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EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH 
 
 BASED UPON THE PROSE TEXTS OF THE AUTHOR'S 
 "FIRST BOOK IN OLD ENGLISH" 
 
 BY 
 
 ALBERT S. COOK 
 
 Professor of the English Language and Literature in 
 Yale University 
 
 BOSTON, U.S.A. 
 
 GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 
 
 1899 
 
I ii /cprvncMT. 189s, 
 AAjf^t l^BERT S. COC 
 
 COOK. 
 Au. RiGNTt Rbsbrvid. 
 
 Typography by J. S. Gushing & Co., Norwood, Mass. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The author's experience in the teaching of Old English 
 has persuaded him that exercises for translation into Old 
 English would serve a useful purpose. A sufficient reading 
 knowledge is often acquired before there is any adequate 
 mastery of forms. Such mastery is of the first importance, 
 considering that Old English is studied quite as much for 
 the light it sheds upon the subsequent development of Eng- 
 lish speech as for any other reason; yet it is not easy to 
 induce the student to make the requisite effort when he no 
 longer finds especial difficulty in reading the text. On the 
 other handj to require an exhaustive knowledge of inflec- 
 tions at the very outset is somewhat opposed to current 
 pedagogical theory, which assumes that there should be at 
 least a superficial acquaintance with the phenomena before 
 any considerable attempt at classifying them is made. In 
 this dilemma, a book of exercises, only sufficient in length 
 to enforce the requisite knowledge of inflections, of groups 
 like the various classes of verbs, and of the most essential 
 principles of syntax, appeared likely to offer the teacher 
 what is needed. Such an aid is commonly employed in 
 teaching the two ancient languages, and all the modern 
 ones ; if it be an innovation to make use of it in the teach- 
 
 12536'^ 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 ing of Old English, it is not because there could be any 
 serious doubts of its utility, but because pedagogical skill 
 has scarcely been turned in this direction. 
 
 The exercises here provided fall roughly into two divis- 
 ions. The earlier ones follow somewhat closely the open- 
 ing selections of the author's First Book in Old English 
 in respect to the words employed and the mold of sen- 
 tences, the particular selections being referred to by Roman 
 numerals ; the later ones deviate more widely from the cor- 
 responding selections in this respect, and will require more 
 frequent reference to the Vocabulary provided at the end of 
 the book. This deviation, however, is not from good usage ; 
 for the exercises under consideration are \isually based 
 upon such texts as the Gospels and iElfric's Homilies. 
 The necessity of rendering the form of the Old English 
 sentence unmistakable to the attentive student has some- 
 times led to a departure from familiar modern idiojn, 
 especially in the case of Scriptural passages. In a few 
 instances this transgression of idiomatic propriety may be 
 regarded as excessive; but perhaps it will be forgiven in 
 view of the exigency which occasioned it. 
 
 The author has intended to supply all needfid assists 
 ance in the way of syntactical references, and of the sug- 
 gestion, when doubt might arise, of the proper word. If 
 in this respect or any other he has failed to supply the 
 reasonable demands of the teacher or student, he will be 
 gratefid for such hints as may enable him to effect an 
 improvement 
 
 Yale University, 
 April 15, 1895. 
 
EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 
 
 o:*<o 
 
 Exercise 1. 
 
 1. The evening and the morning. 2. The day and 
 the night. 3. The earth and the heaven. • 4. The fish 
 and the bird. 5. The grass and the seed. 6. The tree 
 and the herb. 7. The dry land and the water. 8. The 
 image and the likeness. 9. The light and the darkness 
 (plur.). 10. The sign and the season. 11. The spirit 
 and the life. 12. The creature and the food. 13. The 
 year and the day. 14. The man and the animal. 
 15. The tree and the fruit. 16. The firmament and 
 the abyss. 
 
 L Exercise 2. 
 
 1. The days and the nights. 2. The fishes and the 
 birds. 3. The trees and the herbs. 4. The images 
 and the likenesses. 5. The signs and the seasons. 
 6. The years and the days. 7. The men and the 
 animals. 8. The seas and the heavens. 9. The seeds 
 and the fruits. 10. The evenings and the mornings. 
 11. The spirits and the men. 12. The whales and the 
 cattle. 
 
 1 
 
8 EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 
 
 Exercise 8. 
 
 [Note. — In the case of a noun with limiting genitive, it is more 
 in accordance with Old English idiom to leave untranslated the 
 article detining the limited noun« and to make the limited noun 
 follow the genitive. For instances see First Book^ p. 123, 1. 3 ; 
 p. 124, 1. 14 ; p. 126, II. 7, 12.] 
 
 1. The beginning of the day. 2. The spirit of God. 
 3. The light of the life. 4. The life of the bird. 
 6. The food of the fish. »>. The iirmament of the 
 heaven. 7. The beasts of the earth. 8. The face of 
 the deep. 9. The congregations of the waters. 10. The 
 waters of the sea. 11. The fishes of the sea. 12. The 
 birds of the air. 13. The array of the heavens and of 
 the ejirth. 14. The works of God. 15. The kinds 
 of the animals. 16. The stars of the heaven. 17. The 
 seeds of the grass. 18. The illumination of the nights. 
 
 Exercise 4. 
 [Note. — For adjectives preceded by a demonstrative, see 66.] 
 
 1. The great whales. 2. The earth was empty and 
 void. 3. The things were good. 4. The fruit-bearing 
 trees. 5. The great lights. 6. The little star. 7. The 
 smaller bird. 8. The larger tree. 9. The life of the 
 good man. 10. The beginning of the seventh night. 
 11. The waters of the great sea. 12. The second 
 (80) day and the second night. 13. The third day 
 of the second year. 14. The food of the fifth man. 
 15. The light of the sixth evening. 16. The works 
 of the moving creatures. 17. The morning of the 
 first day. 18. Increase (sing.) and be multiplied. 
 
EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 3 
 
 Exercise 5. 
 
 1. God created the heavens and the earth. 2. God 
 made two great lights. 3. God made the firmament. 
 
 4. God created the great whales. 5. He made the 
 beasts of the earth. 6. He saw all those things. 7. He 
 finished his work. 8. He blesses the seventh day. 
 
 9. The man ceases from his work. 10. I see the bird 
 in the tree. 11. They saw the fish in the water. 
 
 12. The birds of the air fly. 13. The trees grew. 
 14. The stars shone. 15. The fish swims. 16. The 
 men swam. 
 
 Exercise 6. 
 
 1. The animal lives, 2. The bird flies. 3. The tree 
 grows. 4. The man rules over the cattle of the earth. 
 
 5. Let him be over the birds and (over)- the beasts. 
 
 6. The stars are above the sea. 7. It is for your food 
 [to you for food]. 8. The herb bears seed. 9. The 
 tree yields fruit. 10. The air is very good. 11. The 
 things are very good. 12. The birds were very good. 
 
 13. The light of the stars was very good. 14. He gave 
 them all trees. 15. I give you all things upon earth. 
 16. I call the firmament Heaven. 
 
 Exercise 7. 
 
 1. He has dominion. 2. He blesses the earth. 3. He 
 says thus. 4. Now is the season. 5. It was so called. 
 6. Behold, God rules over the earth. 7. The tree is in 
 the midst of the grass. 8. The earth is in the midst 
 of the air. 9. The waters are under the firmament. 
 
 10. Birds are the food of the animal. 11. Divide (plur.) 
 
4 EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 
 
 the waters from the waters. 12. God's dominion is over 
 all creatures. 13. God hallows each day. 14. Let the 
 birds increase and be multiplied. 15. Let the men swim 
 in the sea. 16. Let the tree bear fruit. 17. He says 
 likewise, Let the light be for a sign. 
 
 Exercise 8. 
 
 1. Your works are good. 2. His tree is fruit-bearing. 
 8. Thou art the man. 4. This year is the fourth. 5. God 
 made these little birds. 6. He created me likewise. 
 7. Our cattle (plur.) see the grass. 8. We live our 
 lives (168. 1). 9. His seeds grow in the earth. 10. The 
 animals rest (themselves). 11. Fill the waters. 12. Let 
 dry land appear. 13. Place (ges^te) the fish in the sea. 
 
 14. Have (sing.) all spirits under [in] your control. 
 
 15. Let the stars shine in the heavens. 16. I say in- 
 deed. Bless all men. 17. Thou, who madest life, bless 
 me. 
 
 n. 
 
 Exercise 9. 
 
 1. Sparks fly. 2. The house Ls empty. 3. The ships 
 are empty. 4. The merchant sells needles, awls, fish- 
 hooks, and plowshares. 5. The blacksmith makes plow- 
 shares in his smithy. 6. The oil and the wine are good. 
 7. The fisherman rows over the sea. 8. Tlie carpen- 
 ter supports his son. 9. The tailor bought the nee- 
 dle. 10. The bellows blow. 11. The hammer smites. 
 12. Let us seek the kingdom of God. 13. He will not 
 
EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 5 
 
 live with the blacksmith. 14. We had rather live [To 
 us it is preferable to sojourn] with the farmer than 
 with the tailor. 15. Gold is better (66) than tin. 
 16. The carpenter makes a hole. 
 
 Exercise 10.. 
 
 1. The tree is useful to the carpenter. 2. Our horses 
 have fodder. 3. O priest, read the Gospel. 4. Buy 
 (sing.) wine and oil. 5. O good fellows, row over 
 the waters. 6. Her son is rich. 7. Ply (sing.) 
 your trade. 8. God gave us his Gospel. 9. The 
 farmer practises agriculture. 10. The service of God 
 [God's service] is better (66) than other occupations. 
 11. Which of you holds (om. the) chief place? 12. My 
 gain is little. 13. My labor is great. 14. I sold ivory 
 and silk. 15. O, were 1 king of this people ! 
 
 Exercise 11. 
 
 1. The monks have food and drink. 2. Settle [quell] 
 your disputes. 3. He suffered shipwreck. 4. He aban- 
 doned his wife. 5. Be what [that] you (sing.) ought 
 to be. 6. They do not wish to be what they ought to 
 be. 7. He went aboard the ship with his wares. 8. O 
 good workmen, ply your trades. 9. I tell you (sing.), 
 the shoemaker buys awls, and the fisherman buys (fish-) 
 hooks. 10. Sometimes he reads, because he is wise. 
 11. The king buys horses. 12. Righteousness is bet- 
 ter than gold. 13. They struck me. 14. The farmer 
 beats him. 15. We suffer the loss of copper and tin. 
 
 16. The princes of the earth go aboard their ships. 
 
 17. The priest benefits (164. e') the laymen. 
 
6 EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 
 
 Rzerclte 12. 
 
 1. The counsellor is wiser (64) than the warrior. 
 2. The elephant is larger than the horse. 3. God 
 created all (om. the) fishes in (am. the) sea. 4. The 
 cattle seek fodder. 5. God commanded the earth to 
 bring forth grass. 6. On the third day God gathered 
 the waters that were under the heavens. 7. Let the 
 earth bring forth living creatures (the verb precedes). 
 8. God made man good (173). 9. He is (^om. the) light 
 that gives light to (ftlielitan) all things. 10. Some of 
 them (151) were rich, and some were wise. 11. The 
 night has many stars. 12. The light shineth in (on) 
 darkness (plur.). 13. The year has three hundred and 
 sixty-five (78) days. 14. The carpenter has two sons. 
 15. The soldier has eight houses. 16. The peril waa 
 great. 
 
 III. 
 
 Kxerclse 18. 
 
 1. Christ is the Son of God [God's Son]. 2. Christ 
 is our Lord. 3. When saw I you (sing.) hungry? 
 4. Gold is precious. 5. The Day of Judgment will 
 come. 6. The farmer says to the workman, I will sell 
 this house. 7. The workman answers the farmer, I 
 will buy your house. 8. Life is more than raiment. 
 9. The stranger is in prison. 10. The merchant is in 
 the inn. 11. The father clothes the son. 12. This 
 world is great. 13. The shepherd feeds the sheep 
 (sing.). 14. The merchants are rich. 15. The sol- 
 dier drinks wine. 16. The monks drank water. 
 
EXERCISES IlSr OLD ENGLISH. 7 
 
 Exercise 14. 
 
 1. The king sat on the throne. 2. Stand on my 
 right hand. 3. All nations shall come to the judgment. 
 
 4. The devil is (om, the) father of the unrighteous. 
 
 5. All men are sinful. 6. The priest is sick. 7. Grant 
 (sing.) me garments. 8. The horse is useful to the 
 king. 9. The loss of all your things was strange. 
 10. He departed from her. 11. Give (sing.) me to 
 drink. 12. Visit (plur.) the sick. 13. When did you 
 (sing.) see the goat? 14. When was he in the inn? 
 15. This is eternal life. 16. The prisons were empty. 
 17. The living God is eternal. 
 
 Exercise 15. 
 
 1. He stood before the king. 2. The goat eats grass. 
 3. The angel flies to the earth. 4. You (sing.) deny 
 me food. 5. The monk did it in Christ's name. 6. He 
 will separate the goats from the sheep. 7. He poured 
 her out wine and water. 8. The Lord will come with 
 his angels. 9. The morning cometh, and also the night. 
 10. Work the works of God. 11. Clothe (sing.) the 
 naked. 12. I will not sit on the king's throne. 13. The 
 bird sees the light. 14. The men will see the stars. 
 15. As long as you (plur.) fed the hungry, you did it 
 to the Lord. 16. When did you see the stranger sick? 
 17. The hungry man came to the ships. 18. The sol- 
 dier brought us the horses' fodder. 19. The farmer 
 has the blacksmith's hammer. 20. Who has the tailor's 
 needles? 21. I hear the bellows (169) blow. 22. Do 
 (oTTi.) you (sing.) see the hammers smite ? 
 
8 EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Exercise 16. 
 
 1. Gold is more precious (64) than silver. 2. Right- 
 eousness is more precious than gold. 3. The bath is 
 hot. 4. The baths are hot. 5. The animals are living. 
 6. Some pearls are black. 7. The island is beautiful. 
 8. Dolphins swim through the water. 9. Here are 
 fishes often caught. 10. The night is more beau- 
 tiful than the day. 11. The city was distinguished 
 with walls and gates. 12. Summer comes^ and then 
 winter. 13. The sun shines over all. 14. Tlie old 
 man came to the house. 15. Here are also found lead 
 and iron. 16. Put not your hand into the fire. 
 
 Exercise 17. 
 
 1. The soldier takes the gem. 2. The rain injures 
 the tower. 3. The whale swims. 4. Fishermen caught 
 seals. 5. The hungry sheep are not fed. 6. The man's 
 wife is beautiful. 7. Some men are black. 8. The 
 carpenter will clothe his son. 9. Depart from me, for 
 I am (om, a) sinful man, (ow. O) Lord. 10. They 
 shall drink, but ye shall be thirsty. 11. He said to 
 her, Give me, I beseech thee, water to drink ; for I 
 am thirsty. 12. He is not (om. a) God of (^om. the) 
 dead, but of (om. the) living. 13. The sun shines on 
 (ofer) the righteous and the unrighteous. 14. Ye are 
 (ow. the) light of the world. 15. The twelve gates 
 were twelve pearls. 16. The street of the city was 
 gold. 17. Those that ate were four thousand men 
 (154. (?), besides women and children. 
 
EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. V 
 
 V. 
 
 Exercise 18. 
 
 1. Blessed (p.p.) be God, the Father of our Lord 
 Jesus Christ, the Father of mercies, and the God of 
 all comfort. 2. The winds were favorable. 3. He 
 wishes to watch their journey. 4. The wind and the 
 sea obey him. 5. Not at all in vain fought I with 
 death, as he fought with beasts. 6. The time draws 
 near [approaches, 164] (om. the) birth of Christ. 
 
 7. It is the day when (pe) he was born (ac^nned). 
 
 8. O, wast thou with me, dearest, then, while I rose 
 up against my doom (dom) ? 9. The moon is hid 
 (hydan, 113), the night is still. 10. Thou bringst 
 the fisher to his wife. 11. Calm is the morn(ing). 
 12. I know that this was life. 13. What do ye more 
 than they ? 
 
 VI. 
 
 Exercise 19. 
 
 1. At length the king ceased to bear rule. 2. He 
 had the kingdom forty years. 3. When were the 
 bridges built? 4. To-day thou shalt be with me. 
 5. What (om. did) the Romans build (pret.) in Brit- 
 ain? 6. I send my angel before (beforan, 166) thy 
 face. 7. Come (sing.), and bring those letters that 
 you wrote. 8. I promise you obedience, if you 
 help (196. cZ) me. 9. Send me (^om. a) large army. 
 10. I fight with my enemies. 11. Expel your foes. 
 
10 EXEBCIBB8 IN OLD ENGLISH. 
 
 12. The soldiers went home. 13. He will come 
 with (om, a) fleet. 14. Slay (sing.) all that you 
 find (gemetan). 15. The harvest is rich in fruits. 
 
 16. Seedtime and harvest never shall fail (geswican). 
 
 17. The year has four seasons. 
 
 Exercise 20. 
 
 1. The earth is (om. the) Lord's. 2. The sea saw, 
 and it fled. 3. He shall flee the iron weapon. 4. He 
 that (b€ tfe) is not (^om, the) shepherd, and owns not 
 (127) the sheep, when he sees the wolf, then flees he, 
 and abandons the sheep, and the wolf seizes the sheep. 
 
 5. The day is thine, the night also Lb thine ; thou hast 
 prepared the sun and the moon ; thou hast set the bor- 
 ders of the earth ; thou hast made summer and winter. 
 
 6. Let us build these cities, and make about (ftbQtan, 
 172) them walls, and towers, and gates, while the land 
 is yet (giet) before us. 7. These nations are more 
 than I ; how can 1 expel them ? 8. Go to the sea, and 
 cast a fishhook, and t^e the first (Srest) fish, and open 
 (geopenian) his mouth (mQ9, 43). 9. Thou wilt find 
 a penny ; take that, and give (s^llan) for me and for 
 thee. 
 
 Exercise 21. 
 
 1. Then said he. She is not dead. 2. Then took he 
 her hand, and said. Maiden, arise. 3. The stone wall 
 is seven feet broad, and twenty feet high. 4. I took 
 leave of her (ace), and announced {om, to) her that I 
 never more would visit her. 5. The righteous (ow. 
 ones) are as bold as (om. a) lion. 6. The Britons were 
 cowardly. 7. Come hither, fair maiden. 8. Happy 
 
EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 11 
 
 is that people, whose God is the Lord. 9. Learn of (aet) 
 me, for I am merciful and lowly (eaSTmod) in heart, and 
 ye shall find (gemetan) rest (r§st, 51. 6) (om, unto) your 
 souls. 10. Now 1 send you as sheep among (gemang, 
 172) wolves. 11. When they pursue (ehtan) you in 
 this city, flee into (on) (om. an)other. 12. I take leave 
 of my native land. 
 
 VII. 
 
 Exercise 22. 
 
 1. Idleness is the mother of sin. 2. Etheldred was 
 (om, the) daughter of the king of the East Anglians. 
 3. The bishop's beautiful monastery was destroyed 
 (fordilgian). 4. Labor [toil, sing.] with your hands. 
 5. Pursue (sing.) your study. 6. He goes to church. 
 
 7. Depart from me, ye that work unrighteousness. 
 
 8. What is your name ? 9. Tell (hatan) our three 
 friends to go thither to him. 10. The song descends 
 from heaven (plur.) to earth. 11. I am wont to visit 
 the bishop. 12. I wish (willan) first (om. to) ask 
 you (sing.) one thing (156). 13. I wish to take 
 (Isedan) him with me. 14. The priest prostrated 
 himself before (fore, 172) the bishop. 15. On 
 the third day, the holy soul was released from the 
 body. 
 
 Exercise 23. 
 
 1. The largest window of the church is two feet 
 (154. c) broad, and four feet high. 2. Little by little 
 the sweet song drew nigh. 3. I entreat you to tell 
 
12 EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 
 
 [that you tell] me what is (194. b) the angel's name. 
 4. The soldiers took his raiment, and made (wyrcean) 
 four parts, (om. to) every soldier a part ; thus did the 
 soldiers. 5. The mother of Jesus stood by (wiar, 172) 
 the €ro88. 6. Many read this writing. 7. With his 
 little hatchet he cut down (forceorfan, 104) the tree. 
 8. The ax is placed (fts^ttan) into (to) the root (wyrt- 
 ruma, 53) of the trees. 9. He took an ax in his hand. 
 10. Sell (s^llan) me five hatchets. IL His bodily in- 
 firmity was very grievous. 12. Your companionship is 
 very pleasant. 13. Is it any wonder that [though] the 
 faith of God grew (196. «)? 
 
