B M DM3 37D • : j L. l^-^ 1 L^LIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS aontion: FETTER LANE, E.G. C. F. CLAY, Manager a?lim6urfifj: loo, PRINCES STREET ISerlin: A. AS HER AND CO. Etipjig: F. A. BROCKHAUS i^ebJ lort: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS ISomlias antJ Calcutta: MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd. [All rights reserved] L^LIA A COMEDY ACTED AT QUEENS' COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE PROBABLY ON MARCH ist, 1595 NOW FIRST PRINTED WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY G. C. MOORE SMITH, Litt.D. HON. PH.D. LOUVAIN PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD Cambridge : at the University Press 1910 "If you can, Imagine you were now in the University, You'll take it well enough, a Scholar's fancy." Ford, Lowers Melancholy. [HiO ^ /^ (KJ PREFACE A yr Y thanks are due to His Grace the Archbishop of -*■ Canterbury for permission to copy and print the Lambeth MS. of this play, which has an interest above that attaching to other Cambridge comedies from its relation to Shakespeare's Twelfth Night. In my editorial work I have received some very valuable assistance from my colleague and friend, Professor W. C. Summers, and I am also indebted to the kindness of the Rev. the President of Queens' College, Professor E. C. Clark, and my friends Mr R. B. M^Kerrow and Mr Charles Sayle. To all these I return my sincere thanks. Having now completed my work on the three plays for which I received a commission, I should like further to express 27320! at vi PREFACE my gratitude to the proof-reader of the Press for a vigilance which has saved me, I do not doubt, from a number of minor inaccuracies. P.S. In my edition of Fucus I argued that the performance before King James probably took place at Newmarket. I have recently found confirmation of this view in some lines by H. Molle, Fellow of King's and Public Orator, On Fucus^ beginning * The Queenes CoUedge Play, from Cambridge away The King to the Court did call.' The lines are pre- served in the Bodleian (Rawl. MS. Poet. 147). G. C. M. S. Sheffield, April 1 910. INTRODUCTION I. The Text The text of L^elia here given is based on that of the only- known MS — No. 838 in the Library of Lambeth Palace. The book, which was left to the Library by Archbishop Tenison^, contains five plays : Fucus Histriomastix^ Leander (both without title), Koxantty Lcel'ia and Labyrinthus. The manuscript of Lt^lia is an extremely unsatisfactory one. Three hands were engaged on it. The first is seen as far as Act I. Sc. 3, 1. 159 ; the second from this point to the end of the play, except for the short passage. Act v. Sc. 5, 1. 23 * exanimalem ' to the end of Act v. Sc. 6, which, together with the indications of the speakers from a rather earlier point, are in a third hand. The bulk of the play is therefore in the second hand — unfortunately that of an exceedingly careless or ignorant scribe : and in consequence a great many emendations have had to be introduced in this edition — most of them slight and obvious, others rather more doubtful. In the preparation of the text, it was however extremely useful to be able to compare our play with the French play on which it was based. 1 It had belonged to a Wm. Mostyn, and the cover is stamped ♦W. M.' viii INTRODUCTION II. Date and Place of Production It is constantly stated that L^elia was acted at Queens* College in 1590 and 1598. I will give so far as I can the grounds for these statements, and at the same time my reasons for not accepting either, but holding it more probable that the play was produced in 1595. (i) Fuller in his History of the University of Cambridgey on reaching the academical year November 1597 to November 1598, has the following paragraph : ' 1597-8. John Jegon, V.-C. : Nath. Cole & William Rich, Proctors : James Robson [properly, Robert Wallis], Mayor. Upon the death of William Cecil, Lord Burghley, Robert Devereux, earl of Essex, was chosen Chancellor of the University. Coming to Cambridge, he was entertained in Queen's College, where the room he lodged in is called *' Essex chamber *' to this day, and where the pleasant comedy of " Lelia " was excellently acted before him.' We may accept Fuller's statement that Lalia was acted before Lord Essex in Queens' College. He says however that this was shortly after Lord Essex's election to the Chancellorship of the University, i.e. as commonly understood, in the autumn of 1598. This dating is, I think, open to grave doubt. I believe there is no other evidence of any visit paid by Essex to the University as Chancellor. In Baker MSS xxiv. pp. 369 — 381, we have a series of letters which passed between Essex and the University authorities INTRODUCTION ix from I2th August 1598 (the offer of the Chancellorship) to 9th December following. In none of them is there any reference to his having visited Cambridge or to his intending to do so. Again the Rev. W. G. Searle in his History of ^leens College^ referring under the year 1598 to the above statement of Fuller, says ' The College accounts make no mention of a comedy at this time, nor indeed of the earl's visit.' This negative testimony would not go far unless one could point to another date on which there is evidence of Essex having seen a comedy at Queens'. One can do so, as I shall show a little later. On these grounds I think that Fuller, in dating the performance of L^elia^ committed a similar mistake to that which he had committed on the previous page in dating the performance of Club Law^. (ii) Another date is given in a well-known article on University Latin Plays in the Retrospective Review^ (1825). The writer (perhaps the editor, Henry Southern) has just quoted Fuller in another connexion and cannot be supposed to be ignorant of his statement about La/ia, yet, without any explanation of his disregard of Fuller's authority, in a list of plays arranged in chronological order he mentions L^/ia as follows : Authors Printed Manuscripts^ In what Acted College Leiia Queen's 1590 1 See my edition of Club Latv, pp. xli — xlviii, and Modern Language Re'vieiv, iv. 268. 2 ^ii. p. 2^. 2 It is clear that he was not aware of the existence of the play in manuscript, and probably knew nothing about it beyond what Fuller told him. X INTRODUCTION I have no doubt that ' 1 590 ' was an error, and that the author misread the date *I598' which he had copied from Fuller and included the play in the list under this wrong date. The error was then repeated by Cooper in his Annals of Cam- bridge^ and by Rev. W. G. Searle in his History of keens'* College^ on the authority of the Retrospective Review^ and by others after them : e.g. Halliwell, Fleay, Churchill, Furness, Luce, Schelling. I think that the date 1590 may in future be ignored. The College Accounts make no mention of the performance of a play at this time. (iii) But if Lcslia was not acted in 1590, nor in 1598, I venture to suggest that it was acted in I59|. In Baker MSS xxxii. p. 529 et seqq.\ we have a paper headed by Baker, ' Particulars from Bedell Ingram's Book.' It begins 'Anno 1594. Adventus Nobilium' and goes on to say that that year (i.e. 159I) the Bachelors' Commencement was on the Friday before Ash Wednesday, and was attended by 'divers nobellmen, knights & gentellmen of worship, namely the earles of Shrewsbury, Rutland, Essex : Barons my Lds Burros, Compton, Mountjoy, ShefFeeld, Crumwell, Rich. Most of them were entertayned at Trinity Coll: where they had two comedyes & a Tragydy, y^ w''^ wear the causes of ther coming downe. My L. of Essex sent downe Philosophy Questions written with his owne hand, the w^^ wear disputed of at y® severall tymes.' Three questions were disputed on Wednesday [26 Febr.], ^ Referred to by Cooper, Annals, 11. p. 528. INTRODUCTION xi three on Thursday, the respondent being * M"^ Alablaster of Trinity,' the author of Roxana^ two on Friday, the Com- mencement Day, the respondent being ' M'" Bell, Regin.' The Commencement lasted from lo till 2, after which there was a Congregation at which a grace was passed for conferring the degree of Master in Arts on Lords Shrewsbury, Rutland, Crumwell, ShefFeeld and Compton (Lord Essex was already a Master of Arts, and presumably the others), after which these noblemen were presented, sworn on their word of honour, admitted, and placed in chairs at the upper end of the Regent House. A grace was then passed for conferring the same degree on Sir Charles Candish, Sir Edward Wooton, Sir William Bowes, Sir Ferdinando Gorge, Sir Nicholas Clifford, Sir Conyers Clifford, Sir Clement Higham, Sir Thomas Read, and Sir George Savile, knights. 'This grace passed & they were brought in in Habitu & presented by the Orator & admitted... & placed above the Doctors.' The Bedell adds : * Memorand. That the Nobellmen came in sine Habitu at y® first, but being in the House they desyred to come in in their Habytes, the w*^^ they presently dyd.' 'Memorand: That the next Morning [ist March] after my [lord the] Earl of Essex & ye rest were come. The Orator enter- tayned them in the Regent Howse, with an oration, it being no Congregation. After that oration they herd D^ Whitaker read, & then went to Dyner to ^leenes Coll: wher after Dyner they had a Comedy^ the day being turned into night. My L*^ of Essex gave unto the Bedells V"^. My L*^ of Shrewsbury gave the Bedells V^^^. xii INTRODUCTION S' William Bowes 30% S' Edw Wooton 20% S' Rob. Read 40'% M' Bromley 20'% M' Elmer gave the Bedells 1 8^ Reliqui nihil, And so let them go. Finis.' Was Lcslia the comedy which Lord Essex, with other lords and knights and gentlemen, saw in Queens' College on that 1st March 1595? I think so for the following reasons: {a) It is clear from the Bedell's account that Lord Essex was looked on as the most prominent person of the noble party. It is possible that he lodged at Queens'. In any case it would be natural that his presence should be chiefly remembered, and that a chamber in the college should be named after him. [b) On the other hand, as would also be expected, he is not singled out in the Prologue and Epilogue of the play for special mention — as would have been the case if he had attended alone as Chancellor of the University. The phrases applied to the chief spectators are * principes viros ' (Prol. 7), * illustrissimi heroes' (Prol. 15), * honoratissimi viri ' (Epil. 81). [c) The only meaning I can give to the Prologue is that the two speakers Panneus and Sericus represent the University- man and the courtier, and that the words (1. 6) * patrium hoc vellus summo in pretio est nunc apud principes viros ' refer to the condescension of the noblemen in assuming academical dress the day before. Professor E. C. Clark has kindly drawn my attention to the fact that under Lord Burleigh's regulations of 1585^ the Regents' hoods for Masters of Arts were to be * faced lyned and edged with myniver and with no silke.' If * Panneus' ^ Cooper, Annals J 11. 