GIFT OF Vlda Redinaton Volkhard t. Lena Redlnston Carlto ARTi PRICE, 50 GTS. THE CENTENNIAL 1776 1876 Of THE S OF THE DECLARATION OF HBlPllBlNlft WITH FAC-SIMILE AUTOGRAPHS, ILLUSTRATIONS, PORTRAITS, ETC., ETC. BY WM. BROTHERHEAD. PHILADELPHIA: J. M. STODDART & CO. COUNTRY LIBRARIES, Book Clubs and Societies of all Kinds, In our sparsely populated country the means for obtaining knowledge are often very few, -aris ing from various causes. The first, and most important, is the great cost secondly, the knowledge required in the selection ; and, thirdly, the proper time for some one who may have the knowledge to go a long distance and select them. My method will obviate, to a great extent, all these difficulties. I propose to supply Country Libraries and Book Clubs from a selection of over 30,000 volumes of the best books in the language. As to my success in this business I may refer to five libraries I have established one at Pottsville, West Chester, Wilkesbarre, New York, and the one in this city, by far the largest in the United States. I not only purchase every book of value published here, but also import more English books than any librarian in the country. My selection of novels is by far the most numerous and the most choice of any library on this continent. BOOK CLUBS are designed for the purpose of spreading knowledge ; and as it is impossible for one person, however able, to purchase every new book, this object will in a great measure be accomplished for a very small sum of money. Over 30,000 volumes of books, comprising every department of Liter ature, including over 5,000 volumes in French, are ready and in active use for any Club or Library of five or more persons to select from. Five in one Club, $5 each 15 books allowed at one time. A club of ten, 30 books, and so on, adding three books to every subscriber. Clubs must pay all express charges, which will not be more for a club than if sent to one person. One week or one month will be allowed for the exchange of books. Catalogues can be had at 50 cents each. If NEW BOOKS are required, they must in ALL cases be returned in TWO WEEKS. Books are considered old six months after publication. Clubs must in all cases send their money in advance, and select from Catalogue the books required. Always send by mail, in ADVANCE of parcel, say twenty or thirty numbers of books more than wanted, so as to secure all they may require. Address (inclosing stamp) W. BROTHEBHEAD, 205 South. 13th, St., Philadelphia. P. S. Persons from the city during the summer months can make arrangements for a shorter period than one year. THE CENTENNIAL BOOK OF THE SIGNERS BEINC. FAC-SIMILE LETTERS OF EACH SIGNER OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. Illustrated with One Hundred Engravings oy PORTRAITS, VIEWS, ETC., INCLUDING THIRTEEN ORIGINAL DESIGNS, COLORED KY HAND: A HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH AND A HISTORY OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. BY W. BROTHERHEAD, n LIBRARIAN, AUTHOR OF THE "BOOK OF THK SIGNERS," ETC., ETC. PHILADELPHIA i J. M. STODDART & CO. ? Entered according to Act of Congress in WM. BROTHERHEAD ; In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. , Stcr( i? t yP<:d and Printed NQUIRER PR INT . AND PuB C Lancaster, Pa. THIS VOLUME Is respectfully Dedicated to FERDINAND J. DREER, ROBERT COULTON DAVIS, AND SIMON GRATZ, ESQUIRES, Because of their LOVE AND TRUE APPRECIATION OF BOOK-LORE, Especially for all matters relating to AMERICAN HISTORY, ITS AUTOGRAPHS, COINS, BOOKS, AND PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATIONS. THANKS Are tendered to them for the use of many Letters of the Signers, used in this Volume. W. BROTHERHEAD. Philadelphia, August 15, 1875. 723528 PREFACE. The author has determined that a work worthy of the occasion, and of the most national character, shall do honor to the Signers. In this work are fac-simile letters of each Signer, thirteen colored original national designs, a history of each of the original thirteen states, a brief biography of each Signer, a history of the Hall in which the Declaration was signed, a copious catalogue of the portraits of the Signers, a history of the development of the Centennial Exhibition, with numerous appropriate illustrations and various views of a historical and national interest, comprising monuments, residences, etc. Such are the distinctive features, and, though no special claim is made for recondite research in the national archives, which a Bancroft has exhausted, yet it is modestly asserted by the author that he has collected together from many sources, valuable matter which is illustrative of the history of the country, and which has never before appeared in such a form. Several portraits appear in this work for the first time ; they are copied from photographs taken from the portraits in the Independence Hall. It is intended as a vade mecum for those who take an interest in all matters relating to the founders of our Republic. Who is there amongst us that, at least, does not revere all matters connected with the birth of his country? We do not refer to the 4th of July exhibitions to " spread-eagle-isms" but to the steadfast love of country that, in the hour of need, banishes self, and gives soul and means to prevent its destruction. This silent leverage of society, though despised by the boisterous politician, is, in all societies, a conservative element whose value is unknown until some great emergency calls it into activity. This element in our society is, year by year, becoming more powerful by its very silence. It has no organization, it does not boast of newspaper organs, it has no power in Washington, no "wire-puller" of any kind it patiently and silently watches the current of events year by year, and when action is necessary, its instincts act in harmony, from Maine to California, without any visible preconcerted unison of action; and recognizing neither Republican nor Democrat, it throws its influence into the ballot-box, and awaits calmly the results. A country possessing this Anglo-Saxon conservative element, will never cease to exist. The writer tenders his thanks to various friends for assistance, many of whose names are appended to the fac-simile letters; but are especially herewith tendered to his son, Alfred P. Brotherhead, author of " Himself His Worst Enemy," for valuable assistance rendered. Philadelphia, April, 1875. CONTENTS. 2 1-8 9-27 27-34 34-42 42-44 44-46 Preface, .. Contents, ... Essays on Portraits, History of Centennial Exhibition, Historical Monograph General, Domestic Condition in 1776 and 1876, Literature in 1776 and 1876, " Theology, " History, .... Novels ...... 40-49 " Humorous Fiction . . 49~5 Poetry ...... S~S l General Literature, . . S l ~S 2 Law ...... 5 2 " Arts and Sciences, . 5 2 "54 Brief History of the Thirteen Original States, 55-91 Biography of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence ..... 92-120 Declaration of Independence in Congress, 121-131 Where was the Declaration of Independ ence Written? .... i3 2 -!37 The Declaration Where Written, . . 138-14 History of Independence Hall with two views, ...... 142-145 The Old Square, ..... 145-146 The Old Bell, Illustration, . . . 146-14? The Interior ....... 147-15 Views of the five Centennial Buildings, with Descriptive Matter, . . . John Hancock Letter, with Views of His Residence, the Desk on which the Declaration of Independence was signed and three of the Signers Chairs, . New Hampshire, Colored view of Ports mouth, ...... Josiah Bartlett, Letter and Portrait, . Gen l. Wm. Whipple, Letter and Residence, Matthew Thornton, " " " Massachusetts Colored View of Boston, Samuel Adams, Letter and Portrait, . John Adams, " " " also View of the liirthplace of J. and J. Q. Adams ....... 175-176 Robert Treat Paine, Letter and Portrait, 1/7 Elbridge Gerry, " " " also View of his Residence, Elmwood, 179 Rhode Island Colored View of Newport, 181 Stephen Hopkins, Letter, with Portrait and Monument, .... 183 William Ellery Letter, with Portrait, . 185 Connecticut ColoredView of New Haven, 187 Roger Sherman, Letter, with Portrait and View of Residence, . . . 189-190 Samuel Huntington, Letter, with Portrait and View of Residence, . . . 191 William Williams, Letter, with View of his Residence, .... 193 Oliver Walcott, Letter, with Portrait and View of Residence, .... 195 New York Colored view of New York, 197 William Floyd, Letter and Portrait, . 199 Phil. Livingston, " " " . 201 Francis Lewis, " " " . 203 Lewis Morris, " " " . 205 New Jersey Colored View of Trenton, 207 Richard Stockton, Letter, with View of his Residence, .... 209 John Witherspoon, Letter, with View of his Residence, ..... 211212 Francis Hopkinson, Letter, with Portrait and View of his Residence, . . 213 John Hart, Letter, with Monument, . 215 151-160 161 163 165 167 169 171 173 A. Clark, Letter, with Portrait, . . 217 Pennsylvania Colored View of Phil adelphia 219 Robert Morris, Letter, with Views of his Mansion, also that of Washington, 221 Benjamin Rush, Letter, with View of the " Shippen Mansion," . . . 223 Benjamin Franklin, Letter, with View of his Burial Place 225 John Morton, Letter, with View of his Residence 227 George Clymer, Letter, with View of his Residence, 229 James Smith, Letter, with View of Resi dence 231-232 George Taylor, Letter, with View of Resi dence 233 James Wilson, Letter, with View of Res idence, also, Signature of IS. Franklin, 235 Geo. Ross, Letter, with View of Residence, 237 Delaware Colored View of Wilmington, 238 Crcsar Rodney, Letter, with View of Res idence, ...... 239 G. Read, Letter, with View of Residence and Portrait, ..... 241 Gov. Thomas McKean, Letter, with View of Residence, .... 243 Maryland Colored View of Baltimore, . 245 Samuel Chase, Letter, with View of Resi dence, ...... 247 Wm Paca, Letter, with View of Residence, 249 Thos. Stone, " " " " " 251 Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, Letter, with Portrait and View of Residence, . 253 Virginia Colored View of the City of Norfolk,. 255 George Wythe, Letter, with Portrait and View of Residence, .... 257 Richard II. Lee, with View of the Birth place of R. H. and F. L. I.ee, . 259 Thomas Jefferson, Letter, with View of " Monticello," and the House in which Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, ... . 261 Benjamin Harrison, Letter, with Portrait and view of Residence, . . * 263 Thomas Nelson, Jr., Letter, with View of Residence, ...... 265 F. Lightfoot Lee, Letter, with View of Res idence, ...... 267 Carter Braxton, Letter, with View of Res idence, ...... 269 North Carolina Colored View of Wil mington, . 271 \V. Hooper, Letter, with View of Residence, 273 Joseph Hewes, Letter, with Portrait, . 275 John Penn, Letter. withView of Residence, 277 South Carolina Colored View of Charles ton, ...... 279 Edward P^jtledge, Letter, with View of Residence, ...... 281 Thomas I ley ward, Jr., Letter, with View of Residence, ..... 283 Thomas Lynch, Jr., Letter, with Portrait, 285-286 Arthur Middleton, Letter, with Residence, 287 Georgia Colored View of Savannah, . 290 Button Gwinnett, Document, with Duel Scene, ...... 291 Lyman Hall, Letter, with Portrait, . 293 George Walton, Letter, with View, . 295 Charles Thomson, Secretary to Congress, Leiter, with View and Portrait, . , 297 PORTRAITS OF THE SIGNERS. PORTRAITS OF THE SIGNERS. Much discussion has taken place, and will no doubt continue, relative to the genuineness of many of the portraits. The committee for the restoration of Independence Hall have given much time and attention to the matter, and are in a fair way of becoming the means of restoring and collecting together either the original portraits of many of the Signers, or at least copies from such originals. We shall place our views on record, and endeavor, at least, to classify such evidences as cannot easily be thrown aside, and which will tend to prove that the portraits of the Signers which we possess in the Hall of Independence are as certainly genuine as are most of the portraits under similar conditions, and which conditions, in the cases speci fied have never been denied. It is an historic fact, that Trumbull was authorized by Congress, in 1817, to fill four compartments of the Rotunda in the Capitol at Washington; each compartment is 18 by 12 feet. In one of those com partments is "The Declaration of Independence." Trumbull spent several years of his life in England, and was a pupil of B. West. " In the autumn of 1789 he returned to America to procure likenesses of distinguished patriots for a contemplated series of national pictures, commemorating the principal events of the Revolutionary struggle; and, while thus engaged, he painted several portraits of Washington, one of which, full length and in uniform, is in the collection of the corporation of New York city. Having accom plished his object, he went, in 1794, to England, as secretary to Mr. Jay, the American Minister. When the Congress, in 1817, authorized Trumbull to paint the four pictures, they knew of his ability as an artist, and were cognizant of his European reputation. There can also be little doubt but that Congress knew that his object in returning from Europe in 1789 to his own country was to collect as many portraits of living actors in the past Rev olution as he possibly could. Congress, therefore, felt itself justified in entrusting him with its orders. By referring to the dates of the deaths of the Signers, it will be seen that the following died prior to 1789: Button Gwinnet, of whom there is no portrait; John Hart, of whom there is no por trait; Thomas Lynch, of whom there is a portrait, as it is promised, we presume by one of the family, to the Hall of Independence ; John Penn and Csesar Rodney, of whom there are portraits; R. Stockton, of whom there is a portrait, Connaroe, after , in the Hall; and W. Whipple, of whom there is vi PORTRAITS OF THE SIGNERS. a portrait. Button Gwinnet and John Mart arc not in Trumbull s "Decla ration of Independence." Eight others are. The portrait of Thomas Lynch, Jr., is promised to the Hall ; we do not learn who is the painter. Robert Stockton s is in the Hall, painted by Connaroe, after There are six portraits on the " Declaration of Independence" which could not have been taken from life by Trumbull in 1789, because the men were deceased before that time. Then how are we to solve the problem, even though it be narrowed down to so fine a point ? Is it not fair to assume that an artist of Trumbull s reputation, bearing in mind various other pictures painted by him, was a conscientious man? and that the eight portraits which are in his pictures, though they could not have been taken from life, were copied from portraits in the possession either of the existing families or from friends ? Might there not have been some rambling artist like the French St. Memin, who was here about that time, and executed silhouettes of hundreds of persons? We assert that Trumbull could not afford to affix a falsehood to such a national picture, when hundreds, living at the time he painted it, knew the whole of the eight persons and could have been able to identify all of them. Have we any contemporary protest against the untruthfulness of the portraits? If so, it has not yet come within our knowledge. Edmund Savage engraved Washington s portrait in 1789. A portrait painter of the name of Smith, and one of the name of Polke, painted Wash ington s portrait. Robert Edge Pine is well known as a portrait painter. He had a similar project to that of Trumbull, and painted the portrait of Thomas Hopkinson ; also the portraits of General Gates, Charles Carroll, Baron Steuben ; and he remained several weeks at Mount Vernon, and painted the portrait of Washington. Such other artists as Sharpless, Westmuller, Martin Gallagher, Robertson, Belzoni Roberts, and Malcolm Earle were portrait painters. Mathew Pratt, in 1788, painted the prominent members of the Convention of 1788, and they figured as a sign at the corner of Chestnut and Fourth streets, Philadelphia, and the portraits were all identified by crowds of spectators. See Historical Magazine 1859-60. Edward Wright also painted a portrait of Washington. C. W. Peale is well known. John Hazlitt also painted portraits. T. Earle painted portraits in Connecticut in 1775, and painted portraits of many distinguished persons. He studied with West, and returned to this country in 1786, and painted Roger Sherman, and probably many other statesmen of that time. He painted Mr. Alexander Hamilton in 1787. W. Dunlap, the well-known author, also painted portraits. In the summer of 1783 he painted the portrait of Washington. The portraits which he painted are numerous. Robert Fulton, the first who successfully applied steam to vessels, also was a portrait painter in New York, in 1785. The above were all portrait painters contemporaries of one or more, if PORTRAITS OF THE SIGNERS. vii not of all the Signers hence, is it not in accordance with the character and position of Trumbull to assume that what portraits he had not got of the Signers were in the possession of the artists named, and were given to him to use for such a grand national object? To assume they did not, would be contrary to our knowledge of the customs and courtesies one artist extends to another. The name of Gilbert Stuart is a household word. Trumbull, in his autobiography, makes clear many points which would otherwise be of little weight. At page 147, he writes: "I resumed my labors, however, and went on with my studies of other subjects of the history of the Revolution, arranged carefully the composition for the Declaration of Independence, and prepared it for receiving the portraits as I met with the distinguished men who were present at that illustrious scene." Again, page 144: 1790: "In May, went to Philadelphia, where I obtained some portraits for my great work. * * * In September I went into the country, passed some time with my family, then went on to Boston and New Hampshire, obtained heads of several statesmen and military officers for my great work, and in Boston received a handsome addition to my list of subscribers. I returned through Connecticut to Philadelphia, to which place Congress had adjourned from New York. In February I went to Charleston, South Carolina, and there obtained portraits of the Rutledges, Pinckncys, Middleton, Laurcns, Hey- ward, etc., and a handsome addition to my list of subscribers. On the I7th of April, I sailed for Yorktown in Virginia, and there made a drawing of the spot where the British army, commanded by Lord Cornwallis, surren dered in 1781 ; then rode to Williamsburg and obtained a drawing of Mr. Wythc for the Declaration. " General Washington, in a letter written in Philadelphia, November 2ist, 1791, wrote to General Lafayette, in Paris, desiring him to forward the plans of Trumbull in publishing his engraving of the "Declaration of Independence :"-" His piect>s, so far as they are executed, meet the approval of all who have seen them. The greatness of the design, and the masterly execution of the work, interest equally the man of capacious mind, and the approving eye of the connoisseur." Yale College purchased a very large number of duplicate paintings which he had made and they published a catalogue of them many years ago. This catalogue is published in the appendix to Trumbull s autobiography, page 408. It is stated " All saw the correctness of the portraits (Declaration of Independ ence). Many knew the accuracy of the countenances recorded." During the investigation relative to this subject, we have found but one record of one of the portraits that of B. Harrison, of Virginia where there can be any doubt. In page 367 of his autobiography, in a letter written to General Harrison, New York, February i8th, 1818, he states: "Dear Sir: Since I wrote to you last, I- have inquired of Mr. Peale, and have received for answer that he pos sesses no portrait of your father in his museum. My sole reliance must, VI 11 PORTRAITS OF THE SIGNERS. therefore, be on such description as you and his friend, Colonel Meade, of Kentucky, can furnish me." Trumbull seems to have been a man of system ; and as this mention of B. Harrison s portrait is the only one among the forty- six he included in his picture, it is but fair and logical to assume that he did not meet with any material obstacle in the collection of the rest of the portraits, or certainly, as in the preceding case, records of such obstacles would be found. It may be just to assume, that, had he chosen to take the too common license indulged in by some artists, he would have omitted altogether the items concerning Harrison s portrait. The portrait of Harrison being in the " Declaration of Independence," it is assumed that a personal descrip tion of him had been obtained from General Harrison and Colonel Meade; that a drawing based upon such description was submitted to them, and by them approved. In the case of the death of a person, we know that this unsatisfactory method has been adopted frequently ; and is it not better that we should have a portrait of Harrison under these conditions than have none at all? In court, the evidence adduced that Trumbull s portraits of the Signers were trustworthy would be not only fully admitted, but would prove that, with the exception of Harrison s, they were either from life by himself, or copied from reliable portraits; and had he designed to palm off fictitious or ideal ones, he would not have written the record which he did, relative to the portrait specially referred to. The absence of contemporary evidence that any allegations ever existed against their genuineness would have great weight in any court. This statement will, we trust, be the means of placing an unqualified proof as to the honesty of Trumbull, and the genuineness of the portraits in the "Declaration of Independence." CENTENNIAL BOOK OF THE SIGNERS. HISTORY OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. Under the auspices of Prince Albert, in England, in 1851, it may fairly be asserted that the era of great national exhibitions was inaugurated. Such world s fairs are the expression of a modern civilization which, embracing in its arms all mankind, furthers incalculably the progress of that wide humanity which has but one word for Patagonian and Esquimaux for African, Asiatic and European- t<i.e , holy greeting, brother. Prior to 1851, other and smaller :f;xhJ- : bitions were instituted in various parts of both Europe and America, but that of London is entitled to rank as the first of any paramount national importance. The number of exhibitors exceeded 17,000, and the exhibition was open during 144 days; the sum total of the number of visitors was 6,170,000, averaging 4,356 per dion. The sum total of the receipts for admission was 505, 107 /. ($25,025,535), and, after the deduction of all expenses, the net proceeds were 150,0007. ($750,000.) In 1852, similar exhibitions were held also in Cork, Ire land, and in our own metropolis of New York. In 1855, France instituted her first universal exhibition in Paris, meeting with great and merited success; also, prior to this period, various important, though not universal, exhi bitions had been arranged in that country, and tended efficiently to increase her internal commerce and extend her resources. 2 HISTORY OF THE The London Universal Exhibition of 1862 was conducted on a grand and liberal scale, and throughout its manage ment and duration reflected great credit on our kindred beyond the sea. The exhibition in Vienna, in 1873, was originated in a spirit, and conducted in a manner, worthy of Austria in her palmiest days; but, magnificiently as it was developed owing to sundry causes political and finan cialthe splendid scheme was a partial failure, and did not bring in its train a justly deserved pecuniary success. America, ever onward in her swift march, believing thor oughly in the perfectibility of all things, confident in her vast.- .-purposes and illimitable resources America has like- ..wisfi.H solVed that s h e > too, wil1 hold a universal exhibition- ;> aMvofki s v .fair that shall commence May loth, 1876, and ter minate on the following November loth. How few, save by reflection, may catch even a glimmer of the by-gone days? Some few with whose acquaintance we are honored are old enough to have seen Washington in the streets of this city, and can remember, as it were, the echoes ema nating from the debates of the First Congress, held here during the troublous times from 1776 to 1783. Our Cen tennial Exhibition is to be held in this city, the Birth-place of that Liberty which is the daughter of each of the Thir teen States, and here we shall gladly enter a short record of its conception and its steady growth. The origination of the idea is claimed, with more or less justness, by many zealous persons; this, however being simply a synoptical record of its existence in a material form, is not the place for the registration of personal controversy. The first record, in 1871, of an official character, is the CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 3 request of the councils of Philadelphia, also of the legisla ture of Pennsylvania, to the Government at Washington, to take action in the matter; which body, after mature deliberation, passed the following laws: NATIONAL AUTHORITY. The following preamble and section of an act of Con gress indicates the character of this Commission and its duties : THE ACT CREATING THE UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. AN ACT to provide for celebrating the One Hundredth Anniversary of American Independence, by holding an International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Pro ducts of the Soil and Mine, in the city of Philadelphia, and State of Pennsylvania, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six. WHEREAS, The Declaration of Independence of the United States of America was prepared, signed, and pro mulgated in the year seventeen hundred and seventy-six, in the city of Philadelphia; and whereas, it behooves the people of the United States to celebrate, by appropriate ceremonies, the centennial anniversary of this memorable and decisive event, which constituted the fourth day of July, Anno Domini, seventeen hundred and seventy-six, the birthday of the nation; and whereas, it is deemed fitting that the completion of the first century of our national existence shall be commemorated by an exhibition of the 4 HISTORY OF THE natural resources of the country and their development, and of its progress in those arts which benefit mankind in com parison with those of older nations; and whereas, no place is so appropriate for such an exhibition as the city in which occurred the event it is designed to commemorate; and whereas, as the exhibition should be a national celebration, in which the people of the whole country should participate, it should have the sanction of the Congress of the United States: therefore, SECTION i. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That an exhibition of American and foreign arts, o products and manufactures shall be held, under the auspices of the government of the United States, in the city of Philadelphia, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six. The following proclamation of the President indicates the national character of the exhibition: PROCLAMATION : BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. WHEREAS, by the Act of Congress approved March third, eighteen hundred and seventy-one, providing for a National Celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of the Inde pendence of the United States, by the holding of an Inter national Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine, in the City of Philadelphia, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six, it is provided as follows: " That, whenever the President shall be informed by the Governor of the State of Pennsylvania that provision has CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 5 been made for the erection of suitable buildings for the purpose, and for the exclusive control by the Commission herein provided for of the proposed Exhibition, the Presi dent shall, through the Department of State, make procla mation of the same, setting forth the time at which the Exhibition will open, and the place at which it will be held, and he shall communicate to the diplomatic representatives of all nations copies of the same, together with such reg ulations as may be adopted by the commissioners, for publication in their respective countries;" And whereas, His Excellency the Governor of the said State of Pennsylvania did, on the twenty-fourth day of June, eighteen hundred and seventy-three, inform me that provision has been made for the erection of said buildings and for the exclusive control by the Commission provided for in the said act of the proposed Exhibition; And whereas, the President of the United States Cen tennial Commission has officially informed me of the dates fixed for the opening and closing of the said Exhibition, and the place at which it is to be held: Now, therefore, be it known that I, ULYSSES S. GRANT, President of the United States, in conformity with the pro visions of the act of Congress aforesaid, do hereby declare and proclaim that there will be held, at the city of Phila delphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, an International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures and Products of the Soil and Mine, to be opened on the tenth day of May, Anno Domini, eighteen hundred and seventy-six, and to be closed on the tenth day of November, in the same year. And in the interests of peace, civilization, and domestic 6 HISTORY OF THE and international friendship and intercourse, I commend the Celebration and Exhibition to the people of the United States; and in behalf of this government and people, I cordially commend them to all nations who may be pleased to take part therein. In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. Done at the city of Washington, this third day of July, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, an d of the Independence of the United States the ninety-seventh. U. S. GRANT. By the President: HAMILTON FISH, Secretary of State. The message above referred to by President Grant relates to the State providing means for the purpose of erecting Memorial Hall, toward which the sum of $1,000,000 was granted, and relates also to the various grants of money made by the city of Philadelphia, which, in all, has appropri ated $1,650,000; the sum of $75,000 was expended in order to meet the expenses of the Centennial Commission; the citizens of Philadelphia have subscribed $1,000,000. Weigh ing each word in a national and an American spirit, it is to be keenly regretted that the Government at Washington should have manifested a spirit of such coldness and indif ference to an object of such universal importance as to reject all appeals for pecuniary assistance in forwarding- the noble work. But a government, even though loyal to true principles and a fair exponent of its people s creed, some- CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 7 times falls behind, sometimes leaps in advance. In the stern hours of 75 and 76, even the popular conventions were not swayed incessantly by that invincible resolve which ever animated the body of the people again and again fearing to be over rash, or to outstep their constituents, they were unintentionally false to the general wish. In our day too, though, God be thanked, in less fearful times, and with another and less grave matter in hand, the leaders hesitated; once more the people gave its voice, and Amer ican oneness of feeling testified that as Jefferson never ceased to teach, the voice of the many is the voice of right. Our over-ocean brethren call us a congress of states; a rope of sand devoid of tenuity; a many-limbed creature devoid of the principles of true unity. This is a merited, a just reproach where measures not affecting the real life of the nation are concerned; yet, within the memory of a young boy, we have shown to the wondering world an example, the unparalleled example, of a oneness of will which would brook no boundaries narrower than the Atlantic and the Pacific, the lakes and the Gulf of Mexico. Brotherly petulance apart, we are as one from Maine to Florida, from New York to San Francisco. A knowledge of the past warrants the assertion that a senate and congress which sat forty years ago, would have responded heartily to any call, from any state, relative to an object of such genuine impor tance, as a Universal American Exhibition. Now, alas! we have not statesmen to guide our helm, have only politicians to whom the line of Juvenal may well apply: Qtii Curios simulant, et Bacchanalia vimint; who affect to be Curii and live like Bacchanals. Yet, memory of days gone by and 8 HISTORY OF THE days at hand, plucks from us the ability to render to them e en this woful praise; rather, they scorn the affectation of being Curii, and outride every Bacchanal. But all is well, despite the unnational spirit of the government: the people have responded, and success looms greater with each offering from our sister states. ORGANIZATION. President: JOSEPH R. HAWLEY. Vice-Presidents : ALFRED T. GOSHORN, ORESTES CLEVELAND, JOHN D. CREIGH, ROBERT LOWRY, ROBERT MALLORY. Director General: ALFRED T. GOSHORN. Secretary : JOHN L. CAMPBELL. Assistant Secretary: DORSEY GARDNER. Counselor and Solicitor: JOHN L. SHOEMAKER. 