 Bzeretae 24. 
 
 1. He that (se (Fe) sitteth on the throne shall dwell 
 (wuniaii) in the midst of them. 2. Angels are spirits 
 without body. 3. I saw a star (169) fall from heaven 
 unto [until] the eartli. 1. He that overcometh, the 
 same shall be clothed (gr^scrydan) in white (hwit) rai- 
 ment. 5. These things saith he that is holy. 6. Fear 
 him (CTone) that is able to destroy (fordon) both soul 
 and body in (on, 166) hell. 7. I am not worthy (wierJjTe) 
 that thou enter under (172) my roof. 8. Great is your 
 reward in heaven (plur.). 9. If God so clothes (om. 
 the) grass of the field, which (87. 6) to-day is, and is 
 (hitf) to-morrow sent (as^ndau) into (on, 172) the oven, 
 much (178) more he (am. shall) clothe you, O ye of little 
 faith. 10. Better is the soul than food (m^te), and the 
 body than its raiment. 11. Behold (behealdan) the 
 birds of heaven ; your heavenly Father feedeth (fedan) 
 them. 12. What shall (sculon) we eat, or what drink ? 
 
/^ O*- THE >. 
 
 \ 1>4IY£RS1TY ! 
 EXERCIS^Sl^IN OI^D E^^GLISH. 13 
 
 Exercise 25. 
 
 1. He that (se STe) loveth not his brother, whom 
 (87. J) he seeth, how can (mugan) he love God, 
 whom he seeth not? 2. The time of my departure 
 is nigh at hand. 3. He did something (hwsethwega) 
 of this sort, while his companions were going to town 
 (burg)' 4. Be with the brethren. 5. Open the win- 
 dows of the house. 6. Love (plur.) your enemies, do 
 (om. to) them well that hate you, that ye (om. may) 
 be (196. /) children of your Father, which (87. 6) is 
 in heaven (plur.). 7. Ye are my friends, if ye do 
 (ind.) the things which (87. c?) 1 command (bebeodan) 
 you (verb last). 8. The birds sang the sweetest song, 
 winsome (ace.) to hear. 9. The roof of the church is 
 very high, 10, There (3'a) was suddenly with the 
 angel (om. a) multitude [number] of the heavenly host, 
 praising (gen. plur.; cf. 189. 2) God, and thus saying. 
 
 11. To God be (193) glory (wuldor) in (om. the) 
 heights, and on earth peace (^om, to) men of good will. 
 
 12. He returned (^fthweorfan) (om. by) the same 
 way that he had come (see ser, adv.). 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Exercise 26. 
 
 1. Thou art dust, and thou returnest (gew^ndan) to 
 dust. 2. So much (swiSfe) loved God (om. the) world 
 (middangeard), that he gave (s^llan) his only-begotten 
 (anc^nned) Son, that no one (om. may) perish (196./) 
 that (87. d) belie veth in (on, 172) him, but have (196. 
 
14 EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 
 
 /) the eternal life. 3. Jesus said (cwe9an) to him, I 
 am way, and truth, and life ; no one (nftn) conieth (183) 
 to the Father, except by (CFurb) me. 4, Peace 1 leave 
 (am. with) you (164. a); my peace I give (forgriefan) 
 you. 5. Then rained it, and there (tJftr) came floods, 
 and blew winds, and fell (fthreosan) on that house; 
 and the house fell (feallan). G. So every good tree 
 beareth (beran) good fruits (wSstm), and every evil 
 tree beareth evil fruits. 7. Every tree that (87. rf) 
 beareth not good fruit (sing.) is cut down (for- 
 ceorfan, 104) and cast into (am. the) fire (verb last). 
 8. He went into (on, 172) a mountain, that he (am. 
 might) pray (gebiddan, 184. 6); and when (ff&) he 
 prayed (184. 6), his raiment was white (hwit), shin- 
 ing. 9. The mountain, falling, (be)cometh to naught. 
 10. The king, in all his glory (wuldor), was not 
 adorned like (swft-swft) one of these. 
 
 Exercise 27. 
 
 1. He showed (setiewan) them his precious things, 
 — the silver, and the gold, and the spices, and all that 
 was found (gemetan) in his treasures. 2. A certain 
 rich man was adorned (gegl^ngran) with purple (verb 
 last). 3. Then (p&) lay a certain poor man at his 
 gate. 4. No man gave (am. unto) him ; but dogs 
 (bund, 43) came and licked (liccian, 118) his sores 
 (wund, 43). 5. Then happened it that the poor man 
 departed (gewitan); and angels bore hun to Abra- 
 ham's (54) dwelling. 6. Then lifted (ab^bban) he 
 his eyes up, and saw Abraham afar off [from afar]. 
 7. O father Abraham, have compassion on me, and 
 
EXEECISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 15 
 
 send Lazarus. 8. O son, remember that thou didst 
 receive goods in thy life. 9. I beseech thee that thou 
 send him to my father's house. 10. If they hear not 
 the prophets, they ((?m. will) not believe, though any 
 one (liwa) arise from death (verb last). 11. Provide 
 for yourselves (184. a) friends (156. n) in (on) God's 
 poor (arearfa). Ye have many Lazaruses (Lazaras) 
 now lying at your gates. 
 
 IX. 
 
 Exercise 28. 
 
 1. Every one that (87. 6?) forsakes for my name his 
 house, or his brethren, or sisters (52. 3), or father, or 
 mother, or wife, or children, or lands, with a hundred- 
 fold (om, it shall) be requited to him (verb last), and 
 he shall have besides eternal life. 2. He gave (s^llan) 
 to each a penny in return for his day's work. 3. He 
 sent them into (on, 172) his vineyard. 4. He saw 
 others in (om. the) public place standing (169) idle. 
 5. Then said he. Go ye also into my vineyard, and I 
 will give you what (STaet) is right. 6. Once more he 
 went out about (ymbe, 172) the sixth and ninth hour, 
 and did similarly. 7. Then about the eleventh hour 
 he went out, and found others standing (pres. part.). 
 
 8. Then said he. Why stand ye here all day idle ? 
 
 9. Then said they. Because no man (om. hath) hired 
 (liyrian, 118) us. 10. Truly, when even was come 
 [when it was evening become], then said the lord 
 (lilaford) of the vineyard to his steward (g^erefa, 53), 
 
16 EXBBCnffiES IN OLD ENGLISH. 
 
 Call (cleopian) the workmen, and pay them (164. a) 
 their hire (med). 11. Accordingly, when those came 
 that came about the eleventh hour (verb last), then 
 received they each his penny. 12. And those, that 
 there (iraSr) first came, supposed that they should 
 (sculan) receive more (mftre). 
 
 Exercise 29. 
 
 1. Thou (pm. hast) made (ddn) them equal (gelic) 
 (om, unto) us, which (87. d) (am. have) borne burdens 
 (51. 5) in this day^s heat. 2. Take that is thine, and 
 go (om. thy way); I will give unto this (om. one) just 
 (eall) as much as (om. unto) thee. 3. May I not do 
 what (CTaet) I will ? 4. Camest thou not to me to 
 work (wyrcean, 200) for (wIDT) one penny? 6. He 
 was (om, a) man (wer) and j)rophet, miglity in speech 
 and in deed (weopc) before (beforan, 166) God and 
 all (pm, the) people (folc). 6. That is the judgment, 
 that light (am, is) come into (on, 172) (om. the) 
 world, and men loved darkness (plur.) rather (swi- 
 CTor) than the light, because their deeds (weorc) 
 were evil. 7. God sent not his son into (om. the) 
 world that he (om. should) condemn the world, but 
 that the world (om. may) be saved (hselan, 113) by 
 (OTuph) him. 8. Your reward (om. shall) be great, 
 and ye shall be (om. the) children of the Highest; 
 because he is kind (god) unto (ofer, 172) (om. the) 
 unthankful and evil. 9. Give, and (om. it) shall be 
 given you. 10. The disciple (leorningcniht, 43) is 
 not above (ofer, 172) his master (lareow). 11. Show 
 us thy mercy, and grant us thy salvation. 
 
EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 17 
 
 Exercise 30. 
 
 1. Swear (thou) not by (STurh) heaven, because it is 
 God's throne ; nor by earth, because it is his footstool 
 (fotsceamul, 43); nor by Jerusalem (Hierusalem), be- 
 cause it is (^om, the) city of (om. the) great (msere) 
 king. 2. Swear not by thy head, because thou canst 
 not make (wyrcean) one hair (hger, 47) white or black. 
 3. Be your (plur.) speech thus. It is. It is not. 4. Ye 
 (om. have) heard that (om. it) was said. Eye for (for, 
 166) eye, and tooth (46) for tooth. 5. He that breaks 
 (toweorpan, 104) one of (of, 166) these least command- 
 ments (bebocl, 47), and teacheth (Iseran) men so (verb 
 last), he (se) shall be named least in (om. the) kingdom 
 (rice) of heaven. 6. He that doeth and teacheth it, he 
 shall be called great (inicel). 7. Ye (am, have) heard 
 that (om. it) was said in old times (tid). Kill (thou) 
 not. 8. Is it your (sing.) earth? 9. He has from his 
 labor what he can. 10. The sun parched his field. 
 11. The roads (weg) should blossom (blostmian, 118), 
 the roads should bloom, so fair (faeger) (^om, a) bride 
 (bryd, 51. 6) shall leave her home (ham). 12. If they 
 can, let them live without me. 13. He never forsakes 
 those that trust in (on) him (172). 
 
 X, XI. 
 
 Exercise 31. 
 
 1. I know truly that my Redeemer liveth. 2. In my 
 flesh I shall see God, I (^om. my) self, and not (na) 
 (om. an)other. 3. He was taught (187) to do God's 
 
18 EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 
 
 will. 4. Lead (thou) us not into temptation, but de- 
 liver us from evil. 5. Be thy name hallowed. 6. Thy 
 will befall (geweor9an, verb first) in earth as (swft- 
 swft) in heaven(8). 7. No king of tlie Englisli wius 
 80 great as Alfred. 8. He fought with tlie Danes (44. 
 2); he judged his ])eople ; he made translations from 
 Latin ; he was poet (leo9wyrhta). 9. His mother 
 hight Osburg, and his father iEthelwulf. 10. He 
 lived fifty-two years. 11. He learned reading after 
 he was twelve (155) years (154. c) old. 12. His 
 mother had a book of English i)oems, which she prom- 
 ised (om. to) whichever of her two sons (am. sliould) 
 first learn it. 13. Alfred asked her, Wilt thou in fact 
 give that book to one of us two (uncer), (om. to) him 
 who first understands (ongrletan) it? 14. Asser, Al- 
 fred's bishop, wrote a book of (153) the king's life. 
 
 xn, xiiL 
 
 Exercise 82. 
 
 1. I bid you all farewell (gretan). 2. When they 
 had rowed about (swilce) twenty furlongs (furlang, 
 47), or thirty, then saw they Jesus walking (gan) on 
 (uppan, 166) the sea (verb last). 3. He arose and 
 commanded (bebeodan) the wind (164. fi), and said 
 (cwetFan) to the sea. Subside. 4. Tlie wind ceased 
 (geswican), and there was (weoraran) (om. a) great 
 calm. 5. Thou hearest his voice, and thou knowest 
 not whence he cometh, nor whither he goeth. 6. He 
 saw two bretliren casting (s^ndan) their net (n^tt, 47) 
 
EXERCISES IlSr OLD ENGLISH. 19 
 
 into (on, 172) the sea ; they were fishers. 7. And he 
 said (s^cgean) to them (164. 6), Come after (sefter, 
 166) me, and I (om. will) make (don) that ye (dual) 
 are fishers of men (153. d) ; and they immediately left 
 their nets. 8. If thy hand or thy foot offend (seswic- 
 ian, 118) thee, cut it (aceorfan, 104) off (of), and cast 
 (om. it) from thee ; (^om. it) is better (om. for) thee 
 (165) that thou go halt (healt, 58) into life, than (om. 
 that) thou have two hands and two feet, and be cast 
 into everlasting fire. 9. If any (hwilc) man hath (om, 
 a) hundred sheep (154. (?), and loseth (forleosan) one 
 of (of, 166) them [those], Qom, doth) he not leave the 
 nine and ninety in the mountains, and goeth and seek- 
 eth (secean) the one that (87. d) was perishing (for- 
 wearO")? 10. And if it happeneth that he finds it, 
 truly I say (s^cgean) to you that he rejoiceth more 
 (swiSFor) over (ofer, 172) that one than over the nine 
 and ninety. 11. When he cometh home (ham), he 
 calleth (cleopian) together his friends and his neigh- 
 bors (neahgebur, 43), and saith (cweSTan), Rejoice 
 with me, because I (om, have) found my lost sheep. 
 
 Exercise 33. 
 
 1. And, going (gangan) into (into, 166) the house, 
 they found the child with Mary (Maria, 53) his mother. 
 
 2. Arise, and take (niman) the child and his mother by 
 night, and flee to (to, 166) (om, the) land of the Egyp- 
 tians, and be there until (that) I tell thee (verb last). 
 
 3. He arose then, and took the child and his mother by 
 night, and journeyed into (on, 172) the land of the 
 Egyptians ; that it (om, might) be fulfilled (gefyllan) 
 
20 EXEKCISES IX OLD ENGLISH. 
 
 which (87. a) was spoken (cwefTan) of (fram, 166) 
 (am. the) Lord by (OTurh, 172) the prophet, From (of, 
 166) (om. the) Egyptians (om. have) I called (cleopian) 
 my son. 4. What can they ask for [request ; 156. 6]? 
 
 6. The sun rules over the day (156. /). 6. They 
 expected nothing but [except] death itself (156. ^). 
 
 7. Thou wilt cease from thy work (156. A). 8. Per- 
 haps he will find a friend (194. a). 9. He said to 
 them, I will (139) go a fishing ; they said, And we 
 will go with thee. 10. They went out (fit), and went 
 into (om. a) ship, and caught nothing (183) in (on) 
 that night. 
 
 Exercise 84. 
 
 1. Whoever you are (193. c), forsake me not. 2. If 
 you find nobody (196. d) that will feed you, return 
 hither. 3. Let my books be sufficient for both of us 
 (see p. 167, 1. 13). 4. Both the boys are well edu- 
 cated. 5. They were both righteous before (beforan, 
 166) God. 6. I conjure thee by (CTurh) the living 
 God, that thou tell us if thou be Christ, (om. the) Son 
 of God. 7. I tell you, After these (om. things), ye 
 shall see the Son of Man sitting on (on, 172) the right 
 hand of (om. the) majesty of God, and coming in (om. 
 the) clouds of heaven. 8. Be (om. it unto) you two 
 (dual, 81) according to (sefter) your faith. 9. Truly 
 the Son of Man is to come (200) in (on, 166) his 
 Father's glory (wuldor), and then ((Tonne) (om. shall) 
 reward (figyltan, 113) every one (164) according to 
 (be) his own work. 10. When (DFonne) Clirist Com- 
 eth, then knoweth no man whence he is. 11. Jesus 
 cried (cleopian) and taught (laeran) in the temple, 
 
EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 21 
 
 and said, Me ye know (cunnan), and ye know (witan) 
 whence I am ; and I came not from myself [me self] , but 
 he is true that (87. d) sent me, whom (87. a) ye know 
 not. 12. Ye have not known (pret.) him ; I know him, 
 and if I say that I know (194) him not (verb last), I 
 (om, shall) be like (om. unto) you (165); but I know 
 him, and I keep (heal dan) his saying (sprsec). 13. If 
 I glorify myself, my glory is (183) naught (verb first) ; 
 my Father (om. it) is, that (87. cZ) glorifieth me, con- 
 cerning whom (87. a) ye say (cweafan) that he is (194) 
 your God. 
 
 Exercise 35. 
 
 1. Catch this ball. 2. Who caught the black ball? 
 3. Go the way that (87. d^ you came. 4. I never 
 played better than I did to-day. 5. She never sang 
 better than she did now. 6. Thrice (Q'riwa) I suf- 
 fered shipwreck ; a night (170) and a day I was in 
 this sea. 7. I knew '(witan) a certain man that (87. d) 
 was carried (Isedan) unto (oQ", 172) the third heaven, 
 and there (9'ger) heard the words that no earthly man 
 may (not) speak (sprecan). 8. O, how narrow (nearu, 
 57. 5) is the gate and the way that (87. d) leads to life 
 (verb last), and very few (om. there) are that find the 
 way. 9. They come to (to, 166) you in sheep's gar- 
 ments (gegierela), but within (innan) they are wolves. 
 10. When he came nigh (nealsecan) to the gate (163) 
 of the city, tlien (9*3,) was there (i^rser) a dead man 
 carried (beran). 11. I see a girl running (169) along 
 (172) the street. 12. Anoint me with oil. 13. Give 
 (s^llan) us of (of , 166) your oil. 14. If the Son de- 
 livers you, ye (om, shctii) indeed be free. 
 
22 EXEKCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 
 
 Exercise 86. 
 
 1. Judge ye not according to (be) appearance (an- 
 slen, 51. 6), but judge right judgment (168. 1). 
 2. Then turned (bew^ndan, 184. 6) he to the woman, 
 and said, Seest thou this woman? I went into (into) 
 thy house, thou gavest me not water for (t6) my feet ; 
 this (om. one hath) washed (101. VI.) my feet with 
 (mid) Iier tears. 3. Thou gavest (verb hist) me not 
 (pm, a) kiss (coss, 43); this (om. one), since (8i99an) 
 I entered, (om. hath) ceased not to kiss [that she 
 kissed] my feet. 4. My head thou with oihj (pm. 
 didst) not anoint (smierwan, 113); this one anointed 
 my feet with ointment (sealf, 51. 6). 5. Therefore I 
 say (s^gean) to thee (164. 6), Many sins are forgiven 
 (forgriefan) her, because she loved (verb last) roe much 
 (swiUfe). 6. Less (neut. ace. sing.) loveth {om. to) 
 whom (87. 6) less forgiven is. 7. It {am. it) is not 
 permitted (ftllefan) thee to have her to wife. 8. Tlien 
 he promised with (mid) oath (ft9, 43) to give (s^llan) 
 her whatsoever she (om. should) ask (biddan) him. 
 9. Then, admonished (myngrian) by (fram) lier mother, 
 she said, Give me in a disli (disc, 43) the head of John 
 (Johannes) the Baptist (fulluhtere, 44. 1). 10. Then 
 he sent (Ss^ndau), and beheaded (l>eheafdian, 118) 
 John in the prison. 11. And one brought his head in 
 a dish. 
 
 Exercise 37. 
 
 [In this exercise, omit the article and the second personal pronoun 
 throughout.] 
 
 1. Praise ye the Lord from (of) the heavens ; praise 
 him in the heights. 2. Praise ye him, all his angels ; 
 
EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 23 
 
 praise him, all his powers (msegen). 3. Praise ye him, 
 sun and moon ; praise him, all ye stars and light (leolit). 
 4. Praise him, ye heavens of heavens, and ye waters that 
 are above (ofer, 172) the heavens. 5. Let them praise 
 [praise they] the name of the Lord ; because he spake 
 (gecweiSfaii), and they were made (wyrcean); he com- 
 manded, and they were created (p. 190, 1. 19). 6. He 
 hath appointed them for ever and ever ; he (om. hath) 
 made (s^ttan) a decree (bebod, 47), and ((?m. it) shall 
 not pass (gewitan). 7. Praise the Lord from the earth, 
 ye dragons (draca, 53), and all deeps (neowolnes). 
 8. Fire and hail (haegel, 43); snow (snaw, 43) and ice 
 (is, 47) ; spirits of the storms (yst, 51. h) which fulfil 
 (don) his word ; 9. Mountains, and all hills (hyll, 
 43) ; fruitful (wsestmbsere, 59) trees, and all cedars ; 
 10. (Wild) beasts, and all cattle ; serpents, and winged 
 (grefiafred) fowl; 11. Kings of the earth, and all peo- 
 ples ; princes, and all judges of the earth ; 12. Young 
 ((?m. men), and maidens (fsemne); old (om. men), with 
 children ; 13. Let them praise the name of the Lord ; 
 for the name of him alone is exalted (upah^bban), 
 his glory (wuldor) is above (ofer, 172) the earth 
 and heaven. 14. He exalteth the horn (horn, 43) of 
 his people, the praise of all his saints (halga, 53), of 
 the children (beam) of Israel (Israel), of the people 
 drawing nigh (om, unto) him. 
 
