UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES IN MEMORIAM BERNARD MOSE WAR FRENCH THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK • BOSTON ■ CHICAGO • DALLAS ATLANTA - SAN FRANCISCO MACMILLAN & CO., Limited LONDON ■ BOMBAY • CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd. TORONTO WAR FRENCH BY CORNELIS DeWITT WILLCOX COLONEL, U. S. ARMY PROFESSOR OF MODERN LANGUAGES UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY WEST POINT, NEW YORK Ncfo gark THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1917 All rights reserved Copyright, 1917, By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. Set up and clectrotyped. Published September, 1917. Reprinted October, 1917. Nortoooo 13rras J. S. Cushing Co. — Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. PC A MON AMI VlGNAL du Genie Francais General de Brigade Attache militaire. PREFACE Our officers and men, under intensive training for the war, will have but little time to make a formal study of French. This little, book has accordingly been written in the belief that it may help them to some knowledge of that language. It is not in- tended as a short cut : no such thing exists. But between total ignorance of French and such acquaintance with it as may fol- low from the study of the following pages, there is a great differ- ence, useful both to the Government and to our armies. It is believed that any person of intelligence, and of resolution, can master what is here given. My best thanks are due to Captain George M. Russell, U. S. Cavalry, for suggestions and criticism, and to Captains John S. Wood, Ordnance Department, and Parker Kalloch, of the In- fantry, for assistance in the preparation of the Vocabulary. C. De W. W. West Point, New York, 1917. Vll CONTENTS PART I THE FRENCH LANGUAGE CHAPTER PAGE I. France 3 II. The French Language 4 III. Pronunciation 5 IV. Gender op Nouns 7 V. The Article 8 VI. Plurals and Feminines 9 VII. Pronouns 10 VIII. The Verb ......... 15 IX. Some Remarks on the Verb 61 X. Vocabularies and Conversations .... 66 XI. Correspondence 85 PART II THE FRENCH ARMY I. The Army 89 II. Officers 91 III. Vocabularies and Conversations ... 96 ix CONTENTS PART III PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH Passages for Translation 117 I. French-English Vocabulary 125 II. English-French Vocabulary 163 PART I THE FRENCH LANGUAGE WAR FRENCH CHAPTER I FRANCE Fbance has a republican form of government. The executive power is lodged in a President, elected for seven years, not by the direct vote of the people, but by the two houses (Senate and Chamber of Deputies) united to form a national assembly. There is no election unless the majority is absolute. The President of the Republic is M. Raymond Poincare, born in 1860, and elected in January, 1913. His official residence is the Elysee Palace, at Paris. The legislature consists of two houses : the upper, or Senate, sitting in the Palais du Luxembourg, and the lower, or Chamber of Deputies, sitting in the Palais Bourbon. From the Senate and Chamber of Deputies, the President usually selects his ministers or secretaries : he may, however, select an officer to be Minister of War, or of Marine, and as a matter of fact, not infrequently does. The Chamber of Deputies is elected for four years by manhood suffrage; every French citizen twenty-one years of age, not in the military service, and of six months' proved residence in any town or commune, has the right to vote. The Chamber has over six hundred members. The Senate, three hundred members, is elected for nine years (one-third going out every three years), by an electoral body. Senators and Deputies are paid three thousand dollars a year. The Government is assisted by the Council of State (Conseil d'Etat), appointed by the President, and presided over by the Minister of Justice. This Council gives opinions in all adminis- trative matters submitted to it by the Government. It sits 4 WAR FRENCH as a court of last resort in administrative suits. Adminis- tratively, the territory of France is divided into eighty-seven departments (departements). Each department is headed by a prefect (prefet), and is subdivided into districts (arrondisse- ments), each of which is under a sub-prefect (sous-prefet). The canton is an aggregation of communes (townships), but is not itself a person at law. The unit of self-government is the commune, just mentioned ; it has a municipal council, who elect the mayor (maire). France has 207,054 square miles of territory, and a population (before the war) of roughly 40,000,000. There is no state religion, but the prevailing religion is the Roman Catholic. Education is controlled by the State. The colonies of France are important ; including Algeria and Tunis, they total nearly 4,000,000 square miles, and some 45,000,000 inhabitants. Algeria is regarded not so much as a colony as a part of France. CHAPTER II THE FRENCH LANGUAGE Much effort is necessary really to learn the French language. But although you may not have time to make this effort, yet recollect that you can accomplish a good deal by trying to learn the pronunciation, set conversations, and lists of the words that you will need. Recollect that in order to make yourself understood, correct grammar, an ample vocabulary, and a knowledge of the finer points are not needed. An officer or soldier who knows a few words and phrases bearing upon his business is far more useful to the Government than if he were ignorant of these words or phrases. For example, if you want bread and go into a hake-shop and say pain (bread), combien? (how much?) yon will have got what you want almost as well as if you had been able to run off a regular conversation with the shop-keeper. Moreover, if you make a start, you will find your stock growing; the rate at which it grows depends upon your aptitude, the amount of time you can spare to learn, and espe- cially on the resolution, the will, you show in determining to learn. Since your purpose is to make yourself understood, PRONUNCIATION 5 make up your mind to have no false shame about your short- comings. The French are a polite people and will not make you feel uncomfortable over your mistakes ; on the contrary, they will help you, and you will gain confidence as you go on. If at a loss for a word, try the English one ; recollect that many words are the same in both languages, especially those ending in -ation and -ance (-ence in English), e.g., nation, nation, independance, independence. Do not misunderstand what has been said above in respect of grammar, etc. ; if you can do the grammar, so much the better, but if you cannot, go ahead as already suggested. In order to help you, to give you a hold as it were, a few facts, rules, and forms are set out in the follow- ing pages. You must understand that these are intended merely as a minimum to help you on, and that only a few of the "high points," as it were, have been touched. Lastly, recollect that in many short simple sentences, the kind you will use, the order of words in French is very much what it is in English. CHAPTER III PRONUNCIATION Pronunciation, of course, is best learned by having a native Frenchman pronounce. However, the following indications will be of service. Vowels a (1) like a in half e.g., la chasse (hunting) (2) like a in far e.g., l'ame (soul) (3) like a in sofa e.g., le lac (lake) e (1) like e in set e.g., il jette (he throws) (2) like e in the when we say rapidly "the man" e.g., mener (to lead) (this is the so-called mute e) e at the end of a word indicates that the preceding consonant is sounded, e.g., in grand, d is not heard, but in the feminine, grande, it is. like i in pique e.g., ici (here) 6 WAR FRENCH o (1) somewhat like u in run e.g., il donne (he gives) (2) like o in go e.g., notre (our, ours) u like ii in the German iiber ; the corners of the lips must be brought very close to- gether, so that the lips themselves are much rounded. Try to pro- nounce shrewd, round- ing the lips very closely ; the sound you will pro- duce is like the French u e.g., sur (on) There are besides the so-called nasal sounds: they are all found in un bon vin blanc, a good white wine. In these nasals, the n or m must not be pronounced. am, em, an, en are like haunt, when you leave off h and t. om, on are like don't when you leave off d and t. ain, aim, ein, eim, im, in are like ant when you leave off t. eun, eum, um, un are not unlike grunt when you leave off gr and t. e like a in fate e.g., le peche (sin) e like e in let, pear e.g., le pere (father) e very much like e e.g., la tete (head) Vowel compounds are numerous in French; here are the main ones : ai like e (a little less open) e.g., j'ai, (I have) au like o in rob e.g., Paul (proper name) or, more closed, like o in own e.g., l'auge (trough) ei like e e.g., la peine (pain, trouble) eu somewhat like e in her e.g., la peur (fear) oi (1) somewhat like wa in wa gon e.g., croire (to believe) (2) somewhat broader like ou in out e.g., le mois (month) ou like 00 in stool e.g., roux (reddish) GENDER OF NOUNS 7 Finally, combinations like ill, eil, ail, eille, etc., are pronounced like y, e.g. fille = fi-y(e), pareil = parey ; the y is of the same value as the y of the English word ay. Consonants Consonants are pronounced very much as they are in English, but: c (the little mark underneath is the cedilla) = s in sin ch = English sh e.g., la chemise (shirt) g before e and i is like z in azure e.g., la givre (hoar frost) j like z in azure e.g.', le jour (day) gn like ny in canyon e.g., le regne (reign) q like k . e.g., qui (who) s (1) at beginning of words is sharp, or sibilant e.g., son (his) (2) between two vowels, like English z in blaze e.g., la rose (the rose) As a rule, the last consonant in French words is not pronounced e.g., sot (stupid) (pronounced so) ; sometimes, however, it is ; the terminal consonants that are pronounced are those of the word careful. To these, i.e., c, r, f, 1, must be added final s, which is sometimes pronounced. Get some one who knows French, if there is any such person about, to run over these sounds for you. Pronunciation is a matter of ear, and is hard to reproduce by symbols. CHAPTER IV GENDER OF NOUNS Unfortunately for beginners, all nouns in French are either masculine or feminine; a few are both. Rules are of very little use here : gender must be learned by observation. If when you learn a word, you will repeat the article with it, you will find that the gender will stick better in your memory. Gender is not always a matter of sex, e.g., recruit is la recrue, sentry is la sentinelle. 8 WAR FRENCH The following may help : (1) Are masculine : names of most male beings, titles of males, countries not ending in e, mountains not ending in es, rivers, cardinal points and winds, seasons, months and days of the week, trees and shrubs, metals, weights and measures (metric system). Recollect that the names of nearly all French rivers ending in e are feminine : la Loire, but le Rhone. (2) Are feminine : names of most female beings, titles of females, countries ending in e, fruits and flowers, arts and sciences, and trades. CHAPTER V THE ARTICLE The definite article in French takes a different form accord- ing as the noun it determines is masculine or feminine. We have thus : for the singular masculine le, e.g., le fusil, the gun. If the word begins with a vowel, or with the so-called mute h x the e is elided, and an apostrophe substituted, e.g., l'arsenal, the arsenal, l'homme, the man. But we must saj' le hamac, the hammock, because this h is not mute. "Of the," de le, does not exist for words beginning with a consonant or h mute ; we must say du, e.g., du pain (some bread), du hamac (of the hammock). But if the word begins with a vowel or mute h, we use de 1', e.g., de l'argent (some) money, de l'homme, of the man. Recollect that du = de le only when le is the article. Le is also a pronoun, meaning him or it ; the pronoun does not contract with de ; thus : je suis heureux de le voir, I am happy to see him. "To the" is not a le, but au, before a consonant or h not mute, e.g., au drapeau, to the flag; au havresac, to the knap- 1 h in French is never pronounced : when it does not prevent elision it is called the mute h : when not mute, it is no more pronounced than if it were, but m this case it does prevent elision. Observation must be practiced to determine the two cases. PLURALS AND FEMININES 9 sack. Before a vowel or mute h, we have, however, a 1', e.g., a Tangle, to the angle ; a l'horizon, at the horizon. Au = a le, only when le is the article ; if it is the pronoun (him or it), no contraction takes place with a, thus : j'aime a le faire, I like to do it. The feminine article is la, e.g., la batterie, the battery. A vowel or mute h cuts la down to 1', e.g., l'artillerie, the artillery ; l'heure, the hour. The other h restores la, e.g., la hausse, the rear sight. "Of the" (feminine) is always de la (de 1' before vowels and mute h), de la cavalerie, de l'artillerie, de l'heure, de la hausse. The plural is much simpler ; les for both masculine and feminine, whether beginning with vowels, consonants, or with the two h's, e.g., les drapeaux, the flags, les batteries, batteries, les hausses, rear sights, les hamacs, hammocks. "Of the" in the plural is in all cases des, e.g., des chevaux, des heures, des hausses. And similarly of "to the," it is always aux, e.g., aux angles, aux batteries, aux drapeaux. The article is habitually used before every noun in French. When the article is expressed in English, there is no difficulty. But nouns are frequently used in English with no article or other word. The student must figure out for himself if the statement is general or only refers to a few or a little. Sacks are heavy. Les sacs sont lourds. "Water, water," murmured " De l'eau, de l'eau," murmu- the wounded. raient les blesses. Give us bread. Donnez-nous du pain. We say, "I have (some) money," but the French put it, "J'ai del'argent," I have of the money. This is the so-called partitive use of the article. CHAPTER VI PLURALS AND FEMININES The plural of nouns is formed in the vast majority of cases by adding s to the singular, e.g., la grenade, les grenades (the grenade, the grenades). (There are some exceptions: never mind them, except that nouns ending in au, eu, form the plural 10 WAR FRENCH by adding x, e.g., le tableau, the picture, les tableaux; and that most nouns ending in al change this to aux for the plural, e.g., le cheval, the horse, les chevaux.) The feminine of qualifying adjectives is formed by adding e to the masculine, e.g., blesse, m., blessee, f., wounded. Of course if the masculine already ends in e, no change is made to get the feminine. If the masculine ends in a consonant, the addition of e to form the feminine causes the consonant to be heard, e.g., petit, small (pronounced petee; but the feminine petite, is pronounced peteet). Sometimes, in forming the feminine by adding e, the final consonant of the masculine is doubled, e.g., sot, sotte. Adjectives must agree with their nouns in gender and number ; they form the plural like nouns. Examples : Tous les chevaux de cet es- All the horses of that troop eadron sont bruns. are brown. Les tranchees de l'ennemi The trenches of the enemy are sont profondes. deep. Adjectives are compared by the adverb plus for the compara- tive, and le plus for the superlative, thus : grand, big; plus grand, bigger; le plus grand, the biggest CHAPTER VII PRONOUNS This list of pronouns may seem long to you, but it is indispen- sable to know something about them : (a) The personal pronouns are : Subject Direct Object Indirect Object 1st je, I me (after verb, me (after verb person moi) me moi) to me 2d tu, thou te (after verb, te (after verb Sing. \ person toi) thee toi) to thee [You will never have occasion to use the pronouns of the 2d person singular. They are used in families, by very intimate friends, and by master to servant.] Sing. PL PRONOUNS 11 3d person Subject il, he elle, she on, (indefi- nite pro- noun) Direct Object le, him la, her se, himself, herself, itself Indirect Object lui, to him, to her to it se, to himself, to herself, etc. 1st nous, we nous, us nous, to us pel oUll 2d vous, you vous, you vous, to you 3d person ils, they (mas.) elles, they (fern.) les, them (mas. and fern.) se, themselves leur, to them (mas. and fern.) se, to themselves Examples : Je vous donne le pistolet. Donnez-moi votre sabre. II nous a vus. Cachez-vous, voila un avion qui vient. II m'a donne son paquet de pansement. On dit que l'ennemi viendra I give you the pistol. Give me your sword. He has seen us. Hide yourselves, there is an airplane coming. He has given me his first-aid packet. They say the enemy will come to-morrow. demain. Note. — me, te, se, le lose the e and substitute an apostrophe before a vowel and h mute. (b) Among the relative pronouns, the important ones are : qui, who, which, that ; whom (after a preposition) que, whom, which, that dont, whose, of whom, of which (These pronouns are invariable, i.e., same for singular and plural, masculine and feminine.) Examples : L'officier qui arrive, vient du quartier-general anglais. The officer who is comes from the headquarters. arriving English 12 WAR FRENCH Le sergent que vous eonnaissez n'est plus iei. Le lieutenant dont vous avez le sifflet, a ete blesse hier. Le general de qui nous parlions ce matin sort de l'infanterie. The sergeant whom you know is no longer here. The lieutenant whose whistle you have was wounded yesterday. The general of whom we were speaking this morning comes from the infantry. (Instead of de qui, you could also say dont, duquel, of whom.) (c) Among interrogative pronouns, the important ones are : qui '. que? Examples : Qui vive? Que voulez-vous? Qu'est-ce que vous voulez? Qui avez- vous vu? who? whom? what? Who goes there? (sentry's challenge) What do you want ? What is it that you want? Whom did you see? Interrogative adjectives are Singular Plural Mas. quel ? Fern, quelle ? Suetes?} what?wllich? Examples : Dans quelle batterie avez-vous servi ? In what battery have you served ? (d) Demonstrative pronouns : Singular Mas. celui, this (one) Fern, celle, this (one) Mas. celui-ci, this one (here) Fem. celle-ci, this one (here) Mas. celui-la, that one (there) Fem. celle-la, that one (there) Plural ceux, these celles, these ceux-ci, these (here) celles-ci, these (here) ceux-la, those (there) celles-la, those (there) PRONOUNS 13 Demonstrative adjectives : Singular Mas. ce (cet) Fern, cette Plural ces oes Examples : ce colonel (but) cet officier this colonel this officer (Ce becomes cet before a word beginning with a vowel or mute h.) cette armee ces generaux ees officiers cette compagnie du premier regiment Ces batteries ont vu le feu. (e) Possessive pronouns : this army these generals these officers this company of the first regi- ment these batteries have been under fire (literally, have seen the fire). Mas. singular : mon, ton, son, notre, votre, leur ; my, thy, his, our, your, their Fern, singular : ma, sa, ta, notre, votre, leur Plural of both genders : mes, tes, ses, nos, vos, lews Examples : Mon kepi est vieux. Notre colonel est jeune. Mes brodequins sont uses. Nos obus tombent sur l'ennemi. Leurs canons sont uses. Leurs grenades sont mauvaises. My cap is old. Our colonel is young. My (soldier) shoes are worn. Our shells fall on the enemy. Their guns are worn out. Their grenades (bombs) are poor. Notice that whereas we say in English, his hat, her hat, ac- cording as the owner is a man or woman, the French say in both cases son chapeau. 14 WAR FRENCH (f ) Miscellaneous : A thing already identified may be referred to as il or elle : "Avez-vous vu raon kepi?" (Have you seen my forage cap?) "II etait ici tout a, l'heure." (It was here just now.) But if it is a question of establishing the identity of an object, ce is used: "Qu'avez vous a, la main?" (What have you in your hand?) "C'est un casque allemand que j'ai trouve dans la tranchee ennemie." (It is a German helmet that I found in an enemy trench.) Ce is used when there is a noun in the predicate even when identity is established and every one knows who or what is under discussion. "C'est le boute-en-train de la compagnie." (He is the life of the company.) With an adjective in the predicate, use il or elle. "Laissez- moi voir votre porte-cigarettes. II est joli." (Let me see, show me, your cigarette-case. It is pretty.) The two following sentences have no difference in meaning, but each follows the rule just stated : C'est un Frangais. He is a Frenchman. II est Francais. He is a Frenchman. Ce may stand for an idea : "C'est vrai," i.e., All that you have said is true. Sometimes, when one does not wish to take the trouble to refer to a thing, distinguishing its gender by il or elle, one may simply say "ceci," this; "cela." that. When two conjunctive pronouns ' come together, the one in the third person is placed next to the verb. If both are in the third person, le, la, les precede lui, leur. Notice the following examples : II me le donne. He gives it to me. Donnez-le-moi. Give it to me. Ne nous le donnez pas. Do not give it to us. II le leur donne. He gives it to them. 1 Conjunctive pronouns are those used as subject, object, or indirect object of an expressed verb, e.g., je, la, etc. Disjunctive pronouns are those not so used, e.g., after a preposition, pour moi, for me, or for em- phasis ; as, j'ai soif, nioi, I am thirsty, I am. THE VERB 15 The combinations are given in the table below, for reference, or better, to be learned by heart : All cases except with affirma- With affirmative imperatives, tive imperatives, and coming coming directly after the verb, directly before the verb. with hyphens. -le 1 -le me { la nous Je serai alle, e t°- etc. Aller requires no preposition before the infinitive : Je vais dormir, / am going to sleep. VENIR = TO COME Present Infinitive Past Infinitive venir to come etre venu to have come Present Participle Compound Past Participle venant coming etant venu having come Past Particvplz venu (to. s.), venue (/. s.), venus {m. pi.), venues (/. pi.), come simple tenses Indicative Conditional Present Present Je viens I come Je viendrais I should come Tu viens thou comest Tu viendrais thou wouldst II vient he comes come 40 WAR FRENCH Indicative Present Nous venons we come Vous venez you come lis viennent they come Je venais Tu venais II venait Imperfect I was coming thou wast com- ing he was coming Nous venions we were coming Vous veniez lis venaient you were coming they were com- ing Past Definite Je vins I came Tu vins thou earnest II vint he came Nous vinmes we came Vous vintes you came lis vinrent they came Future I shall come thou wilt come he will come Je viendrai Tu viendras II viendra Nous viendrons we shall come Vous viendrez you will come lis viendront they will come Conditional Present II viendrait he would come Nous viendrions we should come Vous viendriez you would come Us viendraient they would come Imperative Viens come (thou) Venez come (you) Venons let us come Subjunctive Present Que je vienne that I may come Que tu viennes that thou may- est come that he may come that we may come that you may come Qu'il vienne Que nous venions Que vous veniez Qu'ils viennent that they may come compound tenses Indicative Conditional Past Indefinite Past Je suis venu, Je serais venu, etc. etc. THE VERB 41 Indicative Pluperfect Future Anterior J'etais yenu, Je serai venu, etc. etc. Subjunctive Past Que je sois venu, etc. Venir de means " to have just " done a thing ; thus: Je viens d'arriver, / have just come. Je venais d'arriver, / had just come. Venir de is used in this way only in the present and in the imperfect of the indicative. PRENDRE, = TO TAKE The n of verbs like prendre is doubled before the mute termi- nations, e, es, ent. Present Infinitive Past Infinitive prendre to take avoir pris to have taken Present Participle Compound Past Participle prenant taking ayant pris having taken Past Participle pris (to. s.), prise (/. s.), pris (to. pi.), prises (J. pi.), taken 42 WAR FRENCH SIMPLE TENSES Indicative Present Je prends I take Tu prends thou takest II prend he takes Nous prenons we take Vous prenez you take lis prennent they take Imperfect Je prenais Tu prenais I was taking thou wast tak- ing II prenait he was taking Nous prenions we were taking Vous preniez you were taking lis prenaient they were tak- ing Past Definite Je pris Tu pris II prit Nous primes Vous prites lis prirent I took thou tookest he took we took you took they took Future Je prendrai I shall take Tu prendras thou wilt take II prendra he will take Nous prendrons we shall take Vous prendrez you will take lis prendront they will take Conditional Present I should take thou wouldst take he would take Je prendrais Tu prendrais II prendrait Nous prendrions we should take Vous prendriez you would take lis prendraient they would take Imperative Prends take (thou) Prenez take (you) Prenons let us take Subjunctive Present Que je prenne Que tu prennes that I may take that thou mayest take Qu'il prenne that he n^' take Que nous prenions that we may take Que vous preniez that you may take Qu'ils prennent that they may take THE VERB COMPOUND TENSES Indicative Conditional Past Indefinite Past J'ai pris, etc. J'aurais pris, etc. Pluperfect J'avais pris, etc. Subjunctive Past Future Anterior J'aurai pris, etc. Que j'aie pris, etc. 43 POUVOIR = CAN, TO BE ABLE Present Infinitive Past Infinitive pouvoir to be able avoir pu to have been able Present Participle Compound Past Participle pouvant being able ayant pu having been able Past Participle pu {invariable) , been able SIMPLE TENSES Indicative Conditional Present Pi "csent Je puis or I am able je peux Tu peux thon art able 11 peut he is able Nous pouvons we are able Vous pouvez you are able lis peuvent they are able Je pourrais Tu pourrais 11 pourrait I should be able thou wouldst be able he would be able 44 WAR FRENCH Indicative Imperfect Je pouvais I was able Tu pouvais thou wast able II pouvait he was able Nous pouvions we were able Vous pouviez you were able Ds pouvaient they were able Past Definite Je pus I was able Tu pus thou wast able II put he was able Nous pumes we were able Vous putes you were able lis purent they were able Future Je pourrai I shall be able Tu pourras thou wilt be able II pourra he will be able Nous pourrons we shall be able Vous pourrez you will be able lis pourront they will be able Conditional Present Nous pourrions we should be able Vous pourriez you would be able lis pourraient they would be able (No Imperative) Subjunctive Present Que je puisse Que tu puisses Qu'il puisse Que nous puis- sions Que vous puis- siez Qu'ilspuissent that I may be able that thou may- est be able that he may be able that we may be able that you may be able that they may be able compound tenses Indicative Conditional Past Indefinite Past J'ai pu, J'aurais pu, etc. etc. Pluperfect J'avais pu, Subjunctive etc. Past Future Anterior Que j'aie pu, J'aurai pu, etc. etc. THE VERB 45 SAVOIR = TO KNOW Present Infinitive savoir to know Present Participle sachant knowing Past Infinitive avoir su to have known Compound Past Participle ayant su having known Past Participle su (to. s.), sue (/. s.), sus (to. pi.), sues (/. pi.), known SIMPLE TENSES Indicative Present Je sais I know Tu sais thou knowest II sait he knows Nous savons we know Vous savez you know lis savent they know Je savais Tu savais Imperfect I was knowing thou wast know- ing II savait he was knowing Nous savions we were knowing Vous saviez you were know- ing lis savaient they were know- ing Past Definite Je sus I knew Tu sus thou knewest II sut he knew Conditional Present Je saurais Tu saurais I should know thou wouldst know II saurait he would know Nous saurions we should know Vous sauriez you would know lis sauraient they would know Imperative Sache know (thou) Sachez know (you) Sachons let us know 46 WAR FRENCH Indicative Past Definite Nous sumes we knew Vous sutes you knew lis surent they knew Future Je saurai I shall know Tu sauras thou wilt know II saura he will know Nous saurons we shall know Vous saurez you will know lis sauront they will know Subjunctive Present Que je sache that I may know Que tu saches that thou may- est know Qu'il sache that he may know Que nous that we may sachions know Que vous that you may sachiez know Qu'ils sachent that they may know COMPOUND TENSES J'ai su, etc. Indicative Past Indefinite J'avais su, etc. Pluperfect Future Anterior J'aurai su, etc. Conditional Past J'aurais su, etc. Subjunctive Past Que j'aie su, etc. Savoir calls for no preposition before an infinitive : Je sais monter a cheval. / know how to ride. Notice the following : Savez-vous nager? Can you swim? Je sais ma lecon. / know my lesson. but Je connais le capitaine. / know the captain. THE VERB 47 VOIR = TO SEE Present Infinitive voir to see Present Participle voyant seeing Past Infinitive avoir vu to have seen Compound Past Participle ayant vu having seen Past Participle vu (m. s.), vue (/. s.), vus (m. pi.), vues (/. pi.), seen SIMPLE TENSES Indicative Present Je vois I see Tu vois thou seest II voit he sees Nous voyons we see Nous voyez you see lis voient they see Imperfect Je voyais I was seeing Tu voyais thou wast seeing II voyait he was seeing Nous voyions we were seeing Vous voyiez you were seeing lis voyaient they were seeing Past Definite Je vis I saw Tu vis thou sawest II vit he saw Nous vimes we saw Vous vites you saw lis virent they saw Conditional, Present Je verrais I should see Tu verrais thou wouldst see II verrait he would see Nous verrions we would see Vous verriez you would see lis verraient they would see Imperative Vois see (thou) Voyez see (you) Voyons let us see Subjunctive Present Que je voie that I may see Que tu voies that thou mayest see that he may see Qu'il voie 48 WAR FRENCH Indicative Future Je verrai I shall see Tu verras thou wilt see II verra he will see Nous verrons we shall see Vous verrez you will see Us verront they will see Subjunctive Present Que nous voyions that we mav see Que vous voyiez that you may see Qu'ils voient that they may see COMPOUND TENSES Indicative Conditional Past Indefinite Past J'ai vu, etc. J'aurais vu, etc. . Pluperfect J'avais vu, etc. Future Anterior J'aurai vu, etc. Subjunctive Past Que j'aie vu, etc. VOULOIR = TO WILL, TO BE WILLING, TO WISH Present Infinitive Past Infinitive vouloir to wish avoir voulu to have wished Present Participle Compound Past Participle voulant wishing ayant voulu having wished Past Participle voulu (m. s.), voulue (/. s.), voulus (m. pi.), voulues (J. pi), wished THE VERB 49 SIMPLE TENSES Indicative Present Je veux I wish Tu veux thou wishest On veut one wishes Nous voulons we wish Vous voulez you wish lis veulent they wish Imperfect Je voulais Tu voulais I was wishing thou wast wish- ing II voulait he was wishing Nous voulions we were wishing Vous vouliez you were wish- ing lis voulaient they were wish- ing Past Definite Je voulus Tu voulus II voulut I wished thou wishedst he wished Nous voulumes we wished Vous voulutes you wished lis voulurent they wished Future Je voudrai I shall wish Tu voudras thou wilt wish 11 voudra he will wish Nous voudrons we shall wish Vous voudrez you will wish lis voudront they will wish Conditional Present Je voudrais Tu voudrais I should wish thou wouldst wish II voudrait he would wish Nous voudrions we should wish Vous voudriez you would wish lis voudraient they would wish Imperative Veuille, veux wish (thou) Veuillez, voulez wish (you) Veuillons, voulons let us wish Subjunctive Present Que je veuille Que tu veuilles that I may wish that thou mayest wish Qu'il veuille that he may wish Que nous voulions that we may wish Que vous vouliez that you may wish Qu'ils veuillent that they may wish 50 WAR FRENCH COMPOUND TENSES Indicative Past Indefinite J'ai voulu, etc. Pluperfect J'avais voulu, etc. Future Anterior J'aurai voulu, etc. Conditional Past J'aurai voulu, etc. Subjunctive Past Que j'aie voulu, etc. Je veux que vous le fassiez, is literally " I wish that you do it," but in reality is a peremptory order. Avoid using je veux que, etc., unless the occasion calls for it. The imperative forms veux, voulez, voulons, you will never use. Veuillez is a formula of politeness, like our please; Veuillez me prefer votre livre, Be so good as to lend me your book. You could of course say pretez-moi votre livre, but you will do well to use veuillez. FAIRE = TO DO, TO MAKE Present Infinitive faire to do Past Infinitive avoir fait to have done Present Participle faisant doing Compound Past Participle ayant fait having done Past Participle fait (m. s.), faite (/. s.), faits (in. pi.), faites (/. pi.), done THE VERB 51 SIMPLE TENSES Indicative Je fais Tu fais II fait Nous faisons we do I do thou doest he does Vous faites lis font you do they do Conditional Present Je ferais I should do Tu ferais thou wouldst do II ferait he would do Nous ferions we should do Vous feriez you would do lis feraient they would do Imperfect Je faisais I was doing Tu faisais thou wast doing II faisait he was doing Nous faisions we were doing Vous faisiez you were doing lis faisaient they were doing Imperative Fais do (thou) Faites do (you) Faisons let us (me) do Past Definite Subjunctive Je fis I did Present Tu fis thou didst 11 fit he did Que je fasse that I may Nous fimes we did do Vous fites you did Que tu fasses that thou lis firent they did mayest do Qu'il fasse that he may Future do Qu'on fasse that one Je ferai I shall do may do Tu feras thou wilt do Que nous fassions that we may 11 fera he will do do On fera one will do Que vous fassiez that you Nous ferons we shall do may do Vous ferez you will do Qu'ils fassent that they lis feront they will do may do 52 WAR FRENCH compound tenses Indicative Conditional Past Indefinite Past J'ai fait, J'aurais fait, etc. e tc - Pluperfect J'avais fait, etc. Subjunctive Past Future Anterior Que j'aie fait, t ■ etc - J aurais fait, etc. SE LAVER = TO WASH ONE'S SELF Present Infinitive Past Infinitive Se laver to wash one's self S'etre lave to have washed one's self Present Participle Compound Past Participle Se lavant washing one's self S'etant lave having washed one's self Past Participle Lave (to. a.), lavee (J. s.), laves (to. pi), lavees (/. pi.), washed Indicative simple tenses compound tenses Present Past Indefinite Je me lave I wash myself Je me suis lave I have washed Tu te laves thou washest thy- myself self Tu t'es lave thou hast II se lave he washes himself washed thy- self THE VERB 53 SIMPLE TENSES Present On se lave one (people) washes himself (themselves) Nous nous we wash our- lavons selves Vous vous you wash your- lavez selves lis se lavent they wash them- selves Imperfect Je me lavais I was washing myself Tu te lavais thou wast wash- ing thyself II se lavait he was washing himself Nous nous we were washing lavions ourselves Vous vous you were wash- laviez ing yourselves lis se lavaient they were wash- ing themselves Future Je me laverai I shall wash my- self Tu te laveras thou wilt wash thyself II se lav era he will wash himself Nous nous we shall wash laverons ourselves Vous vous you will wash laverez yourselves lis se laveront they will wash themselves COMPOUND TENSES Past Indefinite II s'est lave he has washed himself Nous nous we have sommes laves washed our- selves Vous vous etes you have laves washed yourselves lis se sont laves they have washed themselves Pluperfect Je m'etais lave I had washed myself Tu t'etais lave thou hadst washed thyself II s'etait lave he had washed himself Nous nous etions we had laves washed ourselves Vous vous etiez you had laves washed yourselves lis s'etaient laves they had washed themselves Future Anterior Je me serai lave I shall have washed my- self Tu te seras lave thou wilt have washed thy- self 54 WAR FRENCH COMPOUND TENSES Future Anterior II se sera lave lie will have washed himself we shall have washed our- selves Vous vous serez you will have laves washed yourselves lis se seront they will have laves washed themselves Nous nous serons laves Conditional Present Je me laverais Tu te laverais II se laverait Nous nous laverions Vous vous laveriez lis se lave- raient I should wash myself thou wouldst wash thyself he would wash himself we should wash ourselves you would wash yourselves they would wash them- selves Past 1st Form 2d Form Je me serais Je me fusse lave lave I should have washed myself Tu te serais Tu te fusses lave lave thou wouldst have washed thyself II se serait lave II se fut lave he would have washed himself Nous nous se- Nous nous fus- rions laves sions laves we should have washed our- selves Vous vous Vous vous fus- seriez laves siez laves you would have washed your- selves lis se seraient lis se fussent laves laves they would have washed them- selves THE VERB 55 Lave-toi Lavons-nous Lavez-vous Imperative wash thyself let us wash ourselves wash (yourself) yourselves Subjunctive Present Past Que je me lave that I may wash myself Que tu te laves that thou may- est wash thy- self Qu'il se lave that he may wash himself Que nous nous that we may lavions wash our- selves Que vous vous that you may laviez wash your- selves Qu'il s se that they may lavent wash them- selves Que je me sois lave Que tu te sois lave Qu'il se soitlave Que nous nous soyons laves Que vous vous soyez laves Qu'ils se soient laves that I may have washed my- self that thou mayest have washed thyself that he may have washed himself that we may have washed ourselves that you may have washed yourselves that they may have washed themselves REFERENCE LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS Envoyer, to send. J'envoie, tu envoies, il envoie ; nous en- voyons, vous envoyez, ils envoient. — - J'envoyais, etc., nous envoyions, vous envoyiez, ils envoyaient. — J'envoyai. — J'enverrai. — J'enverrais. — Envoie, envoyons, envoyez. 