1 HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. IN THE following sketch it is purposed to portray the condition of the colonies previous to the outbreak of the revolution and during its progress; also, to contrast it with the present condition of those states and twenty-five of their children. No more opportune moment could possibly offer itself for such an essay than does the approaching Cen tennial Celebration which is to take place in this city, the birthplace of American liberty, commencing May loth, 1876, and ending the following November loth. The habits, customs, and character of a people are pro ducts of slow growth, and to the Saxon and Anglo-Saxon this remark applies more forcibly and peculiarly than to the more mercurial Celt. Comparatively speaking, the records of history exhibit distinctly and unmistakably the phlegm and dormancy of the former races; the impulsiveness and vol atility of the latter. A rapid glance toward Saxon annals, whether in Germany, or where her sons have emigrated, enables us to detect, even in this leveling and iconoclastic age, certain modes of thought, certain customs and charac teristics which crop out, as it were, through sheer instinct. Man is by nature a conservative animal; if left unassailed with all the animal conditions of life fulfilled, he cares little for political revolutions or social innovations; dreading changes, no matter in what form or guise. Like our contemporaries, the wandering Koraks of Siberia, he neither knows nor is io HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. desirous of a change. This people, although living under the government of Russia, and brought almost daily under its influence; although living in the most primitive manner, with the reindeer as a companion; although suffering from exposure and privations in a country where cold reigns paramount over all where the thermometer marks seventy degrees below zero in winter; although living in huts so rudely constructed that ingress is obtained at the top; yet cannot be forced or persuaded to abandon its ancestral usages; will not yield its conservatism, even under the powerful influences of the strong government which rules over them. It has been roughly asserted that men s brains are oftener in their stomachs than in their heads; though by no means flattering to humanity, the existence of a certain amount of truth in the assertion must be conceded. That great revolutions have proceeded more directly from physical needs than from a desire to develop the aesthetic, is too apparent to merit any contradic tion ; that those physical needs have, in nearly all cases, been the ripeners of germs of thought from Confucius to the pre sent era, will not readily be denied by the scholar. The immediate causes of all the great battles that have been fought, from Marathon to Waterloo, may be traced more directly to an ambitious craving for increased power and wealth, than to the offspring of any real and vital want. That but few ambitious men have generally been the cause of the major portion of famous frays will scarcely be denied, or that the armies have been composed of men who were abso lutely forced to combat against their feelings and their incli nation. As far back as the sixteenth century, the men who colonized this country were, in the majority of cases, political HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. 11 or religious malcontents, or those who suffered under the displeasure of their governments. The wealthier adventurers brought with them their servants, and at once entered upon an agricultural life. Loving their fatherland, ever bound by the strong ties of veneration and affection, they found their chief glory in being Englishmen and English subjects. In the subsequent erection of their governments they brooded over no Utopian ideas, and, far from desiring independent jurisdic tions, asked no more than to find shelter within the shadow of that home power they loved so well and steadfastly. The different charters were granted under the sanction of the crown, and the various laws, established by the colonies respectively, were constructed in accordance with the letter and spirit of those documents. Across the chasm of three thousand miles Englishmen in America and Englishmen in England struck hands, while each heart beat in unison, responding to each act of parliament. The haughty and wealthy aristocrat, who, ostracised at home for political or other offences, trod upon the virgin soil of the west, stamped ineffaceably upon the whole country his hauteur and his pride. His life-purpose was to develop his peculiar ideas and per fect them in order to gratify his ambition and love of wealth. He subordinated all things to that purpose. He not only brought over his own vassals, treating them as such were treated in England, but also purchased negroes, and availed himself of Indian labor in the elaboration of the views with which he had set forth. Increased power kept pace with his increase of needs; and, proprietor of entire counties and abso lute lord over several hundreds of servitors, he rapidly became as one of the old-time feudal barons. If austere in his per- 12 HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. sonal habits, he was, as a rule, kindly in his deportment toward his dependants. While his government was pater nal, and to a certain extent, patriarchal in its character, it was based on that love and veneration for justice which has ever been admired both in England and America. Thus wrote George Mason, the distinguished author of the Bill of Rights for the state of Virginia, in 1773: "Every gentleman here is born a petty tyrant. Practised in acts of despotism and cruelty, we become callous to the dictates of humanity and all the finer feelings of the soul. Taught to regard a part of our own species in the most abject and con temptible degree below us, we love that idea of the dignity of man which the hand of nature hath planted in us for great and useful purposes." A reference to the " Original Lists of Emigrants in the years 1600-1700," edited by John Camden Hotten, from MSS. in her Majesty s Public Record Office, published in 1874, will exhibit clearly the fact that many of the present families of Virginia are intimately connected with those early sojourners in America. The first historian of Virginia, Ralph Homer, is there recorded as among the emigrants, with a large retinue of servants. Twenty-one counties in Virginia, comprising nearly a quarter of the state, are said to have once belonged to one family that of Fairfax: but during the revolution, because of loyalty to Great Britain, every acre was confiscated. This list is a very suggestive one, showing, as it does, con siderable numbers of wealthy men of high standing in Eng land arriving in Virginia with from fifty to over one hundred dependants attached to their households. The decadence, in England, of feudalism may be said fairly to have been well HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. 13 represented by those emigrants by the vast retinues of servi tors although it had long ago ceased to be legal in England. This feudalism, which was fast giving way in England to the force and power of modern thought, received in the colonies a fresh impetus by the introduction of s4aves by the Dutch in 1619. That act will forever stand as a blot upon the page of Virginia s history; although at that time the usage of modern nations was her justification, and even continued so during two subsequent centuries. As the habits and customs of nations are slow in their growth, so are these nations slow in throwing off what has been the product of centuries ; and it is but fair to presume that those landed gentry of England had all the desire of power fostered by their forefathers, which is an instinct of the Anglo-Saxon race. It is difficult to draw the line where the proper use of power begins and where it should end. As a general axiom, it cannot be denied that the abuse of power is more frequent than its proper use. The history of all nations, whether written or unwritten, hold this indisputable. Nor can we draw too tight a line on those men, born and educated to use power as though it was an heirloom in the family, even if it was too harshly exercised. The white servants of those landed gentry of England became impregnated with the use and mode of power exercised by their masters; and, in the course of time, many of them, either by industry or superior ability, pressed themselves forward ; and, gaining higher positions, became personages of importance like unto their former mas ters. Thus the colonies became established ; and increased their populations so largely, that the mother country exercised careful parental control over them for a great number of years, u i 4 HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. No Englishman loved England more than did the colonists: nay, distance increased that affection, and almost passionate love for her. The literature of England was their mental food; her Chaucer and Shakespeare, her Bacon and Milton, were to them as sacred as the Bible, and were inexhaustible fountains of pure knowledge and intellectual grandeur which no nation of ancient or modern times has ever equaled. No greater tribute was ever offered to England on this subject than that paid by one of the noble, though singular and erratic, sons of Virginia, John Randolph, of Roanoke. It was not only the general literature of England of which the colonists were proud, but the laws of England were to them the incar nation of the greatest wisdom of the age. The influence of Magna Charta, with the great privileges which were wrung from a proud king its trial by jury, habeas corpus, and Bill of Rights all those great acts made them proud as citizens of the colonies that had been founded by their fatherland. Some among them knew, and appreciated the fact, that the birth of their Anglo-Saxonism dated markedly from the period when the conqueror of Harold William of Normandy established his power over England. From that epoch the intermixture of the races became more general, although recognizable traces of such an intermingling may be detected previous to, and at the time of the invasion of Julius Caesar. They foresaw the future glory that would accrue to England from the rapid colonization of this country ; and the develop ment of her other dependencies, and the records of each of the Thirteen Colonies, are full of loyal outpourings which, in the eloquent pages of Bancroft, testify amply to their filial attachment. The mode of government of the colonies was by HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. 15 no means in accordance with the republicanism of this age. In the southern provinces it was patriarchal and paternal in both form and spirit, while in the middle and northern colo nies it was stamped with intolerance and bigotry. New England: this section was peculiar in the char acteristics of its first colonists. The religious tyranny and persecution then leveled against the Puritans and Indepen dents, in England, was so severe that, rather than endure the galling yoke, many of these resolved, after receiving news of the success of the southern colonies, that they would league themselves into a band, and seek a haven in the new world. The "Mayflower" was the first ship that carried this band of Puritans to the sterile shores of New England. It will not be forgotten that, at that period, the human mind had not the opportunity to embrace the wide-spread knowledge which literature, science, and art now amplify, permitting broader and more exact ideas of the power and relations of things. The religious element at this date was the governing power of nations, and its reflex accompanied all who were brought under its influence; hence, to condemn too straitly the dogma tism of the early New England puritans would ill harmonize with the broad and philosophic maxims of to-day. Puritanism being an offshoot of the Episcopal church of England, itself an offshoot of the Roman church, whose persecutions were, during many centuries, tolerated by the Christian world, it could scarcely be expected that what had been instilled, during so many years, into the public mind, should not, to a greater or less extent, be imitated by those Puritans when they, in turn, held the balance of power. Accordingly, as their strength increased with the lapse of time, their laws and 16 HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. statutes, constructed generally with deferential regard to the laws of England, and the privileges of their charters, were strongly tinged with over-nice theological leanings, bor dering not seldom upon narrowness and injustice. The so-called Blue Laws of Connecticut, is a striking case in point. Even after Rhode Island, another example, had declared in favor of confederation, a clause disfranchising the Catholics was embodied in her constitution, and for some time after held its place in that document. In the whole history of England the conservatism of the Anglo-Saxon was never better exemplified than in the deportment of her American colonies; which took the hues of their English surroundings, and which, in all their acts, bore the unmistakable impress of her character. The southern colonies were, in their general religious character, Church of England people; and the aggregate tenor of their laws was favorable to the perpetuation of the Episco palian tenets. Says Bancroft, vol. ix. p. 275: "Let not the philosopher hear with scorn, that their constitutions were so completely the offspring of the past, and not the phantasms of theories, that at least seven of them required some sort of religious test as a qualification for office. In Maryland and Massachusetts, it was sufficient to declare belief in the Christian religion ; in South Carolina and Georgia, in the Protestant religion, and the divine authority of the old and new testaments ; in Pennsylvania, the test was a belief in God, the creator and governor of the universe, the rewarder of the good and punisher of the wicked ; besides this last acknowledgement, Delaware required the officer to profess faith in God, the father, Jesus Christ his only son, and the HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. 17 Holy Ghost, one God blessed forever more." The pious element in all the constitutions of the Thirteen States, took high rank among the subsequent leading issues, and varied but little from the spirit of the previous eentury. When the members of the continental congress sat in this city in 1776, and appointed a committee to draw up a declaration of inde pendence, that pious element which had formerly pervaded those constitutions was almost entirely eliminated. In the "Declaration" can be found no word, nor phrase, which interferes with the tolerant and all-embracing liberality of its great scope and aim. This "declaration" marks a beneficent era in the progress of modern thought, and evinces with admirable clearness the strong desire permeating the political and moral sentiment of that age. Not that religion was to o o be ignored, nor yet made subservient to politics and morals, but to assert the true and distinctive position of each one relatively to the other. This asra of 1776 was as splendid a victory for free, untrammeled thought, as it was a grand political victory for all humanity. Had England been more wise, had she turned from the enforcement of those fruitless claims of which the stamp act was the type, the onward stride of progress would have been greatly hampered with the preservation of the colonial system and charters. Further: it is apparent to all students of history that, heavy as had been their burdens, the great majority of the people, especially the wealthier colonists, would have rather borne their ills, than have pursued that needed course in which were so many frays and perils. Had it not been for the self-sacrificing spirit of Washington, who was the first to recognize the "United States," rather than E i8 HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. a "Confederacy of States," the supposition is tenable that failure might have been the result of the effort to found a free state. It is not intended here to ignore the valiant struggles of the soldiers who fought so well, suffered so much; but apparent limitations prevent any elaborate detail, and permit but a reference to the most important fact: that the collective military power of the patriots was voluntarily placed by them in the hands of Washington, in whose ability and patriotism they placed great and merited reliance. In all important revolutions man is, to a certain extent, like a child that looks only for succor and help to its mother: as history exhibits, man must worship some idol some one of his companions who, by the strength of his own greatness, has exemplified to him his will and power to rule. Alex ander, Hannibal, Cromwell, and Napoleon, were the leaders of Rome, Carthage, England, and France; and Washington in America. Washington tempered power with mercy: if he or dered the execution of an Andre, he sacrificed his humaneness to his sense of duty: when his army was retiring to winter quarters at Valley Forge, his heart yearned with pity, causing him inexpressible mental anguish; when the soldiers, filing before him in rags and squalor, many stockingless and shoe less tramping wearily over snow and ice, leaving their tracks crimsoned with blood, he was hurt with sore pain and woe. His every desire prompted him peremptorily to make a public and decided demand on congress for his suffering troops; but his duty as a true patriot consisted in making this appeal quietly; and with an entire suppression of all unnecessary publicity; otherwise, the knowledge of the general want and destitution being made known to his army, might have pre- HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. 19 cipitated mutiny, and occasioned widespread despondency. He knew of the cabals against him and knew too that his brother patriot, John Adams, was under the influence of those who called his policy " Fabian " the same who once declared in congress that "as a gentleman, he would shake hands with the chieftain, but he was in that house his superior." Notwithstanding the exertions of Gates, Conway, Mifflin, and others, he ever pursued a straightforward and patriotic policy that, ultimately, disgracing the members of the cabal, won for himself countless honors and renown. In 1776 he was the first officer who asked congress for a "United States army;" and besought them not to continue the struggle with irregular squads of men destined to be transiently incorporated with the general army, itself in general a collection of orderless militia. He saw that, with such a heterogeneous mass of raw material, there was small prospect of success; and his reiter ated demands finally induced congress to grant his constantly preferred request. This was a most important innovation in states rights, which was watched with marked jealousy by nearly every member of the continental congress. The conservation of their peculiar political rights was one of their watchwords; and, for this almost sacred right to be attacked, by the first man in the country, was a blow that fell upon them with startling effect; but the stern logic of events necessitated the measure, and withdrawal was impossible. It should be carefully borne in mind that Virginians were prouder of being Virginians than Americans. This sectional pride pervaded every colony; and, this understood, it is easy to comprehend the importance of the revolution effected by Washington 20 HIS 7 ORICAL MONOGRAPH. when, from a reluctant congress, he drew the power to organize a "United States army." That conquest over a cherished principle should, especially in its remoter effects on the republic, be ranked as one of the grandest measures passed by the continental congress, one of the earliest germs of national growth. It struck a deathblow to colonial despotism ; and it was this measure that, within the century, rendered the title American, one to which it was necessary to concede respect and admiration. After this act of congress, the prejudices of the colonies received a shock from which it could never again recover. The stern line of the logic of events seemed implacable would not bend in any manner could not recede. The forward stride in progress of the Anglo-Saxon is irrevo cable: the eye looks not back again, nor does the hand falter. Once a Magna Charta extorted, trial by jury, habeas corpus, declaration of independence, abolition of slavery in the Eng lish colonies, the war of secession, and the abolition of slavery in the United States, once accomplished, forever accomplished. No Englishman, no American, however much he may have been opposed to the measures, ever now dreams of reinstating those relics of the past. Those important events took place, after centuries apart, that fully redeem the race of their originators from the charge of either rashness in action, or even volatility of temperament. It is believed that, to the readers of this essay, it will be palpable and apparent, that its object is to point out and generalize the peculiar qualities of the Anglo-Saxon in his struggle for life, even when clashed with the Celt. This pride of race is one of the great springs of human action, and through its HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. 21 influences nations are materially modified, or changed in character. Truth will not be injured by illustration. Canada was originally colonized by the French, and the brilliant pages of Parkman can be read with interest and profit; the stern and inflexible Jesuit Laval being there painted with masterly skill. By her rigid and merciless decrees the church moulded the aboriginals to her will ; on several occasions the temporal power of the crown made some progress, but, gen erally, the ecclesiastical influence carried away all obstacles. This reign of the church in Canada continued until its conquest and annexation by the English. Thereafter the province lived a new life. English emigrants arrived, bearers of religious views in direct and deadly antagonism with the resident Catholic element. The genius and learning of Bacon, Milton, Locke, and others, had so thoroughly impreg nated the minds of those Anglo-Saxons that it tended to isolate them completely from the French occupants; and, through their hard labor and practical common sense, to work out their own salvation. A comparison of the French portion of the people of Montreal will to-day reveal a marked distinction in national character existing in their surroundings. The former people, notwithstanding that they are surrounded by modernized thought in all its various and varying phases and forms, are, to this day, even in Montreal, in their section of the city, little changed from what they were a century ago. In the inner agricultural portions of French Canada, where the attrition of thought and physical actions are feebler and less potent, the people are essentially unchanged. Nay, if Champlain, or Laval, were to revisit those parts, either would perceive scarcely any change in either the original mind, or 22 HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. matter, of their fellow countrymen. The application of this idea, strange as it may seem, fits with great force even to agricultural France; though that country is overrun daily with tourists from all parts of the civilized world. It is not even necessary to penetrate far into the interior; any one landing at Calais, who may spend a few hours there, will observe the costume of centuries ago still worn by the peasant. This sounds paradoxical when it is considered that Paris is the acknowledged modeler of fashions for the civilized world, but facts cannot be gainsaid. This vitality of action in Paris, and in the larger cities, is caused by the frequent attritions of force brought into action by resident foreigners. This idea could be amplified with abundance of citations and evidence, but it would not come within the scope of this essay to travel very far out of our own country. The signers of the Declaration of Independence were a composite of nationalities: two were Englishmen, Robert Morris and Button Gwinnett; three were Irishmen, James Smith, George Taylor, and Matthew Thornton; two were Scotchmen, James Wilson and John Witherspoon; one was a Welshman, Francis Lewis: the remaining forty-eight were all born in the colonies. A glance at the names will at once convince every one of the Anglo-Saxon origin of the whole. The names of the three Irishmen are purely Anglo-Saxon; and a genealogical analyzation of their origin would result in a perfect accordance with the position claimed, with the probable exception of Charles Carroll. The members of the continental congress will, in intellectual strength and ability compare favorably with the most favored legislators during any period of history, or in any portion of the world. The HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. 23 statesmen of the commonwealth under Cromwell were gener ally men of rare merit and ability; but if England had then her Cromwell, we had afterward our Washington; if she had her Hampden, we had John Adams; if a Pym, there was our Franklin; if Sir John Elliot, there was our Jefferson; for the Earl of Stratford, Charles Carroll of Carrollton; for Sir Henry Vane, our Robert Morris; and for Henry Marten there was John Hancock. The apposition of these names is not expected to stand a critical mental analysis, but simply to illustrate positions, in a certain relative manner, as members of two great legislatures. The assembly over which Robe spierre ruled with a sanguinary hand possessed a Mirabeau, a Desmoulins, and others of sparkling and flaming genius ; but what a sad commentary on human nature! Again, take the parliament which sat under George III., while he was aiming at the utter submission of the colonies, and compare its elements with those of the continental congress. It had a Pitt, a Fox, and a Burke, a trio of men resplendent for their genius a galaxy that would honor the most favored nations. How their powerful eloquence pleaded for the colonies against the tyranny of an imbecile king and worse administration! What comfort and joy their stirring words produced in the legislatures in the heart of the farmer in his field of the soldier on the camping ground, without shoes or stockings, and in rags of all this, we can at this time form but a very remote and limited idea. If the continental congress did not produce a Fox, a Pitt, or a Burke, yet, we venture to assert, its collective wisdom was equal, if not superior, to that parliament of George III. Among the signers of the Declaration of Independence 24 HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. were twenty-four lawyers, fourteen farmers, nine merchants, four physicians, one Gospel minister, three who were educated lor the ministry, but who chose other avocations, and one manufacturer. If the pages of Hansard were compared with those of the "Debates in the Conventions " one might admire more the eloquence of Pitt the electrifying effects of Fox, or the stately periods of Burke; but, in practical method, m sound common sense, in the calmness which characterized their actions when driven by the king s army from city to city with treason and all its consequences, following them by day and by night when their lives and fortunes, if not their honor too, were at stake who would not discern the greatest qualities which adorn human nature? True, those men had faults inseparable from human nature, but in the congress they sought to subordinate all to the general good. Some talented and good men were with -that body who could not agree with all its actions, and thought the measures were extreme: John Dickinson was the most distinguished while )seph Galloway stood upon the same common ground Dickinson was deprived of his rights as an American citizen Dut subsequently these were restored to him. The Loyalists of the Revolution were a numerous and influential body of men; from the state of Massachusetts alone, after the evacua- :ion of Boston by the royal army, upward of eleven hundred those adherents to the crown retired with it In "Sabine s Loyalists m the American Revolution," is found the following: Th 1S number includes, of course, men, women and children the men, however, were many persons of distinguished rank and consideration. Of members of the council, commis sioners, officers of the customs, and other officials there were HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. 25 one hundred and two; of clergymen, eighteen; of inhabitants of country towns, one hundred and five; of merchants and other persons who resided in Boston, two hundred and thirteen; of farmers, mechanics, and tradesmen, three hundred and eighty-two. * * * * * Unless Galloway a name often to appear in this work was mistaken, the Loyalists of the middle colonies were ready to enter the military service for the crown in large numbers. His statement is that had Sir William Howe issued a proclamation when in Philadelphia, 3,500 men would have repaired to his standard; that in that city, in New Jersey, and in New York, he could have embodied quite 5,000; that upward of fifty gentlemen went to his camp to offer their services in disarming the disaffected, but failing to obtain even an interview, retired in disgust; and that, under Sir William s successor, 5,000 actually appeared in arms for the defence of the city of New York." Vol. I., P- 25. In order to appreciate still further the trials and difficulties, this Congress of Freemen had to encounter, see page 34 of the above-mentioned work. Col. Joseph Reed, of Pennsyl vania, writes: "It is said:, the Virginians are so alarmed with the idea of independence that they have sent Mr. Braxton on purpose to turn the vote of that colony [Virginia] if any question on that subject should come before congress." Again, p. 35, Sabine states: "This correspondence occurred but a little more than three months previous to the time when congress actually declared the Thirteen Colonies to be free and independent States." As this course of inquiry proceeds, the collective talent, integrity, and wisdom of the congress of 1774 1776 rises G 26 HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. higher and brighter in comparison with any known similar assembly. When it is further considered that this was the first attempt in all history to found a republic free from feudalism or Caesarism our respect grows deeper, our rever ence more devout for this rare assembly of men. No precedent in Greek or Roman republics could be found on which to base the natural rights of man which were so eloquently expounded by Paine, in his "Common Sense," and "Rights of Man: "--The "Republic" of Plato; the "Oceana" of Harrington; the "Utopia" of More; the grand and comprehensive wisdom of Bacon and Milton were doubt- well read and digested by Jefferson, John Adams, Rutledge, and others, but it was necessary to eliminate such portions of wisdom as might well suit the then existing order of things. That task was rendered more and more difficult by the jealousies necessarily inseparable from the previous relative positions of the colonies who feared lest the new order of things might take away or annul those rights which they deemed unalterable. These serious difficulties coupled with the Loyalist troubles produced grave questions -edmg an ultimate settlement. As time is now mellowing vn the political differences which caused the war of seces sion, an illustration of some points from it will show more learly that the same trend of undercurrents never cease to We who have lived through the unparalleled war ch ravaged and struck at the whole country, from 1861 to B6 4 , when nearly 500,000 men were in arms, which paralyzed smess and commerce, and made men fear for the safety of Amenca-we marveled at the strength of our own power th and south, to do and act as we did. During the last DOMESTIC CONDITION. 27 year of the conflict, the sufferings and privations of those in the southern army bore a strong resemblance to the manifold troubles sustained by the army of Washington. The grit, the courage, and long continued suffering and obstinacy of the race, is as encouraging as ever. In the midst of that lament able conflict, we all thought that greater and nobler qualities had been developed than upon any former occasion; but, if we take a cool and unimpassioned view of things, and com pare what was done by the continental congress and army, we observe the presence of greater qualities for abstract right than can be credited to either party in the last war. For the war of the rebellion we may indisputably claim greater physical victories in men and in armaments, both on sea and on land; but, in victories that, in the abstract, are to be classed with the highest and most profound statesmanship victories of the creative order, where men showed they were not only the creatures of circumstances, but the creators of them the men of the revolution of 1776 are as yet unequaled in the highest qualities of statesmanship. DOMESTIC CONDITION IN 1776 AND 1876. This part of our subject is so wide and varied that a synoptical view alone must necessarily suffice. The domestic lives of the colonists previous to, and long after, the revo lution were, as are those of all agricultural peoples, of a comparatively primitive order. The country was sparsely populated, so that occasional visits only could be made; and, as a natural result, the cultivation of many wants was not fostered. In our present state our wants are much greater than our needs. The southern colonies aimed at a much 28 HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. higher scale than the eastern and middle colonies. Virginia o led the way in aristocratic pretensions; and, in a measure, looked with a degree of derision on her northern sisters. It is not many years since W. Gilmore Simms, the author of many valuable historical American romances, made it the rulino- idea always to choose the gentlemen from the south; and from the north, the boors and clowns. In the middle of the last century, social gatherings were not frequent. Mrs. Ellet in her "Queens of American Society," states, p. 15: "The first dancing assembly said to have been held in Philadelphia, in 1748, had its subscription list mostly filled with names of English families, attached to the Church of England. The list was under the direction of John Inglis and other gentlemen, and each subscription was forty shillings. The custom was universal among men of wearing the hair tied up with ribbon, in a long bunch, in a form called a queue. Gentlemen s coats were made of cloth or velvet, of all colors; the collar being sometimes of a different hue from the coat. In the supreme court the judges, in winter, wore robes of scarlet faced with black velvet; in the summer, full black silk gowns." Again, p. 28: "Mr. Wingate describes the dinner given at Washington s house, the day after his wife s arrival, as the least showy of any he ever saw at the Presi dent s table. The chief said grace, and dined on boiled leg of mutton. After dessert, one glass of wine was offered to each guest; and, when it had been drunk, the President rose and led the way to the drawing room. Two days afterward Mrs. Washington held her first levee; the President continu ing to receive every Tuesday afternoon. Mrs. Washington received from eight to ten every Friday evening. The levees DOMESTIC CONDITION. 