 Exercise 38. 
 
 1. The king made a great ivory (elpenbgenen, 57. 3) 
 throne, and overlaid (oferwyrcean) it with (mid) the 
 best gold. 2. There (om.) was a certain queen in 
 
24 EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 
 
 those days in the south, called (lifttan) Sheba (Saba). 
 3. Then she heard the fame (lilisa) of Solomon (Salo- 
 mones), and came from the southern (sQOrerne, 59) 
 boundaries to Solomon within Jerusalem, and her cam- 
 els bore southern spices [herbs], and precious gems, 
 and a quantity (unrlm) of gold (154. a). 4. The 
 queen then (pSt) had speech with (wicr) Solomon, and 
 said (om. to) him whatsoever she thought in her heart 
 (verb last). 5. Solomon then taught her, and told 
 (s^Cflrean) her the meaning of all the words that (87. 
 d) she asked (ftscian) him. 6. Then the queen saw 
 the wisdom of Solomon, and the great (mSre) temple 
 that (87. d) he (om. had) built, and the king's manifold 
 services. 7. She was so (15 DTan) greatly astonished 
 (ofwundriau, 118), that she had no spirit more (fur- 
 DTor). 8. She siiid then to (t5) the king. True is the 
 word that (87. d) I heard in my country concerning 
 thee and thy wisdom (wisdom); but I would not be- 
 lieve before I (om. my)self saw (196. 6) it (verb last). 
 
 9. Greater (micel, 66) is thy wisdom and thy work 
 than the report (lilisa) was (w»re) that I heard. 
 
 10. Blessed (eadisr) are thy vassals and thy servants 
 (ffeowa, 53), that always (simle) stand before (aet- 
 foran) thee, and hear thy wisdom. 
 
 Exercise 39. 
 
 1. Blessed (bletsian) be the almighty God, who (87. 
 d) selected thee, and placed (ges^ttan) thee over (ofer, 
 172) the kingdom of the Israelites (Israela), that thou 
 {om. mightest) establish (s^ttan) judgments and right- 
 eousness. 2. She gave (forgiefan) the king (otw. a) 
 
EXEKCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 25 
 
 hundred and twenty pounds (154. c) of gold (154. a), 
 and (^om, a) multitude of precious spices (wyrt) and 
 of precious stones. 3. Solomon also gave the queen 
 whatsoever she desired (griernan) of (set) him ; and 
 she returned (grew^ndan) again (oiigean) to her coun- 
 try with her retainers. 4. Solomon then was magnified 
 (msersian, 118) above (ofer, 166) all earthly kings ; and 
 all nations (STeod) desired (gewilnian) to see [that they 
 might see, 194. J] him, and hear his wisdom. 5. Who- 
 soever buildeth upon (ofer, 166) this foundation (grund- 
 weall, 43) gold, or silver, or precious stones, or trees, 
 straw (streaw, 47) or chaff (ceaf, 47), every one's (anes 
 g-eliwilces) work shall be manifested. 6. If the build- 
 ing (^etimbrung, 51. 3) continues (STurhwunian, 118), 
 and withstands the fire (164. m), then shall the workman 
 receive (om. a) reward (edlean, 47) from (set) God for 
 his work (153. e), 7. No (183) eye can in this life see, 
 nor any (183) ear (53. 2) hear, nor any (183) man's 
 heart conceive (asmean, 113), the things that God pre- 
 pares (gearcian, 118) (om, for) those that love him. 
 
 Exercise 40. 
 
 1. The angel saluted Mary, and said that she was 
 (194. 5) filled (afyllan, 113) with God's grace [gift], 
 and that God was with her (preposition last); and 
 she was blessed (bletsian) among women. 2. My 
 soul (om, doth) magnify (msersian) the Lord, and 
 my spirit (om, hath) rejoiced in God my Saviour. 
 3. For he regarded (geseon) the humility of his hand- 
 maiden (afinen, 51. 5); verily (soSTlice), hence forth all 
 generations (cneoris) shall call (s^cgean) me blessed 
 
26 EXERCISES IN OLT> KXOTJSH. 
 
 (Sadiflr). 4. For he that (se CFe) is mighty hath done 
 (oTii. to) me great things ; and lioly is his name. 5. And 
 his mercy is (om. on those) fearing (161) him from (of) 
 generation to (od) generation. 6. He hath put down 
 (ftweorpan) tlie jK)werful from (of) (om. their) seat, 
 and lifted up (Qpfth^bban) the lowly. 7. He hath filled 
 the hungering (^om. ones) with good (om. things), and 
 the rich (rice) he hath let go empty. 8. He hath 
 accepted his servant (cniht) Israel, and remembered 
 his mercy. 9. As he spake (sprecan) to (t5) our 
 fathers, Abraham and his seed, for ever and ever. 
 10. Mary dwelt with her about (swilce) three months, 
 and returned (gew^iidan) then to her own house. 
 
 Bzerctoe 41. 
 
 1. God was ever, and ever was his wisdom begotten 
 of (of) him, and the wisdom is his Son, just as mighty 
 as the Father. 2. The Spirit of God fiUeth all the cir- 
 cuit of the world, and he maintaineth all things. 3. He 
 that doeth (wypcean) my Father's will, he is my brother, 
 and my mother, and my sister. 4. We brought (bring- 
 an) no thing to this world, nor can we take (Isedan) 
 any (183) thing hence with us. 6. Ask (biddan), and 
 ((wi. it shall) be given you; seek, and ye shall find; 
 knock (cnucian, 118), and it shall be opened (om. to) you. 
 6. Our Father, thou which (87. d) art in heaven (s), be 
 thy name hallowed. 7. Thy kingdom (rice) come (to- 
 cuman ; verb first); thy will befall (geweorCTan) on 
 earth as (swa-swft) in heaveh(s) (verb first). 8. Give 
 (s^llau) us to-day our daily (daeghwamlie, 55) bread ; 
 and forgive (forgiefan) us our debts (gylt, 43), as we 
 
EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 27 
 
 forgive (164) our debtors (gyltend, 43. 6). 9. And 
 lead thou us not into (on, 172) temptation (costnung-), 
 but deliver us from evil. 10. Be it so. 11. What 
 (hwilc) father will give to his child (164. a) a stone, 
 if it asks (156. h ; 159. 6) bread of him ? 12. God wrote 
 (awritan) the old law (se) with his finger (finger, 43) 
 on the stone tables (tabele, 53). 
 
 Exercise 42. 
 
 1. The young man fell in love with the girl (p. 175, 
 1. 20 ; cf. min lufu befielS" on Sfe, 'my love falls on thee,' 
 ' I fall in love with thee '). 2. I heard the voice of harpers 
 harping with their harps ; and they sung a new song 
 before the throne, and before the four beasts ; and no 
 man could learn that song except the hundred and forty 
 and four thousand. 3. I saw so great (om. a) company 
 (m^nigu), as no man can number (gerinian), of all 
 nations and of every tribe (maegar), standing before 
 the throne (STrymsetl) of God, all clothed (gescrydan) 
 with white garments (geg^ierela), and holding palm- 
 twigs (palmtwig, 47) in their hands. 4. And they 
 sang with (om, a) loud (hlud) voice, Be salvation (om, 
 to) our God which sitteth upon (ofer, 166) his throne. 
 5. And all (om, the) angels stood round about [in cir- 
 cuit of] his throne, and bowed (alutan, 103) to God, 
 thus saying, 6. Be (om, to) our God blessing and 
 brightness, wisdom and thanksgiving (larancung), dig- 
 nity and strength, for ever and ever. 7. Foxes (fox, 
 43) have holes (liol, 47), and the birds of heaven nests 
 (nest, 47) ; but (soiETlice) the Son of Man hath not where 
 (hwser) he (om, may) lay (ahyldan, 113) his head. 
 
28 BXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 
 
 8. The soldiers platted (windan, 104) (om, a) crown 
 of (of) thorns (OForn, 43), and phiced on (172) his head, 
 and a reed (hreod, 47) in his right (om. hand), and 
 bowed their knee before him, thus saying. Hale be 
 thou. King of the Jews (ludea). 9. And they spit 
 (sp»tan, 113) on (on, 172) him, and took {om. a) 
 reed and smote (beatan) his head. 
 
 Exercise 48. 
 
 1. All [each] flesh is grass, and the glory (wuldor) 
 of the flesh is like [as if] the blossom of herbs. 2. No 
 man heard (183) his voice in {om. the) streets. 8. Cry 
 (cleoptan), and cease thou not, lift up (fth^bban) thy 
 voice like (swft-swft) (om. a) trumpet. 4. Lady, whither 
 goestthou? 5. Thou doest ill (jrfele). 6. He did ill, 
 because he censured the princess, the king's daughter. 
 7. They never learned arithmetic well. 8. You (plur.) 
 will soon know what you do not yet know. 9. Play 
 (with) ball ! 10. I eat nothing, although other men eat 
 and are merry. 11. I desire to learn [that I may learn] 
 from you the knowledge that you have. 12. Choose 
 which of them you (sing.) will. 13. Within a few 
 hours, two educated and high-born men came toward 
 him. 14. I woo the illustrious maiden. 15. We all 
 say that no one here is (194. 6) so acceptable to God as 
 he. 16. At first he thought that he should be slain 
 [that one should slay him]. 17. We all fall at (to) 
 your (sing.) feet. 18. I (om. do) not believe that 
 you are (194. J) my wife. 19. Where is my hus- 
 band ? 20. I lived eleven years in the land of the 
 Egyptians. 
 
EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 29 
 
 Exercise 44. 
 
 1. Jacob (lacob) said to his sons, Go and buy us a 
 certain amount of food (m^te). 2. Then said Judah 
 (ludas), The chief of the land swore oaths before us 
 that we should not (motan) come before him, except 
 we bring our youngest brother with us. 3. If thou 
 wilt send him with us (verb last), we (om. will) go 
 together and buy the things that (87. c?) we need 
 (beSTurfan, 131). 4. Ye dealt ill (earmlice) with 
 (wiisr) me, when ye said to him that ye had more 
 (77) brethren (154). 5. The man asked (ascian) us 
 all whether our father was living [lived] and whether 
 we had brethren, and we answered him ; we knew not 
 that he would (willan) desire (giernan) that (156. 
 a), that we should bring (Isedan, 194. 6) our brother 
 thither. 6. Judah said, Send the boy with me, that 
 we may (mugan) buy the things that we need, that we 
 perish (forweoriSraii) not ; except I bring him back 
 home, may I be (193. a) guilty (scyldig). 7. Were 
 it not for this delay [if this delay were not], we had 
 [were, 188] come (om, a) second time (si^*, 176). 
 8. Then said Jacob, If ye needs (niede, 176) must do 
 so, do as ye will ; take of (of) your best fruits in 
 vessels, and carry (bringan) presents (om. to) the 
 man, honey (hunig, 47) and acorns (aecern, 47). 
 
 Exercise 45. 
 
 1. Take your (plur.) brother and go to the man. 
 2. And my Lord make (gedon) him gracious (glaed) 
 toward (wi(0r) you, that he may give (agiefan, 196. /) 
 
80 EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 
 
 you your brother, whom he hath with him ; 1 am now 
 bereft [despoiled] of my children (156). 3. Then they 
 took the presents and double (twifeald) money (feoh, 
 47), and went to the land of the Egyptians to Joseph 
 (losep). 4. When he saw them, then said he to (tO) 
 his steward (gerefa, 53), Lead in these men, and pre- 
 pare our feast, that they may (mugran) eat with me at 
 noon (td middes daesres, 158 ; 166. 1). 5. And he did 
 as he was commanded [wiis commanded him ; cf. p. 177, 
 1. 10]. 6. When they were there (IFftr), then they 
 became greatly frightened, and said to one another 
 (betweonan him). Because of (for) the money that 
 we found in our sacks (sacc, 43), we {am. have) been 
 led (62) in hither, that he may despoil us of our asses, 
 and of our things, and enslave us (our)selves. 7. Then 
 said they to (td) the steward, O sir, we pray (biddan) 
 thee that thou hear (lilystan, 156) our speech ; we were 
 here a while ago and bought wheat (hwsete, 44) for 
 ourselves (161; 184. a). 8. When we had trafficked 
 (ceapian) and were on the way home (hftmweard 
 w»ron), then we undid (und5n) our sacks ; then we 
 found the money therein which we had given (see ftr, 
 adv.). 9. Now we have brought it back, and also 
 other silver to traffic with [with to traffic]; and we 
 know not who put (don) it into (on, 172) our sacks. 
 
 Exercise 46. 
 
 1. Then said the steward, Peace be with you, fear 
 (ondrsedan, 184) ye not ; your God and your father's 
 God (om. hath) given you treasure in your sacks. 
 2. And they washed (101) their feet, and he gave 
 
EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 31 
 
 their asses provender [fodder]. 3. They set (l^c- 
 gean) forth their presents, against that (ongean 
 araette) Joseph (^om, should) enter. 4. Then Joseph 
 recognized them, and asked them whether their father 
 was hale, or whether he was living [lived]. 5. Then 
 said they. Thy servant (lareow) our father is well 
 (gesund); he is yet alive [liveth yet], 6. When 
 Joseph saw his brother Benjamin, then said he. Is 
 this (neut.) the lad, (^om, of) whom (87. d^ ye told 
 me before (fores^cgean) ? And he said, God have 
 compassion on thee, my son. 7. Then Joseph com- 
 manded (beodan, 164) his steward, and said, Fill their 
 sacks with wheat, and put the money of each of them 
 into (on, 172) his own sack. 8. And take my silver 
 cup (laefel, 43), and the price (weor9', 47) of the 
 wheat, which he gave thee, and put into the sack of 
 the youngest ; and he did so. 9. In (om. the) morn- 
 ing, as (Q'a) they journeyed, and they were without 
 (om. the) city, and had gone (faran) some part of the 
 way, then said Joseph to (to) his steward. Arise and 
 go after these men, and when you have (196. 6) over- 
 taken [caught] them, then ask them why they would 
 (willan) requite good with (mid) evil. 
 
 Exercise 47. 
 
 1. The cup, which ye stole (forstelan, 105), was 
 very precious to my lord (hlaford). 2. He did as 
 was commanded him, and when they were overtaken 
 [caught], they said. The money that we found in our 
 sacks we brought to thee from our country ; thinkest 
 (wenan) thou that we (om. have) stolen (stelan) thy 
 
32 EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 
 
 lord's gold or his silver ? 3. Look for [seek out] it ; 
 and let him be slain (ofslSan) with whom thou findest 
 (195) it. 4. Then said he, With whomsoever I find it, 
 let him be my servant, and let the others be blameless 
 (cliene). 5. And he sought from (fram) tlie eldest 
 unto [until] the youngest ; and he found the cup in 
 Benjamin's siick ; and they turned back to the city. 
 
 6. And Judah went in first (fyrmest) with his brethren 
 to Joseph, and they fell all together before Joseph. 
 
 7. And he said to (t6) them. Why would ye do so 
 (verb last) ? 8. Let him be my servant who stole the 
 cup, and go ye free to your father. 9. Tlien said 
 Judah, Thou askedst us before whether we had father 
 or brother. 10. And we said, We have (om. an) old 
 father, and he hatli with him our youngest brother, 
 and he loveth him alone (aenne) above (ofer) us all. 
 11. And thou commandedst us that we {om. should) 
 bring him to thee, that thou (am. mightest) see him, 
 and know by (be) that that we were not spies (scSaw- 
 ere, 44). 
 
 Exercise 48. 
 
 1. And I swore oaths (om. to) my father that I (om. 
 would) bring him home again to (to) him, and said. 
 Except I bring him again back to thee, let me be ever 
 guilty (scyldlg) toward (wUr) thee. 2. My lord, let 
 (l»tan) the lad go home with his brethren, and (^am. 
 let) me be thy servant instead of (for, 172) him. 3. I 
 dare not go home without the lad, lest I see my father's 
 grief. 4. Then could (mugan) not Joseph conceal 
 (diernan, 113) himself longer, but he drove all the 
 others out, that no foreign man (om. should) be among 
 
EXERCISES EST OLD ENGLISH. 33 
 
 them. 5. And he wept and cried (cleopian) with a 
 loud (hlud) voice (160. 1); and he said to (to) his 
 brethren, I am Joseph ; (om, doth) our father live yet 
 (nu giet) ? 6. Fear ye (184) nothing, nor (om, let) it 
 grieve (190) you that ye sold (s^llan) me into this 
 kingdom ; indeed (om, it was) for your benefit God 
 sent me into the land of the Egyptians. 7. Now two 
 years has been [was] famine over (172) all (om, the) 
 earth, and (om, there) yet shall (om, be) five, in which 
 one can (mugan) neither (89. a) plow (^rian, 116) nor 
 reap (ripan, 102), 8. Go quickly to my father and tell 
 him that God has set me as a (to) lord (om, to) all 
 (om, the) Egyptians ; bid (beodan) him (164) that he 
 come to me and dwell in this land. 9. Do thus, that 
 ye perish not. 10. Now ye see how it is with me, and 
 ye hear what I say (sprecan) to (to) you. 
 
EN&LISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULAKY. 
 
ENGLISH -OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 [In the use of this Vocabulary with reference to translation into Old 
 English, one caution must be observed. If more than two definitions of a 
 word are given, the student should never use either in translation until he 
 has found the word so used in the text of the First Book, or at least has 
 looked up the word in the Vocabulary of the First Book, to see in what 
 sense it is employed. For an example, see ' account,' infra, where intinga 
 and spell have entirely different meanings. 
 
 The figures in parentheses refer to the sections of the First Book. 
 
 A few words are here inserted which are not found in the West Saxon 
 prose texts of the First Book. If these occur in the poetry or the dialectic 
 prose pieces, they are designated by t ; if they do not occur anywhere in 
 the volume, by J.] 
 
 A. 
 
 a: an (79). 
 
 abandon : forlsetan (R. 110). 
 
 ability: mseiJ (51. b). 
 
 a bit: awiht (89. 6). 
 
 (be) able: mugan (135). 
 
 (go) aboard: astigan (I. 102). 
 
 abounding: welig (57. 3). 
 
 about, adv. : abutan, ntan, ymb- 
 
 ntan. 
 about, prep. ; abutan (172), aefter 
 
 (166), ymb(e) (172). 
 above, adj. {adv.) : ufanweard 
 
 (58), uplic (57). 
 above, prep. ; bufan (166). 
 abundant: genyhtsum (57). 
 abyss: neowolnes (51. 5). 
 accept: habban (121), onfon (R. 
 
 110). 
 acceptable: gecweme (59). 
 acceptably : gecwemlice. 
 accomplish: gefyllan (113). 
 
 accomplishment : gecneordnes 
 
 (51. 5). 
 according to: aefter (166), be 
 
 (166), to (166). 
 accordingly : eornostlice. 
 account: intinga (53), spell (47). 
 accurately: rihtlice. 
 accursed : past part, of awiergan 
 
 (113). 
 accustom: w^nian (116). 
 acknowledge: oncnawan(R.109). 
 acquire: begietan (V. 106). 
 acquisition: tilling (51. 3). 
 across: ofer (172). 
 act, subst.: daed (51. 1). 
 act, vb. : plegian (118). 
 adapted : gelimplic (57), ge- 
 
 screpe (59). 
 add : togeiecan (113), underSfied- 
 
 an (113). 
 (in) addition to that: IJser-to- 
 
 eacan. 
 
