BBB LIGHTS AND SHADOWS IN THE LIFE OF KING DAVID. AND I ft THE LlfE OF CHARLES V1NCE. LONDON: ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW. 1871. BRETHREN, LET JVIE FREELY SPE/.K U]MTO YOU OF THE P^T^IARCH DAVID." 2000102 PREFA CE. E historical books of the Old Testament are the objects of repeated attacks. One of the best methods of defending- them and pre- serving our belief in them is to use them dili- gently for practical religious purposes. If our acquaintance with them be very imperfect, and our study of them very infrequent, the spiritual profit we derive must be scanty. The less good we get from them the more difficult it is to maintain a living faith in their Divine authority. On the other hand, the more the histories of Scripture are read, the more it will be seen how true they are to human life and experience ; how preface. full they are of revelations of God and man; and how rich they are in lessons of wisdom for all generations. If by using- them we find that they are "profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for cor- rection, for instruction in righteousness," it will be no impossible task for us to believe that " they were given by inspiration of God." By their fruits in our own hearts and lives we shall judge them, knowing that men do not gather grapes off thorns, or figs of thistles. It is with the hope of promoting, in some measure, an increased use of Old Testament histories that the following studies in the life of David are published. Only a few of the inci- dents of his eventful career have been taken, and these are not more fruitful in instruction than many of those which for lack of space have been left unnoticed. There will be a good re- compense for the labour of writing, if what is here written sends its readers to the Bible with jftjetace. ix the determination to learn afresh all which can be learnt of the man after God's own heart. The writer is quite aware that in his desire to be always practical, he is sometimes, if not frequently, desultory. Will the readers who blame him for sacrificing- the unity of any par- ticular chapter, kindly bear in mind for what purpose the sacrifice was made. The aim throughout has been to show that there is some lesson for to-day in every recorded fact in the life of him who, in such a far-off time, " served his generation by the will of God, fell asleep, and was laid unto his fathers." CONTENTS. PAGE I. THE TWO VICTORIES I-N ONE DAY . . i II. DIVINE GOODNESS IN HUMAN FRIEND- SHIP 23 III. VENGEANCE LEFT WITH HIM TO WHOM IT BELONGS 45 IV. NABAL THE CHURL 67 V. DIVINE CORRECTION OF A PROPHETS MISTAKE, AND DIVINE DENIAL OF A KING'S DESIRE 87 VI. GREAT TROUBLES FOLLOWING GREAT TRANSGRESSIONS 119 VII. THE QUICKENING OF DAVID'S CON- SCIENCE BY RIZPAH'S EXAMPLE . 141 (Contents. VIII. THE TWO THINGS WHICH DAVID HAD NEVER SEEN 165 y IX. THE TWO THINGS WHICH DA VID HAD NEVER SEEN (continued) 187 X. THE "LAST WORDS" OF DAVID ... 209 I. THE TWO VICTORIES If* OJ^E i SAM. xvii. 28, 29 ; 49, 50. " And Eliab his eldest brother heard when he spake unto the men : and Eliab's anger was kindled against David, and he said, Why earnest thou down hither ? and with whom hast thou left those few sheep in the wilderness? I know thy pride, and the naughtiness of thine heart; for thou art come down that thou mightest see the battle. And David said, What have I now done ? Is there not a cause ? . . . And David put his hand in his bag, and took thence a stone, and slang it, and smote the Philistine in his forehead, that trte stone sunk into his forehead ; and he fell upon his face to the earth. So David prevailed over the Philistine with a sling and with a stone, and smote the Philistine, and slew him ; but there was no sword in the hand of David/' THE TWO VICTORIES IN ONE DAY. " '~T N HE LORD SEETH NOT AS MAN SEETH." For * this fact uncounted multitudes will have reason to rejoice and give thanks for evermore. If the Lord had seen as men saw, David might have been left to spend his long life and to fritter away his great powers in keeping- a handful of sheep in the wilderness. When, at the bidding of Samuel, the sons of Jesse were called to the sacrifice, no one thought of sending for David. When the young men were made to pass before the prophet, that he might find amongst them the chosen of the Lord, neither the brothers nor the father of David proposed that he also should Victories in be examined. It seems to have been a settled conviction with them all that the youngest of the household could not be the future king of Israel. Not even, when ten of his family had been tried and rejected, did Jesse volunteer the information that he had yet another son. If there had been a conspiracy to' frustrate the Divine purpose in relation to David, his relatives could scarcely have kept him out of sight more persistently, or brought him forward more sluggishly and reluc- tantly. When, a few months later, the war- trumpet sounded throughout the land, and the service of .all the brave and strong was needed to resist the invading enemy who had encamped almost beneath the shadows of the mountains that were round about Jerusalem, Jesse sent three of his sons to follow Saul to the battle, but David was not with them. As if no one dreamed of making him a soldier, he was still kept to his obscure labours in the sheep-fold; and the greatest service to which he was called by the voice of man in that season of danger and alarm, was Victories in l$ne Bay. the lowly one of carrying- corn and cheeses to his brothers, who were counted able to do some- thing- for Israel's deliverance. Men were slow to see the seeds of future greatness and godliness which the Lord beheld, and they looked not for succour in the direction whence He had ordained it to come. Praise belong-s to Him for carrying- out His own purpose despite the want of discern- ment and sympathy on the part of His people. If His thoughts had not prevailed over men's thoughts, the Jewish nation would have lost one of its greatest kings, and the Bible one of its most thrilling and instructive histories. The sweet singer of Israel could not have been mute and inglorious; but probably he would have given to mankind little beside quiet pastoral strains, and his Psalms could not have had the wide range and wondrous variety which they owe to his chequered experience, and by which they are so eminently fitted to be the book of praise and prayer for the Church of God in all generations. The Divine wisdom in the choice of David 6 ^he ff>ujo Victories in (f)ne Bay. was soon proved when the time of trial came, and he had an opportunity of showing- the regal spirit the grace of God had given to him. When he entered into the battle-field to begin his soldier- life, he first showed his power in the mastery of himself, and then went on to what was in many respects an inferior triumph the conquest of Goliath. He bore the revilings of his own bro- ther with meekness, and then, in the same calm and godly mood, he faced the dread foe of his country. It was given to him to achieve two great victories in the same place and on the same day. The second triumph is by far the more famous, but we must riot suffer its splen- dour to hide from us the true glory of the first. The man who kills a giant will always be more talked of than the man who, against the force of .strong temptations, controls his own temper; but it is none the less true that " He that is slow to anger is better than the mighty ; and he that ruleth his spirit than he that taketh a city." I. David's victory over himself. He found the Q>UJO Victories in I$ne Bay. Jewish army headed by a faint-hearted king, and chiefly made up of soldiers who had been sud- denly emptied of all courage. Infectious fear had spread through their ranks with greater swiftness and power than a pestilence, and had destroyed both their self-reliance and their faith in God. As soon as the boastful Philistine showed himself in the valley which lay between the two encampments, all the men of Israel fled from him in sore dismay. This was perplexing as well as painful to David, for it did not at all agree with his ideas of godliness or manliness that the hosts of the Lord should turn their backs upon the enemy. He sought to know the matter thoroughly, and was specially anxious to have repeated to him what honours would be given to the man who could roll away the re- proach of Israel by the defeat of the bold blas- phemer. "And Eliab, his eldest brother, heard when he spake unto the men : and Eliab's anger was kindled against David, and he said, Why earnest thou down hither ? and with whom hast 8 ^he ^>wo Victories in ne Bay. thou left those few sheep in the wilderness ? I know thy pride, and the naughtiness of thine heart ; for thou art come down that thou might- est see the battle." It is not difficult to conjec- ture the cause of Eliab's ill-will and unjust up- braidings. He had not forgiven David for the distinction that God had granted, and the cruel spirit of envy had turned him from a brother into a foe. Was not Eliab rejected and David accepted? and how could the eldest son endure to see the youngest preferred before him ? Like Cain, Eliab became implacable, and doubtless hated in his brother the very excellencies for which his God had put such high honour upon him. True, it was Eliab's own brother who was to have the kingdom, but what of that ? No- thing would satisfy his envious heart excepting his own possession of the promised greatness. This fiendish passion of envy, so common in human nature, can not only destroy the joy of a brother in a brother's welfare, but would also, if it could get into a mother's heart, be hellish Victories in lf)ne enough to make her miserable at the thought of the prosperity of her own first-born boy. What a foul thing that must be which finds the ele- ments of its own perdition in a sight of the paradise God gives to others, and which would be wretched and wobegone in heaven itself if it met with any one having stronger wings or a higher place than its own ! Eliab might have had fraternal feeling enough to be sorry if any great calamity had befallen David, but his love was not strong enough for the harder task of rejoicing over the bright pros- pects opened up to his brother by the promises of God. To weep with them that weep requires less true sympathy than to rejoice with them that rejoice. It is often far easier to our fallen natures to be sincerely sorry over the adversity of our neighbours, than to be sincerely and exultingly thankful for the growing greatness of our friends and kinsfolk. Pity for those whom failure has thrust below us can find room in our hearts, when they are too little to contain joy concerning those Victories in whom success has lifted above us. We have known Christian men, and ministers too, who, if you were in trouble, would be sure to come with kind words and generous gifts; but, if you were greatly prospered, they would be equally certain to show more or less of a censorious spirit, and find out something to say in disparagement of your prosperity. When Moses lay a helpless babe in the ark of bulrushes, how patiently Miriam waited and watched by the river side ! How promptly she did the work assigned to her! and how ingeniously, with the art that conceals art, she suggested that she should be sent to fetch a nurse of the Hebrew women ! There was nothing in her manner to awaken suspicion as she ran off to bring back to Pharoah's daughter the babe's own mother ! Her sisterly love and anxiety for her imperilled brother made her skilful beyond her years. But when, in after days, God had put great honour upon Moses, and foolish people were jealous of him, Miriam also was carried away and spoke against him, and the Lord smote Victories in her with a foul leprosy, a fit symbol of the envy which had broken out upon her soul to defile and disfigure it. When, in the last judgment, Envy is placed at the bar of God, what an indict- ment will be laid against the Evil Spirit! The insulting anger of Eliab the cruelty of Joseph's brethren the murderous wrath of Cain and the greatest share in the greatest crime in the world, the crucifying of the Lord of glory will be charged upon him. To cast this demon out of our bosoms before that final condemnation is one purpose of Jesus, and with all our hearts we should pray for His complete and speedy victory. The taunts and insinuations of Eliab must have cut David to the quick. He had come asking after his brethren's welfare, and making contributions to it, and this was the reward he received for all his kindness. Moved by tender patriotism and piety, he was anxious about the safety of his fatherland and the glory of his God, but his evil-hearted brother put it down to self-conceit and vanity, and 12 the ^uio Victories in i$ne Bay. denounced, as an instigation of the wicked one, that which David knew to be an inspiration from heaven. If the undeserved rebuke had been ad- ministered in private, it would have been hard to bear; but Eliab was base enough to be a public slanderer, and sought, by his foul aspersions, to do irreparable damage to David's reputation amongst those who saw him that day for the first time, and would be too ready to think that there must be good grounds for these charges of pride and arrogance, seeing they were made by the young man's own brother. " Why earnest thou down hither?" Eliab asked, with insinuating em- phasis, which clearly implied that the avowed purpose of inquiring after and promoting the wel- fare of his brethren was, on David's part, a mere pretence, and that he was wearing' a mask of brotherly kindness in order to hide his own self- seeking and presumption. " With whom hast thou left those few sheep in the wilderness?" was the second evil-suggesting question. " It was not much we cared to confide to you, and even Victories in (fine $ay. 13 that little you have neglected. I know the pride and the naughtiness of your heart. You may deceive these strangers with your pretended zeal and piety, but you cannot impose upon me." Eliab spoke to David, but, doubtless, it was the listening people he desired to impress with his slanderous talk. He wanted to persuade them that David was utterly unfit for that great work for which he was about to offer himself; and, if the cruel and false words had wrought their intended effect, the people would have certainly refused to commit their cause to the championship of an upstart stripling, against whom even his own brother bore such strong testimony. It would be difficult to imagine a speech which, being of the same length, should breathe more envy and malignity, suggest more falsehood, and be capable of doing more mischief! The temptation must have been strong to answer it with words of burning indignation, and only a man of much meekness and of great self-control could have replied to it as David did. Who likes to be accused of vile motives which he 14 $j>he tpwo "Victories in t)ne Bay. knows have no place in his heart, and to hear his very virtues denounced as being nothing- but hideous vices which he tries to conceal by means of pious airs and canting pretensions ? And what must it be when the calumny comes from a brother, and the sufferer, pointing to his reputation, pierced with the sharp and poisonous tongue of slander, has to exclaim, with grief too great for tears : "These are the wounds which I have received in the house of my friends." It was a cross of this kind David had to carry, and he bore it as if there had been given to him some prophetic foresight of the perfect example of Him who endured such contradiction of sinners against Himself, and who, when He was reviled, 'reviled not again. The restraint which David put upon his temper under this great provocation was the most godly thing he could have done, and therefore it was the wisest and most profitable. Could he have devised a better method of disproving his brother's assertions ? If his spirit had flamed forth in angry rejoinder, and if he had publicly branded his bro- Victories in (f)ne Bay. 15 ther with the bad names he deserved to bear, the people would probably have found in that so much evidence to sustain Eliab's insinuations. But the gentle spirit and the soft answer turning- away wrath must have shown them how much David had been misrepresented. If one be accused of being a great sinner, there is no method of refuting the charge equal to that of manifesting the spirit and maintaining the character of a true saint. " By their fruits ye shall know them. Men do not gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles." Having regard to the great work before him, it was very important that David should keep his temper. Could the second victory have been achieved, if he had failed in the first conflict ? His combat with Goliath demanded an undimmed eye, a steady arm, and a calm heart ; and, if he had given way to stormy passion for only a brief season, there would have been a lingering fever- ishness and nervousness utterly unfitting him for the dread struggle on which the fate of two armies and of two nations was depending. His strong 16 t^he ^wo Victories in l^ne $ay. faith in God might not have sufficed to give him the necessary quiet and steadiness if he had first suffered fierce anger to disturb his spirit and fill his body with trembling. That which was right amidst the temptations of one hour was the best preparation for the arduous labours of the next hour. All other things being equal, he who is most triumphant over temptation and most faithful to duty to-day, will be the strongest for work and warfare to-morrow. Let God be praised for giving to His servant David the sweet charity which suffereth long and is not easily provoked ! Happy they who will not let their souls be easily enkindled by other people's unrighteous anger, but .who cultivate a spirit on which insulting words and provoking deeds fall like fire-brands into the quenching sea ! II. David's victory over Goliath. History records many instances in which cruelty, and tyranny, and persecution have thoroughly outwitted themselves and frustrated their own purposes. Charity must not rejoice in iniquity, but it may exult in the 5wo Victories in (f)ne Bay. defeat of iniquity, and especially when iniquity plays the part of a scorpion and stings itself, and when, like Haman, it unwittingly prepares a gallows for its own execution. The defeat of the Philistines in the downfall of their great champion is a most striking illustration of this kind of self- destruction. A few years before the birth of David, the subjugation of Israel by their old enemies was most complete, and the conquerors used their power in such a manner as to make it very unlikely that the crushed people could ever rise again. The whole nation was disarmed, and vigo- rous measures were used to keep the people from getting any fresh weapons. So abject were the oppressed, and so politic were the oppressors, that every man who followed the occupation of a smith was either put to death or removed to a distance. The roar of the forge, and the ring of the hammer and the anvil, became sounds unknown in Israel ; and any Jew who wanted implements for tilling his land or reaping his corn had to go to the Philistines for them. A file was the only tool the c 1 8 ^>he f|5u)o Ttficttn'ies in !