29 were numerously attended by all that was fashionable, elegant, or refined in society; but "there were no places for the intrusion of the rabble in crowds; or for the more coarse and boisterous partisan, the vulgar electioneer, or the impu dent place-hunter, with boots, frockcoats, or roundabouts, or with patched knees and holes at the elbows. On the contrary, they were select and more courtly than have been given by any of the President s successors. Mrs. Washington was careful in her drawing room to exact those courtesies to which she knew her husband entitled." This picture of society contrasts very strongly with the customs of our day. The cheapness and simplicity of the President s table would scarcely be tolerated by the first class mechanic of to-day. There are very few, if any, respectable people now, who, if asked out even to dine, would not con sider themselves very meanly and scurvily treated, if proffered the same fare. But a levee? and to dine thus in the Presi dent s house! The plebeians of this age would hold up their heads in horror! But how grand this noble simplicity! how becoming in the conduct of a president of a country that knew and valued the simplicity of republicanism! Washington knew that while he was in the presidential chair, he was expected to sacrifice his inclinations now, as he had sacrificed them many times before, for the general benefit of the country. The dig nity and form of government must be held and reverenced with the highest respect; and he was the. head of that govern ment, which he knew also was an experiment in the annals of mankind; that its incipient stages required from him great prudence and foresight. He knew that the eyes of the civilized world were looking to this country with envy and H 30 HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. scorn, and trying with all its might to throw every kind of obstacle in its way. In order to enforce respect from other governments, he felt that his government must respect itself by a due observance of those forms and courtesies which society demanded. Washington, if proud and aristocratic in his general conduct, was the true reflex of his age; and it is from that standard we must view his life. The thinkers of this age regret deeply that plebeianism has taken the place of nature s true aristocracy. Had we less rampant democracy, as it is understood to-day, and more natural aristocracy, society would not be so degraded. The primitive simplicity unexpensive habits of the people, in the colonies, were reflected in a very impressive manner by the members of the continental congress. In the southern states many houses yet remain which silently express the solid, but not showy, manners-in which lived the people who suffered so iuch in building up this republic. Their homes were open -11, and that kind of hospitality is not even yet entirely The beggar was never turned adrift without nstance; the wanderer was kindly entertained, and the gn traveler was especially provided for. The dress of th men and women was not of that costly style at present adopted; the few wealthy men had their "court" dress; which however for years; the ladies did not, as now, wear forty or fifty yards of silk or satin in one dress; nor, as is the present mode, load themselves with laces and furbelows expensive rings glittering with diamonds, opals, and all ds of precious stones. Nay, fortunes of hundreds of thousands of dollars are very frequently displayed on the person in the balls and soir.es given at many of ou DOMESTIC CONDITION. 31 palatial houses. Instead of the plain, but solid, bill of fare which was served at Washington s table, the largest cities may now boast of their millionaires whose palaces have cost hundreds of thousands of dollars, embellished with costliest carved woods, frescoed ceilings, picture galleries- many of which contain the clicf cTcettvres of rare European masters; libraries filled with costly books, tables groaning under massive silverware, viands rarest of the rare, wines of numerous kinds and choicest qualities, tropical fruits, confectionery made by French cooks, waiters in livery, music most charming; all this makes up a picture certainly fascinating. But political economists have not, as yet, decided which of the two pictures is the more desirable in society. There is one thing self-evident, that all are trying to rise to the highest position which wealth can give; if wealth can be used to elevate society, and not to pander to low and groveling tastes, then, and then only, has wealth its true ( and noble mission. However one may admire the social and domestic condition of the colonists, it yet cannot be denied that we have made many additions to our domestic happiness of which they were debarred the enjoyment. The value and benefit of many things are often not appreciated save by their absence. Water, that indispensable supporter of life, was not, in the days of the colonists, brought into the houses circulated through every room. Bath tubs, with hot and cold water in the house, were to them unattainable blessings. No one can appreciate such things at their true value unless they have once enjoyed them, and then been placed in a position where they could not be obtained. There are women living in almost every city who can remember 32 HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. having, every morning, been forced to go to the pump, or the well, and draw the water as it was required for family use. No matter where the thermometer was below zero, or among the nineties their work demanded its prompt accom plishment. It is fair to assume, that however desirous were our ancestors to be cleanly in their habits, they had not the opportunities, which we, through the medium of our water arrangements, have to cleanse ourselves thoroughly in every respect. "Cleanliness," says Wesley, "is next to godliness." If so, we have ample means to be the godliest people in the world. What could we do with our servants at this day were they compelled either to pump the water, or to carry it in from the well? We fear to answer the question. Even with all the conveniences we have, this help question is one of the most serious of the day. Tallow candles and oil were the only mediums of light in those colonial times. Now, any city or town of a few thousands of people have the comfort and blessings of unstinted gas-light. The old method of procuring fire was flint and steel : now we possess the lucifer match, and who can enumerate its benefits to the world at large? In the winter, when all nature was robed in snow and the rivers and lakes bound in the cold grip of ice the colonist s leather shoes could not protect his feet from damp and cold so effectually as do our gum shoes of to-day. If their necessities, or duties, or pleasures, caused them to travel, what difficulties they were necessitated to encounter! There are many living that remember the ponderous and ungainly Conestoga wagon that traveled from this city to the east and west, and many also that have traveled in stage coaches hence to New York, the time LITERATURE. 33 requiring three days, and now that place is reached in as many hours! The lumbering family carriages of the richer colonists would bring a smile to the face of the present generation, accustomed to the fairy-like vehicles of to-day. No mind, howsoever imaginative, could have foreseen, in those days, the rapid transit the palatial cars now constructed with the most recherche upholstering, heated with steam lighted with gas, furnished with lounges rivaling eastern otto mans, luxurious beds that will lull to sleep the weariest, ice-water served in cut-glass goblets with books, magazines, and newspapers, sold on every train. Could they of olden time but see this, it would appear like a dream more than realizing the gorgeous imagery of the Arabian Nights. The ancient post-office was a very conservative institution. If, dur ing the last century, a letter was sent to Europe from any part of the colonies, the sender scarcely expected a response before the termination of three months. Now, a letter may be sent thither, and a reply received in one month! These are certainly great and valuable revolutions; but how inferior when compared with the marvels of the telegraph! To illus trate the acceleration of thought through these two mediums would require a generalizing mind greater even than Bacon s. We can only partially conceive the various benefits to man kind of the telegraph, by reflecting for a moment how many lives, how much money, would have been saved to this country and England, during the revolutionary war, and that of 1812. All are aware that weeks intervened between the declaring of peace, and the making it known on this side of the ocean. How much would the colonists have given, if they could have communicated with a sick father, or i 34 HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. mother, or son, or daughter! Such blessings are difficult to appreciate; and we, who are daily enjoying such benefits by its aid, pass through life scarcely cognizant of the joys we possess. Thousands still living will remember that, prior to 1866, the newspapers that were served at our doors, and laid on our breakfast tables, were eagerly conned for the arrival of steamers with foreign news. Now, by the Atlantic cables, each morning we read the news of the day! Truly, how great is man, to render the elements subservient to his purposes in the conducting of thought! LITERATURE IN 1776 AND 1876. This is a theme to which, even with the widest expansion, it is difficult to do entire justice. A Motley, a Bancroft, an Irving, could justly fill many volumes relative to the subject; and yet be wholly free from the charge of "padding." Minu tiae we must avoid; to generalize we shall attempt. Until some twenty years ago, the poverty of American literature was a by-word: the Quarterly Review put the memorable question- "Who reads an American book?" In the question there was more truth than impertinence. Literature, in the early period of colonial times, was nearly all of English origin: -in fact the mother country so devised the Taws regulating her dependencies, as to repress, rather than foster ^oth printing and literary efforts; and prevent also the rise any species of manufacture. It was her policy so to act was deemed necessary that the interests of the manu factures of England should reign paramount over all other considerations. The mother country demanded, in a spirit of exacting severity, that her children, wherever situated LITERATURE. 35 should act solely in her behalf. Through this partially necessary tyranny, she made herself "the envy of the world, and the admiration of surrounding nations." The simile of a family which is, in its every day acts, modified by peculiar circumstances, was by English statesmen carried out to the very letter. But year by year, day by day an almost imperceptible demand of the means to satisfy certain daily wants was felt by ingenious men, and manufactures pro gressed in spite of prohibitory laws. In printing was made one of the earliest efforts, by mechanical skill, to meet the growing needs. The first book printed in America was "The Psalms in Metre, faithfully translated for the Use, Edi fication, and Comfort of the Saints in Public and in Private, especially in New England:" printed at Cambridge, Mass., in 1640. That version was made by Thomas Wclde, of Roxbury; Richard Mather, of Dorchester, and John Elliot, the famous apostle to the Indians. The Bible translated by the latter, from the English into the Indian dialect, is one of the most extraordinary works of which this country can boast. This valuable book, in American literature, has sold for $800. Mrs. Bradstreet s poems were published, also, in 1640; and their quaint and peculiar style renders them, to all bibliopoles, the choicest of the choice. One of the greatest minds that the seventeenth century produced in New England was Cotton Mather. Says Gris- wold in the "Poets and Poetry of America," p. 21: "He was once revered as a saint, and is still regarded as a man of good natural abilities and profound and universal learning. It is true that he had much of what is called scholarship; he could read many languages; and his attainments, curious 3 6 HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. rather than valuable, made him resemble a complicate ma chine, which, turned by the water from year to year, pro duces only bubble and spray, and rainbows in the sun. He was industrious; and, beside his 382 printed works, left many manuscripts. * * His minor works are nearly all forgotten except by antiquaries." The Magnalia Christi Americana is preserved as a curiosity, rather than as an authority. The literature of New England consisted chiefly of dogmatic theology. It was tinctured with all the intol erance and bigotry of the early protestants in Europe. Witches were frequently burned at the stake no opinion was tolerated in antagonism to their puritan doctrines. "Blue Laws" were the result of their severe polities; and their ordinances were executed with a rigid exactitude that religi ous biogtry alone can sanction. If their religious views were productive of the most serious calamities that can happen to the human race, we cannot but admire the stern and unbending principles which have developed more eminent thinkers than have appeared in any other section of our land. Jonathan Edwards had a vigorous and powerful mind ; and his works are admired and valued in Europe among theologians as of the first rank. His work on the "Will," is one of the best known books on the subject; and has given birth to more controversial works, relating to this sub ject, than has any other book in the English language. The struggles of truth to free itself from sectarian fetters have been protracted and severe ; but, though its progress be slow, its march of distances being scarcely perceptible, save by decades nevertheless its mission is sure of ultimate accomplishment. The southern colonies were established on LITERATURE. 37 a more liberal religious basis; and chiefly adopted the articles of the English established church. We are not inclined to assert that there were not any religious frays and persecu tions; but, at least, there were not a Salem witchcraft tragedy and Blue Laws. It can scarcely be presumed that the liberal and learned John Locke, that heralder of truth which startled kings, and struck awe into contemporary bigotry, would not have been permitted to draw up the fundamental laws for Carolina had not religious toleration reigned. By states men and scholars those laws are ranked with Plato s Republic, More s Utopia, or Harrington s Oceana. It has been wisely said that history teaches philosophy by example -hence generalizers of history are responsible only for deductions drawn. The literary productions of the southern colonies were poor and scanty though their wealthy men were well educated and in belles-lettres were superior to the same class in the northern provinces; yet they failed to add any works of merit to colonial literature. This appears strange, when we reflect, that the wealthier planters often despatched their sons to Europe for the easier acquirement of a thorough education. They were of the same race as those in the north whose works were the admiration of students abroad. It is evident that it was not for want of capacity, nor for the want of proper culture and develop ment. May not the warm, glowing sun of the south have rendered them inert? This is the only philosophical view we can take of it, and, to a great extent even now, (like causes are producing like effects. (Climate means race-variety; therefore, differentiation of powers and capabilities.) Northern men who have, either from choice or necessity, spent a few K 38 HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. years in the south, invariably admit that, yearly, their energies were on the wane. Nay we, in the north, during the sum mer months, admit the same fact we become inert and listless in our habits have scarcely nerve enough to do anything. But if the south lacked in literary productions, it was eminently conspicuous on the forum; and in Congress, where ability and eloquence were needful. The stimulus of politics alone seemed capable of bringing out the latent genius which was intermittently displayed so brilliantly by southern men in the senate, and at the bar. A glance over the names of those men from the south that graced the senate and the house of representatives at Washington, since the government settled there, until thirty years ago, will exhibit the fact that for eloquence, full of strength, fire and classical learning, and for able statesmanship, they were not excelled, scarcely equaled, in the aggregate, by the members from other states. The newspapers, during the colonial times, were but very feeble agents in modeling, or changing, the course of public opinion. This now formidable power is to-day a new estate in the world. The two-page folio news- sheets of the last century dwindle into insignificance when compared with our present comprehensive journals. Their object was apparently accomplished in the presenting of a bare record of small items and news, picked up here and there, with a few advertisements of runaway slaves, goods for sale, and the arrival of vessels in the various ports. The press was not then a recognized agent of the government; it was conducted in a crude and simple manner by printers and merchants, not by professional scholars. The calm and stable opinions of society were not in the slightest degree LITERA TURE. 39 ruffled by any "leading" article; no flaming captions at the head of the columns sent any quickening impulses through eager minds; all was calm as a summer s day. By degrees, the press of Europe began a new life; its effects were soon apparent here; men of letters and of business saw that they must be up and doing; a new creative power had sprung into existence. In the latter part of the last century, Benjamin Franklin was among the most distinguished of newspaper men, and his "Gazette," among the pioneers of the new era for America. The influence of the press may be said to have begun to fully disclose itself about the beginning of this century; and that influence soon made itself felt here. The publication of books, with the exception of works relating to dogmatic theology. The issues from the press of VV. Bradford, an energetic man who figured among the leading spirits of Pennsylvania during the latter por tion of the seventeenth century, during the last decade moved to New York. His first issues, controversial and others, appeared in 1685, and a full list of those publications, now valuable to the bibliomaniac alone, can be seen in the "Historical Magazine." The commencement of this century is a fair starting point from which national literature can be traced distinctly, though in a faint degree. The famous printing firms of Europe have scarcely excelled, in beauty of typical form fine calendered paper good black ink- the Bible, in two folio volumes, printed by A. Small, of Phila delphia. That was not the first Bible printed in America; one was printed by Robert Aitkin of Philadelphia, by order of congress, 1782, in i8mo., and this was the only Bible ever printed in this country under official sanction. Occasionally, 40 HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. this Bible is found bound in volume, and again in two parts, and is the first American English Bible bearing the American imprint. But in 1752, Kneeland and Greene printed in Boston a Bible bearing the imprint of Mark Baskett, Lond.: small quarto, 1752. To the American critical student the collection of the American editions of the Bible is one of great interest, and the writer, who once took great in terest in collecting them, refers with pleasure to the valuable and unrivaled collection of James Lenox, Esq., of New York. The progress of the states in solid wealth, after peace was declared, was very rapid; the liberals of Europe, from England especially, flocked to America as the country in which freedom of thought, and a free scope for their physical energies, was each man s birthright. One of the most notable of English immigrants was Thomas Paine, who arrived in America in 1774. His sterling abilities were, through the helpful patronage of Benjamin Franklin, quickly and fully recognized : he contributed to the newspapers and magazines, -and his power was soon felt and appreciated. When "Common Sense" appeared, it acted on the minds of the people so instantaneously that it went like wildfire through every house, and into every camp. It gave encouragement to the doubting solace to the despairing new vigor to the continental congress elasticity to the movements of the officials; and cheered both officer and soldier who were suf fering in their comfortless quarters during the severe winter. Paine s logical and convincing arguments couched in sweet colloquial English will ever render this pamphlet one of the most notable efforts in American literature. His "Crisis, 1 "Rights of Man," "Letters," etc., though ably written, and LITERATURE. 41 productive of much good, arc secondary, in many points, to the first-named masterpiece. It has struck the writer with deep regret that Paine, who contributed so much toward the independence of this country, and produced works of mas terly skill which rank with the best efforts in the language, should in many cases be omitted, and in other places very meagerly mentioned. Let us hope that American authors will not in the future pass over so summarily the genius of that great man; but, giving to him the honor due his merits, reflect increased honor upon the land of his adoption. The English government, in the early part of this century, drove thousands of her best citizens to our shores by the political and religious tyranny which it exercised over them. Many of her worthiest sons, who loved that freedom of speech and action which we enjoy, placed their fortunes and abilities at the service of the nascent republic. Many of these, devoted to literature, embarked the means they possessed in the publication of books; and these, in nearly every case, were reprints from the best English editions. From 1800 to 1824 the issues of the various pub lishing houses were, in all respects, equal to those of the English houses. In many cases they were put forth in the same number of volumes, printed with similar type, on excel lent paper, and with good black ink. As a general rule, our foremost publishers do not now equal those issues - from 1800 to 1824 in regard to either paper, or press- work. The National Library at Washington could establish this important historical fact as it relates to our social and mental progress. The works of C. Brockden Brown mark a new era, in the production of the first American novels. L 42 HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. Their priority, in American literature, is better known than their merits. There is a weird and wayward fancy, every where cropping out, in his fictions; had he but lived amid the surroundings of our spiritualists, he would have out- rivalled, in their fantasies, even Home or Davis. Nathaniel Bowditch stands out in bold relief; his translation of the Mecanqtie Celeste, of La Place, even in this day would merit what the London Quarterly Review said of it, when the first volume appeared: "the idea savoured of the gigan- tesque." As we have particularized, without relation to classification, the most prominent epochs in our literary history, during the first fifty years of this century, we shall now treat of classes rather than persons. THEOLOGY. In another part of this essay we have made some general remarks concerning theological writers. It is only in this department of literature that it can be alleged that we have not made any decided progress over the writers of the colonial period. It may truly be said that an Edwards, a Cotton Mather, a John Elliott, or a Newman, may not now be found. Europe knows of the plain, child-like simplicity of Albert Barnes s "Notes" on the Scriptures; and thousands of ministers, teachers, and students have spent many happy hours in arguing over his common sense commentaries. The name of Alexander is revered among his admirers ; his depth of thought and logicalness of reasoning won for him high fame. Timothy Dwight holds a prominent position both here and in Europe; his writings are reprinted in England. Yale College has added other bright stars to the galaxy of THEOLOGY, 43 national authors who reflect great credit on her teachings. Dr. Hodge has written many profound works on theology, which are admired abroad for the thorough learning and critical acumen evinced. Bishop England, of South Carolina, and Bishop Hughes, of New York, rank high in their church as men both of great ability and profound learning. George Bush s critical and illustrative writings on the Bible are eminent in biblical literature; and Bishop Hopkins is famed for his masterly controversial articles. Dr. Jarvis s works are characterized with deep biblical learning and sterling criticism. The travels and researches of Dr. Robinson, in the Holy L and, will ever be referred to by the biblical student as an inexhaustible fountain of knowledge. Moses Stuart, as a Hebrew student, will not easily be forgotten. Dr. McClintock s great biblical work bids fair to stand com parison with the ablest European works. Other writers are numerous, all of whom are men of varied abilities. The enumeration of colonial and later writers on theology, it is presumed, will show, in this special department, that no very marked additions are made that outrival the earlier writers. But the progress of modern thought has raised many barriers, in opposition to the doctrines of religion, of which the writers of the colonial period had no knowledge. Dogmatical the ology is not progressive; it is the same now as it was during the days of the early fathers of the church. No one can appreciate the blessings of liberty, unless he has to a certain extent suffered under the oppressions of the opposite state. Those who are living, and have passed through fifty years of life, and who have been interested in the progress and development of the mind, remember well how much courage 44 HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. it required to avow any doctrines that clashed with the orthodox views of the day. Within the last forty years, in England, men have been thrown into prison for selling Shel ley s "Queen Mab," Paine s "Age of Reason," and other books of a similar nature. If we cannot find instances in this country, during that period, of men having been impris oned for their religious opinions, yet many of us know that to attempt to scale the invisible barricades of religious prejudice, would have brought upon the hardy adventurer a social tabooing an ostracisement from society, which often carries with it both loss of business and of character. The blessings of religious liberty, true, free and fearless, as it now is, are joys which the colonists of old could not foresee a free, unshackled mind is the boon of but few free coun tries; and the care that this, and future generations, should take to guard it, should never cease. > HISTORY. To have the scholarly acquirements, and the talent or genius which are requisite for an historian, falls but seldom to the lot of any nation. The colonists did not produce a single historian that may now take his place as a classic. Most of the colonies had their local historians: Virginia, Homer and Smith; Pennsylvania, Proud; New Jersey, Smith; Massachusetts, Hutchinson, and Hubbard, and Prince; Rhode Island, Callender; New York, Denton and Cadwallader; New Hampshire (in the colonial period part of Massachusetts), Belknap; South Carolina, Ramsey. These writers are spe cially known to the historian and the antiquary; and are valuable only as records of bare facts. The charms of HISTORY. 45 style the graces of composition picturesque and eloquent expression with the power of correctly massing facts and masterly generalizations, are but feebly displayed. In this province of literature we have made great and glorious pro gress. Frederick von Raumer, the eminent German historian, states: "Bancroft, Prescott, and Sparks, have effected so much in historical composition that no living European historian can take precedence of them, but rather might feel proud and grateful to be admitted as a companion." It is over forty years since that eloquent tribute was offered, and since that period we have added to the list a Motley, a Draper, a Parkman and a Ticknor. It is a noticeable fact that three American historians should have chosen European history as their themes, and made them classic. Prescott s "Peru," "Ferdinand and Isabella," "Philip II." and "Charles V.," pre sent the most lucid and picturesque account that history can relate. Ticknor s "History of the Spanish Literature" does not admit of the scope and variety of treatment of a history of a people; but it is a monument of industry and learning creditable to himself and to his country. Motley s Histories of the "Dutch Republic," and the "Netherlands," and "John Barneveld," though wanting the terseness and perspicacity of Prescott, are yet, in historical portraiture, massively and finely drawn; while in philosophical generalizing, at least, he surpasses him. Let us hope that Motley will live to finish his galaxy of Netherland heroes, in his forthcoming work, "The History of the Thirty Years War." Draper s "History of civilization in Europe," is ranked among scholars and thinkers as not inferior to Buckle s great work. Brancroft s "History of the United States," now finished, has earned M 46 HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. its title as a classic. Though occasionally tinctured with the schoolisms of New England, which tend to injure and do injustice to various personages, it still stands without a rival. Many weak sentences and occasional defective phraseology, with slip-shod writing, detract slightly from its merits, faults which the public ought not to expect, when several years have elapsed between the issues of the several volumes. Washington Irving, the Goldsmith of America, may take an honorable place. If he lacks the generalizing power and philosophical acumen of Prescott and Motley, his clear, charming style will always cause his histories to be read and admired. Many other admirable histories, well worthy of note, and reflecting credit on the writers and honor on their country, have appeared; but limited space prevents here even the most summary mention of them. NOVELS. Fiction, during the colonial times, had little influence over society. During the latter part of the seventeenth, and the early part of the eighteenth centuries, it was, indeed, entirely unknown as a home production. Fiction first arose in England as almost a new element in society, under the genius of Richardson. Some few previous puerile efforts may be found --but they were abortive. It was left to Richardson to fairly start this new joy in English society; and thence it reacted with the same vigor on the colonists. When Macaulay, with his splendid genius, read these works throughout fifteen different times, their merit must be greater than is acknowledged by the present generation. However that may be, it cannot be denied that "Pamela," "Sir Charles NOVELS. 47 Grandison," and "Clarissa," created the most marked sensa tion for a longer period of time than did subsequently any other novels prior to the conceptions of Sir Walter Scott. The touching pathos, and sweet, overflowing sentimentality, drew forth involuntary tears from thousands of readers. Plot they had none, as we now understand novels but narrative in epistolary form was the medium employed. The touching of the hidden springs of nature by Richardson won such success that novels cropped out, as it were, by hundreds to try and outrival him. Miss Burney ranks with the most successful of that age; but to Fielding, in "Tom Jones," may justly be ascribed the origin of the construction of the modern novel. Smollet and others followed in quick succession, until this new literary institution became permanently amalgamated with the whole frame of society. The influence arising from those works of fiction has undoubtedly greatly aided in the formation of national character. In another part of this essay, it is mentioned that Brockden Brown was the first of American novelists; not many years later our native authors rushed into the field, and gave us also a national reputation. Cooper ranks highest of all even as compared with the sea-novelists of England, he stands second to none. His Leather Stocking Tales are among the most popular of his writings although his Indians are too much idealized. There is a naturalness in his style, independent, and holding itself aloof from the over-nice canons of criticism, giving to all his productions a distinctive and national flavor. He is the first American novelist that has placed an American impression on his writings. We wish to place upon record 4 8 HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. that, having as a basis our professional experience as a librarian, and taking an average of fifteen years, where one book of any other American author is read, Cooper s works are read ten times oftener. Bird, Kennedy, and Hoffman, his contemporaries, are read only, and that but occasionally, by a few now living who read them in their younger days. Paulding s novels, though full of natural spirit and marked peculiarities, are too much neglected; they have a breadth of humor striking and congenial. Miss Sedgwick is, to a certain extent, the Miss Edgeworth of America. The stories of Hawthorne stand preeminent in American imaginative literature. There is a weirdness in his creations, and a metaphysical subtlety pervading the whole atmosphere - combined with ease and clearness of style that insure him immortality. His works are published in England in various styles and, judging from the number sold, and the high appreciation manifested for his powers, there is probably a greater quantity of his productions annually disposed of. Edgar A. Poe, that most original and most brilliant of all American imaginative writers, how various in his works! how erratic in his life! If America had produced but a Hawthorne and a Poe, she could find few to surpass them in that peculiar field of English literature. The Tale of the Morgue and other sketches are the creations of a mind of rare and singular power. He had the genius to invent plots of the most startling nature point them with a pre-Raph- aelite minuteness that made them sparkle with mosaics of thought and with such a strong resemblance to truth, that all the scenes seem to be actual. In mental psychological effects, he distances both George Walker and Anne Rad- HUMOROUS FICTION. 