ii [lii!lii!|iliii:;ISili;!!!ilii!l) > !^ i J liiOipii, 1 11' i II ilii: 11 11 j! iiiiiiiil H ii; Um\'\m I'll I ii' III !| i liijlt: mm ililpilill ! Ill I'llil^' m iiip liiPij* ill i litifiiitji ■II l|!!i III IP ii iii I liiiiPliii! ill iill '!i! iji' lit iilliil!ti.!|i.l i ii III ^ij!' ill i fi i il'l !|i: ii ill f*il!!IH i l[i i Ii ill! ill iii ii i I mm 'illilii 11 iii "'Iii ill iii !! illt 11 1; ^i?ili'li!'i|iliifiii)' ifiiifiriir''''' ill mmm mm\v\ !i EVERYDAY PRONUNCIATION Books on English every-day pronunciation By Robert Palfrey Utter CRABB'S SYNONYMES (Centennia! Edition) A GUIDE TO GOOD ENGLISH By Robert Palfrey Utter EVERY-DAY WORDS AND THEIR USES By Robert Palfrey Utter STANDARD PRONUNCIATION IN ENGLISH Thomas R. Lounabury ENGLISH SPELLING AND SPELLING REFORM Thomas R. Lounsbury THE STANDARD OF USAGE IN ENGLISH Thomas R. Lounsberry EVERYBODY'S WRITING-DESK BOOK HARPER & BROTHERS. NEW YORK [ESTABLISHKD 1817] EVERY- DAY PRONUNCIATION BY ROBERT PALFREY UTTER, Ph.D. ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OP ENGLISH IN AMHERST COLLEGE Author of "A Guide to Good Enolish" and "Bverjfday Words and Their (/«ea" '*'"»»*, V' t» ! ' • HARPER y BROTHERS PUBLISHERS NEW YORK AND LONDON g^\ u"^ •» « • • • • . ■»•'•••" Everyday Pronunciation Copyright. 1918. by Harper & Brothers Printed in the United Sta^e? pf America To PHILIP WEST PAYNE "k;Ko died ilUstarredy and died beloved and young, andy therefore, blest and wise^* 5(>rj8G4 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/everydaypronunciOOutterich CONTENTS Preface xx Guiding Principles in Pronunciation 1 Laws and Standards. — The Scope and Aim of This Book. — The Notation of Sounds. — Stress. — Family Names. — Foreign Words. — ** Progress" in Pronunciation. — Prog- ress as a Conscious Process. — The Duty of the Individual. Key to Pronunciation 15 Abbreviations 21 Alphabetical List op Words 23 PREFACE In the pages immediately following I have placed, for various reasons, much of the material often put into prefaces; there I have explained what I am trying to do, and how I have set about to do it. For the preface, then, I have naught left but to acknowledge my obHga- tions, which makes it few of words and full of import. I am, of course, most heavily indebted to all dictionary makers, on whose work I have of necessity depended so much that I can acknowledge my indebtedness only in general. For encouraging companionship and scholarly help in the first stages of the work, I am most heartily grateful to Mr. PhiUp W. Payne, who in more fortunate circumstances would have been my collaborator through- out. For faithful and accurate work on some of the less inspiring parts of the task I am indebted to Miss Florence El well, of Amherst; and to Miss Agnes V. Doherty, Miss Ethel wyn Manning, and Miss Luella M. Nash, of the staff of the Amherst College Library. R. P. U. Amhebst College, April, 1918. EVERYDAY PRONUNCIATION GUIDING PRINCIPLES IN PRONUNCIATION A BiANUAL or dictionary that indicates pronunciation usually professes to do one of two things: to tell us how we do pronounce, or to tell us how we should pronounce. A third ideal is possible, that of this book, which is in- tended to tell us how we may pronounce without reproach. The idea of the compiler is not Thus gods are made, And whoso makes them otherwise shall die. but rather There are nine and sixty ways of making tribal lays, And every single one of them is right. Laws and Standards { In other words, there are no "laws" of phonetics or of 1 pronunciation; there are merely habits and tendencies. There are no definite, ascertainable "standards" of "cor- 2 ' ' ' ' '*EVEliy*DAY PRONUNCIATION rect"' pPonunGiati&nV tKere are merely generalizations more or less inclusive as to the practice of the ''best speakers" or "careful speakers/' The law of falling bodies is a law in the sense that it is inevitable and in- violable; there is no authentic record of a falling body that succeeded in breaking it. There is no law of lan- guage that has not been broken times beyond number, that cannot be broken as many times again. Such gen- eralizations as we make in regard to language approach sometimes more and sometimes less nearly to univer- sality, but it is safe to say that not one of them is truly a universal. ''Shall we, then, have no standards?'' asks the purist. Certainly, the more the better. If they are before us, they lure us on. If they are behind us, they demonstrate our progress. A standard should be at once as free and as steady as the needle of the compass; it should be valued for its power to show us where we are going, but it must not be taken to set a limit to the advance. A fixed standard is good only when it is fixed at a given distance before us as we move. If the purist calls for unchanging standards and universal conformity, we may be glad that he cannot get what he wants. If what he calls for is intelligent direction, a view of some goal not necessarily ultimate, and determination of the road, he stands for the best kind of progress. In spite of all this, we do not and need not dwell in chaos. In pronunciation, whatever is, is right, only in the sense that every man may pronounce as he pleases if he is willing to take the consequences. The sturdy bar- rier between us and chaos in pronunciation, as in all matters of language, is the social penalty on eccentricity. Conventionality is the only law of pronunciation that has any teeth. Nor is it always a foe to progress, for more EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 3 often than not it involves some ideal; if it is conformity, it is usually conformity to the usage of the circle in which one aspires to be, and even conformity is progress when it is conformity to something just beyond. The Scope and Aim of This Book The object of this book, then, is to indicate a pro- nunciation of each word listed that would in most walks of society pass without challenge, that if challenged can be defended as widely acceptable among good speakers. For such pronunciations I do not claim authority, but merely common-sense, experience, and access to the records such as they are. I have included approximately ten thousand words, most of them in our every-day vocabulary; some that are more or less technical, that is, words of every-day use to limited numbers of speak- ers; current foreign words and phrases, including such help as I could get on the sounds of proper names and other words that have become current since the outbreak of the present war. I have included a limited vocabulary of Scotch words, not, of course, with the expectation of turning any Yankee into a complete Scot, but with the hope of lowering a little the barrier that too often stands between Americans and the enjoyment of Scottish poetry. I have included a list, which I hope is large enough to be useful, of names from literature of real and fictitious per- sons and places. All these are in a single list, alpha- betically arranged from beginning to end. It is sup- posed to be inclusive enough for every-day needs — ^for really unusual words, there are the dictionaries and other sources of information — ^yet not so large as to be for- ipidablQ ox di8cou^9'gi^g, In all cases I have tried tq 4 EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION represent sound American usage; British usage is spe- cifically indicated as such where it is shown. In no case have I shown an incorrect or undesirable pronunciation, not even to justify my