 37 
 
88 
 
 ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 adjure: mynglan (118). 
 admonish: manian (118), myn- 
 
 fftan (118). 
 adorn: fistAnan (118), gefraet- 
 
 wlan (118), gegl^ngan (118). 
 adornment: gl^ng (61. 6). 
 (know in) advance : forwitan 
 
 (IM). 
 advanced: forCTweard. 
 adventure: faru (61. a), gellmp 
 
 (47). 
 adversary: wf9erwlnna (68). 
 advice: geffeaht (47). 
 adze: adeaa (68). 
 afflict: geVrAatan (118), lemiao 
 
 (118). 
 aforesaid: foresAd (89), fore- 
 
 spreceo (ftl). 
 aforetime: Ar. 
 after, prep.; cefter (166). 
 after, cot\j,: »fter*9on-9e, sIV- 
 
 9an. 
 afterward : sefter, ^ft 
 again: ^ft, ongSaD. 
 against: ongian (166, 178), wl9 
 
 (172). 
 age: ieldu (61. a). 
 agility : snelnes (61. 5). 
 ago: Ar. 
 
 agony : nearunes (61. 5). 
 agreeable: fwger (67). 
 agreeably: gecwSmllce. 
 agreement: geffwwrnes (61. 5). 
 agriculture : eorfftilff (61. 6). 
 a hundred (fold) : hundteontig 
 
 (57). 
 aid: fUltum (48). 
 air: loft (47), lyft (47; 61. 6). 
 alien: fr^mde (69). 
 a little : hwon. 
 alive: cucu, cwic (67). 
 (make) alive: geliflftestau (118). 
 all: «lc (58),eall (68). 
 (in) all: eaUes (71). 
 
 (not at) all: nfi, nftlsM, nfttea- 
 
 hwOn. 
 allow: ffliefan (118), forlAtan 
 
 (R. 110), lAtan (R. 110), lieikn 
 
 (118). 
 (from, on) all sides: Aghwanan. 
 almighty: nlmlhtlg (67). 
 alone: fto (79), ftna (60). 
 along: geond (172). 
 a long time ago : gef ym. 
 also : tee, tee swllce, eall swft, 
 
 ealtwft, swft iac, swllce 6ac. 
 although : Viah, treah-Ve. 
 always: ft, Afre, ealae weg, 
 
 almle. 
 ambassador: Arendwreca (68). 
 amidst: tOmlddes (166). 
 among: betweoh (172), betweon- 
 
 an (166), betweox (166, 172), 
 
 UDder (166, 172). 
 (from) among: fram (166). 
 amount: dAl (48). 
 an: ftn (79). 
 
 and : and. Cf. both . . . and. 
 angel : ^ngel (48. 4). 
 anger: ftbelgan (III. 104). 
 Angles: ^ogle (44.4). 
 anguish : nearunes (61. 5). 
 an hungered: hungrig (67). 
 animal: dSor (47). 
 (wild) animal: wUdeor (47). 
 (kind of) animals : deorcynn (47). 
 announce: fibeodan (II. 103), 
 
 cytTan (118), gecyffan (118). 
 annual: gearlic (67). 
 anoint: gesmierwan (118). 
 anon : on fin. 
 
 answer, suhst. : andsivaru (61. a), 
 answer, vb. : andswarian (118), 
 
 andwyrdan (118). 
 anticipate: forecuman (IV. 105). 
 any (one) : senig (57. 3), seg- 
 
 hwllc (68), hwfi (88), hwUc 
 
 (68). 
 
ENGLISH-OLD 
 
 t'N<VERSn 
 
 OF 
 
 LAKY. 
 
 39 
 
 (in) any way : senige IJinga. 
 anxiety: sorg (51. b). 
 (be) anxious: sorgian (118). 
 (private) apartment: bur (43). 
 apparel, subst.: gegierela (53), 
 
 reaf (47). 
 apparel, vb.: gescierpan (113). 
 appear: aeteowian (118), ge- 
 
 aryncean (114). 
 apply: alj^nnan (115. a). 
 appoint: getgecean (114), ges^tt- 
 
 an (113). 
 approach : genealsecan (113), 
 
 nealeecan (113). 
 appropriate: agnian (118). 
 ardently: inweardlice. 
 arduous: Strang (58). 
 arise: arisan (I. 102). 
 arithmetic: gerimcraeft (43). 
 arms: plur. o/ waepen (47. 1). 
 army: h^re (44. 2). 
 around, adv. : aba tan, ymbutan. 
 Sivonnd, prep. : abutan (173). 
 (sit) around : ymbsittau (V. 106). 
 arouse: aw^ccean (114). 
 arrange: ge^ndebyrdan (113). 
 array, subst. : frsetwung (51. 3). 
 array, vb. : scrydan (113). 
 arrive: becuman (IV. 105). 
 arrogance: modignes (51.5),upa- 
 
 hsefednes (51. 5). 
 art: craeft (43). 
 
 (secular) art: woruldcraeft (43). 
 as: ealswa, swa, swa-swa. 
 (just) as : eall swa, swa-swa. 
 as also : STvilce eac. 
 ascend: astigan (I. 102), npa- 
 
 stigan (I. 102). 
 ascend to: gestigan (L 102). 
 as if : swa-sw^a, swilce. 
 ask : ascian (118), biddan (V. 106). 
 ass: assa (53). 
 assail: gestandan (VI. 107), on- 
 
 winnan (IIL 104). 
 
 assemblage; heap (43). 
 assembly: gegaderung (51. 3). 
 assiduously : geornlice. 
 assign: betsecean (114). 
 assist: fultumian (118), geful- 
 
 tumian (118). 
 assistance: fultum (43). 
 associate, subst. : gegada (53). 
 associate, vb. : gem^ngan (113). 
 as soon : sona. 
 as soon as : si9'3'an. 
 assume: underfon (R. 110). 
 assurance: anrsednes (51. 5). 
 asunder: todeelan (113). 
 as yet : giet. 
 at: set (166). 
 
 (not) at all: na, nalaes, nates- 
 fa won. 
 at first : aerest. 
 (nigh) at hand : neah. 
 at length : set niehstan. 
 at once : sedre, on an, sona. 
 attack: gehrinan (I. 102). 
 attain: becuman (V. 106), ge- 
 
 secean (114). 
 attend: folgian (118). 
 attendance : geferscipe (44. 1). 
 attire: scrud (47). 
 aught: awiht (89. b). 
 augment: geeacnian (118). 
 avail: genyhtsumlan (118). 
 await: bidan (I. 102), gebidan 
 
 (L 102). 
 awaken: aw^ccean (114). 
 away : onweg. 
 (pass) away : foriyfaran (VI. 107), 
 
 foriafgeleoran (113), tosceacan 
 
 (VI. 107). 
 (put) away : afierran (113). 
 (slip) away: toglfdan (I. 102). 
 (take) away : aetbregdan (III. 
 
 104). 
 a while : hwilum. 
 ax: aex (51. b). 
 
40 
 
 KNGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 back: SgSan, ^tt, on bsBcUng, 
 ongSan. 
 
 ball: top(?) (48), 9oifor (4S). 
 
 baneful: biter (67). 
 
 banish : ftflerran (118), ftfleraian 
 
 (118). 
 banquet: bSoracIpe (44. 1), ge- 
 
 beoncipe (44. 1). 
 bath: b»lflr (47. 4), tTwgal (47). 
 bathe: bafflan (118). 
 battle: gefeoht (47). 
 be: geweor9Mn(III.104), weor9- 
 
 an (III. 104), wesan (188). 
 (give to) be: BfUan (114). 
 be able: mugan (186). 
 be anxious: sorgtan (118). 
 bear, subst. : bera (68). 
 bear, vb. : beran (IV. 106), ge- 
 
 beran (IV. 106), gef^rian (116). 
 bear rule: ricslan (118). 
 beast: d«or (47), nleten (47. 1). 
 beat: bSatan (R. 100). 
 beautiful : f»ger (67. 3), wlltig 
 
 (67. 3). 
 beauty: tegemea (61. 6), wllte 
 
 (44). 
 because : for-Vfim, fbr-9fiin-9e, 
 
 for-Von, for-iBron-9e. 
 become: geweorVan (III. 104), 
 
 weor9an (III. 104). 
 become worse: b^figlan (118). 
 be concerned about: besorgian 
 
 (118). 
 bed: b^d (47), r^t (61. b). 
 be envious at: sefestlan (118). 
 befall: becuinan (IV. 106), ge- 
 
 limpan (III. 104). 
 befit: gedafenlan (118). 
 before, adv. : «r, beforan. 
 before, prep.: ser (166), «tforan 
 
 (166\ beforan (166\ for (166), 
 
 fore (172), toforan (166). i 
 
 before, cot\f. : Sr-9llm-9e. 
 
 be fruitful: weaxan (U. 109). 
 
 beget: ftc^nnan (113). 
 
 begin: figinnan (III. 104), on- 
 
 glnnan (III. 104). [(68). 
 
 beginning: anginn (47), flruma 
 begird: begyrdan (118). 
 behold, vb.: behealdan (U. 109), 
 
 geacSawian (118), sceawian 
 
 (118). 
 behold, interj, : efne. 
 believe: geliefan (118). 
 bellows: b^lg (48). 
 beldck: belQcan (11. 103). 
 belong: bellnipan (111. 104). 
 be mindful: genitman (134). 
 bend: biegan (118;, gebiegan 
 
 (118). 
 beneath, adv, : beneo9an. 
 beneath, pryp. : beneo9an (166). 
 benediction: blSteung (61. 3). 
 benefit, ntbst, : rAd (48), 9earf 
 
 (61. 6). 
 benefit, vb,: fr^mman (116. a), 
 benevolent: wellwlllende (61). 
 be of use: genyhtAiimlan (118). 
 beseech: biddan (V. 106). 
 beeet: ymbs^Uan (114). 
 besides : bStan, 9 »r-toHSacan. 
 be silent: swTgian (118). 
 best: b^tst (66). 
 bestow: dSlan (118), geionlan 
 
 (118), dlOrian (118). 
 bestowal: s^len (61. 6). 
 be sufficient for: genyhtsumlan 
 
 (113). 
 betoken : tfionlan (118). 
 better, adj. : selra (63). 
 better, adv.: b^t (77). 
 between: betweox (166, 172). 
 be wont: gewunian (118). 
 bewray: gesweotolian (118). 
 bid: biddan (V. 106), bebeodan 
 
 (II. 103). 
 
ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 41 
 
 billed: gebilod (57). 
 
 billow: ya? (61. b), 
 
 bird: fugol (43. 4). 
 
 (kind of) birds: fugolcynn (47). 
 
 birth : byrd (51. b), gebyrd (51. b). 
 
 (noble) birth: seQ'elborennes (51. 
 
 5). 
 bishop: bisceop (43). 
 (a) bit: awiht (89. b). 
 black: blaec (57. 2). 
 blacksmith : smiisr (43). 
 blame : tselan (113), witan (126). 
 blameworthy : to tale. 
 bleach: bl^can (113). 
 bless: bletsian (118), gebletsian 
 
 (118). 
 blessed: eadig (57. 3). 
 blessing: bletsuiig (51. 3). 
 bliss: dream (43), eadignes (51. 
 
 6). 
 blithe: blilJe (59). 
 blood: blod (47). 
 bloom: blowan (R. 109). 
 blossom, subst. : blostma (53). 
 blossom, vb. : blowan (R. 109). 
 blow : ablawan (R. 109), blavvan 
 
 (R. 109). 
 blow out: ntablawan (R. 109). 
 blush: areadian (118). 
 bodiless: lichamleas (58). 
 bodily: lichamlic (57). 
 body: lichama (53). 
 (heavenly) body: tungol (47. 6). 
 body of water : waeterscipe (44. 1). 
 bold: beald (58). 
 boldly : unforwandiendlice. 
 boldness: anraednes (51. 5). 
 bond: Ijeow (58). 
 bone: ban (47). 
 book: boc (52). 
 
 boon: giefu (51. a), tiS" (51. 5). 
 border: Ian dgem sere (48). 
 bosom: bosm (43). 
 both: begen (79). 
 
 both . . . and : gegSSPer ge . . . ge, 
 
 ge . . . ge, ge . . . and. 
 boudoir: bur (43). 
 boundary: gemaere (48). 
 boundless: onnaete (59). 
 bounty: s^len (51. b). 
 bower: bur (43). 
 boy: cnapa (53). 
 brass: maesling (47). 
 bread : hlaf (43). 
 breadth: bradnes (51. 5). 
 break in pieces: tobrecan (IV. 
 
 105). 
 breakup: toberstan (III. 104). 
 breath: bleed (43), fniest (43), 
 
 oro'S (47. 6). 
 breathe: orljian (118). 
 breathe out : utablawan (R. 109). 
 bridge: bryeg (51. b). 
 bright: beorht (58), leoht (58). 
 (grow) bright : gebierhtan (113). 
 brightly: beorhte. 
 brightness: beorhtnes (51. 5), 
 
 leoma (53). 
 brilliant: beorht (58). 
 bring: bringan (114), gelsedan 
 
 (113), togelsedan (113). 
 bring forth : ac^nnan (113), forid*- 
 
 ateon (IL 103), forSfbringan 
 
 (IIL 104), for^teon (II. 103) 
 
 spryttan (113). 
 bring in: ingebringan (114). 
 bring up: geteon (II. 103). 
 Britain : Breoton (54). 
 Briton: Breoton (54). 
 Britons: Bryttas (54). 
 broad: brad (58). 
 brother: bro9'or (46. 1). 
 build: gewyrcean (114), timbran 
 
 (115. b), wyrcean (114). 
 burden: h^fignes (51. 5). 
 bury: bebyrgan (113). 
 busied: geornfull (58). 
 busy: bisig (57. 3). 
 
42 
 
 BNGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VO(V\!M'T. A It V. 
 
 but: ao. 
 
 buy: bycgean (114), gebycgean 
 
 (114). 
 by: fram (166), In (176), of 
 
 (166), «rurh (172). 
 by any means: ffinigo ffing^a. 
 by day : daeges. 
 by means of: 9urii (178). 
 by night : nlhtes. 
 by no means : nft. 
 by which : tfanan. 
 
 CsBsar: cflaere (44. I). 
 
 call: ciegan(118).cleoplan(118), 
 
 ge<*fegHii (118), fcehfttan (R. 
 
 110), hfiUn (K. 110). 
 
 (is, was) called : hfttte. 
 
 calm, suhst.: smyltnes (61. 6), 
 
 stUnes (61. 5). 
 calm, adj. : smylte (60). 
 calm, vb. : gesmyltan (118). 
 camel : olfeiid (43). 
 campaijni: fierd (61. b). 
 can : cuonan (180), mugan (186). 
 capacity: m&tf (61. b). 
 capture: nliiian (IV. 106). 
 cargo: hlsMt (48). 
 carpenter: trSowwyrhta (68). 
 carry: fiberan (IV. 106), beran 
 
 (IV. 106), bringan (ill. 104), 
 
 gebringan (III. 104), gef^rlan 
 
 (116), gelwdan (118), ISdan 
 
 (118). 
 carry in: Inberan (IV. 106). 
 carry out: Iwstan (118). 
 least: fiweorpan (III. 104). 
 catch: fon (H. 110), gelseccean 
 
 (114), nlman (IV. 105). 
 cattle : hry9er (47. 6), neat (47), 
 
 nieten (47), orf (47). 
 (kind of ) cattle : nietencynn(47). 
 cause: intinga (58). 
 
 cause enjoy nieni: lystnn (113). 
 cease: bllnnan (ill. 104), ge- 
 
 swican (I. 108). 
 cedar, cedar tree : cSderbSam (48). 
 celerity: hraednes(61. A), snelnet 
 
 (61. 5), swiftnes (61. 6). 
 celestial: heofonllc (67). 
 celestial fire : heofonryr (47). 
 cenaure: tAlan (118), witan (L 
 
 108). 
 censurable : 19 UUe. 
 (a) certain : sum (67). 
 chance, subU.: wSn (61. b). 
 chance, vb.: gefeallan (U. 109). 
 change : ftw^ndan (118). 
 chastity : clfinnes (61. 5). 
 cheer: gefrSfran (116. 6), ge- 
 
 rttan (118). 
 chest: cist (61. b). 
 chief: ealdor (48. 4. a). 
 chief place: ealdordOm (48), 
 
 ealdorscipe (44. 1). 
 child: beam (47), did (60). 
 childhood: clldbftd (48). 
 choose: firidian (118), cSosan 
 
 (H. 108), gecSosan (II. 108). 
 Christ: Crist (48). 
 chronology : gerimcrseft (48). 
 church: clHce (68. 1). 
 circuit: ynibhwyrft (48). 
 citizens: ceaster(ge)waran (68). 
 city: burg (68. 1), ceaster (61. 
 
 4). 
 clarion: biema (68). 
 claw-footed : cllferfete (59). 
 clear: sweotol (67). 
 clearly : andgletfUlIice, sweotole, 
 
 sweotolllce. 
 cleverness: craeft (48). 
 (lofty) cliff: hea<-llf(47). 
 cloak : sciccels (43 ), wffifels (43> 
 close: ge^ndung (51. 3). 
 close in: fores^ttun (113). 
 I (linen) cloth : sciete (63. 1). 
 
ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULAKY. 
 
 43 
 
 clothe : bewsefan (113), ge- 
 
 scierpan (113), gescrydan 
 
 (113), scrydan (113). 
 clothed in a tunic only : nacod 
 
 (57). 
 clothing: scrud (47). 
 cloud; wolcen (47). 
 cockle: weoloc (43). 
 cockle-shell : weolocsciell (51. 5). 
 cold: ciele (44). 
 color: hiw (47). 
 colored: gebleod (58). 
 come: beciiman (IV. 105), cum- 
 
 an (IV. 105). 
 comely: wlitig (57). 
 come to an end : ge^ndian (118). 
 comfort: frofor (51. b). 
 command, suhst. : hses (51. b). 
 command, vb. : bebeodan (II. 
 
 103), beodan (II. 103), hatan 
 
 (R. 110). 
 commend: bebeodan (II. 103). 
 commit: befsestan (113). 
 common: gemaene (59). 
 (in) common : gemgenelice. 
 communicate: abeodan (II. 103). 
 companion: gefera (53), gegada 
 
 (53), gemaca (53). 
 companionship : gef erscipe (44. 
 
 !)• 
 company: geferrajden (51. 5), 
 
 m^nigu (51. a), flocc (43). 
 compass : widgilnes (51. 5), ymb- 
 
 hwyrft (43). 
 compassion: arfaestnes (51. 5), 
 
 niildheortnes (51. 5). 
 (have) compassion on : gemilt- 
 
 sian (118). 
 completely: mid ealle (175). 
 compose : ges^ttan (113), to- 
 
 weorpan (III. 104). 
 conceal: forswigian (118), hel- 
 
 an (IV. 105). 
 concern: bisgu (51. a). 
 
 (be) concerned about : besorgian 
 
 (118). 
 concerning: be (166). 
 concord: ge9'w£ernes (51. 5). 
 tcondemn: denian (113). 
 confidence: anreednes (51. 5). 
 confusion: unstilnes (51. 5). 
 congregation : gegaderung (51. 3). 
 conjure: halsian (118). 
 conquer: oferswiafan (113), ofer- 
 
 winnan (III. 104). 
 consider: smean (113), S'^ncean 
 
 (114). 
 consolation: frofor (51. b). 
 console: gefrefan (115. 6). 
 consort: gemsecoea (53). 
 constant: singal (58). 
 construct: gedician (118), tim- 
 
 bran (115. 6), wyrcean (114). 
 consume: forniinan (IV. 105). 
 contrivance: searu (49). 
 control: geweald (47). 
 conversation : gesprec (47) . 
 convert: geweorS'an (III. 104). 
 convey: aberan (IV. 105), ge- 
 
 bringan (114). 
 copper: ger (47), ar (47). 
 (field of) corn: ierd* (51. b). 
 correctly : rihtlice. 
 couch: b^dd (47), r^st (51. b). 
 coulter: culter (43?). 
 counsel: gelJeaht (47),lar (51. 6). 
 counselor: gel^eahtend (43. 6). 
 countenance: andwlita (53), an- 
 
 sien (51. &), gesihiaf (51. 6). 
 country: card (43), eSfel (43. 4. a), 
 
 land (47). 
 course: gang (43), stig (51. b). 
 (first) course: 9'enung (51. 3). 
 cover over: ofersy^ccean (114), 
 
 oferwreon (I. 102). 
 cowardly: earg (58). 
 craftsman: wyrhta (53). 
 crag : torr (43). 
 