411. INTRODUCTION xiii was a Bachelor of Arts and wearing his own hood, this would be trimmed with lamb's-wool and the point of the words *patrium hoc vellus' would be still clearer. {d) Eight months after the visit of the noblemen to Cam- bridge, viz. on 17th Nov. 1595, Lord Essex produced before the Queen a Device which had apparently been written for him by Francis Bacon. A letter written on Nov. 22nd by Rowland Whyte to Sir Robert Sidney gives an account of the entertainment, in which the chief characters were an Old Man, a Secretary, a Soldier, and a Squire. In speaking of the actors, Whyte writes: — 'Thold man was he that in Cambridge plaied Giraldy, Morley^ plaied the Secretary, and he that plaied Pedantiq was the soldior and Toby Matthews ^ acted the Squires part^' There is a reference here to some comedy which had lately been played at Cambridge (probably before Lord Essex), a comedy in which two characters were * Giraldy' and * Pedantiq,' and * Giraldy' had been played by an actor who in London took the part of an old man. Was not this comedy Ltelia ? was not * Giraldy,' Gerardus ? and * Pedantiq ' (perhaps Whyte wrote * Pedanti«^ ') the pedant Petrus ? (e) My proof down to this point was already in print when a new piece of evidence came in. Mr M'^Kerrow kindly 1 Perhaps Thos. Morley, Gentleman of the Chapel Royal and musical composer. See D. N. B. 2 See D. N. B. 3 Sidney Papers, ed. Collins, i. 362. See Nicholl's Progresses of Q. Elizabeth, in. 378, and Spedding's Life of Bacon, i. s. L. b xiv INTRODUCTION sent me a transcript of an epigram from the only known copy of the Epigrams of John Weever (1599), preserved in the Bodleian. The poem is the 19th epigram of 'the fourthe weeke * and is as follows : "7« Georgium Meriton, & Georgium Mountaine. Your entertaine (nor can I passe away) Of Essex with farre-famed Lalia ; Nor fore the Queen your seruice on Queens dayi When such a Maister with you beareth sway, How can Queenes College euer then decay ? No. Yet Queenes College euermore hath beene Is, and will be, of Colleges the Queene." As will be seen below, Meriton and Mountaine were Fellows of Queens' College. But, what is specially important, John Weever was himself a member of the college, having been admitted as a sizar on 30th April 1 594. He seems to have left without a degree in 1598, It is clear that this epigram supports the view that the performance of Leelia at Queens' before Lord Essex preceded by a few months the performance of Essex's Device at court, and that L^elta was the play referred to by Rowland Whyte as having furnished two actors to the Device. But Weever gives us the interesting information that these two actors were Meriton and Mountaine, both, as has been said above. Fellows of the College at the time, and both of them famous afterwards. Meriton was Dean of York from 161 7 to 1624. Mountaine (or Montaigne), who is said to have first 1 Probably to be read 'Neither can I pass over your entertainment... nor your service....' INTRODUCTION xv come into notice by his acting in the college in Miles Gkriosus^ (in 1581, I think), was chaplain to Lord Essex on the Cadiz Expedition in 1596 and became Bishop of Lincoln in 161 7, of London in 1621, of Durham in 1627, and Archbishop of York in 1628, dying however on the day of his enthronement by commission. If, then, L^/ia was the comedy acted on March ist, 1595, Fuller's error becomes very intelligible. Forty years later, he was aware of the tradition that La/ia had been acted before Lord Essex at Queens', and he very naturally assumed that this took place on some visit paid to the University after Essex had become Chancellor. From the following entries in the Queens' College Accounts for 159I, it would seem that the College had had some per- formances of plays before the noblemen's visit. No doubt the best play was selected for reproduction on the state-occasion. 'Februarie Item for repairing th' hall windowes after the plaies xlv' Marche Item to the same [the Porter] for broomes & waxe for the tables after y® plaies... viij*^ Item to 3 [men] for i daies mending the halle after the plaies ij^ viij*^.' III. Authorship Judging by other cases, the play was probably written by one of the junior fellows of the college. I am indebted to the Reverend the President of Queens' for the following list of 1 Searle's History of Queens' College, p, 378. xvi INTRODUCTION fellows extracted from the college accounts for 1595 : — Clemens Smith (elected 1576), Zacharias Stewarde (1582), Thomas Brightman (1584), Henry Godley (1582), Randolph Davenport (1585), William Covell (1589), George Meriton (1589), William Nicholson (1588), Robert Rudde (1588), John Rodeknight (1591), William Robinson (1590), Walter Howse (1592), Henry Wheriwas (1590), George Mountaine (1591), Clement French (1593), Beaupre Bell (1593), Robert Pearson (1592), Henry Parker (1593), Nathaniel Fletcher (1594). Till I saw Weever's epigram, I could say no more. I think however that Weever's language implies that Meriton and Mountaine contributed more to the play than they would have done by merely acting in it, and that one or both should probably be credited with its authorship. IV. Sources of Lcelia The existence of a manuscript of Lcelia at Lambeth was attested by the Catalogue of the Archiepiscopal Manuscripts published in 1812, and by Halliwell in his Dictionary of Old English Plays in i860. It was not known however to the author of the paper on Cambridge Plays in the Retrospective Review of 1825, ^^^ ^^^ manuscript was apparently first examined carefully by Mr G. B. Churchill, now Professor of English Literature at Amherst College, U.S.A. In the article 'Die Lateinischen Universitats-Dramen Englands' (1898)^ (written in conjunction with Dr Wolfgang Keller, now Pro- fessor of English at Jena) — an article which has stimulated all 1 Shakespeare-Jahrbuch, xxxiv. p. 286. INTRODUCTION xvii the work done since on the academic drama — Mr Churchill reported that L^slia was a translation of the Italian comedy Gli Ingannatiy and was therefore one of the group of possible sources of Shakespeare's Twelfth Night. A more minute ex- amination shows that Lcelia was based on a French play, Les Abusez^ which was itself a translation of Gli Ingannati. I will touch on each of these plays in turn. (i) The comedy Gli Ingannati was acted at Siena before the *Accademia degli Intronati ' in 1531^ It is said to have been printed at Venice in 1537. The earliest edition in the British Museum is one of 1538. It bears the title Comedia del Sacrificio degli Intronati celehrato net Giuochi dun Carnovale in Siena, and opens with 'El Sacrificio.' This is followed on B 7 V by the ' Prologo delli Ingannati delli Intronati ' and the comedy with which we are here concerned. The Prologue declares 'La fauola e nuova,' attributes the authorship to the Intronati generally, and states that they composed the comedy ' in about three days ' ('quasi in tre di ')2. A number of other editions of the play were issued — chiefly from Venice — till 161 1 at least. Gli Ingannati was notable as a comedy written in prose. It contained various characters of the stock Plautine kind — as a braggart (Giglio), a pedant, a nurse, an amorous old man, a gluttonous valet. But in the important part it assigned to women-characters and the romantic treatment of the love of 1 See Creizenach, Geschichte^ 11. 304. 2 The play has been sometimes wrongly attributed to Adriano Politi, who seems to have published a comedy of the same name in 1623 (L. Allatius or Allacci, Drammaturgia). xviii INTRODUCTION Lelia for Flaminio, it broke the bounds of classical comedy. Like our play, it took as the starting-point of its incidents the sacking of Rome by the Spaniards on 6th May 1527. No source for the story is known. If it was really conceived in the minds of the Intronati in three days, it is one of the miracles of literary history. It was not only read for a century in its original form, but it gave birth to a whole family of tales and plays, among which the most glorious child was Twelfth Night, The importance of the play was emphasised eighty years after it was first performed. A member of the Accademici Intronati, Scipione Bargagli surnamed Lo Schietto, says in his *Oratione in Lode dell' Accademia degli Intronati' (Siena 1611, Part II. p. 485) that GP Ingannatt was *commedia la prima perauuentura, 6 delle poche prime, che con buona arte, e bella gratia di stile, e di rappresentatione al populo, vedute fussero in Italia a que' tempi \' The scenes of Gli Ingannatt in which the four principal characters occur were translated by T. L. Peacock in 1862 as G/' Ingannatiy The Deceived. Lope de Rueda based on G/i Ingannati his play Comedia llamada de los Enganados (Valencia, 1567). His version, which is merely divided into 10 scenes, differs much from its original, especially in length. That it was based on Gli Ingannati and not on Les Abuser is shown by the fact that the innkeeper called FruUa in the former and Brouillon in the latter, is here called Frula. 1 J. L. Klein, Geschichte des Ital. Dramas (1866), i. p. 748, and Bargagli. INTRODUCTION xix (ii) A French translation by Charles Estienne appeared in 1543 entitled Le Sacrijice'^^ which was republished in 1549 and 1556 as Les Abusez. The British Museum possesses the edition of 1549, which is adorned with a number of quaint woodcuts representing the characters. Estienne prefaced his work with a Letter to the Dauphin, which is a striking mani- festo of his discontent with the dramatic forms of his country and his enthusiasm for the more classical comedy of Italy. He declares that Gli Ingannati in invention excels the comedies of Ariosto and Aretine. In his translation he preserved the prose of his original, and so gave the first example of the prose-form in French Comedy 2. He dropped a character, the braggart Spaniard Giglio, and omitted three scenes (11. 3, iv. 6 and v. 4) in which he figured. He also slightly innovated in his naming of his characters. His scenes v. 4, v. 5 are in inverse order to those of his original, and the matter of other scenes of Act v is somewhat expanded. The text of Les Abusez is otherwise a close translation of Gli Ingannati. (iii) As Lalia also omits the character Giglio and the three scenes in which he appears, it is clear that our Cambridge dramatist followed the French of Estienne and not the original ItaHan. This can be plainly seen however from a mere com- parison of some of the names of the characters in the three works. 1 A. A. Tilley, Literature of the French Renaissance, 11. p. 104. 2 Creizenach, Geschichte, iii. 77. XX INTRODUCTION Gli Ingannati Les Abusez Lcelia Pasquella Pasquette Pacquetta Giglio (wanting) (wanting) Agiato or I'Agiato Laise M. Aurelius Frulla Brouillon Brulio or Brulius Cittina Finette Finetta The author oi Lcelia discarded the Prologue and the Epilogue (this latter spoken by Stragualcia) of the preceding plays, and wrote new ones of his own. The Prologue of our text was, I think, written for the performance before the noble visitors of 1595. The Epilogue, put in the mouth of Petrus, may have been used, with the exception of 1. 