Ex Libris C. K. OGDEN ' Creasurg of RUDIMENTARY DICTIONARY OF UNIVERSAL PHILOLOGY. DANIEL iii. 4. HALL AND Co., 25, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON. [ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.] Stack Annex X ADVEETISEMENT. THE following compilation presents the mere skeleton outline of a great subject ; and, in submitting it to public notice, acknowledgment is most justly due to Messrs. BAGSTER AND SONS, for permission to use the literary matter of their interesting and instructive volume, the " Bible in Every Land ; " and to Messrs. LONGMANS & Co., for a like favour with regard to Dr. Latham's " Elements of Comparative Philology," a laborious, learned, and useful book, without which the present volume could not have been produced. The compiler readily apologises for any defects in his matter and manner ; and takes this opportunity to thank his respected contributors, hereby exonerating them from any responsibility except for their own signed articles. A list of signatures and writers will be found in the Appendix. f j, PATERNOSTER Eow, February 1th, 1873. INTRODUCTION ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF LANGUAGES, Chiefly from DK. LATHAM. AFRICAN. The best way to study the wide and complex philology of Africa is to begin with the frontier of the Semitic languages, remember- ing that the Ethiopia branch of them is, to all appearance, indigenous to Africa ; then to bear in mind that the Arabic, by intrusion and extension, is spread over a great part of Northern and Eastern Africa. The Eastern frontier, however, of the Arabic and the Syriac is in Asia, and in Asia it begins where the Persian and Turk areas end. For the philological geography of Africa it will be found useful to divide the continent into the following sections, regions, or areas : (1) The first division as North-Eastern until it approaches the Equator, and the parts between it and the Red Sea in geography, Egypt, Nubia, and Abyssinia, in philology the Coptic, Beja, Nubian, and (in its geographical sense) the Abyssinian regions. (2) The Barbary States and Canary Islands. (3) The Desert, divided into the Western or Great (the Sahara), and the Eastern (or Libyan) Desert. (4) Senegambia, or the drainages of the Senegal and Gambia. (5) Sudania. This gives us what we get nowhere else in Africa, a continuous belt or zone of languages, with fairly deter- mined boundaries from Senegambia to Abyssinia, i.e., across the whole continent in its broadest part. Within the limits of this zone lie the fundamental materials for the study of African philology and ethnology. It is only, however, between the parallels of 10 and 16 N.L. that it is continuous, and this only approximately. (6) The Coast line. This means the sea-board of the Grain, Ivory, Gold, and Slave Coasts. 11 INTRODUCTION. (7) The Delta (of the Niger). This brings us within the Equator, but only on the side of the Atlantic. The Abyssinian extends to (there or thereabouts) the same parallels on the side of the Indian Ocean. Neither) however, carries us beyond a limited area inland. Where these two limits, East and West, end, South Africa begins. It is, with the excep- tion of the few degrees of latitude just indicated, either equatorial or belonging to the Southern tropic ; it falls into two divisions. (8) The Inter-Tropical, or Kaffir. (9) The Extra-Tropical, or Hottentot. All these divisions are simply what their names imply, except only that Senegambia is made to reach as far as Cape Mesurado, so as to include the parts about Sierra Leone and Cape Mount. AMERICAN. The primary division is that between North and South. (1) In North America the connection with Asia is decided. Through the Aleutian dialect of the Eskimo and the Kamtschatkan it is direct ; through the Yukahiri and other tongues it is indirect. The Eskimo is a definite class ; the Athabascan is also a definite class when compared with the Algonkin. The Chemmesyan, Hailtsa, Wakash, and Chinook are connected. The Jakon and Kallapuiah lead to the languages of the Sahaptin and Shoshoni class, among the congeners of which the sound of " tl " appears. In the Mexican it becomes prominent. Between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific the Algonkin appears to have spread from West to East, and the result has told most on the Iroquois family. The Soiith Oregon languages graduate into the Californian, the Cali- fornian into those of the Paduca class and those of Sonora, till we come to two great divisions, the Mexican and the Maya. (2) In South America there is a reappearance of the phenomena of the North : what the Athabascan and Algonkin are in the one peninsula, the Quichua, the Carib, and, above all, the Guarani are in the other. With any South American vocabulary of adequate length, some North American root presents itself ; some even from the extreme North, viz., the Eskimo area, which, along with the phenomena of transition, is the chief argu- ment in favour of the fundamental unity of the two classes. The student from Peru finds Quichua words in every vocabulary he lights upon, whilst the student from Brazil finds Guarani words. ASIAN. Asia and Europe, though different quarters of the globe, form but a single continent, and as such have characteristics of their own. One great class of languages is absolutely common to the two the great Ugrian or Fin family. We miss, no doubt, in Europe such districts as those of Caucasus, and the parts to the North of the Burmese Empire, where numerous mutually unintelligible languages are pressed together within a small area. Again, the inflected languages have their seat in Europe ; the monosyllabic in Asia. On the other hand, it is only in the great central continent that Language can be studied in all its stages : the Monosyllabic stage in the South-East of Asia, and the Inflectional in INTRODUCTION. ill Western and .Southern Europe. This makes Asia and Europe the only region in which the whole (or nearly the whole) history of Language can be studied. Besides this, in Europe and Asia we have a history. We can see how languages like the English and Russian are extending them- selves ; how the German has extended itself ; how the Latin had previously extended itself. We can see how languages like the Keltic, the Lithuania and the Fin recede. (1) The Western division is the one with which we are most familiar ; it includes Great Britain. France, Spain, Italy, Germany, the Valley of the Danube, and Greece ; allowance being made for the Turk and Hungarian, which are intrusive. (2) The great Northern area is in Russia conterminous with the Western, which means, roughly speaking, Northern Asia with a large part of Europe ; the chief displacements having been effected by the great spread of the Turk language. ' (3) The South-Eastern area begins with the North frontier of China, and includes Thibet, Nipal, the Transgangetic penin- sula, Assam, Siam, Pegu, Cambogia, Cochin-China, and China. (4) The South- Western area contains India, Persia, and the Caucasus ; here the displacing languages are Indian, Persian, and Arabic, which last is treated as African. OCEANIC. The first thing which commands attention is its thorough insular or oceanic character ; subordinate to this is the remarkable distribution of its members. In one great division, viz., the Polynesian, the diffusion has been decidedly recent. The first primary division con- tains the Malay ; the second has been called Micronesian ; the third division is Polynesia proper. The second group is called Kelenonesian or Melanesian, including Papuan, Australian, and Tasmanian (" Elements," p. 377). Australian languages are all upon the same general grammatical construction. Mr. Moorhouse says that " not one-twentieth part of the words agree in root, and yet there is evidence sufficient to satisfy any one that they belong to the same family." All have suffixes to show relation ; a dual in substantives, adjectives, and pronouns ; no sibilant sounds, no auxiliary verb, no passive voice, no " h," they abound in the pleonastic, and distinguish genders by postfixes. The only point of agreement is in the first personal pronoun, " I " ; this is " nga-nga " on the Swan River ; " nga-toa " in New South Wales ; " nga-ti," Adelaide ; " ngai-tyo," Mount Barker; " gni," Murchison River; " nga-pe," Encounter Bay; "ngai," Port Lincoln; " nga-ppo,-" Murray River; "naddo," Murrumbidgee River; "nga-pe," Lower Murray; "noga-toa," Hunter River. At the same time, the Malayan is " nga-n " ; the Sumba, " nga-nga " ; the Thibetian, " nga " ; the Corean, " nai " ; and the Burmese, " ngai." Yet Dr. Latham finds no Australian dialects resemble those of the Asiatic Isles. Mr. Norris first detected similarity of the grammar between the Australian and the South Dravidian languages of India, spoken before the Aryan migration to the Ganges. Mr. J. R. Logan, of Singapore? thinks the Aiistvalian the most ancient of the Indo-Australian tongues. IV INTRODUCTION. He says they are " a remnant of the Proto-Scythic era of the harmonic development, and between Chinese and American." He regards them, with the other kindred dialects of South-Eastern Asia, as in existence "before the expansion of the numerals one, two, and three into higher binary and ternary terms." According to him, "the pronominal roots are compounded with definitives, singular and plural, with the numeral two to form duals, with masculine and feminine definitives in the third person, and in all the three persons with each other ; thus producing not only absolute and relative plurals of the first person, but several other complex plurals. J. B. October 3lsf, 1873. DICTIONARY OF LANGUAGES. For Additions see Appendix. A. AACHEN. \ * A sub-dialect of low German or PLATT-DEUTSCH, vernacular at Aix- la-Chapelle, Lower Rhine. See Miiller and Weitz's " Idiomatikon," Leipsig, 1836. ABABDEH or ABADEH. SEMITIC : a different form of speech was formerly vernacular at Sheikh Abade, in Upper Egypt ; the site of some ancient ruins on the banks of the Nile. Since superseded by ABABIC. Adelung : " Mithri- dates," iv., p. 502. *** A division of the BEJA, BEJAWI, or BISHARI family ; they are the most northerly members of this class, which occupies the desert between the Nile and Eed Sea from Cosseir to Suakim. R. G. L. ABADJA. African : a sub-dialect of the OTAM. ABAK. A dialect of the Philippine Islands, closely allied to BISSAYAN and TAGALA, See Jiilg's " Vater," p. 1. ABANTES. An extinct form of speech, classed as THBACO-ILLYRIAN, formerly vernacular in the I. of Eubcea, now called Negropont or Egripos, in the Grecian Archipelago. Adelung : " Mithridates," ii., p. 362. ABASCI or ABASSIAN, see ABSNE. ABBEVILLE. A sub-dialect of FRENCH, vernacular in Picardy. See De Soilly's " Idiome Picard," Abbeville, 1833. B ABBITIBBE. American. Dialect of the Christines or Cree Indians ; classed as ALGONKIN. See Jiilg's " Vater," p. 204. ABENAKI or ABENAQUI. A dialect of the ALGONKIN race of N. American Indians, spoken in Lower Canada and the State of Maine. The tribe once occupied the valley of the R. Kennebeck ; but the name also includes the Etchemins, Micmacs, and others. See Rasles. Diet., 1833 ; Vocabulary in Amer. Ethnol. Trans, ii., p. 109. ABIPONIAN. A name given by the early Spaniards to the language spoken on the western bank of the Parana in 8. America ; although on the borders of the Gran Chaco it differs considerably from the dialects spoken in that district. See Dobrizhoffer's " Geschichte," 3 vols., 8vo, Vienna, 1784. D. F. ABOR. A dialect of ASSAMESE, spoken by a hill tribe on the north-western extremity of Assam. Logan, Jnl. Indian Archipelago, 1853, p. 190. See AKA. ABSNE O r ABKHAZIAN. A name for the ancient ABASCI, now represented by Abascia or Abgah (Abkasia), a country of Asiatic Russia, lying between the Caspian and Black Seas. The modern word ABSNE is called Abkhazi by the Georgians ; with the terminal " eti " for "land," it is Abkhazeti, and extends from Soukum-kale to Jenikale. The affinities of the Absn6 language are very uncertain ; a large number of its words are similar to Circassian, but a larger proportion apparently not so. See Vocabularies in Giildenstadt's " Reisen ;" Klaproth's " Reise ; " " Asia Polyglotta," &c. H. H. H. ABYSSINIAN, see AGAU, AMHAEIC, GALLA, TIGEE, &c. fi^ ACADIAN. American : That division of the ALGONKIN family containing the languages of Lower Canada and Nova Scotia. ACAXE. American : a doubtful name for a probable dialect of the TUBAR. ACCAD. The oldest known language before the Semitic population settled in Mesopotamia. W. S. W. V. See AKKADIAN. ACCAWAY. A dialect of native S. American, belonging to the CAEIB, or Karib group. Vernacular in the Highlands of British Guiana. %* CARIB of Demerara, closely allied to the CAEABISI. See Hilhouse, Schomburgk, &c. ACCRA or ACCARAH. A language of the MANDINGO branch of native African, spoken by a small nation on the Gold-coast, about lat. 5 35' N., long. 12' W. ; it is sometimes designated the GHAH or GA, and the people are supposed to have been removed by emigration from the interior. Ghana or Gana is a city, governed by a Sultaun, near the upper course of the Niger. Rask's " Vejledning," 8vo, Copenhagen, 1828. See AQTJAPIM. ACH^EMENIAN PERSIAN. The name of that form of the Old PERSIAN language which is used in the inscriptions of the Achasmenian kings, or the line of native monarchs which commenced with Cyrus the Great and terminated with Darius Codomannus, the antagonist of Alexander. The language is written in an arrow-headed or cuneiform character of a simple kind, and is closely akin to the Zend, Pazend, and the modern Persian. The best work on the language is that of Spiegel, " Altpersische Keilinschriften." G. R. ACHAGUA. A dialect of native S. American, vernacular on the R. Casanare, a tributary of the R. Orinoco ; and closely allied to MAIPUB. " Mithri- dates," iii., p. 631. ACHASTLI. AMEBICAN : spoken on the coast of California between San Francisco and St. Diego. ACHINESE. A language of the MALAYAN family, spoken in the kingdom of Ache or Achin, the northernmost part of Sumatra. It is distinguished from all other Malay languages by having the accent on the terminal instead of the penultimate syllable, and by a good deal of monosyllables. It is at present very little known, but its presumed affinity to the mono- syllabic languages of Asia renders its study highly interesting for inves- tigating the origin of the Malay race. P. J. V. ACOMA. A dialect of native AMEEICAN, vernacular in New Mexico. It is one of the dialects spoken by the Pueblo Indians on the R. Grande. It is also called LAGUNA. ACROA-MERIM. American : a dialect of the GEZ class, vernacular in Brazil. See Von Martius, vol. ii., p. 144. ADAIHE O r ADAIHI. A very isolated language of N. American. Spoken in Louisiana, in 1805, by forty individuals only. Vocabulary in " Archaeologia Americana." It is also called ATAYO. Vocabulary Amer. Ethn. Trans., vol. ii., p. 95. B 2 ADALI (pi. ADAIEL or ADAL.) Largely SEMITIC. An Abyssinian dialect, spoken by the tribes between the Highlands and the sea coast. See " Salt's Voyage ; " Appdx. i., p. 6. C. T. B. ADAMPI. A native African dialect, closely resembling ACCRA and KREPEE, vernacular on the Gold-coast, W. Africa. ADAREB, see BEJA. ADELAIDE. A variety of native AUSTRALIAN, formerly vernacular at Adelaide, S. Australia ; it differs but little from other dialects of the Gulf St. Vincent. ADIGE. A name for the CIRCASSIAN proper, as opposed to the APKHAZ. ADIYAH. Otherwise FERNANDIAN : the language of Fernando Po, an island on the W. coast of Africa, near the mouths of the Niger. A dialect of ancient GREEK spoken in Boeotia, Thessaly, jEtolia, Elis, Lesbos, Chios and the N.W. part of Asia Minor. Pindar, Sappho, and Alcseus wrote in it. G. R. ^ETHIOPIC, under E. AFER. . Native name of the DANAKIL. AFFADEH. African : a dialect of the BORNU. AFFAR, see ADALI. AFGHAN, see PUSHTOO. AFNU. African : a dialect of the HAUSSA. AFRICAN. A name for all native dialects of Africa, not directly SEMITIC. Works by Borth, Kblle, Bleek, Beke, Sir G. Grey, Clarke's " Dialects of Africa." See INTRODUCTION. AFUDU. A native African dialect of the OTAM, vernacular on the coast of W. Africa, about 4 N. L. AGAU or AGAW. A language of ABYSSINIA, spoken in three dialects ; 1. The HHAMABA, or AGAU of Lasta, the Tcheratz Agows of Bruce ; 2. The AGAWI or AGHAGHA of Agaumider, i.e. Agau-land ; 3. The F ALASKA spoken by the Israelitish people scattered over the northern and western parts of the country. " Salt's Voyage," Appdx. i., p. 6. C. T. B. AGGLUTINATIVE. A name applied to certain languages, when " two unaltered roots combine to form words ;" and words brought into mutual relation by syntax undergo a change of form, accent, or meaning ; the COPTIC, for example, is considered as essentially agglutinative. The American agglutinative languages are called polysynthetic or incorporating. These languages have generally little or no literature. AGOLELEGMUT. The ESKIMO of N. America and Behring's Straits, especially the island of Nunivok. The terminal "milt," which is common from Behring's Straits to the parts about Mount St. Elias, is derived from the Eskimo. See Chromtschenko's " Reise-Journal," 8vo, St. Petersburgh, 1824. B. G. L. AHOM. A nearly extinct language formerly spoken in Assam, a province of British India ; it is a dialect of SIAMESE, monosyllabic in form, and appears to have been transported by emigration from the borders of China. AHT, THE. American : dialect of Van Couver Island ; spoken by all the W. coast tribes, from S. of Quatseeno to Port San Juan on De Fucas Straits. See Sproat : " Scenes of Savage Life." All the tribes speaking it end in " aht." B. B. AHTIAGO. A dialect of MALAY, vernacular in Ceram, closely allied to TELUTI and ALFUROS. %* The more correct form would be ATIAHU, the name of a village on the S. coast, with a mixed population. The vocabulary quoted by Mr. Wallace does not constitute a distinct dialect. P. J. V. AlAWONG. A dialect of native AUSTRALIAN, belonging to the W. coast, AIMARA. A dialect of the Indians of S. America, largely augmented by Spanish. The natives were subject to the Incas of Peru, at the conquest, and now inhabit the high ground ne Lake Titicaca or Chucuito, They are closely allied to the Quichua or native Peruvians. See AYMARA. 6 AIMAUK. A dialect of MOGHOL, spoken by the Tshehar-Aimauk, N. W. Afghanistan, in the neighbourhood of Herat. AINO. The native name for the language of the Curile Islands, meaning "man." f? AIRICA. American : a dialect of the BETOI. AlTUTAKIAN. A mixed form of the TAHITIAN and the RAROTONGAN dialects. An island in the Hervey group, S. Pacific. Example, " mau-tangata "= "men." W. G. AKA (1). A dialect spoken by a hill-tribe to the N. of Assam. It is almost identical with ABOE. See Brown's Table : " Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Bengal," 1837. AKA (2). African: sometimes used for the YoKUBA, of which it is a sub- dialect. AKABI, see UKUAFI. AKKADIAN. A name sometimes given to the language used on the earliest Baby- lonian bricks, especially those found at Mugheir (Ur), Warka (Erech), Senkareh, Niffer, and other very ancient Mesopotamian cities. The general character of the language is TUEANIAN ; but its vocabulary connects it with the dialects of Southern Arabia and Abyssinia, more especially with the Mahra, Galla, and Wolaitsa. The writing is a rude and very complicated cuneiform. It is supposed that the language was spoken in Babylonia from a very early age (B.C. 2500 ?) to the date of the Assyrian conquest, about B.C. 1300. By that time it had become the language of an extensive literature, and as such, continued to be studied by the more learned Assyrians down to the close of the Empire, B.C. 624. The later Assyrian tablets are to a great extent translations from it. See Rawlinson's " Ancient Monarchies," vol. i., pp. 61 69, 2nd ed. G. R. AKKIM. African : a sub-dialect of PANTI. AKO. An African dialect, somewhat allied to AFUDU. AKRA. African. Language of the Gold-coast, for the parts about Cape Castle. See AQUAPIM. AKRIPON. African : a sub-dialect of FANTI. AKUSH. A dialect of LESGIAN, spoken in Daghestan (the ancient Albania), a district situated between the Caspian and the Black Sea. AKWAMBU, see AQUAPIM. ALABAMA. AMERICAN. Derived from " Alibamon," the original occupants of the modern State so called. ALANI. A people originally settled in Eastern Europe and Western Asia, very powerful from about A.D. 75 to A.D. 461. They are now generally con- sidered to have been of the FINNISH stock, akin to the Ostiaks, Samoeids, and other races of Northern Asia. G. K. ALARODII, see UBARDA. ALATYAN. A name used by Prof. Steinthal for the URAL-ALTAIC or TURANIAN ALBANIAN. The vernacular tongue of modern Albania, a maritime province of European Turkey, which answers to the ancient Epirus ; the inhabitants are a mixed race, including Arnauts, who are probably descended from the ancient Illyrians, Greeks, and Turks. The ancient language, called old ILLYRIAN, and closely allied to GREEK, has become mingled with SLAVONIC, written in GREEK characters. The native name of the Albanian dialect is SKIPETAR. Both terms mean " mountaineers." The modern language is sub-divided into the GHEGH and the TOSKI. See Hahn : " Albanische Studien," Jena, 1854. ALEMANNIC or ALLEMANIAN. The oldest form of TEUTONIC or HIGH GERMAN with which we are acquainted ; it is the language attributed to the Suevi or Swabians, who, emigrating to the S., formed with other tribes a great confederation on the Rs. Maine, Khine, and Danube. *** See Bosworth's "Diet, of the Anglo-Saxon Language," ed. 1838, p. 120. W. W. S. ALEUTIAN or ALIOUT-LISEYEFF. The dialect of the Aleutian or Fox Islands, in the N. Pacific, between Asia and America. The inhabitants resemble the MOGHOLS in physical peculiarities, but their language is allied to the ESQUIMAUX. Vocab. Amer. Ethn. Trans., vol. ii., p. 130. t&T 8 ALFUROS. Dialects of MALAY, spoken by uncivilized tribes of the Indian Ocean. Adelung calls them " Harafora auch Alfurier"in the Moluccas. "Mithri- dates," i., p. 585. Wallace calls them the true indigines of Gilolo, and the predominant type of Ceram. " Malay Archipelago," ii., pp. 16, 19, 96. It is the same word as in the Arafura Seas, W. of N. Guinea. tjjT ALGIERIAN. A form of ARABIC vernacular in N. Africa. ALGONKIN or ALGONQUIN. A very large class of native N. AMERICAN dialects, including the Chippewas, Blackfoot, Ogibeway, Ottawa, Mohican, Shawnees, and other principal eastern tribes of red Indians. Vocab. Amer. Ethn. Trans., vol. ii., pp. 78, 106. ALIEH, see EYISH. AUKHULIP. A dialect of FUEGIAN, spoken in Terra del Fuego, S. America. De- scribed in Darwin's " The Voyage of the Beagle." See also TEKEENICA and TSONECA. ALLEUTIAC, see MILCOCAYAC. ALLOPHYLIAN. A name for the AMERICAN and certain unclassified languages ; gene- rally used for all languages which philologists have not yet denned. ALLOR. A dialect of insular MALAY, vernacular in the Indian Ocean. This island belongs to the Timor group ; its inhabitants are of the dark Papuan type. The language is said to differ but little from that of the neighbouring island of Solor, P. J. V. ALMEIDA. A dialect of S. American, belonging to the TTJPI or GUAEINI family, spoken in Brazil, and allied to CARIB. See OMAGUA. ALPHABET. The English name for the collection of letters or written characters in our language, and derived from their Greek synonyms viz., Alpha (A) + Beta (B), as in the line from Juvenal " Hoc discunt omnes ante alpha et beta puellse." Sat. xiv., 1. 209. These letters or -characters are the representatives of certain sounds or utterances ; and their numbers, forms, names, and equivalents differ very materially in different countries and in different districts. Ballhorn's " Alphabete or. und occ. Sprachen," Leipsig, 1853 ; 2nd ed., London. See LETTERS. ALPINE. A collective name for several local dialects derived from old ITALIC, but mingled with modern FRENCH. ALSACIAN. A sub-dialect of old HIGH GERMAN. ALTAIC or URAL-ALTAIC. Generic name for the MOGHOL, TUNGUS, TURK, SAMOYED, and UGRIAN languages. See Castren's " Altaischer Volker." AMAKOSA. African. See KAFFIR. AMAT, A dialect of older DRAVIDIAN vernacular in Nepaul. AMAZIG, A name for the BERBER of N. Africa. It is called AQUEL AMARIGOR AMAZIG, i.e. " Noble tongue ;" the native dialect of Berbers. AMAZONS. A class of native dialects spoken by tribes along the banks of the R. Amazon, S. America ; more especially the Amazonas and Humanos, formerly of the lower Putumayo. Wallace, p. 260. AMBERBAKI. A dialect of PAPUAN, vernacular in a village so named on the N. W. coast of N. Guinea. AMBLAU. An island of the Amboyna group ; the language, belonging to the ALFURU, or semi-ALFURU, dialects of the Moluccas, seems to differ very considerably from that of the neighbouring islands ; judging from the vocabulary given in Mr. Wallace's " Malay Archipelago." P. J. V. AMBOYNA. A dialect of the Molucca Islands, in the Indian Ocean ; known as AMBOYNESE MALAY. The provincial dialect is termed BAHASA-TANAH, the language of the Moluccan Alfuru. See Vocabularies by Wallace and Liideking. P. J. V. AMERICAN. A name for all dialects of the aborigines throughout N. and S. America. Triibner's " Bibliotheca Glottica," London, 1858. See INTRODUCTION. AMHARIC. The Court tongue of Abyssinia for many centuries. Amhara proper is that district lying between the Dender and Tacazze branches of the Nile. It closely resembles the ETHIOPIC, with alphabets that are nearly identical. The root word is probably identical with " Ham " or " Chem," the poetical name for Egypt in the Psalms of David. *** A SEMITIC dialect sprung from the ancient ETHIOPIC, which has gradually become the dominant language of Abyssinia. Its vocabulary and grammar still closely resemble the Ethiopia, but it has adopted a barbarous pronunciation, and the gutturals, which form so important a part of the Semitic alphabet, are no longer pronounced. The best memoir upon it is that by Gesenius in the Encyclopaedia of Ersch and Griiber, under the heading " Amharische Sprache." Other Abyssinian dialects are the ADARI, the AFAR, the SOMAULI, the SAHO, the languages of Tigrg. Danakil, Ada'iel, and of Harar. R. P. S. 10 AMOUR or AMUR. Dialects of TUNGUS, vernacular in B. Asia on the R. Amur. See Latham, pp. 75, 76. AMYRGII. An ancient Scythic people, called " Humawarga," by the Achagmenian Persians, and "Amyrgians" ('A/xu^yioi) by the Greeks. They seem to have inhabited the high plateau between the Thian-Chan and the Hindu- Kush ranges. Most probably they were TURANIANS. G. B. ANADEER or ANADYR. The upper and central parts of the E. Anadyr, on the north-eastern extremity of Asia, are occupied by the Tshuktshi, an Asiatic tribe. On the lower Anadyr, however, there is an Eskimo settlement. See NAMOLLO. B. G. L. ANAMITE or ANNAMITE. A monosyllabic tongue, closely allied to CHINESE. It is the dialect of Tonquin and Cochin- China, extensive tracts of land in S.E. Asia. Also called ANNAMESE. See Dictionaries, A-Latin and Latin-A, by Taberd and Pigneaux, 2 vols., 1838 ; Marshman, Serampore ; and Brown's " Comparative Table," vol. vii., Trans. As. Soc. of Bengal. ANDAMAN. The dialect of the Mincopie or inhabitants of the Andaman Islands. It is considered to be allied to the BUEMESE. ANDAQUI. AMERICAN. Dialect of New Grenada, vernacular on the eastern slope of the Andes, and upper part of the E. Putumayo. See " Los Indios del Andaqui," pp. 27-29. E. G. L. ANDARCOS, see TEXAS. ANDI. A dialect of LESGHIAN, allied to AKUSH ; vernacular in the Caucasus. ANDIAN or ANDO-PERUVIAN. A collective name for certain native dialects of S. America, as AIM ARA. ARAUCANIAN, QUICHUA, &c. ANDOA. AMERICAN. Spoken on the frontiers of New Grenada, and on the head waters of the Es. Tigre and Pastazza. It is bounded by the Shimigas and Zaparu. Small vocabulary by Spruce. E. G. L. ANDREANOWSKI ISLANDS, see ALEUTIAN. ANEITEUM or ANNATOM. A Polynesian dialect, allied to PAPUAN, vernacular in Aneiteum, the easternmost island of the New Hebrides group, S. Pacific Ocean. The language began to be reduced to written form, by the use of Eoman letters, by the London Missionary Society ; subsequently completed in books, now used by natives, by the " U. P. E. C." Mission of Scotland. W. G. ij^- 11 ANFUE. A native dialect, allied to ADAMPI, from the Gold-coast, W. Africa. ANGAMI. A dialect of ASSAMESE, vernacular in central and lower Assam. ANGLIAN. A name sometimes given to that dialect of the oldest ENGLISH which was spoken in the north and east of England. It has been sub-divided into the NORTHUMBRIAN and EAST- ANGLIAN. It has also been called DANO-SAXON. See Bosworth's " Diet, of the Anglo-Saxon Language," ed. 1838, p. 21. W. W. S. ANGLIAN, EAST, under E. ANGLO-SAXON. A compound language formed by the union of several tribes of Teutonic origin, who conquered and settled in Britain, about A.D. 449, thence called England. The language is of cognate origin with the ALEMANNIC and GOTHIC ; but with accretions from the SCANDINAVIAN and Low DUTCH. %* What is called ANGLO-SAXON is really the oldest form of ENGLISH. The Anglo-Saxon of the first period extends from A.D. 450 to A.D. 1100 ; that of the later period from A.D. 1100 to about A.D. 1250 ; after which date we arrive at early Middle English. The specimens of the literature are too numerous to require mention. See the dictionaries by Lye and Manning, Bosworth, Grein, Ettmuller, and the list of MSS. in Hickes's " Thesaurus," vol. iii. W. W. S. ANGOANE. A dialect of MOZAMBIQUE, vernacular on the E. coast of Africa. ANGOLA. A dialect of BANTU, vernacular in S.E. Africa ; classed by Bleek as BUNDA. ANGUS. A dialect of the Lowlands of Scotland, frequently cited in Jamieson's Scottish Dictionary. W. W. S. ANKARAS. An African dialect, almost identical with WUN. ANNAMESE, see ANAMITE. ANNATOM, see ANEITEUM. ANSOES. A PAPUAN dialect, spoken at Port Dorey, New Guinea. ANTES or ANTIS. A native dialect of S. American, vernacular in Peru on the eastern slope of the Andes. The nearest affinities are to the Moxos. See D'Orbigny's " L'homme Americain." 12 ANTONIO, SAN. Dialect of a mission, so called, current in California, N. America. ANTSHUKH. A dialect of LESGHIAN, allied to ANDI. ANU, Dialect of a tribe so named, in N. Arracan, in which are many words intelligible to the people of Munipoor. A. C. APACHE or APATSH. A dialect of ATHABASCAN, vernacular in New Mexico. APAING, The same language as AROKAE. W. G. APATSH, see APACHE. APIACA. A dialect of Brazil, allied to GUARANI, vernacular on the R. Arias, a tributary of the Upper Tapuyos. See Castelnau's " Expedition," &c., APINAGES, American : a dialect of the GEZ class, vernacular in Brazil. See Castelnau's " Expedition," &c., appdx. ; Von Martius, vol. ii., p. 147. APKHAZ. The Georgian name for the tribes between Jenikale and Soukum- Kale, as distinguished from Circassians proper. APOLONIA. African : a sub-dialect of FANTI, vernacular at Point Apollonia, on the frontier of the Gold and Ivory coasts. E. G. L. APONEGICRANS. American : a dialect of the GEZ class, vernacular in Brazil. See Von Martius, vol. ii., p. 147. APPA. A dialect of S. Africa, allied to NTJFI. AQUAPIM. African : collective name for certain dialects of the Gold-coast near Cape Castle ; 1. The AKRA. 2. The KREPEE. 3. The OTSHI. 4. The ADAMPI. See Eiihs : " Elemente des Akwapim." AQUITANIAN. The dialect of Aquitania or Aquitaine, a division of ancient Gaul, lying S.W., which included the provinces of Guyenne, Gascony, &c. ARA. A name for the ARINI. 13 ARABIC. One of the three main branches of the SEMITIC family, spoken in the peninsula of Arabia. Unknown till the century before Mahomet, it suddenly then reached its highest perfection in the poems of the Moallakat. It is the richest, the most flexible, and most exact of all the Semitic tongues, and its grammar the most subtle and perfect, probably, of all known languages. The dialect of the tribe of Koreisch, adopted by Mahomet in the Koran, has been, since the seventh century, the classical language of large parts of Asia and Africa, and has greatly influenced the Turkish, Maltese, Persian, Hindi, and other tongues, owing to the wide range of Arabian conquest. Classical Arabic must be distinguished from Arabic as actually spoken. The "vulgar" Arabic makes scarcely any distinction of vowel-sounds, has a grammar simple to rudeness, and is destitute of the richness and versatility of the tongue as employed by its most famous scholars. R. P. S. ARAGO. A dialect of PAPUAN, vernacular in New Guinea. ARAIACU. American : a dialect of N. Brazil, to the W. of Fonteboa ; it is allied to the BARRE, BANIWA, MANOA, &c. See Von Martius, vol. ii., p. 133, who places it in his CREN or GUERENO class. B. G. L. ARAKANESE or ARRACANESE. A monosyllabic tongue closely allied to the BURMESE, otherwise called the RECCAN or RUKHENG. The district in which it is spoken forms a narrow strip of sea-coast, about 500 miles long, extending from Cape Negrais in the S. towards Chittagong in the N., along the E. peninsula of S. Asia. ARAMAIC. Generic name of the languages spoken in the region extending from the Taurus and Lebanon to the R. Tigris, It is one of the main branches of the SEMITIC stem, and is itself divided into two dialects, EAST ARAMAIC, or CHALDEAN, and WEST ARAMAIC, or Syriac. The former became the medium of Jewish thought, and is the language of the Targums and the Talmud, and also of the Samaritan Pentateuch. The latter is Christian. A sub-dialect spoken by the heathen is called SABAEAN, or NABATHEAN. The oldest remains of the Aramaic are found in the name given by Laban to the Hill of Witness between him and Jacob. R. P. S. The Aramaic alphabet was identical with, or derived from, the PHOENICIAN. ARAPAHO or ARRAPAHO. The dialect of a native tribe of N. American Indians of the ALGONKIN family, vernacular on the R. Platte ; originally on the Upper Saskat- shewan. Schoolcraft's " Indian Tribes," vol. iii., p. 446 ; Vocab. Amer. Ethn. Trans., vol. ii., p. 96. 