
 " The credit purchaser will be required to make substantial 
 improvements upon the land before the end of the second 
 year, to the extent of 5s. per acre ; before the end of the 
 third year, 7s. Qd. per acre ; before the end of the fourth year.
 
 48 SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 10s. per acre. ' Such improvements to consist of all or any 
 of the following, that is to say : — Erecting a dwelling-house 
 or farm building, sinking wells, constructing water tanks or 
 reservoirs, putting up fencing, draining, or clearing or grubbing 
 the said land.' The fences must be of a substantial character. 
 
 " The credit purchaser is required, during each year until 
 the purchase money is paid off. to plough and have under 
 cultivation at least one-fifth of the land ; but in the event of 
 his not cultivating this quantity during the first year, he will 
 be required to cultivate two-fifths during the second year." 
 
 The diagram A (opposite) shows at a glance the progress 
 made in settlement and agriculture during the last twenty-five 
 years. 
 
 AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Where over four-tenths of the male population of a 
 community are engaged in farming pursuits, the necessity for 
 collecting authentic information regarding the progress of 
 agriculture is sufficiently apparent. For many years past the 
 annual statistics collected on this subject have afforded a mass 
 of records the value of which every year becomes greater. 
 
 The Special Commissioner of the Crown Colonies at the 
 Vienna Exliibition (Mr. William Kobinson, now Governor of 
 the Bahamas), in reporting to the Imperial Government, 
 said : — " Of all the British Colonies, South Australia exhibits 
 the most striking picture at present of farming industry, and 
 on the whole seems to be the place where, good as the 
 labourer's condition may be elsewhere, he has, by prudence 
 and industry, the best chance of rising in the social scale, and 
 becoming in his turn the employer of labour," and further, 
 " the yeomanry who have found a home in South Australia, 
 and who are at once tillers of the soil and employers of labour, 
 are more than any one class the real bone and sinew of the 
 Colony ; and the industry which has so widely covered the 
 land with farms, homesteads, tillage, and fencing of every 
 description, has probably never been equalled in its result in 
 any British Colony in the same number of years by the same 
 amount of population. It is by the spread of agriculture that
 
 A. 
 
 ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 DiAGKAM SHOWIXG THE POPULATION, ACRES SOLD, ACRES CULTIVATED, AcRES IN WUEAT, 
 
 AND Wheat Harvested. 
 
 oocoooxoooooooooooooccooooooooooooooooooooooooocooo 
 
 6,«)0,000 
 
 POPULATION ACRES SOLD 
 
 = ACEES CTTLTIVATED -i-i-l- ""'•"^ 
 
 ACRES ET VTHEAT- 
 
 QUANTITY OF WHEAT REAPED [quarters] -* *- 
 
 D
 
 50 
 
 SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 the greatest amount of industrial prosperity has been created, 
 and the real settlement of the country most effectually accom- 
 plished." An analysis of the statistics of the last fifteen years 
 abundantly proves the soundness of His Excellency's judgment. 
 The area of land alienated in South i\.ustralia is 6,283,881 
 acres, or 120 acres for each male adult. Of this area, 1,330,484 
 acres are under cultivation, showing a result of one in every 
 4*3 acres of purchased land to be under tillage. There are six 
 acres and a half of cultivated land for each individual of the 
 jiopulation, equal to twenty-eight acres for each adult male, or 
 sixty acres for each person returned at the last census as 
 engaged on farms. The following table exhibits very clearly 
 the operation of the new land system, as regards settlement 
 and cultivation, since its inauguration in 1871 : — 
 
 
 
 Acres under Cultivation. 
 
 
 Counties. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18T0-71. 1 
 
 1871-2. 
 
 1872-3. 
 
 1873-). 
 
 1874-5. 
 
 Adelaide 
 
 181, 3U0 
 
 177,808 
 
 171,615 
 
 169,378 
 
 165,350 
 
 Gawler 
 
 159,755 
 
 179,192 
 
 197,193 
 
 193,002 
 
 199,1.58 
 
 Light 
 
 248,400 
 
 262,526 
 
 264,624 
 
 251,951 
 
 245,491 
 
 Stanley 
 
 125,421 
 
 155,580 
 
 167,502 
 
 162,160 
 
 167,715 
 
 Victoria 
 
 5,697 
 
 20,263 
 
 79,539 
 
 116,981 
 
 154,494 
 
 Kimberley 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 931 
 
 2,054 
 
 7,760 
 
 Dalliousie 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1,894 
 
 8,569 
 
 29,497 
 
 Fergasson ... 
 
 1,412 
 
 6,796 
 
 10,731 
 
 25,789 
 
 38,744 
 
 Daly 
 
 15,335 
 
 24,869 
 
 43,231 
 
 43,156 
 
 68,246 
 
 Frome 
 
 764 
 
 542 
 
 507 
 
 6,247 
 
 16,268 
 
 Hindmarsh 
 
 77,. 585 
 
 73,911 
 
 63,926 
 
 61,153 
 
 54,942 
 
 Sturt 
 
 40,107 
 
 34,221 
 
 37,782 
 
 43,679 
 
 35,767 
 
 Eyre 
 
 27,648 
 
 27,937 
 
 37,585 
 
 37,853 
 
 45,790 
 
 Burra 
 
 11,445 
 
 18,103 
 
 19,865 
 
 23,981 
 
 24,943 
 
 Hamley 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 Albert 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 Kus.sell 
 
 7,946 
 
 9,234 
 
 11,503 
 
 12,686 
 
 13,591 
 
 Buckingham 
 
 99 
 
 94 
 
 463 
 
 1,682 
 
 2,763 
 
 Cardwell 
 
 262 
 
 229 
 
 1.50 
 
 131 
 
 290 
 
 INIacDonuell 
 
 2,922 
 
 4,163 
 
 5,. 535 
 
 5.767 
 
 4,936 
 
 Eobo 
 
 5,924 
 
 6,922 
 
 7,676 
 
 8,537 
 
 8,573 
 
 Grey 
 
 41,1.58 
 
 36,548 
 
 36,612 
 
 44,684 
 
 40,313 
 
 Flinders 
 
 4,240 
 
 4,427 
 
 4,612 
 
 4,637 
 
 4,903 
 
 Carnarvon ... 
 
 1,045 
 
 1,056 
 
 993 
 
 759 
 
 772 
 
 I'astoral Districts... 
 
 479 
 
 228 
 
 372 
 
 221 
 
 164 
 
 Total 
 
 959,006 
 
 1,044,656 
 
 1,164,846 
 
 1,225,073 
 
 1,330,484 
 
 About two-thirds of the total area cultivated is cropped 
 with wheat, of which cereal 839,638 acres were reaped last
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 51 
 
 year, yielding an aggregate of 9,862,693 bushels, the largest 
 quantity yet produced in the Colony. The crop was a fair 
 average one, of excellent quality, and, considering the scarcity 
 of farm labour, was safely and early secured. It is important 
 to note that, whilst the area of wheat grown has increased more 
 than one hundred per cent, during the last ten years, the 
 population has only increased thirty per cent. 
 
 The harvest now being gathered is expected to produce 
 twelve million bushels, which will permit of an export of over 
 230,000 tons of breadstuffs, after providing for home require- 
 ments. 
 
 Annexed is a statement showing the total area of land 
 under cultivation, the acreage under wheat, the gross produce 
 of the harvest, and the average yield per acre at intervals of 
 iive years : — 
 
 
 Seasons. 
 
 Acres 
 Cultivated. 
 
 Acres under 
 Wheat. 
 
 Produce, 
 Wheat. 
 
 Average per 
 Acre. 
 
 
 1860-61 
 1865-6 
 
 1870-71 
 1874-5 
 
 428,816 
 
 660,569 
 
 959,006 
 
 1,330,484 
 
 273,672 
 410,608 
 604,761 
 839,638 
 
 Bushels. 
 3,576,593 
 3,587,800 
 6,961,164 
 9,862,693 
 
 Bush. Ihs. 
 
 13 4 
 
 8 44 
 
 11 30 
 
 11 45 
 
 With regard to the comparatively low average yield above 
 shown, it must be borne in mind, in judging of the relative 
 productiveness of the soil of South Australia as compared with 
 that of other countries, that a great portion of the land has been 
 sown with wheat continuously for many successive years without 
 manure or rest, and, being in the hands of small proprietors, 
 has received only the minimum of cultivation. This, of course, 
 tends to reduce the general average ; but there are many 
 <listricts where farming is carried on on a large scale, and with 
 proper appliances, where the yield of this cereal is from ten to 
 ■fifteen bushels per acre beyond the average shown above. 
 
 As evidence of the high quality of the South Australian 
 grain, it may be mentioned that the in-'vio wheat exhibited at 
 the Agricultural Shows during the j^ast ten years has averaged 
 68 lbs. weight to the Imperial bushel. 
 
 In 1865-6 there were 423,881 acres under grain, viz. wheat, 
 
 D 2
 
 52 
 
 SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 barley, oats, and peas, and in 1874-5 there were 860,475 acres ; 
 so that within the period specified the acreage so occupied was 
 more than doubled. 
 
 Under other crops, flax, hay, potatoes, orchard, garden, vine- 
 yard, and fallow land, there were 229,182 acres in 1865-6, and 
 442,933 in 1874-5, or nearly double. The total quantity under 
 cultivation at the earlier date Avas 660,569, and at the later, 
 1,330,484, or more than double the acreage. The extent of 
 land now under hay cultivation is 160,931, and of fallow-land, 
 264,327 acres. In 1858, only eighteen years after the Province 
 was founded, there were 89,945 acres of land under wheat 
 culture ; in 1865-6, there were 410,608; and in 1874-5, no less 
 than 839,638 acres. 
 
 The fbllowinof table shows the extent of land under cultiva- 
 tion, and each description of crop, at quinquennial intervals 
 since 1860-61 : — 
 
 Ckops. 
 
 Acres under Cultivation in Years 
 
 For Graia — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wheat 
 
 273,672 
 
 410,608 
 
 604,761 
 
 •839,638 
 
 Barley 
 
 11,336 
 
 9,362 
 
 22,912 
 
 13,724 
 
 Oats 
 
 2,273 
 
 2,872 
 
 6,188 
 
 2,785 
 
 Peas 
 
 — 
 
 969 
 
 3,719 
 
 4,328 
 
 For Green Forage — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wheat, Barley, Oats, &c. 
 
 2,174 
 
 2,514 
 
 2,600 
 
 1,117 
 
 Sorghum 
 
 116 
 
 230 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Lucerne 
 
 1,726 
 
 1,424 
 
 3,445 
 
 6,699 
 
 Permanent Artificial Grasses... 
 
 1,836 
 
 3,408 
 
 3,712 
 
 19,260 
 
 Flax 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 186 
 
 274 
 
 Other Crops 
 
 584 
 
 1,272 
 
 829 
 
 434 
 
 Hay 
 
 55,818 
 
 101,996 
 
 140,316 
 
 160,931 
 
 Potatoes ... 
 
 2,348 
 
 2,775 
 
 3,376 
 
 4,582L 
 
 Orchard 
 
 2,147 
 
 2,554 
 
 2,763 
 
 3,077 
 
 Garden 
 
 3,910 
 
 3,919 
 
 4,345 
 
 4,257 
 
 Vineyard ... 
 
 3,180 
 
 6,629 
 
 6,131 
 
 5,051 
 
 Fallow Land 
 
 67,696 
 
 110,037 
 
 153,723 
 
 264,327 
 
 Totals 
 
 428,816 
 
 660,569 
 
 959,006 
 
 1,330,484 
 
 Yine culture is an important and progressive industry. 
 There are 5050 acres of land devoted to this purpose, the total 
 number of vines being 5,155,988, of which 4,874,507 are in
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 53 
 
 l)earing. The produce of these yineyards for the year ended 
 ]\[arch 1875 was 648,186 gallons of wine, about one hundred 
 xind thirty gallons per acre. 
 
 The suitability of the soil and climate of South Australia 
 to the growth of wine was soon discovered by the early settlers, 
 some of whom had brought from Europe a variety of high class 
 vine cuttings. The slopes of the hills produce wines of a full- 
 bodied character similar to those of Spain and Portugal, whilst 
 those made in the more elevated districts resemble the lighter 
 wines of the Khine. Whilst the local demand is fully supplied 
 ^t very cheap rates, a considerable export trade in wines of a 
 iiigher character is carried on, and which might be increased 
 to a great extent but for obstructive fiscal laws. Whilst the 
 lower class wines of the Continent are admitted to the ports of 
 the Mother Country at a minimum rate of duty, the Customs 
 dues charged upon superior wines from Australia are so high 
 as to be almost prohibitory. 
 
 That the wines of South Australia are, as a rule, of a 
 high character is proved by the fact that they have ahvays 
 been awarded prizes at the several Great International 
 Exhibitions. 
 
 The introduction of flax-growing into the ordinary routine 
 of farm operations, has been followed by considerable success. 
 The prices realized for this commodity in the European markets 
 have been very encouraging. 
 
 Considerable attention has also been paid to the manufacture 
 of preserved fruits, and the drying of raisins and currants. This 
 branch of industry is rapidly progressing, and, whilst it now goes 
 far to supply local requirements, will probably soon develop 
 into an export trade. 
 
 Almond trees are of rapid growth, and large quantities of 
 a superior description of soft-shell almond are gathered yearly 
 for home consumption and for shipment. 
 
 South Australia possesses all the conditions requisite for the 
 successful and profitable culture of the olive. This tree, like 
 the vine, was early introduced into the Colony, and its growth 
 and productiveness have been so remarkable that large planta- 
 tions have been established and stocked with the best Con-
 
 54 SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 tinental varieties. Olive oil of the most delicate character has 
 been expressed, and gained awards at the various Exhibitions. 
 Its purity and general suj)eriority over the imported article of 
 commerce has acquired for it a first position in the market. 
 The produce of the plantations is eagerly purchased by persons 
 Avho have entered uj>on the business of the manufacture of oil. 
 It may be stated, as showing the importance which is attached 
 to the cultivation of the olive, as of the mulberry (of which 
 several plantations of the most suitable kinds exist for the 
 development of sericulture), the almond, vine, orange, fig, and 
 hop, that the land laws provide that the planting and cultiva- 
 tion of one acre of land with any of these trees shall be 
 equivalent to the cultivation of six acres of cereals. 
 