inclusion of a word. If a reader does not see how one or another of these words could possibly be mispronounced, let him rejoice and pass on, secure in the belief that ''what he doesn't know won't hurt him." A colleague asked me why I included the name Belknap; nobody, he declared, could possibly go wrong on it. I included it because I had asked a bearer of the name whether any one ever mispronounced it. "Yes," he replied, ''It is mispronounced in fifty different ways." The Notation of Sounds The system of notation of sounds that I have used differs in several particulars from others that I might have used. I do not profess to believe it better in any general way than others, but merely better for the par- ticular purpose in hand. It is not scientifically accurate, but is as accurate as is compatible with the requisite degree of simplicity. For most of us, ease of comprehen- sion in such a system is more important than it is to carry out the shades of variation in vowel sounds to the fifth or sixth decimal place. I have thought it best, there- fore, to use no letters but the familiar ones, and to indi- cate their sounds by diacritical marks. These marks are explained by the key words which are to be found at the bottom of each page. They will enable any one without previous knowledge of the system to get at once the sound of any word in every-day use, — ^f or a few unusual words he will have to refer to the complete key given on pages 15-20. The key words are those generally EVERT-DAY PRONUNCIATION 5 accepted as standards. The assumption is that the sounds of these words on the tongues of American speak- ers are as nearly uniform as anything we can get, and are near enough to imiformity to be useful for the purpose. Vowel sounds, more than consonant soimds, are like colors in the infinite nmnber of gradations and combinations of which they are capable, and in the fact that the agree- ment on the standards is general but not universal, and that on the shades and combinations it is not even general. It should be xmderstood, then, that whatever discussion this book contains of the nature and use of English sounds is offered not as a rule or law, but merely as generalization so far as the process seems safe. Stress Just as it IS diflScult, if not impossible, to express in print the infinite gradations in vowel sounds, so also does the matter of accent or stress present almost insuperable difficulties to one who wishes to express the whole truth in intelligible notation. In the dictionaries it seems fairly simple. There, stresses are of two grades, ''primary'' and "secondary." On certain syllables these accents definitely belong, and they are misplaced if they are placed otherwise, imless it be in cases in which "usage is divided." But an attentive ear tells us a different story. We hear in speech a thousand gradations in amount of stress. We hear surprising variations in the position of the stress in the speech of persons whom we know to be careful speakers, and who believe themselves to be consistent. There are probably many causes work- ing here, some of which are doubtless unknown, others of which may be guessed at, — ^if all could be systematically 6 EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION studied, the dictionaries might be more intelligently re- vised. One is sentence modulation. As we speak them, our sentences have something corresponding to accent in words, a rising and falling cadence, wavelike, with more regularity than we are normally conscious of — ^so much, indeed, that almost any sentence is rhythmic enough for free verse if it is so printed as to call attention to its rhythm. In one sentence it may be one syllable of a given word that finds itself at the crest of a wave; in another, another. A speaker, for example, who beUeves that he always stresses the last syllable of magazine as the dictionaries tell him to do, might at one time say, ''I de^s^ a devout maga^ime,'' but in a sentence of a different cadence, as "I still read Harper^s MagsLzine/' stress the word differently, and if he caught himself in the act, might wonder why he did it. The word automobile in our daily speech finds itself sometimes with its middle syllable on the crest of the wave, sometimes in the trough with the two ends on the crests, — there is scarcely a possible variation that does not occur, aut'omobile, automo'bile, automobile', aut'omobile', and the dictionaries know not where to have it. Stress, too, is important in pronunciation for its effect on the quality of vowels, — ^note, for example, the different sounds of i in advertisement and advertisement, in little and "Zeetle,'* a form which results from the attempt at ex- cessive emphasis. Sometimes, again, it works the other way — the attempt to give a vowel its quality leads to an apparent misplacing of the stress. If you attempt to give the e in the third syllable of interesting its full value, you will certainly be accused of saying interest'ing. If you try to put the stress where it belongs, you appear to say int'- resting^ and are accused of a slovenly clipping of the vowel. EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 7 The fact is that the time necessary to careful pronuncia- tion of a vowel is also an element of stress, — ^and very- likely the other element of stress, the slight variation in pitch, also enters into the process of giving the vowel its full value. In a word, we emphasize every vowel we pro- nounce carefully, especially if we do it consciously. Con- versely, we tend to reduce to the obscure or neutral sound all vowels in imstressed syllables. The vowels in un- stressed you, are, and, and the, or in combinations like ''gonna," "gotta," and "ottermobile," might be any- thing, a, e, i, 0, OT um. any of their sounds, for all one could tell by ear. This fact accounts for many of the difficulties of those who spell by ear alone; "sentance" and ''accidently" represent the phonetic fact quite as well as the conventional forms. The discussion of stress might be greatly prolonged, but it would be to small profit imless it were to lead to results I cannot hope to attain here. The point is that the facts, even if I knew them, are too complicated to be represented by any system of notation which I could expect any one to read easily. I have, therefore, marked the stressed syllable in each word as it is usually understood. So much can at least be read at a glance, and it is usually all that is required. Family Names I have omitted many British and American family names that are included in other manuals, because I recognize the right of any family to pronounce its name as it pleases, and I do not recognize the right of the lexi- cographer to tell them how they "ought" to pronounce it. Historical or etymological considerations may point to a certain pronunciation for a given name, but unless 8 EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION the bearer of the name chooses to regard them, they da not weigh against actual usage. In some cases we know how eminent individuals pronounced the names they bore, — we know how the poet Cowper rhymed his name, for example, but his prommciation lays no injunction on other bearers of the name. The same thing is true of com- mon baptismal names, both as to spelling and prommcia- tion. If one who bears the name Helena chooses to be called Hele'na, or if one named Cicely elects to spell it Sicily, by what ^'law" of orthoepy or orthography may we say that she is '^ wrong,'' however great the incon- venience to which she puts us by her vagary? Foreign Words Another debatable land in which it is hard to find and pold a defensible position is the matter of Anglicization / of foreign words and names. As a rule, we like to exhibit ' our familiarity with languages we know, and are prone to denounce as affectation exhibition on the part of others of familiarity with languages we do not know. To one who knows Spanish but not Norwegian it may sound barbarous to hear Don Juan and Do7i Quixote sounded as if they were English names, and affected to hear Peer Gynt sotmded as if it were anything else. Here expert ence is the only guide; it shows us only that as soon *-• words come into daily use on the vulgar tongue they wTil be subdued to the tongues that sound them. Ypres be^ comes Wipers at first perhaps in jest, but the jest soon j passes. The taube when it became a daily visitant to / Tommy became tawb, San Bernardino becomes San \ B^doo, and puzzles the Easterner until he discovers it in the abbreviation of the railroad time-table. 