56 WAR FRENCH — Que j'enyoie, que nous envoyions, que vous envoyiez, qu'ils envoient. — Que j'envoyasse. — Envoyant, envoye, envoyee. Acquerir, to acquire. J'acquiers . . . nous acquerons, vous acquerez, lis acquierent. — ■ J'acquerais. — J'aequis. — J'acquerrai, j'acquerrais. — Aequiers, acquerons, acquerez. — Que j'acquiere . . . que nous acquerions . . . qu'ils acquierent. — Que j'acquisse, etc. — Aequerant, acquis (acquise). Assaillir, to assault. J'assaille . . . nous assaillons. — J'as- saillais. — J'assaillis. — J'assaillirai, j'assaillirais. — Assaille, assaillons, assaillez. — Que j'assaille. — Que j'assaillisse. — Assaillant, assailli (assaillie). Bouillir, to boil. Je bous, il bout. — Je bouillais. — Je bouillis. — Je bouillirai, je bouillirais. — Bous, bouillons, bouillez. — Que je bouille. — Que je bouillisse. — Bouillant, bouilli (bouillie). Courir, to run. Je cours, tu cours, il court ; nous courons, vous courez, ils courent. — Je courais, etc. — Je courus. — Je courrai . . . nous courrons ; je courrais . . . nous courrions. — Cours, courons, courez. — ■ Que je coure . . . que nous courions . . . qu'ils courent. — Que je courusse. — Courant, couru (courue). Cueillir, to gather. Je cueille . . . nous cueillons, vous cueillez, ils cueillent. — Je cueillais. — Je cueillis. — Je cueillerai, je cueillerais. — Cueille, cueillons, cueillez. — Que je cueille. — Que je cueillisse. — Cueillant, cueilli (cueillie). Dormir, to sleep. Je dors, tu dors, il dort ; nous dormons, vous dormez, ils dorment. — Je dormais. — Je dormis . . . nous dormimes. — Je dormirai, je dormirais. — Dors, dormons, dormez. — Que je dorme. — Que je dormisse. — Dormant, dormi. Fuir, to flee. Je fuis, tu fuis, il fuit ; nous fuyons, vous fuyez, ils fuient. — Je fuyais . . . nous fuyions. — Je fuis . . . nous fuimes. — Je fuirai, je fuirais. — - Fuis, fuyons, fuyez. — Que je fuie . . . que nous fuyions, qu'ils fuient. — Que je fuisse. — Fuyant, fui (fuie). Mentir, to lie. Je mens . . . nous mentons. — Je mentais. — Je mentis. — Je mentirai, je mentirais. — Mens, mentons, mentez. — Que je mente. — Que je mentisse. — Mentant, menti (mentie). Mourir, to die. Je meurs, tu meurs, il meurt ; nous mourons, THE VERB 57 vous mourez, ils meurent. — Je mourais. — Je mourus. — Je mourrai, je mourrais. — Meurs, mourons, mourez. — Que je meure. — Que je mourusse. — Mourant, mort (morte). Offrir, to offer. J'offre . . . nous offrons. — J'offrais. — J'offris. — J'offrirai, j'offrirais. — Offre, offrons, offrez. — Que j'offre. — Que j'offrisse. — Offrant, offert (offerte). Ouvrir, to open. J'ouvre . . . nous ouvrons. — J'ouvrais. — J'ouvris. — J'ouvrirai ; j'ouvrirais. — Ouvre, ouvrons, ouvrez. — Que j'ouvre. — Que j'ouvrisse. — Ouvrant, ouvert (ouverte). Partir, to leave. Je pars . . . nous partons. — Je partais. — Je partis. — Je partirai, je partirais. — Pars, partons, partez. — Que je parte. — Que je partisse. — Partant, parti (partie). Sentir, to feel. Je sens . . . nous sentons. — Je sentais. — Je sentis. — Je sentirai, je sentirais. — Sens, sentons, sen- tez. — Que je sente. — Que je sentisse. — Sentant, senti (sentie). Servir, to serve. Je sers . . . nous servons. — Je servais. — Je servis. — Je servirai, je servirais. — Sers, servons, servez — Que je serve. — Que je servisse. — Servant, servi (servie). Sortir, to go out. Je sors . . . nous sortons. - — Je sortais. — Je sortis. — Je sortirai, je sortirais. — Sors, sortons, sortez. — Que je sorte. — Que je sortisse. — Sortant, sorti (sortie). Souffrir, to suffer. Je souffre . . . nous souffrons. — Je souf- frais. — Je souffris. — Je souffrirai, je souffrirais. — Souffre, souffrons, souffrez. — Que je souffre. — Que je souffrisse. — Souffrant, souffert (soufferte). Tenir, to hold. Je tiens, tu tiens, il tient ; nous tenons, vous tenez, ils tiennent. — Je tenais. — Je tins, tu tins, il tint : nous tinmes, vous tintes, ils tinrent. — Je tiendrai, je tien- drais. — Tiens, tenons, tenez. — Que je tienne. — Que je tinse. — Tenant, tenu (tenue), Tressaillir, to tremble. Je tressaille . . . nous tressaillons, ils tressaillent. — Je tressaillais. — Je tressaillis. — Je tres- saillirai, je tressaillirais. — Tressaille, tressaillons, tressail- lez. — Que je tressaille. — Que je tressaillisse. — Tres- saillant, tressailli. Vetir, to clothe. Je vets, tu vets, il vet ; nous vetons, vous vetez, ils vetent. — Je vetais. — Je vetis. — Je vetirai, je vgtirais. — Vets, vetons, vetez. — Que je vete. — Que je vetisse. — Vetant, vetu (vetue). 58 WAR FRENCH Asseoir, to seat. J'assieds, tu assieds, il assied ; nous asseyons, vous asseyez, ils asseyent. (Another form is : J'asseois . . . nous assoyons, vous assoyez, ils assoient.) — J'assey- ais or j'assoyais. — J'assis. — J'assierai or j'asseyerai or j'assoirai ; j'assierais or j'asseyerais or j'assoirais. — Assieds asseyons, asseyez. — Que j'asseye . . . que nous asseyions, qu'ils asseyent. — Que j'assisse. — Asseyant, assis (assise). Falloir, to be necessary, " ought," " must." Impersonal verb : il faut ; il fallait ; il fallut ; il faudra, il faudrait ; qu'il faille ; qu'il fallut, fallu. Mouvoir, to move. Je meus, tu meus, il meut ; nous mouvons, vous mouvez, ils meuvent. ■ — Je mouvais. — Je mus. — Je mouvrai, je mouvrais. — Meus, mouvons, mouvez. — Que je meuve. — Que je musse. — Mouvant, mu (mue). Pleuvoir, to rain. Impersonal verb : il pleut ; il pleuvait ; il plut ; il pleuvra, il pleuvrait ; qu'il pleuve ; qu'il plut ; pleuvant, plu. Valoir, to be worth. Je vaux, tu vaus, il vaut ; nous valons, vous valez, ils valent. — Je valais. — Je valus. — Je vaudrai, je vaudrais. — Vaux, valons, valez. — Que je vaille. — Que je valusse. — Valant, valu (value). Absoudre, to absolve. J'absous, tu absous, il absout ; nous absolvons, vous absolvez, ils absolvent. — J'absolvais. — J'absoudrai, j'absoudrais. — Absous, absolvons, absolvez. — Que j'absolve. — Absolvant. — Absous (fern, absoute). (This verb has no past definite or imperfect subjunctive.) Boire, to drink. Je bois, tu bois, il boit ; nous buvons, vous buvez, ils boivent. — Je buvais. — Je bus. — - Je boirai v je boirais. — - Bois, buvons, buvez. — Que je boive ... que nous buvions, que vous buviez, qu'ils boivent. — Que je busse. — Buvant, bu (bue). Conclure, to conclude. Je conclus, tu conclus, il conclut ; nous concluons, vous concluez, ils concluent. — Je concluais. — Je conclus . . . nous conclumes. — Je conclurai, je con- clurais. — Conclus, concluons, concluez. — Que je conclue. — Que je conclusse. — Concluant, conclu (conclue). " Indus " gives " incluse " in the feminine ; but " exclus " gives " exclue." Conduire, to lead. Je conduis . . . nous conduisons ... ils con- duisent. — Je conduisais. — Je conduisis. — Je conduirai, je conduirais. — Conduis, conduisons, conduisez. — Que je con- duise.— Que je conduisisse. — Conduisant, conduit (conduite). THE VERB 59 Connaitre, to know. Je eonnais, tu connais, il connait ; nous con- naissons, vous connaissez, ils connaissent. — Je connaissais. — Je connus . . . nous connumes. — Je connaltrai, je connal- trais. — Connais, connaissons, connaissez. — Que je con- naisse. — Que je eonnusse. — Connaissant, connu (connue). Coudre, to sew. Je eouds, tu couds, il coud ; nous eousons, vous cousez, ils cousent. — Je cousais. — Je cousis. — Je coudrai, je coudrais. — Couds, eousons, cousez. — Que je eouse. — Que je cousisse. — Cousant, cousu (cousue). Craindre, to fear. Je crains, tu crains, il craint ; nous craignons, vous craignez, ils craignent. — Je craignais. — Je craignis. — Je craindrai, je craindrais. — Crains, craignons, craignez, — Que je craigne. — Que je craignisse. — Craignant, craint (crainte). Croire, to believe. Je crois, tu crois, il croit ; nous croyons, vous croyez, ils croient. — Je croyais. — Je crus . . . nous crumes. — Je croirai, je croirais. ■ — Crois, croyons, croyez. — Que je croie. — Que je crusse. — Croyant, cru (crue). Croitre, to increase. Je crois, tu crois, il croit ; nous croissons, vous croissez, ils croissent. — Je croissais. — Je crus . . . nous crumes. — Je croitrai, je croitrais. — Crois, croissons, croissez. — Que je croisse. — Que je crusse. — Croissant, cru (crue). Dire, to say. Je dis, tu dis, il dit ; nous disons, vous dites, ils disent. — Je disais. — Je dis . . . nous dimes. — Je dirai, je dirais. — Dis, disons, dites. — Que je dise. — Que je disse. — Disent, dit (dite). Ecrire, to write. J'eeris . . . nous ecrivons, vous eerivez, ils ecrivent. — J'ecrivais. — J'ecrivis. — J'ecrirai, j'ecrirais. — Eeris, ^ecrivons, eerivez. — Que j'ecrive. — Que j'ecri- visse. — Ecrivant, ecrit (ecrite). Joindre, to join. Je joins, tu joins, il joint ; nous joignons, vous joignez, ils joignent. — Je joignais. — Je joignis. — Je joindrai, je joindrais. — Joins, joignons, joignez. — Que je joigne. — Que je joignisse. — Joignant, joint (jointe). Lire, to read. Je lis, tu lis, il lit ; nous lisons, vous lisez, ils lisent. — Je lisais. — Je lus. — Je lirai, je lirais. — Lis, lisons, lisez. — Que je lise. — Que je lusse. — Lisant, lu (lue). Mettre, to put. Je mets . . . nous mettons. — Je mettais. — Je mis. — Je mettrai, je mettrais. — Mets, mettons, mettez. — Que je mette. — Que je misse. — Mettant, mis (mise). 60 WAR FRENCH Moudre, to mold. Je mouds, tu mouds, il moud ; nous moulons, vous moulez, ils moulent. — Je moulais. — Je moulus. — ■ Je moudrai, je moudrais. — Mouds, moulons, moulez. — Que je moule. — Que je moulusse. — Moulant, moulu (moulue). Naitre, to be born. Je nais, tu nais, il nait ; nous naissons, vous naissez, ils naissent. — Je naissais. — Je naquis. — Je naitrai, je naitrais. — Que je naisse. — Que je naquisse. — Naissant, ne (nee). Nuire, to be hurtful. Je nuis, tu nuis, il nuit ; nous nuisons, vous nuisez, ils nuisent. — Je nuisais. — Je nuisis. — Je nuirai, je nuirais. — - Nuis, nuisons, nuisez. - — Que je nuise. — Que je nuisisse. — Nuisant, nui. Paraitre, to appear. Je parais, tu parais, il parait ; nous paraissons, vous paraissez, ils paraissent. — Je paraissais. — Je parus. — Je paraitrai, je paraitrais. — Parais, parais- sons, paraissez. — Que je paraisse. — Que je parusse. — Paraissant, paru (parue). Peindre, to paint. Je peins, tu peins, il peint ; nous peignons, . vous peignez, ils peignent. — Je peignais. — Je peignis. — Je peindrai, je peindrais. — Peins, peignons, peignez. — - Que je peigne. — Que je peignisse. — Peignant, peint (peinte). Plaindre, to pity. Je plains, tu plains, il plaint ; nous plaignons, vous plaignez, ils plaignent. — Je plaignais. — Je plaignis. — Je plaindrai, je plaindrais. — Plains, plaignons. plaignez. — Que je plaigne. — Que je plaignisse. — Plaignant, plaint (plainte). Plaire, to please. Je plais, tu plais, il plait ; nous plaisons, vous plaisez, ils plaisent. — Je plaisais. — Je plus. — Je plairai, je plairais. — Plais, plaisons, plaisez. — Que je plaise. — Que je plusse. — Plaisant, plu (plue). Resoudre, to resolve. Je resous, tu resous, il resout ; nous resolvons, vous resolvez, ils resolvent. — Je resolvais. — Je resolus. — Je resoudrai, je resoudrais. — Resous, resolvons, resolvez. — Que je resolve. — Que je resolusse. — Resolvant resolu or resous (resolue or resoute). Rire, to laugh. Je ris, tu ris, il rit ; nous rions, vous riez, ils rient. — Je riais . . . nous riions. — Je ris . . . nous rimes. — Je rirai, je rirais. — Ris, rions, riez. — Que je rie . . . que nous riions. — ■ Riant, ri. Suivre, to follow. Je suis, tu suis, il suit ; nous suivons, vous THE VERB 61 suivez, ils suivent. — Je suivais. — Je suivis. — Je suivrai, je suivrais. — Suis, suivons, suiyez. — Que je suive. — Que je suivisse. — Suivant, suivi (suivie). Taire, to be silent. Je tais, tu tais, il tait ; nous taisons, yous taisez, ils taisent. — Je taisais. — Je tus. — Je tairai, je tairais. — Tais, taisons, taisez. — Que je taise. — Que je tusse. — ■ Taisant, tu (tue). Vaincre, to conquer. Je vaincs, tu vaincs, il vainc ; nous vainquons, vous vainquez, ils vainquent. — Je vainquais. — Je vainquis. — Je vaincrai, je vainerais. — Vaincs, vainquons, vainquez. — Que je vainque. — Que je vain- quisse. — Vainquant, vaincu (vaincue). Vivre, to live. Je vis, tu vis, il vit ; nous vivons, yous viyez, ils vivent. — Je vivais. — Je vecus. — Je vivrai, je vivrais. — Vis, vivons, vivez. — Que je vive. — Que je vecusse. — Vivant, vecu (vecue). CHAPTER IX SOME REMARKS ON THE VERB (1) The word for tense in French is the same as the word for time (temps) ; in considering verb forms, it is well to recollect that these differ as the time is past, present, or future. We say in English, "He speaks" or "He is speaking" and interrogatively, "Does he speak?"; negatively, "He does not speak." All of these are represented in French by one form, the present indicative. II parle. He speaks, he is speaking, he does speak. Parle-t-il ? x Does he speak ? II ne parle pas. He does not speak. 1 Notice the -t- in this sentence. In asking questions in French, the usual form, when a personal pronoun is the subject, is to put the verb before the subject. But this, as in the case in hand, sometimes brings two vowels together, a combination objectionable to the French. They get around the difficulty by inserting a t, which has now nothing to do with the verb, and exists only to ease pronunciation. 62 WAR FRENCH (2) The usual form in French corresponding to English past tense is the past indefinite, a compound tense. formed by the past participle and an auxiliary (avoir for all transitive and most intransitive verbs, etre with all reflexive verbs and for a few- verbs like aller, arriver, entrer, mourir, partir, rester, sortir, tomber, venir). Je l'ai yu. I saw him, or, I have seen him. Je lui ai parle. I spoke to him, or, I have spoken to him. Je le lui ai dit. I told him so, or, I have told him so. Je l'ai frappe. I struck him, or, I have struck him. J'ai dormi sept heures. I slept seven hours, or, I have slept seven hours. Ou avez-vous ete ? Where have you been ? A quelle heure etes-vous venu? At what time did you come? J'y suis alle. I went there. II est mort. He died, or, he is dead. II est entre dans sa guitoune. He went into his dugout. II est parti. He went away, or, he is gone. (3) To express future time, the future : Quand vous reverrai-je? When shall I see you? Quand j'y arriverai, je vous When I get there, I shall ecrirai. write you. (4) The imperfect is used : (a) For the English progressive past : Je travaillais, lorsqu'il est entre. I was working when he came in. (b) To express habitual action in the past. Quand j'etais a Paris, je faisais de longues promenades. When I was in Paris, I used to take long walks. (c) To express a state of mind : Je ne voulais pas le voir. I did not wish to see him. SOME REMARKS ON THE VERB 63 Je me demandais ou vous etiez. I was wondering where you were. J'esperais lui parler. I hoped to speak to him. Je savais que vous viendriez. I knew that you would come. Savait-il sa lecon? Did he know his lesson? Je ne le savais pas. I did not know that. (5) "Had" may usually be translated by the imperfect of avoir : J'avais de l'argent. I had some money. This applies also to compound tenses : Je ne l'avais pas vu. I had not seen him. Now, take the sentence, "He had not left when I got there." We may reason as follows : " Had " is avais, but partir (to leave) is conjugated with etre. Hence, we must use the tense of etre that corresponds to avais, i.e., etais : 11 n'etait pas parti, lorsque je suis arrive, he had not gone when I arrived. (6) " Was " is usually translated by the imperfect of etre : J'etais la, tout le temps. I was there all the time. (7) The conditional, as its name implies, is used when a condi- tion is expressed or understood. J'y irais si vous m'accompagniez, I would go there if you would accompany me. (Notice that when the conditional is used in the main clause, the imperfect is used after si.) If the future is used in the main clause, then the present is used after si in the conditional clause, e.g., Je tomberai, si je ne fais pas attention, I shall fall if I am not careful. Sometimes, the condition is understood : Oseriez-vous y aller ? Would you dare to go there? (I.e., if per- mission had been refused ; or any other condition that suits.) (8) A great many verbs in ordinary use are reflexive, that is, they have an object of the same person, indicating that the action is performed by the subject on himself. 64 WAR FRENCH Je me suis leve a cinq heures. I got up at five o'clock (literally, I raised myself). Je me suis reveille en sursaut. I woke up with a start. The verbs of the foregoing examples are not invariably re- flexive : II a leve le bras. He raised his arm. II a reveille son eopain. He awakened his chum. But many French verbs exist renexively only : La maison s'est ecroulee. The house fell down. La jument s'est cabree. The mare reared. Elle s'est evanouie. She fainted. Les ennemis se sont enfuis. The enemy fled. (9) The use of verbs requiring de and a seems to give begin- ners some trouble. When a noun follows, there is no particular difficulty. Je me souviens de ce combat. I remember that action. Je m'interesse a ces mitrail- I am interested in those ma- leuses. chine guns. When the English sentence is "I remember it," or. "I am interested in it," the student may be at a loss to know what pronoun to use. He knows it is not le because the verb is not transitive. The answer is en for verbs followed by de and y for verbs by a : Je m'en souviens (se souvenir de). Je m'y interesse (s'interesser a). A most important rule to recollect is that when the direct object of a verb in a compound tense precedes the verb, the participle of the compound tense must agree with the object in gender and number, e.g. : J'ai vu les batteries, but Les batteries que j'ai vues. (Here que has for its antecedent, batteries, a feminine plural ; hence vues, and not vu, as in the first example.) II ^'est frappe. lis se sont frappes. Elle s'est frappee. Elles se sont frappees. SOME REMARKS ON THE VERB 65 (10) The passive voice is formed by combining the past parti- ciple of the verb with etre ; thus, etre aime, to be loved, je suis aime, etc. The Subjunctive You will not have time to take up the subjunctive in detail, but you ought to know something about it. The following re- marks may be helpful. The indicative states a fact ; the subjunctive brings out or connotes, in general, a relation, something that depends on something else either expressed or implied. Hence the subjunc- tive always occurs in a clause dependent on the principal clause, and generally connected with it by suitable conjunctions. Although it may be said that the subjunctive is the mode of doubt or relation, it is more convenient for you to consider its use as a matter of formulae. Certain verbs require it in every case, even when there is no doubt ; this is true of verbs of emo- tion. Usage has also sanctioned the employment of the sub- junctive after penser, croire, and esperer, negative or interroga- tive, whereas it is perhaps not more logical to use it then than after these verbs in the affirmative. The pupil, if he tries to determine whether there is sufficient doubt to make necessary the use of the subjunctive, will frequently go astray. It is better for him to learn the expressions that require the subjunctive. A resume of those in most common use follows : 1. Verbs expressing desire; vouloir, desirer, etc. Je desire que vous m'accompagniez. Je veux qu'il finisse son travail. ' 2. Impersonal verbs and verbs expressing doubt or uncer- tainty ; falloir, etre necessaire, importer, etre possible, etre douteux, douter, n'etre pas certain, etc. II faut que vous y alliez aussitot que possible. II est necessaire que vous lui expliquiez ses devoirs. II importe que vous y soyez a l'heure convenue. II est possible que nous passions Fete a la campagne. II est douteux qu'il reussisse dans son entreprise. Je doute que vous arriviez a temps. Je ne doute pas qu'il ne soit bien recu. II n'est pas du tout certain que cela lui plaise. F 66 WAR FRENCH 3. Verbs of emotion : regretter, craindre, etre bien aise (con- tent, heureux) ; etre desole (fache), etc. Je regrette que vous ne soyez pas venu plus tot. Je crains qu'il ne soit en retard pour le dejeuner. Je suis bien aise que vous aimiez votre nouvel emploi. *Je suis tres fachee que nous n'ayons pas ete la pour vous recevoir. 4. Esperer, croire, penser, when negative or interrogative. Je n'espere pas que vous le fassiez. Je ne crois pas qu'il vienne. Pensez-vous qu'il pleuve ce soir? CHAPTER X VOCABULARIES AND CONVERSATIONS (1) Everyday Expressions and Phrases Good morning, sir, madam, miss. Good afternoon. Good evening, sir. Good night, sir. Pardon me. Don't mention it. How do you do? How is your mother? She is not very well, but I hope she will soon recover. Very well, thank you. Bonjour, Monsieur, Madame, Mademoiselle. Bonsoir, Monsieur. Bonne nuit, Monsieur. Pardon. Je vous demande pardon. Je vous en prie. Comment allez-vous? Comment ca va? Comment vous portez-vous? Comment va Madame votre mere? Elle est souffrante, mais j'espere qu'elle se re- mettra bientot. Tres bien, merci. Je vais bien, merci. Ca va bien, merci. Je me porte bien, merci. VOCABULARIES AND CONVERSATIONS 67 Do not trouble yourself. I am very glad to see you. What time is it? It is 10 o'clock. Take care ! Look out ! Do not bother me ! Stop here ! Does Mr. — — live here ? Come in. You are very kind. At what time does the first train start ? What is the name of this station ? I want. I do not want it. Let me know what I owe you. Are you not mistaken? Please give me. Move on ! I want something to eat. Where is it? Go and look for it ! Take this letter to the postoffice. How much is it? It is dear. Thank you. Don't mention it. Allow me to . present my friend — I am glad to make your acquaintance. Ne vous genez pas. Ne vous derangez pas. Je suis bien aise de vous voir. Je suis content (heureux) de vous voir. Quelle heure est-il? II est 10 heures. Prenez garde ! Ne me derangez pas ! Aire tez- vous ici ! M. demeure-t-il ici? Entrez. Vous etes tres aimable. A quelle heure part le premier train? Comment s'appelle cette sta- tion (gare) ? Je desire. Je veux (stronger). Je n'en veux pas. Dites-moi ce que je vous dois. Ne vous trompez-vous pas ? Yeuillez me donner. Avancez ! Circulez (policeman). Je desire quelque chose a man- ger. Ou est-ce? Allez le chercher ! Portez cette lettre a la poste. Combien? Combien cela coute-t-il? C'est cher. Merci. (Merci is also a polite refusal, when you decline something offered.) Je vous en remercie. II n'y a pas de quoi. De rien. Permettez-moi de vous pre- senter mon ami — ■ Je suis enchante de faire votre connaissance. 68 WAR FRENCH How far is it? What can I do for you? Do you speak English? I do not speak French very well. Where do you come from ? How did you come? On foot, in a carriage, in an auto, by rail, by boat, on a bicycle, on horseback, in an aeroplane. A quelle distance est-ce? Que puis-je faire pour vous? Parlez-vous anglais? Je ne parle pas tres bien le francais. D'ou venez-vous? Comment etes-vous venu? A pied, en voiture, en auto, en chemin de fer, en bateau, a, bicyclette, a cheval, en aeroplane. In addressing persons, never use their names. Thus, you are talking to Mr. Dufliquet. In English, we say: "How are you, Mr. Dufliquet?" but in French you would omit the name, and say, "Comment allez-vous, Monsieur?" (2) The Human Body. Le Corps la tete l'ceil, m. (pi., yeux) le front la figure les cheveux l'oreille, f. le nez les narines, f. pi. la gorge la bouche les dents les levres la langue la barbe le menton le cou la poitrine les epaules le dos le bras l'avant-bras, m. le coude head eye forehead face hair ear nose nostrils throat mouth (gueule, f., for animals) teeth lips tongue beard chin neck chest shoulders back arm forearm elbow VOCABULARIES AND CONVERSATIONS 69 le poignet le pouee le doigt l'estomac, m. le ventre la cuisse le genou la jambe la cheville le pied les doigts de pied le talon le mollet l'orteil, m. "Dis done, Marie, ce doit etre un Anglais, ee monsieur qui vient de sortir." "Comment done! e'est un Amerieain." "Mais, il etait habille de kaki et ce sont les Anglais qui le portent." "Les Americans aussi ; n'as- tu pas remarque qu'il avait le collet haut et droit, eomme le notre d'ailleurs, tandis que les Anglais l'ont rabattu?" "C'est vrai, je ne l'avais pas remarque ; mais il est rase comme les Anglais, il a les yeux bleus, comme les Anglais, le teint un peu sanguin et hale comme les Anglais ; et encore et plus, il ne savait rien dire, tout comme les Anglais. Done, je Fai pris pour un Anglais ; c'est tout naturel. J'aurais bien voulu causer un petit peu avec lui. II a l'air wrist thumb finger stomach abdomen thigh knee leg ankle foot toes heel calf great toe "Say. Mary, that must be an Englishman, the man who has just left." " Nonsense! he is an Ameri- can." "But he was dressed in khaki, and it is the English who wear it." "The Americans too ; did you not notice that he had a high and straight collar, like ours, by the way. while the English have it turned down?" "That is true, I had not noticed it. but he is clean- shaven Like the English : he has blue eyes like the English, a ruddy and tanned complexion like the English ; and what is more he could not say a word, just like the English. Consequently I took him for an English- man : it is perfectly natural. I should have liked to talk a little with him. He is 70 WAR FRENCH assez gentil, ce grand gar- con. II ne reviendra peut- etre jamais, celui-la, mais la ! il doit y en avoir d'au- tres." pleasant looking, that tall chap. He perhaps will never come back, but there must be others." (3) Clothes. Les Vetements l'habit, m. le veston le complet le gilet le pantalon les bretelles, f . la chemise le eol le faux col la cravate le bouton la boutonniere la poche le hnge le calecon la chaussette le chapeau le chapeau haut de forme le chapeau de paille le chapeau melon le Soulier la botte la montre la montre-bracelet le trousseau de clefs le canif le portefeuille le portemonnaie le porte-cigarettes la pipe coat (tail coat) sack coat suit (same material through- out) waistcoat ; undershirt trousers (never say paire de pantalons) suspenders shirt collar (fixed on shirt) collar (detachable) cravat, necktie button buttonhole pocket underclothes drawers (never say paire de calegon) sock hat high hat, silk hat straw hat derby hat shoe (it is correct to say paire de souliers) boot watch wrist watch bunch of keys pocket knife pocket book purse cigarette case pipe VOCABULARIES AND CONVERSATIONS 71 s'habiller se deshabiller la malle faire une malle defaire une malle " Qu'avez-vous done ? Qu'ya- t-il?" " Ce qu'il y a ! Je m'habillais pour sortir, et voila, qu'en prenant mon pantalon sur la chaise, il s'accroche a un vilain clou, et se dec hire comme vous voyez." "Oh! ce n'estrien; il y a un petit tailleur tout pres d'ici, qui fera votre affaire." "Impossible, vous dis-je; re- gardez-moi ce trou ! Et c'est mon seul pantalon. Je n'ai pas encore recu mes bagages." to dress to undress trunk to pack a trunk to unpack a trunk "What is the matter with you? What is it?" "What is it? I was dressing to go out, and what do you think, in taking my trousers off the chair, they caught on a wretched nail and tore as you see." "Oh, that's nothing: there is a little tailor close by, who will attend to the matter for you." "Impossible, I tell you: just look at that hole ! And those are my only trousers. I have not yet got my baggage." "M. Ducrot, veuillez prendre mesure a mon ami. II a besoin d'un complet." "Volontiers, Monsieur. Quel drap preferez-vous, Mon- sieur? En voici d'Ecosse. Veuillez passer dans ce cabi- net . . . Mon Dieu ! quelle dechirure ! pas moyen de la raccommoder. C'est un pantalon americain, n'est-ce pas, monsieur?" "Americain, oui ; mais com- ment le savez-vous?" "Par cette patte, monsieur, qui chez nous part toujours du cote gauche. Vous aurez "Mr. Ducrot, I wish you would take my friend's meas- ure. He needs a suit." "With pleasure sir; what cloth do you prefer? Here are some from Scotland. Please pass into this closet. Good Heavens ! What a tear ! No way to mend that ! Those are American trous- ers, are they not, sir?" "American, yes, but how do you know it?" "By this tongue, sir, which with us always comes from the left side. You shall :: V.AR FRENCH vos Tenements demain. a ht '"Sans fame! Yous e^ Btee is lenes votre parole. - pre- mier tailleur de ma eonnais- sanee qui l*ait ja rd Di- constitute profanity. H have your clothe; : >raor- row &- - in the evening, .out fail." "Without fail! You of it? I: keep your HI be I tailor of my acquaint: tha- Bd." ejaculations does not ah do not £ nom de Dieu.j 4 Food. La Xoureituee le pain la viande k - .-rgumes le lait le cafe" le Yin la pomme 1 - . - . m. les fruits, m. la pomme la eet la poire l'eau. f. le sel le poivre • la nappe le plat l'ass la four la t:. la at ■ le eouteau la cuiller la soupe le labac bread jt lea ::.:.:: tea coffee potato peas bea: Emits apple try salt pepper gar tablecloth dish pkv fork napkin spoon soup tobaeeo VOCABULARIES AND CONVERSATIONS 73 I- beurre I- rince-bouche manger, v. t. boire, v. t. le dejeuner petit dejeuner le diner le dessert la consommation le pourboire 1' addition, f. butter finger bowl to eat to drink breakfast early breakfast dinner dessert a drink tip bill We say "to be hungry," the French and learn the following : avoir faim avoir soif avoir froid avoir chaud avoir peur avoir raison avoir tort J'ai froid aux pieds. .J'ai mal a la gorge. "J'ai bien faim, moi." "Et moi aussi; voila deux heures que nous rnarchons." "Eh bien, je erois qu'au tournant du coin que vous voyez la-bas, nous trouve- rons un petit restaurant." ***** "Garcon, vous avez devant vous deux affames; donnez- nous a. manger et vite ! " "Bien, monsieur. Que de- sirent ces messieurs?" "N'importe quoi ; de la vi- ande, du vin, du pain, et des fruits ; et apres, du cafe." ' to have hunger." Notice to be hungry to be thirsty to be cold to be hot to be afraid to be right to be wrong My feet are cold. My throat is sore. "I am very hungry, I am." " I am too ; we have been walk- ing for two hours." "Well, I believe that around that corner you see yonder, we shall find a little res- taurant." ***** "Waiter, you have before you two starving men. Give us something to eat and quickly !" "Very good, sir. What would the gentlemen like?" "It makes no difference ; meat, wine, bread, fruits and after- wards, coffee." 74 WAR FRENCH 'Bien, monsieur. II faudra cinq minutes pour tout cela, je crois. En attendant, voiei le Figaro, a votre service. Le courrier vient d'arriver." 'Very well, sir. All that will take five minutes, I believe. In the meantime here is the Figaro for you. The mail has just come." " Dites done, mais e'est un fameux repas que nous ve- nons de faire !" "Cela ne devrait pas vous etonner, on mange toujours bien dans ce petit coin de province." "I say, but that was a famous meal we have just had ! " ; That ought not to astonish you ; the food is always good in this provincial nook." [The French begin the day with coffee and bread on getting up ; a real breakfast, dejeuner a la fourchette (breakfast with a fork), is served from 11 : 30 to 12 and corresponds more or less to our lunch. Dinner is like ours, except that certain vegetables constitute separate courses.] (5) The House. La Maison a chambre a salle a manger a chambre a coucher e salon e cabinet 'escalier, m. 'escalier de service a cuisine a rampe e toit a fenetre a vitre a porte a porte de la rue elit a table a chaise e tapis room dining room bedroom parlor, drawing room study, small room ; w. c. staircase back stairs, servant's stairs kitchen balusters roof window window pane door street door bed table chair carpet VOCABULARIES AND CONVERSATIONS 75 la cheminee le plafond le plancher la bibliotheque le jardin le jardin potager le rez-de-chaussee l'ofnce la cuisiniere la bonne la bonne a tout faire les domestiques le cocher le chauffeur l'automobile, m. or f. le garage l'ecurie, f. 1'etable, f. monter, v. n. descendre, v. n. se coucher, v. r. se lever, v. r. " C'est singulier, ici en France lorsqu'on veut dire 'second floor,' on dit au premier." "Oui, et notre 'first floor' devient le rez-de-chaussee." "Pour les noms, ca n'est par grand'chose, on finira par les apprendre. Mais les fenetres ! les fenetres s'ouvrent corame les portes. 11 faut qu'une fenetre soit ouverte ou fermee." " Ca arrive en Amerique aussi." "Vous savez parfaitement bien ce que je veux dire ; il n'y a pas moyen de les tenir, les fenetres, un peu ouvertes, comme chez nous. Et si chimney ceiling floor bookcase, library garden kitchen garden ground floor the pantry cook maid slavey servants coachman chauffeur automobile garage stable (for horses) stable (for cattle) to go upstairs to go downstairs to go to bed to get up "I t is odd, here in France, when they mean 'second floor,' they say 'first.'" "Yes, and our first floor be- comes the 'rez-de-chaussee.' " "In respect of names, the matter is of no importance. We'll end by learning them. But the windows, the win- dows open like doors. A window has got to be open or shut." "That happens in America, too." "You know perfectly well what I mean. There is no way of keeping them, the windows, a little open, as we do at home. And if 76 WAR FRENCH Ton voulait les amenager pour exclure les moustiques ..." "Ne vous derange z pas; il n'y en a pas, de moustiques, dans ces parages." "Passe pour les moustiques; mais pourquoi ne pas avoir d'aseenseur dans notre hotel? Ma chambre se trouve au sixdeme, non, au einquieme, et il me faut grimper, grimper, ehaque fois que j'ai besoin de monter ehez moi. J 'arrive tout essoume." "Celaprouve que vous avez besoin d'exereiee. Et une fois que vous y etes, vous avez une tres jolie vue sur le pont, avee ees eollines bleues au-dela, et en deca le village aux toits rouges. Cela ne nous recompense-t-il pas de vos efforts?" it were necessary to arrange them so as to shut out mos- quitoes ..." "Don't worry, there are no mosquitoes in these parts." "Let the mosquitoes go, but why not have an elevator in our hotel? My room is on the sixth, no' the fifth floor, and I have to climb and climb every time I need to go up. I arrive completely out of breath." "That proves that you need exercise. And once you get there, you have a very pretty view of the bridge, with the blue hills beyond, and on this side, the village with red roofs. Doesn't that recompense you for your efforts?" (6) Country. La Campagne a riviere e fleuve a campagne e sentier a route a grand'route e trottoir es arbres, m e chene 'orme, m. e pin e sapin e peuplier (small) river, creek (U. (large) river country path road highway sidewalk trees oak elm pine fir poplar S.) VOCABULARIES AND CONVERSATIONS 77 le canal canal le pont bridge le pont suspendu suspension bridge la chaussee causeway, highway le champ field le verger orchard le bord border le courant current le village village l'eglise church le temple Protestant church leble wheat le seigle rye l'avoine, f. oats le foin hay la promenade walk faire une promenade to take a walk la pluie rain le vent wind la poussiere dust la neige snow le tonnerre thunder l'eelair, m. lightning l'orage, m. thunderstorm la grele hail l'averse, f. shower " Si nous allions faire une prome- nade aux bords de la riviere." "Je veux bien, d'autant plus que je commencais a. m'en- nuyer. Ces deux jours de pluie ..." "N'en parlez plus: voila le soleil qui perce." " C'est une assez belle route que celle-ci, bordee qu'elle est de peupliers. Voila ce qui m'etonne de plus en plus, depuis que je suis en France, l'excellence des chemins." 'What do you say to a walk on the river bank?" 'I am willing, particularly as I was beginning to be bored. These two days of rain ..." them again : sun coming 'Don't mention here is the through." 'This is quite a fine road, bordered as it is with pop- lars. That is what aston- ishes me more and more since I have been in France, the excellence of the roads." 78 WAR FRENCH ' Vous avez raison ; mais vous vous rappelez la grand'route que nous avons suivie hier, et qui vous a paru si bonne ? Elle date du temps des Romains : pourquoi ne se- rai t-elle pas bonne? Voila deux mille ans qu'on tra- vaille a la maintenir en bon etat." 