Cook UC-NRLF *B 253 TOl EF^ISES IjSl Old E[MC>LIS1-| GiNN '8c Company -<gs£^^^^~ LIBRA.RV OK THE University of California. QJ^K/^> s. o*^ "- %^.\ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/exercisesinoldenOOcookrich .u EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH BASED UPON THE PROSE TEXTS OF THE AUTHOR'S "FIRST BOOK IN OLD ENGLISH" BY ALBERT S. COOK Professor of the English Language and Literature in Yale University BOSTON, U.S.A. GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 1899 I ii /cprvncMT. 189s, AAjf^t l^BERT S. COC COOK. Au. RiGNTt Rbsbrvid. Typography by J. S. Gushing & Co., Norwood, Mass. PREFACE. The author's experience in the teaching of Old English has persuaded him that exercises for translation into Old English would serve a useful purpose. A sufficient reading knowledge is often acquired before there is any adequate mastery of forms. Such mastery is of the first importance, considering that Old English is studied quite as much for the light it sheds upon the subsequent development of Eng- lish speech as for any other reason; yet it is not easy to induce the student to make the requisite effort when he no longer finds especial difficulty in reading the text. On the other handj to require an exhaustive knowledge of inflec- tions at the very outset is somewhat opposed to current pedagogical theory, which assumes that there should be at least a superficial acquaintance with the phenomena before any considerable attempt at classifying them is made. In this dilemma, a book of exercises, only sufficient in length to enforce the requisite knowledge of inflections, of groups like the various classes of verbs, and of the most essential principles of syntax, appeared likely to offer the teacher what is needed. Such an aid is commonly employed in teaching the two ancient languages, and all the modern ones ; if it be an innovation to make use of it in the teach- 12536'^ IV PREFACE. ing of Old English, it is not because there could be any serious doubts of its utility, but because pedagogical skill has scarcely been turned in this direction. The exercises here provided fall roughly into two divis- ions. The earlier ones follow somewhat closely the open- ing selections of the author's First Book in Old English in respect to the words employed and the mold of sen- tences, the particular selections being referred to by Roman numerals ; the later ones deviate more widely from the cor- responding selections in this respect, and will require more frequent reference to the Vocabulary provided at the end of the book. This deviation, however, is not from good usage ; for the exercises under consideration are \isually based upon such texts as the Gospels and iElfric's Homilies. The necessity of rendering the form of the Old English sentence unmistakable to the attentive student has some- times led to a departure from familiar modern idiojn, especially in the case of Scriptural passages. In a few instances this transgression of idiomatic propriety may be regarded as excessive; but perhaps it will be forgiven in view of the exigency which occasioned it. The author has intended to supply all needfid assists ance in the way of syntactical references, and of the sug- gestion, when doubt might arise, of the proper word. If in this respect or any other he has failed to supply the reasonable demands of the teacher or student, he will be gratefid for such hints as may enable him to effect an improvement Yale University, April 15, 1895. EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. o:*<o Exercise 1. 1. The evening and the morning. 2. The day and the night. 3. The earth and the heaven. • 4. The fish and the bird. 5. The grass and the seed. 6. The tree and the herb. 7. The dry land and the water. 8. The image and the likeness. 9. The light and the darkness (plur.). 10. The sign and the season. 11. The spirit and the life. 12. The creature and the food. 13. The year and the day. 14. The man and the animal. 15. The tree and the fruit. 16. The firmament and the abyss. L Exercise 2. 1. The days and the nights. 2. The fishes and the birds. 3. The trees and the herbs. 4. The images and the likenesses. 5. The signs and the seasons. 6. The years and the days. 7. The men and the animals. 8. The seas and the heavens. 9. The seeds and the fruits. 10. The evenings and the mornings. 11. The spirits and the men. 12. The whales and the cattle. 1 8 EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. Exercise 8. [Note. — In the case of a noun with limiting genitive, it is more in accordance with Old English idiom to leave untranslated the article detining the limited noun« and to make the limited noun follow the genitive. For instances see First Book^ p. 123, 1. 3 ; p. 124, 1. 14 ; p. 126, II. 7, 12.] 1. The beginning of the day. 2. The spirit of God. 3. The light of the life. 4. The life of the bird. 6. The food of the fish. »>. The iirmament of the heaven. 7. The beasts of the earth. 8. The face of the deep. 9. The congregations of the waters. 10. The waters of the sea. 11. The fishes of the sea. 12. The birds of the air. 13. The array of the heavens and of the ejirth. 14. The works of God. 15. The kinds of the animals. 16. The stars of the heaven. 17. The seeds of the grass. 18. The illumination of the nights. Exercise 4. [Note. — For adjectives preceded by a demonstrative, see 66.] 1. The great whales. 2. The earth was empty and void. 3. The things were good. 4. The fruit-bearing trees. 5. The great lights. 6. The little star. 7. The smaller bird. 8. The larger tree. 9. The life of the good man. 10. The beginning of the seventh night. 11. The waters of the great sea. 12. The second (80) day and the second night. 13. The third day of the second year. 14. The food of the fifth man. 15. The light of the sixth evening. 16. The works of the moving creatures. 17. The morning of the first day. 18. Increase (sing.) and be multiplied. EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 3 Exercise 5. 1. God created the heavens and the earth. 2. God made two great lights. 3. God made the firmament. 4. God created the great whales. 5. He made the beasts of the earth. 6. He saw all those things. 7. He finished his work. 8. He blesses the seventh day. 9. The man ceases from his work. 10. I see the bird in the tree. 11. They saw the fish in the water. 12. The birds of the air fly. 13. The trees grew. 14. The stars shone. 15. The fish swims. 16. The men swam. Exercise 6. 1. The animal lives, 2. The bird flies. 3. The tree grows. 4. The man rules over the cattle of the earth. 5. Let him be over the birds and (over)- the beasts. 6. The stars are above the sea. 7. It is for your food [to you for food]. 8. The herb bears seed. 9. The tree yields fruit. 10. The air is very good. 11. The things are very good. 12. The birds were very good. 13. The light of the stars was very good. 14. He gave them all trees. 15. I give you all things upon earth. 16. I call the firmament Heaven. Exercise 7. 1. He has dominion. 2. He blesses the earth. 3. He says thus. 4. Now is the season. 5. It was so called. 6. Behold, God rules over the earth. 7. The tree is in the midst of the grass. 8. The earth is in the midst of the air. 9. The waters are under the firmament. 10. Birds are the food of the animal. 11. Divide (plur.) 4 EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. the waters from the waters. 12. God's dominion is over all creatures. 13. God hallows each day. 14. Let the birds increase and be multiplied. 15. Let the men swim in the sea. 16. Let the tree bear fruit. 17. He says likewise, Let the light be for a sign. Exercise 8. 1. Your works are good. 2. His tree is fruit-bearing. 8. Thou art the man. 4. This year is the fourth. 5. God made these little birds. 6. He created me likewise. 7. Our cattle (plur.) see the grass. 8. We live our lives (168. 1). 9. His seeds grow in the earth. 10. The animals rest (themselves). 11. Fill the waters. 12. Let dry land appear. 13. Place (ges^te) the fish in the sea. 14. Have (sing.) all spirits under [in] your control. 15. Let the stars shine in the heavens. 16. I say in- deed. Bless all men. 17. Thou, who madest life, bless me. n. Exercise 9. 1. Sparks fly. 2. The house Ls empty. 3. The ships are empty. 4. The merchant sells needles, awls, fish- hooks, and plowshares. 5. The blacksmith makes plow- shares in his smithy. 6. The oil and the wine are good. 7. The fisherman rows over the sea. 8. Tlie carpen- ter supports his son. 9. The tailor bought the nee- dle. 10. The bellows blow. 11. The hammer smites. 12. Let us seek the kingdom of God. 13. He will not EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 5 live with the blacksmith. 14. We had rather live [To us it is preferable to sojourn] with the farmer than with the tailor. 15. Gold is better (66) than tin. 16. The carpenter makes a hole. Exercise 10.. 1. The tree is useful to the carpenter. 2. Our horses have fodder. 3. O priest, read the Gospel. 4. Buy (sing.) wine and oil. 5. O good fellows, row over the waters. 6. Her son is rich. 7. Ply (sing.) your trade. 8. God gave us his Gospel. 9. The farmer practises agriculture. 10. The service of God [God's service] is better (66) than other occupations. 11. Which of you holds (om. the) chief place? 12. My gain is little. 13. My labor is great. 14. I sold ivory and silk. 15. O, were 1 king of this people ! Exercise 11. 1. The monks have food and drink. 2. Settle [quell] your disputes. 3. He suffered shipwreck. 4. He aban- doned his wife. 5. Be what [that] you (sing.) ought to be. 6. They do not wish to be what they ought to be. 7. He went aboard the ship with his wares. 8. O good workmen, ply your trades. 9. I tell you (sing.), the shoemaker buys awls, and the fisherman buys (fish-) hooks. 10. Sometimes he reads, because he is wise. 11. The king buys horses. 12. Righteousness is bet- ter than gold. 13. They struck me. 14. The farmer beats him. 15. We suffer the loss of copper and tin. 16. The princes of the earth go aboard their ships. 17. The priest benefits (164. e') the laymen. 6 EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. Rzerclte 12. 1. The counsellor is wiser (64) than the warrior. 2. The elephant is larger than the horse. 3. God created all (om. the) fishes in (am. the) sea. 4. The cattle seek fodder. 5. God commanded the earth to bring forth grass. 6. On the third day God gathered the waters that were under the heavens. 7. Let the earth bring forth living creatures (the verb precedes). 8. God made man good (173). 9. He is (^om. the) light that gives light to (ftlielitan) all things. 10. Some of them (151) were rich, and some were wise. 11. The night has many stars. 12. The light shineth in (on) darkness (plur.). 13. The year has three hundred and sixty-five (78) days. 14. The carpenter has two sons. 15. The soldier has eight houses. 16. The peril waa great. III. Kxerclse 18. 1. Christ is the Son of God [God's Son]. 2. Christ is our Lord. 3. When saw I you (sing.) hungry? 4. Gold is precious. 5. The Day of Judgment will come. 6. The farmer says to the workman, I will sell this house. 7. The workman answers the farmer, I will buy your house. 8. Life is more than raiment. 9. The stranger is in prison. 10. The merchant is in the inn. 11. The father clothes the son. 12. This world is great. 13. The shepherd feeds the sheep (sing.). 14. The merchants are rich. 15. The sol- dier drinks wine. 16. The monks drank water. EXERCISES IlSr OLD ENGLISH. 7 Exercise 14. 1. The king sat on the throne. 2. Stand on my right hand. 3. All nations shall come to the judgment. 4. The devil is (om, the) father of the unrighteous. 5. All men are sinful. 6. The priest is sick. 7. Grant (sing.) me garments. 8. The horse is useful to the king. 9. The loss of all your things was strange. 10. He departed from her. 11. Give (sing.) me to drink. 12. Visit (plur.) the sick. 13. When did you (sing.) see the goat? 14. When was he in the inn? 15. This is eternal life. 16. The prisons were empty. 17. The living God is eternal. Exercise 15. 1. He stood before the king. 2. The goat eats grass. 3. The angel flies to the earth. 4. You (sing.) deny me food. 5. The monk did it in Christ's name. 6. He will separate the goats from the sheep. 7. He poured her out wine and water. 8. The Lord will come with his angels. 9. The morning cometh, and also the night. 10. Work the works of God. 11. Clothe (sing.) the naked. 12. I will not sit on the king's throne. 13. The bird sees the light. 14. The men will see the stars. 15. As long as you (plur.) fed the hungry, you did it to the Lord. 16. When did you see the stranger sick? 17. The hungry man came to the ships. 18. The sol- dier brought us the horses' fodder. 19. The farmer has the blacksmith's hammer. 20. Who has the tailor's needles? 21. I hear the bellows (169) blow. 22. Do (oTTi.) you (sing.) see the hammers smite ? 8 EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. IV. Exercise 16. 1. Gold is more precious (64) than silver. 2. Right- eousness is more precious than gold. 3. The bath is hot. 4. The baths are hot. 5. The animals are living. 6. Some pearls are black. 7. The island is beautiful. 8. Dolphins swim through the water. 9. Here are fishes often caught. 10. The night is more beau- tiful than the day. 11. The city was distinguished with walls and gates. 12. Summer comes^ and then winter. 13. The sun shines over all. 14. Tlie old man came to the house. 15. Here are also found lead and iron. 16. Put not your hand into the fire. Exercise 17. 1. The soldier takes the gem. 2. The rain injures the tower. 3. The whale swims. 4. Fishermen caught seals. 5. The hungry sheep are not fed. 6. The man's wife is beautiful. 7. Some men are black. 8. The carpenter will clothe his son. 9. Depart from me, for I am (om, a) sinful man, (ow. O) Lord. 10. They shall drink, but ye shall be thirsty. 11. He said to her, Give me, I beseech thee, water to drink ; for I am thirsty. 12. He is not (om. a) God of (^om. the) dead, but of (om. the) living. 13. The sun shines on (ofer) the righteous and the unrighteous. 14. Ye are (ow. the) light of the world. 15. The twelve gates were twelve pearls. 16. The street of the city was gold. 17. Those that ate were four thousand men (154. (?), besides women and children. EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. V V. Exercise 18. 1. Blessed (p.p.) be God, the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of mercies, and the God of all comfort. 2. The winds were favorable. 3. He wishes to watch their journey. 4. The wind and the sea obey him. 5. Not at all in vain fought I with death, as he fought with beasts. 6. The time draws near [approaches, 164] (om. the) birth of Christ. 7. It is the day when (pe) he was born (ac^nned). 8. O, wast thou with me, dearest, then, while I rose up against my doom (dom) ? 9. The moon is hid (hydan, 113), the night is still. 10. Thou bringst the fisher to his wife. 11. Calm is the morn(ing). 12. I know that this was life. 13. What do ye more than they ? VI. Exercise 19. 