14 ARAQUAJU. American : a dialect of the BRAZILIAN class, vernacular on the Upper Amazons. See Von Martins, vol. ii., p. 17. ARAUCANIAN. Dialect spoken by the powerful independent Indian tribe inhabiting the western slope of the Andes, south of Chili proper. D. F. ARAWACK. A dialect of CAEIB, spoken on the N. coast of S. America, in Surinam, Venezuela, and the Guianas (Berbice); supposed to have been intro- duced by aboriginal settlers from Hayti and other W. Indian islands. ARAYAS, see TAINO. ARCHAIC GREEK. A name for the original CADMEAN alphabet of ancient Greece, it consisted of seventeen letters only, and was derived from the PHOENICIAN . ARDA. Spoken, according to Alcedo, on the Upper Napo, on the boundaries of New Grenada, Brazil, and Ecuador. A " Doctrina Christiana," Madrid, 1658, and a " Paternoster " are the only recorded specimens of the ARDA. No philologist seems to have examined them. The fragmentary languages with which they are the most likely to have been allied are the ANDOA, the SHIMIGAES, and the ZAPARA. " Ludwig," p. 12. R. G. L. ARDRAH. AFRICAN : a dialect of the Slave-coast. ARGOT. French patois, applied to cant and slang dialects. See Jiilg's " Vater," pp. 132, 485. ARGUBBA. AFRICAN : a dialect of Abyssinia. ARECUNA. A dialect of the CARIB of Demerara, allied to MACITSI. See Schom- burgk's " British Guiana." ARFAK. A PAPUAN dialect vernacular among the mountaineers inland of Doreh, New Guinea. P. J. V. ARINI or ARINZI. A dialect of TENISEIAN, spoken in Siberia. See Castren's " Versuch einer lenissei Ostiakinen Sprachlehre." H. H. H. ARIPE. AMERICAN : dialect of Lower California. ARIS. A dialect of TOUMBULU. 15 ARKIKO. A dialect of ETHIOPIC allied to Adaiel ; otherwise classed as a sub- dialect of AMHABIC. ARMENIAN. The vernacular speech of Armenia, a mountainous country of Asiatic Turkey, bordering on the S.E. extremity of the Black Sea, including Mt. Ararat. Armenian is written from left to right, and has an alphabet peculiar to itself, which has been modernized from an older original, attributed to Miesrob, A.D. 406. *** The language is essentially an ARYAN dialect, akin to ACH^E- MENIAN PERSIAN and ZEND, but still distinct from either : into which have been absorbed a large number of TURANIAN roots. G. R. ARMENIC. A branch of the great Indo-European family of speech not yet clearly denned. It is the parent of modern ARMENIAN, and of an older form of the same language, called OLD ARMENIC, now extinct. It has, pro- visionally, been classed with KURDISH, OSSETIC and PUSHTOO. See ARYAN. ARMENO-KURDISH. A name for the KURDISH dialect, written in the characters of the Armenian alphabet. ARMORICAN. A Celtic dialect, called also BRETON, anciently vernacular in Armorican Gaul ; it was the national language of the independent Duchy of Brittany, and is still spoken in the modern French departments of Finisterre, Morbihan, and C6tes-du-Nord ; the language is closely allied to WELSH, CORNISH, MANX, GAELIC, &c. ARNAUT, see ALBANIAN. ARNIYA. A dialect of DARDU, allied to Kashkari. ARO or ORO. A dialect of W. Africa, allied to MBOFIA, vernacular in the locality of Brass Town. AROO or ARRU. Dialects of PAPUAN, vernacular in a group of islands lying to the S.W. of New Guinea, in the Asiatic Archipelago. *** Herr Van Rosenberg distinguishes two chief dialects. 1. A voca- bulary collected at Wammer, Watelei, and Traugan. 2. His " Wanumbae Vocaby." Others are the Wokam Uju dialects, given by Herr Von Eybergen. Mr. Wallace writes WAMMA, WOKAN and OUGIA. P. J. V. AROPIN. A PAPUAN dialect, vernacular in S. Pacific. See Latham, p. 332. ARORAE. An island of Kingsmill group, S. Pacific. The language is a mixed dialect of Samoa and Sandwich groups. First reduced by missionaries from Hawaii, 1858 ; now occupied by Samoan Christian teachers. W. G. 16 ARROW-HEAD. A term employed to designate writing of a particular kind. The ancient inhabitants of Babylonia, Assyria, Armenia, Persia, and other adjacent regions used characters of which the ultimate element was the wedge : |^- The resemblance of this form to the metallic point with which arrows were anciently tipped caused our early Oriental travellers to call all characters thus composed " arrow-headed." Recently, the term " cuneiform," adopted from the French, has displaced " arrow- headed," which is now seldom used. It is important to remember that the two terms, whichever of them we employ, in no case properly desig- nate a language, or an alphabet, but simply a manner of forming the conventional signs of speech. There are at least five quite distinct " arrow-headed " alphabets ; and in one case the same cuneiform alpha- bet is used to give written expression to two quite different languages. G. K. ARYAN. A name for the INDO-EUROPEAN family of languages, derived from Ariana, a province of the ancient Persian empire. The word is widely diffused throughout Eastern Asia : ex. gr., the small river Arius, now Heri-Rud, on which stands the city of Herat ; also the river Arus, or Araxes, near Mt. Ararat, in Armenia ; Iran, Irac, or Iron. The term " Aryan," in Sanskrit, implies " noble," but the root is very widely diffused in an agricultural sense ; as in the Greek fyou Latin, " aro " " to plough ; " English, " arable." The Aryan family of languages is divided into the following branches : ARMENIC, CELTIC or KELTIC, HELLENIC, ILLYRIC, INDIC, IRANIC, ITALIC, TEUTONIC, and WENDIC (or SLAVONIC-LETTIC). Each of these groups or branches will be treated under its proper stem, with sub- branches. See INTRODUCTION. &r ASHANTEE or ASHANTI. Sometimes called ODJII or OTSHI, the national language of the Guinea coast, W. Africa ; it belongs to the MANDINGO branch, and is closely allied to the FANTEE, spoken on the Gold-coast. ASIAN or ASIATIC. Klaproth's "Asia Polyglotta," Paris, 1823, 1832. See INTRODUCTION. ASILULU, see AMBOYNA. . ASSAMESE. The modern language of Assam, an extensive province of British India adjoining Bengal ; it extends along the course of the R. Brahma- pootra, towards Thibet. The archaic dialect known as AHOM, being extinct, has been superseded by a dialect of BENGALI ; Assamese is, however, unintelligible to the natives of Bengal. It is written in the Bengali character. See Brown's " Comparative Table of Dialects : Asiatic Society of Bengal." 17 ASSAN. A dialect of OSTIAK, or YENISEIAX, vernacular in Siberia. See Castren's " Versuch." ASSINEBOINE. A N. American dialect, spoken by native tribes of the Saskatchewan River line, between the Red River and Rocky Mountains ASSINESE. African ; a sub-dialect of the FASTI. ASSYRIAN. The language of the ancient Assyrians, or people of Assyria, a tract lying upon the R. Tigris, between the thirty-fourth and thirty-seventh parallels. This language has become known to us within the last twenty years, through inscriptions disinterred from the buried cities of this region. The form of speech is found to be SEMITIC, akin to Arabic, Syriac, Chaldee, Phoenician, and especially to Hebrew. It is written, however, unlike most Semitic tongue?, from left to right. The cha- racters are very numerous and complicated ; they are of the class called " cuneiform " or " arrow-headed," being formed out of combinations of wedges. The best account of the Assyrian alphabet will be found in the "Expedition Scientifique en Mesapotamie " of M. Oppert. The language must be studied in the "Assyrian Dictionary" of Mr. Norris, and the " Elemens de la Grammaire Assyrienne " of M. Oppert. G. R. ASTEK, see AZTEC. ASWAREK, see SERAWULLI. ATACAMA. AMERICAN : belongs to a desert, land between Chili and Peru. ATAFU. " DUKE OF YORK'S ISLAND." In Tokelau group ; when found it had a mixture of Eastern Polynesian dialects ; but now, by use of SAMOAN books, generally speak that language. W. G. ATHABASCAN or ATHAPASCAN. A collective name for certain native dialects of JT. America, lying to the S. of the Esquimaux. Vocaby. American Ethn. Trans., vol. ii. pp. 78-105. Buschmann : " Der Athapaskische Sprachstamm, Berlin, 1856-63. 1^- ATIAGO, see AHTIAGO. ATINAN. Largely TAHITIAN, with some local peculiarities, but by the use of books in the Rarotongan dialect, is fast becoming RAROTONGAN ; example, " fenua-maitai "=" good land." W. G. ATLAS (Mount.) The Mount Atlas languages, more or less known, are : 1. The KABAIL or SHOWIAH ; more definitely the ZOAVE. 2. The SHILHA or Morocco BERBER. 3. The TOUARIK or TAMAZIGHT of the Great Desert. 4. The GHADAMSI or the WADREAGH. F. W. N. 18 ATNA. A name for SELISH. It is derived from the native word for " man " "tinni" or "tnai." Vocaby. Trans. Amer. Ethnol. Society, vol. ii., P. 118. T ATORAI. A dialect of CAEIB, vernacular in Demerara. ATSHIN. A dialect of MALAY, vernacular in Sumatra. See ACHINESE. ATTAKAPA. A nearly monosyllabic dialect, vernacular among the native Americans of St. Bernard's Bay, Texas. See Archseol. Americana, ii., p. 307. i$g" ATTIC GREEK. A dialect of ancient GREEK, originally peculiar to Attica, but which became the parent of the so-called " common dialect," or ordinary language of Greek literature. The ATTIC had much in common with the TONIC, but affected contractions and retained aspirates where the Ionic discarded them. G. K. ATTIGAE. A tribe of the Chech in Caucasia. H. C. ATURES. According to Humboldt, the Atures were the original occupants of the cataract on the R. Orinoco, which bears their name ; their language, on the authority of Gilij, is a form of the SALIYI. 1$^ ATYE, see WHIDAH AUGSBURG. Germanic : dialect of HIGH-GERMAN spoken in Bavaria. See " Jnl. Fur Deutschland," 1783. AURAMOISET. A dialect of KARELIAN, vernacular in the Government of St. Peters- burgh. See " Memoirs of the St. Petersburgh Academy." AUSTRAL. A group of numerous islands east of Tahiti, and so far TAHITIAN as to use books in the Tahitian language, though having some local peculiarities by the introduction of letters not in Tahitian ; example, " param-akoako "=" exhortation." W. G. AUSTRALIAN. The natives, now fast disappearing, had numerous dialects, all more or less closely allied ; resemblances have been traced to the TAMUL and ether languages of S. India ; the POLYNESIAN, and PAPUAN. See Grey's " Vocabulary " (of S. Western A.) 2nd Edit., London, 1841 ; and others by Ridley; Sidney, 1856, 1866 : Eyre's " Discoveries," vol. ii., p. 391. 19 AUVERGNE. Dialect of Provencal ; glossaries in " Mem. : Soc. Ant." French vols. ii., xii. AVAN or AVANI. American : a sub-dialect of MAIPTJR. AVAR (1). An extinct dialect, belonging to the fifth and sixth centuries A.D. It was Turkish. AVAR (2). The most important dialect of LESGIAN. See Vocabulary in Giilden- stadt's " Travels,' and " Asia Polyglotta." AVARICOTO. AMERICAN : Carib of Cumana, belonging to the Tamanack division. AVEKVOM. A dialect of the Ivory-coast, W. Africa. AWAIYA. A dialect of MALAY, vernacular in Ceram, an island of the Indian Ocean ; quoted in Wallace's " Malay Archipelago." See AHTIAGO and HAWAIIAN. AYMARA. The language of the Indians of the highlands around Lake Titicaca in Peru and Bolivia ; by many regarded as the so-called secret language of the Incas, as, according to their traditions, Manco Capac, the founder of the Inca dynasty, came from that district ; and although ruder and more primitive, it is closely allied to the QUECHUA, which, after the Inca conquest, became the general language of Peru. The oldest pub- lished works extant on Aymara are by Alcabica, 1585 ; Kicardo, 1686 : Bertonio, 1603-12. D. F. flg- AZTEC. The language of the aborigines of Mexico ; extinct in its original form, it has been fused with SPANISH, and is now the native language of Mexican Indians. ADDENDA. ABERDEEN. A local dialect of Scotland. ABKHASS, see ABSNE. ABUNDA. AFRICAN: eame as BUNDA. See Vocaby. in "Douville's Voyage," Paris, 1832. 02 20 ACHAIAN. A name for the ancient Greeks. tgjf 3 ADAMAWA, see HAMARUA. ADANG. A DAYAK dialect of N. Borneo. P. J. V. See MUEUT. ADIMA. Name for the servile class of Malabar ; they_have a dialect peculiar to themselves. W. E. ADIYAR, A sub-dialect of DRAVIDIAN origin, spoken by aborigines of Malabar. W. E. AKHWASH. CAUCASIAN : like ANDI, but with peculiar numerals. H. C. AMERICANISMS. Name for Transatlantic idioms of ENGLISH. See Webster's Dicty., various editions : Bartlett's Glossary, London, 1859. AMOY. An important dialect of CHINESE ; see " Manual," by Macgowan ; Hong Khong, 1869. ANDALUSIAN. Romance : a sub-dialect of SPANISH. ANDHRA. An ancient kingdom and powerful dynasty in the Pekhan, now merely traditional : compare the Greek word avfyos. ANSPACH. TEUTONIC : dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. See " Jnl. Fur Deutschland," 1789. ANTILLES, AMERICAN of the W. Indies. See " Histoire des lies Antilles," &c. Eotterdam, 1681. APPENZELL, TEUTONIC : dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. See Tobler : " A : Sprach- schatz," Zurich, 1837. ARAYANS, ARAANS. Important hill tribe of Travancore, called Malai-arasar, " Hill kings;" they speak a dialect of TAMUL or MALAYALIM. W. E. ARRAGONESE. A provincial dialect of SPANISH, 21 B. BAB, see PORT DOEEH. BABA. A dialect allied to JAVANESE, vernacular in an island called Babber by the Dutch ; it is one of the Serawatty group, E. of Timor in the Indian Ocean. Small Vocabulary in Latham p. 303. . See KISSA. BABUMA. A native dialect of Africa, vernacular on the Gaboon. See smal Vocabulary in Latham, p. 563. BABYLONIAN. A SEMITIC dialect spoken in Babylonia from the Assyrian conquest of the country, about B.C. 1300, to its occupation by the followers of Mohammed. It is closely allied to the ASSYRIAN (which see), but is somewhat simpler. The language exists in numerous inscriptions found in the country which cover the interval from about B.C. 620 to B.C. 540, and also in the trilingual inscriptions of the Achaemenian Persian, where it is found regularly in the third column. The best account of the language, which is written in a cuneiform alphabet based on the ASSYRIAN, will be found in Sir H. Kawlinson's "Analysis of the third column of the Behistun Inscription " Journal of the Asiatic Society, 1856. G. R. BAG HAN, see BATCHIAN. BACTRIAN. The dialect spoken in ancient Bactria (modern Balkh), now commonly supposed to be identical with the literary language called ZEND. It is not at all certain, however, that Bactria was the country in which Zend was spoken. But there can be no doubt that BACTRIAN was a very ancient form of ARYAN speech. G. R. See ZEND. BAGBA. An African dialect allied to the BAKELE of the R. Gaboon. BAGBALAN. A dialect of KoURl, vernacular in Central Africa. See small Vocabu- lary in Latham, p. 584. BAGHERME, see BEGHARMI. BAGNON. A native dialect, vernacular in W. Africa, spoken on the W. coast, S. of the R. Nunez ; Jong Vocabulary in " Memoires de la Societe Ethno- logique," Paris, 1845. 22 BAGO. The dialect of several populations, vernacular in N.W. Africa ; classed as a sab-dialect of TIMMANI. BAG WAN. A native patoit of British India, derived from TAMIL. BAHASA-TANAH, see AMBOYNA. BAIKHA. A dialect of OSTIAK of the YENISEIAN class, spoken in Asiatic Russia. See Vocabulary in Latham, p. 136. BAJAU or BAJOU. Dialects of MALAY, spoken by the Sea- gipsies. See Vocabulary in Wallace ; Appdx. to " Malay Archipelago." %* " Fishmen of Borneo." BAJAU properly belongs to all Borneo. The Bugis traders, who belong to all that Archipelago, cannot properly speak Bajau. BUG-IS is perhaps truly the language of the pirates of those seas, their head-quarters being (the Illanons) Illanon Bay, S.W. of Mindanao, one of the Philippines. E. B. See BIAJUK. BAKELE. A dialect of KAFFIK, somewhat allied to MPOKGWE, spoken on the R. Gaboon, W. Africa. See Vocabulary in Latham, p. 561. BALADEA. The native name of New Caledonia. The language is allied to ANNATOM, also called DUAUBA. Sec ANEITEUM. BALI. An insular dialect of JAVANESE, vernacular in the Indian Archipelago See Craufurd's Dissertation in " Malay Grammar," p. 75. Jig" BALU. African : a dialect allied to the BAKELE, vernacular on the R. Gaboon BAMBARRA. African : a division of the MANA class, spoken on the Upper Xiger ; including also the JALLUNKA, the SOKKO, and the Susu. It is bounded on the E. by the Songho of Timbuctu, with which a new class begins. BAMON. African : a dialect of the N, W. division of KAFFIR, allied to RALU. BANCA O r BANGKA. Besides the Chinese who work in the tin mines, Banca has a native population who speak a dialect of Malay, with some intermixture of Javanese, derived from Palembang, an ancient colony of Javanese, and other foreign elements. P. J. V. 23 BANFFSHIRE. A dialect of the lowlands of Scotland. See " Remarks on the dialect of Banffshire, with a glossary of words not in Jamieson's Scottish Dictionary," by Rev. W. Gregor, Philol. Socy. Trans., 1866. W. W. S. BANGA. A dialect of BENGALI, vernacular in Arracan. See "Asiatic Re- searches," vol. v., p. 238. BANGBAY. African : short vocabulary communicated by Dr. Earth to the Geographical Society. BANIWA. A variety of native S. American dialects, allied to CHLMANOS, ver- nacular between Brazil and Venezuela. 1^" BANJAK. Name of an island off Sumatra. The natives have two dialects : (1) the primitive language called BATTA, and (2) the MALAY of .Sumatra. See MABUWI. BANTEK or BANTIK, An ALFUEU dialect vernacular in N. Celebes. BANTU. African : Dr. Bleek's name for a very large class of languages, including the KAYO, BUNDA, ZANGIAK, and MOZAMBIQUE branches. BARABA O r BAHAMA. A dialect of Asia ; in its Russian form called BABABINSKI. BARABINSKI. A dialect of the SIBERIAN TURKISH spoken in the steppe of Baraba, or Barama, between the upper Irtysch and the R. Obi in Asiatic Russia. See Klaproth's " Asia Polyglotta," p. 226. H. H. H. BARAKI. A dialect of PERSIAN, spoken at Barak in Affghanistan, and at Kaniguram. if^T BARBARA, SANTA, A native dialect, vernacular on W. Coast of N. America. Jnl. R. Geogl. Socy., 1841. xi., 246-51. BARBARY, see BEEBEK. BAREA. African : a Negro dialect on the Nubian and Abyssinian frontier Vocabulary in Salt's " Voyage to Abyssinia." 24 BARI or BARREE. A dialect of Central Africa, Mitterrutzner: ' ' Die Sprache der Bari,'' Brixen, 1867. See BAKEA. BARRE. American : closely akin to the BANIWA, TARIANA, and UAINAMBEU ; it is probably the same as the PARENI of Humboldt, but Wallace uses it as a class-name. " Travels on the Amazon," &c., 8vo, 1853. BASA or BHASA-KRAMA. A form of JAVANESE. Literally " The polite language." See BHASA. BASA, BASSA, O r BASSAH. A dialect of W. Africa, belonging to the GREBO family and allied to MANDINGO, vernacular in parts of Liberia. %* A geographical or national division of Africa. See Kilham's " Specimens." BAS-BRETON, see AEMORICAN. BASHEE or BASHI. A dialect of NEGRITIC, vernacular in the China Sea, S. of Formosa ; a group of the Philippines. See Vocaby. : Belcher's " Voyage of the Samarang," vol. ii. BASHKIR. A dialect of TURKISH, spoken in Orenburg, Asiatic Russia. %* The Baskir now speak TURKISH, but there are many reasons for believing them to be of Ugrian descent. See Klaproth, A. P., and Miiller, " Ugrische Volkstamm." H. H. H. BASHMURIC. A dialect of COPTIC, formerly spoken at Bashmur, a province in the delta of the Nile ; it was largely infused with GREEK. BASIAN. A dialect of TURKISH spoken in the Caucasus, almost identical with NOGAY. See Klaproth, " Keise in den Kaukasus." H. H. H. BASPA or BHASPA, S^MOGHOL. BASQUE or ESCUARA. A language spoken in the Spanish provinces, Guipuzcoa and Biscay, partially in Alava and Navarre ; in France, only in the arrondissemcnts of Mauleon and Bayonne in the department of the Lower Pyrenees. Five principal dialects, with several sub-dialects : GUIPUZCOAN, BIS- CAY AN (and the dialect of Llodia) in Spain ; and the BAS-NAVARRAIS, SOULETIN and LABOURDIN, in France. Clearly agglutinative. Analogies detected with the FINNISH, by Prince L. I,. Buonaparte and others ; and N. American (ALGONKIN) by Pruner-Bey and Charency ; also with the KHAMITIC by D'Abbadie, and ACCADIAN by Sayce. Fabre's "Diet. Fransais-Basque," Bayonne, 1870, " Essai de Grammaire," par W. J. Van Eys, Amsterdam, 1867. W. W. See ESCUABA. 25 BASUNDO. A native dialect of Africa, belonging to the N.W. division of the Kaffir group, vernacular in the E. Gaboon. BATAK, or BATTA. A native dialect of wild Malays in Sumatra ; it is allied to BUGIS, with written characters imitated from the DEVANAGIRI alphabet of SANSKRIT. %* The Orang Batta are the indigines of Sumatra ; BANJAK, PAKPAK, ZINGKAL, TOBA, are all sub-dialects of BATTA in Sumatra. See Van der Tunk's " Collection of Battak Texts, with Notes and Translations," 4 vols., Amsterdam, 1860-62; " Bataksch Leesboek " ; and " Bataksch-Neder- duitsch Woordenboek," Amsterdam, 1861. l^iT BATAR, see BOB. BAT AVIAN-MALAY. What is called BATAVIAN-MALAY is perhaps rather a Sundanese than a Malay dialect. It is the language of the natives of Batavia and its environs, a population sprung from the conflux of individuals from almost every part of the Archipelago ; yet the SUNDANESE element seems to predominate. This language ought not to be confounded with the low- Malay spoken at Batavia by Europeans and natives in their ordinary intercourse, which is merely Malay corrupted by the introduction of foreign words and forms of speech. To these Europeans the language which the natives use among themselves is quite unintelligible. P. J. V BATCHIAN. A dialect of MALAY, somewhat allied to GILOLO. %* This island is one of the Moluccas ; it has no indigenous popula- tion, but the so-called Malay colonists are of a mixed race, and the dialect they speak is mixed with Papuan or Alfuru elements. P. J, V. BATEMDAKAIEE, see KULANAPO. BATHURST. A dialect vernacular in N. S. Wales. BATTA (1), see BATAK. BATTA (2). A family of languages, vernacular in Africa. *#* One of the thirty languages of the Adamawa. spoken under 9 N. L. ( Red-rock" in MALAY). A dialect of the Mohammedan suburb of Ambojna, closely allied to LIANG. See MORELLA. BAURE, see Moxos. 26 BAURO or SAN CRISTOVAL. A dialect of the Solomon Isles, or Isles of Danger, in the Pacific Ocean. BAVARIAN (BAIERISCHE). A dialect of TEUTONIC, typical High-German. See " Bayerisches Worterbuch," by Schmeller, 4 vols., Stuttgard, 1827-37. W. W. S. BAYANO. A dialect of Central America, vernacular at San Salvador, Guatemala. See DAEIEN and SAVANEKIC. BAYEIYE. African : a sub-dialect of BANTU, vernacular in the interior. BAYON or BAYUNG. A dialect of KAFFIR, vernacular on the R. Gaboon. *#* The name is important because it is the last of the languages on the W. half of equatorial Africa of which any specimen is known. BEAK. A dialect of PAPUAN, vernacular in New Guinea. BEARNAIS. The dialect of Beam, in the S. of France. See Hatoulet et Picot's " Proverbes Bearnais, avecun Vocabulaire," 8vo, Paris, 1862. W. W. S. BEAVER. American : dialect of the Beaver Indians, N. of the Hudson's Bay country ; sometimes classed as CHIPEWAYAN. BECHUANA. African : a dialect of KAFFIR. Moffat's " Spelling-book," London 1826 ; " Bukauiane A B C," Kapstadt, 1839. See SECHUANA. BEDFORDSHIRE. A dialect of England. See " An Analysis of English, with an Analysis of the dialect of Bedfordshire," by T. Batchelor, London, 1809. W. W. S. BEGHARMI. A dialect of central Africa, spoken to the S.E. ef Lake Tshad ; Dr. Barth assigns it to the SHILUK class. Vocabulary in Klaproth's " Essai sur la Langue du Bornou," Paris, 1826. BEJA or BOJE. A dialect of N.E. Africa, vernacular at Kosseir, the ancient Apollono- polis Parva, in Egypt. It is also called BISHABI. See Burckhardt's ' Travels in Nubia," pp. 160-1. BELANG or BILONG. A native dialect of Celebes, somewhat allied to LANGOWAN. See BENTENANG. 27 BELGIC or BELGIAN. Old Belgic was Teutonic, Low- German, classed as a dialect of Frisian. Modern Belgian is a dialect of French. See De Reiffenberg's " Nouv. Obs. sur les patois Romans de la Belgique," " Echo du Monde Savant," 1840. BELONESE. Dialects of E. Timor, spoken by the Belonese under Portuguese dominion ; sub-dialects are Teto, Vaiqueno, Viale, Manatuta. Vocaby. by Mr. Heymering, in " Tyd. v. Ned. Ins." viii., 3. P. J. V. BELOOCHI or BILUCH. The native dialect of Beloochistan, the tract between Affghanistan and the Indian Ocean, N. India ; it is allied to PERSIAN. BELTIN. A dialect of TURKISH, spoken by a small tribe on the E. Abakan in Siberia. "Asia P." p. 229. H. H. H. BENGA gr BENGUELAN. A dialect of W. Africa, classed by Bleek as a sub-dialect of BANTU, N.W. branch. Mackey's " Grammar," N. York, 1855. See BlENGA. BENGALI. The vernacular dialect of the province of Bengal, British India ; it is derived from SANSKRIT, and written in characters modified from the Divanagari alphabet. See Carey's " Diet, of the Bengalee Language," &c., 2 vols., Serampore, 1825 ; Yates's " Introd. to Bengali," Calcutta, 1847. BENI, BENIN, or BINI. A general name for the native dialects, vernacular in the Bight of Benin, W. Africa. Applied more particularly to the MOKO. Other dialects are the BONNY, the IBO, and ARO. See Clarke's " Dialects of Africa," p. 35. BENI MENASSER, see under M. BENTENANG. Alfuru dialect of N. Celebes, spoken in the districts of Pasan, Ratahan, and Ponasakan, sometimes called PASAN BANGKO. P. J. V. BERBER. A language spoken in many parts of N. Africa by supposed descendants of the ancient Lybians and Mauritanians ; it somewhat resembles COPTIC in construction, with an African vocabulary. The word Berber is a form of 01 f3ap3poi, " people whose speech is not intelligible ; gibberish." *** More properly a name given by the Arabs and Europeans to several widely spread languages of N. Africa. " Diet. Fransais-Berbere, Paris, 1844. F. W. N. See LIBYAN. BERBERINI. A language spoken on the Upper Nile, which has no relation to the BERBER, properly so called. F. W. N. 28 BERESOV. The Ostiaks of Bereaov speak a dialect of OSTIACK. See Klaproth, "Asia P." H. H. H. BERGAMASCO. A provincial dialect of ITALIAN. BERKSHIRE. A few remarks on this dialect occur in Nichol's " Bibliotheca Typo- graphica Britannica," 4to, 1783, vol. iv., p. 44 ; see also T. Hughes's " Scouring of the White Horse." W. W. S. BETHUCK. The native dialect of Newfoundland ; it is allied to ALGONQUIN. BETOI. American dialect of New Grenada, on the eastern slope of the Ancles. Sub-dialects are the AIBICO, ELE, GIRAKI, and SITUFA. BHASA. Native word for speech or language, used both in combination and composition. 1. In BHASA-KRAMA, the ceremonial language of Java, and in the BAHASA-TANAH of Amboyna, it precedes ; 2. In BRIJ-BHASA, it follows the word. Compare SANSKRIT, 3T3T, vdchd, " speech." See AMBOYNA. BHATUI, or BHATORE. A dialect of TAMUL. %* One of the cant, slang, or artificial languages of India ; its basis is MARATHI. Balfour's " Languages of the Wandering Tribes of India," BHIL or BHEEL. A name for the BILUCH of Beloochistan. See BELOOCHI. &jf BHOJEPOORA. A dialect of HINDUWI, spoken throughout the neighbourhood of Benares, in the N. of British India. BHOOTANESE. A dialect of the BHOTIYA family, spoken in the modern Bhootan ; it is allied to TAMUL. G. E. BHOTIA. The language of BHOT or BOOTAN. The people of all Thibet, from Ladak to Lassa, are BHOTIAS, and inhabit the whole length of the Himalaya, along the snowy range on its S. face in Kumaon, Nipal and Sikim. Papers by Mr. Hodgson, in the " Asiatic Society's Journal of Bengal." A.C. %* Bhot or Bhotiya : native name for Thibet or Tibet and the Tibetans ; Butan and Bultistan are from the same root, and serve to indicate the great spread of the Tibetan race. The Butanis call them- selves Lhopa. K. G. L. See THIBETAN. 29 BHOTIYA. A general name for the Sub- Himalayan languages. G. R. BHRAMU. A dialect of Nepaul, allied to DAHI. See BEAMHU. BIAFADA. A negro dialect, allied to PADSADE, vernacular in the Bissagos, or Bijugas islands at the mouth of Eio, W. Africa. BlAJUK or BIAJU. A dialect of MALAY, of certain ruder populations of Borneo. %* Properly Biajus or Beajus, the Dayaks of S. Borneo, in the ancient kingdom of Banyarmarsin, now under Dutch rule. P. J. V. t&JT BIBLIOGRAPHY. An attempt has been made to quote authorities under each leading article ; but, for the general knowledge of all languages in a collective form, the following list of books is here supplied : Hervas : " Catalogo delle lingue conosciute," &c., Cesena, 1785 (Italy). Empress Catherine and Pallas : " Linguarum totius orbis Vocabularia comparativa," 3 vols., St. Petersburgh, 1786-9. Adelung and Vater : " Mithridates, oder allgemeine Sprachenkunde," &c., 4 vols., 8vo, Berlin, 1806-17. Vater and Jiilg : " Litteratur der Grammatiken, Lexiker, und Wor- tersammlungen aller Sprachen der Erde," 2nd edit., Berlin, 1847. Balbi : " Atlas Ethnographique du Globe," &c., Paris, 1826. Migne : " Dictionnaire de Linguistique et de philologie compared," &c., Paris, 1864. Latham : " Elements of Comparative Philology," London, 1862. Tregelles and others : " The Bible of every Land : a History of the Sacred Scriptures in every language and dialect, with specimens, alpha- bets, maps," &c., S. Bagster and Sons, London. Miiller : " Lectures on the Science of Language," by Prof. Max Miiller, London, 1862-64. Farrar : " Families of Speech," by the Rev. F. W. Farrar, &c., London, 1870. %* For the later authorities quoted throughout the Dictionary, see published catalogues of Messrs. Triibaer, Quaritch, and other dealers. BlDDUMA, see BUDUMA. BlENGA. APEICAN : language of the I. of Corisco. BIGHT-HEAD. A native dialect of Australia. BIJENELUMBO. A native dialect of Australia. 30 BlKANIRA. A dialect of HINDUWT, spoken in Rajpootana, N.W. India ; using characters of the Divanagari alphabet. BlLUCH, see BELOOCHI. BlMA. A dialect of MALAYAN, vernacular in E. Sumbawa, an island to the S.E. of Java. |gg BlMBPA, see CAMEROONS. BlNI, see BENIN and MOKO. BlSAYA or BISSAYAN. A dialect of the Philippine Islands. See Crawfurd's " Malay Grammar, 1 ' dissertation, p. 239. Dicty. by Mentrida, Manila, 1841. igg ** Also the name of a Dayak tribe on the K. Limbang, N. Borneo. Vocaby. in St. John's " Life in the Forests of the Far East ; " appdx. p. 407. P. J. V. BISCAY AN, see BASQUE. BISHARI, African ; a collective name for the DANAKIL, ILMORMO, and SOMAULI. See BEJA. BISSAGO. AFRICAN : numerous and diverse dialects, vernacular in a small Archipelago, so called, between 8 and 10 N. L. See BIAFADA. BLACKFOOT. A native dialect of N. America, classed as ALGONQUIN. It is now spoken by several tribes on the Saskatchewan river line. See Butler's " Great Lone Land," London, 1873, p. 385 ; " Trans. Amer. Ethn. Soc.," vol. ii., Introd. p. cxii., p. 88 ; Schoolcraft's " Indian Tribes," vol. ii., p. 494. BLACKMOUTHS, see JURIPIXUNA. BOBIA. AFRICAN : a sub- dialect of OTAM. BODE. A dialect of BORNU. See Kolle's " Africa Pol." BODEGA, see OLAMENTKE. BODO, A dialect of THIBETAN vernacular in the Sikhim Himalayas. Hodg- son (H. B.) " Aborigines of India." See MECH. BOERO, see CAJELI. 31 BOHEMIAN. Sometimes called CHEKHor TSCHEKH, spoken in Bohemia, a province of the Austrian Empire ; it is of SLOVACK origin, and closely allied to RUSSIAN. " Slownjk Cesko-Nemecky," by Jungmann. Five vols. 4to. A Bohemian-Latin-German Dictionary ; published by the Royal Academy of Prague. W. W. S. See ROMANY. BOKHARA or BOKAREE. A dialect of PERSIAN, vernacular in Bokhara. See Klaproth " Asia Pol.," pp. 242-5-54. Pallas's " Vocab. Oath." p. 102. BOKSA, see KUMAON. BOLAANGO. Alfuru dialects of N. Celebes, spoken in the districts Boloong, Uki, Bentaiina and Andagile of Kattingola. P. J. V. BOLAR. A negro dialect, allied to BULANDA. BOLONG, BOLAANG, or BULONG. A dialect of Celebes or Macassar, allied to BUGIS ; and subdivided into BOLONG-ITANG-OTA and BOLONG-MONGONDO. Respectively Upper and Lower, the former is the BOLANG-ITAM or HITAM of Wallace's App. " Malay Archipelago." Classed as sub-dialects of MENADU. ifg BONNY. A class of native African dialects, vernacular in Guinea. See OBANY. BOORO, tee CAJELI. BOR. A sub-TtTBANiAN dialect spoken by a broken tribe of NepauL, BORABORA. POLYNESIAN : A TAHITIAN language. Vernacular in one of the Society's Is. "W. G. See TAHITI. BORAIPER. A dialect of Australia, allied to AIAWONG. BORGIA, SAN. A native dialect of California, N. America. BORITSU. A dialect of KAFFIR (N. W. division), vernacular on the R. Gaboon See Kolle : " Polyg. Afric." BORMIO, A dialect of ITALIAN, vernacular in Lombardy. 32 BORNEO. The populations of Borneo are of mixed races, known as Biajuks, Biajiis or Bajows, Dyaks, &c., as well as Malays. We have dialects of KAGAN or KAYAN, KUPUA, MALO, MERI, MILLANOW, MURUNG, SAKARRON, SANGOUW, SIBNOW, Sow, SUNTAB. Works by Crawfurd, Brooke (Sir J.), Keppel (Adml.), Marsden, 1795. HANAU. A sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. HANDURI. A dialect of PUNJABI. HANOVER. A dialect of Low-GEBMAW. HARAFORA, see ALFURU. HARAYA. MALAYAN : a dialect of the Philippine la. Dicty. by Mentrida, Manila, 1841. HARPA. BHOT : a dialect of N. and S.E. Thibet. HARROTI. A dialect of HINDI, spoken in the State of Kotah, Rajpootana, N.W. India. HARZ or HARTZ. A dialect of LOW-GERMAN. Schulze : " Harzgedichte," Clausthal, 1833. HATIGOR. A dialect of Assamese, classed as SINGHPO. HATUSUA. MALAYAN : dialect of Ceram. HAUSSA, HOUSSA, or HAWSA. A native dialect of African, largely infused with ARABIC, vernacular along the R. Chadda. a tributary of tlie Niger. Se2 Schon : " Grammar," London, 1862 ; " Vocaby.," London, 1843 ; " Primer," Berlin, 1857. %* BODO, &c., are related to HAUSSA ; this language has vocalic euphony. H. C. HAVAIIAN, HAWAIAN. A dialect of E. POLYNESIAN, spoken by natives of Owhyhee and otho.r of the Sandwich Is., in the N. Pacific Ocean ; it is similar in form and construction to TAHITIAN, and the MAORI of New Zealand. It is now a written language. See Dicty. by Andrews, Honolulu, 1865. R. G. L. (2.) HATU, SOP. VAYT-. 