81, for an earlier performance before the college. The Latin dramatist treats his French text with considerable freedom, both in the way of omission and addition. He gives many more * tags ' to the Pedant. He practically rewrites Act III. Sc. 3 — the first half of which is not in the French — and deals very freely with Act in. Sc. 7. He recasts the Fifth Act, redistributing the scenes and producing some different situations. In this he shows a real dramatic sense. When Flaminio goes to the house of Clemence in search of Fabio, Estienne makes Clemence tell the apologue of Lelia*s behaviour. Flaminio is moved and swears that if it were his case, he would take her to wife. Lelia appears, and Clemence calls on Flaminio to fulfil his promise. It is not however till Pasquette has announced that Ysabelle has betrothed herself to Fabritio, and demanded that Lelia should go home to be married to Gerard, that Flaminio offers himself to Lelia, asks her forgiveness, and is accepted. In our play, before Laelia has INTRODUCTION xxi appeared on the scene, Clemens tells Flaminius that Fabius is Laelia and that her apologue related to Flaminius himself. Flaminius in shame vows he will take to the forest, when Laelia appearing (still apparently in boy's dress) declares that she will follow her master. He asks her forgiveness and they are betrothed, although Flaminius has not yet heard that Isabella has given herself to Fabritius. It is creditable to our author and to his Cambridge audience that, however coarse he may sometimes appear when we com- pare him with Shakespeare in his treatment of the same story, he tones down indecencies which had been carefully taken over by Estienne, especially in the speech of Pacquetta (iv. 5). Slighter differences of treatment are mentioned in the Notes. V. Indications of Time in Lalia Virginius had been parted from his son Fabritius since the sack of Rome (1527) when Laelia was thirteen. In Gli Ingan- nat'i^ if the events of that play are to be supposed to be contem- poraneous with its performance in 1531, the interval was four years. In Lcelia this is less clear. One would suppose from I. I. II, 46 — 49, 112, III. 7. 45 that the sack of Rome was a recent event. However, other indications afforded by the play are against this supposition. After leaving Rome, Virginius had brought his daughter to Modena, apparently the original home of the family, as Fabritius had known it at the age of four (hi. I. 80). Flaminius and Laelia then fell in love with each other (i. 3. 100 — 102). After this Virginius had to return to Rome on business and sent Laelia to a monastery xxii INTRODUCTION (i. 3. 127 — 9). (In Gli Ingannati and Les Jbusez he had sent her not to a monastery but to her aunt Giovanna or Janne.) He was away a year (11. i. 65). When Laelia rejoined her father in Modena, she found that Flaminius had transferred his affections to Isabella. Virginius, having occasion to go to Bologna, sent Laelia again to the monastery (i. i. 65 — 70). She escaped and entered Flaminius' service at his house in the country (i. 3. 26, 36), but she had accompanied him to his house in town when Virginius returned to Modena on the day preceding the opening of the play (i. i. 73). The action of the play covers two days, the second day beginning with Act in. Sc. 3 or Sc. 4. There is however some inconsistency. We find Lselia in the service of Flaminius on the morning of the first day, and, as we have seen, she would seem to have been with him for some days at least before that, (Cp. I. I. 80 — 84, II. I. 16, 17. In Gli Ingannati she says 'for this fortnight that I have served him,' and here Clemens on the first day says it is a fortnight since she had seen her, i. 2. 67.) Yet on the second day Virginius says she fled from the monastery *heri vespere, vel hodie mane, ne errem' (in. 6. 20). If the dramatist has not made a slip^, we must suppose either that Virginius had been deceived by the nun, or that he was pur- posely minimizing his daughter's offence. Laelia tells Clemens (i. 3. 215) *expecta me apud te post horam.' She pays the visit to Isabella which she describes in II. I, and a second (11. 5). After an interview with Flaminius (ill. 6) she decides to abandon her masculine dress, *de reliquo - 1 Perhaps confusing her flight from the monastery with her flight from Flaminius' house. INTRODUCTION xxiii incerta donee nutricem consulam.' Apparently she then flees to Clemens and spends the night at her house. Cp. iv. 4. 34 (spoken on the second day) and v. 3. 64. She is still however in boy's dress in iv. 4 (see 11. 8, 9). VI. The Relation of Lcelia to twelfth Night Mr Churchill's discovery, announced as before stated in 1898, that Laelia w^as a version of Gli Ingannati^ at once suggested the possibility that in L^elta we had at last found the source of Twelfth Night. Mr Churchill himself did not hold this view, but expressed his concurrence with the opinion of Collier and many later critics that Shakespeare's source was Barnabe Riche's story 'Apolonius and Silla^' However Mr Furness in the New Variorum edition of Twelfth Night (1901) was fired by Mr Churchill's account of the Latin play and seized on L^elia as Shakespeare's source, dismissing Belleforest and Barnabe Riche with very short shrift. * Happy among Shake- speare's plays is Twelfth Night \ A source of its main plot is thus traced to England, and close to Shakespeare's door, immediately before an assured date of its composition.' . And Professor F. E. Schelling in his History of Elizabethan Drama (1908), (11. 77), while referring in a footnote to the above sentence of Mr Furness, spoke still more boldly: ^ Lcelia 1590 is a translation of G/' Ingannati and the undoubted immediate source of Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, ^ Again (p. 92), 'when all has been said, Lcelia^ the Latin translation of G/' Ingannatiy remains the only academic play of which we can affirm with certainty that it furnished an immediate source for Shakespeare.' 1 In Riche his Fareiveli to Militarie Profession (1581). XXIV INTRODUCTION We may feel some surprise at the rapidity with which Professor Schelling arrived at ' certainty ' in regard to a play which he had not read : but at least we are bound to treat his view with respect, and examine how far Lcelia or Gli Ingannati or Les Abusez may be thought to have contributed to the composition of Twelfth Night. As has been said, the main situations of Gil Ingannati were reproduced in a number of plays and stories. The relation between them may be provisionally shown as follows^: Gli Ingannati 1537 ^_J Les Abuser (Estienne) 1543 I. Lalia ^595 Los Enganados (Lope de Rueda) Nicuola (Bandello) M54 Hecatommithi (Cinthio) Histoires tragi q ties iv. 59 (Belleforest) 1570 1 Gr Inganni (Secchi) 1562 I Gr Inganni (Gonzaga) 1592 Apolonius and Silla (B. Riche) {The dotted line indicates a more doubtful connexion.) 1 In the chart and subsequent remarks I am merely trying to represent clearly the results arrived at by the researches of Hunter, Collier, etc. I believe however that Riche's story Of Phylotus and Emilia is also based directly or indirectly on Gli Ingannati, and that the Scotch play Philotus (Edinburgh, 1603 and 1610 : for Bannatyne Club, 1835), if not based on Riche, is derived, like Riche's story, from some work based on Gli Ingannati. INTRODUCTION xxv A useful synopsis of this literature and indication of cor- respondences with Twelfth Night is given by Mr Morton Luce in the *Arden' Twelfth Nighty Appendix I, while Mr Furness in the New Variorum Twelfth Night prints most of Peacock's translation of Gli Ingannatiy and most of Riche's Apohnius and Silla and Bandello's Niciiola. It is possible therefore for any student to come to some conclusions. To me it seems that there are a number of points in which Shakespeare was indebted to Riche. I need only touch on a few. Silla (= Viola, Laelia) reaches Constantinople after shipwreck by help of the chest of the ship's captain who had made love to her on board. (Cp. Viola's shipwreck and arrival with the captain.) Julina (= Olivia) is a rich widow. (Cp. Olivia's mourning for her brother. Manningham who saw Twelfth Night performed in 1602 speaks of Olivia as a widow: and, as Collier says, ' it is possible that in the form in which the comedy was performed on Feb. 2, 1602, she was a widow.') Silvio (= Sebastian, Fabritius) on his arrival from Cyprus meets Julina when walking abroad and, being mistaken by her for Silla-Silvio, is invited to her house. (Cp. Tw. N.y iv. i. 52. In Laelia Fabritius meets Pacquetta, but not Isabella, till he is shut in with her in her father's house.) Apolonius (= Orsino) after wooing Julina by Silla-Silvio, at last when she is already united to Silvio, woos her in his own person, and learning she is promised to another, says ' I leave you to your liking.' (Cp. Tw, N. IV. I. 108 — 167.) The story of Julina's kindness to Silla-Silvio is told by her servants to Apolonius' servants, and on its coming to his ears, he puts Silla-Silvio in prison. (Cp. xxvi INTRODUCTION Tw. N. V. I. 119 — 130.) Silla-Silvio after being denounced by Apolonius for treachery, appeals to Julina, who claims him as her husband. (Cp. Tw. N. v. i. 130 — 166.) Silla-Silvio, as Julina bears testimony, has throughout, like Viola, 'used the office of a faithful messenger': she has not attempted, like Laelia with Isabella, to make Julina abjure her suitor and so leave the ground open to herself. On the other hand, there seem to me to be certain points in which Shakespeare was indebted to the version of the story found in Gli Ingannati^ Les Abusez^ and Lcel'ia. The name Fabio or Fabius may have suggested ' Fabian.' The name Malevolti occurring in // Sacrificio^ which preceded Gli Ingannati as printed, may have suggested * Malvolio ' (Mr Luce thinks it suggested * Aguecheek '), and Ma notte di BefFana ' in the Prologue to Gli Ingannati the title Twelfth JSJight. The expression in Lcelia (iv. 2. 28) *0 festus dies hominis' may have suggested 'Feste.' But more striking is the correspondence, which can hardly be accidental, between the sight-seeing in Lcelia in. i. 47—86 (and similar passages in Gli Ingannati and Les Abusex) and Tw. N. lii. 3. 19 — 24. We may note too the mention of the inn {Tw. N. in. 3. 39 etc.) compared with Lalia in. 2. Sebastian's meeting with Olivia's clown (iv. i. i — 18) much resembles that of Fabritius with Pacquetta [L^lia iii. 5), to which there is nothing cor- responding in Riche's tale. The expression < a pang of heart ' in Tw. N, II. 4. 93 recalls Laelia's ' cordolium ' (11. 6. 66). The apologue {Tw. N. 11. 4. no) recalls the apologue of Clemens {Lalia v. 3. 16 — 41). Viola's readiness to follow Orsino even to her death {Tw. N. v. i. 137) recalls Laelia's INTRODUCTION xxvii *Manta, non ibis solus' {Lcelia v. 4. i, for which there is nothing to correspond in Git Ingannati or Les Abusex). Perhaps the statement that Viola was thirteen when her father died {Tw. N. V. I. 252, 255) may be connected with the statement in the three plays that Laslia was thirteen at the time of the sack of Rome {L^lia i. i. iii). Apart from the sources mentioned, Shakespeare perhaps drew on Bandello (or Belleforest, who does little but expand Bandello) and on Gonzaga's GP Ingannt. Belleforest's words (closely translated from Bandello^) 'Et que scavez vous si ceste fille languist encor pour I'amour de vous, et vist en detresse ? Car i'ay ouy dire que les filles en leurs premieres apprehensions aiment d'vne vehemence tout autre, et plus grande que ne font les hommes* are certainly a close parallel to Twelfth Night II. 4. 