44 
 
 ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 crawl: creopan (IL 108). 
 create: gescleppan (V'L 107), 
 
 Bcleppan (VL 107). 
 creation: trymtf{}i) (ftl), ge- 
 
 •ceafl (61. 6). 
 creator: scleppend (48. 0). 
 creature : getceaft (51. &), nieten 
 
 (47. 1). 
 creep: crSopan (IL 103). 
 crop : lerOr (61. b), 
 cross: r9d (61. 6). 
 crowd: hSap (48). 
 crown: cynehelm (48). 
 cruel: wselgrlm (67), wtelhrSow 
 
 (58). 
 cruelty : wselhreowiies (61. 6). 
 curse: ftwtergan (118). 
 curve: gebiegan (118). 
 custom: gewuna (68). 
 cutofif: foret^nan (118). 
 Cyrene: Cyrenense. 
 (of) Cyrene: Cyrenlso (67). 
 
 daily: dsBgtawamllce. 
 
 damsel : fffimne (68), mAden 
 
 (47). 
 danger: frScnes (61. 6). 
 darkness: tfiestru (47). 
 daughter : dohtor (68. 2). 
 dawn: dagung (61. 3). 
 day: d»g (48. 2), tid (61. 1). 
 day by day : dspghwwmlice. 
 dead : dead (68), fortflrfaren 
 
 (62). 
 dear, a€{). : ISof (68). 
 dear, adv. : luflice. 
 death: deaff (48). 
 decay: forniiinen beon. 
 deceased: forfffaren (62). 
 deceive: beswican (I. 102). 
 deed: d«d (61. 1), iveorc (47). 
 deep, suhst. : neowolnes (61. 6). 
 
 deep, adj. : dSop (68). 
 defend: gescieldan (118). 
 defense: gebeorg (47), gescield- 
 
 nes (61. 5). 
 defer: slsDcan (118). 
 deferential: forwandiende (61). 
 dejected: unrSt (68). 
 delay, subst. : ^Icung (61. 3). 
 delay, vb.: slascan (113). 
 delight: gefSa (68). 
 delightful : gesAllg (67. 3). 
 tdeliver: ftliesan (118). 
 demon: dSofol (48). 
 deny: forwiernan (118). 
 depart: ftgftn (141), fortTfaran 
 
 (VL 107), gew^ndan (118), 
 
 gewltan (L 102), tOsceacan 
 
 (VL lOT). 
 departure : for9f5r (61. 5). 
 deposit: fil^gean (116, note), 
 
 is^ttan (118). 
 depravity : unge9wAmes (61. 6). 
 deprive: benAman (118). 
 descend: ftstigaii (I. 102). 
 desert: eamung (61. 3). 
 design: diht (47). 
 designate: gecy^an (118). 
 desire, ntbst.: wlUa (68). 
 desire, vb. : gewilnian (118), 
 
 gteraan (118), willan (181), 
 
 wUotan(118). 
 desolate: forniman (IV. 106). 
 despair: ormodnes (61. 5). 
 desperation: ormodnes (61. 5). 
 despise : receleasian (118). 
 despoil: bereafian (118). 
 destitute: dSlleas (68), unnyt 
 
 (57). 
 destitute one : 'w»dla (53). 
 destroy: ageotan (II. 103), for- 
 
 dilgian (118), fordon (142), 
 
 toslitan (I. 102). 
 device: searu (49). 
 devil: deofol (43), scucca (53). 
 
ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 45 
 
 devise: findan (III. 104), iSf^ncean 
 
 (114). 
 devoid: daelleas (58), unnyt 
 
 (57). 
 die: forS'geleoran (113). 
 (in) different ways : mislice. 
 difficult: unie)5'e (59). 
 difficult to number: earfosafrime 
 
 (59). 
 (with) difficulty : unead'e. 
 diffident: forwandiende (61). 
 dignity: ar (51. &), weorffmynt 
 
 (43), weorlJscipe (44. 1). 
 (worldly) dignity : woruldge- 
 
 ffyngff (51. 6). 
 dike, subst.: die (43). 
 dike, vb. : dician (118). 
 dilate: brsedan (113). 
 din: gebrec (47). 
 dining-room : bar (43). 
 direct, adj. : riht (58). 
 direct, vb.: ad'^tiiian (115. a), 
 
 getfcecean (114), gewlssian 
 
 (118), Igeran (113). 
 direction: hses (51. 6). 
 (in every) direction : gehu. 
 disciple: gingra (53). 
 discipline: IJeodscipe (44. 1). 
 discover: geaxian (118), gesweot- 
 
 olian (118). 
 disease: adl (51. 6), untrymnes 
 
 (51.5). 
 disengage: gegemetgian (118). 
 dismay : geiJrean (113). 
 disorder: uiistilnes (51. 5). 
 dispense: dselan (113). 
 disperse: todselan (113). 
 display : aetievran (113), gecylJaii 
 
 (113). 
 displease: mislician (118). 
 dispute: geflit (47). 
 dissipate: ageotan (IL 103). 
 (from [to] a) distance : feorr. 
 distant: feorr (67). 
 
 distinguish: geweoriaPian (118). 
 distress: gewinn (47). 
 distribute: d^lan (113). 
 ditch: dician (118). 
 divest: ongierwan (113), un- 
 
 scrydan (113). 
 divide: asyndrian (118), gedael- 
 
 an (113), todaelan (113), to- 
 
 sceadaa (R. 110), totwaeman 
 
 (113). 
 divine: godcund (58). 
 divinity: godcundnes (51. 6). 
 do: awyrcean (114), don (140), 
 
 gedon (140), laestan (113), 
 
 wyrcean (114). 
 doleful: sarlic (57). 
 dolphin: m^reswin (47). 
 dominion: geweald (47). 
 (have) dominion: ricsian (118). 
 (have) dominion over: gewield- 
 
 an (113). 
 (previously) done : sergedon (62). 
 tdoom: deman (113). 
 doubt: tweonian (118). 
 down: adun(e). 
 dowry : morgengiefu (51. a). 
 draw: ateon (II. 103). 
 draw nigh : genealsecan (113). 
 dreadful: ^geslic (57). 
 drink, subst.: dr^nc (43). 
 drink, vb. : drincan (III. 104). 
 (give to) drink: sc^ncan (113). 
 drive away: aiiersian (118), to- 
 
 drsefan (113). 
 dry land: drygnes (51. 6). 
 dryness: drygnes (51. 5). 
 dust: dust (47), lam (43). 
 dwell: eardian (118), gewuuian 
 
 (118), wunian (118). 
 dwellers on earth: eorl^waran 
 
 (53). 
 dwelling: wTc (47), wunung (61. 
 
 3). 
 dye: t^lg (43). 
 
46 
 
 ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 each (one): Sic (68), gehwilc 
 
 (58). 
 earth: eorffe (68. I), 
 (dwellers on) earth: eortfwaran 
 
 (58). 
 earthly: eorOriic (67). 
 earthwork: eortfweall (48). 
 easily: Saffe (77). 
 (sea on the) east: SastoS (48; 
 
 51. ft). 
 East Angles (East Anglia): East- 
 
 tngle (44. 4). 
 Easter: Kastron (58). 
 eat: etan (V. 106). 
 edifice: lern (47). 
 educated : gelfired (88). 
 effect, Bubst. : gemet (47). 
 effect, r6. ; gefr^nnnan (115). 
 effort: geswinc (47). 
 (work with) effort : •wlncan (III. 
 
 104). 
 Egyptians: Kgypta (54). 
 eight: eahU (78). 
 elephant: elp (48). 
 else: ^Ues (71). 
 embellishment: gl^ng (51. 6). 
 embrace: yinbclyppan (118). 
 emperor: casere (44. 1). 
 empty: idel (57. 3), ftintlg (57. 
 
 3). 
 enclose: becl^san (113). 
 encounter: lindan (III. 104), ge- 
 
 metan (113). 
 end, suhst. : ^nde (44). ge^ndung 
 
 (61. 3), gemiere (48). 
 (come to an) end : ge^ndian (118). 
 end, vh. : ^ndian (118), ge^ndian 
 
 (118). gefyllan (113). 
 endow with life : gellfTsestan 
 
 (113). _ 
 endure: arsefnian (118), ffollan 
 
 (118). 
 
 enemy : fSond (46. 3), gewlima 
 (58). 
 
 energy: weorc (47). 
 
 English, subst : ^iigle (44. 4). 
 
 English, atO-: ^nglisc (67). 
 
 engross: bisgtan (118). 
 
 (cause) enjoyment: lystan (118). 
 
 enormous: ormfite (69). 
 
 enrich: gegddlan (118). 
 
 enter: ingfin (141), Ingangan (R. 
 110). 
 
 entertain: underfdn (U. 110). 
 
 entirely : tOTurh ealle. 
 
 entreat: hftlslan (118). 
 
 entreaty: bSn (61. 6). 
 
 envelop: ymbs^llan (114). 
 
 envious : sBfestf ull (146), sBfetClg 
 (146). 
 
 (be) envious at : afestlan (118). 
 
 envoy : ftrendwreca (58). 
 
 envy: seresttan (118). 
 
 equal: gelica (68). 
 
 equinox: emnlht (68). 
 
 escape, subst.: hwl (47). 
 
 escape, vb.: setberstan (III. 104), 
 beswlclan (118). 
 
 esublish: gestatTellan (118). 
 
 (freehold) esute: bOcland (47). 
 
 t eternal : 8ce (59). 
 
 even : furffum. 
 
 (not) even : oft. 
 
 evening : Sfen (47. 7). [(61. 3). 
 
 evening twilight: wfenglomung 
 
 ever: wfre. 
 
 (for) ever and ever: ft a a, in 
 ^rortild worulde. 
 
 t everlasting: ece (69). 
 
 (in) every direction : geha. 
 
 (gems of) every kind: gimcynn 
 (47). 
 
 every (one) : Sghwfi (88), «eg- 
 hwllc (68), wlc (58), anra 
 gehwilc (58), eall (58), ge- 
 hwilc (58). 
 
EKGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 47 
 
 everything: seghwset (88). 
 
 evil, subst.: yfel (47). 
 
 evil, adj.: manful! (58. 2), yfel 
 
 (67). 
 evil, adv. : yfele. 
 evince: gecytfun (113). 
 exalted: weorfflic (57). 
 example: bysen (51. b). 
 exceedingly: swilJlice, iS'earle. 
 except: butan, nefne. 
 exercise: weorc (47). 
 exhale: ntablawan (R. 109). 
 exhibit: forS'teon (II. 103), ge- 
 
 cyiafan (113). 
 expand: braedan (113). 
 expect: wenan (113). 
 expectation: wen (51. 6). 
 expedition: fierd (51. b). 
 expel: adrifan (1. 102), aflieman 
 
 (113). 
 experience: 15'olian (118). 
 expose: gesweotolian (118). 
 expound: ger^ccean (114). 
 extensive: widgill (58. 2). 
 extent: widgilnes (51. 5). 
 externally: ntau. [(51.6). 
 
 extraction: byrd (51. 5), gebyrd 
 eye: cage (53. 2). 
 
 F. 
 
 face: andvi^lita (53) , bradnes (51. 
 
 5). 
 (in) fact : mid daede. 
 fade: blgecan (113). 
 fail: ateorian (118), geswican 
 
 (I. 102). 
 fair: beorht (58), fseger (57. 3), 
 
 gesyndig (57. 3). 
 faith: geleafa (53). 
 fall: afeallan (R. 109), ahreosan 
 
 (II. 103), beouman (IV. 105), 
 
 feallan (R. 109), gefeallan (R. 
 
 109), hreosan (II. 103). 
 
 fall away : tohreosan (II. 103). 
 fall upon: onhreosan (II. 103), 
 
 standan (VI. 107). 
 fame: tir (43). 
 famine: hunger (43. 4. a), 
 far, adj.: feorr (58). 
 far, adv. : feorr. 
 farmer: ierafling (43). 
 father: faeder (43. 8). 
 fatigue: sw^nean (113). 
 fatiguing: gewinnfullic (57). 
 favoring: gesyndig (57. 3). 
 fear: adraedan (R. 110), ondrsed- 
 
 an (R. 110). 
 feast: beorscipe (44. 1), gebeor- 
 
 scipe (44. 1). 
 feed: fedan (113), gertordian 
 
 (118). 
 fell : fiellan (113). 
 fellow: gefera (53). 
 fellowship: geferrasden (51. 5). 
 female sex: wifhad (43). 
 ferry : gef^rian (116). 
 fervent: hat (58). 
 fervently : inweardlice. 
 fetch: f^ccean (120). 
 few ^ plur. : feawe (58). 
 field: aecer (43). 
 field of corn: ierSr (51. &). 
 fierce: angrisllc (58), reffe (59), 
 
 waelgrim (57). 
 fifth: fifta (78). 
 fight: campian (118), feohtan 
 
 (III. 104), gefeohtan (III. 
 
 104). 
 fill: gefyllan (113). 
 finally : get niehstan. 
 find: aredian (118), findan (III. 
 
 104), gemetan (113). 
 find out: gevvitan (126). 
 finish : fullfr^mman (115. a), ge- 
 fyllan (113). 
 fire: fyr (47). 
 fire from heaven : heofonfyr (47). 
 
48 
 
 ENGLISH-OLD EXGLISH VOCABULAKY. 
 
 firmament: testuen <,61. o), fir- 
 
 mamentum (see p. 101, 1. 7), 
 
 rodor (48). 
 firstf suhst,: fruma (68). 
 first, a^.: forma (00), fiir9ra 
 
 (W). 
 first, adv, : Arett, fyrmest. 
 (at) first: Arest. 
 first course : 9Snuns (61. 3). 
 (in th^) first place : Arett. 
 fish: flse (48). 
 (sort of ) fish: fisccynn (47). 
 fisher (man): flscere (44. 1). 
 fishing: fiscnoff (48). 
 fitting: sedafenllc (67). 
 fixed: fMt (68). 
 flee: flCon (11. 108). 
 fleet, tubsL : tclpta^re (44. 2). 
 fleet, atl). : swift (68). 
 flesh: flAso (47). 
 flight: flyht (48). 
 (put to) flight: ftflieman (118). 
 flood: Add (48), y«r (61.6). 
 flow: fl9wan (R. 109). 
 fly: flSogan (II. 108). 
 foam: weallan (R. 109). 
 fodder: f5dor (47). 
 foe: fSond (46.3). 
 folk: folc (47). 
 follow: fylgan (118). 
 food: At (47), bigleofa (68), 
 
 f5da (68), hl&f (43), m^te 
 
 (44), wist (61. 6). 
 foot: f5t (46). 
 (tread under) foot : fortredan (V. 
 
 106). 
 for, pre/).: for (166), to (166). 
 for, CO /y..* for-ffon(-ffe). 
 (naval) force: solph^re (44. 2). 
 foreign ; ^DBTeodlg (67. 3), fk^mde 
 
 (69). 
 forest: holt (47), wudu (46), 
 
 Tirudubearu (48. 7). 
 forestall : Worecuman {IV. 106). 
 
 for ever and ever: S ft I, In 
 
 woruld worulde. 
 forfeit: forwyrcean (114). 
 forget: forgletao (V. 106). 
 former : Argeddn (6S), Arra 
 
 (60). 
 formerly : Ar, gSara, iu. 
 forsake: forlAtao (R. 110). 
 forth: for9. 
 
 for thisTeason : for-9ftm. 
 forthwith: ftrodllce, unftswund- 
 
 enlice. 
 fortification: taf ten (47. 7). 
 fortify : getrymman (116. a), 
 forwardly : unforwandlendllce. 
 foul: fBl (68). 
 four: IQower (78). 
 four-footed : fltTerf^te (69). 
 fourth: fiorVa (60). 
 fourteen : fCowertlene (79). 
 free: frio (68, but nom. plur, 
 
 frlgu). 
 freehold esUte: bOcland (47). 
 frequently : gelOmllce, geneahhe, 
 
 oft 
 friend: fr«ond (46. 3). 
 frighten: ftfAran (118). 
 from: 8Bt (166), of (166). frHm 
 
 (1«). 
 from (to) a distance : feorr. 
 from all sides: Aghwanan (76). 
 from among: fram (166). 
 from heaven : heofonllce. 
 from the north : norffaa. 
 from there : 9anan. 
 from the west : i¥estan. 
 from which : 9anan. 
 fruit: ofct (47). wSestm (48). 
 fruit-bearing: seppelbaere (69). 
 (be) fruitful: weaxan (R. 109). 
 full, adj.: full (68). 
 full, adv. : fuU. 
 furnish : getimbran (116. 6). 
 further: ma. 
 
ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 49 
 
 G. 
 
 gain, subst. : gestreon (47). 
 gain, vb. : gesecean (114), tilian 
 
 (118). 
 game: plega (53). 
 garden : ortgeard (43) . 
 garment: gegierela (53), -weed 
 
 (51. 6). 
 (purple) garment : . paell (43), pur- 
 
 pre (53. 1). 
 gate: geat (47). 
 gather: gegaderian (118). 
 gathering together: gegaderung 
 
 (51. 3). 
 gem: gimm (43). 
 gems of every kind : gimcynn (47). 
 generation: cynren (47). 
 generosity : welwillendnes (51. 
 
 5). 
 generous: welwillende (61). 
 gentle: seiafele (59). 
 ghost: gast (43). 
 gift: giefu (51. a), lac (47). 
 girl: mgeden (47). 
 give: forgiefaii (V. 106), geinnian 
 
 (118), ges^llan (114), giefan 
 
 (V. 106), s^llan (114). 
 give light to: allehtan (113). 
 give out: ateorian (118). 
 give over: "befaestan (113). 
 give (i.e. thanks) : ges^cgean 
 
 (123). 
 give to be : s^Uan (114). 
 give to drink: sc^ncan (113). 
 give up: alsetan (K. 110). 
 gladness: gefea (53). 
 (song of) gladness : blissesang 
 
 (43). 
 gladsome : bliiafe (59) . 
 glass: glees (47). 
 glide away: toglidan (L 102). 
 glorify : geh^rian (116), wuldrian 
 
 (118). 
 
 glorious : beorht (58) . 
 
 glory: maegenlS'rymm (43), mae- 
 
 genSTrymnes (51. 5), (Jryinin 
 
 (43), wuldor (47). 
 go : faran (VL 107), feran (113), 
 
 gan (141), gangan (E. 109), 
 
 gew^ndan (113), gewitan (I. 
 
 102). 
 (let) go: forlsetan (R. 110). 
 go aboard: astigan (I. 102). 
 goad: gad (51. b). 
 goat: gat (52). 
 God: God (43). 
 goddess: gyden (51. 5). 
 godhead: godcundnes (51. 5). 
 gold: gold (47). 
 golden: gylden (57). 
 golden ornaments: goldfraetwa 
 
 (51. a). 
 gold-leaf: goldleaf (47). 
 good: god (58). 
 goodness: sTvetnes (51. 6). 
 goods: sehta (51. l)fplur. of god 
 
 (47). 
 good things : god (47). 
 go out: ntgan (141), utgangan 
 
 (R. 109). 
 go to pieces : toberstan (III. 
 
 104). 
 go up: upgan (141). 
 gospel: godspell (47). 
 gracious: arfaest (58). 
 gradually: stycceingelum (72). 
 grant : forgiefan (V. 106), til^ian 
 
 (118). 
 grass: gaers (47). 
 great: heah (58), mgere (59), 
 
 micel (57. 3). 
 greatly : swiSfe, swiijlice, fSearle. 
 green: grene (59). 
 greet: gretan (113). 
 grief: sarnes (51. b). 
 grieve: ofS'yncean (114). 
 grieve for: besorgian (118). 
 
so 
 
 ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABITLABY. 
 
 grievous: biter (67.3), htflff (57. 
 
 8), sflr (68). 
 groomsman : tficenbora (68). 
 ground: eor9e (68. 1). 
 grove : holt (47), wudubearu (48. 
 
 7). 
 grow: KfSwan (R. 109), weaxan 
 
 (R. 109). 
 grow bright: geblerhtan (118). 
 grow over: figrOwan (R. 109). 
 growth: wfistm (48). 
 grow up: ftgrdwan (R. 109). 
 guest: cuma (68). 
 guidance : lAr (61. b), lAttSowdSm 
 
 (48). 
 guide : gewlsslan (118). 
 gymnasium : bceVst^e (44). 
 
 H. 
 
 hale: hfil (68). 
 
 lialf: healf (68). 
 
 hall: heall (61.6). 
 
 hallow: f^h&lglHii (118). 
 
 hammer: sl^g (61. 6). 
 
 hand, suhst.: hand (61. 1, 3). 
 
 hand, i>. side: healf (61. b). 
 