1. At length the king ceased to bear rule. 2. He had the kingdom forty years. 3. When were the bridges built? 4. To-day thou shalt be with me. 5. What (om. did) the Romans build (pret.) in Brit- ain? 6. I send my angel before (beforan, 166) thy face. 7. Come (sing.), and bring those letters that you wrote. 8. I promise you obedience, if you help (196. cZ) me. 9. Send me (^om. a) large army. 10. I fight with my enemies. 11. Expel your foes. 10 EXEBCIBB8 IN OLD ENGLISH. 12. The soldiers went home. 13. He will come with (om, a) fleet. 14. Slay (sing.) all that you find (gemetan). 15. The harvest is rich in fruits. 16. Seedtime and harvest never shall fail (geswican). 17. The year has four seasons. Exercise 20. 1. The earth is (om. the) Lord's. 2. The sea saw, and it fled. 3. He shall flee the iron weapon. 4. He that (b€ tfe) is not (^om, the) shepherd, and owns not (127) the sheep, when he sees the wolf, then flees he, and abandons the sheep, and the wolf seizes the sheep. 5. The day is thine, the night also Lb thine ; thou hast prepared the sun and the moon ; thou hast set the bor- ders of the earth ; thou hast made summer and winter. 6. Let us build these cities, and make about (ftbQtan, 172) them walls, and towers, and gates, while the land is yet (giet) before us. 7. These nations are more than I ; how can 1 expel them ? 8. Go to the sea, and cast a fishhook, and t^e the first (Srest) fish, and open (geopenian) his mouth (mQ9, 43). 9. Thou wilt find a penny ; take that, and give (s^llan) for me and for thee. Exercise 21. 1. Then said he. She is not dead. 2. Then took he her hand, and said. Maiden, arise. 3. The stone wall is seven feet broad, and twenty feet high. 4. I took leave of her (ace), and announced {om, to) her that I never more would visit her. 5. The righteous (ow. ones) are as bold as (om. a) lion. 6. The Britons were cowardly. 7. Come hither, fair maiden. 8. Happy EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 11 is that people, whose God is the Lord. 9. Learn of (aet) me, for I am merciful and lowly (eaSTmod) in heart, and ye shall find (gemetan) rest (r§st, 51. 6) (om, unto) your souls. 10. Now 1 send you as sheep among (gemang, 172) wolves. 11. When they pursue (ehtan) you in this city, flee into (on) (om. an)other. 12. I take leave of my native land. VII. Exercise 22. 1. Idleness is the mother of sin. 2. Etheldred was (om, the) daughter of the king of the East Anglians. 3. The bishop's beautiful monastery was destroyed (fordilgian). 4. Labor [toil, sing.] with your hands. 5. Pursue (sing.) your study. 6. He goes to church. 7. Depart from me, ye that work unrighteousness. 8. What is your name ? 9. Tell (hatan) our three friends to go thither to him. 10. The song descends from heaven (plur.) to earth. 11. I am wont to visit the bishop. 12. I wish (willan) first (om. to) ask you (sing.) one thing (156). 13. I wish to take (Isedan) him with me. 14. The priest prostrated himself before (fore, 172) the bishop. 15. On the third day, the holy soul was released from the body. Exercise 23. 1. The largest window of the church is two feet (154. c) broad, and four feet high. 2. Little by little the sweet song drew nigh. 3. I entreat you to tell 12 EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. [that you tell] me what is (194. b) the angel's name. 4. The soldiers took his raiment, and made (wyrcean) four parts, (om. to) every soldier a part ; thus did the soldiers. 5. The mother of Jesus stood by (wiar, 172) the €ro88. 6. Many read this writing. 7. With his little hatchet he cut down (forceorfan, 104) the tree. 8. The ax is placed (fts^ttan) into (to) the root (wyrt- ruma, 53) of the trees. 9. He took an ax in his hand. 10. Sell (s^llan) me five hatchets. IL His bodily in- firmity was very grievous. 12. Your companionship is very pleasant. 13. Is it any wonder that [though] the faith of God grew (196. «)? Bzeretae 24. 1. He that (se (Fe) sitteth on the throne shall dwell (wuniaii) in the midst of them. 2. Angels are spirits without body. 3. I saw a star (169) fall from heaven unto [until] the eartli. 1. He that overcometh, the same shall be clothed (gr^scrydan) in white (hwit) rai- ment. 5. These things saith he that is holy. 6. Fear him (CTone) that is able to destroy (fordon) both soul and body in (on, 166) hell. 7. I am not worthy (wierJjTe) that thou enter under (172) my roof. 8. Great is your reward in heaven (plur.). 9. If God so clothes (om. the) grass of the field, which (87. 6) to-day is, and is (hitf) to-morrow sent (as^ndau) into (on, 172) the oven, much (178) more he (am. shall) clothe you, O ye of little faith. 10. Better is the soul than food (m^te), and the body than its raiment. 11. Behold (behealdan) the birds of heaven ; your heavenly Father feedeth (fedan) them. 12. What shall (sculon) we eat, or what drink ? /^ O*- THE >. \ 1>4IY£RS1TY ! EXERCIS^Sl^IN OI^D E^^GLISH. 13 Exercise 25. 1. He that (se STe) loveth not his brother, whom (87. J) he seeth, how can (mugan) he love God, whom he seeth not? 2. The time of my departure is nigh at hand. 3. He did something (hwsethwega) of this sort, while his companions were going to town (burg)' 4. Be with the brethren. 5. Open the win- dows of the house. 6. Love (plur.) your enemies, do (om. to) them well that hate you, that ye (om. may) be (196. /) children of your Father, which (87. 6) is in heaven (plur.). 7. Ye are my friends, if ye do (ind.) the things which (87. c?) 1 command (bebeodan) you (verb last). 8. The birds sang the sweetest song, winsome (ace.) to hear. 9. The roof of the church is very high, 10, There (3'a) was suddenly with the angel (om. a) multitude [number] of the heavenly host, praising (gen. plur.; cf. 189. 2) God, and thus saying. 11. To God be (193) glory (wuldor) in (om. the) heights, and on earth peace (^om, to) men of good will. 12. He returned (^fthweorfan) (om. by) the same way that he had come (see ser, adv.). VIII. Exercise 26. 1. Thou art dust, and thou returnest (gew^ndan) to dust. 2. So much (swiSfe) loved God (om. the) world (middangeard), that he gave (s^llan) his only-begotten (anc^nned) Son, that no one (om. may) perish (196./) that (87. d) belie veth in (on, 172) him, but have (196. 14 EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. /) the eternal life. 3. Jesus said (cwe9an) to him, I am way, and truth, and life ; no one (nftn) conieth (183) to the Father, except by (CFurb) me. 4, Peace 1 leave (am. with) you (164. a); my peace I give (forgriefan) you. 5. Then rained it, and there (tJftr) came floods, and blew winds, and fell (fthreosan) on that house; and the house fell (feallan). G. So every good tree beareth (beran) good fruits (wSstm), and every evil tree beareth evil fruits. 7. Every tree that (87. rf) beareth not good fruit (sing.) is cut down (for- ceorfan, 104) and cast into (am. the) fire (verb last). 8. He went into (on, 172) a mountain, that he (am. might) pray (gebiddan, 184. 6); and when (ff&) he prayed (184. 6), his raiment was white (hwit), shin- ing. 9. The mountain, falling, (be)cometh to naught. 10. The king, in all his glory (wuldor), was not adorned like (swft-swft) one of these. Exercise 27. 1. He showed (setiewan) them his precious things, — the silver, and the gold, and the spices, and all that was found (gemetan) in his treasures. 2. A certain rich man was adorned (gegl^ngran) with purple (verb last). 3. Then (p&) lay a certain poor man at his gate. 4. No man gave (am. unto) him ; but dogs (bund, 43) came and licked (liccian, 118) his sores (wund, 43). 5. Then happened it that the poor man departed (gewitan); and angels bore hun to Abra- ham's (54) dwelling. 6. Then lifted (ab^bban) he his eyes up, and saw Abraham afar off [from afar]. 7. O father Abraham, have compassion on me, and EXEECISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 15 send Lazarus. 8. O son, remember that thou didst receive goods in thy life. 9. I beseech thee that thou send him to my father's house. 10. If they hear not the prophets, they ((?m. will) not believe, though any one (liwa) arise from death (verb last). 11. Provide for yourselves (184. a) friends (156. n) in (on) God's poor (arearfa). Ye have many Lazaruses (Lazaras) now lying at your gates. IX. Exercise 28. 1. Every one that (87. 6?) forsakes for my name his house, or his brethren, or sisters (52. 3), or father, or mother, or wife, or children, or lands, with a hundred- fold (om, it shall) be requited to him (verb last), and he shall have besides eternal life. 2. He gave (s^llan) to each a penny in return for his day's work. 3. He sent them into (on, 172) his vineyard. 4. He saw others in (om. the) public place standing (169) idle. 5. Then said he. Go ye also into my vineyard, and I will give you what (STaet) is right. 6. Once more he went out about (ymbe, 172) the sixth and ninth hour, and did similarly. 7. Then about the eleventh hour he went out, and found others standing (pres. part.). 8. Then said he. Why stand ye here all day idle ? 9. Then said they. Because no man (om. hath) hired (liyrian, 118) us. 10. Truly, when even was come [when it was evening become], then said the lord (lilaford) of the vineyard to his steward (g^erefa, 53), 16 EXBBCnffiES IN OLD ENGLISH. Call (cleopian) the workmen, and pay them (164. a) their hire (med). 11. Accordingly, when those came that came about the eleventh hour (verb last), then received they each his penny. 12. And those, that there (iraSr) first came, supposed that they should (sculan) receive more (mftre). Exercise 29. 1. Thou (pm. hast) made (ddn) them equal (gelic) (om, unto) us, which (87. d) (am. have) borne burdens (51. 5) in this day^s heat. 2. Take that is thine, and go (om. thy way); I will give unto this (om. one) just (eall) as much as (om. unto) thee. 3. May I not do what (CTaet) I will ? 4. Camest thou not to me to work (wyrcean, 200) for (wIDT) one penny? 6. He was (om, a) man (wer) and j)rophet, miglity in speech and in deed (weopc) before (beforan, 166) God and all (pm, the) people (folc). 6. That is the judgment, that light (am, is) come into (on, 172) (om. the) world, and men loved darkness (plur.) rather (swi- CTor) than the light, because their deeds (weorc) were evil. 7. God sent not his son into (om. the) world that he (om. should) condemn the world, but that the world (om. may) be saved (hselan, 113) by (OTuph) him. 8. Your reward (om. shall) be great, and ye shall be (om. the) children of the Highest; because he is kind (god) unto (ofer, 172) (om. the) unthankful and evil. 9. Give, and (om. it) shall be given you. 10. The disciple (leorningcniht, 43) is not above (ofer, 172) his master (lareow). 11. Show us thy mercy, and grant us thy salvation. EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 17 Exercise 30. 1. Swear (thou) not by (STurh) heaven, because it is God's throne ; nor by earth, because it is his footstool (fotsceamul, 43); nor by Jerusalem (Hierusalem), be- cause it is (^om, the) city of (om. the) great (msere) king. 2. Swear not by thy head, because thou canst not make (wyrcean) one hair (hger, 47) white or black. 3. Be your (plur.) speech thus. It is. It is not. 4. Ye (om. have) heard that (om. it) was said. Eye for (for, 166) eye, and tooth (46) for tooth. 5. He that breaks (toweorpan, 104) one of (of, 166) these least command- ments (bebocl, 47), and teacheth (Iseran) men so (verb last), he (se) shall be named least in (om. the) kingdom (rice) of heaven. 6. He that doeth and teacheth it, he shall be called great (inicel). 7. Ye (am, have) heard that (om. it) was said in old times (tid). Kill (thou) not. 8. Is it your (sing.) earth? 9. He has from his labor what he can. 10. The sun parched his field. 11. The roads (weg) should blossom (blostmian, 118), the roads should bloom, so fair (faeger) (^om, a) bride (bryd, 51. 6) shall leave her home (ham). 12. If they can, let them live without me. 13. He never forsakes those that trust in (on) him (172). X, XI. Exercise 31. 1. I know truly that my Redeemer liveth. 2. In my flesh I shall see God, I (^om. my) self, and not (na) (om. an)other. 3. He was taught (187) to do God's 18 EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. will. 4. Lead (thou) us not into temptation, but de- liver us from evil. 5. Be thy name hallowed. 6. Thy will befall (geweor9an, verb first) in earth as (swft- swft) in heaven(8). 7. No king of tlie Englisli wius 80 great as Alfred. 8. He fought with tlie Danes (44. 2); he judged his ])eople ; he made translations from Latin ; he was poet (leo9wyrhta). 9. His mother hight Osburg, and his father iEthelwulf. 10. He lived fifty-two years. 11. He learned reading after he was twelve (155) years (154. c) old. 12. His mother had a book of English i)oems, which she prom- ised (om. to) whichever of her two sons (am. sliould) first learn it. 13. Alfred asked her, Wilt thou in fact give that book to one of us two (uncer), (om. to) him who first understands (ongrletan) it? 14. Asser, Al- fred's bishop, wrote a book of (153) the king's life. xn, xiiL Exercise 82. 1. I bid you all farewell (gretan). 2. When they had rowed about (swilce) twenty furlongs (furlang, 47), or thirty, then saw they Jesus walking (gan) on (uppan, 166) the sea (verb last). 3. He arose and commanded (bebeodan) the wind (164. fi), and said (cwetFan) to the sea. Subside. 4. Tlie wind ceased (geswican), and there was (weoraran) (om. a) great calm. 5. Thou hearest his voice, and thou knowest not whence he cometh, nor whither he goeth. 6. He saw two bretliren casting (s^ndan) their net (n^tt, 47) EXERCISES IlSr OLD ENGLISH. 19 into (on, 172) the sea ; they were fishers. 7. And he said (s^cgean) to them (164. 6), Come after (sefter, 166) me, and I (om. will) make (don) that ye (dual) are fishers of men (153. d) ; and they immediately left their nets. 8. If thy hand or thy foot offend (seswic- ian, 118) thee, cut it (aceorfan, 104) off (of), and cast (om. it) from thee ; (^om. it) is better (om. for) thee (165) that thou go halt (healt, 58) into life, than (om. that) thou have two hands and two feet, and be cast into everlasting fire. 9. If any (hwilc) man hath (om, a) hundred sheep (154. (?), and loseth (forleosan) one of (of, 166) them [those], Qom, doth) he not leave the nine and ninety in the mountains, and goeth and seek- eth (secean) the one that (87. d) was perishing (for- wearO")? 10. And if it happeneth that he finds it, truly I say (s^cgean) to you that he rejoiceth more (swiSFor) over (ofer, 172) that one than over the nine and ninety. 11. When he cometh home (ham), he calleth (cleopian) together his friends and his neigh- bors (neahgebur, 43), and saith (cweSTan), Rejoice with me, because I (om, have) found my lost sheep. Exercise 33. 1. And, going (gangan) into (into, 166) the house, they found the child with Mary (Maria, 53) his mother. 2. Arise, and take (niman) the child and his mother by night, and flee to (to, 166) (om, the) land of the Egyp- tians, and be there until (that) I tell thee (verb last). 