32 — 35. And the name ' Cesare ' assumed by the dis- guised girl in Gonzaga's play may certainly be thought to have suggested * Cesario.' Probably Mr Luce is right in thinking that Shakespeare knew the story in different forms. We may imagine that he had been long acquainted with Riche's tale, but that the impulse to dramatize it came only after he had heard of the performance of Lcelia at Cambridge in 1595^. Himself the friend of Southampton who was the friend of Essex, he may easily have heard of the impression made by our play with its poignant situations on some of the noble spectators. He would see its resemblance to Apolonius and Silla in outline, ^ Luce, pp. 187, 184. ^ Mr Fleay conjectured that Shakespeare made his first draft of Toy. N. in 1595 {Introd. to Sbaksp. Study ^ 1877, p. 25). Later, he suggested 1593. xxviii INTRODUCTION but he would borrow a copy of Git Ingannati or Les Abusez^ another of G/' Inganniy perhaps even a manuscript of L^elia, and draw some points from these to supplement what he found in Riche. In these plays he would at least find passionate scenes treated with a truth and power such as Riche was not master of, and perhaps most of all in Lcelia. The scenes in Lcelia between Flaminius and Fabius (ii. i, ii. 6, v. 3, V. 4) seem to me not unworthy of the admiration even of Shakespeare. L^LIA PERSONS DRAMATIS Panneus 1 , • , Sericus I P~'°g- duo Gerardus ) ^T Y senes ViRGINIUS j Flaminius adolescens Fabritius Virginii filius adolescens Li^LiA personata filia Virginij nominata Fabius Isabella filia Gerardi Spela servus Gerardi Petrus paedagogus ScATissA servus Virginij Crivelus servus Flaminij Stragalcius servus Fabritij Brulio ) , • ,, . y hospites duo M. AURELIUS J ^ Clemens nutrix Pacquetta ancilla Isabellae Finetta filia nutricis moniales Servi hospitum [■ Kaxpa Trpoataira S. L. PROLOGI DUO Panneus et Sericus, Pan. Quid tibi nunc hie rei est ? Ser. immo, quid tibi est ? Pan. mihi ? prologus sum. venio narratum argumentum Ser. tu scilicet cum istoc ornatu [fabulae. sistes te coram principibus viris ? 5 Pan. Tenebrio, patrium hoc vellus summo in pretio est nunc apud principes viros. Ser. Quantum ego igitur nummorum prodegi ! Pan. at scire vis vnde sit operae praetium tibi ? Ser. Ac lubens. lo Pan. ausculta. pannus et serricum vt caelestes se habent poli, quibus vnum eleuatur, alter semper deprimitur, Cynosuram versus aries est, tu nauiga ad antipodas. Ser. Quando tam amice mones, faciam. Pan. illustrissimi heroes, 15 Ser. magistri regentes et non regentes. Pan. multi sunt amatores in hac comcedia, Ser. senex senis filiam amat, ilia iuvenem, hie aliam, ilia alium. Pan. Nee contingit nisi vni quod eupit. 20 Ser. Laelia solum amoribus perfruitur, a cuius perinde nomine nomen huic inditum est fabulae. Pan. Omnibus tamen quod contingit placet. si vobis itidem Ser. placeat quod contingit, 25 Amho. Poaetae contingit quod cupit. I — 2 ACTUS I. SCi^NA I. Gerardus. Firginius, Ger. Agedum, Virgini, si cordi complacitum est tuo reapse nobis adesse et dictis bonis, et si ex sententia istas futurae sint nuptiae, ne vltra me miserum malae impediant compedes quas amor baud ex sententia iniecit mihi. 5 operam tuam da, obsecro, accelera opem, mora quando est maximum in amore malum. Quid tibi vultus amabo est solicitior ? Animusne te an animum fortuna impedit tuum ? amici apud amicum indecens est verecundia. 10 iacturam quam passus es Romas baud me praeterit nee est vnum vt me pudeat commune malum, si non sunt vt fuerunt res tuae, ita vt sunt loquere, argentum tibi non suppetit ad dotem filias ? supellex non est ? vasa non sunt domi ? 15 aut alia quibus instruantur pro more nuptiae ? Etiam adhuc taces ? ac si ego solitus res vulgaris amici aduorsas negligere, quo minus eius qui summo in loco est mihi. Habeo ego, dijs gratias, decem in mundo amicos 20 veteres et bonos omnes, in rem tuam accipe. reliqua quae desunt ne desint curabo tibi, modo quas animum lubido habet banc expleas. Ver nostras abijt, Virgini, adolescentiae, proin exigui quod reliquum est momenta temporis 25 iuvabit arripere. Quantum fugit deperditur nee spes est adhuc nos esse infrugiferos. Act. I, Sc. i*] L^LIA 5 Ac, mfra ne sit mea haec importunitas, dico tibi, Virgini, vitae res agitur meas, adeo ego insomnes multas has noctes transij, 30 nisi prae amore nesciam expergiscar an dormiam. atque hodie ante ipsum surrexi diluculum et missam exaudiui matutinam sedulo vt res mihi magis ex voto succederent. sed tuum forte mutatum est consilium, 35 vt qui nostros annos gnatas impares ducas. verumne hariolor ? noli me clam habere. possum ego alio animum si opust convertere dum est tempus, nee sunt inhonestae familiae nee paucae quae me sponte requirunt generum, 40 sed ita me Venus amet vt tuam mauelim. Fir. Nihil horum est, Gerarde, quae tu autumas quod nos impedit quo minus, idque ilico, quantum in nobis est, tibi factum sit satis et meam quam cupis filiam vxorem duceres. 45 Verum est miseram vrbis editam esse stragem et nos cum propinquis bona multa perdidimus, immo quod me maxime excruciat, filium meum, filium vnicum, Gerarde, amisi Fabritium. At, res meae omnes vt periant cum puluisculo, 50 non simul cum re erit fides deperdita tamen, quae semper seruanda est integra mercatoribus. Nee sum ego tam durus parens qui gnatam velim invitam ei dare quicum vitam transigat. Quod possum do, praesto id quod promiseram. 55 Ilia si velit, placebit etiam mihi hoc magis, sin nolit, paterne vt filiam cogeret ? Aleam vitae suae ipsa per me iaciat. Ger. Non pol rem leuem puto mercatorum fidem et hoc aetatis verbis, scio, non parce colitur. 60 6 L^LIA [Act. I, Sc. i* sed video a factis quam parua ei veneratio est. neque hoc loquor, Virgini, quod tuam suspicer, sed hoc mihi male est quod differor indies et tu non tarn nihili videris pater quin statuas de tua. f^ir. Vis dicam tibi, diebus his praeteritis 65 occasio mihi vt nosti in Boloniam fuit *ibi vt socij conferremus tabulas. Non visum est domi solam relinquere virginem, ne me absente esset insidijs locus. ablegaui earn hinc ad Cresentiae. [subaudt^ monasterium.) In illo monasterio est soror mihi, 71 Camilla audit, ei gnatam seruandam dedi. ego domum heri redij, huius ilia inscia est ni vnus ex seruis dixit, quem misi ut abduceret. quamprimum resciscet, scio non morabitur. 75 Ger, Scis saltem certo esse in monasterio, non alibi ? Vir, Quidni saltem certo sciam aut quaenam haec rogatio est ? aut vbi esset alibi ? Ger, Audi sis. non quaesiui hoc temere. ipse forte propter priuata quae erant 80 mihi tunc temporis eo loci negotia in Cressentiae monasterio fui, at de filia tua omnes percunctans, nullus audiui; imo plane non esse ibi, responsum est mihi : et, ne vanum putes, monialis responsum erat. 85 Vir, Credideram hercle. astutum hoc genus est. Vellent illae meam gnatam religiosam facere vt me defuncto haeredes vna essent meae. nae, illae hoc quam inepte conijciunt stolidae ! ac si ego tam senex forem quin ducta vxore 90 possim adhuc par puerorum pulchrum gignere ! Ger. tu senex ? me fortasse putent identidem. Act. I, Sc. i*] LJELIA 7 quin dico illis adeo mihi iam femur salit praesertim multo mane quando micturio, vt viginti annorum cum fuerim non fecerit magis. 95 atque magnidici bellatores, qui more Guelphico oppidum perambulant gestientes cum tota pauonis conchata petaso Cauda et ablongis gladijs, canibus vt terrori sient, qua in re nos superant quae virum deceat 100 nisi qua illos lepores, pedibus quod plus valeant ? et plus etiam pedibus valeo quam prius. rir, bonum animum habes. hunc si vires aequant, — Ger. Illud Laeliam primam post noctem rogita qua cum ilia cube. 105 Fir. Venus fortunet hoc vobis ! verum heus tu, modum haec aetas postulat, ilium adhibeas sentio, acre ne sit initium nimis et teneros gnatae meae annos fac memineris. Ger. Quot nempe habet ? Fir. Romae cum praedatio est no tredecem ilia mecum captiua expleuerat. Ger. Maturam dij boni aetatem ! quam nee infra, nee supra quod si ducta esset domum, quae habeo [velim. lintea, monilia, armillas, torques aureos, quibus ilia prae caeteris foeminis ornata incederet ! 115 Fir. Bene habet, vobisque hoc e re vestra vtriusque siet ! Ger. tu vero negotium quod suscepisti id persequere. Fir. faciam. de dote quod dictum est, dictum est. Ger. dubitas? ac si ego velim a promissis recedere. Fir. ito, hoc satis est. 120 8 LiELIA [Act. I, Sc. 2^ ACTUS I. SC^NA 2. Clemens nutrix, Firginius, Cle. nescio quid expectem boni aut mali hodie, gallinae meae adeo praeter solitum strepunt. S. Cressentia ! Credo, futura est mihi ouorum messis, aut malorum forsan spicilegium. certum est augurium hoc nunquam temere esse. 5 Vtr. Quid est quod ista secum sola loquitur ? Cle. Alia etiam mihi res contigit quam tantundem scio quam in partem accipiam. Sed me nequam, quae fidem diuinationibus habeam quod pater confessor toties vetuit ! 10 F/r. Quid agis ? quid tecum fabulare ? Cle. Virgini, salue. quam diluculo hodie exijsti foras ! conuentum te prima luce ad aedes veneram tuas, sed intus nemo eras, nunc oportune es obvius. Vir. Me scilicet conuentum, aut modium tritici mei 15 vel quadrantem olei ? scio quid tibi negotij est mecum, semper vt aliquid nempe auferas. Cle. admodum ! a te autem ah quid vt auferam ? Si assem hie expendat, continuo est magnificus. Fir. Quid ergo dictura eras aliud ? 20 Cle. felis meus quern perdideram, hodie reuersus est domum. Vir. Quid turn ? Cle. Murem statim ex reditu coepit in promptuario. Fir, Quid inde ? Cle. Dum cum mure ludit — Fir. Quid accidit ? 25 Cle. totam cirneam veteris vini euertit funditus quod frater fransciscanus pridie dederat qui me lotricem habet. Act. I, Sc. 2^ LJELIA 9 f^ir. Video quo haec tendunt omnia, nempe vt ego foelis tuae rependam maleficium. 30 Cle. Verum est, quando ita dicis. Fir, Vide an sim hariolus probus ! sed aufer ridicularia. Quid autem agitur de filia Laelia ? C/e. Ah infoelicem virginem ! quanto ei fuisset satius nunquam natam esse ! 35 Fir. Quamobrem ? C/e. Quamobrem, rogas ? ac si nescias ! rumor est eam Gerardi futuram coniugem, pacta transacta inter vos omnia, instare nuptias. Fir. non vanus. C/e. hem, non est ? 40 quin ego illi fauces praestringam prius quam tali viua dabitur silicernio. Fir. Quid ita, nutrix ? tractabit eam tanquam filiam. C/e. Sic opinor. non hoc, Virgini, a viro beneficium est. 44 nouae nuptae tanquam vxores tractari malint, non Fir. Alias, nutrix, tibi coniectas similes. [tanquam iiliae. nee tamen Gerardus hac ex parte deerit. C/e. Quomodo ? senex quinquagenarius hoc faciet ? Fir. Quanto minor ego sum ? vires eius tu aestima ex meis. 50 C/e. Agnosco, Virgini, excertitatus tu luctator es : Gerardus tamen vt Laeliam habeat, non assentior Fir. Attamen causas quae nos moverunt cognosce: [tamen. quod feci, consilio factum est bono. Gerardus honestu'st ciuis loco honesto natus 55 cui rei et fidei quantum cuiquam alteri in vrbe est, et eius est benignitas (vt res sunt) nuptias gnatae meae dignarier. praeterea quas volui accepit conditiones, nam Fabritij mei (licet absit) non obliuio erat. 60 lO L^LIA [Act. I, Sc. 2* ille si ante quatuor annos redeat, ducentos tantum aureos Gerardus postulat, sin minus, mille : aequa postulatio est, adeoque me beat hoc factum et familiam. Cle. adeoque te fugiat hoc factum et familiam ! 65 Fir, missa istac face, quando eam vidisti autem ? Cle. Egone ? dies abhinc plus minus quindecem. Fir. Vereor ne moniales suadeant religiosam esse. Cle. Cauendum id quidem est. Fir. tu igitur ad eam ito e vestigio 70 et impera vt redeat quam primum domum. Cle. Dabo operam. sed, Virgini, ligni vt emam fasciculum cedo sestertium. Fir. iterum sestertium, inexplebilis ? illud age, lignum curabitur tibi. 75 Cle. volo me primum ad missam recipere. ACTUS I. SC^NA 3. Lalia vestita habitu pueri. Clemens nutrix. Quae me audacior foemina vspiam viuit aut quae confidentior, juventutis mores quae sciam et in hac vrbe sola ambulem ? Quid faciam nunc si ganeo mihi obvius procedat et me aliquo in lupanar aut angiportum raperet, periculum facturus, foemina an puer siem ? 