99 HEBRvEO-AFRICAN. An epithet invented by Dr. J. Cowles Prichard, in imitation of Indo- European, to include a group of African languages which have definite relations to the HEBREW. These are especially the Abyssinian languages, the GALLA, the COPTIC, and the LIBYAN. Within the limits of an article we cannot state all the points of relationship, but we may note the remarkable similarity of the first and second pronouns, the mode of conjugating, the principal tense of the verb, the facility of forming deri- vative verbs from a primary (but the languages connected with Turkish have this), the inaptitude in compounding words, even so far as not even to prefix preposicions to verbs. The Abyssinian languages come nearest to Hebrew, and next the Libyan. Tutscheh notes the singular approxi- mation of the Galla to the Arabic in the syntax used with the plural of nouns. The Coptic is of all the most distant from Hebrew. F. W. N. HEBREW. SEMITIC : closely allied to ARAMAIC and PHOENICIAN. It is an extinct dialect spoken by the ancient Jews of Palestine, and preserved to us in their sacred writings known as the Old Testament Scriptures. The old Hebrew character, as found on coins, &c., has much resemblance to Phoenician. The Biblical alphabet, called Square Hebrew, has been traced by some to the captivity at Babylon, B.C. 603-536, but is regarded by others as much more recent. The Rabbinic characters are of a more cursive form, and the modern Jews of Germany and Poland used running hands of somewhat differing forms. For LATER HEBREW, see TALMUDIC, and for MODERN HEBREW, see JEWEY. Lexicons by Fiirst ; Gesenius : Grammar, Lex. ; Thesaurus, &c. HEBRIDES, NEW, see MALLICOLLO. HEILBRONN. A sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. HELEBI. A name for the Gipsies of Egypt ; perhaps from Heleb or Halib, the ARABIC form of Aleppo, in N. Syria. W. E. HELIGOLAND. A sub-dialect of FRISIAN. See Oelrich's " Kleines Worterb." 1846. HELLENIC. INDO-EUROPEAN : class name for the Greek language and its dialects. HELSINGA. A sub-dialect of SWEDISH. See Lenstrom : " Ordbok," Upsala, 1841. See HELSINGIC. HENNEBERG. A sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. See Briicker : " Beitrag," Meiningen, 1843. HEREFORDSHIRE. A provincial dialect of ENGLISH. " Glossary " by Sir G. C. Lewis, London. 1839. W. W. S. H 2 100 HERERO. African : classed by Earth and Bleek as S.W. BANTU, with BENGA, BENGUELA, and BUNDA. The name of the language is " Tyi-herer6,'" that of the speakers is " Va-herer6 " : it is now nearly extinct. See Hahn : "Grammatik," Berlin, 1857 ; Kolbe: " Vowels," 1868: specimens collected by Dr. Rath. HERE vi, HETZVI. An extinct dialect of OLD PERSIAN, formerly vernacular at Herat. HERZEGOVINIC. SLAVONIC : a sub-dialect of SEBVIAN. HESSIAN. A sub-dialect of HIGH- GERMAN. HEUMA, see SHENDTJ. HEVE. A native dialect of the aborigines of Central America, vernacular in Mexico ; it is also called EUDEVE, and closely allied to PIHA. See Smith's " Grammatical Sketch," 1862. HHAMARA, see WAAG. HIANG-YAN. A name for the common colloquial language of CHINESE. HlAQUI. AMERICAN : spoken in Sonora 'and Sinaloa ; also called IBEQUI and YAQUI. HIERATIC. GREEK name for the cursive alphabet used by the ancient priestly caste of Egypt ; it is from the word " hieros," " sacred." l|gp HIEROGLYPHIC. Greek name for the symbolic alphabet or figure painting which con- stituted the most formal writing of ancient Egyptians, from " hieros " and '' grapho." The Aztecs of Mexico also had a system of hieroglyphic writing. Brugsch : " Hierog. Demot. Worterb.," 4 vols., Leipsig, 1867-8. .See NAHUATL. HlERONYMIC. SLAVONIC : name for the Glagolitic characters. HIGHLAND. HIGHLAND- SCOTTISH : name sometimes used for GAELIC. HlLDESHEIM. A =nb dinleot of T.o\v-OKinf AN. 101 HILIGUEINA. MALAYAN : a dialect of the Philippine Is. See LLOCANA. HIMALAYAN. Name for a class of native aboriginal languages of Hindostan, com- prising KOOCH, DHIMAL, BODO, all closely allied to NlPALESE and BHOT. See " Essays by Hodgson," Calcutta, 1847. HlMYARITIG or HlMJARITE. Name for the characters used in some early inscriptions of S. Arabia in a dialect allied to the MAHABI of Abyssinia. Mr. Palgrave, " Central and E. Arabia," vol ii., p. 240, states that the modern Hirayarites, who speak a dialect of modern Arabic, are called the " reds " : " ahmar " in Arabic ; but it seems more probable that they are the Hi or Hy-Mahari : " Hy " being a tribal prefix in Africa as in Ireland. Compare the Hi-breasail, the Hy-Many, or O'Kelly people ; the Hy-Fiachrach or O'Dowdy people. The use of the same prefix in Africa is proved by the Ki-Suaheli, the Hi or Ki-Kamba, Ki-Sambala ; cf. the Heb. fl; fJ; which gives the transition from " h " to " ch " or " k " ; thus also we may have Ki- Afer for the people of Africa, the original Kaffirs : indeed we have the mature word in Ke-Kuafi, see under U. Hy-mahari would mean " the shore-people." See EKHKILI. HlNANTSHI or HlNA. African : assigned by Earth to HAMARUA. HINDI or HlNDUWI. The vernacular language of native Hindoos ; it is derived from SANSKRIT, and closely adhered to by all the Brahmin castes. It was probably the court tongue of Canaug or Kanoj. a chief city of Hindostan when Alexander the Great crossed the Indus and defeated Porus, B.C. 327. Tae language has many branches or sub-dialects, and is written in the Devanagri, or sacred alphabet used in the Vedas ; also in Kyt'hi, a sort of running hand. Ballantyne : " Elements," London, 1869 ; " Chrestomathie," Garcin de Tassy, Paris, 1849. HINDOO. Class name for the INDIAN branch of the ARYAN family of languages, derived, according to 'some, from " Hapta Hendu," " Seven Rivers," old name for the Punjaub. HlNDOSTANI or URDU. The vernacular tongue of the Indian Moslemim, or Mussulmen ; first originated by the Muhammadan invaders, circa A.D. 1004. It is a com- pound of ARABIC and PERSIAN with SANSKRIT, called URDU ZABAN, or '*camp lingo," and written in a cursive character, called Taghlik, derived from Arabic ; also in uncial letters foriried from Sanskrit. N.B. Hindu-stan means the "land of the Hindoos." Forbes : " Dicty H. and Eng.," 1859 ; " Grammar," 1849. HlNZUAN. African : a KAFFIB form of speech ; language of the Comorn Is., off the E. coast. 102 HlTCHITTEE. AMERICAN : spoken by a division of the Creeks. " Arch. Amer.," vol. ii., p. 377. , see GERMAN. HOCHELAGA. American : sub-dialect of MOHAWK, formerly spoken in the locality now known as Montreal, Canada. HOCHUNGORAH. AMERICAN : native name for the Winnebagos. HOHEN-LOHE, HOHEN-SCHWANGAU, HOHEN- STEIN. Sub-dialects of HIGH-GERMAN. HOK-KEEN. Dialect of CHINESE. Dicty. by Medhurst, Macao, 1832-9. HOLLAND or HOLLANDISH. (1) A name for the NETHERLANDISH, a dialect of PLATT-DEUTSCH. (2) For provincial Dialects. SeeLatham's" Opuscula," London, 1860. HOLOPHRASIS. Grammatical term ;* mode of analysis ; reducing whole sentences into words. See POLYSYNTHETIC. HOLSTEIN. Sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See Schiitze : " Holsteinisches Idio- tikon," Hamburgh, 1800-6. W. W. S. HONDURAS. American : geographical term for the LENCA class. %* The languages are allied to the KOUMA, LEGBA, &c.. of W. Africa. H. 0. HOOPAH. American : a variety of ATHABASKAN, spoken so far S. as U. Cali- fornia. HOR or HORPA. THIBETAN : a local dialect of BHOT, called also (1) KHACHE : Chinese KOATSE ; (2) IGUR, the native name, which appears to be the same as UIGHUR, a Turkish dialect. The affix " pa " in " Horpa " is Bhot, as quoted by Mr. Hodgson, who gives W. Thibet along with Dzun- garia and Chinese Turkestan as the area over which it is spoken. R. G. L. HOTONTALO. Polynesian ; a sub-dialect of MKNADU. 103 HOTTENTOT. African : name for a large number of S. dialects, spoken by the Quaiquai or K'hoe Khoep, and distinguished by a peculiar sound in utterance, known as the Hottentot " click." *** According to Dr. Bleek they are a widely different class from the KAFFIE. R. G. L. HOVA. Native term "ank'ova"; used for the central tribes of Madagascar, said to be a fair race. It is, apparently, of African origin, as under HEEEBO. See MALAGASSY. HOYA. Malayan : a dialect of CEEAM, allied to TELUTI. HUACHI, HUANCAS. AMERICAN : Indians of Bolivia. HUASTECA. American : dialect of Mexico, and apparently the same word as " Aztec " It is spoken in the province of Tamaulipas, and is a language of the MAYA class. See De Olmoz : " Grammatica," &c., Mexico, 1560. HUECO or WACO. American : name for the TALLEWITSUS. It is vernacular in Texas, and allied to KECHAI, PAWNEE, &c. HUILLICHE. AMERICAN : name for tribes of Araucans, the aborigines of Chili. The " che " here means " men." being a Chileno word, so we have " men of the south." It is applied also to the Patagonians. R. G. L. See VUTA. HUMMING-BIRD INDIANS. AMERICAN : name for the Uaenambeu tribe in the province of Rio Negro, BrasiL HUNGARIAN or MAGYAR. UGRIAN : dialect of an Asiatic race, derived from the OSTIAK of the R. Ob or Oby in Siberia, and closely allied to FINNISH. The Magyars are now the dominant race in the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, which they subdued about A.D. 900. It has a copious modern literature. See Ballagi: " Worterbuk," Pesth, 1864; Ollendorff : "Newe Methode," Pesth, 1869. See UNGARN. HUNGARIAN-WENDISH. Slavonic : a local dialect of Hungary, allied to the WENDISH of Lusatia. HUNZA, see KHAJUNA. 104 HURON. American : classed as IROQUOIS ; language of the Huron Indians, spoken on the shores of the lake so named. HURRIANA. A dialect of HINDI spoken in a fertile district of N.W. India, an oasis on the Jumna, near Delhi. The word " Hurya " signifies " green." HURUR. Abyssinian, dialect of AMHARIC. See " Salt's Voyage," appendix, vol. i., p. 6. HUZVARESH. IRANIC : same as PEHLEVI. See Spiegel: " Grammatik," Wien, 1856. HYMIARITIC, see under Hi. HYPERBOREAN. Dr. Latham's class-name at one time proposed for the DZHUKAGHIR, SAMOYED, and YENISEIAN group of languages. ADDENDA. HADAREB, HADAREM, under A. HADENDOA. AFRICAN : a dialect of Nubia. HALHA. Same as HAILHA, also written GALGAI. HALLANDIC, HELSINGIC. SCANDINAVIAN : dialects of Sweden, cited in Hire's " Svenskt Dialect- Lex.," Upsal, 1766. W. W. S. HALLE. Germanic : sub-dialect of SwABiAN. See " Mundartliche Sprache," 1814. HALLENGA, AFRICAN : a dialect of Nubia. HAMBURG-INDIANS. AMERICAN : ENGLISH name for the T-ka's of Scott's River ; they speak a dialect of SHASTA. HARAR, HARRER, HARRARGIE, see HURUR, HATTAQUAHE. Caucasian : a dialect of ADIGE or CHERKESS. H. C. HAWSTEAD (HALSTEAD). Suffolk dialect of ENGLISH. See Gullum's " History," &c., 1784. HAZORTA. African : same as SHIHO, a dialect of DANAKIL. HELSINGIC, see HALLANDIC. HENNEGA. American : KOLTJSCH dialect of P. Wales's Is. HERVEY ARCH., see RAROTONGAN. HIGH-GERMAN. English form of HocH-DEUTSCHEN. HlLLUNA, see ILLOCANO. HlNDELOPIAN. Germanic : a sub-dialect of FBIESIC. See specimen in Bosworth'a " A. S. Dicty.," p. 74. W. W. S. HINDMARSH LAKE. Dialect of AUSTRALIAN. See " Eyre's Journals," London, 1845. HlO, see EYO. HlONG~NU. Alatyan : dialect of TURKISH. It is the name used by Chinese, and by them applied to the mediaeval Huns. H LASS A, under L. HO. (1) African : BOMBA dialect of Guinea. See SALA. (2) INDIAN : native name for the KOL of Kolehan. It means " man." See SINGHBHUM. HOLLAND (NEW), see AUSTRALIAN. HONIMOA. MALAYAN : dialect of the Moluccas, closely allied to SABAPUA. HONIN. Negritic : dialect of PAPUAN. HOOD-SUNHOO. American : KOLUSCH dialect of Hood's Bay. 106 HORDE. That is " herd," a body, tribe, family, or clan, applied to nomade Tatars. It is the same word as Urdu, " a camp," in URDU ZABAN. See HINDOSTANI. HORN is. POLYNESIAN : dialect of the Friendly group. HOROJE. AMERICAN : a name for the Winnebags. HO-TE-DAY. AMERICAN : native name of the Yeka or Shasta-butte Indians of California. HOUSSA. African : German form of HAUSSA. HUAHINE. EASTERN POLYNESIAN : same as TAHITIAN. W. G. HUDSON'S-BAY INDIANS. AMERICAN : tribes of Chepewyans. HUME R., see MURRUMBIDGEE. HURN-PARDEE. INDIAN : also called BAORI ; a nomadic tribe who subsist by catching antelope and the hunting-cheetah ; they speak a peculiar dialect of HINDI. W. E. See BOWRI. HUZZAW, see OSA&E. I. IAIAN. A Polynesian dialect, allied to LIFU. IAKON, under J. IAPYGIAN. A language spoken in the S. of ancient Italy ; it was allied to OscAN, but containing a large number of Greek words. See Mommsen : " Unteritalischen Dialekte," Leipsig, 1851. G. R. 107 IBAREKAB. African ; a dialect of BEJA. See Salt's " Voyage." IBBIBBY. African : a name for the QUA or CALEBAE. IBEQUI, see HIAQUI. IBERIAN or IBERIC. A name for the pre-Roman dialects of Spain, and sometimes used as a synonym for BASQUE, which is supposed to have been derived from it. See CELT-IBEBIAN. ISO or EBOE. AFRICAN : dialect of the W. coast, at the delta of the Niger. ICELANDIC. Old Icelandic is the same as OLD NORSE, and the modern dialect differs from it but slightly. A language of Teutonic origin, belonging to the SCANDINAVIAN branch, planted in Iceland by Norwegian settlers, circa A.D. 874. Rask's Grammar, translated by Dasent, Loi;don, 1843 ; Mobius : "Altnordisches Glossar," Leipsig, 1866 ; Egilsson : "Dicty. of the Poetical Language," Copenhagen, 1860 ; Cleasby and Vigfusson : " Dicty. of the Prose Language," Oxford, 1869-71, completed as far as " R." W. W. S. IDEOGRAPHIC. Name for writing in which single characters express ideas ; the hiero- glyphics or picture writing of Egypt, and the languages of ancient Babylonia and Assyria are partly ideographic. G. R. See IGALA. IDIOM. A native peculiarity of speech. IGARRA. African : dialect of the YOEUBA. IGBIRA. African : a dialect of the YOEUBA. IGBIRA-HIMA, IGBIRA-PANDA. African : dialects of the NUPI. IGHUR, tee UIGUE. IKA. AMEEICAN : dialect of L. California. ILLINOIS. American : the ALGONKIN of the State so named after the original tribes, " Illeni," li the men." Vocab., " Trans. Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii. t p. 112. 108 ILLYRIAN. Slavonic : a written dialect of SERVIAN, closely allied to WENDISH. See " Grammatik.," by Babukic, Wien, 1839 ; Dicty. by Frbhlich, " Ill- Dutch," Wien, 1853-4. ILLYRIC or THRACO-lLLYRIC. Name for a class of AKYAN languages, of which the SKIPETAE or ALBANIAN is the only modern representative. See PELASGIC. ILMORMO. African : a dialect of GALLA. %* It is a name for the GALLA proper, by some alleged to be Semitic or Sub-Semitic, but the relations are very remote. H. C. ILOCANA or lLOCO. MALAYAN : a dialect of the Philippines. Vocaby. by Carro, Manila, 1849. INBASK or INBAZK. Moghol : a dialect of YENISEIAN or OSTIAK, somewhat allied to ARINI. Klaproth : "Asia Pol.," p. 171. INCA. American : a name given to the QuiCHUA language, after a dynasty of Peru. See QUICHUA. INCORPORATING. A name for the agglutinative languages of America. See POLYSYNTHETIC. INDENI. A dialect of PAPUAN, also called NITENDI. INDIA. Name for HiNDOSTAN : land of the Indus, or of the Hindoos, who inhabit it. %* For aboriginal languages see Hunter's " Comparative Vocabulary of the Non-Aryan Languages of India " ; Caldwell's " Comp. Gr." ; Papers by Dr. Seth Stevenson, &c. See WEST INDIES. INDIAN. A name given to many dialects of the aborigines of New England and other parts of America. tgjjr INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO. Languages POLYNESIAN : classed as Malayan and Negritic. INDIAN, OLD. A name for SANSKRIT. 109 INDIANS. N. AMEBICAN : The Nova Scotia Indiana have all decayed away. They were a people who in their habits more especially used the sea- coast, banks of lakes, rivers, &c. ; the mountaineer is the country Indian, solely engaged in hunting spoils for trade and subsistence. The E. States have still a sprinkling of mongrel races, so intermixed as to leave but a slight trace of tne old N. American sons of the forest. The Eed Indian of Newfoundland was cannibal in his habits, and the race is utterly extinct. I have not met, on the Labrador, any mixture between the Esquimaux and the mountaineer and Mic-Mac tribes, but frequently children of English and Esquimaux. J. T. INDIC. A name for the HINDOO branch of the great ARYAN family of lan- guages, comprising SANSKRIT, PRAKRIT, PALI, MAHRATTA, HINDI, BENGALI, &c. The country N. of the Indus was called Arya-avarta, " abode of the Aryas." %* A S.W. branch of the great ARYAN family, who in pre-historic times were settled to the N. and N.W. of Kabul, became in the end the Brahmanic Aryans of India, and the Zoroastrian Aryans of Iran (Persia). There is no doubt that the Indian Aryans travelled mainly to the S. W., crossing first, and s ; ttling in the Land of the Seven Rivers the Indus, Punjab (or Five Rivers), and the Sarasvati and that they proceeded thence gradually along the Jumna and Ganges, till they reached the i?ay of Bengal. Ultimately, under the name of Hindus (whence Hindustan), they occupied all the district around and in connection with this great river system, displacing and driving to the south an earlier race, who still inhabit the S. A. and S. of the Deccan (Dakshina, so called as on the right hand dexter of the invading Hindu race), and who are allied to the Moghols of Central Asia. The dialect of the earlier, as of the exist- ing populations to the S. and E., is of Turanian or Nishada origin. The principal Aryan dialects at present are BENGALI, HINDI, and MAH- RATTA, all of them lineal descendants of the Uevanagari or Sanskrit, which is no longer a spoken language. HINDUSTANI, though mainly Aryan in its vocabulary, and wholly so in its structure, is rather the language of general communication than a distinct dialect. See " Com- parative Grammar of the Aryan Languages of India," by Beames. W. S.W.V. See DRAVIDIAN. INDO-CHINESE. A collective term for a class of languages embracing ANAMITE, SIAMESE, and allied dialects. See Leyden in " Asiatic Researches," vol. x. ; Browu's ' Comparative Table'' in the "Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal," 1837. INDO-EUROPEAN, see ARYAN. Bopp's "Comparative Grammar"; " Vergleichende Grammatik des Sansk., Zend., Griech , Lat., Lithau., Altslav., Gothischen and Deutsche," 4 vols., Berlin, 1833-42 ; English translation by Eastwick, 3 vols., London, 1862. INDO-GERMANIC. Same as INDO-EUROPEAN. See Schleicher : " Indo-Germanische Chrestomathie," Weimar, 1869 ; Fick : " Worterbuch der Indogerma- nischen Sprachen," Gottingen, 1871. "W. W. S. 110 INDO- PARTHIAN. Name for an early dynasty of Kabulistan, then probably of much greater extent ; their coins are found over the whole of the Punjab and into India. W. S. W. V. INDO-PORTUGUESE. Mixel dialect used at the seaports of Ceylon, formed by a combina- tion of PORTUGUESE with DUTCH and SANSKRIT. INDO-SCYTHIAN, INDO-SCYTHIC. An early dynasty of Kabulistan founded about B.C. 80, by a nomadic people called Yue-tchi by the Thibetans. %* The language used by these monarchs on their coins is two fold ; Aryan and Greek. See Wilson's " Ariana Antiqua," pp. 347-381. G.R. INFLECTIONAL. Same as polysyllabic ; name for the highest class of speech yet known to man. It is specially applied to the Aryan family of languages, which express the '' moods, tenses, cases, and all other modifications of meaning in verbs and nouns by means of suffixes mutilated fragments of words." Farrar. INGANOS. AMERICAN : Indians of N. Granada. See " Vocabulario," " Los Indios del Andaqui," pp. 20-21. INGUSH. Lesgian : a dialect of TSHETSH, spoken by the Lamur, hill-men of Georgia and Circassia. INHAMBANE. African : a dialect of the MOZAMBIQUE. INKALAIT, INKILIK, INKULUKHLUAIT, INGEL- MUT. American : dialects of ATHABASCAN, spoken at the Eskimo frontier in the N.W. ; belonging to the KENAI stock. Iggp INKRA, see ACCRA. INNIUT or INNUIT. Native name for the ESKIMO. It means " the people." INONGO. African : dialect of YARRIBA, vernacular on the W. Coast. INSAM. A PAPUAN dialect of New Guinea. Ill INSCRIPTIONS. The most durable means of preserving individual records of written speech. They are termed, variously, " incised," " impressed," "lapidary," "monumental," "numismatic," "painted." The famous Rosetta and Carpentras stones, and the decree of Canopus from Egypt, and theBehis- tun rock inscriptions, are examples of bilingual records, that serve, by means of comparison, to facilitate decipherment. The Assyrian cunei- form writing and the Egyptian hieroglyphs have thus been explained, and the Chinese have in use extensive libraries of stone inscriptions at the present day. See Gesenius : " Scripturse Linguaeque Phoenicia Monumenta," 2 vols., Leipsig, 1837. INTIBUCA. American : one of the four native languages of HONDURAS. IONIC or IONIAN. A sub-dialect of classical GREEK ; the original lonians are said to have been PELASGOI. It was largely cultivated in Asia Minor, and is the dialect of Homer and Herodotus. For some time before the rise of the Attic school, circa B.C. 400, it was the established language of prose literature. See Portus : " Diet. : lonicum-Graec.-Lat." London, 1825. IOWA. American : a dialect of DACOTA or Sioux. Iowa, a State admitted in 1846. is derived from the PAHOJA, or "Grey-snow," Indians, who now reside N. of the R. Des-Moines. Schoolcraft : " Historj . . . of the I. Tribes," Philadelphia, vol. iv., p. 307. IQUITO. American : a dialect of CARIB. IRANIC or IRANIAN. Class name for the PERSIAN branch of the ARYAN family of languages. It includes BACTRIAN or ZEND, ancient PERSIAN, PEHLEVI, PAZEND, and modern PERSIAN. The word " Iranian " is from " Arya." See under ARYAN. IRELAND, NEW, under N. IRISH or ERSE (FENTC). CELTIC : the native dialect of Ireland, and closely allied to GAELIC. In writing it an alphabet is still in use, formed from the Latin, and closely resembling the old Anglo-Saxon characters, which were in fact borrowed from it. See Dicty. by O'Reilly, Dublin, 1864 ; " Old Irish Glosses," by Stokes and others. W. W. S. IROFA. JAPANESE alphabet, taken from the first three letters. IRON, IRUN, IRAN. A dialect of the Caucasus. See OSSET, 112 IROQUOIS, IROKESE. AMERICAN : it has a double import 1. As the special name of a tribe or nation, of the State of New York. 2. As a general name for the class, the most important members of which, the Iroquois themselves, the Onondagas, the Senecas, the formidable Mohawks, and others are, probably, the most familiar representatives of the traditional Red Indian, especially in his capacity of hero and warrior. E. G. L. See Schoolcraft : " Comparative Vocaby.," Albany, 1847 ; Vocaby. by Howse, " Proceed. Philol. Socy.," vol. iv., London, 1856. IRULA, IRULAR. Dravidian : a dialect of CANARESE, vernacular in theNilgherry Hills ; it is allied to BUDUGUR. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." ISANNA. American : a dialect of BANIWA ; others are the TOMO-MAROA and the JAVITA. ISERE. A sub-dialect of PROVENQAL. Ducoin: Notice in " Courrier de 1'Isere," 1834. ISIELE. African : a dialect of the YORUBA, allied to ARO, MBOFIA, and ISOAMA. H. C. ISMAELITE, ISHMAELITE. ARABIC : dialect of N. Arabia. ISOAMA or ISWAMA. African : a dialect of the YORUBA, with the same affinities as the ISIELE. H. C. ISOLATING. A term for monosyllabic forms of speech. ISSEL. OvER-YssEL : provincial dialect of Holland. ISUBU. AFRICAN : spoken near the Cameroon, W. Africa ; it is classed by Bleek as BANTU. *.* One of the three best known languages of the coast belonging to the N.W. branch of the Kaffir ; the BENGA and DUALLA being the other two. In all three there is a large and laudable amount of missionary literature : the most in the Dualla, the least in the Benga. B. G. L. 113 ITALIAN. (1) The native tongue of Italy, spoken in many dialects. It is formed directly from the LATIN or OLD ITALIC, by union with the TEUTONIC forms of GOTHIC and Longobardic settlers. Called the " vulgar tongue " by Dante, Petrarch, and Boccacio, it has since been much polished in Tuscany, and now forms one of the most refined languages of modern society, lending itself specially to the requirements of vocal melody. See Manuzzi : " Vocab. della Crusca," 4 vols., Florence, 1868. (2) Dialects are divided into classes : 1, the LOMBAEDIC, or dialects of Upper Italy ; 2, the ROMANIC, or dialects of Middle Italy ; 3, the NEAPOLITAN, or dialects of S. Italy ; 4, Cant or slang, called FUKBESCO and ZERGA or GEBGO. ITALIC or OLD ITALIAN. A collective name for that branch of the AEYAN family of languages which includes classical Latin, Oscan, Umbrian, Messapian or lapygian, and perhaps Tosk, Tuscan, or Etruscan, all with alphabets allied to the early Eoman. Fabbretti : " Glossarium," Turin, 1838, &c. See ROMANCE. ITAM. Term in MALAY. See BOLONO. ITE or ITENAZ, and ITONOMA. American : dialects of BOLIVIA, spoken in the missions of Moxos, and allied to CHAPACUEA. H. C. ADDENDA. IBBODAH. AFEICAN : native name of the Kacunda, who speak SHABUN. ID-DO-A. AMEBICAN : native name of the Scott's Valley Indians ; they speak a dialect of SHASTA. IDIBAE. AMEBICAN : aborigines of Darien. IGALA. AFBICAN : a separate language from IGARBA, spoken in the Yoruba district. See Kolle's " Pol. Afr." H. C. IHONGWORONG, under J. ILDEFENSO. AMERICAN : saoie as ALDEFKNSO. Sen PUEBLO. ILLANO, ILYANO. Same as HILLUNA. Set LLOCANA. I 114 INABAK, INAGATA. Malayan : sub-dialects of ABAK. INGRIAN. UGBIAN : a branch of FIN, government of St. Petersburg. They are called INGBICOT or IZHOB. H. C. INGWA. African : NIGBITIAN dialect of DAGAMBA. INIES (TACHIKS). AMEBICAN : tribe of Caddoes. INTA. AFBICAN : Bowdich's name for the FANTEE. H. C. IONIAN IS., see ROMAIC. I PAS. AMERICAN : tribe of Vilelas. ISFOR. Same as DOPAB ; local dialect of HIMYARITE. ISISTINE. AMEBICAN : tribe of Lule. ISI-ZULU, under Z. ISLANDISCH. Same as NOBSE ; German form of ICELANDIC. ISTY-SEMOLE. AMERICAN : i.e. "Wild men," Creek Indians of Florida. See SEMINOLE. ITELMAN, ITULMEN. Native name of the KAMTSHATDALES. IZHOR, see INGBIAN. J. JACKSON, wider PORT. JACONAIGA, JAKONAIGA. American . a tribe of ABIPONES. 115 JACTUNG. A dialect of ASSAMESE. JAGATAIG or CAGATAIC. ALATYAN : a dialect of E. TURKISH spoken in Bokharia. It is a written language with a literature. See Vambery : " Cagataische Sprachstudien," Leipsig, 1867. JAGON or JAKON. American : dialect of LOWER KILLAMUKS, spoken on the frontier of Oregon and U. California. Hale : " U. S. Expedition," Philadelphia, 1846. See NSIETSHAWUS. JAGY. A dialect of ALBANIAN. JAHYCO. AMERICAN : shore tribes of Brazil. *** These people are the GE, GES, or GEIKO, the tribal name being post-fixed as in Ao-ge, Cran-ge, Canacata-ge, Poncata-ge, Paykob-ge. See V. Spix and V, Martius: "Reise in Brasilien," Munich, 1823-31. JAJUORONG. A native dialect of AUSTRALIAN. Eyre's "Journals," London, 1845. JAKON, under JAGON. JAKUN. MALAYAN : dialect of the S. Peninsula of Malacca. JAKUT, JAKUTI, or YAKUT. ALATYAN: dialect of the parts between Lake Baikal and the Arctic Sea, which nearly coincides with the Russian Government of JAKUTSK (Irkutsk). Boehtlingk : " Ueber die Sprache der Jakuten," St. Peters- burg, 1851. See YAK. JALLONKA. African : a dialect of MAXDINGO, allied to FANTEE. JALLOOF. African. : a branch of MANDINGO, much mingled with French and Arabic ; it is spoken by a numerous people between the R. Gambia and Senegal on the W. coast. Called also GUILOPFS, JOLOFS, OUALOOFS, and WOLOFFS. Clarke : " Dialects of Africa," p. 6. JAMAICA, see W. INDIES. JAN. A dialect of MALAY. See SAMANG. I 2 116 JAOI, JAOIA. American : CAEIB of Trinidad ; it is closely allied to TAMANAK. See De Laet : " Orbis Novus," &c., Leiden, 1633. JAPANESE. POLYSYLLABIC : the vernacular tongue of Nipon, Jesso, and the Kurile Is. ; in its root words it is allied to the MOGHOL family, but its written characters are derived from CHINESE ; it has a syllabic alphabet, containing vowels and consonants in one sign, and is written in vertical columns from top to bottom. The language has no gender or article, but many pronouns, and the designations applied to various objects frequently change with the sex of the speaker. Dicty. by Hepburn, 1867 ; Grammar, 1861 ; " Dialogues " by Alcock, 1863 ; "Anthologie," by Eosny, Paris, 1871. See Loo-CHOO. JAPHETAN. A name for the ARYAN or INDO-EUROPEAN family of languages. JARGON. (1) French word for GIBBERISH. (2) AMERICAN : a mixed patois of L. Columbia and Vancouver's I., combined chiefly of French, English, Chihaile, Nutka, and Chinuk, the last greatly preponderating. It is the trade language of Oregon, also called " Tshinuk- jargon." Vocabularies in Hale : " Amer. Expedition " : Schoolcraft : " Indian Tribes." See MENIENG and MOORS. JAVANESE. MALAYAN : the language of the greater part of Java. In the Western districts of the island the Sundanese language is spoken, though Javanese has been partly introduced into Bantam and Cheribon, probably by its being the language of the court in these otherwise Sandanese provinces. In the eastern districts of Java the Madurese prevails. Javanese is written with a peculiar native alphabet, derived and simplified from the Devanagari. Dicty. by Gericke and Roorda, Amsterdam, 1847-62 ; Grammar by Roorda, Amsterdam, 1855. P. J. V. See KAWI. l^ JAVITA. American : a dialect of BANIWA. Wallace : " Travels on the Amazon," London, 1853. See ISANNA. JAZYGES. A people anciently settled in the tract between the Danube and the Theiss ; it means " Bowmen " : a MAGYAR word. JEBU. African : a dialect of YORUBA. spoken on the Atlantic coast at the outlet of the R. Formosa. JECORILLA, JICORILLA. American : a dialect of ATHABASCAN, allied to NAVAJfo. 117 JELLIBA, under DZHELLABA. JERVIS BAY. A district of Australia. See " Voyage de 1'Astrolabe," Paris, 1834. JESSO. KUBILIAN : dialect of Aino. See Broughton : " Voyage N. Pacific," London, 1804. ** There is also a jargon of Japanese and Aino employed for inter- communication. H. C. JEWEY, JEWISH, or JUD^EAN. Names for modern HEBEEW, as spoken by Jews in combination with many local idioms. lijig" JHONGWORONG. A native dialect of AUSTRALIAN, closely allied to GNUBELLEAN. bee Eyre : "Journals,'" London, 1845. JlLI. A dialect of ASSAMESE, allied to SINGPO. JILIAKE. A dialect of MANTSCHU ; the same as GILIAK. It is the Chinese name for the Koreans. JlTANO. A name for GiPSEY. See GIT AND. JOBOCA. A dialect of ASSAMESE, allied to NAMSANG. JOLIBA, see DZHELLABA. JOLOF, see JALLOOF. JOOROO, JURU. MALAYAN : sub-dialect of Malacca. See SAAIANG. JOWER. PAPUAN : a dialect of N. Guinea, allied to SEBOCI. JUDA. AFEICAN : dialect of Upper Guinea. " Grammaire abregee " in " DCS Marchais. Voyage," Paris, 1730. JUD^EO-ARABIC. Name for ARABIC written in characters of Square Hebrew. JUDAH, see HEBREW, 118 JUDEN-DEUTSCH. Name for GERMAN written in Hebrew, Square, Rabbinic, or current- hand. Stern : Lex., Munich, 1833 ; " Heb.-Deutsche Druck- und Current- schrift," Prague, 1817. JUGAGHIR. Ugrian : a dialect of FIN. It is the same as DZUKAGHIN. JUIADGE. AMERICAN ; called LENGUAS by the Spaniards. See " L'Homme Americaine," vol. ii. JUMBOO, JAMOO or JUMOO. Dialect of PUNJABI. See DOGUBA. JUPUROCA. American : a dialect of the BOTOCUDO. Da Silva : Dice, in Castelnau : " Exped.," vol T., p. 249. JUKI, JURIS, YURIS. AMERICAN : belonging to the R. Negro ; an allied dialect is the UAINAMBEU. See Wallace : " Amazons," &c., 1853. JURIBA, see YORUBA. JURIPIXUNHA. AMERICAN : name for the Bocaprietos or Blackmouth Indians. Same as the JURI. It is vernacular in Brasil. JURU. Same as JooROO. See SAMANG. JUTISH. TEUTONIC : an extinct dialect, allied to OLD FRIESIC, ANGLO-S., &c. JUTLANDISH. Scandinavian : a sub-dialect of DANISH. JUYAPOORA (JAYAPOORI or JEYAPOORI). Indie : a dialect of HINDI, spoken at Jyanagur or Jeypoor, a province of Rajpootana, N.W. India. The dynasty of Jeypoor is next to Oodey- poor in antiquity. ADDENDA. JAMOO, see JUMBOO. JAPURIN. AMERICAN : native name of the Yarura Indians of New Granada. JAR. Caucasian : a branch of the AKUSH. Also written DZHAR. H. 0. 119 JAYAPOORI, under JU. JEBERO, see XEBERO. JEMTLANDIC. A dialect of Sweden, cited in Ihre's " Svenskt Dialekt-Lex." W.W. S. JENISCH. GERMAN word for Low-speech. JENISEI, under Y. JEYAPOORI, under JU. JEZIDI, under Y. JIG. Caucasian : a sub-dialect provisionally classed as LESGHIAN. It is also written DJIO. H. C. JOAKEMA, see YAKAMA. JOHN'S, ST., see PASSAMAQUODS. JOKONG, see JAKUN. JOMAY. African : dialect of SHI KAN. JOWAY, see low A. JUAN, SAN, see PUEBLO. JUAN, SAN, BAUTISTA. AMERICAN : Mutsun Indians of Monterey County, California. JUAN, SAN, CAPISTRANO. AMERICAN : Californian Indians of the Acagchemem nation, classed as DIEGUNOS, and also called NETELAS. JUANGA, tee PUTTOOS. JURA. Patois of France. Vocaby. in " Mem. de la Soc. des Antiq.," vol. v., vi. JURAZEN. Ugrian : SAMOIED dialect of the N. group (Klaproth). JUTES. TEUTONIC : tribes of ancient Germans, called GOTHS. 120 K. KA. Indo-Chinese : a dialect of CAMBOJAN, allied to the MON of Pegu. KABAIL or KABYLE. African : an ARABIC word ; " Kabllah," singular ; " Kabayil," plural, signifying "species," "tribe," "family," or "kind." It is applied to the people called Berbers. Dialects are BUJI, SHILHA, TAMAZIHT, BENI-MENASAR, GADAMSI. Hanoteau : " Essai de Gram- maire Kabyle," Alger., 1858. See SHOWIAH. %* It is unwritten, but has remarkable alphabets of ancient type, and is supposed to represent the ancient Lybian. H. C. KABALA. HEBREW word : " mysticism," superstition of Cabalistic Jews. %* An alphabet used by the Rabbis and Freemasons ; is supposed to be a type of cuneiform and square Hebrew. H. C. KABUL. NUMISMATIC : early Indian coinage of Kabulistan, often bilingual ; GREEK and old INDIAN, or early SANSKRIT, as represented under its Pali modification. KACHARI. NON-ARYAN ; language of N.B. Bengal. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." See CACHARESE. KACHIQUEL O r KICHEQUEL. American : a dialect of the MAYA class, spoken in the province of Solola, Guatemala. See Flores : " Arte de la Lengua Kakchiquel," Antigua, 1753. KACUNDA, KAKANDA. . African : a name for the SHABUN. KADIAK, KADJAK. Eskimo : a dialect of the ALEUTIAN class, vernacular in the island so named. Vocaby. " Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii., p. 104. See KONAGI. KAFFA. African : a dialect of GONGA, allied to WORATTA and YANGARO. 121 KAFIR. AEABIC word for " pagan " or " infidel " from the Moslem point of view. We have " Kafir," singular ; " Kuffar," plural. (1) Asiatic : Kafir of Kafristan. A dialect spoken by the Shiah- poosh, allied to SANSKRIT ; it is the vernacular speech of Hindu-Kush. Tribes of Kafristan are Ashkin, Ashpin, Kamoz, Pashai. (2) Kafiri, the Caffres of S. Africa, the most widely extended family of speech found there. See Bleek's " Comparative Grammar," 2 vols., London, 1869 ; Boyce's Grammar by Davis, London, 1863. KAGAN or KAYAN. Borneo : sub-dialect of DAYAK. See Crawfurd : "Dissertation," p. 205. KAGATAIC, see JAGATAIC. KAHETAN. American : sub-dialect of N. GUARANI ; called TUPIS OP BRAZIL. KAHNA. AMERICAN : name for Blood Indians. KAIBOLU. Malayan : dialect of CERAM. KAIDIPANG. Malayan : a sub-dialect of MEN AD u. KAILI. African : dialect of the GABOON. See Bowdich's " Mission to Ashantee." KAINULAISET. FIN : a name for the QUAINS. KAIOA. Malayan : a sub-dialect of MENADU. Wallace, vol. ii., p. 296-7. KAITHI. HINDI : dialect of the N.W. provinces. A. C. See KYT'HI. KAJUNAH. INDIAN : dialect of the Kanjiitis of Hunza in Dardistan. See Cunningham's " Ladak," London, 1854. %* This language has been erroneously represented as DARD. See Vocaby. by Dr. Leitner, 1870. H. C. KAKAS, KAKASING. Malayan : sub-dialect of MENADU. KAKE. American : a tribe of SITKA, See KOLUSH. 122 KAKHYEN. Assamese : a dialect of BHOT. Classed as SINGPHO. KAKONGO. AFRICAN : " Ka," tribal prefix. See under KONGO. KALANNA. African : dialect of the SOUDAN. See Bowdich's " Mission." KALBRA. AFRICAN : dialect of W. Coast. Same word as CALABAK. KALCHAQUI. American : dialect of QUICHUA. Spoken in Tucuman. KALDANI. (1) A tribe or people of Chaldsea, mentioned in Assyrian inscriptions. (2) A name for CHALDEE, still used, in a much corrupted form, in the mountains of Kurdistan and by some tribes of Nestorian Christians. W. S. W. V. See SYRO-CHALDEE. KALKA. Dialect of MOGHOL, belonging to Chinese Tartary. KALLAPUIAH. American : dialect of OREGON. Vocaby. " Jl. Roy. Geog. Socy.," London, 1841. KALMUK. MOGHOL : same as Calmuk. The Kalmuks of the Volga are also called Eleuts, Olot, or Ulut ; the dialect is called WEST- MONGOLIAN. See Zwich's " Grammatik . . Kalmiikischen," Donaueschingen, 1852. KAMAS, KAMASSINTZI. Ugrian : nearly extinct dialects spoken by Ostiaks, on the S.W. boundary of the Samoied area. KAMBALI. African : a dialect classed as KOURI, but presenting many diver- gences ; there is a vocaby. by Kolle. H. C. KAMBOJAN. PEGUESE : same as Cambojan. KAMBOJAS. Primeval tribes of India. KAMI. MONOSYLLABIC : a dialect of Burmese. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." 123 KAMILAROI. Native dialect of Australia. See Ridley : '' Gurre Kamilaroi," Sydney, 1856. KAMOZ, see KAFIR. KAMSKADAL, KAMSKATKAN, & r KAMCHATDAL. A class of dialects belonging to the N.E. of Asia, allied to the native dialects of Arctic America. KAN AD A. A name for CANARESE. KANAKA. Native name for " man " in New Zealand, and applied to natives of the Sandwich Is. ; but Tangata is the word more general in all other islands. Compare the African word " Kanyika," and the American "Kenneka." The language of the Sandwich Is. is closely allied to the MAOEI. See HAW A JAN. KANAM, KANEM. African : a district of Bornui, having the KANURI and TIBBU in its area. KANAWARI, see KUNAWAR. KANCHI, KASNAS. American : sub-dialects of the AYMARA. KANDOKOV, KONDAKOV. Turkish, classed as a sub-dialect of KOIBAL. KANGULIT, KANGJULIT. American : dialect of ESKIMO, belonging to the N.W. KANJUTI, see KAJUNAH. KANUJ, see CANOJ. KANURI. AFRICAN : the typical dialect of BORNUI, spoken in Kanem. Koelle's Grammar, London, 1854. KANYIKA. African : a dialect of KAFIR. See KANAKA. KANYOP. AFRICAN : dialect of the Bissagos or Bijugos Is. *.* It is allied to FELUP, BAGNON, "SARAH. BOLAR, PADSADE, BIAFADA, and PAPEL. H. C. KANZA, *> under KO. 124 KAOTSE. Thibetan : CHINESE name for the HOB. KAPCHAK. ALATYAN : Tatar dialect of the lower Volga and the Ural. KAPIR. TATAR form of " Kafir," " infidel." KAPUA. Dayak : sub-dialect of BiAJU, vernacular in Borneo. KAPWI. Monosyllabic : a dialect spoken to the N.W. of the BURMESE Empire. KARAGA. Dialects of KAMSKADAL, vernacular in E. Asia. KARAGAS. ALATYAN : Tatar dialect of Siberia, allied to KOIBAL ; Vocaby. by Castren. KARAITE. Dialect of Heretical, or reformed, Jews who reject the Talmud, and adhere closely to the literal text of the Old Testament. It is derived from the Hebrew root ' kara," " to read," and they call themselves " sons of the reading," or of " the text." Compare Luke x., 26. See " History," by Rule, London, 1870. %* They are numerous in the Crimaea, but a few communities of them are to be found in Poland, Galicia, and at Constantinople. The Kara- ites use Hebrew, but also the dialect of the country where they dwell ; thus in the Crimsea it may be TATAR, but at Wilna it is POLISH. R. P. S. KARA-KALPAC. TURKISH : spoken by a Tatar tribe of Khiva, called " Black Caps." H. C. KARA-KIRGHIS. ALATYAN : TATAR dialect of Siberia, spoken by the black Kirghis. H. C. KARASS. Ugrian dialect of SAMOIED, spoken on the Caspian Sea and by Nogais in Taurica. KARATSHAI, KARACHAI. Dialect of TURKISH, spoken in the Caucasus. *** It is like ORIM-TATAR, and is spoken on the Black River. H. C. KARAULA. A native dialect of Australia. KARAWI. SUB-SEMITIC. Same as MAHAEI. KAREKARE, see PIKA. KARELIAN, KIRIALAISET. Ugrian : a division of FINNISH. It is the dialect of Russian Finland, and is written in Russian characters, comprising Auramoiset, Olonetz, Savakot, Izhor, and Viborg. See TAVASTRIAN. KAREN or KORENG. Monosyllabic : numerous dialects of BURMESE. See Grammar by Wade, Maulmein, 1861. Mr. Hunter distinguishes them as SGAU and Pwo ; vocabys. in his " Comp. Dicty." See PLAY. KARIF, see CARIB. KARITI. AMERICAN : Indians of Brazil. Known only by a catechism printed by a Capuchin monk in 1709. KARNATIKA, see CANARESE. KARON. PAPUAN : dialect of New Guinea. KASAN or KAZAN. (1) UGRIAN : dialect of Bulgarian tribes settled in the district ; now called Kazan, in European Russia; also called TURKISH-TARTAR, or TURKO-TATAR, but more like OSMANLI. See Grammar by Kasem-Bek, Kasan, 1839. (2) CAUCASIAN : a tribe of the Akush. H. C. KASANGE. AFRICAN : dialect of the Gaboon. Vocaby. in Kolle's Polyglot. H. C. KASHKARI. Nearly allied to or identically the same with ARNIYA. Vocaby. by Dr. Leitner, also in " Jnl. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal," 1838. KASHPURA, see KUSWAR. KASI, see Kusi-KuMUK. KASM. African : a dialect sometimes classed as KOURI. It is related to YULA, KRU, SERAWULLI, &c. H. C. KASSUB or KASHUB. SLAVONIC : dialect of POLISH, spoken in parts of Pomerania. 126 KATA-KANA. JAPANESE : name for their system of alphabetic characters. KATCHI, see CUTCHI. KATHE, see MUNIPOOEA. KATODI. DRAVIDIAN : a dialect spoken by a hill-tribe of Guzarat ; they have been described by Dr. Wilson, who states that their language resembles the MALAYALIM. W. E. KATSHA. TURKISH : dialect of the Katshalar or Katshintsi in Siberia. KAUBUL, see KABUL. KAUKASIAN, under C. inr KAURE. African : a dialect of the KOURI. It is allied to LEGBA. KEAMBA, TEMBA, &c. ; Vocaby. Kolle's Polyglot. H. C. KAWANG-KOAN. Malayan : a sub-dialect of MENADU. KAWELITSK, iee under Ko. KAWI. . Javanese : name for the early dialect called OLD JAVANESE. It is used in literary compositions. See Humboldt : " Kawi-Sprache," 3 vols., Berlin, 1836-9. ^- KAWITSH. AMERICAN : dialect of the Vancouver Is., and of neighbouring parts of the continent. B. G. L. KAY AN. DAYAK ; same as KAGAN. KAZAK-KIRGHIS or KAZAN. TATAR : same as KASAN. KE. PAPUAN : dialect of the Malay Archipelago. See Wallace, vol ii pp. 296-7. KEAMBA or KIAMBA. African : dialect of KOURI. It has the same affinities as KAURE. H. C. 127 KEGHUA. AMERICAN. Same as QUICHUA. See Tschudi : " Die Kechua Sprache." 2 vols., Wien, 1853. KEDAH. MALAYAN : closely allied to JTJBU-SAMANG. KEH-DOULAN. MALAYAN : somewhat allied to BIMA. KEILINSCHRIFT. GEBMAN name for inscriptions in cuneiform or wedge-shaped characters. KEKUAFI. AFRICAN. See under UKUAPI. KELENONESIAN or KEJL^ENONESIAN. POLYNESIAN : term for the Negritos or dark-skinned natives. Also called MELANESIAN. KELTIC. Same as CELTIC. A division of the ARYAN family of languages, represented by ARMORICAN, GAELIC, IRISH, MANX, the now extinct CORNISH, and WELSH (pre-Koman dialect of Britain). ^- KEMA. MALAYAN : a dialect of Celebes. Vocaby. by Wallace. KENAY O r KINAI. American : spoken in sevrral dialects, and classed as ATHABASCAN. Vocaby. in Buschmann : " Der Athapask. Sprachstamm," Berlin, 1856. See INKALAIT. KENNEKAS. American : a dialect of the FuEGiAN, called TEKEENIKA. See YAKANAKU. KENTISH. Provincial dialect of England. See the Ayenbite of Inwyt, in the Kentish dialect, ab. A.D. 1340: ed. Dr. Morris, E.E.T.S. 1866. W.W.S. KERES or QUIRES. AMERICAN : the most S. dialect of the Pueblos, in New Mexico. See KIWOMI. KHACHE. THIBETAN : a name for the HOR. KHAJUNA, see KAJUNAII. KHAMTI. Monosyllabic : a dialect of SIAMESE, closely allied to AHOM. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp, Dicty.'" 128 KHAMTSKATKAN, see under K.A. KHARI. ASSAMESE : a dialect of the Naga tribes. Vocaby in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." KHASPURA. INDIC : the native dialect of Nipal ; it is a mingled tongue, formed from HINDI and BHOT, using the Devanagri character. KHASSEE, KHASSI, or KHASIA. MONOSYLLABIC : language of the Cossyahs who inhabit the moun- tainous region that separates E. Bengal from Assam ; they are of Chinese or Tatar origin, and use the Bengali character. Pamphlet by Schott, Berlin, 1859. %* Major Godwin Austin considers the Khassias more nearly allied to the Burmese than to the Chinese. H. C. KHIVESE. USBEG tribes of Turkestan. The Khanat of Khiva is inhabited by a mixed race of Iranian and Turanian origin ; the Usbegs predominate. See KAKA-KALPAC. KHO. Indo-Chinese : a dialect of CAMBOJAN. It is allied to the MON. KHOIBU. Monosyllabic : a dialect of Burmese, classed as KORENG. KHOND. INDIAN : a dialect of aborigines in Orissa. Quite distinct from the GUNDI. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." KHONG. Indo-Chinese : a dialect of CAMBOJAN, allied to the MON. KHORIN. MOGHOL ; closely allied to SELENGA. KHOTOVZI. Ugrian : dialect of the Kanskoi Ostiaks, classed as YENISEIAN. %* Also known as KOTTEN, KOTOWZI, KANSKI ; small vocaby. in Latham's " Elements," p. 96. KHUM. CHINESE : a name for the court dialect used at Pekin. " Lessons and Vocabulary, Pekin Dialect," by Edkins, 1869. KHUMIA. A dialect of BURMESE ; also called KAMI and KUMI. KHURBAT. A gipsey dialect of Persia ; also called GHURBAT. 129 KHUS, see PABBUTTA. KHWAKHLAMAYU. American : dialect of Upper California ; it ia allied to KULANAPO. %* Also to YUMA, SHASTI, OBEGONES, &c. H. C. KHYEN, KIAYN. Monosyllabic : also called KOLUN, and allied to KABEN. See SHO. KlAMBA, see KEAMBA. KIANG-NAN. CHINESE : name for the local speech of Nankin. KlAYN, see KHYEN. KlCHAI. AMEBICAN : a Pawnee language vernacular on the Canadian R. and in Texas, and allied to HUECO, CADDO, WITCHITO, &c. See " Pacific R. Report," vol. ii., Washington, 1855. KlCHAK. SUB-TUBANIAN : a dialect of the Himalayas. KlCHE. American : dialect of MAYA. Same as QUICHE. See KACHIQUEL. Kl-GALLA. AFBICAN : " Ki," tribal prefix. Kaffir name for the GALLA. Vocaby. by Krapf, Tubingen, 1850. KlHANY. Name for the written characters of the PEBSIAN alphabet. See NISHKI. KlHIAU. AFBICAN : dialect of the Mozambique. See Krapf s Vocaby. KlJ or KlZH. AMERICAN : dialect of California. KlKAMBA. AFBICAN : classed by Bleek as ZANGIAN. It is the language of the Wakambas of the R. Mombas or Mombaza, N. of Zanzibar, and is allied to some dialects of the Nile. "Amba" means "the people." See Krapf 'a Vocaby. KIKKAPU. American : dialect of ALGONKIN, spoken by a division of the Shawanoe. KlLLAMUCK. AMERICAN : tribe* of Flatheads, See JAKOK. K 130 KINIKA. African: a dialect of SUAHELI. "Nika" means "the language." See Krapf s " Outline of Ki-Suaheli, with especial reference to Kinika." KlO. MALAYAN : a dialect of Flores or Mangeyle. an island of the Indian Archipelago. KlOWAY. AMER CAN : Indians of Texas. See " Pacific R. Reports," vol. ii. *** It has affinities to SHOSHONE, and there is some resemblance to ATHABASCAN. H. C. KlPOKOMO. AFRICAN : a N.E. dialect of the KAFFIR. See Krapf 's Vocaby. K.IPTCHAK, see KAPCHAK. KIRATA or KlRANTI. Language of the Limboo or Ekthoomba, and other tribes in E. Nipal and Sikkim. %* According to Mr. Hodgson, it has fifteen dialects. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." H. C. KIRGHIS-KASAK (KHIRGHESE). TURKISH : spoken in the Khanat of Khiva, and closely allied to UZBEK. " Opisanie" by Lewschin, Fr. translation, Paris, 1840. KlRIALAISET. FINNISH ; same as KARELIAN. KlRIRI. AMERICAN: a language of Bahia in Brazil, also classed as SABUJA. See Gabelentz : " Grammatik," Leipsig, 1852. KlSAMA or KlSAMBALA. African : a dialect of Kafir, classed by Bleek as ZANGIAN. Vocaby. in Kolle's "Polyglot." KISI. TATAR : dialect of Tungusian, closely allied to MANTSHU. Also called TUNGUS of the Amoor. KISSA, KISSER. Malayan : a dialect of JAVANESE, closely allied to BABA. Kl-SUAHELI. African : a dialect of KAFIR, mingled with SEMITIC, spoken by the Suahelis, N. of the Mozambique. Krapf's " Outline." Tubingen, 1850. 131 KlTUNAHA or KUTANI. AMERICAN : unclassed dialects of the Cootani or Flat-bow Indians, spoken along the ridge of the Rocky Mountains in New Caledonia and Oregon. Vocaby. " Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii., p. 97. KlWOMI, KIOAME. AMERICAN : sub-dialects of the Keres, Pueblo Indians of New Mexico, on Canadian R. ; Vocaby. by Whipple, Washington, 1855. H. C. See KlZH. AMERICAN : dialect of New California. See Buschmann : " Die Sprachen Kizh," &c., Berlin, 1856. KlZZILBASH, tee under KU. KLABAT. Malayan : dialects of MENADU, subdivided into KLABAT-ATAS and KLABAT-BAWA. KLAMATH. AMERICAN : Klamath-lake Indians is the English name for the Okshees, who are allied to the Modocs. See LTTTUAMI. KLIKETAT. American : sub-dialect of SHAHAPTAN, spoken in Oregon. They are the nez percees of Canada. KNISTENAUX. AMERICAN : name for the Crees. See KRISTENAUX. KOAMA. African : dialect of the KOURI, allied to BAGBALA, LEGBA, &c. ; Vocaby. by Kolle. H. C. KOGEH, KOCH, KOCGH. SUB-TURANIAN : a dialect of the Sub- Himalayas, and Cooch Behar. E. Bengal. KODAK. DRAVIDIAN : same as KOTA. See Caldwell's " Comparative Grammar ;" and Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." KODUGU. Same as CURGI. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty.'' KODUN. DRAVIDIAN : common dialect, known as Low TAMUL, in distinction from the SHEN. KOHATAR. CANARE8E : a dialect of the Nilgherry Hills. K2 132 KOHISTANEE. Dialect of Kohistan, i.e.,- " mountain country " the highlands of Kabulistan ; it is allied to SHINA. W. S. W. V. KOIBAL. Alatyan : closely allied to KARAGAS, but slightly mixed with TCHUDIC, the population being Samoied in blood ; it has dialects. Klaproth : " Asia Pol.," p. 155 ; Castren, &c. H. C. KOINE. HELLENIC : n XOIVTI Stdxtxros, the general language of Greece under the Macedonians, and subsequently. KOL (COLE). (1) OLDER DRAVIDIAN : language of the Kols, a wide-spread race of Chota Nagpoor, Central India. A. C. See DHANGUR. *** Mr. W. W. Hunter distinguishes two dialects, the Ho and SINGHBHUM ; see Vocabys. in his " Comp. Dicty." (2) KOLI, KOOLI : Mahratta word, applied to a tribe of aborigines, and also to a caste of water-bearers, hence KULI, i.e., " Coolee," in Tamil, a common labourer. KOLADYN. BURMESE : a dialect of Aracan. KOLDAGI. African : dialect of KORDOFAN. It is allied to the FURIAN. H. C. KOLIGON. AUSTRALIAN : the Colack natives. See Eyre's Journals, London, 1845. KOLUN, see KHYEN. KOLUSH. American : dialect of SITKA. Vocaby., "Amer. Ethnol."vol. ii.,p. 102. ** These are a remarkable people, and the language is allied to Chepewayan and Kenai. H. C. KOLYMA. Eskimo : a dialect of KAMSKADAL spoken in Asia. KONAGI. American : native language of the I. of Kadiak ; its structure is ESKIMO, but the vocabulary is ATHABASCAN of the KENAI group. KONDIN. A dialect of SAMOIED, allied to YURAK. KONG (1). AFRICAN : dialect of the Soudan. See Bowdich's " Mission." 133 KONG (2). CHINESE : name for the dialect of Canton. KONGA. (1) MALAYAN : dialect of the Is. of Flores or Ende. (2) INDIAN : name applied by the Mahrattas to the Dravidian people and tongues. "W. E. KONGO or CONGO. African : spoken in the Portuguese dominion and classed by Bleek as BANTU-KAFIR. Grammar by Brusciottus a Vetralla, Kome, 1659. KONGUAN. AFBICAN : dialect of the Gaboon. Small vocaby. in Latham's " Elements," p. 564. KONKANI. Indie : a dialect of the MAHRATTI. KONZA or KANZA. American : a dialect of Sioux. KOOCH, see CUTCHI. KOOKIE or KOONKIE. Monosyllabic : the same as LOOSHAI ; Aracanese and Bengali words, with others not referable to either of those languages, are found in it. Spoken by the Howlong, Panjas, Kuttun and Syloo. A. C. %* The name is sometimes applied to the NAGAS. KOOMIS, see Ktnai. KORANA. African : a dialect of HOTTENTOT. KORAWI. Dravidian : a dialect of TAMUL. Small vocaby. in Latham's " Elements," p. 246. See TBLINO. KORGH. INDIAN : tribe of the Himalayas. Essay by Hodgson, London, 1860. KOREAN. A geographical term for some dialects of Siberia. See COREAN. KOREISH. Semitic : the leading dialect of ARABIC. Although the literary importance of the tribe of Koreish does not seem to have been very great before the age of Mahomet, it was never- theless the dialect which he adopted for the Koran, and it has from that day been the classical language of Arabia. See Renan, " Hist. Gen. des Langues Semitiques," p. 328. R. P. S. See CUFIC. 134 KORENG, gee KAREN. KORIAK. A KOREAN dialect of Okhotsk in Siberia, closely allied to KAM- CHATKAN. KORINCHI. MALAYAN : dialect of interior of Sumatra, written with a peculiar native character. P. J. V. KOSKEEMO. A dialect of Vancouver L, belonging to its W. side, spoken by nearly extinct tribes of Koskeemos and Quatsinos ; it is much mingled with QUAKWOLTH. E. B. KOT. UGRIAN : dialect of the Yeniseian Ostiaks in Siberia, also called KANSKI ; Khotowzi is the Russian form of Kot. Grammar by Castren. KOTA, see KODAK. KOTOFANTSHI. African : dialect of the HAMARXTA. KOU-OUEN. Chinese : name for OLD CHINESE, the ancient Archaic dialect, now extinct. KOUSULU. Indie : dialect of HINDI, vernacular in Oude. KOWELITSK. AMERICAN : western branch of the Flatheads. * # * Their dialect is allied to the ATNA or SELISH, and has affinities with SEKUMNE, &c. H. C. KOWRAREGA. AUSTRALIAN. See Macgillivray : " Voyage of the Rattlesnake," vol. ii., p. 279. KOWRI. African : Dr. Latham's name for a variety of native dialects, arranged by Kolle as N.E. HIGH SOUDANIAN. $& KRAIN, tee CARNIOLAN. KRAMA. " Krama " in JAVANESE means " politeness " or " courteousness " ; hence the High Javanese (on the use of which see the article JAVANESE) is called " Basa Krama," or the polite language. A few words equally used in High and Low Javanese, but only in speaking of persons of the very highest rank and consideration, are designated by the name of " Krama inggil " or " High Krama." P. J. V. 135 KREDY. A language sometimes called FERTIT, but there is another language in FERTIT allied to AGAW. The people are S. of Darfur, between 7 and 8 N. Lat. There is a vocabulary by Dr. S. Schweinfurth, Berlin, 1873. H. C. KREEPEE or KREPI. African : names for the GREBO, closely allied to ADAMPI, ANFUE, and the WHYDAH group. H. C. KRETAN. Same as CRETAN ; a sub-dialect of GREEK. See vocaby. iu Hock's ' Kreta," Gb'ttingen, 1823. KRIM-TARTAR, under c. KRISTENAUX. ALGONKIN : name for the Crees. KROATIAN, under c. KRU. African : dialect of Grebo and Gbe, belonging to the Ivory-coast, and classed by some as MANA or MANDINGO. It has resemblances to ARO, KASM, SERAWULLI, YALA, &c. H. C. KU. A dialect of DRAVIDIAN. See Caldwell's Grammar. KUAN-HOA. Chinese : name for MANDARIN form of speech. KUBITSHI. Lesghian : name for the FERINGHEE. %* It is a dialect of the Caucasus, like AKUSH, between the Koi Su and Buam. H. C. KUDI. OLDER DRAVIDIAN : dialect of the Himalayas. KUFIC, under C. KUKI. Burmese : closely allied to KHUMIA. KULANAPO. AMERICAN : Indians of N.W. California. *** The language is allied to KHWAKHLAMAYO, OBEGONES, SHASTI, and YUM A. H. C. KUM. African : dialect (if KAFIR. 136 KUMAON. HINDI : local dialect spoken near the sources of E. Ramgunga, in Kumaon, a province of N.W. India. KUMHA. OLDER DRAVIDIAN : dialect of Nipal. KUMI. BURMKSE : almost identical with KAMI. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." K.UMUK. TURKISH : dialect of the Caucasus. Klaproth : " Reise in den Kaukasus." %* It resembles KRIM-TATAR, and is not to be confounded with KAZI-KUMUK. H. C. KUNAWARI. Mixed language of India : BHOT, KANET, MILCHAN, SUGNUM, &c. *,* Kunawar is a Trans- Himalayan province, N. of Simla. A. C. KUNKUNA. INDIC : old dialect of the Concan. See KONKANI. KUPANG. MALAYAN : dialect of W. Timor, KUPUAS. MALAYAN : dialect of Borneo. KURD or KURDISH. (1) ARMENIC : the dialect of Kurdistan, the mountain country dividing Mesopotamia from Persia, halfway between the Black Sea and the Persian Gulf, now divided between Persia and Turkey. It is closely allied to OSSETIC and PUSHTOO, and has been classed as IRANIC ; it is written with Arabic characters. Klaproth : " Asia Pol.," p. 76. %* It is not used as a written language, Persian being substituted. There is a Grammar in Italian by Garzoni, Rome, 1787. H. C. (2) OLD KURDISH has been regarded as a dialect of CHALDEE. See " Forschungen," by Lerch, 2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1857. KURG, see under C. KURILIAN. Also called AlNO, the native language of the Kurile Is., also spoken by the aborigines of Yesso or Yezo, one of the Japanese group, and allied to KAMSKADAL and KORIAK. The Ainos are a hairy race, easily distinguished from the smoother Mongols. KURING. "Kuring" in Sundanese means a "serf," a person of low origin. Hence the Low Sundanese is called " Basa Kuring." P. J. V. See SUNDANESE. 137 KURLAND, see CTJRISH. KURUMBA. NON- ARYAN : language of S. India. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." See DHANGAR. KUSI-KUMUK. Caucasian: language of KARA-KAITAK and TABASSERAN. It is allied to the LESGHIAN group. H. C. KUSKOKWIM, KUSKUTSHEWAK. AMERICAN : dialect of the Labrador Eskimos on the R. Kuskuk- wim. See Richardson's " Arctic Expedition," 2 vols., London, 1861. KUSUNDA, KUSWAR. OLDER DRAVIDIAN : dialects of Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." KUTANI, see KITUNAHA. KUTCHI, under C. KUTSHIN. American : dialect of ATHABASCAN, spoken by Loucheux Indians, on the shores of the Arctic Ocean. KUTZO-WAL.L.ACHIAN. Italic : dialect of RUMANIAN, spoken to the S. of the Daco-Wallachian or Rouman area about Thrace, Macedonia, and Thessaly. KUZNETSK. Alatyan: a dialect of TURKISH, spoken in Siberia, classed by Dr. Latham as Turks of the Upper Tom; small Vocaby. in his " Elements," p. 107. KUZZILBASH. Alatyan : a dialect of TURKISH, spoken in Persia ; also called KlZILBASH. %* "Kizilbash" means "red-head;" it is a term applied to the Yurukhs and other mountain tribes, who are regarded as non-orthodox Mussalmans. H. C. KWALIOKWA. American: a dialect allied to the Tahkali or Carrier Indians, classed as ATHABASCAN. KYRILLIG, under C. KYT'HI, KAITHI. A cursive handwriting used by Hindoos of the N.W. provinces in B. India. 138 ADDENDA. KABARDINIAN. Caucasian : a dialect of CiECASSiAN. H. C. KABKA. AFRICAN : a language of Bornu. KABUCH. Caucasian : a member of the LESGHIAN group. H. C. KACHA, see KATSHA. KADIR. A semi-nomade race, inhabiting some forests of S.W. India. W. E. KAJENJAH. AFRICAN : a language of Bornu. KAKANDA. African : a dialect classed as NUFI. H. C. KALALAT. Caucasian : seemingly LESGHIAN ; referred to in the Mithridates. KALASHA. PAEOPAMISAN or DAED : a dialect of the Himalayas. Vocaby. by Leitner and Mander. H. C. KALBUNGA. African : a dialect allied to MANDINGO. See Kolle's " Polyg." H. C. KALE. Romany : a name for GIPSY. KALHURI. ARMENIC : dialect of S. Kurds. KALINA, KALINAGO, KARINA. American : native terms for CAEIB. See GALIBI. KALINGA. Dravidian : a form of TELINGA. KALLAGI. African : NlGRiTiAN dialect of the Soudan. KALOSCHEN. GERMAN form of "Canf or "Slang.'' 139 KAMAKAN. AMERICAN : (1) Camacan civilisada ; Brasilian Indians of Espiritu. The same as MENIENG. (2) Camacaes Mongoyos or Monxocos ; Indians of Bahia. KAMAKON. African : classed with KALBRA. KAMBA. AFRICAN : dialect of the Congo. KAMENTES, KARAIKAS. AMERICAN : tribes of Pescherai. KANACATA-GES. AMERICAN : Jahyco Indians of Brasil. KANAI, KANHAWA, see CANAWAY. KANAM, see KANEM. KAN AS, see KANCHI. KANDO. African : dialect of the Congo, classed as MANDONGO. KANDY (CANDY). SINHALESE : local dialect of Ceylon ; also called MAXGALA. KANGA. African : dialect of NIGRITIAN. KANKAM, KANKAMTSHI. AFRICAN : language of the Hamarua, described by Dr. Barth. H. C. KANKANKA. African : allied to MANDINGO. See " Polyg. Afr." H. C. KANNADJ. Correct designation of CANARESE. KANSKI, KANSKOI, see KOT. KANYAKUBJA. Indian term " of or relating to CANOUG or KANAUJ," applied to any caste. KAPUL. Negrito : dialect of PAPUAN. See INABAK. 140 KARABA, KARABARI. African : a language allied to EBO, quoted from Kilham's " Specimens." KARABULAKISH. Caucasian : dialect of MIZDEGHEN. KARAKAITAK. Caucasian : sub-dialect of KAZIKUMUK. H. C. KARALI. American : native name for the ESKIMO of Greenland. KARANKA. American : classed as AYMAEA (Ludewig). KARANKUA, KARANKOWAY. American : classed as ATHABASCAN (Balbi). KARINA, see KALINGA. KARNTEN. Wendic : GERMAN form of CAEINTHIAN, classed as SLOVENIAN. KARUB. African : tribe of Adareb, classed as TROGLODYTES. KASHMIRI, under C. KASHNA. AFRICAN : a language of Bornu. H. C. KASIA. Indian tribe near the Garo hills, remarkable as the builders of stone monuments ; their language is allied to GARO, NAGA, SHAN, &c. H. C. KASSENTEE. AFRICAN : language of central district. KASSIANTHES. African : aame as TIEMBA. KATAHBA, under C. KATTANAHAWS. AMERICAN : tribe of Minetare. KAUDARD. AFRICAN : unclassed language of the N.E. 141 KAVASUMSENK. AMEBICAN : tribe of Narragansets. KAVERE. AMERICAN : Maipure Indians. See CAVEBI. KAZI-KUMUK or KATHI-KUMUK, under Ku. KEESARN, KIGARNEE, KYGANIES. AMERICAN : Haidah Indians of Q. Charlotte's Is. KEIKADI. NON- ARYAN : a language of central India. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." KEMENTES, under KA. KENSY (KENU). African : a dialect of the NUBIAN ; same as BARABHA. KERAT. Moghol : same as TORQOT, and classed as KALMUCK. KERMANS. Armenic : classed as KURDISH (Niebuhr). KERRAPAY, KERRAPONG. African : one or more sub-dialects of AKWAPIM. H. C, KERRAPI, see KREEPEE. KET. Ugrian : a dialect of the SAMOIED (Klaproth). KEYES. American : (1) same as KICHAI. (2) Same as KEYUS, a tribe of Vuta-Huilliche. KHALING. Indo-Chinese ; a sub-dialect of the KIBATA or LIMBU. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." KHARI-BOLI. HINDI : local dialect of Delhi and Agra. KHENAR. Caucasian : a branch of the KISTI or THUSH. H. C. KHENG, see KHTBN. KHIRGHESE, see KIRGHIS. 142 KHISTI, see KIBTI. KHOAZI. Iranic : PERSIAN dialect of Kuseistan. KHUNZAG. Caucasian : a dialect allied to the AVAR. H. C. KlAORANA. POLYNESIAN : a form of salutation, " May you live." W. G. KlGARNEE, see KEESARN. KlGINDO. African : a dialect of KAFFIR. KlKATSA. AMERICAN : name for the Crow Indians. KILBA, KILBANTSHI. AFRICAN : a language of the HAMARUA, described by Dr. Earth. H. C. KILLISTENO, see CREE. KlNALUG. Caucasian : a sub -dialect of LESGHIAN. KING GEORGE, under G, KING GEORGE'S ARCHIPELAGO. AMERICAN : tribes of Kolusches. See SITKA. KING'S R. INDIANS. AMERICAN : a tribe of California. KlSILBEK. Caucasian : a dialect of ABSNE. See KUZZILBASH. KlSKAPOCOKE. American : tribe of Shawnees. KlSSI. African : a dialect of Sierra Leone, supposed to be Susu. See Kilham's " Specimens." KlSTI, KlSTIAN, KlSTIC. Caucasian : GEORGIAN term, from " Kisteti," the country of the Kists, also called KISTINZES. A name for the MIZDEGHEN. %* It is the same as the TUSH or THUSCH language, is largely mixed with LESGHIAN, and sometimes called CHECH or TSCHETSCH. Grammar by Schiefner, St. Petersburg, 1856. H. C. 143 KlTZBUHEL. Teutonic : HIGH-GERMAN dialect of the Tyrol. KlZARAMO. African : a dialect of KAFFIR, like KIGINDO. H. C. KLING. BURMESE : designation of the people on the Coromandel Coast em- ployed in Burma. W. E. KNENKORENWURRO. AUSTRALIAN. See Eyre's " Journals," London, 1845. KO. MALAYAN : prefix to all proper names in E. Polynesia. W. G. KOBROOR. Malayan : WOKKHA, dialect of the Arroo Is. KOCHABOTH. American : dialect of GUAYKUKU. KOCHEMER-SPRACHE. GERMAN form of " Cockney." KODIARA, KORBIAR. Dravidian : dialects of BOWRI. KOKAMA. American : same as COCAMA, a tribe of Omaguas. KOLAMBO. African : dialect of MANDONGO. KOLAMI. NON-ARYAN : a language of Central India. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." KOLHUI. American : NAHUATLAC tribe of Mexico. KOLLA. Dravidian : dialect of KORAWI. See KOL. KOLLAGUA, under C. KOLTSCHANES. American : same as GALZANES, a tribe of Atna. ROMANIAN. Alatyan : dialect of TATAR, allied to UIGUR and UZBEG. G. R, 144 KOMI. TCHUDIC : native appellation of the SIBERIANS. KONDAKOV, see KANDOKOV. KONO. African : allied to MANDINGO. See " Polyg. Afr." H. C. KONTSHABA. A name for the KAMTSHATKAN, applied by Koriaks. KONUNGZI. American : a native appellation of the IEOKESE. See ONEGA. KOOKAS. A modern sect among Hindoos ; they are fanatical, and practise cow-worship. KOOYEN, KOOYON. American : KOLTJSCH dialect of Cape Decision. KORA. AMEBICAN : Mexican Indians of Najarit. See COBA. KORAVAR. DBAVIDIAN : dialect of a wandering race of basket-makers in the Carnatic. Same as KOBAWI. W. E. KORBIAN. Dravidian : a dialect of BOWBI. KORINGA. African : spoken about 170 deg. N.L. H. C. KORUBOIH. AFBICAN : a language of Bornu. KOSSA, KOSSOO. AFBICAN : dialect of Sierra Leone, described from Kilham's Specimens. KOTORA. African : also KOTO FANTSHI, language of the KOBOFO ; described by Dr. Earth. H. C. KOYA. INDIAN : a tribe of Goands. W. E. See GUNDI. KRAN, GRAN. AMERICAN : (1) a name for the Timbiras of Goyaz in Brasil. (2) Tribe of Jahyco, called CRAN-GEB. 145 KRANGO. African : sub-dialect of TIMMANI. KUBEASE. African : unclassified sub-dialect of AKWAPIM. H. C. KUDAGU, tee CURQI. KUDIC, tee TCHUDIC. KUI. That is " Kui-jataln " : native name of the Khonds. W. E. KULAW. Indo-Chinese : ARRAKANESE name for Hindoos. KULI, see KOL. KULINO, wider C. KULLESPELM. AMERICAN : native name of 'the Ponderays. KULUNG, KULUNGYA. Non- Aryan language of India, belonging to the KlRANTl group ; classed as a sub-dialect of KIRATA or LIMBU. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." KUMBAR, see TAREMUKI. KUMIAN. Alatyan : TATAR dialect, allied to KlRGHls and No&Ai. G. K. KUMSHALLAHU. African : a dialect of Mosi. KUNAGUARA. AMERICAN : Cariba of the lower Orinoco K. KUNGRAT. Name of the UZBEG dynasty at Khiva, from the KUNORADE stock. KURA, KURALI, KURIAN. Caucasian : a division of the LESGHIAN, on the River Kurachai ; the dialects include ANZUO and DZHAR or JAR. KURNATA, see CANARESE. KWE-MI. Indo-Chinese : true form of KOOMI or KUMI. 146 KWOMBI. Indo-Chinese : a dialect of the KlRATA. KYEN. Indo-Chinese : same as KHENO, KOLUN, KIAYN. KYGANIES, see KEESARN. KTMRU. Keltic : a form of CYMRU. See WELSH. KYO. Indo-Chinese : a division of the ARRAKANESE. KYRA. Caucasian : a sub-dialect provisionally classed as LESGHIAN. H. C. L. LABOURDIN. Sub-dialect of French BASQUE. LABRADOR. American : dialect of ESKIMO. LABRUNG. INDO-CHINESE : tribe of Singpho. LACHLAN. AUSTRALIAN : dialect of Eegent Lake. LACONIAN. Hellenic : a dialect of modern GREEK ; also called T/AKONIAN. See SPARTAN. LACONIC. Short, pithy, terse forms of expression, derived from the mode of speech adopted in Laconia. LADAKHI. Sub-dialect of BHOT, vernacular at Ladakh in Thibet. 