■mmsi'miim^i^^^msi!s^&SBi^^ssmm^ OOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOO'^OOOQO mmmmmimmimmmmmimmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmHt 7( i mesm ■^^*Wh■^. ;''^''*>'^* '."-■■— , ' ■■ ■ ^ 1 ' > ^ ttimHk ■o Ui o I o p p n'T T IT- DEnrrATroN— DKSTRTTTTON . .PAHF, C").'^ i lir—o" FKONTISPIECE— A LITHOGEAPII— THE SITE OF THE TESITLE. TOPOGRAPHICAL PLAN OF JERUSALEM, AND THE SITE OF KING Solomon's temple. JERUSALEM AS IT WAS, B. C. 1012. JERUSALEM AS IT IS. INTERIOR VIEW OF THE TE^SIPLE. THE GOLDEN GATE. INTERIOR VIEWS OF THE EAST AND SOUTH GATES OF THE TE^O'LE ENCLOSURE. REMARKABLE ARTITICUX CAVE UNDER THE TEIVEPLE SITE. KING Solomon's cisterns. Robinson's arch ant) section of the wall of the temple enclosure. ancient quarry under JERUSALEM, IN WHICH THE STONES WERE QUARRIED FOR SOLOMOn's TEMPLE. INTERIOR VIEW OF WILSOn's ARCHES. ECCE HOMO ARCH— A PART OF THE WALL OF THE PRESENTATION IN THE TEMPLE. KUINS OF ANCIENT TOMBS AND T0AVER8. FIFTEEN GROUPS OF THE PRIVATE MARKS OF THE BUILDERS. r>J,t m r fv // i t ft I. t 1 m U THKIJE COUHSES OF STONES EST THE FOUNDATION WALLS OF THE TE:MrLE ENCLOSURE, WITH THE PRIVATE MARKS ON THEM. INTERIOR VIEW OF A GALLERY AT THE FOUNDATION OF THE WALL. EXPLORER EXAMINING MARKS. INTERIOR VIEW OF THE ANCIENT QUARRY UNDER JERU- SALEM IN WHICH THE STONES WERE QUARRIED FOR THE TEMPLE. PILASTER m 1L&.S0NIC HALL. ANCIENT FIGURED PAVEMENT. MT. LEBANON AND TIIE BAY FROM WHICH THE TIMBER WAS FLOATED FOR TIIE TEMPLE. TIIE CITY OF JOPPA, WHERE THE TEMBER WAS LANDED. TIIE CITY OF TYRE AS IT NOW IS. niRAil's TOMB NEAR THE CITY OF TYRE. hiram's -w^ll. KING Solomon's store cities — their ruinb. BAALBEK. tad:sior. kirjath jearim. HEBRON. SAMARIA. SIDON. GEBAL. TIIE RUINS OF NINEVEH. THE RUINS OF BABYLON. TIIE RUINS OF SUUSHAN. DAMA.SCU8. m '4 .,'i\ m A V,/ 8 ILLUSTKATIONS. TDK KUINS OF EABBAH. THE EUINS or EPHESUS. THE KUINS OF GADARA. EXCAVATIONS AT SHUSH AN. UIAGES. VALLEY OF MUEDER, JERICHO. SUCCOTII. ST. JOHN'S CHUECH. THE PALACE AT SHUSHAN. ABDEL KADEE. AN ACACIA TEEE. ANCIENT POTTERY— LAMP— AND INK BOTTLE SUCH A9 WAS USED BY THE SCEIBES. THE CASTLE OF DAVID. GETHSEl^IANE. ANCIENT COFFIN. GOLGOTHA. PLAN OF THE CHUECH OF THE HOLY 8EPULCHEE. BETHANY. SHECHEM. EPIlRArM. DAVTd's IsrOStQTTE AND TOMB^ "1^1 m !. ) k' \ m Xii llXUblKATIOSfi. N:orXT AKAKAT. \ CKOrP OF CAmVES. KISQ SOLOMON', FROM AN ANCIENT SCULPTrRE. COLLECTING OONTRIBL'TIONS FOB REBUILDING 1 11 K Ti:Mri-E. BATTLE-FIELD OF HATTIN. WAR nORSES AFTER THE BATTLE. THE Rt^IARKABLE RUINS OF THE AJfCIEXT CITY Oh GERASn. THE RUINS OF ATIILirTE. RUINS OF PERGAMOS. ANCIENT crrr in the iiauran. ANCIENT KITCHEN AND UTENSU-S. ANCIENT DRIN-KING CUPS. ANCIENT MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. fc- 1 /^- 'L^JO- IISTDEX TO THE PLAN OF JERUSALEM AND ITS RUINS. K*. So I. Armenian Convent on Mt. Zion. 2. Episcopal Church, and Consulate of St. James. 3. David Tower. 4> Hezckiah Pool, built by Herod ; now used. 5. Castle of David. 6. Greek Convent. 7. Coptic Convent. 8. Latin Convent. 9. Church of the Holy SepiUchre. 10. Pilate's house (ancient citadel), now the Pasha's reed dence. 11. Bethesda Pool. 12. St. Ami Church. 1 it , Prussian Consulate — near the site of Herod's palace. 14., Ruins of an ancient temi)le. 15., Valley Gate, near the Jaffa Gate. 16. Ancient gate, now closed (Bethezo was near it), on Zion. 17. Essenes' Gate, on Zion South. 18. Tower of Siloam. li). East or Sun Gate. 20. The Stairs of David — now in use. 21. Intermediate Gate, between the two walls at the Junction of the Tyropoeon and Kidron Valleys. 22. The House of David — it spanned the Tyropoeon Valley here. 23. The Tower that lieth out over the Virgin. Fountain. 21. Water Gate ; on Ophel. 25. The Great Tower— Tower of OpheL -^ 44. 47. 4§. Horse Gate, near the S. E. comer of the Temple. Tower of the Flock (Micah iv., 8). Sheep Gate — near the present St. Stephen's Gate. Tower of Hananeel; N. E. corner of the Temple Area. Fish Gate — near the present St. Stephen's Gate. Gate of Benjamin — Xorth and East. Cemetery. Throne of the Governor. Damascus Gate ; facing North. Broad wall between Ephraim and the comer Gate. Corner Gate — near the X. W. comer on the West. Tower of Furnaces ; in the West end of the East and West wall. First Gate ; in the first wall, near Jail a Gate. The Armory, or House of the Forest of Lebanon, in tho N. E. comer of Zion. Prison Gate ; Shallocketh, in the Temple. Miphkad Gate ; the Stocks for detaining and punishing criminals were near this Gate, at the West end of the Tyropoeon bridge. Second Gate in the Tyropoeon. Tower of Hippicus ; the ruins are in the N. W. comer of the city wall, called the Giant's Tower. Phasaelus — a Tower named after Ilerod's brother, near the Gennath Gate. Mariamne— named by Herod after his Queen ; on Zion. Gennath (gardens) Gate — near the Jaffa Gate, in th* third wall. Psephinos ; an octagon tower. North of Hippicus. There were 90 towers in the third wall ; no other names have been recorded. In other walls there were other gates, of which no ruins exist. Fort of Zion ; the Great Acropolis, so famed during the Syrian Wars. Castle of Zion ; taken by David from the Jebusites. Zion Bridge. Citadel ; was high and overlooked the city. Millo ; at the Junction of the Zion and Tyropoeon Valleys. 4 Ic -ijt~ X\ i^> ^'/y •-£i- V ^M, INDEX TO THE PLAN. No. 53. Road over which Christ rode into Jerusalem. 54. Golgotha. 55. Castle of Aiitonia ; containing the Judgment Hall. 56. Baris ; the Acropolis of Akra. 57. Strabo's Tower, near Antonia. 58. Illustration showing the form of the original hill Mount Moriah. 59. Upper Tool of Gihon. 60. Jews' Wailing-Place; here are to be seen some of the foundation-stones of the Temple. 61. Garden of Gethsemane. 62. Church of the Ascension. 63. Entrance to the great underground quarry, where the stones were quarried and prepared for King Solo- mon's Temple. 64. Village of Siloam. Besides these there are records of a great many palaces, market places, and synagogues for instruction in the Scriptures and tra- ditions, of which there remains no vestige by which they can with certainty be identified. MOUNT MORIAH-SITE OF SOLOMON'S TEIMPLE. A, A, A, A, Temple Area. No. 1. Dome of the Rock; Ancient Christian Church: now a mosk. ^. Mosk el Aksa; the Ancient Knight Templar's Church. 3. Mogrebins Mosk. 4. The Sea of Solomon, underground. 5. Vaults imder the platform. 6. Ancient South Gate of the Temple ; now Double Gat* 7. Ancient West Gate, now Prophet's Gate. 8. Gate of the Chain. 9. Gate of the Bath. 10. Iron Gate. 1 1. Gate of the Inspector. 12. East or Golden Gate. M n^ ^ fe ^i Origin — Assault and Capture of the City hy David — David's Death — lie is succeeded hy Solomon, %oho hicilds the Magnificent Temple, and the Store Cities — Siege of Jerusalem, hy Titus, it is taken at Midnight — Wanton Destr%iction of the Temple hy Fire. TiTE city of Jerusalem, with its ruins of temples, towers, walls, and tombs, is one of the most pro- foundly impressive localities in all the world. While reflecting on the history of this city, wave on wave of thought rush in on the mind from out the limitless ocean of the past, and while contemplating its ruins the miiid is carried far back through the dim vista of ages, to the time wlien Mt. Zion was the Jebusite's stronghold, and when the site of tlie magnificent Temple of Solomon was a threshing-floor. In all other lioly places there were worshiped beasts and birds (Apis and Ibis, Egypt), the human form (Greece), and hideous images of things found ncitlier in the heavens nor the earth (India). But here tliC shepherds of Canaan, who watched the flocks among the hills, bowed to Ilim who is still called the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. In Genesis we V >'l M f II read that in the liei^inniiig God created the heaven and the earth, and, as the great