 Orchards, gardens, and vineyards abound, and, in short, the 
 variety and excellence of the fruits and vegetables produced in 
 the Colony cannot be surpassed. The climate and soil enables 
 the productions of temperate and tropical regions to be cultivated 
 almost side by side, and throughout the year ; and offers an 
 unlimited field of profitable occupation in connection with 
 ordinary farming pursuits. 
 
 PASTORAL OCCUPATION. 
 
 Notwithstanding the large area of land lately alienated from 
 the Crown, and the extension of agricultural operations, the 
 acreage of land taken up for squatting purposes and the increase 
 in the number of flocks and herds have been very considerable. 
 All descriptions of stock, whether horses, cattle, or sheep, have 
 thriven and increased rapidly. 
 
 Of late years the enclosure and sub-division of runs (enabling 
 the sheep to roam at will during the whole year) has been found 
 to produce greatly improved results, both as regards the quality 
 of the stock and of the wool. Large numbers of sheep are 
 owned by settlers, who advantageously combine sheep-farming 
 with agriculture. 
 
 Some conception of the growth of the pastoral interest may 
 be formed from the fact that, whilst in 1851 the total area of 
 land leased from the Crown for pastoral purposes Avas 15,000 
 square miles, at the present time tliere are no less than 200,000
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 55 
 
 square miles in occupation. During the same period the 
 number of horses has increased from 6500 to 93,000 ; of horned 
 cattle from 75,000 to 185,000 ; and of sheep from 1,000,000 to 
 over 6,000,000, whilst the exports of wool have increased from 
 4000 to 118,000 bales. 
 
 The following table shows the progressive increase in horses, 
 cattle, and sheep, at each quinquennial period between 1856 
 and 1875 :— 
 
 VL-ars. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. 
 
 1856 
 
 22,260 
 
 272,746 
 
 1,962,460 
 
 1861 
 
 52,597 
 
 265,434 
 
 3,038,356 
 
 1866 
 
 70,829 
 
 123,820 
 
 3,911,610 
 
 1871 
 
 78,125 
 
 143,463 
 
 4,412,055 
 
 1875 
 
 93,122 
 
 185,342 
 
 6,120,211 
 
 With reference to the slight comparative increase in cattle 
 it should be noted that more profitable results are found to 
 accrue from the breeding of sheep than from great cattle. The 
 latter pursuit is more extensively followed in the neighbouring 
 colonies. 
 
 During the last ten years the average j)rice of first-class fat 
 bullocks has averaged £14 10s., and of first-class fat wethers, 
 15s. per head. 
 
 The enclosure of the sheep runs, the formation of dams and 
 reservoirs in which large bodies of water can be stored, and the 
 sinking of wells, are the most important improvements required, 
 and are those to which the greatest attention is now being 
 paid. By these means an immense area of land has been 
 opened up, and stocked with both sheep and cattle. 
 
 Almost limitless tracts of country bordering on the trans- 
 continental telegraph line, as well as land laid open by recent 
 explorations, are awaiting pastoral occupation. 
 
 MANUFACTUEES. 
 
 A few years ago, flour mills and tanneries were almost the 
 only representatives of local manufactures ; whilst these have
 
 56 
 
 SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 largely increased in number and efficiency, many important 
 additions have been made to the list. The following is a 
 statement of the more important ; some are conducted on an 
 extensive scale, and, from the constantly increasing number of 
 hands employed, manufacturing industry generally would 
 appear to be in a highly flourishing state. It will be noticed 
 that most of the industries mentioned have their raw material 
 at hand in the produce of the country, and are for that reason 
 much more likely to be permanent in their character. 
 
 Milling is a very important branch of trade, over seventy- 
 iive thousand tons of flour having been exported during the 
 past year. There are eighty-five steam flour mills in the Pro- 
 vince, with 1500 horse-power, driving 275 pairs of stones. 
 
 Four meat-]3reserving establishments are in operation, and 
 there are eight boiling-down works. 
 
 Sixty tanneries and fellmongeries, and several large wool- 
 washing works, are distributed throughout the country; ten 
 soap and candle factories ; five bone-dust mills ; and two glue 
 and size works. 
 
 Thirty-one steam saw mills, twenty-seven foundries, eighty- 
 six agricultural implement works (chiefly for reaping and 
 winnowing machines), and twenty-nine coach and waggon 
 builders' shops are in active work. 
 
 In addition to five patent slips, there are eight ship and 
 twelve boat building yards. 
 
 Several marble and sixteen slate quarries of excellent 
 quality, and over one hundred building-stone quarries, have 
 been opened, of which latter nineteen are free-stone, a superior 
 description being largely used in public and private buildings. 
 There are seventy brickyards in operation (including six for 
 fire-bricks), sixty limekilns, and seven potteries and tile and 
 pij)e works. 
 
 The gasworks of the Colony are eight in number, of which 
 two are for the supply of the City of Adelaide and suburbs, 
 one is at I'ort Adelaide, and the remaining five are in the prin- 
 cipal country towns. 
 
 Besides one woollen tweed factory, there are six clothing 
 factories, four hat factories, twelve boot and shoe factories.
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 57 
 
 and four dye works. There are also three flax mills, three 
 rope walks, and two brush manufactories at work. 
 
 There are twenty-nine breweries ; thirty soda-water and 
 cordial factories ; one hundred and two wine-making establish- 
 ments ; ten biscuit bakeries ; ten jam and preserve and seven 
 confectionery manufactories ; six dried fruit and three olive- 
 oil factories, and one ice-work. 
 
 Among other miscellaneous local productions and manu- 
 factures, are the following : — Barilla, billiard table, baking- 
 powder, blacking, cayenne pepper, cement, cigars, fibre, glass 
 bottles, plaster of Paris, washing machines, sauces and pickles, 
 salt, safety fuze, gas stoves, iron safes, bedsteads, galvanized 
 iron and tin ware. 
 
 IMPORT AND EXPORT TRADE. 
 
 The expansion of commerce and the development of the 
 material resources of South Australia are clearly exhibited in 
 the returns under the above head. Although able, as large 
 agricultural and pastoral producers, to supply ourselves with 
 the greater portion of the necessaries of life, we are dependent 
 upon Great Britain and foreign markets for a considerable 
 number of articles which enter into general consumption. 
 
 The total value of the imports and exports to and from 
 each country, exhibiting the balance of trade, is shown in the 
 subjoined table. Tlie combined import and export trade of 
 1875 amounted to £9,000,000 sterling, of which £4,200,000 were 
 imports, and £4,800,000 exports, showing a balance in favour 
 of South Australia of £000,000. The total external trade 
 averaged £45 per head of the population, or £175 for each 
 adult male. The imports amounted to £20 per head of the 
 population, and the exports to £24 ; or, taking the adult male 
 population as the basis of the calculation, the imports amounted 
 to £80, and the exports to £0G, or an excess of exports over 
 imports of £16 per adult male.
 
 58 
 
 SOUTH ATJSTEALIA. 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Excess of 
 
 Excess of 
 
 Countries. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Exports. j 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ ' 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 2,381,673 
 
 2,612,817 
 
 — 
 
 231,143 
 
 Victoria 
 
 822,660 
 
 852,715 i 
 
 
 
 30,054 
 
 New South Wales 
 
 477,147 
 
 689.115 ■ 
 
 — 
 
 211,967 
 
 Western Australia ... 
 
 36,347 
 
 62.372 1 
 
 — 
 
 26,025 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 9,406 
 
 44,115 1 
 
 
 
 34,709 
 
 Queensland 
 
 22,888 
 
 216,800 i 
 
 
 
 193,912 
 
 Tasmania 
 
 
 40,272 
 
 2,794 
 
 37,478 
 
 — 
 
 India... 
 
 
 36,969 
 
 30,679 
 
 6,289 
 
 — 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 
 3,972 
 
 4,187 
 
 — 
 
 215 
 
 Cape Colony 
 
 
 1,1.33 
 
 137,018 
 
 — 
 
 135,885 
 
 Natal... 
 
 
 5,653 
 
 44,445 
 
 — 
 
 38,792 
 
 Mauritius 
 
 
 95,743 
 
 38,732 
 
 57,011 
 
 — 
 
 Singapore 
 
 
 5,226 
 
 241 
 
 4,984 
 
 
 
 Hong Kong 
 
 
 28,379 
 
 40 
 
 28,339 
 
 — 
 
 Canada 
 
 
 21.687 
 
 — 
 
 21,687 
 
 — ■ 
 
 United States 
 
 28,502 
 
 — 
 
 28,502 
 
 — 
 
 New Caledonia 
 
 81 
 
 46,315 
 
 — 
 
 46,234 
 
 China 
 
 82,933 
 
 9 
 
 82,924 
 
 — 
 
 Sweden and Norway 
 
 63,068 
 
 — 
 
 63,068 
 
 — 
 
 Java 
 
 40,061 
 
 19,583 
 
 20,477 
 
 — 
 
 Brazil 
 
 — 
 
 3,000 
 
 — 
 
 3,000 
 
 France 
 
 — 
 
 70 
 
 — 
 
 70 
 
 Total 
 
 
 £4,203,802 
 
 £4,805,051 
 
 £350,761 
 
 : £952,010 
 
 Of the total imports, £4,203,802 in value, more than one- 
 half, viz. £2,381,673, came from the United Kingdom, £882,660 
 from Victoria, £477,147 from New South Wales, £214,645 from 
 Foreign States, and the remainder from various British pos- 
 sessions. 
 
 Of the total exports, £4,805,051 value, products represent- 
 ing £2,612,817 were exported to the Mother Country, £852,715 
 to Victoria, £689,115 to Xew South Wales, £68,977 to 
 Foreign States, and the remainder to other British possessions. 
 
 The following table shows the total imports and exports 
 for the years stated : — 
 
 
 
 iMrORT AND 
 
 Export Trade. 
 
 
 
 Years. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 1851 
 
 1,292,864 
 
 690,777 
 
 602,087 
 
 
 
 1856 
 
 3,032.269 
 
 1,366.529 
 
 1,665,740 
 
 
 
 1861 
 
 4,008,329 
 
 1,976,018 
 
 2,032,311 
 
 
 1866 
 
 5,693,879 
 
 2,835,142 
 
 2.858,737 
 
 
 1871 
 
 5,740,419 
 
 2,158,022 
 
 3,582,397 
 
 
 1875 
 
 9,008,853 
 
 4,203,802 
 
 4,805,051 

 
 ITS STATISTICS. 
 
 59 
 
 Since 1851, the commerce of the Colony has increased 
 seven-fold, from £1,292,864 to £9,008,853 sterling. This is 
 clearly shown in Diagram B (page 60). The last live years 
 have shown a rapid expansion, trade having increased from 
 £5,740,419 to £9,008,853, or by sixty per cent. 
 
 The following table shows for each of the past ten years the 
 total import and export trade, the total imports showing the 
 home consumption and re-exportations ; also, the total exports, 
 distinguishing those of the produce of the Colony, and showing 
 the balances of produce exported over imports consumed : — 
 
 
 
 
 Imports 
 
 retained 
 
 for Home 
 
 Consimip- 
 
 tion. 
 
 
 
 
 Balance 
 
 Years. 
 
 Combined 
 
 Import and 
 
 Export 
 
 Trade. 
 
 Total 
 Imports. 
 
 Imports 
 
 re- 
 exportfd. 
 
 Total 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Exports of 
 
 Produce 
 
 of the 
 
 Colony. 
 
 Produce 
 exported 
 
 over 
 Imports 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 consumed. 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 1866 
 
 5,693,879 
 
 2,835,142 
 
 2,516,128 
 
 319,014 
 
 2,858,737 
 
 2, .539, 723 
 
 23,595 
 
 1867 
 
 5,671,016 
 
 2,506,394 
 
 2,117,867 
 
 388,527 
 
 3,164,622 
 
 2,776,095 
 
 658,228 
 
 1868 
 
 5,057,810 
 
 2,238,510 
 
 2,023,036 
 
 215,474 
 
 2,819,300 
 
 2,603,826 
 
 580,796 
 
 1869 
 
 5,747,805 
 
 2,754,770 
 
 2,484,174 
 
 270,596 
 
 2,993,035 
 
 2,722,438 
 
 238,264 
 
 1870 
 
 4,449,281 
 
 2,029,793 
 
 1,733,603 
 
 296,190 
 
 2,419,488 
 
 2,123,297 
 
 389,694 
 
 1871 
 
 5,740,420 
 
 2,158,022 
 
 1,868,368 
 
 292,536 
 
 3,582,397 
 
 3,289,861 
 
 1,521,493 
 
 1872 
 
 6,540,194 
 
 2,801,571 
 
 2,587,233 
 
 214,536 
 
 3,738,623 
 
 3,524,087 
 
 936,854 
 
 ls73 
 
 8,428,960 
 
 3,841,101 
 
 3,527,163 
 
 302,667 
 
 4,587,859 
 
 4,285,192 
 
 758,029 
 
 1874 
 
 8,386,145 
 
 3,983,290 
 
 3,438,874 
 
 534,580 
 
 4,^02,855 
 
 3,868,275 
 
 429,401 
 
 1875 
 
 9,008,853 
 
 4,203,802 
 
 3,840,851 
 
 362,951 
 
 4,805,051 
 
 4,442,100 
 
 601,249 
 
 In order further to illustrate the description of our external 
 trade, the following statements are appended, showing respec- 
 tively the quantities or values of the chief articles imported 
 and exported in the five years ending with 1874 : — 
 
 Imports — Chief Articles, 1870-1S74. 
 