'Quel dommage que nous n'ayons pas de tels chemins en Amerique !" ' Soyez tranquille, nous sommes encore tres jeunes ; il faut du temps pour cela. Rappelez vous qu'ici en Europe, les routes ont de- vance les chemins de fer tandis que chez nous c'est le cas contraire." "You are right; but do you recollect the highway we followed yesterday, and which seemed so good to you? It dates from the time of the Romans ; why shouldn't it be good? For two thousand years they have been working to keep it in good order." "What a pity we have no such roads in America!" "Don't worry: we are still very young : that sort of thing takes time. Recol- lect that here in Europe the roads came before the railroads ; while with us the opposite is the case." (7) Railroads. Les Chemin de Fer le chemin de fer chemin de fer a deux, a quatre, voies la voie le rail la traverse le cceur de croisement l'aiguille le train le train express le train de grande vitesse le train de marchandises le train de retour le voyageur le bagage faire enregistrer ses bagages railroad double-track, four-track road the way, the track rail crosstie frog switch train express train fast train freight (goods) train return train passenger (a passenger at sea is a passager) baggage to have one's baggage checked VOCABULARIES AND CONVERSATIONS 79 la sallo d'attente le filet la locomotive le tender le wagon la voiture le fourgon le billet le billet d'aller et retour le billet direct le billet simple le guichet la gare la station le depot prendre un billet le facteur waiting room rack (in the compartment, for hand baggage) engine, locomotive tender car car car (baggage, etc.) ticket round-trip ticket through ticket single ticket ticket window station station parcel room to buy a ticket (The French say prendre un billet, not acheter un billet.) porter Au Guichet "Deux billets, aller et retour, premiere classe, pour Con- trexeville, s'il vous plait, monsieur." "Les voila, monsieur, quarante francs, vingt-cinq centimes. Voici votre monnaie, mon- sieur." At the Ticket Window 'Two round-trip tickets, first class, for Contrexeville, if you please." ; Here they are, sir ; 40 francs and 25 centimes. Here is your change, sir." Sur le Quai "Sur quelle voie se trouve notre train?" "Mais si monsieur voulait bien m'indiquer quel train il veut prendre ..." "Celui de deux heures pour Contrexeville." On the Platform "On what track is our train?" "Why if the gentleman would be kind enough to tell me what train he means to u£H£G • • "The two-o'clock train for Contrexeville." 80 WAR FRENCH "Sur la deuxieme voie la-bas a droite, monsieur." "Et nous arrivons a temps?" "Oh oui, vous avez encore un quart d'heiu-e a attendre." "On the second track over there to the right, sir." "And we are in time?" "Yes, indeed, you have 15 minutes to wait yet." "Un quart d'heure ! Voyons, nous avons nos billets, nous avons fait enregistrer nos bagages, vous avez sous le bras une provision de jour- naux; c'est tout, n'est-ce pas?" "C'est tout sauf ce maudit quart d'heure ! Vous etes toujours si presse, chaque fois que nous faisons un petit voyage. Je vous de- clare formellement, que la prochaine fois, ce sera moi qui fixerai l'heure du depart de l'hotel." 'A quarter of an hour ! Let's see, we have our tickets, we have had our baggage checked, you have under your arms a supply of news- papers ; that's all, isn't it?" 'That's all except that wretched quarter of an hour. You are always in such a hurry every time we take a little trip. I declare for- mally that the next time it will be I that shall fix the moment of departure from the hotel." [The usual railway carriage in France, as everywhere else in Europe, is divided into compartments, compartiments, into which the traveler steps from the platform. If there is room for you, you get a seat, which is yours for the trip. On getting out at stations to look about, be sure to leave something in your seat, if you have not placed your bag or parcel or something in the rack above it. Otherwise on returning to your, compartment you may find some one in your place, who will point to the lack of bag, parcel, etc., as aforesaid, to prove that the seat was vacant. The great trains, the trains de luxe, have corridors, but the same rule is observed in respect of seats. The foregoing practice is of course the one that prevails in time of peace ; it is possible you will find no occasion to observe it.] (8) Numerals 1 un, f. une 2 deux 3 trois 4 quatre VOCABULARIES AND CONVERSATIONS 81 5 cinq 6 six 7 sept 8 huit 9 neuf 10 dix 11 onze 12 douze 13 treize 14 quatorze 15 quinze 16 seize 17 dix-sept 18 dix-huit 19 dix-neuf 20 vingt 21 vingt et un 22 vingt-deux 23 vingt-trois 30 trente 31 trente et un 32 trente-deux 40 quarante 50 cinquante 60 soixante 70 soixante-dix 71 soixante et onze 72 soixante-douze 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 90 91 92 97 100 101 125 200 205 1000 1015 1400 2000 4235 1,000,000 soixante-treize soixante-quatorze soixante-quinze soixante-seize soixante-dix-sept soixante-dix-huit soixante-dix-neuf quatre-vingts quatre-vingt-un quatre- vingt-deux quatre- vingt-trois quatre-vingt-dix quatre-vingt-onze quatre-vingt-douze quatre-vingt-dix- sept cent cent un cent vingt-cinq deux cents deux cent cinq mille mille quinze mille quatre cents deux mille quatre mille deux cent trente-cinq un million Ordinals are formed from cardinals by adding ieme, omitting final e if there is one. troisieme, third quatrieme, fourth vingt et unieme, twenty-first Exceptions : premier, premiere f., first second, seconde, f., second (in a series of two) [deuxieme is second in a series of more than two] cinquieme (u inserted), fifth neuvieme (f changes to v), ninth Q 82 WAR FRENCH Ordinals are abbreviated as follows : premier, ler dixierne, lO premiere, l Sre centieme, 100e deuxieme, 2« etc. As is evident, it is absolutely necessary to know the numerals ; and there is but one way to know them : sit down and learn them. Of the cardinals, un varies for gender and cent for number; the others are invariable : neuf femmes, neuf homines. Notice that 80 is "four twenties," quatre-vingts ; 81, however, is quatre- vingt-un (the s is dropped), and so of the other figures beyond 81 to 99. Similarly, 200 men is deux cents homines, but 201 men is deux cent un hommes. The ordinals are adjectives and agree with their nouns. Un huitieme is one-eighth, and so of the other fractions. In dates, mille becomes mil ; 1917 is mil neuf cent dix-sept. The French in pointing off large num- bers frequently use the period where we use the comma. For example, 10.500 is ten thousand five hundred. Again 10,500, which with us is ten thousand five hundred, in French is ten and five tenths ; that is, in decimals, they use the comma instead of the period. (9) Time, Weather, etc. The time of day in French is expressed by suitably using the word heure, hour. A few examples follow : Quelle heure est-il ? What time is it ? II est onze heures. It is eleven o'clock. II est onze heures moins quart. It is 10 : 45. II est dix heures et demie. It is 10 : 30. II est quatre heures (et) vingt It is 4 : 20. (minutes). Twelve o'clock noon is midi (never douze heures). Twelve o'clock midnight is minuit (never douze heures). Midi moins quart. 1 1 : 45. Paris time, Greenwich time, are l'heure de Paris ; l'heure de Greenwich. VOCABULARIES AND CONVERSATIONS 83 My watch gains, is fast. My watch loses. Your watch is 5 minutes slow. Ma montre avance. Ma montre retarde, est en retard. Votre montre est en retard de cinq minutes. Horloge, f., is a public clock, i.e., one on a church, etc., pendule, f., is a chimney clock. Since we are speaking of time, notice the following : Have a good time ! Amusez-vous bien ! How many times have you Combien de fois avez-vous been to Paris? ete a Paris? In Napoleon's time. Du temps de Napoleon (or) a l'epoque de Napoleon. Temps, m., is time in the abstract. It also means weather. The weather is fine. II fait beau temps. (You may also say) II fait beau. The variations or accidents of the weather are expressed by the impersonal verb faire, to do, make ; thus, above, II fait beau temps is literally, "it makes fine weather." Here are a few more useful expressions : II fait du vent. II fait de la pluie. II fait du soleil. II fait de la lune. II fait du tonnerre. It is windy. It is raining. The sun is shining. The moon is shining. It thunders. You may of course say directly : II pleut, it rains ; le soleil brille ; the sun is shining ; il tonne, it thunders. (10) Days, Months, and Seasons Sunday dimanche Monday lundi Tuesday march Wednesday mercredi Thursday jeudi Friday vendredi Saturday samedi 84 WAR FRENCH January February March April May June July August September October November December the seasons winter spring summer fall year month week day hour minute second janvier fevrier mars avril mai juin juillet aout (Pronounce oo) septembre octobre novembre decembre les saisons l'hiver le printemps l'ete l'automne un an une annee un mois une semaine un jour une heure une minute une seconde [The days of the week, the months, and seasons are written without capitals in French.] (11) French Units The basis of the French system of weights, the metric system, is the metre, equal to 3.281 feet, or 39.37 inches. The French have names for the multiples of the metre by 10, thus decametre, 10 meters, but seldom use them, except the kilometre, 1000 meters, which plays the same part as does our mile. The kilo- metre is roughly f of a mile. Submultiples of the metre are the centimetre, roughly 0.4 inch, and the millimetre, 0.04 inch. These are in constant use. Solid measure is usually expressed in cubic meters. The unit of liquid measure is the litre, which CORRESPONDENCE 85 is the cube of 10 centimeters, and is equal to 1.06 quarts. The unit of superficial measure is the are, 100 square meters, from which is derived the hectare, 10,000 square meters, but square meters, metres carres, is perhaps more frequently seen. The unit of weight is the gramme, the weight of one cubic centimeter of water : from this comes the usual commercial unit, the kilo- gramme (or kilo for short), 2.2 pounds avoirdupois, very nearly. The tonne metrique, or tonne, is 1000 kilogrammes. The ther- mometer used in France is the Centigrade, whose zero is our 32 degrees Fahrenheit ; its 100 degrees is our 212 degree Fahrenheit. The unit of value of France is the franc, divided into 100 centimes and worth in our money, normally, 19.3 cents. Gold coins are the 20 and 10 franc pieces ; silver, 5, 2, 1 franc pieces, 50 centime, and 20 centime pieces. Copper coins are 10 and 5 centime pieces. The normal banknotes of peace time are the 50 franc, 100 franc, and others of higher denomination. CHAPTER XI CORRESPONDENCE It is hardly likely that you will be called upon to correspond in French, but if you should, the following points should be ob- served. You are writing to Mr. Dufliquet : (a) He is a stranger, or you know him but slightly ; or he is a person of position : Begin : Monsieur, [body of letter] and close : Veuillez agreer (please accept), monsieur, l'expression de mes sentiments les plus respectueux or [Signature] Je vous prie, monsieur, de recevoir mes civilites bien em- pressees [Signature] 86 WAR FRENCH (b) You know Mr. Dufliquet tolerably well : Begin : Cher monsieur, [body of letter] and close : Cordialement a vous (or) Votre devoue (or) Tout a vous (or) A vous de tout coeur (or) Je vous serre cordialement la main [Signature] (c) If Mr. Dufliquet is a friend : Begin : (Mon) Cher Dufliquet : Close as in (b). In writing to an officer, you may begin : Mon cher camarade, but it is safer to be a little more formal : Mon cher commandant, capitaine, etc. In general use the same forms that you would in addressing him face to face; you would certainly do this, if your corre- spondent were notably superior to you in rank. Madame Dufliquet would expect you to open with Madame ; or if you knew her quite well, with Chere madame. In closing, you must offer your "hommages" thus: Veuillez agreer, madame, mes hommages les plus respectueux. [Signature] Of course, if your relations to your correspondent justify it, you will use a less formal closing, for which rules cannot well be given. Lastly, recollect that you will lose nothing in your French correspondence, by observing what the French call correction, i.e., attention, not only to the formulas already given, but to neatness, details, quality of paper, etc. PART II THE FRENCH ARMY CHAPTER I THE ARMY The conditions of military service in France in force on the outbreak of the war, August, 1914, were as follows : Military service is universal and obligatory. There are no exemptions, save for physical defects. The French army there- fore is truly the people's army, and conversely, the people make the army. It is their army. Military service begins at the age of 20 and lasts 3 years with the colors. The men thus serving constitute the active army (l'armee active, called for short l'active) ; from the active the soldier passes to the reserve of the active army (reserve de l'armee active, called for short la reserve) in which he remains 11 years. While in the reserve he is called out twice for training and maneuvers, each period lasting 4 weeks. From the reserve he passes on to the territorial army (l'armee territoriale, called for short la territoriale), in which he remains 7 years ; he is called out only once, for 2 weeks, while in this part of the national forces. Lastly he emerges into the reserve of the territorial army (reserve de l'ar- mee territoriale), where he gets no periodical training. The army thus raised is known as the "home" or metropolitan army (l'armee metropolitaine) and is distinct from the colonial army (l'armee coloniale) which exists for service chiefly abroad in French colonies. In August, 1914, the peace strength of the army (home and colonial) was in round numbers 703,000 and 87,000 respectively. These numbers were of course vastly increased by the mobili- zation ordered when Germany declared war. On mobilization, the reserve brings up its unit to war strength, and forms corre- sponding reserve units : according to report, France for the war has mobilized no less than 15 per cent of her population. Two infantry regiments make a brigade, 2 brigades a division, 2 divisions an army corps. French field batteries are 4-gun, and the gun is the celebrated 75 mm. Each division has a field artillery regiment of 9 batteries : the corps artillery consists 89 90 WAR FRENCH (normally) of 9 field and 3 howitzer batteries. The need how- ever of artillery has been so great in the trench warfare of the western front, and especially of heavy guns of all sorts, that it is safe to say, that the number of guns of all kinds with the armies and their units has passed completely beyond all limits fixed by past experience and study. With the corps, and forming part of it, are a cavalry brigade, engineers, and other auxiliary but absolutely essential services. The cavalry division generally contains three brigades of two regiments each. The French cavalry is divided into dragoons, cuirassiers, and hussars. These classes exist traditionally, as survivals, perhaps, of a time when they carried more meaning than they do to-day. A more useful distinction perhaps is that between light cavalry (la cavalerie leg ere), represented by the hussars, and the heavy cavalry, represented by the cuirassiers, who wear steel body armor. But as a matter of fact, since the full development of trench warfare, the French cavalry as such has had but little to do, but is awaiting the moment, if it ever comes, when it can break through and again take up its normal duties. It should be understood that in France the army is both local- ized and territorialized. The entire national territory is divided into regions (21 in all) called corps regions, because each furnishes an army corps. The 19th region is in Algiers. Each of the 8 regiments of infantry of a,n army corps is recruited in its own district, and as far as possible is garrisoned in it. There are, however, "regional" regiments in addition, recruited over the corps regions at large and serving (before the war) on the eastern frontier. Reserve troops form reserve, and territorial troops, territorial divisions. Besides the kinds of troops mentioned above, there are special troops, such as the chasseurs (literally, hunters) ; these are both cavalry (chasseurs a cheval), and in- fantry (chasseurs a pied). There are also chasseurs d'Afrique, light cavalry specially designed for Algerian service. The chasseurs a pied form a particular body of great renown ; among them are found the chasseurs alpins, Alpine troops, a sort of mountain infantry. We must also mention the Spahis, native cavalry (in Algeria chiefly) with French officers, and the Zouaves, forming part of the infantry of the 19th corps in Algiers, and to-day composed totally of Frenchmen. The infantry carry the Lebel rifle, cal. 0.315, and bayonet; the cavalry, besides the saber, the Lebel carbine. OFFICERS 91 We must understand however that in consequence of trench warfare, which seems to have become the established mode, the infantry has greatly changed. Thus although the French in- fantry are armed wth the Lebel, a magazine gun, yet it would not be inaccurate to say that the grenade, the trench knife, the bayonet, the revolver, the automatic rifle, the machine gun, under actual conditions, are of greater importance than the classic rifle. Infantry are also called upon to work trench artillery (trench mortars, small rapid-fire guns). These come into play, really, before the rifle, and at close quarters are more efficacious. The French supply service, like that of all other modern ar- mies, is complicated ; too complicated for any detailed description here. It involves, of course, supply by rail, and the French rail- ways are organized to that end. Motor transport has been called upon, and is also organized. Broadly speaking, the national territory is divided into two so-called zones, one called the zone des armees (army zone), under the orders of the supreme military command, and the zone de l'interieur (interior zone), under the authority of the minister of war, for the adminis- tration of all matters relating to the continuity of supply between the troops and the national territory itself. Special corps are responsible for the many needs of the army, e.g., the intendance, corresponding more or less closely to our quartermaster corps, the service de sante, to our medical corps. Finally there is the staff, the etat-major de l'armee, or general staff, and of course all the units from the general command down through groups or armies, army corps, divisions, etc., have their own staffs. CHAPTER II OFFICERS Officers (Officiers) Non-commissioned Officers (Sous- Officiers) ; Insignia of Rank (Insignes de Grade) As in all other armies French officers fall into three classes : 1. General officers, officiers generaux, 2. Field officers, officiers superieurs, 3. Company officers, officiers subalternes. 92 WAR FRENCH 1. General officers are (a) General de brigade (major general), (b) General de division (lieutenant general) (that is, bri- gade commander, division commander). These are the only existing grades. Normally a brigade is commanded by a general de brigade ; a division or a corps, by a general de division. Our grade of brigadier general has no corresponding rank or grade in the French army. Hence our brigadier generals, al- though commanding brigades, are inferior in rank to French brigade commanders. And similarly of the division : an Ameri- can major general, although commanding a division, is junior to a French division commander. The same difficulty existed in our navy as long as the grade of commodore (brigadier gen- eral) was retained. The marshalcy (marechalat) is not a grade ; it is a dignity : un marechal de France, a marshal of France. All the marshals and general officers of the French army constitute what is technically and officially called the etat-major general de l'armee. Now etat-major means staff, and etat- major general, of course, means general staff, so there is a popular confusion about these terms. The following is correct : (a) Etat-major general de l'armee, all the general officers of the army. (b) Etat-major d'armee, de l'armee, or grand etat-major, general staff. (c) (In popular language only) Etat-major general, general staff. But (d) A Frenchman speaking of the general staff of some army not his own would call it, and properly, etat-major general. 2. Field officers — officiers superieurs. The grades are : colonel colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel major chef de bataillon (lit., chief of bat- talion), infantry, engineers; chef d'escadron (lit., chief of squadron), artillery; chef d'escadrons (lit., chief of squadrons), cavalry. OFFICERS 93 These titles (for major) do not lend themselves to ready use : instead the term commandant is used. Thus an inferior ad- dressing a major, either orally or in writing, would say, mon commandant. Recollect that the commanding officer of a garrison, fort, etc., no matter what his rank, is known as the commandant d'armes. The word major exists in the French military vocabulary, but it does not mean the same as our major. However, the French in speaking or writing to a foreign major, will call him major just as we do. In each French regiment, the field officer detailed to take charge of the regimental administration is called major. This is not a grade but a function. In garrisons, the major de la garrison is the administrative officer of the garrison. In sieges, the major des attaques is a field officer of engineers who serves as intermediary between the regiments furnishing working parties and the engineer service proper. Major general is the title given in war to the chief of the general staff of the armies. This title has no connection whatever with our major general. Frequently the French will transpose our title (major general) and write it general-major, ranking with the French general de brigade. Finally major is also a grade in the French medical corps (ma- jor and captain) as is aide-major, in the same corps (lieutenants) (For adjudant-major, see below.) 3. Company officers — officiers subalternes. These are captain capitaine 1st lieutenant lieutenant 2d lieutenant sous-lieutenant 4. Non-commissioned officers — sous-officiers. The grades are adjudant (no equivalent in English) sergent-major (foot troops) company quartermaster ser- geant sergent (foot troops except sergeant foot artillery) marechal des logis (mounted sergeant troops and foot artillery) 94 WAR FRENCH There are two classes of adjudant, adjudant de bataillon (battalion sergeant-major, nearly ; battalion adjudant) and adjudant de eompagnie (1st sergeant, nearly, company adju- dant). The adjudant is the ranking non-commissioned officer of the company or battalion. His uniform is almost identical with that of officers. The duties of an adjudant are important : he directly assists the commanding officer, whether of a com- pany or a battalion, in both garrison and field service. You must be careful not to confound adjudant with our adjutant. Recollect that the adjudant is a non-commissioned officer. The adjudant-major or capitaine adjudant-major, however, is an officer, and most nearly corresponds to our adjutant in duties and functions. The sergent-major (who is not the same functionary as our sergeant-major) assists the captain in money and property administration and in accountability. He is himself assisted by the sergent-fourrier, or caporal-fourrier, who keeps records, superintends issues, etc. In the cavalry, and artillery, this fourrier is known as the marechal des logis fourrier (brigadier- fourrier), because as you have doubtless noticed above, outside the infantry, the sergent is called marechal des logis. 5. In the French army, corporals do not rank as non-com- missioned officers. In foot troops he is called caporal, in all the others (including foot artillery) he is called brigadier. Uniforms and Insignia of Rank French troops, both officers and men of all arms, wear the so- called bleu d'horizon, horizon blue. The important thing for you will be to recognize the insignia of rank on this uniform. These are : marshal seven silver stars on each sleeve near the cuff general de division three silver stars on each sleeve near the cuff general de brigade two silver stars on each sleeve near the cuff colonel five short strips of lace on each sleeve near the cuffs, either silver or gold lieut. colonel five strips like the colonel's, but alter- nately gold and silver OFFICERS 95 commandant four strips, silver or gold eapitaine three strips, silver or gold lieutenant two strips, silver or gold sous-lieutenant one strip, silver or gold In addition, these insignia are worn on the front of the kepi. A tiny chevron on the upper right arm indicates that its wearer has been wounded. Similar chevrons on the upper left arm are for length of service. Every member of a regiment that has been thrice mentioned in orders to the army at large wears an aiguillette (fourragere). The normal peace uniform of course is different. Very gen- erally, the infantry wear blue coats and red trousers, the artil- lery and engineers all dark blue ; the chasseurs, dark blue, the cavalry, various blues, according to the kind of cavalry, which it would take too long to describe here. The facings (parements) vary, and will have to be learned by observation. In full dress, officers wear epaulets as follows : sous-lieutenant epaulet on right shoulder, and shoulder knot (contre-epaulette) on left lieutenant epaulet on left shoulder, and shoulder knot on right eapitaine two epaulets, small fringe commandant epaulet (large fringe) on left shoulder, knot on right shoulder ; lieut. colonel two epaulets (large fringe) part silver, part gold colonel two epaulets (large fringe) General officers wear the same epaulets as colonels, but always of gold lace, on top of which are embroidered the stars of their grade. Adjudants wear the same epaulets and in the same way as the sous-lieutenants, with the single exception that a stripe of red silk runs down the middle of the body of the epaulet and of the shoulder knot. Lieutenants wear single, captains double, field officers and generals, triple braids on their forage caps. Corporals and non-commissioned officers wear stripes (galons) ; those of corporals are of wool, those of non-commissioned officers of gold or silver. They are worn on the arm below the elbow. 96 WAR FRENCH How to Address an Officer In addressing an officer, all enlisted men, and all officers junior to the one addressed, must preface the title of the grade by the possessive adjective mon (my). Thus a lieutenant wishing to speak to a major will say "mon commandant"; a colonel to a general "mon general." The general, speaking to a colonel, will simply say "colonel." Correspondence follows the same rule. The form of official correspondence is similar to ours, thus : Le General de Division a From the Division Com- mander To But whereas we put the subject matter of the letter directly under the name of the person addressed, in French official corre- spondence it heads the margin on the left. CHAPTER III VOCABULARIES AND CONVERSATIONS (1) Infantry. L'Infanterie le fantassin le fusil la baionnette le fourreau la cartouche etui, m. la poudre la cartouchiere l'arme, f., a magasin le ceinturon le kepi la capote infantryman rifle bayonet scabbard cartridge cartridge case powder cartridge box magazine gun belt forage cap (i.e., the French . our forage cap is casquette plate) overcoat VOCABULARIES AND CONVERSATIONS 97 la tunique la guetre les guStres molletieres les brodequins la grenade la grenade a main la grenade a fusil le grenadier le mortier de tranchee l'artillerie, f., de tranchee l'abri, m. l'eseouade, f. la section le peloton la compagnie le bataillon le regiment le guidon la hausse la detente la crosse lefeu " On peut dire, sans crainte, que l'infanterie depuis la guerre a change de carac- tere." "Que voulez-vous dire? Elle a toujours le fusil et la bai'onnette, n'est-ee pas?" "Sans doute, mais elle y a ajoute quelque chose d'autre ; la grenade, et les engins de tranchee. Les tranchees de nos jours sont si profondes que l'ennemi n'est plus visible. On au- rait tort de dire que le fusil, par consequence, est devenu inutile. II servira encore une fois, dans la guerre de mouvement, si jamais elle tunic gaiter leggings shoes grenade hand grenade rifle grenade bomb thrower, grenadier trench mortar trench artillery shelter, cover, dug-out squad section platoon company battalion regiment front sight rear sight ; also, elevation trigger butt fire " We may assert, without fear, that the infantry, since the war, has changed character." "What do you mean? It still has the rifle and the bayonet, hasn't it?" "Of course, but it has added something else to them, the grenade and trench gear. Trenches to-day are so deep, that the enemy is no longer visible. It would be wrong to say that the rifle has in consequence become useless. It will still be useful in open warfare, if ever it begins again, but for the daily work of the trenches, 98 WAR FRENCH reprend, mais pour le ser- vice journalier de tranchee, la grenade et le fusil-mitrail- leur Font deplace. La gre- nade, vous devez le com- prendre, peut se lancer par- dessus la masse de terre qui couvre l'ennemi, et tom- ber au fond de la tranchee. Si l'ennerni quitte ses abris pour attaquer, un seul fusil mitrailleur le fauche mieux que ne le ferait une cin- quantaine de fusils. Dans le corps a corps des re- tours offensifs, ou bien d'une attaque en regie, la baion- nette est plus utile ; n'oubliez pas ee qu'en a dit le general russe Souvaroff: 'La balle est folle, mais la ba'ionnette est sage.' II n'est pas im- possible que nous voyions, un de ces jours, l'infanterie entiere armee du fusil-mi- trailleur." the grenade and the auto- matic rifle have displaced it. The grenade, as you know, can be thrown over the mass of earth that covers the enemy, and fall in the bottom of the trench. If the enemy leaves his shelter in order to attack, one single automatic rifle mows him down better than fifty rifles. In the hand-to-hand fighting of offensive returns, or even of a formal attack, the bay- onet is more useful. Don't forget what the Russian general Suwaroff said, 'The bullet is a jade, but the bay- onet is wise.' It is not impossible that we shall see, one of these days, the entire infantry armed with the automatic rifle." (2) Cavalry. La Cavalerie le cheval le cheval d'armes la selle la bride le mors l'etrier, m. le sabre la carabine le revolver le cavalier l'escadron le fourrage 1' exploration, f. horse troop horse saddle bridle bit stirrup saber carbine revolver trooper troop fodder exploration VOCABULARIES AND CONVERSATIONS 99 le dolman le casque i'avant-garde, f. 1' airier e-garde les cuirassiers, m. les dragons, m. les hussards, m. la cavalerie legere la legere le galop le trot marcher au pas (trot, galop) garder le flanc le front l'arriere, m. "Est-il vrai que la cavalerie a disparu du champ de bataille?" "II faut distinguer un peu. Qu'est-ce, de nos jours, qu'un champ de bataille? Naturellement la cavalerie n'a rien a f aire dans la guerre de tranchee, et c'est pour- quoi tant de cavaliers ont demande a etre verses a l'infanterie. Mais si jamais on arrive a ouvrir une breche assez large dans les lignes ennemies, vous verrez se lancer la cavalerie par grosses unites, pour exploiter le succes obtenu." "Eh bien, pour moi, je dis que ce jour n'arrivera jamais." "Ah! vous etes prophete, vous?" " Non, ni fils de prophete. cavalry jacket helmet advance guard rear guard cuirassiers dragoons hussars light cavalry light cavalry gallop trot to march at a walk (trot, gallop) to guard flank front rear "Is it true that cavalry has disappeared from the field of battle?" " Let us distinguish a little. What is the battlefield to- day ? Naturally, cavalry has nothing to do in trench warfare, and that is why so many cavalrymen have asked to be transferred to the infantry. But if ever we succeed in opening a suffi- ciently wide breach in the enemy lines, you will see the cavalry thrown forward in large bodies, to drive home the success." "Well, as far as I am con- cerned, I say that that day will never come." "Ah, you are a prophet, you ? " "No, nor the son of a prophet. 100 WAR FRENCH Mais je suis d'avis que la question n'est pas tant d'ouvrir une breche en lar- geur, que de faire un trou en profondeur. Or, l'en- nemi n'abandonne ses tran- chees de devant que pour en occuper d'autres en ar- riere preparees d'avance. Le moyen done, d'ouvrir mon trou?" "Tres bien, mais si on arrivait a deborder l'ennemi quelque part, a, se placer a cheval sur ses lignes de communi- cation, il aurait a battre en retraite n'est-ce pas? Une armee en retraite peut ne pas toujours §tre a meme de choisir ; l'occasion peut se presenter de la couper, et puis de la culbuter." " Vous croyez ca possible? " "Possible, oui; probable, non. Mais, qui sait ? Les grandes armes ne disparaissent pas oomme ca, comme une bouf- f6e de fumee." But I believe that the ques- tion is not so much to open a wide breach, as it is to make a deep hole. Now, the enemy abandons his front trenches only to occupy others in rear, prepared in advance. How then, is my hole ever to be opened?" "Very well; but suppose we turn the enemy somewhere, place ourselves across his lines of communication, he will have to beat a retreat, won't he? An army in retreat may not always be in a position to choose ; the opportunity may offer to cut it off, and then to over- whelm it." "You think that possible?" "Possible, yes; probable, no. But who knows ? The great arms of the service do not disappear just so, like a puff of smoke." (3) Artillery. L'Artillerie Le canon l'affut, m. l'avant-train, m gun carriage limber le caisson I'obus, m. I'obus explosif I'obus a balles la gargousse la fusee la fusee fusante caisson shell high explosive shell shrapnel cartridge fuse time fuse VOCABULARIES AND CONVERSATIONS 101 ia fusee percutante percussion fuse la erosse trail la beche de erosse trail spade la culasse the breech la vis de culasse breech screw le cordon tire-feu lanyard la batterie battery la section section (2 guns; l'attelage, m. team le conducteur driver le canonnier cannoneer, artilleryman la ligne de mire line of sight la fleche split trail half l'artillerie lourde heavy artillery (large calibers) l'artillerie longue long guns (long-range guns) l'artillerie courte short guns (howitzers) le tir fire, practice le tir rapide rapid fire le recul recoil le tir courbe curved fire le barrage curtain le tir de barrage curtain fire le volant de pointage elevating hand wheel "Je suis au desespoir. Com- ment vous expliquer en deux ou trois mots le role de l'artillerie de nos jours?" "Evidemment, ce serait trop ; j'ai eu tort de vous le de- mander. Mais l'artillerie sert a detruire les reseaux de fil de fer barbele et a etablir des barrages, n'est-ce pas?" "Oui; hors les tirs speciaux dont nous ne parlerons pas ici, elle sert, non pas a de- truire les reseaux de fil de fer, ce qui serait impos- sible, mais a y frayer un chemin pour l'infanterie d'as- "I am in despair. How can I explain to you in two or three words the role of the artillery of our day?" "Evidently, that would be too much. I was wrong to ask it of you. But the artillery is used to destroy the barbed wire entangle- ments and to produce cur- tain fire, is it not?" "Yes; apart from special kinds of fire, of which we shall not speak here, it is used, not to destroy the entanglements, which would be impossible, but to open a way through them for 102 WAR FRENCH saut. Pour cela, on em- ploie les obus explosifs, et ce tir forme une partie de la preparation de l'attaque. Les vagues d'infanterie une fois hors de leurs tranehees, on les fait preceder par une pluie de projectiles, ce qui constitue le barrage offensif . On dit couramment que l'in- fanterie marche dans le feu de son artillerie. Les tranehees ennemies oecupees, on les retourne, e'est a dire, on les organise contre leurs anciens defenseurs. Bien entendu, le barrage continue pendant cette operation. Le barrage defensif a pour but d'empecher l'ennemi d'avancer. Cet apercu est bien sommaire, j'en con- viens; il ne vous donne aucune idee du travail neces- saire pour bien conduire ces sortesde feu." "Quelles sont les pieces dont on se sert pour detruire les reseaux?" " Aux abords de notre position, du 75 mm. ; au-dela de 2000 m. des pieces d'un calibre plus fort." the assaulting infantry. For this purpose high explosive shell are used, and this sort of fire forms part of the preparation of the attack. The waves of infantry once out of their trenches are preceded (lit., one causes them to be preceded) by a rain of projectiles, which constitutes the offensive bar- rage. We say currently that the infantry marches with the fire of its artillery. The enemy trenches occupied, they are turned, that is to say, they are organized against their former de- fenders. Of course, the barrage continues during this operation. The de- fensive barrage has for its purpose to keep the enemy from advancing. This sketch is very brief, I admit; it gives you no idea of the work necessary to carry on these kinds of fire properly." "What pieces are used to destroy the entanglements?" "In the neighborhood of our position, the 75 mm., be- yond 2000 m., pieces of heavier caliber." la tranchee la par allele (4) Engineers. Le Genie trench parallel (same as trench) VOCABULARIES AND CONVERSATIONS 103 le boyau le centre de resistance le centre d'appui la pelle le pic la hache la scie la marteau le pare le pont le pont de bateaux le pont de pontons le pont de chevalets jeter un pont sur une riviere le ponton le radeau replier un pont le fort la f orteresse la redoute la demolition le petard l'abri, m. "C'est le genie, n'est-ce pas, qui execute tous ces travaux de campagne?" "Pas si vite, mon cher ! Le genie, si devoue qu'il soit, ne saurait, a lui seul, creu- ser ce dedale de tranchees et de boyaux qui constitue aujourd'hui le champ de bataille et ses approches." "Mais tout ca, c'est de la fortification, et la fortifica- tion est du ressort du genie." communication trench (It would be wise to adopt the word and say boyau, in order