Architect of the Univci'^e, he claims the exchisive woi-shij) of man. Since the day when the tent of the wihlcrness (the Tabernacle) was eidarged into tlie Temple, what various and thrilling events have made the temi)le site famous! There swiftly passes in review the foundation of that sacred and stately edifice, with its spacious courts and white marble walls, resplendent with fine gold ; the magnificent rites and ceremo- nies, the solemn prayers and costly sacrifices, and the mysterious Holy of Holies, the Shekinnh. Then follows the destruction of this sacred place by the idolatei-s from Babylon, and its restoration by Zerubbabel and Ezra, when some who had seen the fii-st house wept, while others shouted for joy. And finally, Herod's Temple, larger and more magnificent than the othere, which had been forty-six years in progiess when Jesus spake in it of its final destruc- tion, which came with Titus and the Romans ; and of all its precious and beautiful furniture and sacred vessels, there remains only a time-worn sculpture of the Candlestick and the crumbling Triumphal Arch of Titus at Rome. Resides these material things there is a long proces- sion of g')od men and women, kings, prophets, and piicsts, wiio frequented this place to worship, and held the same faith with us; whose lives are our example, and whose songs ai-e our j)salins and hynnis of praise. The dark side of the picture is stained with frightful idolatries, dcvilisli wickedness, false- hoods, blasphemie-, hypocrisies, and murdei-s, even <■- & ^' ( i n the midst of the most awful denunciations against fin in every form. The view is also darkened by accounts of sieges, li^'-/ famines, destructions, captivities and dispersions, des- ^ I olations and wars unnumbered, with but a few rays of blessings in restorations. Uncounted millions for nearly tM-o thousand years have directed towards this shrine their hopes and prayers. This eventful his- torv and its present condition lead to the inquiry, Will the Temple ever be rebuilt ? Will Jerusalem ever be restored? Will the twelve tribes ever be re- gathered ? — questions that can only be answered by the Great Director of human events. *} J From Abraham to the present time a knowledge Ati/i of the one true God has been the chief source of in- spiration, and there have been many great teachers who have instructed, counseled, warned, and threat- ened the people ; always magnifying the service and the rewards of the true faith. Will there ever be another great teacher there ? ^'^' 1 OltlGIN. The name of this famous and sacred city suggests inquiry into its origin and liistory. The name, Jerusalem, is first found in Joshua x. 1, 3, 5, 23. It is next called Jebus or Ila Jebusi, and its inliabitants Jebusites. The Greeks called it Iliero Solyma (Iloly City of Solomon) ; but Jerusalem has been the common name since Solomon's time. The second son of Noah w'as Ham, who begat Canaan, whose descendents were the Jebusites, who dwelt in the hill countrv in which Jerusalem is situa- Ui A' I m m ted, and had tlieir stronghold on Mount Zion, and, as there is no reliaUe record or tradition of its oc- cupation by any other people previous to its occupa- tion by the Jebusites, the conclusion is very evident that the city -^-as founded by them, but there exists no data for determining tlie precise time. "And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying, "Send thou men that they may search the land of Canaan, which I give unto the children of Israel — And Moses sent them to spy out the land of Ca- naan, and said unto them, " Get you up this way south- ward, and go up into the mountain. "So they went up, and searched tlie land from tlie wilderness of Zin unto Eehob, as men come to Ila- matli. And they returned from searching of the land after forty days. And they went and came to Moses, and to Aaron, and to all the congregation of the cliildren of Israel, unto the wilderness of Paran, to Kadesh ; and brought back word unto them, and unto all the congregation, and shewed them the fruit of the land. And they told him, and said, We came unto the land wliitlier thou sentcst us, and surely it floweth witli milk and honey; and this ?.y tlie fruit of it. The Amalekites dwell in the land of the south: and the Ilittites, and the Jehusitef<, and the Amorites, dwell in the mountains: and the Canaanites dwell by the sea, and by the coast of Jordan." (Numl)ei-s xiii. 1, 17, 21, 25, 26, 27, 20.) "And the border went uj) by the valley of the son of Iliimom unto the south side of the Jehvsiie ; the same k/7 :r' I', f-^ 7W is Jerusalem : and the border went up to the toj) of the mouiituiu that lieth before tlie valley of Ilinnom westward, which is at the end of the valley of the giants northward : And the border came down to the end of the moun- tain that lleth before the valley of the son of Ilinnom, and which is in the valley of the giants on the north, and descended to the valley of Ilinnom, to the side of Jehusi on the south, and descended to En-roirel, And Zelah, Eleph, and Jehusi, which is Jerusalem, Gibeath, aiid Kirjath; fourteen cities with their vil- lages. This is the inheritance of the children of Ben- jamin according to their families." (Joshua, xv. 8 — xviii. 16, 28.) HISTOKT. The first recorded siege was by Judah and Simeon (about 1400 B.C.). ISTow after the death of Joshua it came to pass, that the children of Israel asked the Lora, saying, Who shall go up for us against the Canaanitos first, to fight against them? And the Lord said, Judah shall go up: behold, I have delivered the land into his hand. And Judah said unto Simeon his brother. Come up with me into my lot, that we may fight against the Canaanites ; and I likewise will go with thee into thy lot. So Simeon went with him. And Judah went up ; and the Lord delivered the Canaanites and the Perizzites into their hand: and they slew of them in Bezek ten thousand men. ISTow the children of Judah had fought against Jl f -'Ai Mm Jerusalem, and had taken it, and smitten it with the edi^e of the sword, and set the city ou lire. (Judges, i. 1, 2, 3, 4, 8.) But they only took the lower city — the fortress of Zion and upper city being too strong for them. Following this was an attack by the Benjamites, but witli no better success. These sieges and attacks were continued through the time when Israel was ruled by the judges, and the rfc.gn of Saul, and the i-eign of David at Hebron. But the Jebusites successfully resisted every attempt on the fortress of Zion, and thus remained practically masters of the city until about 1049 b.o., when David with an army of 280,000 men, choice warriors, the flower of Israel (1 Chron,, xii. 23, 39), advanced to the siege, and with little trouble took the lower city, but, as before, the citadel on Zion held out until the Jebusites taunthigly said to him: "ExccjDt thou take away the lame and the blind thou shalt not come up thither" (2 Samuel, v. G, 7, 8). "Which roused David's anger, and he proclaimed to his host, that the flrst who would climb the rocky side of the fortress and kill a Jebusite should be made chief captain of the host; upon which a crowd of warriors rushed forward to the attempt, but Joab's superior agility gained him the day, and the citadel — the fortress of Zion — was at last taken. The fall of this hitherto impregnable strong- hold created a great sensation throughout the length and breadth of the land. David at once proceeded to fortify and secure him self in his important accpiisitiou by enclosing the city and citndel with a strong wall. The ark was l>i'oiiL,'lit m. f fn^m the liouse of Obed-Edoin, (near Kii-jatli-Jearim,) and deposited here Avith tlie most impressive cere- monies, and the city then became the reli^^nous centre and political capital of the country. Previous to this the seat of govennnent had beer wherever the judges or rulers had their