1 BVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 9 "Progress** in Pronunciation The idea of "progress" in the matter of pronunciation is one that may need some explanation. It may be the more readily imderstood if we reflect on the important changes in language which have been brought about primarily, it is safe to say, by local variations in pro- nunciation. We think of Latin, for example, as a "dead" language, but it is not dead except in the sense that we have a fixed and unalterable portrait of it in one stage of its existence, — ^it is no more dead than is the child you once were, whose portrait, unchangeable in any slightest feature, looks out at you from the confines of its rigid frame. "Vulgar" Latin, — the colloquial or spoken Latin which differed from that of Cicero as the language of our city streets or that of our country roads differs from that of Addison, — changed gradually century by century, till the accumulation of the changes of twenty centuries is the difference between Latin and modem Italian. It was carried into Gaul where Gallic tongues turned it differently and made it ultimately into modem French; into Iberia, where changes similar in process but differ- ent in nature and effect turned it at last into Spanish. Latin has never died. Modem Italian is just as clearly Latin as English is Anglo-Saxon; the history is continu- ous from one to the other. Latin has changed greatly, but it is vigorous in itself, and in its descendants. And just as French comes from Latin, so Latin comes from something earlier, — at the beginning of the process, we can only guess. "It is difference of opinion," sajrs Mark Twain's pro- found philosopher — Pudd'nhead Wilson — "that makes horse-races," and horse-races, in the philosopher's thought, to EVERY-DAT PRONUNCIATION relieve the monotony of life. It is difference of pro- nunciation that makes languages, and we may perhaps be glad for the vulgarities of speech which have relieved, a continent or two from complete uniformity of language. But relief from monotony is not necessarily progress. ''Mispronunciation" has done more for us than that. It was long customary for linguists to speak of the ''de- cay'' of language in discussing the changes it undergoes in centuries of use, the reduction, for example, to mono- syllables of the polysyllabic forms of the earlier stages. But a Danish student, and friend, of the English language, Professor Otto Jespersen, has expressed in his Progress in Language a theory that has convinced most of his readers, to the effect that popular short cuts in pronunciation which have led to the loss of most inflectional endings in English have been gain, in that the change has brought ease and flexibility to the language with no loss of clearness or accuracy that need make us regret it. As one of his many examples, he brings up again the oft- cited instance of the "decay'' of the Gothic habaidedeima, which by rolling for centuries on various more or less Ger- manic tongues has become the EngUsh had. The tenor of his comment on the process is, "The English form is preferable, on the principle that any one who has to choose between walking one mile and four miles will, other things being equal, prefer the shorter cut. . . . K had has suffered from wear and tear in the long course of time, this means that the wear and tear of the people now using this form of speech is less than if they were still cumbered with the old giant habaidedeima." Indeed, it is not only one Goliath, but fifteen, that this one little word, worn down by centuries in the stream of popular ^ge, h^ displaced, Professor Jespersen points out further EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 11 that our system of personal pronouns and auxiliaries which express the shades of meaning carried by the old cirni- bersome forms, is much simpler than the complicated system of injflectional endings. The simplification does not mean loss of power, any more than would the use of a small engine to do the work of fifteen yoke of oxen. "Mispronunciation" does not account for the whole process; nor do we, when we so name a great part of it, understand the complicated interplay of tendencies and forces that make vulgar mispronunciation an efifective power in language. But even the briefest historical per- spective will show us that it is a force too important to be dismissed as mere ''vulgarity," too strong to be danmied back by the frown of the schoolmistress. Just as we to-day, rightly enough, frown on gonna and gotta for going to and got to, so doubtless did our forefathers frown on the slipshod speech that joined he and utan into butan, prefixed on and shortened it to ahutan, then to almte, and finally to about. If gotta for must, and gonna for abovl to, prove useful auxiliaries, vulgar pronunciation will have shown us helpful short cuts in our speech; if not, they will probably disappear. Of one thing we may be sure, they will be subjected to fiery tests, and if they survive we need have no fear of them. The fact that vul- gar pronunciation has helped language to eflSciency does not mean that its tendency is always for good and that it is to be encouraged and practised. Opposition must constantly be applied to it in order to test its incessant experiments in sounds and forms. The people, who have no fine shades of meaning to express, tend to simplify more than is willingly allowed by those who would make finer distinctions, those to whom simplification im- 12 EVBRY-DAY PRONUNCIATION pairs efficiency. Their opposition is, and should be, vigor- ous and protracted; only so may we be sure that no changes will, become permanent in good usage and the written language unless they make for simplicity and flexibility without impairing necessary clearness. Progress as a Conscious Process But even if we grant Professor Jespersen's theory of progres^, and the part that pronunciation may play in it, we may still question how far it is or can ever be a conscious process, and what part intelligence may play in it. On this question probably no one can speak with authority, but anyone may argue from antecedent prob- ability. One who has ideals of pronimciation is usually one who has or aspires to some degree of refinement and education. Among persons of ^culture and education there are forces that tend more toward uniformity of ideals and practice than do the forces (in general the same operating less strongly) that operate among the less educated folk. Dialect variations are extreme among unlettered people, and slight among the highly educated. The ideal at its best is usually some such combination of simplicity of sound with accuracy and completeness of expression as Professor Jespersen calls progress. If there is more conservatism among the educated than among the unlettered, it is because they hold the double rather than the single ideal. Even among those who hold nearly the same ideals, we do not get complete uniformity of speech, however the dictionaries and manuals of pro- nunciation may represent us. Still less likelihood would there be of dead uniformity if the ideal should spread to . the uneducated. A goal within sight, then, and inteUigent BVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 13 movement toward it surely does have its efiFect on lan- guage — popular mispronunciation does not make the only- path of progress, nor would it make such a path at all if the other force were not constant in its restraining effect. "Laws" will not take care of our speech for us, neither those we attempt to make and enforce, nor those we see in the generalizations of the linguist. The shaping forces are the thrust toward simplicity on the one hand, and that toward accuracy of expression on the other. If the amount and direction of these two forces could be ac- curately measured, we might be able to calculate the resultant, but we have not been able to do so as yet. The only care we can exercise is as to the amount and direction of such force as each of us has. The Duty of the Individual The duty of each one of us is to exercise such intelli- gence as he has. If you have a strong, original mind, you may be a leader; if not, you must conform, as you do in matters of dress, to the best usage you can find. Use your judgment in selecting your leader, and common- sense in following. If each one of us made up his mind how he wanted his words to soimd, and strove to make them sound so without mumble, drawl, or affectation; if he meant something and tried sincerely to say it; if he spoke from a full mind, a full heart, and full lungs (and an empty nose), he might safely leave the rest to law or chance. To such as have conscience in the matter of pronun- ciation, this book offers itself as guide and friend, — philosopher it does not profess to be, for it has no original contribution on the subject of American pronunciation. 14 EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION It would be more helpful if it had, — ^not necessarily to the individual, but to the cause at large. Before we can generalize much about pronunciation, we must have facts from which to draw our inferences. The first thing necessary is to know how we actually do pronounce, — without it, the attempt to improve is like dressing in the dark or without a mirror. We may know how we wish our clothes to look, but how can we know what to do to them to make them look so unless we have a mirror wherein to see what condition they are in? In the matter of speech, the mirror might be pro- vided by a series of studies in the best speech of the dif- ferent sections of the United States such as Sweet, Jones, and Grant, and various others have made of the speech of England and Scotland.* Such research is beyond the scope of this book. ♦H. Sweet, Primer of Spoken English; D. Jones, An English Pronouncing Dictionary; W. Grant, The Pronunciation of English in Scotland. Jones's Dictionary contains a short selected list of similar studies. KEY TO PRONUNCIATION The vowel and consonant sounds indicated in this book are as follows: a as in die. The ordinary ''long a" sound in stressed syllables. S as in sentUe. The same as o, except that it is slightly obscured, pronounced in a shorter time interval; i. e., in un- stressed syllables, a as in cdre. In stressed syllables ending in r, in which situation other sounds of a tend toward this. Note, for example, the British pronunciation of words like Mary, a as in d/. The ordinary "short a," differing from the preceding mainly in the amount of time it takes. It occurs usu- ally in stressed syllables, as mdr^ry. a as in &ccord. This is the d as usually sounded in unstressed syl- lables, spmewhat obscured in sound, a as in arm. This is the Italian or open a. a as in ask. The medial a, half-way between ^ or d and a. It is used as a compromise between what might seem affec- tation in such words as half, calf, laugh (Idf), and hMf, cdlf, and the like, which are set down as pro- vincial or vulgar. 16 EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION & as in sofa. This is the more obscure sound of a occurring in un- stressed syllables. a as in unstressed that (th't). This sound is completely obscure; it is the sound represented by the inverted e (9) in many phonetic alphabets. This and other dotted vowels are used in this book instead of the inverted e in the attempt to save respelling. In ordinary speech the distinction is not made between a and a (or even the complete indeter- mination represented by the apostrophe) in such situa- tions as the third syllable of comfortablej and in the at- tempt to represent even careful usage one would be justified in using either. b has its usual value. c is not used in the respelling; its sounds are represented by s and k. ch has its English soimd, as in church, except where printed CH which represents the German or Scotch soimd, as in nicht, loch {niCHtj loCH). The sound is made with the tongue in position as to pronounce the word yes^ by expelling the breath voicelessly between the back of the tongue and the roof of the mouth. d has its usual value. dz represents the sound of either j or dg in jvdge (d^uzd), e as in eve. The ordinary "long'' sound of e. g as in event. This the e in unstressed syllables. In very many ' cases it can hardly be distinguished from i; sociSte or sociUl would be about equally satisfactory as represent- ing the sound of the word. EVEEY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 17 e as in Snd. This is the "short" sound of the vowel in stressed syllables. 8 as in redrii. The "short" e in unstressed syllables, e as in Eden. This is the completely obscure sound of e, really not 6 at all; the second e in emperor has the same sound as the o. See the comment on d. e as in there. This sound is indistinguishable from d. The symbol is used to save respelling. e as in err. In stressed syllables this is the same sound as ti. In unstressed syllables it is more or less obscured, as in such words as perfomiy sev^al, in many cases scarcely more than ^, as in runner. f has its usual value. g has only its "hard" sound, as in get; the "soft" sound of g, as in exaggerate, is represented by d? (see j). h has its usual value, i as in ice. This is the ordinary "long" i sound, i as in III. The "short" sound of i; see comment on 6. iu represents w as in use (ius). This is one of the "long" u sounds; see also do. j is not used in respelling; its ordinary sound, as in jety is represented by d?, as, judge, d^vdz. k has its ordinary value. 1 has its ordinary value, m has its ordinary value, n unmarked has its usual sound. l8 EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION n represents the nasal ng sound, as, hang, harj.; Anglican, Ari^glican, n represents the French nasal, as in mon, en {mon, on). It is not properly a consonant, but rather a nasal termination to four of the French vowel sounds, an, driy dn, un, — unlike the English nasal n, it cannot be pronounced apart from the vowel. Pronounce the vowel with the mouth well open, then say as much of the ng sound as you can with the mouth still open, — without bringing the teeth together or closing the throat. 