to distinguish it from trench. ) center of resistance (strong position in a line or position) supporting point spade pick ax saw hammer park (depot of engineer equip- ment) bridge bridge of boats pontoon bridge trestle bridge to bridge a stream pontoon raft to take up, dismantle, a bridge fort fortress redoubt demolition demolition cartridge shelter, dugout "It is the engineers,, is it not who do all this field work?" "Not so fast, my dear fel- low ! The engineers, de- voted as they are, alone could not dig this maze of trenches and boyaux that to-day constitute the field of battle and its approaches." "But all this is fortification, and fortification is the en- gineer's job." 104 WAR FRENCH "Vous vous rappelez ce que je vous ai dit au sujet de l'infanterie ? Bien, l'infan- terie, elle aussi, execute des travaux de campagne. On distingue la fortification de campagne legere de la forti- fication de campagne ren- forcee. II appartient a l'in- fanterie d'executer la pre- miere, sous la direction du genie, tandis que la seconde c'est l'affaire du seul genie. Et maintenant a mon tour : savez-vous ce que c'est qu' une tranchee? qu'unboyau? qu'une sape?" "Mais, tout ca ce n'est rien que des ouvertures prati- quees dans le sol." "C'est vrai : mais la tranchee est parallele au front ; on l'appelle aussi parallele, et c'est meme l'expression con- sacree. Le boyau, au con- traire, est perpendiculaire au front, et sert de communi- cation. On se bat dans les tranchees, ce qui n'em- peche pas qu'on ne le fasse aussi, dans les boyaux, si l'ennemi reussit a y penetrer. La sape part des tranchees les plus avancees, et fournit une appiwhe plus ou moins abritee, de la position en- nemie. II ne faut pas ou- blier, non plus, qu'a un autre point de vue, la sape et la tranchee sont strictement des procedes, des manieres de creuser le sol. La "Do you recollect what I told you about the infantry ? Well, the infantry, too, does field work. We distinguish fight field fortification from reenforced field fortification. It is the business of the infantry to do the first, under the direction of the engineers, while the second is the affair of the engineers only. And now it is my turn ; do you know what a trench is? a boyau? a sap?" "Why, all that is nothing but openings made in the ground. ..." "True: but the trench is parallel to the front, it is frequently called parallel, which is indeed the regu- lar term. The boyau, on the contrary, is perpen- dicular to the front and serves for communication. One fights in the trenches, which does not prevent its being done also in the boyaux, if the enemy suc- ceeds in penetrating into them. The sap breaks out from the most advanced trenches, and furnishes an approach, more or less shel- tered, to the enemy position, It must not be forgotten, either, that in another point of view the sap and the trench are strictly methods VOCABULARIES AND CONVERSATIONS 105 tranchee par exemple peut s'ouvrir simultanement sur tout son parcours ; la sape au contraire se creuse par le bout." of digging the ground. The trench, for example, may be opened simultaneously, along its entire length ; the sap, on the contrary, is dug at one end." (5) Medical Department. Le Service de Sante le medecin le medecin-major le medecin principal le medecin-chef rinnrmier infirmiere la frangine (mil. slang) blesse, a. le grand blesse la blessure la pansement le paquet le paquet de pansement panser l'hopital, m. l'evacuation, f. evacuer l'ambulance, f. le brancard le brancardier amputer ampute du bras droit le refuge des blesses le poste de secours le train sanitaire soigner les blesses la bande bander, v. t. "Meme durant le combat, et sur le champ de bataille lui- doctor, surgeon major and surgeon colonel and surgeon chief surgeon nurse (male) nurse (female) sister (both religious and nat- ural) wounded severely wounded man wound dressing package, parcel first-aid dressing to dress a wound hospital evacuation (of wounded) to evacuate (the wounded) field hospital stretcher stretcher bearer to amputate with right arm amputated first-aid station dressing station hospital train to nurse the wounded bandage to bandage "Even during combat, and on the battlefield itself, first 106 WAR FRENCH meme, on donne les premiers traitements aux blesses. Vous ne serez pas etonne, par consequent, d'apprendre que le service de sante a plus de pertes a son compte, qu'aucun autre corps. Du champ de bataille les blesses passent aux ambulances, ou on les trie des leur arrivee selon le cas : pauses, a panser, a operer. Puis on les divise en trois categories : 1° ceux qui peuvent marcher, qu'on rassemble hors de l'ambu- lance et qu'on dirige en de- tachements vers le point designe par le commande- ment; 2° les transportables, assis ou couches, qu'on eva- cue par convois ; 3° les intransportables, qu'on traite dans une ambulance immobilisee du champ de bataille. L'evacuation se fait aussi rapidement que possible par tous les moy- ens, en commencant par les moins atteints. Les intrans- portables restent avec une partie du personnel sous la protection de la convention de Geneve. Chaque mede- cin peut faire, en moyenne, six pansements a l'heure." "Six mille blesses, de la sorte, exigeraient pendant une heure les soins de mille mede- cins." treatment is given to the wounded. You will not be astonished, therefore, to learn that the medical corps has more losses to its account than any other. From the field of battle the wounded pass to the field hospitals, where, on arrival, they are sorted out according to the nature of things : men who have been dressed, men to be dressed, men to be oper- ated on. Then they are di- vided into three categories : 1. Those who can walk, who are assembled outside of the hospital, and who are sent in detachments to the point designated by the commanding general ; 2. Transportable cases, seated or lying down, evacuated by trains ; 3. Untransport- able cases, who are treated in a field hospital remaining on the battlefield. The evacuation of the wounded is accomplished as fast as pos- sible by all possible means, beginning with the least severely wounded. The un- transportable remain with a part of the personnel under the protection of the Geneva Convention. Each surgeon can, on an average, do six dressings an hour." "So that 6000 wounded would require during one hour 1000 surgeons." VOCABULARIES AND CONVERSATIONS 107 'C'est ca." 'En travaillant six heures de suite, il nous faudrait 134 medecins." 'Vous y etes." 'Et comme nous n'en avons que 22, les blesses n'en souffrent que plus." 'Que voulez-vous? C'est la guerre." 'That is right." 'Working six hours in suc- cession, we should need 134 surgeons." 'You've hit it." 'And as we have only 22, the wounded suffer only the more." 'Well, what else do you ex- pect? War is war." (6) Quartermaster Corps. L'Intendance l'intendant general l'intendant militaire l'adjoint a l'intendance l'omcier d'administration la subsistance l'habillement, m. le harnachement la solde les comptes, m. pi. le ravitaillement les vivres les petits vivres la viande sur pied la viande de conserve les vivres-viande le transport les ressources locales, f. la ration la nourriture chez l'habitant chief quartermaster (assimi- lated to general de division : is the senior grade of the intendance) assistant chief quartermaster (assimilated to general de brigade : second grade of the intendance) quartermaster (rank of cap- tain : lowest grade) executive officer of the inten- dance (as distinguished from the three just named, who are directors) subsistence clothing harness pay accounts refilling, supply food supplies small groceries, small stuff meat on the hoof canned meat meat ration transportation local resources ration, allowance [houses subsistence of men in private 108 WAR FRENCH " Ce n'est par la peine d'essayer de vous expliquer en quel- ques mots les articulations du service de l'intendance. Et si vous vous mettiez a me poser des questions la- dessus, nous n'en finirions jamais. II suffit de savoir que l'intendance est chargee des services des subsistences, de l'habillement et du campe- ment, du harnachement de la cavalerie, etc. Ce n'est pas tout ! il faut y ajouter des fonctions administratives de la plus haute importance, la solde, les comptes, la poste. ..." "Assez! Assez ! nous revien- drons sur l'intendance de- main, s'il vous plait. II fait un temps si triste et l'ad- ministration n'est pas pour nous egayer!" "It is not worth while to try to explain to you in a few words the subdivisions of the quartermaster service. And if you were to set about asking me questions on the subject, we should never get through with it. It is enough to know that the quartermas- ter corps is charged with sub- sistence duty, with clothing, camping equipage, and cav- alry equipment. Nor is that all. We must add adminis- trative functions of the greatest importance, pay, accounts, postal service. ..." "Enough! Enough! we'll re- turn to the quartermaster corps to-morrow, if you please. It is so gloomy to-day and administrative matters are not exactly cheerful!" (lit., are not to cheer us up). (7) Aeronautics. L'Aeronautique l'aeroplane, m. l'avion, m. l'avion de reglage l'avion de chasse atterrir l'atterrissage, m. amerrir l'amerrissage, m. l'aile, f. le monoplan le biplan le biplace airplane airplane fire-observation plane fighting plane, combat plane to land landing to alight (on the water, of a seaplane) alighting (on water) wing monoplane biplane two seater VOCABULARIES AND CONVERSATIONS 109 le monoplace survoler le vol le vol plane piquer piquer du nez la vrille l'envol, m. l'envergure, f. le fuselage fusele les commandes, f. pi. l'escadrille, f. la puissance ascensionnelle l'artillerie anti-aerienne le ballon le ballon captif le dirigeable le dirigeable rigide _ le dirigeable semi-rigide le dirigeable souple le camouflage camoufler ' Voyez-vous cette petite tache noire la-bas? C'est un avion ennemi qui veut sur- voler nos lignes. II va vite, il arrive." 'Quand meme, il ne verra rien ici, nous sommes trop bien camoufles ; d'ailleurs les notres le prendront bien- tot a par tie." 'En voila deux qui montent deja. Mais l'autre, il con- tinue tou jours son chemin." 'Non, il tourne un peu." 'Mais c'est pour mieux tirer, je crois." single seater to fly over flight volplane, glide to dive to nose dive spin start spread (of wings) fuselage stream-lined controls air squadron lifting power anti-aircraft artillery balloon captive balloon dirigible rigid dirigible semi-rigid dirigible non-rigid dirigible making-up, "faking," camou- flage to fake (by paint, etc.), to make up "Do you see that little black spot over there ? That is an enemy airplane which means to fly over our lines. He goes fast ; he is coming up." "Even so, he will see nothing here : we are too well dis- guised ; besides, our people will soon take him in hand." "There are two of them going up already. But the other chap continues on his way." "No, he is turning a little." "But it is to fire better, I think." 110 WAR FRENCH "Non, il tourne definitive- ment ; notre canon s'en mele ; il en a!" "Moi, je ne me sens pas le courage de faire de l'avia- tion. Ce n'est pas la mort, c'est l'idee de tomber de la-haut, dans le vide. Heu- reusement que tout le monde ne pense pas comme moi ! Que deviendrions-nous sans nos avions?" "Ce qui m'etonne le plus, c'est le developpement qu'a pris l'aviation depuis la guerre. Au debut, si dix aviateurs partaient ensem- ble, c'etait quelque chose de remarquable. Maintenant ils sortent par trente et quarante et plus encore, et personnen'y pense. C'est un service comme un autre, re- glemente, articule et organ- ise. Et penser qu'on n'a mis que trois ans a le de- velopper ! Tandis qu'a nous autres artilleurs, il nous a fallu des centaines d'annees pour arriver !" "No, he is turning decidedly; our guns are taking a hand ; he is getting it." "So far as I am concerned, I do not feel that I have the courage to take up avia- tion : it isn't death, it is the idea of falling from up there somewhere, into space. Luckily, all don't think as I do ! What would become of us without our airplanes?" "What astonishes me most is the development undergone by aviation since the begin- ning of the war. At first, if 10 aviators set out to- gether it was something remarkable. Now they go out in 30's, 40's, and even more, and no one thinks anything of it. It is a serv- ice like any other, with its regulations, articulations, and organization. And to think that it has taken only three years to develop it ! While with us gunners, it has taken us hundreds of years to get where we are now!" (8) Military Slang. L' Argot Militaire [There is no reason why you should ever use any French slang, but it is well to be able to understand at least some of it. Here are a few military words.] le barda kit le boche German le cafard the blues (cafard literally is cockroach) VOCABULARIES AND CONVERSATIONS 111 la cagna e ehandail e colis a domicile e crapouillot e cuistot 'embusque, m. e flingot es gars es godillots a guitoune es huiles a marmite e pinard e poilu e rabiau, rabiot Rosalie (proper name) e tacot e toubib e zouzou shelter (hut, etc., in the trenches) sweater shell (allusion to parcel to be delivered) trench mortar cook slacker, shirker gun, rifle the "boys" (pronounced ga; not really slang) soldier shoes shelter, tent staff officers (huile, f., is oil) large shell (lit., large kettle) common wine French soldier "butt," i.e., leavings the bayonet old motor car surgeon zouave (9) Requests for Military Information "Cette route passe-t-elle par Compiegne?" " Trouverons-nous des villages sur notre chemin?" "Y a-t-il d'autres chemins pour aller a ? " "Cette route est-elle en bon etat?" "Y a-t-il des cotes? (des co- teaux)?" "Sont-ellesraides?" "La route traverse-t-elle un pays decouvert ou boise?" "Peut-on passer avec de l'ar- tillerie?" "Peut-on passer avec de "Does this road go through Compiegne?" "Shall we find any villages on our road?" "Are there any other roads going to ?" "Is this road in good condi- tion?" "Are there hills?" "Are they steep?" "Does the road go through open or wooded country?" "Can we get through with artillery?" "Can we get through with 112 WAR FRENCH grosses voitures automo- biles chargees (avec des camions) ?"~ "Cette route est-elle pratieable pour l'artillerie ? " " L'infanterie peut-elle marcher sur les c6tes de la route?" " Le terrain est-il pratieable? " " Le terrain est-il mareca- geux? " " Quelle est la nature du sol?" " Est-ce que la ligne telegra- phique (le telegraphe) suit cette route jusqu'a X?" " D'ou vient votre chemin de fer?" "Ouva-t-il?" " Est-il a une voie ou a deux voies sur tout le parcours? " " Ou est la gare ? Est-elle loin d'ici?" " Comment peut-on passer la riviere? " " Y a-t-il un pont ? un bac ? " "Y a-t-il des passages a gue? (des gues) ? " " Peut-on trouver des ba- teaux?" " Dans ce bois, y a-t-il des clai- rieres, des ravins, des ruis- seaux, des mares ?" " Y a-t-il des endroits pres d'ici pour abreuver les che- vaux? " " L'eau est-elle bonne?" "Est-ce de l'eau potable?" " Y a-t-il des abreuvoirs?" " Peut-on acheter des vivres? " " Pouvez-vous me donner des renseignements sur l'en- nemi? " heavily loaded wagons (auto- trucks)?" "Is this road practicable for artillery?" " Can infantry march on the sides of the roads? " "Is the ground practicable?" "Is the ground marshy?" " What is the nature of the ground? " " Does the telegraph line follow this road as far as X?" " Where does your railroad come from? " "Where does it go to?" " Is it single tracked or double tracked the whole way? " "Where is the station? Is it far?" " How can the river be crossed? " " Is there a bridge? a ferry? " "Are there fords?" "Can we get boats?" " In that wood, are there clearings, ravines, brooks, marshes, pools?" " Are there any places near here for watering horses?" "Is the water good?" " Is this water drinkable?" "Are there watering-troughs? " "Can we buy provisions?" " Can you give me any infor- mation about the enemy? " VOCABULARIES AND CONVERSATIONS 113 " Veuillez me trouver un guide qui connaisse le pays." "Nous allons suivre cette piste." " Ou est le bureau des postes et telegraphes? " " Y a-t-il des lettres pour ?" " Je voudrais expedier un tele- gramme." "Avez-vous recu un telegramme (une depeche) pour ?" " Please find me a guide who knows the country. ' "We are going to follow this trail (tracks)." "Where is the post-office and telegraph-office? " " Are there any letters for ?" " I should like to send a tele- gram." " Have you received a telegram for ?" PART III PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION [To translate well, you must first accurately understand the author's meaning, and then put it into good, clear English. In the general case, a literal translation is no translation at all. In using a dictionary, the first meaning you come to in a given word may not be the one you need, but it is nearly always the one used by the lazy man. Unless, as a matter of style, you are trying to reproduce the flavor of the original text, your transla- tion itself should read like an original production.] General Joffre's Order for the Battle of the Marne Ordre du Jour de L'Armee Au moment oft s'engage une bataille dont depend le salut J du pays, il importe de rappeler a tous que le moment n'est plus 2 de regarder en arriere 3 : tous les efforts doivent etre employes a attaquer et a refouler l'ennemi. Une troupe qui ne pourra plus avancer devra, coute que coute, 4 garder le terrain conquis et se faire tuer plutot que de reculer. La Bataille de la Marne 8 Arrive a Chantilly dans les premiers jours de septembre, apres le recul de l'armee franco-anglaise, von Kluck hesita a 1 salvation. 2 le moment n'est plus: the time has passed. 3 The Allied Armies had been retreating ever since the battles of Mons and Charleroi. 4 coute que coute : at no matter what cost (the full expression is que cela coute ce que cela coute, let it cost what it may cost). 6 From "Histoire Resumee de la Guerre." Paris: Hachette, 1917. 117 118 WAR FRENCH poursuivre sa marche directe sur Paris. II y avait, en effet, imprudence a se heurter contre le camp retranche que le general Gallieni avait organise autour de la ville et que 1 defendait un corps d'excellentes troupes, sous les ordres du general Maunoury. La tentative eut 2 ete perilleuse au supreme degre, alors que l'ensemble de l'armee francaise restait, a peu de distance, parfai- tement intact et nullement entame. Un retour des Frangais pouvait aboutir, 3 pour les Allemands, au desastre le plus complet. Leur etat-major se resolut done a tacher de detruire, en premier lieu, ou de disloquer les armees du general Joffre et d'en rejeter au loin les debris, quitte a 4 revenir ensuite sur Paris par le Sud Le mouvement des Allemands s'inflechit vers l'Est, s'eloignant de Paris. Le changement de direction cornmenca le 3 septembre. Le 4, les Allemands occupaient la ligne de la Marne, Lagny, Meaux, La Ferte-sous-Jouarre, Chateau-Thierry, Epernay. Le 5 au soir, ils avaient encore avance : leurs avant-gardes depas- saient Coulommiers, dans la direction de Provins. Mais ce mouvement de conversion pretait le flanc aux troupes flu camp retranche de Paris, et une rupture 5 se produisit dans la colonne d'attaque. Gallieni y lanea Maunoury avec 1'armiV de Paris. C'etait l'heure que le generalissime 6 attendait, qu'il avait prevue et escomptee. II donne aussitot le signal de l'arret, ordonne de faire face partout, et regie le dispositif de la bataille 7 : une immense bataille, une serie de batailles simultanees, enga- geant deux millions d'hommes, sur un front d'au moins 300 kilo- metres. L'attaque commencee par Maunoury des le 5 se continue les jours suivants. II a sur les bras toute l'armee de von Kluck qui, voyant le danger dont il est menace, a repasse la Marne et est remonte vers le Nord. Les soldats de Maunoury se main- tiennent avec une Constance hero'ique dans la vallee de l'Ourcq 8 1 que defendait un corps: translate, "and which was defended by." A French relative clause can often be most conveniently turned into an English passive. 2 eut : this is the second form, so called, of the conditional. 3 aboutir . . . au disastre : result in a disaster. 4 quitte a: free to. 6 rupture : gap. 6 gfeneraHssime : the commanding general of all the armies. 7 regie le dispositif de la bataille : makes dispositions for the battle. 8 Ourcq : the little river, along which Maunoury's army was disposed. PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION 119 pendant les trois terribles journees des 6, 7 et 8 septembre. lis sont rejoints alors par les Anglais du marechal French qui ont repris Coulommiers et ont enleve de vive force l les passages du Petit-Morin. En allant de l'Ouest a l'Est, c'est ensuite 2 Fran- chet d'Esperey qui, le 8, est a Montmirail et a Vauchamps; puis Foch qui a devant lui la Garde prussienne ; Langle de Cary qui est sur l'Ornain, a la hauteur de Vitry-le-Francois; Sarrail enfin qui s'appuie sur Verdun. La lutte s'acharne presque sur place. Mais, maintenant, ce ne sont plus les Allemands qui executent la manoeuvre debordante ; a leur tour, ils risquent d'etre debordes et tournes a la fois par notre aile gauche (Mau- noury) et par notre aile droite (Sarrail). Ils font, le 9 septembre, un effort desespere pour nous rompre par le centre, et ils se brisent contre lui. 3 Le 10 au matin, ils se resignent a la retraite. Ce fut la deroute (journees du 10 au 12 septembre). Foch, par un coup d'audace, culbute la Garde dans les marais de Saint- Gond. Dix victoires francaises s'enchainent 4 les unes aux autres. La ligne de la Marne est reconquise, puis depassee. Compiegne, Soissons, Reims, Chalons sont evacues dans un de- sordre de fuite. La poursuite francaise ne s'arrete qu'au dela de l'Aisne ou les Allemands se retranchent dans des positions presque inexpugnables, preparees a l'avance. Et pourtant, ils en auraient peut-etre ete chasses sur l'heure, si l'elan victorieux de nos troupes avait pu se maintenir ; mais elles etaient epuisees par toute une semaine de combats sans repos. II faut noter que ce meme jour du 12 septembre fut marque l'echee definitif des assauts que, depuis le 22 aout, sous les yeux du kaiser lui-meme, les Allemands dirigeaient sans relache contre le Grand-Couronne de Nancy, 5 magistralement 6 defendu par Castelnau. La victoire de la Marne est Fun des faits les plus memorables de toute l'histoire. Elle a sauve la France et le monde de l'hege- monie prussienne. 1 de vive force : by assault. 2 c'est ensuite: literally, "it is next" ; translate, "we have first." 3 lui : i.e., le centre, just mentioned. 4 s'enchainent : interlock. 6 le Grand-Couronne : a range of hills around Nancy. 6 magistralement : in masterly fashion. 120 WAR FRENCH General Joffre's Order of Congratulation to the Sixth Army La sixieme armee 1 vient de soutenir pendant cinq jours entiers, sans interruption ni aecalmie, la lutte contre un adversaire nombreux et dont le succes avait jusqu'a present exalte le moral. La lutte a ete dure, les pertes par le feu 2 et les fatigues dues a la privation de sommeil et parfois de nourriture, ont depasse tout ce que Ton pouvait imaginer ; vous avez tout supporte avec une vaillanee, une fermete et une endurance que les mots sont impuissants a glorifier comme elles le meritent. Camarades, le general en chef vous a demande, au nom de la Patrie, de faire plus que votre devoir ; vous avez repondu au dela meme de ce qui paraissait possible. Grace a vous, la vic- toire est venue couronner 3 nos drapeaux. Maintenant que vous en connaissez les glorieuses satisfactions, vous ne la lais- serez plus echapper. Quant a moi, si j'ai fait quelque bien, j'en ai ete recompense par le plus grand honneur qui m'ait ete decerne dans une longue carriere, celui de commander des hommes tels que vous. C'est avec une vive emotion que je vous remercie de ce que vous avez fait, car je vous dois ce vers quoi 4 etaient tendus, 5 depuis quarante-quatre ans, tous mes efforts et toutes mes energies : la revanche de 1870. Merci a vous et honneur a tous les combattants de la sixieme armee. Claye (Seine-et-Marne), le 10 septembre 1914 (Signe) Joffre. (Contresigne) Maunoury. Telegramme Officiel Paris, le 28 Janvier 1915, 7 heures. Nancy, 7 h 55. L'ennemi a tente un coup de main, la nuit derniere, dans le bois de Saint-Mard (region de Tracy-le-Val). Apres une vive 1 Maunoury's army, on the right bank of the Ourcq. 2 par le feu : due to fire. 3 est venue couronner: literally, "has come to crown"; translate, "has crowned." 4 ce vers quoi : that toward which. 6 etaient tendus : had been directed. PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION 121 fusillade, il a fait exploser l des mines qui ont bouleverse 2 nos tranchees sur un front de 50 metres, mais il n'a pu s'y installer en raison des tirs de barrage executes par notre artillerie. Ces tranchees ont ete reoccupees et remises en etat. A l'ouest de Craonne, la nuit a ete calme. Les combats des 25 et 26, dans cette region, ont presente la physionomie suivante : apres un bombardement prolonge et intense de projectiles de gros calibre et de bombes, 3 l'infanterie allemande a attaque sur le front Heurtebise — bois Foulon ; elle a ete repoussee partout avec des grosses pertes, sauf a La Creute. Un eboulement, 4 provoque par la chute de gros projectiles, a obstrue l'entree d'une ancienne carriere qui servait de magasin et d'abri a la garnison de nos tranchees de La Creute (2 compagnies), ces troupes s'y sont done trouvees prises ; l'ennemi ayant ainsi pris pied 6 a La Creute, s'est infiltre 6 dans le bois Foulon et a rendu intenables les tranchees avoisinantes que nous avons du evacuer. Les contre-attaques qui nous ont rendu une bonne partie du terrain perdu ont ete tres brillantes ; l'ardeur de nos troupes s'est montree au-dessus de tout eloge. L'ennemi a subi des pertes tres elevees ; il a laisse un millier de cadavres sur le terrain. Les prisonniers faits appartiennent a quatre regiments differents, ce qui montre bien l'importance de l'attaque. En Argonne, vers Saint-Hubert, une attaque allemande a echoue dans la journee ; trois nouvelles attaques, executees a deux heures les unes des autres, ont ete vigoureusement repous- sees. La nuit du 26 au 27 a ete calme en Alsace et dans les Vosges. Rien d'important n'est signale sur le reste du front. Interrogation des Prisonniers 7 Rarement l'interrogation des prisonniers a fourni des ren- seignements pratiques, utiles aux combattants. Que leur 1 il a fait exploser : he set off. 2 bouleverse : knocked to pieces. 3 bombes : bombs, i.e., grenades. 4 eboulement : landslide, here, falling in of earth, etc. 6 pris pied : got a footing. 6 c'est infiltre: insinuated himself; might be translated "sifted into." 7 " Petit Guide de Pratique de Guerre," by Captain Hanguillart. Paris; Berger-Levrault, 1916, 122 WAR FRENCH origine, leur nationality, leur corps, leur age, etc., soient d'un grand interet pour les etats-majors et les chefs d'armees, c'est incontestable. Le combattant, lui, aurait besoin de renseigne- ments plus terre a terre, 1 d'une utilite immediate pour lui. Aussi, chaque fois qu'on le peut, il est bon de leur demander : — Comment sont occupees leurs lignes : l ere , 2 e , 3 e ? Den- site? — Ou sont les postes de commandement ? — Comment et quand se font les releves, tous les combien, 2 a quelles heures et par ou ont lieu les corvees 3 ? — ■ Les heures de repas? — Combien d'hommes dans la compagnie ; combien d'offi- ciers, active 4 ou reserve 6 ? Qu'en pensent-ils? — Combien de petits postes? Combien d'hommes dans chacun, de jour, de nuit? Ont-ils des grenades? — Ou vont-ils au repos? Par quel chemin? — Patrouilles de jour, de nuit. Combien d'hommes? — A quelle heure ? Par ou sortent-elles, rentrent-elles ? Leur mission, en quelle tenue, avec quelles armes, leur duree? — Que sait-on des notres ? — Place-t-on des homines dans les arbres, de jour, de nuit, 6 devant ou derriere leur ligne? Voient-ils bien chez nous? Quels sont les arbres choisis? — Parle-t-on d'attaque? En craint-on une? — Que f ont-ils de jour, de nuit, quels travaux ? — Voient-ils les notres? — Quelles sont leurs defenses accessoires ? — Ou sont leurs mitrailleuses, obusiers, 7 etc., combien? Bombes asphyxiantes et liquides enflammes, moyens de pro- tection, combien de grenades dans les tranchees? 1 terre k terre : literally, "earth to earth," i.e., coming nearer home, to earth ; hence, translate, "of a more practical character." 2 tous les combien: all the "how many's" (i.e., how many guns, trenches, men, etc.). 3 corvees : fatigues. 4 active : (of the) active (army). 6 r6serve : (of the) reserve (army) ; less energy would be expected of reserve than of active army officers. 6 de jour, de nuit : by day, by night. 7 obusiers : howitzers. (May mean trench mortars.) PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION 123 Telegram Sent by the Graduating Class of St. Cyr, to the Cadets of the U. S. Military Academy at West Point Paris, 29 [juillet, 1917]. Monsieur le Commandant de l'Academie Militaire de West Point, N. Y. Les aspirants eleves 1 de l'Ecole speciale militaire de St. Cyr 2 , promotion 3 des drapeaux et de l'amitie americaine, tiennent 4 avant de partir aux armees, 6 a 4 adresser a leurs camarades de l'academie militaire de West Point, leurs sentiments de cordiale sympathie a l'occasion de l'entree des Etats Unis dans la guerre. Combattant pour la meme cause, soldats du meme ideal, lorsque nous nous rencontrerons, freres d'armes, sur les champs de bataille, alors la victoire sera proche, etconsacrera a jamais l'union des drapeau 6toile, et du drapeau tricolore. 6 Promotion des drapeaux et de l'amitie americaine. 1 Aspirants eleves, student candidates. 2 This is the official name of the school at St. Cyr. 3 Each class at St. Cyr, on graduating, takes a name based on some notable military event of the time. Notice that promotion means class. 4 Tenir . . . a, to be anxious to, to have at heart. 6 aux armees, to the front. 6 Drapeau tricolore, the French flag, so called from its vertical stripes or bands, of red, white, and blue. I. FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY ABBREVIATIONS a., adjective adv., adverb aero., aeronautics art., artillery cav., cavalry conj., conjunction esp., especially /., feminine noun Jam., familiar Fr. a., French army inf., infantry to., masculine noun mach., machinery mil., military pi., plural pr. pronoun prep., preposition p. p., past participle rr., railroads sm. a., small arms v. n., verb neuter v. t., verb transitive a, prep., to, at. abandonner, v. t., to abandon. abatis, m. {mil.), abatis. abord, to., approach ; in pi., ap- proaches, neighborhood of a position. aborder, v. t., to approach. aboutir, v. n., to terminate in (this verb takes a). aboyer, v. n., to bark. abreuver, v. t., to water. abreuvoir, m., watering trough, place. abri, to. (mil.), shelter, cover, dug- out. abri-caverne, m. (mil.), shell-proof shelter. abriter, v. t. (mil.), to shelter, cover. accalmie, /., lull. acces, to., approach. accessoire, a., accessory. accrocher, v. t., to hook. acharner, s'— , to make a desperate effort. achat, to., purchase. acheter, v. t., to buy, purchase. acier, to., steel. acquis (p. p. o/acquerir, to acquire), acquired. actif, a., active. active, feminine of actif ; 1' — (mil.), the active army. addition, /., bill (in restaurants). adieu, to., good-by. adjoint, to., assistant ; — a Fin- tendance (Fr. a.), quartermaster (rank of captain, lowest grade of the intendance). 125 126 FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY adjudant, to. (Fr. a.), adjudant (senior grade of non-commissioned officer, French army, no equivalent in English) ; — de bataillon, battalion warrant officer ; — de compagnie, company warrant officer. adjudant-major, m. (Fr. a.), (of- ficer) adjutant ; capitaine — , adjutant. administratif, o., administrative. adversaire, to., adversary. aeronautique,/. (aero.), aeronautics. aeroplane, m. (aero.), airplane. affaire, /., affair, case. aflame, a., famished, hungry. affut, to. (art.), gun-carriage. age, m., age. agiter, v. t., to agitate; s' — , to be busy. agneau, to., lamb. agrafe, /., clasp. aide-major, m. (Fr. a.), grade in medical corps (lieutenants). aiguille,/., needle; (rr.), switch. aile, /., wing; (aero.), wing. ailleurs, adv., elsewhere ; d' — , besides. ainsi, adv., thus, in this manner; conj., so, therefore. air, m., air (atmosphere) ; appear- ance, look. aise, /., ease; etre bien — , to be glad. ajouter, v. t., to add. Allemagne, /., Germany. allemand, a., German. aller, v. n., to go. allumer, v. t., to light. allumette, /., match. alors, adv., then; — que, since. ambulance,/, (mil.), field hospital. amenagement, m., preparation; (esp. mil.), preparation of the terrain of a position to resist attack, etc. amenager, v. t., to prepare, ar- range; (mil.), to prepare a posi- tion to resist attack, etc. amener, v. t., to bring in, about, on. Americain, m., American. americain, a., American. Amerique, /., America (especially the U. S.). amerrir, v. n. (aero.), to alight (on the water : seaplane) . amerrissage, to. (aero.), alighting (on the water: seaplane). ami, m., friend. ampute, p. p. of amputer ; — du bras droit, having right arm amputated. amputer, v. I., to amputate. amuser, v. t., to amuse; s' — , to have a good time. an, to., year (an is year with refer- ence to dates). ancien, a., old, ancient, former; m. (mil.), old soldier, veteran. anciennete, /. (mil.), seniority, length of service. ane, m., ass. anglais, a., English. Anglais, //?., Englishman. Angleterre, /., England. annee, /., year (annee is year with reference to duration, to things that happened). anti-aerien, a. (aero.), anti-aircraft. apercu, m., sketch. appareil, »i., apparatus, instrument. appartenir, v. n., to belong to (this verb takes a). appeler, v. t., to call, name. FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 127 apporter, v. t., to bring. apprendre, v. t., to learn. apprentissage, m., apprenticeship. approche, /. (mil., etc.), approach. approcher, v. t., to approach. approvisionnement, to. (mil.), supply. approvisionner, v. t. (mil.), to supply. appui, to. (mil., etc.), support. appuyer, v. t. (mil., etc.), to support. apres, adv., afterwards ; prep., after. apres-demain, adv., day after to- morrow. apres-midi, to., afternoon. arbre, to., tree; (mach.), shaft. ardeur, /., ardor. are, m., are (100 square meters). argent, m., money. argot, to., slang. arme, /. {mil.), arm, weapon; arm of the service ; — a feu, firearm ; — a magasin, magazine gun. armee, /. (mil.), army; — active, active army ; — coloniale, colonial army ; 1' — metropoli- taine, " home " army, army serving in France, in Europe ; — territoriale, territorial army, armer, v. t., to arm. arret, to., stop, halt ; (mil.), arrest ; aux — s, in arrest. arreter, v. t., to stop, cease. arriere, adv., en — , back. arriere, m. (mil.), the rear, arriere-garde, /. (mil.), rear guard, arrivee, /., arrival. arriver, v. re., to arrive, happen, articulation, /., articulation, articuler, v. t., to articulate. artillerie, /. (art.), artillery; — anti-aerienne, anti-aircraft ar- tillery ; — de campagne, field artillery ; — de cote, coast ar- tillery ; — courte, howitzers ; — longue, long guns ; - — lourde, heavy artillery ; — de siege, siege artillery. artilleur, ?n. (art.), artilleryman, " gunner." ascenseur, to., elevator. ascensionnel, a. (aero.), ascensional, lifting. asphyxiant, a., asphyxiating. assaut, ire. (mil., etc.), assault; d' — , assaulting. assez, adv., enough, quite. assiette, /., plate. astiquage, m. (mil.), polishing. astiquer, v. t. (mil.), to polish. atelier, to., workshop. atmosphere, /., atmosphere. attaque, /, (mil.), attack. attaquer, v. t. (mil.), to attack. atteindre, v. t., to reach, arrive at ; (mil.), to hit. atteint, a. (mil.), hit, wounded. attelage, to., team; — de derriere (art.), wheel team ; — de devant (art.), lead team ; — du milieu (art.), swing team. attendre, v. t., to wait, await. attenuer, v. t., to lessen, attenuate. atterrir, v. n. (aero.), to land. atterrissage, m. (aero.), landing. aucun, a., no. audace, /., daring, boldness. au-dela, adv., beyond. au-dessus, adv., above, over. aujourd'hui, adv., to-day. aumonier, to. (mil.), chaplain. aussi, adv., as ; also. aussitot, adv., immediately ; — que, as soon as. 128 FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY autant, adv., as much ; d' — plus que, all the more that. auto, m., automobile, automobile, m. or /., automobile, autour, prep., around, autre, a., other, autrefois, adv., formerly. Autriche, /., Austria, autrichien, a., Austrian, aux {article), to the. avance, /., advance; d' — , in advance ; a 1' — , in advance, avancement, m. (mil.), promotion; — a l'anciennete, promotion by seniority ; — au choix, promotion by seniority. avance, a., advanced. avancer, v. n. t., to advance ; (of a watch), to gain; {mil.), to pro- mote. avant, prep., before. avant-bras, m., forearm. avant-garde, /. {mil.), advance guard. avant-hier, adv., day before yester- day. avant-poste, m. {mil.), outpost; — a la cosaque, Cossack post, avant-train, m. {art.), limber; amener 1' — , to limber (rear) ; oter 1' — -, to unlimber. avec, prep., with, aviateur, m. {aero.), aviator, aviation,/, {aero.), aviation, avion, m. (aero.), airplane; — de chasse, pursuit plane ; — de combat, battle plane; — de reglage, fire observation plane, spotting plane, avis, m., opinion ; — au public, notice to the public, avoine, /., oats. avoir, v. t., to have; en — , to be " getting it." avoisinant, a., adjacent, neighbor- ing. B bac, m., ferry. bagage, m., baggage. baguette, /. (mil.), ramrod. bain, m., bath. baibnnette, /. (mil.), bayonet. balai, m., broom. balle, /. (mil.), bullet. ballon, m. (aero.), balloon; — captif , captive balloon ; — libre, free balloon. banc, m., bench. bandage, m., bandage ; tire. bande, /., bandage ; — molletiere (mil.), puttee. bander, v. t., to bandage. banque, /., bank. barbe, /., beard. barbele, a., barbed. barda, m. (mil. slang), kit. barrage, m., barrier, damming ; (art.), curtain (of fire) ; tir de — (art., etc.), curtain fire (may be executed with grenades). bas, a., low; >n., bottom. bastion, m. (mil.), bastion (this is the only word ending in -tion that is masculine: recollect that the others are all feminine). bataille, /. (mil.), battle. bataillon, m. (inf.), battalion. bateau, ?;?., boat. batterie, /. (art.), battery; — de combat, the whole of a field battery, except the train regi- mentaire ; — de tir, firing battery; (mil.), drum call. FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 129 battre, v. t., to beat, fight ; — en retraite (mil.), to beat a retreat. Bavarois, m., Bavarian. Baviere, /., Bavaria. beau, a., beautiful (feminine, belle) ; il fait — , the weather is fine. beche, /., spade ; ■ — de crosse (art.), trail spade. beige, a., Belgian. Belgique, /., Belgium. belle, a., feminine of beau. beret, m. (mil.), tam-o'-shanter (worn by chasseurs). besogne, /., job. besoin, to., need ; avoir — de, to need. beton, m., concrete; — arme, re- enforced concrete. beurre, to., butter. bibliotheque, /., bookcase, library (both room and collection of books) . bidon, to. (mil.), water-bottle, can- teen. bien, adv., well, very well; to., good; le — du service (mil.), the good of the service. bientot, adv., soon. biere, /., beer. bifteck, to., beefsteak. billet, m. (rr., etc.), ticket; ■ — d'aller et retour, round trip ticket ; — direct, through ticket ; prendre ses — , to buy one's tickets ; — simple, single ticket (one way). biplace, to. (aero.), two-seater. biplan, to. (aero.), biplane. biscuit, m., cracker, biscuit. bivouac, to. (mil.), bivouac. blaireau, m., shaving brush. blanc, a., white (feminine, blanche). ble, m., wheat. blesse, p. p. = m., wounded man; grand — (mil.), severely wounded man. blesser, v. t., to wound. blessure, /., wound. bleu, a., blue. bleu, to. (mil. slang), recruit; — d'horizon (mil.), horizon blue (color of French field uniform). boche, m. (slang), German. bock, to., glass of beer. boeuf, to., ox (the f is pronounced in the singular, but not in the plural). boire, v. t., to drink. bois, ?»