residence; their place of residence and the ark constituting the capital and religions centre for the time being. These transient capitals were successively Gilgal" Shiloh, Shochem, Nob, and Gibeon. (Joshua, iv. 18, 19). David was succeeded by his son Solomon lOlG b. c, whose great works were the Temple with its east wall and cloister, the house of the forest of Lebanon, the walls of Jerusalem, with large towers thereon,' the great cisterns or sea under the temple area, the throne, a palace for his Egyptian wufe, 40,000 stalls for his horses, the garden, Baalath, Beth-horon, Gezer, Ilazor, Megiddo, and Tadnior. The crowning glory of his reign and adornment of the holy city was the Tem- ple or House of Jehovah. The magnificence and mar- velous beauty of this edifice did not arise so much from its size as from the whiteness of its walls, the stNle and finish of its many columns and pillars, and lavish use within and without of the gold of Ophir and Par- vaim. (See page 341) Through the whole time that this Temple was in building the tranquillity of the city was not broken by the sound of the workman's ax or ham- mer, and the only dark shade to the pictui-e is the fact of the practical reduction to bondage of the strangers in the land, the remnant of the Canaanite races ; rae hundred and fifty-three thousand of whom were sent off to the forests of Lebanon and the quarries. Even I m d / , y-'^ f Jehu while in company with Joram, son of Ahab. After the premature death of Ahaziah, his mother Athalia ascended the throne and sought to secure herself on it by the murder of all the seed royal. Joash, her grandson, then an infant one year old, was the only one who escaped — being concealed by his Aunt Jelio- sheba. Six years afterwards the f aitlif ul and fearless high-priest Jehoiada caused the blood-stained Athaha to be put to death, and crowned Joash king. The reign of Joash began 877 b.c. Through the faithful care of Jehoiada, Joash served God and prospered ; but after the death of his venerable friend and adviser followed less wholesome counsels, idolatry revived, p i M \ iii and Zacbariah tlie high-priest rebuked the guilty peo- ple, upon wliich the ungrateful king caused this servant of God to be stoned to deatli. Misfortunes soon multiplied on his head; he was repeatedly hum- bled by the Syrians, and had to buy them off with the treasures of tlie Temple. A conspiracy among liis servants cut short his life, and thus ended his reign. Joash was succeeded by his son Amaziah, who be- gan to reign 838 B.C., and reigned 29 years. Having established himself on his throne and punished the murderers of his father with death, he mustered an army of 300,000 men of Judah, and hired 100,000 men of Israel for a war on Edom. At the command of God, he reluctantly dismissed the hired forces, after which the victory was given him without tlieir assistance. Kotwithstanding the divine aid in his be- half, he carried home with him the idols of Edom, and set them up to be his gods. For this defiance of Jehovah, he was threatened with destruction by a Prophet of the Lord— which came in a war in whicli he was defeated and humiliated. Fifteen years after this, a conspiracy was formed against him, uj^on which he fled to Lachish, where he was overtaken and slain. Amaziah was succeeded by Azariah— elsewhere Uzziali — who began to reign B.C. 808. At first liis reign was prosperous ; but afterwards, presuming to offer incense in the Temple, he was smitten with leprosy, from which he suffered till his death. Jotham, son of Azanah, succeeded to the throne 756 B.C. No event of importance transpired during hia rei^n— which was wise and prosperous. He was sue m ^ 'fit, */F « -^1 '9J ^J m~ ceeded by his son Aliaz, who ascended the throne 742 B.C., aiid reigned 16 years. lie was noted for his idolatry and contempt of God. He made his children pass through the fire to idols ; he altered the Temple to the Syrian model, and afterwards closed it alto- gether. In punishment for this defiance of Jehovah, he was defeated in battle with Pekah and Eezin ; the Edomites revolted, and his borders were harassed by the Philistines. Turning still more away from God, in his distress he sought aid from Pul, king of As- syria, which fatal step made him tributary to Pul and his successor Tiglath-Pileser. Ahaz died at the age of 36, and was refused burial with his ancestors the Kings. Ilezekiah, son of Aliaz, succeeded to tlie throne and began his reign about 726 B.C. His reign is memor- able for his efforts to restore the worship of the true God. In the fourteenth year of his reign, the king of Assyria marched against Jerusalem, and sent an insulting and blasphemous message, demanding the surrender of the city, which being communicated to Ilezekiah, he repaired to the Temple and there im- plored divine aid against the presumptuous invader, in response to which the Lord sent an angel that night who smote and destroyed the Assyrians — 185,000 men — who were found coi-pses in the morning. "Now in the fourteenth year of king Hezekiah did Sennacherib king of Assyria come up against all the fenced cities of Judah, and took them. And the king of Assyria sent Tartan and Kabsaris and Rab-shakeh from Lachish to Idng Hezekiah with i 'J '(ft a great host against Jerusalem : and they went up and came to Jerusalem. And when they were come up. they came and stood by the conduit of the upper pool. which is in the highway of the fuller's field. And when they had called to the king, there came out to them Eliakim the son of Ililkiah, which wai> over the household, and Shebna the scribe, and Joah the son of Asaph the recorder. And Eab-shakeh said unto them, Speak ye now to Ilezekiah, Thus saith the great king, the king of Assyria, "What confidence is this whej-ein thou trust- est? "And it came to pass that night, that the angel of the Lord went out, and smote in the camp of the Assyrians a hundred fourscore and five thousand : and when they arose early in the morning, behold, they were all dead corpses." (2 Kings, 17, 18, 19 — xix. 35.) Ilezekiah died 697 B.C. and was succeeded by Ma- nasseh, who began to reign when he was twelve years old, and reigned 55 years. The commencement of his reign was noted for his shocking idolatries, cru- elty, and tyranny, for which God suffered him to be carried a prisoner to Babylon in the twenty- second year of his reign, by Esar-IIaddon, king of Assyria. Here, however, he so humbled himself, that God moved the Assyrians to restore him to his throne as a tributary ; and thenceforth, he set himself Xo undo the jrreat evil he had done. lie abolished tlic worship of idols and repaired the defences of the city, enclosing with a wall more space at the west, and Ophel on the south-east, and after a long reigu he died in peace, and was buried in Jerusalem. Manasseh was succeeded by Amon, who began to reign at the ac-e of 22, 642 b.c. His servants conspired against him and slew him in his own house ; but the people killed the conspirators and established his son Josiah on the throne, who commenced to reign 640 B.C. He set himself at once to work to destroy every vestige of idolatry out of the land. He defiled the altars of the idols at Bethel by burning upon them the bones of their deceased priests ; as had been fore- told more than three centuries before (1 Kings, xiii. 2). The Temple was cleansed and repaired at his command, and it was while doing this that the priest found the Temple copy of the law ; perhaps the orig- inal copy from Moses' own hand. Pharao-Necho, marching to attack the king of Assyria, passed across the territory of Josiah, who, in an attempt to stop him, gave him battle, in which he lost his life, 609 b.c. Josiah was succeeded by Jehoahaz, who reigned only about three months, when he was deposed by the king of Egypt. Jehoiakim, second son of Josiah, succeeded Jehoa- haz on the throne, and began to reign about 609 b.c. In the third year of his reign Kebuchadnezzar took the cjity and carried to Babylon a part of his princes and treasures. A year after this his allies the Egyptians were defeated on the Euphrates, yet he despised the warnings of Jeremiah and cast his book into the fire. At length he rebelled against Nebuchadnezzar, and was defeated and slain. Jehoiachin, son of Jeho- iakim, succeeded to the throne 599 B.C. After rei i m w >\i*ii mi Imli old and young, prince and peasant ; and the women violated in Mt. Zion itself. On the 7th day of tho foUowii.i^ month Nebuzaradan arrived, collected the ci4)tives and booty, and on the tenth the temple, the royal palace, and all the more important buildings of the city Avere set on lire, and the walls thrown down and left as heaps of rubbish. This destruction of the city and deportation left the land nearly deserted. The subsequent history of Jerusalem may be epi- tomized as follows :— About 332 b.c. it was taken by Alexander of Macedon. Shortly after his death Ptolemy Lagus, of Egypt, took it by assault on the Sabbath, when it is said the Jews scrupled to fight. 