 (nigh at) hand : nSah. 
 
 happen : gellmpan (IIL 104). 
 
 happy : eadig (67. 3). 
 
 hard : Strang (68). 
 
 harden : ahiordan (118). 
 
 hartlly : iineaVe. 
 
 hardship: earfoffnes (61. 5), ge- 
 
 wlnn (47). 
 harm, snbst. : hieii9 (61. 6). 
 harm, vb. : dorian (116). 
 harp, subst.: hearpe (68. 1). 
 (play the) harp: hearpian (118). 
 harp, vb.: hearpian (118). 
 harp-string: hearpestr^ng (48). 
 harry: h^rgian (118). 
 harvest: haerfest (48). 
 hatchet: adesa (68). 
 
 I have: habban (181). 
 have compassion : gemiltsian 
 
 (118). 
 have dominion : ricsian (118). 
 have dominion over: gewieldan 
 
 (118). 
 have not: nabban (181). 
 liead: ealdoriiianu (48), hSafod 
 
 (47. 1). 
 headlong: drCorig (67. 3). 
 headstrong: dyrttig (67. 3). 
 (make) headway : f ramgfin (141). 
 hear: gehleran (118). 
 heart: heorte (68. 1), mSd (48). 
 heat: hStu (61. a). 
 heathen : hA9en (67. 3). 
 heaven: heofon (48. 4. d), heof- 
 
 ooe (68. 3), rodor (48). 
 (fire from) heaven : heofonfTr 
 
 (47). 
 (from) heaven : heofon lice, 
 (of) heaven: beofonllc (67). 
 heavenly: heofonlic (67). 
 heavenly body : tungol (47. 6). 
 height: hSaoea (61.6). 
 hell: h^ll (61.6). 
 hell-torment: cwicsQsl (47). 
 help, subst.: fultum (48). 
 help, vb.: gefultuinian (118). 
 hence: heonan. 
 herb : wyrt (61. 6). 
 here: her. 
 
 hereafter: beraefter. 
 high: heah (58. 1). 
 high-bom: »9elboren (63). 
 high-deer: headeor (47). 
 highest point: heanes (51. 5). 
 hiU: dan (51. b). 
 hither: hider. 
 hitherto: giet. 
 hold: fsestnung (51. 3). 
 hold: healdan (R. 109). 
 hole: ffyrel (47.6). 
 holy : haUg (67. 3). 
 
EKGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 51 
 
 home: eSfel (43. 4. a), ham (74). 
 honor, subst. : lof (43), weor3'- 
 
 scipe (44. 1). 
 (worldly) honor: woruldgei&'yng3' 
 
 (51. b). 
 honor, vb. : weorS'ian (118). 
 honorable: weoi-aflic (57),weor(5'- 
 
 fuU (58. 2). 
 honorably: weor3'lice. 
 hook: angel (43. 4. a), hoc (43). 
 hope, subst. : hyht (51. 6), tohopa 
 
 (53). 
 hope, vb. : gehyhtan (113). 
 horse: hors (47). 
 host: h^re (44. 2), weorod (47). 
 hot: hat (58). 
 hour: tid (51. 1). 
 house: has (47). 
 how: hu. 
 
 (know) how: eunnan (130). 
 hued: gebleod (58). 
 human: in^nnisc (57). 
 humble: eaififniod (58), earmlic 
 
 (67). 
 humility: eaiJinodnes (51. 6). 
 hundred: hund (78). 
 (a) hundred (fold) : hundteontig 
 
 (78). 
 hunger: hyngran (115. b). 
 (an) hungered: hungrig (57). 
 hungry: hungrig (57). 
 hurl: s^ndan (113). 
 husband: wer (43). 
 husbandman : ierijling (43) . 
 
 I. 
 
 I: ic (81). 
 
 idleness: idelnes (51. 5). 
 if: gif (196. d). 
 ill-luck: ungellmp (47). 
 illness: untrymnes (51. 5). 
 illuminate: aliehtan (113), on- 
 liehtan (113). 
 
 illumination: liehting (51. 3). 
 illustration: bysen (51. b). 
 illustrious: seS'ele (59). 
 image: an(d)licnes (51. 5). 
 imagine: wenan (113). 
 immediately : arodlice, hraedlice, 
 
 sona. 
 implement: faet (47. 4). 
 implore : biddan (V. 106), halsian 
 
 (118). 
 in, adv. : in. 
 in, prep. : for (166), in (166, 172), 
 
 ofer (166, 172), on (166, 172), 
 
 la^urh (172). 
 (know) in advance : forwitan 
 
 (126). 
 in all: ealles (71). 
 in any way : senige la^inga. 
 inasmuch (as) : swa . . . swa. 
 incense: abelgan (III. 104). 
 in common: gein^nelice. 
 incorporeal: lichamleas (58). 
 increase : geeacnian (118), weax- 
 
 an (R. 109). 
 indeed: la, mid dsede, soiSFIice, 
 
 witodlice. 
 indicate: taenian (118). 
 in different ways : mislice. 
 individual: synderlic (57). 
 indolence: idelnes (51). 
 ineffable: unas^cgende (61). 
 in every direction : gehii. 
 in fact : mid dsede. 
 infirmity: untrymnes (51. 5). 
 inflame: onselan (113). 
 inhabit: onwunian (118). 
 inhale: ateon (IL 103). 
 inherit: geagnian (118), gesittan 
 
 (V. 106). 
 injure: dorian (116), wierdan 
 
 (113). 
 injury: hienS" (51. 6). 
 inn: giesthns (47). 
 innocent: unsc^lJlJig (57). 
 
52 
 
 EyGLT8H-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 inquire into: sniean (118). 
 in return for: wiff (166). 
 inside: Inne. 
 
 institute : gesetennes (61. 5). 
 instruction: Ifir (61. 6). 
 insult: hienan (118). 
 intact: gehfil (68). 
 intelligibly : andgletf iilllc«. 
 inter: bebyrgan (118). 
 interpret: g«rt<^cean (114). 
 interpreter: wealb8t5<l (48). 
 interrupt: tOtwAman (118). 
 interval: fate (47), flerat (48). 
 in the first place : Areat. 
 in the midst of: tOmlddes (166). 
 in this land : bSr on lande. 
 into I In (178), IntS (166), on 
 
 (172). 
 in vain : bSlunga. 
 investigation: smSaung (61. 3). 
 invigorate: gerStan (118). 
 invigoration : ttrangung (61. 3). 
 invisible: irhgesewenlir (67). 
 invite: gelaiOrian (118). 
 irksome: hfflg (67). 
 iron, subsi, : isern (47). 
 iron, adj. : Isem (67). 
 is called : bfttte. 
 island: f gland (47). 
 ivory : elpes bftn (47). 
 
 J. 
 
 Jesus: Hwlend (43. 6). 
 
 jet: gagates. 
 
 journey: feran (118). 
 
 jovial : bli9e (69). 
 
 joy, subst. : bliss (61. 6), dream 
 
 (48), gefea (63). 
 joy, vb, : geblissod wesan. 
 (make) joyful: geblissian (118). 
 joyous: bliffe (69). 
 joyously: bliVe. 
 Ijudge: deman (113). 
 
 judgment: dSm (48). 
 jurisdiction : an weald (48). 
 just: efne. 
 
 just as: eall swft, eaUwft, twA- 
 •wft. 
 
 K. 
 
 keep: gebealdan (R. 109), habb- 
 
 an (ISl), healdan (H. 109). 
 keep secret: fonwiglan (118). 
 keep silence: swlglan (118). 
 kill: cwtUan(114),of8iean(VL 
 
 107). 
 kind: cynn (47), hiw (47). 
 (gems of every) kind: gimcynn 
 
 (47). 
 (this) kind: 9ylllc (67). 
 kind-hearted: wellwlllende (61). 
 kindness; ArfaMtnea (61. 5). 
 kind of animals: d^orcynn (47). 
 kind of birds: fiigolcynn (47). 
 kind of cattle : niet4>nrynn (47). 
 kind of worms: wyrmoynn (47). 
 (various) kinds of: mlssenllc (67). 
 king: cynlng(48).ealdor(48.4). 
 kingdom: cynerice (48. 1), rice 
 
 (48.1). 
 kiss: cyssan (118). 
 knee: cn6o (47. 3). 
 know: cunnan (180),oncnSwan 
 
 (R. 109), witan (186). 
 know how: cunnan (180). « 
 
 know in advance : forwitan (186). 
 (make) known: c^9an (118). 
 know not: nytan (186). 
 
 labor: gedeorf (47),gewlDn (47). 
 laborious: gewinnfuUlc (67). 
 lacking: wana (168). 
 lad: cnapa (63). 
 lady: bliefdi^e (63. 1). 
 lamentably: sariice. 
 
ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 53 
 
 lamentation: murcnung (51. h). 
 land: eoraPe (53. 1), land (47). 
 (in this) land : her on lande. 
 (native) land: etSel (43. 4. a), 
 language: spraec (51. b). 
 large: micel (57. 3). 
 Lastingham : Laestinga ea. 
 Latin: Boclseden (57), Laeden 
 
 (57). 
 law: gemet (47). 
 lay down: forlsetan (R. 110). 
 layman: ceorl (43). 
 lay waste: h^rgian (118). 
 lead, subsL: lead (47). 
 lead, vb.: leedan (113). - 
 leader: ealdorinann (46). 
 (without a) leader: hlafordleas 
 
 (58). 
 learn : geaxian (118), geleornian 
 
 (118), gewitan (126), leoruian 
 
 (118),ongietan (V. 106). 
 learned man: lareow (43). 
 least: Isesta (53). 
 leave, subst. : leaf (51. b). 
 (take) leave of: gretan (113). 
 leave, vb. : forlsetan (R. 110). 
 leave off: forlsetan (R. 110). 
 left: to lafe, winstre (59). 
 leisure: semetta (53). 
 (at) length : set niehstan. 
 less(er): l^ssa (53). 
 lest: ffy-l^es-iSe. 
 let : forlsetan (R. 110), Isetan (R. 
 
 110). 
 let go: forlgetan (R. 110). 
 letter : gewrit (47) . 
 let us : uton. 
 levin: lieg (43). 
 lewdness: galnes (51. 5). 
 liberality : welwillendnes (51. 
 
 5). 
 library: bibliotheca. 
 lie: licgan (V. 106). 
 life: lif (47), saw(o)l (51. 4). 
 
 (endow with) life : geliffsestan 
 
 (113). 
 (of) life: liflic (57). 
 (worldly) life: woruldlif (47). 
 lift: arseran (113). 
 lift up: Opah^bban (VI. 107). 
 light, subst.: leoht (47), leoma 
 
 (53). 
 (give) light to: aliehtan (113). 
 light, vb. : onliehtan (113). 
 lighting: liehting (51. 3). 
 lightning: lieget (47. 7). 
 like, subst.: gelica (53). 
 like, adj.: gelic (58, 165). 
 (such) like: ijyllic (57). 
 like, vb.: lystan (113). 
 like, conj. : swa-swa. 
 likeness: gelicnes (51. 6). 
 likewise : eac, gelice, swilce, 
 
 swilee eac. 
 line: stig (51. b). 
 lineage: gebyrd (51. 6). 
 linen cloth: sciete (53. 1). ^ 
 lion: leo. 
 list: lystan (113). 
 literature: boccraeft (43). 
 little: lytel (57. 3). 
 (a) little: hwon. 
 (but) little, adv. : lyt. 
 little by little : stycceingelum 
 
 (72). 
 live, adj. : cucu (irreg.) . 
 live, vb.: libban (122), wunian 
 
 (118). [libbende]. 
 
 living: cucu (irreg'.), cwic (57), 
 lock: loc (47). 
 lodge: wician (118). 
 lofty: healic (57), steap (58). 
 lofty cliff: heaclif (47). 
 long: lang (68), micel (57. 3). 
 (so) long as : fSsi-hwile-'Se. 
 long-necked: langsweored (57). 
 long (time): lange. 
 (a) long time ago : gefyrn. 
 
54 
 
 EKGUSH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 look: besSon (V. 106), lOclan 
 
 (118). 
 look for: nSostan (118), winan 
 
 (118). 
 lonl: drybten (43. 4. r), weald- 
 
 end (43. 0). 
 (of the) lord: dr>*htenlic (57). 
 lordly: dryhtenllc (67), wlaDC | 
 
 (58). 
 lordsliip: hlftfordsclpe (44. 1). 
 lose: forlwtaii (R. 110), for- 
 
 l«OMin (11. 103). 
 loss: lyre (44). 
 loud: mlcel (67. 3). 
 love, ntbst. : lufe (68. I), lufu 
 
 (61. a), sibb (61. h). 
 love, vb.: luflan (118), geluflao 
 
 (118). 
 lovely: ft»g©r(67. 3). 
 lover: liiflend (43.6). 
 loving: ftrf»st (68), luflendllc 
 
 (87). 
 loving-kindness : mlldheortiies 
 
 (61. 6). 
 lovingly: ivelwillendlice. 
 lowly: earinllc (67), SaVmdil 
 
 (68). 
 low-lying: nltlTerllc (67). 
 lust: gfilnes (61. o). 
 lyre: hearpe (63. 1). 
 
 M. 
 
 maiden: fSmne (63. 1), mfiden 
 
 (47. 6). 
 maintain: gehealdan (R. 109), 
 
 healdan (U. 109). 
 majesty : niaegenffiymm (43), 
 
 iii8egen9ry nines (61. 5). 
 make: don (140), gedon (140), 
 
 geweorffan (III. 104), ge- 
 
 wyrcean (114), wyrcean (114). 
 make alive: gelifTsBstan (113). 
 make headway : f ramgfin (141). 
 
 make joyful: gebllsslan (118). 
 
 make known: rj'tfan (113). 
 
 maker: wj-rhta (63). 
 
 male sex: werhftd (43). 
 
 man: mann (46), manna (63), 
 
 wer (43). 
 (leanied) man: IftrSow (43). 
 (young) man: cnlht (43). 
 manifest: gesweotollan (118). 
 manifold: manlgfeald (68). 
 mantle: sclcoeU (43), wAfeU 
 
 (43). 
 many: fela (164. n), mantg (67). 
 mar: wierdan (113). 
 marble: marmnnKtAn (43). 
 marine: tAlIc (67). 
 manias portion: morgenglefu 
 
 (61. a). 
 master: lAriow (43), l«of (43). 
 male: gemara (63), gemseccMi 
 
 (83). 
 material : an timber (47). 
 may: mStan (137). 
 mean: ntmnan (116. b), 
 meaning: aodgiet (47). 
 (by any) means : Anige 9lnga. 
 (by) means of: 9iirh (172). 
 (by no) means : nft. 
 meditation : smSaung (61. 3). 
 meed: mSd (61. />). 
 (to) meet: tdgSanes (166). 
 melancholy: drSorig (67). 
 merchandise: hlsest (47). 
 merchant: mangere (44. 1). 
 mercy : mlldheortnes (61. 5). 
 merit, subst. . earnung (61. 3). 
 merit, vb.: geearnian (118). 
 merry: bliffe (59). 
 metal: w^g (43). 
 middle: mid (57). 
 (in the) midst of : tontlddes (166). 
 might: mlht (61. 6). 
 mighty: mihtig (57). 
 mind: geVanc (47), mod (43). 
 
ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABITLAllY. 
 
 55 
 
 (be) mindful: gemunan (134). 
 mingle: gem^ngan (113). 
 minister to: ffen'mn (118). 
 ministration: (5'enung (51. 3). 
 miserably : earinlice. 
 misfortune: gelimp (47). 
 mishap: ungelimp (47;. 
 misjudge: misS'yiiceaii (114). 
 modest: sceaiiifaest (58). 
 molest: gewaegan (113). 
 monastery: inynster (47). 
 monk: munuc (43). 
 moon : inona (53). 
 more, adj.: inara (53). 
 more, adv. : ma, swiljor. 
 (once) more : ^f t. 
 moreover : swilce eac. 
 morning: m^rgen (43), morgen 
 
 (43). 
 mother: inodor (52. 2). 
 mountain : dun (51. 6), inunt (43). 
 mournfully : sarlice. 
 mourning: heof (43). 
 move: styrian (118). 
 (that) moves: styriendlic (57). 
 moving: styriendlic (57). 
 much, adj.: fela (154. a), micel 
 
 (57. 3). 
 much, adv. : swiSfe. 
 (very) much : 9'earle. 
 multiply: gemanigfieldan (113). 
 multitude: unrim (47). 
 music : sweg (43), swegcraeft 
 
 (43). 
 mussel: mnscule. 
 must: sculan (133). 
 my: min (58). 
 
 N. 
 
 naked: nacod (57). 
 name, subst. : nama (53). 
 name, vb. : gen^mnan (115. b). 
 narrate: ar^ccean (114). 
 
 narrative: ges^tnes (51. 5). 
 nation : cynn (47), folc (47), 
 
 ma^gff (51. 6), ffeod (51. b). 
 native land: etfel (43. 4. a). 
 naught: naht (89. b). 
 naval force : sciph^re (44. 2). 
 near, adj.: neah (58). 
 near, adv. : neah. 
 near, prep. : be (166). 
 nearly: niehst (c/. p. 139, 1. 10). 
 necessary: niedlfirearflic (57). 
 necessity: nied (51. 6). 
 neck: sweora (53). 
 need: nied (51. 5), ffesLvf (51. 5). 
 needful: niedijearflic (57). 
 needle: nsedl (51. b). 
 needy (one): iJearfa (53). 
 neither . . . nor : ne . . . ne. 
 never : gefre ne, nsefre. 
 never-ceasing: singal (58). 
 nevertheless: hw8e(5're,swa-9'eah, 
 
 Ueah-hwaeQ're. 
 nigh: neah (58). 
 nigh at hand : neah. 
 night, subst.: niht (52). 
 night, adj.: nihtlic (57). 
 (by) night: nihtes (74). 
 no : na. See also no (one), 
 noble, subst.: ealdormann (46). 
 noble, adj. : aelfifele (59), rice (59). 
 noble birth: seS'elborennes (51. 
 
 5). 
 noise: sweging (51. 3). 
 no (one) : nsenig (57), nan (58). 
 nor: ne. 
 
 north: noriafdael (43). 
 (from the) north : nord'an. 
 northeasterly : eastnorUerne (59). 
 northern part : norlS'dsel (43). 
 northward: noriaf. 
 not: ne. 
 
 (have) not: nabban (121). 
 (know^) not: nytan (126). 
 (will) not: nellan (139). 
 
66 
 
 ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 not at all : nfi« nftlces, nfitesh^rSn. 
 not even : nft. 
 nothing: nft hi (89 b). 
 nourish : fif§<lan (118), fidaa 
 
 (118). 
 novel: »eldc09 (68). 
 now: nQ. 
 
 nowhere: nfthwfir. 
 nowhither: nfthwlder. 
 number: dfil (48), ni^nlfl^ (61. 
 
 a), 
 (difficult to) number : earfoVrime 
 
 (69). 
 numerouB: feU (164. a). 
 
 O: tali, 1ft. 
 
 loath : 89 (48). 
 
 obedience: gehiersumoM (61. 6), 
 
 hiernea (61. 5). 
 obedient: gehienum (67). 
 obey: gehiersumlan (118). 
 observe : gehealdan (U. 109), 
 
 healdan (U. 109). 
 obtain: beg^etan (V. 106), tllian 
 
 (118). 
 occupation : craeft (48). 
 (secular) occupation : woruld- 
 
 crteft (48). 
 (worldly) occupation : woruld- 
 
 blsgu (61. a). 
 occupied: geomAill (68. 2). 
 occupy: bisg^ian (118), geagnlan 
 
 (118), ges^ttan (118). 
 ocean: gfinecg (48). 
 of: for (166), tnm (166), of 
 
 (166). 
 of CJyrene: CjTenisc (67). 
 offend: ofVyncean (114). 
 offer: beodan (II. 103). 
 of heaven : heofonllc (67). 
 of life: imic (67). 
 of old : iu. 
 
 often: geneahhe, oft 
 
 of the lord- dryhtenlic (67). 
 
 of the sea: swlic ^67). 
 
 of which : 9anan. 
 
 of yore: gSara. 
 
 of you : Cower (81). 
 
 oU: ^e(44). 
 
 old: eald (68). 
 