$ne Bay. Jew was allowed to have; and when his plough- share or his axe required more sharpening- than the file could give it, he had to take it down to his despotic masters, that with their leave, and by their smiths, it might be made fit for use. This degradation was put upon the Israelites, not only as a sign of their subjection, but also to keep them so destitute of warlike weapons that it would be impossible for them to regain their freedom on the field of battle. " Now there was no smith found throughout all the land of Israel ; for the Philistines said, Lest the Hebrews make them swords or spears" (i Sam. xiii. 19). This cruel policy was so successful that on one occasion there were only two swords or spears possesse'd by the entire Jewish army. Saul and Jonathan had them; but all the res.t of the people had to use such cumbrous and clumsy weapons as unskilled hands could make without fire or hammer. Necessity has always been the mother of invention, and we may be certain that, when iron weapons were denied to the Hebrews, their j5he ^5wo !$ictcu;ie$ in .i^)ne $)ay. 19 skill was largely developed in other directions The youth of the land could not practise sword- exercise, or learn to poise the spear, and therefore they would be driven to make themselves master, of other methods of defence and assault. Before this period, the Benjamites had become famous for their skill in slinging-, for " Among all this people there were seven hundred chosen men left-handed ; every one could sling stones at an hair-breadth, and not miss" (Judges xx. 16). When all edged weapons were taken from them, the people would be sure to turn again to those in whose use their fathers had been so renowned, and practice would again make perfect. Slings could be made with- out forge or anvil, and smooth stones from the brook need not be carried to the Philistine smiths to be sharpened. These facts will satisfactorily account for David's great skill in slinging a skill which probably he would not have possessed if the Philistines had not driven him to acquire it by denying to him all the more cohimon and con- venient implements of war. The closer encounter, c 2 2o ^he >wo Victories in which the use of swords would have made neces- sary, would have put David to a great disadvant- age ; and it was well for him that he was expert with a weapon which could be used at a distance, so as to prevent Goliath availing himself of his superior stature and strength. Thus the issue proved that the Philistines laid the foundation of their own defeat when they took all swords and spears from the Israelites, and compelled them to try other means of accomplishing their deliverance. The foes of God's people meant it for evil, but God overruled it for good. He brought blessing out of the curse, and made the wrath of man to praise Him. He can make " all things work together for good to them that love Him, to them who are the called according to His purpose." David's skill with the sling -would have failed to gain the victory if it had been divorced from faith in God. It was his trust in the Lord which gave such calmness to his soul, as surely as it was the calmness of his soul which helped to make his Victories in l^ne arm so steady and his aim so sure. His faith, however, was not a fanatical faith, which violates reason and neglects the most appropriate means. When he refused to wear Saul's armour, he proved his common sense as much as he dis- played his confidence in God. His determination to use the sling* to which he was accustomed, and not the sword which was strange to him, was the most expedient thing he could do, and, humanly speaking, his only hope of success. A piety like David's will always be careful "to keep the powder dry," as well as " put trust in God." The faith of David was also asso- ciated with experience as well as with reason. He remembered past mercies, and thereby en- couraged his heart to rest in Him who is ever the same. " The Lord that delivered me out of the paw of the lion, and out of the paw of the bear, He will deliver me out of the hand of this Philistine." His present confidence was the natural fruit of his past gratitude. It is for our good that the Lord bids us be mindful of His Victories in lf)ne mercies, for whoever forgets former deliverances thereby deprives his faith of future nourishment. Those who pass along- the road of life, and raise no memorials of Divine goodness, wrong their own souls as certainly as they rob God of His glory. When the greater trials come it is impossible for them to sing that triumphant song of the untroubled spirit " Each sweet Ebenezer I have in review Confirms His good pleasure to help me quite through." Faith always walks with a firmer step when she leans upon the arm of a vigorous and grateful memory. If the terror-stricken soul be tempted to cry out, " Will the Lord cast off for ever ? Hath He forgotten to be gracious ? " the most effectual way of chasing away despair and re- gaining confidence is to adopt the Psalmist's resolve "I WILL REMEMBER THE WORKS OF THE LORD : SURELY I WILL REMEMBER THY WONDERS OF OLD. I WILL MEDITATE ALSO OF ALL THY WORK, AND TALK OF THY DOINGS." II. DIVINE QOODJNE IN HUJVIAN PROVERBS xviii. 24. There is a friend that sticketh closer than a brother." DIVINE GOODNESS IN HUMAN FRIENDSHIP. T^HE question has often been asked : Whether in these words Solomon was writing- his- tory or uttering- prophecy ? Was he anticipating the goodness and grace of Him who in after-ages should come and display toward men a friendli- ness more forbearing, patient, unselfish, and en- during- than the world had ever heard of before ? or was he referring to some man who had already lived and adorned our common nature, and blessed his own circle, with a friendship more generous and constant than the love of a brother's heart ? Without denying- the prophetic spirit of the proverb, we must contend for its historical 26 Divine (poodness in Human friendship. character, and for the probability that Solomon was especially referring- to his own father's ex- perience. Had he not in mind one or more of those gifted and godly men who at different times were raised up by the Lord to befriend His servant David ? The Psalmist received large mercies, and amongst the greatest of Heaven's gifts were the men who helped him in difficulty, defended him in danger, and followed his fortune through all its changing scenes ; some of whom stood by him when his own brothers were false to him; and some of whom were loyal and true when his own son played the traitor's part. In giving these friends God fulfilled His pro- mise, " As thy days so shall thy strength be ; " for it was David's good lot to have at different periods of his history friends of different powers and dispositions, and in each period the friend possessed just the opportunities and qualities which made him a gift in season. Jonathan's position, as heir apparent to the throne, his popularity with the people, and his great influ- Bivine goodness in $uman friendship. 27 ence over Saul, combined to make him one of the most valuable friends that David could have had in the days of poverty and persecution and exile. In later years, Nathan's friendship was of just the character that David most required the friendship of a wise, far-seeing, and inspired man, who could give weighty counsel as to the affairs of the state, and who was too faithful to allow even a king to go unrebuked for his wickedness. Nathan might not have been able to help David much in Saul's court; and it is quite possible that Jonathan would have shrunk from the painful duty of piercing David's strangely callous conscience with the home-thrust, " Thou art the man." How timely was the friendship of the King of Moab, whereby David was able to find shelter for his father and mother in the land of the stranger, when the fact that they were his parents made their own country unsafe for them to dwell in ! * By another also what seasonable and suitable friendship was displayed * i Sam. xxii. 3, 4. 28 Divine (poorness in Jftuman ^friendship. in the effort to restrain David from the foolish vengeance and guilty violence on which his heart was set ! And in after years, when Jonathan was dead, and Nathan's rebukes were not re- quired, and Absalom's rebellion had put David in danger of starvation, God sent the friends who were most required ; for Barzillai, and other men of wealth, came forth to avow their friend- ship, and to prove it in a manner appropriate to the circumstances of the hour. Thus the Lord was always mindful of His own ; and, sending His divine bounties by the hands of human friends, He always made the blessing, and him that brought it, just such as the exi- gency of His servant demanded " Friends in his mirth, friends in hrs misery, too ; Friends given by God in mercy and in love ; His counsellors, his comforters, and guides ; His joy in grief, his second bliss in joy." The highest place of honour amongst David's friends must be given to Jonathan, in whom we have one of the noblest exhibitions of sanctified Bivine goodness in Human friendship. 29 human nature which the history of the Church records, and by whom there was set an example of friendship which for steadfastness and self- forgetfulness has probably been surpassed only once, and then by Him who in this, as in every other grace and glory of character, is fairer than any of the children of men. In the account of David's interview with Saul after his great victory, we are told that "it came to pass, when he had made an end of speaking, that the soul of Jonathan was knit with the soul of David, and Jonathan loved him as his own soul." From these words it seems that if Jona- than had seen David before, when he played the harp in Saul's presence, it was only a mere glance, whereby neither the excellencies of one had been discerned, nor the love of the other enkindled. But now Jonathan had witnessed the godly and gallant spirit, the blending of saintly trust and soldierly courage, with which David had gone out to meet Goliath; and he had heard him, as he stood before the king, carrying himself so meekly, 30 Bivine goodness in JjJuman itfijiendship. and speaking of himself so modestly in the moment of his triumph. As it was faith in God, and not conceit of himself, which had impelled David to enter the lists against the Philistines, so, when that victory was achieved, the uppermost feeling in his heart was not pride of self, but gratitude to God. To cherish thankfulness is a most effec- tive way of destroying vanity, for a man cannot easily flatter himself about that which he knows and feels he owes to the goodness of his God alone. Jonathan recognised in. David's spirit and conduct true beauty and nobleness ; and there- fore, though he was a king's son, and David a poor shepherd-lad* his heart went out to him, glowing with an affection which soon reached the fervour enjoined in the second great c6mmand- ment, " Thou shall love thy neighbour as thyself." In its freedom from all jealousy, Jonathan's conduct was most exemplary. Saul, at first, had some liking for David, and employed him in posts of honour ; but the sight of David's growing popularity effectually chilled the heart of the Divine (poodness in $uman Ufinendship. 31 king-. As soon as David rose above Saul, and the people gave him first place in their songs, jealousy crept into Saul's spirit, and swiftly changed the shining angel of love into the dark demon of hatred. It was here that the son proved himself to be so much more noble than the father; for Jonathan saw himself surpassed by David, and yet was his faithful friend, and indeed found one reason for his love in that superiority which David had secured. Jonathan was a soldier as well as David, and had won" renown on the field before there was any thought of turning- the shepherd into a warrior. t With only his armour-bearer to accompany him, he had gone amongst the Philistines, and by his cool daring- had struck terror into all their hosts, and had achieved a victory which made him the idol of the people the hero of his generation. How it was that he, who had previously dis- played such great courage, did not accept the challenge of Goliath, we cannot tell; but it seems that, for some reason, though he was counted 32 Divine (poodness in $uman ^friendship. the first man in the army, he was not equal to this new duty. He saw David come forward and do the perilous work ; and he knew that he was now no longer the greatest soldier in Israel, but that he must take his place below this shepherd from the wilderness. To his saintly heart this was no insuperable difficulty, for he had great- ness and goodness enough to recognise and rejoice in the gifts God had granted to another. As he looked at the victor wearing laurels which he himself ought to have won, he did not say, " David has surpassed me ; he has beaten me in my own special path, and I cannot love him :" but he said, " God has been good to this young man, and given him noble qualities, and I will rejoice in his success. I will be grateful for his endowments, and love him because of what the Lord has done for him." We may be sure that Jonathan remembered who had made David to differ, and he would say, "It is the work of infinite wisdom and love, and there is nothing for me but to be glad and to give divine (poodness in $uman friendship. 33 thanks." This habit ot seeing- God in everything-, what power for good it has ! How many vir- tues it doth nourish, and how many evil things it can restrain ! How many bad passions are banished by its influence, like vicious reptiles re- treating before the light of day ! The friendship of Jonathan was eminently prac- tical. It did not consist either of fair and flattering words which he uttered, or of a mere luxury of sentiment which he enjoyed. On the very first day of its life it proved its power, by prompting Jonathan to put his royal robes on David's shoulder, to gird his sword on David's thigh, and to place his bow in David's hands ; as much as to say, " I will give thee of my best. Thou art more of a king's son than I am. These befit thee more than me." When Saul's envy enkindled hatred, and hatred plotted murder, he whispered his foul purpose to his son and to his servants, and bade them seek for the opportunity of putting- David to death. It must have been a sore struggle for Jonathan, filial love restraining him from any undue exposure of his D 34 Divine (poodness in Hjjuman ^friendship. father's wickedness, and faithful friendship impelling him to warn David of his danger. Having put his friend out of harm's way, he went into his father's presence to speak of all the good service David had rendered; and his words were like a shower from heaven falling into the fiery soul of Saul, and, for awhile, subduing the hellish flame which burned so fiercely there, he persuaded his father to take an oath that David should be spared ; and, through his intercession, David had his home in the palace once more. In after-days, a like spirit was dis- played when a similar danger arose, and, to save his friend, Jonathan braved his father's fury and risked his own life. There are friendships in the world which cost those who cherish them nothing, and like many other cheap things, they are worth just what they cost. The only friendship worth anything in this world is one that can work as well as talk ; give as well as weep ; cheerfully sustain loss as well as pronounce flattering eulogies. The affection which Jonathan cherished for David proved to be a costly one, but he grudged not the charges. Bivine (poodness in JJJuman ^friendship. 