 Apparel and slops, value (£) 
 Bags and sacks — Cornbags, bales ... 
 
 Woolpacks, do 
 
 Beer, porter, ale, cider and perry, galls. ., 
 
 Blasiing-powder, lbs. 
 
 Boots and shoes, value (£) 
 
 Candles, lbs 
 
 Chicory, lbs. ... 
 
 Coals, coke, and other fuel, tons ... 
 Cocoa and chocolate, lbs. ... 
 
 Coffee, lbs 
 
 Cutlery and hardware, value (£) ... 
 I'rapery do. 
 
 Earthenware and china do. 
 
 Fruit (dried), cwt 
 
 Groceries and oilmen's stores, value (£). 
 
 Hops, lbs 
 
 Iron — Bar and rod, tons 
 
 Sheet and hoop, do 
 
 Pig, do 
 
 Manufactures, value (£) 
 
 1874. 
 
 1873. 
 
 1872. 
 
 1871. 
 
 1870. 
 
 19,383 
 
 20,951 
 
 2,832 
 
 1,246 
 
 6,452 
 
 8,256 
 
 11,900 
 
 3,407 
 
 5,064 
 
 3,822 
 
 3,358 
 
 3,216 
 
 1,886 
 
 1,818 
 
 1,135 
 
 215,211 
 
 283,375 
 
 218,455 
 
 1 74 , 295 
 
 191,114 
 
 179,676 
 
 345,252 
 
 418,120 
 
 156,720 
 
 145,750 
 
 60,010 
 
 73,422 
 
 62,018 
 
 48,441 
 
 53,496 
 
 807,497 
 
 618,189 
 
 461,900 
 
 416,338 
 
 471,589 
 
 106,281 
 
 191,072 
 
 73,926 
 
 55,886 
 
 107,532 
 
 88,756 
 
 83,583 
 
 82,502 
 
 73,983 
 
 52,310 
 
 84,196 
 
 90,911 
 
 59,337 
 
 52,089 
 
 56,402 
 
 413,896 
 
 371,770 
 
 346,234 
 
 380,060 
 
 549,167 
 
 33,579 
 
 30,447 
 
 21,734 
 
 14,011 
 
 38,617 
 
 863,865 
 
 947,455 
 
 647,062 
 
 467,697 
 
 499,046 
 
 25,979 
 
 21,807 
 
 10,429 
 
 7,764 
 
 11,493 
 
 13,243 
 
 15,167 
 
 9,019 
 
 11,110 
 
 8,267 
 
 48,231 
 
 53,902 
 
 26,834 
 
 26,805 
 
 30,154 
 
 227,953 
 
 274,770 
 
 246,853 
 
 233,790 
 
 310,558 
 
 3,601 
 
 2,778 
 
 3,964 
 
 2,457 
 
 1,954 
 
 1,137 
 
 1,289 
 
 713 
 
 667 
 
 1,460 
 
 749 
 
 512 
 
 331 
 
 144 
 
 6S6 
 
 212,489 
 
 232,091 
 
 95,811 
 
 98,183 
 
 70,254
 
 B. 
 
 ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 dlagkam showing the population, shipping, exports, imports, and combined 
 Import and Export Trade. 
 
 oooooooooooooooooooooooooococooooooocooooooooooooooo 
 
 tHTHTHiHr-lfHTHrHr-4tHs-44-ltHT-tT-tr-»»-lfH,HtHi-tr-li-li— ItH«-< 
 
 OOr 1 1 1 r- 1 1 ; 1 1 1 1 : 1 1 1 r : 1 1 1 ' i?i 
 
 1.700,1 
 I 600,1 
 l'500,00{ 
 I400,00( 
 I 300,001 
 
 I'aoo, oo( 
 
 1,100,001 
 
 l,Q0O,OO( 
 
 900:00( 
 
 eoo.ooc 
 
 7OO,0O( 
 6OO.0O( 
 
 eoo.oo( 
 
 400. 00< 
 
 300, gO( 
 200,001 
 100, OOI 
 000, OOi 
 
 POPULATION SHIPPING [Tons] •- *^ ♦- EXPORTS £-•-"-' IMPORTS 
 
 COMBINED IMPORT AND EXPORT TRADE £
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 
 Impokts — Chief Articles, 1870-1874 (continued). 
 
 61 
 
 Implements and tools, value (£) ... 
 Jewellery, plaie, and plated goods, do. 
 Malt, centals... 
 Oil— Sperm and other fish oils, gallons 
 
 Linseed, rape, hemp, &c., do. 
 
 Mineral and other oils, do. 
 
 Potatoes, tons 
 
 liice, do.... 
 
 Saddlery and harness, value (£) ... 
 
 Sewing machines, do. 
 
 Spirits — Brandy, gallons 
 
 hum, do 
 
 Gin, do 
 
 Whisky, do 
 
 Sugar, cwt. ... 
 
 Tea, lbs. ... 
 
 'I'ia— Block, value (£) 
 
 Tobacco, lbs. ... 
 
 Cigars, do • 
 
 Wine, gallons... 
 AVood— Palings, No. 
 
 Sawn, hewn, &c., loads 
 
 40,130 
 
 39,177 
 
 28,341 
 
 G,883 
 
 80,173 
 
 332,230 
 
 1,413 
 
 294 
 
 20,406 
 
 16,205 
 
 116,013 
 
 42,941 
 
 18,558 
 
 24,407 
 
 159,277 
 
 1,699,708 
 
 15,279 
 
 400,623 
 
 21,129 
 
 45,956 
 
 1,566,327 
 
 22,504 
 
 I 36,719 
 
 I 30,670 
 
 36,392 
 
 12,698 
 
 79,516 
 
 237,137 
 
 5,022 
 
 488 
 
 19,223 
 
 18,186 
 
 83,215 
 
 25,804 
 
 21,408 
 
 20,596 
 
 141,262 
 
 1,678,325 
 
 25,433 
 
 379,507 
 
 23,275 
 
 34,H»1 
 
 ;i, 687, 764 
 
 29,970 
 
 23,180 
 
 21,425 
 
 22,5s5 
 
 6,116 
 
 72,742 
 
 210,322 
 
 2,591 
 
 310 
 
 16,951 
 
 12,998 
 
 87,148 
 
 29,638 
 
 13,560 
 
 11,615 
 
 135,227 
 
 1,025,667 
 
 14,895 
 
 277,454 
 
 14,944 
 
 31,616 
 
 1,098,914 
 
 16,450 
 
 29,123 
 15,624 
 29,773 
 12,692 
 54,966 
 222,456 
 4,77* 
 
 257 
 
 260 
 
 11,3S5 
 
 7,804 
 
 54,787 
 
 32,990 
 
 27,128 
 
 29,634 
 
 15,283 
 
 16,245 
 
 12,403 
 
 13,416 
 
 116,556 
 
 59,501 
 
 ,221,848 
 
 854,887 
 
 8,037 
 
 5,628 
 
 241,820 
 
 331,012 
 
 13,748 
 
 18,715 
 
 22,966 
 
 17,611 
 
 840,635 
 
 461,315 
 
 11,889 
 
 15,976 
 
 17,403 
 11,367 
 24,615 
 
 8,693 
 33,234 
 167,460 
 
 4,717 
 
 Exports — Chief Articles, 1870-1874. 
 
 Animals — Horses, No 
 
 Slieep, do 
 
 Bacon and Hams, cwt 
 
 Bark, tons 
 
 Bones, do 
 
 Beer, galls. 
 
 Biscuits, cwt. 
 
 Butter and cheese, cwt 
 
 Corn — Flour, tons 
 
 Barley, bushels 
 
 Bran and pollard, tons 
 
 Wheat, bu^hels 
 
 Drapery, value (£) 
 
 Kggs, do 
 
 Fish (dried), cwt 
 
 Fruit (fresh), value (£) 
 
 Dried, cwt 
 
 Oroceries, value (£) 
 
 Gum, cwt 
 
 Hay, tons 
 
 Hides and skins, value (£) 
 
 Honey, cwt. 
 
 Hops, lbs 
 
 Jam, value (£) 
 
 Leather, cwt. 
 
 Metal — Copper, do. 
 
 Ore — Copper, tons 
 Preserved meats, cwt. 
 
 Salt, tons 
 
 Soap, cwt. 
 
 Sugar, do. 
 
 Tallow, do. , 
 
 Tea, lbs 
 
 Tobacco, lbs. 
 
 Wax, cwt 
 
 Wool, do 
 
 Wine— South Australian, gallons 
 
 Foreign, do. 
 
 Spirits— P.randy, do. 
 
 Gin, do. 
 
 Rum, do. 
 
 Whisky, do. 
 
 42 
 
 74 
 
 80 
 
 ! 162 
 
 273 
 
 1,385 
 
 1,049 
 
 1,017 
 
 430 
 
 62 
 
 35 
 
 30 
 
 143 
 
 29 
 
 10 
 
 2,650 
 
 4,580 
 
 7,850 
 
 5,073 
 
 5,431 
 
 195 
 
 210 
 
 880 
 
 217 
 
 520 
 
 37,710 
 
 20,564 
 
 21,257 
 
 23,746 
 
 1 21,930 
 
 862 
 
 1,084 
 
 496 
 
 335 
 
 233 
 
 1,206 
 
 615 
 
 1,564 
 
 505 
 
 202 
 
 58,635 
 
 57,171 
 
 38,319 
 
 46,841 
 
 27,371 
 
 6,678 
 
 3,658 
 
 20,904 
 
 28,152 
 
 19,672 
 
 2,461 
 
 1,477 
 
 2,220 
 
 3,816 
 
 2,167 
 
 1,538,464 
 
 3,837,616 
 
 1,261,424 
 
 2,520,432 
 
 376,632 
 
 33,839 
 
 29,890 
 
 26,605 
 
 19,687 
 
 31,320 
 
 7,937 
 
 8,158 
 
 7,965 
 
 8,701 
 
 8,4(i6 
 
 701 
 
 277 
 
 509 
 
 ' 676 
 
 823 
 
 3,763 
 
 3,329 
 
 3,385 
 
 2,292 
 
 2,970 
 
 610 
 
 1,500 
 
 1,590 
 
 1,325 
 
 822 
 
 1,199 
 
 2,962 
 
 6,439 
 
 9,832 
 
 9,575 
 
 995 
 
 476 
 
 851 
 
 555 
 
 5,415 
 
 198 
 
 162 
 
 663 
 
 297 
 
 258 
 
 16,139 
 
 10,593 
 
 13,472 
 
 8,798 
 
 4,266 
 
 4 
 
 201 
 
 34 
 
 131 
 
 46 
 
 21,105 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 3,216 
 
 5,969 
 
 5,570 
 
 4,176 
 
 7,396. 
 
 958 
 
 1,329 
 
 3,327 
 
 4,508 
 
 2,884 
 
 132,587 
 
 141,744 
 
 149,050 
 
 127,911 
 
 109,211 
 
 22,854 
 
 27,382 
 
 26,964 
 
 20,127 
 
 20,886 
 
 11,248 
 
 13,943 
 
 12,5-.i6 
 
 10,000 
 
 4,885. 
 
 80 
 
 184 
 
 277 
 
 70 
 
 214 
 
 1 , 533 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 917 
 
 4,162 
 
 15,126 
 
 5,015 
 
 1,790 
 
 25,670 
 
 40,106 
 
 33,700 
 
 63,328 
 
 30,142 
 
 21,238 
 
 46,648 
 
 135,038 
 
 69,597 , 
 
 123,798 
 
 40,509 
 
 30,518 
 
 42,826 
 
 57,752 
 
 77,631 
 
 50 
 
 173 
 
 41 
 
 126 
 
 51 
 
 39,844,024 
 
 35,973,434 
 
 34,650,631 
 
 32,656,427 
 
 26,218,2X4 
 
 59,174 
 
 46,400 
 
 44,910 
 
 21,788 
 
 50,085 
 
 5,586 
 
 !i43 
 
 2,763 
 
 3,101 
 
 3,394 
 
 10,657 
 
 8,140 
 
 9,913 
 
 7,590 
 
 15,619 
 
 1,644 
 
 331 
 
 539 
 
 381 
 
 1,212 
 
 2,305 
 
 2,023 
 
 2,429 : 
 
 1,826 
 
 4,0s0 
 
 1,537 
 
 970 
 
 682 1 
 
 732 
 
 960
 
 62 
 
 SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 STAPLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 It will be necessary, however, to refer more particularly to 
 the chief sources of the material wealth of the country, which 
 may be classified under the heads of agricultural, pastoral, and 
 mining produce. The following abstract shows the progress 
 made in the exports of staple products from 1851 to the present 
 time, stated at intervals of five years : — 
 
 Staple Produce Exports 
 
 
 Years. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Breads tuffs. 
 
 Wool. 
 
 Minerals. 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 
 1851 
 
 540,962 
 
 73,359 
 
 148,036 
 
 310,916. 
 
 
 1856 
 
 1,398,867 
 
 556,371 
 
 412,163 
 
 408,042 
 
 
 1861 
 
 1,838,639 
 
 712,789 
 
 623,007 
 
 452,172 
 
 
 1866 
 
 2,539,723 
 
 645,401 
 
 990,173 
 
 824,501 
 
 
 1871 
 
 3,289,861 
 
 1,253,429 
 
 1,170,885 
 
 648,569 
 
 
 1875 
 
 4,442,100 
 
 1,680,996 
 
 1,833,519 
 
 762,386 
 
 From the foregoing statement, it appears that out of 
 £4,442,100 worth of staple produce, the value of breadstuffs 
 timounted to £1,680,996, or thirty-six per cent, of the whole ; 
 that wool represented £1,833,519, or forty-two per cent. ; and 
 copper £762,386, or twenty-eight per cent.; the balance of 
 £165,199, or four per cent., being miscellaneous products. 
 