199 B. c, Scopus, an Egyptian general, recovered Judea to the King of Egypt. 170 b. c, it was taken by Antiochus Epiphanes, who razed its walls, set up an image of Jupiter in the Temple, and used every means to force the people into idolatry. Under the Maccabees the Jews again recovered their independ- ence 1G5 B. c. About 100 years later it was con- quei-ed by the Eomans, and Herod the Great ex- pended vast sums in its embellishment. A. D. 03, the Jews renounced their allegiance to Vespasian, upon which hostilities at once began. The insurgents held the Temple and lower city. In the Castle of Antonia was a small Roman garrison. Fierce contests lasted for several days, each side en- deavoring to gain possession of the part held by the other. At last the insurgents became masters of the city and Temple. Cestius Gallus, then encamped on Scopas, advanced on the city and for six days as- sauHcd the walls, but without success. He then drew % Mi ■ ■' ■ ■ - — l'^' ' . - -^ ^^ ',^^=^. off to his camp. Tliitlier the insurgents followed him, and in three davfi gave liim one of the most com- [ilete defeats ever undoi-gone bv a Roman army. Tlie Jews tlien repaired the walls of the cit}' and made great preparations for its defense against another expected attempt by tlie Romans — which was soon made by Titus, who arrived and encamped on Scopas and Blount Olivet, and commenced the siege. April the 15th the first breacli was made in the walls. June the 11th the Tower of Antonia was taken. July the 15th a soldier wantonly and without ordei-s set fire to the Temple, which was destroyed except the edi- fice of the Sanctuary. September the 11th the city was talvcn, and its destruction completed, except the three great towers — Ilippicus, Phasaelus, and ^lari- arane, which were left standing as memorials of the massive nature of the fortifications. A.D. 135, Adrian banished the Jews and planted a Roman colony there. He also consecrated the city to heathen deities, so as to defile it as much as possil)le, and did what he could to obliterate all traces both of Judaism and Christianity. About A.D. 326, Helena, the mother of Constantinc, l»uilt two churches in Bethlehem and on Mount (Jlivet. Julian endeavored to rebuild the Temi^le, A. D. 3G3, but liis design was frustrated, as contempo raneous writers relate, by an earthquake and by balls of fire bui-stin<; amoui; the workmen. A.D. 013 Jerusalem was taken by Chosrocs, king of Persia, who slew 90,000 men, and demolished the buildings and objects venerated by the Christians. In G27 lleraclius defeated Chosroes, and Jerusalem was — ^-1, ». iiTai K1AKJV1N(, COXTkllU rnJNS 1(.R KKlJLILDlXt' i'llL J1:MPLE^ 'Ik i\\ recwered by the Greeks. 637 it was taken by Omar, the second of the Kalifs, and thus passed un- der Mohammedan rule. The Mosque of Omar on the Temple site was built by this Mohammedan Kalif. From this time Jerusalem continued under the Kalifs of Bagdad, till SOS, when it was taken by Ahmed, a Turkish sovereign of Egypt. Froip this till 1099 it was ruled alternately by Turk and Saracen. At tliis latter period it was taken by the crusaders under God- frey Bouillon, who was elected king. lie was succeeded by his brother Baldwin, who died inlllS. Inll87 Saladiu, Sultan of the East, took the city. In 1242 it was restored to the Latin princes by Saleh Ismail, Emir of Damascus. In 1291 it was taken by the Sul- tans of Egypt, who held it until 1382. Selim, Sul- tan of Turkey, made conquest of Egypt, Syria and Jerusalem in 1517, and his son Solyman reconstructed the walls of the city, as now seen, in 1534 Since this tune, with the exception of the 2 years it was held by Ibrahim Pasha of Eg^^^t, and two years by the FeUahin, it has remained subject to Turkey. It is now included in the pashalic of Damascus, but with a resident Turkish governor. Altogether, Jerusalem presents a histor}- unex- ampled in the nmnber of its sieges and other trao-ical events. It has greatly declined from its former size and splendor, and has now a population of only 20,000. 3 W I •■^ i;,i', f '■ ^i I CHAPTER IL A SKETCH OF THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE CITY JlS: ADJOmiNG COUNTKY. Ijr^li I) m XI Jerusalem— Valley of J'ehosliaphat--IIinnoni,— Tijropfron- Walls — Gates — David Street — Via Dolorosa — Mounl Zion. To render the situation and description of the points of interest intelligible to those who are not familiar with the subject, a slight sketch of the to pography of the city and adjoining country will bo necessary. Jerusalem is situated on the summit of tlie ridgo which extends through Palestine from north to south ; the only apf)roach to the city being by wild m( tun- tain roads. The spur or plateau on which the city is built has a general slant to the south-cast, and its av- erage height above the Mediterranean is 2,475 feet. This plateau is of tertiary Umestono, the upj>er beds of which are a hard, compact stone called by tlio Arabs " Mezzeli," while the lower consists of u soft white stone called " Melekeh." It was in this lattei that most of the ancient tombs and cisterns were cut. .O Uv !^1i The city is nearly surrounded \)\ two ravines or valleys : JchoshapLat on the east, and llinuom on the west and south. TUE V^ViLEY OF JEHOSnAJMIAT cunnncnces well around to the north of the city, and at fii-st its couj-se is nearly east for a mile and a half ; it tlien makes a shai-p bend to tlie south, which course it follows to En Eogel, a deep avcII a short distance below the city. From this point it winds its way through the wild hilly country of Judea, twelve miles to the Dead Sea. Thi-ough this valley runs the brook Kedron. TUE VALLEY OF UIXKOM commences west of the city, and its course is at first south-east to nearly opposite Jaffa gate, where it bends to the south, M'hicli c(»urse it follows to a short distance below the lower pool of Gihon ; at this point it nudvcs a sharp bend to the east, and, passing the south end of the city, joins the valley of Jehoshajthat at En Kogel. Both of these valleys are at fiist very shallow, mere depressions in the ground, but after changing their coui-ses, the Iliimom to the east, and Jehosha- phat to the south, they fall and deepen more raj)- idly, 60 that at En Kogel they are six hundred and Fcvcnty feet lower than at their starting points. Between the valley of Ilinnom and Jehot-h:i}>hat 'licre is another ravine. 1^ ^ -^ ■ ? 