35 He acted as if he had anticipated New Testament teaching-, or as if some angel from heaven had whispered to his heart the commandment afterwards addressed to the universal Church " Let us love, not in word, but in deed and truth." Jonathan's friendship for David was eminently unselfish. It was much that he could do for David; it was but little that David could do for him. Person- ally, he had no interest in David's continued life and increasing power; but, speaking after the manner of men, his interest lay in the opposite direction. If David were to be king, it would be Jonathan's throne rather than Saul's that he would take. Jonathan was the heir to the kingdom, and all the help he rendered to David was help to the man who would come between him and his inheritance. This was the fact Saul used with such power, and sought to make a firebrand wherewith to set Jonathan's soul all on flame with jealous hatred. " Thou son of the perverse rebellious woman," he exclaimed, " do not I know that thou hast chosen the son of Jesse to thine own confusion ? for as long as he D 2 36 Divine (poodness in $uman Friendship. liveth upon the ground, thou shalt not be established, nor thy kingdom."* There was force in that appeal which nothing- but a strong friendship could have resisted. " What a poor blind fool thou art ! Thou art defending the life of thy rival, who will live only to wear the crown that should grace thy head, and to make thee his vassal. Fetch him . hither, my son, and let us slay him. It is more for thy sake than mine that I would destroy him ; for, if he be spared, thou wilt never be a king like thy father." With how many this reasoning would have pre- vailed, and this appeal to selfishness have brought out all the worst passions of the heart ! The only power it had over Jonathan was to call forth another prayer that David's good deeds might be remem- bered, and that he might be dealt with according to them. To Saul's selfish heart this nobleness of love and self- forgetful ness seemed nothing but wilful wickedness and sheer madness. How could he comprehend it ? As well might a burrowing mole attempt to follow the flight of an eagle, or a croak - * i Sam. xx. 30,^31. Bivine (goodness in Jjfuman friendship. 37 ing- reptile sit in judgment upon the skylark's song ! Only love can understand love. Hence, " He that loveth not, knoweth not God, for God is love." Jonathan's friendship had the crowning grace of constancy. It began in the midst of David's new- born popularity, but it lasted through all his reverses. The time came when David was hated at Court, when he was reviled by all who wanted to stand well with the King, and when he was a hunted out- law at the head of a band of men, many of whom were far from the best in the land. These circum- stances must have brought his character under sus- picion ; and we may be sure that many tongues were set talking against him : but through it all the heart of Jonathan was true as the needle to the pole. The two friends were much separated, and only once for a long- season did they enjoy an inter- view ; and then Jonathan spoke with strong confi- dence and sincere gladness of the certainty of David's exaltation, and dwelt in glowing- strains upon the happy future when David should be king, and he be the prime minister. It was evident that 38 Bivinc (poodness in $uman itfijiendship. David was losing heart about his own prosperity. Adversity was so lasting-, and hope was deferred so long, it is no wonder that his faith became feeble. The constant friend, who before had defended his life, now goes forth to deliver him from despondency, and to bid him rest in the Lord and wait patiently for Him. At the very time that Saul went search- ing for David to kill him, Jonathan went in quest of him that he might speak words of comfort to him, and keep alive that which was more precious than all besides his trust in God. "And Jonathan arose, and went to David into the wood, and strengthened his hand in God."* Referring to that visit, " the sweet singer of Israel " might have made this his song : " Much beautiful, and excellent, and fair Was seen beneath the sun ; but nought was seen More beautiful, or excellent, or fair, Than face of faithful friend ; fairest when seen In darkest day : and many sounds were sweet, Most ravishing, and pleasant to the ear ; But sweeter none than voice of faithful friend ; Sweet always, sweetest heard in loudest storm." * i Sam. xxiii. 16. iJDivine (poodness in $uman Friendship. 39 Well might David say, " I am distressed for thee, my brother Jonathan ; very pleasant hast thou been unto me ; thy love to me was wonderful, passing the love of women ! " There is one fact belonging- to this history which has seldom had the attention it deserves. While Jonathan was always faithful to David, he was never false to his father. Some men will cultivate one virtue alone, and make it an Aaron's rod swallow- ing up all the other virtues ; but this man did not suffer his virtues as a friend to devour his virtues as a son. His position was one of great difficulty, and it was little less than a miracle of grace that he was able to keep the true path, when there was so much to turn him to the right hand or to the left. Here were his father and his friend, and the former counted the latter the greatest foe he had, and fought against him with relentless cruelty ! How could Jonathan stand between them both, and be to them what a son and a friend ought to be ? But he did it ; for he was simple-hearted and pure-minded, and anxious to do right ; and to the upright there 40 Divine (poodness in $uman ^friendship. always ariseth light in the darkness. Amid all the strife and conflict between Saul and David, no one can point to a single incident and say, " There Jonathan forgot his friendship for David," or, " There he broke the first commandment with pro- mise." He never forsook his father's standard, and he died at last nobly fighting by his father's side. He did not say, " It is the purpose of God to bring David to the throne, and I will go and help him to get it." Nay ; for he knew that he was to find his rule of action, not in God's purposes, but in God's precepts, one of which is, " Honour thy father and thy mother, that thy days may be long in the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee." After all, that death on Gilboa was a fitting finish to his career ! It was well that he who in life had given the world its greatest example of faithfulness to a friend, should in death show to all sons, down to the end of time, that neither a father's failings, nor even a father's crimes, must be allowed to quench filial affection and fidelity. It was a noble thing in Jonathan, that when sin had come with its desolating Bivine (fioodness in Bum an Friendship. 41 hand and destroyed all the beauty and glory in his father's character, he carried himself as one who would say, " He is my father still ; I will live for him ; and, if need be, I will die for him." It needs no word to prove that the friendship we have been studying- must have been a great help and blessing to David. How great, is known only to Him by whom the boon was bestowed. We are told that at the foot of the Hill of Difficulty, a fountain is placed by the Lord of the Pilgrims, so that they may drink and be refreshed before they begin to climb. That is Bunyan's way of putting- the fact, that for special circumstances special grace is given ; and such a fountain at the foot of David's hill of difficulty was the friendship of Jonathan. Great trials were before him, and God, who foresaw them all, granted him this provision against them. When his character was traduced, how it would solace him to remember that the second man in the land in point of worldly position, and the first man in the land in point of spiritual life, still believed in him and counted him worthy of all love ! 42 Divine (poodness in JjJuman friendship. When his own heart sunk with fear, there would be reviving- power in the thought that such a g'odly man as Jonathan had the utmost confidence that he would be raised to the throne. We are strangely constituted, and sometimes other people's faith in our future welfare serves us to lean upon when we have none of our own to sustain us. The promises of God concerning us seem sweeter and purer, when, instead of being- left to whisper them our- selves to our troubled spirits, we have some believing friend to come and quote them to us. As we contemplate the character of Jonathan, we are made increasingly thankful that the immortality of the good is revealed in God's Word beyond the possibility of doubt or question. , Who would like to believe that when the body of Jonathan fell in the field by the sword of the Philistines, there was an end to all his virtues ? Who could believe that the great and glorious saintliness which Divine grace had built up did then and there utterly perish ? Surely, God our Saviour did not create such beauty ot holiness only that it might be (poodness in Jjiuman friendship. 43 speedily annihilated ! Did He not call it into being- with the purpose of maintaining- it in per- petual vigour, and investing- it with power of unlimited progress ? Did He not remove it from these lower scenes that He might touch it into a diviner perfection, and have it near Himself for joy and glory evermore ? " And, doubtless, unto thee is given A life that bears immortal fruit, In such great offices as suit The full-grown energies of heaven." Yes ! we are forbidden to think that the love of Jonathan's heart, which wrought so beneficently on earth, labours no longer for the welfare of others. Can it be possible that the God who created it in His own image doomed it to indo- . lence ? Would not that be to doom the possessor of it to misery ? How can those who are gifted with a divinely generous nature be happy, if no service of benevolence be assigned to them ? As none can imagine to what colossal stature the love of Jonathan has grown in the congenial atmosphere 44 Divine (goodness in Jjluman Friendship. of heaven, so none can imagine in what gladdening and glorious ministries it has been employed. It is as true of the work of eternity as it is of its rest, " Eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither have entered into the heart of man, the things which God hath prepared for them that love Him." But this we know, that He who gives His children the desire to do good to others, can open before them an infinite variety of ways wherein their desire may be gratified. " Nor blame I death, because He bare The use of virtue out of earth ; I know transplanted human worth, Will bloom to profit otherwhere." III. VEjXQEA^CE LEfT WITH HIjVl TO WHOJV1 IT BELOJMQ3. i SAMUEL xxiv., xxvi. VENGEANCE LEFT WITH HIM TO WHOM IT BELONGS, R attention has been called to the fact that the first great victory achieved by David was over his own spirit. He kept himself meek and gentle when the shamefully unjust in- sinuations and charges of his brother presented a strong temptation to be hot in temper and hasty in speech. . As we pursue his history, we are glad to find that his first triumph of this noblest kind was not his last. The grace whereby he achieved the first abode with him still, and enabled him to win a yet more glorious victory. In the scenes brought before us by the two chapters indicated 48 Vengeance &>eft with $im on p. 45, we see him restraining wrath, and exer- cising mercy, at a time when the inducements to taste " the sweetness of revenge '' were many and powerful. His cruel and implacable foe, who had come out with three thousand armed men deter- mined either to take him prisoner or to hunt him to death, was now entirely in his hands. It was a golden opportunity, and David made a golden use of it, for he refused to avenge himself, and suffered his deadly enemy to depart in peace. Behold the man after God's own heart ! Let us draw near and look more closely into this deed of saintly magnanimity, and. listen to the benediction which the voice of God pronounces upon it: "Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy." If we would fully appreciate the nobleness of David's conduct, we must glance at the circum- stances in which he was placed, and the expe- riences through which he had recently passed. For three years he had lived the life of a fugi- tive, and in many ways and places had sought to shelter himself against the unrighteous and to Mhom it Belongs. 49 pitiless wrath of Saul. Once he flew to Ramah, where Samuel lived, and there, telling- the tale of his troubles, he received from the aged prophet all the counsel and sympathy and consolation which his circumstances demanded, and for which his heart yearned. In the home and under the protection of Samuel, he found for a brief season a peaceful resting--place, but it was not long- before the sleep- less hostility of Saul drove him out of that sanc- tuary. Like the mariners, who exclaim, " It is better to put into any port than be destroyed by the storm," David next betook himself to a strange hiding-place. He went out of his own country, amongst the idolatrous Philistines, whose champion he had slain, whose pride he had humbled, and whose power he had broken. The persecutions of Saul had brought him into such a plight, that he was safer amongst his " natural enemies " than amongst his own people ; and it was better for him to cast himself on the generosity of those who had many reasons for being hostile to him, than to brave the anger of the King whom he had faith- 50 Vengeance Left with Him fully served, and by whom he was hated without a cause. The security David enjoyed amongst the Philistines was short-lived, and he soon had to seek shelter elsewhere. Returning homewards, the weary wanderer took refuge in the cave of Adullam, where he was joined by a number of men, some of whom were of little credit to him, and the government of whom must often have been a great trouble to him. The power which was brought him by the accession of these men, he speedily used in a most praiseworthy manner. It appears that the persecutions of Saul were ex- tended from David to his father and mother, and hence Judaea was no longer a safe land for Jesse and his household to dwell in ; and one of the first purposes to which David put his newly acquired strength was that of carrying them be- yond the reach of danger. Guarding them with the shields and swords of his fugitive warriors, he took them over the mountains to Mizpeh of Moab, and said to the King of Moab, " Let my father and my mother, I pray thee, come forth, to i^hom it Belongs. and be with you till- I know what God will do for me." If one were disposed to paint a series of pictures illustrative of the fact that David was a man after God's own heart, he mig-ht wisely take this scene as one of the subjects of his illustrations. Was David ever more truly and more fully the man after God's own heart, than when he came out of his stronghold, and risked his own life and liberty, in order to secure the peace and comfort of his imperilled parents ? That surely was a deed of filial reverence and love which went up for a memorial before Him who made this the first commandment with pro- mise, " Honour thy father and thy mother : that thy days may be long- in the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee." The anger of Saul still burned against David as fiercely as ever, and proved its relentless cruelty by consuming an entire city of conse- crated men, because one of their number had given bread to David and his followers, when he supposed them to be still in the King's ser- 52 "Vengeance Left with $hn vice. The only respite David enjoyed was, when the invasion of the country by a foreign foe, or some other great exigency, made it impossible for Saul to employ his time and his forces in hunting down a solitary adversary. Once and again, Saul was called from his pursuit of David by some state emergency; but as soon as the Imperial trouble had passed away, he returned with the fury of a monomaniac to his wonted w r ork of worrying the son of Jesse into the grave. At last he went forth with three thou- sand picked men, and it must have seemed im- possible for any earthly power to come Tor a long season between him and the gratification of his malice. David and his band went for safety into a great cavern which stretched so far into the sides of the mountain that its innermost recesses were dark as midnight, and vast enough to hide a thousand warriors in their gloom.* In * " The wilderness of Engedi is everywhere of limestone formation, and has its surface broken into conical hills and ridges, from two hundred to four hundred feet in height. On all sides the country is full of caverns, which serve as lurking to SGthom it Belongs. 