 Breadstuffs. — The exports of wheat, flour, and other bread- 
 stuffs, constitute thirty-six per cent, of the total exports of 
 South Australian produce, and have increased from a total 
 value of £73,000 in 1851 to £1,680,000 in 1875. The exports 
 of breadstuffs during the last twelve months were as follows : — 
 Flour, 76,209 tons, value £819,395 ; Avheat, 479,882 quarters, 
 value £831,266 ; and bran and pollard, 5,512 tons, valued at 
 £27,888, or together a total of £1,678,549 sterling. 
 
 The following table exhibits the remarkable development of 
 this the most important branch of local industry. Giving the 
 quantities exported will prove more useful than a statement 
 merely showing the value, and furnish a more correct basis 
 upon wliich to estimate the extent of substantial progress made 
 by the agriculturists during the past decade : —
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 
 
 63 
 
 Years. 
 
 1866 
 1867 
 1868 
 1869 
 1870 
 1871 
 1872 
 1873 
 1S74 
 1875 
 
 Flour. 
 
 Bran and Pollard. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Value. Quantity. 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 Value. Quantity. 
 
 Tons. 
 30,496 
 43,703 
 23,591 
 38,653 
 27,371 
 46,842 
 38,319 
 57,170 
 58,635 
 76,209 
 
 £ 
 
 Tons. 
 
 498,924 
 
 2,5i;o 
 
 498,222 
 
 3,274 
 
 405,982 
 
 1,787 
 
 495,589 
 
 2,847 
 
 354,012 
 
 2,167 
 
 594,482 
 
 3,816 
 
 510,820 
 
 2,220 
 
 737,160 
 
 1,477 
 
 783,489 
 
 2,401 
 
 819,395 
 
 5,512 
 
 18,517 
 14,549 
 10,841 
 15,303 
 12,210 
 14,495 
 9,525 
 7,906 
 15,563 
 27,888 
 
 Qrs. 
 
 46,756 
 301,543 
 
 55,876 
 195,031 
 
 47,079 
 315,054 
 157,678 
 479,702 
 192,308 
 479,882 
 
 £ 
 126,601 
 521,690 
 148,603 
 371,221 
 99,600 
 039,348 
 333,890 
 965,-577 
 428,753 
 831,266 
 
 The total exports of colonial produce in breadstuffs and 
 grain during the period referred to was — of flour, 440,989 
 tons, of the value of .£5,698,081 ; of wheat, 2,270,909 quarters, 
 of the value of £4,466,549 ; and of bran and pollard, 28,121 
 tons, of the value of £146,797. Diagram C (page 64) shows 
 the prices of wheat at Port Adelaide in each month during 
 the past ten years. 
 
 The quality of South Australian wheat and flour is of such 
 excellence as to command the highest price in the markets of 
 the world. The great bulk of the crop is shipped to the 
 United Kingdom, the daily fluctuations in whose markets are 
 made known here by telegram. New South Wales, Queensland, 
 Cape Town, Mauritius, New Caledonia, and several Eastern 
 ports also receive considerable consignments of South Austra- 
 lian flour. 
 
 The harvest of 1875-6 — now in course of being garnered — 
 is expected to yield 230,000 tons of breadstuffs beyond local 
 requirements for food and seed ; or an excess, available for 
 export, of the value of two and a quarter millions sterling. 
 
 Wool. — That pastoral pursuits are being conducted with 
 great success in South Australia is illustrated by the state- 
 ment furnished on page 62, showing the export of wool during 
 the last ten years. 
 
 It will be remarked that the export of wool has increased 
 fifty per cent, during the past five years, and doubled during 
 the decade. The total value of South Australian wool shipped
 
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 ',, 1
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 
 
 65 
 
 in 1856 was £412,163 ; in 1866, £990,173 ; and in 1875 it 
 reached £1,833,519 sterling. 
 
 Years. 
 
 1866 
 1867 
 1868 
 1869 
 1870 
 1871 
 1872 
 1873 
 1874 
 1875 
 
 Lbs. 
 19.739,523 
 19,350,195 
 28,899,190 
 27,022,671 
 24,169,256 
 31,2.)0,677 
 33,709,717 
 32,967,941 
 35,593,805 
 39,723,249 
 
 Other Wuul. 
 
 N... of 
 Bales. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 1,168,562 
 
 61,977 
 
 3,283,597 
 
 66,395 
 
 730,335 
 
 86,913 
 
 3,510,141 
 
 87,150 
 
 2,049,028 
 
 87,394 
 
 1,405,750 
 
 97,532 
 
 940,914 
 
 100,017 
 
 3,005,493 
 
 105,306 
 
 4,250,219 
 
 114,845 
 
 4,785,425 
 
 126,04'J 
 
 Total 
 AVeight. 
 
 Lbs. 
 20,908,085 
 22,633,792 
 29,629,525 
 30,522,812 
 26.218,284 
 32,656,427 
 34,650,631 
 35,973,434 
 39,841,024 
 44,508,674 
 
 Total Value. 
 
 1,064,486 
 1,144,341 
 1,346,323 
 1,128,568 
 1,000,344 
 1,350,689 
 1,692,609 
 1,808,622 
 1,998,939 
 2,066,227 
 
 The aggregate number of bales shipped last year was 
 126,046, as against 87,394 in 1870, and 61,977 in 1866. 
 
 Considering the vast extent of available territory at present 
 nnoccupied in South Australia, there would appear to be little 
 doubt that the extraordinary progress already made in the 
 production of wool will steadily continue. The excellent 
 quality of the staple, the great suitability of the climate, giving 
 almost complete immunity from scab, fluke, and other diseases 
 peculiar to sheep, taken together with the security of tenure 
 enjoyed by the pastoral lessees, conduce to the rapid develop- 
 ment of this profitable industry. 
 
 Copper. — South Australia owes no little of its prosperity to 
 the employment of a large number of its people, directly and 
 indirectly, in the working of her copper mines, several of 
 which, whilst supporting a very considerable section of the 
 colonists, have been exceedingly profitable to the proprietors. 
 The principal mines are the Burra, the Wallaroo, and the 
 Moonta. From the first of these, 215,000 tons of ore were raised 
 during 31 years from the commencement of 02)erations, pro- 
 ducing four millions sterling. The total amount expended by 
 the company was £1,982,000, of which £1,508,000 represented 
 wages, the gross profits being £882,000. Since the opening of 
 the Wallaroo Mines, the total quantity of ore raised therefrom 
 has been 290,000 tons, and the average of the past five years lias 
 
 E
 
 06 
 
 SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 been 20,000 tons. The Moonta mines were discovered in 1861, 
 since which year 255,000 tons of ore have been raised, realizing 
 £2,760,000. " A profit of £928,000 has been divided amongst 
 the sharehohlers of this magnificent property. 
 
 In 1844, shortly after the discovery of copper in South 
 Australia, the total value of the minerals exported was £6436 ; 
 in 1851 it reached to £310,916; in 1861 it amounted to 
 £454,172 ; in 1871, to £648,569 ; and in 1875, to £762,386. 
 
 The following table exhibits the steady productiveness of 
 South Australian mines, distinguishes the quantity of fine 
 copper shipped from the quantity of ore exported in its crude 
 state, and gives the estimated value of each. 
 
 Years. 
 
 FineC 
 
 
 Cwt. 
 
 1866 
 
 129,272 
 
 1867 
 
 156,863 
 
 1868 
 
 104,227 
 
 , 1869 
 
 92,788 
 
 1 1870 
 
 109,421 
 
 1871 
 
 127,911 
 
 1872 
 
 149.050 
 
 1873 
 
 141,744 
 
 1874 
 
 132,587 
 
 1875 
 
 136,835 
 
 1 
 
 Copjier Ore. 
 
 Total Value, 
 all Minerals. 
 
 £ 
 584,509 
 627,384 
 400,691 
 371,566 
 394,919 
 518,080 
 680,714 
 635.131 
 557,306 
 578,065 
 
 Tons. 
 16,824 
 11,430 
 20,725 
 26,835 
 20,886 
 20,127 
 26.964 
 27,382 
 22,854 
 26,436 
 
 225,683 
 113,409 
 207,519 
 250.259 
 173,861 
 119.903 
 122,020 
 133,371 
 136,530 
 175.101 
 
 £ 
 824.501 
 753,413 
 624,022 
 627,152 
 574,090 
 648,569 
 806.364 
 770,590 
 700,323 
 762,386 
 
 The smelting works in connection with these mines are of a 
 very extensive and costly character, employing a large amount 
 of skilled labour. 
 
 Miscellaneous Products. — In addition to the chief staples 
 above referred to, a variety of minor articles of produce are 
 annually exported, last year amounting in the aggregate to 
 the value of £174,634, including the following principal items, 
 viz. : — Tallow, 25,670 cwt., £38,511 value ; Preserved Meats, 
 1,259,820 lbs., £28,241 ; Leather, £4410 ; Hides and Skins, 
 £16,139 ; Wine, 59,174 gallons, £19,240 ; Bark, 2650 tons, 
 £14,552; Eggs, £7987; Dried and Fresh Fruits, £4977; 
 Jams and Preserves, £3216 ; Potatoes, 735 tons, £3178 ; Soap, 
 1533 cwt., £1804; Salt, 80 tons; Gum, £1251; Slate, £1253; 
 and other articles of less ^alue.
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 
 
 67 
 
 SHIPPING. 
 
 The rapid growth of the external commerce of South 
 Australia necessitates the employment of a largely increased 
 amount of shipping, as will be seen from the following returns. 
 No less than 844 vessels entered inwards in 1875, of a total 
 capacity of 316,823 tons, and with crews numbering 15,G44 
 men ; giving a daily average of 1000 tons register for every 
 working-day throughout the year. Of 95 vessels, having 
 an aggregate carrying capacity of 50,000 tons, lately in Port 
 Adelaide on one day, were the following : — Steamers — one of 
 1300 tons, three between 400 and 550 tons, and three under 
 "250 tons ; ships and barques — one of 2128 tons, one of 1777 
 tons, six of 1000 to 1500 tons, nineteen between 500 and 1000 
 tons, and twenty-five between 200 and 500 tons — besides eight 
 brigs, twelve schooners, and sixteen coasters. The subjoined 
 abstracts relate only to vessels arriving at or departing from 
 South Australian ports from or to other countries, and is 
 exclusive of a laro-e number of steam and sailiu": vessels 
 employed solely in the coasting trade of the Colony. 
 
 The following figures represent the aggregate number of 
 vessels inwards and outwards, and the total registered tonnage 
 in the years specified : — 
 
 
 Number 
 
 
 
 of Vessels. 
 
 
 1851 
 
 538 
 
 155,002 
 
 1856 
 
 867 
 
 230,390 
 
 1861 
 
 788 
 
 199,331 
 
 1866 
 
 1,039 
 
 339,871 
 
 1871 
 
 1.238 
 
 373,624 
 
 1875 
 
 1,634 
 
 611,381 
 
 It will be noted that the increase in the sliipping during the 
 hist five years has amounted to no less than seventy per cent. 
 In addition to the chief port of the Colony (Port Adelaide), 
 at which two-thirds of the foreign shipping trade is carried 
 on, there are many outports from which there is a direct export 
 trade with other countries. It has been elsewhere mentioned 
 that the configuration of the coast-line, and the numerous 
 shipping ports, enable vessels of considerable tonnage to be 
 
 E 2
 
 68 
 
 SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 laden with wheat, wool, and other produce of the adjacent 
 districts within a short distance of the place of production. 
 The following table shows the shipping business done at each 
 of these ports : — 
 
 Names of 
 Ports. 
 
 Port Adelaide ... 
 Port Augusta ... 
 Port Hroiighton 
 Port Ci\roUne ... 
 Port (Uenelg ... 
 Port MacDonnell 
 Port Mooiita ... 
 Murray Kiver... 
 Port Xoarlunga 
 Port Pirie 
 Port Kobe 
 ]'ort Victor 
 Poit Wakefield 
 Port Wallaroo ... 
 Port AVillunga 
 Port A ankalilla 
 
 Totals 
 
 489 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 31 
 
 26 
 
 69 
 
 907 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 62 
 
 52 
 
 140 
 
 2 
 
 184 
 
 19 
 129 
 
 1 
 
 205,998 
 
 169,506 
 
 375,201 
 
 7,550 
 
 92 
 
 5,790 
 
 5,882 
 
 6 
 
 1,935 
 
 2,658 
 
 4,593 
 
 39 
 
 8,553 
 
 8,»63 
 
 17,416 
 
 6S9 
 
 28,821 
 
 29,680 
 
 58,501 
 
 3,498 
 
 15,515 
 
 15,511 
 
 31,062 
 
 1,256 
 
 65 
 
 44 
 
 109 
 
 4 
 
 6,425 
 
 5,786 
 
 12,211 
 
 593 
 
 — 
 
 373 
 
 373 
 
 
 
 5,776 
 
 10,934 
 
 16,710 
 
 146 
 
 8,654 
 
 6,854 
 
 15,508 
 
 612 
 
 4,l!-02 
 
 4,619 
 
 9,421 
 
 377 
 
 3,810 
 
 6,221 
 
 10,031 
 
 100 
 
 26,003 
 
 26,920 
 
 52,923 
 
 760 
 
 167 
 
 892 
 
 1,059 
 
 7 
 
 207 
 
 207 
 
 414 
 
 ' 
 
 6,446 
 
 151 
 
 58 
 
 701 
 
 3,645 
 
 1,257 
 
 280 
 612 
 214 
 
 165 
 
 13,996 
 
 157 
 
 97 
 
 1,390 
 
 7,143 
 
 2,513 
 
 8 
 
 1,109 
 
 17 
 
 426 
 
 1,224 
 
 691 
 
 265 
 
 1,517 
 
 46 
 
 14 
 
 790 1,634 I 316,823 294,558 , 611,381 15,6i4 14,869 30,513 
 
 The above return includes the number of steamers arriving 
 at and departing from ports on the Kiver Murray, the arrivals 
 numbering eighty-six, and the departures ninety-eight, during 
 the year. 
 
 THE KIVER MURRAY TRADE. 
 