 (of) old : In. 
 
 on: be (166), for (166), on (166, 
 
 17S). 
 on all sides: Agbwanan. 
 on a sadden : f Arlnga, ungeryd- 
 
 elloe. 
 once: Ane (79). 
 (at) once : on ftn. 
 once more : ^t. 
 one: ftn (79), man (89. «), sum 
 
 (67). 
 (towards) one another : betwSon- 
 
 an lilni. 
 oneness: ftnnes (61. 6). 
 on the outside : Otan. 
 on top of: onuppan (166). 
 open, a({/. ; open (67). 
 open, vb.: geopenlan (118), on- 
 
 tynan (118). 
 openly : gewlsllce. 
 opposite, prep.: ongSan (166, 172). 
 oppress: hienan (118). 
 or: o99e. 
 
 orbit: ymbhwyrft (48). 
 order, au^^st.: hfis (61. 6). 
 order(8): rSd (48). 
 order, vb. : ge^ndebyrdan (118). 
 ordinance : gesetennes (61. 6). 
 ore: 5ra (68). 
 organs: organa. 
 (golden) ornaments : goldfrsetwa 
 
 (61. a), 
 other: o9er (67. 3). 
 ought: sculan (188). 
 our: Ore (69). 
 ours; ure (81). 
 
ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 57 
 
 out: nt. 
 
 out of • of (166). 
 out of the way: seldcuS" (58). 
 outside : ute. 
 (on the) outside : utan. 
 outside of: butan (166). 
 toven: ofen (43), 
 over : ofer (166, 172), geond (172). 
 overcome: oferswiQ'an (113). 
 overthrow oferwinnan (III. 104). 
 own: agen (57. 3), self (86; c/. 
 p. 154, 1. 4). 
 
 pacify: gestillan (113). 
 
 panther: pard. 
 
 parch: forbaernan (113). 
 
 part: dsel (43). 
 
 (northern) part: norlS'dgel (43). 
 
 (southern) part: suS'dgel (43). 
 
 part asunder: todselan (113). 
 
 pass away: for9'faran (VI. 107), 
 
 ford'geleoraii (113), tosceacan 
 
 (VI. 107). 
 pasture: Ises (51. h ; irregular). 
 patrician: aeS'elboren (62). 
 tpay : agiefan (V. 106) . 
 peace: slbb (51. h). 
 pearl: meregreote (53). 
 penalty: wite (48). 
 penny: pining (43). 
 people: cynn (47),folc (47), 9'eod 
 
 (51.6). 
 perceive: oncnawan (R. 109), on- 
 
 gietan (V. 106). 
 perchance : wen is 9" set. 
 perform: awyrceaii (114), forS"- 
 
 teon (II. 103), gedon (140), 
 
 gefr^rainan (115. a), Ifeestan 
 
 (113). 
 perhaps : wen is S'aet. 
 peril: frecnes (51. 6), pliht 
 
 (43). 
 
 period: faec (47), fierst (43). 
 perish : fornumen beon, for- 
 
 weor9'an (III. 104), to lore 
 
 weorljan. 
 
 permission : leaf (47). 
 
 permit : aliefan (113), lief an 
 
 (113). 
 perpetrate: gefr^mman (115. a). 
 pertain : belimpan (III. 104). 
 petition: ben (51. h). 
 Pict: Piht (43). 
 (break in) pieces : tobreean (IV. 
 
 105). 
 (go to) pieces : toberstan (III. 
 
 104). 
 piety: geornfulnes (51. 5). 
 pillage: hlolS'ian (118). 
 pitier: gemiltsiend (43. 6). 
 pity: geniiltsian (118). 
 place, suhst. : st^de (44), stow 
 
 (51. b). 
 (chief) place: ealdordom (43). 
 (in the first) place : seres t. 
 (public) place: street (51. h), 
 place, v6. .• as^ttan (113), ges^tt- 
 
 an (113), gelogian (118), l^c- 
 
 gean (115, note), s^ttan (113). 
 plague: gewsegan (113). 
 plain: anfeald (58). 
 plainly : gewislice, sw^eotole, 
 
 sweotollice. 
 plan: diht (47). 
 play, suhst. : plega (53) . 
 play, vh. : geteon (II. 103), pleg- 
 
 ian (118). 
 play the harp: hearpian (118). 
 pleasant: wynsum (57). 
 please: geeweman (113), lieian 
 
 (118). 
 pleasing: gecweme (59). 
 pleasure: gefea (53). 
 plebeian: unael5'ele (59). 
 plectrum: hearpenaegl (43). 
 pledge: gehatan (R. 110). 
 
68 
 
 ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 plowman : lerlOrilng (43). 
 plowshare : sulhscear (43) . 
 placknp: nlman (IV\ 106). 
 plunder, subst.: rSaflftc (47). 
 plunder, vh. : hl591an (118). 
 ply: begftn (141), begaogan (R. 
 
 109). 
 poetry: 16o«f (47). 
 (highest) point: hSanes (51. 5). 
 point out: getScean (114). 
 pomp: wl^ncii (61. a). 
 poor, Bubst.: OTearfa (63). 
 poor, a(^..* hSan (68), UTearf- 
 
 endllc (67). 
 poor man: wAdIa (68). 
 (marriage) portion : niorgenglefu 
 
 (61. a). 
 position : st^e (44). 
 poasess: gealttan (V. 106), habb- 
 
 an (ISl). 
 possession: fiht (61. 1). 
 postponement: ^cung (61. 3). 
 pound: piind (47). 
 pour out: figSotan (lU. 108), 
 
 so^ncan (113). 
 poverty: lermVu (61. a), 
 (reduce to) poverty : forlerman 
 
 (118). 
 power : anweald (43), crapft (48), 
 
 m«gen (47. 1), mlht (61. 6). 
 powerful: rice (60), Strang (68). 
 practise: beglln (141), begangan 
 
 (R. 109). 
 praise, subst.: lof (48). 
 praise, vb. : h^rlan (116). 
 pray: gebtddan (V. 106). 
 prayer: ben (61 6), gebed (47). 
 precious: deorwier9e (69), deor- 
 
 wurHr (68). 
 precious stones : gimtn (43). 
 preferable: leofra (60). 
 prepare: gegearclan (118), ge- 
 
 gearwian (118). 
 present, subst.: lae (47). 
 
 present, adj. : andweard (68), 
 
 geandweard (68). 
 presumption: dyrstlgnes (61. 6). 
 prevent: forecutnan (IV. 106). 
 previously done : ftrg«dOn (68). 
 pride: mOdignes (61. 6), flpft- 
 
 hAfednes (61. 5). 
 priest: msBMeprSost (48). 
 priestess: ticerd (61. h). 
 primacy: ealdorddm (43), eald- 
 
 orsclpe(44. 1). 
 prince: ealdortnann (46). 
 princess: owSn (61. 6). 
 prison: cweartem (47). 
 private apartment : bflr (48). 
 procuring: ttlung (61. 3). 
 produce: ftc^niian (118), lAdan 
 
 (118). 
 productive : berende (61). 
 profit, subsi. : gestrSoo (47), 9earf 
 
 (6L 6). 
 profit, vb,: fr^mman (116. a). 
 profound: deopllc (67). 
 promise: behAtan (R. 110), ge- 
 
 hfttan (H. 110). 
 property : plur, of g5d (47). 
 prophet: wftga (68). 
 propitious: gesjmdtg (67. 3). 
 prospect : wSn (61. 5). 
 prosperity: g5d (47). 
 prostrate: fistr^cean (114). 
 protect: gescleldan (118). 
 protection: gebeorg (47), ge- 
 
 scieldnes (61. 5). 
 proud: i^rlanc (68). 
 prove: geryffan (113). 
 provide: tlllan (118). 
 providence; foresceawiing (61. 
 
 3). 
 province: mSbg9 (61. 6), ffeod 
 
 (61. 6). 
 provision: Sst (61. b). 
 provisions; "wist (61. 6). 
 psalm: sealm (43). 
 
ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 59 
 
 public place : street (51. 5). 
 
 pull: teon (II. 103). 
 
 punishment; wite (48). 
 
 pupil: Iseringiiieeden (47. 6). 
 
 pure: cleene (59). 
 
 purple: godw^bb (47). 
 
 purple garment: paell (43), purpre 
 
 (53. 1). 
 pursue : began (141), ehtan 
 
 (113)^ 
 put: don (140), l^cgean (115, 
 
 note), 
 put away: afierran (113). 
 put to flight: aflieman (113). 
 
 quantity: dael (43). 
 
 (southeast) quarter: eastsul^dgel 
 
 (43). 
 queen: cwen (51. 6). 
 queer: sellic (57). 
 quell; toweorpan (III. 104). 
 quickening: straiigung (51. 3). 
 quickly: hwsetlice, hrai^e. 
 quiet, adj.: stille (59). 
 quiet, vb.: gestillan (113). 
 quietness: stilnes (51. 5). 
 
 R. 
 
 radiance: leoma (53). 
 
 radiant; beorht (58 \ leoht (58). 
 
 rage: hwaljerian (118). 
 
 raging; angrislic (57). 
 
 raiment: gegierela (53), reaf 
 
 (47), scrud (47). 
 rain, siibst. : regn (43). 
 rain, vb.i rinan (113). 
 rampart: weall (43). 
 rampart of earth eorafweall (43). 
 rank: aeS'elborennes (51. 5). 
 rapine: reaflac (47). 
 rash : dyrstig (57. 3). 
 
 rather: ma, swiSfor. 
 
 ravage; h^rgian (118). 
 
 reach: areecean (114), begietan 
 
 (V. 106). 
 reach forth: fon (R. 110). 
 read: gersedan (113), reedan 
 
 (113). 
 reading: becrseding (51. 3). 
 read through: oferraedan (113). 
 (for this) reason ; for-afam. 
 receive: habban (121), onfon 
 
 (R. 110), underfon (R. 110). 
 reception: onfangennes (51. 6). 
 reckoning- getael (47). 
 recognize: oncnawan (R. 109). 
 recompense: forgieldan (III.104). 
 recount: gemyngiaii (118). 
 red: read (58). 
 redden: areadian (118). 
 redeemer: alicsend (43. 6). 
 redness: rudu (51. a). 
 reduce to poverty : forierman 
 
 (113). 
 reflect: S3'^ncean (114). 
 refresh: geretan (113), gereord- 
 
 ian (118). 
 region; gfeod (51. b). 
 regular: regoUic (57). 
 rejoice : blissian (118), geblissian 
 
 (118)._ 
 relate: ar^ccean (114), gemyng- 
 
 ian (118). 
 release: gesemetgian (118), on- 
 
 liesan (113). 
 remain: wunian (118). 
 remark: cTvide (44). 
 remarkable; sellic (57). 
 remedy: Isececraift (43). 
 remember: gemunan (134), ge- 
 
 9'^ncean (114). 
 remove ; afierran (113) . 
 rend; toslitan (I. 102). 
 render steadfast : gestal5'eliau 
 
 (118). 
 
60 
 
 ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 renew : edniwian (118), ge- 
 
 edniwlan (118). 
 renounce: wlffsacan (VI. 107). 
 renowned: niSre (59). 
 repast: gereord (47). 
 repose: ger^tan (118). 
 represent: fortft^on (11. 108). 
 request, subst. : wIIIh (68). 
 request, vb.: bIddHo (V. 106). 
 requite: forgleldan (III. 104). 
 rescue: hAlu (51. 1). 
 reserve: gehealdan (H. 109), 
 
 healdan (K. 109). 
 rest: ger^tan (118), Ucgan (V. 
 
 106). 
 restless: unstllle (59). 
 rest of: 59er (57.3). 
 restore: gestatfellan (118). 
 retainer: tfegn (48). 
 retinue: gefdrsripe (44. 1). 
 retreat: diegelnes (51. 5). 
 return: ^fthweorfan (III. 104), 
 
 gecierran (113), gew^ndan 
 
 (118), hweorfan (III. 104), 
 
 w^ndan (118). 
 (in) return for: wW (166). 
 reveal : setiewan (118). 
 reverence: firwIerVnes (51. 6), 
 
 Satfm5dne8 (51 5). 
 revolve: betyrnan (118), iernan 
 
 (III. 104), tyrnan (118). 
 reward: mSd (51. b). 
 rib: ribb (47). 
 rich : welig (57). 
 riches: wela (58). 
 right: riht (58), swiVra (60). 
 righteous: rihtwis (58). 
 righteousness : rlhtwisnes (51. 5). 
 ring: bring (48). 
 ripe: ripe (59). 
 rise: iipastigan (I. 102). 
 rising: apgang (43). 
 risk: pllht (51.6). 
 river: ea (52). 
 
 road: 8Ug(51. 6). 
 roebuck: rfilidSor (47). 
 Roman: Romanise (57). 
 Romans: Romane. 
 roof: hrOf (48), flTsDce (58. 1). 
 rose: rOse (58. 1). 
 rotation: winding (51. 3). 
 row: r9wan (R. 109). 
 rowing: rSwnes (51. &). 
 royal: cyDellc (57). 
 ruin : forlerman (118). 
 rule, Buhst.: anweald (48), ge- 
 weald (47), hlftfordsclpp (44. 
 
 1). 
 (bear) rule: ricslan (118). 
 rule, r6.; gewleldan (118). 
 rule over: gfeman (118). 
 ruler: wealdcnd (48.0). 
 run: iernan (III. 104). 
 
 S. 
 
 sagacious: behygdlg (57). 
 
 sail: 8egl(47). 
 jsake: »lng (47). 
 
 salt-spring: sealtsSatf (48). 
 
 salute : gr^tan (118). 
 
 salvation : hAlu (51. a). 
 
 same : Ilea (60), self (58, 60). 
 
 sanguinary: wselgrlin (57). 
 
 Saun : scucca (53). 
 
 saucily : unforwandlendlice. 
 
 Savior: H»lend (48.6). 
 
 say : fir^cean (114), cweOTan (V. 
 106), gecweffan (V. 106), ge- 
 s^gean (128), s^gean (123). 
 
 scarlet: weolocread (58). 
 
 scorch: forbsernan (113). 
 
 Scots: Scottas (43). 
 
 sea: s» (43; 51. 6). 
 
 (of the) sea: ssellc (57). 
 
 sea-animal: s»wiht (51. b). 
 
 seal, subst.: Insegel (47), seolh 
 (43. 3). 
 
ENGLISH-OLB ENGLISH VOCABULABY. 
 
 61 
 
 seal, vb.: geinseglian (118). 
 sea on the east: eastsse (43; 61. 
 
 6). 
 sea on the west: westsae (43; 61. 
 
 6). 
 seashore: strand (43). 
 season: tid (51. 1). 
 seat: setl (47). 
 second: oSfer (57. 3). 
 (keep) secret: forswigian (118). 
 secular art: woruldcraeft (43). 
 secular occupation : woruldcraeft 
 
 (43). 
 secure: trum (57). 
 see: geseon (V. 106), sceawian 
 
 (118)^ 
 seed : saed (47). 
 seedtime: ssedtima (53). 
 seek: biddan (V. 106), ceosan 
 
 (II. 103), neosian (118), secean 
 
 (114). 
 seek out: secean (114). 
 seem: gei^yncean (114), SPyncean 
 
 (114). 
 seems : gesegen is, geSTuht is. 
 seethe: weallan (R. 109). 
 seize: gelaeccean (114), geniman 
 
 (IV. 105), niman (IV. 106). 
 select: geceosan (II. 103). 
 self: self (58, 60). 
 sell: cTepan (113), s^llan (114). 
 send: as^ndan (113), ges^ndan 
 
 (113), ons^ndan (113), s^ndan 
 
 (113). 
 sense: andgiet (47). 
 separate, adj.: synderlic (57). 
 separate, vb.: asyndrian (118), 
 
 gedeelan (113), todgelan (113), 
 
 todon (140), tosceadan (R. 
 
 110). 
 serenity: smyltnes (61. 5). 
 serpent: nsedre (nseddre) (53. 1). 
 serve : folgian (118), ijenian 
 
 (118). 
 
 service: d'enung (51. 3), iSPeow- 
 
 dom (43). 
 serving: IJeow (58). 
 set: asteenan (113), gelogian 
 
 (118), ges^ttan (113), l^cgean 
 
 (116), s^ttan (113). 
 set down: s^ttan (113). 
 set out: litS'an (I. 102). 
 settle: ges^ttan (113). 
 seven: seofon (79). 
 sevenfold: seofonfeald (68). 
 seventh: seofoi5'a (60). 
 seventy: hundseofontig (79). 
 sever: asyndrian (118). 
 severe: Strang (58). 
 sex: had (43). 
 (female) sex: wifhad (43). 
 (male) sex: overbad (43). 
 shall: sculan (133). 
 shame: sceamu (51. a). 
 sharp: scearpe. 
 shatter: tobrecan (IV. 106). 
 sheep: sceap (47). 
 sheet: sciete (53. 1). 
 shepherd: sceapbierde (44). 
 shift: aw^ndan (113). 
 shine: gebierbtan (113), seinan 
 
 (I. 102). 
 ship: scip (47). 
 
 shipwreck: forlidennes (51. 5). 
 shipwrecked: forliden (62). 
 shoemaker: sceowyrhta (53). 
 shore: wearolj (43). 
 short: medmicel (57), sceort (58 . 
 show : cyUan (113), gecy9'an 
 
 (113). 
 shower: regn (43). 
 shrewd: bebygdig (67). 
 shut up: beclysan (113). 
 sick: geuotruinod (62), untruin 
 
 (57). 
 side: healf (51. b). 
 (from all, on all) sides : segbwan- 
 
 an. 
 
62 
 
 EXGLTSH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 sign: ^otaoauug ^51. o), tficen 
 
 (47). 
 signal: tdcen (47). 
 signify: tficniaii (118). 
 silence: swige (68. 1). 
 (keep) silence: swiglan (118). 
 silent: stille (59). 
 (be) silent: swiglan (118). 
 silk: side (68. 1). 
 silver, gubst.: s«olfor (47). 
 sliver, a({}.: seolfren (67). 
 similarly : gelice. 
 simple: ftnfeald (68), unn9ele 
 
 (69). 
 sin: gesyngfan (118). 
 since: swfi, 9onne. 
 sinful: synflill (68.2). 
 sing: slogan (III. 104). 
 (a) single: ftn (79). 
 sir: l«of (48). 
 sit: geslttan (V. 108), sittan (V. 
 
 106). 
 sit around : ymbslttan (V. 106). 
 sixth: slexta (60). 
 size : w£stm (48) . 
 skilful: gelSred (68). 
 skUl : crsBft (48). 
 skilled : gelAred (68). 
 sky: loft (47). 
 slaujghter: wsel (47). 
 slay: flellan (113), ofslSan (VI. 
 
 107) » ongeslean (VI. 107), 
 
 slean (VI. 107). 
 sledge: sl^g (61. 6). 
 sleepless: «rwaeol (67). 
 slip away : toglidan (I. 102). 
 smaller: Iwssa (60). 
 smile: smercian (118). 
 8mit€: beatan (U. 109), cnyssan 
 
 (116. a), geslean (VI. 107), 
 
 slean (VI. 107). 
 smithy : smiffffe (58. 1). 
 smooth: smylte (59). 
 so: swa. 
 
 8*>cieiy : gefSrrSden (61. 6). 
 sojourn: wiclan (118). 
 soldier: c^inpa (68). 
 solicit (the hand of) : glcruan 
 
 (118). 
 so long as : 9fi-hwile-9e. 
 some (one): sum (67). 
 something: fiht (89. />), hwsst- 
 
 hwega (89. b). 
 sometimes: hwilum (78). 
 somewhat: hw5a. 
 son: beam (47), sunu (45). 
 song: sang (48). 
 song of gladness : bllsseeang 
 
 (48). 
 son-in-law: ftffum (48). 
 soon, as soon : s5na. 
 (as) soon as : sIViOran. 
 sore: sAr (68). 
 sorrow: murcnung (61. 6), sftr 
 
 (47). 
 sorrowful : unrOt (68). 
 sort: gemot (47). 
 (this) sort: swilc (68). 
 sort of fish: flsccynn (47). 
 sort of tree: trtowcynn (47). 
 so that : t9 9on 9 SBtte. 
 soul: mod (48), sfiw(o)I (5L 
 
 4). 
 soulless: sfiwolISas (58). 
 south: s09dSl (48). 
 southeast quarter : eastsSVdwI 
 
 (48). 
 southern part: sQ9dSI (48). 
 southwestern: saffwesterne (69). 
 space: faec (47), fierst (48). 
 spacious: brSd (58), widgill (58. 
 