3. He arose then, and took the child and his mother by night, and journeyed into (on, 172) the land of the Egyptians ; that it (om, might) be fulfilled (gefyllan) 20 EXEKCISES IX OLD ENGLISH. which (87. a) was spoken (cwefTan) of (fram, 166) (am. the) Lord by (OTurh, 172) the prophet, From (of, 166) (om. the) Egyptians (om. have) I called (cleopian) my son. 4. What can they ask for [request ; 156. 6]? 6. The sun rules over the day (156. /). 6. They expected nothing but [except] death itself (156. ^). 7. Thou wilt cease from thy work (156. A). 8. Per- haps he will find a friend (194. a). 9. He said to them, I will (139) go a fishing ; they said, And we will go with thee. 10. They went out (fit), and went into (om. a) ship, and caught nothing (183) in (on) that night. Exercise 84. 1. Whoever you are (193. c), forsake me not. 2. If you find nobody (196. d) that will feed you, return hither. 3. Let my books be sufficient for both of us (see p. 167, 1. 13). 4. Both the boys are well edu- cated. 5. They were both righteous before (beforan, 166) God. 6. I conjure thee by (CTurh) the living God, that thou tell us if thou be Christ, (om. the) Son of God. 7. I tell you, After these (om. things), ye shall see the Son of Man sitting on (on, 172) the right hand of (om. the) majesty of God, and coming in (om. the) clouds of heaven. 8. Be (om. it unto) you two (dual, 81) according to (sefter) your faith. 9. Truly the Son of Man is to come (200) in (on, 166) his Father's glory (wuldor), and then ((Tonne) (om. shall) reward (figyltan, 113) every one (164) according to (be) his own work. 10. When (DFonne) Clirist Com- eth, then knoweth no man whence he is. 11. Jesus cried (cleopian) and taught (laeran) in the temple, EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 21 and said, Me ye know (cunnan), and ye know (witan) whence I am ; and I came not from myself [me self] , but he is true that (87. d) sent me, whom (87. a) ye know not. 12. Ye have not known (pret.) him ; I know him, and if I say that I know (194) him not (verb last), I (om, shall) be like (om. unto) you (165); but I know him, and I keep (heal dan) his saying (sprsec). 13. If I glorify myself, my glory is (183) naught (verb first) ; my Father (om. it) is, that (87. cZ) glorifieth me, con- cerning whom (87. a) ye say (cweafan) that he is (194) your God. Exercise 35. 1. Catch this ball. 2. Who caught the black ball? 3. Go the way that (87. d^ you came. 4. I never played better than I did to-day. 5. She never sang better than she did now. 6. Thrice (Q'riwa) I suf- fered shipwreck ; a night (170) and a day I was in this sea. 7. I knew '(witan) a certain man that (87. d) was carried (Isedan) unto (oQ", 172) the third heaven, and there (9'ger) heard the words that no earthly man may (not) speak (sprecan). 8. O, how narrow (nearu, 57. 5) is the gate and the way that (87. d) leads to life (verb last), and very few (om. there) are that find the way. 9. They come to (to, 166) you in sheep's gar- ments (gegierela), but within (innan) they are wolves. 10. When he came nigh (nealsecan) to the gate (163) of the city, tlien (9*3,) was there (i^rser) a dead man carried (beran). 11. I see a girl running (169) along (172) the street. 12. Anoint me with oil. 13. Give (s^llan) us of (of , 166) your oil. 14. If the Son de- livers you, ye (om, shctii) indeed be free. 22 EXEKCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. Exercise 86. 1. Judge ye not according to (be) appearance (an- slen, 51. 6), but judge right judgment (168. 1). 2. Then turned (bew^ndan, 184. 6) he to the woman, and said, Seest thou this woman? I went into (into) thy house, thou gavest me not water for (t6) my feet ; this (om. one hath) washed (101. VI.) my feet with (mid) Iier tears. 3. Thou gavest (verb hist) me not (pm, a) kiss (coss, 43); this (om. one), since (8i99an) I entered, (om. hath) ceased not to kiss [that she kissed] my feet. 4. My head thou with oihj (pm. didst) not anoint (smierwan, 113); this one anointed my feet with ointment (sealf, 51. 6). 5. Therefore I say (s^gean) to thee (164. 6), Many sins are forgiven (forgriefan) her, because she loved (verb last) roe much (swiUfe). 6. Less (neut. ace. sing.) loveth {om. to) whom (87. 6) less forgiven is. 7. It {am. it) is not permitted (ftllefan) thee to have her to wife. 8. Tlien he promised with (mid) oath (ft9, 43) to give (s^llan) her whatsoever she (om. should) ask (biddan) him. 9. Then, admonished (myngrian) by (fram) lier mother, she said, Give me in a disli (disc, 43) the head of John (Johannes) the Baptist (fulluhtere, 44. 1). 10. Then he sent (Ss^ndau), and beheaded (l>eheafdian, 118) John in the prison. 11. And one brought his head in a dish. Exercise 37. [In this exercise, omit the article and the second personal pronoun throughout.] 1. Praise ye the Lord from (of) the heavens ; praise him in the heights. 2. Praise ye him, all his angels ; EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 23 praise him, all his powers (msegen). 3. Praise ye him, sun and moon ; praise him, all ye stars and light (leolit). 4. Praise him, ye heavens of heavens, and ye waters that are above (ofer, 172) the heavens. 5. Let them praise [praise they] the name of the Lord ; because he spake (gecweiSfaii), and they were made (wyrcean); he com- manded, and they were created (p. 190, 1. 19). 6. He hath appointed them for ever and ever ; he (om. hath) made (s^ttan) a decree (bebod, 47), and ((?m. it) shall not pass (gewitan). 7. Praise the Lord from the earth, ye dragons (draca, 53), and all deeps (neowolnes). 8. Fire and hail (haegel, 43); snow (snaw, 43) and ice (is, 47) ; spirits of the storms (yst, 51. h) which fulfil (don) his word ; 9. Mountains, and all hills (hyll, 43) ; fruitful (wsestmbsere, 59) trees, and all cedars ; 10. (Wild) beasts, and all cattle ; serpents, and winged (grefiafred) fowl; 11. Kings of the earth, and all peo- ples ; princes, and all judges of the earth ; 12. Young ((?m. men), and maidens (fsemne); old (om. men), with children ; 13. Let them praise the name of the Lord ; for the name of him alone is exalted (upah^bban), his glory (wuldor) is above (ofer, 172) the earth and heaven. 14. He exalteth the horn (horn, 43) of his people, the praise of all his saints (halga, 53), of the children (beam) of Israel (Israel), of the people drawing nigh (om, unto) him. Exercise 38. 1. The king made a great ivory (elpenbgenen, 57. 3) throne, and overlaid (oferwyrcean) it with (mid) the best gold. 2. There (om.) was a certain queen in 24 EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. those days in the south, called (lifttan) Sheba (Saba). 3. Then she heard the fame (lilisa) of Solomon (Salo- mones), and came from the southern (sQOrerne, 59) boundaries to Solomon within Jerusalem, and her cam- els bore southern spices [herbs], and precious gems, and a quantity (unrlm) of gold (154. a). 4. The queen then (pSt) had speech with (wicr) Solomon, and said (om. to) him whatsoever she thought in her heart (verb last). 5. Solomon then taught her, and told (s^Cflrean) her the meaning of all the words that (87. d) she asked (ftscian) him. 6. Then the queen saw the wisdom of Solomon, and the great (mSre) temple that (87. d) he (om. had) built, and the king's manifold services. 7. She was so (15 DTan) greatly astonished (ofwundriau, 118), that she had no spirit more (fur- DTor). 8. She siiid then to (t5) the king. True is the word that (87. d) I heard in my country concerning thee and thy wisdom (wisdom); but I would not be- lieve before I (om. my)self saw (196. 6) it (verb last). 9. Greater (micel, 66) is thy wisdom and thy work than the report (lilisa) was (w»re) that I heard. 10. Blessed (eadisr) are thy vassals and thy servants (ffeowa, 53), that always (simle) stand before (aet- foran) thee, and hear thy wisdom. Exercise 39. 1. Blessed (bletsian) be the almighty God, who (87. d) selected thee, and placed (ges^ttan) thee over (ofer, 172) the kingdom of the Israelites (Israela), that thou {om. mightest) establish (s^ttan) judgments and right- eousness. 2. She gave (forgiefan) the king (otw. a) EXEKCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 25 hundred and twenty pounds (154. c) of gold (154. a), and (^om, a) multitude of precious spices (wyrt) and of precious stones. 3. Solomon also gave the queen whatsoever she desired (griernan) of (set) him ; and she returned (grew^ndan) again (oiigean) to her coun- try with her retainers. 4. Solomon then was magnified (msersian, 118) above (ofer, 166) all earthly kings ; and all nations (STeod) desired (gewilnian) to see [that they might see, 194. J] him, and hear his wisdom. 5. Who- soever buildeth upon (ofer, 166) this foundation (grund- weall, 43) gold, or silver, or precious stones, or trees, straw (streaw, 47) or chaff (ceaf, 47), every one's (anes g-eliwilces) work shall be manifested. 6. If the build- ing (^etimbrung, 51. 3) continues (STurhwunian, 118), and withstands the fire (164. m), then shall the workman receive (om. a) reward (edlean, 47) from (set) God for his work (153. e), 7. No (183) eye can in this life see, nor any (183) ear (53. 2) hear, nor any (183) man's heart conceive (asmean, 113), the things that God pre- pares (gearcian, 118) (om, for) those that love him. Exercise 40. 1. The angel saluted Mary, and said that she was (194. 5) filled (afyllan, 113) with God's grace [gift], and that God was with her (preposition last); and she was blessed (bletsian) among women. 2. My soul (om, doth) magnify (msersian) the Lord, and my spirit (om, hath) rejoiced in God my Saviour. 3. For he regarded (geseon) the humility of his hand- maiden (afinen, 51. 5); verily (soSTlice), hence forth all generations (cneoris) shall call (s^cgean) me blessed 26 EXERCISES IN OLT> KXOTJSH. (Sadiflr). 4. For he that (se CFe) is mighty hath done (oTii. to) me great things ; and lioly is his name. 5. And his mercy is (om. on those) fearing (161) him from (of) generation to (od) generation. 6. He hath put down (ftweorpan) tlie jK)werful from (of) (om. their) seat, and lifted up (Qpfth^bban) the lowly. 7. He hath filled the hungering (^om. ones) with good (om. things), and the rich (rice) he hath let go empty. 8. He hath accepted his servant (cniht) Israel, and remembered his mercy. 9. As he spake (sprecan) to (t5) our fathers, Abraham and his seed, for ever and ever. 10. Mary dwelt with her about (swilce) three months, and returned (gew^iidan) then to her own house. Bzerctoe 41. 1. God was ever, and ever was his wisdom begotten of (of) him, and the wisdom is his Son, just as mighty as the Father. 2. The Spirit of God fiUeth all the cir- cuit of the world, and he maintaineth all things. 3. He that doeth (wypcean) my Father's will, he is my brother, and my mother, and my sister. 4. We brought (bring- an) no thing to this world, nor can we take (Isedan) any (183) thing hence with us. 6. Ask (biddan), and ((wi. it shall) be given you; seek, and ye shall find; knock (cnucian, 118), and it shall be opened (om. to) you. 6. Our Father, thou which (87. d) art in heaven (s), be thy name hallowed. 7. Thy kingdom (rice) come (to- cuman ; verb first); thy will befall (geweorCTan) on earth as (swa-swft) in heaveh(s) (verb first). 8. Give (s^llau) us to-day our daily (daeghwamlie, 55) bread ; and forgive (forgiefan) us our debts (gylt, 43), as we EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 27 forgive (164) our debtors (gyltend, 43. 6). 9. And lead thou us not into (on, 172) temptation (costnung-), but deliver us from evil. 10. Be it so. 11. What (hwilc) father will give to his child (164. a) a stone, if it asks (156. h ; 159. 6) bread of him ? 12. God wrote (awritan) the old law (se) with his finger (finger, 43) on the stone tables (tabele, 53). Exercise 42. 1. The young man fell in love with the girl (p. 175, 1. 20 ; cf. min lufu befielS" on Sfe, 'my love falls on thee,' ' I fall in love with thee '). 2. I heard the voice of harpers harping with their harps ; and they sung a new song before the throne, and before the four beasts ; and no man could learn that song except the hundred and forty and four thousand. 3. I saw so great (om. a) company (m^nigu), as no man can number (gerinian), of all nations and of every tribe (maegar), standing before the throne (STrymsetl) of God, all clothed (gescrydan) with white garments (geg^ierela), and holding palm- twigs (palmtwig, 47) in their hands. 4. And they sang with (om, a) loud (hlud) voice, Be salvation (om, to) our God which sitteth upon (ofer, 166) his throne. 5. And all (om, the) angels stood round about [in cir- cuit of] his throne, and bowed (alutan, 103) to God, thus saying, 6. Be (om, to) our God blessing and brightness, wisdom and thanksgiving (larancung), dig- nity and strength, for ever and ever. 7. Foxes (fox, 43) have holes (liol, 47), and the birds of heaven nests (nest, 47) ; but (soiETlice) the Son of Man hath not where (hwser) he (om, may) lay (ahyldan, 113) his head. 28 BXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 8. The soldiers platted (windan, 104) (om, a) crown of (of) thorns (OForn, 43), and phiced on (172) his head, and a reed (hreod, 47) in his right (om. hand), and bowed their knee before him, thus saying. Hale be thou. King of the Jews (ludea). 9. And they spit (sp»tan, 113) on (on, 172) him, and took {om. a) reed and smote (beatan) his head. Exercise 48. 1. All [each] flesh is grass, and the glory (wuldor) of the flesh is like [as if] the blossom of herbs. 2. No man heard (183) his voice in {om. the) streets. 8. Cry (cleoptan), and cease thou not, lift up (fth^bban) thy voice like (swft-swft) (om. a) trumpet. 4. Lady, whither goestthou? 5. Thou doest ill (jrfele). 6. He did ill, because he censured the princess, the king's daughter. 7. They never learned arithmetic well. 8. You (plur.) will soon know what you do not yet know. 9. Play (with) ball ! 10. I eat nothing, although other men eat and are merry. 11. I desire to learn [that I may learn] from you the knowledge that you have. 12. Choose which of them you (sing.) will. 13. Within a few hours, two educated and high-born men came toward him. 14. I woo the illustrious maiden. 15. We all say that no one here is (194. 6) so acceptable to God as he. 16. At first he thought that he should be slain [that one should slay him]. 17. We all fall at (to) your (sing.) feet. 18. I (om. do) not believe that you are (194. J) my wife. 19. Where is my hus- band ? 20. I lived eleven years in the land of the Egyptians. EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 29 Exercise 44. 1. Jacob (lacob) said to his sons, Go and buy us a certain amount of food (m^te). 2. Then said Judah (ludas), The chief of the land swore oaths before us that we should not (motan) come before him, except we bring our youngest brother with us. 3. If thou wilt send him with us (verb last), we (om. will) go together and buy the things that (87. c?) we need (beSTurfan, 131). 4. Ye dealt ill (earmlice) with (wiisr) me, when ye said to him that ye had more (77) brethren (154). 