49 cliffe, Maria Roche and Mrs. Crowe. Few minds are to be found in the highest walks of English literature that equal him in powers of analysis. As a poet, his "Raven," and "Annabel Lee," are as immortal as Goldsmith s "Deserted Village," or Gray s "Elegy." One of the most superb pro ductions of the English press is a fine illustrated edition of Poe s Poetical Works. In the highest conception of creative genius we consider that Poe stands alone in Amer ican literature. Mrs. Stowe s Uncle Tom s Cabin must be named as a book of rare merit. It has been translated into all the modern languages. Howell, Hale, Higginson, Warner, and many others, have written pleasant books but without any special characterization. HUMOROUS FICTION. If America cannot add to the galaxy of fictional fame as many names as England she can, at least, with her peculiar humorists of this day, maintain her ground. We may cordially admit that it is not so refined as that of Hook, Hood, Jerrold, Thackeray, or Dickens; it is broader and lustier in its nature. If it lacks the flavor of Oxford or Cambridge, it has the flavor of our people who toil on the land who build cities in a few weeks who make railroads across the continent and disturb more virgin soil than all the other nations of the world combined. Such a state of society wakens more energies creates more devices and throws out a heterogeneous mass of things, which creates a peculiar grotesqueness that reflects itself on the character of the people. This humorous vein of society can be seen more fully in "Burton s Cyclopedia of American Wit and N 50 HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. Humor," than in any other book published. Artemus Ward seems to have opened a new vein, not even recognized before in Europe. His humor is of the grotesque, without being refined. His manner of speaking, before the public, was far more humorous than his written matter. He had a quaint and droll manner of expression, which is almost lost in his books. Josh Billings is a reflex of the same school but his sayings are more replete with wisdom. Mark Twain does not depend on the grotesqueness of his spelling of words, like Ward and Billings, but a ready dash of genuine humor flavored with genuine Americanisms. His drolleries are his chief qualities; his very extravagancies are laughable and enjoyable. The "Innocents Abroad" will always be an inexhaustible fund of laughter; his other works are somewhat weaker; and it is, probable that the " Innocents Abroad " will rank as his ablest production. Bret Harte s humor, though of the western type-like Mark Twain s, and flavored with California life is yet more idealized and moves in a narrower circle. The "Heathen Chinee," by its peculiar, dry, Californian humor, has , taken a permanent position in English humorous poetry. Many miserable imitations have appeared, but have sunk into oblivion. POETRY. Mention has already been made of some of the earlier poems of the colonial period ; but none have earned a prominent rank in the poetic annals of the country. The highest type of poetry, the epic and dramatic, has in this country not yet found a creditable exponent Poe and GENERAL LITERATURE. 51 Longfellow merit the highest niche in the American poetic temple. Bryrant s " Thanatopsis," in descriptive pastoral beauty, is difficult to surpass. There is a grace and beauty pervading the whole of his poems that will always be charming to read. Lowell, Whittier, Holmes, Saxe, and Stoddard, are men of varied talents whose works have grati fied thousands. The song writers of America are but few. John Howard Payne, struggling with poverty and adversity, wrote "Home, Sweet Home," in a garret in Paris. Russell, though living in London, has added many sweet and lively songs. GENERAL LITERATURE. In what is understood as belles lettres the colonists added but little of any merit. During this century many eminent names appear that reflect extensive scholarship with pro found observation. Dr. Channing, though a minister, is more distinguished for his essays than his sermons. Edward Everett is one of the most refined of our scholars; his style is copious and chaste, but not ornate. Hugh S. Legare is one of the most vigorous and chaste of writers. John C. Cal- houn possessed a powerful and analytic mind; his "Essays on Government" are among the very best of their class. The Adams family from John to Charles Francis Adams are all distinguished as men of great views. Daniel Webster, the orator and great expounder of the constitution, will ever rank as one of the noblest sons of America. His "Works," in six volumes, will always be a text book for the statesman. Ralph Waldo Emerson is the most original essayist of his age. He is read more in England than in his own country. Charles Sumner s abilities are more ornate than profound. 52 HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. The great dictionary of Noah Webster is a monument of learning and industry. There are many other names deserv ing of mention which our space forbids us to dwell upon. LAW. There were but few inducements to the colonists to study l aw their habits did not create many causes for its defence. The commencement of the Revolution brought into public view the men who had studied colonial law, and they became the most famous advocates in the continental con gress. Patrick Henry and John Adams, were among the most eloquent of its members. The works on jurisprudence are marked with great ability. Learned and able treatises, on every branch of the law are very numerous. The authority of Kent, Story, Livingston Greenleaf, Bouvier, and others, are are well known in Europe. American reports regularly sold in England, and the decisions of the bench have often been praised by the English Bar for clearness and profundity. ARTS AND SCIENCES. The development of science and art under the colonists was almost nil. The habits of society were rural and not scientific. No marked era can be found previous to Godfrey, Rittenhouse, Oliver Evans, and Robert Fulton. Previous to 1776 no authentic record exists of there being more than two steam-engines in the thirteen colonies; one at Passaic, N. J.; the other at Philadelphia. But the industrial interests of the states, were fairly put in motion after the peace of 1783. Fitch, and Fulton were making experiments to apply steam to vessels. These experiments may not have been ARTS AND SCIENCES. 53 the first which were made but they made the first success ful steamers. This was a great revolution, and the attention of the world became more and more centred on America. The inventions that are everywhere here so numerous, are generally of that practical nature which benefits every one. So common are the inventions of Americans that they find their way over the Atlantic and are dubbed "Yankee inventions." The reaping machine was first brought to perfection here. Patents for agricultural implements of every kind can be counted by the thousands. The sewing machine, that greatest of all domestic blessings, was invented by Howe, and many improvements since made by others have been subsequently adopted. The comfort and joy which this invention has given to families none can fully describe. The telegraph is an American invention, and its world-wide application and benefits are daily experienced. The name of Morse is immortal; various and important additions have been made to his mode of transmitting messages by Wheatstone, of England, and other electricians, but the most important mode is. that just invented by T. E. Elison, called the quadruplex machine. It will send four messages simultaneously over one wire, thus quadrupling the original invention. This is a marvel of science and its benefits to the world are at once apparent. Among the numerous great men which this country has added to the roll of science, Agassiz, David Dale Owen, Leidy and Silliman are prominent. This continent opens the widest field for further discoveries. California and other states have yielded millions of dollars worth of gold and silver. The silver in Nevada is practically inexhausti ble, and the future is full of the most boundless hope. The o 54 HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH. oil wells of Pennsylvania have yielded their millions of gallons, and thus far without sensible diminution. The coal and iron of Pennsylvania will always class this state as one of the richest in the Union. Our medical colleges in various parts of the Union have won a world-wide reputation. We have briefly touched upon nearly all topics connected with our past condition, and endeavored to show that, during the progress of the century in which liberty was proclaimed to the world, the outgrowth of these principles has been more conducive to the general interests of humanity and have far eclipsed any other nation under any other form of government. Our prayer and hope is that the year 1976 will still further prove to the world that, under republican institutions, still greater progress, and still greater benefits will be shown. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. NEW HAMPSHIRE. POPULATION. 1776, nearly 140,000 inhabitants. In 1876, nearly 325,000 inhabitants. Present area in square miles, 9,280. Present total wealth, $260,000,000. Average wealth, $800. The principal collegiate institutions are that of Dartmouth and Phillips s Exeter Academy. In farm and orchard pro ducts, maple sugar, live stock, wool, butter, cheese; also in her cotton and woolen factories; New Hampshire finds her wealth and prosperity. In 1614 New Hampshire was first visited by European explorers; and, in 1623, the first settlement was made near Portsmouth. Several times the district was connected with Massachusetts; in 1679 was made a royal province; in 1689 was again joined to Massachusetts; and subsequently was, for a short period, attached to New York. Finally, in 1741, it became a separate province; and thus remained until the dawning of the revolutionary war. Before the English obtained possession of Canada, the pioneer settlers were incessantly and severely harassed by the hostile Indians. In 1689, a band of savages attacked Dover, massacred many of the inhabitants, and burnt several houses. During an 55 56 THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. extended period of time, the settlements of New Hampshire were gradually extended westwardly, and further than the original limits prescribed by her patents; and, until 1764, it was generally supposed that the territory at present included in Vermont formed part of the province, and grants of land were made in that direction by the authorities. New York advocated her claim to the disputed district; and a "vexatious controversy" ensued, which lasted until the independence of Vermont was acknowledged in 1790. In those days of 76, which tried men s souls, New Hampshire, boldly and succinctly, made a public declaration of independence, and established a temporary government, to continue until the termination of the conflict. On the news of the battle of Lexington, twelve hundred men marched instantly to the relief of Boston; the temporary constitution was hurriedly but ably formed, and the royal governor obliged to resign his functions as chief magistrate. And let it be here repeated, that a month previous to the declaration of independence by the general congress, the general assembly of the province appointed a committee to make a draft of a declaration, in favor of an entire separation from Great Britain. One of the most brilliant actions of the war was fought at Ben- nington, by General Stark, an officer of this state, with a body of militia, in part from New Hampshire. At the battles of Stillwater, Saratoga, and Monmouth, the hardy farmers and backwoodsmen of that state won imperishable laurels; and aided greatly in sustaining the cause of the thirteen united colonies; and few of the states contributed so many men, in proportion to their population, to the sup port of the war. When peace was finally established, the MASSACHUSETTS. 57 people of this province, borne down with overwhelming debts, occasioned by their generous expenditures in the previous years, and obliged to sustain the weight of extra ordinary taxes, became gloomy and disaffected; and a body of armed men even invaded the legislature in its halls; but the rigorous measures of Governor Sullivan immediately repressed the insurrection, and restored the peace of the state. Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, and Matthew Thorn ton were the three whose signatures attested their devotion to America; who, representing the spirit of their fellow citi zens, set their hands to the irrevocable deed. Truly did the Switzerland of America, not less in the grandeur and diversity of her scenery, than in the dauntless energy which made the name of Swiss a proverb in the old world, uphold the justness of her reputation; and gave to time the theme which, bursting into music, echoed throughout the universe her valor and renown. January 5th, 1776, is the date of the formation of the government; but not till June, 1783, was the "perfect instrument" formed, which was established in the following October. MASSACHUSETTS. POPULATION. 1776: nearly 300,000 inhabitants. 1876: nearly 1,600,000 inhabitants. Present area, in square miles, 7,800. Present total wealth, $2,200,000,000. Average wealth, $1,500. The principal colleges are Harvard, at Cambridge; Wil liams, at Williamstown ; Amherst, at Amherst; Holy Cross, at Worcester; and Tufts, at Medford. p 58 THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. The agricultural products are wheat, Indian corn, rye, oats, potatoes, etc. with apples and pears. In manufacturing industry, Massachusetts stands at the head of all the states; while the condition of her operatives, and their moral and intellectual character, has no parallel in other manufacturing districts. The import and export trade is flourishing and extensive. In 1602, Bartholomew Gosnold, directing a colonizing expedition of 32 persons, made the land in Massachusetts Bay; passed and named Cape Cod, and Martha s Vineyard (now No Man s Land), and landed at Elizabeth Island (now Cuttyhunk). This, the first English settlement in Massa chusetts, was soon after entirely broken up and abandoned. Martin Pring, or Prynne, subsequently tarried in Edgartown ; and in 1605-1606 sundry French expeditions visited the coast. George Waymouth, also, in 1605, made a fruitless voyage to the inhospitable coast. Later the two great colonizing companies were formed; and the pious and steadfast exiles of Leyden, resolving to seek for freedom in the new world, obtained from the Virginia company a patent for lands which they were not fated to occupy. July 22d, 1620, the Pilgrims embarked at Delft Haven, in the Speedwell; and, upon arriving at Southampton, found the Mayflower; and the two vessels, August 5th, turned their prows toward the far-off land of hope. But the master of the Speedwell, stricken with fear, turned back; and the little Mayflower went forth alone, freighted with 102 indomitable souls. A tedious voyage of 63 days was safely accomplished, when they made the land off Cape Cod, and November nth, were anchored in the roadstead of the present Provincetown. Grave MASSACHUSETTS. 59 history, and peerless poetry have made commonplaces of the noble endurance, and sublime fortitude of those dauntless and pious Puritans; their marvelous annals need no repe tition here. Their efforts to obtain a patent from the crown were unavailing, and the Plymouth colonists were therefore obliged, to carry on their government, without the royal sanction. As events proved, "God s hand was in it evidently." The expedition of John Endicott reached Salem in 1628, and as a consequence, a royal patent was finally obtained for the Company of the Massachusetts Bay. When news from home reached them, intimating the probable early appointment of a "general governor/ their reply chorded harmoniously with those principles, which from the days of the gallant Carver to the final struggle, spurred them on to wondrous deeds: "We ought not to accept him, but defend our lawful possessions, if we were able, otherwise to avoid or protract." This, from a handful of exiles to the invincible England of the seven teenth century! In 1662, a commission sent to England, obtained a confirmation from the king of the previously endangered charter. In 1664, Massachusetts baffled the per sistent efforts of the royal commissioners "sent to trifle with her sacred rights, and liberties," and set at naught the "meddling of envious and officious courtiers." During King Philip s war, 1675-1676, thirteen towns were ravaged, six hundred colonists were slain, and over six hundred houses burnt. Subsequently ensued the incessant bickerings with the king, which ultimately effected the loss of the cherished charter, and the unwelcome governments of Dudley and Andros. In 1692 was given a new charter, by which Ply- 60 THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. mouth was united to Massachusetts, which had jurisdiction also over Maine and other territory. Then occurred the memorable episode in the history of the colony the witchcraft delusion, so pregnant in its near and remote consequences, so rife with horrid incidents. In 1703-1704 the province suffered greatly from the French and Indians; and in 1722, and the latter part of 1725. In 1745 Massachusetts con tributed largely to the expedition which captured Louisburg, and co-operated efficiently in the plans for the conquest of Canada, and participating vigorously in other military operations until the conclusion of peace between France and England in 1748. In the subsequent renewal of hos tilities she again proved a valuable ally until 1760. In the just resistance to oppressive measures of the English parliament, Massachusetts stood first and foremost, and vol untarily made herself the anvil for embittered hammers. The Boston massacre in 1770, the destruction of the tea in 1773, and the Port Bill in the following year, are a few of the memorable incidents which heralded the approach of the Revolution; at Lexington and Concord was made the issue, and the sons of the Pilgrims fired the first gun in the faces of an obstinate and tyrannical king and an oligarchical despotism. From first to last, Massachusetts sustained her enviable reputation for pious patriotism, and public spirit, and in every tongue, in prose and in verse, may be found the chronicle of her wise counselors, her inflexible soldiers and self-denying women. Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry hallowed names, to be spoken in reverence and love, for they are the names of those men that signed that Declaration which startled the RHODE ISLAND. 61 old world from its lethargy and added a nobility to man hood. The constitution of the state was framed in Sep tember, 1779, and went into effect in 1780. RHODE ISLAND. POPULATION. 1776, nearly 65,000 inhabitants. 1876, nearly 250,000 inhabitants. Present area in square miles, 1,306. Present total wealth, $300,000,000. Average wealth, $1,400. Brown University, in Providence, is the principal collegiate institution. Indian corn, rye and oats are the principal cereals; the sheep raising interests are of extended value, and those of the manufacturing and coasting trade are thriving and important. Originally Rhode Island was the abode of the Narra- gansett Indians, a large and powerful tribe, who retained possession of it, until the later irruption of the conquering Europeans. In 1524, as is currently believed, Verrazano entered Narragansett Bay, and anchored in the fine harbor of Newport. The first settlement was made in Providence, in 1636, by Roger Williams, a refugee from New England; later he was followed by William Coddington and others, and in 1642 came the party under John Greene and Samuel Gorton. In the same year a patent, which, however, was not accepted until 1647, was obtained from England, for the united government of Providence, Newport and Portsmouth. In 1663, the new charter of Charles II., incorporating the colony of "Rhode Island and Providence Plantations," was 62 THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. secured, and this continued in force for 179 years, being superseded in 1842 by the existing constitution. The pro vince suffered extremely from the Indian wars which broke out in June, 1675, and also in the subsequent struggles with the Narragansetts. In 1686-7, Andros abrogated the charter, but in 1688 the revolution broke forth in England, and the governor, after a short imprisonment, was sent to England. In February, 1689-90, the general assembly reor ganized the government under the charter. Rhode Island participated prominently in the struggle between Great Bri tain and France for empire in America. She furnished large numbers of troops for the expeditions against Louis- burg, Cape Breton, Crown Point, Oswego and Canada. In 1756 she had fifty privateers at sea, manned by upward of fifteen hundred men. These private men-of-war cruised among the West India islands, and along the coast, making many important captures. During the Revolutionary contest she also rendered effective service, by sea as well as on land, taking part in many important engagements and sus taining effectively the cause in which she was so heartily interested. The first naval squadron sent against the enemy was fitted out and sailed from Providence, under command of Commodore, or "Admiral" Hopkins. Paul Jones, sub sequently so celebrated, acted as a lieutenant in this fleet; while Commodores Talbot and Whipple, also sailed from Rhode Island, and, belonging to that State, shed glory on her through their heroic deeds. Major General Greene, chiefly occupied in the southern campaigns, likewise was one of her sons, and on her soil began his military career. In like manner with Connecticut, Rhode Island s form of CONNECTICUT. 63 government was so purely republican, that in its charter, with the "People," for the "King," was found the needed constitution, in May, 1776. In December, 1776, Rhode Island was invaded by the British under Clinton, who occupied Newport during several years; and General Sullivan, aided by Count de Grasse, after several unsuccessful attempts to dislodge the enemy, was finally obliged to abandon his project of relieving that place. In 1779 the British troops were withdrawn, and the following year Rochambeau arrived with 6,000 French auxiliaries. Rhode Island was the last of the thirteen colonies that adopted the constitution of the United States, and was admitted to the Union on the 29th of May, 1799. Stephen Hopkins and William Ellery, were the loyal men sent forth by her to give in her adhesion to the declaration which formed a new empire, ever to be united in fraternal and indissoluble bonds. CONNECTICUT. POPULATION. 1776, nearly 190,000 inhabitants. 1876, nearly 600,000 inhabitants. Present area in square miles, 4,750. Present total wealth, nearly $800,000,000. Average wealth, about $1,500. The three colleges: Wesleyan University, Yale College, and Trinity College take high rank as institutes of learning, and have contributed greatly toward the education and advancement of our Western States, where their graduates are held in high esteem as teachers and professors. The most valuable sources of wealth are the mines, 6 4 THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. quarries, and manufacturers of iron, clocks, carriages and India-rubber goods. On March ipth, 1631, was granted the patent of Con necticut, "embracing all that part of New England in America, extending in breadth 120 miles, as the coast lieth, from the Narragansett river toward Virginia, and in longitude from the Western Ocean to the South Sea." But her dearest charter was that coaxed from Charles II., through the inesti mable offices of Governor Winthrop, and which received the royal signature April soth, 1662. This charter, so compre hensively and so admirably democratic in its scope and designs, lived in full force and vigor, even until the year 1818, and when its subjects, June I4th, 1776, stood forth promptly and without fear, was found with "People," in lieu of "King," to answer every end and need, was revered as a splendid monument to the liberal principles and wise philanthropy of John Winthrop. When the cry from Lexington, tremulous with fear, and woe, and bitter wrath, was wafted from the drenched shores of Nova Scotia, to the perfumed savannahs of fertile Georgia, the spirit of Connecticut her industry and her daring- shone forth in the guise of a sturdy farmer, who, in leather apron, and busied in building a stone wall around his acres, forsook the trowel for his flintlock, and cried aloud, "To arms! To arms! Lexington s made work for us!" Governor Trumbull the Brother Jonathan who acted so ably in conjunction with Washington sent forth writs to convene the legislature of the colony at Hartford, on the Wednesday following the battle. But Israel Putnam, of Pomfret, and the people swayed, perhaps unwittingly, by CONNECTICUT. 65 that creative and resistless principle that came as a healthful but appalling- whirlwind from the heart of Germany and the skirts of France --rose in their menacing sadness, and strode swiftly to the memorable field, where English Briton against American Briton, crossed swords to uphold the cause of freedom or oppression. The bellowings of the Atlantic, and the surge songs of the Pacific were stilled; the winds of the Alleghanies and the Rocky Range sank into low soughings, as the new thought rose up in the New World, and, all infant as it was, cried Halt! to the past which, through venality and false kingcraft, had forfeited respect and love. Great Britain would have executed her design of collecting a revenue from unrepresented colonies; Con necticut, consistently inflexible in opposition, called together her Committees of Correspondence and struck hands with her persecuted brethren of Massachusetts then hastened toward the northern coast her valiant militia. During the progress of the Revolutionary struggle, Connecticut was seldom afflicted by the actual presence of the enemy, yet never failed in contributing promptly and generously her share in men and moneys. On the i4th of June, 1776, the Assembly of Connecticut instructed its provincial delegates, to give their assent to a declaration of independence: let the names of those men be uttered from generation to genera tion through all time: Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams and Oliver Wolcott. On the 26th of April, 1/77, a predatory force, consisting of 2,000 men, com manded by General Tryon, assailed Danbury, and devasted the town; during the retreat, however, the gathering militia fell upon the invaders, and, in the confused melee which R 66 THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. ensued, inflicted a severe and disastrous punishment. July 5th, 1779, a still larger body of troops, also commanded by Tryon, plundered and destroyed East Haven, Norwalk, New Haven and Fairfield. After this latter foray, in which Tryon reaped little profit and much unenviable notoriety, Connecti cut s share in the successful issue of the conflict consisted in the furnishing of brave troops, and her frequent donations of money and provisions. Prior to the close of the war, a dispute which had arisen between her and Pennsylvania, respecting the right to lands lying on the Susquehanna, west of New York, was satisfactorily adjusted by a decision in favor of the latter state, made by a board of commissioners appointed by congress. NEW YORK. POPULATION. 1776, nearly 325,000 inhabitants. 1876, nearly 5,000,000 inhabitants. Present area in square miles, 47,000. Present total wealth, $6,800,000,000. Average wealth, $1,500. The state contains many important colleges: Columbia, at New York; Union, at Schenectady; Hamilton, at Clin ton; Hobart, at Geneva; University of the City of New York; Madison University, at Hamilton; St. Johns, at Ford- ham; University of Rochester; Troy University; Genesee College, at Lima; Elmira Female College; Sugham Univer sity, at Le Roy, etc. As an agricultural state, New York ranks high in the Union, her chief products being oats, Indian corn, wheat, buckwheat, rye and barley; also broom corn, hops, grapes, NEW YORK. 67 maple sugar, butter, cheese and orchard fruits. The manu facturing interests are very extensive, and in many sections surpass those of agriculture, or even commerce. Samuel Champlain, July 4th, 1609, was the first European who ever stepped upon the soil of New York; on September 6th, of the same year, Henry Hudson discovered the bay; in 1611, the States-General of Holland granted special priv ileges to any company which should open a trade with the natives of this region. In 1621 the Dutch West India Com pany was incorporated, and settlements \vere made at Fort Orange and New Amsterdam. In 1626, Manhattan Island was purchased from the Indians by Peter Minuits, for the value of $24. In 1655 Peter Stuyvesant took possession of the neighboring Swedish territory and annexed it to New Neth erlands, while the border contests with the English colonists continued until the final overthrow of the Dutch authority. Then ensued the bitter controversies and conflicts between the English and Dutch, which resulted in the successful establishment of the former claimants. Under James II. the government became an appendage of the crown, and even under William and Mary, few popular rights were conceded, and few ancient and oppressive privileges abol ished. The royal governors had frequent collisions with the representatives of the people, and the controversies that took place from time to time "gradually prepared the people for the great final struggle that severed the colonies from the mother country." During the war between the French and English, the Seneca country was invaded by De Nonville in 1687; in 1689 Schenectady was destroyed; and in 1693, a Mohawk 68 THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. fort was taken and three hundred prisoners were captured. The peace of Ryswick, in 1697, brought a temporary cessa tion of hostilities. During the continuance of Queen Anne s war, from 1702 to 1713, hostilities in this province were confined chiefly to frontier skirmishes. During King George s war, which began in 1745, the disputed territory was the scene of frequent and bloody encounters between the English posts on the Hudson, and the French fortress at Crown Point. In the ensuing war of 1754, the embittered conflict involved nearly all the colonies, and throughout its progress New York sustained her reputation for valor and efficiency. In 1755 Sir William Johnston marched successfully against Crown Point; in 1756 Oswego was destroyed by the French; in 1757 they captured Fort William Henry; in 1758 Abercrombie was defeated at Ticonderoga, while Colonel Bradstreet captured Fort Frontenac. In 1759 Niagara, Ticonderoga and Crown Point were captured by the Eng lish and Americans, and no French force was left within the limits of the colony. To the subsequent ministerial aggressions, recommencing after the conquest of Canada in 1760, New York offered a bold front, and entered zealously into the measures proposed for common defence. In May, 1775, Ticonderoga and Crown Point were taken by Ethan Allen, and in October, 1775, Governor Tryon was obliged to leave the province, and shelter himself on board of a Brit ish man-of-war. In 1776, Montgomery and Schuyler were defeated in their attempt to reduce Canada; in August, 1776, the battle of Long Island was fought, and New York fell into the hands of the British. In 1777 the province was invaded from Canada by Burgoyne, whose army was after- NEW JERSEY. 69 ward compelled to surrender at Saratoga. April 2Oth, 1777, a constitution was established. In the winter of 1777- 1778, West Point was fortified; in 1779 General Sullivan destroyed the hostile Indian villages in the western section, while, in return, during the two following years, the Indians devasted the settlements of Mohawk and Schoharie. Novem ber 25th, 1783, New York was evacuated by the British, and Europe with America knew that the trial was over, and American independence a living and immortal fact. The first constitution of the state was adopted in March, 1777, and was revised in 1801, 1821 and 1846. The conflicting boundary claims of this state and New Hampshire led to incessant collisions and "almost to civil war," but in 1790, all differences were adjusted by the erection of the disputed territory into the state of Vermont, and the payment to New York of $30,000. William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis and Lewis Morris, are the names of those admirable statesmen who aided in perfecting the noblest declaration ever penned, to whom the sons of New York should raise enduring monuments, and send hearty bene dictions across that mighty stream of progress, which burst its dams in 1776. NEW JERSEY. POPULATION. 1776, nearly 180,000 inhabitants. 1876, nearly 1,000,000 inhabitants. Present area in square miles, 8,320. Present total wealth, $1,000,000,000. Average wealth, $1,050. The chief collegiate institutions are the College of New s 70 THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. Jersey, at Princeton; Burlington College, at Burlington, and Rutgers College, at New Brunswick. The productions are the various grains, potatoes, sweet potatoes, orchard products, cider, etc.; also in mining, manu factures and the mechanic arts, a large capital is invested, and many hands are constantly employed. The internal traffic is very important, and the state has a vast and increas ing transit business. The earliest colony was probably planted at Bergen, between 1617 and 1620, by the Dutch of New Amsterdam, who claimed the entire country as a portion of the New Netherlands. In 1623, Fort Nassau was constructed, and in 1630 Godyn and Bloemart purchased of the Indians land at Cape May. In 1634, Sir Edmund Ployden obtained a royal grant of the country on the Delaware, and in 1638 a party of Swedes and Finns planted several settlements. After the destruction of the English colonies, the Dutch, under Peter Stuyvesant, in turn dispossessed the Swedes, sending many of them back to Europe. In 1664, Charles II. granted all the territory between the Delaware and Connecticut rivers to his brother, the Duke of York, and sent out an expedition to enforce the claim. Later Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret came into possession of the claim, and the province received its name, New Jersey, in honor of the latter named personage. In 1665, Philip Carteret was appointed governor, but, in 1670, was temporarily superseded by James Carteret, his reputed brother. In 1673, Berkeley sold his proprietary interest to the Quakers, John Fenwick and Edward Byllinge. In this year the Dutch re-captured New York, and as a consequence, regained possession of New Jersey. By the NEW JERSEY. 71 treaty of 1674, it reverted to Great Britain, and subsequently ensued the troublous bickerings between Philip Carteret and Sir Edmund Andros. William Penn, Garven Lawrie and Nicholas Lucas, Quakers, secured an interest in the province, and in 1675, Fen wick established a Quaker settlement at Salem. In February, 1682, the whole territory was purchased by William Penn, associated with eleven other Quakers. Robert Barclay was the first governor under the new pro prietors, and great prosperity was temporarily enjoyed by the oppressed Quakers, who found in New Jersey a safe and pleasant retreat. In 1702 the proprietors surrendered their right of government to the crown, and Lord Cornbury was appointed governor of New York and New Jersey, but each continued to have a separate assembly. In 1708, the latter province petitioned for a distinct administration, and Lewis Morris was appointed governor. Thereafter, until the open ing of the Revolutionary struggle, New Jersey was the scene of few important events, and was little exposed to the inroads of the savages. The last royal governor was William Tem ple Franklin, the natural son of the illustrious Benjamin Franklin. The attempt of the home government to estab lish an arbitrary authority over her colonies, was pertinaciously resisted by New Jersey, and deputies were sent to the con gress which convened at Philadelphia, on the occasion of the stamp act, and to all subsequent assemblies. During the conflict which ensued, her soil was the seat of hostilities for a great length of time, and her losses in men and prop erty were "greater in proportion" than those of any other state. A state constitution was adopted July 2d, 1776, and the tongues, and arms, and resources of the Jersey patriots 72 THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. were ever ready to ably second the holy cause. In the annals depicting the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Millstone, Red Bank and Monmouth, may be found the record of her valor and unquailing perseverance may be read the thrilling story of her uprising, of her great sufferings blended with splendid victories, her sacrifices entwined with glorious rapture. De cember 1 8th, 1787, the Federal Constitution was adopted by a unanimous vote, and in 1790 the state capital was estab lished at Trenton. New Jersey sent five noble sons to affix their signatures to the first instrument which secured to mankind true liberty: their names are: Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart and Abraham Clark. PENNSYLVANIA. POPULATION. 