53 this darkness David and his followers concealed themselves ; and doubtless they did not venture to break* the silence by a single word, and were almost afraid to breathe, lest the slightest noise should betray them ; for if they had been dis- covered, their position would have been one of utter helplessness, as with his superior forces Saul could have turned their hiding-place into a prison, and easily starved them to death, or forced them to surrender. Presently the sultry hour of noontide came, and the King sought a shelter from the burning sky, and a place of quiet for that midday repose which the exhaust- ing heat of Eastern lands makes so necessary. Not "as chance would have it," but as the pro- vidence of God ordained it, he went to enjoy his siesta in the mouth of the very cavern wherein David and his men were hidden. We can scarcely conceive, much less describe, the breath- less interest, the agony of earnestness, with which places for outlaws at the present day. Some of these can easily give shelter to 1,500 men." Kitto. 54 Vengeance Left with $i they watched and witnessed all that was taking- place. Looking- from the darkness that made them invisible toward the daylight, they could see the King- wrap himself in his robes, and compose himself to sleep, unconscious of the dread dang-er that was so close to him. David's men deemed this to be the favourable opportunity for him to free himself from all trouble by a single thrust of his sword, and they vehemently urged him to avail himself of it. But the Lord was with him, and filled his heart with mercy instead of revenge, and held him back from the violence to which so many things impelled him. He heard and heeded the voice Divine, " Ven- geance is mine, I will repay, saith the Lord. If thine enemy hunger, feed him ; if he thirst, give him drink. Be not overcome of evil, but over- come evil with good." This brief review of David's circumstances will suffice to show that there were many things to enkindle his resentment and make forbearance towards Saul a most difficult virtue. Think of to t$hom it Belongs. 55 what he had lost, and what he had suffered ! He was young and brave and richly gifted, and emi- nently fitted for the -highest duties and purest joys of social life ; but for three years he had been hunted like a wild beast, as if he were a curse to the earth, utterly unfit for the haunts of men, and worthy only of being a target for Saul's archers to shoot at. Sometimes he had been doomed to dreary solitude, and at other times he who would have graced the highest and holiest circles in the land had been obliged to make himself the bosom- companion of demoralised debtors and discon- tented outlaws, many of whom mistook the proper object of their indignation, and were angry with society instead of condemning themselves. He was endowed by nature, and set apart by Provi- dence, for great service to the state, and, after a season of useful disciplinary obscurity and lowly labour, he came forth to publicity and fame. Life opened out glorioijsly before him. and he had the fairest prospect of attaining to true greatness by serving his generation according to the will of 56 Vengeance Left with $im God. Suddenly his sky was completely overcast, and the cup of sweet hope was dashed from his lips; and he who possessed unsurpassed powers for helping- his country was forced to hide himself among- its enemies, or make himself the leader of its outcasts. What had brought all this to pass ? No court of justice had passed sentence upon him. No council of the nation had consigned him to banishment. The people had not cast him off. The Lord God had not forsaken him. All this loss and sorrow and evil had come upon him through the unprovoked anger of one man's heart, and now that man lay helpless at his feet. Verily the devil stood on high vantage ground that day, when he tempted David not to forgive his enemy, but to slay him in his sleep ! It was not only what Saul's death would deliver David from, but also what it would introduce him to, that had to be considered. The consecrating oil had been poured upon his head, and one of the greatest of God's prophets had hailed him as future King of Israel ; and if Saul were out to '($thow it Belongs. 57 of the way, the chief if not the last barrier be- tween him and the throne would be gone. It would be no light thing to exchange the caves of the mountains for the palaces of Jewry, and the life of a hunted outlaw for the life of a king revered and obeyed, and surrounded with all that power could procure or wealth could purchase. According to man's code of morals, it would have been neither murder nor manslaughter, nor any other crime, to put Saul to death, for he had declared war against David, and had come out against him with vastly superior forces. If David had slain him, and thus have cleared his own way to the kingdom, how many would have praised the deed ! The voices that persuaded him to do it were many and mighty, some of them must have sounded like angel-voices, and it was almost a miracle of grace that the one voice of conscience was strong enough to outcry them all. The tempter is never so likely to succeed, as when he transforms himself into an angel of light, and makes the real sin look so much like a virtue Vengeance &eftwith $i that it is difficult to discern the deception. This he did in David's case, speaking through David's men, and trying to convince him that the oppor- tunity to avenge himself was a boon which heaven had sent him in fulfilment of a promise the Lord had made to him. " And the men of David said to him, Behold the day of which the Lord said unto thee, Behold I will deliver thine enemy into thine hand, that thou mayest do to him as it shall seem good to thee." How strangely things combined together to make the worse appear the better course I The promise and the providence of God both seemed on the side of instant and complete vengeance ! But David was versed in the Law of God ; and in one of the earlier books of his incomplete, but precious, priceless Bible, he had read these commandments : " Thou shalt 'not avenge nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself: I AM THE LORD." * He knew that man must shape his course by the precepts of God, and must never violate any Divine law * Lev. xix. 18. to Mhom it Belongs. 59 with the notion that thereby he can bring about the fulfilment of Divine promises and purposes. Man's duty ever is, to believe the promises, to obey the commandments, and to leave the fulfilment of the promises to Him who has made them, and who is always strong- enough to keep them, and too faithful to forget them. David's generous forbearance touched the heart of Saul, disarmed him of his rage, melted him into tears, and constrained him to become a sup- pliant at the feet of the man for whose blood he had been thirsting. In Saul's profuse professions of good-will, David placed as much confidence as they deserved none at all. David would be merciful, but that was. no reason why he should be foolish, and forego all prudence; so, when Saul went away to his palace, he betook him- self to his stronghold again. The generous mood of the King was as brief as the sunshine of a wintry afternoon, and he soon suffered his wrath to drive him into renewed hostilities. A second time he fell into David's hands, and was allowed 6o "Vengeance &eft with JjJim to escape unhurt. This second display of mag- nanimity on David's part was a greater triumph of saintly principle than the first. All the former reasons in favour of avenging himself still ex- isted, and in greater force, because of the addi- tional suffering's he had endured ; and now there was to be added another reason of almost irre- sistible power. He had cast his pearl before swine which had turned again to rend him. His kindness had been shamefully abused, and evil had been returned for his good. The King's life, which he had nobly spared, was consecrated afresh to the work of securing his destruction. To spare it a second time was for David to sharpen the sword by which he himself would be slain ; and that surely would be charity de- generating into fanaticism. More than ever the tempter that spoke in favour of revenge looked and spoke like an angel of light; but the God whom David desired to obey gave his servant strength equal to his day, and once more, though the forces in favour of evil were a great host, to Mthom it Belongs. 61 the victory was on the side of godlike forbear- ance and forgiveness. This lesson the history teaches most plainly and powerfully, that when the saint is watchful and prayerful, and enjoys the Divine succour which watchfulness and prayer cannot fail to secure, there is no temptation too strong for him to resist, and there is no diffi- culty in the practice of holiness too great for him to surmount. He can do all things through the Lord who strengtheneth him. It is evident that David's faith in God was one of the great roots out of which all these fruits of forbearance and patience and compassion grew. He was confident that God would in His own way and in His own time fulfil the promises which had been made ; and, therefore, instead of taking the matter into his own hands, he could rest in the Lord and wait patiently for Him. What a contrast between his conduct and that of Rebecca! She knew that the promise of God was in favour of her younger son inheriting the place and privi- leges of the elder, but she could not wait with the 62 Vengeance Left with $im patience of faith for God to bring- it about in the right way. She pressed falsehood into her service, and taught her child to deceive his own father ; and so mother and son conspired together, and tried to carry out the purpose of God by the use of arts learnt from the devil. They did not truly believe, and therefore they made haste. They broke God's laws in order to help on the fulfilment of God's promises, and thereby they mingled for themselves a great and bitter cup of remorse and anguish, the drinking of which extended over many years. David, on the contrary, was determined to do right and leave results with God, and thereby he gained the happy experience which enabled him to say, " In keeping Thy commandments there is great reward." In due season the promise was fulfilled, and he had no memories of unbelieving hastiness and sinful revengefulness on his part to mar the sweetness of the overflowing joy-cup which the goodness of the Lord put into his hands. " // zs good that a man should loth hope and quietly wait for the salvation of the Lord'' to S&hom it Belongs. 63 They say that " Revenge is sweet." There can be no doubt of the truth of this, for perverted natures have perverted tastes, and loathe what they ought to love, and banquet with delight on what they ought to abhor. David had feelings in his heart which would have been intensely gratified if he had taken vengeance on his enemy; but would not his revenge have been like the book the seer did eat in the Apocalypse, sweet in the mouth, but bitterness in the belly ? If we thought only of present gratification, we might eschew all forbearance and mercifulness, and feast our corrupt tastes with all possible anger and violence against our adversaries; but if we will think of the future, and lay up pleasant memories to be enjoyed in the long hereafter, the less we partake of "the sweetness of revenge," the better. Patience and meekness and forgiveness are often very hard to exercise, but when they become matters of memory, are they not things of beauty, and a joy for ever ? The poet tells of one who sat by the grave of the friend from whom he had parted in 64 Vengeance T^eft with $im ang-er, and wept at the remembrance of his former harshness : " Cruel, cruel the words I said ! Cruelly come they back to-day." Probably there are men now sleeping- in the dust who in their lifetime wronged and injured you. If you forgave them, and prayed for them, and sought to bless them, does the memory of that Christlikeness on your part ever give you a moment's sorrow? The earthly crown that David gained was torn from his brow long- ages ago ; but what of his triumph over malice and wrath and uncharitableness ? Is not the remem- brance of that a part of the feast of bliss of which he partakes in paradise ? Does not grati- tude to God for that enter into the song he is now singing in heaven ? Yes, revenge may be sweet, but like all the pleasures of sin, it is but for a season. Mercy is God's delight. He who receives it through Jesus, secures his passport to the skies. He who learns to imitate it, lays up treasure for himself in heaven. Happy he who to Mhom it Belongs. 65 by the grace of God so carries himself toward them that curse him and despitefully use him, that he does not invoke his own condemnation, when, in his daily prayer, he cries, " FORGIVE us OUR TRESPASSES AS WE FORGIVE THEM THAT TRESPASS AGAINST US." IV. THE CHUF(L. SAMUEL xxv. NAB/L THE CHUI|L. T~\AVID never made a wiser choice, and he ^^^ never said a truer thing, than when he exclaimed, " Let us fall now into the hand of the Lord, (for His mercies are great,) and let me not fall into the hand of man." The wisdom and the truth of this were confirmed by more than one incident in David's life, and sometimes the proof was found in his own conduct. As the deeds of others often made him feel, so his pur- poses and actions must have occasionally made others feel, how much better it was to be cast upon the mercies of God, than to be left to the generosity and forbearance of men. The history yo 19abal the of David's collision with Nabal furnishes us with a twofold confirmation of the truth of David's assertion and the wisdom of his decision. David, in a season of feebleness, sought to rest himself upon Nabal's gratitude, and he found that he was trusting- in the staff of a broken reed which pierced him. In his necessity he made an appeal to Nabal's g-enerosity, and he found it was as vain as trying to quench his thirst with the waters of Marah. On the other hand, Nabal's ingratitude and unkindness met with no charity at first on the part of David. While Nabal was utterly destitute of brotherly kindness, David failed for a time in the love which is not easily provoked. Because Nabal was insolent as well as thankless, David was carried away by a revengeful spirit, and gathered up all his strength to punish the insult and the wrong with instant death. As David saw his men returning from Nabal empty-handed, and bearing on their lips the cruel answer of the churl, and as Nabal saw David coming with armed men bent on taking vengeance, might the ne GJuichening of David's Conscience as the shadows of evening- began to fall, they yearned to return to the familiar haunts of life's morning-, in order that, when they fell asleep, they might be laid to rest in their fathers' sepul- chres. The desire was so strong, that they yielded to it, although they thereby doomed themselves to poverty for the remainder of their days. This is an instinct which cannot be put down by force of argument. After all that can be said about the unwisdom of it, the voice of nature will still plead for it, and " it seems to be the appointment of heaven that the first attachments of which the heart is conscious should be its last." If we have no such desire about our own final resting-places, we have about those of our friends, and we like to have the graves of our ioved ones near to us, and not far away amongst strangers. ' Tis well ; 'tis something ; we may stand Where he in English earth is laid, And from his ashes may be made The violet of his native land. by Bizpah's Example. 145 ' Tis little ; but it looks in truth As if the quiet bones were blest, Among familiar names to rest And in the places of his youth." This feeling- must not be denounced as mere sentimentalism, for it has been cherished as an honourable thing- by men who were neither feeble nor foolish. It prevailed amongst the Jews in ancient days, and strong- and sainted men were not ashamed to own it. When Barzillai pleaded against the preferment which David was urging upon him, this was his last and most forcible entreaty: "Lei thy servant, I pray thee, turn back again; that I may die in mine own city, and be buried by the grave of my father and my mother." David must have been aware of the prevalence and power of this feeling amongst his fellow- Israelites, and there can be little doubt that he fully sympathised with it. Was it not strange that he should for so many years leave the re- mains of Saul and Jonathan in the place of their hasty sepulture, far from the burial place of 146 ^he t^uichening of David's Conscience their fathers ? When the King and his sons fell in the field of Gilboa, the Philistines exulted with a cruel and savage exultation, and did their utmost to dishonour the dead. They carried the armour of the slain into the house of their god, and the bodies of the monarch and the princes they ignominiously affixed to the wall of a city near to the battle-field. In the first days of his sovereignty Saul had rendered great service to the people of Jabesh-Gilead, and his good deed was not forgotten after his death. The men of that city heard of the indignity done to the dead, and they braved many dangers in a successful effort to recover the bodies from the Philistines ; and then they gave to them as honourable a burial as was in their power. It might have been fairly anticipated that, on his coming into power, David would make an early effort to bring the body of Jonathan to his native place, and there inter it with all the honour befitting the burial of such a princely man and faithful friend. Instead of this, David allowed thirty years to pass away by Bizpah's Example. 