 2). 
 
 spark: f^rspearca (68). 
 
 speak: cweffan (V. 106), ge- 
 cwe9an (V. 106), s^cgean 
 (123), sprecan (V. 106). 
 
 speech: spr^ec (51. 6). 
 
 (with) speed : braedllce. 
 
ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 63 
 
 spice: wyrtgemang (47), Tryrt- 
 
 gem^ngnes (51. 5). 
 spirit: gast (43). 
 splendid: nisere (59). 
 splendor : wl^ncu (51. a), wuldor 
 
 (47. 6). 
 spouse: gemseccea (53). 
 spread: brgedan (113), springan 
 
 (III. 104). 
 spring: l^nctentid (51. 1). 
 sprinkle: gestregdan (III. 104). 
 squalid: horig (57. 3). 
 stable: fsest (58). 
 stand: arsefnian (118), standan 
 
 (VI. 107). 
 standstill: standan (VI. 107). 
 star: steorra (53), tungol (47. 6). 
 starvation: hunger (43). 
 station: aeS'elborennes (51.5), ar 
 
 (51. 6). 
 stay : fsestnung (51. 3). 
 (render) steadfast : gestae* elian 
 
 (118). 
 still, adj.: stille (59). 
 (stand) still: standan (VI. 107). 
 still, vb.: gestillan (113). 
 still, adv. : giet. 
 still, conj. : hwaeiaPre. 
 stone, siibst. : stan (43). 
 (precious) stone: gimm (43). 
 stone, adj.: stsenen (57). 
 storm: storm (43), winter (43. 
 
 5). 
 strand : strand (43), vfrearoff (43). 
 strange: 86^059* (58), sellic (57). 
 stranger: cuma (53). 
 street: street (51. b). 
 strength : maegen (47. 1 ), str^nglSfu 
 
 (51. a). 
 strengthen: gestrangian (118). 
 strew: gestreowian (118). 
 strife: geflit (47). 
 strike : beatan (R. 109) , geslean 
 
 (VI. 107), slean (VI. 107). 
 
 strike down: slean (VI. 107). 
 strip: benseman (113), genacod- 
 
 ian (118), ongierwan (113). 
 strive: campian (118). 
 strong: Strang (58), trum (57). 
 struggle: campian (118), winnan 
 
 (III. 104). 
 study: lar (51. &), leornung (51. 
 
 3). 
 subdue: oferwinnan (III. 104). 
 subjoin: underiaTiedan (113). 
 submission: underljeodnes (51. 
 
 5). 
 subside: gestillan (113). 
 substance: antimber (47). 
 such, adj.: swilc (58). 
 such, adv. : swa. 
 suchlike: lafyllie (57). 
 (on a) sudden: f seringa, unge- 
 
 rydelice. 
 suddenly: f seringa, fserlice, sam- 
 
 ninga, s^mninga, ungeryde- 
 
 lice. 
 suffer: gefaran (VI. 107), t^olian. 
 suffice : genyhtsumian (118). 
 (be) sufficient for: genyhtsum- 
 ian (118). 
 suffuse: oferbrsedan (113). 
 suggestion: bysen (51. 6). 
 suitable : gedafenlic (57) , ge- 
 
 screpe (59). 
 sulphur: swefel (43. 4). 
 summer: sumer (43. 5). 
 summon: laffian (118). 
 sun: sunne (53. 1). 
 supplication: ben (51. b). 
 supply: getimbran (115. b). 
 support, subst. : faestnung (51. 3), 
 
 fultum (43). 
 support, vb. : af edan (113), fedan 
 
 (113). 
 suppose: wenan (113). 
 supremacy : ealdordom (43), 
 
 ealdorscipe (44. 1). 
 
64 
 
 ENGLTRH-oi 1> 1 nOT.T^^H VOCABULARY. 
 
 surface: b58m (48;, bradncii (51. 
 
 6). 
 surround: ymbhSn (R. 110), 
 
 ytiibtrymiiian (115. a). 
 sustain: Aberaii (IV. 106), ge- 
 
 healdan (K. 109). 
 sustenance: aodllfan (61. 6), 
 
 blgleofa (58), feurhn^ru (61. 
 
 a). 
 swan: lelfpte (68. 1), swan (48). 
 swarm: hSap (48). 
 swear: gMw^rlan (VI. 107), 
 
 sw^rlan (VI. 107). 
 sweet: swSte (60). 
 sweetness : swStoes (61. 5). 
 swell: Mliidan (111.104). 
 swift: swift (68). 
 swiftness: swiftnes (61. 5). 
 swim: swlmman (III. 104). 
 swimming: sund (47). 
 swinge: g«sw^ngan (118). 
 
 table: beod (48). 
 
 tailor: sSamere (44. 1). 
 
 take: bringan (114), genltnan 
 
 (IV. 106), ISdan (118), nliiian 
 
 (IV. 106). 
 take away : setbregdaD (III. 
 
 104). 
 take in : underfSn (R. 110). 
 take leave of: grStan (118). 
 tale: sprSc (61. 6). 
 tapestry: rQwe (68. 1). 
 taught: gelSred (68). 
 teach : getficean (114), Iftran 
 
 (118), tAcean (114). 
 teacher: Ifireow (48). 
 teaching: Iftr (61. 6). 
 tear, subst, : tear (48). 
 tears: w6p (48). 
 tear, vb.: toslitan (I. 102). 
 tell: s^cgean (128). 
 
 lenuTity : dyrsttgnes (61. 5). 
 
 tempest: hrSohnes (61. 5). 
 
 temple: tempel (47.6). 
 
 temptation : oostnung (61. 3). 
 
 tenacious: fiesthafol (67). 
 
 terrible: ^gesllc (67). 
 
 u^rrify : ftf firan (118). 
 
 than: 9onne. 
 
 thane: 9egn (48). 
 
 thank : VancUn (118). 
 
 that: ffmt, tfsttte. 
 
 tliat movers : styriondllc (67). 
 
 then : eomostltce, 9&, tfonne. 
 
 thence: 9anan. 
 
 there : 9ft, If&r. 
 
 (from) there: 9anan. 
 
 therefore : for-9Ain, for-9on. 
 
 therein : VAroii. 
 
 the while that : 9ft hwlle 9 e. 
 
 thine: 9in (68). 
 
 thing: tfing (47). 
 
 (good) things: plur. of g5<l (47). 
 
 think: V^ncMMi (114), wiDan 
 
 (118). 
 thhrd: tfridda (00). 
 thirst: UyntHn (118). 
 thirsty: tTurstlg (67). 
 thirty: 9ritig (79). 
 this kind : 9ylllc (67). 
 this sort: swilc (68). 
 thither: tflder. 
 though : 9Sah, lOTeah-Ve. 
 though . . . yet: 9eali . . . 9Sali 
 
 (208), 9gah-9e . . . hwseOTre, 
 
 ff€ah-tfe . . . swft-9eah. 
 tliought: geVanc (47). 
 thousand: ffflsend (79). 
 three: 9rie (79). 
 throne: setl (47). 
 throng: heap (48). 
 through: geond (172), in (172), 
 
 9urh (172). 
 throughout: geond (172), 9urli 
 
 (172). 
 
ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABTJLAEY. 
 
 65 
 
 throw: ges^ndan (113), swing- 
 
 an(?) (III. 104). 
 thrust: scufan (II. 103). 
 thunderbolt: lieg (43). 
 thus : eornostlice, 3'us. 
 thy: IJiii (58). 
 tiger: tigris. 
 time: faec (47), hwil (51. 5), 
 
 tid (51. 1), tima (53). 
 (a long) time ago : gefyrn. 
 tin: tin (47). 
 to: aet (166), to (166). 
 to-day : to-daeg. 
 together : setgsedere, samod, 
 
 samod setgaedere, toggedere. 
 toil, subst. : gedeorf (47), ge- 
 
 swinc (47), gewinn (47). 
 toil, vb.: winnan (III. 104). 
 toilsome: gewinnfullic (57). 
 to meet: togeanes (166). 
 too : to. 
 
 top: top(?) (43). 
 (on) top of: onuppan (166). 
 torment: gesw^ncan (113). 
 torture : wite (48) . 
 toss: gesw^ngan (113). 
 touch: astyrian (118), gesecean 
 
 (114). 
 toward: between (166), ongean 
 
 (166, 172), ^^fiff (166). 
 towards: togeanes (166). 
 towards one another : betweonan 
 
 him. 
 tower, subst. : tore (43) , wiglius 
 
 (47). 
 tower, vb. : hlifian (118) . 
 trade: eraeft (43). 
 train: iv^nian (116). 
 trained: gelsered (62). 
 trample upon: oftredan (V. 106). 
 transform: aw^ndan (113). 
 translate : geiv^ndan (113), w^nd- 
 
 an (113). 
 translation: aw^ndednes (51. 5). 
 
 translator: wealhstod (43). 
 transversely: 9'wieres (71). 
 tread down: fortredan (V. 106), 
 
 oftredan (V. 106). 
 tread under foot: fortredan (V. 
 
 106). 
 treasure : goldhord (47) . 
 tree : treo (47. 3). 
 (sort of) tree: treowcynn (47). 
 tremble: forhtian (118). 
 tribe: cynn (47), meegff (51. 6). 
 trinity: Serines (51. 5). 
 triumphant: sigefaest (58). 
 troop: fefSa (53). 
 trouble: bisgu (51. a), sorg (51. 
 
 6). 
 true: soS" (58). 
 truly: soljlice, witodlice. 
 trumpet: biema (53). 
 trust, subst.: treownes (51. 5). 
 trust, vb.: gehyhtan (113). 
 truth: soS" (47), soijfaestnes (51. 
 
 5). 
 (clothed in a) tunic only: nacod 
 
 (57). 
 turn: bew^ndan (113), cierran 
 
 (113), gecierran (113), ge- 
 
 w^ndan (113), hweorfan (III. 
 
 104), w^ndan (113). 
 turnback: cierran (113). 
 tusk: tusc (43). 
 twelve: tw^lf (79). 
 twenty: twentig (79). 
 (evening) twilight : eefenglomung 
 
 (51. 3)^ 
 two: twegen (79). 
 Tyrian: Tyrisc (57). 
 
 U. 
 
 under: under (166). 
 understand: ongietan (V. 106), 
 
 understandan (VI. 107). 
 understanding: andgiet (47). 
 
66 
 
 ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 uneducated: ungelfired (68). 
 unexpected: mifl^wSned (62). 
 unfree: Vfiow (68). 
 ungrateful : ungeOTancfuU (68. 2). 
 unhappiness : sAmea (61. 6), 
 
 murcDung (61. 6). 
 unhesitatingly: Sa9e. 
 unity : ftnnet (61. 5). 
 universal: gemdne (69). 
 unknown : ancll9 (68), unge- 
 
 cnftwen (89). 
 unlearned: ungelfired (69). 
 unquiet: unstllle (69). 
 unrighteous: unrihtwis (68). 
 unrighteousness : uDrlhtwianes 
 
 (61. 6). 
 unruffled : sroylte (69). 
 unspeakable : uofts^gende (61). 
 untaught: ungelAred (69). 
 unthankful: nngeVaiicfUIl (68. 
 
 2). 
 until, prep, : 9ff (179). 
 until, conj. : 59-9»t. 
 unusual : ungewunellc (67). 
 unwearied: ungewSrged (69). 
 up: Op. 
 upon: ofer (166), on (166, 179), 
 
 onuppan (166). 
 upper: ufanweard (68), Optic 
 
 (57). 
 uproar: gebrec (47). 
 use, subst. : nfed (61. 5). 
 (be of) use : genyhtaumtan (118). 
 use, vb, : notian (118), gewuniao 
 
 (118). 
 useful: behefe (69). 
 utensU: f»t (47. 4). 
 
 V. 
 
 (in) vain: faolungra. 
 variegated : mislice gebleod. 
 various: misllc (67). 
 various kinds of: mlssenlle (67). 
 
 variously: mlsllce. 
 
 vassal: 9egn (43). 
 
 vein: 5ra(?) (63). 
 
 venerable : ftrwierOTe (69). 
 
 verily : b69, 
 
 vernal : l^nctenlic (67). 
 
 verse: ieo9 (47). 
 
 version : Aw^dednea (61. 6). 
 
 very, adj. : self (68, 60). 
 
 very, adv. : twiffe, 9earle. 
 
 very much : tfearle. 
 
 vex: geawtncan (118). 
 
 victorious: sigeteat (68). 
 
 victory : tlge (44). 
 
 vigil: wnocen (61. 5). 
 
 vUe: fOl (68). 
 
 vineyard : wingeard (48). 
 
 violence: rCVnea (61. 6). 
 
 violent: rtVe (69), Strang (68).' 
 
 violently: tfearllce. 
 
 virgin: f»mne (63. I). 
 
 virginity : mssgirhftd (48). 
 
 virtue: nuegeB (47. 1). 
 
 visible: geaewMilIc (67). 
 
 visit: genSoaUui (118), gm^ctmm 
 
 (114), a«c«ui (114), wiolM 
 
 (118). 
 visitant: cuma (63). 
 voice: stefn (61. 6). 
 void: Amtig (67), idel (67. 3). 
 
 W. 
 
 waft: gebringan (114). 
 
 wait: bidan (I. 102), gebidan 
 
 (L 109). 
 wakeful: wrwacol (67). 
 wall: weal! (43). 
 wanting: wana (168). 
 war: wig (47). 
 wares: hlsest (47). 
 warfare : fierding (61. 3). 
 war-house: wighas (47). 
 was called : hatte. 
 
ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULAKY. 
 
 67 
 
 waste: forniman (IV. 105). 
 (lay) waste: h^rgian (118). 
 watch: sceawian (118). 
 watch-tower: ton* (43). 
 water: wseter (47. 1, 6). 
 (body of) water : waeterscipe (44. 
 
 1). 
 wave: yff (51. h). 
 waver: wafian (118). 
 wax: weax (47). 
 way: weg (43). 
 (in any) way : tenige 9'inga. 
 (out of the) way: seldcua* (58). 
 (in different) ways : mislice. 
 weal: wela (53). 
 wealth: wela (53). 
 wealthy: welig (57). 
 weapon: weepen (47. 1). 
 wear out : gesw^ncan (113), 
 
 sw^ncan (113). 
 weary, adj.: werig (57). 
 weary, vb. : sw^ncan (113). 
 web-footed: flaxfete (59). 
 weep: wepan (R. 109). 
 weeping: heof (43), wop (43). 
 weight: gewiht (47). 
 well, adj. : gesund (58) . 
 well, adv. : geare, wel. 
 well-beloved : leof (57) . 
 welter: gewealc (47). 
 (from the) west : westan. 
 (sea on the) west: -westsse (43; 
 
 51. 6). 
 whale: hran (43), hwsel (43. 2). 
 what: hwset (88; 89. c), hwilc 
 
 (58). 
 whatever: furSfum. 
 what (so) ever : swa-hwaet-swa 
 
 (89. d). 
 wheel: hweol (47). 
 whelk: weoloc. 
 when : hwonne, inid-9'am-l9'e, 
 
 mid-l5y, mid-l5y-9'e, sifftSan, 
 
 sona, 15'a, !3'a-t5a, ffonne. 
 
 when . . . (then) : fSsi . . . fSsi, 
 
 ffsi-ffsi . . . l^a, d'onne . . . 
 
 laronne (202). 
 whence : hw^anan, 95'anan. 
 where: hwger, IJa, 'Ss^r. 
 wherefore : foriafoii. 
 wherever: 15'ider. 
 whether: hrwse'&er. 
 whether ... or : 9*6 ... 9*6 (202). 
 which: hwilc (58). 
 (by, from, of) which: S'anan. 
 whichever: swa-hwaeaPer (57). 
 while, subst. : hwil (51. 6), tid 
 
 (51. b). 
 (a) while: hwilum (72). 
 (the) while that : Ua hwile fSe 
 while, conj. : mid-iafy, inid-9'y-9'e, 
 
 fSa-lrwile-'Se. 
 whip: swingan(?) (III. 104). 
 whit: wiht (47). 
 Jwhite: hwit (58). 
 whither: hwider. 
 who: hwa (88). 
 whole: gehal (58), hal (58). 
 why: for hwon, for hwy, to 
 
 hwon. 
 wicked : manfull (58. 2), un- 
 
 cystlg (57), yfel (5_7. 3). 
 wickedness : ungeffwajrnes (51. 
 
 5). 
 wide: wid (58). 
 wife: wif (47). 
 wild: wild (58). 
 wild animal: wildeor (47). 
 wild beast: wildeor (47). 
 will, subst.: willa (53). 
 will, vb.: willan (139). 
 will not: nellan (139). 
 wind: wind (43). 
 window: eagS'yrel (47. 6). 
 wine : win (47). 
 wings: fiffru (47). 
 winsome: wynsum (57). 
 winsomely : wynsumlice. 
 
68 
 
 ENCLTSH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 winter, if. >cai, ouo»t,: printer 
 
 (48. 6). 
 winter, ac{f.: wlnterlio (57). 
 wintry: winterlic (67). 
 wise: wis (58). 
 wish : wlUan (189), wytcan 
 
 (118). 
 wiUi: on (166), mid (166), wt« 
 
 (166). 
 with difficulty : uniaVe. 
 withdraw: atbregdan (IIL 104). 
 within, adv, : tone. 
 within, prep. : blnaan (166), inn- 
 
 an (166), wl91nnan (178). 
 without: bfltan (166). 
 with speed : hrssdllce. 
 withsUnd : witTstandan (VI. 107> 
 woe: w8a (58). 
 wolf: wulf (48). 
 woman : wif (47). 
 wonder, subst, : wundor (47. 1). 
 wonder, vb. : wundrian (118). 
 wonderful: wundorllc (57). 
 wondrously : wundurllce. 
 wont: gewuna (58). 
 (be) wont: i^ewunian (118). 
 WOO: glernan (118). 
 wood: wudu (45). 
 word: word (47). 
 work, subst. : geweorc (47), weorc 
 
 (47). 
 work, vb,: gefr^mman (115. a), 
 
 "wyrcean (114). 
 workman: wyrhta (58). 
 work with effort: swincan (III. 
 
 104). 
 world: mlddangeard (48), wor- 
 
 uld (51. 1, 3). 
 
 worldly dignity : woruldge9yngtf 
 
 (51. 6). 
 worldly honor: woruldge9yng9 
 
 (51. 6). 
 worldly life: woruldlif (47). 
 worldly occupation : woruldbisgu 
 
 (51. a), 
 worm: wyrm (48). 
 (kind of) worms : wyrmcynn (47). 
 (become) worse: hfflglaii (118). 
 worthily: weortfllce. 
 writ: gewrit (47). 
 write: ftwriUn (1.109), gewritan 
 
 (I. lot), 
 writing: gewHt (47). 
 wrongly: yfele. 
 
 Y. 
 
 year: giar (47). 
 
 yearly : gCarllo (57). 
 
 yesterday: gleatran-dsBg (48). 
 
 yet, adv. : giet 
 
 (as) yet: giet, 
 
 yet, cof^. ; hwssVre, nO, swft, 
 
 n-hwseVre, tfSah. 
 yield: wyrcean (114). 
 (of) yore : giara. 
 (of) you: Cower (81). 
 young: geong (58). 
 young man: cnlht (48). 
 your: Sower (57. 3). 
 youth : cniht (48), geoguV (51. 6). 
 
 Z. 
 
 zeal: geomfulnes (51. 5). 
 zealously: geornlice. 
 
EKGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 69 
 
 ADDITIONAL WORDS. 
 
 afar off : feorran. 
 awl : £el (51. b). 
 deal : don (140). 
 lenslave: (Jeowian (118). 
 favorable : gesyndig (57. 3). 
 fish-hook: angel (43. 4). 
 fowl: fugol (43.4). 
 Jharp : hearpere (44). 
 Jhate : hatian (118). 
 journey, sb. : sicJfaet (43. 2). 
 
 judge, sb. : dema (63). 
 J merciful : mildheort (88). 
 poem : leotJ (47). 
 sin: synn (51. 6). 
 smith : smltJ (43^). 
 Jto-morrow : to-morgen. 
 vessel: faet (47. 4). 
 warrior : wigend (43. 6). 
 t whosoever : swa-hwa-swa. 
 
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