 South Australian enterprise opened the Eiver IMurray to 
 navigation in 1853, as well as, at a later period, its great 
 tributaries, the Darling and the Murrumbidgee. Since the 
 opening of these rivers the whole of that immense tract of 
 pastoral country known as Eiverina has been heavily stocked^ 
 producing now about two hundred thousand bales of wool 
 annually. The Murray is navigable for a distance of 2000 
 miles from its mouth at Goolwa. The Darling, from its junc- 
 tion at Wentworth, is navigable to Fort Bourke, 800 miles, 
 and for a short period some 300 miles further into Queens- 
 land, The Murrumbidgee, entering the Murray some 300 
 mih'S from Wentworth, is navigable to Wagga, a distance of 
 700 miles, to which town railway communication with Sydney
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 69 
 
 will shortly be extended. Forty steamers and fifty barges are 
 occujjied in tlie trade. At present, the larger portion of the 
 U2)per river traffic is diverted up-stream to Eehnca, and thence 
 by railway to Melbourne, owing to special inducements held 
 out by the Victorian Government, who convey wool over that 
 line at less than cost. As, however, the natural advantages of 
 down-stream navigation are so great, saving £2 or £3 per ton 
 in freight, as compared with the railway route, there is little 
 doubt that the bulk of the carrying trade will eventually 
 revert to South Australia. Surveys are being made, and 
 proceedings taken for opening the Murray 3Iouth to large 
 vessels, alongside which the river boats will then discharge. 
 
 RAILWAYS. 
 
 Including those just approaching completion, there are 
 three hundred and seventy-one miles of railway in South 
 Australia, three hundred miles of which are worked by loco- 
 motives. The following table shows the length of the several 
 lines and their termini : — 
 
 Horse 
 traciioQ. 
 
 Government Lines — 
 
 Adelaide and Port Adelaide, including wharf lines 
 
 Adelaide, Gawler, Kapunda, and Burra 
 
 Strathalbyn, Goolwa. and Port Victor 
 
 Port Wakefield and Blyth's Plains 
 
 Port Wakefield and Wallaroo 
 
 Port Pirie and Gladstone 
 
 Port Broughton 
 
 Lacepede Bay and Naracoorfe 
 
 Total 
 
 Private Companies' Lines — 
 
 Adelaide and Glenelg 
 
 Kadiua, Wallaroo, and Moonta 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 121 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 32 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 — 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 14 
 
 51 
 
 — 
 
 293 
 
 46 
 
 7 
 
 _ 
 
 Grand Total 300 
 
 The cost of construction of the lines at present in working 
 has been £1,155,267. They are single lines, of five-foot three- 
 inch gauge. Sixty miles are laid with rails sixty-five pounds 
 to the yard, and the remainder with rails of forty pounds to
 
 70 
 
 SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 the yard. In addition, the cost of rolling stock and other 
 plant amounted to £221,918, making a total of £1,337,185. 
 The cost of construction, exclusive of rolling stock, was, for 
 the Adelaide and Port Railway, £17,433 per mile ; for the 
 Kapunda Railway, £11,191 ; and for the extension to the 
 Burra, £5072. The rolling stock on the Government lines 
 consists of the following : — Twenty-nine locomotives, fifty-one 
 passenger carriages, and six hundred and thirty-three goods 
 waggons of all descriptions. 
 
 The estimated cost of the one hundred and forty-six miles 
 apj)roaching completion is £667,000 — the average cost being 
 £4600 per mile. 
 
 Up to the close of 1874, the total receipts amounted to 
 £1,772,376 ; the working expenses to £1,066,937, reconstruc- 
 tion to £104,147, and maintenance to £420,500, leaving a 
 balance of £180,789 to profit. 
 
 The receipts for the year 1874 amounted to £132,806, 
 and the expenditure to £124,610, showing a balance of £8196 
 towards meeting interest on cost of construction. 
 
 The following statement shows the amount of goods and pas- 
 senger trafiic, and tlie total receipts at intervals of five years : — 
 
 Years. 
 
 1856 
 1861 
 1866 
 1871 
 1875 
 
 Miles i Passenger 
 open. I Traffic. 
 
 I 
 
 Goods 
 Traffic. 
 
 7^ 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 133 
 
 133 
 
 No. 
 241,886 
 306,140 
 405,502 
 384,389 
 386,117 
 
 Tons. 
 
 26,354 
 138, 6h8 
 161,671 
 211,683 
 301,530 
 
 'J'otal 
 Receipts. 
 
 19,498 
 
 90,489 
 
 114,131 
 
 110,963 
 
 166,710 
 
 The mileage run by trains in 1866 was 128,957 ; in 1871, 
 275,131 ; and it increased to 386,117 in 1875. 
 
 The two lines worked by horse traction are, together, forty- 
 six miles in length ; the train mileage run was 135,316, the ' 
 total receipts £9387, and the working expenses £9037 ; the 
 number of passengers carried was 31,895, and of goods 30,370 
 tons. The rolling stock consists of fourteen passenger car- 
 riages, antl 185 goods trucks, and fifty-six horses are employed.
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 71 
 
 The average charge for carrying passengers on the Govern- 
 ment railways ranges from Id. to l^d. per mile, and the charge 
 for carrying a ton of goods one mile is 2^d. to 2|^. A bushel 
 of wheat is carried from the Burra to Port Adelaide, a distance 
 of one hundred miles, for 7d. — before the construction of the 
 railway it cost double. A ton of ore is now brought from 
 the Burra Mines to Port Adelaide for 21s., whereas, prior to the 
 opening of the line, it cost 35s. to 40s. to convey it to a port 
 of shipment. 
 
 The policy j^ursued has been to reduce the cost of carriage 
 to a minimum, with a view of developing the resources of the 
 agricultural and mining districts through which the lines of 
 railway pass. Without railway communication the limit 
 within which wheat could be profitably grown would have 
 been reached many years ago, and the quantities now pro- 
 duced could not be brought to a place of shipment except by 
 steam power. As much as twelve hundred tons of wheat has 
 sometimes to be brought down in a day. Although the rail- 
 ways only yield a return but little in excess of the cost of 
 working, and maintaining them in good order, the facilities 
 and cheapness of transit more tlian counterbalance the burthen 
 of interest which falls upon the general public, who benefit in 
 a direct ratio by the prosperity of the producing interests. 
 Frequent communication between distant places situated on 
 the lines of railway is secured to an extent which a private 
 company having to realize dividends could not possibly afford. 
 
 Two railways have been constructed by private companies 
 — one is a line connecting Adelaide with Glenelg, a populous 
 watering-plctce, at which the ocean mail steamers call on their 
 arrival from and departure for Suez. This line, under seven 
 miles in length (single line, 5-foot 3-inch gauge), cost in con- 
 struction £15,875, or about £2200 a mile. The great passenger 
 traffic and frequency of communication necessitate the use 
 of a large proportion of rolling stock as compared with the 
 length of the line. It consists of four locomotives and 
 eighteen passenger carriages. The total cost, including roll- 
 ing stock, amounted to £53,432. The traffic receipts since 
 the line was opened in August 1873 have amounted to
 
 72 SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 £25,911, and the working expenses, including maintenance, 
 to £13,870, showing a balance of £12,041 to profit of the 
 undertaking. The working exj)enses amounted to fifty-three 
 per cent, of the receipts. 
 
 The other private line connects the Wallaroo and Moonta 
 Mines with the sea-board at Port Wallaroo. It is twenty-five 
 miles long, and is worked by horse traction. The original 
 capital was £60,000, on which twenty per cent, has been 
 divided during each of the past ten years. The present value 
 of the property is £90,000, the difference having accrued from 
 profits expended in improving and extending the works, which 
 include jetty accommodation. 
 
 KOADS. 
 
 Large sums of money have been exj)ended on the con- 
 struction and maintenance of main trunk lines of road in the 
 settled districts, through which there are 2700 miles defined. 
 During the past twenty years, about £1,750,000 have been 
 devoted to these works, and, with the exception of £200,000, 
 the whole cost has been defrayed from the general revenue, no 
 special toll or rate having beeii levied. The aggregate number 
 of miles macadamised is 884, which are maintained in good 
 order. In addition to the main lines, perhaps as many more 
 miles of district or by-roads have been constructed and kept 
 in rej)air by local municipalities. For this purpose funds are 
 raised by a rate on landed property, supplemented by grants- 
 in-aid from the general revenue. Fifty miles of metalled 
 streets have already been formed in the City of Adelaide 
 alone. The average cost of construction and metalling main 
 roads is estimated to be £1000 per mile, and of maintaining 
 them in repair £60 to £100 per mile annually. 
 
 WATERWORKS. 
 
 Considerable attention has been paid to the subject of water 
 supply, which was first undertaken as a public work in 1857. 
 In addition to a high-pressure supply to the city and suburbs 
 of Adelaide, Avater has been laid on to several other centres 
 of population, among which are Port Adelaide, Glenelg, Port
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 73 
 
 Augusta, Port Pirie, Port Elliot, Kadina, and Moonta. The 
 Eiver Torrens is the source of supply to the city and suburban 
 townships Port Adelaide and Glenelg. The water is col- 
 lected in a masonry dam, from which it passes by means of an 
 aqueduct three and a quarter miles in length, into two reser- 
 voirs, the larger of which has a water area of 167 acres, with a 
 storage capacity of 945 millions of gallons. The smaller 
 reservoir has a water area of twenty-seven and a half acres, 
 and contains 140 millions of gallons. The supply is conveyed 
 to the city by an eighteen-inch main, five miles in length. 
 The primary mains are from fifteen to twenty-one inches in 
 diameter, of a total length of nine miles ; the secondary mains 
 are from ten to fifteen inches, and fourteen miles long ; and 
 the street mains are from three to ten inches, of a length of 
 134 miles. The furthest point of supply is sixteen miles 
 distant from the reservoirs. From these sources over fifty 
 thousand people are supplied. The highest water level of the 
 reservoir is one hundred and seventy feet above the highest 
 point in the city, and three hundred feet above the sea. Ample 
 provision is made for the suppression of fire, hydrants being 
 laid throughout every street and road, at intervals of about 
 four chains apart. 
 
 The total amount of the loans raised for the construction 
 of waterworks is £620,000. The receipts amounted to 
 £14,651 in 1865 ; to £22,600 in 1871 ; and to £30,895 in 
 1875. The charges for water have been reduced from time 
 to time, the rate for that supplied through meters being now 
 eighteenpence per thousand gallons. 
 
 POSTAL COMMUNICATION. 
 
 Great attention has been devoted to the subject of postal 
 communication. Considering the thinly peopled and extensive 
 area of the outlying settled districts, more than ordinary 
 facilities are afforded the public by frequent and rapid despatch 
 of inland mails. A uniform rate of twopence per half-ounce is 
 charged upon letters carried to places within the Province, and 
 a like rate for letters posted to the sister Colonies of Austral-
 
 74 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 
 
 asia, whether by overland mail thrice a week, or by the regular 
 intercolonial steam communication by sea, No charge is made 
 for the carriage of newspapers, either inland or to any part of 
 the world, so far as the South Australian Post Office is con- 
 cerned. Book packets and parcels are carried at a low rate, 
 and the system is extensively used. The direct four-weekly 
 mail communication with Europe and the East, under contract 
 with the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company, 
 is performed on an average under forty days from London to 
 Adelaide with great punctuality. The following table shows 
 the rapid extension of postal communication, a sure criterion 
 of progress : — 
 
 No. of 
 Offices. by Mails. I I.ettcrs. Newspapers. 
 
 No. of Miles 
 
 Years, i Post travelled Income. 
 
 1856 102 — 1 844,853 785,608 , 8,925 
 
 1866 
 1875 
 
 226 809,160 2,703,105 1,968,120 27,987 
 357 1,542,426 4,431,525 2,950,997 43,205 
 
 Taking the last ten years, it will be remarked that the 
 number of Post Offices has increased from 226 to 357 ; of 
 distance travelled by the mails, from 809,160 to 1,542,426 
 miles ; of letters, from 2,703,105 to 4,431,525 ; and of news- 
 papers, from 1,968,120 to 2,950,997. The income of the 
 Department has been as follows: — In the year 1856, £8925; 
 in 1866, £27,987 ; and in 1875, £43,205. 
 
 The Money Order system is in full operation in all the 
 principal towns of the Colony, there being eighty-two offices 
 in all. Money Orders are also issued and paid in connection 
 with Great Britain and Ireland, Germany, Canada, and all the 
 Australian Colonies. The system of Telegraphic Money 
 ' Orders is also availed of to a large extent. The orders issued 
 in 1874 numbered 18,879, of £61,190 value ; and 13,072 were 
 paid, amounting to £42,282.
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 7o 
 
 TELEGEArHS. 
 
 The geographical position of South Australia beiug prac- 
 tically that of the most western of the group, the first port of 
 arrival and the last of departure for mail communication with 
 Great Britain and the East, necessitated early and earnest 
 attention being devoted to the extension of the South Aus- 
 tralian telegraphs, so as to afford instantaneous communication 
 with Melbourne, Sydney, and Brisbane. After this worlv had 
 been accomplished by the several Governments, the question 
 of direct telegraphic communication with Europe naturally 
 became one of great moment to South Australia, she having 
 under her control that portion of the continent from south to 
 north through which an overland line could best be carried. 
 In order to accomplish this vast undertaking, from which such 
 great results have flowed, and an immense area of territory 
 opened up for settlement, South Australia, at her own risk and 
 cost — which has amounted to over £370,000 — determined to 
 enter upon the work of erecting a line of telegraph some 2200 
 miles in length, across a continent which had only been tra- 
 versed by an exploring party. 
 