5. The man asked (ascian) us all whether our father was living [lived] and whether we had brethren, and we answered him ; we knew not that he would (willan) desire (giernan) that (156. a), that we should bring (Isedan, 194. 6) our brother thither. 6. Judah said, Send the boy with me, that we may (mugan) buy the things that we need, that we perish (forweoriSraii) not ; except I bring him back home, may I be (193. a) guilty (scyldig). 7. Were it not for this delay [if this delay were not], we had [were, 188] come (om, a) second time (si^*, 176). 8. Then said Jacob, If ye needs (niede, 176) must do so, do as ye will ; take of (of) your best fruits in vessels, and carry (bringan) presents (om. to) the man, honey (hunig, 47) and acorns (aecern, 47). Exercise 45. 1. Take your (plur.) brother and go to the man. 2. And my Lord make (gedon) him gracious (glaed) toward (wi(0r) you, that he may give (agiefan, 196. /) 80 EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. you your brother, whom he hath with him ; 1 am now bereft [despoiled] of my children (156). 3. Then they took the presents and double (twifeald) money (feoh, 47), and went to the land of the Egyptians to Joseph (losep). 4. When he saw them, then said he to (tO) his steward (gerefa, 53), Lead in these men, and pre- pare our feast, that they may (mugran) eat with me at noon (td middes daesres, 158 ; 166. 1). 5. And he did as he was commanded [wiis commanded him ; cf. p. 177, 1. 10]. 6. When they were there (IFftr), then they became greatly frightened, and said to one another (betweonan him). Because of (for) the money that we found in our sacks (sacc, 43), we {am. have) been led (62) in hither, that he may despoil us of our asses, and of our things, and enslave us (our)selves. 7. Then said they to (td) the steward, O sir, we pray (biddan) thee that thou hear (lilystan, 156) our speech ; we were here a while ago and bought wheat (hwsete, 44) for ourselves (161; 184. a). 8. When we had trafficked (ceapian) and were on the way home (hftmweard w»ron), then we undid (und5n) our sacks ; then we found the money therein which we had given (see ftr, adv.). 9. Now we have brought it back, and also other silver to traffic with [with to traffic]; and we know not who put (don) it into (on, 172) our sacks. Exercise 46. 1. Then said the steward, Peace be with you, fear (ondrsedan, 184) ye not ; your God and your father's God (om. hath) given you treasure in your sacks. 2. And they washed (101) their feet, and he gave EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. 31 their asses provender [fodder]. 3. They set (l^c- gean) forth their presents, against that (ongean araette) Joseph (^om, should) enter. 4. Then Joseph recognized them, and asked them whether their father was hale, or whether he was living [lived]. 5. Then said they. Thy servant (lareow) our father is well (gesund); he is yet alive [liveth yet], 6. When Joseph saw his brother Benjamin, then said he. Is this (neut.) the lad, (^om, of) whom (87. d^ ye told me before (fores^cgean) ? And he said, God have compassion on thee, my son. 7. Then Joseph com- manded (beodan, 164) his steward, and said, Fill their sacks with wheat, and put the money of each of them into (on, 172) his own sack. 8. And take my silver cup (laefel, 43), and the price (weor9', 47) of the wheat, which he gave thee, and put into the sack of the youngest ; and he did so. 9. In (om. the) morn- ing, as (Q'a) they journeyed, and they were without (om. the) city, and had gone (faran) some part of the way, then said Joseph to (to) his steward. Arise and go after these men, and when you have (196. 6) over- taken [caught] them, then ask them why they would (willan) requite good with (mid) evil. Exercise 47. 1. The cup, which ye stole (forstelan, 105), was very precious to my lord (hlaford). 2. He did as was commanded him, and when they were overtaken [caught], they said. The money that we found in our sacks we brought to thee from our country ; thinkest (wenan) thou that we (om. have) stolen (stelan) thy 32 EXERCISES IN OLD ENGLISH. lord's gold or his silver ? 3. Look for [seek out] it ; and let him be slain (ofslSan) with whom thou findest (195) it. 4. Then said he, With whomsoever I find it, let him be my servant, and let the others be blameless (cliene). 5. And he sought from (fram) tlie eldest unto [until] the youngest ; and he found the cup in Benjamin's siick ; and they turned back to the city. 6. And Judah went in first (fyrmest) with his brethren to Joseph, and they fell all together before Joseph. 7. And he said to (t6) them. Why would ye do so (verb last) ? 8. Let him be my servant who stole the cup, and go ye free to your father. 9. Tlien said Judah, Thou askedst us before whether we had father or brother. 10. And we said, We have (om. an) old father, and he hatli with him our youngest brother, and he loveth him alone (aenne) above (ofer) us all. 11. And thou commandedst us that we {om. should) bring him to thee, that thou (am. mightest) see him, and know by (be) that that we were not spies (scSaw- ere, 44). Exercise 48. 1. And I swore oaths (om. to) my father that I (om. would) bring him home again to (to) him, and said. Except I bring him again back to thee, let me be ever guilty (scyldlg) toward (wUr) thee. 2. My lord, let (l»tan) the lad go home with his brethren, and (^am. let) me be thy servant instead of (for, 172) him. 3. I dare not go home without the lad, lest I see my father's grief. 4. Then could (mugan) not Joseph conceal (diernan, 113) himself longer, but he drove all the others out, that no foreign man (om. should) be among EXERCISES EST OLD ENGLISH. 33 them. 5. And he wept and cried (cleopian) with a loud (hlud) voice (160. 1); and he said to (to) his brethren, I am Joseph ; (om, doth) our father live yet (nu giet) ? 6. Fear ye (184) nothing, nor (om, let) it grieve (190) you that ye sold (s^llan) me into this kingdom ; indeed (om, it was) for your benefit God sent me into the land of the Egyptians. 7. Now two years has been [was] famine over (172) all (om, the) earth, and (om, there) yet shall (om, be) five, in which one can (mugan) neither (89. a) plow (^rian, 116) nor reap (ripan, 102), 8. Go quickly to my father and tell him that God has set me as a (to) lord (om, to) all (om, the) Egyptians ; bid (beodan) him (164) that he come to me and dwell in this land. 9. Do thus, that ye perish not. 10. Now ye see how it is with me, and ye hear what I say (sprecan) to (to) you. EN&LISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULAKY. ENGLISH -OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. [In the use of this Vocabulary with reference to translation into Old English, one caution must be observed. If more than two definitions of a word are given, the student should never use either in translation until he has found the word so used in the text of the First Book, or at least has looked up the word in the Vocabulary of the First Book, to see in what sense it is employed. For an example, see ' account,' infra, where intinga and spell have entirely different meanings. The figures in parentheses refer to the sections of the First Book. A few words are here inserted which are not found in the West Saxon prose texts of the First Book. If these occur in the poetry or the dialectic prose pieces, they are designated by t ; if they do not occur anywhere in the volume, by J.] A. a: an (79). abandon : forlsetan (R. 110). ability: mseiJ (51. b). a bit: awiht (89. 6). (be) able: mugan (135). (go) aboard: astigan (I. 102). abounding: welig (57. 3). about, adv. : abutan, ntan, ymb- ntan. about, prep. ; abutan (172), aefter (166), ymb(e) (172). above, adj. {adv.) : ufanweard (58), uplic (57). above, prep. ; bufan (166). abundant: genyhtsum (57). abyss: neowolnes (51. 5). accept: habban (121), onfon (R. 110). acceptable: gecweme (59). acceptably : gecwemlice. accomplish: gefyllan (113). accomplishment : gecneordnes (51. 5). according to: aefter (166), be (166), to (166). accordingly : eornostlice. account: intinga (53), spell (47). accurately: rihtlice. accursed : past part, of awiergan (113). accustom: w^nian (116). acknowledge: oncnawan(R.109). acquire: begietan (V. 106). acquisition: tilling (51. 3). across: ofer (172). act, subst.: daed (51. 1). act, vb. : plegian (118). adapted : gelimplic (57), ge- screpe (59). add : togeiecan (113), underSfied- an (113). (in) addition to that: IJser-to- eacan. 37 88 ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. adjure: mynglan (118). admonish: manian (118), myn- fftan (118). adorn: fistAnan (118), gefraet- wlan (118), gegl^ngan (118). adornment: gl^ng (61. 6). (know in) advance : forwitan (IM). advanced: forCTweard. adventure: faru (61. a), gellmp (47). adversary: wf9erwlnna (68). advice: geffeaht (47). adze: adeaa (68). afflict: geVrAatan (118), lemiao (118). aforesaid: foresAd (89), fore- spreceo (ftl). aforetime: Ar. after, prep.; cefter (166). after, cot\j,: »fter*9on-9e, sIV- 9an. afterward : sefter, ^ft again: ^ft, ongSaD. against: ongian (166, 178), wl9 (172). age: ieldu (61. a). agility : snelnes (61. 5). ago: Ar. agony : nearunes (61. 5). agreeable: fwger (67). agreeably: gecwSmllce. agreement: geffwwrnes (61. 5). agriculture : eorfftilff (61. 6). a hundred (fold) : hundteontig (57). aid: fUltum (48). air: loft (47), lyft (47; 61. 6). alien: fr^mde (69). a little : hwon. alive: cucu, cwic (67). (make) alive: geliflftestau (118). all: «lc (58),eall (68). (in) all: eaUes (71). (not at) all: nfi, nftlsM, nfttea- hwOn. allow: ffliefan (118), forlAtan (R. 110), lAtan (R. 110), lieikn (118). (from, on) all sides: Aghwanan. almighty: nlmlhtlg (67). alone: fto (79), ftna (60). along: geond (172). a long time ago : gef ym. also : tee, tee swllce, eall swft, ealtwft, swft iac, swllce 6ac. although : Viah, treah-Ve. always: ft, Afre, ealae weg, almle. ambassador: Arendwreca (68). amidst: tOmlddes (166). among: betweoh (172), betweon- an (166), betweox (166, 172), UDder (166, 172). (from) among: fram (166). amount: dAl (48). an: ftn (79). and : and. Cf. both . . . and. angel : ^ngel (48. 4). anger: ftbelgan (III. 104). Angles: ^ogle (44.4). anguish : nearunes (61. 5). an hungered: hungrig (67). animal: dSor (47). (wild) animal: wUdeor (47). (kind of) animals : deorcynn (47). announce: fibeodan (II. 103), cytTan (118), gecyffan (118). annual: gearlic (67). anoint: gesmierwan (118). anon : on fin. answer, suhst. : andsivaru (61. a), answer, vb. : andswarian (118), andwyrdan (118). anticipate: forecuman (IV. 105). any (one) : senig (57. 3), seg- hwllc (68), hwfi (88), hwUc (68). ENGLISH-OLD t'N<VERSn OF LAKY. 39 (in) any way : senige IJinga. anxiety: sorg (51. b). (be) anxious: sorgian (118). (private) apartment: bur (43). apparel, subst.: gegierela (53), reaf (47). apparel, vb.: gescierpan (113). appear: aeteowian (118), ge- aryncean (114). apply: alj^nnan (115. a). appoint: getgecean (114), ges^tt- an (113). approach : genealsecan (113), nealeecan (113). appropriate: agnian (118). ardently: inweardlice. arduous: Strang (58). arise: arisan (I. 102). arithmetic: gerimcraeft (43). arms: plur. o/ waepen (47. 1). army: h^re (44. 2). around, adv. : aba tan, ymbutan. Sivonnd, prep. : abutan (173). (sit) around : ymbsittau (V. 106). arouse: aw^ccean (114). arrange: ge^ndebyrdan (113). array, subst. : frsetwung (51. 3). array, vb. : scrydan (113). arrive: becuman (IV. 105). arrogance: modignes (51.5),upa- hsefednes (51. 5). art: craeft (43). (secular) art: woruldcraeft (43). as: ealswa, swa, swa-swa. (just) as : eall swa, swa-swa. as also : STvilce eac. ascend: astigan (I. 102), npa- stigan (I. 102). ascend to: gestigan (L 102). as if : swa-sw^a, swilce. ask : ascian (118), biddan (V. 106). ass: assa (53). assail: gestandan (VI. 107), on- winnan (IIL 104). assemblage; heap (43). assembly: gegaderung (51. 3). assiduously : geornlice. assign: betsecean (114). assist: fultumian (118), geful- tumian (118). assistance: fultum (43). associate, subst. : gegada (53). associate, vb. : gem^ngan (113). as soon : sona. as soon as : si9'3'an. assume: underfon (R. 110). assurance: anrsednes (51. 5). asunder: todeelan (113). as yet : giet. at: set (166). (not) at all: na, nalaes, nates- fa won. at first : aerest. (nigh) at hand : neah. at length : set niehstan. at once : sedre, on an, sona. attack: gehrinan (I. 102). attain: becuman (V. 106), ge- secean (114). attend: folgian (118). attendance : geferscipe (44. 1). attire: scrud (47). aught: awiht (89. b). augment: geeacnian (118). avail: genyhtsumlan (118). await: bidan (I. 102), gebidan (L 102). awaken: aw^ccean (114). away : onweg. (pass) away : foriyfaran (VI. 107), foriafgeleoran (113), tosceacan (VI. 107). (put) away : afierran (113). (slip) away: toglfdan (I. 102). (take) away : aetbregdan (III. 104). a while : hwilum. ax: aex (51. b). 40 KNGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. back: SgSan, ^tt, on bsBcUng, ongSan. ball: top(?) (48), 9oifor (4S). baneful: biter (67). banish : ftflerran (118), ftfleraian (118). banquet: bSoracIpe (44. 1), ge- beoncipe (44. 1). bath: b»lflr (47. 4), tTwgal (47). bathe: bafflan (118). battle: gefeoht (47). be: geweor9Mn(III.104), weor9- an (III. 104), wesan (188). (give to) be: BfUan (114). be able: mugan (186). be anxious: sorgtan (118). bear, subst. : bera (68). bear, vb. : beran (IV. 106), ge- beran (IV. 106), gef^rian (116). bear rule: ricslan (118). beast: d«or (47), nleten (47. 1). beat: bSatan (R. 100). beautiful : f»ger (67. 3), wlltig (67. 3). beauty: tegemea (61. 6), wllte (44). because : for-Vfim, fbr-9fiin-9e, for-Von, for-iBron-9e. become: geweorVan (III. 104), weor9an (III. 104). become worse: b^figlan (118). be concerned about: besorgian (118). bed: b^d (47), r^t (61. b). be envious at: sefestlan (118). befall: becuinan (IV. 106), ge- limpan (III. 104). befit: gedafenlan (118). before, adv. : «r, beforan. before, prep.: ser (166), «tforan (166\ beforan (166\ for (166), fore (172), toforan (166). i before, cot\f. : Sr-9llm-9e. be fruitful: weaxan (U. 109). beget: ftc^nnan (113). begin: figinnan (III. 104), on- glnnan (III. 104). [(68). beginning: anginn (47), flruma begird: begyrdan (118). behold, vb.: behealdan (U. 109), geacSawian (118), sceawian (118). behold, interj, : efne. believe: geliefan (118). bellows: b^lg (48). beldck: belQcan (11. 103). belong: bellnipan (111. 104). be mindful: genitman (134). bend: biegan (118;, gebiegan (118). beneath, adv, : beneo9an. beneath, pryp. : beneo9an (166). benediction: blSteung (61. 3). benefit, ntbst, : rAd (48), 9earf (61. 6). benefit, vb,: fr^mman (116. a), benevolent: wellwlllende (61). be of use: genyhtAiimlan (118). beseech: biddan (V. 106). beeet: ymbs^Uan (114). besides : bStan, 9 »r-toHSacan. be silent: swTgian (118). best: b^tst (66). bestow: dSlan (118), geionlan (118), dlOrian (118). bestowal: s^len (61. 6). be sufficient for: genyhtsumlan (113). betoken : tfionlan (118). better, adj. : selra (63). better, adv.: b^t (77). between: betweox (166, 172). be wont: gewunian (118). bewray: gesweotolian (118). bid: biddan (V. 106), bebeodan (II. 103). ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 41 billed: gebilod (57). billow: ya? (61. b), bird: fugol (43. 4). (kind of) birds: fugolcynn (47). birth : byrd (51. b), gebyrd (51. b). (noble) birth: seQ'elborennes (51. 5). bishop: bisceop (43). (a) bit: awiht (89. b). black: blaec (57. 2). blacksmith : smiisr (43). blame : tselan (113), witan (126). blameworthy : to tale. bleach: bl^can (113). bless: bletsian (118), gebletsian (118). blessed: eadig (57. 3). blessing: bletsuiig (51. 3). bliss: dream (43), eadignes (51. 6). blithe: blilJe (59). blood: blod (47). bloom: blowan (R. 109). blossom, subst. : blostma (53). blossom, vb. : blowan (R. 109). blow : ablawan (R. 109), blavvan (R. 109). blow out: ntablawan (R. 109). blush: areadian (118). bodiless: lichamleas (58). bodily: lichamlic (57). body: lichama (53). (heavenly) body: tungol (47. 6). body of water : waeterscipe (44. 1). bold: beald (58). boldly : unforwandiendlice. boldness: anraednes (51. 5). bond: Ijeow (58). bone: ban (47). book: boc (52). boon: giefu (51. a), tiS" (51. 5). border: Ian dgem sere (48). bosom: bosm (43). both: begen (79). both . . . and : gegSSPer ge . . . ge, ge . . . ge, ge . . . and. boudoir: bur (43). boundary: gemaere (48). boundless: onnaete (59). bounty: s^len (51. b). bower: bur (43). boy: cnapa (53). brass: maesling (47). bread : hlaf (43). breadth: bradnes (51. 5). break in pieces: tobrecan (IV. 105). breakup: toberstan (III. 104). breath: bleed (43), fniest (43), oro'S (47. 6). breathe: orljian (118). breathe out : utablawan (R. 109). bridge: bryeg (51. b). bright: beorht (58), leoht (58). (grow) bright : gebierhtan (113). brightly: beorhte. brightness: beorhtnes (51. 5), leoma (53). brilliant: beorht (58). bring: bringan (114), gelsedan (113), togelsedan (113). bring forth : ac^nnan (113), forid*- ateon (IL 103), forSfbringan (IIL 104), for^teon (II. 103) spryttan (113). bring in: ingebringan (114). bring up: geteon (II. 103). Britain : Breoton (54). Briton: Breoton (54). Britons: Bryttas (54). broad: brad (58). brother: bro9'or (46. 1). build: gewyrcean (114), timbran (115. b), wyrcean (114). burden: h^fignes (51. 5). bury: bebyrgan (113). busied: geornfull (58). busy: bisig (57. 3). 42 BNGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VO(V\!M'T. A It V. but: ao. buy: bycgean (114), gebycgean (114). by: fram (166), In (176), of (166), «rurh (172). by any means: ffinigo ffing^a. by day : daeges. by means of: 9urii (178). by night : nlhtes. by no means : nft. by which : tfanan. CsBsar: cflaere (44. I). call: ciegan(118).cleoplan(118), ge<*fegHii (118), fcehfttan (R. 110), hfiUn (K. 110). (is, was) called : hfttte. calm, suhst.: smyltnes (61. 6), stUnes (61. 5). calm, adj. : smylte (60). calm, vb. : gesmyltan (118). camel : olfeiid (43). campaijni: fierd (61. b). can : cuonan (180), mugan (186). capacity: m&tf (61. b). capture: nliiian (IV. 106). cargo: hlsMt (48). carpenter: trSowwyrhta (68). carry: fiberan (IV. 106), beran (IV. 106), bringan (ill. 104), gebringan (III. 104), gef^rlan (116), gelwdan (118), ISdan (118). carry in: Inberan (IV. 106). carry out: Iwstan (118). least: fiweorpan (III. 104). catch: fon (H. 110), gelseccean (114), nlman (IV. 105). cattle : hry9er (47. 6), neat (47), nieten (47), orf (47). (kind of ) cattle : nietencynn(47). cause: intinga (58). cause enjoy nieni: lystnn (113). cease: bllnnan (ill. 104), ge- swican (I. 108). cedar, cedar tree : cSderbSam (48). celerity: hraednes(61. A), snelnet (61. 5), swiftnes (61. 6). celestial: heofonllc (67). celestial fire : heofonryr (47). cenaure: tAlan (118), witan (L 108). censurable : 19 UUe. (a) certain : sum (67). chance, subU.: wSn (61. b). chance, vb.: gefeallan (U. 109). change : ftw^ndan (118). chastity : clfinnes (61. 5). cheer: gefrSfran (116. 6), ge- rttan (118). chest: cist (61. b). chief: ealdor (48. 4. a). chief place: ealdordOm (48), ealdorscipe (44. 1). child: beam (47), did (60). childhood: clldbftd (48). choose: firidian (118), cSosan (H. 108), gecSosan (II. 108). Christ: Crist (48). chronology : gerimcrseft (48). church: clHce (68. 1). circuit: ynibhwyrft (48). citizens: ceaster(ge)waran (68). city: burg (68. 1), ceaster (61. 4). clarion: biema (68). claw-footed : cllferfete (59). clear: sweotol (67). clearly : andgletfUlIice, sweotole, sweotolllce. cleverness: craeft (48). (lofty) cliff: hea<-llf(47). cloak : sciccels (43 ), wffifels (43> close: ge^ndung (51. 3). close in: fores^ttun (113). I (linen) cloth : sciete (63. 1). ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULAKY. 43 clothe : bewsefan (113), ge- scierpan (113), gescrydan (113), scrydan (113). clothed in a tunic only : nacod (57). clothing: scrud (47). cloud; wolcen (47). cockle: weoloc (43). cockle-shell : weolocsciell (51. 5). cold: ciele (44). color: hiw (47). colored: gebleod (58). come: beciiman (IV. 105), cum- an (IV. 105). comely: wlitig (57). come to an end : ge^ndian (118). comfort: frofor (51. b). command, suhst. : hses (51. b). command, vb. : bebeodan (II. 103), beodan (II. 103), hatan (R. 110). commend: bebeodan (II. 103). commit: befsestan (113). common: gemaene (59). (in) common : gemgenelice. communicate: abeodan (II. 103). companion: gefera (53), gegada (53), gemaca (53). companionship : gef erscipe (44. !)• company: geferrajden (51. 5), m^nigu (51. a), flocc (43). compass : widgilnes (51. 5), ymb- hwyrft (43). compassion: arfaestnes (51. 5), niildheortnes (51. 5). (have) compassion on : gemilt- sian (118). completely: mid ealle (175). compose : ges^ttan (113), to- weorpan (III. 104). conceal: forswigian (118), hel- an (IV. 105). concern: bisgu (51. a). (be) concerned about : besorgian (118). concerning: be (166). concord: ge9'w£ernes (51. 5). tcondemn: denian (113). confidence: anreednes (51. 5). confusion: unstilnes (51. 5). congregation : gegaderung (51. 3). conjure: halsian (118). conquer: oferswiafan (113), ofer- winnan (III. 104). consider: smean (113), S'^ncean (114). consolation: frofor (51. b). console: gefrefan (115. 6). consort: gemsecoea (53). constant: singal (58). construct: gedician (118), tim- bran (115. 6), wyrcean (114). consume: forniinan (IV. 105). contrivance: searu (49). control: geweald (47). conversation : gesprec (47) . convert: geweorS'an (III. 104). convey: aberan (IV. 105), ge- bringan (114). copper: ger (47), ar (47). (field of) corn: ierd* (51. b). correctly : rihtlice. couch: b^dd (47), r^st (51. b). coulter: culter (43?). counsel: gelJeaht (47),lar (51. 6). counselor: gel^eahtend (43. 6). countenance: andwlita (53), an- sien (51. &), gesihiaf (51. 6). country: card (43), eSfel (43. 4. a), land (47). course: gang (43), stig (51. b). (first) course: 9'enung (51. 3). cover over: ofersy^ccean (114), oferwreon (I. 102). cowardly: earg (58). craftsman: wyrhta (53). crag : torr (43). 44 ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. crawl: creopan (IL 108). create: gescleppan (V'L 107), Bcleppan (VL 107). creation: trymtf{}i) (ftl), ge- •ceafl (61. 6). creator: scleppend (48. 0). creature : getceaft (51. &), nieten (47. 1). creep: crSopan (IL 103). crop : lerOr (61. b), cross: r9d (61. 6). crowd: hSap (48). crown: cynehelm (48). cruel: wselgrlm (67), wtelhrSow (58). cruelty : wselhreowiies (61. 6). curse: ftwtergan (118). curve: gebiegan (118). custom: gewuna (68). cutofif: foret^nan (118). Cyrene: Cyrenense. (of) Cyrene: Cyrenlso (67). daily: dsBgtawamllce. damsel : fffimne (68), mAden (47). danger: frScnes (61. 6). darkness: tfiestru (47). daughter : dohtor (68. 2). dawn: dagung (61. 3). day: d»g (48. 2), tid (61. 1). day by day : dspghwwmlice. dead : dead (68), fortflrfaren (62). dear, a€{). : ISof (68). dear, adv. : luflice. death: deaff (48). decay: forniiinen beon. deceased: forfffaren (62). deceive: beswican (I. 102). deed: d«d (61. 1), iveorc (47). deep, suhst. : neowolnes (61. 6). deep, adj. : dSop (68). defend: gescieldan (118). defense: gebeorg (47), gescield- nes (61. 5). defer: slsDcan (118). deferential: forwandiende (61). dejected: unrSt (68). delay, subst. : ^Icung (61. 3). delay, vb.: slascan (113). delight: gefSa (68). delightful : gesAllg (67. 3). tdeliver: ftliesan (118). demon: dSofol (48). deny: forwiernan (118). depart: ftgftn (141), fortTfaran (VL 107), gew^ndan (118), gewltan (L 102), tOsceacan (VL lOT). departure : for9f5r (61. 5). deposit: fil^gean (116, note), is^ttan (118). depravity : unge9wAmes (61. 6). deprive: benAman (118). descend: ftstigaii (I. 102). desert: eamung (61. 3). design: diht (47). designate: gecy^an (118). desire, ntbst.: wlUa (68). desire, vb. : gewilnian (118), gteraan (118), willan (181), wUotan(118). desolate: forniman (IV. 106). despair: ormodnes (61. 5). desperation: ormodnes (61. 5). despise : receleasian (118). despoil: bereafian (118). destitute: dSlleas (68), unnyt (57). destitute one : 'w»dla (53). destroy: ageotan (II. 103), for- dilgian (118), fordon (142), toslitan (I. 102). device: searu (49). devil: deofol (43), scucca (53). ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 45 devise: findan (III. 104), iSf^ncean (114). devoid: daelleas (58), unnyt (57). die: forS'geleoran (113). (in) different ways : mislice. difficult: unie)5'e (59). difficult to number: earfosafrime (59). (with) difficulty : unead'e. diffident: forwandiende (61). dignity: ar (51. &), weorffmynt (43), weorlJscipe (44. 1). (worldly) dignity : woruldge- ffyngff (51. 6). dike, subst.: die (43). dike, vb. : dician (118). dilate: brsedan (113). din: gebrec (47). dining-room : bar (43). direct, adj. : riht (58). direct, vb.: ad'^tiiian (115. a), getfcecean (114), gewlssian (118), Igeran (113). direction: hses (51. 6). (in every) direction : gehu. disciple: gingra (53). discipline: IJeodscipe (44. 1). discover: geaxian (118), gesweot- olian (118). disease: adl (51. 6), untrymnes (51.5). disengage: gegemetgian (118). dismay : geiJrean (113). disorder: uiistilnes (51. 5). dispense: dselan (113). disperse: todselan (113). display : aetievran (113), gecylJaii (113). displease: mislician (118). dispute: geflit (47). dissipate: ageotan (IL 103). (from [to] a) distance : feorr. distant: feorr (67). distinguish: geweoriaPian (118). distress: gewinn (47). distribute: d^lan (113). ditch: dician (118). divest: ongierwan (113), un- scrydan (113). divide: asyndrian (118), gedael- an (113), todaelan (113), to- sceadaa (R. 110), totwaeman (113). divine: godcund (58). divinity: godcundnes (51. 6). do: awyrcean (114), don (140), gedon (140), laestan (113), wyrcean (114). doleful: sarlic (57). dolphin: m^reswin (47). dominion: geweald (47). (have) dominion: ricsian (118). (have) dominion over: gewield- an (113). (previously) done : sergedon (62). tdoom: deman (113). doubt: tweonian (118). down: adun(e). dowry : morgengiefu (51. a). draw: ateon (II. 103). draw nigh : genealsecan (113). dreadful: ^geslic (57). drink, subst.: dr^nc (43). drink, vb. : drincan (III. 104). (give to) drink: sc^ncan (113). drive away: aiiersian (118), to- drsefan (113). dry land: drygnes (51. 6). dryness: drygnes (51. 5). dust: dust (47), lam (43). dwell: eardian (118), gewuuian (118), wunian (118). dwellers on earth: eorl^waran (53). dwelling: wTc (47), wunung (61. 3). dye: t^lg (43). 46 ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. each (one): Sic (68), gehwilc (58). earth: eorffe (68. I), (dwellers on) earth: eortfwaran (58). earthly: eorOriic (67). earthwork: eortfweall (48). easily: Saffe (77). (sea on the) east: SastoS (48; 51. ft). East Angles (East Anglia): East- tngle (44. 4). Easter: Kastron (58). eat: etan (V. 106). edifice: lern (47). educated : gelfired (88). effect, Bubst. : gemet (47). effect, r6. ; gefr^nnnan (115). effort: geswinc (47). (work with) effort : •wlncan (III. 104). Egyptians: Kgypta (54). eight: eahU (78). elephant: elp (48). else: ^Ues (71). embellishment: gl^ng (51. 6). embrace: yinbclyppan (118). emperor: casere (44. 1). empty: idel (57. 3), ftintlg (57. 3). enclose: becl^san (113). encounter: lindan (III. 104), ge- metan (113). end, suhst. : ^nde (44). ge^ndung (61. 3), gemiere (48). (come to an) end : ge^ndian (118). end, vh. : ^ndian (118), ge^ndian (118). gefyllan (113). endow with life : gellfTsestan (113). _ endure: arsefnian (118), ffollan (118). enemy : fSond (46. 3), gewlima (58). energy: weorc (47). English, subst : ^iigle (44. 4). English, atO-: ^nglisc (67). engross: bisgtan (118). (cause) enjoyment: lystan (118). enormous: ormfite (69). enrich: gegddlan (118). enter: ingfin (141), Ingangan (R. 110). entertain: underfdn (U. 110). entirely : tOTurh ealle. entreat: hftlslan (118). entreaty: bSn (61. 6). envelop: ymbs^llan (114). envious : sBfestf ull (146), sBfetClg (146). (be) envious at : afestlan (118). envoy : ftrendwreca (58). envy: seresttan (118). equal: gelica (68). equinox: emnlht (68). escape, subst.: hwl (47). escape, vb.: setberstan (III. 104), beswlclan (118). esublish: gestatTellan (118). (freehold) esute: bOcland (47). t eternal : 8ce (59). even : furffum. (not) even : oft. evening : Sfen (47. 7). [(61. 3). evening twilight: wfenglomung ever: wfre. (for) ever and ever: ft a a, in ^rortild worulde. t everlasting: ece (69). (in) every direction : geha. (gems of) every kind: gimcynn (47). every (one) : Sghwfi (88), «eg- hwllc (68), wlc (58), anra gehwilc (58), eall (58), ge- hwilc (58). EKGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 47 everything: seghwset (88). evil, subst.: yfel (47). evil, adj.: manful! (58. 2), yfel (67). evil, adv. : yfele. evince: gecytfun (113). exalted: weorfflic (57). example: bysen (51. b). exceedingly: swilJlice, iS'earle. except: butan, nefne. exercise: weorc (47). exhale: ntablawan (R. 109). exhibit: forS'teon (II. 103), ge- cyiafan (113). expand: braedan (113). expect: wenan (113). expectation: wen (51. 6). expedition: fierd (51. b). expel: adrifan (1. 102), aflieman (113). experience: 15'olian (118). expose: gesweotolian (118). expound: ger^ccean (114). extensive: widgill (58. 2). extent: widgilnes (51. 5). externally: ntau. [(51.6). extraction: byrd (51. 5), gebyrd eye: cage (53. 2). F. face: andvi^lita (53) , bradnes (51. 5). (in) fact : mid daede. fade: blgecan (113). fail: ateorian (118), geswican (I. 102). fair: beorht (58), fseger (57. 3), gesyndig (57. 3). faith: geleafa (53). fall: afeallan (R. 109), ahreosan (II. 103), beouman (IV. 105), feallan (R. 109), gefeallan (R. 109), hreosan (II. 103). fall away : tohreosan (II. 103). fall upon: onhreosan (II. 103), standan (VI. 107). fame: tir (43). famine: hunger (43. 4. a), far, adj.: feorr (58). far, adv. : feorr. farmer: ierafling (43). father: faeder (43. 8). fatigue: sw^nean (113). fatiguing: gewinnfullic (57). favoring: gesyndig (57. 3). fear: adraedan (R. 110), ondrsed- an (R. 110). feast: beorscipe (44. 1), gebeor- scipe (44. 1). feed: fedan (113), gertordian (118). fell : fiellan (113). fellow: gefera (53). fellowship: geferrasden (51. 