., wood, woods. boise, a., wooded. bombardement, m., bombardment. bombarder, v. t. (mil.), to bom- bard. bombe,/. (art.), mortar shell, bomb. bon, a., good. bonne, /., maid (servant) ; — a tout faire, maid of all work. bonnet, to., bonnet ; — de police (mil.), sort of visorless cap. bord, to., border. border, v. t., to border. botte, /., boat. bouche, /., mouth; — s inutiles (mil.), useless mouths. boue, /., mud. bouffee, /., puff. bouleverser, v. t., to overthrow, throw into confusion. bourgeron, to. (mil.), fatigue coat. boussole, /., compass. bout, to., end. bouton, m., button. boutonniere, /., buttonhole. boyau, m. (mil.), boyau (com- munication trench). brancard, m. (mil.), stretcher. 130 FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY brancardier, to. (mil.), stretcher bearer, bras, to., arm. breche, /. (mil.), breach. Bretagne, /., Brittany ; la Grande — , Great Britain, bretelle, /., suspender; (mil.), gun sling. bride, /., bridle, brigade, /. (mil.), brigade, brigadier, m. (mil.), corporal (ar- tillery and cavalry). brillant, a., brilliant. briller, v. n., to shine, brique, /., brick. briser, v. t., to break, brodequin, m., (soldier) shoe, brosse, /., brush ; — a cheveux, hair brush ; — a dents, tooth brush, brosseur, m. (mil.), soldier servant, " striker," U. S. A. brouillard, m., fog; il fait du — , there is a fog. bruler, v. t., to burn, brume, /., mist. bureau, to., office ; — des postes et telegraphes, post and telegraph office, but, m., object, aim ; end, purpose ; (mil.), target. ca, pr., that. cabinet, to., office ; toilet; dressing closet ; — de travail, study. cadavre, to., corpse. cadre, m., frame; (mil.), officers and non-commissioned officers of a unit; hors — (mil.), on de- tached officers' list. cafard, to. (mil. slang), the blues (literally, cockroach) . cafe, m., coffee ; cafe, cagibi, m. (mil. slang), dugout, cagna, /. (mil. slang), shelter (hut, etc., in the trenches). caisse, /., chest, caisson, to. (art.), caisson, calecon, m., drawers, calibre, to. (art.), caliber, calme, a., calm, camarade, to., comrade, camion, to., truck, camouflage, to. (mil.), making up, faking, camouflage, camoufler, v. t. (mil.), to make up, fake, camp, to., (miL, etc.), camp, carnpagne, /., country; (mil.), campaign, campement, m. (mil.), encampment, camping party ; establishment of a camp. camper, v. n., to camp, canal, to., canal, canif, to., pocket knife. canon, to. (art.), gun, cannon; (inf.), barrel (of the rifle), canonnier, to. (art.), cannoneer, artilleryman, cantonnement, to. (mil.), canton- ment, capitaine, to. (mil.), captain, caporal, m. (mil.), corporal; fourrier, quartermaster corporal, capote, /. (mil.), overcoat, carabine, /. (mil.), carbine, caractere, m., character, nature, carre, a., square, carrefour, m., cross-roads, carriere, /., career ; quarry, carte, /., map. FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 131 cartouche,/, (mil.), cartridge; — a balle, ball cartridge ; — a blanc, blank cartridge ; fausse — , dummy cartridge. cartouchiere, /. (mil.), cartridge box. cas, m., case. caserne, /. (mil.), barracks. casque, m. (mil.), helmet. casquette, /., cap; — plate (mil.), American (English) forage cap. casser, v. t., to break. categorie, /., class, category. causer, v. n., to talk, converse. cavalerie, /. (mil.), cavalry. cavalier, m. (mil.), cavalry man, trooper; (in general), rider, horseman. ce, pr., it. ce, pr., this (cet before a vowel or mute h ; feminine, cette) . ceinturon, m. (mil.), belt. centime, m. (j^s of a franc), cen- time. centimetre, m., centimeter (0".4). centre, m., center; - — d'appui (mil.), center of support, sup- porting point ; — de resistance (mil.), center of resistance. cependant, adv., nevertheless. cerise, /., cherry. certain, a., certain. chacun, pr., each one, every one. chaise, /., chair. chambre, /., room; — a air, inner tube of a pneumatic tire ; — a coucher, bedroom. champ, m., field ; — de bataille (mil.), field of battle. chandail, m. (slang), sweater. changement, to., change. changer, v. t., to change. chapeau, m., hat ; — haut de forme, high hat ; — de paille, straw hat. chaque, a., each, every. charbon, m., coal. charger, v. t. (mil., etc.), to charge. chasser, v. I. (mil., etc.), to drive out. chasseur, to., hunter; (mil.), chas- seur (light cavalry, infantry French army) ; — s d'Afrique, African chasseurs ; — s alpins, Alpine chasseurs ; — s a cheval, mounted chasseurs ; — s a pied, foot chasseurs. chat, to., cat. chaud, a., hot; avoir — , to be hot (person) ; etre — , to be hot (things) ; faire — , to be hot (weather) . chauffeur, to., fireman ; chauffeur ; stoker. chaussee, /., causeway, highway. chaussette, /., sock. chaussure, /., shoe (is a general term for footwear) . chef, to., chief; (mil.), the senior, the commanding officer ; — de bataillon, major (infantry and engineers) ; — de corps, com- manding officer (of a recognized independent unit ; hence gener- ally) colonel ; — d'escadron major (artillery) ; — d'es- cadrons, major (cavalry) ; — de gare (rr.), station master. chemin, m., road, way; — de fer, railroad ; — de fer a deux voies, double-track road ; — de fer a voie etroite, narrow-gauge road ; - — de fer a voie unique, single-track road ; — de traverse, cross-road. 132 FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY cheminee, /., chimney ; fireplace ; mantelpiece. chemise, /., sliirt ; (mach.), jacket, chene, m., oak. cher, a., dear (price and affection). cheval, m., horse ; — d'armes, troop horse ; — entier, stallion ; — haut-le-pied, spare horse ; — hongre, gelding ; — de main, led horse ; a — sur, across ; e.g., a — sur une riviere, (a line of troops) across a river ; vapeur, horsepower. chevalet, m., trestle; (mil.), aim- ing stand ; (mil.), rocket stand. cheveux, m. pi., hair ; rafraichir les — , to trim the hair. cheville, /., ankle. chez, prep., at, at the home of. chien, m., dog; — sanitaire (mil.), sanitary dog. choisir, v. t., to choose. choix, m., choice; (mil., etc.), selection. chose, /., thing; grand' — , great thing, great matter. chute, /., fall. ciel, m., sky. cigare, m., cigar. cigarette, /., cigarette. cinquantaine, /., fifty. circulaire, a., circular. circuler, v. n., to circulate. citer, v. t., to cite, mention ; — a l'ordre (mil.), to mention in orders. clair, a., clear. clairiere, /., clearing. clairon, m., bugle; (mil.), bugler. classe, /., class. clef, /., key. clement, a., merciful. clou, m., nail. cocher, m., coachman. cochon, m., hog. cceur, m., heart ; — de croisement (rr.), frog. coin, m., corner; nook. col, m., collar (sewed on the shirt) ; faux — , collar (detachable). colis, m., parcel ; — a domicile (mil. slang), shell (allusion to parcel to be delivered at one's quarters) . collet, m., collar (of a coat, of a uniform) . colline, /., hill. colonel, m. (mil.), colonel. colonne, f. (mil., etc.), column. combat, m. (mil.), action, engage- ment. combattant, m. (mil.), combatant. combattre, v. t., to fight. commandant, m. (mil.), major; (in the navy), captain (of a ship, whether of the grade of captain or not) ; — d'armes, commanding officer of a fort, garrison, or camp. commande, /. (aero.), control. commandement, m. (mil.), the commanding authority. commander, v. t., to command. comme, prep., like ; adv., as, for. commencer, v. t., to begin. comment, adv., how, what. communication, /., communication. compagnie, /. (mil.), company. complet, a., complete; full (i.e., room for no more passengers) ; m., suit of clothes (all of same stuff). comprendre, v. t., to understand. compte, /«., account ; bill. FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 133 compter, v. t., to count. conducteur, m., driver, wagoner; (art.), driver. conduire, v. t., to drive (horses, autos) ; to carry on. confier, v. t., to intrust. conge, m. (mil.), leave of absence. connaissance, /., acquaintance ; knowledge. connaitre, to know, recognize. conquerir, v. t., to conquer, consacre, a., sanctioned, regular. consequent, a., consequent; par — , therefore, conserver, v. t., to keep, hold, consigne, /., parcel room; (mil.), orders (as, a sentinel's orders) . consigner, v. a. (mil.), to confine (to quarters). consommation, /., a drink. Constance, /., constancy, constituer, v. t., to constitute, consulter, v. t., to consult. content, a., satisfied, content. contenu, m., contents. continuer, v. n. t., to continue, contraire, a., contrary, opposite, contre-attaque, /. (mil.), counter attack, contre-attaquer, v. t. (mil.), to counterattack, contre-epaulette, /. (mil.), shoulder knot, contresigner, v. t., to countersign, controle, m. (mil.), muster roll; rayer des — s, to remove from the rolls of the army. controleur, in., ticket taker. convenir, v. n., with avoir, to suit ; with etre, to agree ; — de, to admit. convention, /., convention. conversion, /. (mil.), conversion, wheeling. copain, m. (mil. slang), chum, " bunkie." copie, /., copy. copier, v. t., to copy. corde, /., string. cordon, m., string; — tire-feu (art.), lanyard. cordonnet, m. (mil.), hat-cord. corps, 7ii., body; (mil.), regiment, corps ; esp. army corps ; — d'armee, army corps ; corps a corps, hand-to-hand fighting. correspondance,/., correspondence ; transfer (trams, etc.) ; station de — , transfer point (trams, etc.). corvee, /. (mil.), fatigue party, fatigue duty. cote, /., coast ; hill. cote, m., side. coteau, m., hill. cou, m., neck. couche, p. p. = a. (mil.), lying down. coude, m., elbow. coup, m., blow, stroke; — de main (mil.), surprise attack; — d'ceil, glance; — d'ceil militaire (mil.), eye for ground. couper, v. t., to cut. courage, m., courage. couramment, adv., currently. courant, in., current. coureur, m. (mil.), runner. courir, v. n., to run. couronner, v. t., crown. courrier, m., mail. courroie, /., strap. cours, m., course; au — de, dur- ing. couteau, m., knife. 134 FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY couter, v. n. t., to cost ; coute que coute, at all costs, couverture, /., blanket, couvrir, v. t., to cover; (mil.), to cover, craindre, v. t., to fear, crainte, /., fear, crapouillot, m. (mil. slang), trench mortar, cravate, /., necktie, cravat, crayon, m., pencil, creme, /., cream; buff (color). creneau, m. (mil.), loophole, creuser, n., to dig. creux, a., hollow. cri, m., cry. crier, r. n., to cry. croire, v. t., to believe, croisement, m., crossing croiser, v. t., to cross. croix, /., cross; la — , the cross of the Legion of Honor ; la — Rouge, the Red Cross. crosse, /. (art.), trail; (inf.), butt (of the rifle), cuiller, /., spoon, cuirassier, m. (cav.), cuirassier, cuisine, /., kitchen. cuisinier, m., cook, cuisiniere, /., cook, cuisse, /., thigh, cuistot, »i. (mil. slang), cook, culasse, /. (art.), breech, culbuter, v. t., to overthrow, culotte, /., breeches, cure, m., (Roman Catholic) parish priest. d'abord, adv., at first. dame, /., lady, danger, m., danger. dans, prep., in. dater, v. t. n., to date ; — du, to be dated, date from. de, prep., of, from ; — plus, more- over, besides. debarquement, m. (mil.), landing. debarquer, v. t. (mil.), to detrain, land, disembark. debordant, a. (mil.), outflanking. deborder, v. t. (mil.), to turn, flank. debris, m., remains, ruins. debut, 171., beginning, opening ; au — , at first, at the beginning of. deca, adv., on this side. decerner, v. t., to confer; bestow upon. dechirer, v. t., to tear. dechirure, /., tear. declarer, v. t., to declare, an- nounce. decollage, m. (aero.), getting off (the ground : airplane). decoller, v. n. (aero.), to get off (the ground: airplane). decouvert, a., open. dedale, m., maze. defaire, v. t. (wiL), to defeat. defaite, /. (mil.), defeat. defendre, v. t., to defend; forbid. defense, /., defense; — d'entrer, no admission ; — de fumer, no smoking. defenseur, m., defender. defensif, a., defensive. defensive, /. (mil.), the defensive. definitif, a., definite. definitivement, adv., definitively. degager, v. t., to clear, disengage. degre, m., degree. dejeuner, to., breakfast; v. n., to breakfast. FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 135 deli, prep., beyond ; adv., on the other side; deca et — , hither, and thither. demain, adv., to-morrow. demande, /., request. demander, v. t., to ask. demeurer, v. n., to live at or in (this verb takes a after it). demi, a., half. demi-sang, m., half-bred horse. demi-tenue, /. (mil.), undress (of uniform: in U. S. A., dress). demolir, v. t., to demolish. demolition, /., demolition. densite, /., density. dent, /., tooth. depart, m., departure. depasser, v. t., to go beyond, ex- ceed. depeche, /., dispatch. . depense, /., expenditure. depenser, v. t., to spend. deplacer, v. t., to displace. deposer, v. t., to put down. depot, m. (rr.), parcel room. depuis, prep., since ; conj., since ; — que, since. deranger, v. t., to annoy, disturb ; se — , to be disturbed, dernier, a., last, deroute, /. (mil.), rout, derriere, prep., adv., behind, des, article pi., of the ; from the. des, prep., from (beginning), desastre, m., disaster, descendre, v. n., to descend ; — d'un train, to get off a train, deserter, v. n. (mil.), to desert, deserteur, m. (mil.), deserter, desespere, a., desperate, desespoir, m., despair, designer, v. t., to designate. desir, m., desire. desirer, v. t., to desire. desole, a., sorry. dessert, m., dessert. dessus, adv., on, above; m., top; au — de, above. detachement, m. (mil.), detach- ment. detente, /. (sra. a.), trigger. detruire, v. t., to destroy. devancer, v. t., to outstrip, come before. devant, prep., before ; adv., in front of ; de — , front, in front. developpement, m., development. developper, v. t., to develop. devenir, v. n., to become. devoir, v. n. t., to owe (in connection with another verb, " ought " : e.g., il devrait venir, he ought to come) ; to be obliged to ; p. p., du. devoue, a., devoted. devouer, v. t., to devote. diane, /. (mil.), reveille. Dieu, m., God; Mon — ! Good Heavens ! ( The use of Dieu in expressions like the foregoing is not regarded as objectionable by the French. Do not, however, say nom de Dieu). different, a., different. digne, a., worthy. diner, m., dinner ; v. n., to dine. dire, v. t., to say, tell. direct, a., direct. direction, /., direction. dirigeable, m. (aero.), dirigible balloon ; — rigide, rigid dirigible ; — semi-rigide, semi-rigid dirigi- ble ; — souple, non-rigid dirigi- ble. 136 FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY diriger, v. t., to direct ; send. disloquer, v. t., to dislocate. disparaitre, v. n., to disappear. disparu, p. p. of disparaitre. dispositif, m. (mil.), distribution of troops. distinguer, v. t., to distinguish. diviser, v. t., to divide. division,/, (mil.), division. doigt, m., finger ; — de pied, m., toe. dolman, m. (mil.), cavalry jacket. domestique, m., /., servant. dommage, m., damage; pity. done, conj., therefore, then. donner, v. t., to give. dont, pr., by which, of which, whose, of whom. dos, m., back. douane, /., customhouse. doute, m. doubt. douter, v. n., to doubt. douteux, a., doubtful. dragon, m., (mil.), dragoon. drap, m., sheet; cloth. drapeau, m., flag; colors (of in- fantry) ; — blanc, white flag ; — etoile, the Stars and Stripes. droit, a., straight, right; m., right; law ; tax. droite, /., right (side, hand, etc.). du, article, of the. dur, a., hard. durant, prep., during. duree, /., duration. durer, v. n., to endure, last. E eau, /., water ; — potable, potable water, water fit to drink. eboulement, m., land-slide, falling in. echapper, v. n., to escape. echec, m., check. echelle, /., ladder; scale (of a map) ; — au ^. scale ^. echouer, v. n., to fail. eclair, m., lightning, eclaircir, v. t., to clear; s' — , to clear up (weather). eclairer, v. t., to light, light up; (mil.), to give information, watch, reconnoiter. eclair eur, m. (mil.), scout, eclat, m. (mil.), splinter, eclope, m., footsore, ecole, /., school, ecorce, /., bark (of a tree). Ecosse, /., Scotland, ecouter, v. t., to listen. ecurie, /., stable (for horses), effet, m., effect ; en — , in fact, effort, m., effort, egal, a., equal ; ca m'est — , all the same to me, all right, egayer, v. t., to cheer up. eglise, /., church (Roman Catholic). eh bien! well ! elan, m., enthusiasm, start, eleve, a., lugh, great, elever, v. t., to raise, eloge, m., eulogy, praise, eloigner, v. t., to remove, keep off. embarquer, v. t., to entrain, embusque, m., slacker, shirker, emotion, /., emotion, empecher, v. t., to prevent, empereur, m., emperor, emploi, m., employment, use. employer, v. t., to use; employ, en, ]»•., of it, of them ; prep., in. encadrer, v. t., to frame; (mil.), to fiame in (a company is said to be encadree when it has troops im- FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 137 mediately on its right and on its left). encore, adv., more ; still ; — et plus, what is more, encre, /., ink. encrier, m., inkstand, en-deca, adv., on this side, endormi, a., asleep, endormir, v. t., to put to sleep, endroit, m., place. endurance, /., endurance, enfant, m., f., child, enfin, adv., finally. enfoncer, v. t., to sink in, drive in. enfuir, s' — (mil.), to run away, engager, v. t., to engage; s' — , to begin (as mil., a battle), engin, m., device, gear. enlever, v. t., to carry off; (mil.), to carry (a position), ennemi, m. (mil.), enemy, ennui, m., annoyance, regret, irk- someness. ennuyer, v. t., to annoy ; s' — , to be bored, enregistrer, v. t., to register, check ; faire — , to have checked, enseignement, m., instruction, enseigner, v. t., to teach. ensemble, adv., together ; 1' — , the whole. ensuite, adv., afterwards, then. entamer, v. t., to break into, entendre, v. t., to hear, enterrer, v. I., to bury. entier, a., entire (feminine, entiere). entourer, v. t., to surround, entre, prep., between, entree, /., entrance, entreprise, f., enterprise, entrer, v. n., to enter, go in; de- fense d' — , no admission. enveloppe, /., envelope, envelopper, v. t., to envelop, envergure, /. (aero.), spread (of wings). environs, m. pi., neighborhood, envoi, m. (aero.), start, envoyer, v. t., to send, epaule, /., shoulder, epaulette, f. (mil.), epaulet, epingle, /., pin ; — de surete, safety pin. eponge, /., sponge, epoque, /., epoch, era, time, eprouver, v. t., to feel, experience, epuiser, v. t., to exhaust, equipage, in. (mil.), equipage, bag- gage, equipement, m., equipment, escadrille, /. (aero.), escadrille, air squadron, escadron, m. (mil.), troop (of cavalry). escalier, m., stairs, staircase ; — de service, back stairs. escompter, v. t., to anticipate, escouade, /. (mil.), squad, espace, m., space, espion, m., spy. espionnage, m., spying, espionage, espionner, v. t., to spy. esquisser, v. I., to sketch. essai, m., trial, essayer, v. n. t., to try. essence, /., gasoline, essieu, m., axle. essouffle, a., out of breath, winded, essuie-main, m., towel, est, m., East (s is pronounced in this word) . estomac, m., stomach (the c is silent) . et, conj., and. 138 FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY etable, /., stable (cows, cattle generally), etablir, v. t., to establish, etablissement, m., establishment. etat, m., state ; condition, etat-major, m. (mil.), staff; — d'armee, de l'armee, general staff; — general (in popular language, referring to French staff, and correctly referring to foreign armies) , general staff ; — general de l'armee, all the marshals and generals of the (French) army ; grand — , general staff. Etats Unis, m. pi., United States. etendard, m. (mil.), standard (cavalry) . etoile, /., star. etonner, v. t., to astonish, etrange, a., strange, etranger, m., stranger, foreigner, etre, v. n., to be. etrier, m., stirrup, etriviere, /., stirrup leather, etroit, a., narrow, etui, m. (mil.), cartridge case, etui-musette, m. (mil.), haversack. eux, m. pi. pr., they ; them, evacuation,/, (mil.), evacuation (of wounded), evacuer, v. t. (mil.), to evacuate (the wounded). evidemment, adv., evidently, evident, a., evident. exalter, v. I., to raise. excellence, /., excellence, excellent, a., excellent. exclure, v. t., to exclude, executer, v. t., to execute. execution, /., execution, exemple, m., example, exercice, m., exercise. expedier, v. t., to send. experimente, a., skilled, experi- enced. expliquer, v. t., to explain. exploiter, v. t., to exploit, drive home. exploration, /., exploration. explorer, v. /., to explore. exploser, v. I., to explode. explosif, m., explosive. expression, /., expression. exprimer, v. t., to express. fabrique, /., factory, fabriquer, v. t., to make, manufac- ture, face, /., faire — , to face about, fache, a., sorry ; displeased, vexed ; — de, sorry for, vexed at ; — contre, displeased with, facher, v. t., to vex, offend ; se — , to be angry, offended, facile, a., easy, facon, /., fashion, manner, facteur, m., porter ; postman, faction, /. (mil.), sentry duty, sentry-go ; en — , on post, factionnaire, m. (mil.), sentry, faible, a., feeble, faim, /., hunger; avoir — , to be hungry. faire, v. t., to make, do, cause, fait, m., feat, fact, falloir, v. n., to be necessary, " must, ought, should." fallu, p. p. of falloir. fameux, «., famous; excellent, fanfare, /. (mil.), brass band, fantassin, m. (mil.), infantryman, farine, /., flour. FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 139 fascine, /. (mil), fascine. fatigue, /., weariness ; hardship, fatigue, a., wearied, tired, fatiguer, v. t., to fatigue. fauchage, m., mowing; (mil.), mowing, mowing down (as by machine gun fire) . faucher, v. t., to mow, mow down; (mil.), to mow down (as by machine gun fire). faut, 3d pers. pres. ind. of falloir ; il — que, " must " (folloived by the subjunctive) ; comme il — , well-bred, polite. faute, /., fault, failure, fail, faux, a., false (feminine, fausse). femme, /., woman, wife, fenetre, /., window. fer, m., iron ; fil de — , (iron) wire. ferme, a., firm, resolute, ferme, /., farm. fermer, v. t., to close, fermete, /., firmness, steadiness. feu, m., fire; cesser le — (mil.), to cease firing ; ouvrir le — (mil.), to open fire, feutre, m., felt; (mil.), campaign hat. ficelle, /., string. Figaro, m., the " Figaro," a cele- brated daily newspaper of Paris. figure, /., face. fil, m., wire ; thread ; — de fer, wire (iron) ; — de fer barbele, barbed wire. file, /., file. filer, v. n., to file by, go by. filet, m., net ; baggage rack (in railway cars). fille,/., girl ; — publique, prostitute. fils, m., son (s is pronounced, 1 is not; feess). fin, f., end ; a., fine. finir, v. t., to finish. fixe, a., steady; (mil.), attention.' (under cover). fixer, v. t., to fix, determine, flamme, /., flame, flanc, m. (mil.), flank, flanc-garde, m. (mil.), flanker, flanquer, v. t. (mil.), to flank, fleche, /., arrow; church spire; (art.), split-trail half. fleuve, m., (large) river, flingot, m. (mil. slang), rifle, gun. foin, m., hay. fois, /., time, folle, feminine of fou. fonction, /., function, fond, m., bottom. font, 3d pers. pi. pres. ind. of faire. force, /., force, foret, /., forest. forme, /., form, formellement, adv., formally, former, v. t., to form, fort, a., strong, heavy. fort, m. (mil.), fort, forteresse, /. (mil.), fortress, fortification, /. (mil.), fortification, fortifier, v. a. (mil.), to fortify, fou, a., crazy (feminine, folle). foule, /., crowd, fourchette, /., fork; (art.), bracket, fork; (mil. slang), bayonet. fourgon, m., car (baggage, etc.) ; (mil.), baggage wagon, escort wagon (U. S. A.). fournir, v. t., to furnish, fourrage, m., fodder, fourragere, /. (mil.), sort of aiguil- lette. fourreau, m. (sm. a.), scabbard, fourrier, m. (mil.), quartermaster 140 FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY (non-commissioned officer and corporal). frais, a., fresh (feminine, fraiche). frais, m. pi., cost(s). franc, m., franc (19.3 cents). francais, a., French. Francais, m., Frenchman. France, /., France. franchir, v. t., to cross; (esp. mil.), to cross the parapet for an attack ; " go over the top," " cross over." franchissement, m., crossing over; (esp. mil.), " going over the top," " crossing over." frangine, /. (mil. slang), sister (both religious and natural). f rapper, v. t., to strike. frayer, v. t., to open. frenetique, a., frenzied. frere, m., brother. froid, a., m., cold; j'ai — , I am cold ; il fait — , it is cold ; a., cold. froideur. /., cold. fromage, m., cheese. front, m., front ; forehead. frontiere, /., frontier. fruit, m., fruit. fuir, v. n., to run away. fuite, /., flight ; leak. fumee, /., smoke. fumer, v. n. t., to smoke. fusee, /. (art.), fuse ; (mil.), rocket ; — a double effet (art.), double- action fuse; — eclairante (mil.), flare ; — fusante, time fuse ; — percutante, percussion fuse. fusil, m. (sm. a.), gun, rifle; — a repetition, magazine rifle. fuselage, m. (aero.), fuselage. fusele, n. (aero.), stream-lined. fusilier, m. (mil.), automatic rifle- man. fusillade,/, (mil.), fusillade. fusilier, v. t., to shoot (execute by shooting). fusil-mitrailleur, m. (sm. a.), auto- matic rifle. gabion, m. (mil.), gabion. gagner, v. t., to gain. galon, m. (mil.), stripe; chevrons (on sleeve, insignia of rank). galop, m., gallop. galoper, v. n., to gallop. gamelle, /. (mil.), mess-tin. gant, m., glove. garage, m., garage. gar con, m., boy, waiter ; (famil- iarly), chap, youngster. garde, /. (mil.), guard ; corps de — , guard-room, guard-house, guard- tent ; — descendante, old guard ; descendre de — , to march off guard ; — montante, new guard ; — de police, quarterguard ; prendre la — , to march on guard; — a vous (mil.), atten- tion ! garder, v. t., to keep, hold; (mil.), to guard. gare,/. (it.), station; — regulatrice (mil.), receiving and dispatching station (receives all trains and dis- patches them to destination). gargousse, /. (art.), cartridge. garnison, /. (mil.), garrison. gars, m. pi. (mil. slang), the " boys " (pronounced ga ; not really a slang word). gater, v. t., to spoil. gauche, a., left ; /., left (side, hand, etc.). FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 141 gaz, m., gas; — asphyxiant (mil.), asphyxiating gas. gendarme, m., gendarme. gendarmerie, /., gendarmery (forms provost guard, in French armies). general, m. (mil.), general; — de brigade, general of brigade, brigade commander (major gen- eral) ; — de division, general of division, division [= division, corps], commander (lieutenant general) ; major — , major gen- eral (in services other than the French). generalat, m. (mil.), generalship (i.e., grade or dignity). generalissime, m. (mil.), general- in-chief. general-major, m. (mil.), major general. Geneve, /., Geneva. genie, m. (mil.), engineers. genou, m., knee ; a — , kneeling. gens, m. or f. pi., people, persons; — de guerre (mil.), warriors. gentil, a., pleasing, polite. gerbe, /., sheaf (as art., of shrapnel bullets) . geste, m., gesture, motion. gilet, m., waistcoat, vest. glorifier, v. t., to glorify. godillots, m. pi. (mil. slang), (soldier) shoes. gonflement, m. (aero., etc.), inflation. gonfler, v. t. (aero., etc.), to inflate. grace, /., thanks. grade, m. (mil.), grade. grade, m. (mil.), any person having a grade, but usually limited to non-commissioned officers. gradin, m., step (e.g., to get out of a trench) . graisse, /., grease. graisser, v. t., to grease. gramme, m., gram. grand, a., great, large; tall, big. grand'chose, /., great thing. grand'garde, /. (mil.), support (of a line of outposts), grand'route, /., high road. Grece, /., Greece. grec, a., Greek (feminine, grecque). grele, /., hail, grenade, /. (mil.), grenade; — a fusil, rifle grenade ; — incen- diaire, incendiary grenade ; — a main, hand grenade. grenadier, m. (mil.), grenadier, bomber, bomb-thrower, grenier, m., garret, grimper, v. n., to climb, gris, a., gray. gros, a., large; le — de l'armee (mil.), the main body of the army. groupe, m., group ; (art.), (two or more batteries), group, gue, m., ford, guerre, /., war ; — de mouvement, open warfare ; — de tranchee, trench warfare, guetre, /., gaiter; — s molletieres, leggings. guetter, v. t. (mil.), to keep an eye on. guetteur, m. (mil.), lookout, gueule, /., mouth (dogs and other animals). guichet, m., ticket window, guichetier, m., ticket seller, guide, m., guide, guidon, m. (sm. a.), foresight, guitoune, /. (mil. slang), shelter, tent. 142 FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY H (Mute h's are starred.) *habillement, m., clothing. *habiller, v. t., to dress, clothe. *habit, to., coat (tail-coat). *habitant, m., inhabitant. *habiter, v. t., to inhabit. *habitude, /., custom ; acquaint- ance with. hache. /., ax. haie, /., hedge. haine, /., hate, hatred. hair, v. I., to hate. hale, a., tanned. *haleine, /., breath. hardi, a., bold. haricot, to., bean. harnachement, to., harness, equip- ment, equipping. harnacher, v. t., to harness. harnais, m., harness (proper). hate, /., haste. hater, v. t., to hasten. hausse, /., rear sight; elevation; — de combat (sm. a.), battle sight. haut, a., high; great; m., height. hauteur, /., height ; a la — de, as far forward as, at the height of. havresac, m. (mil.), knapsack. *hectare, to., hectare (10,000 square meters) . *hegemonie, /., leadership. helice, /., propeller. hennir, v. n., to neigh. *herbe, /., grass. *heroi'que, a., heroic. *hesiter, v. n., to hesitate. *heure, /., hour; time; de bonne — , early. *heureusement, adv., luckily. *heureux, a., happy ; lucky, heurter, v. t., to knock, strike, run into ; se — contre, to strike. *hier, adv., yesterday. *histoire, /., history. 'homme, to., man. Hongrie, /., Hungary, hongrois, a., Hungarian. ¥ honneur, m., honor. *hopital, to., hospital; — de l'in- terieur, base hospital. *horaire, m., time-table. horizon, m., horizon, horizontal, a., horizontal. *horloge, /., clock (public). hors, prep., apart from ; outside of. *hotel, m., hotel. *huile, /., oil ; les — s, staff officers, huitaine,/., eight days (duration of). hussard, to. (mil.), hussar. ici, adv., here. idee, /., idea. ignorer, o. I., to be ignorant of, not to know. il, pr., he ; — y a, there is, there are ; — y avait imprudence, it would have been unwise. ile, /., island. imaginer, v. t., to imagine. immobiliser, v. L, to make station- ary, keep (in a given place). importance, /., importance. importer, v. n., to be important, be ' a question of ; n'importe, it makes no difference, it is of no consequence. impot, m., tax. impuissant, a., powerless. incendie, m., fire, conflagration. FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 143 incendier, v. t., to set on fire. incontestable, a., indisputable. indiquer, v. t., to indicate. inexpugnable, a., impregnable. infanterie, /. {mil.), infantry. infiltration, /., infiltration; {mil.), "sifting" of troops {e.g., into a wood or close to a position). infiltrer, v. t., to infiltrate; {mil.), to " sift " through {e.g., into a wood, or close to a position). infirmier, m. {mil.), nurse {male), corps man, U. S. A. infirmiere, /. {mil.), nurse {female). inflechir, v. t., to bend ; s' — , to incline. ingenieur, m., engineer. inondation, /., inundation. inonder, v. I., to inundate. insigne, m. {in pi.), insignia; — s de grade {mil.), insignia of rank. installer, v. t., to install. instructeur, m. {mil.), instructor (of troops at drill and exercises) . intact, a., intact. intenable, a., untenable {e.g., mil., a position) . intendance, /. (Fr. a.), quarter- master corps. intendant, m. {Fr. a.), {an officer of the intendance), quartermaster ; — general, chief quartermaster {senior grade of the intendance, assimilated to general de divi- sion) ; — militaire, chief quarter- master {second grade of the in- tendance, assimilated to general de brigade). intense, a., intense. interet, m., interest. interprete, m., interpreter, interrogation, /., interrogation. interroger, v. t., to question, in- terrogate. interrompre, v. t., to interrupt. interruption, /., interruption. intransportable, a., untransport- able. inutile, a., useless. inviolable, a., inviolable. Italie, Italy. italien, a., Italian. ivre, a., drunk. ivresse, /., drunkenness. ivrogne, m., drunkard. jalon, m., stake. jalonnement, m., staking out. jalonner, v. t., to stake out. jamais, adv., ever; ne — , never, jambe, /., leg ; — de force, stay. jambon, m., ham. jante, /., belly. jardin, m., garden; — potager, kitchen garden, jaune, a., yellow, je, pr., I. jet, m., jet. jeter, v. t., to throw, jeu, m., game ; play, jeune, a., young, joie, /., joy. joindre, v. t., to join, joint, m., joint. joli, a., pretty, jouer, v. n., to play, jour, m., day {with special reference to date). journal, m., newspaper. journalier, a., daily, journee, /., day {duration, or with reference to what happened on a particular day). 