 The first local line of thirty-six miles of telegraph was laid 
 twenty years ago, and the receipts of the department were 
 £366. In 1858 intercolonial communication was opened by 
 the addition of 350 miles. In 1861 the total length of wire 
 open was 914 miles, and the receipts were £7382. In 1872 
 the overland line to Port Darwin was completed, when cable 
 communication was established with London. The completion 
 of this work brought the length of wire up to 3731 miles, and 
 the total receipts to £14,684. Every township and port of any 
 importance is connected with the city by means of telegraph, 
 tlie number of stations open being 105, between which tele- 
 grams are sent at a uniform rate of one shilling for ten 
 words, which sum covers the transmission of a message over 
 a distance of a thousand miles. There is a uniform charge 
 of 10s. 6d. a word on messages sent between Adelaide and 
 London. The traffic in 1875 over the transcontinental line 
 in connection with the European cable amounted to £104,205,
 
 76 
 
 SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 the number of messages being 9709. To show the ramilica- 
 tions of the telegraph system in Australia, it is only needful 
 to mention that the length of lines open or closely approaching 
 completion is 28,285 miles ; and the number of stations 547. 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 Jtilps of 
 
 j Colonies. 
 
 Stations. 
 
 Wire. 
 
 South Australia 
 
 105 
 
 5,004 
 
 New South Wales 
 
 137 
 
 7,90i 
 
 Victoria 
 
 163 
 
 4,613 
 
 Queensh^Ticl 
 
 90 
 
 3,617 
 
 Tasmania 
 
 :s2 
 
 547 
 
 Western Austraha 
 
 20 
 
 1,G00 
 
 At the close of the year 1875 there were 3904 miles of 
 wire oj)en throughout the Colony, and there are 1100 miles 
 now in course of construction. The 105 stations already 
 erected employ 230 officers, operators, and messengers. The 
 number of messages inland and intercolonial transmitted in 
 the year was 315,342, and international 9709, making a total 
 of 325,051. The revenue of the year was £33,616, of which 
 amount £17,083 was derived from inland messages, £4762 
 from intercolonial and £11,771 from international messages. 
 The following table shows the operations of the South Aus- 
 tralian Telegraph Department from the commencement : — 
 
 Years. 
 
 1856 
 1861 
 1865 
 
 1872 
 1875 
 
 No. of 
 Stations. 
 
 7 
 
 27 
 
 45 
 
 86 
 
 105 
 
 Miles of 
 Wire Open. 
 
 No. of 
 Messages. 
 
 36 
 
 914 
 
 1,173 
 
 3,731 
 
 3,901 
 
 Receipts. 
 
 
 £ 
 
 14,738 
 
 366 
 
 76,709 
 
 7,382 1 
 
 112,344 
 
 11,735 
 
 170,902 
 
 14,684 
 
 325,051 
 
 33,616 
 
 * There is a through communication with all the sister Colo- 
 nies, Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania, and Queensland. 
 The connection of Western Australia with the telegraphic 
 circle is rapidly being accomj)lished, when the continent of 
 Australia will be traversed by wire from north to south and
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 77 
 
 from east to west. A cable is now being laid to connect New 
 Zealand, thereby completing the chain which will nnite the 
 whole of the British possessions at the Antipodes with the 
 Mother Country and the rest of the civilized world. 
 
 Daily weather and shipping reports are interchanged be- 
 tween the several ports and principal towns throughout the 
 whole continent. 
 
 EATES OF "WAGES. 
 
 The following compilation, by Mr, J. Kemp Penny, Labour 
 Agent, is taken from the South Australian Register newspaper 
 of 29th January 1876. It shows the rates of wages paid 
 in Adelaide to skilled labourers and other tradesmen, the 
 prices varying of course according to the proficiency or skill 
 of the individual and the season of the year. Great care 
 has been taken in every instance to procure authentic in- 
 formation : — 
 
 Bookbinders. — oOs. to £3 per week ; forwarders, 35s. to 
 45s. ; finishers, 60s. to 70s. 
 
 Bootmakers. — At the principal factories piecework is the 
 rule, but some men are employed on day work, whose average 
 earnings are 40s. to 45s. per week, while very expert hands 
 earn over £3. Female machine hands receive weekly from 
 15s. to £1, while girls as tackers, &c. receive from half-a-crown 
 to 15s. The present prices at piecework are as follows : — 
 Men's Goods — Riveting Wellingtons and riding boots, 2s. ; half- 
 wellingtons. Is. OtZ. ; side-springs. Is. Qd. ; strong lace-uj), 2s. ; 
 finishing Wellingtons and riding boots, 2s. ; half-wellingtons. 
 Is. 9cZ. ; side-springs, Is. Qcl. ; strong lace-up, 9cZ. Women's 
 (xoods — Eiveting side-springs, plain. Is. 2cl. ; plain leather 
 boots. Is. ; slippers, M. ; finishing side-springs, plain. Is. 2d. ; 
 plain leather boots, ScZ. ; slij)pers, od. Girls (from 10 to 13), 
 calf, riveting side-sj)rings, plain, dd. ; finishing do., Sd. ; good 
 female fitters from 12s. to 14s. 
 
 Brass-founders. — 9s. to 12s. per day. 
 
 Brewers. — 30s. to 50s. per week. 
 
 Brickmakers. — 13s. per 1000 on the back. 
 
 Builders. — In this trade firms have adopted the eight
 
 78 SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 hours' system. The prices ruling are — For stonemasons and 
 wallers, 9s. to 10s. per day ; stonecutters, 9s. to 9s. (id. ; 
 plasterers, do. ; bricklayers, do. ; slaters, a shade higher ; car- 
 penters, 8s. to 9s. ; labourers, 6s. to 7s. ; pick and shovel 
 men, do. 
 
 Bakers. — Foremen are receiving from £1 15s. to £2 15s. 
 per week, and second hands from 25s. to £2, with board and 
 lodging ; skilled confectioners proportionately higher. 
 
 Butchers. — Engagements are made by the week. The 
 present rates are — For shopmen, 35s. to 50s. ; youths, 15s. to 
 £1 ; slaughtermen, 30s. to £2 ; and small goods men, from 30s. 
 to £2 5s., with board. 
 
 Basketmakers. — Piecework make wages from 50s. to 
 £3 7s. per week, mostly canework. 
 
 Cabinetmakers. — Engagements are chiefly made by piece- 
 work, but when by time the following are the customary rates 
 per day of eight and a half hours : — First-class workmen, 9s, 
 to 10s. ; second do., 8s, ; upholsterers, 8s, 6d. to 10s. ; makers 
 of deal tables, meat-safes, &c., from 7s, 6d. to 9s. 
 
 Carters. — 25s, to 35s, per week. 
 
 CoACHBUiLDERS, — The wages per week vary according to 
 the following scale : — Smiths, from £3 to £3 10s. ; bodymakers, 
 from £2 14s, to £3 ; wheelers, £2 10s, to £3 ; painters, £2 to 
 £2 14s, ; trimmers, do, ; vicemen, £1 10s. to £2. 
 
 Coopers. — Work is chiefly done by the piece ; when other- 
 wise, however, the day is understood to consist of eight hours, 
 for which the remuneration varies from 8s. to 9s. In piece- 
 work 2s. is paid for a cask of three gallons, 2s, 6d. for five 
 gallons, and 3s. od. for one of ten gallons. 
 
 Coppersmiths. — 9s. to 12s. per day. 
 
 Drapers. — 30s. to 70s. per week. 
 
 Farriers. — Firemen per day of ten hours, 10s, ; floormen, 
 from £2 5s. to £2 10s. per week. 
 
 Gardening. — Gardeners, 6s. to 7s, per day ; digging, od. 
 (sandy soil) to Is. per rod (ordinary garden soil) ; trenching, 
 by contract ; pruning, 2s. 6d. to 4s. per 100 vines, 6s. to 7s. 
 day work, 
 
 Gasfitters. — In regular employment the wages vary from
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 79 
 
 £2 to £3 per week ; when employed by the day, they receive 
 from 8s. to 10s. 
 
 Galvanized Tin Ikon Workers. — Daywork from 8s. to 
 10s. ; week of 48 hours, £2 2s. to £2 14s. 
 
 Gunsmiths. — 9s. to 12s. per day. 
 
 Iron- Workers. — Boilermakers per day of eight hours get 
 from 10s. to lis. ; smiths, do. ; fitters and turners, do. ; 
 moulders, do. ; labourers, from 6s. 6d. to 7s. Qd. 
 
 Iron Trade. — General smiths, 9s. to 10s. per day ; first- 
 class smiths, 9s. per day ; fitters, 9s. to lis. per day ; wheel- 
 wrights, 8s. to lis. per day ; moulders (first-class), 9s. per day ; 
 painters, 5s. per day ; engine-drivers, 7s. to 10s. per day ; 
 sawyers, 7s. to 8s. per day; carpenters, 7s. to lis. per day; 
 turners, 7s. to 8s. per day ; foundry hands, 6s. to 7s. per day ; 
 labourers, 6s. to 7s. per day. 
 
 Jewellers. — Ordinary workmen, £2 10s. to £4 10s. per 
 week, and more skilled workmen, engravers, &c., £5 to £6. 
 
 Millers.— 50s. to 60s. 
 
 Plumbers. — Very good hands obtain from lis. to 12s. per 
 day of eight hours ; inferior workmen, £2 8s. per week. 
 
 Painters and Glaziers. — These tradesmen generally 
 receive 8s. to 10s. per day of eight hours, or Is., to Is. od. per 
 hour. Grainers and writers, 10s. per day, or Is. od. per hour ; 
 very good writers and grainers, lis. to los. per day. 
 
 Paperhangers. — 9d. to Is. 6d. for 12 yards. 
 
 Printers. — Compositors, newspaper, Is. per 1000 ; jobbing 
 hands, £2 15s. per week ; pressmen £2 15s. 
 
 Saddlers. — Most of the work done in this trade is by the 
 piece, but when by time, the following are the rates : — First- 
 class harness men from 8s. to 9s. j)er day of 10 hours summer, 
 9 hours Avinter ; second class or jobbing, from 5s. to 7s. 6d. ; 
 first-class saddle hands, from 10s. to 12s. 
 
 Sailmakers. — Is. 2d. to Is. 3d. per hour, eight hours per 
 diem. 
 
 Seamen's Wages (Intercolonial) are steady at £5 per 
 month. 
 
 Stonebreakers. — 3s. per yard. 
 
 Storemen. — 30s. to 50s. per week.
 
 80 SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 Tinsmiths. — lid. to Is. M. per hour. 
 
 Tailoks. — Wages, lOd. per hour piecework, or Is. per hour 
 day work. Good workmen are now earning from £4 to £5 per 
 week. Females receive a corresponding increase. 
 
 Tanners and Curriers. — The working day is ten hours. 
 Beamsmen in the lime yard get from £2 to £2 10s. per week ; 
 strikers and finishers from 36s. to 40s. ; tanners from 36s. to 
 42s. ; curriers' work is all done by the piece and on agreed 
 conditions. First-rate workmen who have served their full 
 apprenticeship term are earning from £3 10s. to £4 10s. per 
 week. 
 
 Watchmakers. — The wages given vary from £3 10s. to 
 £4 per week. 
 
 Wheelwrights. — Is. to Is. 3d. per hour. 
 
 Female Domestics. — Per week, with board and lodging — 
 General servants, 8s. to 12s. ; cooks, 10s. to 20s. ; housemaids, 
 8s. to 12s. ; kitchenmaids, 8s. to 10s. ; housekeepers, 10s. to £1 ; 
 laundresses, 10s. to 16s. ; nursemaids, 8s. to 12s. ; nursegirls, 
 4s. to 7s. ; charwomen, 3s. to 4s. per diem. 
 
 Shearers. — Shearers, 20s. per 100 ; rollers, 15s. ; pressers, 
 25s. ; sewers, 20s. ; dumpers, 20s. ; pickers, 12s. ; cooks, 40s. ; 
 butchers, 25s. ; cooks' mates, 20s. per week. 
 
 Station Hands. — Drovers, £1 to £1 10s. per week, or 
 10s. Qd. per day and find themselves ; boundary-riders, 17s. to 
 25s. ]D6r week ; shepherds, 17s. to 20s. per week ; married 
 couples, per annum, £52 to £75 ; lambminders, 10s. to 15s. 
 per week ; bullock-drivers, 20s. to 25s. per week ; knockabout 
 hands, 17s. to 20s. per week ; bush carpenters and blacksmiths, 
 30s. per week ; cooks, 17s. to 25s. per week ; water-drawers, 
 18s. to 20s. per week. All the above are with rations and 
 expenses paid up to the station. 
 
 Farm Hands. — Ploughmen, 20s. per week ; general farm 
 servants, 20s. to 30s. per week ; married couples, females to 
 cook, &c., 20s. to 30s. per week ; harvesters, 25s. to 35s. 
 per week ; boys, from 10s. to 12s. ; youngsters tailing cattle 
 and sheep, 4s. to 8s. per week ; teamsters, 20s. to 30s. ; hay 
 harvesters, 25s. to 35s. ; all with board and lodging. 
 
 Miscellaneous. — Fencers, post and 3-wire fence, £10 to
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 81 
 
 £20 per mile ; do., per rod, three-rail, 2s. to 3s. ; wire do., 
 4s. to 7s. ; cabmen, 20s. to 30s. per week with, board and 
 lodging ; busmen, 35s. to 40s. per week without board ; 
 labourers, Gs. to 8s. -per diem without board and lodging ; 
 ostlers, 20s. to 25s. per week with board and lodging. Sawyers, 
 logs at pit, 13s. per 100. 
 
 Average Wages of Mixers. — Moonta District — Miners, 
 per week, eight hours' shift, £2 2s. ; breaksmen do., none 
 employed; engineers, from £1 16s. to £2 15s. ; tribute, £1 18s. 
 to £2 Ds. ; on contract, from £1 16s. to £2; owners' account, 
 Ds. 6d. per day. 
 
 Scale of Eations per Week — 10 lbs. flour, 12 lbs. meat, 
 2 lbs. sugar, ^ lb. tea. 
 
 PKICES OF PKOVISIONS. 
 