5 Digna mecastor auis sum quae in rete cadam. atqui amor coegit et amici iniuria mei quae me hoc noctis e somno ingratijs excitauit. Flaminius huius causa est, et meum infortunium Act. I, Sc. 3^] LiELIA 1 1 vt ilium qui me odit ego perdite amem. 10 Ignorat ille me et negligit, ego illi inseruio. Ac vtinam mihi non iniqua esset vel hagc seruitus ! Nam, nequid mihi desit ad miseriam, mea opera vtitur qua in aliam transferat amorem eius, quod solum est pretium mihi. 15 Occulos pasco hactenus vnde principium mali, ignem nutrio quo ipsa incendar magis. Quid faciam ? amoris amor est pabulum, hoc ego esuriens alijs cogor tradere. Solatium solum est, quod me benigne loquitur, 20 neque id Laeliae tamen nisi inscius facit. At vmbra hac voluptatis saltem fallam animum. Sed qua haec spes est ? diu latere non possum, nee vmbra mihi est voluptatis reliqua. Sed mali ingens nimbus ingruit vndique. 25 Flaminius animum induxit in vrbe morarier. Celari hie nequeo. agnitae quanta infamia haerebit ? nomen meum in numeros referent et Laeliae probrum omnes cantatum audient. [int. Cle.] sed nutrix est, ni fallor, haec quae aduenit. 30 Dea aliqua melior miserta est mei, nunquam enim potuit opportunior ; ex qua consilium captem vitae aut necis. Simulabo primum vt videam an me forte in istoc ornatu agnouerit. 35 C/e. Flamminius, vt videtur, reuersus est domum; fores eius apertae sunt, hoc si Laelia nosset, aduolaret hue scio adolescentula. sed quis iste petulans puer est qui toties mihi in via obuersatur ludens ? 40 quis tu es, puer, qui viam relinquis tuam meam vt obstruas ? Impudens 12 LiELIA [Act. I, Sc. 3* vade, inquam, nisi vis te abigam. Lee. Bonum mane, nutrix. Cle. Da illis bonum mane qui tibi bonam noctem dederunt. Lie. at ego tibi dabo. 46 Cle. Si me obtundas, carnifex, feres infortunium. Lee. Tu forte expectas hie fratrem Sibulum aut confessorem aliquem cui secreta committas ? Cle, Verbero, quid tua refert 50 vnde ego veniam aut quo itura sim ? quid mihi cum illo fratre Sibulo ? quern confessorem Lee. Ne succenseas, nutrix. [narras? Cle. Ita me amet Crescentia vt puerum hunc me nosse existimem. 55 quam magis aspecto, tam magis memini. Die mihi, puer, quomodo me nosti aut quae causa in rebus meis tam curiosum esse ? [est tibi age, sustolle hoc amiculum vt te aspiciam paululum. La. nunquid es certior? 60 Cle. Si faciem obnubas, quomodo certior siem ? Lee. Accede propius igitur. Cle. Quonam ? Lee. Hue dextrorsum. nondum agnoscis ? Cle. potin' es tu esse Laelia ? perij, mediusfidius. 65 ipsa est. quid istuc, inquam, ornati, Laelia? Quamobrem is te perditum, mea fiha ? Lee. Non facis prudenter, nutrix. submissius loquere, ni vis, quae salua sum, vt per te peream. Cle. Videon' te ? pudetne aedipol ? 70 an mundana facta es ? Lee. Qui ego mundana non essem ? tune extra mundum foeminas nosti ? tales ni sint, te etiam mundanam puto. Cle. ergo tua violata pudicitia est ? 75 Act. I, Sc. 3T LJELIA 1 3 Lee. non pol quantum vitae meae bene memini ; captiua quando fui, de illo tempore Hispanos rogita quorum tum iuris eram. Cle. Ita haec pietas est quam debes patri ? hoc est officium quod persoluis mihi 80 pro eo quern in te educanda laborem sustinui ? vix contineo me quin tibi in os inuolem, improba. festina hue intro, ne videam te in istoc amplius habitu. Le^. Mane sis parumper. C/e. An non pudor est sic vestitam in vrbe conspici ? 85 Lee. plures sunt quae per vrbem hunc in modum quotidie C/e. Sceleratae sunt. [volitant. Lee. Nee potest vna proba esse inter tot sceleratas ? C/e. Quin a te causam scire percupio sine ambage cur te in coenobio sustinere nequiueris ? 90 deinde cur exieris hunc in modum ? pater, si haec, nunquid te occideret ? Lee. Si occideret, nunquid magnum hoc esset malum mihi, maxime quam vitae iam taedium ccepit ? C/e. Haec quiduis potius respondet quam quod volo. 95 Lee. Exponam tibi rem totam, modo ne sis irata, nutrix. C/e. Age. Lee. Accede hue primum, ne quis sit hie alienus nostris dictis auceps auribus. C/e. die cito. Lee. Meministi, dum ego Modenas fui, 100 (postquam Romam pater reliquit amissis bonis), Flamminium quendam nostras frequentasse aedes ? atque in me oceulos vt statim conieeit, primo ae casu inciderant, paulo post constantius, etiam intueri caepit : et, quocunque eircumtulit, 105 non quiuit quin deuolueret ad me semper : alibi inconstantes, in me fixos habuit : 14 LiELIA [Act. I, Sc. 3» tandem ac si occulis infensus quod aliquod malum dederant, eos vt carcere conclusit palpebris ac vultum adeo suspendit multum sollicitus. no erant haec amoris indicia in adolescente (vt tu me imperitam docuisti, nutrix,) et dum incerta fide pendebam haesitans suspirium dedit in ipso temporis articulo. dixti hoc signum esse certissimum. 115 hinc ego misereri adolescentuli, mutuum reddere, inspectare vicissim : tandem etiam suspiria sponte exciderunt mihi. ego id caloris refrigerium esse sum rata, quem circa praecordia praeter solitum sensi. 120 postea inuasit pectus desiderium tarn ardens vt praesentia eius aegre carere potui. mirabar turn quid esset, tu amorem esse dixeras, at ego nunc scio cum meo magno malo. Cle. At ego nil dum audio quod ante nescieram. 125 vin haec compendi facere ? La, Pater Romam (vt libera est hostibus) redijt vt de fratre aliquid acciperet noui. me ad monasterium misit, interea loci Flamminius oblitus mei ad Gerardi filiam 130 adiecit animum. Gerardus autem senex a patre me requirit vxorem sibi. quod dij auertant ! Cle, Quid autem auerterent, pater quod iam decreuit, Laelia ? nunquid tu a patre provocabis ad deos ? 135 aut tibi speras magis propitios confore quam Gerardo in quem tot bona congesserint ? La. Haud nescio, nutrix, hoc scio certo certius, quicquid me fiet, senex me nunquam ducet vxorem. Cle, A in*, obstinata ? caeterum de habitu istoc 140 Act. i,Sc.3*] LiELIA 1 5 aut abitu tuo de coenobio nil dum audiuimus. La. Jam audies. tempus, quod alia et Flaminij amores ingrati extinxerat, iniquum mihi, auctiores dederat meos. quantum potui, celaui, sed amor ignis est : 145 quo magis foues, eo erumpit ardentius. vultus denique animo occlusum moerorem indicans me cuidam e monialibus suspectam fecit. Ilia consilio iuvare, comminisci modos quibus pectoris arentem saltern lenirem sitim. 150 post multa inuenta demum inter nos convenit de istoc cuius ilia non vnum in aurem exemplum memorauit : vt simulato habitu Flaminij oculos fallerem : ac vti conspiciat quid si puerum forte acciperet sibi ? 155 Cle. Hei mihi, nunc video vnde natum est hoc malum. La. Ne quid deesset, consilio rem addit. Vestes ofFert, quibus ad fraudem consimilem ipsa vsa est. Indui, ad Flaminij aedes perrexi protinus. Exinde ille conspexit astantem ante ostium, 160 rogauit quid velim, quis aut vnde siem. Cle. Quid tu ? Cressentia, nonne confestim ad terram cecidisti mortua prae pudore ac metu ? La. Imo, confirmata sum potius amore ac spe. Respondi libere patriam esse Romam mihi, 165 sed paupertatem nouercam patria ex vrbe expulisse, victum alibi vt quaeritem. Contemplatus denuo est. verebar ne agnosceret, ita quaquaversum circumgyrabat oculos. Rogauit demum an apud se manere velim ; 170 addidit, ciuem se habiturum non invtiliter. Ego tum verecundans non dubium est quid responderim. 1 6 LiELIA [Act. I, Sc. 3* Cle. Sanctorum manes ! vt cor meum autem ludicra fecit, atque pectus emicat dum istaec audio ! at, inepta, quid tibi ex hac stultitia commodi obtigit? 175 Lee. Quid commodi, rogas ? quas nulla premit sitis, sunts-illae asperiores semper sitientibus. Videre amicum, tangere, propter versari, audire secreta eius, consuetudines nosse, haeccine amanti nihil asportant commodi ? 180 Cle. Plurimum. sed quam grata aduorsus eum officia tua quae praestitisti ? La. Oh, nutrix, si uero in habitu praestita tam grata essent quam nunc sunt, deos dicerem ostendisse omnem vim suam in tanto beneficio. Cle. Imo hercle vere ? vbi autem cubas, Laelia ? 185 La. Sola in vestiario. Cle. Quid si imperaret aliquando tibi vt secum cubes ? La. Imprudentiae est, nutrix, longinquum per se malum inani cogitatione accersere : ac si diceres. Quid si coelum ruat ? 190 Ego prassens malum prassenti consilio auerterem. Cle. Pulchre mehercule dictum & sapienter. Tu hominum etiam dicteria a te auertes, sat scio, quibus iactabere merito quando haec palam fiunt. La. Tu illud ne fiat vide, obsecro te, mea nutrix, 195 in te enim vitae iam posita est spes omnis mea. Cle. Quid ego vt faciam autem ? La. Die patri me cum sorore quadam Rouerindam vna profectam, reuersuram post triduum. ora ne ante accersat ne amori meo obiexim moram. 200 Cle. Quorsum autem haec ? La. Dicam, nutrix. Herus, Isabellae Gerardi filiae amore iam captus, me semper cum literis ad eam & donis mittit. Act. I, Sc. 4^] LJELIA 1 7 Ilia me puerum existimans oppido deperit. 205 Ego amorem non admitto, Flaminium nisi deserat. Hoc vt efficiam triduum sufficiet mihi. Quod si Flaminius ab ilia abalienetur semel, amplior turn locus erit in quo spes nostrae proludant. C/e. Dico tibi. pater iam te per me accersit, ego non feram 210 hunc in modum ornata momentum vt maneas. Abi sis ex rete quamprimum, nisi vis patri omnia haec renuntiem a principio. La^. Si hoc feceris, nutrix, hodie postremum me vides. Here ! Herus me vocat. expecta me apud te post horam. Nutrix, cum me appellas, Fabium d'Aiberine vocita, 216 hoc enim nomen indidi egomet mihi. C/e. Eugepae. L^. Here, iam venio. nutrix, vale. [exit] C/e. Astuta, vidit ilia venientem Gerardum Sc herum fingit audisse se. 220 Quid ego nunc faciam ? patri haec narranda sunt ? Nihil statuo, dum cum ilia iterum colloquar. ACT. I. SCENA 4. Gerardus senex. Spe/a servus. C/emens nutrix. Ger. Virginius promissis si steterit, quam ego basilice me et in cultu corporis et in apparatu dare scio I Primo tonsorem accersam, post vestiarium, tum cupedi- narium, deinde iterum vestiarium. amicibor magnifice. Vt tibi hoc placet, Spela ? « Spe. Mihi autem dicam quid placebit si aliquid dederis, s. L. 2 1 8 LiELIA [Act. i,Sc 4* qui totam tibi pro titivilicio hactenus operam locaui meam, nee si illam ductes spes est vnquam quidquam habiturum. Ger. Quid ni si illam ? lo Spe. Quia faciet te mox Acheronticum. Ger. Nebulo, mene putas cortice aridiorem, ac nihil habere quod vxori gratificetur ? sed eccum nutricem. [int. Cle.] Spe. tace dum illam de Lelia scisciter. Cle. Pulcher mecastor hie flos est quem virgo legat, 15 putidus, squalidus, mucosus, lutulentus, senex. mirum ni Formosa adolescentula tuos iret in amplexus ? sed propero vt hominem prout dignus est ludificem. Dij tibi dent bonum mane, Gerarde: et bonum annum. Ger. et tibi centum mille et Philippeos totidem. 21 Spe. Imo mihi conuenient potius Philippei, cui aetas ad vsum superest. Ger. Tu, Spela, quid si ego sub cute istius latuissem aliquando ? 25 Spe. Istius ? quae tot equites tulit ? C/e. Ain', scelus, me tulisse equites ? Scio quid est. inuidia tibi est, cum seruus sis, quod eques esse non possis. Spe. Ita profecto, nam aeque dignus sum 30 ac illi qui fuerunt equites tui. Ger. Tace, fatue. non illam ob causam dixi. Spe. Quam aliam igitur ? Ger. Nescis ? quoties ego tum meam Leliam, meam dulcem, lacteam, delicatam Leliam, 35 meam mellitam, sacharatam, rosaceam Leliam deosculatus fuissem ! Spe. Eho, here, here, abeamus quamprimum intro. Act. I, SC.4T LiELIA 1 9 here, inquam, quid stas ? pessime factum. Ger. Quid factum, Spela ? 4a Spe. Quid, dulcis, lactee, delicate, here, meUite, sacharate, rosacee here ? incidisti in febrim* Ger. sanun' es aut me eludis, mastigia ? Nunquam ego pol meliore vsus sum valitudine. Spe. Dico tibi te in febrim incidisse. 45 id verum esse prasstabo his scapulis. iam credis ? Ger. Egone in febri essem ? qui hoc scis, Spela ? Spe, Tu quomodo hoc nescias ? annon in capite quandam sentis vertiginem ? Ger. Qui istuc ? Spe. ostendam tibi. vides quod ante oculos est? Ger. Domum Virginij video. 