147 before he did what reverence and gratitude for the dead should have constrained him to regard as a sacred duty to be discharged as soon as pos- sible. After that long period, he was awakened to a sense of what was becoming, by hearing of a widow's faithful service to the dead bodies of her children. This incident is eminently worthy of careful consideration, for it belongs to one of the strangest passages in David's chequered his- tory, and it furnishes a very striking instance of the irresistible power of example. Towards the close of David's life, the prospe- rity of the kingdom was interrupted by a famine. It seems that at first the king supposed it to arise from ordinary causes, and it awakened in him no special spiritual anxiety; but when it con- tinued and increased in severity for three years, he accounted it to be a judgment from God, and sought to know for what reason it was inflicted. "He inquired of the Lord. And the Lord answered, It is for Saul, and for his bloody house, because he slew the Gibeonites." It will be remembered that, 148 >he Quickening of Bavid's Conscience in the days of Joshua, the Gibeonites had, by means of false pretences, obtained a covenant of peace between themselves and the Israelites. They were degraded to perpetual servitude ; but with all the. sacredness of a solemn oath the public faith was pledged to them for the security of their lives. Under circumstances not fully dis- closed to us, Saul broke the oath and forfeited the honour of the nation, by slaying many of the Gibeonites, and by attempting- to destroy them all. It has been supposed by some that he was severe and cruel towards the Gibeonites, as a kind of set-off against his pretended compassion towards the Amalekites. A guilty severity on the one hand, to atone for a forbidden lenity on the other hand ! It seems as silly as it was sinful ; but then all sin is foolish as well as guilty ; and a corrupt heart has power to muddle the best brain and to turn even a Solomon into a fool ! Others have conjectured that Saul slew the Gibeonites at the same time that he slew the priests whose by ftizpah's Example. 149 servants they were. Later commentators* have thought that light is to be obtained from the question Saul put to his courtiers when he was disclosing his suspicions against David : " Hear now, ye Benjamites ; will the son of Jesse give every one of you fields, and vineyards, and make you captains of thousands and captains of hundreds f " This implies that Saul either had given or would give them fields and vineyards. It has been asked, "Where did Saul get land to distribute amongst his servants, as a means of securing fidelity to himself?" He could not have acquired it in his own country by purchase, or in neigh- bouring countries by conquest, but he could, and probably did, acquire it by dispossessing and destroying the Gibeonites. One thing is certain the guilty deed was done in the alleged interest of the Jewish people ; for it is said, " Saul sought to slay them in his zeal to the chil- dren of Israel and fudah." It is easy to under- stand that the thing was popular with many of * See Kitto's " Daily Bible Illustrations." 15 tf>he (^uichening of David's (Bonscience the Jews, for, if it did not enrich them, it humoured their prejudices, and gratified their not unnatural feelings of hostility toward the Gibeonites. Nothing is more likely than that the King perpetrated the flagrant crime in order to regain some of his lost popularity. It has too frequently happened that monarchs, who have not tried to win the affection and fidelity of their subjects by a wise and righteous use of power, have sought to gratify them by pandering to some evil passion. Herod killed James, the brother of John, with the sword ; " and, because he saw it pleased the Jews, he proceeded further to take Peter also" There are many reasons why we should pray for kings and for all that are in authority, and this is not the least of them the more they use their power in wisdom and righteousness, the more they are shielded against temptations to abuse their power. Those who enthrone themselves in the hearts of the people by the equity and benignity of their sway, never have need by Bizpah's Example. 151 to resort to the degrading- and guilty ex- pedient of making wars against other nations, and of wronging or plundering or abusing other people in order to be popular with their own subjects. With what awful force one sin drives a man on to another sin ! If Saul had main- tained his godliness, and done his duty, he would never have been tempted to murder his peaceful and unoffending vassals in order to show " his zeal to the children of Israel and Judah." The sin of Saul was regarded by God as a national sin, either because the people shared in the plunder, or because they sympathised with or connived at the deed. The matter was one of double guilt, for, besides the shedding of innocent blood, there was the violation of a solemn compact. The breaking of oaths and promises is exceedingly sinful in the sight of Him who is infinitely faithful, and who, in His grace to the guilty, makes an everlasting covenant with them. It is quite possible that the treaty the 152 ^he ^uicfcening of David's Conscience Jews had made was sometimes irksome to them ; but faithfulness is not to limit itself to promises which are easy and pleasant to fulfil. "Lord, who shall abide in Thy tabernacle? Who shall dwell in Thy holy hill? He that swear eth to his own hurt, and changeih not f" The sin of the King and his people was not instantly followed by punishment, but the Lord patiently waited for confession and repentance. Year after year passed away, and the crime was neither mourned over nor acknowledged. It seemed to be forgotten by almost every one excepting Him into whose unforgeting memory every transgression enters, and who sets all our sins before Him, our secret sins in the light of His countenance. Nearly fifty years had expired, and still there was no sense of guilt no reparation for wrong-doing. Then the Lord came forth to punish. He stayed the rains of heaven, the fields were parched, the harvest was scanty, and there began to be un- satisfied hunger and thirst in the land, which usually flowed with milk and honey. For three by Kizpah's Example. 153 years these strokes of judgment were repeated with a constantly increasing- severity, and in the school of experience the sinful people were taught the difference between the delay in pun- ishment which Divine patience makes, and the forgiveness of sin which human penitence secures. " These things hast thou done, and 1 kept silence: thou thoughtest I was altogether such an one as thyself. But I will reprove thee and set them in order before thine eyes" Some men have a feeling that there is an appearance of injustice if a crime be punished many years after its perpetration. But lapse of time has no power to diminish the guilt of an action, and why should it deter or diminish punishment ? If lapse of time work change in the offender, bringing him to repent- ance, then it is meet for mercy to interpose with pardon, and keep back punishment for ever. This is according to God's promise : " If the wicked restore the pledge, give again that he had robbed, walk in the statutes of life without committing iniquity; he shall surely live, he shall not die. 154 >he t^uicfeening of Bavid's (Conscience None of his sins that he hath committed shall be mentioned unto him" Where, on the other hand, the rolling years reveal no improvement, the guilt is increased instead of diminished. To the guilt of the transgression in former days is now to be added the guilt of abusing the patience of God and frustrating the gracious purpose of His forbearance. In these cases delayed judgment will be at last heavier judgment. Lapse of time may lead us to forget a sin, or lose our sense of its sinfulness; but what is the lapse of a life-time in the sight of God? There is no pleading a statute of limitations in His courts. " With Him a thousand years are but as yesterday when it is past, and as a watch in the night" Of course objectors will ask the old question : "Was it just to make one generation suffer for the sins of another ? " Seeing the famine did not come till more than forty years after the offence, the greater part of the offenders must have entirely escaped the punishment ; and by Bizpah's Example. 155 it is said, therefore, the delayed judgment must have been an unjust judgment. How is it people never think of asking this other question : " Is it just for one generation to be enriched in many- ways by the skill and labour and victories of a preceding generation ?" The law of God that links the generations together is constantly and powerfully working for good. We are all of us more or less better in body, mind, and estate, because of the virtues of those who have lived before us. If we were to be stripped of all the fruit of the various excellences of bygone generations, how poor and feeble we should be ! How is it that the child of English Christian parents starts on the journey of life with a nature in many respects very distinct from and superior to the nature of the child of barbarian and pagan parents ? It is because, from its very birth, the English child is benefited and blessed through the character its ancestors have maintained for generations past. Our freedom, our art and science, our civilization, with all its power to 156 fphe tuicfeening of David's (Conscience mitigate the sorrows and increase the pleasures of life, are not the creation of our wisdom, they are not the product of our virtues. By far the larger portion of them we owe, under God, to the work and worth of those who now sleep in their graves. " Other men laboured, and we have entered into their labours." We are always reaping golden grain which grows from good seed our fathers scattered ; and therefore we must not be ready to impeach the Divine justice because sometimes we are torn by thorns and briers, which they, in their seasons of folly and sin, did plant. Instead of sitting in ignorant, presumptuous judgment on God's justice, let us be more careful to maintain our own. Is there one who complains of suffering which comes upon him through the sins of others? Then, in common fairness, he ought to complain also because he enjoys so much through the virtues of others. If he look at the thorns and briers our ancestors planted, and exclaim, " God ought not to let me be by Bizpah's Example. 157 torn by these, I did not commit the folly of planting- them!" he should also look at the broad harvest-field of English freedom, civilization, and religion, and exclaim, " God ought not to let me gather one sheaf from this paradisaic plenty; ! had nothing to do with ploughing 1 the soil and scattering- the seed. No shed blood of mine ever became part of the red rain that made the harvest grow so fast!" Concerning the law which connects our characters and circumstances with those of our fathers, we should ask : " What ! shall we receive good at its hand, and shall we not receive evil ? " It was ordained of God in a benignant spirit, and for a beneficent purpose ; and it is man's folly that turns it into a power for inflicting- evil, and a channel along- which calamities flow from the past to the present, and from the present to the future. Instead of cavilling- at a law which we could not repeal, if we would, and ought not to repeal, if we could, let us always remember that the law is in force, and be constrained so 158 fphe f^uichening of David's (Conscience to carry ourselves that those who come after us shall never have to suffer for our sins. It was doubtless by God's direction that David suffered the surviving Gibeonites to decide what should be done to expiate the sin. They de- manded that seven of Saul's descendants should be publicly executed, and their demand was granted. Saul and his sons had been the leaders in the unprincipled slaughter, and his descendants were most likely the largest holders of the un- righteous spoil. It was fitting that, if any were to suffer death for the sin, it should be these princes, and not some of the common people who had followed in the footsteps of their King. They were brought forth and hanged in the sight of all the land ; and, in a very forcible manner, princes and people, statesmen and priests, were taught that the national honour must be kept inviolate, that the feeble must not be oppressed, that the strong must not confound might with right, and that wickedness must not go unpunished, be- cause it gets into the high places of the earth. by Bizpah's Example. 159 It was contrary to Jewish custom to leave the bodies upon the gibbets to waste away ; but it was done in the case of these seven, either be- cause the Gibeonites demanded it, or in order to make the warning" more terrible. It gave rise to a most touching display of motherly affection and fidelity. Two of the seven were sons of Rizpah, who, though she had been one of Saul's wives, was still living. If she had possessed the power, we may be sure she would have tenderly taken the bodies of her loved ones from the disgraceful gibbets, and have buried them in peaceful graves, which she would have wet with her tears till death had laid her to sleep by their side. She could not bear the thought of their hanging there for the vultures to tear to pieces and devour, and she determined to keep watch over them and drive off the foul birds of prey. The blackening corpses dangling in the air must have been a horrid spectacle to her, and we could not have wondered if she had fled away from the heart-breaking sight. But 160 tf>he (^uichening of David's (Conscience her love, prompting" her to do what she deemed her duty to the dead, was mighty and trium- phant over all. She made her home upon the rock, and watched with a vigilance that never slept, and a devotion that never wearied. In a few words the inspired historian sets before us such a scene as a poet's fancy never conceived, and a painter's pencil never adequately portrayed. " And Rizpah took sackcloth, and spread it for her upon the rock, from the beginning of harvest until water dropped upon them out of heaven, and suffered neither the birds of the air to rest on them by day, nor the beasts of the field by night." They were counted as accursed, and unworthy of the burial of dogs ; but she would not cast them out of her heart. The more they were shunned by others, the more she clung to them ; and the deeper their disgrace, the deeper her compassion. It is a great thing when God say sthat He pities like a father ; it is a far greater thing when He affirms that His love is more unforgetting and imperishable than the love of a woman to her own offspring ! bij Bizpah's Bxample. 161 It was told David what Rizpah had done, and instantly his memory was awakened, and his conscience was quickened. He thought of the bones of Saul and Jonathan sleeping- in the place of their somewhat hurried and unseemly burial. He saw the duty he ought to have discharged years before, and he at once girded himself to discharge it. He fetched the long-neglected remains from Jabesh-Gilead, and carried them to the country of Benjamin, and buried them in the sepulchre of Kish, the father of Saul. With them he buried also the bodies of the seven, and thus relieved the tender and faithful-hearted Rizpah from the burden of work and woe which her love for her own had laid upon her. The history closes with these significant words: "And after that God was entreated for the land'' Long- forgotten sin had been brought to mind, and acknowledged, and expiated ; homage had been paid to justice ; the evil of unfaithfulness had been exposed ; the honour of the nation had been purged from foul stains ; it had been shown that M 162 fjjhe Quickening of Bavid's (Conscience neither kings nor princes can do wrong 1 with impunity ; maternal fondness and fidelity had been touchingly displayed ; a long- forgotten duty had been attended to ; a noble example had borne fruit ; and " after that God was entreated for the land." The generous heavens poured down their showers, the languishing life of field and vineyard revived, and the earth was clothed with beauty and teemed with fruitfulness again. There was one more glorious proof of the everlasting truth RIGHTEOUSNESS EXALTETH A NATION. The way in which Rizpah's conduct moved David to his duty affords a fine instance of what has been aptly called " unconscious influence." She had no design upon the conscience of the King, but her right doing told with great effect. If she had lectured him about his duty to the sleeping dust of his friend, he might have re- sented her efforts as an impertinence ; but he could neither resent nor resist the silent appeal of her actions. Words are often feeble and in vain, but deeds are seldom fruitless. The most by Hixpah's Example. 