 The following are the current quotations in Adelaide, as 
 taken from the public prints, of live stock, farm and garden 
 produce, provisions, groceries, &c. : — 
 
 "Wholesale, Flour, Grain, &c. 
 
 Flour, fine silk-dressed, per ton of 2000 lbs., at 
 
 the Port, bags included 
 Ditto ditto, country brand ... 
 Wheat, per bushel of 00 lbs., large lots, at the 
 
 Port (old) 
 
 Ditto ditto (new) 
 
 Bran, per buoliel of 20 lbs., at the Port, bogs 
 
 included 
 
 Pollard, per bushel of 20 lbs. 
 
 Oats, per bushel of 40 lbs., without bags 
 
 Barley, per bushel of 50 lbs., without bags 
 
 Wholesale, Dairy and Farm Prodice 
 
 Bacon per lb. 
 
 Butter per lb. 
 
 Ditto (Potted) per lb. 
 
 Cheese per lb. 
 
 Eggs per doz. 
 
 Hams pel- lb. 
 
 Lard per lb. 
 
 Onions per. cwt. 
 
 Honev per lb. 
 
 jijiy _ per ton 
 
 Prairie grass per bush. 
 
 Seed, Lucerne per lb. 
 
 Peas ... ■•• ■•• ••• ••• per bush. 
 
 Vetches per bush. 
 
 £ 
 
 8. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 £ 
 
 s. 
 
 (7. 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 7) 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 (1 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 ?5 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 G 
 
 
 
 ROD 
 
 5 
 
 ICE 
 
 G 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 G 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ui 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;♦ 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :; 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 (3 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 

 
 82 
 
 SOUTH AL'STEALIA. 
 
 Hides, Sktks, Bones, &c. 
 
 
 
 £ .«. 
 
 d. 
 
 £ s. 
 
 d 
 
 Hides, salted 
 
 IDcr lb. 
 
 
 
 4i to 
 
 5 
 
 Butchers' Green 
 
 each 
 
 1 5 
 
 o' , 
 
 2 10 
 
 
 
 Hoofs 
 
 jjer ton 
 
 1 10 
 
 , 
 
 2 10 
 
 
 
 Green Kangaroo Skins 
 
 per doz. 
 
 7 
 
 , 
 
 2 5 
 
 
 
 Skins, Calf 
 
 each 
 
 1 
 
 4 . 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 Ditto, Wallaby 
 
 per doz. 
 
 10 
 
 , 
 
 1 15 
 
 
 
 Shank Bones 
 
 jDer ton 
 
 5 
 
 , 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 B.A.nK. 
 
 Bark, Wattle, ground 
 Ditto, ditto, chopped 
 
 per ton 7 — 
 
 per ton 5 10 to GOO 
 
 Tallow. 
 
 Tallow, Beef, for Export 
 Ditto, Mutton, ditto 
 
 Washed 
 Greasy... 
 
 per ton 32 
 per ton 31 
 
 Wool. 
 
 per lb. 
 
 11 
 
 to 
 
 12 
 
 per lb. 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 Wine (Colonial). 
 
 Good sound Colonial Wine of last 
 year's vintage, for large quan- 
 tities in bulk 
 
 Superior ditto 
 
 Colonial Spirits, in bond 
 
 Basils 
 
 Colonial Calf . .. 
 Ditto Kip 
 
 Ditto Sole ... 
 Ditto Kancrarnu 
 Ditto Wallhljy 
 
 per gall. 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 to 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 11 
 per giill. 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 per gall. 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 Lkathee. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 per doz. 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 per lb. 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 )) 
 
 5 
 
 G 
 
 per lb. 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 2 
 
 G 
 
 per lb. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 per doz. 
 
 1 15 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 per lb. 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 CorPER. 
 
 Wallaroo 
 Burra ... 
 
 per ton 82 
 jierton 82 
 
 Live Stock. 
 
 Horses, Draught 
 
 Ditto, Light 
 
 Bullocks, Fat 10 
 
 Sheep, Fat Wethers, 12,s. to 17.<., according to season. 
 
 30 to 45 
 12 „ 20 
 
 15 
 
 Retail Farm and Dairy Prodlce. 
 
 Quotations: — Bread and Flour — Bread, 2J(?. to 3JcL per 2-lb. loaf; do., 
 aerated, M. 2-lb. loaf; flour, lUl. to 2d. per lb. Butcher's meat — Beef, 4d to 
 M. per lb.; mutton, 2d. to M.; lamb, 2s. (!rZ. to 3s. Gd. per quaitor; jjork, Id. 
 to 8cZ. ; veal, 5d. to Bd. Dairy produce — Bacon, Is. to Is. 2d. per lb. ; butter, 
 fresh, Is. 1d.\ do., salted. Is. 2d.; cheese, Is.; eggs, Is. per dozen; fowls, 5s. 
 per pair; ducks, 6s. to 6s. Gd. per pair; geese, 6s. each; hams, Is. 2d. per lb. ; 
 honey, 5d. per lb.; lard, Is. per lb.; milk, -id. to Q>d. per quart; pigeons, Is. 3(/. 
 to Is. 5f^ per pair ; rabbits, tame, Is. each ; wild do., Is. per pair; turkeys, Gs. to 
 10s. each.
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 83 
 
 Groceries. 
 Tea, 2s. to 2s. €d. per lb.; sugar, od. to ihl. per lb. ; coffee, Is. Cd. per lb.; 
 rice, 3d. to od. per lb. ; salt. Id. per lb. ; tobacco, 4s. to is. 6d. ; soap, 3d. to 4(Z, 
 per lb. 
 
 Hay Market. 
 Best wheaten bar, £4 10s. per ton; good mixed do., £3 15s. 
 
 East-End Market. 
 
 Vegetables — Beans (broad), 2s. to 2s. Gd. per bushel; beans (Fiencli), Is. 3d. 
 to 2s. per dozen lbs. ; beetroot, Is. to Is. (Jd. per dozen ; cabbages. Is. 6d. to 4s. 
 per dozen; do. (Savoys), 2s. to 3s. per dozen; capsicums. Is. to Is. 3d. per lb. ; 
 carrots, Is. Gd. to 2s. per dozen bunches ; caulitlowers, 3s. to 5s. per dozen ; 
 celery, 4s. to 6s. jier dozen heads ; chillies, Is. to Is. 3d. per lb. ; horse-radish, Gd. 
 to lOd. per lb. ; garlic, id. to Gd. per lb. ; lettuces, Gd. to Is. 3d. per dozen ; 
 marjoram, Gd. to hd. per dozen bunches : mint, Gd. per dozen bunches ; ouions, 
 6s. Gd. to 8s. 6-^. per cwt. ; parsnips, Is. Gd. to 2s. Gd. per dozen bunches ; peas, 
 3s. to 4s. per busliel; potatoes, 4s. Gd. to 5s. per cwt.; radishes, G(/. to Sd. per 
 dozen bunches ; do. (turnip), Gd. to Sd. per dozen bunches ; ihubarb. 2s. to 3s. 
 per dozen lbs.; sage, Gd.. to Sd. per dozen bunches; shalots, id. to Gd. per lb.; 
 thyme, Gd. to Sd. per dozen bunches; tomatoes. Is. Gd. to 2s. per dozen lbs.; 
 trombones, 4s. to 7s. per dozen ; turnips, Is. 6c/. to 2s. per dozen bunches ; 
 vegetable marrows, Is. Gd. to 3s. per dozen ; wateicres.", Gd. to Sd. per dozen 
 bunches; cucumbers, Gd. to 3s. per dozen. Fruit — Almonds (green), 2d. per 
 lb. ; do. (hard-shell), 2d. per lb. ; do. (soft-shell), Gd. per lb. ; do. (cracked), Sd. 
 per lb. ; apples, Is. Gd. to 3s. Gd. per bushel ; apricots, 20s. to 22s. per cwt. ; do., 
 '2d. to Gd. per dozen; Barcelona nuts, 7s. per dozen lbs.; citrons, 15s. per cwt. ; 
 damsons, 2s. Gd. to 3s. per bushel ; figs, 2d. to Gd. per dozen : gooseberries (Cape), 
 Qd. to lOfZ. per lb.; grapes. Is. Gd. to 2s. per dozen lbs.; lemons, 9tZ. to 2s. per 
 dozen; melons (water), 15s. to ISs. per cwt.; nectarines, 2(Z. to 3d. per dozen; 
 oranges, Is. to 2s. Gd. per dozen ; peaches, 2d. to Gd. per dozen ; pears, 2s. Gd. to 
 4s. per bubhel; plums, 3s. to 4s. per bushel; straw^ berries, Gd. to Sd. per lb. 
 Dairy produce — Bacon, Wd. per lb.; do. (green), 9d. per lb. ; butter (fresh), lOd. 
 to Is. per lb. ; cheese (English), Is. Gd. to Is. Sd. per lb.; do. (colonial). Id. to 
 Sd. per lb.; dairy pork. Sd. per lb.; ducks, 4s. to 4s. Gd. per pair; eggs, llcZ. to 
 Is. per dozen; fowls, 3s. Gd. to 4s. per pair; geese, 4s. to 4s. Gd. each; ham. Is. 
 to Is. Id. per lb. ; lard, 9d. per lb. ; turkeys, 5.?. to 9s. each. Miscellaneous — 
 Beeswax, lOd. to Is. 2d. per lb. ; colonial wine, 2s. to Gs. per gallon ; colonial 
 jam, 5d. to 7d. per lb. ; flowers, 2d. to Is. per bunch ; honey, 32s. to 34s. per cwt. ; 
 rabbits, Is. to Ls. Gd. per pair; pigeons, Is, 3d. to Is, Gd. per pair. 
 
 The rent of a dwelling snitable for an artisan and his 
 family in Adelaide or the immediate suburbs varies from six 
 to fifteen shillings per week, but in the country towns the rate 
 is less. Large numbers of artisans, however, reside in their 
 own freehold cottages. The savings of a few years have in 
 jDiany instances sufficed to enable them to accomplish this. 
 Land is cheap, and the necessary advances for the erection of 
 dwellings are readily obtainable from the several Buildinc 
 Societies. Cottages, with fuel and water, are provided for 
 ploughmen, shepherds, and other labourers employed on farms 
 
 F 2
 
 84 
 
 SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 or sheep-runs. The following are quoted rates for house rent 
 and for board and lodgino; : — 
 
 House Eent. 
 
 Two rooms, 4s. to 6.". ; three rooms, 6s. to 10s. ; four rooms, 8s. to 15s. ; six 
 rooms, 12s. to 25s. free from taxes; single room, 2s. 6d. ; ditto (furnished) 6s, to 9s. 
 per week. Gas is 8s. to 12s. per 1000 cubic feet, and water laid on Is. 6d. per 
 1000 gallons. 
 
 Board and Lodging. 
 
 Per week at Bushmen's Club, 18s.; at private houses, for single young men, 
 shopmen, &c., 15s. to 18s.; clerks, &c., 20s. to 30s.; single females, 10s. to 15s.; 
 private lodgers at hotels, 20s. to 4L 4s. 
 
 Wearing apparel is procurable at the under-mentioned 
 jn-ices : — 
 
 Working men's black cloth suits, 39s. to 90s. ; every day wear, 29s. to 65s. ; 
 moleskin trousers. 6s. 6d. to 10s. 6d. ; tweed suit, 29s. to 80s. ; jacket, 13s. to 40s. ; 
 waistcoat, 5s. to lis. ; trousers, 8s. to 25s. ; boys' clothes, 15s. to 40s. per suit. 
 
 METEOROLOGICAL. 
 
 The following tables give the mean monthly rainfall at 
 Adelaide during the thirty-six years 1839-74, and the result of 
 the Meteorological Observations made at the Observatory 
 during the ten years 1865-74 : — 
 
 
 Raik 
 
 F.\LL (36 
 
 Years, 1839 
 
 -74). 
 
 Mean 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Months. 
 
 
 Mean 
 
 
 
 Evapora- 
 tion, 
 
 
 Mean. 
 
 No. of 
 Wet 
 Days. 
 
 Greatest. 
 
 Least. 
 
 Five Years. 
 
 
 Inches. 
 
 
 
 
 Indies. 
 
 .January 
 
 . 
 
 0-722 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 000 
 
 0-000 
 
 10-641 
 
 Februaiy 
 
 
 0-G70 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 100 
 
 0-000 
 
 8-802 
 
 March '... 
 
 
 0-881 
 
 H 
 
 3 
 
 753 
 
 0-000 
 
 7-608 
 
 April 
 
 
 1-700 
 
 8h 
 
 6 
 
 780 
 
 0-250 
 
 4-474 
 
 May 
 
 '. 2-814 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 340 
 
 0-690 
 
 2-902 
 
 June 
 
 
 2-915 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 800 
 
 1138 
 
 1-795 
 
 July ... 
 
 
 2-801 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 380 
 
 0-726 
 
 1-959 
 
 August... 
 
 
 2-621 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 240 
 
 0-675 
 
 2 667 
 
 Septembei" 
 
 
 2-071 
 
 13^ 
 
 4 
 
 640 
 
 0-711 
 
 3-427 
 
 October ... 
 
 
 1-739 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 834 
 
 0-460 
 
 5-981 
 
 November 
 
 
 1-263 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 550 
 
 0-100 
 
 6-979 
 
 December 
 
 
 0-894 
 
 5^ 
 
 3-977 
 
 105 
 
 9-420 
 
 
 21-091 
 
 114 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 66-655
 
 ITS STATISTICS. 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 lO 
 
 LO 
 
 o 
 
 _ 
 
 '-0 — 
 
 __ 
 
 _ 
 
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 86 
 
 SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 From 
 
 wliicli the 
 
 following 
 
 %! 
 
 grometric 
 
 results an 
 
 diiced : — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Teniperatm-e 
 of Dew Point. 
 
 Elastic Force 
 of V;ipour. 
 
 Degree of 
 Humidity. 
 
 
 
 Degrees. 
 
 
 Inches. (Saturation = 100.) 
 
 
 January 
 Febrnai y . . . 
 