1776, nearly 400,000 inhabitants. 1876, nearly 3,800,000 inhabitants. Present area in square miles, 46,000. Present total wealth, $4,000,000,000. Average wealth, $1,150. There are nearly thirty important collegiate institutions, while the University of Pennsylvania, the Pennsylvania Hospital, and the medical department of Pennsylvania and Jefferson Medical College, are "the most celebrated and suc cessful of their class in the country." The products are wheat, rye, buckwheat, barley, Indian corn, cheese, wool, tobacco, butter, etc.; also pig iron, wrought and manufactured goods. Commerce, external and internal, is in a thriving and prosperous condition. The shores of the river received their first civilized colony PENNSYLVANIA. 73 from Sweden, and in 1627 a thrifty body of Swedes and Finns settled on both shores of the Delaware, making their way nearly to the site of Philadelphia. Making little pro gress, however, in the settlement of the country, in 1655 they were obliged to submit to the then paramount Dutch rule at New Amsterdam. In 1664, they passed quietly under the English jurisdiction, at this period generally established and nourishing. In 1681, the territory west of the Delaware was granted to William Penn, who colonized it, and founded Philadelphia in 1682. Under the charter then granted by Charles II., was included the present area of the State of Delaware, known as "the lower counties," which continued under the same proprietary until 1699, when a separate legislature, but not a distinct governor, was granted them. In this manner were the two colonies connected until the Revolution of 1776. The grant to Penn was for territory covered in reality by the ill-defined grants made to the New England colonies, Virginia and Maryland; and, though the lines on the east, north and west were easily adjusted, the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland was long a subject of contest by the heirs of the original proprietors, and was finally settled by the survey of Mason and Dixon, begun in 1763 and completed in 1767. Until the dawn of the revolutionary conflict the province was unusually free from troubles with the natives, and the humane and peaceful policy advocated by Penn and his successors, secured to the colo nists many years of prosperous tranquillity. Eventually, however, Braddock s ill-fated expedition, and the terrible massacre of Wyoming, disturbed the friendly relations of the colonists and the Indians, and subsequently the territory T 74 THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. suffered greatly from a relentless and destructive savage war fare. Owing to the "high character and steady energy" of the Friends, Pennsylvania became rapidly one of the most flourishing of the colonial establishments, and long before the Revolution, enjoyed an honorable and enviable position throughout the changes incident to the founding of a new government. September 28th, 1776, the Pennsylvania con vention adopted its constitution; but the opposition which it received alike from the Quakers, whom it indirectly dis franchised, and from a large body of patriots, delayed its thorough organization for more than five months. Its central position drew to its principal town the sessions of the Continental Congress, and it was the seat of the general government then formed until 1800. Here independence was formally proclaimed, and throughout the subsequent trying scenes, the Pennsylvanians pursued a calm and steady, though not over-zealous or precipitate, line of conduct. Brandywine, Germantown, Valley Forge, and a dozen other memorable spots, recall perennially the heroic efforts of ill-clad and shoeless men, unrivaled, unequaled for their daring and persistency amid dire want and utter cold the stoical nobleness of a chief whose only thought was his country s welfare, his only dream its independence and prosperity. On the declaration of independence, the pro prietary government was, abrogated, and the people, through their representatives, formed a new constitution, which was subsequently succeeded by that of 1790. Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson and George Ross are the names of those whose signatures, DELAWARE. 75 placed under the declaration of independence, testify to their courageous support of a sorely needed and beneficent measure. DELAWARE. POPULATION. 1776, nearly 50,000 inhabitants. 1876, nearly 126,000 inhabitants. Present area in square miles, 2,120. Present total wealth, $98,000,000. Average wealth, $800. The principal collegiate institutions are Delaware College at Newark, and St. Mary s College at Wilmington. The chief natural productions are wheat, rye, oats, peaches, fruits and Indian corn; while the general manufacturing interests are of the highest importance. This state owes its name to Lord Delaware, governor of Virginia, who entered the bay in 1610; but, prior to this, in 1609, Hudson had sailed upon its majestic waters. In 1630, De Vries, with thirty colonists from Holland, settled near Lewes, and in 1637, the Swedish West India Company sent a colony of Swedes and Finns, which, arriving at cape Henlopen in 1638, surveyed the country and named it Nya Sveriga, or New Sweden. In 1655, the rule of the Swedes was annihilated by the Dutch, who sent to Europe all the colonists who refused allegiance to Holland. Thereafter, until 1664, when the English took possession of New Neth erlands, Delaware settlements were governed by the Dutch authorities. Subsequently ensued the contest between Wil liam Penn and Lord Baltimore, respecting the boundary line of their respective possessions, which was ultimately adjusted 7 6 THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. by an amicable compromise between the claimants. For twenty years the "territories, or three lower counties on the Delaware," were governed as a part of Pennsylvania, each county sending six delegates to the general assembly. In 1703, those territories obtained liberty to secede, and ever afterwards maintained their right to a separate and distinct assembly. But the proprietary, until the outbreak of the Revolutionary struggle, retained all his rights, and the same governor presided over both Delaware and Pennsylvania. Protected by the sister colonies environing her, Delaware enjoyed an almost entire exemption from wars, except those in which " as a part of the British Empire she was obliged to assist." In the war which terminated in the surrender of Canada, in 1763, Delaware contributed her full proportion of men and means to co-operate with the Mother-country, and, as a reimbursement for her " extraordinary expenses," the Parliament granted her but 4000 pounds sterling, a sum admittedly far inferior to what would have been a just remu neration. At the meeting of the congress which convened in Philadelphia in 1765, on occasion of the Stamp Act, the territory, notwithstanding its nominal dependence, was rep resented as a distinct province, with Thomas McKean and Cassar Rodney for delegates. Finally, in April, 1775, Richard Penn, then proprietor of Pennsylvania, resigned his juris diction over the "lower counties," and in September, 1776, independence having been declared, a convention of repre sentatives, chosen for the purpose, formed a constitution for the free and independent state of Delaware. Throughout the conflict, she labored profitably and incessantly for the good of the common welfare, and her losses and sacrifices, DELAWARE. 77 in the cause of liberty, won for her resplendent glory as the mother of wise counselors, upright patriots, and unquailing soldiers. When the true scope of the Boston Port act became universally known; when South Carolina sent her rice and words of warm sympathy to the "Bostoneers," and North Carolina two thousand pounds currency; when the people of Wilmington sent back the taunt of irresolute Lord North, and added, "Ay, my lord, and you will find this American union a rope of sand that may yet hang men for their evil deeds ;" when Connecticut sent her flocks of lamb and sheep to the starving freemen of the Massachusetts coast; when Quebec shipped to them a thousand and more bushels of wheat; when every province sent in its cheerful contributions, Delaware stood second to none in its swift charities, but stinted and stripped herself to feed and clothe those steadfast, hungering and desolate pioneers in the path of freedom who offered themselves as the bulwark of Amer ican rights and liberties. And when the perilous moment came wherein good and wise men, with wives and children and hard-won wealth, statesmen weighed down with ineffable responsibilities, were to stand before the world as acknowl edged leaders of a revolution, and hazard, for their country s sake, a felon s fate Caesar Rodney, George Read, and Thomas McKean, signed boldly the immortal declaration which made America a power in the land, and upon every sea. Sep tember 20th, 1776, Delaware proclaimed its constitution, built upon the declaration of rights. Nor must the memorable contest at Brandywine Creek be passed by in silence the banks where Howe and England gained over Washington and America, one of those victories, u 7 8 THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. of which Vergennes remarked, "Two such victories, and England will not have a soldier left in America." MARYLAND. POPULATION. 1776, nearly 225,000 inhabitants. 1876, nearly 800,000 inhabitants. Present area in square miles, 11,124. Present total wealth, about $700,000,000. Average wealth, about $900. Among the many valuable educational institutions of this state, may be mentioned Washington College at Charles- town, St. John s College at Baltimore, St. Mary s College at Baltimore, St. Charles s College at Ellicott s Mills, and St. John s College at Frederick City. The staple cultivated crops are tobacco, wheat and Indian corn; in foreign commerce, .Maryland occupies the sixth place in the Union, while her domestic trade, internal and coastwise, is thriving and extensive. The first settlement was made under the guidance of Captain William Clayborne, who, landing from Virginia with a party of pioneers, stepped ashore on Kent Island, Ches apeake Bay, in 1631. But the charter under which the colony was permanently established, granted by Charles the First to the second Lord Baltimore, was dated June 2Oth, 1632, and, in honor of Henrietta Maria, the province was named Terra Marice. In the harrassing and protracted conflict resulting in the annihilation of the French dominion in America, Maryland bore an active part; and here, in 1754, was organized Braddock s expedition against Fort Duquesne. During that part of the last century which MARYLAND. 79 preceded the birth of Revolutionary hostilities, Maryland "enjoyed so unvaried a series of quiet prosperity," that her annals furnish few materials for historical notice. In 1760, the contest, of words merely, with William Penn, relative to the boundary line of the two provinces, was amicably and finally settled. Both the stamp act and the tea duty act were ardently opposed by the people of this state; and, in a propitious moment, the proprietary government was superseded by committees of public safety, and, in harmony with a natural and prevailing sentiment, by conventions of the whole people. The following are the names of those Maryland patriots immortalized as signers of the declaration of independence: Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, and Charles Carroll, of Carrollton. August I4th, 1776, was framed the constitution of Maryland, and on the following November Qth, it was established. A convention assembled in August, 1776, and in Sep tember presented a bill of rights and a constitution, which were adopted in the following November. February 5th, 1777, the first elected legislature assembled at Annapolis, and shortly after, Thomas Johnson was chosen the first Repub lican governor. From the opening of the war until its close, the Maryland troops were noted for their efficiency and daring, and the famous " Maryland line" was cited as an example to fire the backward and the timid. In the battles of Long Island, Harlem Heights, Princeton, White Plains, Trenton, <*tc., they were active and invaluable participants; while in almost every important battle, from the engagement at Brooklyn Heights to the struggle at York town, they bore an honorable part. Especially in the southern campaigns 8o THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. under General Greene were the* "bravery and good conduct of the Maryland line" conspicuous, and to them was often entrusted the honor of initiating a sortie, or heading a forlorn hope in a desperate encounter with overwhelming forces of veteran European troops. It was in May, 1774, while Boston was languishing under the strong hand of ministerial oppression, and while many held back in doubt and alarm, that Baltimore rose erect, saying with fervid calmness, "Petitions? I cannot see the least grounds for expecting relief for a petition and remonstrance. During the past ten years, king and ministry have trodden under foot my prayers, laughing me and mine to scorn. Something more sensible than supplications will best serve my purpose," and instantly she resolved to cease all trading relations with Great Britain and the West Indies, selected deputies to a colonial convention, recommended the forma tion of a Continental Congress, and wrote to her Boston brethren, " The Supreme Disposer of all events will termin ate this severe trial of your patience in a happy confirmation of American freedom." Bold words! but not bolder than was the indomitable spirit which prompted them, nor the heart which knew no rest until entire freedom was won, after many trials. VIRGINIA. POPULATION. 1776, nearly 600,000 inhabitants. 1876, nearly 1,500,000 inhabitants. Present area in square miles, 38,348. Present total wealth, $450,000,000. Average wealth, $350. VIRGINIA. 8 1 In conjunction with the now separate state of West Virginia these items are thus increased: Population, 500,000. Area, 23,000. Total wealth, $200,000,000; and average wealth, $450. Among the chief collegiate institutions are William and Mary College, Hampden Sydney College, Washington College, and University of Virginia. The principal agricultural productions are the various cereals, wheat, Indian corn, etc.; tobacco, cotton, wool and potatoes; also, butter and cheese. The manufacturing interests are extensive, and the commerce, both foreign and domestic, is of considerable importance. Virginia \vas the first of the American colonies settled by the English, and Jamestown was founded May I3th, 1607, by 105 colon ists sent out by the London Company, whose first incom petent leader, Wingfield, was succeeded by the famous Capt John Smith. The London Company was reorganized in 1609, and received a grant of territory "extending 200 miles north, and the same distance south of Old Point Comfort, and westward to the Pacific." Of nine vessels subsequently despatched thither, seven arrived safely in the James River; the old government was abrogated, and Smith retained his position as governor under the new regime. Thereafter, until 1619, the tide of emigration from the old country set in strongly toward the settle ment on the James River, and various other neighboring points were rapidly colonized by the newcomers. In that year, also, were sent over "ninety respectable young women" who were disposed of to the planters as wives, at the cost of their passage, payable in tobacco. In 1619, a Dutch v 82 .THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. trading vessel brought to Jamestown twenty negroes, who were sold as slaves for life. In 1622 occurred a terrible war between the colonists and the tribes led by Opechan- canough. In 1624, the Virginia Company was dissolved, and in 1632, under the direct control of the crown, the laws of the colony were revised and consolidated. In 1641, Sir William Berkeley became governor; in 1652 Richard Bennett became his successor; but on the restoration of Charles II., the former governor regained his place. In 1662 the code of the colony was again revised, and the Church of Eng land re-established. In 1676 occurred "Bacon s rebellion," in which Berkeley met with loss and, eventually, disgrace. In 1705 took place the fifth colonial revision of the code, by which the slave was declared real estate. Hostilities broke out with the French in 1754, and in this war George Washington first entered the service of America, command ing the colonial troops at the battle of Fort Necessity, and assuming the command of the Virginia forces after Brad- dock s defeat in 1755. In 1765 the House of Burgesses adopted the resolutions denying the right of any foreign body to levy taxes upon the colony. In 1769, fresh resolu tions of a similar nature were passed, and, in consequence, Lord Botetourt immediately dissolved the assembly. In March, 1773, the Virginia Committee of Correspondence was organized, and April 2ist, 1775, Governor Dunmore was openly menaced for his "arbitrary deportment." On the following November 23d, Dunmore took forcible pos session of Norfolk, was driven thence December 3d, and in January, 1776, bombarded the town. In June, 1776, Virginia adopted her State Constitution, and it was the NORTH CAROLINA. 83 Virginia delegates who, in the Continental Congress, pro posed the declaration of independence, and sent George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lrghtfoot Lee and Carter Braxton to declare her sentiments. In 1779 occurred the destruction, by Matthews, of Norfolk, who also took Portsmouth and Gosport, and destroyed 130 merchant vessels on the James and Elizabeth rivers. In January, 1781, Benedict Arnold captured and ravaged Richmond, but was afterward successfully pursued by the militia under Steuben, and several French frigates in the Chesapeake. In the spring of the same year, Cornwallis and Phillips devastated eastern Virginia, but the following October 19111, the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown virtually closed the war. NORTH CAROLINA. POPULATION. 1776, nearly 350,000 inhabitants. 1876, nearly 1,250,000 inhabitants. Area in square miles, 50,704. Present total wealth, $275,000,000. Average wealth, $250. The principal collegiate institutions are, the University of North Carolina, Davidson College, Wake Forest College and Normal College. Iron and coal are among the mineral productions ; the various fruits are found in profusion, while turpentine, tar, rosin, rice, tobacco and cotton, with the various grains and mining and manufacturing establishments, form the basis of a large and constantly increasing commerce. 84 THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. The first systematic essay at settlement in North Car olina was made by a party of one hundred and eight, under Ralph Lane, despatched by Sir Walter Raleigh, which landed in 1585 on Roanoke, an island between Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds. These adventurers, however, drawing upon themselves the hostility of the native tribes, soon after returned to England with the fleet of Sir Francis Drake. Prior to this, in 1584, Raleigh s expedition had made the land at Cape Fear, and run into Ocracoke Inlet, when the voyagers landed on the isle of Wococon. Thereafter, until the middle of the seventeenth century, various abortive settlements made by Raleigh and others met with great sufferings, and were ultimately wholly destroyed. In 1630, a vast tract of land south of the Chesapeake, known as Carolina, was granted to Sir Robert Heath, but not being colonized, the grant was afterward declared forfeited. In 1663, Charles II. granted the same "territory of Carolina" to eight eminent English noblemen, who were vested with jurisdiction over the colonists, and John Locke was engaged to elaborate a scheme of government for the whole province. William Drummond, the first governor, was executed in Virginia as a rebel; under Samuel Stevens, his successor, were enacted the first laws for the colony, by an assembly partaking both of popular and proprietary qualities. In 1695, the Quaker, John Archdale, was appointed governor. Con siderable settlements were made during his beneficent administration, and the export of tar and rice was com menced. In 1705, Thomas Gary was appointed governor, and, upon being removed to give place to Edward Hyde, incited a rebellion which was not suppressed until 1711. NORTH CAROLINA. 85 Meanwhile and subsequently, until 1713, tne province was continually harassed by the Tuscaroras, who finally emi grated to the north. At this period, also, various other hostile tribes were intimidated and reduced to subjection. In July, 1729, while under Governor Everard, the province became a royal government, with Lord Carteret as the pro prietor of one-eighth of the domain. Later, a party of Irish Presbyterians settled in the north-western section, a colony of Moravians took possession of the ground between the Dan and the Yadkin rivers, and a party of Highlanders settled near Fayetteville. During the subsequent evil administration of Tryon, the "regulator" troubles convulsed the State, and the people murmured against his tyranny and oppression. Under the following administration of Josiah Martin, disputes arose between the governor and the assembly, and also loud complaints relative to the unjusti fiable policy of the home government. Finally, North Carolina sent representatives to the first Continental Con gress, September , 1774, and an association was formed in Mecklenburg which, May, 1775, decided to renounce allegi ance to the crown. August 2oth, 1775, a popular convention authorized the raising of three, afterward five regiments of troops, to be taken into colonial pay by Congress. Subse quently, the loyalist Highlanders under McDonald and McLeod were routed by the patriots under Moore and Caswell; and, in April, 1776, the North Carolina convention authorized their delegates to unite with the other colonies in a declaration of independence. In the following Decem ber, the province adopted a State Constitution, and liberally furnished her quota of men; but, "beyond the partisan war- w 86 THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. fare between the loyalists and patriots," was not the scene of military operations until 1780. October 9th of this yean General Ferguson was defeated by Shelby and Sevier, and sustained severe losses. The memorable battle of Cowpens took place January iyth, 1781, and that of Guilford Court House occurred March 5th, 1781. The Constitution of the United States, formed in 1787, rejected by North Carolina in 1788, was finally adopted in 1789. William Hooper, Joseph Hewes and John Perm, are the names of those sons of North Carolina who felt no fear in the final moment which preceded the signing of that state paper which far outshone the glory even of the British Magna Charta. December, 1 8th, 1776, the constitution of North Carolina was fully ratified in the congress by which it had been framed. SOUTH CAROLINA. POPULATION. 1776, nearly 200,000 inhabitants. 1876, nearly 800,000 inhabitants. Present area in square miles, 34,000. Present total wealth, $225,000,000. Average wealth, $300. There are eight colleges in the State. Of these, the South Carolina College, at Columbia, is a State institution. The products are cotton, rice, tobacco, maize, oats, rye, barley, etc.; also, the commercial and manufacturing inter ests are of an important scope and nature. Probably the first essay at peaceful colonization in this country was made by a party of French Huguenots under John Ribanet, who, in 1562, was despatched on a voyage of exploration to Florida. After the discovery in May of that year of the SOUTH CAROLINA. 87 St. John s (May) River, he coasted northward, and ultimately entered the commodious inlet which he named Port Royal. On an island in that harbor he then constructed a fort called Carolina, after Charles IX., of France. Hut the set tlement there planted became discontented, killed the commandant, and shortly after returned to Prance. The subsequent settlement was made in 1670, by English col onists, first at Port Royal, then at Old Charleston, and finally, in 1680, at the present Charleston. As "Carolina," both the present states were held as a proprietary govern ment, nominally under the famous model constitution arranged by John Locke, till July, 1729, when the king becoming by purchase sole owner, formed the Carolinas into two separate royal colonies. In 1685, large numbers of French Huguenots settled in South Carolina, which were followed later by considerable settlements of Swiss, German, and Irish emigrants. At various periods the colonists were severely harassed by the hostile natives, and, with Georgia, were engaged in a contest with the Spanish settlements in Florida. At the outbreak of revolutionary hostilities, and throughout the conflict, South Carolina was the scene of destructive warfare, and on her soil many hotly contested battles and skirmishes were fought with varying success. Fort Moultrie, Charleston, King s Mountain, Camden, Eutaw Springs, Cowpens, and -other names of -thrilling historic and national interest, evoke memories rife with pregnant asso ciations. The last engagement of any importance, the battle of Eutaw Springs, between General Greene and Colonel Stuart, in which both sides claimed the victory, was fought within the boundaries of this State, and vir- 88 THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. tually terminated the contest in the south. The provisional constitution of South Carolina dates from the 26th of March, 1776. In March, 1778, a permanent constitution was estab lished by an act of the legislature, without any previous consultation of the people. During the greater part of 1780 and 1781, the country was held by the British, and this continual occupation of their land was the cause of incessant skirmishes and uprisings on the part of the energetic and irrepressible citizens. The partisan warfare conducted so gallantly by Marion, Sumter and Lee was, both directly and indirectly, the source of great benefit to the common cause, and the ever ready helpfulness of the planters and back woodsmen assisted greatly in precipitating the final and welcome result. From South Carolina went forth Edward Rutledge, Thomas Hey ward, Thomas Lynch, Jr., and Arthur Middleton, to append their names, by the authority of their fellow-citizens, to that declaration which is our guide along the road of time to the regions of happy grandeur and prosperity. GEORGIA. POPULATION. 1776, nearly 75,000 inhabitants. 1876, nearly 1,200,000 inhabitants. Present area in square miles, 58,000. Present total wealth, $275,000,000. Average wealth, $250. The principal collegiate and professional schools are Franklin College, Athens; Oglethorpe University, Milledge- ville; Emory College, Oxford; Mercer University, Pennfield, and Wesleyan Female College, Macon. GEORGIA. 89 Georgia s cotton, the longstaple, or, as it is called from the place of its growth, "sea-island cotton," is justly cele brated. Gold and copper are found in limited quantities, also valuable limestones. The northern section of the state is a grain country, producing wheat, rye, oats, Indian corn and barley. The manufacturing establishments are also of im portance, while the sum total of its coast trade, imports and exports, attains considerable dimensions. Previous to 1733, the country lying within Georgia s present boundaries was an uncultured wilderness, and, though comprehended within the charter of Carolina, had been claimed both by Spain and England. By patent, dated June Qth, 1732, George I.I. granted the territory to a corporation, entitled, "The trustees for settling the colony of Georgia." The measures con cerning this province were actuated equally by charitable and political considerations; on the one hand, a pleasant retreat was desired for the needy and deserving in the mother country; on the other, it was advised as a measure of state policy, to rescue the frontiers of the Carolinas from the marauding incursions of the Spaniards and Indians from Florida. In November, 1732, 120 persons were embarked at Gravesend, under the control of General James Ogle- thorpe, and in January, 1733, landed at Charleston. The permanent settlement was commenced at Savannah, in the ensuing spring, and in 1734 was further strengthened by the arrival of 600 additional immigrants. In 1739, war broke out between England and Spain, and Oglethorpe invaded Florida. Failing in his attack, however, upon St. Augustine, in 1742, as a measure of retaliation, the Spaniards took Fort St. Simon, and also meditated the destruction of x 9 o THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. Fort Frederica, which was saved by the shrewdness of Oglethorpe. Later, the trustees surrendered their charter to the crown, and in 1752, Georgia became a royal govern ment, and in 1755 a general assembly was established in the territory. At this date, the limits of the colony were the Savannah on the north and the Altamaha on the south, extending westward to the Pacific. But by a royal procla mation in 1763, all the lands lying between the Altamaha and St. Mary s were annexed to Georgia. At the beginning of the Revolutionary troubles, though the infant state "had just begun to enjoy the blessings of peace and of a more beneficent system of government," she did not hesitate to strike hands with her oppressed brothers in the north, did not falter and pause timorously to weigh each pro and con, but worded her sympathy and promises with warmth and decision. In March, 1775, she appointed a delegate to congress, and in the following July gave her sanction to the measures of congress. February 5th, 1777, her organic law was perfected by the unanimous agreement of the convention. While the war was waging, Georgia was incessantly invaded by the British troops, suffered severely from the destruction of her property and the devastation of her plantations, and her most honored sons and daughters were compelled to abandon their cherished homes and con ceal themselves in the bordering states, where too, often, they fell victims to poverty and disease willing martyrs to that holy cause which was upheld with all the fervor of their southern hearts. In 1778, Savannah was captured, and in the following year, Augusta and Sunbury were occupied by the enemy. In 1779, a valiant but futile attempt was made GEORGIA. by the French and Americans to recapture Savannah. When news of the skirmishes at Lexington had fired Savannah, her frontier was threatened by the hostile Creeks, Chick- asaws, Cherokees and Choctaws, while her numerous African slaves justly inspired anxious apprehensions of a servile insurrection; yet, with little delay, the Georgians involved themselves irrevocably with the "outlaws and rebels" of Massachusetts, and, breaking open the king s magazine, they took from it nearly 600 Ibs. of powder, and forwarded to the north sixty-three barrels of rice, and ^122 in specie. Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall and George Walton are the names of the three patriots who staked their lives and fortunes upon the issue of a sublime, but apparently unequal conflict apparently, only, since the genius of right was with one, against the other in which the first European power and the instincts of mediaevalism were to be baffled by an infant commonwealth and the liberal spirit of the age. 92 LIVES OF THE SIGNERS. BIOGRAPHIES OF THE SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. JOHN HANCOCK, President of the Continental Con gress, was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, January I2th, 1737, and died there October 8th, 1793. In 1754 he was graduated at Harvard College, and subsequently was em ployed in the counting house of an uncle, who, dying in 1764, left to him the large fortune which enabled him to figure so prominently as an enterprising merchant. In 1766, as associate with Otis, Gushing and Samuel Adams, he was chosen to the Massachusetts House of Representatives from Boston. "It was the seizure of his sloop the Liberty, that occasioned the riot in 1768." Afterward he became a member of the provincial congress at Concord, and in 1774 was chosen its president. In 1775 he became president of the Continental Congress, and in 1776 signed the declaration of independence. In 1777 he returned to Massachusetts, and in 1780 was chosen first governor, to which office, with an interval of two years, he was annually re-elected till his death. NEW HAMPSHIRE. JOSIAH BARTLETT, M. D., governor of New Hamp shire, was born in Amesbury, Massachusetts, in November, 1729, and died May igth, 1795. He commenced the practice of medicine in 1750, at Kingston. After receiving various appointments from John Wentworth, the royal governor, LIVES OF THE SIGNERS. 