5). female sex: wifhad (43). ferry : gef^rian (116). fervent: hat (58). fervently : inweardlice. fetch: f^ccean (120). few ^ plur. : feawe (58). field: aecer (43). field of corn: ierSr (51. &). fierce: angrisllc (58), reffe (59), waelgrim (57). fifth: fifta (78). fight: campian (118), feohtan (III. 104), gefeohtan (III. 104). fill: gefyllan (113). finally : get niehstan. find: aredian (118), findan (III. 104), gemetan (113). find out: gevvitan (126). finish : fullfr^mman (115. a), ge- fyllan (113). fire: fyr (47). fire from heaven : heofonfyr (47). 48 ENGLISH-OLD EXGLISH VOCABULAKY. firmament: testuen <,61. o), fir- mamentum (see p. 101, 1. 7), rodor (48). firstf suhst,: fruma (68). first, a^.: forma (00), fiir9ra (W). first, adv, : Arett, fyrmest. (at) first: Arest. first course : 9Snuns (61. 3). (in th^) first place : Arett. fish: flse (48). (sort of ) fish: fisccynn (47). fisher (man): flscere (44. 1). fishing: fiscnoff (48). fitting: sedafenllc (67). fixed: fMt (68). flee: flCon (11. 108). fleet, tubsL : tclpta^re (44. 2). fleet, atl). : swift (68). flesh: flAso (47). flight: flyht (48). (put to) flight: ftflieman (118). flood: Add (48), y«r (61.6). flow: fl9wan (R. 109). fly: flSogan (II. 108). foam: weallan (R. 109). fodder: f5dor (47). foe: fSond (46.3). folk: folc (47). follow: fylgan (118). food: At (47), bigleofa (68), f5da (68), hl&f (43), m^te (44), wist (61. 6). foot: f5t (46). (tread under) foot : fortredan (V. 106). for, pre/).: for (166), to (166). for, CO /y..* for-ffon(-ffe). (naval) force: solph^re (44. 2). foreign ; ^DBTeodlg (67. 3), fk^mde (69). forest: holt (47), wudu (46), Tirudubearu (48. 7). forestall : Worecuman {IV. 106). for ever and ever: S ft I, In woruld worulde. forfeit: forwyrcean (114). forget: forgletao (V. 106). former : Argeddn (6S), Arra (60). formerly : Ar, gSara, iu. forsake: forlAtao (R. 110). forth: for9. for thisTeason : for-9ftm. forthwith: ftrodllce, unftswund- enlice. fortification: taf ten (47. 7). fortify : getrymman (116. a), forwardly : unforwandlendllce. foul: fBl (68). four: IQower (78). four-footed : fltTerf^te (69). fourth: fiorVa (60). fourteen : fCowertlene (79). free: frio (68, but nom. plur, frlgu). freehold esUte: bOcland (47). frequently : gelOmllce, geneahhe, oft friend: fr«ond (46. 3). frighten: ftfAran (118). from: 8Bt (166), of (166). frHm (1«). from (to) a distance : feorr. from all sides: Aghwanan (76). from among: fram (166). from heaven : heofonllce. from the north : norffaa. from there : 9anan. from the west : i¥estan. from which : 9anan. fruit: ofct (47). wSestm (48). fruit-bearing: seppelbaere (69). (be) fruitful: weaxan (R. 109). full, adj.: full (68). full, adv. : fuU. furnish : getimbran (116. 6). further: ma. ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 49 G. gain, subst. : gestreon (47). gain, vb. : gesecean (114), tilian (118). game: plega (53). garden : ortgeard (43) . garment: gegierela (53), -weed (51. 6). (purple) garment : . paell (43), pur- pre (53. 1). gate: geat (47). gather: gegaderian (118). gathering together: gegaderung (51. 3). gem: gimm (43). gems of every kind : gimcynn (47). generation: cynren (47). generosity : welwillendnes (51. 5). generous: welwillende (61). gentle: seiafele (59). ghost: gast (43). gift: giefu (51. a), lac (47). girl: mgeden (47). give: forgiefaii (V. 106), geinnian (118), ges^llan (114), giefan (V. 106), s^llan (114). give light to: allehtan (113). give out: ateorian (118). give over: "befaestan (113). give (i.e. thanks) : ges^cgean (123). give to be : s^Uan (114). give to drink: sc^ncan (113). give up: alsetan (K. 110). gladness: gefea (53). (song of) gladness : blissesang (43). gladsome : bliiafe (59) . glass: glees (47). glide away: toglidan (L 102). glorify : geh^rian (116), wuldrian (118). glorious : beorht (58) . glory: maegenlS'rymm (43), mae- genSTrymnes (51. 5), (Jryinin (43), wuldor (47). go : faran (VL 107), feran (113), gan (141), gangan (E. 109), gew^ndan (113), gewitan (I. 102). (let) go: forlsetan (R. 110). go aboard: astigan (I. 102). goad: gad (51. b). goat: gat (52). God: God (43). goddess: gyden (51. 5). godhead: godcundnes (51. 5). gold: gold (47). golden: gylden (57). golden ornaments: goldfraetwa (51. a). gold-leaf: goldleaf (47). good: god (58). goodness: sTvetnes (51. 6). goods: sehta (51. l)fplur. of god (47). good things : god (47). go out: ntgan (141), utgangan (R. 109). go to pieces : toberstan (III. 104). go up: upgan (141). gospel: godspell (47). gracious: arfaest (58). gradually: stycceingelum (72). grant : forgiefan (V. 106), til^ian (118). grass: gaers (47). great: heah (58), mgere (59), micel (57. 3). greatly : swiSfe, swiijlice, fSearle. green: grene (59). greet: gretan (113). grief: sarnes (51. b). grieve: ofS'yncean (114). grieve for: besorgian (118). so ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABITLABY. grievous: biter (67.3), htflff (57. 8), sflr (68). groomsman : tficenbora (68). ground: eor9e (68. 1). grove : holt (47), wudubearu (48. 7). grow: KfSwan (R. 109), weaxan (R. 109). grow bright: geblerhtan (118). grow over: figrOwan (R. 109). growth: wfistm (48). grow up: ftgrdwan (R. 109). guest: cuma (68). guidance : lAr (61. b), lAttSowdSm (48). guide : gewlsslan (118). gymnasium : bceVst^e (44). H. hale: hfil (68). lialf: healf (68). hall: heall (61.6). hallow: f^h&lglHii (118). hammer: sl^g (61. 6). hand, suhst.: hand (61. 1, 3). hand, i>. side: healf (61. b). (nigh at) hand : nSah. happen : gellmpan (IIL 104). happy : eadig (67. 3). hard : Strang (68). harden : ahiordan (118). hartlly : iineaVe. hardship: earfoffnes (61. 5), ge- wlnn (47). harm, snbst. : hieii9 (61. 6). harm, vb. : dorian (116). harp, subst.: hearpe (68. 1). (play the) harp: hearpian (118). harp, vb.: hearpian (118). harp-string: hearpestr^ng (48). harry: h^rgian (118). harvest: haerfest (48). hatchet: adesa (68). I have: habban (181). have compassion : gemiltsian (118). have dominion : ricsian (118). have dominion over: gewieldan (118). have not: nabban (181). liead: ealdoriiianu (48), hSafod (47. 1). headlong: drCorig (67. 3). headstrong: dyrttig (67. 3). (make) headway : f ramgfin (141). hear: gehleran (118). heart: heorte (68. 1), mSd (48). heat: hStu (61. a). heathen : hA9en (67. 3). heaven: heofon (48. 4. d), heof- ooe (68. 3), rodor (48). (fire from) heaven : heofonfTr (47). (from) heaven : heofon lice, (of) heaven: beofonllc (67). heavenly: heofonlic (67). heavenly body : tungol (47. 6). height: hSaoea (61.6). hell: h^ll (61.6). hell-torment: cwicsQsl (47). help, subst.: fultum (48). help, vb.: gefultuinian (118). hence: heonan. herb : wyrt (61. 6). here: her. hereafter: beraefter. high: heah (58. 1). high-bom: »9elboren (63). high-deer: headeor (47). highest point: heanes (51. 5). hiU: dan (51. b). hither: hider. hitherto: giet. hold: fsestnung (51. 3). hold: healdan (R. 109). hole: ffyrel (47.6). holy : haUg (67. 3). EKGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 51 home: eSfel (43. 4. a), ham (74). honor, subst. : lof (43), weor3'- scipe (44. 1). (worldly) honor: woruldgei&'yng3' (51. b). honor, vb. : weorS'ian (118). honorable: weoi-aflic (57),weor(5'- fuU (58. 2). honorably: weor3'lice. hook: angel (43. 4. a), hoc (43). hope, subst. : hyht (51. 6), tohopa (53). hope, vb. : gehyhtan (113). horse: hors (47). host: h^re (44. 2), weorod (47). hot: hat (58). hour: tid (51. 1). house: has (47). how: hu. (know) how: eunnan (130). hued: gebleod (58). human: in^nnisc (57). humble: eaififniod (58), earmlic (67). humility: eaiJinodnes (51. 6). hundred: hund (78). (a) hundred (fold) : hundteontig (78). hunger: hyngran (115. b). (an) hungered: hungrig (57). hungry: hungrig (57). hurl: s^ndan (113). husband: wer (43). husbandman : ierijling (43) . I. I: ic (81). idleness: idelnes (51. 5). if: gif (196. d). ill-luck: ungellmp (47). illness: untrymnes (51. 5). illuminate: aliehtan (113), on- liehtan (113). illumination: liehting (51. 3). illustration: bysen (51. b). illustrious: seS'ele (59). image: an(d)licnes (51. 5). imagine: wenan (113). immediately : arodlice, hraedlice, sona. implement: faet (47. 4). implore : biddan (V. 106), halsian (118). in, adv. : in. in, prep. : for (166), in (166, 172), ofer (166, 172), on (166, 172), la^urh (172). (know) in advance : forwitan (126). in all: ealles (71). in any way : senige la^inga. inasmuch (as) : swa . . . swa. incense: abelgan (III. 104). in common: gein^nelice. incorporeal: lichamleas (58). increase : geeacnian (118), weax- an (R. 109). indeed: la, mid dsede, soiSFIice, witodlice. indicate: taenian (118). in different ways : mislice. individual: synderlic (57). indolence: idelnes (51). ineffable: unas^cgende (61). in every direction : gehii. in fact : mid dsede. infirmity: untrymnes (51. 5). inflame: onselan (113). inhabit: onwunian (118). inhale: ateon (IL 103). inherit: geagnian (118), gesittan (V. 106). injure: dorian (116), wierdan (113). injury: hienS" (51. 6). inn: giesthns (47). innocent: unsc^lJlJig (57). 52 EyGLT8H-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. inquire into: sniean (118). in return for: wiff (166). inside: Inne. institute : gesetennes (61. 5). instruction: Ifir (61. 6). insult: hienan (118). intact: gehfil (68). intelligibly : andgletf iilllc«. inter: bebyrgan (118). interpret: g«rt<^cean (114). interpreter: wealb8t5<l (48). interrupt: tOtwAman (118). interval: fate (47), flerat (48). in the first place : Areat. in the midst of: tOmlddes (166). in this land : bSr on lande. into I In (178), IntS (166), on (172). in vain : bSlunga. investigation: smSaung (61. 3). invigorate: gerStan (118). invigoration : ttrangung (61. 3). invisible: irhgesewenlir (67). invite: gelaiOrian (118). irksome: hfflg (67). iron, subsi, : isern (47). iron, adj. : Isem (67). is called : bfttte. island: f gland (47). ivory : elpes bftn (47). J. Jesus: Hwlend (43. 6). jet: gagates. journey: feran (118). jovial : bli9e (69). joy, subst. : bliss (61. 6), dream (48), gefea (63). joy, vb, : geblissod wesan. (make) joyful: geblissian (118). joyous: bliffe (69). joyously: bliVe. Ijudge: deman (113). judgment: dSm (48). jurisdiction : an weald (48). just: efne. just as: eall swft, eaUwft, twA- •wft. K. keep: gebealdan (R. 109), habb- an (ISl), healdan (H. 109). keep secret: fonwiglan (118). keep silence: swlglan (118). kill: cwtUan(114),of8iean(VL 107). kind: cynn (47), hiw (47). (gems of every) kind: gimcynn (47). (this) kind: 9ylllc (67). kind-hearted: wellwlllende (61). kindness; ArfaMtnea (61. 5). kind of animals: d^orcynn (47). kind of birds: fiigolcynn (47). kind of cattle : niet4>nrynn (47). kind of worms: wyrmoynn (47). (various) kinds of: mlssenllc (67). king: cynlng(48).ealdor(48.4). kingdom: cynerice (48. 1), rice (48.1). kiss: cyssan (118). knee: cn6o (47. 3). know: cunnan (180),oncnSwan (R. 109), witan (186). know how: cunnan (180). « know in advance : forwitan (186). (make) known: c^9an (118). know not: nytan (186). labor: gedeorf (47),gewlDn (47). laborious: gewinnfuUlc (67). lacking: wana (168). lad: cnapa (63). lady: bliefdi^e (63. 1). lamentably: sariice. ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 53 lamentation: murcnung (51. h). land: eoraPe (53. 1), land (47). (in this) land : her on lande. (native) land: etSel (43. 4. a), language: spraec (51. b). large: micel (57. 3). Lastingham : Laestinga ea. Latin: Boclseden (57), Laeden (57). law: gemet (47). lay down: forlsetan (R. 110). layman: ceorl (43). lay waste: h^rgian (118). lead, subsL: lead (47). lead, vb.: leedan (113). - leader: ealdorinann (46). (without a) leader: hlafordleas (58). learn : geaxian (118), geleornian (118), gewitan (126), leoruian (118),ongietan (V. 106). learned man: lareow (43). least: Isesta (53). leave, subst. : leaf (51. b). (take) leave of: gretan (113). leave, vb. : forlsetan (R. 110). leave off: forlsetan (R. 110). left: to lafe, winstre (59). leisure: semetta (53). (at) length : set niehstan. less(er): l^ssa (53). lest: ffy-l^es-iSe. let : forlsetan (R. 110), Isetan (R. 110). let go: forlgetan (R. 110). letter : gewrit (47) . let us : uton. levin: lieg (43). lewdness: galnes (51. 5). liberality : welwillendnes (51. 5). library: bibliotheca. lie: licgan (V. 106). life: lif (47), saw(o)l (51. 4). (endow with) life : geliffsestan (113). (of) life: liflic (57). (worldly) life: woruldlif (47). lift: arseran (113). lift up: Opah^bban (VI. 107). light, subst.: leoht (47), leoma (53). (give) light to: aliehtan (113). light, vb. : onliehtan (113). lighting: liehting (51. 3). lightning: lieget (47. 7). like, subst.: gelica (53). like, adj.: gelic (58, 165). (such) like: ijyllic (57). like, vb.: lystan (113). like, conj. : swa-swa. likeness: gelicnes (51. 6). likewise : eac, gelice, swilce, swilee eac. line: stig (51. b). lineage: gebyrd (51. 6). linen cloth: sciete (53. 1). ^ lion: leo. list: lystan (113). literature: boccraeft (43). little: lytel (57. 3). (a) little: hwon. (but) little, adv. : lyt. little by little : stycceingelum (72). live, adj. : cucu (irreg.) . live, vb.: libban (122), wunian (118). [libbende]. living: cucu (irreg'.), cwic (57), lock: loc (47). lodge: wician (118). lofty: healic (57), steap (58). lofty cliff: heaclif (47). long: lang (68), micel (57. 3). (so) long as : fSsi-hwile-'Se. long-necked: langsweored (57). long (time): lange. (a) long time ago : gefyrn. 54 EKGUSH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. look: besSon (V. 106), lOclan (118). look for: nSostan (118), winan (118). lonl: drybten (43. 4. r), weald- end (43. 0). (of the) lord: dr>*htenlic (57). lordly: dryhtenllc (67), wlaDC | (58). lordsliip: hlftfordsclpe (44. 1). lose: forlwtaii (R. 110), for- l«OMin (11. 103). loss: lyre (44). loud: mlcel (67. 3). love, ntbst. : lufe (68. I), lufu (61. a), sibb (61. h). love, vb.: luflan (118), geluflao (118). lovely: ft»g©r(67. 3). lover: liiflend (43.6). loving: ftrf»st (68), luflendllc (87). loving-kindness : mlldheortiies (61. 6). lovingly: ivelwillendlice. lowly: earinllc (67), SaVmdil (68). low-lying: nltlTerllc (67). lust: gfilnes (61. o). lyre: hearpe (63. 1). M. maiden: fSmne (63. 1), mfiden (47. 6). maintain: gehealdan (R. 109), healdan (U. 109). majesty : niaegenffiymm (43), iii8egen9ry nines (61. 5). make: don (140), gedon (140), geweorffan (III. 104), ge- wyrcean (114), wyrcean (114). make alive: gelifTsBstan (113). make headway : f ramgfin (141). make joyful: gebllsslan (118). make known: rj'tfan (113). maker: wj-rhta (63). male sex: werhftd (43). man: mann (46), manna (63), wer (43). (leanied) man: IftrSow (43). (young) man: cnlht (43). manifest: gesweotollan (118). manifold: manlgfeald (68). mantle: sclcoeU (43), wAfeU (43). many: fela (164. n), mantg (67). mar: wierdan (113). marble: marmnnKtAn (43). marine: tAlIc (67). manias portion: morgenglefu (61. a). master: lAriow (43), l«of (43). male: gemara (63), gemseccMi (83). material : an timber (47). may: mStan (137). mean: ntmnan (116. b), meaning: aodgiet (47). (by any) means : Anige 9lnga. (by) means of: 9iirh (172). (by no) means : nft. meditation : smSaung (61. 3). meed: mSd (61. />). (to) meet: tdgSanes (166). melancholy: drSorig (67). merchandise: hlsest (47). merchant: mangere (44. 1). mercy : mlldheortnes (61. 