6 as in old. Commonly called ''long" o. 6 as in 6hey, The long o slightly obscured as it sounds in unstressed syllables. 6 as in 6rh. This is the sound represented by aw in law, and by other combinations in such words as aught, bought, etc. 5 as in coffee. This sound is half-way between 6 and 6. 6 as in 6dd, The sound ordinarily called "short" o. 5 as in connect. The short o slightly obscured in unstressed syllables. 6 as in emperor. Here the o sound is entirely obscured. 6 as in the German mogen. The German o umlaut is more like the H than any other EngUsh sound, but differs from it in that it is pronounced with the lips rounded and with the tongue nearer the teeth than in u. It is the same as the French sound of eu. EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 19 oi as in oil. Indicates the sound however it is commonly spelled, as, boyy hoi; leute (Germ.) loite, do 33 in foot 65 as in fool This also represents one of the "long" u sounds, as in rule. ou as in out. Used in respelling to represent the sound wherever it occurs, as boWy bou; haymow y hdmou; and the like. p has its usual sound. q is not used in respelling; its common sound is represented hyk. r unmarked as in rat, parade. X represents the r in party motheVy as distinguished from that in great or parade. It is practically silent in Eng- land and in our Atlantic States. In other parts of the country it is a subject of controversy, but most care- ful speakers make it more or less obscure, sh has its usual value, as in shally and is used to represent the French cA, as in chaud {shod). th as in thin. %h as in that. A as in Urn. This is the same sound as i. ii as in Up. Commonly called ''short" u. u as in circus. Occurring in imstressed syllables; slightly more ob- scure than the foregoing, u as in co?isumate. In slurred syllables; quite obscure, ii as in menu, 20 EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION This is the French u, German u umlaut, pronounced with tongue and teeth in position to sound i and the lips rounded as for oo. For other sounds commonly indicated by u, see iu and 00. V has its usual value. w has its usual value. X as in vex is indicated by ks. y has only its consonant value, as in you. In respelling it is used chiefly to indicate the French 'liquid'' n or I {mouille), as in Boulogne, boolon'y\ z unmarked is sounded as in blaze, ? has the value of zh, as in vision, viz'un. ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations are few in the following pages, and those used will for the most part be intelligible from the con- text if not from the familiarity of their form. They are as follows: adj. adjective Hind. Hindu Ang. Anglicized as, anglice It. Italian cf. compare Mex. Mexican Eng. English plu. pliu-al Fr. French sing. singular Ger, German Sp. subst. substantive Spanish a (article), unstressed a, stressed a. a' (Scot.), 6. Aachen, i'CHgn. Aaron, A'ron. British usage prefers A'dron, the second a not really a separate syllable, but a transition sound between the a and r. abacus, S,b'^kfis. k bas (Ft.), i'bi'. ab'Stis. V abattoir, abitw&r'. abbatial, ^bba'shal. Ab'diel. Sbdd'men. Abed'nSgo. abeigh (Scot.), abeCH'. Abercromby, ab'erkrSmbJ. Aberdeen, ab^rden'. Abergavenny, ab'firgivgn'i, ab'erggn'I. V aberrant, llbgr'Siit. abject (adj.), ftb'dzSkt; (verb meaning cast off), abdzekt'. ablaut, Sblout; (Ger.), ap'- lout. Abou ben Adhem, i'boo b6n &'dSm. Abou (Abu) Hassan, i'boo has'dn. Aboukir, ibooker'. abracadabra, ab'rfi,k&d4b'- r&. abread (Scot.), abred'. abrogate, ib'rogat, ab'- r6g&t. abrogative, 5eakers, but the second is the favorite with the dictionaries. apparent, Spdr'Snt. appellate, dp^'at. This is the common adjective or substantive. The rare verb is pronounced dp'ildt. appendices, ipSn'dlsez. appendicitis, Spgndisit'Is. appoggiatura,ap6d?atoo'ra. apposite, fip'dsit. appreciation, ipreshia'- shiin. apprentice, Sprgn'tfa. approbative, Sp'robaUv. Apremont, &prem5n. apricot, ap'rikSt. Dictionaries agree on this, though dp'rikSt is widely ac- cept^ in the United States. a prid'ri. A fyred'rt is now widely ac- cepted also. apron, a'priin, a'ptlrn. Apdm is sometimes con- demned as a corruption. The fact is, it is no more corrupt than any other form of the word. It comes from the Old French naperouy and appears as napron, napruny and apurriy in the fif- teenth century. **In English, initial n has been lost by cor- ruption of a napron into an apronJ^ — Oxford Dictionary. k propos de rien, & pr6p5' d6 ryto'. Apropos has become thor- oughly at home in English with the sound dprdpd\ aptitude, Sp'titiud. aqueduct, Sk'widiikt. Aquila, ^.k'wilft. aquiline, SkVilln, ak'wilin. Ar'Sb. Arabic, fir'S^Wk. Arachne, Srfik'nS. arachnoid, Srak'noid. Ar'ai. Arapahoe, arSp'^ho. arMfrSmgnt. arbitrative, if-'bitratlv. ar'bitratof. Arblay, d' dir'bla. Srba'r^ai. Srbore'tum. arbutus, irbiu'tiis. archseopteryx, irk66p'- tfiriks. archaic, irka'ik. archaism, 5,r'kaJzm. archangel, &rkan'dzel. Archangel (Russia), 3rsha'. beau monde, bo mond'. Beauregard (Eng.), bo'rS- gard; (Fr.), boregar'. beauteous, biut'Sus. Beauvais, boVe'. The last syllable is a short, open a sound, more like a stressed ^ than any other Eng- lish vowel. Beaux esprits, bo'zSspre'. beaux yeux, bo'zyo. &hr, iu"U in use, dm, \ip, oirc^is, men(i, food, (56t, out, oil, apgle, part, thin, lhat> afure, CH^Germ. ich, ft (Fr.) monj @^ Qosxplete key, pages 15-20. 42 EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION / because, b§k6z'. Bede, bed. When written Baeda, the name is pronounced be'dd, Bedivere, bed'iver. bedi'zen, bSdi'zen. Beel'zgbub. been, bin. Btn is said to be the American pronunciation; ben the British. The fact is, the more emphati- cally, or even clearly, the word is enunciated, the more closely it approaches ben, Beethoven, ba'tovSn. befa' (Scot.), bgfo'. befliim' (Scot.). begoud (Scot.), bSgood'. behalf, bshaf. American and English authori- ties agree on this, while for half, at least some American orthoe- pists allow hdf. It is safe to say that most of the best Ameri- can speakers pronounce half and the last syllable of behalf in the same way, and that way is hdf. be'h^moth, sometimes also bShe'mSth. behint' (Scot.). Behn (Mrs. Aphra), ben. behoove, bshoov'. So pronounced, also, when written behove. Behring, bering. So pronounced, also, when written Bering. ale, senate, cfire, at, accord, arm, ask, there, ovdr, Ed^n, xce, ill, old, Obey, Orb, beild (Scot.), beld. bein (Scot.), ben. Beirut, baroot'. beit (Scot.), bet. beldame, bel'dam. bel esprit, bel espre'. Belfast. Belfort (France), belfSr'. Belgrade, belgrad'. *'An Austrian army, awfully arrayed, Boldly by battery besieged Belgrade." Bel'ial, bel'yal. belive (Scot.), beliv'. Belknap, bernSp. Bellarmine, bel'armin, bgl'- 5.rmen. belles lettres, bel 16t're. Bellini, bele'ne. bellows, beroz, bSl'us. Beloochistan' (Baluchistan, Beluchistan). Belshazzar, belshaz'ar. belyve (Scot.). See belive. Benbow, ben'bo. beneath, bSneth', bSneth'. Bengal, bengol'. So also Bengali; but Bengalese is pronounced b^ngdles'. Bentham, ben'tam, ben'- tham. Ben venue, ben veniu'. sofa, lovable, eve, event, end, recent, coffeo, odd, cduaect, lem6n, 6 (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 