93 he was deprived of them in 1775, on account of his zeal ous Whig principles. In 1774 he was appointed to the command of a regiment of militia. As a delegate to the Continental Congress, he was the first whb voted for the declaration, and the first, after the president, to sign that memorable document. In 1777, he accompanied Stark to Bennington. In 1779 he was appointed Chief Justice of the common pleas; in 1784, justice of the Supreme Court, and in 1788, Chief Justice. In the convention called to adopt the Federal Constitution, in 1788, he was a prominent mover, and in 1790, was president of New Hampshire. In 1793 he became the first governor under the new state constitution. He was, moreover, president of the Medical Society, established, by his exertions, in 1791. WILLIAM WHIPPLE was born in Kittery, Maine, in 1730, and died November 8th, 1785. Prior to his twenty-first year, he had made several voyages to England as captain; but, relinquishing a sea-faring life in 1759, he engaged in mercantile pursuits at Portsmouth, New Hamp shire. In January, 1775, he became the district representative in the provincial congress convened at Exeter, and subse quently, was elected to the Continental Congress. He was appointed brigadier general in 1777, commanded the first brigade of New Hampshire troops, and participated in the actions of Stillwater and Saratoga. In 1778 he arrested General Sullivan in the siege of Newport. He was finan cial receiver for the state of New Hampshire from 1782 till 1784, and in the former year was appointed judge of the Supreme Court of the state. Y 94 LIVES OF THE SIGNERS. MATTHEW THORNTON was born in Ireland about the year 1714, and died in Newburyport, Massachusetts, June 24th, 1803. In Worcester, Massachusetts, he received an academical education, and subsequently studied the science of medicine under Dr. Grout, of Leicester, Massachusetts. In the expedition against Cape Breton, in 1745, he was enrolled as surgeon, and ably performed his onerous duties. At the commencement of the conflict he resided in London derry, holding the rank of a colonel in the militia, and, under the administration of Benning Wentworth, was commissioned a justice of the peace. In 1775 he was appointed the first president of the provincial convention. January 5th, 1776, he was elected speaker of the general assembly. September 1 2th, 1776, he was appointed, by the house of representatives, a delegate to represent, for one year, the state of New Hamp shire in Congress. January loth, 1776, he was appointed a judge of the superior court of New Hampshire, having previ ously received the appointment of Chief Justice of the court of common pleas. December 24th, 1776, he was elected to represent in congress, for one year, the state of New Hampshire. In 1779 he removed to Exeter, and, in 1780, purchased a farm on the banks of the Merrimack, to which he shortly after retired. Subsequently, for several years, he was selectman of the town, also served as a member of the general court, and was elected to the office of senator to the State Legislature. January 25th, 1784, he was appointed a justice of the peace and quorum throughout the state under the new constitution, which office he held until the time of his demise. In 1785, he was also a member of the council, under the presidency of John Langdon. LIl ES OP THE SIGNERS. 95 MASSACHUSETTS. SAMUEL ADAMS was born in Boston, September 2yth, 1722, where he died October 2cl, 1803. His preliminary education was acquired at the Boston Latin school, whence he entered Cambridge in 1736. In 1765 he was chosen as one of the three representatives in the general court of the town of Boston. At the time of the so-called "Boston massacre," in March, 1770, he was a prominent agent, and a. bold mover in important matters. At the June (1774) meeting of the general court, a Continental Congress was proposed to assemble at Philadelphia, and he was one of the five delegates appointed by the representatives. In this congress, and in those which followed, he was, during eight years, noted for his energy, decision and ability. He partici pated prominently in the formation of the state constitution of Massachusetts, adopted in 1780, and was a leading spirit of the Massachusetts convention called in 1788. He was the author of many important state papers, and numerous political tracts and pamphlets. His oration on American Independence, delivered in Philadelphia, August ist, 1776, is a favorable specimen of his style, and admirably illus trative of the general character of its composer. JOHN ADAMS was born October igth, 1735, in that part of Braintree, Massachusetts, which is on the south shore of Boston Harbor, ten miles distant from Boston, where he died July 4th, 1826. He acquired a classical education at Harvard College, whence he graduated in 1755. He was afterward entrusted with the charge of the grammar school in Worcester, Massachusetts. After completing a two years 96 LIVES OF THE SIGNERS. course of legal studies in Worcester, he removed, in 1758, to Suffolk county, and gradually introduced himself into practice. In 1764 he married Abigail Smith, and shortly after, presented the Braintree town meeting with the notable resolutions concerning the Stamp Act. He was subse quently appointed one of the counsel to support a memorial addressed to the governor and the council. Removing to Boston in 1768, in 1770 he was chosen a representative to the General Court. In the congress of 1774, he was one of the five delegates from Massachusetts to Philadelphia, and upon his return, was elected a member, for Braintree, of the provincial congress then in session. He was a member of the Continental Congress of 1775, and after his return home, sat as a member of the Massachusetts council. Later, he was instrumental in drawing up the basis of our existing naval code, and urged the necessity of advising all the provinces to institute governments of their own. He was subsequently appointed chief justice of Massachusetts, but resigned that office in 1777. The Declaration of Independence, though drawn up by Jefferson, was strenuously upheld by him in a three days debate, and, June I2th, congress established the board of war and ordnance, of which he was made chairman or president. He was also chairman of the com mittee upon which devolved the decision of appeals in admiralty cases from the state courts. In 1777 he was appointed a commissioner to France, to supersede Deane, and, embarking at Boston, in the frigate Boston, February 1 2th, 1778, arrived in Paris April 8th. After his return, he was appointed by congress, minister to treat with Great Britain for peace and commerce, when he sailed again for LIVES OF THE SIGNERS. 97 France in 1779. In July 1780 he proceeded to Holland, where he was appointed by congress to negotiate a Dutch loan. Later, he was appointed minister to Holland, com missioned to sign the articles of the armed neutrality. But in July, 1781, he was recalled to Paris. In 1782 he succeeded in negotiating a Dutch loan of $2,000,000, and also a treaty of commerce and amity. In May, 1785, he arrived, as minister, at the court of St. James. In February, 1788, he received a solicited recall, and, on his arrival home, was reappointed a delegate from Massachusetts to the Conti nental Congress. Upon the election of Washington to the presidency, he became vice-president, and, by virtue of his new office, president of the senate. In 1792 he was re- elected. After Washington s retirement, he was elected president chosen by a very slender majority. In 1820, he was chosen a delegate by his townsmen in the convention called to revise the constitution of Massachusetts. His chief publications are as follows: "Essay on the Canon and Feudal Law," "Essays by Novanglus," or, "A History of the Dispute with America;" Thoughts on Government Applicable to the Present State of the American Colonies;" "Twenty-six Letters upon Interesting Subjects;" "Defence of the American Constitution;" "Discourses on Davila," and an "Autobiography." ROBERT TREAT PAINE was born in Boston, March nth, 1731, and died there May nth, 1814. After gradu ating at Harvard College, he studied theology, and acted, in 1755, as chaplain of the troops on the northern frontier. Subsequently he studied law and established himself in 98 LIVES OF THE SIGNERS. Boston. In 1768 he was a delegate from the town of Taunton to the convention called in Boston after the dis solution of the general court by Governor Bernard. In 1770 he conducted the prosecution against Captain Preston and his men. In 1773-74 he was chosen a representative from Taunton to the General Assembly of Massachusetts, and in the latter year was appointed a delegate to the Continental Congress. Re-elected in 1775, he was one of the committee of three deputed to visit Schuyler s army. He was a delegate to the congresses of 1776, 1777, 1778, and in 1777 was Speaker of the House of Massachusetts and Attorney General of the state. In 1779 he was a member of the executive council, and a delegate to the convention, also one of the committee which formed the constitution of the common wealth. In 1780 he was chosen attorney general, filling that office until 1790, when he became a judge of the Supreme Court. On account of failing health he resigned that office in 1804; during this year he was also a state councillor. He was one of the founders of the American Academy, situated in Massachusetts, in 1780. ELBRIDGE GERRY was born in Marblehead, Massa chusetts, July 1 7th, 1744, and died in Washington, November 1 3th, 1814. After graduating at Harvard College in 1762, he was engaged in commercial pursuits, for several years, and, in 1772, was elected representative from Marblehead to the general legislature of the state. He was placed on the two important committees of safety and supplies which sat at Cambridge, on the day preceding the battle of Lexington. In January, 1776, he was elected a delegate to the Continental LIJSES OF THE SIGNERS. 99 Congress, where he was generally chairman of the committee of the treasury till the organization of the treasury board in 1780. Returning from congress in 1780, he resumed his seat in 1783. While delegate to the Philadelphia convention of 1787, he refused to sign the constitution proposed, but subsequently lent to it his support. From 1795 till 1797, he resided in Cambridge, when, with Pinckney and Marshall, he was sent to France on a special commission to avert the impending rupture between that country and America. In 1798, also in 1801, he was unsuccessfully supported by the Democratic party of Massachusetts for the office of governor; in 1710 he secured that position, and in 1811 was re-elected. In 1812 he was elected Vice-President of the United States. RHODE ISLAND. STEPHEN HOPKINS was born in Scituate, Rhode Island, March 7th, 1707, and died in Providence, July I3th, 1785. In 1733 he was elected a member of the general assembly, and in 1739 chief justice of the court of common pleas. He was elected governor of the state in 1755, and, with the exception of four years, held that position until 1768. In 1754 he acted with the commissioners assembled at Albany, New York, to further the union of the colonies, and in 1765 was chosen chairman of a committee appointed in Providence to draft instructions to the general assembly on the Stamp Act In August, 1774, he represented his state in the general congress held at Philadelphia, and was also chosen in 1775 and 1776. For many years he was chancellor of Brown University. In 1765 he published ioo LIVES OF THE SIGNERS. "The Rights of the Colonies Examined," and also began a "History of the Planting and Growth of Providence." WILLIAM ELLERY was born in Newport, Rhode Island, December 22d, 1727, and died there February I5th, 1820. Graduating from Harvard College in 1747, he subse quently engaged in mercantile pursuits in his native place. In 1770 he began the practice of the law in Newport, and in May, 1776, took his seat in the congress of that year as one of the delegates for Rhode Island. With the exception of the years 1780 and 1782, he remained in congress till 1786. In April, 1786, he was elected, by congress, commis sioner of the continental loan office for the state of Rhode Island, and in 1790 was appointed collector of Newport, which office he filled until his decease. CONNECTICUT. ROGER SHERMAN was born in Newton, Massachu setts, April i Qth, 1721, and died in New Haven, Connecticut, July 23d, 1793. In early life he followed the occupation of shoemaking. In 1743 he removed to New Milford, Con necticut, and in 1745 was appointed surveyor of lands for the county. In 1754 he Was admitted to the bar, was sev eral times elected a member of the colonial assembly, and in 1759 was appointed judge of the court of common pleas. In 1765 he was judge of the common pleas in New Haven, and in 1766, an assistant of the upper house in the legisla ture. In 1744 he was appointed a member of the first congress, and held that position until his demise, at which time he was in the senate, whereto he was elected in 1791. LIVES OF THE SIGNERS. 101 From 1784 until his decease, he was also Mayor of New Haven, and, for several years, was treasurer of Yale College. He was a prominent member of the constitutional convention of 1787, and assisted importantly in codifying the laws of Connecticut, and in securing the ratification of the constitu tion by the state convention of Connecticut. SAMUEL HUNTINGTON was born in Windham, Con necticut, July 3d, 1732, and died in Norwich, January 5th, 1796. Prior to 1775, after completing his legal education, he held the offices of king s attorney, and associate justice of the superior court of Connecticut. He entered the Continental Congress as a delegate from his native stajtji, in January, 1776. He succeeded John Jay as president .-of congress in September, 1779, and filled that office until July / 1780, when he resumed his seat on the Connecticut bench. From May to June, 1783, he served again in congress. In the following year he was appointed chief justice of the superior court of Connecticut. Of this state he was elected lieutenant governor in 1785, and in 1786 succeeded Roger Griswold as governor, a position to which he was annually elected until his demise. WILLIAM WILLIAMS was born in Lebanon, Wind- ham county, Connecticut, April 8th, 1731, and died there August 2d, 1811. In 1751 he graduated from Harvard Col lege, and in 1755, attached to the staff of Colonel Ephraim Williams, made one campaign. Subsequently, he was a prominent member of the council of safety, and in October, 1775, became a representative in the Continental Congress. AA 102 LIVES OF THE SIGNERS. He served nearly fifty years in the state legislature, held many offices of trust and honor, and was a member of the convention of his state which adopted the federal constitution. OLIVER WALCOTT was born in Connecticut, November 26th, 1726, and died December ist, 1797. After graduating at Yale College, he received a captain s commission from the governor of New York, and was engaged in the defence of the northern frontier until the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. In 1751 he was appointed sheriff of Litchfield county, Con necticut, and in 1774, a member of the state council. He was also a major general of militia, a judge of the probate :Cpurt, and chief judge of the court of common pleas. In iWiv.h 6 was one f ^ e commissioners of Indian affairs fof th e northern department. In 1776 he commanded the fourteen Connecticut regiments organized to assist the army in New York, and in this year took his seat in congress. Though a participant in the battle of Saratoga, he continued to serve irregularly in congress until 1783. From 1786 to 1796 he was lieutenant governor of Connecticut, when he was elected governor, which position he filled until his decease. NEW YORK. WILLIAM FLOYD was born in Suffolk county, New York, December I7th, 1734, and died in Western, Oneida county, August 4th, 1821. On the outbreak of the Rev olutionary troubles, he was appointed to the command of Suffolk county, and a delegate to the first Continental Con gress in Philadelphia. In 1775 he was again appointed a LI YES OF THE SIGNERS. 103 delegate to the general colonial congress, and continued a member for eight years. In 1777 he became senator for the state of New York, retaining also his seat in congress. He was a member of the first congress under the consti tution, and was one of the presidential electors in 1801. In this year, also, he was chosen a member of the convention to revise the constitution of his native state, and, subse quently, upon two occasions, was presidential elector. PHILIP LIVINGSTON was born in Albany, New York, January i5th, 1716, and died in York, Pennsylvania, June 1 2th, 1778. After graduating at Yale College in 1737, he was engaged in commerce in the city of New York. In 1758 he was returned to the colonial house of assembly from that city, and continued a member of that body until 1769. He was a member of the first and second Continental Con gresses, served later in the New York provincial congress, in the state assembly, and in the senate. At the time of his death, he was a delegate from New York to the Continental Congress then sitting in York. FRANCIS LEWIS was born in Llandaff, Glamorgan shire, Wales, in March, 1713, and died in New York, December 3Oth, 1803. He was educated at Westminster school, and, at the age of twenty-two, emigrated to New York. He was afterward engaged in commercial pursuits until the outbreak of the conflict in 1775. He was then elected to the Continental Congress, and in May, 1775, took his seat in that body, as one of the delegates from New York. Until April, 1779, with the exception of one short 104 LIVES OF THE SIGNERS. interval, he continued to be a member of congress, taking a prominent part in all important measures. .* LEWIS MORRIS was born at Morrisania, Westchester county, New York, in 1726, and died January 22d, 1798. After graduating at Yale College, in 1746, he interested him self extensively in farming and agricultural pursuits. He was elected to the congress of 1775, and was a member of the committee to devise means for supplying the colonies with munitions of war. He was subsequently sent west to detach the Indians from the British, and in 1776 resumed his seat in congress. He afterward served in the state legislature, and spent the latter days of his life in Morrisania. NEW JERSEY. RICHARD STOCKTON was born near Princeton, New Jersey, October ist, 1730, and died there, February 28th, 1781. After graduating at the College of New Jersey, at Newark, in 1748, he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1754. In 1768 he was made a member of the exec utive council of New Jersey, and in 1774, appointed a judge of the Supreme Court. He was elected to congress in 1776, served on the committee appointed to inspect the northern army, and eventually was captured by the British, and con fined in the prison at New York. Ultimately the severe treatment which he experienced there affected his health, and was the immediate cause of his death. JOHN WITHERSPOON, D. D., LL. D, was born in the parish of Tester, Haddingtonshire, Scotland, February OF THE SIGNERS. 105 5th, 1722, and died near Princeton, New Jersey, September 1 5th, 1794. He was educated at the University of Edin burgh, and in 1745 ordained minister of the parish of Beith, in the west of Scotland. Shortly after the death of Presi dent Finley, in 1766, he was appointed as his successor, and was inaugurated in August, 1768. During the period of his presidency, he was also pastor of the church in Princeton. In 1776 he was a member of the provincial congress of New Jersey, and of the Continental Congress at Philadelphia. For six years he represented New Jersey in congress. The following list comprises his chief contributions to literature: "Ecclesiastical Characteristics," "Essay on Justification," and "Serious Inquiry into the Nature and Effects of the Stage. FRANCIS HOPKINSON was born in Philadelphia in 1737, died May gth, 1791. He was graduated at the College of Philadelphia, and in 1761 was secretary in a conference held on the Lehigh between the Pennsylvania government and various Indian tribes. In 1776 he was sent from New Jersey as one of her representatives in congress. In 1779 he was made judge of the admiralty of Pennsylvania, an office filled by him for ten years. He was subsequently commissioned as United States district judge for Pennsyl vania. He is the author of "The Pretty Story," The Prophecy," "The Battle of the Kegs," etc. JOHN HART was born in Hopewell, New Jersey, and died there, at an advanced age, in 1780. He was frequently elected to the colonial assembly, and in 1774 was elected to assist at the general congress in Philadelphia, where his 106 LIVES OF THE SIGNERS. distinguishing characteristics, reliable judgment and inflex ible will, won him favorable notice upon many occasions. ABRAHAM CLARK was born at Elizabethtown, New Jersey, February 15*, 1726, and died at Rahway, New Jersey, in the fall of 1794. He held several important local offices under the colonial government, and, June 2ist, 1776, was appointed by the provincial congress one of the five dele gates from New Jersey to the Continental Congress. He afterward served, with the exception of the session of 1779, until November, 1783. He was one of the commissioners in the convention which met at Annapolis, September nth, 1786. May 8th, 1787, he was appointed by the council and assembly of New Jersey one of the commissioners to repre sent that state in the convention which framed the federal constitution. In 1790 he was elected a member of the second congress. PENNSYLVANIA. ROBERT MORRIS was born in Lancashire, England, January 2oth, 1734, and died in Philadelphia, May 8th, 1806. In 1754, after settling in Philadelphia, he entered into busi ness as partner with the son of Charles Willing. Zealously opposing the Stamp Act, he signed the non-importation agreement of 1765. He was elected a delegate to the congress of 1775, and, July ist, 1776, voted against the declaration of independence. On the 2Oth of the same month, he was re-elected to congress, and again, in 1777. In 1780 he was instrumental in establishing a bank, by means of which 3,000,000 rations of provisions and 300 LI YES OF THE SIGNERS. 107 hogsheads of rum were forwarded to the army. February 2oth, 1781, he was elected superintendant of finance, and subsequently established the bank of North America. In that important office he served until November, 1784. He also regulated the affairs of the navy until the close of 1784, and in 1787 was elected a member of the convention which framed the federal constitution. October ist, 1788, he was elected a member of the first United States Senate. In the opening of 1784 he sent to Canton the first American vessel that ever appeared in that port. BENJAMIN RUSH was born on Poquestion Creek, near Philadelphia, December 24th, 1745, and died in Philadelphia, April iQth, 1813. After graduating at Prince ton College in 1760, he studied medicine in Philadelphia, Edinburgh, London and Paris, and in August, 1769, began the practice of his profession in Philadelphia. In 1776 he was elected to congress, and in April, 1777, was made surgeon-general of the army for the middle depart ment, and in the following July, physician general. In 1785 he planned the Philadelphia Dispensary, and in 1789 was made professor of medicine in the Philadelphia Medical College. In 1779 he was appointed treasurer of the United States Mint, and filled that office until his demise. He also filled various other positions of trust and honor, and pub lished several valuable works on physiology and medicine. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN was born in Boston, January 1 7th, 1706 (O. S. January 6th), and died in Philadelphia, April 1 7th, 1790. In 1750 he was elected to the assembly, io8 LIVES OF THE SIGNERS. was appointed commissioner for making an Indian treaty, and in 1753 became deputy postmaster general for America. In 1754 he was named a deputy to the general congress at Albany. After accomplishing much for the colonies while resident in England and on the continent, he embarked for home in March, 1775, and arrived on the following 5th of May. In 1776 he was sent to Paris as commissioner pleni potentiary, and concluded the treaty of February 6th, 1778. He signed the peace with the mother country, November 3Oth, 1782, and subsequently concluded the treaties with Sweden and Prussia. On his return to Philadelphia, Septem ber 1 4th, 1785, he was elected "president of Pennsylvania," and later was a delegate to the convention for forming the federal constitution. He is the author of numerous works, which have been collected in twelve volumes and edited by Jared Sparks. JOHN MORTON was born in Ridley, Chester (now Delaware) county, Pennsylvania, in 1724, and died in April, 1777. In 1764 he became a member of the general assem bly of Pennsylvania, and was a member of the Stamp Act Congress, which met in New York in 1765. He became Sheriff of his county about 1767, and later was appointed one of the judges of the Supreme Court of his state. In 1774 he was a delegate to the first congress, and was succes sively re-elected four times. GEORGE CLYMER was born in Philadelphia in 1739, and died in Morrisville, Bucks county, Pennsylvania, July 23d, 1813. He was a prominent speaker at the "tea-meeting" LIVES OF THE SIGNERS. 109 held in Philadelphia, October i6th, 1773, and was appointed chairman of the committee which requested the tea agents to resign. July 2Qth, 1775, he was appointed to the care of the public treasury, and July 2oth, 1776, became a delegate to congress. In December, 1777, he was sent as commis sioner to treat with the hostile Indians at Fort Pitt. In 1780 he was re-elected to congress, and in 1782 was associated with Rutledge in his mission to the southern states. In 1784 he was elected a member of the Pennsylvania Legis lature, and was a member of the convention that framed the federal constitution. In November, 1788, he was elected a member of the first congress under this instrument, and in 1790 declined a re-election. He was subsequently appointed collector of the excise duty on spirits. JAMES SMITH was born in Ireland, about 1719, and died in York, Pennsylvania, July nth, 1806. He came to America in 1729, and studied law in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. In 1774 he was chosen a deputy to attend the "Committee for the province of Pennsylvania," convened at Philadelphia July 1 5th of that year. In 1776 he was chosen a member of the Continental Congress, and continued to act in that capacity till 1778. In 1780 he was elected a member of the general assembly of Pennsylvania. GEORGE TAYLOR was born in Ireland in 1716, and died in Easton, Pennsylvania, February 23d, 1781. In 1764 he was elected to the provincial assembly, and continued a member of that body till 1770. In October, 1775, he was re-elected to the provincial assembly, and July 2oth, 1776, became a member of the Continental Congress. In March, cc no LIVES OF THE SIGNERS. 1777, he retired from congress, and thenceforward lived in retirement. JAMES WILSON was born near St. Andrew s, Scotland, in 1742, and died in Edenton, North Carolina, August 28th, 1798. In 1766 he emigrated to Philadelphia, and studied law under John Dickinson. In 1774 he sat in the provincial convention of Pennsylvania, and in May, 1775, became a member of the Continental Congress, to which body he was repeatedly returned. In 1779 he was appointed advocate- general of France in the United States, and held that office till 1782. He was a member of the convention that framed the federal constitution, and under it was appointed one of the first judges of the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1790 he became the first professor of law in the College of Philadelphia. GEORGE ROSS was born in Newcastle, Delaware, in 1730, and died in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in July, 1779. He began the practice of law in Lancaster, in 1751, and from 1768 to 1776 was a member of the colonial assembly of Pennsylvania. In 1774 he represented Pennsylvania in the Continental Congress, and was connected with that body till January, 1777. He was subsequently elected to the general convention of Pennsylvania, and in April, 1779, was appointed judge of the court of admiralty. DELAWARE. C^SAR RODNEY was born in Dover, Delaware, about 1730, and died in 1783. At least as early as 1762 he was a OF THE SIGNERS. in member, from his native county, of the assembly, which met in New Castle. In 1774, by his authority as speaker, he- called a meeting of the legislature, and by that body was elected to the Continental Congress to be held in Phila delphia. He was subsequently re-elected, and also made brigadier-general. In 1777 he was chosen president of the state of Delaware, and in 1782 declined a re-election. He was then made a delegate to congress. GEORGE READ was born in Cecil county, Maryland, in 1734, and died in 1798. After his admission to the bar, he began the practice of his profession at New Castle, Dela ware. In 1763 he was appointed attorney general for the three lower counties on the Delaware, and in 1774 was elected to congress. In 1776 he was president of the con vention which formed the first constitution of Delaware, under which he was chosen vice-president. In 1782 he was made judge of the United States court of appeals in admi ralty cases. After representing Delaware in the convention that formed the constitution of the United States, he was the first senator chosen under it for that state. In 1793 he was made Chief Justice of Delaware. THOMAS M KEAN was born in Chester county, Penn sylvania, March igth, 1734, and died June 24th, 1817. In 1765 he was elected a member of the Pennsylvania assem bly, and annually returned thereto for the next seventeen years. In 1765 he attended the general congress of the colonies which assembled at New York, and in that year was appointed judge of the court of common pleas for ii2 LIVES OF THE SIGNERS. New Castle county. In September, 1774, he was a delegate from the lower counties in Delaware to the first Continental Congress, and served until February, 1783. In 1781 he was elected president of congress. He was chief justice of Penn sylvania from 1777 until 1799, when he became governor of the state. His administration lasted until 1808. MARYLAND. SAMUEL CHASE was born in Somerset county, Mary land, April I7th, 1741, and died June igth, 1811. He studied law at Annapolis, and was admitted to the bar when in his twentieth year. The Maryland convention sent him to the Continental Congress of 1774, and he continued a member of successive congresses until the close of 1778. In 1783 he went to England, as commissioner of Maryland. In 1788 he was appointed chief justice of a criminal court in Bal timore, and in 1791 chief justice of the general court of Maryland. In 1796 he was appointed an associate justice of the Supreme Court. WILLIAM PACA was born in Harford county, Mary land, October 3ist, 1740, and died in 1799. He was admitted to the bar in 1764, and in 1771 was chosen a member of the provincial legislature. On the adoption of the constitution of his native state, he was made senator for two years. In 1778 he became chief judge of the superior court of Mary land, and in 1780, chief judge of the court of appeals in prize and admiralty cases. He was elected governor of Maryland in 1782, served in congress in 1786, and in this LIVES OF THE SIGNERS. "3 year was re-elected governor. He was a member of the state convention that ratified the federal constitution, and in 1789 became judge of the district court of the United States for Maryland. THOMAS STONE was born at Pointon Manor, Charles county, Maryland, in 1743, and died in Alexandria, Vir ginia, October 5th, 1787. In 1769 he commenced the practice of law at Frederictown, Maryland. In 1774 he was added to the Maryland delegation in congress, and re-chosen in 1775. He was re-elected to congress in 1777 and in 1783, acting in the interim as a member of the Maryland legislature. CHARLES CARROLL, of Carrollton, was born at Annapolis, Maryland, September 2oth, 1737, and died No vember 1 4th, 1832. In 1775 he was chosen a member of the first committee of observation that was established at Annapolis, and was elected a delegate in the national conven tion. In February, 1776, he was appointed a commissioner to proceed to Canada, in company with Dr. Franklin and Judge Chase. July 4th, 1776, he was appointed a delegate to congress, and subsequently was placed in the board of war. In 1776 he assisted in drafting the constitution of Maryland, and later, was chosen to the senate under the constitution of that state. He was re-appointed a delegate to congress in 1777; in 1781 and 1786 was re-elected to the Maryland senate; in 1788 was a senator of the United States; in 1797 was again elected to the senate of Maryland, and in 1799 was appointed one of the commissioners to settle the boundary line between Virginia and Maryland. DD ii4 LIVES OF THE SIGNERS. VIRGINIA. GEORGE WYTHE was born in Elizabeth City county, Virginia, in 1726, and died in Richmond, June 8th, 1806. After his election to the Virginia house of burgesses, he was appointed in 1764, on the committee organized to remon strate against the proposed Stamp Act. He was also a member of the house of burgesses of 1768 and 1769, and in August 1775 was elected to the Continental Congress. In 1777 he was chosen a judge of the high court of chancery, and later, sole chancellor. He was professor of law in William and Mary College. He died suddenly from the effects of poison accidentally taken with his food. RICHARD HENRY LEE was born at Stratford, West moreland county, Virginia, January 2Oth, 1732, and died at Chantilly, Virginia, June igth, 1794. After acquiring a classical education in England, he returned to Virginia, and in his twenty-fifth year was appointed justice of the peace. Subsequently he became a member of the house of burgesses from Westmoreland, and eventually one of the delegates from Virginia to the first congress, which met at Philadel phia, September 5th, 1774. In 1775 he was elected a delegate from Westmoreland to the Richmond convention. From the date of his entrance into congress until the middle of the year 1777, he served upon about one hundred committees, and generally occupied the position of chairman. He also served actively in congress from 1778 to 1780, and later became county lieutenant of Westmoreland. In 1784 he resumed his seat in congress, and was elected its president. In 1786 and 1787 he sat in the assembly, and, under the LIISES OF THE SIGNERS. 115 new federal constitution, \vas chosen one of the first two sen ators for Virginia. In 1792 he retired from public service. THOMAS JEFFERSON was born at Shadwell, Albe- marle county, Virginia, April 2(1, 1743, and died at Monticello, July 4th, 1826. In 1767 he commenced the practice of law. and in 1769 was chosen to represent his county in the house of burgesses. Of the second Virginia convention, in 1775, he was a delegate from Albemarle county, and in October, 1776, after his arduous labors during the interim, took his seat in the Virginia house. In 1785 congress appointed him minister plenipotentiary to France, and subsequently he- accepted the post of secretary of state in Washington s cabinet. In the spring of 1792 he drew up the notable and elaborate report upon the relations of the United States with Spain, and, December sist, 1793, resigned his place in the cabinet. In February, 1797, he was elected Vice- Presi dent of the United States; and March 4th, took the chair as president of the senate. March 4th, 1801, he took his seat at Washington as President of the United States, and in March 1809, retired finally from public life. BENJAMIN HARRISON was born in Berkely, Charles City county, Virginia, about 1740, and died in April, 1791. In 1764 he became a member of the Virginia house of burgesses, and participated in the proceedings of the first Continental Congress as delegate from his state. He was subsequently re-elected to the house of burgesses, over whose proceedings he presided till 1782, when he was chosen governor of the commonwealth. In 1785, after hav- ii6 LIVES OF THE SIGNERS. ing been twice re-elected governor, he returned to private life. He was a member of the state convention organized in 1788 to ratify the federal constitution, and a member, also of the state legislature. THOMAS NELSON, Jr., was born in York county, Virginia, December 26th, 1738, and died there January 4th, 1789. Even before attaining his majority, he was elected a member of the Virginia house of burgesses. He was a member of the first convention which met at Williamsburg in August, 1774, and in 1775 of the provincial convention. He was a conspicuous mover in the Williamsburg conven tion of May, 1776, and as a delegate to the Continental Congress, attracted much notice. In May, 1777, he resigned his seat in the latter body, and was subsequently appointed commander-in-chief of the state forces. In February, 1779, he again took his seat temporarily in congress, and in June, 1781, was chosen governor of the commonwealth. As com mander of the Virginia militia, he participated in the siege of Yorktown. FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE was born at Stratford, Westmoreland county, Virginia, October i4th, 1734, and died in Richmond, in 1797. In 1765 he took his seat in the house of burgesses, as member from Loudun county, acting in that capacity till 1772. In August, 1775, he was chosen a del egate to the general congress, and re-elected successively in 1776, 1777, and 1778. CARTER BRAXTON was born at Newington, King and Queen county, Virginia, September loth, 1736, and LIVES OF THE SIGNERS. 