50 Spe. Dijs gratia, saluus conspectus est. Conuerte te nunc, iam quid iterum vides ? [G^r.] ecclesiam S. Crescentiae. Spe. Vbi autem est Virginij domus ? vt labascit memoria ! [Ger.'] A tergo est. [ (query 'dicit...scitis'). L dicit...sitis. 1. 46. A sine. L Asinus. 1- 75- Chiliadis. L Chibadis. 1. 76. p-opediem. L \iro pedis. 1. 95. haustii. L hasta. 1. 128. nam. L non. (Fr. 'car ils logent.') 1- i35- vivat. L iuvat. 1. 142. at. Let. 1. 147. lorarios..doris. L loracios...locis. I. 153. bubula. L vibula. 1. 159. conwiixtio. L commissi©. (Fr. gives 'commixtio.') 1. i6r. in. L sin. (Apparently the 'S' denoting 'Stra.' as the next speaker became attached to 'in.') 1. 163. Etiam...cogita, a new line in L. 1. 172. dis- cipulus. L discipuliu possis cognoscere^xsx'sikQ z.Ymtm.'L,. 1. 174. tibi... referam, make a line in L. Act III. Sc. 3. 1.2. geram. L gerati. (Could this mean 'befooled'? Cp. I. 5. I-) 1- 5' quotannis. L quo tenues. 1. 12. omni. Lai. 1.14. infamies. L insanise. 1. 17. niUlam. L nullum. !• 23. fami- geratio. L famiferatio. 1. 30. ibi esse in latibulo. L tibi esse lepilibile. 1. 32. Virgini. L Virginius. tiirpis hicri. L turpi tueri. 1. 45. Mala- cissandus, L Malissandus, 1- 5i' venefic(2...Samni(B enecandam. L vene- fica...sumnioeuocanda. 1- 54- tti. Lin. 1. 57- At. L Ac. 1.66. Mirum. L Multum. 1. 67. morigera siei. L morigerali est. 1. 70. exorem. L vxorem. 1. 71. facile. L facito. possis. L possit. sibi. L tibi. Act III. Sc. 4. Interlocutors. Brulio. L Brulius. 1. 4. videor. L vidier. Act III. Sc. 5. 1. I. peragere^n. L polligerem. (Fr. 'tracasser par toute ceste ville.') 1. 2. possem. L possim. 1. 4. a me. L amo. (Fr. 'vous m'auez ostee de grad' peine.') 1. 17. occasio. L occatio. 1. 29. si. L Sic. Act III. Sc. 6. 1. 16. futurus. L defuturus. 1. 20. mane. L meme. (Fr. 'ou ce matin.') 11. 23 and 27. Reperi. L Repperi. 1. 37. Last word of the line cut off in L. (Fr. 'comme vne petite Nonne.') 1. 38. Last word of the line cut off in L. (Fr. ' qu'elle ne deuienne en sainte.*) 1.39. suorum. L suu. 1. 60. me...daturam. L ne...daturu. (Fr. 'ie gage que i'en seray payee.') TEXTUAL NOTES 97 Act III. Sc. 7. 1. 3. operias. L operas. 1. 11. his. L vis. dare possem. L dari possent. 1. 18. istcsc. L istac. 1. 26. vlciscar, L vlciscat. 1. 44. Vir. Hispani. L Vir. Hispaniae. 1. 57. maiori. L maiorem. alloquitur Fabritium. The note is attached in L to 1. 54. 1. 72. nimio. L nimis. 1. 73. verebar. L Gerebar. (Fr. 'ie m'en suis doute.') !• 83. modo. L Nouo. (Fr. *mais que....') consulas. L con- sulat. 1. 88. aperi. L apperi. Act IV. Sc. I. 1. 3. Ausctdtare me te. L Ausculta emere. 1. 16. furta. L fulta. Act IV. Sc. 2. 1. II. speculatur. L spectatur. 1. 16. cito. L cita. 1. 20. rw/w. L lupis. 1. 21. Quod ne. Query 'Quod si.' 1.40. W(3r/^ (query 'sorte'). L forte. 1. 62. canibus. L carnibus. (Fr. 'ces meschans le mastinoient bien, faisoiet pas?') 1. 64. vbi. L tibi. (Fr. 'ou est done mon filz?') 1.66. dixi. L dixit. (Fr. 'le disois-iepas.') 1, 80. tempus. L te mana. (Cp. 1. 78 aa^yJw.) 1. 91. allachrymat. L elachrymat. Cp. III. 6. 41 sup. Act IV. Sc. 3. 1.17. a me. Laitne. 1. 20. mutuum. Lmultuum. 1. 23. vt. L et. 1. 24. talem. L ale. 1. 30. cenatus. L tentatus. (Fr. 'as tu point encor' gouste?') 1. 32. Vndecim farta. L Vnodecem facta. 1. 34. Argento. L Argenti. 1. 38. hac. L hae. 1. 40. apparari. L appari. 1. 41. diris. Ldicis. !• 44- egomct. L egome. 1. 45. bibo. L bibi. 1. 50. vinum. L vnvi. 1. 54. vt. L vo. 1. 56. fnagister Petre. L magistre patre. Act IV, Sc. 4. 1. 9. mecE. L mei. 1. 12. Lcelia. L salua. (Fr. *& vous aussi Lelia ma chere espouse.') !• 13. i^- L se. 1. 15. nu- tricem. L nuptricem. 1. 23. et. L est. 1. 40. bibi. L tibi. (Fr. 'vn petit coup.') 1. 44. incolumis. L in ednmis. (Fr. 'sain & saune.*) Act IV. Sc. 5. 1. I. senum. L senem. Act IV. Sc. 6. 1. 12. vaniloqua. L vaniloquia. 1. 15. est. In L attached to 1. 16. 1. 16. offenderit. L (app.) ofFenderi lus. Act. IV. Sc. 7. 1.3. bonum. L bonis. 1. 10. pessum. Lpessimum. 1.12. deruncinatiis. L deracinatus. 1.31. sinis. L suus. Act. IV. Sc. 8. 1. I. In L the line includes V.'s speech. 1. 4. vespere. L vespero. 1. 26. legirupa. L legirape. 1. 44. opplerem. L oppellerem. S. L. 7 98 TEXTUAL NOTES Act. V. Sc. I. 1. I. Vir. L Gir. 1. i. canes. L canos. 1. 4. lancea. L lanceat. 1. 5. inermi astJto. L inermis asnn (not clear). 1. 7. porcellos. L procellos. (Fr. 'comme beaux becasseaux.') 1. 12. transjigam. L toranfiga em. (Fr. 'embroche.') 1. 14. 77iedhim. L modu. conmravit. L coniurabit. (Fr. 'se pourroit bien estre...apointe auecq' nos ennemyz.') 1. 21. tiimoreJ7i. L rumorem. 1. 27. protej-afn (query, ' protraham '). L propria. 1. 28. limis. L elimis. 1. 42. 7niti. L mihi. 1. 50. In L this line (very illegibly written) is an after-insertion, put out of place between 11. 47 and 48. (Fr. 'auez vous retrouue Fabritio? Et ou est il? P. Ceans, ou il a pris vne tres belle femme.') 1. 68. veru. L vera. 1- 75- Mi gnate. L Magnate. 1- 77- Fabriti. L /^rz(5. (as the speaker of the words following). L accordingly inserts Vir. before 1. 79. Act. V. Sc. 2. 1. 8. processit. L precessit. here. L heri. Act. V. Sc. 3. 1. 4. L gives the words 'Quid hems?' to F. cupit. Lcupis. 1.12. adolescentium. L adolescentum. 1. 27. dices. L dies. 1. 34. hcEc. L hec. 1. 39. scriptas. L scripta. 1. 47. tetigeris. L tegigeris. 1. 59. mentitus. L mentibus. 1. 62. vidi. L sita. ilia. L ilia. 1. 64. delituit. L delicuit. 1. 68. quod. L quid. 1. 82. me. L ne. Act. V. Sc. 4. 1. 2. sistit pedes. In L part of F.'s speech. Act. V. Sc. 5. 1. 7. sericam. L sirica. Act. V. Sc. 7. 1. 2. ornavi jfie. L orna vinie. 1. 24. jneum. -Query, ' meam.' 1. 36. bonam. L bonum. 1. 37. filicE tuce. L filise mese. 1. 39. perfricet. L perfricat. 1. 56. hie. L his. 1. 79. penes. X. panes. NOTES Prologi. Similarly in Plautus' THnutnnms the Prologue is given by two characters, Luxuria and Inopia. 4 cum istoc ornatu. Plant. Cure. I. i. 2 ; Men. v. 1.9. 13 Cynostiram versus aries est. I take aries to refer to ' patrium hoc vellus,' 1. 6 (see Introduction^ p. xii), and the meaning to be * the ram is now in high favour.' 16 magistri regentes et non regentes. Masters of Arts at Cambridge of junior standing presided over disputations for degrees and were called Regents : those of higher standing, being excused this duty, were called Non- regents. Act I. Sc. i. 93 femur. Cp. Pedantius 1700. 96 more Guelphico. Fr. ' auecq' la plume droite a la Guelfe.' 98 conchata... Cauda. Pliny, N. H. x. 20. 22. I translate the passage: 'jetting in a hat with a whole shell-shaped peacock's tail [in the way of a plume].' 100 — 102 Not in the French. 102 Cp. Plant. Merc. \\. 2. 26, 28: bis tantum valeo quam valui prius... Oculis quoque etiam plus iam video quam prius. 118 de dote. Cp. i. 2. 59. Act I. Sc. 2. 8 Fr. ' dont ie ne S9ay pareillement qu'en deuiser.' 26 Cp. Plant. Amph. i. 1. 276 : vini hirneam {cirnea and hirnea are alternative forms). 41, 42 Not in the French. 7—2 loo NOTES Act I. Sc. 3. 48 Sibulum. Fr. 'Ciboule,' Ital. 'Cippollone.' 56 Cp. Plaut. Pcen. III. i. 29: quam magis aspecto, tarn magis est nimbata. Cp. IV. 2. 9 n. 82 Cp. Ter. Eun. v. 2. 20 : vix me contineo quin involem | Monstro in capillum. 98, 99 ne quis sit hie alienus \ nostris dictis auceps auribus. Plaut. Stick. I. 2. 45 : num quis hie est alienus &c. 100 — 102, a good deal abridged as compared with the French : 103 — 118 ex- panded. 114 Cp. Cic. ad Quint, v. 19 : in ipso articulo temporis ; Ter. Ad. ii. 2. 21 : in ipso articulo. 146 foues, 'allay.' Cp. II. i. 6% /omentum. 169 circumgyrabat. A non-classical word. 171 ciuem ^'c. Fr. ' il me prendroit voluntiers et me traiteroit...comme vn gewtilhomme.' 175 — 180 Cp. Ter. Eun. iii. 5. 25, 26 : quid ex ea re tandem ut caperes commodi? I Ck. Rogas? viderem, audirem, essem una quacum cupiebam. 190 Cp. Ter. Heaut. iv. 3. 41 : quid si redeo ad illos qui aiunt 'quid si nunc caelum mat?' 200 Cp. Plaut. Poen. I. 3. 37 : ne...meo amori obiexim moram. 214 Cp. Ter. And. 11. i. 22 : si id facis, hodie postremum me vides. Act I. Sc. 4. I Gerardus' vanity is treated more fully than in the French play. 4 amicibor magnifice. Cp. Plaut. Pers. 11. 5. 6 : amicibor gloriose. 7 pro titivilicio. Cp. Plaut. Cas. II. 5. 39 : non ego istuc verbum emissira (Brunck's correction) titivillitio. II Cp. Plaut. M. G. III. I. 33 : itane tibi ego videor,,.Acherunticus? 18 The phrase ' ire in amplexus' is frequent in Ovid. 19 Cp. Plaut. Cas. III. 2. 31 : ut eum ludificem. 52 Spela's turning Gerardus about is an addition by our author. 63 In the Decamerone II. 8 a man is detected of being in love by the beating of his pulse. 66 Cp. Ter. Eun. 11. 2. 47 : ne sursum deorsum cursites. NOTES loi 75 Cp. Plaut. Aul. IV. 4. 6 : non fur, sed trifur. 78, 79 Cp. Plaut. Cas. i. i. 48, 49: Sine tuos ocellos deosculer, voluptas mea, I Sine amabo ted amari, meus festus dies. 81 Quid tibi interpellatio aut in consilium hue accessio est ? Plaut. Ti'in. III. 2. 84. 91 Ferraria duceni. Fr. * Due de Ferrare.' 97 Cp. Plaut. Trin. ii. 4. 37 : Edepol mutuom mecum facit. Ill Cp. Plaut. As. II. 2. 2 : Uti ego illos lubentiores faciam quara Lubentia 'st. 112, 113 Cp. Plaut. Epid. II. 2. 72 — 75 : si aequom siet | Me plus sapere quam vos, dederim vobis consilium catum | ...Atque ad earn rem con- ducibile. 117 ex pellibus — a play on the sense ' tents.' 136—143 This represents a verse-passage in the French and Italian. The former runs : G. Amour helas ie meurs ! S. Baston, fay tes honneurs. G. Que tu es bien heureuse ! S. O beste marmiteuse G. Femme bien fortunee. S. O beste ou fus-tu nee? G. O laict tresbien content S. O cerveau plein de vent G. O Clemence iolie S. O vaisseau plein de lie. 146 Cp. Ter. EuH. 11. i. 10 : memini tametsi nullus moneas. 155 unguentum ...vt prestines. Cp. the conduct of another amorous old man in Plaut. Casina ii. 3. 10: myropolas omnes solicito, ubicunque est lepidum unguentum, ungor. Act I. Sc. 5. 8 et frontefn caperat (MS caperet) affectata seueritudine. Cp. Plaut. Ep. v. 1.3: quid illuc est quod illi caperat frons severitudine ? See Fucus i. 2. 37/2. 12 See Textual Notes. I translate, ' when they set themselves against the assaults of laughter.' 14 delinitum (= delenitum), charmed, bewitched. Cp. Plaut. Amph. ii. 2. 214 : delenitus sum profecto ita ut me qui sim nesciam. 30 Edico omnibus. An imitation of Plaut. Capt. iv. 2. 43 : Ergasilus: Prius edico... I02 NOTES 48 Cp. Ter. Eun. iv. 4. 3 : os ut sibi distorsit carnufex. 52 nuntium. Fr. *tu as des eschaudez sucrez, donne m'en?' Nuntium as a neuter ( = ' news ') is common in Latin of this time. See Hymencetis, IV. I. 84 «. 65 cut in OS talis incidat bolus. Cp. Ter. Heaiit. iv. 2. 6 : crucior bolum mihi tantum ereptum...e faucibus. Act II. Sc. I. 16 Cp. Ter. And. I. 5. 57 : si te in germani fratris dilexi loco. 41 Cp. Plaut. Poen. ill. 5. 42 : nunc pol ego perii certo, baud arbitrario. 63 efflicti77i (MS afflictum) amat. Cp. Plaut. Cas. Prol. 49 : amat efflictim ; Merc. II. 3. 157 : efflictim perit | ex amore ; Amph. i. 3. 19: efflictim amare. 68 fomentuni. See i. 3. 146 n. 72 If the reading adopted is right, aqtianimitas seems to be used in the sense of aquitas. 87 velfugientem sequar. Cp. Sen. Ben. v. i : gloria fugientes magis sequitur. Pedantius^ 12 16: laus sequitur fugientem. 96, 97 Cp. Plaut. Trin. v. 2. 2: cui fides fidelitasque amicum erga aequi- paret suum. 101 ad magnum fanum. Fr. * iusques en la grand' eglise.' 102 Illic sum atqiie hie sum. Cp. Plaut. Trin. iv. 4. 