5). merit, subst. . earnung (61. 3). merit, vb.: geearnian (118). merry: bliffe (59). metal: w^g (43). middle: mid (57). (in the) midst of : tontlddes (166). might: mlht (61. 6). mighty: mihtig (57). mind: geVanc (47), mod (43). ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABITLAllY. 55 (be) mindful: gemunan (134). mingle: gem^ngan (113). minister to: ffen'mn (118). ministration: (5'enung (51. 3). miserably : earinlice. misfortune: gelimp (47). mishap: ungelimp (47;. misjudge: misS'yiiceaii (114). modest: sceaiiifaest (58). molest: gewaegan (113). monastery: inynster (47). monk: munuc (43). moon : inona (53). more, adj.: inara (53). more, adv. : ma, swiljor. (once) more : ^f t. moreover : swilce eac. morning: m^rgen (43), morgen (43). mother: inodor (52. 2). mountain : dun (51. 6), inunt (43). mournfully : sarlice. mourning: heof (43). move: styrian (118). (that) moves: styriendlic (57). moving: styriendlic (57). much, adj.: fela (154. a), micel (57. 3). much, adv. : swiSfe. (very) much : 9'earle. multiply: gemanigfieldan (113). multitude: unrim (47). music : sweg (43), swegcraeft (43). mussel: mnscule. must: sculan (133). my: min (58). N. naked: nacod (57). name, subst. : nama (53). name, vb. : gen^mnan (115. b). narrate: ar^ccean (114). narrative: ges^tnes (51. 5). nation : cynn (47), folc (47), ma^gff (51. 6), ffeod (51. b). native land: etfel (43. 4. a). naught: naht (89. b). naval force : sciph^re (44. 2). near, adj.: neah (58). near, adv. : neah. near, prep. : be (166). nearly: niehst (c/. p. 139, 1. 10). necessary: niedlfirearflic (57). necessity: nied (51. 6). neck: sweora (53). need: nied (51. 5), ffesLvf (51. 5). needful: niedijearflic (57). needle: nsedl (51. b). needy (one): iJearfa (53). neither . . . nor : ne . . . ne. never : gefre ne, nsefre. never-ceasing: singal (58). nevertheless: hw8e(5're,swa-9'eah, Ueah-hwaeQ're. nigh: neah (58). nigh at hand : neah. night, subst.: niht (52). night, adj.: nihtlic (57). (by) night: nihtes (74). no : na. See also no (one), noble, subst.: ealdormann (46). noble, adj. : aelfifele (59), rice (59). noble birth: seS'elborennes (51. 5). noise: sweging (51. 3). no (one) : nsenig (57), nan (58). nor: ne. north: noriafdael (43). (from the) north : nord'an. northeasterly : eastnorUerne (59). northern part : norlS'dsel (43). northward: noriaf. not: ne. (have) not: nabban (121). (know^) not: nytan (126). (will) not: nellan (139). 66 ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. not at all : nfi« nftlces, nfitesh^rSn. not even : nft. nothing: nft hi (89 b). nourish : fif§<lan (118), fidaa (118). novel: »eldc09 (68). now: nQ. nowhere: nfthwfir. nowhither: nfthwlder. number: dfil (48), ni^nlfl^ (61. a), (difficult to) number : earfoVrime (69). numerouB: feU (164. a). O: tali, 1ft. loath : 89 (48). obedience: gehiersumoM (61. 6), hiernea (61. 5). obedient: gehienum (67). obey: gehiersumlan (118). observe : gehealdan (U. 109), healdan (U. 109). obtain: beg^etan (V. 106), tllian (118). occupation : craeft (48). (secular) occupation : woruld- crteft (48). (worldly) occupation : woruld- blsgu (61. a). occupied: geomAill (68. 2). occupy: bisg^ian (118), geagnlan (118), ges^ttan (118). ocean: gfinecg (48). of: for (166), tnm (166), of (166). of CJyrene: CjTenisc (67). offend: ofVyncean (114). offer: beodan (II. 103). of heaven : heofonllc (67). of life: imic (67). of old : iu. often: geneahhe, oft of the lord- dryhtenlic (67). of the sea: swlic ^67). of which : 9anan. of yore: gSara. of you : Cower (81). oU: ^e(44). old: eald (68). (of) old : In. on: be (166), for (166), on (166, 17S). on all sides: Agbwanan. on a sadden : f Arlnga, ungeryd- elloe. once: Ane (79). (at) once : on ftn. once more : ^t. one: ftn (79), man (89. «), sum (67). (towards) one another : betwSon- an lilni. oneness: ftnnes (61. 6). on the outside : Otan. on top of: onuppan (166). open, a({/. ; open (67). open, vb.: geopenlan (118), on- tynan (118). openly : gewlsllce. opposite, prep.: ongSan (166, 172). oppress: hienan (118). or: o99e. orbit: ymbhwyrft (48). order, au^^st.: hfis (61. 6). order(8): rSd (48). order, vb. : ge^ndebyrdan (118). ordinance : gesetennes (61. 6). ore: 5ra (68). organs: organa. (golden) ornaments : goldfrsetwa (61. a), other: o9er (67. 3). ought: sculan (188). our: Ore (69). ours; ure (81). ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 57 out: nt. out of • of (166). out of the way: seldcuS" (58). outside : ute. (on the) outside : utan. outside of: butan (166). toven: ofen (43), over : ofer (166, 172), geond (172). overcome: oferswiQ'an (113). overthrow oferwinnan (III. 104). own: agen (57. 3), self (86; c/. p. 154, 1. 4). pacify: gestillan (113). panther: pard. parch: forbaernan (113). part: dsel (43). (northern) part: norlS'dgel (43). (southern) part: suS'dgel (43). part asunder: todselan (113). pass away: for9'faran (VI. 107), ford'geleoraii (113), tosceacan (VI. 107). pasture: Ises (51. h ; irregular). patrician: aeS'elboren (62). tpay : agiefan (V. 106) . peace: slbb (51. h). pearl: meregreote (53). penalty: wite (48). penny: pining (43). people: cynn (47),folc (47), 9'eod (51.6). perceive: oncnawan (R. 109), on- gietan (V. 106). perchance : wen is 9" set. perform: awyrceaii (114), forS"- teon (II. 103), gedon (140), gefr^rainan (115. a), Ifeestan (113). perhaps : wen is S'aet. peril: frecnes (51. 6), pliht (43). period: faec (47), fierst (43). perish : fornumen beon, for- weor9'an (III. 104), to lore weorljan. permission : leaf (47). permit : aliefan (113), lief an (113). perpetrate: gefr^mman (115. a). pertain : belimpan (III. 104). petition: ben (51. h). Pict: Piht (43). (break in) pieces : tobreean (IV. 105). (go to) pieces : toberstan (III. 104). piety: geornfulnes (51. 5). pillage: hlolS'ian (118). pitier: gemiltsiend (43. 6). pity: geniiltsian (118). place, suhst. : st^de (44), stow (51. b). (chief) place: ealdordom (43). (in the first) place : seres t. (public) place: street (51. h), place, v6. .• as^ttan (113), ges^tt- an (113), gelogian (118), l^c- gean (115, note), s^ttan (113). plague: gewsegan (113). plain: anfeald (58). plainly : gewislice, sw^eotole, sweotollice. plan: diht (47). play, suhst. : plega (53) . play, vh. : geteon (II. 103), pleg- ian (118). play the harp: hearpian (118). pleasant: wynsum (57). please: geeweman (113), lieian (118). pleasing: gecweme (59). pleasure: gefea (53). plebeian: unael5'ele (59). plectrum: hearpenaegl (43). pledge: gehatan (R. 110). 68 ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. plowman : lerlOrilng (43). plowshare : sulhscear (43) . placknp: nlman (IV\ 106). plunder, subst.: rSaflftc (47). plunder, vh. : hl591an (118). ply: begftn (141), begaogan (R. 109). poetry: 16o«f (47). (highest) point: hSanes (51. 5). point out: getScean (114). pomp: wl^ncii (61. a). poor, Bubst.: OTearfa (63). poor, a(^..* hSan (68), UTearf- endllc (67). poor man: wAdIa (68). (marriage) portion : niorgenglefu (61. a). position : st^e (44). poasess: gealttan (V. 106), habb- an (ISl). possession: fiht (61. 1). postponement: ^cung (61. 3). pound: piind (47). pour out: figSotan (lU. 108), so^ncan (113). poverty: lermVu (61. a), (reduce to) poverty : forlerman (118). power : anweald (43), crapft (48), m«gen (47. 1), mlht (61. 6). powerful: rice (60), Strang (68). practise: beglln (141), begangan (R. 109). praise, subst.: lof (48). praise, vb. : h^rlan (116). pray: gebtddan (V. 106). prayer: ben (61 6), gebed (47). precious: deorwier9e (69), deor- wurHr (68). precious stones : gimtn (43). preferable: leofra (60). prepare: gegearclan (118), ge- gearwian (118). present, subst.: lae (47). present, adj. : andweard (68), geandweard (68). presumption: dyrstlgnes (61. 6). prevent: forecutnan (IV. 106). previously done : ftrg«dOn (68). pride: mOdignes (61. 6), flpft- hAfednes (61. 5). priest: msBMeprSost (48). priestess: ticerd (61. h). primacy: ealdorddm (43), eald- orsclpe(44. 1). prince: ealdortnann (46). princess: owSn (61. 6). prison: cweartem (47). private apartment : bflr (48). procuring: ttlung (61. 3). produce: ftc^niian (118), lAdan (118). productive : berende (61). profit, subsi. : gestrSoo (47), 9earf (6L 6). profit, vb,: fr^mman (116. a). profound: deopllc (67). promise: behAtan (R. 110), ge- hfttan (H. 110). property : plur, of g5d (47). prophet: wftga (68). propitious: gesjmdtg (67. 3). prospect : wSn (61. 5). prosperity: g5d (47). prostrate: fistr^cean (114). protect: gescleldan (118). protection: gebeorg (47), ge- scieldnes (61. 5). proud: i^rlanc (68). prove: geryffan (113). provide: tlllan (118). providence; foresceawiing (61. 3). province: mSbg9 (61. 6), ffeod (61. 6). provision: Sst (61. b). provisions; "wist (61. 6). psalm: sealm (43). ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 59 public place : street (51. 5). pull: teon (II. 103). punishment; wite (48). pupil: Iseringiiieeden (47. 6). pure: cleene (59). purple: godw^bb (47). purple garment: paell (43), purpre (53. 1). pursue : began (141), ehtan (113)^ put: don (140), l^cgean (115, note), put away: afierran (113). put to flight: aflieman (113). quantity: dael (43). (southeast) quarter: eastsul^dgel (43). queen: cwen (51. 6). queer: sellic (57). quell; toweorpan (III. 104). quickening: straiigung (51. 3). quickly: hwsetlice, hrai^e. quiet, adj.: stille (59). quiet, vb.: gestillan (113). quietness: stilnes (51. 5). R. radiance: leoma (53). radiant; beorht (58 \ leoht (58). rage: hwaljerian (118). raging; angrislic (57). raiment: gegierela (53), reaf (47), scrud (47). rain, siibst. : regn (43). rain, vb.i rinan (113). rampart: weall (43). rampart of earth eorafweall (43). rank: aeS'elborennes (51. 5). rapine: reaflac (47). rash : dyrstig (57. 3). rather: ma, swiSfor. ravage; h^rgian (118). reach: areecean (114), begietan (V. 106). reach forth: fon (R. 110). read: gersedan (113), reedan (113). reading: becrseding (51. 3). read through: oferraedan (113). (for this) reason ; for-afam. receive: habban (121), onfon (R. 110), underfon (R. 110). reception: onfangennes (51. 6). reckoning- getael (47). recognize: oncnawan (R. 109). recompense: forgieldan (III.104). recount: gemyngiaii (118). red: read (58). redden: areadian (118). redeemer: alicsend (43. 6). redness: rudu (51. a). reduce to poverty : forierman (113). reflect: S3'^ncean (114). refresh: geretan (113), gereord- ian (118). region; gfeod (51. b). regular: regoUic (57). rejoice : blissian (118), geblissian (118)._ relate: ar^ccean (114), gemyng- ian (118). release: gesemetgian (118), on- liesan (113). remain: wunian (118). remark: cTvide (44). remarkable; sellic (57). remedy: Isececraift (43). remember: gemunan (134), ge- 9'^ncean (114). remove ; afierran (113) . rend; toslitan (I. 102). render steadfast : gestal5'eliau (118). 60 ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. renew : edniwian (118), ge- edniwlan (118). renounce: wlffsacan (VI. 107). renowned: niSre (59). repast: gereord (47). repose: ger^tan (118). represent: fortft^on (11. 108). request, subst. : wIIIh (68). request, vb.: bIddHo (V. 106). requite: forgleldan (III. 104). rescue: hAlu (51. 1). reserve: gehealdan (H. 109), healdan (K. 109). rest: ger^tan (118), Ucgan (V. 106). restless: unstllle (59). rest of: 59er (57.3). restore: gestatfellan (118). retainer: tfegn (48). retinue: gefdrsripe (44. 1). retreat: diegelnes (51. 5). return: ^fthweorfan (III. 104), gecierran (113), gew^ndan (118), hweorfan (III. 104), w^ndan (118). (in) return for: wW (166). reveal : setiewan (118). reverence: firwIerVnes (51. 6), Satfm5dne8 (51 5). revolve: betyrnan (118), iernan (III. 104), tyrnan (118). reward: mSd (51. b). rib: ribb (47). rich : welig (57). riches: wela (58). right: riht (58), swiVra (60). righteous: rihtwis (58). righteousness : rlhtwisnes (51. 5). ring: bring (48). ripe: ripe (59). rise: iipastigan (I. 102). rising: apgang (43). risk: pllht (51.6). river: ea (52). road: 8Ug(51. 6). roebuck: rfilidSor (47). Roman: Romanise (57). Romans: Romane. roof: hrOf (48), flTsDce (58. 1). rose: rOse (58. 1). rotation: winding (51. 3). row: r9wan (R. 109). rowing: rSwnes (51. &). royal: cyDellc (57). ruin : forlerman (118). rule, Buhst.: anweald (48), ge- weald (47), hlftfordsclpp (44. 1). (bear) rule: ricslan (118). rule, r6.; gewleldan (118). rule over: gfeman (118). ruler: wealdcnd (48.0). run: iernan (III. 104). S. sagacious: behygdlg (57). sail: 8egl(47). jsake: »lng (47). salt-spring: sealtsSatf (48). salute : gr^tan (118). salvation : hAlu (51. a). same : Ilea (60), self (58, 60). sanguinary: wselgrlin (57). Saun : scucca (53). saucily : unforwandlendlice. Savior: H»lend (48.6). say : fir^cean (114), cweOTan (V. 106), gecweffan (V. 106), ge- s^gean (128), s^gean (123). scarlet: weolocread (58). scorch: forbsernan (113). Scots: Scottas (43). sea: s» (43; 51. 6). (of the) sea: ssellc (57). sea-animal: s»wiht (51. b). seal, subst.: Insegel (47), seolh (43. 3). ENGLISH-OLB ENGLISH VOCABULABY. 61 seal, vb.: geinseglian (118). sea on the east: eastsse (43; 61. 6). sea on the west: westsae (43; 61. 6). seashore: strand (43). season: tid (51. 1). seat: setl (47). second: oSfer (57. 3). (keep) secret: forswigian (118). secular art: woruldcraeft (43). secular occupation : woruldcraeft (43). secure: trum (57). see: geseon (V. 106), sceawian (118)^ seed : saed (47). seedtime: ssedtima (53). seek: biddan (V. 106), ceosan (II. 103), neosian (118), secean (114). seek out: secean (114). seem: gei^yncean (114), SPyncean (114). seems : gesegen is, geSTuht is. seethe: weallan (R. 109). seize: gelaeccean (114), geniman (IV. 105), niman (IV. 106). select: geceosan (II. 103). self: self (58, 60). sell: cTepan (113), s^llan (114). send: as^ndan (113), ges^ndan (113), ons^ndan (113), s^ndan (113). sense: andgiet (47). separate, adj.: synderlic (57). separate, vb.: asyndrian (118), gedeelan (113), todgelan (113), todon (140), tosceadan (R. 110). serenity: smyltnes (61. 5). serpent: nsedre (nseddre) (53. 1). serve : folgian (118), ijenian (118). service: d'enung (51. 3), iSPeow- dom (43). serving: IJeow (58). set: asteenan (113), gelogian (118), ges^ttan (113), l^cgean (116), s^ttan (113). set down: s^ttan (113). set out: litS'an (I. 102). settle: ges^ttan (113). seven: seofon (79). sevenfold: seofonfeald (68). seventh: seofoi5'a (60). seventy: hundseofontig (79). sever: asyndrian (118). severe: Strang (58). sex: had (43). (female) sex: wifhad (43). (male) sex: overbad (43). shall: sculan (133). shame: sceamu (51. a). sharp: scearpe. shatter: tobrecan (IV. 106). sheep: sceap (47). sheet: sciete (53. 1). shepherd: sceapbierde (44). shift: aw^ndan (113). shine: gebierbtan (113), seinan (I. 102). ship: scip (47). shipwreck: forlidennes (51. 5). shipwrecked: forliden (62). shoemaker: sceowyrhta (53). shore: wearolj (43). short: medmicel (57), sceort (58 . show : cyUan (113), gecy9'an (113). shower: regn (43). shrewd: bebygdig (67). shut up: beclysan (113). sick: geuotruinod (62), untruin (57). side: healf (51. b). (from all, on all) sides : segbwan- an. 62 EXGLTSH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. sign: ^otaoauug ^51. o), tficen (47). signal: tdcen (47). signify: tficniaii (118). silence: swige (68. 