117 died October loth, 1797. In 1765 he participated actively in the session of the house of burgesses of Virginia, in which the resolutions of Patrick Henry were adopted. He was also a member of the later popular conventions, and, December i5th, 1775, was elected delegate to the Continental Congress. Later, he served in the legislature of Virginia till 1786, when he became one of the executive council. NORTH CAROLINA WILLIAM HOOPER was born in Boston, Massachu setts, June 1 7th, 1742, and died in Hillsborough, North Carolina, in October, 1790. After graduating at Harvard College in 1760, he studied law with James Otis in Boston, and in 1767 removed to Wilmington, North Carolina. In 1775 he was delegated to the Continental Congress, and till his demise was a leader in the councils of North Carolina. JOSEPH HEWES was born in Kingston, New Jersey, in 1730, and died in Philadelphia, November loth, 1779. He was educated at Princeton College, and afterward en gaged in business in Philadelphia. Removing to North Car olina about 1760, he settled in Edenton. In 1774 he was sent as a delegate to the General Congress at Philadelphia. During the sessions of 1775 and 1776, he served on many important committees; he declined a re-election in 1777, but consented to resume his seat in July, 1779. JOHN PENN was born in Caroline county, Virginia, May 1 7th, 1741, and died in September, 1788. September EE n8 LIVES OF THE SIGNERS. 8th, 1775, he was appointed a delegate to the first congress, and on the twelfth of the following October, took his seat as the representative of North Carolina. He was succes sively re-elected in the years 1777, 1778, and 1779. SOUTH CAROLINA. EDWARD RUTLEDGE was born in Charleston, Novem ber 23d, 1749, and died January 23d, 1800. He commenced the practice of law in Charleston in 1773, in 1774 sat in congress, and in June, 1776, was appointed a member of the first board of war. In 1779 he was again appointed to con gress, and during the siege of Charleston, 1780, was taken prisoner, and detained for eleven months at St. Augustine. In 1782 Jie was a member of the general assembly at Jackson- borough, and in the legislature of 1791, drew up the act for the abolition of the rights of primogeniture. In 1798 he was elected governor of the state, but died before the expi ration of his term. THOMAS HEYWARD, Jr., was born in South Car olina in 1746, and died in March, 1809. Returning from lEurope upon the completion of his legal studies, he was, in 1775, selected to supply a vacancy in the congress then in session. In 1778 he was elected a judge of the criminal and civil courts of the new government, holding in the meanwhile a commission in the militia. Upon the fall of Charleston, he was taken prisoner, and sent to St. Augus tine; but on his return to Carolina, resumed the labors of the bench, and continued to act as judge until 1798. THOMAS LYNCH, Jr., was born in Prince George s LIJ/ES OF THE SIGNERS. 119 parish, South Carolina, August 5th, 1749, and perished at sea in the latter part of 1779. After completing his legal studies in the Temple, London, he returned to South Car olina in 1772, and in 1775 was appointed a captain in the provincial regulars of his state. In 1776 he took his seat as a member of congress. In the fall of 1779, he sailed for St. Eustatius, and, as it seems probable, was drowned in a violent storm. ARTHUR MIDDLETON was born at Middleton Place, on the Ashley river, South Carolina, in 1743, and died Jan uary ist, 1787. Upon securing his degree at the University of Cambridge, he returned to America, and later became prominent as a leader of the Revolutionary party in South Carolina. He was an able member of the first council of safety, and in 1776 was sent as a delegate of the state to congress. He filled that office until 1777, and in 1779 took the field for the defence of Charleston. Again, until the close of the war he served as a delegate in congress, and afterward was elected to the state senate. His political essays, under the signature of "Andrew Marvell," are masterly and pointed. GEORGIA. BUTTON GWINNETT was born in England, about 1732, and died in Georgia, May 27th, 1777. In 1770 he emigrated from Bristol to America, and in 1775 became prominently identified with the colonial interests. In Feb ruary, 1776 he was elected a representative to congress, was re-elected for the following year, and in 1777 became 120 LI FES OF THE SIGNERS. president of the provincial council. In the duel between him and General Mclntosh, in the same year, he was mor tally wounded. LYMAN HALL was born in Connecticut about 1731, and died in Burke county, Georgia, in February, 1791. After graduating at Yale College in 1747, he studied medicine, and in 1752 removed to South Carolina, and, in the same year, to Sunbury, Georgia. In 1775 he was chosen a mem ber of congress, and was annually re-elected till 1780. In 1783 he was elected governor, and retired from public life after holding this office for one term. GEORGE WALTON was born in Frederick county, Vir ginia, about 1740, and died in Augusta, Georgia, February 2d, 1804. In 1774 he commenced the practice of law in Georgia, and in July of that year identified himself with a public meeting at Savannah, convened to resist the arbitrary proceedings of the mother country. In February, 1776, he was appointed a delegate to congress, and re-elected in the following October, also in January, 1777, February, 1778, and May, 1780. In December, 1778, he was commissioned a colonel in the militia, and in October, 1779, was appointed governor of the state. In 1787 he was appointed a delegate for framing the Federal Constitution, but declined. He was afterward re-elected governor, was four times a judge of the courts of Georgia, and in 1795 succeeded General James Jackson as senator in congress. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. PROCEEDINGS IN THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED COLONIES RESPECTING "A DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED." SATURDAY, June 8th, 1776. Resolved, That the resolutions respecting independency be referred to a committee of the whole congress. The congress then resolved itself into a committee of the whole, and after some time, the president resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported, that the committee have taken into consideration the matter to them referred, but not having come to any resolution thereon, directed him to move for leave to sit again on Monday. Resolved, That this congress will, on Monday next, at 10 o clock, resolve itself into a committee of the whole, to take into further consideration the resolution referred to them. MONDAY, June loth, 1776. Agreeable to order, the congress resolved itself into a committee of the whole, to take into their further consid eration the resolutions to them referred; and, after some time spent thereon, the president resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported that the committee have had under con sideration the matters referred to them, and have come to a resolution thereon, which they directed him to report. 121 122 THE DECLARATION OF The resolution agreed to in committee of the whole being read Resolved, That the consideration of the first resolution be postponed to Monday, the first day of July next, and in the meanwhile, that no time be lost in case the congress agree thereto, that a committee be appointed to prepare a declaration to the effect of the said first resolution, which is in these words : "That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved. TUESDAY, June nth, 1776. Resolved, That the committee for preparing the declara- ration consist of five. The members chosen, Mr. Jefferson, Mr. John Adams, Mr. Franklin, Mr. Sherman, and Mr. R. R. Livingston. TUESDAY, June 25th, 1776. A declaration of the deputies of Pennsylvania, met in provincial conference, was laid before congress and read, expressing their willingness to concur in a vote of congress, declaring the United Colonies free and independent States. FRIDAY, June 28th, 1776. "Francis Hopkinson, one of the delegates from New Jersey, attended and produced the credentials of their ap pointment," containing the following instructions : "If you shall judge it necessary or expedient for this INDEPENDENCE IN CONGRESS. 123 purpose, we empower you to join in declaring the United Colonies independent of Great Britain, entering into a con federation for union and common defence," etc. MONDAY, July ist, 1776. "A resolution of the convention of Maryland, passed the 28th of June, was laid before congress, and read," con taining the following instructions to their deputies in congress : "That the deputies of said colony, or any three or more of them, be empowered to concur with the other United Colonies, or a majority of them, in declaring the United Colonies free and independent States, in forming such fur ther compact and confederation between them," etc. The order of the day being read: Resolved, That this congress will resolve itself into a committee of the whole to take into consideration the res olution respecting independency. That the Declaration be referred to said committee. The congress resolved itself into a committee of the whole. After some time the President resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported that the committee had come to a resolution, which they desired him to report, and to move for leave to sit again. The resolution agreed to by the committee of the whole being read, the determination thereof was, at the request of a colony, postponed until to-morrow. Resolved, That this congress will, to-morrow, resolve itself into a committee of the whole, to take into consider ation the Declaration respecting independence. 124 THE DECLARATION OF TUESDAY, July 2d, 1776. The congress resumed the consideration of the resolu tion reported from the committee of the whole, which was agreed to as follows: RESOLVED, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, Free and Independent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved. Agreeable to the order of the day, the congress resolved itself into a committee of the whole; and, after some time, the President resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported, that the committee have had under consideration the Dec laration to them referred; but not having had time to go through the same, desired him to move for leave to sit again. Resolved, That this congress will, to-morrow, again re solve itself into a committee of the whole, to take into their further consideration the Declaration respecting independence. WEDNESDAY, July 3d, 1776. Agreeable to the order of the day, the congress resolved itself into a committee of the whole, to take into their further consideration the Declaration ; and after some time, the Pres ident resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported that the committee, not yet having gone through it, desired leave to sit again. Resolved, That this congress will, to-morrow, again re solve itself into a committee of the whole, to take into their further consideration the Declaration of Independence. INDEPENDENCE IN CONGRESS. 125 THURSDAY, July 4th, 1776. Agreeable to the order of the day, the congress resolved itself into a committee of the whole, to take into their fur ther consideration the Declaration; and after some time, the President resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported, that the committee had agreed to a declaration, which they desired him to report. The Declaration being read, was agreed to as follows: DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, JULY 4, 1776. When, in the course of human events, it becomes neces- ary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station, to which the laws of nature, and of Nature s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that, when ever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happi ness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long GG 126 THE DECLARATION OF established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are suf- ferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such govern ment, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain, is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of imme diate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operations till his assent should be obtained; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommoda tion of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the Legislature a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the repository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. INDEPENDENCE IN CONGRESS. 127 He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the State remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the dangers of invasions from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the laws for the natur alization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out their substance. He has kept among us in time of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our Legislatures. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a juris diction foreign to our constitutions, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legis lation : 128 THE DECLARATION OF For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us; For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murder which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States; For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world; For imposing taxes on us without our consent; For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefit of trial by jury; For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pre tended offences ; For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary gov ernment, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies; For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valu able laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments; For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries, to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy, scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. INDEPENDENCE IN CONGRESS. 129 He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of war fare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms; our repeated peti tions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in our attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwar rantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consan guinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them as we hold the rest of mankind enemies in war in peace, friends. We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our HH 130 THE DECLARATION OF intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be free and independent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political con nection between them and the state of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved, and that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war, con clude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and do all other acts and things which independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. Among the signers of the Declaration, were men engaged in almost every vocation. There were twenty-four LAWYERS; fourteen FARMERS, or men devoted chiefly to agriculture; nine MERCHANTS; four PHYSICIANS; one Gospel MINISTER, and three who were educated for that profession, but chose other avocations; and one MANUFACTURER. A large por tion lived to the age of three score and ten years. Three of them were over 90 years of age when they died; ten over 80; eleven over 70; fourteen over 60; eleven over 50; and six over 44. Mr. Lynch (lost at sea) was only 30. " The following is a list of the members of the Conti nental Congress, who signed the Declaration of Indepen dence, with the places and dates of their birth, and the time of their respective deaths. INDEPENDENCE IN CONGRESS. NAMES OF THE SIGNERS. BORN AT DELEGATE FROM DIED. Braintree, Mass., igth Oct., Boston, " 22d Sept.. Amesbury, " in Nov., Newington, Virginia, loth Sept., Annapolis, Md., 2oth Sept., Somerset Co., Md., I7th April, 735. 1722, "729, 73. "737. i74i, 1726, "739, 1727, 734, 1706, 744, 732. I73i. 737, 1715, 1746, "73. 1742, i7 7, 737, i73 2 . 1743, 734, 732. I7 3- 1716, 1749. 734, 743, 1726, 733, 1724, 1738, 1740, 1731- 74 , 734, 173, 173, 745. 749. 1721, Massachusetts.... Massachusetts.... New Hampshire Virginia Maryland Maryland 4th July, 1826 2d Oct., 1803 igth May, 1795 loth Oct., 1797 I4th Nov. 1832 igth June, 181 1 June, 1794 24th Jan., 1813 I5th Feb., 1820 4th Aug., 1821 I7th April, 1790 23d Nov , 1814 27th May, 1777 Feb. 1 790 Bartlett, Josiah Carroll, Charles of Carrolton. Chase, Samuel Elizabcthtown, N. J., I5th Feb., Philadelphia, Penn., in Newport R. I., 22d Dec., Suffolk Co., N. Y., i?th Dec., Boston, Mass., lyth Jan., Marblehead, Mass., lyth July, England, in Connecticut, in Braintree, Mass., in Berkeley, Virginia, Hopewell, N. J., about St. Luke s, S. C., in Kingston, N. J., in Boston, Mass., lyth June, Scituate, " ?th March, Philadelphia Penn., in Windham, Conn., 3d July, Shadwell, Virginia, ijth April, Stratford, " I4th Oct., Stratford, 2Oth Jan., Landaff, Wales, in March, Albany, N. Y., I5th Jan., Pennsylvania Rhode Island*.. New York.. Pennsylvania Massachusetts.... Ellery, William Floyd, William Gerry, Elbndge. . Georgia Massachusetts.... Virginia Hancock, John 8th Oct., 1793 April, 1791 1780 March, 1809 loth Nov., 1779 Oct., 1790 Hart, John New Jersey South Carolina- North Carolina.. North Carolina.. Rhode Island*.. New Jersey Connecticut Virginia Heyward, Thomas, Jr Hewes, Joseph Hopkins, Stephen Hopkinson, Francis igth July, 1785 gth May, 1790 5th Jan., 1796 4th July, 1826 -April, 1797 igth June, I7g4 301 h Dec., 1803 I2th June, 1778 Lost at sea, I77g 24th June, 1817 1st Jan., 1787 22d Jan., 1798 8th May, 1806 April, 1777 4th Jan., 1789 799 Lee, Francis Lightfoot. .. Virginia New York New York Lynch, Thomas, Jr St. George s, S. C., 5th Aug., Chester Co , Penn., 1 9th March, South Carolina... Delaware Middleton, Arthur Middleton Place, S. C., in Morrisania, N. Y., in Lancashire, England, Jan., Ridley, Penn., in York, Virginia, 26th Dec., Wye-Hill, Md., 3ist Oct., Boston, Mass., in Caroline Co. ,Vireinia, lyth May, Cecil Co., Md., in Dover, Delaware, in New Castle, Delaware, in Byberry, Penn., 24th Dec., Charleston, S. C., in Nov., Newton, Mass., igth April, Ireland, Princeton, N. J., 1st Oct., Charles Co., Md., in Ireland, in Ireland, in Frederick Co., Virginia, in Kittery, Maine, in Lebanon, Conn., 8th April, Scotland, about Yester, Scotland, 5th Feb., Windsor, Conn., 26th Nov., Elizabeth City Co., Va., South Carolina... New York Morris, Robert Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Virginia Morton, John.. .. Paca William Paine, Robert Treat Massachusetts.... North Carolina- nth May, 1814 Sept., 1788 1798 Penn, John 1783 Pennsylvania.... Pennsylvania.... South Carolina.. Connecticut Pennsylvania.... New Jersey Julv, 1789 Rush, Benjamin, M. D Rutledge, Edward igth April, 1813 23d Tan., 1800 23d July, I?g3 nth Julv, 1806 28th Feb., 1781 $th Oct., 1787 23d Feb., 1781 24th June, 1803 2d Feb., 1804 28th Nov., 1785 2d Aug., 1811 28th Aug., I?g8 I5th Nov., 1794 \ 1st Dec., 1797 1 8th June, 1806 Sherman, Roger Stockton, Richard Stone, Thomas Taylor, George 73. 1742, 1716, 1714, 1740, 73. 73 , i"42, 1722, 1726, 1726, Pennsylvania. ... New Hampshire Georgia New Hampshire Connecticut Pennsylvania New Jersey Connecticut Virginia Williams, William Wilson, James Wolcott, Oliver y . * Formerly Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. 1 32 THE DECLARATION, WHERE WAS THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE WRITTEN? For many years the old brick building at the south west corner of Seventh and Market streets, 2 in Philadelphia, has been pointed out to the stranger and native alike, as the place where Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Decla ration of Independence, wrote the first draft of the immortal document which was the original framework of our liberties and the announcement of our claim to a position in the sisterhood of nations. A large sign bearing a portrait of Benjamin Franklin seated at a desk and perusing a book, decorated for a long time the space betvven the fourth story windows of the Market street front, and there was an accompanying inscription in large black letters designating the building as "The Birthplace of Liberty." In support of this theory, Watson, in his "Annals of Philadelphia," (edition of 1850, Vol. II., page 309), tells us, in his quaint style, that " the place of writing the Dec laration has been differently stated. Some have said that it was at Jefferson s chamber, in the Indian Queen Inn; but Mrs Clymer, with whom Mr. Jefferson boarded, at the south-west corner of Seventh and High (now Market) streets, said it was there, and to settle this point, Dr. Mease wrote to Mr. Jefferson, and had it confirmed as at her house." 1 Potter s Monthly Magazine for January, 1874. 2 See view of the house, page 261. WHERE WRITTEN. 133 In the first volume of his "Annals" on page 470, Watson touches upon the same mooted question, in the following terms: "In the Indian Queen Tavern, South Fourth street, in the second story, front room, south end, Jefferson had his desk and room where he wrote and studied, and from that cause it has been a popular opinion that he there wrote his Declaration of Independence. I have seen the place of the desk, by the side of the fire-place, west side, as pointed out by Caesar Rodney s son. But my friend, Mr. McAllister, told me in 1833, that he was told by the step-mother of the present Hon. John Sergeant, that Dr. Mease had inquired of Jefferson himself, by letter, and that he was informed by him that when he wrote that instrument he lived in a large new house belonging to the Hiltzheimer family, up Market street, at the south-west corner of some crossing street. Mrs. Sergeant said there was no doubt that it was the same since so well known as Gratz s store, at the south west corner of Seventh and High streets." Mr. Jefferson used to relate, with much merriment, that the final signing of the Declaration of Independence was hastened by an absurdly trivial cause. Near the hall in which the debates were then held there was a livery stable, from which swarms of flies came into the open windows, and assailed the silk-stockinged legs of honorable members. Handkerchief in hand they lashed the flies with such vigor as they could command on a July afternoon, but the annoyance became at length so extreme as to render them impatient of delay, and. they made haste to bring the momentous business to a conclusion, ii i 3 4 THE DECLARATION, The "Indian Queen Tavern," which in early days con tended for the honor of having been the place where the Declaration was written, was situated at the south-east corner of Fourth and Market streets. Graydon refers to the building, and states that in 1760 it was kept by the Widow Nicholls. In the first volume of the "Life of Daniel Webster," by George Ticknor Curtis, we find some interesting passages which revive the old dispute about the precise spot on which Jefferson wrote the American Magna Charta, and which tend to leave the question in even greater doubt than before. In the autumn of 1824, Daniel Webster started on a journey to Thomas Jefferson at Monticello, in company with George Ticknor, one of his most intimate personal friends, who had been invited by Mr. Jefferson to assist him in regulating the course of studies at the University of Virginia. The party left Washington on the Qth of Decem ber. The roads were in a terrible state, and the journey was exceedingly tedious, both going and returning. On the return, when the party were stopping over night at a small inn by the way, Mr. Webster and Mr. Ticknor beguiled the time by dictating to Mrs. Ticknor, who acted as amanu ensis, the conversations had by them with Jefferson during the four or five days passed at Monticello. The accuracy of the report of Jefferson s sayings on this occasion, which was first given to the public by Fletcher Webster, in the first volume of his father s correspondence, published in 1857, nas been questioned on some points by Jefferson s biographer; but Mr. Curtis puts forth a strong argument in its support, citing the fact that it was carefully prepared a WHERE WRITTEN. 135 few hours after the departure of the party from Monticello, as a private record of the visit, but doubtless with a view of its being at some future time given to the public. We have thus detailed at length the circumstances under which the paragraph given below was written, in order to give it its full weight as tending to settle, although in an unsatisfactory manner, a question which is not only of local importance, but of general interest. Among the memo randa of Jefferson s conversation, as written down by Mrs. Ticknor, are the following words, spoken by Jefferson in direct response to a question by Webster: "The Declaration of Independence was written in a house on the north side of Chestnut street, between Third and Fourth, not a corner house. Heiskell s Tavern, in Fourth street has been shown for it (to Mr. Webster) ; but this is not the house." In asserting that the place was not a corner house, Jef ferson at one word disposed of the claims of the only two buildings which have generally been credited with the dis puted honor, the Indian Queen Inn and the house at Seventh and Market streets. By Heiskell s Tavern he probably referred to the first named, which, as stated by Watson, was at one time popularly supposed to have been the place. But while the exact location still remains a mystery, and will doubtless so remain for all time to come, we are able to get near the true site, and especially to dispose of the rival claims of the two buildings to which the credit was formerly awarded. Wherever the building was located within the limits described by Jefferson, it has long since disappeared, and as such is the case, perhaps 136 THE DECLARATION, the solution of the question is as satisfactory as could be desired. The Declaration was written in the house still standing, at the south-west corner of Seventh and Market streets. In the quotation made by your correspondent from "Wat son, Vol. I, p. 470," reference is made to Jefferson s letter to Dr. Mease, stating in what house he had written the Declaration. I am glad to have it in my power to furnish a copy of that letter, and of thus proving that Mrs. Sergeant was correct in the information she gave my father, and which was by him communicated to Mr. Watson. In the "Eulogium on Thomas Jefferson," delivered by Nicholas Biddle before the American Philosophical Society, April nth, 1827, on page 14, speaking of Jefferson s lodg ings in Philadelphia in 1776, Mr. Biddle says: "These lodgings it will be heard with pleasure by all who feel the interest which genius inspires for the minutest details of its history he had selected, with his characteristic love of retirement, in a house recently built on the outskirts of the city, and almost the last dwelling-house to the west ward, where, in a small family, he was the sole boarder. That house is now a warehouse in the centre of Phila delphia, standing at the southwestern corner of Market and Seventh streets, where the Declaration of Independence was written." In a note at the close of the "Eulogium" (p. 45), Mr. Biddle says: "I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Mease for permission to transcribe the following letters on the subject of the house in which the Declaration was written: WHERE WRITTEN. 137 "MoNTiCELLO, Sept. 16, 1825. "DEAR SIR: It is not for me to estimate the import ance of the circumstances concerning which your letter of the 8th makes inquiry. They prove, even in their minuteness, the sacred attachments of our fellow-citizens to the event of which the paper of July 4, 1776, was but the Declaration, the genuine effusion of the soul of our country at that time. Small things may, perhaps, like the relics of saints, help to nourish our devotion to this holy bond of our union, and keep it longer alive and warm in our affections. This effect may give importance to cir cumstances, however small. At the time of writing that instrument, I lodged in the house of a Mr. Gratz, a new brick house, three stories high, of which I rented the second floor, consisting of a parlor and bed-room, ready furnished. In that parlor I wrote habitually, and in it wrote this paper particularly. "So far, I state from written proofs in my possession. The proprietor, Gratz, was a young man, son of a German, and then newly married. I think he was a bricklayer, and that his house was on the south side of Market street, prob ably between Seventh and Eighth streets; and if not the only house on that part of the street, I am sure there were fe\v others near it. I have some idea that it was a corner house, but no other recollections throwing any light on the question, or worth communication. I will, therefore, only add assurance of my great respect and esteem. "Tn. JEFFERSON. "DR. JAMES MEASE, Philadelphia." KK 138 THE DECLARATION, "MONTICELLO, Oct. JO, l82$. "DEAR SIR: Your letter of Sept. 8th, inquiring after the house in which the Declaration of Independence was written, has excited my curiosity to know whether my recollections were such as to enable you to find out the house. A line on the subject would oblige, dear sir, yours, "Tn. JEFFERSON. " DR. MEASE." Mr. Biddle adds: "Mr. Jefferson was correct in his recollections, and the house is known to be that mentioned in the text." Mr. Hyman Gratz sketched for my father a plan of the house as it was in 1776. This, with some account of the property, which my father had collected, and made a note of, he inserted in his copy of Mr. Biddle s " Eulogium." The following is a copy of the sketch and the note : SEVENTH STREET. fe w A s h tb W "The above shows the original plan of the house at the southwest corner of Market and Seventh streets. The two rooms in the second story, having the stairway between WHERE WRITTEN. 139 them, were occupied by Mr. Jefferson in 1776. In one of these rooms he wrote the Declaration of Independence. "The corner house, and the two adjoining houses on Market street, became the property of Messrs. Simon and Hyman Gratz, merchants, about 1798, and were for many years occupied by them as their place of business. They added a fourth story to the height. They also closed up the door on Seventh street, and removed the stairs. The whole of the second story of the corner house is now in one room, but the place where the old stairway came up can be seen by the alteration in the boards of the floor. The corner house was occupied in 1776 by the father of the late Mr. Frederick Graff, who was then an infant. He told me that he could remember hearing his parents say that he had often sat on Mr. Jefferson s knee. "The sketch of the original plan of the house, from which this copy was made, was drawn for me to-day by Mr. Hyman Gratz. "JOHN M ALLISTER, JR. "July 6th, i8 55 r I have copied Jefferson s letters from Mr. Biddle s " Eulo- gium" in my father s possession. There is a copy of the "Eulogium" in the Loganian Library, No. 1843. o. 8. AGNES Y. M ALLISTER. So much discussion having taken place in relation to the exact location of the house in which the Declaration of Independence was written, we give the facts on both sides of the question in order that the record should be kept entire, and afford all the facilities for further discussion. 1 4 o THE DECLARATION, We accept, without any hesitation, the letter of Thomas Jefferson to Dr. Mease, and think there the discussion should end. THE HOUR OF INDEPENDENCE. A few weeks ago the Evening Post asked for information as to the exact hour when the Declaration of Independence was adopted. A correspondent, in answer* to the question, refers to Richard Frothingham s " Rise of the Republic of the United States." It appears from this work that the Dec laration was adopted in the evening. Congress, as is well known, began its direct consideration of the question of Independence on the ist day of July, 1776, in Independ ence Hall, in Philadelphia, by voting to resolve itself into a committee of the whole to take into consideration the resolution respecting independence, and to refer the draft of the Declaration to this committee. Benjamin Harrison was called to the chair, and a debate followed which occu pied the greater part of the day. This debate resulted in the adoption of the resolution. The committee then rose, the president resumed the chair, and Harrison reported the decision of the committee. The vote on the adoption of the report was postponed until the next morning. The next day (the 2d of July) the report was adopted, and then congress went at once into committee of the whole " to consider draft of a Declaration of Independence, or the form of announcing the fact to the world." This discussion lasted through that day, and the sessions of the 3d and 4th of July. Frothingham s account continues: "On the evening of the 4th, the committee rose, when Harrison reported WHERE WRITTEN. 