17. 103 Cp. Plaut. Cas. ill. 5. 63: si effexis hoc. 103, 104 Cp. Plaut. True. Ii. 3. 10, 11 : D. audin' etiam? A. quid vis? D. Di me perduint | Qui te revocavi : non tibi dicebam, i modo? Act II. Sc. 2. 2, 3 Cp. Plaut. Cas. ii. 3. 8: banc ego de me conjecturam domi facio magis quam ex auditis. 5, 6 amantes...amentes. Cp. Plaut. Mere. Prol. 81 : amens amansque; Ter. Eun. i. 3. 13: amentium, baud amantium. 10 ad solarium. Fr. ' au hault du grenier.' exerit ( = exserit) — according to the rule of spelling by which 's' was not written after ' x.' 13 Fr. 'auoit le vif argent sous les piedz.' 15 Cp. Ter. Eun. 11. 2. 3 : quendam mei loci hinc atque ordinis | hominem. 49) 50 Cp. Plaut. Stick. I. 3. 93, 94: Rogare jussit te multum opere maximo, 1 Mecum simitu ut ires ad sese domum. NOTES 103 59, 60 scurrcB aliquando ex ore \ Manauit catum dictum. ' Many a wise word falls from the lips of a fool.' 60 fernim, dum incalescit^ferito. * Strike the iron while it is hot.' No such proverb in the French. Cp. A. Gartner, Proverbialia Dideria {1574), under ' Occasio ' : Ferrum quando calet, cudere quisque valet. 66 si adolescentia sciret et senectus posset. Fr. ' si jeunesse S9auoit & vieillesse pouuoit,' where the Ital. has merely, ' i giouani non han tutto quel senno che gli bisognerebbe.' 71 sine exorem. Cp. Plaut. Bacch. v. -2, 82: sine me exorem; Ter. And. v. 3. 30 : sine te hoc exorem ; V. 8. 13 : sine te exorem ; Eicn. I. 2. 105 : sine te exorem. 76 Cp. Plaut. Cas. 11. 6. 9 : corculum assudassit jam ex metu. 79 Cp. Plaut. True. iv. 3. 6 : vos colubrino ingenio ambae estis. Act II. Sc. 3. 3 vnum curriculmfi facere. Plaut. Trin. iv. 4. 11. 4 Cp. Plaut. Pcen. 11 1. i. 29 : vicistis cochleam tarditudine. 13 Cp. Ter. And. v. 2. 15: videtur esse quantivis preti. 17, 18 Pulchra quidem gemma est. \ Quid ais de gemmis, furcifer ? The word-play represents the Fr. : II ne sera pas touiours si bonne bague, non. I Que dis tu de bagues? and the Ital.: Non sara sempre buona roba. I Che dici tu di robba? 26 C vivitur. S. satin^ ex sententia? Cp. Ter. Phorm. ir. i. 26: Valet... sed satin omnia ex sententia ? 29 albce gallincB filitun. Juv. Sat. xili. 141: gallinse filius albae. Act II. Sc. 4. 3, 4 Cp. Plaut. Cas. III. 2. 6 : senati columen, prsesidium popli. 15 pellicularia, 'enticing,' a non-classical word. 19 flagitiu?n hominis. Plaut. Cas. 11. i. 8; Men. v. i. 9 etc. 28 aurium tenus in amore, ' up to the ears in love ' (a non-classical phrase). An example of the use of temis in Lily's Short Introduction is 'Aurium tenus, Up to the ears.' 29 Cp. Ter. Eun. ill. i. 43: Risu omnes qui aderant emoriri. 30, 31 denarium..,effero, \ tanquatn occisufn deridiculo. 'I carry the penny out (to burial) as though it had been killed by ridicule' {?). I04 NOTES Act II. Sc. 5. I vnam, sc. a girl. Cp. Fr. : ' ie me sais fort d'en recouurer une pour toy. .5V«....si tu me trouue quelque chamberiere a mon gre.' 9 hanc quadragessimani. Fr. *a ce caresme prenant. ' 10 concionibus ad pulpitum. Fr. 'au sermon.' 28 Accede, ^ male conciliate. Fr. ' petit sauuageau.' Cp. Ter. Eun. IV. 4. 1 : prodi, male conciliate. 38 See Textual Notes. 48 quam suppudet. Fr. 'que tu es estrange.' 50 tantundem mihi. Fr. *autant a moy.' 62 — 64 omnis gallina sibi scalpit, \ sibi cibum qucerit, \ denique omnes mulieres ad vnam inciidem factce sunt. Fr. ' Toute Geline becque a soy : quand tout est dit, toutes femmes sont forgees a un coing.' It. * Ogni gallina ruspa a se, in fine tutte le donne son fatte a un mode. ' Act II. Sc. 6. I, 2 Cp. Plant. Cas. 11. 3. 58: Ego discrucior miser amore : ilia autem quasi ob industriam | Mihi advorsatur. 3 Cp. Plant. Epid. in. i. i : exspectando exedor miser atque exenteror. 16 Cp. Plaut. Cure. i. 3. 40: tuam fidem, Venus noctuvigila! 22 et seq. This spontaneous outburst of Flaminius is not in the French or Italian. It skilfully gives an opening for his after-reference to Laelia. 30, 31 Cp. Plaut. Trin. ill. 2. 79, 80: Non enim possum quin exclamem : Euge ! euge ! Lysiteles, ttoXlv \ Facile palmam habes ! hie victus. vicit tua comoedia. 46 Cp. Plaut. Epid. v. i. 17 : usque ab unguiculo ad capillum summum es festivissima. 54' 55 Cp* Plaut. Cist. II. I. 36: di deseque, superi atque inferi, et medioxumi... 80 The comparison with Medea is not in the French or Italian. 89 nisi infuga. Lgelia flies the same night to the house of Clemens. Cp. iv. 4. 34 (spoken next day). NOTES 105 Act II. Sc. 7. 6 suspende me. Repeated at 11. 20, 41, 60, 73, 98. Cp. Plaut. Pxn. i. 2. 96, 98: suspende te. 34, 35 Cp. Plaut. Merc. i. 2. 71 : qui potuit videre? A. oculis. Ch. quo pacto? A. hiantibus; M. G.U. 3. 19: vidi. P. tuten'? 6". egomet duobus his oculis meis. 45 Tressis — properly= ' three asses.' ' Non tressis agaso' (Plaut. /"^x. v. 76), ' a fellow not worth three coppers.' App. here used as ' a good-for- nothing fellow,' representing 'coquin' of the French. 48 y?a^rw = * whipping-stock.' The word only occurs in the plural in a fragment of Afranius interpreted by Nonnus. 49 Cp. Plaut. Epid. i. 2. 56 : senatum convocabo in corde consiliarium ; M. G. II. 2. 42 : dum ego mihi consilia in animum convoco. 50 ne posthac dixerisy '■ putaratn.'' Cp. ill. 2. 169 «. 55, 56 These lines not in the French. 58 Cp. Plaut. Capt. III. 3. 14 : neque iam Salus servare, si volt, me potest ; Ter. Ad. iv. 7. 43 : ipsa si cupiat Salus | servare prorsus non potest hanc familiam. Lines 57, 58 seem to be based on a misunderstanding of the P'rench * S'il est ainsi que tu le dis : le voyla mort,' in the sense : ' there is nothing but death before me.' 62 nunc solus ^c. This witty reminiscence is not in the French. 65 Cp. Plaut. M. G.W. I. 75 : ita sublinitum est os. 67 nisi ego ilium exemplis quam plurifnis — Fr. ' Si ie n'en fais telle vengeance que tant que ceste ville durera il sera exemple aux seruiteurs.' 72 Cp. Ter. Eun. iv. 4. 44 : possumne ego hodie ex te exculpere | verum ? 107 Cp. Plaut. Poen. iii. i. 40: Obsecro, operam celocem hanc mihi, ne corbitam date. From the form 'corvitam' for ' corbitam ' comes * corvette.' Act III. Sc. i. Interlocutors. Petrus' speeches are attributed in the P>ench to Ped. (Peda- gogue), in the Ital. to Ped. (Pedante). I, 2 Per uarios...Modenam. Not in the French. Verg. Aen. i. 204, 205 : Per...Latium. Taurus 6^c., substituted here for other local proverbs in the originals. II asinum portantem misteria. For the proverb ' Asinus portans mysteria' see Erasmus Adagia, Ch. li. Cent. ii. Ad. 4. It is based on Aristoph. Ranee., 1. 159 : e7w 701/1' 6vo% 070? ixvar-qpca. 7—S io6 NOTES 15 Guitziardinam. Fr. * Guissardin,' It. ' Guicciardino.' 19 cum subit... imago ^'c. Not in the French. Ov. Trist, i. 3. i. 30 assatce — a wrong form for ' assse.' Cp. v. 1. 9. 35 Q. Asconius Pedianus, a Roman grammarian (B.C. 2 — A.D. 83), wrote a commentary on Cicero. The errors committed by the pedant are meant to excite laughter. 39 dulcis amor patria. Ov. Fasti V. 653 : saepe tamen patriae dulci tan- guntur amore. 40 Autochyrum — an impossible form = aur6xetpa. 46 vini Falerni. Fr. ' le Trebian.' 47 Q\z. pro Sest. XLii. 91 : turn conventicula hominum, quae postea civitates nominatae sunt, tum domicilia conjuncta, quas urbes dicimus. 50 Hor. Ep. I. I. 100: diruit, aedificat, mutat quadrata rotundis. 54 The Fr. has * lamdudum animus est in patinis.' 60, 61 vultur . . .carniiiorum animal \ et quod patrem non agnoscit, vt est in Heirogliphicis. The pedant may be thinking of Aristot. Ilept Zuxuj' IX. 34. 123 : 17 5^ KoKovfiipr] (prjpjj . . .ra T^Kva iKTp^(f>€L /cat ra avTTJs /cat ra rod derov' /cat yap raud' orav iKJSdWri eKelvos, dvoKa^ovaa Tp4(pei' e/c/3d\Xet yap 6 derds irpb upas Irt ^iov deo/xeua /cat oijiro) dwdfieva ireTecrdat,. 65 Lily, Brevissima Institutio (1602 G viij r.)\ * Plautus. — Exemplorum multitudine supersedendum est.' Not in Plautus as we know him. Cic. hiv. I. 20. 28 : supersedendum multitudine verborum. 71 exonerabis te. Perhaps a mistranslation. Fr. *tu te desaltereras.' 73 aquam asperges^ 'you will do something to revive me.' Cp. IV. 2. 49 «. Fr. ' mais que ie sois mort, vous me ferez du chaudeau aux oeufz.' 89 isto=hoCi a common usage in Latin of this period. 93 Cp. j?)r^ Pis. 17 : natus abdomini suo. 95 etc. The references to Cicero, Homer and Hesiod not in the Fr. 97 Percontatorem fugito nam garrulus idem est. Hor. Ep. I. 18. 69. 109 Theognis 295 : KurLXii) dvOpdj-m^ (xiydv xctXeTraJraTo;/ ax^os. Ill Contra verbosum noli contendere verbis. Cato Distycha I. 10 : Contra verbosos etc. 116 Cp. Lily, Brevissima Institutio (1602 F iiij v.)-. Sophistae rixantur de lana caprina, and Hor. Epis. i. 18. 15. 126 Cp. Hor. Ep. I. 10. 24 : Naturam expellas furca, tamen usque recurret. NOTES 107 Act III. Sc. 2. 5 The three following speeches here given to Brulio, Aurelius, Brulio were assigned in the Fr. to Laise ( = Aurelius), Brouillon, Laise, respectively. 13 stragulas. The classical form would be stragula^ but cp. Erasmus, Colloquia, ' Herilia ' : Compone lecti stragulas. 16 Cp. Ten Eun, I. 2. 7, 8 : Ceterum | de exclusione verbum nullum? 34 Cp. Plaut. Cure. II. 3. 39 : lippiunt fauces fame. 40 Omne simile appeiit sibi simile. Erasmus Adagia, Ch. i. Cent. ii. Ad. 21, quotes Arist. Eth. Nic. vili : ofxoiov o/ioiov ecpierai, ' id est, simile appetit simile.' 41 signiim est sapieniice. Fr. * Speculum prudentiaw significat. luxta illud Catonis' etc. 42 ' nosce teipstim ' = yvwdi aeavrov^ the oracle given to Croesus by the Delphic Apollo, Xen. Cyrop. vii. 2. 25. 47 — 77 This talk about pedagogues only in the Latin play. 53 didicisse fideliter artes. Ov. Pont. ii. 9. 47. 56 Lily {Brevissima Insiitutio, 'Ablativus') gives the example: 'Nomine Grammaticus, re barbarus.' Cp. Cic. lusc. ii. 4. 12: ut si grammati- cum se professus quispiam barbare loquatur. 65 Naturam expellas furca, Cp. in. i. 126 «. verbum sapienti sat est, Cp. Plaut. Pers. iv. 7. 19 : dictum sapienti sat est ; Ter. Phor. iii. 3. 8. 74 lauare yEthiopem. Erasm. Adag. Ch. i. Cent. iv. Ad. 50. operam et oleum perdes. Plaut. Poin. i. 2. 119: tum pol ego et oleum et operam perdidi. Erasm. Adag. Chil. l. Cent. iv. Ad. 62. 86 flos veteris vini ?neis naribus obiectus est. Plaut. Cure. i. 2. i. 113 Omnis repletio mala est, panis vero pessima. This line in both the Fr. and Ital. Cp. Pedantius, 1. 2001 : omnis saturatio mala, Syllogismorum vero pessima ; Don Quixote, Part IL cap. 47 : omnis saturatio mala, perdix autem pessima. Dufheld refers to Aphorismi Hippocratis (ed. Foesii 1620, fol. 1245), ov tpXt/o-^oi'tj... 0170^61/, but there must be some nearer source. 117 introuisat, a non-classical form for Plautus' interuiso (Aul. ill. 7. i etc.). Cp. IV. 2. 97. io8 NOTES 124 — 133 Fr. ' Br. Ceans logent Angloys & Flamens en grande quantite. Allemans, o combien y en vient il. La. les Allemans ont de coustume de se loger au Pourcelet. P. Ou logent les Neapolitains Br. Chez moy. La. il se moque ; ils logent la plus part au Dieu d 'amours.' The reference to Cardinals lodging at the God of Love is only in the Latin. 141 Parcius ista viris tamen obijcienda memento. Verg. Eel. iii. 7. 144 Non vnquam tacuisse nocet, nocet esse loquutum. Plut. Educ. Lib. c. 14 : (nw7r77(ras /xev ovZd% fMcrepdrjae, XaX-qaam-es 5e TrafXTrXtjdeU. Plutarch [De San. Tu. 7) ascribes the saying to Simonides. Valerius Maximus (7. 2. E 6) to Xenocrates : quia dixisse me (inquit) aliquando pcenituit, tacuisse nunquam. I owe this note to Professor Summers. 151 Cp. Plant. Me7t. 11. 2. 55: ad Vulcani violentiam. 153 Cp. Plaut. Aul. II. 8. 