43 THE TTEOPCEON, VM.LKY < iF 'IIIK ciii:i-:8i:-M0N0ERfl, commences near the Damascus gate, and rumiiiip nearly south, joins the Jchoshaphat at Silojiiiu This radne divides the plateau on which the citv stands into two unequal halves, the western Bpm being one hundred and twenty feet higher than the eastern; on the latter — Mount Moriah — once stood iIk; temples of Solomon, Zerubbahcl, and Ilerod. On the western was the upper city of Joscphus, and here ali^o stood the three great towers — llippicus, Phasjiilus, and Mariarane. The sides of these valleys are now en- cumbered with much rubbish, still they are sufllcientlv steep to be difficult of access, so that in ancient times they must have afforded a strong natural defence for the south, west, and east sides of the city, and this it ^vas which gave the Jcbusites such assiiriincc wiien they said to David, "Thou Avilt not come up hither; the blind and the lame shall drive thee back," * The original city was built on Zion, and was sur- rounded by a strong wall, and as the city was enlargcc valleys so as to cover up, in many places, the i)recipi- ces, and entirely obliterate all traces of the <)rii,'ina] brow of the hill. This is especially the case witjj the Tyropceon valley, which is now so filled with the ac- cumulations of ruins, that opposite to Mount Zion it has hardly the appearance of a valley; even on the top of the hill, where a few years since the Enji^lish cluirch was built, nearly fifty feet of rubbish was dug through before the original soil was reached. The southern brow of Zion is bold and prominent, and at the southwest corner of the city it is one hun- dred and fifty feet above the valley, and on the south three hundred. Upon this mount the original city was built. Here was the stronghold of the Jebusites, which was cap tured by David, and here was the palace of tlie kings of Israel. But now how changed ! On ground once thickly covered with public edifices and dwellings among mounds of ruins, large patches of barley and wheat may be seen growing. " Therefore sluill Zion, for your sake, be ploughed sis a field, and Jerusalem become heaps, and the mountain of the house as the high places of the forests." (^licah iii. 12.) Several valleys begin north and west of the city, and wind south and west to the sea, the largc'^t of which is Wady Beit Ilanina, continued in Wady Surar. The mountains romid about Jerusalem uro '^ )i ■^1 X Z5!>^ i^^^ V S hiijlier than the city on every side ; so it is necessary to go 1/J9 to the city from any direction. The names and localities of the several hills are plainly given on the engraving.* The walls of the nK>dern city are indicated hy the hea\'y hlack line. The more ancient walls are shown hy dots and marks arranged and named on the engraving. In the Bihle and Josephus there are given the names of the gates, towers, and notahle edifices, the sites of which are laid down on the plan in accordance with tlie reports of the latest ordnance eurveys and explorations. '*' JeruBoIem and its ruina — See first part of the Book. CHAPTER TIL a M \mm RELICS, OBJECTS, AND PLACES OF IXTEREST. Ancient Potterij — Lamps— Knives and other RcVaw — Zion Bridge — Ancient Castle of David — Gatt^s of the City — Pools — Fountains— Valley of Je- hoshaphat — Village of Siloam — Ancient Tomhs and Vaults — Valley of Ilinnom — Aceldama the Field of Blood. In the description of the Subterranean Quarry a cut of a lamp is given showing how tlie quarry was liglitcd while the men were at w^ork. It will be interesting to notice some of the many forms of lamps, with their singular marks and inscriptions, that have been found among the rubbish in the various excavations uudei Jerusalem, in cisterns or sewers, where they liave l)cen accidentally dropped, or in chambei-s Avlierc they were left when the rooms were abandoned. Nearly all of those found are broken, a few only being whole, which had been lost, perhaps. Many of the objects found in the rubbish M'cre tlic work of Grcckp orliomans, and may have been imported from Enr«i|)C. But thei'c are also specimens of Plux'nician or Hebrew workmanship, especially the most ancient nrticU>^ which were found in the deepest jilaccs, apj)arentl> m\ '? i n where they had lain nndistiirbed since the time of Solomon. Of the earthenware and terra-cotta there are live classes of objects among those discovered. 1. Ancient Hebrew and Phoenician. 2. Greek or made by Greek colonies. 3. Koman or their colonies. 4. Christian, of the earh' ages. 5. Arai)ic, middle age and modern. Of the first there are a large number of fragments, the most interesting of which are vase handles with curious devices stamped on the clay before it was burned in the kiln. Some of these were found at a depth of sixty-three feet below the present surface. There is on nearly e^■ery one a figure of Baal with letters above and below it, sif^nifvins: that the maker had the royal license of manufacture. Some of these have a cross, as the pottei-'s mark. There was a royal guild of potters in Jerusalem, as mention- ed in Chron. iv. 23. Two of the Greek specimens are of the most ancient and curious make ; they are round lamps with four lips or places for wicks. These lamps were found in a cave on Mount Olivet. Othei-s of this pattern have been found on the Island of Cyprus, and in Malta and other Greek localities. The caves of Olivet have furnished many specimens of vases, dishes, and lamps of various patterns and of different workmanship, Greek, Roman, and later. One of these is saucer-shaped, ten inches across, and has three legs, ea(;h perforated, forming rings by which the article was hung up when not in use. Some of Jewish lamp. Ancient KnIveB, Lamps, nnd Inkbottla. 51 ■* ^^ ■ w^ ,^ the Greek articles were of yellow ware ornamented with red patterns in the true Greek stylo. Siini- l:ir jugs and vases may now be seen in use among tho Arab Kabyles in Algeria. One i)iece of the upper ])art of a jug was ornamented in imitation of a girl with a shawl thrown over her sliouldei-s figured in Grecian pattern and very skilfully executed. Six different vases were found whole or broken, of precisely similar patterns and ornaments to some tliat were found in Egypt. They are of a very hard blai-k substance and coated with a crimson glaze. Five are shaped like a cedar cone, but riljbed in sections besides the seed markings. Third. — Fragments of several kinds of pottery of Roman work were found in different places, some of which were very beautiful, and bore inscriptions. The Romans used pottery to a great extent, and always left fi'agments of broken ware wherever they camitcd, and some interesting specimens have been fomid in Jericho and other places in Palestine. Fourth. — Among the articles of the Christian period there are a great number of lamps, nearly all of which are rendered interesting by the inscriptions inscribed on them, or from the locality where they were discovered. Judeciuir from the material and style of lamps the early Christians were very i)oor and also very devout. The devices stamped on them are various, and include the cross in nuvny styles — the seven-branched-candlestick, formed after that which lighted the Holy Place in Solomon's Temple, and emblematical of Christ the light of the WorKl ; the palm branch suggested by the passa^'O in Pwibns h4\ y-U m ■ri 'V i xcii., and St. Julm's Gospel, xii. 13, and in Tievclii tiou ii. 9. Nearly all of these lamps are pear-shap- ed, and ornamented around the edge of the top only. (See Xo. S.) The romid lamp (see No. 7) is of Greek workmanship, and is ornamented. Inscriptions are fomid on some of them, one of which reads F II O S' (f)o>i Christus (xs), phenipacin ^EXIIIAKIN, and may he translated "Christ the light of all," or "the light of Christ shines out." Another has the legend IX&. Jesus Christ God, or it may be the Symbol of the fish ictuus meaning Chi-ist — in Greek also Jesus Christ Saviour. Fifth. — Tlie Arabic pottery is interesting from its material and designs. One pattern has a design painted on it, in blue and black lines, and is similar to specimens found in Egypt. Some of them have inscriptions in the peculiar Coptic letter, and probably date