1). (keep) silence: swiglan (118). silent: stille (59). (be) silent: swiglan (118). silk: side (68. 1). silver, gubst.: s«olfor (47). sliver, a({}.: seolfren (67). similarly : gelice. simple: ftnfeald (68), unn9ele (69). sin: gesyngfan (118). since: swfi, 9onne. sinful: synflill (68.2). sing: slogan (III. 104). (a) single: ftn (79). sir: l«of (48). sit: geslttan (V. 108), sittan (V. 106). sit around : ymbslttan (V. 106). sixth: slexta (60). size : w£stm (48) . skilful: gelSred (68). skUl : crsBft (48). skilled : gelAred (68). sky: loft (47). slaujghter: wsel (47). slay: flellan (113), ofslSan (VI. 107) » ongeslean (VI. 107), slean (VI. 107). sledge: sl^g (61. 6). sleepless: «rwaeol (67). slip away : toglidan (I. 102). smaller: Iwssa (60). smile: smercian (118). 8mit€: beatan (U. 109), cnyssan (116. a), geslean (VI. 107), slean (VI. 107). smithy : smiffffe (58. 1). smooth: smylte (59). so: swa. 8*>cieiy : gefSrrSden (61. 6). sojourn: wiclan (118). soldier: c^inpa (68). solicit (the hand of) : glcruan (118). so long as : 9fi-hwile-9e. some (one): sum (67). something: fiht (89. />), hwsst- hwega (89. b). sometimes: hwilum (78). somewhat: hw5a. son: beam (47), sunu (45). song: sang (48). song of gladness : bllsseeang (48). son-in-law: ftffum (48). soon, as soon : s5na. (as) soon as : sIViOran. sore: sAr (68). sorrow: murcnung (61. 6), sftr (47). sorrowful : unrOt (68). sort: gemot (47). (this) sort: swilc (68). sort of fish: flsccynn (47). sort of tree: trtowcynn (47). so that : t9 9on 9 SBtte. soul: mod (48), sfiw(o)I (5L 4). soulless: sfiwolISas (58). south: s09dSl (48). southeast quarter : eastsSVdwI (48). southern part: sQ9dSI (48). southwestern: saffwesterne (69). space: faec (47), fierst (48). spacious: brSd (58), widgill (58. 2). spark: f^rspearca (68). speak: cweffan (V. 106), ge- cwe9an (V. 106), s^cgean (123), sprecan (V. 106). speech: spr^ec (51. 6). (with) speed : braedllce. ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 63 spice: wyrtgemang (47), Tryrt- gem^ngnes (51. 5). spirit: gast (43). splendid: nisere (59). splendor : wl^ncu (51. a), wuldor (47. 6). spouse: gemseccea (53). spread: brgedan (113), springan (III. 104). spring: l^nctentid (51. 1). sprinkle: gestregdan (III. 104). squalid: horig (57. 3). stable: fsest (58). stand: arsefnian (118), standan (VI. 107). standstill: standan (VI. 107). star: steorra (53), tungol (47. 6). starvation: hunger (43). station: aeS'elborennes (51.5), ar (51. 6). stay : fsestnung (51. 3). (render) steadfast : gestae* elian (118). still, adj.: stille (59). (stand) still: standan (VI. 107). still, vb.: gestillan (113). still, adv. : giet. still, conj. : hwaeiaPre. stone, siibst. : stan (43). (precious) stone: gimm (43). stone, adj.: stsenen (57). storm: storm (43), winter (43. 5). strand : strand (43), vfrearoff (43). strange: 86^059* (58), sellic (57). stranger: cuma (53). street: street (51. b). strength : maegen (47. 1 ), str^nglSfu (51. a). strengthen: gestrangian (118). strew: gestreowian (118). strife: geflit (47). strike : beatan (R. 109) , geslean (VI. 107), slean (VI. 107). strike down: slean (VI. 107). strip: benseman (113), genacod- ian (118), ongierwan (113). strive: campian (118). strong: Strang (58), trum (57). struggle: campian (118), winnan (III. 104). study: lar (51. &), leornung (51. 3). subdue: oferwinnan (III. 104). subjoin: underiaTiedan (113). submission: underljeodnes (51. 5). subside: gestillan (113). substance: antimber (47). such, adj.: swilc (58). such, adv. : swa. suchlike: lafyllie (57). (on a) sudden: f seringa, unge- rydelice. suddenly: f seringa, fserlice, sam- ninga, s^mninga, ungeryde- lice. suffer: gefaran (VI. 107), t^olian. suffice : genyhtsumian (118). (be) sufficient for: genyhtsum- ian (118). suffuse: oferbrsedan (113). suggestion: bysen (51. 6). suitable : gedafenlic (57) , ge- screpe (59). sulphur: swefel (43. 4). summer: sumer (43. 5). summon: laffian (118). sun: sunne (53. 1). supplication: ben (51. b). supply: getimbran (115. b). support, subst. : faestnung (51. 3), fultum (43). support, vb. : af edan (113), fedan (113). suppose: wenan (113). supremacy : ealdordom (43), ealdorscipe (44. 1). 64 ENGLTRH-oi 1> 1 nOT.T^^H VOCABULARY. surface: b58m (48;, bradncii (51. 6). surround: ymbhSn (R. 110), ytiibtrymiiian (115. a). sustain: Aberaii (IV. 106), ge- healdan (K. 109). sustenance: aodllfan (61. 6), blgleofa (58), feurhn^ru (61. a). swan: lelfpte (68. 1), swan (48). swarm: hSap (48). swear: gMw^rlan (VI. 107), sw^rlan (VI. 107). sweet: swSte (60). sweetness : swStoes (61. 5). swell: Mliidan (111.104). swift: swift (68). swiftness: swiftnes (61. 5). swim: swlmman (III. 104). swimming: sund (47). swinge: g«sw^ngan (118). table: beod (48). tailor: sSamere (44. 1). take: bringan (114), genltnan (IV. 106), ISdan (118), nliiian (IV. 106). take away : setbregdaD (III. 104). take in : underfSn (R. 110). take leave of: grStan (118). tale: sprSc (61. 6). tapestry: rQwe (68. 1). taught: gelSred (68). teach : getficean (114), Iftran (118), tAcean (114). teacher: Ifireow (48). teaching: Iftr (61. 6). tear, subst, : tear (48). tears: w6p (48). tear, vb.: toslitan (I. 102). tell: s^cgean (128). lenuTity : dyrsttgnes (61. 5). tempest: hrSohnes (61. 5). temple: tempel (47.6). temptation : oostnung (61. 3). tenacious: fiesthafol (67). terrible: ^gesllc (67). u^rrify : ftf firan (118). than: 9onne. thane: 9egn (48). thank : VancUn (118). that: ffmt, tfsttte. tliat movers : styriondllc (67). then : eomostltce, 9&, tfonne. thence: 9anan. there : 9ft, If&r. (from) there: 9anan. therefore : for-9Ain, for-9on. therein : VAroii. the while that : 9ft hwlle 9 e. thine: 9in (68). thing: tfing (47). (good) things: plur. of g5<l (47). think: V^ncMMi (114), wiDan (118). thhrd: tfridda (00). thirst: UyntHn (118). thirsty: tTurstlg (67). thirty: 9ritig (79). this kind : 9ylllc (67). this sort: swilc (68). thither: tflder. though : 9Sah, lOTeah-Ve. though . . . yet: 9eali . . . 9Sali (208), 9gah-9e . . . hwseOTre, ff€ah-tfe . . . swft-9eah. tliought: geVanc (47). thousand: ffflsend (79). three: 9rie (79). throne: setl (47). throng: heap (48). through: geond (172), in (172), 9urh (172). throughout: geond (172), 9urli (172). ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABTJLAEY. 65 throw: ges^ndan (113), swing- an(?) (III. 104). thrust: scufan (II. 103). thunderbolt: lieg (43). thus : eornostlice, 3'us. thy: IJiii (58). tiger: tigris. time: faec (47), hwil (51. 5), tid (51. 1), tima (53). (a long) time ago : gefyrn. tin: tin (47). to: aet (166), to (166). to-day : to-daeg. together : setgsedere, samod, samod setgaedere, toggedere. toil, subst. : gedeorf (47), ge- swinc (47), gewinn (47). toil, vb.: winnan (III. 104). toilsome: gewinnfullic (57). to meet: togeanes (166). too : to. top: top(?) (43). (on) top of: onuppan (166). torment: gesw^ncan (113). torture : wite (48) . toss: gesw^ngan (113). touch: astyrian (118), gesecean (114). toward: between (166), ongean (166, 172), ^^fiff (166). towards: togeanes (166). towards one another : betweonan him. tower, subst. : tore (43) , wiglius (47). tower, vb. : hlifian (118) . trade: eraeft (43). train: iv^nian (116). trained: gelsered (62). trample upon: oftredan (V. 106). transform: aw^ndan (113). translate : geiv^ndan (113), w^nd- an (113). translation: aw^ndednes (51. 5). translator: wealhstod (43). transversely: 9'wieres (71). tread down: fortredan (V. 106), oftredan (V. 106). tread under foot: fortredan (V. 106). treasure : goldhord (47) . tree : treo (47. 3). (sort of) tree: treowcynn (47). tremble: forhtian (118). tribe: cynn (47), meegff (51. 6). trinity: Serines (51. 5). triumphant: sigefaest (58). troop: fefSa (53). trouble: bisgu (51. a), sorg (51. 6). true: soS" (58). truly: soljlice, witodlice. trumpet: biema (53). trust, subst.: treownes (51. 5). trust, vb.: gehyhtan (113). truth: soS" (47), soijfaestnes (51. 5). (clothed in a) tunic only: nacod (57). turn: bew^ndan (113), cierran (113), gecierran (113), ge- w^ndan (113), hweorfan (III. 104), w^ndan (113). turnback: cierran (113). tusk: tusc (43). twelve: tw^lf (79). twenty: twentig (79). (evening) twilight : eefenglomung (51. 3)^ two: twegen (79). Tyrian: Tyrisc (57). U. under: under (166). understand: ongietan (V. 106), understandan (VI. 107). understanding: andgiet (47). 66 ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. uneducated: ungelfired (68). unexpected: mifl^wSned (62). unfree: Vfiow (68). ungrateful : ungeOTancfuU (68. 2). unhappiness : sAmea (61. 6), murcDung (61. 6). unhesitatingly: Sa9e. unity : ftnnet (61. 5). universal: gemdne (69). unknown : ancll9 (68), unge- cnftwen (89). unlearned: ungelfired (69). unquiet: unstllle (69). unrighteous: unrihtwis (68). unrighteousness : uDrlhtwianes (61. 6). unruffled : sroylte (69). unspeakable : uofts^gende (61). untaught: ungelAred (69). unthankful: nngeVaiicfUIl (68. 2). until, prep, : 9ff (179). until, conj. : 59-9»t. unusual : ungewunellc (67). unwearied: ungewSrged (69). up: Op. upon: ofer (166), on (166, 179), onuppan (166). upper: ufanweard (68), Optic (57). uproar: gebrec (47). use, subst. : nfed (61. 5). (be of) use : genyhtaumtan (118). use, vb, : notian (118), gewuniao (118). useful: behefe (69). utensU: f»t (47. 4). V. (in) vain: faolungra. variegated : mislice gebleod. various: misllc (67). various kinds of: mlssenlle (67). variously: mlsllce. vassal: 9egn (43). vein: 5ra(?) (63). venerable : ftrwierOTe (69). verily : b69, vernal : l^nctenlic (67). verse: ieo9 (47). version : Aw^dednea (61. 6). very, adj. : self (68, 60). very, adv. : twiffe, 9earle. very much : tfearle. vex: geawtncan (118). victorious: sigeteat (68). victory : tlge (44). vigil: wnocen (61. 5). vUe: fOl (68). vineyard : wingeard (48). violence: rCVnea (61. 6). violent: rtVe (69), Strang (68).' violently: tfearllce. virgin: f»mne (63. I). virginity : mssgirhftd (48). virtue: nuegeB (47. 1). visible: geaewMilIc (67). visit: genSoaUui (118), gm^ctmm (114), a«c«ui (114), wiolM (118). visitant: cuma (63). voice: stefn (61. 6). void: Amtig (67), idel (67. 3). W. waft: gebringan (114). wait: bidan (I. 102), gebidan (L 109). wakeful: wrwacol (67). wall: weal! (43). wanting: wana (168). war: wig (47). wares: hlsest (47). warfare : fierding (61. 3). war-house: wighas (47). was called : hatte. ENGLISH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULAKY. 67 waste: forniman (IV. 105). (lay) waste: h^rgian (118). watch: sceawian (118). watch-tower: ton* (43). water: wseter (47. 1, 6). (body of) water : waeterscipe (44. 1). wave: yff (51. h). waver: wafian (118). wax: weax (47). way: weg (43). (in any) way : tenige 9'inga. (out of the) way: seldcua* (58). (in different) ways : mislice. weal: wela (53). wealth: wela (53). wealthy: welig (57). weapon: weepen (47. 1). wear out : gesw^ncan (113), sw^ncan (113). weary, adj.: werig (57). weary, vb. : sw^ncan (113). web-footed: flaxfete (59). weep: wepan (R. 109). weeping: heof (43), wop (43). weight: gewiht (47). well, adj. : gesund (58) . well, adv. : geare, wel. well-beloved : leof (57) . welter: gewealc (47). (from the) west : westan. (sea on the) west: -westsse (43; 51. 6). whale: hran (43), hwsel (43. 2). what: hwset (88; 89. c), hwilc (58). whatever: furSfum. what (so) ever : swa-hwaet-swa (89. d). wheel: hweol (47). whelk: weoloc. when : hwonne, inid-9'am-l9'e, mid-l5y, mid-l5y-9'e, sifftSan, sona, 15'a, !3'a-t5a, ffonne. when . . . (then) : fSsi . . . fSsi, ffsi-ffsi . . . l^a, d'onne . . . laronne (202). whence : hw^anan, 95'anan. where: hwger, IJa, 'Ss^r. wherefore : foriafoii. wherever: 15'ider. whether: hrwse'&er. whether ... or : 9*6 ... 9*6 (202). which: hwilc (58). (by, from, of) which: S'anan. whichever: swa-hwaeaPer (57). while, subst. : hwil (51. 6), tid (51. b). (a) while: hwilum (72). (the) while that : Ua hwile fSe while, conj. : mid-iafy, inid-9'y-9'e, fSa-lrwile-'Se. whip: swingan(?) (III. 104). whit: wiht (47). Jwhite: hwit (58). whither: hwider. who: hwa (88). whole: gehal (58), hal (58). why: for hwon, for hwy, to hwon. wicked : manfull (58. 2), un- cystlg (57), yfel (5_7. 3). wickedness : ungeffwajrnes (51. 5). wide: wid (58). wife: wif (47). wild: wild (58). wild animal: wildeor (47). wild beast: wildeor (47). will, subst.: willa (53). will, vb.: willan (139). will not: nellan (139). wind: wind (43). window: eagS'yrel (47. 6). wine : win (47). wings: fiffru (47). winsome: wynsum (57). winsomely : wynsumlice. 68 ENCLTSH-OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY. winter, if. >cai, ouo»t,: printer (48. 6). winter, ac{f.: wlnterlio (57). wintry: winterlic (67). wise: wis (58). wish : wlUan (189), wytcan (118). wiUi: on (166), mid (166), wt« (166). with difficulty : uniaVe. withdraw: atbregdan (IIL 104). within, adv, : tone. within, prep. : blnaan (166), inn- an (166), wl91nnan (178). without: bfltan (166). with speed : hrssdllce. withsUnd : witTstandan (VI. 107> woe: w8a (58). wolf: wulf (48). woman : wif (47). wonder, subst, : wundor (47. 1). wonder, vb. : wundrian (118). wonderful: wundorllc (57). wondrously : wundurllce. wont: gewuna (58). (be) wont: i^ewunian (118). WOO: glernan (118). wood: wudu (45). word: word (47). work, subst. : geweorc (47), weorc (47). work, vb,: gefr^mman (115. a), "wyrcean (114). workman: wyrhta (58). work with effort: swincan (III. 104). world: mlddangeard (48), wor- uld (51. 1, 3). worldly dignity : woruldge9yngtf (51. 6). worldly honor: woruldge9yng9 (51. 6). worldly life: woruldlif (47). worldly occupation : woruldbisgu (51. a), worm: wyrm (48). (kind of) worms : wyrmcynn (47). (become) worse: hfflglaii (118). worthily: weortfllce. writ: gewrit (47). write: ftwriUn (1.109), gewritan (I. lot), writing: gewHt (47). wrongly: yfele. Y. year: giar (47). yearly : gCarllo (57). yesterday: gleatran-dsBg (48). yet, adv. : giet (as) yet: giet, yet, cof^. ; hwssVre, nO, swft, n-hwseVre, tfSah. yield: wyrcean (114). (of) yore : giara. (of) you: Cower (81). young: geong (58). young man: cnlht (48). your: Sower (57. 3). youth : cniht (48), geoguV (51. 6). 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Studies in style and inven- tion, designed to accompany the author's " Practical Elements of Rhetoric." i2mo. Cloth. 306 pages. Introduction and teachers' price, $1.12. Professor Genung's Practical Elements of Rhetoric, though a work on a trite subject, has aroused general enthusiasm by its freshness and practical worth. The treatment is characterized by good sense, simplicity, originality, availabihty, completeness, and ample illustration. It is throughout constructive and the student is regarded at every step as endeavoring to make literature. All of the literary forms have been given something of the fullness hitherto accorded only to argument and oratory. The Outlines of Rhetoric is in no sense a condensation or adaptation of the author's " Elements," but an entirely new book prepared for a different field. 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