4, 5 : agninam...bubulam...vitulinam...porcinam. 155 constantis cetatis. Cp. Suet. Galb. 4 : setate nondum constanti. 158 polluctOy banquet. Plaut. Rud. v. 3. di. 159, 160 Fr. 'Variorum ciborum commixtio pessimam generat digestionem.' The reference to the ' Schola Salerna ' here and at iv. 3. 45 only in the Latin. By the ' Schola Salerna ' (properly, ' Salernitana ') Petrus means the verses by Joannes de Mediolano called Regimen Sanitatis Salerni, generally printed with a prose commentary by Arnaldus de Villa nova. The nearest approach to the present dictum in the Regimen which I have found is the passage which appears thus in T. Parnell's translation (1575) p. xv v.: 'there is nothing more hurtfull to mans bodye, than to receaue meate vpon meate, that is but onely begunne too bee digested. For the meate last taken shall let the digestion of that yt was first eaten.' Cp. Eobanus Hessus De tuenda bona valetudine (1564), p. 21 v.: Peius enim nihil est humano in corpore, quam si | Mistio discordans fiat uterqw 10 Cp. Plaut. Men, in. 2. 30: qui mihi male dicas homini ignoto insciens ? 14 Cp. Plaut. Men. v. i, 23, 24: an mos est ita hie ] Peregrin© ut advenienti narrent fabulas ? 16 hie homo sanus non est. Plaut. Men. Ii. 2. 9: certe hie insanus est homo. 21 Ger. Hem. Vir. Hui! os durwn! Cp. Ter. Eun. iv. 7. 35, 36: Ch. ...eam esse dico liberam. Thr. Hem. Ch. Civem Atticam. Thr. Hui. | Ch. Meam sororem. Thr. Os durum. 28 Mihi dolebit, non tibi, si quid ego stulte fecero. Plaut. Men. il. 3. 84. 33 qui sis, qui non sis,floccum non interduim. Plaut. Trin. iv. 2. 152. 34 Wfl/? mereri de immerente inseitia est. Plaut. Cz^r^:. i. 3. 29. 60 Fw«j a/eww trudit. Cp. Ter. yi«^. iv. 4. 40: fallacia | Alia aliam trudit. 65 adeo me coges...emori. Fr. ' tu me fais mourir.' 71, 72 Fr. ' ie me doute que ceste pauure fille par malencolie ne soit troublee du cerueau.' 74» 75 Was Gerardus' house on the stage? and Virginius' at a distance? 78 blande et precario. Fr. 'auecq' douces paroles.' 96 This line is given to Ger. in Fr. Ill qui pro te argentum dedit. Plaut. Rud. I. 2. 10. * Act IV. Sc. i. 5 7? TTidL 7] airidi. Erasmus {Adagia, Chil. I. Cent. x. Ad. 47) on the adage 'Aut bibat aut abeat' quotes Cic. Tuse. Qu. v. 41. 118: 'ilia lex quoe in Grsecorum conviviis obtinet, Aut bibat, inquit, aut abeat.' Erasmus adds 'Quidam sic efiferunt, rj irWi, i) dindi., id est, aut bibe aut abi.' Cp. Athen. x. 6 piduere tormentario. Fr. 'poudre de canon.' 8 Cp. Lily, Brevissima Institutio (ed. 1602), F 8 z;. : Cicero. — Grsecarum literarum rudis. Cic. de Off. I. i. i : Graecarum literarum rudes. 23 filius agazonis. Fr. 'filz d'vn mulletier.' 'Agaso' was sometimes derived from a.'ya^wv, hence perhaps the present spelling. NOTES 1 1 1 24 — 28 Cp, Pedantius 246 — 249. 31 te con/eras ad somniiim scipionis. A joke on Cicero's 'Somnium Scipionis' : 'that you betake yourself to dreaming of a beating.' 32 est locus in carcere quod Tullianum appellatur. Quoted from Sail. Cat. 55 in Lily's Brevissima Institutio, and frequently applied humorously in academical plays. 36 The comparison is not in the Fr. 40 Cp. Ter. Eun. in. i. 55: Par pari referto. Act IV. Sc. 2. 3 Jilius nisi revertatur. The author has corrected a mistake in the French, which has 'si. ..ton fils retournoit ' (Ital. 'quando tuo figliuol non si truoui'). Cp. I. 2. 62, 63 and 1. 50 of this scene. 4, 5 Cp. I. 4. 146 «, 8 — II Cp. Plaut. Trin. iv. 2. 20 — 23: Quam magis specto, minus placet mihi hominis facies : mira sunt | Ni illic homo 'st aut dormitator aut sector zonarius. | Loca contemplat, circumspectat sese, atque sedis noscitat. | Credo equidem, quo mox furatum veniat, speculatur loca. 28 festus dies hominis! Cp. Lily, A shorte Introduction of Grammar (ed. 1599, E. n\]v.): The Interjection: O festus dies hominis. See i. 4. 78, 79 «. 31 Spes bona, obsecro, subventa. Plaut. Rudens i. 4. 11. 42, 43 Cp. Plaut. Capt. II. I. I, 2: Si dii immortales id voluere, vos banc gerumnam exsequi, | Decet id pati sequo animo. 47 motos prestat componere Jluctus, Verg. Aen. i. 135. 48 vescitur aura cetherea. Verg. Aen. I. 546, 7 : si vescitur aura | Aetheria. 49 Cp. Plaut. Bacc. 11. 3. 13: N. venitne? Ch. venit. N. euax aspersisti aquam. Cp. III. i. 73 ;^. 52 Valet et valetudinem siiam curat diligenter. A humorous application of a formula of farewell used by Cic. ad Fafti. xiv. 22: valetudinem tuam cura diligenter; and included by Erasmus in his Colloquia among hi Salutandi formulce. 69 Cp. Plaut. Pcen. v. 4. 93: multorum annorum miserias nunc hac voluptate sedo. 70 — 72 Cp. Plaut. Poen. v. 4. 104 — 106: Dii de^eque omnes vobis habeo merito magnas gratias, | Cum hac me laetitia tanta et tantis affecistis gaudiis, | Ut mese gnatae ad me redirent in potestatem meam. 112 NOTES 78 nonduni prehendi te manu. An Englishman's version of the French 'ie ne vous auois pas encores baise.' 80 Cp. Ter. And. Ii. cs. 17 : quae nunc non est narrandi locus. 88—92 Not in the Fr. 89 dixi patrisare. Ter. Ad. iv. 2. 25: Laudo: Ctesipho, patrissas. 97 introuiso. Cp. III. 2. 117 «. Act IV. Sc. 3. 8 Cp. Plaut. Rud. V. 2. 17: Z. ut vales? Gr. quid tu? num medicus...es? 9 herilis, ingiiam, pater est. Cp. Ter. Eun. v. 4. 40: Dico... nostrum esse ilium erilem filium. 42 scholcB SalerncB. See ill. 2. 159 — 161 n. Cp. Parnell's translation p. xivz;. : Auicen say th that all maner of repletions hurt the stomacke. 55 huic seni, sc. Gerardus. 58 Cp. Ter. Ad. v. 7. 5 : qui te amat plus quara hosce oculos. Act IV. Sc. 4. 2, 3 ita mihi ad malum \ Mala res plurimce se agglutinant. Plaut. Aul. iv. 10. 71. 26 oculos... linceos. Cp. Hor. Sat. I. 2. 90: Lyncei...oculis, the eyes of Lynceus the Argonaut, of whom Pindar wrote Kdvov yap eirLx^oviiav irdvTwv yiver^ 6^VTaTou''OiJ,fxa. 33 Cp. Plaut. Men. in. 2. 40, 41 : non tibi | Sanum est... sinciput. 48 Cp. Plaut. Rud. II. 4. 8, 10: ut in ocellis hilaritudo est!... turn quae indoles in savio est ! 49 Cp. I. 4. 78, 79;/. Act IV. Sc. 6. 16 lude7ites offenderit, Fr. 'trouue encor' en besongne.' Act IV. Sc. 7. 4 Cp. Ter. Eun. iv. 3. 18: ille autem bonus vir nusquam apparet. 10 ferte opetn . . .atque exemplum pessimum pessum date. Plaut. Rud. III. 2. 3. 12 Cp. Plaut. Capt. III. 4. 108: deruncinatus, deartuatus sum miser | Hujus scelesti technis. NOTES 1 1 3 13 Eradicatus sum .. .omnibus exitijs interij. Plaut. Bacch. v. 1.6, 7. 27—29 Cp. Plaut. Bacch. ill. 3. 75 — 77: nullon' pacto res mandata potest agi, nisi identidem | Manus ferat ad papillas, labra a labris nusquam auferat? | Nam alia memorare, quae ilium facere vidi, dispudet. 35 ferro, sc. bolts and bars. Act IV. Sc. 8. 5 lictoi'ibus a ligando dictis. Aul. Gell. Xil. 3. i : Valgius Rufus../lictorem' dicit * a ligando ' appellatum esse. 7 Cp. Plaut. Rud. I. 2. 59: deludificavit me ille homo indignis modis. 17 haud...resecro nee obsecro. Cp. Plaut. Pers» i. i. 49: obsecro te, resecro. 19 nolo tarn facile quadruplari. Plaut. /'^r.c I. 2. lo: neque quadruplari me volo. Quadruplari was apparently taken in the sense 'to be befooled,' though properly deponent, 'to be a cheat.' 23 Cp. Plaut. Bacch. I v. 2. 13 : nse tibi hercle haud longe est os ab infortunio. 24,26 Cp. Plaut. Rud. III. 1. 37, 38: fraudis, sceleris, parricidii, perjurii plenus, I Legirupa, impudens, impurus, inverecundissumus. 25 Cp. Plaut. Trin. i. 2. 185: qui occlusiorem habeant stultiloquentiam. 27 Quid de quoque viro et cui dicas, scBpe caueto. Hor. Epis. I. 18. 68 (Quid... videto). Quoted in Lily, Brevissima Institutio. 32, 33 Cp. Cic. de Off. I. xxii. 76: parvi sunt foris arma, nisi est consilium domi. 35 Cp. Lily, Brevissima Institutio, Syntaxis, Duo Accusativi: Vestiendi verba interdum mutant alterum Accusativum in Ablativum, vel Dativum ; ut Indue te tunica, vel tibi tunicam. 38 Fr. 'Fusses tu au gibet, toy & elle.' Act V. Sc. i. I quotqtwt estis. Fr. 'tant que vous estes.' 4 Fr. *Sire, auecq' la targe il apartiendroit bien auoir vne lance.' 7 porcellos. This is my correction of the MS ' procellos.' One would expect birds of some kind, rather than pigs, as the Fr. has ' becasseaux.' Cp. Swift, Battle of the Books, ad fin. : As when a skilful cook has trussed a brace of woodcocks, he with iron skewer pierces the tender sides of both... 8 penetrant se in fugam. Plaut. Amph. i. i. 94. 114 NOTES 9 assata. See ill. i. 30 w. Fr. 'que veux tu faire de ce rost?' 21 tanquam Neptunus alter. Cp. Verg. Aen. I. 124 — 143. 27 pedibiis proteram (MS propriani) tanquam occisam suem. Cp. Plaut. True. II. 2. 13 : ego hie te, mulier, quasi sus catulos, pedibus proteram. Perhaps 'protraham' should be read. Cp. Verg. Aen. viil. 265: pedibusque informe cadaver protrahitur. 31 Amicus certus in re incerta cernitur. Ennius in Cic. Lcel. 17 adf. 38 pacetn te poscimus omnes. Verg. Aen. XI. 362. 44, 45 Cp. Cic. de Orat. ill. i. 4: lingua, qua vel evulsa spiritu ipso libidinem tuam libertas mea refutabit. 61 rem omnem ex ipso audies. Fr. ' rem omnem a principio audies.' 63 — 65 Cp. Ter. And. iii. 3. 6 — 10: Per te deos oro, et nostram amicitiam, Chremes, | Quae, incepta a parvis, cum aetate accrevit simul [ ...Ut me adjuves... 68 Fr. * la chair ne vault pas I'embrocher. ' 72 cedant arma toga, concedat laurea lingua. Cicero's line quoted by him- self in De Off. I. xxii. 77 and elsewhere in the form * Cedant... laurea laudi.' Plutarch {Comp. Bern, aim Cic.) gives the line in Greek with T-Q yXuTTT}, and the Latin form with ' linguae ' is frequent. Act V. Sc. 3. 2 Cp. Plaut. True. II. 2. i : quis illic est, qui tarn proterve nostras aedes arietat ? 47 vleus...ne tetigeris. Cp. Ter. Phor. IV. 4. 9. Act V. Sc. 4. 7 Cp. Plaut. Aul. V. I. 6 : contollam gradum. Act V. Sc. 7. 17 Cp. Cic. ad Fam. iv. 9 : tempori cedere, id est, necessitati parere, semper sapientis est habitum. 23, 24 Cp. Ter. And. 11. 1.5: quoniam non potest id fieri quod vis, | Id velis quod possit. 25 quod factum est infeetum fieri non potest. Culmann, Sententice Puej-iles (in this form). Plaut. Aul. iv. 10. 11: factum est illud, fieri infeetum non potest. NOTES "5 37 Gerard's sentiment about a widow is expressed in the Fr. by Clemens : ' II vous fault quelque bonne vefue...qui vous S9ache froter I'estomach & ...chaufFe tous les soirs vostre bonnet de nuict.' 53 Cp. Plaut. Stick, II. I. 6 : Ripisque superat mihi atque abundat pectus laetitia meum. 62 Cp. Erasmus, Colloquia, 'Salutandi formulae — Honoris gratia': Ut salutaris, ita resalutaberis. 65 Cp. Plaut. Epid. III. 2. 5 : Pro di immortales, mihi hunc diem dedistis luculentum. 76 Cp. Ov. Met. III. 136, 137 : dicique beatus | Ante obitum nemo suprema- que funera debet. 82 plaustun date. Cic. de Sen, 18. 64 : plausus...esset datus. Cambridge: printed by john clay, m.a. at the university press. By the same Editor: Hymenseus : A Comedy acted at St John's College, Cambridge \c. i57f]. Now first printed with an Intro- duction and Notes. 1908. Price 3^. (id. net. Fucus Histriomastix : A Comedy probably written by Robert Ward and acted at Queens' College, Cam- bridge in Lent 1623. Now first printed with an Introduction and Notes. 1909. Price is. 6d. net. Club Law : A Comedy acted in Clare Hall, Cambridge, about 1599 — 1600. Now first printed with an Intro- duction and Notes. 1907. Price 6s. net. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Pedantius : A Latin Comedy acted at Trinity College [^. 1 581]. (Bang's J/^/m«/zV« No. viii.) 1905. {gs.6d.) Victoria : A Latin Comedy, by Abraham Fraunce, now first printed from the Penshurst MS. (Bang's Materialien No. xiv.) 1906. (8^.) 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