 ... 52-8 
 ... 53-0 
 
 
 0-400 
 0-405 
 
 48 
 48 
 
 
 March 
 
 ... 51-1 
 
 
 0-377 
 
 51 
 
 
 April 
 
 May- 
 
 ... 50-2 
 ... 47-9 
 
 
 0-363 
 0-335 
 
 60 
 67 
 
 
 June 
 
 ... 46-3 
 
 
 313 
 
 74 
 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 ... 44-0 
 ... 45-0 
 
 
 0-289 
 0-298 
 
 77 
 73 
 
 
 September 
 
 ... 46-0 
 
 
 0-310 
 
 66 
 
 
 October 
 
 ... 47-3 
 
 
 0-326 
 
 57 
 
 
 November ... 
 
 ... 49-3 
 
 
 0-352 
 
 54 
 
 
 December ... 
 
 ... 50-1 
 
 
 0-362 
 
 47 
 
 Year 
 
 48-3 
 
 0-338 
 
 60 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 The general statistical table, appended hereto, gives the 
 principal items of information, illustrating the progress of 
 South Australia from its foundation. In glancing at this 
 retrospect, one cannot fail to recognize the great success that 
 has attended the enterprise of a handful of Englishmen, who, 
 without adventitious aid, have, during a single generation, 
 established a flourishing community, reproducing most of the 
 social and material advantages of the Mother Country, and 
 much of old world civilization, conducive to the happiness and 
 prosperity of a people. Fifty thousand men, supporting thrice 
 their number of women and children, occupy two hundred 
 thousand square miles of pastoral country, and possess six 
 millions of sheep ; own six million acres of land, and grow 
 twelve million bushels of wheat; conduct an external com- 
 merce of nine millions sterling, and raise one million of 
 revenue. Such is the material result shown in the thirty- 
 ninth year of the colonization of South Australia.
 
 ^L ITS FOUNDATION. 
 
 RAIN- 
 FALL. 
 
 ,2131, 
 
 48 
 
 ,114,^? 
 ,336 -H 
 
 ,645:^^ 
 
 ,1(j6,-o 
 ,358,?- 
 ,464:i- 
 ,7891^; 
 
 ' "40 
 ,138 79 
 
 ,855'Ar 
 '869t76 
 
 127li 
 '230 96 
 ,234i5 
 ,958!^ 
 
 ,G51j4 
 
 ,302|no 
 
 ,40lf^^ 
 
 '^4859 
 
 ,W3j-j 
 
 5,040 
 9,1G5 
 15,650 
 40,561 
 29,079 
 66,160 
 82,268 
 131,800 
 287,059 
 275,115 
 465,878 
 373,842 
 545,040 
 540,962 
 736,899 
 731,595 
 694,422 
 686,953 
 1,398,867 
 1,744,184 
 1,355,041 
 1,502,165 
 1,576,326 
 1,838,639 
 1,920,487 
 2,095,356 
 3,015,537 
 2,754,657 
 2,539,723 
 2,776,095 
 2,603,826 
 2,722,438 
 2,123,297 
 3,289,861 
 3,524,087 
 4,285,191 
 3,868,275 
 4,442,100 
 
 38,312 
 73,359 
 212,566 
 257,144 
 316,217 
 236,400 
 556,371 
 755,840 
 525,398 
 554,265 
 499,102 
 712,789 
 633,241 
 747,116 
 1,464,593 
 1,228,480 
 645,401 
 1,037,085 
 568,491 
 890,343 
 470,828 
 1,253,429 
 860,202 
 1,711,746 
 1,230,331 
 1,680,996 
 
 770 
 350 
 8,740 
 35,485 
 22,036 
 45,568 
 42,769 
 72,235 
 106,510 
 56,130 
 I 98,582 
 108,539 
 i 131,731 
 148,036 
 115,877 
 236,020 
 182,419 
 283,479 
 412,163 
 504,520 
 420,833 
 484,977 
 573,368 I 
 623,007 ; 
 635,270 I 
 715,935 
 775,656 I 
 821,482 j 
 990,173 I 
 919,532 
 1,305,280 
 1,008,696 
 902,753 
 1,170,885 
 1,647,387 
 1,617,588 
 1,762,987 
 1,833,519 
 
 127 
 
 6,436 
 
 19,020 
 
 143,231 
 
 ! 174,017 
 320,624 
 219,775 
 365,464 
 310,916 
 I 374,778 
 176,744 
 94,831 
 155,557 
 408,042 
 458,839 
 373,282 
 411,018 
 446,537 
 452,172 
 547,619 
 542,393 
 691,624 
 620,112 
 824,501 
 753,413 
 624,022 
 627,152 
 574,090 
 648,569 
 806,364 
 770,590 
 700,323 
 762,386 
 
 425 
 197 
 150 
 104 
 139 
 225 
 278 
 301 
 412 
 549 
 559 
 538 
 739 
 869 
 947 
 711 
 867 
 970 
 741 
 792 
 662 
 788 
 766 
 886 
 1,236 
 1,220 
 1,039 
 1,136 
 903 
 1,112 
 916 
 1,238 
 1,033 
 1,531 
 1,440 
 1,634 
 
 83,787 
 
 37,036 
 
 25,354 
 
 15,533 
 
 18,489 
 
 26,558 
 
 49,509 
 
 62,641 
 
 90,956 
 
 155,920 
 
 174,455 
 
 155,002 
 
 202,507 
 
 260,917 
 
 290,534 
 
 225,923 
 
 230,390 
 
 282,368 
 
 192,391 
 
 216,128 
 
 209,036 
 
 199,331 
 
 216,521 
 
 255,493 
 
 321,388 
 
 357,290 
 
 339,871 
 
 343,819 
 
 277,872 
 
 333,507 
 
 287,989 
 
 373,624 
 
 347,360 
 
 515,640 
 
 534,550 
 
 611,381 
 
 Indies. 
 
 19-84 
 
 24-23 
 
 17-96 
 
 20-32 
 
 17-19 
 
 16-88 
 
 18-83 
 
 26-89 
 
 27-61 
 
 19-74 
 
 25-44 
 
 19-51 
 
 30-63 
 
 27-34 
 
 27 
 
 15-35 
 
 23-15 
 
 24-02 
 
 21-16 
 
 21-52 
 
 14-85 I 
 
 19-67 
 
 25 
 
 •19 
 
 22 
 
 •84 
 
 22 
 
 •92 
 
 19 
 
 •45 
 
 14 
 
 75 
 
 19 
 
 94 
 
 19-35 1 
 
 17 
 
 88 
 
 13-85 1 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 5 
 
 23 
 
 17 
 
 21- 
 
 6 
 
 19- 
 
 14 
 
 31-45 
 
 r- ij 
 
 238,676,400 acres.
 
 STATISTICAL VIEW SHOWING THE PROGRESS OF THE PROVINCE OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA SINCE ITS FOUNDATION. 
 
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 Acna. 1 
 
 Aciw. 
 
 Acn>. 
 
 Aero. 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ £ 
 
 
 
 Il-CIM, 
 
 
 
 I8;m 
 
 540 
 
 412 
 
 101 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 540 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 00,015 
 
 36,016 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
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 ~ 
 
 18.36 
 
 
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 — 
 
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 83 
 
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 ~75 
 
 'Z 
 
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 lu'sso 
 
 loloio 
 
 48*040 
 
 66 
 
 20 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 180 
 
 2,500 
 
 28 000 
 
 165,021 
 
 158,582 
 
 6,«2 
 
 5,010 
 
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 170|841 
 
 
 120 
 
 
 
 
 
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 316,619 
 
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 320 
 
 186 
 
 
 
 
 171.430 
 
 16,565 
 
 15,605 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15,100 
 
 
 835,136 
 
 
 32,079 
 
 16|050 
 
 - 
 
 8,710 — 
 
 425 
 
 83,787 
 
 21-23 
 
 1810 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 «.722 
 
 4,164 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28S;»18 
 
 104,«|- 
 
 
 
 35,188 _ 
 
 197 
 
 
 17-90 
 
 1811 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17|081 
 
 17.081 
 
 19,790 
 
 13,892 
 
 
 
 
 
 300,000 
 
 
 147,849 
 
 7S,»8 
 
 
 
 
 
 25)854 
 
 
 
 
 
 nTseo 
 
 19,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 110 
 
 1,213 
 
 
 
 smIssc 
 
 
 1,902 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 29,000 
 
 331,000 
 
 189,995 
 
 109,137 
 
 S:^ 
 
 oojeo 
 
 
 16|568 127 
 
 104 
 
 16,533 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 266 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5,022 
 
 
 26.918 
 
 18,980 
 
 
 
 
 22,711 
 
 
 
 
 82,208 
 
 
 12,709 , 0,186 
 
 139 
 
 18,189 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 708 
 
 
 
 21336 
 
 
 
 
 19,668 
 
 
 26.218 
 
 18,838 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 184.819 
 
 I48.«9 
 
 
 
 72,285 19,020 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1(H7 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 220 
 
 4,458 
 
 
 
 
 59,402 
 
 98,604 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,000 
 
 56,980 
 
 681,371 
 
 013,037 
 
 330,099 
 
 312,8)8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 495 
 
 
 5,045 
 
 
 
 
 
 30,336 
 
 38,410 
 
 
 
 
 
 56,875 
 
 
 701,178 
 
 
 360,818 
 
 275,115 
 
 
 
 
 62,011 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 527 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 7,604 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 48,911 
 
 20.737 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .■i84,S26 
 
 501,068 
 
 465.878 
 
 
 98;582 1 320!021 
 
 412 
 
 90,0.10 
 
 
 
 
 1851 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16,100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 44,yS3 
 
 35,185 
 
 
 
 
 63,061 
 
 881,078 
 
 1,002,371 
 
 699.648 
 
 102,863 
 
 373.842 
 
 
 108,539 1 219.775 
 
 
 185,920 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,13 
 
 10,368 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13,302 
 
 9,619 
 
 0,488 
 
 00,031 
 
 031,100 
 
 1,116,889 
 
 
 670,817 
 
 545.010 
 
 88,313 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 217 
 
 
 »7S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 602,087 
 
 540.062 
 
 
 
 
 155!o02 
 
 
 
 
 1852 
 
 oslooa 
 
 h 
 
 310 
 
 32 
 
 
 2!7'2- 
 2,771 
 
 i,m 
 
 1 020 
 
 io'lM 
 
 JMii 
 
 :'„; !■' 
 
 ■"'! ' -i 
 
 ..i': ',.; 
 
 ;:'l!wO 
 
 
 z 
 
 ~ 
 
 r 
 
 ~ 
 
 z 
 
 ~ 
 
 2, 586,. '-52 
 
 799.81! 
 
 1 ,797,H1 
 2.211.811 
 
 73i;595 
 
 257rill 
 
 ''iii'o™ i™':™ 
 
 sS 
 
 202,507 
 
 27 ■" 
 
 l«:1 
 
 
 
 02!m5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ]!»4C 
 
 l!0O2 
 
 17|268 
 
 
 
 
 
 12M92 
 
 89.915 
 
 23,102 
 
 16.816 
 
 10,181 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 094,422 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 06,082 
 
 
 040 
 
 
 
 
 1,003 
 
 
 )7,211 
 
 
 
 
 233.745 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '««.315 
 
 
 
 
 
 225.923 
 
 23-18 
 
 1855 
 
 
 1856 
 
 
 5a 
 
 086 
 
 SI 
 
 622 
 
 4!488 
 
 
 
 
 7|278 
 
 
 
 236,460 
 
 203.423 
 
 
 22,516 
 
 iS"*''^ 
 
 22,200 
 
 272,710 
 
 1,902,100 
 
 
 
 
 1,398,867 
 
 566;S71 
 
 
 •'_•" 
 
 ■j:M,390 
 
 21-02 
 
 1860 
 
 
 1857 
 
 I0»|017 
 118,840 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 182 
 
 5,183 
 
 1;S 
 
 1,21S 
 
 a,iss 
 
 "S 
 
 "I.^ :'.- . .- ■ . 
 
 l'.>:!i" 
 
 212,305 
 
 285,965 
 
 ISSjS 
 
 37,958 
 
 22,113 
 
 20,220 
 
 310^100 
 
 2,07^,805 
 
 K'-l' '" 
 
 
 ! '^i?:"? 
 
 1.741,1m 
 
 755,816 
 
 i™,' " ' ". ■': 
 
 
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 21'|0 
 
 18.17 
 
 
 
 122,786 
 
 62 
 
 328 
 
 
 407 
 
 s!788 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2I8!216 
 
 65I2IO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 55l'.205 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I860 
 
 
 6! 
 
 680 
 
 61 
 
 482 
 
 6,568 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 273,672 
 
 5^21? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! .:.1.326 
 
 109,102 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1861 ; 
 
 I20!8SO 
 
 
 
 
 782 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 ?'fi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 712,789 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1802 
 
 135,820 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■:■.'. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 73,717 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H0,41C 
 
 72 
 
 100 
 
 
 807 
 
 5,006 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 335,758 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1801 
 
 
 75 
 
 888 
 
 71 
 
 453 
 
 6,208 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1805 
 
 150,605 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1860 
 
 163,452 
 
 80 
 
 001 
 
 8! 
 
 860 
 
 I'.m 
 
 2,753 
 
 lira 
 
 3;06I 
 
 4,135 
 4,016 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 847 
 
 81 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,900 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I860 
 
 181 ! 140 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2;21I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1870 
 
 183,707 
 
 04 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.302 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 185,026 
 
 06 
 
 408 
 
 00 
 
 218 
 
 ->S2 
 
 
 i;250 
 
 2,632 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 08 
 
 
 
 
 
 2!89U 
 2.631 
 
 !:S 
 
 4;648 
 
 s!l72 
 
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 1.7ir,716 
 
 1,017,387 800,301 
 1,017,588 770,690 
 
 lisai 
 
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 631,550 
 
 1011 
 
 1»71 
 
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 107 
 
 944 
 
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