144 FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY jugulaire, /. (mil.), chinstrap. jumelle, /., field glass. jument, /., mare. jusque, prep., to, as far as. juste, a., just. justement, adv., justly ; precisely. kaki, to. (mil.), khaki, kepi, to. (mil.), (French) forage cap. kilo, to., kilogram, kilogramme, in., kilogram (2.2 lb.). kilometre, m., kilometer (roughly $ of a mile). la, /. pr., she; it (for feminine things) . la, adv., there. la-bas, adv., over there, over yonder, lac, m., lake. lacet, m., shoe-lace; (mil.), zigzag, lache, a., m., coward, la-dessus, adv., thereupon, la-haut, adv., up there, laine, /., wool, laisser, v. t., to leave, allow, lait, m., milk, lampe, /., lamp, lancement, to., throwing (as of a grenade) . lancer, v. t., to throw (as a grenade). langue, f., tongue, lard, to., bacon, large, a., wide; au — ! (mil.), Keep off ! Keep wide ! largeur, /., width. latrine, /. (mil.), latrine. lavabo, m., washstand. laver, v. t., to wash. le, to. pr., he ; it (for masculine things) . leger, a., light (feminine, legere) . legere, /. of leger; la — (Fr. a.), light cavalry. legume, to., vegetable. les, art. and pi. pr., the ; them. lettre, /., letter ; en toutes — s, in full. leur, pr., their, to them. lever, v. t., to raise, lift ; se — , to get up (in the morning) ; — un plan, to survey, make a survey. levier, to., lever. levre, /., lip. liaison, /. (mil.), connection (we have no good word for this, and had better adopt the French term) ; liaison. liberation,/, (mil.), discharge (from service) . liberer, v. t. (mil.), to discharge (from service). lien, m., bond. lier, v. t., to tie. lieu, m., place. lieutenant, m. (mil.), lieutenant. lieutenant-colonel, to. (mil.), lieu- tenant colonel. ligne, /., line; (mil.), line; — de feu (mil.), firing line; — de mire (art.), line of sight; — de resistance (mil.), line of re- sistance, line of trenches of the first line; — de soutien (mil.), line of support, of supporting trenches. linge, m., linen, underclothes. liquide, m., liquid ; — enflamme (mil.), liquid fire. liste, /., list. FRENCH ENGLISH VOCABULARY 145 lit, to., bed. litre, to., liter (1.06 quarts). livre, to., book. livret, to. (mil.), soldier's pocket- book. local, a., local. locomotive, /., locomotive. loger, v. t., to lodge. loin, adv., far. long, a., long (feminine, longue). longueur, /., length. lorsque, conj., when. louer, v. t., to hire. lourd, a., heavy. lui, pr., he ; him. lumiere, /., light. lumineux, a., luminous. lune, /., moon. lunette, /., telescope; (in pi.), spectacles, goggles. lutte, /., struggle. M machin, m. (Jam.), what-do-you- call-it, thingumbob, machine, /., machine, magasin, to., magazine, store, magistralement, adv., in a masterful fashion, main, /., hand ; a la — , in the hand ; in his hand ; aux — s, engaged, in action ; la — dans le rang (mil.), the hand by the side, mainte'nant, adv., now. maintenir, v. t., to maintain ; se — , to hold one's ground, maire, to., mayor, mairie, /., mayor's office, mais, conj., but. mais, m., corn. L maison, /., house. maitre, m., master. major, to. (Ft. a.), field officer m charge of regimental administra- tion ; (Fr. a.), grade in the medical corps (major and cap- tain) ; — des attaques (mil.), engineer officer in charge of working parties ; — de la garni- son (mil.), administrative officer of a garrison. major general, to. (mil.), (in war, Fr. a.), chief of the general staff (general is here an adjective). mal, m., evil, harm (plural maux) ; adv., ill, wrong ; — de pays, homesickness. malade, a., m., sick. maladie, /., sickness. malheur, /., misfortune. manger, v. t., to eat. maniere, /., manner, method. manoeuvre, /. (mil.), maneuver. manceuvrer, v. n. (mil.), to ma- neuver. manquer, v. n. /., to miss. manteau, to. (mil.), overcoat; — de pluie, raincoat. marais, to., swamp, bog. marchand, w., merchant. marchandise, /., merchandise. marche, /. (mil.), march. marche, to., market ; a bon - — , cheap. marcher, v. n., to walk; (mil.), to march. mare, /., pool. marecage, to., marsh. marecageux, a., swampy. marechal, w., horse-shoer; (mil.), marshal, field marshal ; — fer- rant, blacksmith ; — des logis 146 FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY (Fr. a.), sergeant (mounted troops and foot artillery), marechalat, m., marshalship. maree, /., tide; — descendante, ebb tide ; — montante, flood tide, mari, m., husband, marin, a., sea, seafaring ; m., sailor, marine, /., navy. marmite, /., kettle; (mil. slang), large shell, marque, /., mark, marquer, v. t., to mark. Marseillaise, /., Marseillaise (French national hymn). marteau, m., hammer, masque, m., mask. masse, /., mass; (dec), ground; (mil.), mass. mat, m., mast. matelas, m., mattress, matelot, m., sailor. materiel, m., material, matiere, /., matter ; — s premieres, raw materials. matin, m., morning, maudit, a., cursed, wretched, mecanicien, m., engineer, meche, /., wick ; (mil.), slowmatch, fuse. mecontent, a., displeased, medaille, /., medal, medecin, m., doctor, surgeon ; — principal, (grade) colonel and surgeon, medecin-chef, m., chief surgeon, medecin-major, m. (Fr. a.), (grade) major and surgeon, medecine, /., medicine, meilleur, a., better (comparative of bon). melee, /., fight. meler, v. t., to mix ; s'en — , to take a hand, melon, to., melon; (Jam.), darby hat. meme, a., same ; etre a — de, to be in a position to. memorable, a., memorable. menacer, v. t., to menace, threaten, mener, v. t., to lead, take, menton, to., chin, mer, /., sea. mere, /., mother, meriter, v. t., to deserve. mes, pi. pr., my. messe, /., mass (Roman Catholic Church). messieurs, m. pi. (plural of monsieur), gentlemen, mesure, /., measure ; prendre — a, to take the measure of. metre, to., meter (3.28 ft.), metro, m., the subway at Paris (abbreviation of metropolitain). mettre, v. L, to put ; se — a, to set about. meuble, m., piece of furniture, meurtrier, a. (mil.), deadly, meurtriere, /., loophole, midi, m., noon ; the South of France, mieux, adv., better, milieu, m., middle, militaire, a., military; m., soldier, millier, to., thousand, millimetre, >?>., millimeter (0".04). million, m., million, mine, /., mine, miner, v. t. (mil.), to mine, minuit, m., midnight, minute, /., minute, mire, /. (mil.), sight, miroir, m., mirror. FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 147 mission, /., mission. mitrailleuse, /. (mil.), machine gun. mobilier, m., furniture. moins, au — , at least. mois, m., month. mollet, m., calf (of the leg). molletiere, /. (mil.), gaiter. moment, m., moment. mon, pr., my. monde, m., world ; tout le — , everybody. moniteur, m., adviser, teacher. monnaie, /., change; Avez-vous la — de 20 francs ? Can you change 20 francs? monoplace, m. (aero.), single seater. monoplan, m. (aero.), monoplane. monsieur, m. gentleman ; (in ad- dress), sir. monter, v. n., to go up ; — a cheval, to ride ; — dans un train, to get on a train. montre, /., watch. montre-bracelet, /., wrist-watch. montrer, v. t., to show. moral, m. (mil.), morale (morale, in French, means ethics). mors, m., bit. mort, /., death. mort, a., dead. mortier, m., mortar; (art.), mor- tar ; — de tranchee (mil.), trench mortar. mot, m., word; (mil.), counter- sign; — d'ordre (mil.), the first element of the mot (name of a great general, etc.) is the answer to a sentry's challenge ; — de ralliement (mil.), the second element of the mot (name of a battle, etc.) is the answer to the mot d'ordre. moteur, to., motor. mouchoir, m., handkerchief. moulin, m., mill ; — a cafe, coffee mill ; (mil. slang), machine gun. mourir, v. n., to die. moustache, /., mustache. moustique, m., mosquito. mouvement, m., movement, mo- tion. mouvoir, v. t., to move. moyen, m., means, way, method. moyen, a., mean; en moyenne, on the average. moyeu, m., hub. mulet, m., mule. mur, to., wall. muraille, /., wall (suggests protec- tion), any great or important wall. musique, /., music ; (mil.), band. N nacelle, /., (aero.) car, body. nager, v. n., to swim. naissance, /., birth. naitre, v. n., to be born. nappe, /., tablecloth. narines, /. pi., nostrils. nationality , /., nationality. naturellement, adv., naturally. navet, m., turnip. navire, to., ship ; — de guerre, warship. ne, adv., not; ne — que (with a verb), only, necessaire, a., necessary. neige, /., snow, neiger, v. n., to snow. nettoyage, to., cleaning; (mil.), cleaning, " mopping up " of trenches. 148 FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY nettoyer, v. t., to clean; (mil.), to clean, " mop up " a trench. neuf, a., new (feminine, neuve) (op- posite of old) . neutrality, /., neutrality. neutre, a., neutral. nez, to., nose. niveau, to., level. nceud, m., knot. noir, a., black. nom, m., name. nombre, m., number. nombreux, a., numerous. nommer, v. t., to name. non, adv., no. nord, m., north. notamment, adv., especially. note, /., note. noter, v. t., to note. notre, pr. poss., ours. des notres, of our side, of our men. nourriture, /., food ; — chez l'habitant, subsistence in private houses. nous, to. pi. pr., we; us. nouveau, a., new ; (before a voicel, nouvel, feminine, nouvelle) (new in the sense of recent) . nouvelle, /., news. noyer, v. t., to drown. nu, a., bare, naked; a — , bare- back. nuage, m., cloud. nuit, /., night. nul, a., null ; no one. nullement, adv., not in the least. numero, to., number (nombre is number in the arithmetical sense; numero is a number in a series; the number of a house is numero). objectif, m. (mil.), objective. objet. m., object. obscur, a., dark. observation, /. (mil., etc.), observa- tion. observatoire, m. (mil.), observing post. observer, v. t. (mil., etc.), to observe. obstruer, v. t., to obstruct. obtenir, v. t., to obtain. obtenu, p. p. of obtenir. obus, m. (art.), shell; — a balles, shrapnel ; — explosif , high ex- plosive shell ; suivre ses — (mil.), to follow' one's shell (of troops following up a barrage fire) . obusier, m. (art.), howitzer. obusite, /. (mil.) , shell shock. occasion, /., occasion, opportunity. occupation, /., occupation. occuper, v. t., to occupy. ceil, w., eye (plural yeux). ceillet, w., eyelet. oeuf, m., egg (f is pronounced in singular, but not in plural). ceuvre, /., work. offensif, a., offensive. offensive, /. (mil.), the offensive. office, m., pantry ; divine service. officier, m. (mil., etc.), officer; — d'administration (Fr. a.), execu- tive officer of the intendances — general, general officer ; — d'ordonnance, aide-de-camp ; orderly officer (do not translate this ordnance officer) ; — sub- alterne, company officer; — superieur, field officer. offrir, v. t., to offer. oiseau, m., bird. FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 149 on, pr., one (in expressions like on dit, one says, i.e., it is said, on a vu, people have seen, these may often be advantageously translated by a passive in Eng- lish) . ongle, m., nail (of the hand). ont, 3d pers. pi. pres. ind. of avoir. operation, /., operation. operer, v. t., to operate. opposer, v. t., to oppose. or, conj., how. or, m., gold. orage, m., thunderstorm. ordonnance, /. (mil.), orderly (this is not ordnance) ; (medical) , prescription. ordre, m. (mil., etc.), order (i.e., direction, disposition of troops, sequence, etc.). oreille, /., ear. oreiller, m., pillow ; taie d' — , pillow case. organisation, /., organization. organiser, v. t., to organize. orge, /., barley. orient, m., the East; l'extreme — , the Far East. origine, /., origin. orme, m., elm. orteil, m., big toe. os, m., bone (the s is pronounced). ou, conj., or ; — bien, or else. ou, adv., where. oublier, v. t., to forget. ouest, m., west. oui, adv., yes. outil, m., tool. outillage, m., tool outfit, plant. ouvert (p. p. of ouvrir), opened; open. ouverture, /., opening. ouvrage, m., work; (mil.), work (i.e., fort). ouvrier, m., workman, ouvrir, v. t., to open. paille, /., straw ; — hachee, chopped straw. pain, m., bread; — de munition, army bread. paix, /., peace, palan, m., tackle, palme, /., palm; (mil.), the palm on the ribbon of the French military medal, given for an additional deed of valor, panier, m., basket, panne, /., " trouble " (auto, aero.). pansement, m., dressing (the dress- ing itself; the operation of dressing a wound). panser, v. t., to dress (a wound), pantalon, m., trousers. papier, m., paper; — buvard, blotting paper ; — a lettres, letter paper, paquet, m., package, parcel ; — de pansement (mil.), first-aid packet, dressing, par, prep., by. parage, m., region, paraitre, v. n., to appear, parallele, /., (mil.), parallel (i.e., trench) . parapet, m. (mil.), parapet, parapluie, m., umbrella, pare, m., park; (mil.), park (i.e., depot of equipment, stores, etc.). parcours, m., length, circuit, par-dessus, prep., over, pareil, a., similar. 150 FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY parements, m. pi. (mil.), facings . (of a uniform). parer, v. t., to ward off. parfait, a., perfect. parfaitement, adv., perfectly. parfois, adv., sometimes. parler, v. n., to speak. paroi, /., wall (inside walls of a house), paroisse, /., parish, parole, /., word, part, /., part, share; quelque — , somewhere, parti, m., party, side. partie, /., part (of a whole). partir, v. n., to leave, set out. partout, adv., everywhere. paru, p. p. of paraitre. pas, adv., not (requires ne to com- plete the negation, ne . . . — , not), pas, m., step, pace, passage, m., passage; crossing; — a niveau (rr.), level crossing, passager, m., passenger (in a vessel at sea). passer, v. t., to pass; (mil.), to be promoted ; — colonel, to be promoted colonel ; passe pour, let go. Patrie, /., Fatherland, patrouille, /. (mil.), patrol, patrouiller, v. n. (mil.), to patrol, patte, /., paw ; tongue, pauvre, a., poor, pave, m., pavement, payer, v. t., to pay. payeur, m. (mil.), paymaster, pays, m., country, countryside, " home." peau, /., skin. peigne, m., comb. peigner, v. t., to comb. peine, /., trouble. pelle, /., shovel. peloton, m., platoon; (art.), gun detachment. pendant, prep., during. pendule, m., pendulum ; /., clock (chimney clock). penetrer, v. t. n., to penetrate. pensee, /., thought, idea. penser, v. n., to think. pension, /., pension. pente, /., slope. percer, v. t., to pierce. percutant, a. (art., sm. a.), percus- sion, striking. percuteur, m. (art., sm. a.), striker. perdre, v. t., to lose. pere, m., father. peril, m., peril, danger; a ses risques et — s, at one's own risk. perilleux, a., perilous. permettre, v. t., to allow. perpendiculaire, a., perpendicular. personne, /., person ; une jeune — , a young lady. personnel, m., personnel. perte, /., loss. petard, m. (mil.), petard, demoli- tion cartridge. petit, a., small. peu, adv., little ; m., small quantity. peuplier, m., poplar. peur, /., fear; avoir — , to be afraid. peut-etre, adv., perhaps. physionomie, /., aspect, character. pic, ?«., pick. piece, /., piece; (art.), gun; — de campagne (art.), field gun; — s de rechange, spare parts, spares; — de siege (art.), siege gun. FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 151 pied, to., foot ; prendre — , to gain a foothold, pierre, /., stone, pieu, to., stake. pilote, to., pilot, pilotis, to., pile. pin, to., pine, pinard, to., common wine, pionnier, to. (mil.), pioneer, en- gineer, pipe, /., pipe, piquer, v. t., to stick, prick ; (aero.), to dive; — du nez (aero.), to nose dive, piquet, to., picket, piste, /., trail, track, pistolet, to. (sto. a.), pistol. piston, to., piston. place, /., place; (mil.), a fortified position, e.g., la — de Verdun, placer, v. t., to place, plafond, m., ceiling. plaine, /., plain, plaire, v. n., to please (takes a after it) ; s'il vous plait, if you please or please. plaisir, to., pleasure.- plan, m., plane; plan, plancher, to., floor, plaque, /., plate (in a technological sense) . plat, to., dish, plat, a., flat. plate-forme, /., platform, platine, /. (sto. a.), lock, plein, a., full. pi eu voir, v. n., to rain, pli, to., fold. pliant, to., camp stool, plier, v. t., to bend, plomb, m., lead, plonger, v. n., to dive. pluie, /., rain. plume, /., pen ; feather. plus, adv., more ; ne . . . — , no more ; de — en — , more and more. plutot, adv., rather. poche, /., pocket. poids, to., weight (d and s are silent) . poignet, to., wrist. poilu, to. (mil. slang), French soldier. point, to., point. pointage, to. (mil.), aiming; point de — (art.), aiming point. pointe, /., point (anything sharp or sharpened) . pointer, v. t., to aim. pointeur, to. (art.), gunner (aims the piece). pois, to., pea. poisson, to., fish. poitrine, /., chest. poivre, to., pepper. police, /., police. polir, v. t., to polish. pomme, /., apple ; — de terre, potato. pont, to., bridge; axle (and acces- sories) of a motor car ; — de bateaux (mil.), bridge of boats; — de chevalets (mil.), trestle bridge; — de pontons (mil.), pontoon bridge ; — suspendu, suspension bridge. pontage, to. (mil.), bridge laying. ponton, to. (mil.), pontoon. pontet, to. (sto. a.), trigger guard. pore, to., pork; hog. porte, /., door ; — de la rue, street door, main entrance. porte-cigarettes, m., cigarette case. 152 FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY portee, /. (art., sm. a.), range. porte-feuille, m., pocket book. porte-monnaie, m., purse. porter, v. t., to carry; (of clothes), to wear. porteur, m., bearer; near horse (of a team). poser, v. t., to place, set down. position, /., position. possible, a., possible. poste, /., post office; — restante, general delivery. poste, m. (mil., etc.), post; — de commandement (mil.), com- manding officer's post ; — d'ecoute (mil.), listening post; — d'observation (mil.), observ- ing post. poteau, m., post. pouce, m. t thumb. poudre, /., powder. poulet, m., chicken. poulie, /., pulley. pour, prep., for. pourboire, m., tip. pourquoi, conj., why. pour suite, /. (mil.), pursuit. poursuivre, v. t. (mil.), to pursue. pourtant, adv., however. pourvu que, conj., provided that. pousser, v. t., to push. poussiere, /., dust. pouvoir, v. t., to be able; p. p., pu. praticable, a., practicable. pratique, a., practical. pratiquer, v. t., to make; — un chemin, to cut a road. preceder, v. t., to precede. precipite, a., precipitate, hasty. preferer, v. t., to prefer. premier, a., first. prenant, pres. part, of prendre, to take, prendre, v. t., to take ; — a partie, to take in hand, preparation, /., preparation, preparer, v. t., to prepare, pres, adv., near, present, m., present, presenter, v. t., to present, presque, adv., almost, presse, a., hurried; etre — , to be in a hurry, pression, /. (steam, etc.), pressure, pret, m. (mil.), pay (enlisted men). prefer, v. t., to lend, leave exposed, pretre, m., priest, prevoir, v. t., to foresee, prevot, m. (mil.), provost. pris, p. p. of prendre, taken, prise, /. (mil.), capture, prisonnier, m., prisoner, privation, /., privation. prix, m., price, probable, a., probable, procede, m., procedure, process, prochain, a., next; neighboring, produire, v. t., to produce, profil, m., profile. profond, a., deep, profondeur, /., depth, projectile, m. (afT.), projectile, prolong!, a., prolonged, promenade, /., promenade, trip, promener, v. t., to take out for a walk ; se — , to take a walk, prophete, m., prophet, propre, a., clean, proprete, /., cleanliness. protection, /., protection, proteger, v. t., to protect, prouver, v. t., to prove, province, /., province. FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 153 provision, /., provision, supply. provoquer, v. t., to provoke, cause. Prusse, /., Prussia. prussien, a., Prussian. puis, adv., then. puisard, m., sump. puissance, /., power ; — ascension- nelle, {aero.), lifting power, puissant, a., powerful. puits, m., well (t and s are silent). quai, m., wharf ; (rr.), platform. quand, conj., when ; — meme, even so, all the same. quant, adv., as, respecting. quart, m., quarter; (mil.), tin cup. quartier-general, m. (mil.), head- quarters. que, pr., whom ; which. quelque, a., some. question, /., question. queue, f., tail. qui, pr., who. quitte, a., free. quitter, v. t., to leave, quit. quoi, pr., what. rabattre, v. t., to turn down, fold over. rabattu (p. p. of rabattre) (of a collar), turned down. rabiau, m. (mil. slang), " butt," i.e., leavings. raccommoder, v. t., to mend. radeau, m., raft. rafraichir, v. t., to refresh ; — les cheveux, to trim the hair, raide, a., stiff ; steep, rail, m. (rr.), rail. rais, m., spoke. raison, /., reason ; en — de, on account of ; avoir — , to be right ; avoir — de, to get the better of. ralentir, v. t., to slow up, retard. rallier, v. t. (mil.), to rally, reform, rejoin (one's camp, lines). ramasser, v. t., to pick up. ramener, v. t., to bring back. rampe, /., balusters; slope. rang, m. (mil.), rank; sur deux — s, in two ranks. ranger, v. t., to draw up. rapide, a., rapid. rapidement, adv., rapidly. rappel, m. (mil.), recall. rappeler, v. t., to recall; se — , to recollect. rapport, m., report. rarement, adv., rarely. rase (p. p. o/raser), shaven, clean- shaven. raser, v. t., to shave. rassembler, v. a., to collect, gather. rate, m. (art., sm. a.), misfire. rater, v. t., to miss (fire). ration, /., ration, allowance. ravin, m., ravine. ravitaillement, m. (mil.), refilling, supply. ravitailler, v. t. (mil.), to refill, re- new supplies. rayer, v. t., to erase, strike off. rayure, /. (art., sm. a.), groove. recevoir, v. t., to receive. recommander, v. t., to recommend; to register (a letter). recommencer, v. n. t., to begin again. recompense, /., reward. recompenses v. t., to reward. 154 FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY reconnaissance, /., reconnaissance. reconnaitre, v. t., to recognize ; (mil.), to reeonnoiter. reconquerir, v. t., to reconquer, recrue, /. (mil.), recruit, recrutement, m. (mil.), recruiting. recruter, v. t. (mil.), to recruit, recul, m. (mil.), withdrawal ; re- treat ; (art., sm. a.), recoil, reculer, v. n. (mil.), to retreat; (art., sm. a.), to recoil, reddition, /. (mil.), surrender. redoute, /. (mil.), redoubt, reduit, m. (mil.), redoubt (keep of a fortress) . reforme, /. (mil.), condemnation; compulsory retirement. reformer, v. t. (mil.), to condemn; retire, refouler, v. t., to throw back, refuge, m., refuge ; — des blesses (mil.), first-aid station. refuser, v. t. (mil., etc.), to refuse, regarder, v. t., to look, regiment, m. (mil.), regiment, region, /., region, regie, /., rule; en — , formal, regular, reglement, m. (mil.), regulations; drill regulations, reglementer, v. t. (mil.), to give regulations to, make regulations for. rSgler, v. t., to arrange, regulate, regret, m., regret, regretter, v. t., to regret, regulier, a., regular, rejeter, v. t., to throw back, rejoindre, v. t., to join. relache, m., respite, relaxation, releve, /. (mil.), relief (of troops, sentries, etc). relever, v. I. (mil.), to relieve (sen- tries, troops in the trenches, etc.). remarquable, a., remarkable. remarquer, v. t., to notice; to re- mark (make a remark). remercier, v. t., to thank ; dis- charge (from a position). remettre, v. t., to put back, restore. remonter, v. t. n., to go back, re- mount. remorque, /., tow rope ; trailer (auto). remorquer, v. t., to tow. rempart, m. (mil.), rampart. remplir, v. t., to fill. rencontre, /., meeting; (mil.), en- counter. rencontrer, v. t., to meet. rendre, v. t., to render, make, give back; se — (mil.), to surrender. renforcement, m. (mil.), reinforce- ment. renforcer, v. a., to reenforce. renfort, m. (mil.), reenforcement. renseignement, m., information. renseigner, v. t., to inform. rentrer, v. n., to come back, return. renvoyer, v. t., to send back. repas, m., meal ; (of horses), feed, feeding. repasser, v. t., to recross. repere, m., point de — , bench mark; (art.), registration point. reperer, v. t., — le tir (art.), to correct the fire (by registered points) . repeter, v. L, to repeat. replier, v. t., to fold again; (mil., to take up (a pontoon bridge, etc.). repondre, v. n., to reply, answer (takes a). FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 155 repos, m., rest. repousser, v. t. (mil.), to throw back, push back. reprendre, v. t., to take back ; resume. represaille, /. (mil.) (in pi. gener- ally), reprisals, retaliation. reseau, m., network (of railroads, telephone and telegraph lines, etc.) ; — de fil de fer barbele (mil.), wire entanglement. reserve, /. (mil.), reserve. resigner, v. t., to resign, give up. resister, v. n. (mil., etc.), to resist (takes a.). resistance, /. (mil., etc.), resistance. resoudre, v. t., to resolve. ressort, m., spring ; province, de- partment. ressource, /., resource. restaurant, m., restaurant. reste, m., remainder. rester, v. n., to remain. retablir, v. t., to reestablish. retard, m., delay ; (of a watch), loss ; etre en — , to be late ; (of a watch), to be slow. retarder, v. n. t., to delay; (of a watch), to be slow. retenir, v. t., to retain. retour, m., return ; — offensif (mil.), counterthrust. retourner, v. t., to turn ; — une tranchee (mil.), to turn a trench (against its original occupants). retraite, /. (mil.), retreat; retire- ment. retraiter, v. t. (mil.), to retire. retranche, a. (mil.), intrenched. retrancher, v. t. (mil.), to intrench, dig in ; se — , to intrench one's self, dig in. reussir, v. n., to succeed, revanche, /., revenge, re veil, m. (mil.), reveille, reveiller, v. t., to waken, revenir, v. n., to return, come back ; — sur, to return to (a matter), revolver, m. (sm. a.), revolver, revoquer, v. t., to revoke, recall, revue, /. (mil.), review, inspec- tion ; passer en — , la — de, to review. rez-de-chaussee, m., ground-floor, rien, m., a mere nothing, a trifle. rince-bouche, m., finger-bowl, rire, v. n., to laugh, risque, m., risk, risquer, v. t., to risk, rive, /., bank, shore, riviere, /., (small) river, creek, riz, m., rice. robinet, m., cock, faucet, roi, m., king, role, m., part, role, romain, a., Roman, rompre, v. t., to break ; — a, to inure to. Rosalie (proper name, mil. slang), the bayonet. rosbif, m., roast beef, roue, /., wheel, rouge, a., red. rouler, v. n. t., to roll, roumain, a., Rumanian. Roumanie, /., Rumania, route, /., road; — nationale, state road, rue, /., street. ruisseau, m., brook, rupture, /., gap. russe, a., Russian. Russie, /., Russia. 156 FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY sable, ?n., sand. sabre, m. (sm. a.), saber. sac, m., sack; (mil.), the pack. sacrifice, in., sacrifice. sacrifier, v. t., to sacrifice. sage, a., good ; wise. saigner, v. n. t., to bleed. saillant, m. (mil.), salient. saisir, v. t., to seize. salle, /., large room; hall; — a manger, dining-room ; — de bain, bath-room. salon, m., parlor, drawing-room. saluer, v. t., to greet; (mil.), to salute. salut, m., safety, welfare; (mil.), salute. salve,/, (mil.), salvo. sang, m., blood ; pur — , thorough- bred. sanguin, a., ruddy. sans, prep., without. sante, /., health ; service de — (mil.), medical department. sape, /. (mil.), sap. saper, v. t. (mil.), to sap. sapeur, m. (mil.), sapper, engineer. sapin, m., fir. satisfaction, /., satisfaction. satisfaire, v. n., to satisfy (takes a). sauf, prep., except. saut, m., jump. sauter, v. n., to jump. sauver, v. t., to save. savoir, v. t., to know. savon, m., soap. Saxe, /., Saxony. saxon, a., Saxon. scie, /., saw. scier, v. t., to saw. seau, m., bucket. sec, a., dry (feminine, seche). second, a., second. secouer, o. t., to shake. secours, m., help ; poste de — (mil.), dressing station. secousse, ./., shaking. secteur, m. (mil.), sector. section, /. (mil.), section (i of a company, infantry; 2 guns, ar- tillery). seigle, m., rye. sel, m., salt. selle, /., saddle. seller, <>. t., to saddle. sellier, m., saddler. selon, prep., according. semaine, /., week. semblant, m., seeming ; faire — de, to pretend to. sembler, v. n., to seem. semelle, /., sole ; (auto), shoe. sens, m., sense, judgment, direction. sentier, m., path. sentinelle, /. (mil.), sentinel. sentir, v. t., to feel. sergent, m. (mil.), sergeant (foot troops, except foot artillery) ; — fourrier (mil.), quartermaster sergeant; ■ — de ville, policeman. sergent-major, m. (mil.), company quartermaster sergeant. serie, /., series. serment, m., oath. serre-file, m. (mil.), file closer. serre-freins, m., brakeman. serrer, v. t., to tighten; (mil.), to close up. serrure, /., lock. sert, '.id pers. prcs. sing, of servir. servant, m. (art.), cannoneer. servante, /. (art.), pole prop. service, in., service. FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 157 serviette, /., napkin. servir, v. n., to serve ; be useful ; — a, to be of use to ; — de, to serve as ; se — de, to make use of. seul, a., only ; alone. si, conj., if. siecle, m., century. siege, to. seat; (mil.), siege. siffier, v. n., to whistle. sifflet, m., whistle. signal, m., signal. signalement, m. (mil.), descriptive list. signaler, v. t., to report ; give a description of. signaleur, to. (mil.), signal-man. signer, v. t., to sign. simple, a., simple. simultane, a., simultaneous. simultanement, adv., simultane- ously. singe, m., monkey; (mil. slang), tinned meat. singulier, a., odd, strange, singular. site, m., site. sceur, /., sister. soie, /., silk. soif, /., thirst ; avoir — , to be thirsty. soigner, v. t., to watch, care for; — les blesses, to nurse the wounded. soin, m., care, attention. soir, to., evening. sol, m., ground. soldat, m. (mil.), soldier; simple — , private, solde, /. (mil.), pay (officers'). soleil, m., sun. sombre, a., somber, dark, sommaire, a., brief. sommeil, m., sleep; avoir — , to be sleepy. son, pr., his, her, its ; m., sound. sonner, v. n. t., to sound. sonnerie, /. (mil.), trumpet call. sorte, /., sort ; de la — , so, in this way. sortir, v. n., to go out ; go up (of an airplane) ; sally forth. sou, to. (5 centimes), sou, cent. souci, to., care, worry. soucoupe, /., saucer. souffler, v. n. t., to blow. souffrir, v. n. t., to suffer, endure. Soulier, to., shoe. soupape, /., valve. soupe, /., soup; (mil.), mess call. sous, prep., under. sous-lieutenant, to. (mil.), 2d lieu- tenant. sous-marin, to., submarine. sous-officier, m. (mil.), non-com- missioned officer. soutenir, v. t., to support. soutien, m. (mil., etc.), support. spahi, to. (Fr. a.), spahi. special, a., special. station, /. (rr.), station; (mil.), station. stopper, v. t., to stop (an engine). strategie, /. (mil.), strategy. strictement, adv., strictly. subir, v. t., to suffer, sustain. submerger, v. t., to submerge. submersible, to., submarine. subsistance, /. (mil.), subsistence; mettre en — , to subsist. succes, to., success. sucre, to., sugar. suffire, v. n., to suffice. suite, /., series, suite; de — , in succession. 158 FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY suivant, a., following, suivre, v. t., to follow, supreme, a., supreme, sur, prep., on. sur, a., sure. surete, /. (mil., etc.), security, surveiller, v. t., to overlook, super- intend. survoler, v. t. (aero.), to fly over. tabac, m., tobacco (c silent). table, /., table. tache, /., spot. tache, /., task. tacher, v. t., to try, attempt. tacot, m. (mil. slang), old motor car. tactique, /. (mil.), tactics. taie, /., pillow case. tailler, v. t., to cut. tailleur, to., tailor. talon, to., heel. tambour, to., drum; (mil.), drum- mer; — major (mil.), drum major. tampon, to., plug; (rr.), buffer. tamisage, to., screening. tamiser, v. t., to screen. tandis que, conj., while. tant, adv., so many. tapis, to., carpet. taquet, to., cleat. tard, adv., late. tasse, /., cup. taux, to., rate (of interest, etc.). taxi, to., taadcab. teint, to., complexion. t?l, a., such. telegramme, to., telegram. telegraphe, to., telegraph. telegraphier, v. t., to telegraph. telegraphiste, m., telegraph opera- tor, telemetre (mil.), range finder, telephone, to., telephone ; coup de — , telephone message, telephoner, v. t., to telephone, temoignage, m., testimony, temoigner, v. t., to testify, temoin, in., witness, tempete, /., storm, temple, m., (Protestant) church, temps, to., time ; weather ; a — , in time, tender, to. (rr.), tender. tendre, v. t., to strain, stretch, tenir, v. t., to hold, keep ; — bon (mil.), to hold out. tentative, /., attempt, tente, /. (mil.), tent, tente-abri, /. (mil.), shelter tent, tenter, v. t., to attempt, tenue, /. (mil.), dress, uniform; — de campagne, field dress ; demi- — , dress uniform (U. S. A.) ; grande — , full dress ; petite — , undress, dress (U. S. A.). terrain, m. (mil.), terrain, ground, terre, /., earth ; the earth ; ground, soil ; — a — , practical, terrible, a., terrible, territoire, m., territory. territorial, a., territorial; (mil.), territorial, territoriale, feminine of territorial ; la — (Fr. a.), the territorial army, tete, /., head. the, to., tea. tiers, m., third part; third person, timbre, to., stamp (postage and general) ; — poste, postage stamp. timbrer, v. t., to stamp. FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 159 tir, to. (art., sm. a.), fire; practice; round ; — de barrage, curtain fire; — courbe (art.), curved fire ; — rapide, rapid fire. tirailleur, to. (mil.), skirmisher. tirailler, v. n. (mil.), to skirmish. tirer, v. n. I. (mil.), to fire. tireur, to. (mil.), sharpshooter, marksman. tiroir, m., drawer (of a table) ; slide valve. toile, /., cloth ; linen. toit, to., roof. tole, to., sheet iron. tomber, v. n., to fall. tonne, /., ton (1000 kilos) ; — metrique, 1000 kilos. tonner, v. n., to thunder. tonnerre, to., thunder; (sm. a.), breech (seat of the charge) . torpille, /., torpedo. tort, to., wrong, injury ; avoir — , to be wrong. tot, adv., soon, early. toubib, m. (mil. slang), surgeon. toucher, v. t., to touch. toujours, adv., always. tour, /., tower ; turn. tourillon, to. (art.), trunnion. tournant, m., turn (of a road, etc.). au — de, around. tournee, /., round, visit. tourner, v. n., to turn. tout, a., all, every (pi., tous). tout, adv., entirely, completely. trahir, v. t., to betray. trahison, /., treachery. train, to. (rr.), train; (mil.) , train ; — de combat (mil.), combat train; — des equipages (mil.), the train, baggage train ; — express (rr.), express train; — de grande vitesse (rr.), fast train; — de marchandises (rr.), freight train; — omnibus (rr.), local train ; — regimentaire (mil.), regimental train; — de retour (rr.), return train; — sanitaire (mil.), sanitary train, hospital train ; — de voyageurs (rr.). passenger train. traitement, m., treatment. traiter, v. t., to treat. tranchee, /. (mil.), trench; — de depart, trench of departure (one from which an assault is made) ; — de tir, fire trench, first line trench. tranquille, a., calm, quiet ; soyez — , don't worry. transport, to., transportation. transportable, a., transportable. transporter, v. t., to transport. travail, to., work (pi., travaux). travailler, v. t., to work. travers, a — , across. traverse, /., cross-tie; (mil.), trav- erse. traverser, v. t., to cross. traversin, to., bolster. tres, adv., very. tresorier, to. (mil.), paymaster. tri, w., sorting (of the mail). triage, to., sorting. tricot, to., sweater; jersey. trier, v. t., to sort. triplan, m. (aero.), triplane. triste, a., sad, gloomy. trompette, /., trumpet; m. (mil.), trumpeter. trop, adv., too much. trot, to., trot. trotter, v. n., to trot. trottoir, to., sidewalk. 160 FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY trou, m., hole; — d'air (aero.), air pocket, troupe, /. (mil.), troop, troops; hommes de — , enlisted men. troupier, m. (mil.), soldier, trousse,/., bunch ; (mil.), housewife, trousseau, to., bunch ; outfit, trouver, v. t., to find ; se — , to be. truck, m., truck; flat car. tu, pr., thou, tube, m., tube, tuer, v. t., to kill, tunique, /. (mil.), tunic, turc, a., Turk (feminine, turque). turco, m. (Fr. a.), Turco. Turquie, /., Turkey, tuyau, m., tube, pipe (e.g., sras, water) . U un, m. art., a, an ; adj., one. uniforme, m. (mil.), uniform. union, /., union, conjunction. unir, v. t., to unite. unite, /., unit ; (mil.), troop-unit. urinoir, m., urinal. usage, m., custom ; a 1' — de, for the use of. user, v. t., to wear out; — de, to employ, use. usine, /., factory, works. usure,/., wear; guerre d' — , (mil.), wearing down war (trench war- fare) . utile, a., useful. utiliser, v. t., to utilize, turn to account. utilite, /., usefulness. vacance, /., vacation. vacancy; (in pi.), vacant, a., vacant. vache, /., cow ; cowhide. vagon, m. (rr.), car. vague, /., wave (of water) ; (mil.), wave (of troops) . vaguemestre, m. (Fr. a.), non-com- missioned officer in charge of the post office. vaisseau, m., vessel (ship). vaillance, /., valor. vaillant, a., valiant. valeur, /., worth, value. vallee, /., valley. vallon, m., small valley. valoir, v. t., to be worth. vapeur, /., steam ; m., steamer. veau, m., calf. veiller, v. n., to watch. vendre, v. t., to sell. venir, v. n., to come; — de, to have just (done a thing, etc.). vent, m., wind. vente, /., sale. ventre, m., belly. verger, to., orchard. verite, /., truth. verre, to., glass; tumbler. verrou, to., bolt ; (mil.), bolt. vers, prep., towards. versant, to., slope (e.g., of a hill). verser, v. t., to spill; pour; trans- fer; deposit (money). vert, a., green; to., green forage; mettre au — , to pasture. veste, /. (mil.), blouse (e.g., the olive- drab blouse). vetement, to., article of clothing, garment; (in pi.), clothes. viande, /., meat ; — de conserve, preserved meat ; — marinee, pickled meat ; — sur le pied, meat on the hoof. FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 161 victoire,/., victory. victorieux, a., victorious. vide, a., empty; m., void, empty space. vieux, a., old (feminine, vieille). vif, a. /., vive, lively, keen; de vive force, by main force. vigoureusement, adv., vigorously. vilain, a., wretched. village, m., village. ville, /., town. vin, m., wine. vinaigre, m., vinegar. vis, /., screw; — de culasse (art.), breech screw. viser, v. t., to aim. visible, a., visible. visiere, f., visor. visite, /., visit; inspection, ex- amination. visiter, v. t., to visit; to inspect, examine. vite, a., quick; adv., quickly. vitesse, /., speed, velocity. vitre, /., window pane. vivre, v. n., to live. vivres, m. pi., food supplies; — pain (mil.), bread supplies; — viande (mil.), meat supplies; petits — (mil.), small groceries, small stuff. voici, adv., here is (must frequently be translated in a manner depend- ing on the context) . voie, /., way, track ; road. voila, adv., here is, or are, there is, or are (must be translated accord- ing to the context). voir, v. t., to see. voisin, m., neighbor. voiture, /*., car, carriage; (rr.), car; en — ! all aboard ! M vol, m. (aero.), flight; — plane (aero.), volplane, glide. volant, m., hand wheel ; — de pointage (art.), elevating hand wheel. voler, v. n. (aero.), to fly. volontiers, adv., willingly, with pleasure. voltigeur, m. (inf.), rifleman (all around member of a grenadier squad). vont, 3d pers. pi. pres. ind. of aller. vouloir, v. n., to wish ; to be will- ing ; — bien, to be willing. voulu, p. p. of vouloir, wished. voyage, m., trip ; voyage; travels. voyageur, m., passenger (in a rail- road train). vrai, a., true. vrille, /., gimlet; (aero.), spin. vue/., view. W wagon, m. (rr.), car; — cavalier, horse car ; — a couloir, corridor car ; — de marchandises, box car ; — poste, mail car, carriage. y, adv., to it, at it, in it, there, yeux, m. pi. (of ceil), eyes. zele, m., zeal. zele, a., zealous. zinc, m., zinc. zingage, m., covering with zinc ; galvanizing. zinguer, v. t., to zinc ; to galvanize. 162 FRENCH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY zone, /., zone, belt; region, area; — des armees (Fr. a.), army zone (in matter of supply) under the orders of the commander in chief; — de l'arriere (mil.), the rear (of an army with reference to lines of supply, depots, etc.) ; — de l'avant (mil.), zone of activities ; — de l'interieur (Fr. a.), interior zone, the country outside of the field of operations (in matters of supply), under the direction of the minister of war. Zouave, m. (mil.), Zouave. Zouzou, to. (mil. slang), Zouave. II. ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY (For abbreviations, see French-English part.) a (article), un, m. ; une, f. abandon, v. t., abandonner. abatis (mil.), abatis, m. able, a., capable ; to be — , pouvoir. above, adv., dessus ; prep., au- dessus, au dessus de. accessory, accessoire, m. ; acces- soire, a. according, prep., selon. account, compte, m. acquaintance, connaissance, f. acquire, v. t., acquerir. across, a., a travers ; a cheval sur (i.e., on both sides of, e.g., a river) . active, a., actif; (mil.), actif ; the — army, l'armee active, l'active. add, v. t., ajouter. adjacent, a., avoisinant. adjutant (mil.), (capitaine) adju- dant-major, m. administrative, a., administratis admission, admission, /. ; no — , defense d'entrer. admit, v. n., convenir de. advance, v. n. t., avancer. advanced, a., avance. advance, avance, /. ; in — , a 1' avance. advance guard (mil.), avant- garde, /. adversary, adversaire, m. adviser, moniteur, m. aeronautics (aero.), aeronau- tique, /. affair, affaire, /. afraid, a., to be — , avoir peur. after, adv., prep., apres. afternoon, apres-midi, m., /., afterwards, adv., apres. afterwards, adv., ensuite. age, age, m. agitate, v. t., agiter. ahead (in front of), adv., devant. aid-de-camp (mil.), ofEcier d'or- donnance, m. aiguillette (mil.), fourragere, /. ; aiguillette, /. aim, v. t. (mil.), pointer; viser. aiming, pointage, m. ; — point (art.), point de pointage; — stand, chevalet, m. air, air, m. airplane (aero.), aeroplane, m. ; avion, m. ; battle — , avion de combat ; fire observation — , avion de rfeglage ; pursuit — , avion de chasse. air-pocket (aero.), trou d'air, m. air-squadron (aero.), escadrille, /. 163 164 ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY alight (on the water) (aero.), amerrir, v. n. alighting (on the water) (aero.), amerrissage, m. all, a., adv., tout; — aboard! (rr.), envoiture!; — the same, quand meme. allow, o. t., laisser ; permettre. allowance (mil.), ration, /. all right, ca m'est egal. almost, adv., presque. alone, a., seul. also, adv., aussi. always, adv., toujours. America, Amerique, /. American, a., m., americain. amputate, v. t., amputer. amuse, o. t., amuser. an (article), un, m. ; une, /. ancient, a., ancien. and, conj., et. angry, a., fache ; to be — , sefacher. ankle, cheville, /. announce, v. t., declarer, annoy, v. t., ennuyer. annoy, v. t., deranger. annoyance, ennui, m. answer, v. n., repondre. anti-aircraft, a. (aero.), anti- aerien. anticipate, v. (., cscompter. apart (from), prep., hors. appear, v. n., paraitre. appearance, air, m. apple, pommo, f. apprenticeship, apprentissage, m. approach, acces, m. approach, v. t., approcher ; aborder, v. t. ; (mil.), approche, /. approaches (of a position), abords, m. pi. are (100 square meters), are, m. arm, bras, m. ; (mil.), arme, /. arm, v. t., armor. army (mil.), armee, /. ; the active — , 1'armee active ; the colonial — , 1'armee coloniale ; the home or metropolitan — , 1'armee metropolitaine. around, prep., autour. arrange, v. t., regler. arrange, v. t., amenager. arrival, arrivee, /. arrive, v. n., arriver. arrest (mil.), arret, m. ; in — , aux arrets. arrest, v. t. (mil.) , mettre aux arrets. arrow, fl5chc, /. articulate, v. t., articuler. articulation, articulation, /. artillery (mil.), artillerie, /. ; anti- aircraft — , artillerie anti- aerienne ; coast — , artillerie de cote ; field — , artillerie de campagne ; heavy — , artillerie lourde ; siege — , artillerie de siege. artilleryman (art.), canonnier, m. ; artilleur, m. as, adv., comme, aussi ; — far — , prep., jusque. ascensional, a. (aero.), ascensionnel. ask, v. t., demander. aspect, physionomie, /. asphyxiating, a., asphyxiant. asleep, a., endormi. ass, ane, m. assault, assaut, m. assaulting, a., d'assaut. assistant, adjoint, m. astonish, v. t., etonner. at, prep., a, chez ; — the home of, chez ; — first, d'abord ; — least, au moins. ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY 165 atmosphere, atmosphere, /. attack (mil.), attaque, /. ; surprise — , coup de main. attack, v. t., attaquer. attain, v. t., atteindre. attempt, tentative, /. attempt, v. t., tacher, tenter. attention! (mil.), (in quarters), fixe ! ; (troops formed) , garde a vous! attention, soin, m. ; attention, /. attenuate, v. t., attenuer. audacity, audace, /. authority, autorite, /. ; the com- manding — (mil.), le commande- ment. automobile, automobile, m., f Austria, Autriche, /. Austrian, a., Autrichien. average, on the, en moyenne. aviation (aero.), aviation, /. aviator (aero.), aviateur, m. await, v. t., attendre. ax, hache, /. axle, essieu, m. (auto), pont, m. B back, adv., en arriere. back, dos, m. bacon, lard, to. baggage, baggage, m.; (mil), equipage, m. ; — car (rr.), fourgon, m. ; — rack (on trains), filet, m. ; — wagon (mil.), fourgon. balloon (aero.), ballon, m. ; cap- tive — , ballon captif ; free — , ballon libre. balusters, rampe, /. band, musique, /. ; brass — , faD- fare, /. bandage, bandage, m. ; bande, /. bandage, v. t., bander. bank (of stream), rive, f. ; banque, /. (financial). barbed, a., barbele. bareback, a nu. bark, ecorce, /. bark, v. n., aboyer. barley, orge, /. barracks (mil.), caserne, /. barrier, barrage, m. : — or curtain, fire (mil.), tir de barrage, m. basket, panier, m. bastion (mil.), bastion, m. bath, bain, m. bath-room, salle, /., de bain, battalion (inf.), bataillon, m. battery (art.), batterie, /. battle (mil.), bataille, /. Bavaria, Baviere, f. Bavarian, a., bavarois. bayonet (sm. a.), bai'onnette, /. be, etre, v. n. : se trouver. bean, haricot, m. beard, barbe, /. beat, v. t., battre ; — a retreat (mil.), battre en retraite. beautiful, a., beau (feminine, belle). become, v. n., devenir. bed, lit, to. bedroom, chambre, /., a coucher. beafsteak, bifteck, m. beer, biere, /. before, prep. (place), devant ; (time, or order), avant ; adv. avant. begin, v. t., commencer. beginning, debut, m. behind, prep, adv., en arriere de, derriere. Belgian, beige, a. Belgium, Belgique, /. 166 ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY believe, v. t., croire. belly, ventre, /. belong, v. n., appartenir. belt, ceinture, /. ; {mil.), ceinturon, m. ; zone, /. bench, banc, m. ; — mark, repere, m. • bend, v. t., plier. besides, adv., de plus ; d'ailleurs. bestow (on), v. t., decerner. betray, v. t., trahir. better, a., meilleur {comparative of bon) ; adv., mieux. between, prep., entre. beyond, adv., au-dela. beyond, prep., au-dela de ; adv., la-bas. big, a., grand. bill, addition, /. ; compte, m. biplane {aero.), biplan, m. bird, oiseau, m. birth, naissance, /. biscuit, biscuit, m. bit, mors, m. bivouac {mil.), bivouac, m. bleed, v. n. t., saigner. blood, sang, m. blow, v. n., souffler. boat, bateau, m. body, corps, m. ; — (of airplane) {aero.), nacelle, /. ; main — of the army {mil.), gros, m., de l'armee. bold, a., hardi. boldness, audace, /. bolster, traversin, m. bolt {mil. etc.), verrou, m. bomb {mil.), bombe, /. bombard, v. t. {mil.), bombarder. bombardment {mil.), bombarde- ment, m. bomber {mil.), grenadier, m. bond, lien, m. bone, os, m., {the s is pronounced). bonnet, bonnet, m. book, livre, m. bookcase, bibliotheque, /. boot, botte, /. border, bord, m. border, v. t., border. born, to be, v. n., nattre. bottom, fond, m. ; bas, m. box, boite, /. ; — car {rr.), wagon de marchandises. boy, gar^on, m. boyau {mil.), boyau, m. black, a., noir. blanket, couverture, /. blow, coup, m. blue, a., bleu. bracket {art.), fourchette, /. brakeman {rr.), serre-freins, m. breach, breche, /. bread, pain, m. ; army — , field — . {mil.), pain de munition; — supplies {mil.), vivres-pain, m. break, v. t., rompre, briser ; casser. breakfast, dejeuner, m. ; to — , v. n., dejeuner, breath, haleine, /. ; out of — , essouffle, a. breech {art.), culasse, /. ; {sm. a.), tonnerre, m. {seat of the charge). breeches, culotte, /. brick, brique, /. bridge, pont, m. ; — laying {mil.), pontage ; — of boats, pont de bateaux; pontoon — {mil.), pont de pontons ; suspension — , pont suspendu ; trestle — , pont de chevalets. bridle, bride, /. brief, a., sommaire. brigade {mil.), brigade,/. ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY 167 brilliant, a., brillant. bring, v. I., amener ; apporter ; to — back, ramener. broom, balai, m. brook, ruisseau, m. brother, frere, m. brush, brosse, /. ; hair — , brosse a cheveux ; shaving — , blaireau ; tooth — , brosse a dents, bucket, seau, m. buff {color) , creme, /. buffer (rr.), tampon, m. bugle, clairon, m. bugler, clairon, m. bullet (swi. a.), balle, /. bunch, trousseau, m. bunkie (?nil. slang), copain, m. burn, v. t., bruler. bury, v. t., enterrer. but, conj., mais. butt (sm. a.), crosse, /. butter, beurre, m. button, bouton, m. buttonhole, boutonniere, /. buy, v. t., acheter. by, prep., par. caisson (art.), caisson, m. calf, veau, m. ; (of leg), mollet, m. caliber (art., sm. a.), calibre, m. call, v. t., appeler. calm, a., calme, tranquille. calm, calme, m. camouflage (mil.), camouflage, m. camp (mil.), camp, m. ; campe- ment, m. ; to — , v. n., camper; — stool, pliant, m. campaign (mil.), campagne, /. campaign hat (mil.), feutre, m. can, bidon, m. canal, canal, m. cannon (art.), canon, m. cannoneer (art.), canonnier, m. ; servant, m. canteen (mil.), bidon, m. cantonment (mil.), cantonnement, m. cap, casquette, /. ; forage — , casquette plate (U. S., British). captain (mil.), capitaine, m.; (of a ship), commandant, m. capture (mil.), prise, /. car (aero.), nacelle, /. ; chariot, m. ; (rr.), wagon, m. ; vagon, m.; corridor — (rr.), wagon a cou- loir; flat — (rr.), truck; horse — (rr.), wagon cavalier; mail — (rr.), wagon-poste. carbine (sm. a.), carabine, /. care, soin, m. ; souci, m. (concern), care for, v. t., soigner. career, carriere, /. carpet, tapis, m. carriage, voiture, /. carry, v. t., porter; — away from, enlever de. cartridge (inf.), cartouche, /. ; (art.), gargousse, /. ; ball — , cartouche a balle ; blank — , cartouche a blanc ; demolition — (mil.), petard; dummy — , fausse cartouche. cartridge-box (inf.), cartouchiere, /. cartridge-case (sm. a.), etui, m. case, affaire, /. ; cas, m. cat, chat, m. causeway, chaussee, /. cavalry (cav.), cavalerie, /. ; light - — , la legere (Fr. a.) ; — jacket, dolman, m. cavalryman (cav.), cavalier; light — , chasseur a cheval (Fr. a.). 168 ENGLISH FRENCH VOCAEULARY cease, v. t., arreter; cesser; — firing, cesser le feu. ceiling, plafond, m. cent, sou, to. center, centre, m. ; — of resistance (mil.), centre de resistance; — of support (mil.), centre d'appui. centimeter (0.4 inch) , centimetre, m. century, siecle, m. certain, a., certain, chair, chaise, /. change (money), monnaie, /. change, changement, to. change, v. t., changer. " chap," garcon, m. chaplain (mil.), aumonier, to. character, caractere, to. charge, v. t., charger, chase, v. t., chasser. chauffeur, chauffeur, to. cheap, a., a bon march6. check, echec, m. check, v. t., enregistrer. cheer, cheer up, v. t., egayer. cheese, fromage, to. cherry, cerise, /. chest, poitrine, /. ; caisse, /., (box). chevrons (mil.), galons, m. pi. chicken, poulet, m. chief, a., en chef; premier; prin- cipal. chief, chef, to. ; — of the general staff (French army, in war) , major general. child, enfant, m., /. chimney, cheminee, /. chimney-clock, pendule, /. chin, menton, m. chinstrap {mil.), jugulaire, /. choose, v. t., choisir. chum, copain, m. (mil. slang). church (Protestant), temple, m. church, eglise, /. (Roman Catholic) ; — spire, fleehe, /. cigar, cigare, m. cigarette, cigarette, /. cigarette case, porte-cigarettes, m. circular, a., circulaire. circulate, v. n., circuler. circuit, parcours, m. cite, v. t., citer. city, ville, /. clasp, agrafe, /. class, classe, /. ; categorie, /. clean, a., propre. clean, v. t., nettoyer; to — a trench (mil.), nettoyer une tranchee. cleanliness, proprete, /. clear, «., clair. clear, v. t., degager ; (of the weather), s' eclair cir. clearing, clairiere, /. cleat, taquet, m. climb, v. n., grimper. clock (public), horloge, /*. close, v. t., fermer ; serrer ; to — up (mil.), serrer. cloth, drap, m. ; toile, /. clothe, v. t., habiller. clothes, vetements, m. pi. clothing (mil.), habillement, m. cloud, nuage, /. coachman, cocher, m. coal, charbon, to. coast, cote, /. coat, habit, to. ; fatigue — (mil.), bourgeron. cock, robinet, m. cold, a., froid ; to be — (weather), faire froid ; (person), avoir froid ; (thing), etre froid. cold, froid, to., froideur, /. coffee, cafe, m. ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY 169 collar (sewed on shirt), col, m. ; — (detachable), faux col, m. ; — (of a coat), collet, m. collect, v. t., rassembler. colonel (mil.), colonel, m. colors (mil.), drapeau, m. (drapeau is the flag of foot troops : etendard of cavalry) . column (mil., etc.), colonne, /. comb, peigne, m. comb, v. t., peigner. combat (mil.), combat, m. combatant (mil.), combattant, m. come, v. n., venir; to — back, revenir. command (mil.), commandement, m. ; the supreme — , le haut commandement. command, v. t., commander. commanding officer (mil., of a fort, garrison or camp), commandant m., d'armes ; (of a regiment or independent battalion), chef de corps, communication, communication, /. company (mil.), compagnie, /. compass, boussole, /. complete, a., complet. completely, adv., tout. complexion, teint, m. comrade, camarade, m. concrete, beton, m. ; reinforced — , beton arme. condemn (mil.) v. t., reformer, condemnation (mil.), reforme, /. condition, etat, m. confer (on), v. t., decerner. conflagration, incendie, m.. confine, v. t. (mil.), consigner. confusion, confusion, /. ; to throw into — , bouleverser. conquer, v. t., conquerir. consequent, a., consequent, constancy, Constance, /. constitute, v. t., constituer. consult, v. t., consulter. contents, contenu, m. continue, v. n. t., continuer. contrary, a., contraire. control (aero., mach.), commande, /. convention, convention, /. converse, v. n., causer. conversion (mil.), conversion,/. cook, cuisinier, m. (/., cuisiniere). copy, copie, /. ; copier, v. t. corn, mai's, m. corner, coin, m. corporal (mil.), caporal, m. (foot troops, except fool artillery) ; briga- dier, m. (mounted troops and foot artillery) . corps (mil.), corps, m. ; corps d'armee. corps man (U. S. A.) (mil.), in- firmier, m. corpse, cadavre, m. cost, v. n., couter. cost, prix, m. ; at all costs, coute que coute; frais (m. pi.). count, v. t., compter. counterattack (mil.), contre-at- taque, /. ; v. t. (mil.), contre- attaquer. countersign (mil.), mot, m. countersign, v. t., contresigner. counterthrust (mil.), retour of- fensif, m. country, patrie, /. ; campagne, /. ; pays, m. courage, courage, m. course, cours, m. cover (mil.), abri, m. cover, v. t., couvrir; (mil.), couvrir, abriter. 170 ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY cow, vache, /. coward, lache, m. cowhide, vache, /. cracker, biscuit, m. crazy, a., fou {feminine, folle). cream, creme, f. creek, riviere, /. cross, croix, /. ; Red — , la Croix Rouge, cross, v. t., traverser, croiser; to — over (mil.), franchir, v. t. crossing, croisement, m. ; passage, m. ; level — (rr.), passage a niveau; — over (mil.), fran- chissement. cross-road, chemin, m., de traverse. cross-roads, carrefour, m. cross-tie (rr.), traverse,/, crowd, foule, /. crown, v. t, couronner. cry, cri, m. ; crier, v. n. cuirassier (mil.), cuirassier, m. cup, tasse, /. ; tin — (mil.), quart, current, courant, m. currently, adv., couramment. cursed, a., maudit. custom, habitude, /. ; usage. customhouse, douane, /. cut, v. t., couper, tailler. daily, a., journalier. dam, barrage, m. damage, dommage, m. danger, danger, m. dark, a., sombre, obscur. date, v. t. n., dater ; — from, dater de. day, jour, m. ; journee, /. dead, a., m., mort. deadly, a., meurtrier. dear, a., cher (price and affection). death, mort, /. declare, v. t., declarer. deep, a., profond. defeat (mil.), defaire, v. t. ; defaite, /• defend, v. t., defendre. defense, defense, /. defender, defenseur, m. defensive, a., defcnsif. defensive (mil.), defensive,/, definite, a., definitif. definitively, adv., definitivement. degree, degre, m. delay, v. n. t., retarder. demolish, v. t., demolir. demolition, demolition, /. density, densite, /. department, ressort, m. (i.e., one's duty, "job," business) ; departe- ment, m. ; medical — (mil.), service de sante. departure, depart, m. depose, 8. t., deposer. deposit (money), v. t., verser. depth, profondeur, m. deserve, v. t., meriter. designate, v. t., designer, desire, desir, m. ; v. t., desirer. despair, desespoir, m. despatch, depeche, /. desperate, a., desespere. desert (mil.) v. n., deserter, deserter (mil.), deserteur, m. dessert, dessert, m. destroy, v. t., detruire. detached, a., on — officers' list (mil.), hors cadre, detachment (mil.), detachement ; gun — (art.), peloton. detrain, v. t., debarquer. develop, v. t., developper. ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY 171 development, developpement, m. device, engin, m. ; appareil, m. devote, v. t., devouer. devoted, a., devoue. die, v. n., mourir. difference, difference, /. ; it makes no — , ca n'est egal, ca ne fait rien, n'importe. different, a., different. dig, v. t., creuser; to — in {mil.), se retrancher. dine, v. n., diner. dining-room, salle, /., a manger. dinner, diner, m. direct, a., direct. direct, v. t., diriger. direction, direction, /. ; sens, m. dirigible {aero.), dirigeable, m. ; non-rigid — , dirigeable souple ; rigid — , dirigeable rigide ; semi- rigid — , dirigeable semi-rigide. disappear, v. n., disparaltre. disaster, desastre, m. discharge (mil.), liberation,/. discharge, v. t., remercier; (mil.), liberer, v. t. dish, plat, m. dislocate, v. t., disloquer. displace, v. t., deplacer. displeased, a., mecontent ; — with, f&che contre. distinguish, v. t., distinguer. disturb, v. t., deranger; to be dis- turbed, se deranger. distribution, distribution, /. ; — of troops (mil.), dispositif, m. dive, v. n., plonger ; to nose — (aero.), piquer du nez. divide, v. t., diviser. division (mil.), division,/. do, v. t., faire. doctor, docteur, medecin, m. dog, chien, m. ; sanitary — (mil.), chien sanitaire. door, porte, /. ; street — , porte de la rue. doubt, doute, m. dragoon (cav.), dragon, m. draw, v. I., dessiner; — up, v. t., ranger. drawer (of a table), tiroir, m. drawers, calecon, m. drawing-room, salon, m. dress (mil.), tenue; demi-tenue ; (U. S. A.), field — , tenue de campagne ; full — , grande tenue ; undress ( U. S. A. dress), petite tenue. dress, v. t., habiller, panser. dressing, pansement, m. drink, v. t., boire ; a — , consomma- tion, /. drive, v. t., conduire. drive out, v. t., chasser. driver (art., etc.), conducteur, m. drown, v. t., noyer. drum, tambour, m. ; — call (mil.), batterie; — major (mil.), tam- bour-major, m. drummer (mil.), tambour, m. dry, a., sec. dugout (mil.), abri, m. ; cagibi, m. (slang) ; guitoune, /. (slang) . duration, duree, /. during, prep., pendant ; durant ; au cours de. dust, poussiere, /. E each, a., pr., chaque ; chacun, (/., chacune) ; — one, chacun. ear, oreille, /. early, a., tot, de bonne heure. 172 ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY earth, terre, /. East, est, m. ; the — , l'orient, w. ; the far — , l'extreme Orient, easy, a., facile, eat, o. t., manger, effect, effet, to. effort, effort, m. egg, ceuf, m. elbow, coude, m. elevation, hausse, /. elevator, ascenseur, to. elm, orme, to. elsewhere, adv., ailleurs. emotion, emotion, /. emperor, empereur, to. employ, v. t., employer, employment, emploi, to. empty, a., vide, encounter (mil.), rencontre, /. end, bout, m. (as of a stick) ; but, m. (object, purpose) ; fin, /. (termination). endurance, endurance, /. endure, v. n., souffrir. enemy, ennemi, m. engage, v. /., engager, engagement (mil.), combat, m. engineer, mecanieien, m. ; sapeur, m. ; ingenieur, to. engineers (mil.), le genie. England, Angleterre, /. English, a., anglais. Englishman, Anglais, to. enlisted man (mil.), homme de troupe, m. enough, adv., assez. enter, v. n., entrer. enterprise, entrcprise, /. enthusiasm, elan, to. entire, a., entier (/., entiere). entirely, adv., tout, entrain, v. t. (mil.), embarquer. entrance, entree, /. envelope, enveloppe, /. envelop, v. t., envelopper. epaulet (mil.), epaulette, /. epoch, epoque, /. equal, a., egal. equipage (mil.), equipage, to. equipment, equipement, to. erase, v. t., rayer. escadrille (aero.), escadrille, /. escape, v. n., echapper. especially, adv., notamment. espionage, espionnage, to. establish, v. t., etablir. establishment, etablissement, to. eulogy, eloge, to. evacuate, v. t. (mil.), evacuer. evacuation (mil.), evacuation, /. evening, soir, to. even so, quand meme. ever, adv., jamais. every, a., chaque ; tout; tous les; — one, chacun, to., ehacune, /. ; — body, tout le monde. everywhere, adv., partout. evidently, adv., evidemment. exalt, v. t., exalter. examination, cxamen, to. ; visite, /. (baggage, etc.). examine, v. t., visiter, example, exemple, >n. exceed, v. t., depasser. excellence, excellence, /. excellent, excellent, a. ; fameux, a. except, prep., sauf. exclude, v. t., exclure. execute, v. (., exfecuter. exercise, exercice, w. exhaust, o. /., epuiser. expense, d§pense, /. experience, v. t., 6prouver. experienced, a., experiment^. ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY 173 explain, v. t., expliquer. explode, v. t., exploser. exploit, v. t., exploiter. exploration, exploration, /. explore, v. t., explorer. explosive, explosif, m. express, v. t., exprimer. expression, expression, /. eye, ceil, m. ; yeux, pi. ; to keep an — on (mil.), guetter, v. t. eyelet, ceillet, m. face, face, /. ; figure, /. facings (mil., of a uniform), pare- ments, m. pi. fact, fait, m. ; in — , en effet. factory, fabrique, /. ; usine, /. fail, v. n., echouer ; faillir, v. n. failure, faute, /. " fake," v. t. (mil. slang), camoufler. " faking " (mil. slang), camou- flage, m. fall, chute, /. fall, v. n., tomber. false, a., faux (feminine, fausse). famished, a., affame. famous, a., fameux. far, adv., loin. farm, ferme, /. fascine (mil.), fascine, /. father, pere, m. fatherland, patrie, /. fatigue, v. t., fatiguer. fatigue duty (mil.), corvee, /. ; — party, corvee, /. faucet, robinet, m. fault, faute, /. fear, peur, /. ; crainte, /. fear, v. t., craindre ; avoir peur. feat, fait, m. feather, plume, /. feeble, faible, a. feed, repas, m., (horses). feel, v. t., eprouver, sentir. felloe, jante, /. felt, feutre , m. ferry, hac^m. field, champ, m. ; — artillery, artillerie de campagne. field glass, jumelle, /. (used also in pl.). fifty, cinquantaine, /. fight, combat, m. ; melee, /. fight, v. t., combattre, se battre. file, file, /. file (by), v. n., filer. file closer (mil.), serre-file, m. fill, v. t., remplir. finally, adv., enfin. find, v. t., trouver. fine, a., beau ; fin ; the weather is — , il fait beau. finger, doigt, m. finger-bowl, rince-bouche, m. finish, v. t., finir. fir, sapin, m. fire, v. n. t., tirer. fire, incendie, m. ; to set on — , in- cendier ; (mil.), feu, m. ; tir, m. ; curtain — , tir de barrage ; rapid — , tir rapide ; curved — , tir courbe ; rifle — , fusillade ; to correct the — (art.), reperer le tir. firearm (mil.), arme,/. ; k feu. fireman, chauffeur, m. fireplace, cheminee, /. firm, a., ferme. firmness, fermete, /. first, a., premier. fish, poisson, m. fix, v. t., fixer. 174 ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY flag (mil.), drapeau ; white — , drapeau blanc. flame, flamme, /. flank, v. t. (mil.), deborder, flanquer. flanker (mil), flanc-garde, m. flat, a., plat. [m. flight (mil.), fuitc, /. ; (aero.), vol, floor, plancher, m. flour, farine, /. fly, v. n., voler; to — over (aero.), survoler, v. t. fodder, fourrage, m. fog, brouillard, m. fold, pli, m. fold, v. t., plier ; to — again, re- plier, v. t. ; — over, rabattre. follow, v. t., suivre. following, a., suivant. food, nourriture, /. ; — supplies, vivres, m. pi. foot, pied, m. footsore, eclope, a. footwear, chaussure, /. for, prep., pour. [m. forage, fourrage, m. ; green — , vert, forage cap (mil.), kepi, m. (French); casquette, /., plate ( U. S. and British) . forbid, v. I., defendre. force, force, /. ford, gu6, m. forearm, avant-bras, m. forehead, front, m. foreign, etranger, a. foreigner, etranger, m. foresee, v. t., prevoir. foresight (sm. a.), guidon, m. forest, foret, /. forget, v. t., oublier. fork, fourchette, /. form, t'. t., former, form, forme, /. formal, a., en regie. formally, adv., formellement. formerly, adv., autrefois. fort (mil.), fort, m. fortification (mil.), fortification, /. fortify, v. t., (mil.), fortifier. fortress (mil.), forteressc, /. frame, cadre, m. frame, v. t., encadrer. franc (19.3 cents), franc, m. France, France, /. free, a., quitte. freight train (rr.), train, m., dc marchandises. French, a., francais. Frenchman, Francais, m. frenzied, a., frenetique. fresh, a., frais (feminine, fratche). friend, ami, m. ; amie, /. from, prep., de. from (beginning), d6s, prep. front, front, m. frontier, frontierc, /. fruit, fruit, m. full, plein, a. ; complet, a. (no more room for passe?igtrs) ; in — , en toutes lettres. function, fonction, /. furious, a., furieux ; to make a desperate attempt, s'acharner. furnish, v. t., fournir. furniture, mobilier, m. ; piece of — , meuble, m. fuse (art.), fusee, /. ; percussion — , fusee percutantc ; time — , fusee fusante. fuselage (aero.), fuselage, m. gabion (mil.), gabion, m. gain, v. L, gagner. ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY 175 gaiter, guetre, /. ; (mil.), molle- tiere, /. gallop, v. n., galoper. gallop, galop, m. game, jeu, m. gap, rupture, /. garage, garage, m. garden, jardin, m. ; kitchen — jardin potager. garment, vetement, m. garret, grenier, m. garrison (mil.), garnison, /. gas, gaz, m. ; asphyxiating — (mil.), gaz asphyxiant. gasolene, essence, /. gather, v. t., rassembler. gear, engin, m. gelding, cheval, m., hongre. gendarme (mil.), gendarme, m. gendarmery (mil.), gendarmerie, /. general (mil.), general, m. ; — in chief, generalissime, m. ; lieu- tenant — , general de division ; major — , general de brigade. generalship (mil., grade, dignity), generalat, m. Geneva, Geneve, /. German, a., Allemand. Germany, Allemagne, /. gentleman, monsieur, m. gesture, geste, m. get, v. t., obtenir; to be "getting it," en avoir; to - — off a train, descendre d'un train ; to — up, se lever. gimlet, vrille, /. girl, fille, /. give, v. t., donner; — back, v. t., rendre. glad, content, a. ; to be — , vouloir bien (i.e., to be glad to do a thing, to go, etc.) ; etre bien aise. glance, coup d'ceil, m. glass, verre, m. ; — of beer, bock, m. ; window — , vitre, /. glide (aero.), vol, m., plane. gloomy, a., triste. glorify, v. t., glorifier. glove, gant, m. go, v. n., aller; — back, v. n., remonter; • — beyond, v. t., depasser ; — in, entrer, v. n. ; — out, v. n., sortir ; — over the top (mil.), franchir, v. t. ; — up, monter ; (aero.), sortir. God, Dieu, m. goggles, lunettes, /. pi. " going over (the top) " (mil.), franchissement, m. gold, or, m. good, a., bon, sage (i.e., well-be- haved) good, n., bien, m. ; the — of the service (mil.), le bien du service. good-by, adieu, m. grade (mil.), grade, m. gram, gramme, m. grass, herbe, /. gray, a., gris. grease, graisse, /. grease, v. t., graisser. great, a., grand, haut. Great Britain, La Grande Bretagne, /• Greece, Grece, /. Greek, a., grec, (/., grecque). green, a., vert, greet, v. t., saluer. grenade (mil.), grenade, /. ; hand — , grenade k main ; rifle — , grenade a fusil ; incendiary — , grenade incendiaire. grenadier (mil.), grenadier, m. groove (art., sm. a.), rayure, /. 176 ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY ground, sol, to. ; terre, /. ; terrain, m. ground-floor, rez-de-chaussee, to. group, groupe, m. ; (art.), groupe. guard (mil.), garde, /. ; — house, corps de garde ; new — , garde montante ; old — , garde de- scendante. guide, guide, m. gun (inf.), fusil, m. ; (art.), canon, to. ; piece, /. ; field — , piece de campagne ; siege — , piece de siege, gun-carriage (art.), affut, to. gunner (art.), artilleur, in. ; poin- teur. hail, grele, /. hair, cheveux, m. pi. ; to trim the — , rafralchir les cheveux. half, a., demi. half bred, demi-sang, to. (horse). hall, salle, /. halt, arret, to. halt, v. t., arreter. ham, jambon, m. hammer, marteau, to. hand, main, /. ; in the — , in his — , a la main ; to take a — , s'en meler. hand to hand, corps a corps, handkerchief, mouehoir, to. hand wheel (mach., etc.), volant, m. ; elevation — (art.), volant de pointage. happen, v. n., arriver, avoir lieu, happy, a., heureux. hard, a., dur. hardship, peine, /. ; fatigue, /. harness, harnais, m. ; (mil.), harna- chement (i.e., harness equipnn ///). harness, v. i., harnacher. haste, hate, /. hasten, v. t., hater. hasty, a., precipite. hat, chapeau, m. ; derby — (fam.), melon, m. ; high — , chapeau haut de forme ; straw — , chapeau de paille; — cord (mil.), cordonnet, m. hate, hatred, haine, /. hate, v. t., hair. have, v. t., avoir. haversack (mil.), etui-musette, to. hay, foin, m. he, /«-., il, >?i. ; lui. head, tete, /. headquarters (mil.), quartier ge- neral, TO. health, sante, /. hear, v. t., entendre. heart, cceur, m. heat, /., chaleur. heavy, a., lourd ; fort. hectare (10,000 square meters), hectare, to. hedge, haie, /. heel, talon, m. height, hauteur, /. helmet (mil.), casque, m. help, secours, w. here, adv., ici ; — is, voici. hero, heros, to. heroic, a., hero'ique. hesitate, v. n., hesiter. high, a. i clove; haut. highroad, grand' route, /. highway, chaussee, /. hill, colline, /. ; c&te, /. ; c6teau, m. hire, v. t., louer. his (her, its), pr., son (sa, ses). liistory, histoire, /. ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY 177 hit, atteint (p. p. of atteindre) . hog, cochon, to. ; pore, to. hold, v. t., conserver ; garder ; tenir ; to — out {mil.), tenir bon. hole, trou, to. hollow, a., creux. " home," pays, to. honor, honneur, to. hook, v. t., accrocher. horizon, horizon, to. ; — blue (mil.), bleu d'horizon (color of French field uniform) . horizontal, a., horizontal, horse, cheval, m. ; led — , cheval de main; spare — , cheval haut-le-pied ; troop — , cheval d'armes. horsepower, cheval-vapeur, m. horseshoer, marechal f errant, m. hospital, hopital, m. ; base — (mil.), hopital de l'interieur; field — (mil.), ambulance. hot, a., chaud ; to be — , avoir chaud (persons) ; etre chaud (things) ; faire chaud {weather). hotel, hotel, m. hour, heure, /. house, maison, /. housewife (mil.), trousse, /. how, adv., comment, however, adv., pourtant. howitzer (art.), obusier, m. howitzers (in general), artillerie /. courte. hub, moyeu, to. Hungarian, hongrois, a. Hungary, Hongrie, /. hunger, faim, /. hungry, a., aflame ; to be — , avoir faim. hunter, chasseur, m. hurried, a., presse. N husband, mari, to. hussar (mil.), hussard, m. I, pr., je. idea, idee, f. if, conj., si. imagine, v. t., imaginer. immediately, adv., immediatement ; aussitot. importance, importance, /. impregnable, a., inexpugnable. in, prep., dans, en. incline, v. n., incliner ; s'inflechir. indicate, v. t., indiquer. indisputable, a., incontestable, infantry (mil.), infanterie, /. ; light — , chasseurs a pied, infantryman (mil.), fantassin, to. infiltrate, infiltrer (reflexive verb), (mil.), to sift through, unobserved by the enemy. inflate, v. t. (aero., etc.), gonfler. inflation (aero., etc.), gonflement, to. inform, v. t., renseigner. information, renseignement, to. inhabit, v. t., habiter. inhabitant, habitant, to. injury, tort, to. ink, encre, /. inkstand, encrier, to. insignia (mil.), insignes, to. pi. ; — of grade, insignes de grade, inspect, v. t., visiter. inspection, visite, /. install, v. t., installer. instruction, enseignement, to. instructor (mil.), instructeur, to. intact, a., intact, intense, a., intense, interest, interet, to. interpreter, interprete, m. 178 ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY interrogation, interrogation, /. interrupt, v. t., interrompre. interruption, interruption, /. intrench, v. t. (mil.), se retrancher (reflexive) . intrenched, a. (mil.), retranche. intrust, v. t., conner. inundate, v. t., inonder. inundation, inondation, /. inviolable, a., inviolable, inure, v. t., rompre a. (e.g., h la fatigue) . iron, fer, to. ; sheet — , tole, to. ; — wire, fil de fer. island, fle, /. it, pr. (subj.), il, m. ; elle, /. ; ce ; (obj.), le, to. ; la, /. ; (indirect obj.), lui, to., /. Italian, a., italien. Italy, Italie, /. jacket (mach.), chemise, /. jeopard, v. t., risquer. jersey, tricot, to. jet, jet, to. (d'eau). job, affaire, /. ; besogne, /. join, o. L, joindre, rejoindre. joint, joint, to. joy, joie, /. jump, saut, to. jump, v. n., sauter. just, a., juste. K keep, v. t., tenir, garder, conserver ; to — off, eloigner, v. I. keep off! (mil.), au large! key, clef, /., ; bunch of — s, trous- seau, to. de clefs. khaki (mil.), kaki, to. kill, v. t., tuer. kilogram (2.2 pounds), kilogramme, TO. kilometer (|- mile), kilometre, to. king, roi, to. kitchen, cuisine, /. knapsack (mil.), havresac, to. knee, genou, to. kneeling, a genou. knife, couteau, to. ; pocket — , canif, m. knot, nceud, to. know, v. t., savoir ; connattre.- knowledge, connaissance, /. ladder, echelle, /. lady, dame, /. ; a young — , une jeune personne. lake, lac, to. lamb, agneau, ?n. lamp, lampe, /. land, terre, /. ; pays, to. land, v. n. (aero.), atterrir. landing (mil.), debarquement, to.; (aero.), atterrissage, m. landslide, eboulement, m. lanyard (art.), cordon tire-feu, to. large, a., gros ; grand. last, a., dernier, late, adv., tard. latrine (mil.), latrine, /. laugh, ?!. n., rire. law, droit, m. lead, plomb, to. lead, o. t., mener. leadership, hegemonie, /. leak, fuite, /. learn, v. t., apprendre. leave, v. n., sortir ; o. t., quitter; v. n., partir. ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY 179 leave of absence (mil.), conge, m. left, a., gauche. left (side, hand, etc.), gauche, /. leg, jambe, /. leggings (mil.), guetres molletieres, f.pl. lend, v. t., preter. length, longueur, /. ; parcours, m. lessen, v. t., attenuer. let, v. t, laisser. letter, lettre, /. level, niveau, m. lever, levier, m. library, bibliotheque, /. lieutenant (mil.), lieutenant, m. ; second — , sous-lieutenant. lieutenant-colonel (mil.), lieu- tenant-colonel, m. lifting, a. (aero.), ascensionnel. light, a., leger (feminine, legere). light, v. t., allumer. light, lumiere, /. lightning, eclair, m. like, prep., comme. limber (art.), avant-train, m. line, ligne, /. linen, linge, m. ; toile, /. link (to one another), v. I., s'en- chalner. lip, levre, /. liquid, liquide, m. ; — fire (mil.), liquide enflamm6. list, liste, /. ; descriptive — (mil.), signalement, m. listen, v. n., ecouter. liter (1.06 quarts), litre, m. little, a., petit; adv., peu. live, v. n., vivre ; demeurer ; to — at or in, demurer a. lively, a., vif (/., vive). local, a., local, lock, serrure, /. ; (sm. a.), platine. locomotive (rr.), locomotive,/. lodge, v. t., loger. long, a., long (/., longue). look, air, m. look (at), v. t., regarder. lookout (mil.), guetteur, m. loophole (mil.), creneau, m. ; meur- triere, /. lose, v. t., perdre. loss, perte, /. low, a., bas. luckily, adv., heureusement. lucky, a., heureux. lull, accalmie, /. luminous, a., lumineux. lying down (mil.), couche, a. M machine, machine, /.j — gun (mil.), mitrailleuse, /. magazine, magasin, m. maid (servant), bonne, /. mail, courrier, m. maintain, v. t., maintenir. major (mil.), chef de bataillon, m. (inf. and Eng.) : chef d'escadron, m. (art.) ; chef d'escadrons, m. (cav.) ; commandant, m. (all arms, in address). major general (mil.), general- major, m. make, v. t., f aire ; v. t., pratiquer; fabriquer; to — up (mil.), camoufler, v. t. man, homme, m. maneuver (mil.), manoeuvre, /. ; manceuvrer, v. n. manner, maniere, /. mantelpiece, cheminee, /. manufacture, v. t., fabriquer. map, carte, /. 180 ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY march, rnarche, /. march, v. n., marcher. mare, jument, /. mark, marque, /. mark, v. I., marquer. market, marche, m. marksman (mil.), tireur, m. marsh, marecage, m. ; marais, m. marshal (mil.), marechal, m. marshalcy (mil.), marechalat, m. mask, masque, m. mass, masse, /. ; messe, /. (Roman Catholic Church). mast, mat, m. master, maltre, m. match, allumette, /. ; slow — (mil.) meche, /. material, materiel, m. ; raw — s, matieres premieres, /. pi. matter, matiere, /. mattress, matelas, m. mayor, maire, m. ; — 's office, mairie. maze, dedale, m. meal, repas, m. mean, moyen, a. means, moyen, m. measure, mesure, /. meat, viande, /. ; — on the hoof, viande sur le pied ; pickled — , viande marinee ; preserved — , viande de conserve ; — supplies (mil.), vivres-viande, m. pi. ; tinned — , signe, m. (mil. slang). mechanic, mecanioien, m. medal, m6daille, /. medicine, medecine, /. meet, v. t., rencontrer. meeting, rencontre, /. melon, melon, m. ; (Jam.), derby hat. memorable, a., memorable. menace, v. t., menacer. mend, v. t., raccommoder. mention, v. t., citer; — in orders (mil.), citer a l'ordre. merchandise, marchandise, /. merchant, marchand, m. merciful, a., clement, mess call (mil.), la soupe, /. mess-tin (mil.), gamelle, /. meter (3.28 feet), metre, m. method, moyen, m. ; maniere, /. middle, milieu, m. midnight, minuit, m. military, a., militaire. milk, lait, m. millimeter (0.04 inch), millimetre, m. million, million, m. mine, mine, /. mine, v. t. (mil.), miner, minute, minute, /. mirror, miroir, m. misfire (art., sm. a.), rate, m. misfortune, malheur, m. miss, v. I., manquer ; to — fire, rater. mission, mission, /. mist, brume, /. mix, v. t., meler. moment, moment, m. money, argent, m. monkey, singe, m. monoplane (aero.), monoplan, m. month, nioia, m. moon, lune, /. " mop," v. t. (mil.), nettoyer (une tranchee). morale (mil.), moral, m. more, adv., plus; encore; — and — , de plus en plus ; no — , no . . . plus ; what is — , encore et plus. ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY 181 moreover, adv., de plus ; d'ailleurs ; en outre, morning, matin, m. mortar, mortier, to. (cement) ; (art.), mortier, to. ; trench — , mortier de tranchee; — shell (art.), bombe, /. mosquito, moustique, to. most, adv., plus. mother, mere, /. motion, mouvement, to. motor, moteur, to. mouth, bouche, /. ; (of animals), gueule, /. ; useless — s (mil.), bouches inutiles. movement, mouvement, to. mow, v. t., faucher ; (mil.), faucher. much, adv., beaucoup ; Men; too — , trop. mud, boue, /. mule, mulet, to. must, v. n., devoir; p. p., du. mustache, moustache, /. muster roll (mil.), controle, to. my, pr., mon, to. ; ma, /. ; mes, pi. N nail, clou, m. ; ongle, to. (of the hand) . naked, a., nu. name, nom, to. name, v. t., appeler ; nommer. napkin, serviette, /. narrow, a., etroit. nationality, nationality, /. naturally, adv., naturellement. navy, marine, /. near, adv., pres. necessary, a., necessaire ; to be — , v. 7i., falloir. necessity, besoin, to. neck, cou, to. necktie, cravate, /. need, n., besoin, m. need, v. t., avoir besoin de. needle, aiguille, /. neigh, v. n., hennir. neighbor, voisin, to. neighborhood, environs, to. pi. ; voisinage, to. neighboring, a., avoisinant, pro- chain. net, filet, to. network, reseau, to. neutral, a., neutre. neutrality, neutralite, /. never, adv., ne . . . jamais. nevertheless, adv., cependant, ne- anmoins. new, a., nouveau (feminine, nou- velle) ; neuf (feminine, neuve). newspaper, journal, to. next, a., prochain. night, nuit, f. no, a., aucun. no, adv., non. non-commissioned officer (mil.), sous-officier, to. nook, coin, to. noon, midi, m. north, nord, to. nose, nez, to. nostril, narine, /. not, adv., ne . . . pas; — at all, nullement. note, note, /. note, v. t., noter. nothing, rien, to. notice, v. t., remarquer. nourishment, nourriture, /. now, adv., maintenant. now, conj., or. numerous, a., nombreux. 182 ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY nurse (male), (mil.), infirmier, to. ; — (female), infirmiere, /. nurse, v. t., soigner. oak, chene, to. oath, serment, to. oats, avoine, /. object (of), but, m.\ objet. objective (mil.), objectif, m. observation (mil.), observation, /. ; — post (mil.), observatoire, m. observe, v. t. (mil., etc.), observer. obstruct, v. I., obstruer. obtain, ». {., obtcnir. occasion, occasion,/. occupation, occupation, /. occupy, v. t., oceuper. odd, a., singulier. of, prep., de. offend, v. I., fachcr ; to be offended, se facher. offensive, a., offensif. offensive (mil.), offensive, /. offer, v. t., offrir. office, cabinet, m. ; bureau, m. ; post and telegraph — , bureau des postcs et telegraphes. officer (mil.), officier, m. ; com- pany — , officier subalterne ; field — , officier superieur ; gen- eral — , officier general. old, a., ancien. on, adv., dessus. on, prep., sur. one, a., un. one, pr., on. only, adv., settlement ; ne . . . que. only, a., seul ; unique. open, a., deoouvert ; ouvert (p. p. of ouvrir). open, v. I., ouvrir, frayer (e.g., to open a ivay) ; — fire (mil.), ouvrir le feu. opening, ouverture, /. operate, v. I., operer. operation, operation, /. opinion, avis, m. opportunity, occasion, /., oppor- tunite, /. oppose, o. t., opposer. opposite, a., contraire. or, conj., ou ; — else, ou bien. orchard, verger, m. order, ordre, m. orders (as of a sentinel), con- signe, /. orderly (mil.), ordonnance, /. ; planton, m. organization, organisation, /. organize, v. t., organiser, origin, origine, /. other, a., autre, ought, v. n., devoir, our, pr., notre, s., nos, pi. ours, pr., lc notre, to. ; la notre, /. ; les notres, pi. outflank, v. t., (mil.), deborder. outflanking, a., debordant. outpost (mil.), avant-poste, to. outside (of), prep., hors. outstrip, o. t., devancer. over, adv., au-dessus. over, prep., par-dessus. overcoat, capote, /. ; par-dessus, m. (mil., etc.), manteau. oversee, v. t., surveiller. over there, over yonder, adv., la- bas. overthrow, v. t., bouleverser ; cul- buter. owe, o. t., devoir, ox, bceuf, m. ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY 183 pace, pas, to. pack (mil.), sac, to. package, paquet, to. ; colis, to. ; first aid — (mil.), paquet de pansement. palm, palme, /. pantry, office, m. paper, papier, to ; blotting — , papier buvard ; letter — , papier a lettres. parallel (mil.), parallele, /. parapet (mil.), parapet, to. parcel, colis, m. parcel-room (rr.), consigne, /. ; depot, m. parish, paroisse, /. park (mil., etc.), pare, m. parlor, salon, m. part, part, /. (share) ; partie, /. (part of a whole) ; role, m. ; spare — s (mil., etc.), pieces de rechange. party, parti, m. pass, v. t. n., passer, passage, passage, m. passenger (on vessel), passager, m. ; (on train), voyageur, to. ; — train (rr.), train de voyageurs. pasture, pature, /. ; to — , mettre au vert. path, sentier, m. patrol (mil.) , patrouille, /. patrol, v. n. (mil.), patrouiller. pavement, pave, m. paw, patte, /. pay (mil.), pret, m. (enlisted men) ; solde, /. (officers) . pay, v. t., payer, paymaster (mil.), payeur, m. ; trescner, to. pea, pois, to. peace, paix, /. pen, plume, /. pencil, crayon, m. pendulum, pendule, m. penetrate, v. t., penetrer. pension, pension, /. people, gens, m. or f. pi. pepper, poivre, m. percussion, n. = a. (art., sm. a.), percutant. perfect, a., parfait. perfectly, adv., parfaitement. perhaps, adv., peut-etre. peril, peril, to. perilous, a., perilleux. perpendicular, a., perpendiculaire. person, personne, /. personnel, personnel, to. petard (mil.), petard, to. pick, pic, to. pick up, v. t., ramasser. picket, piquet, to. piece, piece, /. ; (inf., art.), piece. pierce, v. t., percer. pile, pilotis, to. pillow, oreiller, to. ; — case, taie, /., d'oreillor. pilot, pilote, to. pin, epingle, /. pine, pin, to. pioneer mil.), pionnier, to. pipe, pipe, /. ; tuyau, to. pistol, pistolet, m. piston, piston, m. pity, dommage, to. place, endroit, to. ; lieu, to ; place, /. place, v. t., mettre ; placer ; poser. plain, plaine, /. plan, plan, w. ; plane, plan, to.; (aero.), avion, to. ; battle — , avion de combat ; pur- suit — , avion de chasse. 184 ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY plant, plante, J. ; outillage, m. plate, assiette, /. (for food) ; plaque, /., (e.g., in mach., art., etc.). platform, plate-forme, /. (in gen- eral) ; (rr.), quai, m. platoon (mil.), peloton, m. play, jcu, //(. play, v. n., jouer. please, v. re., plaire a ; if you — , s'il vous plait. pleasing, amiable, a. pleasure, plaisir, //(. plug, tampon, m. pocket, poche, /. pocketbook, porte-feuille, m. point, point, rre. ; aiming — (art.), point de pointage ; registration — (art.), point de repere. pole prop (art.), servante, /. police, police, /. policeman, sergent, m., de ville. polish, v. t., polir ; (mil.), astiquer. polishing (mil.), astiquage, m. polite, gentil, a. pontoon (mil.), ponton, m. pool, mare, /. poor, o., pauvre. poplar, peuplier, m. pork, pore, in. porter, facteur, in. position, position, /. possible, a., possible. post, poste, /. (post office) ; poteau, m. (e.g., telegraph). post (mil.), poste, m. ; command- ing officer's — , poste de com- mandement ; Cossack — , avant- postc a la cosaque ; listening — , poste d'ecoute; observing — , poste d'ol »Bervation ; on — (mil.), en faction. post office, poste, /. potato, pomme, /., de terre. pour, v. t., verser. power, puissance, /. ; lifting — (aero.), puissance aseensionnelle. powerful, a., puissant, powerless, a., impuissant. practicable, a., praticable. practical, a., pratique, precede, v. t., pr6ceder. precipitate, a., precipite. precisely, adv., justement. prefer, v. t., preferer. preparation, preparation, /. prepare, v. I., preparer, amenager. prescription, ordonnance, /. present, present, m. ; all are — , Sir! (mil.), (Mon Lieutenant, Capitaine) II ne manque per- sonne. present, v. t., presenter, pressure (steam, etc.), pression, /. pretend, v. »., faire semblant de. pretty, a., joli. prevent, v. I., empfecher. price, prix. m. priest, pretre, m. ; parish — , cure,7«. prisoner, prisonnier, m. private (mil.), .-imple soldat, in. privation, privation, /. probable, o., probable, procedure, procede, m. process, procede, m. produce, v. t., produire. profile, profil, m. projectile (art.,sm. a.), projectile, m. prolonged, a., prolonge. promenade, promenade, /. promote, d. t. (mil.), avancer; to be promoted colonel, passei colonel, promotion (mil.), avancement, m. ; ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY 185 — by length of service, avance- ment a l'anciennete ; — by selection, avancement au choix. propeller, helice, /. prophet, prophete, to. prostitute, fille, /., publique. protect, v. t., proteger. protection, protection, /. prove, v. t., prouver. provided, conj., pourvu que. province, province,/, (i.e., region) ; ressort, to. (i.e., "job," business). provision, provision, /. provoke, v. t., provoquer. provost (mil.), prevot, to. Prussia, Prusse, /. Prussian, a., prussien. puff, bouffee, /. pulley, poulie, /. purchase, achat, to. ; acheter, v. t. purpose, but, to. purse, porte-monnaie, to. pursue, v. (., poursuivre. pursuit (mil.), poursuite, /. push, v. t., pousser ; — back, v. t., repousser. put, v. t., mettre; — back, remettre, v. t. puttee (mil.), bande molletiere, /. quarry, carriere, /. quarter, quart, to. quartermaster (mil.), intendant ; fourrier (non-commissioned officer and corporal) ; chief — (Fr. a.), intendant general (see . Fr.-Eng. part) ; chief — (Fr. a.), inten- dant militaire (see Fr.-Eng. part) ; company — sergeant (Fr. a.), ser- gent-major; — • corporal (Fr. a.), caporal fourrier ; — corps (Fr. a.), intendance ; — sergeant (Fr. a.), sergent fourrier. question, v. (., interroger. question, question, /. quick, a., vite. quickly, adv., vite. quiet, a., tranquille. quit, v. t., quitter. quite, adv., assez. R raft, radeau, to. railroad, chemin de fer, to. railway-station, station, /. ; gare, /. rain, pluie, /. rain, v. n., pleuvoir. raincoat (mil.), manteau, to., de pluie. raise, v. t., elever ; lever, rally (mil.), rallier, v. t. rampart (mil.), rempart, to. ramrod (mil.), baguette,/, range (mil.), portee, /. ; — finder, telemetre, to. rank (mil.), rang, to.; in two — s, sur deux rangs. rapid, a., rapide. rapidly, adv., rapidement. rarely, adv., rarement. rate, taux, to. (of interest). rather, adv., plutot. ration, /. (mil.), ration, ravine, ravin, to. reach, v. t., atteindre. rear (mil.), arriere, m. rear-guard (mil.), arriere-garde, /. rear-sight (art., sm. a.), hausse, /. reason, raison, /. recall (mil.), rappel, m. recall, v. t., rappeler; revoquer. receive, v. t., recevoir. 186 ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY recognize, v. t., reconnattre. recoil (art., sm. a., mil. in gen.), recul, m. recoil (art., sm. a., mil. in gen.), v. n., reculer. recollect, v. t., se rappeler. recommence, v. I., recommencer. recommend, v. t., recommander. reconnaissance (mil.), reconnais- sance, /. reconnoiter, v. t., (mil.), reconnaitre. reconquer, v. t., reconquerir. recross, v. t., repasser. recruit, v. t. (mil.), recruter. recruit (mil.), recrue, /. ; bleu (slang). red, a., rouge. redoubt (mil.), reduit, m. (in the center of a permanent fort, keep) ; redoute, /. (in the field, or in the outworks, of a fortress). reenforce, v. t., renforcer. reestablish, v. t., retablir. refill, v. t. (mil.), ravitailler. refilling (mil.), ravitaillement, m. reform, v. t. (mil.), rallier. refresh, v. t., rafralchir. refuge, refuge, m. refuse, v. I. (mil., etc.), refuser. regiment (mil.), regiment, m. ; corps, m. region, parage, m., region,/. register, v. t., enregistrer ; — a letter, recommander une lettre. regret, regret, m. regret, v. t., regretter. regular, regulier, a. ; eonsacre, a. regulate, v. t., reglcr. regulations (mil.) reglement ; drill — , reglement de manoeuvre; to make — s for, reglementer. reinforce, v. I. (mil.), renforcer. reinforcement (mil.), renforcement, renfort. rejoin, v. t. (mil.), rallier. relaxation, relache, m. relief (mil., of troops, etc.), relive,/, relieve, v. t. (mil.), relever. remain, v. n., rester. remainder, reste, m. remains, debris, m. remark, v. t., remarquer. remarkable, a., remarquable. remount, v. t., remonter. remove, v. t., eloigner ; (from a list), rayer, v. t. render, v. t., rendre. renew, v. t., renouveler ; to — supplies (mil.), ravitailler, v. t. repast, repas, m. repeat, v. t., repeter. reply, v. n., repondre. report (mil.), rapport, m. report, v. t., signaler. reprisals (mil.), represailles, /. pi. request, demande, /. request, v. t., demander. reserve (mil.), reserve,/, resign, v. t., resigner. resist, v. n. (mil., etc.), resister (takes a), resistance (mil., etc.), resistance, /. resolute, a., ferme. resolve, v. t., resoudre. resource, ressource, /. respecting, prep., quant h,. respite, relac he, //(. rest, repos, m. rest, v. t., appuyer, reposer ; s'ap- puyer, se reposer. restaurant, restaurant, m. restore, v. t., remettre. resume, v. t., reprendre. retain, v. t., retenir. ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY 187 retaliation (mil.), represailles, /. pi. retard, v. t., ralentir. retire, v. t. (mil.), retraiter, mettre a la retraite ; to — compulsorily, reformer, v. t., retirement (mil.), retraite, /. ; com- pulsory — , reforme, /. retreat (mil.), retraite, /. ; recul, m. retreat, v. n. (mil.), reculer; battre en retraite. return, rctour, m. return, v. n., rentrer ; retourner ; revenir ; to — to (a matter) , revenir sur. reveille (mil.), reveil, to. ; diane, /. revenge, revanche, /. review (mil.), revue, /. ; to — , passer en revue, passer la revue de. revoke, v. t., revoquer. revolver (sm. a.), revolver, to. reward, recompense, /. reward, v. t., recompenses rice, riz, to. ride, v. n., monter a cheval. rifle (sm. a.), fusil, to. ; magazine — , fusil a repetition ; auto- matic — , fusil mitrailleur, to. rifleman (mil.), fusilier, to. (esp. automatic rifleman). right, a., droit. right, droit, to. right (side, hand, etc.), droite, /. risk, risque, to. risk, v. t., risquer. river (large), fleuve, to. ; — (small), riviere, /. road, route, /. ; chemin, to. ; voie, /. ; state — , route nationale. road (rail), chemin de fer; double track — , chemin de fer a deux voies ; narrow-gauge — , chemin de fer a voie etroite ; single track — , chemin de fer a voie unique, roast beef, rosbif, to. rocket (mil.), fusee, /. ; — stand, chevalet. role, role, to. roll, v. n. t., rouler. Roman, a., romain. roof, toit, to. room, chambre, /. ; large — , salle, /. round, tournee, /. rout (mil.), deroute, /. ruddy, a., sanguin. ruins, debris, to. (e.g., of a house that has been shelled). rule, regie, /. Rumania, Roumanie, /. Rumanian, roumain, a. run, v. n., courir ; — away, fuir, s'enfuir. runner (mil.), coureur, m. Russia, Russie, /. Russian, a., russe. rye, seigle, to. saber, sabre, to. sack, sac, m. sacrifice, sacrifice, m. sacrifice, v. I., sacrifier. sad, a., triste. saddle, selle, /. saddle, v. t., seller. saddler, sellier, to. safety, salut, m. sailor, marin, to. ; matelot, to. sale, vente, /. salient (mil.), saillant, to. sally, v. n., sortir. salt, sel, to. salute, v. t. (mil.), saluer. 188 ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY salute (mil.), salut, m. (e.g., to a general) . salvo (mil.), salve, /. same, a., meme. sanctioned, a., consacre. sand, sable, m. sap (mil.), sape, /. sap, o. t. (mil.), saper. sapper (mil.), sapeur, m. satisfaction, satisfaction, /. satisfy, v. n., satisfaire (takes a), saucer, soucoupe, /. save, v. t., sauver. Saxon, a., saxon. Saxony, Saxe, /. saw, scie, /. saw, v. t., scier. say, v. t., dire. scabbard (sm. a.), fourreau, m. scale, echelle, /. ; — ^$, echelle au^j. school, ecqle, /. Scotland, Ecosse, /. scout (mil.), eclaireur, m. screw, vis, /. ; breech — (art.), vis de culasse. sea, mer, /, seafaring, marin, a. second, a., second ; deuxieme. section (inf.), section, /. ; (art.), section (2 guns). sector (mil.), secteur, m. security (mil., etc.), surete, /. see, v. t., voir, seem, v. n., sembler. seeming, semblant, m. seize, v. t., saisir. selection, choix, m. sell, v. t., vendre. send, v. t., cnvoyer ; diriger ; exp6dier; to — back, v. t., ren- voyer. sense, sens, m. sentry (mil.), sentinelle, /. ; fac- tionnaire, m. ; — duty, — go, faction, sergeant (mil.), sergent (foot troops, except artillery) ; marechal des logis (mounted troops and foot artillery) . series, suite, /. ; serie, /. servant, domestique, m., f. serve, v. n., servir. service, service, m. set, v. t., poser, mettre ; to — about, se mettre a ; to — down, poser ; to — out, partir. shaft (mach.), arbre, m. shake, v. t., secouer. shaking, secousse, /. share, part, /. sharpshooter (mil.), tireur, m. shave, v. t., raser; se faire la barbe. shaven, rase, p. p. shaving brush, blaireau, m. sheaf, gerbo, /. sheet, drap, m. shell (art.), obus, m. ; high ex- plosive — , obus explosif. shell shock (mil.), obusite, /. shelter (mil.), abri, m. shelter, v. t. (mil.), abriter. shine, v. re., briller. ship, navire, m. shirt, chemise, /. shoe, Soulier, m. (mil.) ; brodequin, m. ; semelle (auto). shoe-lace, lacet, m. shore, rive, /. shoulder, epaule, /. ; — knot (mil.), contre-cpaulette, /. shovel, pelle, /. show, v. t., montrer. ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY 189 shrapnel (art.), obus k balles, to. ; shrapnel, to. sick, a., malade. sickness, maladie, /. side, cote, to. ; parti, to. sidewalk, trottoir, to. siege (mil.), siege, to. ; — artillery (art.), artillerie de siege, sift, v. t., tamiser ; to — through {mil.), s'infiltrer. sifting, tamisage, to. ; — through (mil.), infiltration, sight (art., sm. a.), mire, /. ; battle — (sm. a.), hausse de combat; line of — , ligne de mire, sign, v. t., signer, signal, signal, to. signalman (mil.), signaleur, m. silk, soie, /. similar, a., pareil. simple, a., simple, simultaneous, a., simultane. simultaneously, adv., simultane- ment. since, prep., depuis, depuis que; conj., puisque ; adv., depuis. single seater (aero.), monoplace, m. singular, a., singulier. sink, v. t., enfoncer. sir, monsieur, to. sister, sccur, /. ; (mil. slang) , frangine, /. site, site, m. sketch, apercu, to. ; croquis, m. (drawing) . sketch, v. t., esquisser. skilled, a., experimente. skin, peau, /. skirmish, v. n. (mil.), tirailler. skirmisher (mil.), tirailleur, m. sky, ciel, m. slang, argot, m. sleep, sommeil, m.; to put to — , endormir, v. t. sleep, v. n., dormir. sleepy, to be, avoir sommeil. sling (mil.), bretelle, /. slope, rampe, /. (for loading and unloading) ; pente, /. (declivity) ; versant, m. small, a., petit ; — groceries (mil.), petits vivres ; ■ — quan- tity, peu, m. smoke, fumee, /. smoke, v. n. t., fumer. snow, v. n., neiger. snow, neige, /. so, adv., ainsi ; si, de la sorte; conj., pourvu que. soap, savon, m. sock, chaussette, /. soil, sol, to. ; terre, /. soldier (mil.), soldat, m. ; troupier, to. ; private — , simple soldat ; — 's pocketbcok, livret. sole, semelle, /. (of a shoe). somber, a., sombre. some, a., quelque. sometimes, adv., parfois. somewhere, adv., quelque part, son, fils, to. soon, adv., tot, bientot. sorry, a., desole, fache; — for, faohe de. sort, sorte, /. sort, v. t., trier (letters). [m. sorting (of the mail), tri, m. ; triage, sou, sou, w. sound, son, w. sound, v. n. t., sonner. soup, soupe, /. space, espace, m. ; empty — , vide, spade, beche, /. ; trail — ■ (art.), beche de crosse. 190 ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY spahi (Fr. a.), spahi, to. spare parts, pieces, /., de rechange. speak, d. n., parler. special, a., special. spectacles, lunettes, /. pi. speed, vitesse, /. spend, v. t., depenser. spill, v. t., verser. spin (aero.), vrille, /. splinter, eclat, to. spoil, v. I., gater. spoke, rais, to. sponge, eponge, /. spoon, cuiller, /. spot, tache, /. spread (aero.), envergure, /. spring, ressort, to. spy, espion, to. spy, v. t., espionner. squad (mil.), escouade, /. square, a., carre. stable, ecurie, /. (horses) ; etable, /. (cattle). staff (mil.), 6tat-major, to. ; general — , etat-major general ; etat- major d'arm6e, de l'armee ; grand etat-major. stair(s), escalier, to. ; back — , escalier de service, staircase, escalier, to. stake, jalon, to. ; pieu, m. stake out, v. t., jalonner. staking out, jalonnement, to. stallion, cheval, to., entier. stamp, timbre, to. ; postage — , timbre-poste. stamp, v. t., timbrer. standard (mil.), etendard, to. (cavalry). star, etoile, f. start (aero.), envoi, to. state, 6tat, to. station, station, /. ; (mil.), poste, to.; (rr.), gare ; dressing — (mil.), poste de secours ; first aid — (mil.), refuge des blesses; — master (rr.), chef de gare. stationary (mil.), a., immobilise; to keep — , immobiliser, v. t. stay, jambe, /., de force. steadiness, fermet6, /. steady, a., ferme, fixe. steam, vapeur, /. steamer, vapeur, to. steel, acier, to. steep, raide, a. step, pas, to. ; gradin, m. stick, baton, to. stick, v. t., piquer. stiff, a., raide. still, adv., encore. stirrup, etrier, to. ; — leather, etriviere, /. stoker, chauffeur, to. stomach, estomac, to. (c silent). stone, pierre, /. stop, arret, to. stop, v. n. t., arreter; stopper, v. t. (of engines). store, magasin, m. storm, tempete, /. straight, a., droit. strain, v. t., tendre. strange, «., etrange, singulier. strap, courroie, /. strategy (mil.), strategie, /. straw, paille, /. ; chopped — , paille hach6e. stream-lined, a. (aero.), fusele. street, rue, /. stretch, v. t., tendre. stretcher (mil.), brancard, m. stretcher bearer (mil.), brancardier, to. ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY 191 strictly, adv., strictement. strike, v. t., heurter, frapper. striker {art., sm. a.), percuteur, to. " striker " ( U. S. army), brosseur, TO. string, corde, /. (string in general) ; cordon, to. (length of string) ; ficelle, stripe (mil.), galon, to. stroke, coup, to. strong, a., fort, struggle, lutte, /. study, cabinet, to., de travail. submarine, submersible, m. ; sous- marin, to. submerge, v. t., submerger. submit (to), v. t., resigner. subsist, v. t. (mil.), mettre en subsistance. subsistence (mil.), subsistance, /. ; — in private houses, nourriture chez l'habitant. succeed, v. n., reussir. success, succes, to. succession, succession, /. ; in — , de suite. such, a., tel. suffer, v. n. 1., souffrir; v. t., subir. suffice, v. n., suffire. sugar, sucre, to. sump, puisard, to. sun, soleil, to. superintend, v. t., surveiller. supply, v. t. (mil.), ravitailler, appro visionner. supply, provision,/. ; approvisionne- ment, to. ; (mil.), ravitaillement. support, appui, to. ; (mil.), grand'- garde, /. support, v. t., soutenir; supporter; appuyer. supreme, a., supreme. sure, a., sur. surgeon (mil.), medecin, to.; chief — (mil.), medecin-chef. surrender (mil.), reddition, /. surrender (mil.), se rendre. surround, v. t., entourer. survey, v. t., lever un plan, suspender, bretelle, /. sustain, v. t., subir. swamp, marais, to. ; marecage, to. swampy, a., marecageux. sweater, tricot, to. ; chandail, to. (slang) . swim, v. n., nager. switch (rr.), aiguille, /. ; — frog, cceur de croisement. system (of railways, telephones, etc.), reseau, to. table, table, /. table-cloth, nappe, /. tackle, palan, to. tactics (mil.), tactique, /. tail, queue, /. tailor, tailleur, to. take, v. t., prendre; to — in hand, prendre a partie ; — back, v. t., reprendre ; to — up (mil.), replier (a pontoon bridge, etc.). talk, v. n., parler ; causer. tall, a., grand. tam-o'-shanter (mil.), bferet, to. tanned, a., hale. target (art., sm. a.), but, to. task, tache, /. tax, impot, to. ; contribution, /. taxicab, taxi, to. tea, the, to. teach, v. t., enseigner. team, attelage, to. ; lead — (art.), 192 ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY attelage de devant ; spare — (mil., etc.), attelage haut-le-pied : swing — (art.), attelage du milieu; wheel — (art.), attelage de derriere. tear, dechirure, /. tear, v. t., dechirer. telegram, telegramme, m. telegraph, telegraphe, m. ; — operator, telegraphiste. telegraph, v. t., telegraphier. telephone, telephone, m. ; — mes- sage, coup de telephone. telephone, v. t., telephoner. telescope, lunette, /. tell, v. t., dire. tender (rr.), tender, m. tent, tente, /. ; shelter — (mil.), tente-abri, /. terminate, v. t., aboutir. terrain, terrain, m. terrible, a., terrible. territorial (mil., etc.), territorial, a. ; — army (Fr. a.), l'armee terri- toriale, la territoriale. territory, territoire, m. testify, v. t., temoigner. testimony, tcmoignage, m. thank, v. t., remercier. thanks, grace, /. that, pr., ca. that, rel. pr., que ; qui (after a preposition, and relating to a person) . their, pr., leur. them, pr., eux ; /., elles; lis then, adv., puis, alors, ensuitr; conj., done. there, udr., la. therefore, conj., ainsi, done ; par consequent. there is, are, adv., voila. thereupon, adv., 1^-dessus. these, pr., ces ; ceux-ci, celles-ei. they, eux, pr. m. pi. ; elles,/. pi. thigh, cuisse, /. thing, chose, /. ; great — , grand'- chose. thingumbob (fam.), machin, m. think, v. n., penser. third, tiers, m. (part, person). thirst, soif, /. thirsty, to be, avoir soif. this, pr., ce, m. ; cet, m. (before vowel or " h " mute) ; cette, /. thoroughbred, pur sang, m. (horse). those, pr., ces; ces . . .la; to., ceux, /., celles; m., ceux-la, /., celles-la. thou, pr., tu. thought, pensee, /. thousand, mille, m. ; millier, m. thread, fil, m. threaten, v. t., menacer. throw, v. t., jeter; lancer; — back, v. t., refouler; rejeter; rcpousser ; — head over heels, v. t., culbuter. thumb, pouce, m. thunder, v. n., tonner. thunder, tonnerre, m. thunderstorm, orage, m. thus. ath\, ainsi. ticket (rr., etc.), billet, m. ; one way — , billet simple ; round trip ■— , billet d'aller et retour ; through — , billet direct ; to buy a — , prendre un billet, ticket-seller (rr.), guichetier, »>. ticket-taker (rr.), cnntroleur, m. ticket-window (rr.), guichet, m. tide, maree, /. ; ebb — , marfee descendante ; flood — , maree montante. ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY 193 tie, v. t., Her. tighten, v. I., serrer. time, fois, /. ; temps, m. ; heure, /. ; epoque, /. ; to gain — (of a watch), avancer; to lose — (of a watch) , retarder ; in — , a temps. time-table (rr.), horaire, m. tip, pourboire, m. tire, bandage, m. tired, fatigue, a. to, -prep., a jusque. tobacco, tabac, m. to-day, adv., aujourd'hui. toe, doigt de pied, m. ; big — , orteil, m. to-morrow, adv., demain. ton (1000 kilograms), tonne, /. tongue, langue, /. ; patte, /. (strip). tool, outil, m. tooth, dent, /. top, dessus, m. torpedo, torpille, /. touch, i'. (., toucher. tow, v. t., remorquer. towards, prep., vers. towel, essuie-main, m. tower, tour, /. towrope, remorque, /. track, piste, /. ; voie, /. trail (art.), crosse, /. ; piste, /. (across country, in woods). trailer, remorque,/. (auto.). train (rr., mil., etc.), train, m. ; (mil.), train des equipages ; com- bat — (mil.), train de combat; express — (rr.), train express; fast — (rr.), train de grande vitesse ; freight — (rr.) , train de merchandises ; to get on a — (rr.), monter dans un train; hospital — , sanitary — (mil.), train sanitaire ; local — (rr.), train omnibus ; regimental — (mil.), train regimentaire ; re- turn — (rr.), train de retour. transfer, correspondance, /. (street car). transfer, v. t., verser. transport, v. t., transporter. transportable, a., transportable. transportation (mil.), transport, m. traverse (mil.), traverse, /. treachery, trahison, f. treat, v. t., traiter. treatment, traitement, m. tree, arbre, m. trench (mil.), tranchee, /. ; com- munication — (mil.), boyau ; — of departure (mil.), tranchee de depart; fire — (mil.), tranchee de tir. trestle, chevalet, m. ■ trial, essai, m. trigger (sm. a.), detente, /. ; — guard, pontet, m. trim, v. t., — the hair, rafratchir les cheveux. trip, promenade, /. triplane (aero.), triplan, m. troop (mil.), troupe, /. ; (cav.), escadron, m. ; troops, la troupe, les troupes; — unit (mil.), unite, /. trooper (cav.), cavalier, m. trot, v. n., trotter. trot, trot, m. trouble, peine, /. " trouble " (auto, aero.), panne, /. trousers, pantalon, m. truck, truck, m. ; camion, m. true, a., vrai. trumpet, trompette, /. ; - — call (mil.), sonnerie, /. trumpeter (mil.), trompette, m. 194 ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY trunnion (art.), tourillon, m. truth, verite, /. try, v. t., tacher; essayer. tube, tube, m. ; tuyau, m. tumbler, verre, m. tunic (mil.), tunique, /. Turk, a., turc (feminine, turque). Turkey, Turquie, /. turn, tour, m. ; tournant, m. turn, v. t. n., tourner ; retourner ; — down, v. t., rabattre ; — (a flank), v. t. (mil.), deborder (un flanc) ; to — a trench (mil.), retourner une tranchee. turnip, navet, m. two-seater (aero.), biplace, m. umbrella, parapluie, m. under, prep., sous, underclothes, linge, m. undergo, v. t., subir. undershirt, gilet, m. understand, v. t., comprendre. undress (mil.), demi-tenue, /. uniform (mil.), uniforme, m. ; tenuo, /. (tenue is not the uniform itself, but the kind or class, as dependent on duty or occasions). union, union, /. unit, unite, m. unite, v. t., unir v United States, Etats-Unis, m. pi. unlimber, v. t. (art.), oter l'avant- train. untenable, a., intenable. untransportable, a., intransport- able. up there, adv., la-haut. urinal, urinoir, m. us, pr., nous. use, usage, m. ; for the — of, a 1'usage de. use, v. t., employer, useful, a., utile, usefulness, utilite, /. useless, a., inutile, utilize, v. t., utiliser. vacancy, vacance, /. vacant, a., vacant. vacation, vacances, /. pi. valiant, a., vaillant. valley, vallee, /. ; small — , vallon, m. valor, vaillance, /. value, valeur, /. valve (mach.), soupape, /. ; slide — , tiroir, m. vegetable, legume, m. velocity, vitesse, /. very, adv., tout ; trds. vessel, vaisseau, m. vest, gilet, m. vex, v. t., facher. vexed at, fache contre. victorious, a., victorieux. victory, victoire, /. view, vue, /. vigorously, adv., vigoureusement. village, village, m. vinegar, vinaigre, m. visible, a., visible, visit, tournee, /. ; visite, /. visit, v. t., visiter (also means to visit for the purpose of inspecting) . visor (mil.), visiere, /. (of a forage cap). void, vide, m. volplane (aero.), vol, m., plane, voyage, voyage, m. ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY 195 W wagoner, conducteur, m. waistcoat, gilet, m. wait, v. n. t., attendre. waiter, garcon, m. waken, v. t., reveiller. walk, promenade, /. walk, v. n., marcher; aller au pas ; se promener. wall, mur, m. ; muraille, /. ; paroi, /. (mur is wall in general; muraille is a great wall, suggests protection ; paroi is an inside wall, e.g., in a house). war, guerre, /. ward (to) off, v. t., parer. warfare (mil.), guerre, /. ; open — , guerre de mouvement ; trench — , guerre de tranchee. warriors (mil.), gens de guerre, in. pi. warship, navire, in., de guerre, wash, v. t., laver. washstand, lavabo, m. watch, v. n., veiller (to keep an eye on) ; v. t., soigner (to care for). watch (time-piece) , montre, /. ; wrist — , mont re-bracelet, /. water, eau, /. ; — bottle (mil.), bidon ; potable — , — fit to drink, eau potable, water, v. t., abreuver (horses, cattle) . watercloset, cabinet, m. watering trough, place, abreu- voir, m. wave, vague, /. ; (mil.), vague (the attacking lines are now called vagues, waves of men) . way, chemin, in. ; voie, /. ; moyen, m. ; in this — , de la sorte. we, pr., nous. weak, a., faible. weaken, v. t., epuiser. weapon, arme, /. wear, v. t., porter ; to — out, v. t., user. wear, usure, /. weariness, ennui, m. weary, a., fatigue. weather, temps, m. week, semaine, /. weight, poids, m.. welfare, salut, m. well, puits, m. well ! int., eh bien ! adv., bien. well-bred, a., comme il faut. west, ouest, in. wharf, quai, m. what, quoi, pr. wheat, ble, m. wheel, roue, /. wheeling (mil.), conversion, /. when, conj., lorsque ; quand (quand is general ; lorsque is used with reference to a special time). where, adv., oti. which, rel. pr., qui, lequel, m, (/. laquelle, m. pi. lesquels, /. pi. lesquelles) ; a., quel, m. (quelle, /., quels, m. pi., quelles, /. pi.). while, conj., tandis que. whistle, sifflet, m. whistle, v. n., siffler. who, rel. pr., qui. whom, rel. pr., que, lequel ; (per- sons, only), qui. whose, rel. pr., dont, de qui. why, adv., pourquoi. wick, meche, /. wide, a., large. width, largeur, /. wife, femme, /. 196 ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY willing, to be — , vouloir bien. willingly, adv., volontiers. wind, vent, m. winded, a., essouffle, window, fenetre, /. ; — pane, vitre, /. wine, vin, to. wing, aile, /. wire, fil, to. ; fil de fer ; barbed — , fil de fer barbel6 ; — entangle- ments (mil.), reseau de fil de fer barbele. wise, a., sage. wish, v. t., vouloir. with, prep., avec. withdraw, v. t., retirer; eloigner, se retirer, s' eloigner, withdrawal, recul, to. ; (mil.), retraite. without, prep., sans, witness, temoin, to. woman, femme, /. wood, n., bois, to. wooded, a., boise. woods, bois, to. wool, laine, /. word, mot, to. ; parole, f. work, travail; to. pi., travaux; (mil.), ouvrage (fortification) ; oeuvre, /. (i.e., of an author, etc.). work, i'. n., travailler. workman, ouvricr, m world, monde, to. worry, souci, to. worth, valeur, /. worthy, a., digne. wound, blessure, /. wound, v. t., blesser. wounded (man) (mil., etc.), blesse, to. ; severely — (mil.), grand blesse. wretched, a., vilain ; maudit. wrist, poignet, to. wrong, tort, to. ; to be — , avoir tort. year (reference to dates), an, to. ; (with reference to duration), annee, /. yellow, a., jaune. yes, adv., oui. yesterday, adv., hier ; day before — , avant-hier. young, a., jeune. youngster, garcon, m. zeal, zele, to. zealous, zele, a. zigzag (mil.), zigzag, to. zinc, zinc, to. zinc, v. t., zinguer, v. t. Zouave (mil.), zouave, m. zone (mil.), zone, f. Printed in the United States of America. 'T^HE following pages contain advertisements of a few of the Macmillan books on kindred subjects. Machine Gun Practice and Tactics For Officers, N. C. O.'s and Men By Lieut. K. B. McKELLAR Canadian Machine Gun Service Cloth, i6mo, go cents The author of this book has been at the front during the past three years instructing men for active service in the present war. The methods of organization of Machine Gun Units and the sequence of training set forth embody the results of this valuable experience. CONTENTS Objects and Outline of Training. Organization and Equipment of Machine Gun Service. Characteristics of the Machine Gun. Allocation of Duties. Brief Vocabulary of Military Terms. Visual Training and Judging Distance. Indication and Recognition of Targets. Theory of Machine Gun Fire. Fire Direction. Combined Sights and Vertical Searching. Fire Orders and Signals. Night Firing. Overhead Fire. Indirect Fire. Range Cards. The Occupation of Various Positions by Machine Guns. Machine Guns in Open Warfare. Machine Gun Trench Warfare. Machine Gun Field Works. Organization and Duties in Trenches. Taking Over Trenches. The Attack. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY Christine By ALICE CHOLMONDELEY Decorated Boards, i2mo, $1.25 " A book which is true in essentials — so real that one is tempted to doubt whether it is fiction at all — doubly wel- come and doubly important. ... It would be difficult in- deed to find a book in which the state of mind of the German people is pictured so cleverly, with so much understanding and convincing detail. . . . Intelligent, generous, sweet- natured, broadminded, quick to see and to appreciate all that is beautiful either in nature or in art, rejoicing humbly over her own great gift, endowed with a keen sense of humor, Christine's is a thoroughly wholesome and lovable character. But charming as Christine's personality and her literary style both are, the main value of the book lies in its admirably lucid analysis of the German mind." — New York Times. " Absolutely different from preceding books of the war. Its very freedom and girlishness of expression, its very sim- plicity and open-heartedness, prove the truth of its pictures." — New York World. " A luminous story of a sensitive and generous nature, the spontaneous expression of one spirited, affectionate, ardently ambitious, and blessed with a sense of humor." — Boston Herald. " The next time some sentimental old lady of either sex, who ' can't see why we have to send our boys abroad ' comes into your vision, ^nd you know they are too unintelligent (they usually are) to understand a serious essay, try to trap them into reading ' Christine.' If you succeed we know it will do them good." — Town and Country. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY Publishers 64-66 Fifth Avenue New York With the Flying Squadron * By HAROLD ROSHER $1-25 " A stirring narrative of adventure which gives the reader many a thrill and which shows an entirely new side of the war — distinctly new in that this is the first great conflict in which the aeroplane has played an important part. One does not see the horror of warfare in Mr. Rosher's writing, as the air-pilot is apparently further removed from scenes of blood- shed and carnage than other officers in the services ; it is largely a feeling of exhilaration, of breathless daring which he experiences and these characteristics are well imparted to the reader in Mr. Rosher's sketches." — Philadelphia Press. " There is perhaps no book in the entire round of warlike publications which gives to the civilian so strong a sense of the utter recklessness of the assured certainty of the aviator's eventual fate. . . . 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