as far back as the age of Ilaroun al Faschid. The wall tiles of the Mosque of the Sakkaraat Jerusa- lem are of similar materials, and also those of the Great Mosque at Damascus, whei-e they are orna- mented with a pattern in blue lines on a pale green f^round. The articles of glass that have been found are highly interesting as antiquities, as they i)rove the use of the material in ancient times. One of the glass vessels found is double, and was doubtless an ink-holder. It had three handles, one on each side, and one on the top, the last having been broken (see No. C) ; the color is a pale green, ornamented with circular and zigzag lines of a dark blue tint, re- lieved by a darker blue. The large glass lamp, with lit \ mil iiiti . m m »£^ll mm a wide open top, h:is tlircc IkukUcs for Riispenflin>» fliaiiis, and is of a [)ale i^rocn color, Tlio old 0»ptir Convents in Eo:ypt are li<;lited to this day hy Bimilur lamps, some of which have inscriptions in the Coptic lani!;uage selected fnnn the Sew Testament. Objects in bronze, copper, and stono are (juite nmnerous, and highly interestinf,' as si)ccimen8 of ancient workmanship, and as showing some of tin- tools and implements in nse at the time of the two Uirams. THE ECCE HOMO ARCn. This arch is over the Via Dolorosa opposite the Gov- ernor's house, and is traditionally said to bear the verv chamber and window from which Jesus was shown to the people l)y Pilate when he said " J'.ehold the Man" (ecce homo). This Arch spans the principal street of the city, be- ing the one that leads from St. Stephen's Gate on tlw east to the Joppa Gate on the west, along which thou- sands of pilgrims from different countries pass in all sorts of garb and every variety of style, on foot, on donkeys, camels and horses. Some loaded with bair- gage, others with books or relics, and, mingling with these, the natives in equally varied costume and con dition carrying fruit, M'ater-jars, and chiMron, No greater picture of confusion could l)e imagined than is seen in Jerusalem about the time of Eju^ter every year, when nearly every nation under the sun is rcjirc sented by pilgrims of every degree, from the wealthy nabob on horseback to the poor and lame hobbling on foot. 4 f h''\ .A ^irt? L^ .rujc. A hi ii 'U' ».' ^ fh THE ACACIA -TRKE. Tlie Acacia Seyal is one of tlie niost beautiful cver- frreens of Palestine. It is often fctuntl f the Dead Sea ; several of which are from six to eight feet in diameter. They are found growing all along the coui-se of the Jordan south of the Sea of Galilee. The gum-arabic of commerce and medicine is pro- duced by this tree spontaneously and from incisions in the bark. The Arabs use it for food in time of scarcity. Camels eat its thorny foliage. Its use by the fraternity is well known, and refers to it as an evergreen, and therefore a veiy a)>i>rr,priate emblem of life beyond the grave. 4) ID'- ZION BUIDOE, — NO. 52. Tliis bridge crossed tlie Tyropoion Valley, nm nectiug Mount Zion M'itli JMouiit Moriuli. There is but little remaining of this jinciciit structure except on the Moriah side, where it united with the Temjjle wall ; here a portion of one of the iin-hcs still remains. Tliis is doubtless the bridge mentioned by Joseplms, the construction of whicli is ascribed t'^ Solomon. THE ANCIENT CASTLE OF DAVID. The large space just inside of the Jaffa Gate, to the south, where are seen the numbers 3, 5, 44, 48, and 51, is the area once occupied by the ancient Castle of David, Fort and Castle of Zion, and other w(»rks of defence. But little now remains to be seen of them except the Tower of David, No. 3, and the Citadel. No. 5. TuE Citadel, or Castle of David (No. 5), near t la- Jaffa gate, is remarkable for its great strength and venerable antiquity. The lower part of it is built of massive stones, from nine to thirteen feet in length, and from three to four feet thick. Their Jewi.-h origin is indicated by the deep bevel round the edires. The heio-ht of the tower above the jirest-nt level of the fosse is forty feet. It is built solid, an (■V'. i M '€ n c m jMI rial of the almost iinpreguable strength of the cit}- he had captured. Xo. 20. — Tlic Staius of David arc a flight of steps rut ill the native rock near the Siloam pooh (See Xeheiiiiah xii. 37.) THE JAFFA GATE. (aXCIENT JOl'I'A GATE.) This is the entrance to the city from the east. From this gate roads lead to Bethlehem, Hebron, Gaza, and Jaffa. A little to the right of this gate, on the outside, are heaps of ancient ruins ; but what buildiiiirs once stood here none can now tell. TUE DAMASCUS GATE. Tlie entrance to the city from the north is through this gate. From this gate roads lead to Mt. Tabor, the Sea of Galilee, Damascus, and Palmyra, in the interior ; and Tyre and Sidon on the coast. ST. STEPHEN GATE This irate is on the cast side of the citv, a short distance north of the Temple area. F'rom tliis gate roads lead to Bethany, Bethphage, Jericho, Gilgal, and the River Jordan, THE LKTERS HUTS Lepers arc seen around Jerusalem now as in the ancient time. They are mostly found at tlic Zior. 4^— -Ch 'XT' Gl The CasUe of David. -> 'fcT'*" ■'^ -. . David Mask, and Tomlx Crate, where tliey have their Imts or (l\vollin;,'R. Th(>so niiscrable creatures interniarry and Imvc childrc!!, tlnis transmitting and iierpetuatin-,' their loaths4jnje and rajstcrious disease. WATER SUI'I'LT. Since the cliief supply used in the Tcin])le area is now derived from Solomon's Pools, as it wjl'^ in his day and d(»ubtless lias been ever siiKre, with very few intermissions, as at sieges, etc., it will be interesting to give a slioi-t account of these pools. Thev are situated at Ktliam, eight miles from t]j«. city, soutli- west of Bethlehem. The Sealed Fountain (mentioned in Canticles iv. 12) is a few rods above the pools, and is 00 feet under ground, in a rock-hewn room, containing a fine copious fountain, and an entrance room arched over and roughly M'alled— the Avoi-k of Soh.mMii. This is the main source of sni)])ly for the ]»ools. The water first flows into the upper ])ool i'.iso by 23G feet, and 25 feet deej)) ; and then from that lO'i feet to the second (4:23 by 250 feet, and 39 deep) ; and then 248 feet farther to the third (5,S2 by 207 feet, and 50 deej)), and from the last ])ool the wafer is conveyed by an aqueduct to JerusaleuL All of these pools ai-e bnilt of large hewed stones, and are well lined with cement, with a rocky bottom in terraces. Broad flights of steps lead down into them. There are rooms under the lower jumiI, at ita lower end, having walls and arches similar to thoso at the Sealed Fountain. These arches ai-e in a g<» r'^'i ¥1 1 J\r wil THE I'OOL OF SII.OAM. This is one of the most noted fountains about Jeru- salem. The Saviour, having anointed the eyes of tlie Mind man with a mixture of dust and spittle, said : '• Go wash in the pool of Siloam," and he went and washed, " and came seeing." Above this pool is tliu fuiuitain (if Siloam or Virgin fox i, tain., from whi<,-l) the water flows to the pool of Sihxim through a sub- terranean passage 1,750 feet in length, chiselled hij the hand of man ihrow/h tJie solid rod' of Ophel ! At the upper end of tliis ])ool is an old arched stair- wav, now tund)ling into ruins, by which a (h's<-enl ♦ Encravinp in fT-=»- r^rt "-'f tl"^ P.onk. "k --X M V-, c^^.— ^- f Si I'l r can be m:uh to tl,e mouth of tho m,l,lona,„.,„ ,„u. sage throu,!, wh eh .ho water en.o,.. Si, ,.,„. em ..liars o Je,-„saleu, .uarblo are e,nbed.U.,l in „ ,„ tion of the eastern wall of the ,>,«,!, wim-h i„ i,„ neet.o„ with others that have nol ^L,,^;:^, , supported a roof over the pool. THE UlTER POOL OF GIHON. This pool is in tlie centre of the basin which con- situtes the head of the valley of Ilinnozn, and is about 127 rods from the Jaffa Gate. It is 315 feet long 208 feet wide, and 20 feet deep. This ,„..I supplies theHezekiah pool, just inside of the Jaffa (jrate. TUE LOWER POOL OF GIIIOX Is in the valley, nearly ojjposite the southwest an-le of the city, and about 23 rods below the Jaffa Ga'te It IS 600 feet long, 260 feet broad, and 40 feet deep' Ihese two pools are capable of holdin- water f,,r niany thousands of people. Tliere are several notices of them in the Bible. The Proi)het Isaiah was com- manded by God to go forth and meet Aliaz " at tho end of the conduit of the upper pool in the hi-hwav in the Fullers' Field." * At the same place Rabshakeh st(.