163 eloquent preachers may have to cry out com- plainingly " Who hath- believed our report ? " The success of example is far more certain, for its fragrance has never been a sweetness wholly "wasted on the desert air." Susceptibility to its power is a universal possession. Birds that have become dumb and have forgotten their strains, have had their memories touched, and have been moved to melodious songs again, by being placed where they could hear the carols of other birds. Did any man ever yet, by the grace of God, set his life to holy music, without stirring up the in- stinct of sacred song in some other human breast ? No MAN LIVETH TO HlMSELF ! No MAN DIETH TO HIMSELF ! VIII. THE TWO THINQ3 WHICH DyVVID HAD ]S|EVEF( J3EEJN. PSALM xxxvii. 25. " I have been young, and now am old ; yet have I not seen the righteous forsaken, nor his seed begging bread." THE TWO THINGS WHICH DAVID HAD NEVER SEEN, '"INHERE can be no doubt that many disad- vantages and disabilities belong- to the period of old age. For many reasons, the sea- son of youth is to be greatly preferred. In elas- ticity of limb, in buoyancy of feeling, in the intensity with which pleasure can be enjoyed, in the faculty of getting great mirth out of very small materials, in the irrepressible energy with which both body and spirit overflow, the young man has a decided advantage over the old one. In the midst of his present infirmities, the old man remembers the time when he too was in the pride of youth and prime of life, and possessed all the glories of an unwasted and unwearied 1 68 ^h nature; and as he realises that they have passed away from him for ever, so far as earthly expe- rience is concerned, he cannot help a measure of pensiveness stealing over his spirit. But he soon checks his sadness by reminding himself that the goodness of the Creator has left no period of life without its own peculiar pleasures, and hence even old age has its own special advantages and alleviations. He knows that while the course of time has separated him widely from the energy and enthusiasm of youth, it has also enlarged his experience and matured his wisdom. He knows his own heart better than he formerly knew it, and is less likely to commit the folly of an ex- cessive confidence in it. He knows the real na- ture and worth of things better, and is less likely to be deceived by mere appearances. He knows God better ; and, therefore, with increased force, he can testify how safe it is to trust in God, how wise it is to serve Him, and what ever-multiplying reasons there are for loving Him with all the heart, and soul, and strength. In the most effective which Bavid had never $een. 169 of all schools the old man has learned lessons of priceless value, which, apart from the teaching of years and circumstances, he could not have learned. He has the wisdom which is the off- spring- of experience, the best wisdom in the world for giving- birth to patience and content- ment, forbearance and charity. He waits for fur- ther light where a young man would rush to hasty conclusions. He knows how to do nothing and to say nothing in circumstances which would tempt a young man to say and to do all manner of rash things, whereby present difficulties would be com- plicated, and work would be provided for future repentance. " Thanks be to God ! " he can ex- claim, " the great law of compensation which runs through the universe prevails in all its beneficent force in these regions of old age. The same irresistible tide which has swept me away from some privileges and powers, has carried me into possession of others. My eye has become dim, and my natural force is abated, but I have trea- sures which belong to no other period of life. 17 These 'the hand of palsy shall never touch, and the fire of fever shall never burn.' The outward man decays, but the inward man is renewed day by day." To a generous heart, delighting- in doing good, it would be a great grief if no further service could be rendered. The old man is not doomed to that sadness. For him the change is not from usefulness to uselessness, but from one kind of service to another. As in earlier life he rendered effective help by his ardour, and vigour, and pas- sion for work, so now he can serve by means of his sober counsels, ripened wisdom, and mature character. This was fully exemplified in the his- tory of David. We have seen him serving his generation in circumstances wherein the strength and enthusiasm of the young man were neces- sary; and we have now to listen to him as in this psalm he serves all generations by bearing that emphatic testimony in favour of godliness, which is never so effective as from the lips of an old man. This is not a psalm in which David which U?)avid had never $een. 171 confesses his own sins, or celebrates his own mercies, or tells the troubles of his own life. It is rich in counsel given by the aged saint to other people. He exhorts them to be patient, and not to fret because wicked people sometimes prosper, and not to think that God cares nothing- about the good or the evil of human character, and that godly people have nothing but the shady and wintry side of earthly life. He entreats them to wait on the Lord, to be faithful and diligent in all well-doing, and to set their hearts on holi- ness, counting that to be the greatest treasure man can gain or God can give. He assures them that this course must sooner or later prove the only wise and safe course. It may, for a while, lead through darkness and difficulty, but it will finally conduct the persevering pilgrim to peace and joy, to glory and to God. David gives these exhortations and assurances on the strength of his own experience and observation. These were the truths he had learnt during his long and chequered career. " A litlh that a righteous man i7 2 hath is better than the riches of many wicked. The steps of a good man are ordered by the Lord, and He delighteth in his way. Though he fall, he shall not be utterly cast down: for the Lord upholdeth him with His hand. I HAVE BEEN YOUNG, AND NOW AM OLD; YET HAVE I NOT SEEN THE RIGHTEOUS FOR- SAKEN, NOR HIS SEED BEGGING BREAD." It must be borne in mind that these words are not a Divine promise, but a human testimony ; not a declaration on God's part as to His un- changing" and universal purpose, but a statement on the part of one man as to his life-long expe- rience. This fact prompts the inquiry Who and what was this man ? Before examining the nature of the testimony, we must look at the character and capacity of the witness. He tells us of two things he had never seen; but had he travelled far and wide, or had he looked round upon only a narrow circle ? He declares that he never saw a good man in spiritual loneliness, or a good man's children in utter temporal destitution ; but in what scenes and circumstances had he spent his days ? which $)avid had never $een. 173 If he always consorted with the prosperous and the wealthy, the things he saw not may have existed not very far from him, although his heart was never troubled by the sight of them. There are people so enshrined in ease and splendour, that they know little or nothing of the world of want and woe which lies just outside of their charmed and gilded circle. That world is none the less real, because easy-going and pampered folk live in what they would deem blissful igno- rance of it. Was the psalmist a man after this fashion ? Was he of the number who, because they always sleep in the lap of luxury themselves, dream not of poverty and pain endured by others ? The answer is, that there never lived a man who, by a wide and diversified experience, was better able than David to speak with authority upon the matter about which he here testifies. Supposing ourselves in his presence, we may inquire of him as to his fitness for bearing this testimony. From the facts of his wondrous history we can imagine what his answer would be. " I am king of Israel, and I dwell in a palace of cedar. I have rest from all mine enemies round about me. There are thousands of men to whom my word is law, and of earthly good I have all that wealth can purchase, or power procure, or heart can wisely desire. But I have known other times, and lived in other circumstances. To what extreme of human position am I an utter stranger ? To what height of power and prosperity have I not been uplifted ? To what depth of sorrow and difficulty have I not been cast down ? I was a peasant in Bethlehem; I married the king's daughter and became a prince of the realm. I have been keeper of a handful of sheep in the wilderness, and I have commanded the hosts of Israel in the field of battle. I have been the cham- pion and deliverer of my fatherland, and I have been treated as its offscouring, to be cast out with scorn and violence. I have been the idol of the people, eulogised in their songs, greeted with their loud acclaim, enveloped in the clouds of their incense; I have been falsely denounced both as which Bavid had never $een. 175 a traitor and a tyrant, and I have been hunted like a partridge upon the mountains. I have drunk the full cup of a conqueror's glory; I have tasted the bitterness of exile, and have barely escaped the martyr's death. I have lived in palaces; I have had to hide myself in dens and caves of the earth. 1 have had all things richly to enjoy, and I have known what it is to eat one's last piece of bread and not be able to tell whence the next meal will come. I have been blessed by Samuel, and cursed by Shimei. I have been the companion of crowned kings and inspired prophets ; I have been captain of a band of discontented men, with whom debt and difficulty were the chief bond of union. I have been borne to the throne by the enthusiasm of a grateful people ; I have been driven from it by a cruel rebellion, of which my own son was the leader. The faithfulness and loving-kindness of my God I have put to the test in all manner of scenes and circumstances. I have tried the worth of godliness always and everywhere. I have tried it in prosperity and in adversity, in my father's peaceful home, and amongst the uncircumcised Philistines, in the time of my greatest popularity, and in the season of my fiercest persecution. I tried it in the noontide of my glory, when not one dark cloud spotted my azure sky, and not one forecast shadow of a coming trouble fell upon my path ; I tried it in the midnight of my anguish, when my crown was stolen from me, and my favourite son was the thief, when the sword was drawn against me, and my own son's was the hand that plucked it from the scabbard. I tried it on the top of my delectable mountains, where the consciousness of grace received, and duty dis- charged, and sin forsaken, and holiness acquired, gave me rich foretastes of the bliss of paradise ; I tried it in the time of my remorse, when the prophet's parable awoke my slumbering conscience, when the arrows of conviction pierced my spirit, and when from my breaking heart there went up the cry which brought back pardon and peace, " Hide Thy face from my sins, and Hot out all mine iniquities: cast me not away from Thy presence, and which !auid had never $een. 177 take not Thy Holy Spirit from me! Is there any extreme in human experience which is utterly unknown to me ? Who has had a life richer than mine in strange and strong- contrasts ? Yet in all things and through all things and above all things, I have found that the Lord is mindful of His own. ' I HAVE BEEN YOUNG, AND NOW AM OLD ; YET HAVE I NOT SEEN THE RIGHTEOUS FORSAKEN, NOR HIS .SEED BEGGING BREAD.' " " Take thy shoes from off thy feet, for the place whereon thou standest is holy ground ! " It be- hoves us to bow ourselves before this aged man, and to receive his testimony with the utmost confidence. That which he passes on to us is no crude theory, no empty bubble blown by mere conjecture ; it is solid gold which has been tried again and again in the crucible of life, and has come forth from the fire seven times purified. If David had said, " This is how I think it will be, and how I think it ought to be," we might have been tempted to reply, " Yes ! but things are often appallingly different from our notions of what is likely and N 178 right." But when he says, " This is what I have observed during my long and eventful career," we must respond, " Thy words are weighty, thy testimony is trustworthy." Next to inspired de- clarations, we can have nothing more trusty than the lessons of human experience extending over a vast and varied range of events. History is man's best book of prophecy. That which has been, why should it not be repeated? Man's necessities and God's nature are the same. He who has hitherto cared for the righteous, and kept their children from destitution, is He not the Father of Lights, with whom is no variableness nor shadow of turning ? The fact of David's eminent fitness to bear witness on this matter reminds us of one great feature of the Bible. The message is always sent by the right messenger. In every case the words gather additional force and value from the circumstances or the character of the man by whom they were spoken. Words about the freeness and fulness of pardon would have been quite as which $avid had never $een. 179 true, but they would have been less weighty, if they had been spoken by those who showed no deep sense of the greatness of man's guilt. Isaiah and Micah make glorious declarations concerning the riches of Divine forgiveness, and their assur- ances are all the more encouraging to the penitent because both of them paint most appalling pic- tures of human depravity and defilement. The Apostle Paul says that earthly afflictions are light and momentary, and that heavenly bliss is an exceeding and eternal weight of glory. This estimate of the sorrows and troubles of the pre- sent life would have been scorned and repudiated by woe-stricken people if it had been put forth by a man who personally knew little of affliction. What force there is in the Apostle's words to those who remember that he who talked thus of burdens being light and lasting only for a moment, did himself endure enough to make a man a martyr ten times over ! The human element in the Bible neither dims the brightness nor impairs the power of the Divine element. On the contrary, God in N 2 180 His thoughtful love chose such channels for the transmission of the waters of life, that to us men they are all the more sweet and refreshing because of the particular human courses along which they flow. From the capacity of the witness we now turn to see the meaning of his testimony. The first part of it is not difficult to understand or to receive : " I HAVE NOT SEEN THE RIGHTEOUS FOR- SAKEN." David could not say he had never seen a good man in straits and difficulties, for his own godliness had not kept him free from such things. He had seen the righteous heavily burdened, but he had never seen him left to carry his woe without sympathy or succour from his God. He could not say that he had never seen a good man in sorrow and darkness, for, in the days of its greatest vigour and purity, his own goodness had not secured him immunity from grief and gloom. Death had come into his house, and he had laid his loved ones in the grave. He had been almost wrecked on trouble's stormy sea, and had cried out to God, which Bavid had never $een. 181 " All Thy waves and Thy billows have gone over me." But he affirmed that in his greatest ex- tremities a good man can say, " The Lord of hosts is with me, the God of Jacob is my refuge. Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil ; for Thou art with me, Thy rod and Thy staff they comfort me." David had seen the good man forsaken by his fellow- men, but even then he could say, " I am not alone." He had seen the righteous when his own flesh and blood turned against him, and when, through the power of popular clamour, even parental love had been somewhat impaired. He had never seen the good man when he could not say, " Though father and mother forsake me, the Lord will take me up." He could not say he had never seen the righteous fall away from his steadfastness and wander from duty, for he himself had broken through the fences of the law and had madly gone astray. But even in such unworthiness and disgrace he had not been forsaken. In his very wanderings the goodness 182 and mercy of the Lord followed him and brought him back, and put into his lips the song" which fallen angel has never been able to sing, " He restoreth my soul, He leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for His name's sake" Within the limits of this lower creation, is not a good man the noblest work of God ? Does not God, speaking of Himself after the manner of men, affirm that He has all a workman's fond- ness for His own handiwork, and all a parent's love for His own offspring ? " But now thus saith the Lord that created thee, and He that formed thee, Fear not ; thou art mine. When thou passes/ through the waters I will be with thee. I'have made, and I will bear, even I will carry and will deliver you." For the production and preservation of the righteous, what cost and care have been ex- pended ! Wherever we see true human good- ness, we may fearlessly assert that for its creation and development, God has spoken by His pro- phets, He has ruled in His providence, He has wrought by His Spirit, and He has suffered in which Bavid had never $een. 183 the person of His Incarnate Son. This should suffice to assure us that the righteous shall never be forsaken by their Creator and Redeemer. True love is not exhausted by labour. The love which has done but little for the loved ones may dwindle and die, but diligent and self-denying lov^ is nourished by its own toils and sufferings. Yea, instead of being the destroyer of love, hard work is often the creator of love. When the motherless babe is left alone in the world, you do not, as you put it into the arms of a woman who is a stranger, bid her love it as if it were her own. You know it is useless to command affection ; and therefore all you do is to make the stranger promise that she will work for the little one and watch over it. That is enough ! If you can secure the work, you may be certain that the affection will follow. The daily labours and the nightly watchings for which you pay will sooner or later create the fondness you could not purchase in any market in the world; and the one and only woman on whom you may rely to love the child as its 184 ^Jhe ^5wo ^Jhings own mother would have loved it, is the woman who has tended it and toiled for it, who has had to bear with all its fretfulness and waywardness, and to be perpetually on the alert to guard it against danger and to satisfy its wants. It is a glorious fact in the history of the human heart, that in thousands of instances a mother-like love has sprung out of mother-like work. Was not the heart in which this is possible created in the image of God ? Whenever we see human loving- kindness strengthened instead of exhausted by its own efforts and sacrifices, do we not behold a faint trace of the Divine image, a dim revelation of the glory of God's grace ? We can say that Christ wrought and suffered for us because He loved us ; may we not add that, if it were possible for His love to be increased, He would love us all the more because of what He has done and endured for us ? If human love is too strong for work to wear it out, we may be assured that Divine grace cannot be destroyed or enfeebled by its own labours. St. Paul did not say : " He which $avid had neuei' $een. 185 that has given us so much, how can we expect Him to give us any more ? He that has done so much for us, how can we think He will do any- thing more?" The Apostle's argument was the reverse of this, for he felt that faith is reason when, on the ground of what has already been done, the thought of desertion is rejected, and the continuance of God's presence and blessing is confidently expected. " He that spared not His own Son, but delivered Him up for us all, how shall He not with Him also freely give us all things?" There is great force in the prayer which it is said was frequently used by Queen Elizabeth, " O Lord, look at the wounds in Thy hands, and then Thou wilt not forsake the work of Thy hands." The same plea is urged in the " Dies Irse:" " Jesus, Lord, my plea let this be, Mine the woe that brought from bliss Thee ; On that day, Lord, wilt Thou miss me ? " Wearily for me Thou soughtest, On the cross my soul Thou boughtest ; Lose not all for which Thou wroughtest." Can there be more than one answer to that 1 86 ^he ^iro ^hings which !E)avid had never $een. appeal ? Is it not predicted that His love and labour are not to be wasted, but that He is to see of the travail of His soul and be satisfied ? " The Lord will perfect that which concerneth me ; Thy mercy, O Lord, endureih for ever ; forsake not the works of Thine own hands." HE HATH SAID, I WILL NEVER LEAVE THEE NOR FORSAKE THEE. It is not strange then that, though David had such a varied experience and such a wide field of observation, he could say, " I HAVE BEEN YOUNG AND NOW AM OLD, YET HAVE I NOT SEEN THE RIGHTEOUS FORSAKEN." IX. THE TWO THINQ3 WHICH D>WID HAD NEVER gEEJM. PSALM xxxvii. 25. I have been young, and now am old; yet have I not seen the righteous forsaken, nor his seed begging bread." THE TWO THINGS WHICH DAVID HAD NEVER SEEN. r I "HE piety which Divine power creates, Divine -* g-oodness doth richly recompense. It is ignorantly supposed by some that to speak of the rewards of human conduct is to imply the exist- ence of human merit. They forget that what man's godliness may deserve is one thing, and what God in His love will give to it is another and a very different thing. It is true that the possession of holiness increases the obligations rather than the claims of men, for in every case it is the work and gift of God; yet, in the abun- dance of His mercy, He rewards it as fully as if it were highly meritorious on man's part. Hence in the af ion t and ' J line bein iconse.uence ! The f, Paris t __ WTJKS s.iupjaq srq aoj oA't:Ma?3O o? pa 2nupj IBUOISBODO aq? ?vq? pa?B?s si uirep imo siq no aures aq? ?unoosflii^ IBU UMO siq ppu pjnoo eq '{jiq aq? jo uoissassod paiire: SUB.MS B ji -uiiq A"q ut pajt'y eq o? aeAuup aq? jo du ? SniA'eaj A"pqsijooj, ^nq 'ssoaon ffuauiasaopuo aq^. q^iAi sa; iaooB Sni^sod ' m !jiuiuioa Xaq; joaia eq^ oq. H3iu'pioa B aq^. s[pa siwij, aq^. jo ^uapuodsaaaoo ^ ii'OOS si JJJOM eq? jo ?soo pa!jmt!isa eqx 'ssijB^g pa^v to .13^; ? ui pun aq^ jo aan^oTij^ saqaiq puooas aq? aq H;M i \ IQJ ^ JOGI'T J I^Snai v aAtsq ni^ qoiqM "Bqosauuiw 'snodc ; ^Sr\oi H A II 5I\t fjis iddississij\[ aq? SSOJOB Andmoo aSpua aaotnia) ^mnun ? ^q UMOjq? aq o? (jnoq^ BI aSpuq ^UAk[i3j uoai u^ aSu B j uiiu jo a^jaA aq? uo A[?uanbasuoo BJB ^?mnxnuioo ^ jinsnn t{? pua *sunuBS[njf eq? jo noissioued aq? ?noq?iM ap paa^'j puis av uo Xiat'o o? paAiojjB ?ou eau ^aq? ?i!q? q?" il >- u?8s''['8jea30-sinsuoo uSiaaoj aq? o? uo;?i?ad v pe?? e 'sai c aA^q 'Bueuinog uaa?s;>[ jo s?u / E?iq i equi jjaaag eq v - e n^si sSauoq?^ asaq? inoq?iA sauo qsn^ ^ uo eq? aq HIM. .i3?saojo^ P 11 ' 6 uopno'j jo sasaooip ' 'qo ao pioqo? ve'juosuoosBif pjojajan jo doqsig aq? s'B '^ ^ % pu 1% aaquia?das oo aouaaajaof) u^saooifj v Sutp g -^i uoi?ua?ni Biq paounouuB siiq OT'eqanQ jo dbqs;a q\^ wates, Divine ^nse. It js SUTM Maa v pu '?qSia-^?jg si uoi?n?i?sm aq? ui ja'qranu aS^aaAB aqjj, 'OOO'l? } ootre^q B O'T q? pa?ij?s SM ?i naq 'XBsjn uo 'X.ia ?u a" '?soi mbua m paaapao eABq pas '^q?iq',5 ?BaaB sapnpui ?t aqs eouis jo >ub .vPeak of the c x- r ni eq? <-*7ly the exist- - a , WIJclL , WID. 2 SAMUEL xxiii. 15. " Now these be the last words of David. David the son of Jesse said, and the man who was raised up on high, the anointed of the God of Jacob, and the sweet psalmist of Israel, said, The Spirit of the Lord spake by me, and His word was in my tongue. The God of Israel said, the Rock of Israel spake to me, He that ruleth over men must be just, ruling in the fear of God. And he shall be as the light of the morning, when the sun of the earth by clear shining after rain. Although my house be not so with God ; yet He hath made with me an everlasting covenant, ordered in all things, and sure : for this is all my salvation, and all my desire, although He make it not to grow." THE "LAST WORDS" OF DAVID. A CCORDING to a commonly received inter- *^ > pretation of this passage, David mourned over the ungodly state of his children, but exulted in the assurance of his own personal salvation. He first repeated the description he had received from the Lord of the character which kings and rulers should maintain, and it is supposed that he next lamented the fact that his children did not answer to the Divine ideal. It is further supposed that his sorrow on account of their shortcomings instantly gave place to grateful joy in the hope that, through the mercy and faithfulness of God, he himself should be secure and blessed for ever. It might go ill with his children, but it would be well with him. They were godless, but he would p 2 ie " Last fjords" of none the less receive grace. " Although my house be not so with God, yet He hath made with me an everlasting covenant, ordered in all things and sure" There are well-known facts in David's history which may seem to lend some sanction to this interpretation. His family troubles were great and many. Some of his children were anything but what his conscience could approve and his heart could desire. They were thorns in his side and arrows in his heart. Their wickedness must have embittered his cup for years, and have flung over his path a gloomy shadow which reached down to the grave. He had long and repeated expe- riences of the truth of the proverb : " A foolish son is the calamity of his father" As he thought of Amnon and Absalom and Adonijah, he might well exclaim : " My house is not with God as it ought to be ! " Still, is it not incredible that David, as he contemplated the lost condition of his children, could instantly get comfort by think- ing of his own safety ? He was sometimes sadly unlike his true self, but assuredly he was never Last Mords" of l^awd. 213 so unlike himself as to say in effect, " My children may perish, but, the Lord be praised, I shall get to heaven myself ! " This must be deemed impos- sible to David, even by those who take the worst view of his conduct in the matter of Uriah the Hittite. Those who know most of the generous and self-forgetting love which glows in the parental heart, will be the first to acquit David of that charge of intense selfishness which the common interpretation of the passage implies against him. They would be prepared to hear the exclamation : " My hope is robbed of much of its sweetness and power because my children are not embraced by it. How can I be happy in the prospect of a salvation from which those dearer to me than my own life are to be for ever excluded ? How can heaven be to me a place of 'fulness of joy,' if all my loved ones are not with me there ? " This is a mystery which only the light and experience of eternity can make clear. It has pressed with terrible power on the hearts of saintly parents. And who can doubt 214 >he "&ast ^ords" of that it often troubled the spirit of David also ? How much he loved his children, yea, how he prized their safety, if possible, more than his own, is made manifest by that outburst of grief: " my son Absalom, my son, my son Absalom ! Would God I had died for thee, O Absalom, my son, my son !" There is another interpretation of the passage which makes it chiefly and almost exclusively a prophecy of Christ. It is supposed to regard Him as the King ordained of God, and to describe the perfection of His kingly character, the righteous- ness of His rule, the benignity of His sway over those who submit to it, and the destructive effects of His sovereignty upon those who are rebellious and disobedient. Those who adopt this interpre- tation make certain changes in the translation of the passage which remove from it everything like lamentation on David's part : " Is not my house so with God ? For He hath made with me an everlasting covenant, Ordered in all things and sure. For it is all my salvation and all my desire, Shall He not make it to flourish ?" FAIRBAIRN'S Typology. &ast Mords" of Bavid. 215 According- to this translation David first describes the regal perfection and glory of the Saviour, and then rejoices in his own house (or dynasty) as being in its righteous character and beneficial influences an illustrious type of the Kingship of Jesus. In favour of this rendering great names may be quoted. It is free from the objections which are so fatal to the commonly received inter- pretation : and it will be especially grateful to those who love to get frequent glimpses of Jesus in the Psalms and Prophecies, and who, if they are to err at all, would far sooner go astray with those who find Him everywhere than with those who find Him nowhere in the Old Testament. There is a third interpretation according to which David here sets forth the Divine ideal of a ruler over men as he in early life received it from the Spirit of the Lord. Now that he has reached the close of his kingly career, he com- pares that career with the description of a good king which God had given to him, and he finds that he has fallen far short of it. When he 216 fpe " &ast speaks of his "house" not being- "so with God," he does not mean his domestic circle, but the reigning- dynasty, and he refers, not to the godless character of 'his children, but to the imperfections of his own kingship. That had not been altogether such as God had enjoined, and as he himself had desired and determined. When he speaks of the "covenant ordered in all things," he exults, not in the thought that he is personally safe despite the irreligion of his children, but in the assurance that he shall be saved despite his shortcomings and failures as a king. The mercy of God would cover up all the imperfections and pardon all the sins of his government. While considering that the passage refers primarily and directly to David and his history as the Lord's anointed, we need not necessarily deny its Messianic character. Like every other picture of human perfection, this description of a perfect King was indirectly a prophecy of Christ, and the glorious ideal was fully realized, not in David, nor in Solomon, nor in Hezekiah, but only in David's greater Son. $he " Last Mords" of ftavid. 217 These "last words" reveal to us the lofty standard of kingly character which was set before David in early life. In the rejection of Saul there was no arbitrary exercise of God's sovereignty. The son of Kish was weighed in the balances and found wanting. After his first great failure, the long-suffering of the Lord gave him further trial ; but he soon failed again most grievously, and proved himself unfit for the throne. Like many other monarchs, he found it easier to remember that he was the king of the people than to re- member that he was the servant of God. He was bent on having his own way, and he would wield his sceptre as if it were absolutely his own, and not a trust that he had received from the " King of kings and the Lord of lords." When he first flagrantly failed, Saul was threatened that a successor should be speedily found who would be a man after God's own heart ; and when he failed yet more flagrantly, the threat was executed, and Samuel was sent to anoint one of the sons of Jesse. We may be certain that when David was 218 $he " ast Mords" of Bavid. set apart for the throne, he was not left in igno- rance of the reasons of Saul's rejection. Samuel, who knew the sad story so well, and was so much grieved by it, would, with great pathos and power, relate it to David, and warn him against the rock of wilful disobedience on which Saul had suffered shipwreck. The venerable prophet, whose patri- otic zeal for Israel's welfare flourished in such immortal vigour, would take pains to instruct David as to the duties and responsibilities of the kingly office, and would remind him that he might, by disloyalty to God, or by injustice to the people, forfeit the throne, even as Saul had lost it. After he was anointed, David went back to the sheep- folds, but, though he returned to his former occu- pation for a season, he could not be forgetful of his future destiny. He must have often 1 thought of the greatness in store for him ; and doubtless he often strove to realize what he should have to be and to do when that promised greatness came to him. We may lawfully suppose hat it was when he was in one of these meditative moods " of $avid. 219 that light from heaven came into his mind, and he heard the Spirit of God speak to his spirit, and tell him what kind of a king- he must be if he would answer to the noble title given to him when he was chosen "A man after God's own heart." To some such revelation received in early life he must have referred, when, in old age, he exclaimed : " The God of Israel said, the Rock of Israel spake to me, He that ruleth over men must be just, ruling in the fear of God" Righteousness towards men and reverence to- wards God are named as the two great essentials in a good king-. For lack of these, monarchs have been curses instead of blessings, and peoples have been oppressed, and kingdoms have been ruined. But where the authority of God has been recog-- nized, and the rights of the people have been respected, nations have flourished, and kings have been a terror to evil-doers, and a praise to them that do well. Stress is laid upon justice rather than upon compassion, and history warrants the emphasis. If there were more righteousness in 220 ^he " Last fe&ords" of &avid. the world, there would be less need of charity. " The acts of charity are, to a great extent, counterworks to the operations of injustice. Let all the debts of justice be by all men discharged ; let every man be just to himself and to all others ; and then the spirit of mercy will have little to do but to look upon society with the smile of con- gratulation." It should never be forgotten that the favourite Scripture designation of a true saint is "a righteous man." The justice of the king is to be in association with the fear of God. This last named virtue is the only one that guarantees the perfection and permanence of all the rest. It is the only legitimate master-principle, and its presence and power secure that all other excellences shall be in proper order and in due proportion. The benignant influence of a God-fearing and righteous ruler is described in expressive figurative language. Gladness and growth shall characterize his reign, for " he shall be as the light of the morning, when the sun ariseth, even a morning without clouds ; Last fjords" of 3?)avid. as the tender grass springing out of the earth by clear shining after the rain." Several years elapsed before the throne promised to David came into his possession ; and it is probable that this vivid pic- ture of kingly perfection was also placed before him some time prior to his accession. If so, how often he would gaze upon it while he was waiting for the kingdom, and what promises he would make of conformity to it ! And when he wa^ actually seated on the throne, how frequently he would recall the words of the Spirit, and assure himself that they should be the law of his life down to the last moment of the sceptre being in his hands ! These last words reveal to us the sad conscious- ness which David had in his old age, that the lofty standard set before him in early life had not been reached. His kingship was anything but a great failure. He conducted the affairs of the kingdom with much vigour and wisdom, and was instru- mental in the fulfilment of many Divine promises, and in the advancement of many Divine purposes, 222 ^he "Last Words" of relating* to the chosen nation. He made six thousand of the Levites officers and judges, and systematically distributed them through the country for the education and elevation of the people and the better administration of justice."