147 LADINICHE, LADING. ROMANCE : called also Upper and Lower ENGHADINE. It is a corruption of LATIN, spoken in the valley of the Inn, on the confines of Switzerland with the Tyrol and Italy. LADRONES. MICRONESIAN : dialect of the Marianne Is. Also called CHAMORI. LAGHMAN, see LUGHMAN. LAGOA. AFRICAN : Kafir of Delagoa Bay. Vocaby. in White's Journal, London, 1800. LAKE, tee OSTIAK. LAMANO or LAMISSA. American : dialect of QUICHUA, belonging to the district of Truxillo. LAMBIGH-HONG. Non-Aryan language of India, belonging to the KIRANTI group, E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter's Comp. Dicty. LAMPONG. MALAYAN, with JAVANESE elements. *#* Dialect of the Lampong district in S. Sumatra, and written with a peculiar native character. See " Dissertation," Crawfurd's Malay Grammar. P. J. V. LAMUR. CAUCASIAN : a name for INGUSH. LAMUT. Dialect of TUNGUS, closely allied to YAKUTSK. LANARKSHIRE. Dialect of that district in Scotland. LANCASHIRE. Provincial dialect of ENGLISH. See Tim Bobbin : " Lancashire Dialect, with Glossary " ; Bamforda's " Dialects of So. Lancashire," London, 1854. LANDOMA. AFRICAN : closely allied to BAGO, TIMMANI, and BULLOM, H. C. LANGOBARDIC. (1) TEUTONIC : unclassed. See Tiirk : " Die Langobarden," &c., Rostock, 1835. (2) Provincial ITALIAN. See Margharini : " Diet. Longobardicum," Tuderti, 1670. LJ 148 LANGOWAN. Polynesian : a sub-dialect of MENADU. Wallace : " Malay Arch." LANGRES. Patois of FRENCH. " Vocaby.," Langres, 1822. LANGUAGE. Speech : the expression or communication of ideas by means of articu- late sounds, divided into written and spoken language. ; the form of speech peculiar to a nation. See CLASSIFICATION. LANGUE DE si. Mediaeval name for ITALIAN. More properly " Lingua de Si." (" Si " means " yes.") LANGUE D'JO or JA. Mediaeval name for GERMAN. Farrar. ' (" Ja " means " yes.") LANGUE-D'OC. (1) Name for the ancient PROVENCAL or ROMANCE dialect of S. France, derived from their use of the word " oc," for " yes," instead of " oil" ; it was in especial the language of the early poets, called Troubadours, who cultivated the " gai-science." (2) Patois of FRENCH, the dialect of Toulouse. Dicty., Montpellier, 1820. LANGUE-D'OIL. Old name for the northern dialect of France, derived from using the word " oil " for " yes," since superseded by " oui " ; it was especially used by that class of poets called " Trouveres." Grammar by Burguy, 3 vols., second edit., Berlin and Paris, 1870. LANKA-BHASA. Ancient SINHALESE ; Ceylon being called Lanka or Lenka in Sanskrit. See PALI. LANZEROTA. A dialect of the Canary Is. LAOS or LAW. INDO-CHINESE : a northern and central dialect of Siam, spoken along the R. Menam. See " Jnl. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal," 1837, and Hunter's " Uomp. Dicty." LAP, LAPPONESE, or LAPPONIG. Tchudic : dialect of the URAL-ALTAIC family of languages ; it is agglutinative, closely allied to FIN, and spoken in Swedish and Russian Lapland, N. Europe. See Friis : " Lappisk Grammatik," Christiania, 1856. LAPANAS, see 149 LAR. HINDI : dialect of Lower Scinde. Small vocaby. in Latham's " Elements," p. 229. LARIKI. MALAYAN : dialect of W. Amboyna. See Wallace : " Malay Arch." LASEN or LAZEN. Sub-dialect of GEORGIAN. Rosen : " Die Sprache der Lazen," Lemgo, 1844. See LAZIC. LASSA. BHOT. Lassa, capital of Thibet, is the head-quarters of the Moghol- Buddhists. LAST A, tee AGAU. LATIN. Head of the Italic branch of the ARYAN family of languages, and closely allied to OSCAN, SAMNITE, and UMBRIAN ; originally the ver- nacular speech or idiom of old Italic, spoken in Latium, a small state S. of the basin of the E. Tiber. It originated the six so-called ROMANCE languages, viz. : (1) Italian, (2) Spanish, (3) Portuguese, (4) Wallachian, (5) Romansch, of the canton Orisons, and (6) French, the latter being further subdivided into two principal divisions, viz., Northern-French and Provengal. The Northern-French was called by Roquefort " La Langue Romaine " ; the Provencal was called by Raynouard " La Langue Roman," both titles are misnomers. W. W. S. LAUSITZ. Sub-dialect of HiQH-GERMAN. See Vocaby., Anton : " Oberlausitz iiblichen," Gorlitz, 1825-39. See LUSATIAN. LAW, see LAOS. LAYAMON. AMERICAN : dialect of Lower California. See " Nachrichten," by Von Murr, Halle, 1809. LAZIC. Lesghian : GEORGIAN dialect of Lazistan, in Asia Minor ; same a LASEN. %* It is unwritten, and differs much from Georgian and Swan. H. C. LEBU, see FEEJEEAN, &c. LEGBA. African: dialect of KOUBI, closely allied to TEMBU, KA.UBE, and KEAMBA. H. C. LEGHI. Old name for LESGHIAN, 150 LEKAMTSHI. African : assigned by Barth to the HAMARUA. LEKHI. Name for the LESGHIAN of Daghestan. LEKI. A dialect of KUBDISH. LEMBA. MALAYAN : dialect of Sumatra. LEMOZI. That is, LIMOUSIN, one of the sub-dialects of PROVENCAL. LENCA. AMERICAN : vernacular in Honduras ; dialects are GUAJIQUERO, INTIBUCA, OPATORO, SIMILATON. See Squier : " Notes on Central America," Spanish ed. ; " Apuntamientos," &c., by Alvarado, Paris, 1856. *,* These languages are allied to the KOUEI dialects of Africa. H. C. LENGUAS, see JUIADGE. LENNI-LENNAPE. AMERICAN : original Indians of Delaware State, since in Delaware county, Indiana. Tribes were (1) Minsi, "the wolves," (2) Unalachtgo. "the turkeys," (3) Unami, "the turtles." . Grammar by Duponceau, Philadelphia, 1827. See DELAWARE. LEONARDS. Keltic : a sub-dialect of BAS-BRETON, spoken in the former diocese of St. Paul de L6on. LEPCHA or LEPSHA. INDO-CHINESE : dialect of the Lepchas, a tribe of Sikim, in Trans- Himalaya. See " Jnl. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal," vol. ix., and Hunter's Comp. Dicty., London, 1868. A. C. *** It has a written character of its own, and is closely allied to NOWGONG and ABOR. H. C. LESBIAN. Provincial dialect of ancient GREEK, spoken in the I. of Lesbos (Mytilene). It belonged to the form of Greek known as AEOLIC. G. R. LESGHIAN. CAUCASIAN ; native speech of Lesghistan, a province of Georgia, the ancient Albania. %* Used as a class-name for several languages, including (1) AVAR, ANDI, DIDO, &c. ; (2) KASI-KUMUK, AKHWASH, dec. ; (3) KYRA, &c. The UDE also has sometimes been placed in this group. H. C. 151 LETT, LETTIC, or LITHUANIC. Class name for a division of the WENDIC or SLAVONIC branch of the ARYAN family of languages, represented by (1) the OLD PRUSSIAN, extinct ; (2) LITHUANIAN, the Lettish of Lithuania ; (3) LIVONIAN, the Lettish of Livonia. %* Dr. Latham considers that the LETT or LITHUANIAN should form a class by itself, but Prof. Max Miiller combines them with the SLAVONIC as a branch of WENDIC. LETTERS. The constituent parts of an alphabet, distinguished by form, name, and sound. The primitive forms of early letters have been traced by some to picture writing, and the objects so represented are said to have originated the early names : thus, the ox " aleph," used as a symbol, has become letter A ; "beth" a house, has become B ; "ghimel" a camel, has become G, or C, and so on. See PHONOLOGY. LETTI. Malayan ; a dialect of the Serwatty Is., allied to TIMOKESE. LETTISH. The special language of Livonia and Kurland ; it is, like the Lithuanic, a form of, or allied to the SLAVONIC language. Bielenstein : " Gram- matik," Mitau, 1863. See LIEF. LHOPA. Native name for the people of Bhotan or Biitan. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." See BHOT. LIANG. Malayan : dialect of AMBOYNESE. Wallace : " Malay Arch." LIBYAN. Languages often called by the vague term BERBER. These languages must now be reckoned as at least five in number : the SHOWIAH, or Algerine Berber ; the SHILHA, or Morocco Berber ; the TAMASHIGHT, or Berber south of Mount Atlas. The last is the purest and most widely extended. Besides these there are two others of very limited extent, that of the town of Ghadames and that of the Bent Menasser. These lan- guages were formerly all one, as Augustine says : " In Africa barbaras gentes in una lingua plurimas novimus." Hanoteau has made the very interesting remark that to translate from the Tamashight into Arabic, and reciprocally, though the vocabulary is widely different, is peculiarly easy, yet this proves common cultivation rather than a common origin. In a preface to the 4th appendix to Earth's fifth volume of " Travels in Africa," a summary is given by Professor F. W. Newman of the gram- matical relations of the three chief languages to one another, but it was written without the advantage of Hanoteau's Tamashight Grammar. We can now judge pretty accurately how they are all related to Hebrew. F. W. N, See HEBR^O- AFRICAN. *** Many inscriptions in the ancient written languages remain, some bilingual, Phoenician, and Lybian. H. C. 152 LIEF. Ugrian : dialect of FIN, spoken in Kurland. %* This name is the root word of Livonia or Lief -land, a Russian government on the Baltic, but the native name for the original popula- tion is " Rahwa," and these forms of speech are separated. The Liefs of Kurland call themselves " Sea-shore men " ; the true Kurlanders speak Lithuania See CUBBISH. LlEFLANDIC. A dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See Hupel : " Livlandisches Idiot.," Eiga, 1795. LlEGEOISE. French : WALLON dialect of Lidge in Belgium, full of KELTIC words. Grammar by Michiels, Liege, 1863. LIFU. NEGRITO : dialect of the Loyalty Is., S. Pacific. See UEA. LIGURIAN. Ancient dialect of the country round Genoa, classed by some as KELTIC, but really not sufficiently known to admit of exact classification. G. R. *** The Ligurians appear to have accompanied the Iberians, and may represent the Kol. H. C. LlKUPANG. MALAYAN : dialect of Celebes. LIMBA-KARAJIA, LIMBA-PYU. Dialects of Australia. LlMBA-ROMANESCA. A name for WALLACHIAN. LIMBOS or LlMBU. Tribe of NIPAL and SIKIM, Trans-Himalaya. Vocaby. in Hunter's Comp. Dicty. A. C. %* They are also called Ekthoomba, and have an alphabetic charac- ter. H. C. LIMESTONE-CREEK. Dialect of Australia. See King's Survey, London, 1827. LIMOSIN. (1) Romance: dialect of SPANISH. See CATALONIAN. (2) Dialect of PROVENgAL. " Diet, du patois du Bas-Limousin," by B6ronie and Vialle. LINCOLN PORT, tee PARNKALLA. LINGAYIT. Siva-sectaries of India. It is a phallic or Priapean worship. 153 LINGOA-GERAL. American : name for the corrupt GUARANI or TTTPI, mingled with PORTUGUESE, current in Brazil. " Diccionario," MAHA, see OMAHA. MAHARI, MAHRI. Sub- Semitic : dialect of AMHARIC, also called KARAWI. See HIMYARITB. MAHI. AFRICAN : a dialect of Dahomey. MAHIKAN, *e MOHEGAN. 161 MAHRATTI, MARATHI, MURATHEE. INDIC : dialect of an extensive district, spoken chiefly in the Bombay Presidency. It is derived from SANSKRIT, but largely compounded with TAMIL, TELOOG-OO, and others, and is written in the Devanagari charac- ters. The word " Mahratta " is said to meau " Pariah " or " outcast." Dicty. by Molesworth and Candy, Bombay, 1857 ; Grammar by Stevenson, 1868. MAHREN, see MORAVIAN. MAHUNGA. African : dialect of ANGOLA, allied to BUNDA. MAIA, MAIJA, tee MAYA. MAIHA. AFRICAN : dialect of Bornu. MAINAS. AMERICAN : dialect of Peru, allied to QUICHUA. MAINOT. Romaic ; local dialect of NEO-HELENIC, allied to MESSENIAN. MAIONGKONG. American ; dialect of CARIB, closely allied to GUINAU. MAIPUR, see MAYPUR. MAIRASSIS. Negritic ; a sub-dialect of PAPUAN. MAITHILI, MITHILI. HINDI ; dialect of Tirhoot, district of Bahar. See TIRHAI. MAKOBY. AMERICAN, Indians of the Gran Chaco ; allied to ABIPONIAN. MAKOLOLO. African ; a sub-dialect of KAFFIR. MAKUA, MAKOA. African ; dialect of KAFFIR, belonging to the Mozambique ; also called MONJU and MUNTU. H. C. MALABARI. DRAVIDIAN : the same language as MALAYALIM ; but there are local variations. See vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." M 162 MALAGASY. The native language of Madagascar, a large island off the S.E. coast of Africa ; it is a POLYNESIAN compound, comprising elements from the BALI, JAVANESE, NIAS, and TOBA ; the language and people are called MALAGASH ; the native term for the island is Nosindambo, " wild-boar island." The Hovas are the dominant race. See early Catechism, 1658 ; Flacourf s " Dicty.," 1658 ; works by Freeman and Ellis ; Introduction by Kessler, London, 1870 ; Grammar by Van der Tuuk. %* The history of the Hovas is still very obscure, but Mr. Van der Tuuk has sufficiently proved that their language is a peculiar branch of MALAYAN, showing affinities to JAVANESE, BATAK, DAYAK, &c. P. J. V. MALALI. American ; a dialect of Botocudo classed as CAMACAN, and allied to MACONI. See vocaby. in Da Silva's " Dicty." H. (J. MALAY. (1) HIGH-MALAY : typical Polynesian ; language of the peninsula of Malacca. See " Grammar and Dicty." of Crawfurd, London, 1852 ; by Marsden, London, 1812 ; by Pynappel, by Hollander, Breda, 1864. (2) BATAVIAN or LOW-MALAY. See " Handleiding," by Homan and Van der Tuuk. Zalt-Bommel, 1868. %* Low-Malay is merely corrupt Malay, as introduced by Europeans. The best vocabulary is by Badiugs, Dutch-Malay and Malay-Dutch, Schoonhoven, 1872. Batavian Malay is a dialect of SUNDANESE, with an admixture of BALINESE and other foreign words. P. J. V. (3) Dialects are known as AMBOYNESE MALAY, MENANG KABAW, or SUMATBAN MALAY, ACHINESE and other Polynesian forms. *#* All languages spoken in the Indian or Malay Archipelago [except those of the Galela group], and not directly Papuan, are called " Malay languages," and considered to belong to the one great Malayan family. More particularly Malay is the language of a nation spread over a great part of Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Singapore, and the archipelago of Rhio-Lingga, and which has founded many colonies on the coasts of Borneo and the eastern islands of the Indian Archipelago. Besides the common or so called cosmopolitan Malay, it is spoken in a peculiar dialect, called the Menangkabau Malay, in the interior of Sumatra. Malay in a very corrupt form, disfigured by ignorance of the character of the language, and the arbitrary intermixture of foreign words, has become the ordinary means of intercourse between Europeans and the natives of the Indian Archipelago. This is called Low-Malay, and differs in almost every locality. Malay is written with the Arabic character. Through the contact with Europeans the use of the Roman alphabet is gaining ground. The affinities of Achinese are still very obscure, and we have no vocabulary of the native language except that in Marsden's miscel- laneous works ; therefore Mr. Crawfurd errs when he calls Achinese (p. lix.) " a cultivated and written language," for the literary language of the Achinese is genuine Malay. P. J. V. 163 MALAYALIM, MALAYALMA. DRAVIDIAN : vernacular speech of Malabar, and other provinces of the Madras presidency ; it is closely allied to TAMUL, using an alphabet of somewhat similar character. It has stages ; anct. and mod. Grammar by Peet, Cottayam, 1860 ; School Dicty., Mangalore, 1870. MALAYAN. Class name for all dialect a of the MALAY family. MALA YO- POLYNESIAN. Crawfurd's term. See MALAGASY. MALDIVIAN. DBAVIDIAN ; mixed dialect of the Maldives, a chain of coral islands off the coast of Malabar, B. India. Vocaby. in Jnl. Asia*. Socy. of Bengal, 1841. %* This is a spoken and written language with some resemblance to the AGAW group. H. C. MALLICOLLO. Negritic : PAPUAN dialect of New Hebrides. MALO. (1) Sub-dialect of UKIYA, spoken by highland tribes of Orissa, B. India. (2) Sub-dialect of DAYAK, Borneo. MALTESE. Mixed dialect of Malta ; it is of SEMITIC origin, closely allied to ARABIC, but much infused with ITALIAN. Dicty. by Vella : Maltese, Italian, and English, Livorno [Leghorn], 1863. MAMALLA. MALAYAN : dialect of N.W. Amboyna. MAME or MAM. American : dialect of the MAYA class : same as POKO-MAM ; allied to KACHIQUEL, and spoken in Guatemala. " Arte, &c.," by Larios ; Mexico, 1697. MAMI. Negritic : sub-dialect of PAPUAN. It has some affinities with FORMO- SAN, MANGAREI, and GUEBE. H. C. MANA. African ; class name for MANDINGO, including the KRU group ; its area extends as far inland as the Niger and as far south as the Ashantee frontier ; the Mandingo of Senegambia is the most N. Eastern of the MANA class. See Kolle's " Polyglotta Africana." B. G. L. M 8 164 MANATOTO. Dialect of POLYNESIAN with AUSTRALIAN affinities. Dissertation, Crawfurd's " Malay Gr." MANCHUj under MANTSHU. MANDAHAR, see MANDHAR. MANDAILING. BATTA : dialects of Angkola and Mandailing in So. Sumatra. P. J. V. MANDAN. American : dialect of Sioux ; Schoolcraft's " Indian Tribes," vol. iii., p. 446. MANDARA. AFRICAN : dialect of Lake Tschad. Denham's " Vocaby. of Central Africa," collected from between 10 and 9 N.L. MANDARANTSHI. African : assigned by Earth to HAMARUA. MANDARIN. CHINESE : the most refined dialect, also called KUAN-HoA ; used in classical literature, at Court, and in commerce. Dicty. by Perny, " Fr., Lat., Ch. (Mandarine)," Paris, 1869 ; Grammar by Edkins, 1864. MANDE. A NEGRO speech ; Treatise by Steinthal, Berlin, 1867. MANDHAR. District of Celebese or Macassar ; the language is allied to BUGIS. It is little known, but has a large admixture of MALAY and JAVANESE. P. J. V. See MENADO. MANDINGO. AFRICAN : classjname for several languages of the W., much influenced by ARABIC ; it is more especially the native dialect of Senegambia. Grammar and Dicty. by Macbrair, London, 1837. See MANA. MANDONGO. African : dialect of KAFFIR. MANDSCHU, under MANTSCHU. MANDURESE, see MADURESE. MANG. Dravidian ; a local dialect of TAMUL spoken in the Mahratta territory. MANGALA. Sinhalese : dialect of KANDY. 165 MANGAREI (MANGUREO). Polynesian : dialect of FLORES or MANGEYLE, with AUSTRALIAN affinities. It is spoken on the W. coast ; the people are subject to the Sultan of Bima. MANGASEIA. Ugrian : dialect of SAMOIED, closely allied to TUNGUS. Small voca- bulary in Latham's ' Elements," p. 77. MANGEEA. POLYNESIAN : dialect of the Friendly Is., situated 158 16' W. long. ; 21 27' S. lat. MANGKASAR. Proper spelling of MACASSAR. This Malayan language is spoken in the S. peninsula, viz., in the capital of Celebes and its environs ; in Tallo, Gowa, Saurabone, Takalar, Turuteya, Bouthain, and part of Bulecomba. It is nearly allied to BUGIS, which is spoken in Maros, Pangkajene, Segeri, Tanette, Barru, the Aja Tapparang, the remaining part of Bule- comba, Boui, Soppeng, Waju, and Luwu. * # * The grammatical structure and syntax are alike in Bugis and Mangkasar, though the difference of words is considerable, and the alphabet is the same in the main, with slight modifications, but not sufficient to justify the assertion of Mr. Wallace (" Malay. Archip.," vol. ii., p. 472) that Bugis is written in a native character distinct from that of Macassar. There still exist some ancient MSS., written in an older alphabet, now quite obsolete. See " Makassaarche Spraak-Kunst," by Matthes, Amsterdam, 1858 ; " Woordenbock," 1859 : " Chrestomathie," 1860. P. J. V. MANGRI. AFRICAN : spoken S. of the Gambia. MAN1KOLO, see MALLICOLLO. MANIPOORA, see MUNEEPOOB. MANKS or MANX. Keltic : the GAELIC or GADHELIC of the I. of Man. It is a written language, and is closely allied to the ERSE and the GAELIC of Scotland. Dicty. by Cregan, Douglas, 1835. MANOA. American : dialect of the Eio Negro, allied to BARREE. MANONA, MANONO. POLYNESIAN : dialects of the Navigator's Is., S. Pacific. It is the same as SAMOAN. W. G. MANSURMUR. Bhotya ; sub-dialect of THIBETAN. 166 MANTAWAI, MANTAWEI. MALAYAN : language of Mantawai and Pagai or Poggy, islands to W. of Sumatra. P. J. V. MANTSHU, MANCHU. Moghol : typical language of TURANIAN, vernacular with the Mantshu Tatars, now the reiening dynasty of China, but originally from the R. Amur, Chinese Tartary. The characters are written in vertical columns and read from left to right. Vocaby. by Gabelentz, Leipsig, 1864 ; " Sketch " by Castren, St. Petersburg, 1856. MANTUAN. Sub-dialect of ITALIAN ; vocaby. by Cherubini, Milan, 1827. MANUA. Polynesian : it is the SAMOAN with a few words of the E. Islands. W. G. MANYAK. BHOTYA : tribe of E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." MANYUNYA, see SANDEH. MAORI. POLYNESIAN : native name of the New Zealanders, closely allied to KANAKA and TAHITI AN. The word " Maori," pronounced " Mowry," means "natural," "native," "indigenous." " Dictionary and Grammar," by Williams. London, 1862. MAPLU. Dialect of PEGTJESE, classed as KAREN. MAPOJE. American : dialect of SALIVA, in New Granada ; same as QUAQUAS. MAQUA. American : same as MOHAWK ; extinct language of the IROQUOIS family ; closely allied to ONONDAGA. The name was applied by the Dutch. See vocabulary in " Bulletin Hist. Soc. of Pennsylvania," 1 848. See MlNQO. MARA, Dialect of ADALI. MARADICOS. AMERICAN : Spanish name for SHOSHONES. MARAHA. Older DRAVIDIAN : dialect of Nipal. MARAM, INDO-CHINESE : dialect of the Nagas or Rookies. See " Jnl. Asiatic S. of Bengal," 1837. 167 MARAMOMISIOS. AMERICAN : Indians of Brazil. See Pinelo's " Epitome, &c.," Madrid, 1737-8. MARATHI, see MAHEATTI. MARAUHA, see MABOA. MARAVI. African : dialect of N.E. Kaffir, spoken on the Mozambique coast. Vocaby. in Kolle's " Polyglot." H. C. MARE. Negritic : dialect of PAPUAN, spoken in the Loyalty Islands. See NENOONE. MARGANTSHI. African : assigned by Earth to the HAMAEUA. MARIANNE. POLYNESIAN : dialect of the Ladrone Islands. MARIATE. AMERICAN : spoken near the junction of the Lja with the Amazons, and allied to BARREE and MANOA. See Von Martius, vol. ii., p. 266. MARING. INDO-CHINESE : dialect of the Nagas. MARKISH. Teutonic : sub-dialect of Low-GEBMAN. Vocaby. in " Weddigen's Magazine," Lemgo, 1790. MAROA, MARAUHA. American : dialect of BANIWA or CARIB. Vocaby. by Wallace. H. C. MAROCGO, see MOEOCCO. MARONITE. (1) Semitic : sub-dialect of ABABIC. Grammar by Sionita, Paris, 1616. (2) An alphabetic character of SYEIAC. MAROS. (1) MALAYAN : district of Nias, a small island near Sumatra. (2) BTJGIS : district of Celebes. MARQUEES (LOURENZO), see TEKBZA. 168 MARQUESAN. POLYNESIAN : a dialect of Eastern Polynesia, closely allied to TAHITIAN, vernacular in the Marquesas Islands, H. Pacific, situated in 7 10 S. Lat., 139 141 W. Lon. De Gembloux ; "Idiomologie des lies Marquises," Bourges, 1843. W. G. L. MARRANE, MARRON. FRENCH : people of Moorish extraction ; " a renegade." MARU. JAPANESE : hard accent on consonants. MARUVI, MARUWI. MALAYAN : language of the Banyak islands, and of Si-Malu, W. Sumatra ; it is said to bear great affinity to the BATTA and NIAS. P. J .V. MARWARI. HINDI : dialect of Jondpoor or Jodpur in Eajpootana. MASACARA. American : dialect of GES spoken in Brasil. Von Martius, vol. ii., p. 144. MASAYA or MASYA. American : dialect of NICARAGUA, but allied to the Sioux. H. C. MASORETIC. HEBREW : " Masora," i.e. " traditional " ; applied to the received Jewish version of the O. T. It owes its value to the system of points intro- duced to supply the want of vowels. MASSACHUSETTS American : extinct dialect of ALGONKIN. Vocaby. : "Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii., p. 110. %* The name carries with it its own geographical position. The town of Boston, U.S., now stands on the land of the Massachuset Indians. I find that NATIK or NADICK is rather a synonym for MAS- SACHUSETS than the name of a separate form of speech, whether language or dialect ; on the coast, the name changed, and the language also, which is NARRAGANSET. The two forms are closely allied, but MASSACHUSETS means the parts about Boston, NARRAGANSET the language of Connecticut and Rhode Island. The greatest work in any American language is, undoubtedly, the translation of the Bible by Eliot ; but no one knows whether the language is to be called NATICK or MASSACHUSET. Eliot also wrote a Grammar, dated A.D. 1666 ; the author merely calls it INDIAN ; reprinted at Boston in 1832. B. G. L. MASSARATTY. Malayan : dialect of BooROO, closely allied to CAJELI. See Wallace : "Malay Archip." %* The language of Booroo is a dialect of the Moluccan ALFURU. P. J. V. 169 MASSIED. Dialect of Australian, allied to GUDUNG. MASSINA. African : dialect of the FULAH. MASSIT. AMERICAN : Indians of Q. Charlotte's Is. MASURIC. Slavonian : sub-dialect of POLISH. MATABELLO. Negritic : sub-dialect of PAPUAN. Wallace : Appx. (Malay Archip.). %* According to the best authorities it should be written WATUBELLO. P. J. V. MATABILI. African : sub-dialect of BECHUANA. MATAGUAYA. American : dialect of the district of Gran Chaco, classed as PATA- GONIAN, and related to the ABIPONIAN. H. C. MATARA. American : Indians of Paraguay, closely allied to VILELA. MATHEO, SAN. NEGRITIC : dialect of the Philippines. MATLAZINGA. American : Archaic dialect of Mexico. See Pinelo's " Epitome," Madrid, 1737-8. MATURNANTSHI. African : assigned by Earth to the HAMARUA. MAU. Polynesian : dialect of MAORI, vernacular in the New Hebrides. MAU HE, see UAENAMBEU. MAUKOR (MAIKOR). Negritic : dialect of PAPUAN, belonging to the Aroo Islands. MAURISH, see MOORISH. MAWAKWA. American : dialect of CARIB spoken in Guiana, most closely allied to SOERIKONG. MAWI, see MAORI. 170 MAYA O r MAYAN. AMERICAN : Class name for many languages of Central America, especially those of Yucatan and Guatemala. In the former it rules exclusively ; in the latter it is a closely allied form of speech. The POCONCHI (with the exception of certain rude dialects belonging to the same class) is the representative language. The KACHIQUEL is a third language of equal importance. In Vera Cruz, for the parts about Tampico, an allied language, the HUASTECA, separated from its con- geners, is (or was) the original vernacular. Grammatical sketches, " artes," as they are called by early missionaries are as early and fully as numerous for the Maya languages and dialects as for any in America, dating from the seventeenth century. A short but valuable work by Squier is the chief authority for them. " States of Cential America," by T. G. Squier, N. York, 1858 ; " Etudes," by Brassier De Bourbourg, Paris, 1869-70 ; " Silabario," by Ruz, Merida, 1845 ; " Phonetic Alphabet," described by Brinton. E. G. L. See VEY. MAYORGA. POLYNESIAN : dialect of the Friendly Islands. MAYORUNA. AMERICAN : Indians of the Eio Yavari, in the province of Rio Negro, Brasil. ** This language has affinities with the SUNTAHA Sow languages of Borneo, and belongs to the PYGMEAN or MINCOPIE class of Colebrook. H. C. MAYPUR. American : dialect of the ORINOCO, closely allied to Moxos, also to BANIWA, CORETU, SABAVICA, &c. H. 0. i^ MAZENDERAN. Sub-dialect of PERSIAN, spoken on the S. shores of the Caspian. Klaproth : " Beschreibung," Berlin, 1814. MBAMBA. AFRICAN : dialect of the Gaboon. It is allied to KANYOKA, MUSEN- TANDO, NETEHE, &c. H. C. MB AY A. American : same as GUAYKTJRU. They are called CAVALLEROB by the Spaniards ; Paraguay Indians of Cujaba. and allied to MBOKOBI. H. C. MBOFIA. AFRICAN : dialect of Brass-town, allied to ARO, ISOAMA, and ISIOLI. H. C. MBOKOBI. American : dialect of the district of Gran Chaco, classed with ABI- PONIAN and TOBA, MATAGUAYA and MBAYA. MECH. TRANS-HIMALAYAN : language of the Meches, a lowland tribe of the Terai, at base of Himalaya in Nipal, noted for enjoying immunity from malarious fever. No written character. " Jnl. A. S. of Bengal," 1840. A. C. See DHIMAL. 171 MEGH-CHAOOH. American : same as MOHEGAN. See MEKO. MECKLENBURG. Teutonic : sub-dialect of Low-GERMAN. Grammar by Ritter, Eostock, 1832. MECKLEY, see MOITAY. MEDIAN. Properly the language of the ancient Medes, a people of the high country between Mesopotamia and the Persian desert, only known through names and a few words, which show it to have been ARYAN, and closely allied to ancient PERSIAN. The term " Median " was at one time applied to the language of the third column of Achsemenian cunei- form inscriptions, but it is now admitted that this was a misnomer. On the real Median language, see Rawlinson : " Ancient Monarchies," Media, vol. iii., pp. 137-156. G. R. MEDO-PERSIAN. Class name for the branch of ARYAN speech, with slight differences, common to the ancient Medes and Persians. G. R. MEDO-SGYTHIAN. Dr. Hincks' name for the language of Scythic tribes dwelling in Media and Persia, known to us by a peculiar form of inscriptions in cuneiform. %* The best account of the language, which is decidedly TURANIAN, will be found in Norris's " Scythic Inscriptions of Behistun," " Jnl. of R. As. Soc.," vol. xv. G. R. MEFUR. Negritic : dialect of PAPUAN, vernacular in New Guinea. MEHERRIN. AMERICAN : name for the Tuteloes. MEISTERSANGEREN, see MINNESINGERS. MEKO. AMERICAN : old race of Mexico, prior to the Nahuatl. Same as CICI-MECH. MEKRI. Dialect of KURDISH. MELANESIAN. Same as KELENONESIAN ; it represents the S.W. Islands of the Pacific, consisting of the Loyalty group, Bank's Santa Cruz, the Solomon Archi- pelago extending W. by N., to include New Guinea. 172 MELLELE. Class of GIPSEY. MELON. African : allied to NHOTEN and NHALEMOE. H. C. MEMPHITIC. Egyptian : an extinct dialect of COPTIC ; it was spoken over the district about Memphis, and represented the language of middle rather than upper or lower Egypt. K. G. L. MENADO or MENADU. A large class of dialects spoken in Celebes or Macassar, classed as ALFUEU, and somewhat allied to BUGIS. (Wallace.) See MINAHASSA. MENAK. Javanese : in the SUNDANESE dialect " Menak " means " a noble, one of high birth ;" hence high-Sundanese is called BASA-MENAK. P. J. V. MENANGKABAW. MALAYAN : dialect of the Dutch residency in the highlands of Padang, Sumatra, which was anciently an independent monarchy called MENANG KABAW. It differs considerably from ordinary Malay. Voca- bulary, &c., edited by Pynappel (Dialogues : Menangkabaw and Malay). P. J. V. MENASSER (BENI). Language of the BENI MENASSER, a branch of the BERBEB. See LIBYAN. Baron de Slane first published the pronouns of this language, which differ so much from the other Libyan languages that it must be unintelligible to those who know only the others ; yet it is small and unimportant. H. Duveyrier (1857) places the tribes near to the Hhal- lula Lake, and says that they have adopted Arab manners, an Arabic name, and an immensity of the Arabic language. He gives an extremely limited vocabulary. He thinks that it and the dialect called that of the Benl Mezab, is a branch of the ZENATIA dialect, and is connected with that spoken in the oasia of Touat. But the last is supposed to be TAMASHIGHT. F. W. N. MENDE, see TSCHUR. MENDI. AFRICAN : quoted from " Outline of a Vocabulary," London, 1841. MENEMONI, see. MENOMENI. MENERO-DOWNS. Dialect of AUSTRALIAN. Vocaby. " Jnl. R. Geog. Soc.," 1839. MENGWE, see MAQUA. MENIENG. AMERICAN : dialect of Brazil, mixed with NEGRO-PORTUGUESE, and sometimes called S. American JARGON. See KAMAKAN. 173 MENOMENI. American : dialect of ALGONKIN spoken to the S. of L. Superior. " Amer. Ethnol," vol. ii., p. 113 ; Schoolcraft's " Indian Tribes," vol. ii., p. 470. MENYAMNYAM, see SANDEH. MEQUACHAKE. AMERICAN : tribe of Shawnees. MERI. Sub-dialect of DYAK in Borneo. MERUSY. PERSIC : sub-dialect of Khorassan. MESHTSHERIAK. TURKEE : tribes of Ugrians speaking Turkish. MESO-GOTHIC, under MCE. MESSENIAN. Hellenic : a provincial dialect of Modern GREEK. MESSISSAUGI. American : ALGONKIN tribes S. of Lake Superior and N.E. of the Huron. MESTIZO. Ethnological : issue of whites and native Americans. In Spanish the word " Mestizo " means " a mongrel." METZ, MEURTHE, MEUSE. Romance : sub-dialects of FRENCH. (1) Vocaby. by Francois, Metz, 1773 ; (2) Vocaby., " Fr. Socy. Antiq.," vol. ix. ; (3) " Dissertation " by Cordier, Bar-le-Duc, 1843. MEWARA. Same as EHATORE, sub-dialect of BOWRI. MEXICAN. It is of some importance to remember that MEXICAN is not a philo- logical but a geographical term, and that the indigenous name of the occupants of the parts about the present city of Mexico was Nahuatl, akin to whom were the Tlaskala. The Asteks were conquerors and intruders the Chetimacha probably the same. This is important when we remember that the three names, Nahuatl, Huasteca, and Tlaskala are to be found in three different districts far away from Mexico. At present MEXICAN and ASTEK are nearly synonymous ; just like Quichua and Peruvian. See " Dialogues," by Arenas, Paris, 1862 ; Glossary by Biondelli, Milan, 1869 ; " Cuadro Descriptive," by Pimentel, 1862-5. For Picture Character, see Humboldt's " Atlas Pittoresque." E. G. L. See AZTEC. 174 MFUT. AFRICAN : language of the Gaboon, closely allied to AFUDU. MIAMI. American : tribes of ALGONKIN, W. of the Mississippi. Vocaby. in Schoolcraft's "Indian Tribes," vol. ii. MlAOS, MlAU. Sub-dialect of CHINESE ; MIAUTSZE means " children of the soil," i.e., Aborigines. Vocaby. by Edkins, Foochow. MlC-MAC. American : FRENCH name for the native Indians of Nova Scotia, &c. * # * (1) As a special name it means the ALGONKIN of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, and Prince Edward's Island. The still more special name for the present dialect is MIRAMICHI. (2) As a class name it may conveniently be made to include (i.) on the North the Skoffi and Sheshatapoosh of Labrador ; (ii.) the MlCMAC proper of the South ; (iii.) the New England forms of speech, as the ABENAKI, PENOBSCOT, and ETCHEMIN, whence we derived the present name for the State of Mayne. It corresponds thus with the ACADIAN and GASPESIAN of the French, including the French denominations Souriquois, Montagnard, and others. Grammar by Maillard, New York, 1864. E. G. L. MlCRONESIAN. LESSER-POLYNESIAN : class of oceanic dialects in the lesser islands of the Pacific. MIDDLE-HIGH-GERMAN. TEUTONIC : period of language from 12th century until Luther. Dicty. by Benecke, Leipsig, 1854-60. MIDDLESEX. Local dialect of ENGLISH ; sometimes called Language of the Metropolis, sometimes COCKNEY. See LONDON. MIEN-TING. Local dialect of CHINESE. MIGUEL, ST. NEGRITO : a dialect of the Philippines. MIGUEL, SAN. American : dialect of California!! Mission, allied to SAN ANTONIO, and classed as DIEGUNOS. MlKTLANTONGO. American : same as MITLANTONGO. MILANESE. ITALIC : sub-dialect of Milan. Vocaby. by Cherubini, Milano. 1814 ; by Cappeletti, Milano, 1848. 