<.d when ho delivered the royal message of his imperious mjister, the king of AssjTia, to the messengers of llezekiju/ (See Isa. vii. 36 and 37.) IJ- ^^ < This is a large well, south of the P()(»l of Siloaiu at the junction of the two valleys, Jelioshaphat and llinnoni. It is 125 feet deep, and strongly walled witli larire stones. This wall terminates in an arch at the top, the whole bearing evidence of great antiquity. This well is still a place of great resort, as the watei is better than most of the water about the city. A laro-e Hat stone with a circular hole in the centre constitutes tlie mouth of the well. The water is still drawn, as in ancient times, in leathern buckets and earthen jars attached to ropes ; deep creases are worn into the edge of the aperture through the cap- stone, where these ropes have for many centm-ies been drawn up. 7), ^ TUE VIUOIN FOUNTAIN. This foimtain is a large, deej), artificial cavity in the hill-side, cut entirely in the solid rock. It is reached by a broad stone stairway of 2G steps. The water is about 2q feet below the entrance on the hill-side, and some 10 or 15 feet bclow the bottom of the valley. The water is contained in a basin 15 feet long by from 5 to G broad, and 7 feet deep. The usual depth of tlie water is about 3 feet, the bottom of the basin being covered with pebbles, an accumulation of dirt, and rubbish. It is said by some to get the name, " Fountain of the Virgin," from the fact that these watei-s were considered a grand test for women accused of incontinence. If innocent, tliey dnink it witliout injiirv ; if ^iiiity they immediately fell dow n dciul ! When the Virgin Mary was accnsed slie sul)niitted to tlie ordeal, and thus established her innocence. NO. 4. THE nEZEKIAn POOL Is in the city, near the Jaffa Gate, and is 240 feet long by 144 feet wide. Its l)ottom is formed of tlie natural rock, levelled and cemented. Tliis y>(n>\ sup- plies several large baths with ^vater. Xear the Cotton Bazar is the AVei.l of ITeai.ino, ST. feet deep, through rock. There are several cham- bers and passages connected with this well, who walled over by foundations for houses, and built upon. The Mekhemeh Pool is under ground near the Wailing Place, and is 84 feet by 42, built against the Temple area wall, arched over but not now used. The Bath of Bathsheija was near the Jaffa Gate, north, is 120 feet long by 50 wide, and 20 deep ; — now filled up with rubbish. Helena's Cistekn, near the Coptic Convent, is 60 feet long by 30 wide, ami is suj^plied with good water the year round A'. G'.l II I' i f. CHAPTER lY. TLACES OF INTEREST NEAR THE riTT. T/ie Valley qfJehoshaphat — of Jlinnom — Aceldama — Mount of Offence — Ancient S/'j^nlchres — Scoprn*, Ridge — Mount of Olives — The Rond m-.^r which Christ rode into Jerusalem. ^ '&, TITE VALLEY OF JEHOSHATHAT. From the head of this valley, on the north of tlio city, to St. Stephen Gate, its fall is ahout one liundrctl feet, and its width at this point is nearly four hun- dred feet. Across the valley, a little below this, is tlic Garden of Gethsemane. A little lower down the valley begins to deepen rapidly, the hills risiiif; in steep precipices on both sides. Passing the Fountain of Siloam the valley again widens ; and hero nro found pleasant gardens and cultivated tcrr.icfs. A short distance from, and in strange contrast to, thefic are " Tophet and Black (Vhcnna, called tlio Tyjv of ITell." Jehoshaphat might properly be called the Yalley of Sepulchres. On its west side, just under the wall of the Temple area, the Alohammcdans have ^fi ^^t S.^^s — Tf^r;^ x: r^ t \\ i Up, 70 a f .1 A ceineterv, M'liere thctusands of their einp^ular-look- iiii^ t<»ml)s may be seen. On the opposite side of the valley is tlie Jewish cemetery, the fjrcat silent city of their dead. Here generation after fjencration, since the days of David and Solomon, have been crathered unto their fathei-s. For thousands of yeai-s the Jewish dead have been intcried heie ; the dust of the children minglint in the rainy season. XO. 04. — Vn.I.AOK OF PII.OAM. The modern village «tf Siloam is nearly opposite the Fountain of the Viigin.on the eastern bank of the Valley of Jehosha}»hat. Tlie stee]! declivity on which it stands is covered with ancient tombs. It is a wretched place, containing abutation for rudeness and lawless- o -.^, m M i K :a\ \\% ^^ 71 Ancient Tombs and Vaults. v fy gv.vj^'jj^ fe ness is such that the prudent traveler gives tlic phi' a wide birth after nifrhtfall. ill i ,> ANCIENT TOAtnS. Just above this village in the side of the liill arc many tombs and vaults. Among thera are those of Zachcas, Absal<»!n, ami the cave of St. James. The tomb of Zacheas is cut in the rock, and tlicro was in front of it four Doric columns supportilig a cornice and a pp-amidal roof (18 feet high over all). The cave of St. James is ornamented with a portico in front, having four columns cut from the native rock. Tradition says that James, the brother <>f Jesus, retired to this cave after the Crucifixion. The tomb of Absalom is the most noted of these valley tombs, and is also cut from the solid rock. The dome on the roof is peculiar, terminating in a foliated tuft. The Mohammedans have idealized this into a monument of the hateful ingratitude of Absa- lom, whose example is held up as a fearful warning to all disobedient sons; therefore every passer-by is supposed to cast a stone at it with appropriate mal- edictions. The whole vicinity is occupied by graves which aro covered with flat stones inscribed in Uebrew or A r bic. m THE VALLEY OF HINNOM. Opposite Jaffa Gate this valley is about one hun dred yards wide, and forty-four feet deep. Frt)ni this point its course is first south, then cast nn>un(l ill e TV" itfl j iV^i' I g Zion, past the soutli end of the citv to its junction with tlie valley oi Jehoshaphat. Above the lower pool of Giluin it falls gradually, but at a short distance below this jtool it commences to deepen rapidly, and continues to fall until it reaches En Xloirel. A short distance above this it is a deep, gloomy dell. In many places the bottom of this valley is covered with loose stones, yet it is cultivated, and portions of it alxmnd with olive-trees. Along the south side of the valley is a steep, rocky ledge, nearly the M-hole surface of which is covered and penetrated by tombs. These tombs are of many shapes and different sizes, some small and plainly constructed, while others are very large, and penetrate far into the hillside. In the up):»er part of the valley there is a lai-ge rock, a part of which has been leveled and made as smooth as a house-floor. This was an ancient threshing-floor, such as Araunah the Jebusite had on Mount Moriah. ACELDAMA. THE FIELD OF BLOOD. This j^lacc is ju?t across the valley of ninnom,near its junction with Jehoshaphat. It is a rock}- cliff, full of tombs ; portions of the front of Aceldama have been walled up, and behind this are deep excavations and gloomy se])ulchral passages. In some ])laces large (piantities of human bones and skulls are seen scat- tered about in promiscuous confusion. This is the field which was purchased with the thirty pieces of ilver received by Judas for the betrayal of Christ. "Then Judas, which had betrayed liim, M'hcn he saw that he was condemned, rej)ented himself, and brought again the thirty pieces