* It is said that there is a proverb amongst, the Russians, which is quoted when in the remoter parts of the Empire justice is violated, oppression is practised, and crimes are committed : " God is high, and the Emperor is afar off." This proverb recognizes the truth that wrong- and violence are likely to prevail in any district in proportion to its distance from the central seat of government. Against this danger David made provision by sending- nearly half the six thousand Levites, the "chief fathers," as they were called, into that part of his kingdom which lay on the other side of Jordan. f In i Chron. xxvii. there is a list of officers appointed by David to superintend and improve the agriculture of the country, so that its material resources might be fully developed and economically used. He cul- * i Chron. xxiii. 4. + i Chron. xxvi. 32. ^hc " Last Wottds" of l&avid. 223 tivated friendly relations between his own people and the Tyrians, in order to give the Jews a knowledge of the higher and more refined arts of civilised life. These facts show that while David was essentially a military monarch, he did not neglect home reforms for the sake of foreign wars ; he subdued the enemies of Israel and took full possession of the land promised to their fathers, but, while he was extending the boundaries of his kingdom, he looked well to its internal arrangements. In promoting the civilisation and providing for the political welfare of the people, he did not forget that "righteousness exalteth a nation," and that the Tightness of men toward God is the great fountain of their Tightness toward one another. He therefore paid attention to the ecclesiastical arrangements of his kingdom, and both by his psalms and his example he sought to advance pure and undefiled religion. It cannot be questioned, then, that David's reign was a great blessing to the Jews, and that in the review of his career there was much to inspire him 224 >he " >ast Words" of with joy and thankfulness. It was unspeakably superior to the reign of Saul, and would have compared most favourably with that of any one of his contemporaries. And yet the retrospect could not give him perfect satisfaction. He wisely abstained from comparing- himself with his pre- decessor, or with the monarchs of surrounding- nations. He did not give his conscience an unholy comfort by saying that he was as good as his neighbours. He looked at his kingly work in the light of his own early aims and promises. Alas ! what a difference there was between his aspira- tions and his achievements ! What a painful con- trast between the hopes of youth and the memories of old age ! He had to bow in penitential sorrow as he exclaimed, " The good that I would, 1 have not done." He tried his kingly work, not by the low standard current amongst pagan kings, but by the lofty standard the Judge of all the earth had set before him. Alas ! what a difference between the Divine ideal and the human reality ! When it was seen in the twilight of human notions his Words" of i&avid. regal life mig-ht not only pass muster, but also call forth applause. When it was seen in the strong light of God's law the light that shall fall on all human performances in the day of doom what flaws, what stains, what defects, what deformities, were visible! Then he had to confess failure and to cry out, " My house is not so with God ! " He had to deprecate judgment and appeal to mercy " If Thou, Lord, shouldest mark iniquities, O Lord, who shall stand ? " It was then that he exclaimed, " The limits of human goodness are very narrow, and the requirements of Thy law reach far, far beyond, into regions where the feet of man's obedience have never yet travelled ! / have seen an end of all perfection, but Thy commandment is exceeding broad'' Earthly perfection is one of the pleasant dreams of inexperience. It is generally the honest deter- mination of young beginners to do very great things, and they firmly believe that all their lofty aspirations will be fully realised. This is one of the illusions of life by which every new generation Q 226 $he " Last Words" of Bavid. is fascinated despite all the disappointments of preceding- generations. Each fresh comer into the field is blissfully forgetful of human frailties and heroically defiant of difficulties, and nothing but his own personal experience will be able to shake his faith in the splendour of his future achievements. He will not relinquish his belief that perfection is to recompense his efforts until repeated failures hurl to the dust the gorgeous pile of his glowing- expectations. What man ever yet accomplished all he purposed, either in relation to personal improvement or Christian usefulness ? Even the apostle who, by Divine help, did more than most men to enrich the world, and lift himself nearer to God, had to confess, in old age, that the perfection to which he had aspired was still far away. He had not either in holy beauty or be- nignant influence made his life what, in bygone years, he meant and hoped to make it. There never lived but One in this world whose review of His earthly life was free from all the sadness which sight of fault and failure brings. ^he "Last Words" of Bavid. 227 When Jesus hung- upon the cross, He could think of such a work as had never been devolved upon man or angel, and of that matchless work He could say, "It is finished!" He came into the world with the most perfect ideal of what He should be and of what He should do. He was all that He purposed to be ! He did all He purposed to do ! Glorious Gospel truth, that His perfection is not for our condemnation but for our justification ! By the obedience of the One the many are to be made righteous. Glorious Gospel hope, that His disciples are to be conformed to His perfection in heaven ! In the better land David and all His other servants shall have reviews of life furnishing materials for joy, and praise, and confidence, and hope. The grace of God, to which David turned for solace when the thought of life's failures made him sad, has pledged itself not only to forgive the earthly past, but also to make perfect the heavenly future. " As we have borne the image of the earthly, we shall also bear the image of the heavenly." What bliss there must be for those who have been for 228 ^he " Last lords' 1 of Bavid. centuries in heaven, and whose memories, revisiting centuries of celestial life and labour, find in them obedience to every commandment, the fulfilment of every early promise, and the accomplishment of every high promise !- To that perfect life which His love will give us beyond the grave, God's Word directs the hope of every one who is troubled in spirit and broken in heart by the memories of this faulty life, and -who cries out in agony, " When shall I, Lord, a journey take Through my departed years, And not a mournful visit make, And not return in tears ? " NEW WORKS PUBLISHED BY ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.G. Now ready, handsomely bound in cloth, price 55., post free, Baptist History, FROM THE FOUNDATION OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH TO THE PRESENT TIME. BY J. M. CRAMP, D.D. Author of the " Text Book of Popery," &c. WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY REV. J. ANGUS, D.D. DR. CRAMP'S " Baptist History " is the only complete History of the Baptists issued in this country ; its comprehensiveness, accuracy, and research render it the most reliable work on the subject, and its interesting details, popular style, and lucid arrange- ment, make it most attractive for popular reading. While in- teresting to general readers, it has special interest for members of Baptist churches and congregations ; and it is hoped that these will interest themselves in the diffusion of the work in their own circles, especially among the young people in families and Sunday- schools, where far too little is known of the noble struggles and bitter persecutions which our forefathers sustained while upholding principles which they held dearer than life. ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON, E.G. New Works Published by Now ready, in crown 8vo., price 35. 6d., post free, Ancient Maxims for Modern Times, By the Rev. HUGH STOWELL BROWN. Contents. I. AnsweringandNot Answer- ing. II. Have Your Revenge. III. The Prosperity of Fools. IV. Weights and Measures. V. On Mocking and Being Mocked by Sin. VI. The Keeping of the Heart. VII. On Buying and Selling the Truth. VIII. Family Quarrels. IX. Honesty and Honour Towards God. This excellent work is very beautifully printed in old face type, with ornamental antique headings, on toned paper, is handsomely bound in antique patterned mauve cloth, and will be found a most suitable and useful volume for presentation to young and old. " A handsome volume of Divine maxims, illlustrated and en- forced by one whose competency for the duty no one will dispute." Baptist Messenger, In fcap. 8vo, extra cloth, bevelled, price 35. 6d., post free, Living unto God : CHAPTERS ON THE CHRISTIAN LIFE. By the Revs. Dr. Steane, B. P. Pratten, W. J. Rosevear, S. Cox, J. H. Hinton, Chas. Vince, W. Landels, F. Tucker, J. Culross, J. Aldis, jun., S. G. Green, N. Haycroft, J. W. Lance, A. McLaren, E. White, O. Winslow. " This volume, consisting of selections from the works of many writers, is eminently adapted to be useful. Eighteen of the best preachers of the day are severally made to contribute to the object and to the public good. It may be likened to an assemblage of ministers for spiritual converse, every one having his topic assigned him, and every one having spoken on that topic to the best of his ability." British Standard. ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON, B.C. Elliot Stock, 62, Paternoster Row. A STORY OF GREAT INTEREST FOR BAPTISTS. Now ready, price 35. 6d., post free, Theodosia Ernest; OR, THE HEROINE OF FAITH. A STORY. ILLUSTRATED WITH NUMEROUS FULL-PAGE EN- GRAVINGS. Many who would not read an abstract treatise on the subject of Baptism have, by reading this story, been led to feel an interest in it ; and, while they have been entertained by the interesting circumstances of the tale, have been led to embrace the prin- ciples it is written to inculcate. It is hoped that those who feel an interest in the spread of Scriptural truth in regard to Baptism, and especially those who wish to bring the subject before the young in a popular and attractive form, will take an interest in the circulation of the tale as it is now issued. " A book not unlikely to bring over to our views and practices some who are not yet with us. It is certain to become a general favourite in the families where it is introduced, and we hope that it will be selected by the managers of our Sunday-schools, as one of the presents made to the elder scholars." General Baptist Magazine. Crown 8vo., cloth extra, price 55., post free, Calls to the Cross. Being a Volume of Sermons preached at Manchester. By the Rev. ARTHUR MURSELL. " The present volume contains nineteen discourses of con- summate ability, eminently fitted to do good both to the Church and to the world, raising and invigorating the piety of the one, and arresting the folly and working conviction in the souls of the other." British Standard. ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON, E.G. New Works Published by THE NEW SUNDAY-SCHOOL CYCLOPAEDIA. Now ready, price 45. 6d., handsomely bound in cloth, post free, The Sunday-School World, An Encyclopaedia of Facts and Principles, Illustrated by Anec- dotes, Incidents, and Quotations from the Works of the most Eminent Writers on Sunday-School Matters. Edited by JAMES COMPER GRAY, Author of " Topics for Teachers" &*c. This work is designed to be a reference book for all who are engaged in the work of Sunday-school instruction ; containing, in a condensed and classified form, practical information and counsel on all matters concerning the Sunday-school and its work. It will form a standard guide for Superintendents and Teachers, Secretaries, Librarians, Visitors, Treasurers, &c., &c., to the efficient conduct of every department and detail of their work. The work is divided into the following sections : i. The Institution itself. 2. The Superintendent and the Secretary. 3. The Teacher. 4. Matters relating to the Scholar. 5. The Infant Class. 6. Children's Services. 7. .The Library and the Librarian. 8. Auxiliary Agencies. 9. Encouragements. " It is very full of information, the selections made being not for length or the mere name of the author, but because of the facts and thoughts they supply. There does not exist any other work of the kind, and we gladly recommend it." Halifax Courier. %* Superintendents taking twelve copies are presented with one copy free. Now ready, 176 pages, price is., post free, Sermons for all Classes, By REV. T. M. MORRIS. " Full of earnest thought ; the style is forcible and manly, and they are entitled with truth ' Sermons for all Classes.' " Pulpit Analyst. ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON, E.C, Elliot Stock, 62, Paternoster Row. Now ready, post 8vo, cloth, price 6s., The Christian Policy of Life. By REV. J. BALDWIN BROWN, Author of " The Home Life,' 1 '' &>c., &>c. CONTENTS: i. The Fundamental Maxim. 2. Self-Discipline. 3. Self-Culture. 4. The Inner Circle Home and Friends. 5. The Outer Circle Business and the State. 6. On Getting on in Life. 7. The Lessons of the Birds and the Lilies. 8. On Release from Care. 9. Why should a Living Man Complain? 10. The Lights and Shadows of Experience, n. On Living for Eternity. " A sturdy book, and well calculated to help youth, to whom Mr. Brown dedicates it, to make men of themselves. We know of no writer who can better make language to bristle with thought. He writes so earnestly that his very soul seems to leap up through his words. He speaks as if from the depths of his own religious consciousness directly to you." Literary World. A VALUABLE BOOK FOR ALL BIBLE READERS. Now ready, in Two Volumes, price 35. 6d. each, post free, printed on toned paper, and handsomely bound in the best cloth, gilt, wjth 200 Illustrations, and eight well-executed Maps, Topics for Teachers, A BIBLE DICTIONARY,' A BIBLE MANUAL, A BIBLE TEXT-BOOK, A BIBLE COMMENTARY, A BIBLE CONCORDANCE, and A BIBLICAL ATLAS, all in one ; saving the cost of these books, and the time in their use, it is an invaluable work to the teacher, preacher, Bible-class leader, and Bible student generally. " A marvellous amount of information on every imaginable subject is given in these nicely bound and well got up volumes. At a glance you may get everything that is to be said upon the subject. It is not a book to save the trouble of thinking, but it is a great aid to thought. We know of no work of its kind more valuable." Bible Student. ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON, B.C. New Works Published by Elliot Stock. Fcap. 8vo., bound in neat cloth, gilt lettered, price 2s. post free, GREEN'S Biblical & Theological Dictionary. Consistingof 418 pages, nearly 100 Illustrations, Tables of Weights and Measures, and a beautiful full-page Engraving of the Tabernacle and Encampment in the Wilderness, &c. Twenty- ninth Thousand. A new edition, revised to the present time. This Dictionary has occupied a leading position in the Sunday- schools of England for many years. Nearly Twenty-six Thousand copies have been sold at 35. 6d. each. It is now supplied to teachers, clearly jointed on good paper, neatly bound in cloth and gilt lettered on the following terms: 6 copies for 10 o 12 ,, ... ... o 19 o A single copy sent post free for two shillings. " A more useful, compact, and beautiful book of reference for our Sunday-school teachers cannot well be imagined. It is the very thing that has long been wanted for them." Bible Class Magazine. Fourth Thousand, fcap. 8vo., price 2s. 6d. post free, Sure of Heaven. A BOOK FOR THE DOUBTING AND ANXIOUS. BY THOMAS MILLS. " Mr. Mills's book is, in our opinion, incomparably the best that has been published. An experienced Christian, who has to do with inquirers, could hardly do better than put this book into their hands." Literary World. ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON, E.C.