175 MILCHAN. INDO-CHINESE : vernacular dialect of Kampoor, B. India. MlLCOCAYAC. American : dialect of the Guarpes, Indians of Chili, almost identical with ALLEUTIAC. i MlLICITE. American : Indians of New Brunswick, using IROQUOIS numerals. MILLANOW. Sub-dialect of DYAK in Borneo. MlLLE. POLYNESIAN : dialect of the Ladrones or Marianne Islands. MlNCOPIE. Dialect of the Andaman Islands. %* In the Great Andaman island of the Indian Seas at least two distinct languages are known, viz., that of Colebrooke's Vocabulary, and that of Tickell's. These people are Negritos of small stature and with glossy skins. Their affinities are with those of the short races in other parts of the world, and they have probably the most ancient languages yet known. See " Asiatic Researches," vol. iv., p. 393 ; x., 218. H.C. See PYGMEAN. MINDANAO, see MAGINDANAO. MINETARI. American : dialect of Sioux, N. division, called " Grosventre," i.e. " big-bellies," EHATSAR ; other dialects are ALASAE, or Fall-Indians, and KATTANAHAWS. Ludewig, London, 1858, p. 119. %* Dr. Latham objects to the word " Alasar." According to that great authority it is a misnomer, arising from some confusion between the words " Ahnenin " and " Atsina." The former are classed by Gallatin as ARBAPAHOES. See " Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii., where the same vocabulary is printed as ATSINA. We have no original authority for the word " Alasar," but it appears in Jiilg's " Vater," p. 253. See Trubner's " Ludewig," p. 12 ; also Latham's " Elements," p. 457, where it is shown that there are two different tribes called Fall Indians, one ALGONKIN and one Sioux. MlNGO. AMERICAN : tribes of Iroquois, now extinct. Sometimes called MAQUA, MENGWE. MlNGRELIAN. Caucasian : sub-dialect of GEORGIAN, closely allied to LAZIC. Klap- roth : " Jnl. Asiatique," 1829. MINNESINGERS. Early minstrels of Germany, using the SWABIAN andother dialects. See " Manessische Handschrift," by Vander Hagen, 1838 ; " Die Deutschen Minnesanger," 4 vols. 4to. The MEISTEBSANGERS are of a later date. 176 MlNSI. American : classed as ALGONKIN. Also called MINISTI or MUNSEYI, meaning " Wolf-tribe." %* A tribe of the Lenni-Lenape or Delaware Indians ; of the others, the Unalachtgo speak a similar dialect, but the Unami is different. MlRAMICHI. American : Mic-MAC of New Brunswick. MlRANHA. AMERICAN : dialect of the U. Japura, allied to BARREE. See vocaby. in Von Martius, vol. ii., p. 279. MIRBAT. Extinct dialect of ARABIC. MlRDITES. A local dialect of SKIPETAR, spoken in a political division of Albania. MlRI. Dialect of ASSAMESE, closely allied to ABOR. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." See SIBSAYA. MIRIAM. Negritic : collective term for insular dialects of PAPUAN, belonging to the Torres Straits. MlRUPS. BURMESE : dialect of Singpo. MlSHIMI. INDO-CHINESE : dialect of Assam. " Jnl. Asiat. Socy. of Bengal," 1837. MlSNIAN. Teutonic : old HIGH-GERMAN of Meissen, Saxony, but best known by the later modern or NEW HIGH-GERMAN, found in the writings of Martin Luther. See LUTHERAN. MISSIONS, under SAN. MlSSKITO, see MOSQUITO. MlSTECO, see MIXE. MlTHAN. ASSAMESE : dialect of the Naga tribes, allied to TABLUNG. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." MlTHILI. BENGALI : vernacular in Behar, Hindostan. It is allied to MAGADHA, and sometimes called TIRHUTYA. 177 MlTLANTONGO. American : dialect of MISTECO. MlTTEL, see MIDDLE. MlXE, MlXTECA. AMERICAN : tribes of Oaxaca in Mexico, speaking several dialects See " Catechismo," Puebla, 1837. MlYUNG. Burmese : dialect of SINGPHO. MlZDZHEDZHI. CAUCASIAN : Klaproth's name for the central group of languages which the Russians call TSHETSH or CHECH. Various spellings are MlTSJEGHI, MlZJEJI. MlZDEGHIC. MJAMMAW. Native name for BURMESE. It is a mutation of M into B. MKUAFI, see UKUAFI. MOA. Negritic : sub-dialect of PAPUAN, belonging to the Letti group of the Serwatty Islands. Vocaby. by Heymering : " Tydschrift voor Ned. Ind.," 1846. P. J. V. MOAB, MOABITE. Name for a supposed variety of HEBREW ; pre-historic dialect of Wady Mujib, the valley of the river Arnon. Known only by the frag- ments of an inscription brought from ancient Dibon, now Dibhan, with characters resembling those of the PHCEXICIAN alphabet. Treatise by Dr. Ginsburg, London, 1870. MOAN, see MON. MOBBA, MABA, MABANG. AFRICAN : dialect of Dar-Saleh, E. of Lake Tschad. See Burckhardt's " Travels in Nubia," London, 1819. MOBILIAN. American : name for the CHIKKASA of the K. Mobile, spoken in Alabama and Arkansas. MOBIMA, see MOVIMA. MOCHIKA, see YUKGA. MOCHONO, MUCHOJEONE, MOCOROSI. AMERICAN : Indians of Moxos in Bolivia, allied to MAIPUB. MODENESE. Romance : sub-dialect of ITALIAN. N 178 MODOC or MOADOC. AMERICAN : small tribe of warlike Indians at Lake Clamet or Klamath, on the boundaries of California and Oregon. See OKKOUHISH. MCESO-GOTHIC. Teutonic : the GOTHIC of ancient Moesia. See Gabelentz and Lobe : "Ulphilas," Leipsic, 1836-1843: also Skeat's " Moeso-Gothic Glossary" (Phil. Soc. 1868), in the preface to which is a list of all the editions of " Ulphilas" and an account of all MSS. written in Moeso-Gothic, the most famous of the MSS. being the " Codex Argenteus " at Upsal. %* Prof. Max Muller thinks that the era of Ulphilas should be stated as 311-381 A.D. The Mceso-Gothic is LOW-GERMAN, and varies widely in spelling from high-German. This important fact is often passed over in the text-books, which copy from each other. W. W. S. See Suio-GoTHic. MOGHOL, see MONGOL. MOGHRIL-EL-AKSA, see MONGREBIN. MOGIALUA. African : Douville's class name for BUNDA and KONGO. See "Voyage au Congo," Paris, 1832. MOH AVE. ' American : dialect of U. California, belonging to the YUMA class. MOHAWK. American : same as Maqua, a dialect of IROQUOIS formerly spoken on the R. Mohawk, a tributary of the Hudson, and still spoken to the E. of N. York State ; but these tribes are principally settled in Canada. Schoolcraft's " Indian Tribes," vol. ii., p. 482. MOHEGAN, MOHICAN. American : tribes of ALGONKIN formerly settled on the Hudson, sometimes called PEQUOTS. Sub-divisions were MECH-CHAOOH, or "Wolf-tribe;" MUCHQUANH, or "Bear-tribe;'' and TOON-PAOOH, or " Turtle-tribe." Vocaby. " Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii,, p. 110. MOHILIAN. Dialect of the Commorro Is., E. Africa, classed as KAFFIR. H. C. MOITAY. Indian tribe on boundaries of Assam and Bengal ; also called MECK- LEY and MUGGALU. MOKO or MOKKO. African : dialect of BENNI or BlNI. MOKOBY, see MBOKOBI. MOKOROSI, see MOCHONO. 179 MOKSCHA, MOKSCHANISCHEN. UGRIAN : dialects of Orenburg, allied to MORDVINIAN and TCHEBE- MISS, both classed as sub-dialects of MOKDOWSKAJA. Grammar by Ornatow, Moskwa, 1838 (Moscow). MOLDAVIAN. Romance : dialect of ROUMAN, closely allied to WALLACHIAN. MOLONGLO. AUSTRALIAN : See Eyre's Journals, London, 1845. MOLUA. AFRICAN : tribes of Guinea. See MOGIALUA. MOLUCCAS, MALAYAN : languages of the Spice Islands in the Malay Archipelago. MOLUCHE, American : name for ARAUCANIANS. It means " men of the West." Indians of Chili. %* In Chileno ethnography the terminal " che " is important : it means " man " ; so the compounds Moluche, Pnelche, Huilliche, &c., are all Chileno names. R. G. L. MOMENTA. African : sub-dialect of KAFFIR* MOMOYEENTSHI. African : assigned by Earth to the HAMARUA. MON. Indo-Chinese : dialect of PEGU, same as TALAIN. Vocaby. in Hunter's "Comp. Dicty." MONG-JUNG. INDO-CHINESE : tribes of Laos, speaking a dialect of SIAMESE. MONGOL or MONGOLIAN. Correctly MOGHOL, the typical dialect of a large family of Turanian languages, allied to MANTSHU and TTJRKEE ; it is spoken in Central Asia, and written in perpendicular lines, reading from left to right. An old form of character is called BASPA-MOGHOL, and a modern varia- tion is known as GALIK. Dicty. (1855), Grammar (1831), by Schmidt, St. Petersburg. See KALMUCK. MONGOYO. American : a sub-division of CAMACAN spoken in the province of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, classed as BOTOCUDO, See KAMAKAN. Nl 180 MONGREBIN, MOGREBIN. Semitic : a dialect of ARABIC spoken in Africa ; it is the vernacular speech of the Moors (anciently of Mauritania) and vernacular in Algiers, Barbaryyand Marocco. It is called MOORISH or MOGHRIB-EL-AKSA. Grammar and Vocaby. by De Bombay, Vienne, 1800 ; see also " Asiatic Jl.," 1828. MONOGRAM. Single letter, one letter duplicated, any combination of initials into one device ; a single character used for an entire word, as the Arabic numerals. MONOSYLLABIC. A name for certain primitive forms of speech, including CHINESE, wherein each letter or character represents an entire word, and poly- syllables are recognised by the speaker as compounds. In such languages " roots are used as words, without change of form." Also called ISOLATING. MONQUI. American : Hervas' name for the WAIKUR. MONSONIK. American : dialect of CREE. MONTAGNARDS. American : French name for the SHESHATAPOOSH. MONTAK, MONTAUK. American ; Indians of Long Is. " Arch. Amer.," vol. ii. MONTE-NEGRO. Slavonic : sub-dialect of SERVIAN. MONTESE. Romance : sub-dialect of WALLOON. See Sigart : " Glossaire Ety- mologique." MOOR (1). PAPUAN : dialect of Moor or Mohr, an island in Geelvink Bay, on the north of N. Guinea. MOOR (2) or MOORISH, see MONGREBIN. MOORMI, MURMI. Tribe of E. and Central Nipal, closely allied to GYARUNG. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." A. C. MOORS. Hindostani : a jargon or corrupt dialect of BOMBAY and CALCUTTA, much compounded with ENGLISH and PORTUGUESE. MOORUNDE. AUSTRALIAN : same as AIAWONG. " Eyre's Journals," London, 1845. 181 MOQUELUMNE. American : allied to TALATUI. MORAVIAN. Slavonic : same as MAHREN, sub-dialect of CHECK or BOHEMIAN. MORDOWSKAJA. UGRIAN : dialect of Orenburg. See MOKSCHA. MORDVINIAN. Ugrian : dialect of FINNISH, spoken near the confluence of the Russian rivers Oka and Volga. Sub-dialects are ERSA and MOKSCHA. Tribes anciently called Bulghars. Grammar by Wiedemann, St. Petersburg, 1865. MORELLA. Batu-Morella : dialect of Amboyna, closely allied to LIANG. Wallace : " Malay A." See BATU-MKRAH. MORETON. AUSTRALIAN : dialect of Moreton I. and Bay. MOROCCO, MAROCCO. ARABIC of N. Africa ; same as MOORISH. Norberg : " Disputatio, i. See SLAVONIC. SCOTCH or SCOTTISH. (Of the Lowlands). Dialect of ENGLISH, as spoken in that part of the old district of Northumbria which lay to the N. of the Tweed. See Murray : " Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland," 1873. Dicty. by Jamieson. Old Scottish : Glossary by Ruddiman, Edinburgh, 1710 ; Pinkerton's Poems, London, 1792. A vocabulary of Scottish Gipsy is given in the " Life of Bamfylde Moore Carew." See GAELIC. SCOTT'S-RIVER INDIANS. American : ENGLISH name for the T-ka Indians. Ste IDDOA. SCYTHIAN. Word used for Nomadic ; anciently applied to Tatars, and other tribes speaking TUBANIAN dialects in Central Asia. %* The few ancient Scythian words resemble MANCHU. H. C. SEA-GIPSIES, see BAJAU. SECHUANA. African : same as BECHUANA ; classed as S.E. BANTU. Dr. Bleek writes " Setshuana." SECQLAPI. African : dialect of KAFFIB. SECUMNE, see SEKUMNE. 238 SEGZI. Iraiiic : early PERSIAN dialect of Seistan or Segistan. SEHUAC, see TEHUELHET. SEKUMNE. American : Indians of U. California, closely allied to TSAMAK. SELDSCHUK, SELJUK. Alatyan : a dialect of TURKISH. SELENGA. Turanian : dialect of MOQHOL, closely allied to AIMAUJC. SELISH. AMERICAN : tribe of Atnah, or Flatheads. The Flatheads are some- times called Chin-Indians, because the boards used to compress the forehead serve to thrust the chin forward. Also called SHOUSHWAP. Grammar by Mengarini, New York, 1861. See TSHIHAILI. SEMIAN. Sub- Semitic : a dialect of AMHABIC. SEMINOLE. American : Indians of E. Florida. Their language belongs to the CREEK or MUSKOGTJLGEE class. R. G. L. SEMITIC. A word formed from the name of the patriarch Shem or Sem. Same as SYRO-ARABIC ; class name for the ARABIC, ARAMAIC, MESOPOTAMIA^, and CANAANITISH groups of languages, taken collectively. (1) Arabic, with its affiliations, includes ETHIOPIC and AMHARIC. (2) Aramaic is represented by SYRIAC. (3) Mesopotamian includes ancient ASSYRIAN, BABYLONIAN, and the modern language of the Chaldees of Kurdistan. (4) Canaanitish includes PHOENICIAN and HEBREW. The primitive Semitic alphabet consisted of seventeen letters only " Sem " is the equivalent for " Chem " by a natural law of speech, igg* SEMITIC (SUB), see HEBREO-AFRICAN. SENA. AFRICAN : dialect of the Mozambique. SENAAR, see SHILLUK. SENECA, SENEKA. American : IROQUOIS dialect of Buffalo and Niagara. See " Hymn- book," New York, 1852. SEPHARDIM. HEBREW word ; name for Spanish Jews. SERAGOLET, SERAHULI, SERAWULLI. African : dialect of true NEGRO. %* Under the names AZERIYE, ASWAREK, and SWANINKE, Earth gives great importance to this class, though now its area is greatly diminished through the encroachment of the Arabic. It is probable the three languages just named may, along with the FULAH, be brought within the same class. B. G. L. SERAWATTY. Small group of the Sunda Islands. Dialects are distinguished in BABA, KISSER, and SERMATTE. SERB or SERVIAN. Slavonic : native speech of Servia, closely allied to POLISH and RUSSIAN, and written in CYRILLIC characters. Grammar by Jordan, Prague, 1841 ; by Schmaler, Bautzen, 1852. See ILLYBIAN. SERERES (SERAIRES). African : dialect of Cape Verd, closely allied to SARAB and SERA- \VTJLLI. SERGU, see SURGA. SERMATTE. . MALAYAN : native name of the Serawatte la. SEROGI. Negrito : dialect of PAPUAN. SERPA. BHOT : dialect of E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." A. 0. SERPENT, SERPENS. American : Snake Indians ; same as SHOSHONES, See NAGA. SERRANO. American : SPANISH name for TEHUELHET. SERSKEN, SERSKISH. Wendic : the SORB of Lower Lusatia. SERVIAN, see SEES. 240 SESUTO. AFRICAN : dialect of Bechuana Kaffirs. SETAWAL, see SATAWAL. SETTE-COMMUNI. Teutonic : local dialect of Italy, classed as HIGH-GERMAN. See TEEDICI. SEVERNOVZI. AMERICAN : tribe of Olamentke in New California. Vocaby. in " Beitrage zur Kenntniss," St. Petersburg, 1839. SGAU. Monosyllabic : Burmese dialect of KAEEN. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." SHABUN. AFRICAN : dialect of Kordovan. SHAGA. African : same as AGAG ; a form of ANGOLA. SHAHAPTIN, see SAHAPTIN. SHALCHA. Lesgian : MIZDZHEDZHI dialect of the Caucasus. SHAMAITEN, see SARMATIAN. SHAN, SHYAN. INDO-CHINESE : Thay race of Burmah ; used also for a division of SIAMESE. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." SHANDOO. INDO-CHINESE : tribe of N. Arracan. A. C. SHANGALLA, SHANKALI. AFRICAN : name applied by true Abyssinians to Negro races on the hills ; as Dizzela and Tacazze. ** It is an AGAW language. H. C. See GALLA. SHANGHAI. Local dialect of CHINESE. Grammar (1868), Vocaby. (1869), by Edkins. SHARA. American : name for SHYENNES. SHARAIGOL. Tatar : same as SHARRA, or Eastern MOGHOL of Mantchuria. 241 SHASTI, also SASTE, SHASTA. AMERICAN : dialect of Oregon and U. California, allied to PALAIK, to KULANAPA, and OREGONES. %* The native name is " Wee-o-how," i.e., " Stone-house," a retreat in the famous lava-beds at Lake Clamets, in Siskyon County, California. They are, however, a race alien to the MODOCS, and speak a different language. For the Chasta-Butte Indians, see YEKA. SHAWANOE. American : also SHAWHAY, SHAWNEE, SHAWNOE ; S. branch of ALGONKIN ; originally of Kentucky, they are now to be found we-t of the Mississippi. "Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii., p. 113; Schoolcraft'e "Indian Tribes," vol. ii., p. 470. SHAWI, see SHOWIAH. SHEBA, see SHEYA. SHEBAYI. American : CAEIB of French Guiana. SHEFFIELD. One of the provincial dialects of ENGLISH belonging to Yorkshire. See Bywater's " Sheffield Dialect," 1839. See HALIFAX. SHEKAK. Unclassed : N. dialect of KURDISH. SHEKAWATTY. Indian : HINDI dialect of Rajpootana. SHELLU, see SHILHA. SHEN. Dravidian : archaic dialect of TAMIL, called HIGH-TAMIL. SHENDU. INDO-CHINESE : dialect of Burmah ; same as HEUMA. SHENVI. Indie : MARATHI dialect of Bombay. Allied to KONKANI. SHERBRO-BULLOM. African : MANDINGO of the Banana Islands. See BULLOM. SHESHATAPOOSH. American : ALGONKIN of Labrador, closely allied to NARRAGANSETTS. "Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii., p. 108. See SKOFPI. SHEVA, SHEBA. Semitic : local dialect of AMHARIC. 242 SHIA-PUSH, or SIAH-POSH. SANSKRITIC : spoken by the Kafirs of Hindu-Rush. See PUSHTOO. SHIBBOLETH, SIBBOLETH. HEBREW term, used as a test-word ; peculiarities of speech ; thence applied to distinguishing creeds and dogmas of religion or politics. See Judges xii. 6. SHIENNE,^see SHYENNE. SHIGHNIS. TATAR ; tribes of Badakshan. SHIHO, SHIKO. ABYSSINIAN : tribe of Danakil ; EDO and GUMEDDO are thus classed. SHIKAN. African : NlQRlTlAN of the Gaboon. SHIKASTAH. Cursive form of TALIK characters, used in Persian as a running hand. SHILHA. The language of the Shilouh (Fr. Chelouh) probably represents to us that of the ancient Mauritanians and western Gsetulians. It is now spoken in the highlands and outlying districts of Morocco. Though immensely overrun by ARABIC, it preserves its ancient grammar as a LIBYAN tongue. The pronominal system distinguishes it from the kin- dred languages. In the "Journal of the Asiatic Society" (1847) a long specimen of this language was printed in the Arabic character (" The Narrative of Sidi Ibrahim "), with a tentative interlineary Latin trans- lation and some Notes by Professor Newman. F. W. N. See LIBYAN. SHILLUK. African: dialect of KORDOVAN, closely allied to DENKA. SHIMAGAC, see ZAPARA. SHINA. Indian : dialect of SANSKRIT, used by the S. W. Dards of Dardistan. SHINICOOK. AMERICAN : Indians of Long Island, allied to MONTAK. SHO, SHOU. Indo-Chinese : also called Pwo, KAREN dialect of Burmah. See KHYENG. SHOSHONEJ. AMERICAN :/ Serpens ; Snake-Indians; classed as PADUCAN. Also called Eadigeurs, or Root-diggers. "Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii. ; School- craft's " Indian Tribes," vols. ii., iv. ** It belongs to the Pygmean or Negrito group, and is related to ANDAMAN, KIRIRI, SABUJA, GONGA, &c. H. C. See MARADICOS. 243 SHOULAH, .see SHILHA. SHOUSHWAP, SHUSHWAP. American : game as ATNA. See SELISH. SHOWIAH. (Fr. Chaouia), one of the BERBER or LIBYAN languages. The name Kabail, or Kabyle, is given by the Arabs. It is exceedingly mixed with ARABIC, yet retains its own forms of grammar. The Arabic article " El " (or the letter L initial) is often imported with an Arabic noun, as with us in the words "Alcoran," "Alcohol"; and feminine nouns take T at each end : as li Tamdint," from Arabic Medina(t), city. The language is spoken chiefly in the highlands of Mount Atlas, towards Algiers, espe- cially in the province of Constantine. There is little doubt that it repre- sents to us the ancient Numidian, and one branch of the Gaetulian. Brosselard's Dictionary, " Francais Berbere," whatever its value to a traveller, disappoints a philologer ; for by far the preater part of it is Arabic in disguise. HanoteauVGrammaire Kabyle," gives a large mass of pure words: he has selected the Zouave dialect by preference. It is rougher than that of Bougie, into which Sadi Hamet translated the book of Genesis and the four Gospels for the Bible Society. F. W. N. See LIBYAN. SHYAN, see SHAN. SHYENNE. (Fr. Cheynne). American : ALOONKIN dialect of the Kansas, allied to ARRAPAHO. "Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii. SlAH-POSH, see SmAH-P. SIAMESE. Indo-Chinese : a monosyllabic language, called, in full, SA-YAMK- PHASA, also TAI, or T'HAI ; founded on CHINESE, it contains many ele- ments of MALAY ; its alphabet resembles PALI. Grammar by Pallegoix, Bangkok, 1850 ; Dicty., Paris, 1854. SlAU. MALAYAN : group of islands adjoining Celebes. Wallace's " M. Archip." SIBERIAN. Ugrian : a geographical term, embracing dialects of TURK or TATAR, with the FINNISH, as OSTIAK and SAMOIED. It is sometimes applied especially to the languages of the Yakuts on the Lena. SIBNOW. DAYAK of Borneo : allied to BIAJUK. SIBSAGAN. Non- Aryan: MIRI dialect of E. Bengal. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Coinp. Dicty." R2 244 SIGAUNIE. AMERICAN : tribe of Tacullies. See SIKANNI. SICILIAN. Sub-dialect of ITALIAN. Dicty. by Bitmdi, Palermo, 1857. SIGULAN. Primitive language of S. Italy, classed by some with ETRUSCAN. See Mullet's " Etrusker," Breslau, 1828. See SZEKLER. SlDEIA. MALAYAN : language of Tai-wan, the island of Formosa, using an alphabet conformable to the CHINESE. SlEBENBURGISCH. TEUTONIC : Saxon dialect of Transylvania, classed as LOW-GERMAN. SlENA, see SANESE. SlFAN. CHINESE word for " Western Barbarians ;" the languages are un- classed. gT SIGNS, LANGUAGE OF. AMERICAN: described in the "Philosophical Transactions," Philadel- phia, 1804. %* Signs are used by the mutes of the Seraglio and the aristocracy at Constantinople. H. C. SIKANNI. American : ATHABASCAN dialect of N. Caledonia ; also called Tsikanne. Vocaby. by Howse. See TAKULLI. SIKH (PUNJABI). Indie : dialect of SANSKRIT, deduced from SAREWASTI or PRACRIT, and much influenced by ARABIC and PERSIAN. The word Sikh means " disciple," or follower of the fakir Nanak, a Saint of Lahore, A.D. 1469 1539. Its alphabetic character resembles HINDI, and it is the ver- nacular speech of the Punjab, or " Country of the five " waters or rivers. Grammar (1866), Dictionary (1854), Ludiana. SlKKIM, see LEPCHA. SlLESIAN (SCHLESIEN). (1) Teutonic: classed as HIGH-GERMAN ; local dialect of Upper Silesia, &c. (2) Slavonic : sub-dialect of POLISH. See GLATZ. SlLLA. AMERICAN : language of San Felipe Mission, New Mexico. 245 SlLONG. MALAYAN : dialect of the Mergui Archipelago, Tenasserim. SlMILATON. American : LENCA dialect of Honduras. SlMISENCHI. AMERICAN : name for the Piros or Chuntaquiroa. SINA, SINOLOGIST. Used for CHINESE, and any profound student of that language and its literature. " S " is the invariable equivalent for " ch " in Semitic languages. SlNAITIC. Epigraphic : name for certain inscriptions at and near Wady Mukatteb, or " written valley," in the peninsula of Sinai. The language of these inscriptions is ARABIC, with a slight ARAMAIC influence. The character is peculiar, but allied to the ARAMAIC, the PALMYRENE, and the modern ARABIC. The view of the inscriptions taken by the Rev. C. Forster (" Voice of Israel," London, 1860) is not generally endorsed by Semitic scholars, who assign the inscriptions to a time a little earlier and a little later than our era. See Beer : " Inscrip- tiones veteres ad Montem Sinai servatae," Leipzig, 1840-3. Also " Zeitschrift d. Deutsch. Morgenland. Gesellschaft," 1849, pp. 129-215. G. R. SIND. One of the multitudinous names for GIPSY, probably = " dark "; but Sindh means " sea, ocean, water." Hence applied to the Indus (Sindus) river. SlNDHI. Indian : dialect of HINDI spoken in Scinde. Two alphabets are in use viz., the ARABIC and the GURMUKHI. Dicty. by Stack, Bombay, 1849-55 ; Grammar, 1849. SlNDONGA. African : allied to OTYIHERBBO. SINGHALESE, SINHALESE. The language of Ceylon. ELU, or high- Sinhalese, is DRAVIDIAN, and closely resembles TAMIL ; its written characters, however, are more like CANARESE. Colloquial Sinhalese is largely modified by SANSKRIT ; PALI is the religious language of Buddhists in Ceylon. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." See CINGALESE. SINGHBHUM. Same as KOL ; Non- Aryan language ef Central India. Vocaby. in Hunter's "Comp. Dicty." 246 SlUGHPO or SlNGPHO. Singh=" lion." INDO-CHINESE : large class of dialects spoken by hill-tribes of Burmah and Assam. See " Asiatic Journal of Bengal," 1837 ; and Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." SlNGKAL. Malayan : BATTA dialect of Sumatra. SlOUX. AMERICAN : Dacotah Indians, closely allied to Iowa, and sometimes classed as Iroquois. They are also called Issati and Nadowessier ; and the Assineboines have been classed with them. Vocabularies by Hayden, Philadelphia ; Grammar and Dictionary by Biggs and Turner. SlRAIKI. Indie : dialect of SINDHI. SlRANG, see CEBAM. SlRANIAN, SIRENIAN, SlRJENIC. Ugrian : same as ZIRIANIAN ; FINNISH dialect of Vologda, in Russia. Grammar by Castren, Helsingfors, 1844. SlSUTA, see SESUTO. SITCHA, SlTKA, SlTSKA. American : names for KOLUSH, SlTUFA, SlTUGA. American : Indians of New Granada, classed as a dialect of BETOI. SlWAH. African : allied to the BERBER of Morocco ; it is the dialect spoken in Wady Sywah, or Great Oasis of Oum Beida, formerly the temple of Jupiter Ammon. Vocaby. by Minutoli, Berlin, 1824-7. SKIPETAR. ILLYRIC : native name of the Albanians. Mr. Vaux suggests that the word Skipetar ia of TURANIAN origin. l^" SKITTEGAT. American : dialect of the HAIDAH. SKOFFI. American: put for "Escopie," name for' SHESHATAPOOSH. SKWALLY. American : same as NASQTJALLY. Classed by Hale as ATNAH or SELISH. Scouler's name is SQUALUTAMISH. SLANG. Vulgar or Colloquial English of the sporting classes and lower orders, especially those of large towns. See Hotten's "New Dictionary," " Slang," &c. 247 SLAVIC, SLAVONIC, or SLAVONIAN. Word of uncertain derivation, used as designating one branch of the Indo-European family. Professor Senkovski derives it from slov=man (Russ, chelovaku ; POLISH, czlowiek) ; others derive it from " sru," "slu," "famous"; or from "slovo": "word," the people being "slovenie," " the speakers." Also called VENIDI, WINIDI, WENDS. SLAVONIC. (1) The typical dialect of Sarmatian, from which Eussian has been formed, first written A.D. 850. (Modern Slavonia is a province of Austria.) Grammar by Miklosich, vols. i.-iii., Vienna, 1852-6. (2) Class name for a division of WENDIC, comprising OLD BOHEMIAN, POLATIAN (extinct), ECCL. SLAVONIC (extinct), BULGARIAN, CZECH, CROATIAN, ILLYRIAN, LUSITANIAN, POLABIAN, POLISH, RUSSIAN, RUTHENIAN, SERVIAN, SLOVAC.K, SLOVENIAN, SORABIC. They have two forms of alphabetic character : (1) The CYRILLIC, (2) the GLAGOLITIC, which is by some called a modified Cyrillic, by others attributed to St. Hieronymus, of Dalmatia, A.D. 331. SLESWICK, see SCHLESWIG. SLOVACK. SLAVONIC of Hungary. Dicty. by Loos, Pesth, 1870. See HUNGARIAN. SLOVENIAN. SLAVONIC of Illyria, Styria, and Carinthia. Sprachlehre, by Murko, Gratz, 1832. See SERVIAN. SMALL-ROBES. AMERICAN : tribe of Blackfeet. SNAKE INDIANS. AMERICAN : tribe of Shoshones. See NAGA. SOAHILI, under Kl. SO AN A. Romance : dialect of FRANCO-ITALIAN. SOBO, African : closely allied to BINI. SOCIETY'S ISLANDS, see SOCOTRA, see SOKOTRA. SOERABAYAN, see SURABAYA. SOERIKONG. American : dialect of CARIB. SOFALA. African : dialect of the MOZAMBIQUE. SOGDI. IRANIC : dialect of ancient Sogdiana, now Bokhara. SOHILI, wider Kl. SOIONY, SOIOT. Ugrian : Siberian dialects, sometimes classed as TTTRKEE, sometimes called SAMOIED ; allied to KOIBAL. SOK, SOKPA. NON-ARYAN dialect of N. Thibet. Vocaby. in Hunter's "Comp. Dicty." SOKHA, SOKHALA. Turkee: classed as YAKUT. SOKKO, ASOKKO. African : class-name for a division of MAN A or MANDINQO. i$ir SOKNA. African : dialect of TUABIK. SOKOTRAN. Semitic : ARABIC dialect of the Island of Socotra, in the Arabian Gulf. SOLEDAD (LA). AMERICAN : Indians of California, on Eiver Salinas. Same as MUTSUN. SOLI. INDIAN : wandering tribes of Korawa. SOLIMANI. Name for Affghans. SOLOMON ISLANDS. Polynesian : dialects are BAURO and GUADALCANAR. SOLOR. Javanese, with NEORITO elements. Solor is an island of the Timor group, and is peopled with Alf uru. SOMAULI. Abyssinian : division of the GALLA class. It is spoken from about Zeyla, where it touches the Adaiel frontier, to 70 N. lat. inland, and to Capa Garolafuri E. Berbera is the chief Somauli town. It is allied to AQAW. H. C. SOMERSET. Provincial dialect of England. Glossary in Brayley's Illustrations* London, 1834 ; also by Jennings. 249 SONDER. Malayan ; dialect of MENADU. SONGAI, see SUNGHAI. SONGO. African : dialect of KAFFIB. SONGPU. Indo-Chinese : NAOA dialect of Burmah, closely allied to Koreng. SONINKE. African : same as SWANINKE. See SEBACOLET. SONORA, see PlMA. SONTALI (SANTALI). INDIAN : remarkable tribe inhabiting the Sontal Purgunnahs of the Bhagulpur district in Bengal. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." A. C. SOOLOO, see SULA. SORB, SORABIC, SORABIAN. The SLAVONIC of Upper Lusatia ; the language of Lower Lusatia is called SEESKISH. See WENDIC. SOSIMILGHI. AMERICAN : entered in Julg's edition of " Vater " as NAHUATLAC. SOUAILI, SOWAULI, under Kl. SOUDAN, see NIOBITIAN. SOULETIN. One of the four literary dialects of BASQUE. SOULIERS-NOIRS. American : FBENCH name for Ahnahaways, called " Blackfeet ; " tribe of Crow Indiana. SOURIQUOIS, see MICMAC. SOUTH AUSTRALIAN. See Grammar, &c., by Teichelmann and Schxirmann, Adelaide, 1841. SOW. DAYAK of Borneo ; allied to BIAJUK. SOWAKIM, SUAKIM. African : same as BISHABI. 250 SOWAULEE, SOHILI. African : same as SOUAHILI, SWAHILI ; the language spoken along the sea-coast from the S. boundary of the Somauli, at Mogadoxo, to Mombaz. R. G. L. SPANISH. ROMANCE : the language of Spain, founded on LATIN, with a com- bination of CELTO-IBERIAN, largely augmented by GOTHIC and influ- enced by AKABIC ; it is spoken not only in Spain, but in various parts of America, the Philippine Islands, &c. Standard Spanish is called CAS- TILIAN ; other dialects are called CATALONIAN or LIMOUSIN, GALICIAN (GALLEGO), and ARAGONESE. Dicty. by Velasquez, London, 1870 ; Grammar, 1869. %* The remains of the Iberian language are known as BASQUE, j^^ SPARTAN. Hellenic : the ancient dialect of Laconia ; a form of Dome GREEK, with some peculiar words. SPOKEIN. AMERICAN : tribe of Flat Heads. SQUALLYAMISH. American: same as SQUALLY. Dialect of Pnget's Sound, spoken about 49 N. lat. " Amer. Bthnol.," vol. ii. ; " Journal of the Royal Geographical Society," 1841. STAGES OF LANGUAGE. Term used for periods in the growth of a language, it being supposed that a language may develop from Monosyllabic to Agglutinative or Incorporating, and finally become Inflectional. STEIERMARKISH. (1) Wendic: sub-dialect of SLOVENIAN. (2) GERMANIC. SeeSartoris: " Neuester Reise," Leipsig, 1811. Sea STYRIAN. STICKEEN. AMERICAN : tribe of Kolush. ST. JOHN'S, see PASSAMAQUODS. STOCKHOLM. SCANDINAVIAN : dialect of Sweden. See Radloff's Beskrifning, Upsala, 1805. STONE-INDIANS. American tribe of Assineboines, classed as DAKOTAH. STRASBURG. Teutonic : classed as HiOH-GEBMAN. Vocaby. by Arnold, 1816. SUABIAN, see SWABIAN. 251 SUAHELI, see SwAHILI. SUAKEN. African : dialect of BEJA, or BISHABI, spoken about 19 20' N. lat. SUANIAN, SUANIC, or SWAN. Caucasian : dialect of GEORGIAN, spoken by the Swans of Mingrelia. Grammar by Rosen. H. C. SUB-DERAT. Abyssinian : dialect of the ADAREB. SUB-DIALECTS, under D. SUBTIABO. American : native language of Honduras ; quoted as a dialect of LENCA, in the Spanish translation of Squier's " Notes," &c. Small vocaby. in Dr. Latham's " Elements," p. 436. SUDANIA, see NIGRITIAN. SUDRA. INDIAN term : low-caste Hindoo. (Wilson.) SUFFOLK. Sub-dialect of English, classed as E. ANGLIAN. Glossary by Moor ; " Forby's Vocabulary." See HAWSTEAD. SUISSE-ROMANDE. Same as RH^ETO-ROMANIC. See Swiss. SULA or SULU. Malayan : closely allied to CAJELI. See SULTAN. SULTAN. MALAYAN : language of Sulu and Borneo. SUMATRA, % BATAK. SUMBA. A smaller island than Sumbawa ; it also is in the Timor group, and is peopled with Alfuru. SUMBAWA, see BIMA. SUMCHU. Indo-Chinese : KUNAWAR dialect of Thibet. SUMENAP. JAVANESE of Madura. 252 SUNDANESE. The language of the western part of Java, separated from the genuine Javanese districts by the rivers Chi Losari in the north and Chi Tandooi in the south. The influence of the Hindoo colonists on this part of Java has been very limited : hence both the people and their language are less civilised than those of middle Java. The language, though equally belonging to the MALAYAN family, differs considerably from the Javan- ese, and seems to be more nearly akin to the BATTA and MALAY of Sumatra. There is some difference between the high and low language aa in Javanese the former being called BASA-MENAK, the latter BASA- KURING. The number, however, of distinct Menak words is not con- siderable, and most of them are derived from JAVANESE. The Sundanese was, till recently, seldom written. The natives, for writing it, make use either of the Arabic or of the Javanese alphabet, the latter with some slight modifications. P. J. V. See BATAVIAN-MALAY. SUNGHAI, SONGAI, SONGHAY. AFRICAN : dialect of Timbuctu, spoken along the River Niger, between 13 and 18 N. lat. B. G. L. SUNGNEM, SUNGNUM. Indo-Chinese : dialect of KUNAWARI. SUNTAH. DAYAK of Borneo, closely allied to Sow. SUN WAR, see SANWAB. SUOMI, SUOMELAINI, SUOMELAISET. Tchudic : name for FIN. SuOME=swamp, i.e., "Fenners," or " men of the fens." SURA-BAYA. MALAYAN : local dialect of Java, Called Low MALAY. SURA-CANI. Language of the heavenly regions ; local name for SANSKRIT. SURGA. African : dialect of TUARIK. SURI-BUTAN. That is, "little Thibet," of Bultistan. Vocaby. in Vigne's "Travels," London, 1842. See BHOT. SURINAM-NEGRO. Creolese : mingled dialect of ENGLISH and DUTCH, spoken in Guiana ; also called NEGRO- ENGLISH. " Proeve, &c.," by Van der Vegt, Amster- dam, 1844. See SAKAMACCA. SURSEE, SUSSEE. AMERICAN : tribe of Chepewyan, on the Saskatchewan river line. 253 SUSDALISH. Slavonic : Bub-dialect of RUSSIAN. Susoo. African : MANDINQO dialect of Senegambia. SUSSEX. Provincial dialect of England. Glossary by Cooper, Brighton, 2nd edition, 1853 ; Works by M. A. Lower. SUTRA-RENCHONG. JAVANESE alphabet of Sumatra. See PALEMBANG. SWABIAN (SCHWABISCHE). (1) Sub-dialect of old HIQH-GERMAN ; typical dialect of the middle ages, representing the dynasty of Hohenstauffen. It was the dialect of the Minnesingers. (2) Modern. Dicty. by Schmid, Stuttgart, 1831. See HALLB. SWAHILI. African : KAPPIB language of Zanzibar ; also called Kl-SUAHELl. Handbook by Steere, London, 1870. SWANINKE, see SEBAOOLET. SWAUTI. PAROPAMtSAN : dialect of Dardistan, closely allied to SHINA. SWEDEN, NEW. AMERICAN : now New Jersey. See MYNCQUESAB. SWEDISH. Teutonic: language of the SCANDINAVIAN class, closely allied to DAXISH, and differing but little from modern NORWEGIAN. The name ia that of the ancient Swaefs or Suevi. Dialects are GOTHLANDIC, HELSINGLAND, SCHONEN, STOCKHOLM. Lexicon by Tullberg, Stock- holm, 1868. See DALECARLIAN. SWEO-GOTHIC, SUIO-GOTHIC. A name given to OLD SWEDISH. See Hire's " Glossarrum Suio- Gothicum," 2 vols., folio, Upsal, 1769. Few books throw greater light on English Etymology. W. W. S. SWISS (SCHWEIZ). (1) Teutonic : classed as HIGH-GERMAN. See " Die Schweizerische Mundart," Frauenfeld, 1838. (2) Romance : patois of FRENCH. See " Histoire," &c., by De Ladou- cette, Paris, 1834. (3) Dialects : " Stalder gives specimens of 35 in German, 16 in French, 5 in Romansch, 8 in Italian." Taylor's ' Words and Places," London, 1865, p. 49. %* According to Mr. Hepworth Dixon we find [1872] 384,561 families speaking German, 134,183 French, 30,293 Italian, 8,759 Romansch. See ROMANA. 254 SYDNEY. Australian : somewhat allied to MURUYA. SYLLABIC. Raid of alphabets with "letters that represent syllables instead of simple sounds." See JAPANESE. SYOUAH, tea SIWAH. SYRIAC. Semitic : typical language of the ARAMAIC, N. branch : closely allied to HEBREW, and written in an alphabetic character of its own ; it has a considerable literature, and is spoken near Damascus and in parts of Kurdistan, on the confines of Persia and Turkey. PALMYRENE is the Syriac of Tadmor : and ESTRANGELO is the name of its oldest written character. Grammar (Modern) by Stoddart, N. Haven, 1855 ; Archaic (N.T.) by Yeates, London, 1819. Dictionary by Castelli ; Chrestomathia by Hoediger, Halle, 1868. See PESHITO. SYRJENIC, see SIRENIAN. SYRO-ARABIG. Same as SEMITIC. SYRO-CHALDEE. Semitic : the vernacular speech of the Nestorian Christians of Kurdistan ; it is a corrupted form of SYRIAC, is written in a modifica- tion of the Estrangelo characters, and spoken on the borders of Asiatic Turkey and Persia. SYROJEDIG. Same as SAMOIED ; " raw-flesh eaters." SZAUAKEN, see SUAKEN. SZEHLEH. African : a name for MOBBA. SZEKLER. Old tribes of Magyar. Same as SICULI. SZMUDIC, see SAMOGITIAN. ADDENDA. SAB^EANS. SEMITIC : indigines of S. Arabia ; they have much lighter skins than the Himyarites. SAH-ISSAH-DINNE. AMERICAN : " People of the rising Sun " ; native name of the Chepewyans. 255 SHAMANISM. PERSIAN word : " idolatry," as applied to the Samoieds, Sec., of Siberia. SHROPSHIRE. A dialect of ENGLISH. See Audelay's " Poems " (Percy Soc.) ; and Hartshorne's " Salopia Antiqua." W. W. S. SOLIMA. African : a language like Susoo. H. C. SOOSOO, see Susoo. SOUR, tee SAVAEA. SOYOTES. Name for Chinese Samoiedp. STYRIAN. Slavonic : sub-dialect of ILLYRIAN, spoken in the Austrian province of Styria. G. R. SUIO-GOTHIG. Another name for OLD SWEDISH. See Ihre : " Glossarium Suio- Gothicum," 2 vols. fol., Upsal, 1769. W. W. S. SWAN, see SUANIC. SYRMIAN. Slavonic : a dialect of SERVIAN, spoken in Syrmia, a district of Slavonia, and elsewhere. G. R. T. TABERISTANI. Iranic : a local dialect of PERSIAN. TABLUNG. Indo-Chinese : NAGA dialect of E. frontier, Bengal. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." TACAZZE. African : dialect of SHAKGALLA. See TAKAZZE. TACHI. AMERICAN : tribe of the Caddo Confederation, from whom the word Texas is derived. Same as INIES. 256 TACUNHA, under Tl. TADJIK, TAJIK. Indigenous tribes of modern Persia. The name is also applied to the Persian population of Bokhara, Khiva, Kokand, and the Pamir table- land. %* They are an oppressed race, subject to the dominant Turkish or Tatar hordes. See Vambery's " Travels in Central Asia." G. B. TADMOR, see PALMYRENE. TAFOE. African : a name for the INTA. TAGAL. JAVANESE : dialect of Sumatra. TAGALA. MALAYAN : dialect of the Philippine Islands, using an alphabet allied to the BATTA. Dissertation in Crawfurd's Malay Grammar, and Dicty. TAGORIAN. Caucasian : dialect of OSSET. It is the same as DUGORIAN. TAGUL-ANG-DANG, TAHEANG. Malayan : dialects of MENADU. TAHITIAN. A dialect of Eastern Polynesia, spoken by the natives of Tahiti and of the Society Islands. It is also spoken in the Austral Islands, a group of five islands to the south of Tahiti. W. G. L. TAHLEWAH. AMERICAN: dialect of R. Klamatl in U. California. Vocaby. in Schoolcraft'a " Indian Tribes," vol. iii. TAI or T'HAY. That is phasa-t'hay, " language of the free." TURANIAN : native name for the vernacular speech of Siam. It includes the SIAMESE, AHOM, LAOS, KHAMTI, and KASSIA dialects ; it is monosyllabic, and destitute of inflections. The people called Ahom were formerly the dominant race. TAIEMALA. AFRICAN : tribe of the Danakil. TAIGINSKI. Ugrian : a class of Samoied, allied to MOTORIAK. TAINI or TAINO. American : native name of the occupants of Hayti, Hispaniola, or St. Domingo, when first discovered ; the Caribs called them Ygneri. Com- pare the word Inaina for " man " in ATNA. 1^ 2o7 TAI-PING. Chinese rebels ; national party as opposed to the Moghol dynasty. TAI-WAN, e SIDEIA. TAJIK, see TADJIK. TAK, TAKPA, TAKYUL. Thibetan : a dialect of BHOT. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." TAKA, TAKUE. African : names for the BEJA or BOJE. TAKAZZE. African : dialect of AGAU ; also called TSCHERAT-AGAW. See. TACAZZE. TAKELI, TUKLAVE. African : dialect of the frontier of Kordovan. Riippel's vocabulary connects it with the SHABUN, FEETIT, and KOLDAGI more closely than with the FUBIAN and SHILUK. R. G. L. TAKULLI, TAHKALI. American : also called CARRIER, NAGAIL, and CHIN. It is the ATHABASKAN of New Caledonia, spoken on the upper part of Frazer's River. Authorities A. Mackenzie: "Voyages," &c., London, 1801; D. W. Harmon : " A Journal of Voyages and Travels," Andover, 1820 ; H. Hale : " Ethnology and Philology," Philadelphia, 1846. The last of these uses the compound Tahkali-Umpqua as a class name for the ordi- nary Takulli, and the outlying members of the Athabaskan class in the south of Oregon. R. G. L. TAKUN. Used in Jiilg's edition of " Vater " for the orang-benua of Malacca ; apparently JAKUN, TALAIN. Same as MON. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." See PEGUESE. TALAMANGA. District of Costa- Rica ; languages unclassed. TALATUI. American : dialect of U. California, spoken on the river Kassima ; also called MOQUELUMNE, and allied to SAN RAFAEL. Vocaby. in " Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii. TALAUR. Malayan : sub-dialect of MENADU. TALAUT, see SALIBABOO. 258 TALIK. Name of PERSIAN written characters, adopted from NESHKI ARABIC ; used also in Hindustani, Pushtoo, &c. See SHIKASTAH. TALISH. Iranic : sub-dialect of modern PERSIAN. TALKEE-TALKEE. American : NEGRO- DUTCH of Guyana. TALLEWITSU. American : same as WACOB. See HUECO. TALMUDIG. Semitic : name for the later HEBREW, as used by the Rabbins. It abounds with HELLENISMS. TALUHET. AMERICAN : tribes of Puelches ; Indians of the Pampas. TAMANACK (TAMANAQUE). American : dialect of the CARIB class, spoken on the Orinoco, near the mission of Encamarada. The compound Caribi-Tamanak, and by eome Tamanak alone, has been used as a class name. R. G. L. TAMAZIGHT, TAMASHIGHT, TAMACHEK'. The language of the Tawariq (Fr. Touareg), as Ihe Arabs name the people who dwell over an immense space of Africa, south of the Atlas. (See LIBYAN for the class.) Dr. Richardson calls the language TOUARGHEE ; Duveyrier calls it TARGISCH. It is remarkably free from Arabic importations, and has an alphabet of its own, highly peculiar, called the Tefinagh ; only consonants are written, so that the writing is a shorthand, difficult to read ; the more so, because the laws of grammar help little to the vowels. Hanoteau defines the language as " limited to the West by a curve line drawn from Waregla (Wergela) through the oasis of Touat towards Timbuctoo ; to the South by the Niger and the kingdoms of Bornou and Haussa ; to the East by Fezzau and the country of the Tibboos ; to the North by Tripoli, Tunis, and Algiers." This vast extent, as well as its purity, makes it the chief of the LIBYAN languages. Its consonant sounds are fewer than those of the Zouave, which has borrowed from Arabic. In the fifth volume of Earth's African Travels are words and sentences of considerable extent in Tamashight ; but the publication of Hanoteau's ample Grammar somewhat lessens their importance. F. W. N. TAMBAGTU, see WUN. TAMBI. African : same as ADAMPI. TAMBORA, TEMBORA. Malayan : dialect of SUMBAWA. 259 TAMIL, TAMUL. Dravidian : dialect of the CARNATIC, South India, and closely allied to CANABESE, MALAYALIM, and TELUGTT or TELINGA ; it is also spoken in parts of Ceylon. It is agglutinative, is spoken in dialects called HIGH and Low TAMIL, and uses an alphabet said to be derived from the DEVANAGRI. There is also an archaic dialect, now extinct. Grammar by Pope, Madras, 1859 ; Dictionary by Winslow, Madras, 1862. TAMOIAE, TAMOYO. American : Tupi Indians of Brazil, near Rio de Janeiro. Also called TUMMIMIOI (Tummimivi in Jiilg's " Vater.") % This belongs to the GUARANI and AGAW class. H. C. TAMULIC. A name for the entire class of DRAVIDIAN or NiSHADA dialects, including, besides TAMIL, the MALAYALAM, the TULUVA, the TELINGA or TELUGU, and the CANABESE. G. R. TANA or TANNA. (1) Negrito : PAPUAN dialect of the New Hebrides. (2) See BHASA. TANAWANKO. Malayan : ALFURU dialect of Celebes ; Wallace's " Malay Archi- pelago," vol. ii. TANAYNTHARI, TANENGSARI. Monosyllabic : dialects of Tennaserim. TANDIA. Negrito : dialect of PAPUAN. TANEMA, TANEANU. NEGRITO : dialects of Vanikoro, an island of the South Seas. TANGATA. POLYNESIAN word for " man." See KANAKA. TANGUHTI. Indo-Chinese : dialect of BHOT. Tangut is the local name for the Tibetan people ; applied by Moghols. TANKHUL. Indo-Chinese : a NAGA dialect. TANTI CALLERU. Indian : CANARESE name for the Thugs. TAG. AMERICAN : Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. S 2 260 TA-OUNGURONG. Australian : cf. " orang," MALAY word for man. Eyre's Journals, London, 1845. TAPARITA. American : dialect of OTTOMAKU. TAPIGUAE. American : Tupi Indians of Brazil, about Pernambuco. TAPII. American : dialect of CHIQUITOB. TAPPA, TAPUA. African : names for the NUFI. TAPPEN. American : GERMAN name for the Tuns ; Brazilian Indians of the Rio Grande. TARAHUMARA. American : spoken in New Biscay, and closely allied to PIMA. Dictionary by Steffel, Briinn, 1791. TARAKAI. AINO : a dialect of the Kurile Islands, B. Asia. TARASKA, TERASCO. American : a dialect of Michoacan in Mexico. It is stated, on doubtful authority, to be the same as PlRlNDA. TAR A WAN. MICEONESIAN : dialect of N. Pacific, allied to GTJAHAM. TAREMUKI. Indian : HINDUSTANI dialect, mingled with CANARESE, spoken by wandering tribes ; also called GHISSARIS, LOHARS, and BAIL-KUMBARS. TARIANA. American : dialect of the Rio Negro, allied to BARREE and BANIWA, Vocabulary in Wallace's " Amazons." TARNATA. MALAYAN : extinct dialect of the Moluccas. See TERNATI. TARTAR (correctly TATAR). TURANIAN : language of the Alatys, a race much scattered over N. Asia ; it is used in two senses : first as a collective name for all the languages spoken by the nomadic races of Northern Asia ; and secondly for that class of them which is now represented by TURKISH as its most polished form. *,* Turkish is sometimes applied to the Osmanli or Western Turkish, and Tartar to Eastern Turkish. H. C. See ALATYAN. 261 TARUMA. American : unclaased ; it is spoken in British Guyana. TAS. Ugrian : a name for SAMOIED (Klaproth). TASMANIAN. NEGRITO : original dialect of Van Diemen's Land : now spoken only in Flinders' Island ; it is allied to PAPUAN, AUSTRALIAN, and other MELANESIAN languages. Vocaby. by Lhotsky, " Journal of the Royal Geographical Society," 1839. TAT. Iranic : PERSIAN sub-dialect of Daghesta.n, &c. TATAR, gee TARTAR. TATER. Komany : variety of NORWEGIAN GIP8Y. TATI-MOLO, TATI-QUILHATI. American : dialects of TOTONAKA. TAVASTRIAN. Tchudic : same as Hamalaiset ; one of the two divisions of the FIN of Finland, &c. : KARELIAN being the other. The term, in geography, applies to the parts about Tavastahus, in the south-west of Finland, between 60 and 62 N. lat., where the division to which it applies touches the Baltic. From 62 to 64, the language is mainly Swedish, The language of this district is called by the Fin philologues, TAVASTRIAN, as opposed to KARELIAN. R. G. L. See QUAIN. TAWGI, see TURUCHANSKI. TA-YUE-TCHI. THIBETAN name for the Indo-Scythic race. TCHERKESS, see CIRCASSIAN. TCHINGHIANES. ROMANY : name for GIPSY ; used in Turkey. See " Etudes," par Paspati, Constantinople, 1870. TCHOKOYEM, \ TCHUDIG, V under TS. TCHUKTCHI, / %* These words in " Ts " may also be written " Ch " in English. TEAPY. POLYNESIAN : dialect of Easter Island, called by the natives RAPA-NUI t.e., " Great Rapa." 262 TEBO. AFBICAN : same as IBO. TEDA, TIBBU. African : a dialect of the KANtrRi. *** Placed by Earth and others in the same class, and with the KANURI, but originally considered to be BEEBEE or AMAZIGH. R. G. L. TEERHAI, see TIRHAI. TEESDALE. Provincial dialect of England, belonging to the county of Durham. Glossary, London, 1849. W. W. S. TEHUELET. American : Indians of E. Patagonia, classed as ABATTCANIAN. Tribes are (1) Tehuel Gunny, including Tacana Cunny, Sehusk Gunny, Culilan Cunny. (2) , The Callilehet, or Serranos. Muster's " Patagonians," London, 1871. TEHULATE, TELUTI. MALAYAN : dialect of Ceram. Wallace's " Malay Arch." TEKE, TEKKES. Turcomans : Tatar tribes of the Attrek, between Merv and the Caspian. Tekke is the BUKHAEIST word for a Mohammedan convent. TEKEENIKA. AMERICAN : i.e., Te-Kennekas ; Indians of Tierra del Fuego. TEKEZA. African : one of the three species assigned by Bleek to the south- eastern branch of the central KAFIRS. It is only known through short vocabularies, the most important of which is for the dialect of the Lourenzo Marques of Delagoa Bay. R. G. L. TELEUT, TELENGUT. Alatyan : a form of TUBKEE spoken in Siberia. Ethnologically they are classed as MOGHOLS, and called WHITE KALMUKS of the Upper Obi, also UEIATS. Small vocaby. in Latham's " Elements," p. 107. TELING. INDIAN : wandering tribes of Korawa. TELINGA, TELUGU. Dravidian : the vernacular speech of Hyderabad in the Dekhan, and of part of the east coast in Madras. It is closely allied to TAMIL, with a cursive alphabet like the CANAEESE. Grammar (1857), Dictionary (1853), by Brown, Madras. TELUTI, see TEHULATE. 263 TEMAHUQ, see TUAEIK. TEMBORA, see TAMBOKA. TEMBU. African: same as ATTEMBU, a dialect of NIGRITIAN. TEMBUKTOO, under Ti. TEMPIO. Komance : ITALIAN dialect of Sardinia. TENERIFFE. AFRICAN : dialect of the Canary Islands. TENGSA. Indo-Chinese : NAGA dialect of E. Bengal. Vocaby. ia Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." TENIMBER, see TIMOELAUT. TEOR. Negrito : dialect of PAPUAN. Vocaby. in Wallace's " Malay Archi- pelago." TEPANECHI. American : dialect of NAHUATLAC. TEPEGUANA. AMERICAN : dialect of Sinaloa in Mexico. TEPOZKOLULA, TLAHIAKO. American : dialect of MIXTECA. Mexican Indians of Oajaca. TERASCO, see TARASKA. TERESSA. MALAYAN : dialect of the Nicobar Islands. TERNATI. MALATAX : dialect of the Moluccas, spoken in the Islands of Ternate and Tidor ; it is allied to BuGis, and includes NEGRITO affinities. TESHU-LUMBU. Bhot : local dialect of TIBETAN. TESUQUE. American : Pueblo Indians, closely allied to PiMA. TETO. Negrito : BELONESE dialect of E. Timor. Vocaby. by Wallace. See BRISSI. 264 TETON. AMERICAN : tribe of Sioux or Dacotah Indians, living between the Missouri and the Mississippi. TETTE. AFRICAN : dialect of the Mozambique coast. TEUTONIC. GERMAN word "thiod'W people"; corrupted to DEUTSCH or DUTCH, and Latinised as TEUTONIC. Generic term for German : (1) Low- German, or Saxon, is the DEUTSCH of N. Germany. (2) High-German is Alemannic i.e., the DEUTSCH of S. Germany and the upper Rhine. The earliest specimen if>, perhaps, the " Rules of St. Benedict," belong- ing to the eighth century. (3) Bavarian is the DEUTSCH of the upper Danube. (4) Frankish is the DEUTSCH of the middle Rhine ; the earliest specimen is " Isidore," of the eighth century. Modern dialects are: (1) Swiss, (2) RHENISH, (3) DANUBIAN of Austria, Bavaria, the Tyrol, &c. See SCANDINAVIAN. TEUTONIC-SAXON. Class-name for the combined lines of HIGH and Low GERMAN, ex- cluding the Scandinavian, or northern branch. TEXAN. American : tribes of Caddoes, &c. Dr. Latham classifies the languages thus : (1) ADAHI, (2) ATTAKAPA, (3) CADDO, (4) CHOKTAH, (5) Cu- MANCH, (6) WITSHITA. The tribes are very numerous, comprising : Acossesaws, Adahi, Aliche or Eyish, Andarcos or Unataquas, Attacapa, Avoyelles, Aynic, Bidias, Caddo, Caicaches, Cances, Carankahuas, Chik- kasahs, Choktah, Coke, Comanch or Cumanch, Coshattas, lawanis or lonis, Ketchi or Kichai, Lipans or Sipans, Mascovie, Mayes, Nabaduches, Nacodocheets, Navaosos, Sioux, Tawacani, Toncahuas or Toukaways, Towakenos, Towiachs or Towecas, Tuhuktukis, Xaramenes, Waco or Wico, Washitas, Witshita. See TACHI. T'HAI, see TAI. THAKSYA. Indo-Chinese : BHOT dialect of Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." THAMI. Non-Aryan : older DRAVIDIAN dialect of Nipal. THAROO. Indian : dialect of HINDI, spoken in Nipal Surai. A. C. THARU. NON- ARYAN : dialect of Nipal. See vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." THAUMPE. Indo-Chinese : SHAN dialect of Ava. 265 THEBAIC. Egyptian : old COPTIC dialect of the upper Nile, in S. Egypt. THEBAN. HELLENIC : extinct dialect of ancient Greece. Orionis et Sturzius : " Thebani Etymologicon," Leipsic, 1820. THEBURSKUD, THOBURSKID. Indo-Chinese : name for the SUNGNUM of Koonawar. THENGAIS. INDO-CHINESE : tribe of Singpho. THERVINGS. A tribe of so-called Goths. THIBETAN, TIBETAN. BHOT or BHOTIYA : the vernacular language of Tibet ; originally monosyllabic, and somewhat resembling CHINESE ; it has now almost lost that characteristic. Tibet is also called Bhotan i.e., Tih-bot, "Land of the Bot." There are local dialects of Butan, Lhassa, and Ladak ; it is classed as INDO-CHINESE, and the written characters are founded on the DEVANAGARI alphabet, and written from left to right. Grammar by Jaeschke, Kyelang, 1865 ; and Dictionary, 1866 ; also by Csoma de Koros, Calcutta, 1834. See SlJRi-BuTAN. THOCHU. Indo-Chinese: dialect of BHOT. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." THOUNG-LHU. Dialect of BURMESE, somewhat allied to KAREN. THRACO-ILLYRIAN (PELASGIC). Class-name for the languages illustrated by ALBANIAN. THUG, THUGGEE. Indian : a cant or slang form of HlXDOSTANl, used by homicidal tribes of India ; they are called Phansigars by the Hindus, Ari Tulucar in Tamil, and Tanti Calleru in Canarese. Vocaby. by Sleeman, Cal- cutta, 1836. %* This dialect contains some curious remains, allied to KORIAK and KAMCHATKAN. H. C. See RAMASI. THUGGA. Inscriptions ; bilingual : LIBYAN and PHOSNICIAN. Found in N. Africa, and preserved in the British Museum ; also at Lyons, in France. They are allied to the HIMYABITIC, and have affinities with the Hamath stones of Syria. H. C. THULUNGYA. Non-Aryan : dialect of the KlRANTl group, in E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter's "Comp. Dicty." 266 THURINGIAN. Teutonic : sub-dialect of old HIGH-GERMAN. See " Volks-dialektes, &c." by Wendel, Coburg, 1822. TlBBOOj see TEDA. TIBER ACOTTES. AMERICAN : Indians of British Guyana. See TIVERIOHOTTO. TIBETAN, under TH. TlCINO or TICINESE. Romance : dialect of ITALIAN spoken in southern Switzerland. TlCOPIA. Polynesian : closely allied to MAYOMGA. TICUNA, TUCANO, TACUNA, TIKUNA. AMERICAN : Chimanos Indians of New Granada. It is a name applied from the use of poisoned arrows. TlDORE. MALAYAN : dialect of the Moluccas, spoken in the island of Tidor, and nearly the same as TERN ATI. TIE-CHEW. Local dialect of CHINESE. First lessons by Dean, Bangkok, 1841. TlEMBA. African : dialect of ASHANTEE. TIERRA DEL FUEGO, under FUEGIAN. TIGRE, TlGRINNA. Sub- Semitic : modern dialect of ETHIOPIC, called "lisana Gheez.'' It is spoken in N. Abyssinia, and closely resembles AMHARIC. Gram- mar by Praetorius, Halle, 1871 ; Vocaby. by Beurmann, 1868. TIHUEX. AMERICAN : Keres Indians of New Mexico. TlKOMERI. American : Moxos dialect spoken in the S. Xaverio Mission, Bolivia. It is allied to MAIPUR. TlLANGANG, TlLANJANG. Malayan : same as ENGANO, an island west of Sumatra. P. J. V. TlMBIRAS. American : tribes of Brazil, known as (1) de Mata, (2) de Canella fina, (3) de Bocca furada. The language is closely allied to GEIKO and TOKANTIN. 267 TlMBORA, TlMBORO. Malayan : dialect of JAVANESE, somewhat allied to SASAK. TlMBUKTOO. African : typical language of NIGKITIA, pure Negro of the Soudan. See WtJN. TlMMANI. AFRICAN : A language spoken near Sierra Leone ; dialects are KRANGOS and LOGOS. *,* It is allied to BULLOM, BAGO, and LANDOMA. H. C. TIMOR, TIMUR (TIMORESE). Malayan : language of Timor, the largest island of the lesser Sunda group ; it is JAVANESE, inclining to NEGRITO. Diss. in Crawfurd's Malay Grammar. *** There are three chief dialects of Timorese : (1) The BELONESE, in Eastern Timor ; (2) the TIMORESE " arctiori sensu ;" (3) the dialect of KUPANG. P. J. V. TlMORLAUT. MALAYAN : largest island of the Tenimber group ; peopled with straight-haired Polynesians. TlMUACA, TlMUICANA, TlMUIQUANA. AMERICAN : dialect of Florida, spoken in the neighbourhood of St. Augustin. TlNGUA. AMERICAN : extinct dialect of Florida. TlNNE. AMERICAN : native name for ATHABASCAN ; the Tinnes proper use a native alphabet of linear character, resembling the CRBE. TlRHAI. Indian : dialect of SWATJTI, closely allied to DEER. Vocaby. by Leech, " Journal of the A. S. of Bengal," 1838. TlRHITIYA, see MITHILI. TIROL, under TY. TlVERIGHOTTO. AMERICAN : Carib-Tamauaque Indians of British Guyana. TlWI. AFRICAN : dialect of the Gaboon. T-KA. AMERICAN : native name of the Hamburgh Indians, inhabiting the mouth of the Otte-tie-e-wa, or Scott's River. They speak a dialect of SHASTA. See IDDOA. 268 TLAHUIGI, TLAHIAKO. American : MIXTECA dialect of Oajaca in Mexico. TL.AMATL, see LUTUAMI. TLAOQUATSH. American : dialect of WAKASH, spoken in the S.W. of Vancouver's Island. TLAPANEKA. AMERICAN : Pueblo Indians of Tlapa, in Mexico. (Humboldt.) TLASKALTECA. American : NAHtTATL of the Balsam coast, San Salvador. (Scherzer.) TLATSAP. American : same as CLATSOP ; a division of CHINOOK. TLATSKANAI. American : Athabascan Indians of R. Columbia ; classed as TACULLIK- UMPQITA. (Hale.) TNAINA. American : native name for the KENAI. See ATNA. TOBA (TOBASCHE). Malayan : BATTA dialect of Toba Lake in Sumatra. See Grammar by Van der Tuuk, Amsterdam, 1864. P. J. V, TOBI. MiCEONESlAN : dialect of Negrito, allied to PELEW. TOBO. MALAYAN : dialect of Ceram. Vocaby. by Wallace. TOBOLSK. Ugrian : TURKEE dialect of Siberia, closely allied to TSHULIM. Dicty. by Giganow, St. Petersburg, 1804. TOCANTIN. American : branch of the OMAGUA stem ; it is spoken in the Provinces of Goyaz and Para, Brazil. TODA, TODUVA. NON- ARYAN language of S. India, mostly spoken in the Nilgherries and Coorg. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." See TUDA. TOKA, see LOYALTY ISLANDS. TOKISTINE, TONOKOTO. American : Lulc Indians of Paraguay ; allied to VILELA. 269 TOLTEK. American : Mexican Indians, intrusive at the date of their subjection by the Spaniards, and then speaking the NAHUATLAC language. TOMA, TOMO. AMERICAN, i.e., Tomo-Maroa; BANIWA Indians, quoted by Wallace, " Travels on the Amazon," London, 1853. TOMBARA, see NEW IRELAND. TOMOHON, TOMORE. MALAYAN : dialects of Macassar or Celebes. (Wallace.) TOMSKI, TIMSKI. Ugrian : SAMOIED dialect of Asiatic Russia. (Klaproth.) TONDANO. Malayan : dialect of MENADU. TONGAN. POLYNESIAN : a dialect spoken by natives of the Friendly Islands, a large group in Eastern Polynesia, comprising Tongataboo, Hapai, Vavau, and many smaller islands. The group is situated in 15 50' to 21 7' S. lat., and 173 to 175 W. long. It is closely allied to SAMOAN. W. G. L. TONKINESE (TONQUIN). Indo-Chinese: dialect of S.E. Asia, closely allied to ANAMITE, CAMBOJAN, and COCHIN-CHINESE. TONOCOTE. AMERICAN : dialect of Lule or Villela, in Paraguay. TONSEA. Malayan : dialect of MENADU. TOOKPA, TUKPA. INDO-CHINESE ; dialect of Eastern Tibet. TOONPAOOH. AMERICAN : Turtle-tribe of Mohighans. TOORKS. Tribes of Turkestan. See UZBEK, TORGOT, tee KERAT. TOSK. (1) Illyric : a dialect of ALBANIAN. Vocaby. and Grammar in Von Hahn. (2) Italic. See TUSCAN. TOTONACA. American : MEXICAN dialect of Puebla and Vera Cruz. 270 TOUCOULOR. African : same as FULA. TOULOUSE. Romance : modern dialect of LANGUE D'Oc, spoken in S.W. France. TOUN-BARIRIG. Malayan : quoted by Mr. "Wallace as a local dialect of MENADU ; including also TOUNBASSIAN, TOUNPASSO, TOTJRNSHON, and TOUWASANG. See " Malay Archipelago." See MINAHASSA. TOUNG, see TuKG. TOUNG-LHU. Monosyllabic language of Burmah and Tennaserim. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." TOWAREK, see TUARIK. TRANS-CAUCASIAN TATAR. Ugrian : class-name for several local dialects of TURKISH, spoken in Kussia. It is the same as TURKO-TATAB. TRANS-GANGETIC. Class-name for CHINESE and INDO-CHINESE, and allied languages. TRANS-HIMALAYAN. Class-name : used for SUB-TURANIAN, or early DRAVIDIAN. See INDO-CHINESE. TRANSYLVANIAN, see SIEBENBURGISCH. TRAUGAN, ee AROO. TREGONIAN. KELTIC : sub-dialect of Bas-Breton, called BRETON- BRETONN ANT. TREDEGI - COMMUNI. Teutonic : a local dialect of Italy, classed as HIGH-GERMAN. The people have been considered to be descendants of the ancient CIMBRI ; see "Ueber die ... Venedischen Alpen," &c., by Schmeller, Munich, 1838. TRITON-BAY. Negrito : PAPUAN dialect of New Guinea. TROGLODYTES. Dwellers in caves, &c., as the early settlers at Nottingham, in Kent's Hole, &c. ; used as a class-name for some languages of Africa, as BEJA, BISHARI, &c. TROJAN., see PHRYGIAN. TROUBADOURS. Romance ; name for the mediaeval poets of Provence, in S. France, who used the LANGUE D'Oc. Grammar and Dicty., by Raynouard, Paris, 1844. See TBOVATOBE. TROUVERES. Romance ; name for the mediaeval poets of Normandy, who used the LANGUE D'OiL. See de Gembloux; " Trouvaires de Berry," &c., Moulins, 1841. TSAGATAI. Alatyan : written dialect of TUKKEE, formerly spoken by Uighur Tatars, the Tshagatai, who founded the Moghol dynasty in India. It is also written CHAGATAI, JAGATAI. TSAMAK. American : Sacramiento Indians of California ; closely allied to PUJUNI. Vocaby. in " Amer. Ethnol." vol. ii. TSCHAGRAI. Caucasian : sub-dialect of ABKASS. TSGHAMBA. African : a name for the KoURl class. A word which appears as TIEMBA, KIAMBA, &c., applied to at least six dialects, languages, or vocabularies of W. Africa ; it has been supposed to be a salutation mis- taken for the name of a language. See Latham's " Elements," p. 582. TSCHARI-KABUTSCH. Caucasian : sub-dialect of LESGHIAK. TSCHEKH, see BOHEMIAN. TSCHERAT, see TAKAZZE. TSCHERDYN. UGBIAN : dialect of Wogul. TSGHEREMISSIAN (CHEREMISS). Ugrian : a dialect of FINNISH, spoken along the exmrse of the R. Volga. Grammar by Castren, Kuopio, 1845. TSCHINKITAN. American : KOLUSH of Sitka-bay. TSGHIROKESE, see CHEEOKEE. TSCHUDIC, or TSHUD. Alatyan : the same as CHUDIC. It is the Slavonian name for the Fins. Used either as a class-name for the FIN class of languages, or as one special division of the Finnic stock, including LAP, SUOMIAN, and ESTHONIAN. (So Castren and Max Miiller.) Also called VESP. 27-2 TSCHUGATSCHI. American : ESKIMO of Prince William's Sound. TSCHUSSOWAJA. UGEIAN : a dialect of Wogul. (Klaproth.) TSCHUWASCHIAN, TSCHUWASSIAN. Same as CHUVASCH ; an unclassed language spoken in Kazan and the neighbouring governments ; considered by some aa UGBIAN, by others as TUEK. R. G. L. TSHAMBA, tee TscHAMBA. TSHAMPA. MALAYAN : dialect of Kambojia, classed by some as monosyllabic. TSHAPODZHIR, TSHAPOGIREN. Alatyan : same as CHAPOGIB, a dialect of TuN&US. TSHARI. Caucasian : LESGHIAN dialect of Daghestan, TSHEK, TSCHEKH. SLAVONIC : same as CZECH or CHECK. See BOHEMIAN. TSHEREMIS, see TSCHEEEMISSIAN. TSHERKESS, see CIECASSIAN. TSHETSH, TSHETSCHENTS (RUSSIAN). Caucasian : same as LAMTJE and GALGAI, or HALHAI, and adjoining the LESGIANS. It is also written CHECH or CHECHENTS, and is used as a class-name for the most central division, closely allied to GEORGIAN and CIECASSIAN, including also the AESHTE or AEISTOIAI, INGUSH, KISTIC, TUSHI, and MIZHDZEDZHI ; the last is Klaproth's term. TSHIHAILI. American : division of the Atnah, Selish or Flat-head Indians ; but Hale combines them all in one large group as TSIHAILI- SELISH. See " U. S. Ex. Expedition," Philadelphia, 1846. lj^" TSHINUK. American : a form of CHINOOK. See WATLALA. TSHNAGMJUT. American : same as KUSKOKIWIMES. TSHOKOYEM. American : dialect of U. California ; classed as DiEouNO, and known as the San Raphael Mission. 273 TSHUKTSHI, TCHUKTCHI (TCHUTCHUS). (1) Same as the Keindeer KOEIAKS of Kamtschatka. (2) Dialects of ESKIMO, spoken in Asia ; the people are called Tshuktshi Nos or Noss, more properly Namollo. TSHULIM. Alatyan : TURKISH dialect, almost identical with BAEABA or BARABINSKI. TSHUVASH, under TSCHU. TSIHAILI, under TSHI. TSIKANNE, under S. TSONEKA. American : Patagonian tribe of Tierra del Fuego. See TEKEENIKA. TSONGEISTH. American : COWICHAN dialect of Vancouver Island. TTYNAI, see TNAINA. TUAPOCA. American : CARIB of the lower Orinoco, closely allied to GALIBI. See Triibner's " Ludewig," p. 28. TUARIK, TOWAREK. Sub- Semitic : BERBER dialect of the W. Sahara. Also called TEMAHUQ. Grammar by Freeman, London, 1862. TUBAR. American : dialect of Sinaloa, somewhat allied to TARAHUMARA and TEPEGUANA. TUCANO. American : Indians of the Uapes, allied to COBEU, and classed by Von Martius as JURI. Vocaby. by Wallace. TUCUMAN, see KALCHAQUI. TUDA. Dravidian : CANARESE dialect of the Nilgerries. See Caldwell's Comparative Grammar. See TODA. TUDESQUE. FRENCH word ; it is put for TUDESCO, the Italian form of DEUTSCH, applied to HIGH-GERMAN. TUKER. POLYNESIAN : dialect of the Carolines. 274 T'UK'IU. CHINESE form of the word Turk. (Klaproth.) TUKLAVE, seeTAKELE. TUKPA, see TOOKPA. TULARE. American : Californian Indians of Lake Tulare. It is somewhat allied to COCONOONS. TULARENA. AMERICAN : dialect of Costa-Rica. TULU or TULUVA. Dravidian : a dialect of the TAMULIC class, closely allied to TAMIN, TELUGU, CANAEESE, and MALAYALIM. See Caldwell's Comp. Grammar. TULUCAR. That is, " Ari-tulucar ;" TAMIL name for the Thugs. TUMGARSEE. American : dialect of KOLUSH. See TUNGHASSE. TUMMIMIOI, see TAMOI^E. TUMU. African : dialect of the Gaboon, closely allied to NDOB. TUNG-MRU. INDO-CHINESE : " hill-men " of Arrakan. TUNGAAS, TUNGHASSE. American : spoken in S. of Prince of Wales' Archipelago, and some- times classed as SITKA. TUNGOOS, TUNGUSIAN, TUNGAN. ALATTAN : rude dialects of MANCHU spoken in Siberia ; divisions are called CHAPOGIR, OROTONG-TUNGUS, and LAMUT. Grundziige by Castren, St. Petersburg, 1856. See DSUNGAR. %* Tunguska is the name of three rivers in Asiatic Russia. TUNKA, TUNKIN. Alatyan : dialect of Moghol, closely allied to SELEXGA. Small vocaby. in Latham's " Elements," p. 84. See TONQUIN. TUPI. American : native language of Brazil, classed as GUARANI. There are : (1) Tupinaba, Tupinamba, called Nations of the Rio Real, in the province of Sergipe. (2) Tupininquin, a nation of Espiritu Santo. (3) Tuppinamba, called the largest tribe in Maranhao and Gran Para. Dictionary by Dias, Leipsic. 1858 : and Da Silva's (i Lingoa Geral." ** It is allied to the AGA\V. H. C. 27-5 TUPUAN. Negrito : dialect of PAPUAN. TURAJA. ALFUEU of Celebes. TURANIAN. Class-name, first suggested by D'Halloy for the agglutinative languages of Asia and Europe ; including chiefly, FIN and LAP, UGRIAN, MOGHOL, TUEK, TATAR, SAMOIED. It has since been proposed to supersede it by ALATYAN, or URAL-ALTAIC. igg" TURCO-GREEK. TURKISH written in characters of the Greek alphabet. TURCOMANS, TURKOMANS. ALATYAN : general names for nomadic Turks of Central and Western Asia, of whom the Usbegs are the leading race. *** The districts known as Turkestan, Mongolia, and Zungaria comprise Central Asia. TURIN. Romance : provincial dialect of ITALIAN. TURKEE. Name for TURKISH-TATAR ; also called CHANTU. Grammar by Kasem-Bek, Kasan, 1839. TURKISH. ALATYAN : typical dialect of TATAR, as now written and spoken at Constantinople ; original dialect of the Osmanli Turkomans. The modern Turks use the Arabic characters. Grammar and Dicty. by Redhouse, London. TURKOMANS, gee TURCOMANS. TURRUBUL. District of Australia ; a dialect of S. Queensland. Vocaby. by Ridley Sydney, 1866. TURTLES. AMERICAN: tribes of Algonkin ; both Delaware (Unami) and Mohighan (Toon-paooh). TURUCHANSKI, TAWGI, TAWGINSKI. Ugrian : dialects of SAMOIED. (Klaproth.) TUSCAN. Romance : typical dialect of pure ITALIAN. See Buommattei : " Delia Lingua Toscana," Venetia 1735. TUSCARORA. American : Iroquois dialect of N. Carolina, closely allied to NOTTO- \YAY. T J 276 TUSCH, TUSHI. CAUCASIAN : dialect of the Tshetshentes, on the Georgian frontier. "Versuch," &c., by Schiefner, St. Petersburg, 1866. TUSCI, TOSK. Same as ETRUSCAN. See EAS. TUTELOES. American : same as MEHEEEINS ; classed in Jiilg's edition of " Vater " as Irokese of Virginia. TU-TOYER. French term for making use of familiar speech. TUTUILA. POLYNESIAN : dialect of the Navigator's Islands. TVER. Ugrian : dialect of FIN, spoken in Russia. TYMSKI, see TOMSKI. TYNTEEAS. INDIAN : savage tribes E. of Bengal. TYROLESE. Teutonic : classed as HiGH-GEBMAN. See KITZBUHEL. TZAKONIAN. Hellenic : dialect of modern GEEEK, spoken in the Gulf of Nauplia (Laconia), and at Mount Taygetus. Tract by Deville, " Le Dialecte Tzaconien." TZECKISH, see BOHEMIAN. TZENDALE, see CELDALES. ADDENDA. TACULLIE. American : same as TAKULLI. The name of TAH-CULLY means " deep- water Indians." TANTRAS. Works of HINDU ritual, adopted or modified by Buddhists. TAUAN. Negrito : Taua is a small island near New Guinea, the inhabitants of which speak PAPUAN. W. G. TAYUNG. Assam ; said to be a dialect of MISHMI and like MIJHU, but dissimilar and presenting some remarkable peculiarities. H. C. 277 TEDESCO, s e TUDESQUE. TEETS or HAITLIN. AMERICAN : Indians of Frazer River ; also called SA-CHINCO, or '' Strangers." TENE. African : a MANDINGO vocabulary in " Polyglotta Africana." H. C. TIENTSIN. CHINESE : local dialect of the port of Pekin. TOUMBULU, TOUMPAKEWA, TOUNDANO, \ see MlNAHASSA. TOUNSAWANG, TOUNSEA. TROVATORE. Italian form of " Troubadour ; " the Trovatori used the LINGUA DE Si. TSHAGATAI. Same as TSAGATAI. A recent writer states that the language described by Professor Vambery as CAGATAIC is the dialect of Kashgar. TUNGANIS. Chinese rebels. TURKO-ARMENIAN. TURKISH : written in characters of the Armenian alphabet. TURKO-TATAR. Term applied to the Eastern TURKISH languages. U. UAINAMBEU. American : same as MAUHE ; a dialect of the Rio Negro, spoken by the Humming-Bird Indians, and somewhat allied to the BABREE. See JUBI. UALAN, see ULEA. 278 UARA, UARAGA. American : dialects of TAMANAQUE, spoken by the Uara-Mukuru and the Uaraca-Paccili. UCAYALE. AMERICAN : dialects localised upon the course of river so named. See COCAMA. UCHEE, UCHI. American : tribe of Creek Indians ; it is now spoken in Florida, originally of Louisiana. Vocaby. " Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii. UDE. Caucasian: same as COLCHIAN. Herodotus (Book ii.) thought the Colchians were an offshoot of the Egyptians planted by Sesostris. The BZYB is its best known dialect. It is allied to EGYPTIAN and COPTIC. See Papers of " Anthrop. Instit."; Schiefner's Grammar. H. C. UDOM. African : dialect of the Gaboon, closely allied to MBOFIA. UDORIAN. ALATYAN : Ugrian dialect of Udorsk ; " Uhdmurd," " free people." UDSO. African : dialect of BONNY. UEA. POLYNESIAN : dialect of the Loyalty group, also spoken in Wallis's Island. UGALENZI. American : KOLUSH dialect of Mount Elias. UGALJACHMUTZI. American : Athabascan ; classed as KINAI. UGOR, UGRIAN, URALIAN. CHUDIC : a sub-division of the TURANIAN family of languages, com- prising FIN, HUNGARIAN or MAGYAR, OSTIAK, VOGUL or WOGUL, and the non- Slavonic BULGARIAN. It is also called UGRO-TARTARIAN. UGOR (2). MELANESIAN : island in the Papuan group ; mixed dialect. W. G. UHOBO. African : quoted in Ju'lg's edition of " Vater " from Kilham's speci- mens. UIGUR. Alatyan : same as IGUR or IGHUR ; dialect of TURKISH, a literary language spoken on the frontiers of Tibet and Mongolia. See " Uigur- ische Sprachmonumente," &c., by Vambery, Innsbruck, 1870. See HOR UJU, iff AROO. UKAH, UKAGIR. Turanian : KOBIAK dialect of Kamtschatka. UKAHIPU, see KIKKAPU. UKRAINIAN. SLAVONIC : dialect of Little Russia. UKUAFI. African : dialect of SUAHILI. The people are called " A-kabi," singular ; " Wa-kabi," plural ; and Dr. Latham suggests that Ukuafi and Kekuafi are verbal mutations of ELOIKOB, the native name. See " Elements," &c., p. 545. %* It occurs within the Kaffir area, but is not so manifestly Kaffir as its neighbours. R. G. L. ULEA, UALA. POLYNESIAN : dialect of the Carolines. ULIANGHAI, URIANGCHAI. Ugrian : same as SOIOT. ULM. Teutonic : classed as HIGH-GERMAN. ULU. MALAYAN : dialect of Sumatra. ULUT (OLOT), . Moghol : KALMUCK ; dialect of Dzungaria. UMBRIAN. Extinct dialect of ancient Italy, known only from inscriptions, and allied to LATIN, OSCAN, &c. See Schleicher's "Chrestomathie," and Mommsen's " Unteritalischen Dialekte." UMKWA, UMPQUA. American : dialect of U. California, classed as ATHABASCAN. Vocaby. " Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii. UMLAUT. German term : " vowel change," modification of meaning, due to the change of a vowel. %* Riickumlaut means the return to a sound that has undergone the change called " umlaut." UMMA-RA. African : tribe of Adareb, classed as TROGLODYTES. 280 UNALACHTGO. American : TURKEY tribe of Lenni-Lennape. UNALASHKAN. American : the largest of the Fox Islands of the Aleutian chain, run- ning from Kamtschatka, in Asia, to the Peninsula of Alaska, in America ; and, indeed, the largest and the most representative island of the whole group. It is in this language that the Asiatic affinities of the ESKIMO must be most especially sought for. R. G. L. UNAMI, see WANAMI. UNATAQUAS. American : Indians of Texas ; same as ANDARCOS. UNCHAGOG, UNTCHAGOG. American : SHINICOOK Indians of Long Island. UNCIAL. PAL^OGRAPHIC : from " uncia," " an inch ;" name for large letters ; size of " capitals." UNDAZA. African : dialect of the Gaboon ; somewhat allied to NDOB. UNGARN. Teutonic : HIGH-GERMAN dialect of Hungary. %* Ungarn is the GERMAN form of Ungri or Vingour, equivalent to Hun ; but there is no clear proof whether Hungary has been named from the Huns of Attila's era [441-453 A.D. J, who were of TATAR race, or from the Magyars, who are Ugrians of Jugoria, a FINNISH race [889-955 A.D.] UNIYA. Tibetan : a local dialect of BHOT, spoken in the district of the Dalai Lama. UNSO. Caucasian : same as Dido ; a sub-dialect of LESGHIAN. UOLAROI. AUSTRALIAN : dialect at Bulgora, through part of Queensland to Murrurundi, on by Hunter River (Eev. W. Ridley). J. B. UPSAROKA. American : native name for the Crow Indians ; they are divided into (1) Kikatsa, (2) Ahnahaways (Black-shoes), (3) Allakaweah (Paunch- Indians). URABAE. American : aborigines of Darien, classed as OUNACUNA. 281 URAL-ALTAIC. Class-name : same as ALATYAN. Term for the great Turkish branch of the Turanian family of languages, including TATAR, MOGHOL, MAXCHU, &c. URALIAN, see UGOB. URAON. Dravidian : dialect of central India. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." URDU. Word for army or camp. (1) Urdu-mualla-ki-zaban, "Court-lan- guage. (2) Urdu-zaban, "camp lingo," applied to HINDOSTANI. See HORDE. URIANGCHAI, see ULIANGHAI. URIYA, see ORISSA. USBEG, UZBEK (OEZBEG). ALATYAN : dominant race of Turkestan ; closely allied to KIRGHIZ, and also called TURKISH-TATAR. USTSYSSOLA. Chudic : sub-dialect of UGRIAN UTA, UTAH. American : dialect of U. California, classed as PADUCAX, and closely allied to COMANCHE. %* It belongs to the PYGMEAN, and is allied to MINCOPIE, KARIRI SABUYAH, GONGA, &c. H. C. UTAGAMI. American : same as OTTOGAMI ; tribe of Saki or Fox-Indians. U TAN ATA. Negrito : PAPUAN dialect of New Guinea, closely allied to LOBO, UTHARABEE. Indo-Chinese : dialect of KtTNAWAR. UVEA. POLYNESIAN : dialect of the Loyalty group. 2S2 V. VADDAH, see VEDDAH. VAIDIC, see VEDIC. VAIQUENO, VAIKENO. MALA YAK : dialect of E. Timor. Vocaby. by Wallace. VALAAT. Iranian : name for modern PERSIAN ; common dialects, vulgar speech. VALAIS. ROMANCE : French canton of Switzerland. VALDIERI. Romance : dialect of FEANCO-!TALIAN. VALENCIAN, VALENTIAN. Romance : belonging to the same division as the LIMOUSIN, i.e., the PROVENCAL ; a dialect of SPANISH. Dicty. by Lamarca, Valencia. 1842. VALTELINESE. Romance : dialect of ITALIAN, closely allied to RHAETO-ROMANIC. VANCOUVER'S ISLAND. AMERICAN : (1) The COWICHAN may be spoken by about 4.000 people. (2) The QUAKWOLTH, by about 2,000. (3) The KOSKEEMO by only two or three hundred ; while (4) the AHT is spoken in its different dialects in Vancouver's Island and southwards along the shores of the mainland of Washington Territory to nearly the Columbia river by about 4,500 people ; indeed the Chinook, spoken by the Chinooks who once thickly lined the lower shores of that river, is a dialect of the AHT (see Irving's "Astoria "). (5) The " Chinook Jargon," a rough trading jargon, founded on the CHINOOK, but mixed up with corrupted CANADIAN FRENCH, ENGLISH, a few SPANISH, two HAWAIAN, and numerous words from other Indian languages, and universally understood by traders, travellers, and colonists of any " standing " in the region. ( Vide vocaby. by George Gibbs, published by the Smithsonian Institution.) R. B. VANDAL. A form of the word WEND. " Histoire " by Marcus, Paris, 1836. VAN DIEMEN'S LAND. TASMANIAN : dialects were, according to authorities, four, six, eight ; or many more, according to Mr. G. Robinson, the Protector of Aborigines. Mr. Clarke, catechist on Flinders Island, recognised ten dialects in 1834 among the two hundred native exiles. A Lingua-Franca was of necessity made among them. Dr. Milligan prepared, from Messrs. Dove, Jorgenson, Geary, King, Labillardiere, Peron, Robinson, Scott, Sterling, and Lhotzky, a vocabulary of 2,500 words, only one or two of which were true reduplicatives. According to Mr. Logan, the Tasmanian was an ancient form of the tongues once spoken in south-eastern Asia. The language was defective in abstract names. J. B. 283 VANIKORO. Negrito : dialect of PAPUAN, somewhat allied to TANEMA VANNETAIS, VANNETEUSE. Celtic : sub-dialect of BAS-BRETON, spoken at Vannes. Dicty. by Armerie, Leyden, 1774 : Grammar by Guillome, Vannes, 1836. VARANGIAN. Put for WAKANGIAN, a form of the word Varini for the Warrings. See paper by Mr. Hyde Clarke in " Etlmol. Journal," but compare, the Slavonic word " warjazi, 1 ' allies. The Varangian guard at Constanti- nople was recruited from N. Europe. See FERINGHEE. VASKISH, see BASQUE. VASSE R. District of S.W. Australia. Vocaby. by Captain Grey, 1841. VATIALAISET. TSCHUDIC : a name for the VOD. VAUDOIS (PAYS DE VAUD). ROMANCE : vernacular language of the Waldenses, formed from the old Provengal, or LANGUE D'OC, still spoken in Switzerland. " Obser- vations," &c., by Develay, Lausanne, 1824. VAYU. NON-ARYAN : a dialect of Nipal, somewhat allied to CHEPANG. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." VEDAS. The sacred writings of the Brahmins, from the word "vid," i.e., wit knowledge. VEDDAHS. CINGHALESE : low race of Ceylon. VEDIC. The language of the Vedas ; the oldest form of SANSKEIT. VEI, VEY. , African : dialect of the MANA class, vernacular at Great Cape Mount, W. Africa ; using a native alphabetic character of recent origin, which is stated to be founded on AEABIC, called the Vey Phonetic (Forbes). Grammar by Kolle, London, 1853. VELAY. ROMANCE : dialect of Provengal. Vocaby. in " Mems. de la Society des Antiq.," vol. ix. 284 VENDEE. ROMANCE : patois of France, largely CELTIC. Grammar in " Memm. de 1'Acad. Celtique," 1809. VENEDI, VENDES. GERMAN name for Slavonians. See WEND. VENETIAN. Romance : dialect of ITALIAN. Dicty. by Boerio, Venice, 1829. VENEZUELAN, see WAPISIANA. VERDEN, see BEEMISCH. VERKHOVI. Ugrian : SAMOIED dialect of the River Obi. VERNACULAR. Literally " native " ; the natural speech of a race or country. VERONESE. Romance : dialect of ITALIAN. Vocaby. by Angeli, Verona, 1821. VES, see VOD. VESP, see TSCHUDIC. VICENZA. Teutonic : HIGH-GERMAN of Italy. VICTORIA. AUSTRALIAN : dialects of Port Phillip, once numerous, now nearly all lost. Some of them, says Mr. Parker, called after their negatives, as some in N.S. Wales from their affirmatives. J. B. VIENNAISE, VIENNESE (WIEN). Teutonic : HIGH-GERMAN of the Austrian Empire, as spoken at Vienna ; the ancient VINDOBONA. VlKANERA, see BIKANIRA. VIKINGAR, VIKINGS. So-called Sea-Kings, or " Creekers " ; pirates of the Baltic. VlLELA. American : LULE dialect of the Gran Chaco and republic of Cordova. VINCENT (ST.) ISLAND. (1) See W. INDIES. (2) (Gulf of) Native AUSTRALIAN. Koler " Notice " by. Berlin, 1842. 285 VINGOUR, see UNGARN. VlRAT, see BUTTANIE. VIRGINIAN. American : called NEW- ENGLAND INDIAN, and classed as MOHEGAN. YlTI, see FEJEEAN. VLACK. Crude form of the word WALLACHIAN. i|g- VOD. Tschudic : same as the Vadjalaine (sing.), or Vadjalaiset (in the plural), who speak a dialect of the FIN,, called VES. VOGUL, WOGUL. Ugrian : a branch of the TSCHUDIC stem, representing the dialects of FIN spoken along the course of the Eiver Volga. Klaproth distinguishes four dialects : (1) the TSCHUSSOWAIA ; (2) WEBCHOTURIE ; (3) TsCHER- DYN ; (4) BEBESOV. See MORDVINIAN. VOIGHTLANDIC. Teutonic : dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. VOLGA-FINNISH. TCHUDIC : same as MORDVINIAN. VOLSCIAN. Extinct dialect of ancient Italy, closely allied to OSCAN and UMBBIAN. See Fabbretti's Glossary, Turin, 1858. VOSGES, see RENNES. VOTIAK, see WOTAGIAN. VULGAR-TONGUE. A name once used for true idiomatic ENGLISH ; the term " vulgar " is used for the language of the lower orders. See Dicty. by Grose, 1785, since reprinted ( 1 868). See LINGUA VULGABIS. VUTA-HUILLICHE. AMERICAN : Vuta or Huilliche. This latter word means "Men of the South," and is an Araucanian name. Hence it applies to the tribes between Chili and Tierra del Fuego. The Chonos of the Island of Chiloe is decidedly Chileno. Elsewhere the division between their language and the Patagonian is not known in detail. Falkner's " Description of Patagonia." Hereford, 1774. Darwin in " Voyage of the Beagle." E. G. L. 286 W. WAAG. Abyssinian ; a name for HHAMARA, i.e., the AGAU dialect of Lasta. WAAILATPU, WILLATPOO. American : same as CAYUS ; spoken in Oregon to the S. of Lower Columbia E. WACCOA. American : same as WOKKON ; extinct dialect of N. Carolina. See WOCCON. WACOE. American : Pawnee Indians ; the word is an English corruption of the Spanish HUECO applied to the TALLEWITSU. WADEY, WADREAGH. Sub-Semitic ; Berber races speaking TUAEIK. WAHABEES. Name for Mohammedan sectaries or reformed Moslemim, a very fanatical body. WAHITAHO. Polynesian ; dialect of the Friendly Islands, allied to MAYOEGA. WAHKYECUM, WAKAIKAM. American : sub-division of CHINOOK. WAHTANI. American : same as MANDAN. WAHTOHTANI, WAHTOKTAK. American : same as OTO. WAIGIU. Negrito : PAPUAN dialect to the N.W. of New Guinea. WAIHU. POLYNESIAN : dialect of Easter Island. See TEAPY. WAIKNA. AMERICAN : dialect of the Mosquito coast. WAIKUR, WAICURI. American : also called GUAICUR and MONQtri ; language of Lower California with dialects known as ABIPE and CORA. WAISAMU. MALAYAN ; dialect of Ceram. WAIYAMERA, WOYAWAI. American : dialects of British Guyana, classed by Schomburgk as CARIB-TAMANAQUE. WAKAMBA. African : Kaffir dialect of the SUAHILI class. WAKASH. American : same as YUCUATL ; ATNA or SELISH dialect of Vancouver Is. ; also called NOOTKA or NUTKA. Vocaby. " Amer. Ethnol." vol. ii. See TLAOQUATSH. WAKHI. Tribes of Shiah Mohammedans in Wakhan, Central Asia. WALCHEREN. DUTCH : provincial dialect of Holland. WALDENSIAN, see VAUDOIS. WALING. Non-Aryan : language of the KlRANTi group, E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." WALLA-WALLA. American : dialect of Sahaptin, closely allied to KLIKKTAT. Vocaby. : li Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii. WALLACHIAN (VLACK). Eomance : a mingled dialect of LATIN and SLAVONIC, also called ROUMAN or RUMANYO. It is divided into (1) Northern dialect, called DACIAN or DACO-ROMAN, spoken in Moldavia, Bessarabia, &c. ; (2) South of the Danube, called MACEDO- or KUTZO- WALLACHIAN. The people called Rumanje are by some stated to be Thracians, by others Illyrians by descent, but the language is that of the Roman colonists settled in Dacia under the Emperor Trajan. They still use the old CYRILLIC alphabet for liturgical purposes, but a more simplified character is in general use. Grammar by Iszer, Kronstadt, 1855 ; Dicty. by Cihao : ' Dictionnaire d'Etymologie Daco-Romane," Francfort, 1870. %* This language has the peculiarity, like the BASQUE, of postposition of the article : thus, " ochiu'l (oculus ille) " = "the eye" ; "omu'l"= ' man the," for " the man." Farrar. igg" WALLAMETTE, i//for Wi. 288 WALUS ISLANDS. Polynesian : same as UEA. See LOYALTY Is. WALLON or WALLOON (ROUCHI-FRANCAIS). Romance : FRENCH patois of Flanders and Belgium. Dicty. by Grandgagnage, Liege, 1845-50. See LIEGEOISE. WAMMA, WAMMER. MALAYAN : islands of the lesser Sunda group, peopled with Alfuru. See ABOO. WANAMI. American : same as UNAMI. Turtle tribe of Delawares. WANAT. American : quoted in Julg's " Vater " as IBOKESE. WANDAMIN. Negrito : PAPUAN dialect of New Guinea. WANGEROG. Teutonic : sub-dialect of FEIESIC. See Hcefer's " Zeitschrift," Berlin, 1845. WANGPO. Indian : dialect of KUNAWARI. WANICA, WANIKA, WONICA. African : Kaffir dialect of the STTAHILI class. WANUMBAE, see AROO. WAPANACHKI. American : form of the word ABENAKI. WAPISIANA (WAPISIAN, WAPITYAN). American : dialect of CABIB, spoken in Demerara and Venezuela. WAPISIAN-PARAUANA. American : Schomburgk's class name for a division of the CABIB languages of British Guyana. WARACHIN, WARATSHIN. Caucasian : chief dialect of the UDE, on which Schiefner's Grammar is founded. H. C. WAROW, WARROW. AMERICAN : unclassed language of British Guyana. %* Spoken between the Orinoco, along the coast, and in the lowlands of the Delta. On the strength of these conditions the Warows have been described as people living on trees. They are good boatmen. K. G. L. 289 WARSAU. AFRICAN : dialect of the Gold Coast. WASCO, see CHINOOK. WASHA, WAWAH, WAWASH. American : names for the OSAGE. WASHINGTON IS., gee MAEQUESAN. WATELEI, see AEOO. WATIALAISET, WATLANDIC. Tschudic : FIN dialect, much Teutonized. WATIE, WATJE. African : dialect of the MANA class. WATLAKA, WATLALA (CASCADE INDIANS). American : dialect of ATNA or SELISH, known as UPPEE CHINOOK. Vocaby. in " Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii. WATTASUN. American : MANDAN name for the Black-shoe tribe of Crows. See UPSAEOKA. WAWU. African : NiGRiTlAN dialect adjoining Dahomey. WAYAPO. MALAYAN : dialect of Booro. Vocaby. by Wallace. WEA. American : ALGONKIN of the Illinois division, and closely allied to PIANKESHAW. See Primer, " Cheiokee Mission Press," 1837. WEE-0-HOW, -see SHASTA. WEITSPEK, WEIYOT, WISHOSK. American : Indians of N.W. California, on the Clamat, and somewhat allied to TSAMAK. WELLINGTON. Australian : dialect of KAMILABOI. WELSH (CYMRAEG). Celtic : pre-Roman dialect of Britain, closely allied to AEMOEICAN or Bas-Breton, to CORNISH, the extinct dialect of Cornwall, and still spoken by the Cymru, natives of the principality of Wales in Great Britain. It is a language of the same class as ERSE or IRISH, GAELIC and MAXX. but more largely influenced by LATIN. Grammars by Rowland, 3rd ed., Bala, 1864 ; and Spurrell, 1870 ; Dictys. by Evans, Pughe, Pryse, Richards, and Spurrell. U 290 WENDIC, WENDISH. (1) Same as SLAVO-WENDIC or LETTO-SLAVONIC ; class-name for combined stem of languages comprising OLD- PRUSSIAN and its varieties, with others of the SLAVONIC family. (2) Same as SORBO- WENDIC ; also called SORABIC, or SOBBIAN, the language of Lusatia, N. Germany. They use the GERMAN character. Grammar by Jordan, Prag, 1841 ; by Schmaler, Bautzen, 1852 ; Dicty. by Zwahr, Spremberg, 1846-7. See WINIDI. WEST INDIES. Long extinct ; a few words only are known, taken from the language of St. Domingo. See TAINO. WESTMORELAND. Provincial dialect of England. Glossaries by Wheeler and Gough. WESTPHALIAN. Teutonic : classed as LOW-GERMAN. WETTER. MALAYAN : a small island of the Timor group, peopled with Alfuru. WHIDAH, WIDAH (ATYE). African : also called FlDAH ; NIGRITIAN dialect of Guinea ; it is allied to DAHOMEY and to CARIB. H. C. See JUDA. WHITE- RUSSIAN. SLAVONIC : dialects of the governments of Smolensko and Moghilov. It has no literature, except the Lithuania Code. WlDAH, see WHIDAB. WlEN, tee VIENNAISE. WlHINASHT, WIHINAST. AMERICAN : Western Shoshones ; Snake Indians of Texas. Vocaby. : " Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii. WILLAMET, WALLAMETTE. American : Indians of Oregon, closely allied to CAYUSE. Vocaby : "Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii. WILTSHIRE, WILTS. Provincial dialect of Wiltshire in England. Glossary by Akerman. WlLTZIAN. SLAVONIC. Same a> LUITIZIAN. 291 WlNDIC. Slavonic : SLOVENIAN dialect of Windismark (Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola) in Austria. WlNEBAGO. American : also called NIPPEGON ; Sioux dialect of Wisconsin. Vocaby. : " Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii. WlRADUREI. AUSTRALIAN : dialect of Kamilaroi, spoken near the N. border of N.S. Wales. Mr. Horatio Hale found " o " repeated sixty-seven times to six of " u." J. B. WlSHOSK, see WEITSPEK. WlTCHITA, WlTSHITA. American : dialect of Texas, spoken on the Bed K., and classed &n PAWNEE. WlTOURO. Australian : Kamilaroi dialect, allied to WlRADUREI, spoken N. of Adelaide. See " Eyre's Journals," London, 1845. WLACH IS H, see WALLACHIAN. WOCCON, WOKKON (WACCOA). AMERICAN : primitive dialect of N. Carolina. *** Along with Catawba, they are the best representatives of the native population. This is indicated because the Pamtic.oughs and the Tuscaroras. with whom they are associated in respect to their geography, are intrusive. From both of these the Woccon and Katawba are widely separated, and (as far as we are informed by our scanty data) they are, as separate languages, divided from one another. Each is known from a single specimen, viz. : that of Lawson, &c., London, 1709. Both the Woccon and the Catawba have long been extinct. E. G. L. WODDOWRONG. Australian : allied to KOLIGON ; spoken to E. of Lake Colac, Victoria. See " Eyre's Journals," London, 1845. WOGUL, WOGUI-IAN, under V. WOKAN, WOKKAM. MALAYAN : island of the lesser Sunda group. See AROO. WOKKON, see WOCCON. WOLAITSA, WORARTSA, WORRATTA. African : dialects of the GONGA class, spoken in Abyssinia, about 10 N. L., and allied to KAFFA. See YANGARO. U 2 292 WOLAROI. AUSTRALIAN : district distinguished by a dialectical^ variation of speech. WOLF INDIANS. AMERICAN : tribes of Uelawares (called Minsi), and Mohigans (called Mechchaooh). . WOLLONDILLY. AUSTRALIAN : river name. WOLOF (OUOLOFE). AFRICAN : dialect of Senegambia. Grammar by Boilat, Pans, 1858 ; Dicty. by Dard, Dakar, 1855. See JALLOOP. WOOLWA, WULWA. American : tribe on B. Mico, Honduras, speaking the CHONTALES language ; called Caribs by the Spaniards. They " have themselves a vague tradition that they came originally from the shores of Lake Managua." Squier, &c. K. G. L. WORATTA, see WOLAITSA. WOTAGIAN, WOTIAK. Tschudic : dialect spoken by the Ugrians of Viatka (Votiaks) in Eussia, classed as PERMIAN FINS. See Gabelentz in Hofer's " Zeitschr, ' Berlin, 1845. WOYAWAI, see WAIYAMERA. WXJCH, see MOULT ANI. WUGI, see BUGIS. WULWA, see >WoOLWA. . WUN. African : NIGKITIAN dialect of Timbuctoo, WURGELAH. Sub- Semitic : Berber race speaking TUARIK. WYAGO. MALAYAN : Dyak fishermen of Borneo. See BAJAU, WYANDOT. American : same as HURON; Mohawk, Indians classed as Huron- Iroquois. It is spoken at Caughnawaga, near Montreal in Canada. 293 ADDENDA. WABRO, WAIKY-WAIKY. AUSTRALIAN : dialects of the McLeay river. J. B. WATTY- WATTY. AUSTRALIAN: dialect of New England, N.S. Wales. (C. Hodgkinson.) WEEAHS. AMERICAN : tribes of Indian territory. See SHASTI. WEST SAXON. Main dialect of ANGLO-SAXON, spoken in Wessex, and the South generally, while a distinct dialect, NORTH-ANGLIAN (Northumbrian), was spoken in the North. See papers by Mr. J. M. Kemble in the " Proceedings of the Philological Society," 1845-7. G. B. WESTERN-PORT. AUSTRALIAN : dialect of Por1 Philip. Vocaby. by Dr. Bunce. J. B. WlNIDI. A form of WEND. GERMAN name for the Slavonians. WlRAIROI. AUSTRALIAN : dialect of the boundaries of Queensland and N.S. Wales, derived, says Mr. Ridley, from the affirmative " wirai." J. B. WlRALHERE. Australian : a dialect of KAMILAROI. X. XAVIER, SAN. American : mission of old California, closely allied to the San Borgia Mission, and classed as LA YAM ON. XEBERO. AMERICAN : word for word, it is JEBERO ; the languages, however, are different ; so is the ZAPARA, which also seems to be the same word. The Cutinana, Paranapura, Chayabita, and Munich are classed as XEBERO. See " Mithridates," vol. iii., p. 583. R ; G. L. XUMANO, see CHOMANO. 294 Y. YABU, see YARRIBA. YACANA-CUNNY. AMERICAN : tribe of Araucans. See TEHUELET. YAGBA, see YOEUBA. YAGUA. AMERICAN : Indians of Brazil ; their dialect is allied to OREGONES. YAHGAN, see YAKANAKTJ. YAHOO, African : a form of the word DJABU. See EYO. YAHUA. American : same as QuiCHUA. YAIRY-YAIRY. AUSTRALIAN : dialect near Hastings Eiver, N.S. Wales. J. B. YAK. A name for the Eskimo people. YAKAMA, YAKEMA. AMERICAN : same as JOAKEMA ; tribe of Sahaptins. Grammar by Pandosy, 1862. YAKANAKU. AMERICAN : Pesherai Indians, natives of Tierra del Fuego. The separate tribes are named (1) Kamentes, (2) Karaikas, (3) Kennekas. YAKHA. Non-Aryan language of India, belonging to the Kiranti group, E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." YAKHAIN. INDO-CHINESE : native name for the RUKKENG of Arracan. YAK-KUMBAN. AUSTRALIAN : dialect of Darling district, somewhat allied to BOHAIPER, spoken from the N.W. bend of the Murray northwards to Laidley's Ponds, and S.W. to Mount Bryant. Eyre'e "Journals," London, 1846. J. B. 295 YAKUMBA. AUSTRALIAN : spoken N. of Warialda and in S. Queensland. Vocaby. by Ridley. J. B. YAKUT, YAKOUT (JAKUT). ALATYAN : dialect of the Sokhalar Tnrks of the Lena, closely allied to YENESEIAN. Grammar, &c., by Boehtlingk, St. Petersburg, 1851. i^T YAKUTSK. Alatyan : a dialect of TITNGUS, closely allied to LAMUT. Small vocaby. in Latham's " Elements," p. 76. YALA. African : NUFI dialect of the Gaboon. YAMEA, YAMEO. AMERICAN : dialect of Ecuador. YAMKALLIE. American : Willamet Indians of Oregon, closely allied to KALLAPUIAH. YANESEI, see TENESEIAN. YANGARO. African : dialect of Abyssinia, classed by Dr. Beke as GONGA. It has been suggested that it is the same word as ZLNZERO. See Latham's " Elements," p. 544. YANKEE. ANGLO-AMERICAN : a corruption by native Indians of " les Anglais," as used by French settlers of the English. See Bartlett's " Dicty. of Americanisms." YANKITLAN. American : MISTECO Indians of Oajaca in Mexico. YANKTON, YANKTOANON, YANKTONAN. American : Sioux dialect allied to WiNNEBAGO. Vocaby. in " Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii. YAOI. American : CARIB Indians of Trinidad and Venezuela. YAP (EAP). POLYNESIAN : dialect of the Carolines, somewhat allied to ULEA. YAQUI, see HiAQtri. 296 YARKUNDI. Alatyan : TURKISH dialect of Yarkund, Central Asia. YARRA-BANDINI. AUSTRALIAN : dialect of McLeay Eiver (C. Hodgkinson). J. B. YARRA-YARRA. AUSTRALIAN : dialect of river so named ; spoken for fifty miles from its mouth. The comparative formed by adding "un"; the superlative by " unun." J. B. YARRIBA, see YORUBA. YARURA. American : JAPURIN Indians of New Granada. YATSHVING (JACZWING, JATWAG). Wendic : an extinct language of the LITHUANIC class. YEBU. African : dialect of the YORUBA class, closely allied to EYO. Some- times used as a class-name. YECONOACAMPAS. American : VILELA Indians of Cordova. YEKA, YREKA. American : the SHASTA-BuTTE Indians, called Ho-te-day. See SHASTI. YELABUGA. Ugrian : a local dialect of VOTIAK, largely infused with TURKISH. YEMEN. SEMITIC : local dialect of S. W. Arabia ; also spoken at Cairo. YEMUT. TATAR tribe of Central Asia. YENGEN. Negrito : dialect of PAPUAN, somewhat allied to INDENI or NITENDI. YENISEIAN. ALATYAN : a dialect of TUNGUS, closely allied to YAKUT. Klap- roth's name for what has been known as the OSTIAK of the 11. Yenisei YEPPOK. AMERICAN : tribes of Patagonian Indians. 297 YERUKALI. Non-Aryan language of India, classed as KHOND, and closely allied to the dialect of Gaddapur. YESO, YESSO. Kuriliau : Arxo dialect of the Japanese group. YETE. American : OMAGUA Indians of New Granada. YEZIDI (JEZIDI). KURDISH : dialect of the so-called " devil- worshippers," from the ARYAN word " deva," " to shine." %* Their real name is SHAITANI. W. S. W. V. YLOKO, see ILOCANA. Yo. ARRACAKESE : same as Ro. YOMUD, YOMUT. TURKOMAN tribes of Central Asia. YORK (CAPE). Australian : local dialect, closely allied to MASSIED. YORKSHIRE. Local dialects of England. The chief varieties are classified as CRAVEN, HALIFAX (HALLAMSHIRE), MORLEY, SHEFFIELD, E. Riding, W. Riding. YORUBA (YARRIBA, YEBU). AFRICAN. It touches the Atlantic near the mouth of the R. Formosa, and on the frontier of Dahomey. It extends far inland, bounded chiefly by the Haussa on the north and the Nufi on the south. The following vocabularies are Toruba, Dsekiri, Dsubu, Dsumu, Egbe, Eki, Idsesa. Ife, Ondo, Oto, Oworo, Yagba ; Grammar by Bowen, Washington. 1858. R. G. L. YPAPANA. American : TOTONACA Indians of Puebla and Vera Cruz. YREKA, see YEKA. YUCATECAN, see MAYA. YUGUATL. American : native name of the NOOTKA. or WAKASH Indians of Van- couver Island. See TLAOQUATSH. 298 YUGIA-KARTA. Malayan : dialect of JAVANESE (Balbi). YUKAHIRI (JUKADSCHIRl). Alatyan : language of certain tribes, now nearly extinct, on the rivers Omolon and Kolyma, in E. Siberia. The native name is ANDOXDOMNI. It is allied to YAKUT. YUKAI. American : dialect of U. California, spoken on Russian River, and somewhat allied to KULANAPO and KHWAKLALAMAYU. YULA. African : KOURI dialect, closely allied to KASM. YULE. American : CHOLO dialect of New Granada, spoken on the Lower Atrato. R. G. L. YUMA. American : In'dians of U. California ; same as CUCHAN ; class-name for the MOHAVE- CUCHAN, comprising Mahaos, Hahwalcoes, Yampaio, and Cocopah. See PUEMAJA. YUNGA. AMERICAN : dialect of Peru, spoken on the E. slope of the Andes. Hervas calls their language MOCHIKA r>l YUNCAS ; Adelung, YUNGA- MOCHIKA ; ttivero and Tschudi call it a dialect of the QUICHUA. Ludewig pronounces the language to be "totally different from the Quichua," and he quotes an '' Arte de la Lengua Yunga, &c.," Lima, 1644, " unknown to the authors of "The Mithridates" ; he is probably right. He does not quote it as his authority. R. G. L. YURACARES. AMERICAN : spoken on the E. slope of the Andes, about 13 S.L. The Tucana, Maropa, and Apolista are stated to speak either dialects of the YTJRACARA or allied languages. R. G. L. YURAK (JURATZ). Ugrian : classed as a sub-dialect of N. SAMOIED. (Klaproth.) YURIBA (JURIBA). African : a form of YORTJBA. YURIMAGUA. AMERICAN : Indians of the Upper Amazons, on the frontier of Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru. 299 Z. ZACAPULAN, ZACATECAN. American : extinct dialects of NAHUALTAC. See ZAPOTECAN. ZACONIAN, under Tz . ZAMBOE (SAMBOE). Term in ethnology ; issue of African and native American Red Indian. ZAMIAN. Semitic : alphabetic system in SYRIAC, whereby the vowels are attached to consonants, as in ETHIOPIC and SANSKEIT. ZAMUCAN, ZAMUGU. American : a language of the Chiquitos Mission in Bolivia ; dialects are CAIPOTORADE and MOKOTOCO. ZANGIAN. African: large genus of Kaffir, classed by Dr. Bleek as BANTCT. ZANZIBAR. African : geographical term for languages of the SOUAHILI class. ZAPARA, ZAPARI, ZAPARO. American : language of Upper Peru, but quite distinct from the ANDOA and SHIMAGAC of the same locality. See XEBEBO. ZAPIBOKONI, under S. ZAPOTECAN (CAPOTECAN), AMERICAN : dialect of Oajaca, otherwise Oaxaca or Guaxaca in Mexico. See ZACAPULAN. ZAVOLAX. A Russian compound of "za"=over, on the other side, and " volak "=a mountain range or watershed ; as such it is a word like " transmontane " and " transalpine." It applies most specially to the KARELIAN division of the FIN languages, as opposed to the TAVAS- TRIAN. R. Gr. L. ZAVULI, ZAWELY. Iranic : Zabulistan dialect of PERSIAN. 300 ZAZA. KURDISH dialect of N.W. Persia, allied to BUKHAREE. ZEALAND, NEW, see MAORI. ZEALANDESE, see ZEUWISCHE. ZENA, ZENEIZE, see GENEVESE. ZEND-AVESTA (LIVING WORD). Sacred book of Parsees, containing the doctrines of Zoroaster. Editions by Burnouf and Westergaard. W. S. W. V. ZENDIC, ZEND. IRANIC : an early dialect, classed as INDO-EUROPEAN, and closely allied to SANSCRIT, embodying the sacred writings of the Parsees or " f^re-worshippers." The word Zend means "book." The alphabetical system was written from right to left, and closely resembles the ancient PALAHVI. Grammar by Spiegel, Leipsig, 1867 ; by Hovelacque, Paris, 1869. See PEHLVI. ZEOKORE, ZEONE. AMERICAN : dialect of Brazil. ZERGA, ZERGO. ITALIAN word for "cant" or "slang;" the modern form is GERGO. Sabio : " Libro Zergo," Venice, 1575. See FURBESCO. ZEUWSCHE, ZEUWISCHE. DUTCH : provincial dialect of Zealand. ZlGANI, ZIGEUNER. Names for GIPSY. Treatise by Pott, Halle, 1845. ZlLLAH. Indian : trade jargon, spoken chiefly at Madras. It is formed of TELUGU, HINDI, and PERSIAN. Dicty. by Brown, 1852. ZINCALA, ZINCALI, ZlNGAREE. ROMANY : names for GIPSY. ZINZERO (GINGERO). Ancient district of Abyssinia. See YANGARO. ZIPS. Teutonic : local dialect of HIGH-GERMAN in Hungary. See UNGARN. ZIRIAN, ZIRIANIAN. UGRIAN : dialect of Vologda ; also called SIRJENIC. See SlRANIAN. 301 ZOBEL (SABLE), see OSTIAK. ZOQUE. American : CHIAPANECA Indians of Mexico. ZOROS. Tatar : same as DORBOT, classed in the W. division of MOGHOL. ZOUAVE (SHAWI). Sub-Semitic : same as KABAJL or SHOWIAH. ZUDAKARA. Lesgbian : classed as a dialect of AKTJSH. ZULU. African : KAFFIR dialect of Natal. Dicty. by Perrin and Brickhill, Pietermaritzburg, 1865 ; Grammar (Isizulu) by Grout, Natal, 1869. ZUNGARIA, see DSUNGAR. ZUNI. American : PUEBLO Indians of New Mexico. Vocaby. in " Pacific E. Report," vol. ii. ZUTUGIL. American : KACHIQUEL Indians of Guatemala. FINIS. [NOTICE. Owing to the unexpected enlargement of this Book irt Course of printing, the APPENDIX is necessarily postponed ; and the more especially as additional matter has been received sufficient to make a second volume. And it will be proceeded with so soon as an adequate list of Subscribers shall be obtained.'} LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. A. H. B. Mr. BLEECK, late of the British Museum. C. T. B. Dr. BEKE, author of " Origines Biblicse," &c.. &c. E. B. Vice-Admiral Sir E. BELCHER, K.C.B., &c., &c. J. B. JAMES BONWICK, Esq., F.R.G.S., &c., &c. E. B. Dr. BROWN, President of the R.P.S., Edinburgh. A. C. ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL, Esq., M.D., &c., &c. H. C. HYDE CLARKE, Esq., LL.D., F.S.S., &c., &c. W. E. Sir WALTER ELLIOT. D. F. DAVID FORBES, Esq., F.R.S. W. G. The Rev. W. W. GILL, B.A. H. H. H. H. H. HOWORTH, Esq., M.A. R. G. L. Dr. LATHAM, M.A., F.R.S., &c., &c. W. G. L. The Rev. W. G. LAWES. F. W. N. Emeritus Professor F. W. NEWMAN. G. R. The Rev. Canon RAWLINSON, M.A., Camden Professor, Oxford. R. P. S. The Very Rev. R. PAYNE SMITH, D.D., &c., &c., Dean of Canterbury. W. W. S. The Rev. W. W. SKEAT, A.M., Cambridge. G. T. The Rev. Dr. TURNER. J. T. The Hon. JAMES TOBIN. J. V. Mons. JULIEN VINSON. P. J. V. Dr. VETH, Leiden, Holland. W. W. S. V. W. S. W. VATJX, Esq., M.A., F.R.S. W. W. The Rev. WENTWORTH WEBSTER, M.A. ERRATA. Page 21, line 7. " 1 " dropped out ; read "small." Page 37, line 9 from bottom. Eead BURRAH-BURRAH. Also written BooRA-BooRA : a dialect of the Lower Murray R., Victoria ; named after the negative, says Mr. Peter Beveridge. J. B. Page 107, line 22. The reference " See IGALA," belongs to the article under IGARRA. Page 253, line 18 from bottom. For " Swaefs or Suevi," read " Suiones." LONDON : FEINTED BY GRANT AND CO., 72 78, TURNMILL STREET, B.C. University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. A 000135869 6