of silver to the chief 75 priests and elders, 6a.y\ut down the pieces of silver in the temple, and went and hanged himself. And the chief priests took the sil- ver pieces, and said. It is not lawful for to put them into the treasury, because it is the price of 1)1( k )d. A nd they took counsel, and bought with them the jxjtter'B field, to bury strangers In" (St. Matthew xwii.). MOUNT OF OFFENCK. This mount or hill is across the valley of Jehosha- phat to the eastward of the pool of Siloam. " lie built an high place to Chemosh, the abomination of Moali, in the hill that is before Jerusalem, and fus this is also a place of great inipiM-tance and interest, as tlie Temple was erected by the ancient craftsmen, of whom Kinj; Solomon and the two lli- rams were tlie fii-st Grand Mastei-s. The foundation of King Solomon's Temple was laid 1012 B.C. (a. m. 2092), in the mouth of May (Zif). The history of this great edifice introduces the three worthies, Solomon, King of Israel, lliram, King of Tyre, and ILram the builder (Abif), lo/io fanned a society for viutuul assistance in counsel, skillj and wisdom, that they might the better con- trive and execute the designs for the various grand structm-es proposed by Solomon, including of necessity the management of the large number of mechanics, artisans, overseei"S, and laboi-ei-s required to carry on all those enterprises. The peculiar wisdom of these measures will be seen when it is stated that St)lomon, at the time of his coronation as king, was Ijut 10 yeai-s old. The writings of Josephus confirm the Scripture accounded problems and ditlicult questions one to the other (see 2 Chron. ix.). The correspondence between the two kings on the building of the Tenq)le was preserved among the Tyrian archives in the days of Josephus (Ant. viii. 2, 8), who gives copies of the lettera. Eupolemon also mentions the lettci*s and gives copies of those between SoloiiKjii and Jliram, also between Solomon and A]tri(?s (see Eusebius, Prae. Evang., ix. oO). tT'Xi m II /Alii i IM V' a m "fk 81 The long peace between the two nations, the Jcwa and the Phoiniciaus, which was never really broken by cither side, can be safely refcriHjd to the inlluence of the secret and mysterious tie wliich bound the principal persons of both people into a conunoi. brotherhood. Moses was initiated into the mysteries of the Sackki > Okdeu of Pkiests in Egypt before he was ])ennittfd to marry a daughter of a priest. He afterward-s transmitted those mysteries to the Jewish people. Joshua continued them j and Solomon, associated with the two Ilirams, adapted the whole system to the laws and customs of the 2jeoj)le of Paloitine. Phoenician historians give an account of a mar- riage between Solomon and a daughter of Ilii-am, King of Tyre. (See Tatian. Gra^c. § 37.) Jewish writers pass lightly over the fact that Illmm the King was not circimicised, and have a tradition that because he was a God-fearing man, and sissistud in building the Temple, he was translated alive into Paradise. Of Iliram Abif it is recorded that he was of a mixed race, Jewish and Phoenician, of the tribe of Xaphtali. His father was a Tyrian, skilled in the arts of working metals, wood, and cloth, for ornamen- tation in architecture, also articles for public and private luxury and display, from wliom he inherited his emment abilities, and learned the details of his calling. He w^as appointed the chief architect and engineer by Hiram, King of Tyre, and sent to Jeru- salem to assist Solomon. His title of Abif (our father) was given as a recognition of his dignity anillai-s — one on each side of the entrance. Jc)sephus writes about the great stones and of the foundation wall with understanding, beca\ise he saw them (as well as Herod's Temple, which Wiis an en- largement of Zerubbabers), and within a few years past the Palestine Exploration Society has vcrilied many of his accounts. The great stones whicli wei'e t-awed witli saws (1 Kings 17; vii. 'J) lie just where they were placed by the builders, still bearing their craft-marks or direc- tions for placing them. The lower coui-ses were pro- tected from wear and the action of the elements by the dirt, mingled with stones, chips, etc., which was piled against them, and \y.\< ricvfr bcou disturbed un- \'>^ til recently. The soil above this layer was full of jx.t tery, glass, etc., the usual evidences of occui>atioM an feet <.r more thick, and 15 to 30 long. Their i)ucuh'ar faces are sliown' on the plan — No. 58. TEMPLE AREA OR ENCLOSURE, MATMUCn A A A A ON THE PLAN. The Temple area is 1,500 feet long, hy an avcraijc width of 950 ; not regular, but as shown on the j^lan. The walls enclosing it are from 8 to 10 feet thick at the base, and 3 to 4 at the top, and 50 to 75 high above the present surface outside; and 10 or 12 feet above the floor. The ground is highest at the X.W. corner, and slopes south and east. The original hill (see Ko. 58) was very uneven and sloping, nowhere having a level place large enough for the proposed temple ; it was therefore necessary to build up a large platform, which was done by ])iors or columns arched over and filled in at the top with stone and earth. (Ant., XV., xi. 3.) These substructures are still in their original i>o;;i- tion, and are very minutely described by Dr. Jiarclay (Cit}^ of the Great King), who measured them can- f'llly when employed as an assistant to the Chii-l Engineer of Repairs by the Pasliaof Jerusalem. The extent from east to west is 311) feet (marked Vai-lt-^ on the engv) ; and from north to sc^uth from 247 U 186 feet. The piers vary in size from 3 to 8 feet square, and iji bight from 30 d<»wn to 2 or 3 feet, a.* ^^p^-^rf^ I t .JO— r. the rock slopes. Tlio Triple Gate (51 feet wide and 25 feet high) once opened into these galleries whick ^-.l Pier" :i!i 1 f the Temple. are called Solomon's stables ; there are tlirce passages loading from them np to the area above, one of which is 247 feet long, the othei-s shorter. It is snpposcd that this is the passage for the animals for the sacri- liccs, because the ascent is gradual all the way. f s Vi {f to rJ /ti^ Tliere is a small doorway with a pointed arch K.5 feet from the S.E. corner of the sonfli wall, which was the stable-door leading into the 8].lcM.li,i col<,n- nade. These stables arc mentioned by El Alemi ir 1495. ' * THE ANCIENT GATES OF THE TEMPLE ENCLOSrRK. No. 6.— The ancient South Gate, now Don])le CJate, alluded to by Joseplius (Ant., XV. xi. 5), lias all the marks of Jewish architecture, with an addition of I^>- man work outside. Orifrinally tlie doore were IS feet wide and 20 high. In the inside there is an entrance hall 50 feet long and 40 wide, having in the centre a column 21 feet high and 6 feet in diameter, of a single block of limestone. Its cajiital is ornamented with large leaves, finely sculptured in stone, but not in anv architectural order ; and resting on this capital arc the springs of four arches, which support four domes forming the ceiling of the room. It has been K«>- manized by four white marble columns which adorn the doorway. The sides of the hall are built of huge blocks of limestone, cut with the peculiar Jewish panel ; the terra bevelling is applied to the Jewish rebatement, which is a channel cut a half-inelx, less or more, deep all around the edge of a block on the same level plane as the face, and never slanted or bevelled. From this entrance hall a flight of nine stone-sfoi* (in the midst of which stands a stone pillar oval. feet high by 4 feet in diameter) leads up to a pas- sage 259 feet long, which is divided by j)icrs, pillars, js /-; ^'^/i ^r. aiul a wall ; is vaulted over each half the entire length and hears every mark of Jewish make. An<»thL'r Hight of stone steps leads to the area ahove. This is the ancient South Gate of the Temi'LE. No, 7. — On the west side of the Temple area is an ancient d