141 the Declaration as having been agreed upon. It was then adopted. Congress, on the iQth of July, ordered that the Declaration passed on the 4th, be fairly engrossed, etc., and on the 2d day of August, according to the same author ity, the instrument, having been engrossed, was signed." This account does not fix the exact hour, but it eliminates daylight from the problem, and makes it appear that, in a certain sense, Independence Day is a misnomer. LL 142 HISTORY OF HISTORY OF INDEPENDENCE HALL Independence Hall is a shrine at which millions wor ship the Mecca of heart-felt homage, and the coming cynosure of more millions of eyes in the year that is yet to come. Historically considered, Independence Hall pre- STATE HOUSE, PHILADELPHIA, 1776. sents a myriad of interesting features. It is but a small part of what was, until 1776, known as the State House being the room on the east side of the main entrance to the building. The edifice was constructed to meet the demands of the law and the enactment of statutes for state government. It was commenced in the year 1729, and completed in 1734. John Kearsley, Sr., an amateur archi tect, fashioned the structure, which, at that time, was regarded as entirely too large and expensive the erection of the INDEPENDENCE HALL. 143 State House being vehemently opposed. The original building cost $16,250, additions subsequently swelling the amount to $28,000. Edmund Wooley did the carpenter work, John Harrison the joiner work, and William Holland the marble work. Thomas Kerr was the plasterer, Benja min Fairman and James Stoopes made the bricks, and the lime was furnished by the Tysons, whose kilns were a mile west of Willow Grove, in Montgomery county, and fifteen miles distant from Independence Hall. The glass and lead THE STATE HOUSE. (Independence Hall in 1861.) cost 170, and the glazing was done by Thomas Godfrey. The woodwork of the steeple was removed in 1774, only a small belfry covering the bell, the clock, with but one dial- face, being at the west end of the building. The present steeple, fashioned after the old one, was erected in 1829. In 1854 City Councils resolved to restore "the Hall" to its original condition, and to-day it stands as it was in the times that tried men s souls perfect in all its patriotic i 4 4 HISTORY OF parts and surroundings. During the regular sessions of the Assembly, the Senate sat up stairs and the House in Independence Hall. In the former, Anthony Morris, facing north, sat as Speaker. In the other, George Latimer, the Sp eaker, turned his face to the west. During the Colonial days the "State House" was the scene of banqueting. In the long galley, up stairs, the tables were spread. The wine and whirr of good fellowship made mirth an essence of existence. In 1736, William Allen had a great feast. It was sumptuous and costly. It was spread in the State House. All distinguished strangers were present. The guests exceeded in number any before seen at other festivals in Philadelphia. "For excellency of fare," we are told, "it was a most elegant entertainment." In 1756, when Governor Denny "came over," there was another frolic in the same place, "the civil and military officers and the clergy," who were gay fellows then, being present: and that harmonized existing antagonisms. The next year Lord London, the Colonial Commander-in-Chief, was banqueted, and municipal hospitality was not mean. "The expenditures were greater than ever before." But in 1774, when the First Congress met at Carpenters Hall, there was a sumptuous collation. The invited guests met at the City Tavern, and marched in an imposing procession to the State House, where the banquet was. Five hundred took dinner. When the toasts were given, they were ren dered patriotic by the firing of cannon and martial music. And we are told that these festive occasions exerted salutary influences upon public sentiment, and had a tendency to develop the patriotism of the people. In later days, Inde- INDEPENDENCE HALL. 145 pendence Hall was used as a store-room for legal docu ments. When workmen were removing the old wings of the State House a keg of Indian flints was dug up. In close proximity thereto were uncovered the complete equip ments of a sergeant, musket, cartouch-box, sword, buckles, &c., and bombshells, filled with powder, were exhumed amid great excitement. These, however, were walled in when the present foundation was built, and are there to day, despite dire and dreadful prophecies of evil omen. In 1802, the banqueting rooms up stairs were granted to Charles Wilson Peale for the "Philadelphia Museum," which was commenced in 1784, with a "paddle-fish" from the Ohio river. There were 1700 mineralogical and 1000 conchological specimens, 274 quadrupeds, and 1284 birds, with portraits and paintings of all kinds, and interesting relics from all quarters of the globe. Independence Hall was, in its time, a literary as well as a social centre. The Philadelphia Library once occupied its arcades, having been transferred from Pewter-platter alley thither, in 1740. After the battle of Brandywine, Independence Hall was used as a hospital. Therein Washington bade farewell to public life, and delivered that memorable address which will ever be cherished as a sacred legacy by his countrymen. In 1824, Lafayette received his friends in Independence Hall. Its history since needs not recapitulation. INDEPENDENCE SQUARE. Long before and after the State House was erected, "the State House Yard," or the grounds now comprising the MM i 4 6 HISTORY OF same, were exceedingly uneven and were known as "the whortle-berry patch." The north side was higher than now, but the south side being low, was made a place for resi dences. When the State House was built, these were torn down. Originally, the Square was only half its present size. There were 396 feet on Chestnut street, and 265 feet on Fifth and Sixth streets. This comprised 10,098 square feet, or two acres, one rood, and ten and one-half perches. In this condition the Square remained until 1760, when that part fronting on Walnut street was purchased. This, added to its dimensions, made the enclosure 201,960 square feet 396 feet on Walnut and Chestnut streets, and 510 feet on Fifth and Sixth streets. On the Walnut street side of the Square, an antique gate was erected, with a brick structure, by Joseph Fox, and about that time on Sixth street stood a row of sheds for horses of the country folks who came to town to attend court. Indians used to loiter therein, and all sorts of drinking used to be carried on there. In 1784 John Vaughan set about to beautify the grounds. He sur veyed the spot, planted trees, and he made it a place of public resort. He introduced Windsor chairs and settees, and contributed largely to the public comfort. More than two hundred trees of various kinds constituted the canopy of verdure at the time of which we write. After "the Dec laration," the State House yard was christened Independence Square. THE OLD BELL. In the passage way or main entrance, and at the foot of the old stairway is the Old Bell that, with a thunderous INDEPENDENCE HALL. 147 thrill, lifted a people into the broad atmosphere of Liberty and Light the Old Bell that proclaimed "Liberty through out the land and to all the inhabitants thereof!" On the completion of the State House, a clock had been supplied and set at the west end of the building, and measures were taken to secure a bell in 1734. In 1750 a bell of the weight of 2030 pounds was ordered, and in 1752 it reached Philadelphia. Great joy was shown by the people who went to the ship with many congratulations, before it was landed. In removing it, it was damaged. It had to be recast. This was done by Pass Stow, under the direction of Isaac Norris, speaker of the Assembly. It was he who originally suggested the motto: "Proclaim Liberty throughout the land to all the inhabitants thereof." He pronounced the bell "a good bell," and he was greatly pleased that "we should first venture upon and succeed in the greatest bell in English America." During the Revolution, this and the bell at Christ Church were buried in the Delaware, near Trenton, to ke - ep them from falling into the hands of the British, and in this condition they remained from 1777 till the close of the Revolution, when they were put in their old places. As a relic of the past, "the Old Bell" must ever remain a hallowed memento. 1 INTERIOR. "The room with its antique wainscotting, pillars, cornices, etc., presents to-day the same general appearance as it did during those times that did indeed try men s souls. The original chandelier still hangs there; the chair which was Watson s Annalls, vol. I. page 398. 148 HISTORY OF occupied by the President is restored to its place in the dais; in front stands the table at which Hancock wrote, and on which the Declaration itself reposed after it was engrossed, and where one after another of the members of Congress came forward and appended his signature. Near by is a chair with its original covering, well worn in the use of an individual member of the Congress. Two more of these chairs, though unfortunately newly covered for the convenience of the sergeants-at-arms of the State Senate, have been rescued and placed on the floor. On either side of the dais are ranged portraits of the following, or spaces therefor (an asterisk denoting in each case the latter) : John Hancock The President. Richard Henry Lee The mover of the resolution for Independence. *Benjamin Harrison The Chairman of the Committee of the Whole who reported the same. Thomas Jefferson The author of the Declaration. John Adams The seconder of the resolution, and the "Colossus of the Debate." *Samuel Adams The "Palinurus of the Republic." *Robert R. Livingston | Of the committee to draft the *Roger Sherman j Declaration. Benjamin Franklin, Robert Morris, Bishop White, the Chaplain; Charles Thompson, the Secretary; John Dickin son, Thomas Heyward, Samuel Chase, Elbridge Gerry, *George Wythe, Edward Rutledge, Thomas McKean, George Read. On the opposite panels are John Witherspoon, Charles INDEPENDENCE HALL. 149 Carroll, Francis Hopkinson, Samuel Huntington, Philip Liv ingston, Benjamin Rush, Arthur Middleton, George Clymer; with spaces for Robert T. Paine, John Penn, George Ross, James Smith, Richard Stockton, Thomas Stone, George Taylor, Matthew Thornton, George Walton, William Whip- pie, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott, Abraham Clark, William Ellery, William Floyd, Joseph Hewes, William Hooper, Stephen Hopkins, F. L. Lee, Fran s Lewis, Thomas Lynch, Lewis Morris, Thomas Nelson, William Paca, James Wilson. There will also be spaces for John Rogers, Thomas Johnson, John Jay, Henry Wisner, Geo. Clinton, Thos. Willing, Charles Humphreys, and a few others. "Actors." The names of John Morton, Caesar Rodney, Carter Brax- ton, John Hart, and such others of the above whose portraits were never taken, will be appropriately presented in some permanent shape. Over the very doorway through which Washington passed when he left Congress to assume those duties which earned for him his enduring title of "First in \Var, First in Peace, and First in the hearts of his Countrymen," has been hung an original portrait of the Pater Patrice. Along the surbase on each side of the President s chair, subordinated to the general design, are the Presidents of Congress from 1774, not included in the above category, and in similar positions on the sides, portraits of the Rev olutionary officers. The draft of the Declaration in Jefferson s handwriting is in this city, in the possession of the Philosophical Society, most admirably framed and adapted for exhibition. It is NN INDEPENDENCE HALL. hoped the society will be induced to deposit this valuable relic upon the table in the Hall, and, also, a chair which they own, which was used by the "Delegates," and which, like the one deposited by the writer in the Hall, contains the original covering. Two more of these chairs are known of, and these will, it is believed, be also ultimately restored." 1 1 History of Independence Hall, from the " Penn Monthly," by F. M. Etting. THE EXHIBI TION B UILDINGS. 1 5 1 THE EXHIBITION BUILDINGS. The Main Buildings erected by the Building Committee of the Centennial Board of Finance, for the uses of the Exhibition, are five in number, admirably located so that each is within easy distance of its neighbor, and so arranged that parties wishing to visit one department, can by carriage or horse cars arrive directly at the gate opening into that department. This is a special advantage not heretofore available in European exhibitions. These buildings will be known as follows: I. Main Exhibition Building. II. Art Gallery. III. Machinery Hall. IV. Horticultural Building. V. Agricultural Building. I. MAIN EXHIBITION BUILDING. Engineers and Arcliitects: HENRY PETTIT, Jos. M. WILSON. This building is in the form of a parallelogram, extend ing east and west 1,880 feet in length, and north and south 464 feet in width. The larger portion of the structure is one story in height, and shows the main cornice upon the outside at 45 feet above the ground, the interior height being 70 feet. At the centre of the longer sides are projections 416 feet in MAIM EXHIBITION BLTILIDIMQ. MEMORIAL HALL. THE EXHIBITION BUILDINGS. length, and in the centre of the shorter sides or ends of the building are projections 216 feet in length. In these projections, in the centre of the four sides, are located the main entrances, which are provided with arcades upon the ground floor, and central fagades extending to the height of 90 feet. The EAST ENTRANCE will form the principal approach from carriages, visitors being allowed to alight at the doors of the building under cover of the arcade. The SOUTH ENTRANCE will be the principal approach for street cars, the ticket offices being located upon the line of ELM AVENUE, with covered ways provided for entrance into the building itself. The MAIN PORTAL on the north side com municates directly with the ART GALLERY, and the MAIN- PORTAL on the west side gives the main passageway to the MACHINERY and AGRICULTURAL HALLS. Upon the corners of the building there are four towers 75 feet in height, and between the towers and the central projections or entrances there is a lower roof introduced, showing a cornice placed 24 feet above the ground. In order to obtain a central feature for the building as a whole, the roof over the central part, for 184 feet square, has been raised above the surrounding portion, and four towers, 48 feet square, rising to 120 feet in height, have been introduced at the corners of the elevated roof. The areas covered are as follows: Ground Floor, Upper Floors in projection, in towers, OO 872,320 square feet. 20.02 acres. 37-344 " -85 " 26,344 " " .60 " 936,008 21.47 MAY 10 TO NOVIT]BR 10 1870 THE EXHIBITION BUILDINGS. 155 II. ART GALLERY AND MEMORIAL HALL. Architect: H. J. SCHWARZMANN. This structure, which is one of the affixes to the great Exhibition, is located on a line parallel with and northward of the Main Exhibition Building. It is on the most commanding portion of the great LANSDOWNE PLATEAU, and looks southward over the city. It is elevated on a terrace six feet above the general level of the plateau the plateau itself being an eminence 116 feet above the surface of the Schuylkill River. The entire structure is in the modern Renaissance. The materials are granite, glass, and iron. No wood is used in the construction, and the building is thoroughly fireproof. The structure is 365 feet in length, 210 feet in width, and 59 feet in height, over a spacious basement 12 feet in height, surmounted by a dome. III. MACHINERY HALL Engineers and Architects : HENRY PETTIT, Jos. M. WILSON. This structure is located west of the intersection of Bel- mont and Elm Avenues, at a distance of 542 feet from the west front of the Main Exhibition Building, and 274 feet from the north side of Elm Avenue. The north front of the Building will be upon the same line as that of the Main Exhibition Building, thus presenting a frontage of 3,824 feet from the east to the west end of the Exhibition Buildings upon the principal avenue within the grounds. HORTICULTURAL HALL THE EXHIBITION BUILDINGS. 157 The building consists of the Main Hall, 360 feet wide by 1,402 feet long, and an annex on the south side of 208 feet by 210 feet. The entire area covered by the Main Hall and annex is 558,440 square feet, or 12.82 acres. Including the upper floors, the building provides 14 acres of floor space. IV. HORTICULTURAL HALL. Architect: H. J. SCHWARZMANN. The liberal appropriations of the city of Philadelphia have provided the Horticultural Department of the Exhibi tion with an extremely ornate and commodious building, which is to remain as a permanent ornament of Fair- mount Park. It is located on the Lansdowne Terrace, a short distance north of the Main Building and Art Gallery, and has a commanding view of the Schuylkill River and the northwestern portion of the city. The design is in the Mauresque style of architecture of the twelfth century, the principal materials externally being iron and glass. The length of the building is 383 feet; width, 193 feet, and height to the top of the lantern, 72 feet. The main floor is occupied by the central conservatory, 230 by 80 feet, and 55 feet high, surmounted by a lantern 170 feet long, 20 feet wide, and 14 feet high. Running entirely around this conservatory, at a height of 20 feet from the floor, is a gallery 5 feet wide. On the north and south sides of this principal room are four forcing houses for the propagation of young plants, each of them 100 by 30 feet, covered with curved roofs of iron and glass. Dividing the two forcing houses in each of these sides is a vestibule 30 pp 158 THE EXHIBITION BUILDINGS. feet square. At the centre of the east and west ends are similar vestibules, on either side of which are the restau rants, reception room, offices, etc. From the vestibules ornamental stairways lead to the internal galleries of the conservatory, as well as to the four external galleries, each 100 feet long and 10 feet wide, which surmount the roofs of the forcing houses. These external galleries are con nected with a grand promenade, formed by the roofs of the rooms on the ground floor, which has a superficial area of i, 800 square yards. The east and west entrances are approached by flights of blue-marble steps from terraces 80 by 20 feet, in the centre of each of \vhich stands an open kiosque 20 feet in diameter. The angles of the main conservatory are adorned with eight ornamental fountains. The corridors which connect the conservatory with the surrounding rooms open fine vistas in every direction. In the basement, which is of fire-proof construction, are the kitchen, store-rooms, coal-houses, ash-pits, heating ar rangements, etc. Near this principal building are a number of structures, such as the Victoria Regia House, Domestic and Tropical Orchard Houses, a Grapery, and similar Horticultural buildings. The surrounding grounds are arranged for out-door planting, and an imposing and in structive display is made. It is proposed to plant, among other things, representative trees of all parts of the Con tinent, so that side by side the visitor may see the full variety of the forest products and fruits of the country, from the firs of the extreme north, to the oranges and bananas of Florida, and the wondrous grapes and other THE EXHIBITION BUILDINGS. 159 fruits of California. In this great work it is important that the most perfect success should be achieved, so that that vastness of territory, variety of product, and perfection of species, which constitute the marvel and the might of America, may be displayed in such a way as to be realized at a glance. This building is to cost $251,937. V. AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. Architect: JAMES H. WINDRIM. This structure stands north of the Horticultural Build ing, and on the eastern side of Belmont Avenue. It will illustrate a novel combination of materials, and is capa ble of erection in a few months. Its materials are wood and glass. It consists of a long nave crossed by three transepts, both nave and transept being composed of Howe truss arches of a Gothic form. The nave is 826 feet in length by 100 feet in width, each end projecting 100 feet beyond the square of the building, with a height of 75 feet from the floor to the point of the arch. The central tran sept is of the same height, and has a breadth of 100 feet; the two end transepts are 70 feet high and 80 feet wide. The four courts inclosed between the nave and tran septs, and also the four spaces at the corners of the building, having the nave and end transepts for two of their sides, are roofed and form valuable spaces for exhibits. Thus the ground plan of the building is a parallelogram of 465 by 630 feet, covering a space of seven and one quarter acres. In its immediate vicinity are the stock-yards for the exhibition of horses, cattle, sheep, swine, poultry, etc. 160 AUTOGRAPHS OF 7 HE SIGNERS. COLLECTORS OF AUTOGRAPHS OF THE SIGNERS. The arrangement of the names indicates the priority of excellence. Dr. T. A. Emmet, New York; Rev. Dr. Sprague, Albany; Almond W. Griswold, New York State Library, Albany, New York; Dr. Charles G. Barney, Vir ginia; Ferdinand J. Dreer, Esq., Philadelphia; R. Coulton Davis, Esq., Philadelphia; Simon Gratz, Esq., Philadelphia; Theodorus Bailey Myers, Esq., New York; E. H. Leffingwell, Esq., New Haven; Brantz Mayer, Esq., Baltimore; L. J. Cist, Esq., St. Louis; Joseph J. Mickley, Esq., Philadelphia; Mrs. Z. Allen, Providence; Mellen Chamberlain, Esq., Boston; F. M. Etting, Esq., Philadelphia; Alfred B. Taylor, Esq., Philadelphia. Many inquiries have been made relative to the collection of the Queen of England. These inquiries arose from the criticism on the " Book of the Signers" which appeared in the "Press" on November 8th, 1860: "Queen Victoria s collection, which we have seen in the Private Library at Windsor Castle," etc. Being desirous of furnishing all the information possible, a letter was written to the distinguished author, Theodore Martin, C. B., and the following is from his letter to the author of this work, dated London, June 2 ist, 1875: "In his last letter to me, General Ponsonby, her Majesty s Private Secretary, says: When Mr. Brotherhead sent a volume through the Foreign Secretary in 1861, he said, "Your Majesty already possesses nearly a complete set of the original autographs of the Signers." I can find no trace of this set of autographs, nor can I ascertain that the Queen possessed any of their autographs. " And in a letter to the writer from General Ponsonby, dated July 25th, 1875, Buckingham Palace, he further says: "The librarian assures me that no such collection is in the library, and his further search has confirmed him in his opinion, that the Queen never did possess these autographs. He also inquired at the British Museum, but no trace of any such collection can be found." It is for the critic of the " Press" to settle this matter with General Ponsonby ; we have done our duty, and on the authority of her Majesty s Private Secretary we make the record that her Majesty does not possess such a collection of the autographs of the Signers as the critic of the " Press" positively said he saw in the Private Library of her Majesty, at Windsor. THE: DESK ON WHICH THE DECLARATION OF i NDIPLNDINCC WAS WRITTEN AND THRCCOFTHE SIGNERS CHAIRS. . OF JOHN HANCOCK, ffOSTO N , MASS- f^. &*/?^< * * . F H J Tomh-ftlo .SVMiI.ith 165 JOSIAH BARTLETT. //v ;f fossfssion or F-J- ff/ff?. 107 PCS. Of CfN^ WfWHIPPLE. rH, N H MOW RCS or C.H t*DD,fsa. in THE POSStffS/CV Or ff. CoViTOM RES .Or MATTHEW THORHTON, THL T1MC or 7HC D[C OF IHO ?. DCfUf V H ^ rwr possess/or* or f.J. 171 eh H .1 TiMiih-SCo .S.eaniLilM>^3t QninifrcH H SAMUEL ADAMS. " ** s~rs*s-**Sf*n-f^s s*^- \^7-s*r*t;oc4s^f> fe t^^s?^-^*^^ ^ *^^* ;.; *^ ?* ,^ *^jC^ ^J&r,/*- ^ < S~S>f<X~ *4r*~S<*~~# S *2 ^/tZ^,^ ***~*>+**y4&r^~ ^^ ^ S ^^ SZz ZZ >x^T<^^ , /** ,s*JZ,^<- -"** <**- > ^ ^-^-^X ~sZ, + *~J /*~*~~r~*5~Z. 5^T *r J*/" sr.ftrrr^ ** **~ ~Sf* ^^fr-~^ *<^~ 175 / cr ~**V c > i. i** ^-XJ^r tff tm-r-4.t<*s** r "Yisr U4_, \<j?4ju*rc* Ay & yS -K / %< XT^O-v / <r<~Tuu 176 Jr*t*t+nd /H THE POSSfSS OV Or ff. CoUi TON DA f/S , THE BIRTH PLACES OF JOHN AND JOHN QUINCYADAMS. AT QU I V CX , MA SS . 177 R. TREAT PAINE: f. COULTON 179 ELBRIDQE GERRY. "* I* THE possession or F.J. Dfrcc*. s CLMWOOO, FORMERLY THE RCS . Or EL8RI D6E QKRY . CAMBRIDGE , MASS. NO* QfS OF JUS.RUISCU- LOWELL THfPOU. 181 Me-iimLitt 183 MONUMENT Of STCPHN HOPKINS. PROVI DCNCE. n . ! STEPHEN HOPKINS. In THE rossessiON or F.J, Dfrcc* 185 WILLIAM ELLERY. ff r- smf^ ^ CIIII IBM ! f 1 ?Iit ttriiBEir n i n M H JTu ROGER SHERMAN. ^^^-OQ_*^ ^KjTTtfi 190 r^\ \ //v r// possession or F.J, fl/?E/p t s RES . or Roacp SHERMAH, HEW HAVEN , CONN . 191 SAMUEL. HUNTINGTON. &*"- /V THE "OSSfSSlOH Of ft. D*V/S . RES. Or S. HUNT INGTON , NORWICH , COHU. a? I *- * *< 193 in ,. Ji RES Of W M . i.BA VCA/ , COW >>Wx -X^>~-* fg&Z^X^ X" -x >~*^l ^. 2r ~sf~Zr<~ ^"S"< **~^- 4^*- 4Sr^m**~i s~*-^r/i*-f St&^iZ^ ^-x^-**X, <^^^t ^Z*>;* 195 OLtVR WO LOOT T RES .or OLIVER woi-corr SOUTH ST. LITCHFI CLO , CO-VAT. (7 ^ ^ 197 H .1 Tniuh -&( .Ste:nnl.iU> 19!) 201 PHIL: UWN6STONE t. iJL- 44*1 \?/<k-- V&l-** df jilS tl*p#t A <\ "th Lt*~ ify* - /f^ y<x< <}W fo^JwJL+4f diL^fadL *l &Y U^^ ^AteAfffy- M^tf^t^^CLM* i<>tJww& #*< C&rfirdltowf** n*~ 1/7 ^J JlfaGUtUL/UJ* ,M>U*(Jh p M[yrwi*+t,lYf\JL<U . l* U~** t^~\/lri*f-/ri** fusfamvjuvt, fai^f b"m (U*dt FPOM THE COLLECTION of F. M. ETTING ESQ. 203 t-C tJ A>S V" ^Su^i & fzt-f f/T- S/7Z- LEWIS MORR/S Xy^o- #ays *-y* ^^fc^^J^K^***^, /^ /H THE POSSfSSION Or f.J. D/?Eff, 207 -^v*v.. * r r i SMMpif* *>.!* F >tnrrtmii>;;*;. 209 RES. OF H.STOCXTON /? T A-*?/ 4lS~~4!&Z. /T- .^^-, r <**^Z-/^<.*-^_ s*L^S^~t ^ *sS <^<^t-y / ^&t-^iL .^o> t^Lr^ ^^, ^7^ ^*~^ s 211 ^12 //v RES. Of f-RAHCS HOPK1NSOM FfiAA/CES HOPKINSON. 7^ y x ^ < ^ -*_->, /- < .-^-c x^^^^P 213 ONUMCMT or JOHN 215 21 ; A. CLARK 218 . J &*** ***, r ft-/z/<aTH co. M.J, /v or SIMON G ft ATI 219 221 WASH/HUTCH S MA MS/ OK /9O MARKE r STRUT ft. MOft/t/S S- f CO/t. 6TH4MAfitf7-STS. fM/t ADLPM/A *^ 24.vr?6 A~ */ A* <79 r-Ki&t^. C/^Mf ^< /^ fOSffiS. OV Or S/MON GftATZ 223 MANSION fief, or ox.e THt TIME Of HIS DEATH MO 9t SOUTH + TH S7RfE.TfMII.ADA. . ,^~^C*^0-*L. X^^, IN rh COLLECTS* of- jos. A MAKSHALL COLLEBC, THE HOUSE /M WH/CH 0ffJ. WAN KLIN WAS BOfiH MIL* STfCtT HOUSe, eOSTO/v. 225 ~~*~ _ C/*^ 4^ THC rossess/oN or SIMON GRAT2 SQ. BURIAL PLAC Or BENJ. FXAMHL/N S-t.COf.Of S.TH.it AfCM STS. fHILAOA. 227 . Of JOHH CO PA c/ C <J* / f*/ J jA Q */ > t3 ./ (00 1S + -s. THE POSSESS/OH Of BAfLCY MYXS SQ. 229 . OF fffO/fffl CLYMER CHCSNUT sr NIA* rr*. /A^ /t^J2 <H&- #. tx^,/^^^K fs^-j^- -s* *** /&<- > ^ / s, s/ /* / *-/ 4,- A +C< /A-4Ti^ (/-* fa* ^* ts > // / ^t*e*ts t^s-ts Sfi, A. f-ci~ts / S & fcee^ S0 C** / V*-*s ~ , < /Vft" o K * *"**-* Cfvy* ** 10 *? /~ ^ %* AT //U^t. rt *p ~~ /\^t. <r >- /vt* ^ V-ets*ls*<-*~~rv //v r/vr POSSESSION -or ft. COULTO/V DAV/SSQ. Jh^ *s+S<r--> HCS/OCHCC ys ^^7^ ^^}^^ -, *&a/^ OH&L/L*, f (Z<^J / /^* / S si ^^~ m . ix-- - tmr cx ^ fSf&lp~&&f* 7l^f f*-*fT4&7rt&+l*> /n*ca/^<iye*~at/Mr~*/ ffrtjf& TvrAywr} jL/s ^ _ // _^. ^^ TLerrCt* ^^&*Jf> } <^-^aoC-^^t^ Ift Tff/>0SSSS/O/V OFSIMOM GfiATZ S Q. 233 . Of GFORGZ TAYiOX H C.COA fCKAYiCfTM.ST. CJtSTON fA. ~^~ IN THE fOSSSSfO/V Of S/UON GfiATZ ESQ.. 235 . OF vMS. W/iSOA/ "FOAT WtLSOM" s. w, COP. THJXD st WAL.vur srs. /%<-S 111 THE POSSESS/OH OF SIMON G ft AT 2. SQ , X^x / ??& s<4/%r Of GEORGE ROSS LANCASTER PA. 237 **si/~*< ^*^- ^^-x /^ MJ * t A^J &t^\jt^> yV^*-^-^ ^-^-ti-J.^-^-^e-^It / ^*^~ C^ZS ^ /? / -T^^-x^^-e^V U ^ X jT IN THE POSSESSION Or SJMOM 6KAT7. ESQ. r H J.ToudrttUi StBamlwi RES . Of C^SAff RODNEY, possession of ft. COULTOM a*v/s ESQ. MANSION OF GEORGE RCAO ~.^~ j34l~&y *L. fyr-sffxy&s* ^_^_-2 zSr^ 4?^- & ^Tjf THC POSSZSS/OA, OF ft. COULTQN OAVJS \ KIGUXK OS THE DTSCI.AKATION OF TSI EPENi.KNJE. JVNDA FKAMKK OP TH^ COXSTT J ITTION Of TH UNJTKJt rfTATKS. HOUSE: , Pcs.oreov. THOMAS THIRD ST PH ! LADCLP H <A . -^fe^ivVw-*^^ 4r^ a ^f^ ^^^^^^^. ^ a ^ / ^^^W^X^^^ ^ // ^. ^ * ^^/^^ 245 il ln-\x Bmdwriwad ftj .Slcainl.ilh or juoac SAMUEL CHASE BALTIMORE , MO 24:7 ? Z&&. POSSZSS/0/V Of fi.COULTONOAV/S SO- 249 In THiPossessioN ofCiMOM ff/>*Tzs<i 251 CHARLES CARROLL Or CARROLLTON MD ^^7 ^^f^t^ ^ >5 IN THE POSSESSION or Siuo 255 -.-. . r-jt - II. ., ,l l/WI! i"t,U * " " l bjrw Brothnrheod II J.TiMldv.Vl n Mc-.-inil.ill 35-7 GEORGE WYTHE CX< 259 a/ft TH PLACE OF R.H.LEE , fXANC/S LISHrfOOT i HOUSf fiS -if 0. of THOMAS ^f rrtnsoN MONT/CELLO THC HOUSE IN WHICH THOf JCFFfftSOH HROTt THtOfCLAKATIOn Or IHOeftHOrH Cl, S.H.COR p . a MA/rxrr srs. PHII. . THC Possession Of f. J. DKf 263 BENJAMIN HARRISON /Z- ~S^s flES. OF BENJA.MIM HARRISON BERKLEY /A IN THC. Possession or f.J Da fen ftfS. Of THOMAS NfiSOt/ JA. !H THePossfssio* Of FJDfucR fsf BIRTHPLACE OF R.H. LEE t, FRAHC/S LIGHTrOOT LCE HOOSC ^S>^^f ^ ftS<** -^W ^* ^^Z^LS ^i^ ^0 ,x^i ^fc*^< *&~+^tr+3. S<+ In THE fossfss/ox OF R Coi/i TON OA v 269 KS.OF CARTf* BXJXTON *2. S? 0-+^} ~O, -^W^^_^-* *r * ZZr THC Posse jj/o* of Si MO ft GAA rz /j-^7 271 J)>-sieneil In-U Brotherhead . H ./ Tumlv. rUi .sh .iinl.iUi JOSEPH HEWES ^? tL~s^^ c THcPoSStSf/0* Of A .COU!.TOV 273 RES. Of \HM . HOOPER ^ ^-~* y ^*. //SL ^ THE POSSESSION OF SIM OH ft*rz fs<?. 277 RE S . OF JOHN PEMN. NC NOW DfSTH > /c^C^ S s I/ ^ 4^<f> . SL-*^* fox or ALr*eo B. TA YLQ* Es? 279 H .1 Ti.mlvM 1 . Sii-.inil.iili 281 ACS. Of DW HHTLDGC . CMAALfS-rOH 3.C. IX /T / /t^y y"~~s HI S Cf THOMti H GHARLCSTOWH SC. />v THC Possession OF fJOficcR 141 I/ C*<~ THOS. I.YA/CH JUN rf -e^t^^-t^y /. **** i? ., st\~*^r /^ffL^c^ &0 rf.t c^> /* THC PosscsftoM of OK. TH irn: &. Of Aft THUft WDDLETOM A MILEf FROM CHAALCSTON S.C, 1 ]/Us</ V ^e^c +--^^+^1 ^_ -^l*4^<-*i <_SPr- Sfb* **^ L-^^e^-^y^Y . 1 ^L c / / fi<^^ **yts&^r / xO ;/? /^L ^^r<2k^ /AO^^^^^S^? oc/tt i>j WHICH BUTTON OWINHCTT is HILLED ir COL. LACHLA.N M^/NTOSH. " ~~~" " ~ ~ I "" *"" G E R G I A. E CONDITION of the above Obligation is fuch, That if ihc above-bound r/^ Heirs, Executors, or Adminiftrators, or any of them, fhall and do well and truly pay, or caule to be paid, unto the above-named , Executors, Administrators, or AfTigns, the full and juft ^ Sum ot-fl&tU. rtU Hyi^&}wJujciifaftL&faiMw&^^ ItLttiCUSi L tfOi without Fraud or further Deldy, then this Obligation to be void and of none Effeft, or elieto remain in full Force and Virtue. Signed, Sealed, and Delivered, i&, the Prejence of /* r Possess/ox of fJ ORCCR fsf 291 THE MONUMENT ON GKEEHE ST. AS SCEf, fAOM SKOADST. AUSUSTA &*. L.rUAN HALL *sL/ *r-AaJ A- r*i- POSSESS/OH OF R. COULTOH DAVIS st> THf OLC HlS/3t.\ICOf 6OA& AUGUSTA tfU. S>HMALV MMOWAS AS "MEADOW ^^sfc^L^ fae /&*& <7 ^t^ls? <-y ^v GEORGE WALTON fts&&/ 2*^4^ ^t^^y ^f^/> y Jt*-*4i^ ^& <^~+ THcPosSEssfOM OF FJ.DRCCR fsf. RESIDENCE Of CHARLES THDMSON NCA* SLCHETAR-f f/XST AMCH/CAtS CONGflfSS ^u/w^ IN me POSSESSION OF SIM OH GHATZ sp. A. P. BROTHERHEAD RESPECTFULLY SOLICITS THE CUSTOM OF IN SEABGH OF OLD He has a Large and Extensive Assortment always on sale. Libraries of books in any quantity, or parcels of any si/e, lie is always ready to pay cash for any amount. Old rare American books he will pay good prices for, and solicits special attention to them. Autographs of distinguished persons, and especially of the early Revolutionary times of America, realize fair prices, for which he willpay cash. Address A. P. BROTHERHEAD, Solatia lOtli Stx oot, SANDERSON S BIOGRAPHY OF THE Signers of the Declaration of Independence, REVISED AXD EDITED BY XtOBEIfcT T. OOIVIfc-AJD, Author of "Jack Cade," &c., &c. Illustrated with Sixty Engravings from Original Photographs and Drawings of the Residences of the Signers, &c., on India paper, mounted: to which is added an historical account of the Rcs)<l<-n<-,s NOT PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED. BY WILLIAM BROTHERHEAD, Author of the " Book of the Signers," "Centennial Book of the Signers," &c. This work is printed on fine paper, in a superior style a Large Quarto volume of 8oO pag -. For private illustration, the most comprehensive work in print, covering the most interesting periods before, during and after the Revolution of Seventy-six. ONLY ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTY COPIES PRINTED. The work was published by subscription at $15.00 per copy, in paper covers, uncut. A few copies for sale at subscription price by E. I3^XmiIVGTOIV ? 915 South 13th Street, Philadelphia. " The most characteristic Memorial Volume of the birth of our glorious Republic ever issued" THE BOOK OF THE SIGNERS, BY (LIBRARIAN,) Author of the " Book of the Signers," etc , WILL BE ONE OF THE MOST ATTRACTIVE NATIONAL WORKS EVER ISSUED. The work will be printed with the greatest care, from new type, on heavy toned and calendered paper cf the finest quality, and will be issued at a price sufficiently low to warrant an immense and truly national circulation. The work will embrace the following features, in the artistic development of which no expense or care has been spared to bring it to a stage of unequalled interest and unrivalled beauty : FAO SIMILE LETTERS OF EACH OF THE SIGNERS of the immortal Declaration of Independence, each letter being- printed directly from the original, and every letter illustrated with one or more engraved portraits, views, etc., with appropriate descriptive matter; many of the portraits and views appearing here for the first time, and from photographs or drawings of the subject made expressly for the purpose. THIRTEEN ORIGINAL NATIONAL DESIGNS, allegorical, emblematical and realistic, with a finely-engraved view, colored by hand, of the principal city of each of the original Thirteen States; also accompanied by full descriptive matter. A HISTORICAL MONOGRAPH, comparing the past and present condition of the former colonies, illustrating the progress made in all directions within the completed century. HISTORY OF INDEPENDENCE HALL. A full and interesting sketch of the scene of the signing of the American Declaration, with engravings showing both interior and exterior views of the venerable building. A HISTORY OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, giving the origin, the preparation, and the consummation of this immortal instrument. A HISTORY OF EACH OF THE ORIGINAL THIRTEEN STATES. A BRIEF BIOGRAPHY OF EACH SIGNER. A FULL AND CRITICAL ACCOUNT OF THE VARIOUS PORTRAITS of the Signers, accompanied by the names of the several Painters and Engravers. A HISTORY OF THE ORIGIN OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, with illustrations and descriptive matter. Tlie whole forming a Work of the most comprehensive and picturesque character, and of a rare historical interest, war ranting a position unrivalled by any other publication of the day. CONDITIONS. The work will embrace, in connection with the above features, 87 Fine Illustrations, and 13 full page Colored National Designs ; will be complete in 20 Parts, containing about an equal number of pages, each part being bound in an attractive manner, and delivered to subscribers at 50 cts. per part. Complete in 20 Parts, at 50 cents per part, payable on delivery. J. M. ST ODD ART & CO., Publishers, 723 Chestnut Street, THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. ra 12 1934 -iv u/ |,p "uv i 6 63 -4 PM ..o| 1 IT-l^ft"*^ V i r rMsit > a K M^ A LiDM fl InOI Hv* NOV 6 WOT CIRCULATION 0P . F 7Vpn OY ^v 6 1982 ETC RCULATION DEPT Kt3 6\it >2- D LD _ >K Xje . L di / r Jl LD 21-100m-7, 33 YH UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY