^'m 
 
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 :r-'^^:K-^ 
 
 
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 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 
 GIFT OF 
 
 Professor Roland D. Hussey

 
 Soldier and Servant Series, Xo. 2:i,June, 1900. 
 
 JAPAN 
 
 AND THE 
 
 NIPPON SEI KOKWAI 
 
 THK H(JI.Y CATHOLIC CHIKCH ()[• JAPAN) 
 
 A Sketch of the Work of the American Episcopal Church 
 
 By EDWARD ABBOTT 
 
 RECTOR OF ST. JAMES'S PARISH, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 
 
 CHURCH MISSIONS PUBLISHING COMPANY 
 
 211 State Street, Harttord. Cnnn.
 
 NOTE. 
 
 This little sketch of Japan and of the part taken by the American Episco- 
 pal Church in furthering the spread of Christianity in that land has been pre- 
 pared at the request of the Secretary of the Church Missions Publishing Co., 
 whose headquarters are at Hartford, Connecticut. It is the fruit of several 
 years' interest in Japan, deepened by a personal visit in the spring of 1899. 
 Acknowledgements are due and are herewith gratefully made to the Rev. Dr. 
 John Davis of Evansville, Indiana, late of the Japan Mission, and to several 
 other friendly readers of the manuscript, for helpful criticisms and valu- 
 able suggestions. Progress in Japan is rapid, and the picture of yesterday 
 will not answer in all respects for the picture of today, any more than it is safe 
 to sketch today the situation that may exist tomorrow. But this attempt may 
 serve a purpose for a time. It is but a sketch for an hour's reading, in the 
 hope that it may help even in some small way to direct attention to our work 
 in Japan, to widen interest in that work, to raise up helpers of it and means 
 to carry it on, to increase prayer for the Bishops, clergy, teachers, and mem- 
 bers of the Nippon Sei Kokwai, and so to hasten the growth of the Kingdom 
 of God among one of the most attractive peoples of the earth, it is turned over 
 to the press of the Church Publishing Society, and humbly commended to the 
 blessing of Almighty God, the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, that it may 
 serve to the glory of His HoU' Name. 
 
 EDWARD ABBOTT. 
 
 St.Ja»i::s's Parish, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Easter-tide, A. D., igoo.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 NOTE. (Page?) 
 
 I. JAPAN THE COUNTRY. .... (pjgesy-y) 
 
 Japan! T^^XT 
 
 Dimensions. ^aie3^ 
 
 Features. ib "^ ^ o 
 
 Climate. ■l9-f\£ 
 
 II. THE JAPANESE PEOPLE. - - - (Pages 10-13) 
 
 National Traits. 
 Lile and Manners. 
 Occupations. 
 
 III. HISTORY. (Pages 14-18) 
 
 The Ancient Period. 
 Later Periods. 
 
 The Coming of the Foreigner. 
 A Dual Government. 
 National Organization. 
 Commodore Perry's Visit. 
 Counter Currents. 
 The Treaties of iSgg. 
 
 IV. RELIGION IN JAPAN. - - - (Pages 19-23) 
 
 Shintoism. 
 Buddhism. 
 Other Forms. 
 Christianity. 
 
 V. SOME CHRISTIAN DATES IN JAPANESE HISTORY. 
 
 1854. A Testament 0\erhoard. (Pages 24-31) 
 
 189). The First American Missionaries. 
 
 1864. riie Story of Neesima. 
 
 1866. Ihe First Missionary Bishop. 
 
 1 86c;. Two New Forces. 
 
 1872. The First Organized Congregation. 
 
 1872. A United Conference. 
 
 1873. The"S. P. G." 
 
 1874. Tlie First Bishop of Japan. 
 1876. The " First Day of the Week." 
 1879. A Prayer Book. 
 
 1883. Bishop Poole. 
 
 1887. riie Nippon Sei Kokw.ii. 
 
 189}. New Dioceses. 
 
 1896. Tile Missionary Army. 
 
 iQoo. Statistics. 
 
 893955
 
 4 JAPAN AND THK NII'I'ON Si:i KOKWAI 
 
 VI. THB UIOCESE OF TOKYO. - - - (Pages 32-47) 
 
 Two Dioceses. 
 
 The City of Tokyo. 
 
 To Tsukiji. 
 
 Trinity Divinity Sciiool. 
 
 St. Paul's College. 
 
 St. Margaret's School. 
 
 Holy Trinity Orphanage. 
 
 Grace Mission. 
 
 The Diocese of Tokyo. 
 
 Aomori 
 
 Nikko. 
 
 VII. THE DIOCESE OF KYOTO. - - - (Pages 48-61) 
 The City of Kyoto. 
 
 Holy Trinity Cathedral. 
 
 St. Agnes's School. 
 
 Needs of St. Agnes. 
 
 Work at St. Agnes. 
 
 Bishop Williams. 
 
 The Doshisha. 
 
 Otsu. 
 
 Osaka. 
 
 Church Work in Osaka. 
 
 The Widely Loving Society 
 
 Nara. 
 
 Wakayama. 
 
 VIII. MISSIONARY TABLE. - - - (Pages 62-64) 
 Missionary Jurisdiction of Tokyo. 
 
 Missionary Jurisdiction of Kyoto. 
 
 IX. MISCELLANY. .... (Pages 65-66) 
 
 A Year's Work. 
 
 " Have We a Mission in Japan ?" 
 
 The Japanese Prayer Book. 
 
 A Meeting of a Synod. 
 
 "The Church in Japan." 
 
 X. SOME GENERAL IMPRESSIONS - - (Pages 67-69) 
 XL "SOME THINGS JAPANESE." - (Pages 70-71)
 
 LLUSTRATIONS 
 
 The Bishops of ihe Nippon Sei Kokwai, 
 
 Map of Japan, . - - - 
 
 Japanese Children, 
 
 Blind Beggar, . . . - 
 
 Toy Maker, .... 
 
 Bronze Buddiia, . . - . 
 
 Pilgrims to Sacred Mountain, 
 
 Approach to Japanese Temple, 
 
 Temple Grounds, Japan, 
 
 Japanese Edicts against Christians, 
 
 Little Nursery Maids, 
 
 Trinity Cathedral, Tokyo, 
 
 Japanese Kago, . . . - 
 
 Bishop McKim, .... 
 
 Kindergarten, Oji Holy Trinity Orplianage, 
 
 Royal Castle in Tokyo, 
 
 Winter Travel in Aomori, 
 
 Red Lacquer Bridge, Nikko, 
 
 Japanese Teacher and Mission Day School, Osak, 
 
 Old Matron of St. John's Orphanage, 
 
 Letter from the Secretary of the Junior Auxiliary, 
 
 Japanese Girls at Work, 
 
 Lion Guardians of the Gate, Japan, 
 
 Fronti 
 
 1, 
 Osaka. 
 
 SDiece 
 ige 6 
 1 1 
 
 12 
 
 n 
 14 
 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 24 
 32 
 U 
 36 
 37 
 40 
 42 
 44 
 46 
 S4 
 57 
 59 
 68 
 7t
 
 MAP OF JAPAN
 
 I. JAPAN THE COUNTRY. 
 
 Japan! — Is there anotlier t^eoiirapliical term that presents 
 to the imagination another such picture as the word Japan." 
 
 Kngland, Paris. Greece, Rome, these names likewise affect 
 the imagination, and each calls up before the mind a variety 
 of scenes and associations which are full of interest : England, 
 the romance of history, the flower of character, the spread of 
 empire ; Paris, brilliancy, gaiety, pleasure : Greece, the per- 
 fections of antiquity ; Rome, age. power, splendor, ecclesias- 
 tical domain, japan stands for something different from all 
 of these, and in some ways a good deal more, though in most 
 ways on a smaller scale, l^ut for situation, for scenerw for 
 venerable years and bounding youth, for possessions and am- 
 bitions, for actual performance and for hopeful promise, Japan 
 is almost by itself among the nations. "Unique" means the 
 only one of the kind. Japan is " unicpie." There is only one 
 Japan. 
 
 Dimensions. — Take the State of California," cut from the 
 end of it a ])iece as big as the State of Maryland.-' move it 
 almost directly due west across the Pacific Ocean for a dis- 
 tance <)f nearly five thousand miles, until it is within two days' 
 easy sail b)' steam of the Asiatic coast, turn it upside down 
 and over to the left so that its longer a.xis will run from north- 
 east to southwest, break it up into one large island, three 
 smaller ones, and several hundreds if not thousands of islets 
 too small and too sterile to be inhabited, then empty into it 
 half the po])ulation of the United States of America.'* ami 
 you h.i\e J apan. ' 
 
 ' Are;i nt Ciliturnia 158.25? square miles. 
 -Area of Maryland 12,297 square miles. 
 ^'Estim.iled popul;ilion in igoo, 8o,coo,ooo. 
 
 'Area ot Jap.iii 147, 66() square miles. H^tim.iteJ ptesrnt pnpiii.itidn 
 44.oco.oco.
 
 8 jAl'AN AND I'lIK Ml'I'ON SKI KOKWAI 
 
 Features. — Topo<j;i'aphically Japan is a land of varied, 
 picturesque, and beautiful features. Its coast line is boldly 
 indented. A spacious " inland sea." broad bays, deep inlets, 
 commanding headlands, noble lakes, occasional rivers, fine moun- 
 tain ranges, at least one lofty and snowy peak, and innumer- 
 able waterfalls, unite with green and fertile plains and richlj- 
 wooded valleys, with rocky island outposts and steaming craters, 
 with endless stretches of irrigated rice fields and avenues of 
 flowering cherry trees and towering cryptomerias, with quaint 
 temples, pagoda-like castles, and timbered villages browned 
 with age and storm, to make up prospects which are unlike 
 those presented in any other land. And yet as one stands on 
 the shores of Lake Chuzenji, for example, hemmed in among 
 its mountain guards high up above the level of the sea, he 
 might think himself almost in the heart of Switzerland, or, as 
 he traverses the thickly populated and carefully cultivated 
 plains below, he might, except for the bare-legged and um- 
 brella-capped peasants at work in the rice fields, think he was 
 in one of the garden centres of England. There are times 
 when Japan trembles with the earthquake, and there have 
 beeii disastrous visitations from this cause ; among her vol- 
 canic mountains a few are active, and there have been erup- 
 tions which have caused heavy loss of life and property ; the 
 dreaded typhoon occasionally sweeps along her rocky wooded 
 shores and even rolls up the tidal wave over farms and 
 villages that lie too near the sea ; but these are exceptions to 
 the generally even and tranquil course of nature in this fair 
 land upon which the heavens smile, and around which the 
 waters of the Pacific gather their deepest blue. It is a land 
 of harmonies and charms, a paradise for artists and the poet's 
 theme. 
 
 Qimate. — It would be difficult in a single paragraph to 
 give a just idea of the climate of Japan. The principal 
 islands stretch for a thousand miles or more from the north-
 
 JAPAN AND rilK MII'ON SEI KOKWAI 9 
 
 east to the southwest, from the latitude of Montreal to that 
 of Charleston, and exhibit corresponding variations of tem- 
 perature which are often trying to the stranger. In the 
 extreme northeast as in the extreme southwest extremes of 
 cold and heat are naturally to be met with, while in the mid- 
 dle portions of the great middle island, taking Tokj-o and 
 Kyoto, for example, as centres, neither the winters nor the 
 summers would be found unpleasant or unhealthful. though 
 there migiit be days in each season which woultl test one's 
 temper a little. There is a rainy time in summer, and the 
 dampness of parts of Japan is not favorable to some Eurojjean 
 constitutions and is injurious to man\' fabrics. Mildew is an 
 enemy to which the visitor has to become accustomed. An)' 
 where in central Japan there will be winter days when one 
 will want his warmest clothing, and summer tlays when he 
 will be glad of his thinnest clothing, and the Asiatic sun is 
 always to be guarded against everywhere in the east. Those 
 who regulate their sensations b}' the thermometer will make 
 a note of the fact that the average temperature of the coldest 
 month, January, at Tokyo, is 36^ or 37''; that of August at 
 the same point 7S .
 
 II. THE JAPANESE PEOPLE. 
 
 National Traits. — The Japanese people fit their home. 
 They arc interesting, amiable, attractive. In stature they are 
 short and small and light. Their complexion has just a warm 
 richness of the blood that goes well with their jet black hair. 
 Intellectually they are bright, quick, keen. Their perceptive 
 faculties are remarkably developed, and from an early age. 
 They have exceptional powers of imitation, adaptation, assim- 
 ilation. They are politeness itself, but the astute critic will 
 perhaps claim that a difference between "politeness" and 
 " courtesy " is illustrated in the Japanese character. It is a 
 lesson to many a careless, blunt, inconsiderate American as he 
 hurries through Japan to see the slow deliberate seriousness 
 with which the people greet and salute one another on meet- 
 ing and parting in the house or on the street, the studied 
 nicety with which the young women engage in a " ceremonial 
 tea." the genial ease with which all invariably treat the stran- 
 ger, their punctilious respect for rank and form and conven- 
 tion and precedent ; while the resident American or European, 
 with whom the novelties of Japanese life have worn away, 
 and who has come more in contact with the hard facts under 
 the smiling surface, sees sometimes a difTerent side of the 
 national character. The Japanese children are pictures; the 
 women are works of art ; the men are gravity, dignity, affabil- 
 ity, united in formality of expression. The streets in the 
 cities and towns that are likely to be included in an ordinary 
 tour are wide and clean compared with those of China, and 
 the homes as you pass them by have a tidy and well-kept 
 look. The bath is a national delight, and bodily neatness a 
 habit handed down from generation to generation ; as to 
 neatness in other respects judgment is reserved. The people 
 handle everything with an artistic touch and do everything
 
 JAJ\'\N AND THK XIII'ON sEI KOKUAI 
 
 I I 
 
 with an artistic turn. If it is a basket that is in question, it 
 must be a pretty basket, one that makes the stranger remark 
 at once upon its tastefulness. If it is a hanging shelf in the 
 dwelling, or a door in the counting room, or a box to hoUl 
 sweetmeats, or a string with which to tie up a bundle, it alike 
 illustrates what Ruskin has called " ornamental construction.'" 
 The Japanese house is like a doll house it is true, but there is 
 a singular charm about its interior. The Japanese farm is 
 laid out like a checker-boarti, or a " cra/.)--quilt," but the 
 
 .lAI'ANKsK nill.DHKN 
 
 "squares" — the "pieces" — are put together with unfailing in- 
 genuity and an effect that delights the eye. 
 
 Life and Manners. A consitlerable proportion of the 
 Japanese are fishermen, and the food of a great niajorit\- is 
 fish and rice. The bath is their delight and they take it hot. 
 Married women once blackened their teeth with an artificial
 
 12 
 
 lAl'AN AND TIIK XIPI'ON SKI KOKWAI 
 
 Stain. The men make good soldiers and fair sailors. The 
 standard of morality as between the sexes has not been high, 
 and stability, steadfastness, truthfulness, integrity, and honor 
 have yet to be developed as traits of the national character. As 
 a people they are industrious, social, playful, domestic in their 
 taste, fond of their children, devoted to music (of a kind), and 
 to dancing and the theatre (also of a kind) ; are dexterous in all 
 mechanical pursuits and greatly given to tea, tobacco, and 
 
 sake, the latter being an intoxicat- 
 "^ ing drink made of rice, which in- 
 
 ' cites, however, more to jollity than 
 
 to violent deeds. Drunkenness after 
 the American style is practically not 
 seen by the casual visitor, and public 
 brawls or disorder are unknown. 
 The dress of men and women is 
 much alike; that of students is dis- 
 tinctive. For much of the time the 
 head goes bare, and finds protection 
 from the summer's sun by means of 
 umbrellas and parasols. As in China 
 the national color may be said to be 
 blue ; the blue dye of the " kimona," 
 the national garment, is as distinctive 
 throughout Japan as is the red fez 
 of the Turk on the Bridge of Galata at Constantinople. The 
 stocking is a mitten, the shoes are a wooden clog, and the Japa- 
 nese bares his feet as we bare our head on going indoors. In 
 stormy weather the peasant thatches himself with a " rain 
 coat'" made of straw; on wet and slippery mountain paths he 
 stays his feet with straw sandals; his trusty weapon is a fan 
 which in hot weather he is always waving. 
 
 .1. ni^tii '■ i» - — ""fc^ 
 
 BLIND BEGGAK 
 
 Occupations. — When the Japanese is not a fisherman, he
 
 JAPAN AM) TIIK MIl'OX SKI KoKWAI 13 
 
 is generally a rice grower, or if he li\es in the city a metal 
 worker, a cabinet maker, a potter, a weaver, a producer of 
 cunning cloisonne, or a deft and indefatigable artisan or man- 
 ufacturer along some one of a hundred other lines of curious 
 and fascinating handiwork. And what he does with his hands 
 
 'J? 
 
 TOY MAKKK 
 
 he can do, if he chooses to, with an almost inimitable skill. 
 His taste, his experience with and knowledge of tools and 
 methods, his manual dexterity, the accuracy of his e\'e. the 
 deftness of iiis touch, the precision of his sense of {proportion 
 and contrast, make him a leader among the artificers of the 
 world.
 
 III. HISTORY. 
 
 The Ancient Period. — Jai)an has a history. Its ancient 
 history has a mythological beginning, its modern history reads 
 almost like a chapter out of the Arabian Nights. In some 
 sense the Scriptural prediction of "a nation born in a day" 
 has been fulfilled in the case of Japan. In a maze of legends 
 is to be found the story of its origin ages and ages ago. 
 There are annals purporting to date back to a time a few cen 
 turies before the coming of Our Lord to be the Redeemer of 
 the world, the times, to speak approximately, of Manasseh 
 and Jeremiah and Josiah, of Nebuchadnezzar. Cambyses and 
 Cyrus; but they are of questionable authority, and for any- 
 thing like connected history we must begin far later down. 
 
 Later Periods. — It was some five or six hundred years 
 after Christ when the first Chinese currents found their way 
 
 through Corea to Japan, bringing 
 scholarship, literature and religion. 
 Buddha was enthroned, gold was 
 discovered, some order was intro- 
 duced into government and society ; 
 money was coined, art came into 
 practice, a nobility arose, and in time 
 the imperial power suffered a divi- 
 sion. By this the "Mikado" was 
 left the spiritual head, the "Shogun" 
 became the military head, of the 
 nation. Rivalries resulted in con- 
 diets, internal disorders were fol- 
 lowed by foreign wars, andonly 
 within comparatively recent times did 
 peace settle down upon the land. 
 Through the seventeenth and eieht 
 
 BHON7.K HUUDIIA
 
 lAI'AX AM) IHK MI'IfiN SKI KOKWAI 1 5 
 
 ccnth centuries, and for the larger part of the nineteenth, the 
 land had rest, and prosperity ensued. The great international 
 hero whose personality dominates this scene, and the shadow 
 of whose name and influence lies across it like that of some 
 •.gigantic cryptomeria across one of its sunlit fields, is lyeyasu. 
 the soldier chieftain, who discomfited all his enemies, concen- 
 trated the forces of the empire in his own hands, and organized 
 the nation on a substantial basis and broad lines. For more 
 than two centuries and a half, (ir practically until Commodore 
 Perry brought about the "open door," Japan was ruled by 
 the dynasty l\"eyasu fouiided. 
 
 The Coming^ of the Foreigner. — So far as known Marco 
 Polo, the great X'cnetian traveler of the thirteenth centurw 
 was the first Eluropean to learn from hearsay of Japan. This 
 was in the course of visits to Tartary. Mongolia and the 
 Chinese border. About the middle of the si.xteenth centur_\- 
 the Portuguese were the first actually to set European foot 
 upon Japanese shores. Dazzling reports were brought away 
 by these pioneers, and the enterprise of commerce sprang to 
 its new opportunity. The centur\' had not ended before the 
 Dutch East India Company had its ships on the way to the 
 new Eldorado to open ports, plant factories and establish 
 trade, and in a generation the Portuguese had retired and 
 the Dutch were left in the possession of a field which the)' 
 practically monopolized and controlled for two centuries to 
 come. 
 
 A Dual Government. 1\\' this time the government of 
 Japan had fully de\eloped its dual character. In the sacred 
 cit\' of Kyoto, surrounded b\- his nobles, and in some sort of 
 mysterious seclusion, lived the "Mikado," the emperor, as 
 believed of divine descent, the august and serene centre and 
 source of honor, rank, and power. In the other capital, \'edo, 
 lived the "Shogun." the militar\' ruler, the commander-in-
 
 l6 JAPAN AN1> rilK XllM'ON SKI KOKWAI 
 
 chief, nominally the lieutenant of the Mikado, but in fact his 
 superior because of his arm of force. Around him stood the 
 daimios, or feudal lords, graded, tributary, and ruled with a 
 rod of iron. 
 
 National Orgfanization. — Under these two heads the so- 
 cial and political organization of Japan was complete, com- 
 pact, and cohesive. Every Japanese head of a family was re- 
 sponsible for his own. Of every group of five families each 
 member was responsible for each of the others. From the 
 lower orders ranks rose in regular degrees with sharply defined 
 lines of demarcation and obvious insignia of differences. 
 Farmers, mechanics, actors, beggars, and tanners, for example, 
 could only wear one sword ; the nobles, the daimios, the 
 priests, the samurai, the officials, might wear two. Thus the 
 entire population was classified, labelled, policed, watched, 
 and under discipline, and the centuries of their history under 
 such a system as this doubtless have had much to do with the 
 exceptional development of the popular sense for organization 
 and administration. " Red tape" flourishes in an atmosphere 
 like this, and in some ways Japan is the most highly governed 
 among the nations of today. 
 
 Commodore Perry^s Visit. — Such was the Japan to which 
 the United States Government despatched an expedition in 
 1852 to demand protection for American sailors wrecked on 
 its inhospitable coasts, and if possible to effect a treaty which 
 should open some ports to American vessels for facilities in 
 the way of supplies and trade. This was the famous expedi- 
 tion of which Commodore Perry was in charge. In February, 
 1854, Commodore Perry, in command of a fleet of seven men- 
 of-war, entered Yokohama, the harbor of Yedo, now Tokyo, 
 and dropped his anchors. This visit followed one made in the 
 previous year for the purpose of delivering a letter to the 
 Shogun from the President of the United States. With tact
 
 JAPAN AND IHK NIl'l'ON SEI KOKWAI 1 7 
 
 and consideration Commodore Perry accomplished his pur- 
 pose, and by the Treaty of Kanagawa, a fishing village lying 
 between Yedo and Yokohama, a treaty really signed at the 
 latter point, and bearing date of March 31, 1854, the ports of 
 Shimoda and Hakodate were opened as harbors of refuge, 
 supply, trade, and consular residence. 
 
 New Treaties. — In September of the same vear a British 
 fleet under the command of Sir James Stirling entered the 
 harbor of Nagasaki and concluded a similar treaty. The Rus- 
 sians quickly followed in behalf of their interests, and then 
 the Dutch. Standing upon the vantage ground thus gained, 
 and not satisfied with what had been won. Mr. Townsend 
 Harris for the United States and Lord Elgin for Great Britain, 
 both at Yedo, in 1858, concluded new treaties by which the 
 wedge of privilege and opportunity was driven further in. By 
 1874 treaties were in force not only between these two for- 
 ward nations and Japan, but with Prussia, Portugal, France, 
 Spain, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Greece, Denmark. Norway 
 and Sweden, Hawaii, China, and Peru. And in 1860 a Japanese 
 Embassy, the first ever sent out. visited the United States 
 and was received with all the signs of a great sensation in 
 New York and Washington. This was the occasion of the 
 advent of " Japanese Tommy," who was the hero of the hour. 
 
 Counter Currents. This diplomatic forcing of '"the open 
 door" created the liveliest interest throughout the civilized 
 world, intense excitement throughout the secluded precinct 
 of Japan, and indignation at Kyoto. Politic.il disturbances 
 ensued which quickly ran into violent encounters, assassina- 
 tion, the array of opposing forces, and civil war between the 
 adherents respectively of the Mik.uloand the Shoguii. As a 
 result of this final contlict the Mikado was left master of the 
 situation and of the empire. Hut the e.xisting order of things 
 was not seriously affected. The em})eror ami his advisers ac-
 
 i8 JAPAN AM) rill-; Mri'ox ski kokwai 
 
 cepted the new order with an extraordinary change of front, 
 their eyes rapidly opening to the light streaming in from the 
 west. The government, now united and centralized in the 
 emperor, was transferred to Yedo, which had received its new 
 name Tokyo — Kyoto spelled otherwise — in 1868, and with one 
 foot, at least, Japan began to " mark time " with the march of 
 the nations of the west. Yokohama, Kobe, Osaka, Nagasaki, 
 Hakodate and Niigata became the "open ports," with Tokyo 
 b}' courtes}', within which "foreigners" might reside, and 
 within a moderate radius of which they might travel without 
 passports. Upon compliance with certain formalities foreign- 
 ers were allowed privileges of travel in the interior. To consular 
 courts was secured jurisdiction of cases in which foreigners 
 were concerned, diplomatic relations were cordially establish- 
 ed, and Japan entered on that unique career of progress 
 in all things political, commercial, industrial and material by 
 which in one generation she has in many ways caught up with 
 nations that were at least a hundred years ahead. 
 
 The Treaties of ld>99. — Upon the basis of these relations 
 Japan continued until the summer of 1899. when new treaties 
 went into effect by which all barriers between her and the 
 nations of the west were removed, the whole country was 
 thrown freely open to travel, residence, and trade, the consu- 
 lar courts were abolished, and the empire, but yesterday a 
 feudal barbarism, with all its fair and fertile territor}', its bright 
 and busy millions, its large resources and varied accomplish- 
 ments, its wealth, ambition, and "faculty," takes an honored 
 and equal p[ace in the same great family with the United 
 States of America, Great Britain, France, Germany and Rus- 
 sia. The whole story is a national transformation, one of the 
 consummations of history.
 
 IV. RELIGION IN JAPAN. 
 
 Shintoism. -Again any attempt to picture the native re. 
 ligions of Japan in a paragraph or two must result in a mea- 
 ger showing if not in a misleading impression. Shintoism 
 was the original religion of the country, and still widely pre- 
 vails, but is largely influenced by Buddhism. Temples of 
 pure Shintoism. like temples of pure liuddhism, are relati\ely 
 rare in Japan today. For substance, and in its puritv, .Shinto- 
 ism is a combination of nature-worship and ancestor-worship. 
 The elements and objects of the material universe are deified 
 in countless numbers. The architecture of the temples is 
 simple, the characteristic feature being always a peculiar form 
 of gateway which is easily to be recognized. As a rule the 
 people do not take any part in the Shinto worship, and the 
 priests are hardly to be distinguished from laymen except at 
 the times of sacrifice, when they do put on official dress. The 
 sacrifices consist of fish, fruits, and vegetables, and the flesh 
 of some animals. There is no attempt whatever at moral 
 teaching. 
 
 Buddhism. — This is .m exotic in Japan, having been im- 
 ported by way of Corea something like 1300 years ago. It 
 speedily proved a formidable rival to Shintoism, and now has 
 a large ami influential constituency, affected as it is to some 
 extent by the atmosphere of Shintoism. The Buddhist tem- 
 ples, such as they are, are everywhere, and its robed priests 
 are common figures in the town and country. Buddhism is 
 perhaps the most formidable among the positive antagonists 
 with which Christianity has to contend in Japan. This not 
 only because of its intrinsic subtlety, its lofty ideals of charac- 
 ter and conduct, and its powerful hold uj)on the native intel- 
 lect and sympathies, but also because of its progressive spirit 
 and its disposition to adopt or adapt mucli of the best in
 
 20 
 
 lAPAN AND IIII-: Niri'ON SKI KOKWAf 
 
 modern ideas, and so to keep "abreast of the times." The 
 attention which the Buddhists are now paying to the " organ- 
 
 '~*^ii^ 
 
 I'lMiKIMf^ lO SACKED MiU NTAIN 
 
 ization of charity" after the models of the west is an illustra- 
 tion of its temper and movement.
 
 [AI'AN AM) THK M1'I'()\ SKI KoKWAI 
 
 21 
 
 Other Forms. From Shintoisni and Buddhism the de- 
 scent is easy to an almost endless varietx' of modified "sects" 
 and " denominations," each of which has its devotees, its god. 
 or goddess, its temple, and its ritual. Prominent if not chief 
 among these subordinate forms is the worship of Inari, or the 
 fox, as to whose sex there is some confusion of ideas, but an 
 
 fe 
 
 
 .AlM'HdACII ro .lAl'ANK.XK IIMI'I.K 
 
 image of whom in one form or another i> al\\a\s ti> be found 
 in temples dedicated to tiie idol. One of the most celebrateil 
 and most largely fre(|uented of these fox temples in all the 
 em])ire is in the cit\' of Tokyo, but a short distance from 
 Trinity Catliedral. It is said on good authorit)- tjiat at least 
 one-fifth of the Japanese people worship nothini^ higher thaji 
 the fox.
 
 lAl'AN AND rHK Ml'I'ON SKI KoKWAI 23 
 
 Christianity. — The slender but tenacious thread of Christ- 
 ianity appears at an early date in the fabric thus wrought out 
 by political changes and commercial activities. Within the 
 limits of authentic history its first interueavings were at the 
 hands of the Portuguese about the middle of the sixteenth 
 century. Close behind the merchants Cxime the missionaries, 
 and foremost among these was St. Francis Xavier. who 
 reached Japan by way of Lisbon, Mozambique, Socotra, Goa, 
 Ceylon and Malacca, as early as 1549, and freely preached the 
 Gospel. Within two years, three great princes became Christ- 
 ians, and immense numbers of the common people were bap- 
 tized. A generation later the Japanese Christians were sending 
 a deputation to the Bishop of Rome to do him honor with let- 
 ters and presents, and to signify their submission to him as 
 the Head of the Church. The developments of Christianity 
 under the condition of the times were not, however, credita- 
 ble to its name or favorable to its progress, and the banish- 
 ment of those who professed the new religion was decreed. 
 Persecution, with the massacre of priests, only deepened the 
 antagonism of the Christians, and troubles went from bad 
 to worse. Persecution was redoubled with horrible tortures, 
 the Christians retaliated by destroying the nati\'e temples, 
 the Church in Japan, of distinctly Portuguese comple.xion, 
 became most literally a Church Militant, and in the end was 
 effectually stamped out by the heel of armed force ami kej)t 
 from revival by edicts of the most rigorous character. The 
 •' notice-boards " containing these anti-Christian edicts, couched 
 in the severest terms, remained throughout the empire until 
 the seventies.
 
 / " 
 
 fril- -" 
 
 .-..^-iy.y^^* • -^'iOfc ' M jrr^ jft**«!3MBi«'-*^ « 
 
 AIJ'5I.'''T l''l'^ff'n""T '""N"' f ■ 
 
 LAW 
 
 ABOVE I^POHieil 
 
 r. ruTO 
 
 ■■■■■I 
 
 iVtKNMtr-. 
 
 JAPANESE EDICTS AGAINST CHRISTIANS 
 
 V. SOME CHRISTIAN DATES IN JAPANESE 
 HISTORY. 
 
 1854, A Testament Overboard. — From somebody s pocket 
 — so goes the story'' — on one of the English men-of-war which 
 visited Japan in this year an English Testament fell over- 
 board, and came into the hands of a Japanese gentleman by 
 the name of Wakasa, who held high office in the island of 
 Kiu-shiu. Finding that there was a Chinese translation of 
 this strange little book, he got a copy of the translation and 
 began to study it. As a result not only he but a younger 
 
 "Japan i-vici tin- Japan Mission of the Cliiircli .Missionarr Soi-icir. Third Edi- 
 tion. London: Church Missionary Society, 1898. P. 100.
 
 JAl'AN AM) THH MI'I'ON SKI KdKWAI 2$ 
 
 brotlier and three others became interested in Christianit\-. in 
 time sou<,dit instruction, grew in grace and in the knowledge 
 of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, and in 1866, on Whit- 
 sunday, the two brotliers were secretly baptized. The edicts 
 against Cliristianit\- were still in force. Tliese are said to 
 have been the first Japanese converts to recei\e baptism from 
 a Protestant missionary. 
 
 1859. The First American Missionaries. In tin's year there 
 arrived at Nagasaki the Rev. John Liggins and the Rev. 
 Channing Moore Williams, presbyters of the American Protest- 
 ant Episcopal Church, missionaries of the Domestic and For- 
 eign Missionary Society of that Church in China, and the 
 first Prote.>>tant Christian missionaries to reach Japan. Mr. 
 Liggins had been four years at work in China, and took ad- 
 vantage of the door just then newly opened by Lord FJgin's 
 Treaty to visit Japan for the benefit of his health. Mr. 
 Williams, a native of Richmond, Virginia, a graduate of the 
 College of William and IVLiry and of the Theological Sem- 
 inary at Alexandria in the same State, had sailed for China in 
 November. 1855. to engage in mission work in that empire 
 under the first Bishop Boone, by whom he was ordained to 
 the priesthood at Shanghai in Januar}-. 1857. Shortly- after 
 this, at the request of the Foreign Committee of the Board of 
 Missions, he had been transferred to Japan, news of which 
 transfer, as well as of his own appointment to the same field, 
 reached the Rev. Mr. Liggins a few days after his arrival at 
 Nagasaki. To the American Episcopal Church, to the Do- 
 mestic and I-'oreign Missionary Society of this Church, and 
 to the Rev. John Liggins and the Rev. Channing Moore 
 Williams, belongs therefore the credit, under Ciod, of first 
 planting Protestant Christian Missions in Japan. Mr. Lig- 
 gins being on the ground, at once went to work to study the 
 Japanese language for himself, to teach the English language 
 to native officials, and otherwise to facilitate intercommunica-
 
 26 jAI'AN AND TIIK NIPPON SKI KOKWAI 
 
 tion between the two peoi:)les. The Rev. Mr. Williams joined 
 hi.s comrade in this new field in June, and in September the 
 two were reinforced by a third, Dr. M. I^rnst Schmid, ap- 
 pointed a missionary physician. In October came Dr. Hep- 
 burn of the American Presbyterian Hoard to Kanagawa, who 
 was followed in November* by two ministers and one physician 
 sent out by the Dutch Reformed Church in the United States, 
 and in April of the next year came a missionary of the Amer- 
 ican Free Baptist Mission Society. In iS6i the support of 
 the American missionaries became seriously weakened through 
 the exigencies of our Civil war, and the missionaries of the 
 Episcopal Church wrote to England to the Church Missionary 
 Society for help, but their appeal was not successful. With 
 peace however ensuing at home the work was revived. 
 
 J864. The Story of Neesima. — About this time the case 
 of Joseph Neesima, one of those extraordinary personal inci- 
 dents which occasionally throw such a powerful light across 
 the page of Christian history, did more perhaps than any- 
 thing else that had happened up to that time to direct the 
 attention of American Christians to Japan as a field of hopeful 
 missionary effort and to arouse and concentrate effort in its 
 behalf. Neesima was a young Japanese, of good family, who 
 had been struck with these words in a missionary publication 
 on geography : " In the beginning God created the heavens and 
 the earth." What did this mean ? he asked. Who was this 
 "God?" He did not know of any such in Japan; was he to 
 be found in America, whence this book came ? He resolved 
 to go and see, even though it should be at the peril of his life; 
 for the law forbidding the Japanese to leave their country was 
 still in force. He ran away, got across to China, and found 
 passage to America in one of the merchant vessels belonging to 
 
 *To Dr. Verbeck, we are assured, the Japan of lo-day owes more than to 
 any other foreigner, hving or dead.
 
 JAI'AN AND rilK NIPPON SEI KoKWAI 2/ 
 
 the Hon. A I pile us I lardy, aCliristian merchant prince of l^oston. 
 " I came all the way to Boston," he said to tiie captain of the 
 ship, " to find God, and there is no one to tell me." The 
 captain took the boy to the owner. Mr. Hardy took him to 
 his home and to his heart, educated him, and saw him find the 
 God for whom lie was looking. He became a Christian. Ten 
 years later he went back to his native hind under the auspices 
 of the American Board of Commissioners for I'oreign Mis- 
 sions, and founded the Doshisha, a Christian college, at 
 Kyoto, an institution which, after some tribulation, is now en- 
 tering on a new chapter of prosperity and usefulness. The 
 romance of this bit of history gave an immense impulse to the 
 popular interest in Christian missions in Japan. 
 
 1866. October 3d. The First Missionary Bishop. On this 
 day, in St. John's Chapel, New York City, the Rev. Channing 
 Moore Williams was duly consecrated " Missionary Bishop to 
 China with Jurisdiction in Japan." Thus was the first Protest- 
 ant missionary episcopate given to Japan, the 'first Bishop 
 Boone, in succession to whom Bishop Williams was elected 
 and consecrated, having been simply " Missionary Bishop to 
 China." 
 
 J869. Two New Forces.— This year saw two additional 
 mi>sionary agencies at work in Japan, the Church Missionary 
 Society, commonly known as " The C. M. S.," at Nagasaki, 
 and the American Board, commonly known as "The .A. B. C. 
 F. M.," at \'okohama. 
 
 J872. The First Org:anized Cons?reg:ation. -In this \e.ir 
 was organized the first native Christian congregation in Japan, 
 at Yokohama, the time being nearly a year before the with- 
 drawal of the edicts against Christianity. During the " Week 
 of Prayer" a number of Japanese students, who hail been re- 
 ceiving instruction from the missionaries, hail taken part in 
 the meeting which resulted in this step, tiieir prayers going
 
 28 jAI'AN AND rilK M I'l'ON SEI KOKWAI 
 
 up as their tears fell that God would "pour out His Spirit on 
 Japan as once He did on the first assembly of the Apostles." 
 Eleven converts united in the new organization whose birth- 
 day was the loth of March, nine of the eleven then and there 
 receiving Christian baptism. 
 
 J872. A United Conference.— In September, at Yoko- 
 hama, a united conference of Protestant missionaries took 
 steps for making a translation of the New Testament. 
 
 1873. The "S. P. G." - The English Society fur the Prop- 
 agation of the Gospel in Eoreign Parts, otherwise known as 
 " The S. P. G.," began its work at Tokyo. 
 
 1874. The First Bishop of Japan,— At the meeting of the 
 General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church of 
 the United States held in the autumn of this year, Bishop 
 Williams was relieved of the China Mission, and his title was 
 changed to that of " Missionary Bishop of Yedo, with Juris- 
 diction in Japan." 
 
 1876. The ''First Day of the Week.''— Previous to this 
 year Japan had kept as a national holiday every fifth da\% 
 namely the 1st, 6th, iith, i6th, 2ist, and 26th of the month. 
 On the 1st of April in this year these holidays were abolished 
 and the first day of each seven substituted in their place, a 
 significant tribute to western influence, though not of course 
 for religious reasons. In one sense, therefore, and within the 
 limits of the government service, though not as respects the 
 habits of the people generally, the Lord's Day is the weekly 
 Rest Day of Japan. 
 
 J879. A Prayer Book. —The larger part of the Book of 
 Common Prayer, based upon the Anglican model, with varia- 
 tions adapted to national use, and in the Japanese language, was 
 published this year, under the hands of the missionaries of 
 the English and American societies ; the rest of the work fol- 
 lowing in 1882.
 
 lAl'AN AND THE NII'|m)N SKI KnKWAI 29 
 
 1853. Bishop Poole. — Up to tliis time the two missions 
 of the Church of England were under the oversight of Bishop 
 Burdon of Victoria, Hong Kong. The Archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, Dr. Benson, now placed upon the foundation which 
 had been laid the previous year by his predecessor. Archbishop 
 Tait, the Rev. A. \V. Poole, a C. M. S. missionary in South 
 India, as the first English Bishop for Japan ; he was conse- 
 crated October iS, but failing health obliged him to desist 
 from his labors ten months later, ami in iSS; he died, greatl\' 
 lamented even by tliose who questioned the courtesy and 
 propriety of the entrance of the English episcopate into an 
 ecclesiastical province of the American Churcli. Ilis memo- 
 rials abide at (^sak;i. 
 
 J 887. The Nippon Sei Kokwai.— This year witnessed 
 the gathering into one organization of the native Christians 
 representing the fruits of the Church's several missions in 
 Japan, those namely of the Church Missionary Society, the 
 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and the Board of 
 Missions of the American Episcopal Church. The name taken 
 by this organization is Nippon Sei Kokwai, meaning literally 
 thej.ipan Holy Catholic Church. A Constitution and Canons 
 were adopted. This is the national Protestant Episcopal 
 Church of Japan. It has its own annual synod, and is entirely 
 independent, owning allegiance to no foreign body, but gladly 
 accepting for the present the jurisdiction of foreign bishops 
 .ind the fostering aid and watchful care of foreign missionaricv 
 and teachers. 
 
 1893. New Dioceses. Bishop Bickersteth, second Eng- 
 lish Bishop, in succession to Bishop Poole, consecrated in iSS^). 
 proposed the creation of two new sees, and subsetpiently 
 Bishop McKim agreed with him upon a further sub-division 
 of territory, the result of which is that the empire is now 
 covered by si.\ dioceses, which, with th<ir ■■(•( .M.iohiiMl loi. 
 respondences. are as follows:
 
 diocksp:.s. 
 
 Hakodate, 
 
 Tokyo, 
 
 South Tokyo, 
 
 Kyoto . / 
 
 Osaka, ^ 
 
 Kyuslui (or Kiushiu), 
 
 30 jAI'AN AND I'FrK NIPPON SKI K(^K\VAI 
 
 I'KOVINCKS. 
 The Island of Yezo. 
 Northeastern Provinces. 
 East Central Provinces. 
 
 West Central 1^'ovinces. 
 
 The Island of Kiusiiiu. 
 
 The episcopal jurisdictions of these six dioceses are as 
 follows: 
 
 Hakodate, . . Bishop Fyson, (C. M. S.) 
 
 Tokyo, . Bishop McKim, (Am. Ep. Ch.) 
 
 South Tokyo, Bishop Awdry, (S. P. G.) 
 
 Kyoto, . . Bishop Partridge, (Am. Ep. Ch) 
 
 Osaka, . . . Bishop Foss, (S. P. G. ) 
 
 Kyushu, . . Bishop Evington, (C. M. S. ) 
 
 1896. The Missionary Army. — There were in this year 
 about one hundred and fifty missionaries of the Anglican 
 communion at work in Japan. Of these some eighty repre 
 sented the English Church Missionary Society, some thirty 
 the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and the rest 
 the American Episcopal Church Mission. 
 
 1900. Statistics. — Statistics of the Christian population in 
 Japan are more or less vague and uncertain, but the following 
 figures are at least approximate, and ma}' be taken subject to 
 correction as a basis for a rough comparative estimate: 
 
 Roman Catholics. ..... 53,ooo 
 
 Greek Catholics, ..... 25,000 
 
 Congregationalists,^^ ..... 14,000 
 
 Presbyterians, ...... 12,000 
 
 Episcopalians, ...... 8,000 
 
 Methodists 6,000 
 
 Baptists, ....... 3,000
 
 JAPAN AM) IFIK Ml'I'oX --FI KoKUM 31 
 
 Other bodies, ...... 1,000 
 
 Total number of nominal Cliristian.s. sa\- I 22. OCO 
 
 Some of the bodies named above would doubtless claim 
 a larger number of adherents, others mav be entitled to fewer: 
 the aggregate is perhaps a maximum, and includes questiona- 
 ble material : but the table answers a purpose. 
 
 *Tltc- Kiinii-ji C/iiirr/u's. This deiininination represents and embodies the 
 concrete results ot the missions of the Congregationalists of the United States 
 in Japan. Its figures are interesting and suggestive by wav of comparison. 
 Its two oldest churches celebrated in 1899 tiieir 25th anniversaries. These 
 are the churches at Kobe and Osaka. Tiie associated body comprises 72 or- 
 ganized congregations, of which 33 are self-supporting, with 35 ordained pas- 
 tors and a membership of from 8,000 to 10,000. The contributions for all 
 purposes for 1898 were iv>/ 21,937, or nearl\- $11,000.
 
 VI IHH DIOCESE OF TOKYO. 
 
 Two Dioceses. —And now we are ieaci\- for a rapid visit to 
 what for convenience may be called the American Church's 
 Mission in Japan, that is to say the dioceses, the bishops, the 
 missionaries, the native pastors and teachers, the churches, 
 schools and stations, representing the interest, the faith, the 
 outlay and the effort of our Church for the evangelization of 
 Japan. l*"or the purposes of tiiis survey our own mission in 
 Japan may be described as an ellipse, of which tlie cities of 
 Tokyo and Kyoto are the foci. The boundary of this ellipse 
 is of course a broken one, and altogether an invisible one. and 
 as a matter of geographical fact the two jurisdictions of 
 Tokyo and Kyoto are disjoined by the English jurisdiction of 
 South Tokyo which cleaves them asunder like a broad wedge. 
 The distance by rail between the two cities of Tokyo and 
 Kyoto is 329 miles, but the journey reciuires from twelve to 
 fifteen hours, the rate of speed on the railways of Japan being 
 much slower than in Europe and .America. The carriages, 
 however, seated somewhat after the fashion of our closed 
 trolley cars, and divided into compartments for first, second 
 and third class passengers, are comfortable, and are generally 
 provided with lavatory conveniences, and complete outfits for 
 tea-drinking and native luncheons in attractive i)ackages are 
 offered for sale at all the principal way stations. The scenery 
 is alvvays interesting, and the novelties of the wa\-. of the com- 
 panionships, and of the surroundings anil associations, make 
 the ride enjoyable in whichever direction it is taken and what- 
 ever may be the motive of the traveler. Ihis general remark 
 is true of travel on most if not all of the railways of Japan. 
 
 The City of Tokyo. - lOkyo is an immense city, as rcg.irds 
 not only its pojjulation but its territory. Its jjopulatitin. va-
 
 34 
 
 lAI'AN AM) I'lll'; NII'I'ON SKI KOKWAI 
 
 rioLisly estimated at from 1,200,000 to 1,500,000, would give it 
 a place among the eight largest cities of the world; while its 
 area is said to be not less tlian 60 square miles. Its com- 
 pactly built and densely crowded districts are interspersed 
 with parks and gardens and castle grounds and open spaces, 
 and threaded by rivers and canals, giving to its aspect a mix- 
 
 THINITY CATHEDRAI,. TOKYO 
 
 ture of the urban and the suburban The " magnificent dis- 
 tances" of the city of Washington are nothing as compared 
 with those of the city of Tokyo. One section opens out of 
 another in confusing variety, and endless vistas and countless 
 turns set one's ideas of compass directions and relations into 
 hopeless contradiction. No wonder that an American lady
 
 lAI'AN AM) IHK MI'I'ON >i;| KokwaI 
 
 ."»3 
 
 came home to report that she h.id spent three weeks in Tokyo 
 and " liad not seen one Cliristian mission." As a matter of 
 fact it is said that there are about seventy-five Christian 
 cluirches and chapels in the city, and nearly if not quite one 
 hundred and fift\' places where the Gospel is preached every 
 Lord's Day. The Greek Cathedral stands handsomely and com- 
 mandingly on an elevation in the northern quarter, like '"a 
 city set on a hill." Its dome is a landmark far and near. The 
 Roman Catholic Cathedral occupies a lowlier site in the pre- 
 cinct of Tsukiji, with the simple but dignified and in\-itin<; 
 <ind in every way worthy American Trinity Cathedral near 
 by.* The humbler Anglican Cathedral of St. Andrews, the 
 seat of the Bishop of South Tokyo. Dr. Awdry, whose wife is 
 a daughter of the late Hishop Moberly of Salisbury, is on a 
 commanding knoll, beautifully situated and surrounded, in the 
 southern part of the city, with episcopal residence and choir 
 school, both of them buildings in the native style, in the 
 same compound. 
 
 To Tsukiji.- Our port of entry for Tok\'o is Yokohama, 
 the borders of which city as one approaches it from the sea are 
 so Europeanized. that it is difficult to realize what its environ- 
 ment and its connections really are. An hour's ride by rail 
 through plains that lie along the shores of the Bay of Tokyo, 
 with the water and shipping in sight for much of the wa\'. 
 brings us to the great capital; we alight in a spacious, well- 
 arranged and properly ordered station; get into one or more 
 i)f the hundreds of "kurumas" ( jinrikishasi that are drawn 
 up in platoons outside the station precincts; and before we 
 can say "Jack Robinson " are being trotted away, past trolle\' 
 cars, over the smooth dirt roads, along the banks of lanaK. 
 
 *Phillips Brooks thoujjht the interior of Trinity Cl.itlieJral one of the 
 most effective and attractive he had e\er seen, hi tlii-^ tipiiiii>!i tii^r^ vviii h,. 
 general concurrence
 
 36 
 
 lAi'AN AND 'I'lII'; Niri'(JN SKI KOKWAI 
 
 across bricly;cs tliat connect the island-like precincts, throuf^h 
 streets of endless shops, under electric lights, and constantly 
 in the midst of moving throngs of men, women and children 
 mostly in the native dress, bare-headed, clog-footed, and 
 bright faced, until in half an hour, leaving the more strictly 
 mercantile cjuarters behind us, one more canal bank and one 
 more bridge bring us into the comparatively quiet precinct 
 or ward of Tsukiji, where the headquarters of the American 
 
 JAPANESE KAGO 
 
 Church Mission and its principal institutions for what is 
 now the diocese of Tokyo are situated. Under the old 
 treaties Tsukiji was the Foreign Concession, and within its 
 limits were assembled many of the buildings and institutions 
 that represented the American and European interests, diplo- 
 matic, religious, and educational. No longer a "Concession," 
 Tsukiji's religious and educational character is too firmly es-
 
 lAI'A.X AMI THK Ml'l'ON Stl KOKWAI 
 
 tablished to change, for the present at least. Upon both 
 sides of the main street which runs through the quarter, a 
 broad and open thoroughfare, are arranged the buildings of 
 the American Church Mission. First on the right as we leave 
 the bridge is the Cathedral, Trinity Cathedral, an edifice of 
 generous proportions, dignified and tasteful, built of brick 
 with appropriate trimmings, after a gothic style, and in every 
 respect within and without all that such a building in such a 
 place and for such a pur[)ose could be expected to be and 
 should be. On one side and close at hand is the Episcopal 
 residence now occupied by Bishop McKim and his famiU': on 
 the other the house and home of 
 Mr. J. Mc. D. Gardiner, of St. Paul's 
 College, the architect of the Cathe- 
 dral and of man\- other church build- 
 ings belonging to the Nippon Sei 
 Kokwai. A little in the rear to one 
 side is the beautiful new building, 
 in Japanese style, of St. Margaret's 
 School, erected a little while ago by 
 the New York branch of the Wo- 
 man's Auxiliary, and a gem of native 
 architecture. Just beyond these 
 buildings is St. Luke's Hospital. 
 Turning now to the other side 
 
 of the street, directly across from the Cathedral and the 
 Bishop's residence, are the i^irish House and the Trinity 
 Divinit\- School, handsome buildings of brick, with two resi- 
 dences of American clergy closely adjacent ; and back of these, 
 as it were in the interior of the lot, but really opening on the 
 next parallel street, are the grouped buildings of St. Paul's 
 College. A stone's throw to one side, on a cross street at the 
 very end of the bridge b\- which we entered the precinct, and 
 fronting on the canal, is the residence of Bishop Schereschew- 
 
 lUSIMH' m'kim
 
 38 JAPAN AND Till-; NII'IHJN SKI KOKWAI 
 
 sky, tlic retired Bishop of China, witli his wife and daughter; 
 who, witli his Cliinese s(;cretary, at last accounts was working 
 away at the rate of six or eight hours a day, disabled as he is 
 by paralysis, but capable of using the type-writer, on his 
 translations and revisions of translations of the Bible into 
 Chinese. Not far distant are other homes occupied by mis- 
 sionaries or missionary teachers ; while the proximity of the 
 Roman Catholic Cathedral and of a Methodist school for boys 
 is a reminder of the companionship if not of the fellowship of 
 other Christians in the one great common work of letting in 
 the Light upon the darkened minds of Japan. 
 
 Trinity Divinity School. — From many points of view this 
 institution invites attention and repays it. Bishop McKim is 
 its President, and is assisted by American clergy in the work 
 of instruction. Its library deserves mention both for its con- 
 tents and for its arrangement and administration, and might 
 well be enlarged by some American friend or friends of sound 
 theological learning. The native students in their Christian 
 personalities and their intellectual life, in their studies and 
 their difficulties, in their perplexities and their progress, pre- 
 sent a group full of interest both for what they are and for 
 what they may become. These schools for the training of a 
 native Christian ministry for Japan are institutions of the first 
 importance, and should enjoy the notice, the sympathy, the 
 gifts, and the prayers of the American Church without stint 
 or intermission. 
 
 St. Paul's College. — This is a large collegiate school for 
 boys, equipped with a fine plant, occupying a .commanding 
 position, popular and efficient, and, if its work is not inter- 
 rupted by the present educational complications in Japan, 
 is destined to exert a growing power among Japanese youth on 
 the side of Christian faith and learning. The Bishop again is 
 President, and the instructors include both Americans and
 
 TAI'.W AM) IlIK Mir<»N SKI KdKW.M 39 
 
 native Christians. The si^^lit of the school rooms fillet! u ith 
 their several hundred Japanese boys all hard at work over 
 books and blackboards is inspirin;^. 
 
 St. Margaret's School. — A delightful visit nia\- be made to 
 St. Margarets School for girls, in its beautiful new building 
 hartl by, attesting at once the generosity of the Woman's 
 Au.xiliary of New York and the exquisite taste and handiwork 
 of Japanese artisans. Thus in his cathedral seat the Bishop 
 has one hand upon the teaching of the boys and the other 
 upon the teaching of the girls, and the theological school 
 right before him, out of which are to come forth Christian 
 leaders for the coming generation. 
 
 Holy Trinity Orphanage. — It is an hour's ride b)' victoria 
 or kuiun.a out past the handsome buildings of the University 
 of Tokyo, and into the green fields that surround the city, to 
 this paradise of Christian service and peace. This home for 
 children left destitute by the perishing of parents in the earth- 
 quakes, will be remembered as the enterprise of Mr. Ishii, 
 formerl)' O/.uga, who has visited America and personally and 
 justly interested many of us here in his beautiful charity. Mr. 
 Isliii's name only has been changed, not the man. He is the 
 same incarnation of a gentle and lovely Christian spirit, and 
 his spirit creates an atmosphere for his little institution which 
 is quickly recognized by all who come in contact with it. The 
 compound, nestling in retirement and security among the trees, 
 contains dormitories and domestic offices for a community of 
 peril. q)s thirt\' or fortv children, a well appointed school r(_)oni, 
 a ch.ipel which is one of Mr. Gardiner's models in its way, and 
 a newly built house to be used as an anne.v for feeble minded 
 chililrcii. of whose needs Mr. Ishii has made a special stud\- in 
 leading institutions in the United States, and in whose relief 
 he and his associates are deeply interested. The ch.irm of 
 such a work as this, as of the kimlreil institutit)n <>f the
 
 JAPAN AND TIIK NIIM'ON SKI KOKWAI 4I 
 
 "Widely Loving Society" at Osaka, is in the fact that it is 
 a spontaneous fruit of the native Japanese character, and so 
 expresses in a very impressively practical way the genuine- 
 ness and force of the implanted Christian spirit in Japan. 
 
 Grace Mission. — Responding to an invitation from Dr. 
 Motud.i, u ho is at the time in charge, we take an e\'ening to 
 ride out in the swift rolling kuruma to the aristocratic pre- 
 cinct of l^ancho, past the British Legation, skirting the 
 broad deep moat that encircles the fortified palace of the Em- 
 peror, and u{) to the plateau on which Dr. Motoda's mission 
 is established, temporaril}- in its own hired house. The house 
 is in the European style. I^'or the present occasion the two 
 parlors arc thrown into one by the drawing aside of the fold- 
 ing doors, the space is crowded with a congregation mostly' of 
 men waiting in interested silence for the arrival of the ap- 
 pointed speaker from America, the singing is led by a cabinet 
 organ well played by a Japanese Christian woman, and Dr. 
 Motoda conducts the opening devotions, which receive re- 
 spectful consideration, though two-thirds of the assembly are 
 not Ciiristians. The address of fort\' minutes which follows, 
 on " Progress and Peril in Japan," given in English, the 
 speaker sitting in his chair, and interpreted by Dr. Motoda, is 
 listened to with close attention and apj^arcntly with impres- 
 sions, one of which is voiced by a young army officer in full 
 uniform who sits almost in touch with the speaker on the 
 front seat, and after the ser\'ice is over sends in from the hall 
 outside his visiting cartl with "Thank you very much to hear 
 such honorable oration" written on it in blue pencil and in .1 
 l)lain I^nglish hand. A church building was to have been be- 
 gun for this mission in the autumn of i S( »< ), ami may be re- 
 garded as com[)Ieteil and in use by thr time these woriis 
 reach the reader. 
 
 The Diocese of Tokyo. The diocese or missionary dis-
 
 JAPAN AND THE NIPPON Si:i K(>K\VAI 43 
 
 trict of Tokyo, now alone constituting the jurisdiction 
 of Bishop McKim, is the largest territorially of all the six, 
 unless possibly its area is exceeded by tiiat of Hakodate, cor- 
 responding to the great north island of Vezo, The work of 
 the mission is established at some fifteen or twenty places in 
 the interior, but these are widely scattered, not altogether 
 easy of access, and some of them are mere begininngs. Bishop 
 McKim has a wide field to cover, besides holding precedence 
 as occupying the original episcopal seat in Japan out of which 
 all the others have sprung. The more important of these in- 
 land missions of Tokyo, though some of them actually are on 
 the sea coast, are Sendai, Aomori, Mayebashi. and Nikko. 
 
 Sendai. Tliis large and important town, on the eastern 
 coast about half way from Tokyo to the northern extremity of 
 the island, is the capital of a province, was once a castle town, 
 has noticeable public buildings, one of the largest prisons in 
 the empire, and numerous manufactures. It has a temple, 
 too, which is worth a visit. Here is stationed the Rev. Mr. 
 Jefferys in charge of Christ Church, which greatlv needs a new 
 house of worship. The gift to Kyoto' might well be re[)eated 
 at Sendai b}' some of our rich American parishes which have 
 "enough and to spare." The cc^mparatively small sum of 
 $3,000 in ;\nieiican gold will build a \'er\- respectable church 
 edifice in Jajxm, and a parish house, now so useful an adiunct 
 of the church proper there as well as here, can be additl for a 
 little more. Sendai is a sort of heacUpiarters. antl from it Mr. 
 Jefferys with his native assistants works \'arious stations in the 
 surrounding towns. 
 
 Aomori. — Here we are almost at the \\\y northern ex- 
 tremity of the main island of Japan, at the juniping-orf jjlace 
 before crossing the Tsugaru or San gar Straits {,> iju- wild island 
 
 ■' See page 4y.
 
 44 
 
 jAI'AN AND TIIK NI1'1'(JN SKI KOKWAI 
 
 of Yezo. Aomori is the capital of the prefecture of the same 
 name, and situated on the broad bay of the same name; has 
 strai<^ht wide streets of unusual aspect for Japan, and large 
 and well stocked shops. The bay is a great fishing ground, 
 and the port a busy point of departure and arrival for the 
 throngs of natives who are constantly passing to and from 
 Yezo. All this makes Aomori a strategic point, and requires 
 
 WINTER TRAVEL IN AOMORI. 
 
 that it be held boldly and fortified strongly. A chapel and 
 parish building, a night school for men in which the Brother- 
 hood of St. Andrew find a useful service, an industrial school 
 which sustains an equally valuable relation to the women, a 
 Sunday school, Bible classes, a sewing school, and unremitting 
 evangelistic expeditions to the outlying stations, make up the 
 record of the work at Aomori.
 
 jAI'.W AND I'm-; MI'I'ON Si;i K(iK\\\l 45 
 
 Nikko. - Aiiioni^f all these towns in northeastern Japan, 
 whether occupied as stations for Christian work or not, none 
 holds the jilace that belongs to Nikko. " Do not use the word 
 magnificent until you have seen Nikko" is a proverb of the 
 Japanese. This tribute to the (piiet charms of the temple vil- 
 lage among the hills, if somewhat grandihxiuent, is not unde- 
 served. There is nothing anywliere in Japan to compare with 
 Nikko, nothing surpassing tlie individuality of its shrines, 
 nothing surpassing the beauty of its hills and groves, nothing 
 surpassing its repose. It is a combination of lovely scenery, 
 curious architecture, venerable tradition, romantic association, 
 and an indescrib;ible atmosphere. It is on the way to Chu- 
 zenji, that matchless lake among the mountains, but it is in 
 and of itself a stopping place for pilgrims in search of the 
 beautiful, and one who can go no further may well rest here. 
 It is a [)lace to spend one's days. The rain and damjiness 
 can be forgiven. Here in the midst of these accumulated 
 treasures of nature, architecture, history and sentiment, the 
 Church of Christ is planted. In the spring of 1899 the new 
 
 and pretty little church of '•'' was under way after one of 
 
 Mr. Gardiner's happy designs. In fact, as can be done in this 
 land of abundant timber, deft wcjrkmanship, and chea[) though 
 sometimes slow transportation, the church was actually built in 
 Tokyo, and carried stick by stick and board b)- board to Xikko, 
 ninety miles awa)', and i)ut together there on its commanding 
 lot, in plain sight from all the hotels, and over against the 
 grounds of the temples which have been for centuries the 
 centre of the interest of Nikko. The one long street of the 
 little town, the mountain stream which dashes and foams 
 along under the famed " Red Bridge, " the mountains them- 
 selves standing on guard around as if for the protection of 
 the favorite and sacred haunt, the stately cryi^toniL-rias lining 
 like rows of sentinels the ai)proaches to the temple gates, the 
 
 *See note, p.i>;e 47.
 
 JAPAN AND THE NIl'l'ON SEI KOKWAI 47 
 
 flights of Steps of stone all gray with age and green with moss, 
 the shadows, the moisture, t]ie trickling streams, the distant 
 vistas of high summits up among the clouds, the creeping fig- 
 ures of the peasants as one gazes down upon them from some 
 neighboring height, the deep boom of the great temple bells 
 as they sound out the note of worship through the still air, 
 the whistle of the departing railway train that has effected a 
 junction between this hoary past and the rushing present, 
 and now latest — and may we not say best of all — this tiny 
 house of Christian prayer and praise and preaching ; these are 
 the features which set Nikko apart from all other resorts in 
 Japan with which the writer is acquainted either by knowledge 
 or hearsay. And who can tell how far and wide the True 
 Light now kindled among these shades and solitudes may 
 shine in the years to come? The name of the new little 
 church was not fixed when this \isit was made; might it not 
 well be All Saints, or the Church of the Light of the World?* 
 
 *Siiice this manuscript went 10 the printer it has become known to the 
 writer that the n;— --!--♦-< i- "r-i,,,...i, -.f ti,^ TK..„...-,„,,...t;,.„ " . .„ 
 
 appropriate selectif 
 in August. 
 
 lanuscript went 10 the printer it has become known to the 
 lame selected is "Church of the Transtiguration " ; an 
 :ion, inasmuch as the building was opened for piibhc worship
 
 VII. THE DIOCESE OF KYOTO. 
 
 The City of Kyoto. — The missionary district of Kyoto 
 was set apart from that of Tokyo by the action of the General 
 Convention at Washington, D. C, in the autumn of 1898. 
 It embraces thirteen provinces and part of a fourteenth, and 
 contains a population of about 5,000,000. As Tokyo has for 
 a port of entry the city of Yokohama, so Kyoto has for a port 
 of entry the city of Kobe, and Kobe shares with Yokohama 
 and Nagasaki the commercial honors of Japan. As at Yoko- 
 hama, the great steamships, calling on their way to and from 
 the quarters of the globe, have to lie off the shore at a safe 
 anchorage, and passengers and freight are transferred by 
 means of tugs and lighters. Once on shore at Kobe the 
 visitor finds himself on a handsome and well built "bund," 
 edging a "foreign" precinct of banks, godowns and houses of 
 trade, whence a ride of two hours by rail, passing on the way 
 through the borders of the great, picturesque, and important 
 city of Osaka, brings him to Kyoto, where the scenes incident 
 to the arrival at Toyko are repeated with little variation. 
 The trolley car or the kuruma conveys him, under the electric 
 lio-ht if it is at night, and through wonderfull}^ animated and 
 interesting streets of shops if it is by day, to either of the two 
 comfortable hotels with which the city is provided, one down 
 on the plain upon which the city is built, the other high up 
 on a terrace of the mountain range which furnishes the back- 
 ground of the town, and amidst the temples and the groves 
 of cryptomerias which adorn its southwestern slopes. This 
 mountain range overhanging the city close at hand, as the 
 Rockies overhang Denver, only far away, imparts to Kyoto a 
 scenic attraction of its own, and from almost every point of 
 view Kyoto is a more attractive point than Tokyo. Without
 
 JAPAN AND THE NIPITjN SP:I KoKWAI 49 
 
 the immensities of the newer capital, witliout its vastness of 
 population, without its broad spaces and infinite distances, 
 without its public buildin<^s and official aspects and adminis- 
 trative activities, it has nevertheless a dignit\-, a completeness 
 and repose, a suggestion of antiquity with touches of fresh- 
 ness, which invest it with a peculiar charm ; while its spacious 
 palace and even nobler castle, their surrounding grounds, 
 its numerous Buddhist temples amidst their luxuriant groves, 
 the beauty of the mountain barrier behind, the rapid stream 
 that flows tlirough its business quarter, the endless attractions 
 of its shops and bazars, and, most of all to the Christian 
 stranger, the variety of its religious institutions and agencies, 
 make it a place where one loves to linger and whicii one is 
 loth to leave. The diocese or jurisdiction of which it is the 
 centre is compact and most conveniently disposed for work. 
 It is fi)r this field that Dr. Partridge, late of the China Mission 
 at Wuchang, was consecrated Bishop on the Feast of the 
 Presentation last past, the 2nd of February, 1900; and well 
 may Bishop McKim of Tokyo say, as he does say in his 
 Report to the Board of Managers for 1898-99* that the l^ishop 
 of Kyoto will have, in his opinion, "the best diocese of the six 
 into which this empire is divided." 
 
 Holy Trinity Cathedral. — To place ourselves at the centre 
 of Christian Kyoto, and so at the centre of the jurisdictit)n, 
 we take our kurumas in the pleasant court yard of the hotel, 
 and are trotted a\va\' in a diagonal direction, hist down 
 through streets of shops, then across the palace grounds, then 
 almost plump into a little Buddhist temple, turning swiftly 
 ])ast which we "fetch uj)" aiound the corner on which stands 
 the handsome, modern, attractive edifice known as llol\- 
 Trinity Church, the gift of Holy Trinity Church, I'hil.ulclphia, 
 and the Cathedral church of the newly consecrated Bishop of 
 
 'Appendix to Foiei.un I^epurt — I), p.i.^c 204.
 
 50 JAPAN AND TIIK NII'l'ON SKI KCJKWAI 
 
 Kyoto. This is another of Mr. J. Mel). Gardiner's works, 
 and is worthy of its name, its donors, its builder, its situation, 
 and its function. It is of brick, vvitli appropriate trimmings, 
 and has the h^ok of a well-designed and well-built church trans- 
 ported from any one of our prosperous American cities. It seats 
 perhaps 300 or 350 persons, and its interior fulfils the expecta- 
 tions which its exterior awakens. Some criticisms have been 
 passed by writers in their American homes, who have never 
 been in Japan and who know nothing of the Japanese people, 
 for building Japanese churches in the "American style," as if 
 it were an affront to Japanese preference. As a matter of fact 
 the Japanese preference is that their new public buildings, 
 both civil and ecclesiastical, shall be built in the "foreign" 
 style, a preference which is attested on every hand ; and any 
 one who has been in Japan and studied the conditions on 
 the spot can readily see that to follow the lines and features 
 of native architecture in the construction of houses of Chris- 
 tian worship would be a mistake for various reasons. Holy 
 Trinity Cathedral at Kyoto, like Trinity Cathedral at Tokyo, 
 is a worthy and creditable structure, and destined to become 
 more and more the centre of forces of organization and ad- 
 ministration which mean great things for the city and its part 
 of the empire. 
 
 St. Agfnes^s School.— Hard by the church, and architecturally 
 connected with it, is the equally handsome building of St. 
 Agnes's School for girls, already however outgrown, and re" 
 quiring an immediate enlargement of its accommodations, if 
 the work which it houses is not to be hampered. St. Agnes's 
 School, like St. Margaret's, at Tokyo, is one of the Christian 
 institutions of Japan, and it is a novelty and a delight to meet 
 its hundred or more bright-faced girls with their devoted head 
 master, Mr. Tamura, and the other teachers, to join with them 
 in Christian worship, to witness the exhibitions of their pro-
 
 JAPAN' AM) THE Ml'PON SKI KOKWAI 5 I 
 
 ficiency, and to receive the expressions of their affectionate 
 and interested hospitah'ty. What a picture is presented by 
 the group of their figures and faces gathered around tlic door 
 of their beautiful building, "living stones" that tiic\- are. be- 
 ing wrought into fitness for places in the spiritual temi)le, a 
 " house not made with hands." Daily services for the girls 
 arc the order in the Cathedral, and Christian instruction is also 
 systematically given. 
 
 Needs of St. Agnes. — At the time of the visit which forms 
 the basis of this notice the pressing needs of the school were 
 as follows : 
 
 1. A good working library of Japanese and English 
 books. 
 
 2. A museum of specimens in natural history. 
 
 3. A laboratory and equipment for physical research. 
 
 4. A sewing room in Japanese style. 
 
 5. An enlargement of the dormitory. 
 
 St. Agnes's School had only six teachers and six students 
 when this building was erected. " But don't be disappointed," 
 said Bishop McKim at that time. " By and by you will have 
 ten times six." In less than five years twice that number, 
 namely, one hundred and twenty, has been realized in the 
 membership, and with enlarged dormitory accommodations 
 many more boarders could be received, a most desirable gain 
 to be accomplished. 
 
 Work at St. Agnes. 1 he school year at St. Agnes begins 
 in April and lasts eleven months, August being taken for \'a- 
 cation. Commencement is in March. All pupils pay for 
 their tuition, from sen 40 a month upwards. There were in 
 1899 about fifty boarders. Instruction is given in Japanese, 
 Chinese, and English; in niatluiii.ilics. physics, science, meta- 
 physics, ethics, physiology, music <ind drawing, and in eti- 
 quette, which is always a great point in Japanese education.
 
 52 JAI'AN AND I 1 1 F, .\II'I'()N SEI KOKWAI 
 
 The teaching is done mostly by text-books. On the whole 
 the Japanese girls are fond of study. There is no trouble 
 about discipline. There are no examinations except at en- 
 trance, and no system of prizes; rank is determined by the 
 daily record. These particulars of St. Agnes's may be taken 
 as more or less true of other Christian Schools in Japan. 
 
 Bishop Williams. — A stone's throw one side, but practi- 
 cally in the same enclosure, is one of the mission residences, 
 temporarily occupied in 1899 ^Y ^^^^ ^.t. Rev. Dr. C. M. Will- 
 iams, the retired Bishop of Japan, but now the residence of 
 Bishop Partridge. More than a word in passing is due to this 
 St. John of the American Episcopate. Born in Richmond, 
 Virginia, on the 1 8th of July, 1829, Bishop Williams is conse- 
 quently at the time of this writing in his 71st year, and when 
 last seen and heard from was as active, as full of zeal, as de- 
 voted to the evangelistic work to which his life has been 
 dedicated as if he were but half that age. Dr. Williams, hav- 
 ing from preference relinquished all episcopal functions ex- 
 cept such as are laid upon him /^?-o tempore in passing emergen- 
 cies, is now pre-eminently an evangelist, goes everywhere in 
 all weathers and under all conditions, to preach, to baptize, 
 to administer the Eucharist, to open mission stations, to in- 
 struct native congregations, to guide inquirers, to direct and 
 foster the work by any and every means in his power. Wher- 
 ever he goes he is received as a ''father in God" indeed with 
 love and reverence, and his self-effacement, his gentleness, his 
 charity for all, his sympathy for all, his patience for all, his 
 spirit of sacrifice and service, make him a model for all mis- 
 sionaries, a lesson to all Christians, and a pillar of the Church in 
 Japan, whose value will not be fully recognized until he is 
 taken away. To this work he gave himself in his youth; and 
 in it he is likely to remain while life and strength last. 
 
 The Doshisha. — There are other points of interest in
 
 JAPAN AND Till-; NU'l'DN SKI KoKWAI 53 
 
 Kyoto. Another mission residence stands just across the way. 
 Down the street a mile perhaps are the homes of one or more 
 missionaries of the ;\merican Board, and just bej'ond these, 
 the i^rounds and buildin<,rs of the "Doshislia", the Congrega- 
 tionahst Christian college or university founded by Josepli 
 Neesima.' This institution, springing from a noble and con- 
 secrated enthusiasm, and generously supported by large gifts 
 from interested friends in America, of the denomination which 
 it represents, had for some years unexampled prosperity and 
 wide influence. Its collegiate department and its affiliated 
 schools of theology, medicine, science and law, all on a Chri.s- 
 tian foundation, drew large numbers of the best type of Japa- 
 nese youth. At one time as many as nine hundred students 
 were in attendance. An attempt on the part of certain au- 
 thorities to siiift the institution from its Christian foundation 
 and to change the character of the instruction, led to a with- 
 drawal of confidence and nearly wrecked the enterprise. It 
 is only of late that there has been promise of a recovery of 
 its former prestige. The peculiar histor\- of the Doshisha 
 illustrates one group of difficulties in connection with Christian 
 work in Japan, growing out of a certain lack of stabilit)' in the 
 national character, tendencies toward rationalism, and vague 
 ideas as to the obligations involved in trusts. But there is 
 reason to hope that such an unfortunate experience will not 
 be encountered again. It has been most discouraging and has 
 given an uneasy feeling to all who hold trusts or repose trust 
 in others for the prosecution of Christian work. 
 
 Olsu. — Pronounce the name "Ots," with the ( ) long, and 
 you will get it exactly. It is a small town an hour's ride from 
 Kyoto, by rail to the eastwartl, on the shore of Lake Biwa. 
 Bishop Williams is going there of an afternoon to open a new 
 chapel, and it will be a pleasant experience to be of the party. 
 
 ' See p.iKe 26
 
 54 
 
 JAPAN AND 'IIIE NIl'l'ON SKI KOKWAI 
 
 "Pure Water Lake Chapel" is the Kngh'sh of the Japanese 
 name by which the humble house of prayer has been known ; 
 now it rejoices in another — it can hardly be prettier — but it 
 may be more Scriptural, perhaps, and more dignified. The new 
 chapel is a converted dwelling of the native style, which 
 l^ishop Williams bought and caused to be fitted uj) for a spir. 
 itual temple. The chapel proper seats, it may be, fifty; a 
 
 f^ 
 
 O rs ,sh I 
 
 ^K" '■&£>^^i. , 
 
 t^,J^--- 
 
 r 
 
 ir 
 
 JAPANESE TEAl HEK AND MISSION DAY SCHOOL, OSAKA 
 
 deep chancel has been effected by the use of an adjoining 
 room, and a parish room, a commodious vestry, and an apart- 
 ment for the native catechist in charge are other features. 
 A little afternoon congregation of about twenty-five, mostly 
 women and children, has assembled for the opening service, 
 and as many more, curious as to what is going on, but too
 
 JAPAN AND THK Nli'PON SEI KOKWAI 55 
 
 timitl to venture in, crowd around the tloor leadincj from tlie 
 street and look and listen earnestly as the service proceeds. 
 To the good evangelist-bishop it is as if it were a house of 
 gold and precious stones, and a congregation to be counted 
 by the thousands. By such simple beginnings is the Church 
 being planted through the length and breadth of Japan. And 
 God is giving the increase as the work goes on. 
 
 Osaka. — This important commercial city has neither the 
 dimensions of Tokyo nor the atmosphere of K)-oto, but it has 
 a picturesqueness all its own, and in certain aspects is without 
 a rival. The great castle which ilominatcs it like a citadel, 
 terrace rising on terrace, its summit commanding a view which 
 sweeps over the expanse of roofs in every direction and gives 
 one the impression of a countless population, and the canals 
 which divide and subdivide its precincts in every direction, 
 are its conspicuous topographical features. If its castle lacks 
 both the proportions and the dignity which would justify 
 comparison with the corresponding features of Athens or 
 Edinburgh, its canals with their traffic and their bridges do 
 justify in some degree the epithet of the Venice of Japan. 
 No mean city is Osaka, with its eigiit scjuare miles of territory, 
 its population of at least half a million, its " Theatre Street " 
 which rivals its namesake of Yokohama, lately, alas, burned 
 down, and its shopping street of Shinsai-bashi, one of the most 
 brilliant and busy thoroughfares ot all tlie cities of Ja[)an. 
 A labyrinth to find one's way about in is ( )saka ; its canals 
 and britlgcs arc most confusing ; and when one actually does 
 reach the former l-'oreign Concession, as it used to be, Kawa- 
 guclii, he wonders how he ever got there and how he will 
 ever get out again aiul l)ack wheie he came from. 
 
 The Mission Premises. — The premises of our mission here 
 occupy a strip of land lying between two streets, accessible 
 from both, and parallel with the banks of one of the streams.
 
 56 JAPAN AND THK NIl'l'ON SEI KOKWAI 
 
 giving expansiveness to the prospect in that direction. At 
 one end of the tier of tenants of this property stands St. 
 Barnabas's Hospital, which Dr. Laning has made a house of 
 cure for so many years, where the beautiful charity — none 
 more beautiful — of surgical and medical care of the sick and 
 injured is dispensed without money and without price to those 
 in need under Dr. Laning's personal supervision, with the co- 
 operation of trained native assistants. Next in the range to the 
 hospital comes one of the mission residences, once occu- 
 pied by Mr. Page and more recently by Mr. Tyng ; after this 
 the house now used for the Bible Women's School, and last 
 of all Dr. Laning's own residence, closing the group at that 
 end. It is altogether a neat and valuable piece of property^ 
 and has a home-like look which makes the visitor forget 
 for the time being that he is in the midst of one of the great 
 cities and centres of heathendom. 
 
 Church Work in Osaka. — A day spent in visiting the 
 points of Christian interest in Osaka reminds one of the pic- 
 tures painted to the imagination by the accounts in the book 
 of the Acts of the Apostles. We go to St. John's Church of 
 a Sunday morning, find a Sunday School in session before the 
 morning service, and join with the Rev. Mr. Minagawa in the 
 Holy Communion which follows. Then to the orphanage 
 maintained by the Woman's Society of this parish, with its 
 nineteen children in the house, who went without their break- 
 fast every day one Lent as a part of their self-denial, sending 
 half of the amount thereby saved to the Japanese Missionary 
 Society's work in the island of Formosa. We are tendered 
 one day a reception at Christ Church Parish House, and meet 
 in informal worship and friendly intercourse forty or fifty 
 men, women, and children, whose affectionate interest and 
 hospitality are affecting. Later in this day there is another 
 reception at the house of one of the missionaries, to which all
 
 TAPAN AND THE Niri'ON SF.I K«iK\VAI 
 
 the Christian missionaries in the cit>- arc inxitcd. and whicli is 
 a delightful occasion of the one communion and fellowship in 
 the mystical body "of God's Son. Christ our Lord." One 
 morning is devoted to a series of visits in turn to the training 
 
 OLD MATMON OF ST. .[OII.N S OHlMIANAfiK 
 
 school for Bible \\'(Mncn, to a service and instruction for them 
 at Christ Church, under the direction of the Rev. Mr. Tyng 
 and the Rev. Mr. Naide, to an impromjitu service, address, 
 and reception at St. Paul's Church, under the care of Mr. 
 Chickashige, who makes a warm address of welcome ; and then
 
 58 JAPAN AND TIIK NII'I'ON SEI KOKWAI 
 
 to one after another of a number of Christian schools and 
 centres connected with the various mission boards ; all going 
 to show how vigorously Christ is being preached to the enter- 
 prising multitudes of Osaka. Of particular interest are the 
 Presbyterian Girl's School under the care of Miss Garvin and 
 her associates; the Church Missionar)- Society's School for 
 Boys under the Rev. W. R. Gray; the Bishop Poole Memorial 
 School for Girls, presided over by Miss Tristram, a daughter 
 of Canon Tristram, with Miss Fox as assistant ; and last but 
 not least the Bai Kwa ("Plum Blossom School") for Girls, of 
 which Miss Case and Miss Colby of the A. B. C. F. M. are the 
 nursing mothers. 
 
 The Widely Loving- Society. — No survey of the founda- 
 tions of Christianity in Osaka would be complete without a 
 visit to the orphanage carried on under the name of "The 
 Widely Loving Society." situated out in the fields at one side 
 of the town, and reached by half an hour's ride by "'riksha" 
 over the narrow dyked roads that lead into the country in 
 every direction. The story of this little tender plant is an in- 
 teresting and promising illustration of the tendencies of the 
 Japanese character when it comes under the power of 
 Christian truth and the grace of God. There were three 
 brothers in the city of Osaka. After the great earthquake 
 the oldest brother proposed to devote their patrimony to 
 the care of the orphans. To this the third brother agreed. 
 The work was begun but before it was fairly established the 
 oldest brother died. Then the second brother entered objec- 
 tions, and the work was stopped. Then the younger brother 
 "gathered his substance together," and resumed the work 
 alone. Alone he now carries it on, with one or two helpers. 
 Farm produce and rope making meet about one-third of the 
 annual expense; the rest comes from the self sacrifice and 
 giving of those interested. The work is a fruit indeed of
 
 JAPAN AND THE NIPPON SEI KOKWAI 
 
 59 
 
 Japanese faith which gives the greatest encouragement for 
 the future of Japanese Christianit}'. 
 
 Nara. — Of points of interest near Osaka by nt) means to 
 be neglected one certainly is Nara, with its rural tranquility 
 and quiet life, its delightful groves and ([uaint old temples. 
 
 ^^i^i-'^fl^ 
 
 
 LETTER FKOM TIIK SKCKKTAHY oK TIIK .riMOU Al \I1,I\I(V, (ISAKA 
 
 its tame and friendly deer and dripping fountains, its moss- 
 covered stone lanterns and shady avenues, its huge Buddha, 
 larger than the one at Kamakoura though not so fine, and its
 
 6o JAPAN AND TlIK NI1'1'(JN SEI KOKWAI 
 
 lake of romance ; but most of all for us its school for boys, 
 the " Private Nara Middle School," corresponding substantially 
 to an American high school, with a five years course and nine 
 teachers, and instructing at the time of this visit a hundred 
 youths of the sterner sex in English, Chinese, Mathematics as 
 far as Trigonometry, History, Physics, Physiology, History, 
 Botany, Zoolog}^ Drawing, Gymnastics, and Military Drill. 
 This was one of the schools to be most seriously affected by 
 the recent government restrictions with regard to religious in- 
 struction, and it is also the school in which the Brotherhood 
 of St. Andrew is interested, for it is here that their missionary, 
 Mr. Frank E. Wood, is stationed, and at last accounts was hard 
 at work, living with his family in a pleasant home a little way 
 out of the town under the slopes of the hills which rise above 
 Nara and give to it such beauty of situation. The future of 
 this school is somewhat uncertain, and depends upon the atti- 
 tude of the government, as is also the case with one of the 
 departments of St. Paul's School at Tokyo. There is a church 
 and an ev*angelistic work at Nara. 
 
 Wakayama. — Of course while we are at Osaka we must 
 also take a day to go down to Wakayama, a large but quiet 
 town to the southwest, not many miles away, an excursion 
 comfortably to be accomplished in a single day, though not 
 without some fatigue. Up at six, then, breakfast at seven, 'rik- 
 sha at seven-thirty to the station, and ofT by rail over the 
 far reaching plain through vegetable gardens, smells, a maze 
 of advertising signs, pleasure grounds, farms, and endless rice 
 fields laid out with marvelous engineering skill to secure ef- 
 fective irrigation. The farm houses look neat and homelike, 
 with walls often whitewashed, the roofs brown-tiled, and no 
 chimneys. At the way stations the good natured natives crowd 
 up to the car windows and look in upon the strangers, and 
 submit with many smiles and nods of interest and approval to
 
 JAPAN AND THE NIPI'ON SKI KoKWAI 6l 
 
 being sketched with a hurrying pencil. The train enters a 
 pretty and winding valley among the hills, and at last reaches 
 its destination and pulls up at the station, where the Rev. Mr. 
 Andrews and the Rev. Mr. and Mrs. Hayakawa are waiting 
 for us on the platform. The ubiquitous 'riksha is waiting 
 too, and half an hour or more of riding behind the brown 
 and brawny back of our "kuruina man," across fields, over 
 dykes and a bridge and a rix-er, brings us to the town and 
 through its clean streets to the native house occupied by Mr. 
 Andrews with his wife and his wife's niotlier. It is a gem of 
 a Japanese house, in the midst of a Japanese garden, looking 
 out from under the trees over the lower part of tlie town and 
 the Bay of Osaka. We all sit down to tiffin at a little after 
 noon, then wander a few moments in the garden, and peep into 
 the garden and premises of the next nearest neighbor, a Presby- 
 terian missionary. Then off in the 'riksha again to survey Mr. 
 Andrews's and Mr. Hayakawa's parish, to look into the snug 
 little Church of our Saviour, and to call at Mr. Hayakawa's 
 house to see the set of Communion vessels sent out a few 
 years ago by an American sister parish; and then back to the 
 station and into the train that is to take us home. l^ut. sucli 
 are the occasional uncertainties of Japanese railways, that the 
 train we had timed to catch is "taken off" for that ilay. and 
 we have to sit patiently in the station two hours and a half 
 for the next train on the schedule. So out come the sketch 
 books again and another crowd gathers arouiul, and curiositx" 
 and amusement are still in order. So ])ass the (la\'s in lapan.
 
 ISSIONARY TABLE. 
 
 The following tables give approximately the organization, 
 personnel, and property representing the American Church 
 Mission in Japan, the same constituting organically and ca- 
 nonically a division of the Nippon Sei Kokvvai. 
 
 Staff. 
 
 Bishops, 2; Resigned Bishop, i ; Presbyters (foreign, 16; Japanese, 12), 
 28; Deacons (Japanese, 6; foreign 3), 9. Candidates for Holy Orders, 16; 
 Missionary Physician (foreign), 2 ; Foreign Teachers and Workers, men, 3 ; 
 women, including wives of missionaries, 28; Catechists (Japanese), 46; 
 Bible-readers (Japanese), 19, and teachers (Japanese), 80. 
 
 Besides these, eleven men and women are employed in mission work 
 through Miss Perry. Seven of the before-mentioned Japanese workers, in 
 addition to the eleven employed by Miss Perry, draw no salary from the 
 mission. Dr. Osada, a Japanese practitioner, serves the mission gratuitously. 
 
 Missioiary Jurisdiction of Tokyo. 
 
 The Rt. Rev. JOHN MCKlM, D. D., 
 Missionary Bishop, Tokyo, Japan. 
 
 tThe Rev. Arthur R. Morris, Yoko- 
 hama. 
 
 The Rev. E. R. Woodman. (In the 
 United States.) 
 
 The Rev. Masakazu Tai, Tokyo. 
 
 The Rev. H. S. Jefferys, Sendai. 
 
 The Rev. Arthur Lloyd, Tokyo. 
 
 The Rev. James Chappell, Maye- 
 bashi. 
 
 The Rev. Charles H. Evans, Tokyo. 
 
 The Rev. Yoshimichi Sugiura, PH.D., 
 Tokyo. 
 
 The Rev. Joseph S. Motoda, PH.D., 
 Tokyo. 
 
 The Rev. Jacob H. Kobayashi, To- 
 kyo. 
 
 The Rev. Kalichiro Seita, Tokyo. 
 
 The Rev. Charles F. Sweet, Tokyo. 
 
 The Rev. J. K. Ochiai, Tokyo. 
 
 The Rev. George Wallace, Tokyo. 
 
 The Rev. B. T. Sakai. 
 
 The Rev. Sakko Kurubara, Tokyo. 
 
 Mr. Rudolf B. Tuesler, Tokyo. 
 
 Prof. James McD. Gardiner, Tokyo. 
 
 Mr, Stephen H. Cartwright, Tokyo. 
 
 Mrs. McKim, Tokyo. 
 
 Mrs. Woodman, (in the U. S.) 
 
 Mrs. Gardiner. Tokyo. 
 
 Mrs. Dooman, Tokyo. 
 
 Mrs. Jefferys, Sendai. 
 
 Mrs. Andrews. 
 
 Mrs. Chappell, Mayebashi. 
 
 Mrs. Sweet, Tokyo. 
 
 ttMrs. Smith. 
 
 Mrs. Wallace. Cln the U. S.) 
 
 Mrs. Tuesler, Tokyo. 
 
 Miss Lisa Loveil. (In England.) 
 
 Miss Irene P. Mann, Aomori.
 
 JAI'AN AND THE XirrON SEI KOKWAI 
 
 63 
 
 ttThe Rev. W. Frank Madeley, Hi- 
 rosaki. 
 
 The Rev. Kiimazo Mikami, Deacon, 
 San Francisco, California. 
 
 I he Rev. P. Otozo Yamagata, Dea- 
 con. (On leave.) 
 
 The Rev. J. K. Ban, Oji. 
 
 The Rev. Robert W. Andrews, Mito. 
 
 The Rev. Allen W. Cooke. 
 
 The Rev. John A Welbourn. 
 
 The Rev. H. St. George Tucker, 
 Tokyo. 
 
 ESTIMATED VALUE OF 
 
 + Miss A. M. Perry, Tokyo. 
 Miss Berta R. Babcock, Aomori. 
 ttMiss F. M. Bristowe, B. A., Tokyo. 
 ttMiss J. Kimball, Tokyo. 
 ttMiss E. McRae. (On leave.) 
 Miss Clara J. Neeley. 
 Miss A. Theodora Wall. 
 
 tThese are not supported by the 
 
 Board. 
 ttEmployed in the field. 
 
 AMSSION PROPERTY. 
 
 TOKYO AND VICINITY. 
 Trinity Church, Tsukiji and lot No. 39, . Si4,oco 00 
 
 Trinity Parish House and lot No. 54, 4.800 00 
 
 St. John's Church, Asakusa, 650 00 
 
 Shinko (" True Light") Chapel, at Great Bridge, . 400 00 
 
 Christ Chapel, in Kanda 2.100 00 
 
 St. Paul's College, Tokyo, 5 lots and Dormitory, . 12,000 00 
 
 St. Luke's Hospital, 5,000 00 
 
 Trinity Divinity and Catechetical School, Dormitories, 
 
 Theological Hall and Library and lot No. 53, . 10,000 00 
 
 St. Margaret's School building and lot No. 26. Tsukiji, 4,200 00 
 
 Dwelling-house No. 25, Tsukiji, .... 3,200 00 
 
 Dwelling-house No. 38, Tsukiji, "... 3,200 00 
 
 Dwelling-house No. 40. Tsukiji, .... 3,200 00 
 
 Dwelling-house No. 56, Tsukiji, . . . . 3,^00 00 
 
 Buildings and lots, Young Ladies' Seminary, Bancho, 10,000 00 
 
 Mayebashi, lot and residence, 1. goo 00 
 
 St. James's Chapel and School, Asakusa, . . 600 00 
 
 AOMORI. 
 Chapel and Parish Building, 
 
 Mlssi()ii<rr]' Jiiris</ic/ioii of Kyoto. 
 
 $78,850 00 
 
 1,200 00 
 
 The Rt. Rev. SIDNEY CATLIN 
 Partridge, D. D., Missionary 
 Bishop, Kyoto. 
 
 The Rt. Rev. C M. Williams, D. D., 
 Osaka. 
 
 The Re\-. Hisanojo Oka, Deacon, 
 
 Miyadzu. 
 The Rev. Ikuzo Tagawa, Deacon, 
 
 Kyoto. 
 The Rew Henry G. l.imric, Kyoto.
 
 6+ 
 
 JAl'AN AND rilK N I PI'(JN SKI KOKVVAI 
 
 The Rev. Theodosius Tviig, Nara. 
 Tlie Rev. John C. Ambler, Osaka. 
 The Rev. Isaac Dooman, Kanazawa. 
 The Rev. J. Lindsay f^atton, Kyoto. 
 The Rev. Ambrose D. Gring. (In 
 
 the U. S.) 
 The Rev. Teruo Minagawa, Osaka. 
 The Rev. Toshizumi Chikashige, 
 
 Osaka. 
 The Rev. Yasutaro Naide, Osaka. 
 The Rev. Hisakichi Yamabe,Obama. 
 The Rev. Tasuku Yamada, Sakai. 
 Tlie Rev. Kishiro Hayakawa, Wa- 
 
 kayama. 
 
 The Rev. James J. Chapman, Osaka. 
 Henry Laning, M. D., Missionary 
 
 Physician, Osaka. 
 tMr. Frank E. Wood, Nara. 
 Mrs. Tyng. (In Germany.) 
 Mrs. Ambler, Osaka. 
 Mrs. Patton, Kyoto. 
 Miss Emma Williamson, Waka- 
 
 yama. 
 Mrs. Gring. (In the U. S.) 
 Miss Leila Bull, Kyoto. 
 Miss Martha Aldrich, Kyoto. 
 Miss Georgiana Suthon, Kanazawa. 
 
 ESTIMATED VALUE OF MISSION PROPERTY. 
 
 KYOTO. 
 Holy Trinity Church, 
 St. Agnes's School buildings, 
 Rectory, .... 
 
 OSAKA AND VICINITY. 
 St. Timothy's Chapel, lot No. 21, . 
 
 Lot No. 6, Concession, 
 
 St. Barnabas's Hospital and lot No. 8. Concession, 
 Dwelling-house and lot No 5, Concession. 
 Dwelling-house and lot No. 7, Concession, 
 Dwelling-house and lot No. 27, Concession, 
 
 Holy Comforter Chapel, 
 
 Summer residence at Arima, .... 
 
 S8,ooo 00 
 
 15,770 00 
 
 4,400 00 
 
 1,500 00 
 1,760 00 
 5,200 00 
 2,500 00 
 2,600 00 
 2,500 00 
 Sqo 00 
 300 00 
 
 5,170 00 
 
 NARA. 
 Dwelling-house and lot, 
 Nara School buildings (rented land), 
 Nara, one lot, .... 
 
 2,000 00 
 3,800 00 
 1,500 00 
 
 Kanazawa. 
 O.ie lot, 
 Obama. 
 
 St. Luke's Church, 
 
 Grand Total both Dioceses in United States Gold Dollars, 
 
 17,250 00 
 
 — 7,300 00 
 
 500 00 
 
 1,200 00 
 $134,470 00
 
 MISCELLANY. 
 
 A Year's Work. — The following paragraphs are from the 
 last Annual Report of the Hoard on Foreign Missions: 
 
 In the Missionary District of Tokyo there were 3.920 
 public services held during the year at thirty-four churches, 
 chapels and preaching places, with an average attendance of 
 606 Japanese and sixty-six Europeans and Americans. The 
 baptisms for the year numbered 147, of whom 105 were Japanese 
 adults, and the confirmations 116. There are 956 Japanese 
 communicants and fifty-seven Americans and Europeans. 
 There are 1,030 day-pupils, 212 boarding, and 1,329 Sunday- 
 School scholars. The total contribution was 3,326, 25 Mexi- 
 can dollars. 1 
 
 In the Missionary District of Kyoto, the total statistics 
 for the year are as follows: Public services held 5,085 in 35 
 churches, chapels, and preaching places; average attendance, 
 Japanese 568, foreigners, 15; baptisms, adults, 104, children. 
 52 ; confirmations, 92 ; communicants, Japanese, 789, foreigners, 
 19; marriages, i I ; deaths, 30; scholars, day, 49O, boarding, 107, 
 Sunday, 693; contributions, jwj/ 2,979.14.- 
 
 ^'Have we a Mission in Japan ?^ — This question has been 
 seriously asked witliin a short tiine by an intelligent member 
 of the American Church. It will be seen from the above that 
 the answer is — "We have," and a very much alive mission it 
 is, and it is doing a work of which American Ciiurchmen 
 should be proud and for which the\- should be thankful, and 
 which they should have in their knowledge and in their 
 prayers, and remember with their gifts, and with their visits 
 when they go to Japan. 
 
 The Japanese Prayer Book. — This is piintcil in more than 
 one form, there being editions in tile Japanese character. 
 
 ' Tilt' value of tlie Mcxiciii doll.ir is about 50 cents American. 
 ^ About $1,339. 30 in American money.
 
 66 jAI'AN AND TIIK NIl'I'CJN SKI KOKWAI 
 
 which is the Chinese character, and one transliterated into the 
 Roman alphabet, which, with a little practice can be read, 
 stumblingly at least, by one unacquainted with the native char- 
 acter. The hymnal is printed in the same Romanized form. 
 
 A Meeting of a Synod. — Shall we look in on one of the meet- 
 ings of one of the diocesan synods? Not the general synod 
 of the whole Nippon Sei Kokwai, but that of one of the dioceses, 
 or missionary districts or jurisdictions. It opens of course with 
 the Celebration of the Holy Communion in the Cathedral, 
 the "foreign" bishop being the celebrant, a native Japanese 
 priest reading the Epistle, and a "foreign" priest the Gospel. 
 The sermon is preached by a native presbyter. The whole 
 service is in Japanese. After the service the synod organizes 
 for business. The bishop presides. The two secretaries are 
 Japanese. There are present, we may say, thirteen clergy- 
 men, eight catechists, and thirteen lay-delegates. Routine 
 business is transacted, and a Standing Committee is elected. 
 This Standing Committee is composed entirely of Christian 
 Japanese. 
 
 **Th.c Church in Japan.^ — Everybody interested in Chris- 
 tian Missions in Japan ought to be a subscriber to, or at least 
 a reader of, "The Church in Japan," the monthly magazine 
 edited by the Rev. Charles H. Evans, at 54 Tsukiji, Tokyo, 
 and published as the "Ofificial Organ of the Missionary Dis- 
 tricts of Tokyo and Kyoto." It is a "Spirit of Missions" 
 for Japan, and is full of information respecting the field and 
 the work, the difficulties, the encouragements, the successes 
 and the needs. This useful publication is a good specimen of 
 American editing in a foreign atmosphere, of Japanese typo- 
 graphy in a "foreign" language, and of the function of jour- 
 nalism in the east, and deserves the hearty support of Ameri- 
 can Christians. Its agent in our country is Mr. F. C. More- 
 house, the Young Churchman Co., Mihvaukee, Wisconsin.
 
 SOME GENERAL IMPRESSIONS. 
 
 Japan has no Lord's Day, to speak of, and foreigners, 
 wliether residents or visitors, except within the missionary 
 circle, do not as a rule do as much as they might to help on 
 the recognition and observance of tlie Christian Day of Rest. 
 At least travel and sight seeing might be suspended on that 
 day to the obvious advantage of the growth of a great and 
 fundamental Christian institution. 
 
 The signs of French and German influence upon the de- 
 velopment of the national mind and habit are manifest on 
 every side, French influence upon the social life, German upon 
 the organic and official. 
 
 Rice culture is the great agricultural industry of the 
 people. 
 
 There is no pasturage in Japan in the American sense, 
 though there are two large dairy farms. There is grass, but it 
 is not esculent, and cattle, milk, cream, and butter, are conse- 
 quently rare objects. 
 
 Native men servants in Japan are not altogether satisfac- 
 tory, far less so than in China, but the women ser\ants are 
 capable and pleasant. 
 
 The youthful appearance of all men is a striking feature. 
 
 Horses and all beasts of burden are conspicuous e\ery- 
 \\here by their absence. 
 
 One is struck by the stillness of life in the great cities, 
 and of course in the country. Japan is "a Laiul of SiU-nce." 
 
 The national foot-wear — a sort of high-geared wootlen 
 clog — would seem to ha\'c jiroduced a sort of national sluiHl- 
 ing gait, especially with the women, which is not graceful. 
 
 Large quantities of "red tape" arc useil in jajjan. Si>me 
 of it is of the imported variety and will be recognized by
 
 fAI'AN AND THK MI'I'ON SEI KOKWAI 
 
 69 
 
 those who are used to the article at home; but much has been 
 devised and is manufactured by the Japanese themselves. 
 
 Good nature prevails. 
 
 There are no "saloons" in Jap.iii of the American type. 
 
 The orderliness of the people in public is invariable and 
 most creditable. None of the rough "horse play" that often 
 disfigures and disgraces gatherings of the people in .\merica is 
 seen in Japan. 
 
 It must be borne in miiul by every reader of this little 
 sketcli that it has been written in tlie glow of first impressions 
 and under the spell of happy memories. It is tiierefore prob- 
 ably subject to some corrections, certainly to readjustments of 
 proportion and perspective, in order to a full and just idea of 
 the real Japan and our Church work there. It is only a begin- 
 ning, an incentive. If it shall induce any one to read some- 
 tiiing more sufficient, better still to go to Japan and see the 
 country and the Christian work for one's self, best of all to go 
 there to live and labor for the evangelization of the people, 
 its aim will be accomplished. May God bless it to this end.
 
 "SOME THINGS JAPANESE." 
 
 In pronouncing Japanese words every vovvelled syllable is 
 sounded, and every vowel is sounded lonc^ ; thus: a, ah ; e, d; 
 i, e; o, o/i ; u, oo— not jyezv. 
 
 In Japanese words of two or more syllables, where two 
 consonants come together, each consonant must have its full 
 value, the voice lingering a little on the first of the two as it 
 glides to the second, so as not to slight it. It is like a little 
 touch of national courtesy for a letter that might otherwise be 
 overlooked and not get its full rights. Thus ; in " Nikko ;" not 
 Niko, but Nik-ko; in " motte," not mote, but viot-te; in " Has- 
 saki," not Hasaki, but Has-saki. 
 
 As far as possible no accent is bestowed in pronouncing 
 Japanese words. Each syllable should receive just as much 
 emphasis as and no more than any other. 
 
 "Kurama" is the Japanese name for the jinrikisha. 
 The monetary unit is ther^v/ or silver dollar, the value 
 of which approximately and for purposes of exchange is 50 
 cents American money, or two shillings English. One yen 
 contains 100 se)i or cents; i sen contains 10 ri)i. 
 
 Distances are reckoned in ;■/ and cho. One ri is equal to 
 about two and a half miles English; 36 clio make one ri. 
 
 The unit of land measure is the tsubo, equal to about 4 
 square yards English. An acre contains about 1,200 tsiibo. 
 How do you do? Konnichi Wal 
 
 Good morning. Ohayo. 
 
 Thank you. Arigato. 
 
 I do not understand. Wakarimasen. 
 
 No thank 3'ou. Mo takusan. 
 
 Where is (it)? Doko desu ka? 
 
 Good bye. Sayonara.
 
 TAl'AX AND Till-. MI'ToN >\A KoKWAl 
 
 REFERENCES. 
 
 For further details of the history uii.i :.v//.- af tb. :7^ipfioii Sei k'ok-uai see : 
 ' Digest of the S. P. G- 
 
 Annual Report, S. P. G. 
 
 The Mission Field. 
 
 The Gospel Missionary. 
 
 Historical Sketch No. ii. id. 
 
 Missionary Reward Book Story 19. id. . 
 
 History of the C. M. S. 
 
 The C. M. S. intelligencer. 
 
 The Missionary Gleaner. 
 
 Annual Report, C. M. S. 
 
 The Publications on Japan given in the Church Missions Pub. Co. 's list. 
 For general introduction to subject : 
 
 History of Japan, Story of Nations Series. 
 
 Japan and Its Regeneration, Student Volunteer Mo\ement. 
 
 Tristam, Canon H. B. Rambles in Japan. R. C. Tract Soc. 
 
 Bickersteth, M. Japan As We Saw It. S. Low & Co. 
 
 On the whole the best all round book on Japan is Rev. 
 Dr. WilHam EHot Griffis's The Mikado s Empire. The Japa- 
 nese themselves give it this praise, notwithstanding the plain- 
 ness with which it scores them. 
 
 LION GU.\IU>I.^N9 OF THK «;ATK, .I.\P.\N
 
 ROUND ROBIN, PUBLISHED QUARTERLY 
 
 SKKIES KIHST 
 
 The Mission Field 
 
 2. WESTP:I{N missions, by the Rkv. Antiiox T. Gesnek. 
 
 3. JAPAN, by the Rev. Elliston J. Pekot. 
 
 4. CHINA, by the Rt. Rev. S. C. Paktkidge and others. 
 6. AFRICA. !i compilation from various sources. 
 
 9. INDIAN MISSIONS, Part IT., THE SIOUX OF SOUTH DAKOTA, 
 by the liEV. Anthon T. Gesneh 
 
 10. DIOCESAN MISSIONS, by the Rev. T. M. Peck and others. 
 
 11. INDIAN MISSIONS. Part III., by Bishop pyrnELBEirr Talbot 
 
 and the Rev. H. L. Burleson. 
 
 12. CHURCH SCHOOLS IN THE WEST, by the Rev. A. T. Gesner. 
 
 13. THE BEGINNINGS OF THE CHURCH IN CALIFORNIA, by 
 
 Bishop Nichols. 
 
 14. INDIAN MISSIONS, Part IV, by the Rev. F. W. Crook. 
 
 15. NASHOTAH HOUSE, by tlie Rev. Prof W. W. Webb. 
 
 17. AMERICAN PILGRIMS IN CHINA, by the Rt. Rkv. Sidney C. 
 Partridge, Bishop of Kyoto. In two parts, 10 cents each. 
 lO cents ettch, I'4 numbers for $I.OO. 
 
 SERIES SECOND 
 
 Stories from the Mission Field 
 
 1. AUNT SALLY, by Mrs. Buford, of Lawrenceville, Va. 
 
 2. DESTCHEWA, THE YOUNG ARAPAHOE, by Rev. John Roberts. 
 
 3. ANGELIQUE, by Miss Amelia Ives, St. Mary's School, Rosebud, S. D 
 
 4. A VISIT TO ST. AUGUSTINE'S SCHOOL, by Miss Phcebe D. Natt. 
 «. OPITCHI BIMISAY, by Miss Sybil Carter, Deaconess. 
 
 7. IN THE EVERGLADES OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA, by Bp. Gray. 
 
 8. A VISIT TO NGANKING. by the Bishop of Shanghai. 
 
 9. MISSION LIFE AT POINT HOPE. ALASKA, by Dr. J. B. Driggs. 
 
 10. TWO FOUR-FOOTED MISSIONARIES, by Bishop Whipple, etc. 
 
 11. ROSETTA, by Miss E. Wheeler. (Southern Pines, N. C.) 
 
 12. ONE OF OUR GIRLS, by Bishop Wells and Mrs. H. M Bartlett. 
 
 13. A HILL-TOP PAIilSH. by Samuel Hart, D. D. (For older Juniors). 
 
 14. JUANCITO, by Belle G. Merrylees. 
 
 15. SOME LITTLE FOLK OF ST. AUGUSTINE'S KINDERGARTEN. 
 
 by Mrs. A. B Hunter. 
 
 5 cents each, lii numbers for SO cents. 
 
 lf>. THE JOURNEYINGS OF A JUNIOR: or. What a Little Girl Saw 
 
 in Far Japan, by K. S. F. ( Special Number.) Price 20 cents. 
 17 A PI(;TURE book FROM ALASKA. Price 10 cents. 
 18. NEBUCHADNEZZAR, by Miss Oakley. Price 5 cents. 
 
 19 LITTLE PEOPLE OF ONEIDA. Price 10 cents. 
 
 20 LIFE IN ANVIK. by Mrs. John W. Chapman.
 
 SEUIKS TIlIliD 
 
 Missions of the Church of England 
 
 2 and 3. THE S. P. G. IN THE AMEHK'AN COLONIES, by the Hev, 
 Joseph Hooper. Part» I. and II. Price. 10 cmis each. 
 
 •SOLDIER AND SERVANT SERIES 
 
 Pioneers and Leaders of the Church in Great Britain and America . 
 
 L JOHN KEBLE, by the Rev.Walkek GwYNNE. 10 cents, 
 
 la. BISHOP PATTESON, by Bishop R. W. B. Elliott. 5 cents. 
 
 2. GEORGE KEITH, by the Rev. Joseph Hooper. 10 cents. 
 
 3. ST. AIDAN, by Bishop Doane of Albany. 10 cents. 
 
 4. ST. COLUMBA, by Bishop Nichols of California. 10 cents. 
 
 5. DR. WILLIAM CROSWELL. by tlie Rev. S. F. Hotchki.n. 10 cents. 
 
 6. RECOLLECTIONS OF BISHOP HOBART. by Bishop Coxe. 5 cent . 
 6h. ST. WULSTAN, by Miss Katharine F. Jackson. 10 cents. 
 
 7. ARCHBISHOP CRANMER AND THE PRAYER BOOK, by the 
 
 Rev. Samuel Hart, Custodian of the Standard Prayer liook. 10c. 
 8 MARTYRS OF THE REFORMATION, by the Rev. Henry Ferot- 
 
 SON. M. A. 10 cents. 
 9. DR. SAMUEL JOHNSON, by the Rev. G. D. Johnson, D. D. 10 cents. 
 
 10. BISHOP WHITE OF PENN.. by the Rev. S. R. Colladav. 10 cents 
 
 11. BISHOP MEBER IN INDIA. 10 cents. 
 
 12. BISHOP BERKELEY, by Edwin B. Woodruff. 10 cents. 
 
 13. BISHOP ACER OF CAPE PALMAS. by Miss M. T. Emery. lOc. 
 
 14. ST. ALBAN, by The Editor of " Cantica Sanctorum"; and ST. 
 
 AUGUSTINE, by Katil\rine Frances Jackson. iO cents. 
 
 15. BISHOP FEILD OF NEWFOUNDLAND, by Julia C. Emery. 10c. 
 
 16. BISHOP PHILANDER CJIASE, a sketch by his granddaughter. 10c. 
 
 17. ST. PATRICK AND THE CHURCH OF IRELAND, by the Rev. 
 
 Walker Gwynne. 10 cents. 
 \^. I'lLKINGTON OF UGANDA, with map, compiled by C. B. B. 10c. 
 
 19. EARLY MARTYRS OF JAPAN, by P O. YAMA(JArA. 10 cents. 
 
 20. BISHOP HA NNINGTON. By Emma C. Gilman. 10 cents. 
 
 21 QUEEN BEHTIIA OF KENT, hy Edith M. Chase 10 cents. 
 
 22 GENERAL GORDON, by the Rev. Henry W. Littlk. 10 cents. 
 2;;. BIVOUACING IN THE BOLAN PASS, by the Rev. A. R. Maiduff, 
 
 Chaplain to the late Bishoi) French of Lahore. 
 $ LOO Subscribers will each receive a copy of 12 numbers, as issued. 
 Special reduction to Sunday Schools and Societies on wholesale orders. 
 
 Zmcc Broun^ the lQolI^ '''J:l:;;.^s'L^\:^';\^^u:^.^^■ 
 
 Used in iti.-my Mission Study Cl.'isscs .'is :i lo.xt-liook, ii cli.-iptcT licitiK read at cjich 
 nici-linj;. difl'crcMit nicnilii-rs of tin- cLiss adding whatever I'liriher intorination lliey 
 can obtain aLout the speeial eotintry referred to.
 
 ZbC HDiSSiOnarV XeaflCt ^" i'l "stilted lesso,. pap.T for the use 
 ^ or biuidiiy Schools and Missionary 
 
 C^lasscs; issued monthly. Annual suhscripiion for the twelve numbers, post- 
 paid, 15 cents. Ten or more copies to one address, annual subscription 10 
 cents. Single number, post-paids H cents. 
 
 SKKIKS r 
 
 The Missionary Chain. 
 
 I. The Missionary Chain. 
 
 II. What is Missionary Work ? 
 
 Ill Founding of the Church in Our Land. 
 
 IV. Growth of the Church in the United States. 
 
 V. Our Indian Missions. 
 
 VI. Our Missions to the Colored People. 
 VII Our Mission in Liberia 
 
 VIII. Our Mission in China. 
 
 IX. Church Schools in the Mission Field. 
 
 X. Church Hospitals in the Mission Field. 
 XI Our Mission in Japan. 
 
 XIL City Missions. 
 
 The Set, one copy each, 15 cents. 
 
 Salt Lake, Part II (Nevada and 
 
 West. Colo.) 
 Oklahoma and Indian Territory. 
 Boise. 
 Alaska. 
 
 Arizona and New Mexico. 
 How the Church Has Grown in 
 
 Our Land. 
 Sacramento. 
 
 Some Missionary Dioceses. 
 Church Conventions and Canons 
 Western Missionary districts 
 
 SERIES III. 
 
 Missions of the Church of England. 
 
 
 
 SERIES II 
 
 
 The Mi 
 
 issionary 
 
 No. 
 
 
 Xo. 
 
 1. 
 
 Asheville. 
 
 11. 
 
 2 
 
 Southern Florida. 
 
 
 3. 
 
 Western Texas. 
 
 12. 
 
 4. 
 
 Montana, 
 
 13. 
 
 5. 
 
 Spokane. 
 
 14. 
 
 6. 
 
 Laramie (in preparation) 
 
 15. 
 
 7. 
 
 Duluth 
 
 17. 
 
 8. 
 
 South Dakota. 
 
 
 9. 
 
 Olympia 
 
 18. 
 
 10. 
 
 North Dakota 
 
 19. 
 
 11. 
 
 Salt Lake. 
 
 20. 
 21. 
 
 
 The Set, 
 
 one copy eac 
 
 No. 
 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 4. 
 5. 
 6. 
 7. 
 
 Xo. 
 
 Beginnings of Modern Missions. 10. 
 
 Uganda. 11. 
 
 Some Missions in Canada. 12. 
 
 South Africa 13 
 
 Early Missions in India. 14. 
 
 India and Ceylon. 15. 
 
 New Zealand. 16. 
 
 Madagascar. 17. 
 
 Zanzibar and Likoma — Part I. 18. 
 
 Zanzibar and Likoma — Part II. 
 
 New South Wales— Part I. 
 
 Norfolk Island. 
 
 New South Wales — Part II 
 
 Sierra Leone 
 
 West Equatorial Africa 
 
 The West Indies— Part I 
 
 Mauritius. 
 
 The West Indies— Pari II.
 
 UNIVERSITT OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
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