43 Ben Voirlich, b§n vor'- UCH. Benvol'id. benzine, ben'zen, ben'sin. In order to pronounce this word hen'zeriy one must stress the two syllables almost alike, as most Americans do. If the second syllable has little stress, it almost inevitably is pro- nounced with the i sound. Compare sacrifice, advertise- ment, et al. Beowulf, ba'Swoolf. bequeath, bSkwe^'. Beranger, de, de bar^nza'. berceuse, bgrsoz'. Berenga'ria. Ber'esford. berg'amot. Bergerac, Cyrano de, serano de berzerak'. Berkeley, berkli, bark'li. Berlin'; (Ger.), berlen'. Bemhardi, bSrnhar'de. Bernhardt, Sarah, sara ber- nar . There is some sanction for an anglicized sound of the name, sd'rd bSm'hdrt, but it could hard- ly fail to sound provincial to any but a provincial speaker. Bemstorff, bern'shtorf . ber'serk. Bertillon, berteyon'. ohr, iu=u in use, kame'y'. Camisard, kam'izard; (Fr.), kamezar'. camomile, kam'omil. ale. senSte, dU^, Ht, liooord, irm, Ssk, thSre, ov6r, Eden, ice, ill, 6ld, 6b©y, 6rb camouflage, kamooflaz'. camouflet, kamoofla'. campagna, kampan'ya. campanile, kampanel'a. "Most frec[uently pronounced as ItaHan {kampdneVd)^ often as French {kdmpaneV), but also Anghcized as kdra'panU, -41" — Oxford Dictionary. Camp de Mailly, k3,n de miye'. Campeche, kampa'cha, kampech'i. camphor, kam'f^r. Canaan, kan'an. So also Canaanite, canaille, kana'y'. This word was more or less completely Anglicized in the seventeenth and eighteenth cen- turies as kdndVf a pronunciation accepted by most lexicographers; but the word is seldom heard now except as a French word with the French sound. Canajoharie, kanadzohar'i. Canandaigua, kananda'- gwa. canape, kanapa'. canard, kanard'; (Fr.), kanar'. canary, kana'ri. candelabrum, k S n d e I a '- briim. candidacy, kan'didasi. softi, lovable, eve, Svent, end, rednt, oSffee, odd, connect, lemdn, d (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 55 Candide, kanded'. canine, ka'nin, kanin'. Lexicographers prefer the sec- ond; ahnost everyone else pre- fers the first. canna (Scot.), kan'a. cannach (Scot.), kan'^CH. Cannes, kan. cafion, kan'yon; (Span.), kanyon'. Canonicus, kan5n'ikus. Canopic, kanop'ik. Canorous, kano'rus. Canossa, kano'sa. Canova, kano'va. cantabile, kanta'bile. cantaloup, kSnt'aloop, kant'alop. The word has a number of variant spellings, of which the one given above and cantalope are now preferred. The pro- nunciation kdnt'dlop is common- ly used for the form cantalope. Cantaloup is preferable histori- cally — the word is from Canta- lupoj a country seat of the Pope near Rome. cantata, kantS,'t3,. cantatrice (It.), kanta- trech'a; (Fr.), k^nta- tres'. canteen, kSnten'. cantharides, kantharldez. Canton, (China) kSntSn'; (U. S.), kan'tSn. Canute, kaniut'. canzone, k§ Germ, ich^ xx (Fr.) mon. See complete key, pages 15-20. 5 56 EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION Caraccioli, k3,r5,cho'le. Caractacus, karak'takus. carafe, karaf. caramel, kar'amSl. carat, kar'at. In ordinary speech the sound of this word is indistinguishable from that of carrot. Diction- aries make the o of carrot en- tirely obscure (kar^ut), but leave to the second a of carat a vestige of the a sound. The lexicog- raphers say that the form karat is obsolete. If so it is a lively ghost. Caravaggio, karava'dzo. caravansery, karavan's^ri. When written caravanserai the word is said to be pronounced kdravdn' s^rl. Fitzgerald, how- ever, thought otherwise: ** Think, in this battered caravanserai, Whose portals are alternate night and day, How Sultan after Sultan in his pomp, Abode his appointed hour, and went his way." carbine, kar'bin. carbonaceous, karb6na'- shiis. Carbonari, k^rbSna're. carburetor,carburetter, car- bureter, kS,r'biuret^r. Carcasonne, kS-rkSsSn'. cardamine, k3,rdam'ini, k&r'damin. carditis, kardit'is. pie, senate, c&re, at, accord, Srm, Ssk, thgre, ovfer, Eden, ice, ill, old, dbey, Arb, Careme, karam'. Carency, karanse'. caret, ka'ret, ka'ret. Cf. carat. Caribbean, karibe'an. caribou, kar'iboo. caricature, kar'ikatiur. caries, ka'riez. Carlovingian, karlovin'- dzian. Carlsruhe, karls'rooe. Carlyle (Thomas), karlil'. carmine, kar'min, kar'min. camelian, karnel'ian. carnival, k&r'nival. camivora, k5,rniv'6ra. So also carnivorous, Carolingian, karOlin^ziSn. Carolinian, k^r61in'ian. carotid, kar5t'id. Carranza, karan'zS,. Mexican pronimciation does not call for the th sound of c and z as does the Spanish. Carrara, kara'ra. carriage, kar'ridz. carrousel, karoozel'. carse (Scot.), kars, kers. Cartagena, kartadze'nfi, ; (Sp.), kS^rtaha'na. carte blanche, kart blansh. sofa, lovable, eve, invent, end, recent, coffee, odd, connect, lemon, 6 (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 57 carte de visite, Mrt dS viset'. cartel, k&r'tel. Kdrt^V, the earlier pronuncia- tion, is now allowed also by some modern authorities. cartilaginous, k^rtilSdz'- inus. cartouche, kartoosh'. Caruso, kS^roo'zo. caryatid, kariat'id. So also caryatides {4dez). Casaba, kS-sa'bS;. Casabianca, k^sabiank'a. Casa Guidi, ka'zS gwe'de. Casaubon, kilsd'bon; (Fr.), kazobon'. Casca, kas'kS,. caschrom (Scot.), kas'- CHrom. casein, kas'ein. caseous, kas'Sus. casino, k&se'no. cask, kask. Cassandra, kasS,n'dr&. cassava, kasa'va. casserole, en, 5,n kaserol' cassimere, ka'simer. One of the various forms of the word now most commonly written cashmere, Cassiopeia, kMope'yS. Cassius, kash'iis. bhr, 5u=u in use, Am, ttp, circfis, menu, fSod. fd6t, out, oU, aijgle, pa|i;, thin, ^at, a?ure, CH^Germ, ich, h (Fr.) mon. See complete key, pages 15-20. cassowary, kS.s'6wS.rL Castalia, kastal'iS. Castellamare, kastSl&m5,'"» ra. castigate, kas'tigat. castile, kas'tel, k^stel'. Although named from the Spanish province where it was originally made, Castile', castile soap was early called castle soap, and the word is often heard to- day with the stress on the first syllable, whereas the proper noun has it on the second. Castilla, kasteryS. castle, kas'^l. Castlereagh, kas'lra'. Castor, kas'ter. casualty, kaz'iualti. casuist, kaz'iuist. casus belli, kas'iis bel'i. catachresis, kat&kre'sis. catacomb, kat'akom. catafalque, kat'afalk. catalepsy, kSt'lllepsi. catalogue, kat'^lSg. catalogue raisonne, al5g rS,z&na'. catalpa, katai'plL. catamaran, k5,t&marSn'. catastasis, kS^tSs'tS-sis. catastrophic, k5,tastr5f'ik. catechumen, katSkiu'men. kat' 58 EVEKY-DAY PRONUNCIATION cateran (Scot.), kat'eran. cater-comered, kat'er-k6r'- nerd. cathedra, kathed'rS, kathed'rS,. Catherine de Medici, kath'- erin da mad'eche. cathode, kath'od. cathodic, kathod'ik. ca'thro (Scot.), ka'thrS, ko'thrS. Caucasian, koka'shun, koka'shun. Caucasus, ko'kasus. cauld (Scot.), kod. cauldrife (Scot.), kod'rif. causeway, koz'wa. This is not the same word as causey (kd'zi), an embankment, but is the way on the causey or causey-way; hence, a paved way or highway, cavalero, kavale'ro. Cavaliero is also so pro- nounced; both are less com- pletely AngUcized forms of cav- alier. Cavalieri, kavMyd'rg. Cavalleria Rusticana, kS^va- l&re'S, roostika'nSr. cavatina, kavate'iift. caveat, kav'Sat. cave canem, ka've ka'ngm. ale, senate, c&re, St, accord, Srm, ask, tlicre, ov6r, Eden, ice, Jll, gld, Sbey, Orb Cavell (Edith), kavel'. caviar, kaviar. This word has fluctuated wide- ly in the past, both in form and sound, and is by no means stable to-day. The sound repre- sented here is generally accept- able now, but not necessarily the only acceptable one. cavil, kav'il. Cawein (Madison), kawin'. cayenne, kaen', kien'. Cayster, kais'tSr. Cayuga, kayoo'ga. cayuse, kiyoos'. Cecil, se'sil, se'sil. Cecilia, sSsil'ia, sSsil'yS. Cecily, ses'ili. This is perhaps the common- est form of a name that is almost infinite in its variety of spellings — Cicely, Cidly, Cisily, Sicily, It is almost universally (however it is spelled) pronounced in three syllables with the vowels rather obscure, approaching i. Oc- casionally, however, the spelling affects the sound; there are those who insist on pronounc- ing Cicely in two syllables with the i long (i) in the first. Cecrops, se'kr5ps. Cedric, sed'rik, ked'rik. Cedron, se'dron. celandine, serandin. Celebes, sgl'Sbez. celestial, sgles'chlLl. sofa, lovable, eve, Svent, ^nd, recent, cpff^^, g4d| coftn^Qtf lewOn, ci (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 59 Celestine, sel'estin, sel'- estin, seles'tin. As the name of a mineral, the word is commonly pronounced in the first way indicated here. Celia, sel'ia, sel'ya. celibacy, seribasi. One or two authorities allow also sSlib'dstj but no one ever says it. cellar, sel'er. Cellini, Benvenuto, bSn- vanoo'to chSle'ne. cello, chel'o. Celt, selt. Pronounced K^lt when so spelled. cement, sement'. The pronunciation s^m'M is given by all lexicographers, and preferred by many, but it is seldom heard in ordinary speech in the United States. cemetery, sem'eteri. Cenci, chen'che. Cenis, Mont, mon sene'. centenary, sen'tSnarL centrifugal, sentrif iugal. centripetal, sentrip'ital. cephalic, sSfal'ik. Cephas, se'fas. Cepheus, se'fius, se'fSus. ceramic, sSram'ik. Sometimes written keramic and pronounced keram'lk. bhr, iu=u In use, Am, iip, circus, menii, food, foot, out, oil, apgle, part, thin. that, a?ure, CH = Germ, ich, h (Ft.) mon. See complete key, pages 15-20. cerate, sS'rat. Cerberus, ser'beriis. cerebral, ser'Sbral. cerebrate, ser'febrat. cerebric, sere'brik. cerebro-spinal, ser'febro- spi'nal. cerebrum, ser'ebrum. cerement, ser'ment. Note that in words beginning with cere-, those that come from Lat. cerebrum {cerebration^ cere- bro-j et. al.) have the first syl- lable pronounced sSr-; whereas those that come from Lat. ceraj wax, (cerecloth, cerement, et al.) as well as those that come from Lat. Ceres (cereal), have the first syllable pronounced ser. Ceres, se'rez. cereus, se'rSus. cerise, serez'. certain, ser't'n, ser'tin. certes, ser'tez, ser'tiz. Occasionally found in older poetry as a monosyllable. certie, certy (Scot.), ser'ti. certiorari, sershiOra'rL certis (Scot.), ser'tis. cerulean, serool'San. ceruse, se'roos, sSroos'. Cervantes, therv5,n'tas ; (Ang.), servan'tez. Cervera, therva'rS,. 60 EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION cervical, s^rVikal. cesare (logic), se'zarg; (It. name), chaz&'ra. cess (Scot.), ses. c'est-a-dire (Fr.), se'tader'. ceteris paribus (Lat.), set'- gris par'ibiis. Cetinje, tset'Snya. Cevennes, saven'. Chablis, shable'. This is the only acceptable pronunciation for the word. But what did Browning have in mind when he wrote: " In doors went I, and brought out a loaf, Half a cheese, and a bottle of Chablis; Lay on the grass and forgot the loaf Over a jolly chapter of Rabelais"? (Garden Fancies, II.) chacun k son gout (Fr.), shakun'na son goo^ chafe, chaf. chaff, chaf. Chagres, ch2,'gr6s. chagrin, shagrin', shagren'. The first is preferred in Amer- ican usage; the second in British usage. chaise, shaz. Hohnes's title, "The One Hoss Shay," represents New England dialect in two words out of four. chalcedony, kalsgd'oni, kal'sfedoni. ale, senate, dire, lit, accord, lirm, Ssk, there, ov6r, Edfen, ice, ill, old, 6bey, 6rbi Chalcis, kM'sis. Chaldean, kalde'an. Chaldee, k^l'de, kalde'. chalder (Scot.), ch61'der, cho'der. chaldron, chol'dron. See also caldron. chalet, shala', shalS', sha'la, chalice, cha'lis. challis, sha'li, chal'is. Chalons, shalon. Chdlons-sur-Mame {-sur mam) and Chdlons-sur-Sadne (-sur son), chalybean, kalibe'an. Cham, kam. Variant of Khan (Ghengis Khan, Kuhla Khan) . The Oxford Dictionary calls Cham obsolete. chamberiain, cham'berlin. chambre de luxe, chS^n'bre de liiks. chameleon, kamel'ian. Cham fer. Chaminade -Carbonel, sh&menad'-karb6nel'. Chamisso, shameso'. chamois, sham'i, sham'oi, shamoi'; (Fr.), sham- wa'. Many speakers use one sound of the word for the name of the animal, and another for the leather made from its skin. Thus, in reading Manfred we sofa, loviible, eve, event, i^nd, recent, coffee, odd, connect, lemon, 6 (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 61 might speak of the shdmwd hunter, and at another time, of poUshing metal with shdm'i skin. Chamonix, shamone'. A variant is_Chamouni, pro- nounced shdm6dne\ Champagne (Fr.), shM- pan'ye. The word is, of course, Angli- cized as the name of a kind of wine {shdmpdn') . champaign, shampan'. British authority is in favor of the older sound chdm'pdn. Champ de Mars (Fr.), shM de mars, champignon, champin'yun; (Fr.), sh^npenyon'. This word has long been AngUcized. It occurs early (six- teenth century) as champion, later as champinion, Champigny, chanpenye'. Champs Elysees, shanza- chance, chans. chancery, chans'eri. chan'dler. Chan'dos. chanson, shanson'. Various American authorities aUow an AngUcized sound, shdn'- s6n; but the word is not often heard on the vulgar tongue, and most of those who use it now give it the French sound. The Oxford Dictionary gives only the French pronunciation, but a-mong the citations is DaniePs line, **His holy Chanzons fitted to their String" (1639), in which it would seem at least to be stressed on the first syllable. Chantecler, sh§,ntcler'. The English form, chanticleer, is pronounced chdnt'lkUr. Chantilly shanteye'. As the name of a kind of lace this is Anglicized as shdntiVl. chaos, ka'6s. chaparajos (Mex. Span.), chap&ra'hos. In the United States, the gar- ment is known as chaps or shaps where it is used. chaparral, chSp'aral. chapeau bras, shapo'bra'. chaperon, shap'^rSn, shap'- eron. Chapultapec, chapoolta- pek'. char, chare, chS,r, chAr. charade, sharad'. British usage prefers shdrdd'. charge d'affaires, sh3,rza' daf^r'. charivari, sha'rivS;'rL Charlemagne, shar'leman ; (Fr.), sharleman'ye. Charleroi, sharlerwa'. Charlevoix, sharlevwS;'. ohr, iu=u in use, Am, iip, circus, menii, fo6d, f66t, out, oil, apgle, paft, thin, that, a?ure, CH = Germ. ich, n (Fr.) mon. See complete key, pages 15-20. 62 EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION charlotte russe, sh&r'I5t roos'; (Fr.), sharlot' rtis'. Charmian, char'mian. Charon, ka'r5n. Chartres, shart'r'. chartreuse, sh5,rtr6z'. Charybdis, karib'dis. chasseur, shasor. chassis, shas'is, shas'S. The word originally meant framBj and gives us the word sash{es) as applied to windows. Then it was applied to the frame and running gear of guns as a technical term, and pro- nounced sM'st. With its new popularity it has gone back to something like its earlier Angli- cized sound; it occurs in the form chasses in the seventeenth century. chastise, chastiz'. chastisement, chast'izment. chasuble, chas'iub^. chateau, shato'. Chateaubriand, shato- brean'. chateau en Espagne, shato' anSspan'y\ chatelaine, shat'^Ian; (Brit.),shat'Slan;(Fr.), sh2.telan'. Chatham, chSt'em. ale, senSte, cftre, at, accord, arm, §sk, th€re, ov6r, Eden, ice, ill, 5ld, 6bey, 6rb, Ch^tillon, shatey6n'. Chaucer, ch6's6r. chauffeur, shofor'. Chautaqua, sh&t6'kw&, chato'kwa. chauvin, shovan'. chauvinism, sho'vinizm. chef, shef. chef d'oeuvre, shedo'vr'. Chekhov, cha'kSf. Chelsea, chel'sg. Cheltenham, chel't'nam. Chemin des Dames, sha- man' da dam'. Chemnitz, kem'nits. Chemung, shemung'. chenille, shSnel'. Cheops, ke'5ps. Cherbourg, sherboor'. cherchez la femme, shersha' la fam. cheroot, shSroot', chSroot'. Cherubini, karoobe'ne. Cheshire, che'shSr. chestnut, ches'niit. cheval de frise, shSv&l'd^ frez'. Usually used in the plural, chevaux de frise, shSvo d^ jre'z, Frisian cavalry, a defense said to have been used by the Frisians as defense against cav- alry attack. sofa, lovable, eve, event, end, rec?nt, coffee, odd, connect, lemon, 6 (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 63 cheval glass, sheval' glas. chevalier, shevaler'; (Fr.), sheval'ya. chevelure, sheveliir'. Cheviot, chev'iot. Chevy chase, chev'i chas. Cheyenne, shien'. Chejme (Walk), chan, chin, chianti, k§an't6. chiaroscuro, kyarfiskoo'ro. Sometimes chiar(H)scuro (kyd'^ ro-dskoo'ro,) chic, shek. Characterized as slang by the Oxford Dictionary, and as col- loquial by American dictionaries. Chicago, shiko'go. chicanery, shikan'eri. Chi'chester. chield (Scot.), chel. chiffonier, shif5ner'. Also spelled chiffonnier. chignon, shenyon'. Chihuahua, chewa'w^;. childe, child. Of the word child in this / sense the Oxford Dictionary says, "A youth of gentle birth: used in ballads and the like as a kind of title. When used by modern writers, commonly spelled chylde or childe for ^dis- tinction's sake." This use of the word is archaic. Childeric, chil'derik; (Fr.) (Child^ric), sheldarek'. chil'dren. Chill. Makers of gazetteers tell us that when the name is spelled Chile, it should have the Span- ish sound, che'ld. The distinc- tion is seldom made in every-day usage. There is a province in China the name of which is spelled chili or chihli and sounded che'le, Chillicothe, chilic6th'g. Chillon, sheyon' Some authorities accept an Anglicized sound, shtldn. Chilperic, chil'perik; (Fr.) (Chilp^ric) , shelparek'. chimera, kime'ra, kime'ra. So also chimerical. chimpansee, chimpSn'ze, chimpanze'. Chinese, chinez', chInes^ Chingachgook, chingak'- gook, chingS-ch'gook. Chinook'. Chippewa, chip'Sw^;. Sometimes spelled Chippeway and pronounced chip'ewa. chirography, kirog'raff. chiromancy, ki'romansi. chiropodist, kirop'Sdist. chirurgeon, kirAr'dzen, chirur'dzen. A modern pronunciation of an archaic word. Chisholm, chiz'um. bhr, iu=u in use, Am, iip, circus, menii, food, fd6t, out, oil, a^gle, part, thin, that, a?ure, CH = Germ. ich, h (Fr.) mon. See complete key, pages 15-20. 84 EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION Chiswick, chiz'ik. Chittim (Bible), kit'im. chivalric, shiv'alrik, shival'rik. British usage prefers the sec- ond. chivalrous, shiv'alrus. Chloe, klo'g. choler, kdl'Sr. choleric, k51'erik. Cholmondeley, chum'li. Chopin, shopan'. Not to be confused in sound with the common nouns chdp'in and chopine {cho'pen'). chough, chQf. Chrestien de Troyes, kra- tyan' de trwa. Also spelled Chretien but pro- nounced as here indicated. chrestomathy, krestSm'- atM. Chriemhild, krem'hflt. So pronounced, also, when writ- ten Kriemhild, but when either form has a final e, it is sounded i'Mlde). christen, kris"n. Christmas, kris'mfe. Chronos, kr6n'6s, kron'Os. Chryseis, krise'is. chrysolite, kris'Slit. chrysoprase, kris'Opraz. ale, senate, c&re, at, accord, arm, ask, thSre, ovSr, Edin, ice, ill, old, 6bey, 6rb, Chrysostom, kris'ostom, krisos'tom. Cibber, sib'er. cicada, sika'da. cicatrice, sik'atris. So also Matrix, the scientific equivalent of cicatrice. Cicely. See Cecily. Cicero, sis'ero. In the Roman pronunciation of Latin, klk'^ro, cicerone, chicheron'a, sis- feron'i. cicisbeo, chechSzba'o, sisJs'- bgo. Cid, sid; (Sp.), the^. ci-devant, se-dSvan'. Cienfuegos (Sp.), thean- fwa'gos; (Cuban), se- anfwa'gos. ci git, se dze'. ciliary, sil'iari. Cimabue, chemaboo'a. Cimmarian, sime'rian. cinchona, sinkon'lL. Cincinnati, sinsina'ti. cincture, sink'tiur. cinematograph, sinSmat'- Sgraf. Cinna, sin'a. sofa, lovable, eve, event, ^nd, recent, c5fifee, odd, connect, lemdn, 6 (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 65 cinque cento, chen'kwa chen'to. cinquefoil, sink'foil. Cipriani, cheprean'e. circa, ser'ka. Circassian, serkash'an. Circe, ser's§. Circean, s^j-se'S-n. circuit, ser'kit. circuitous, serkiultiis. Cirencester, si'rensester ; (colloquially), sis'eter. Ciudad Juarez, seoodad' hooa'ras. In Mexican pronunciation d and z are not ordinarily given the th sound as they are in "Castilian." civicism, siv'isizm. civilization, siviliza'shun. One authority at least allows sivilizd'shicn, clachan (Scot.), cla'CHan. claes (Scot.), klaz. clairschach (Scot.), klir'- shaCH. clairvoyance. klArvoi'ans. claise. Same as claes (see above). claith (Scot.), klath, klith. claithing (Scot.), klath'Jn. clamihewit, klamihiu'it. clandestine, klandes'tin. bhr, iu=u in use, Am, iip, circus, menu, food, fo&t, out, oil, apgle, part, thin, 'that, a?ure, CH=Germ. ich, n (Fr.) mon. See complete key, pages 15-20. clangor, kl&ng'^r, klSn'^r- clapboard, klab'ord, klSb'- erd. Kldp'hdrd, which is found in the dictionaries, scarcely exists in actual use. Clapham, klap'em. clarinet, klar'inet, klaringt'. clarion, klar'ion. clarkit (Scot.), klar'klt. claught (Scot.), kloCHt. claut (Scot.), klot. claver (Scot.), kla'ver. Cla verhouse, k I a ' v e r ii s , kla'vers, kla'vers. clavier, kla'vier, klavep'. dead (Scot.), kled. cleanly (adj.), klen'li. The adverb is kUn'U. clematis, klem'atis. Clemenceau, klamanso'. Cleomenes, kle5m'6nez. Cleopatra, kleop3,t'ra. So in practice, but the dic- tionaries prefer kleopdt'rd. clepe, klep. clerestory, kler'stori. cleuch (Scot.), kliuCH, klooCH. clew, kliu. Clichy-la-Garenne, k 1 e ' - she-15.-garen'. 66 EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION clientele, klientel, klientel'. climacteric, klimak'terik, climakter'ik. British usage prefers the sec- ond. clio, kli'o. clique, klek. clishmaclaver (Scot.), klish- maklaVer. cloaca, kloa'ka. cloisonne, klwazSna' Close (subst. An enclosed "place), klos. Clotho, klo'tho. cloture, klotiir'. The word is French, and in spite of recent frequency in the newspapers has only the French sound. So far the American pubHc reads it but does not pronounce it. Clough (Arthur Hugh),kluf. clour (Scot.), kloo'er. Clusium, klooz'ium. Clytemnestra, klitemnes'- tra. Clytie, klit'i. Cnidian, ni'dian. Cnidus, ni'diis. coadjutant, koadz'iutant ; (Brit.), koadziu'tant. coadjutor, koadziu'tor. ale, senate, ckre at, accord, arm, ask, there, ov6r, £den, ice, ill, old, obey, 6rb, Coahuila, koawe'la. coalheugh (Scot.), kol'- hiuCH. Coblenz, ko'blents. cobra, kob'ra. cocaine, ko'kan. The ordinary pronunciation, kdkdn\ is unanimously voted colloquial by the dictionaries. cochineal, koch'inel. cochlea, kok'lea. Cockbum (Lord), ko'btirn. Cocytus, k&si'tus. codify, kod'ifi, kod'ifl. In general, American usage prefers the first; British the second. Coeur d'Alene (Fr.), kor' dalen'; (Am.), ktir' dalan'. Coeur de Lion (Fr.), kor' d^le6n'. cofBn, kof'in. coghle (Scot.), ko'CHL cognac, kon'yak. cognizance, kog'nizans. cognomen, kogno'men. cognoscente, konyoshen'ta. coherence, kohe'rens. cohesive, kohe'siv, Cohoes, kohoz'. coiffeur, kwafor'. sofa, lovable, eve, event, end, recent, coffee, odd, connect, lemon, 6 (Germ.) E VERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 67 coiffure, kwafiir. American dictionaries allow also koi'fiuT; some prefer it. At least one authority com- promises on kwdfUr'. coign, koin. Practically obsolete except in the Shakespearean phrase, ''coign of vantage." Coila (Scot.), koil'a. Coke (Sir Edward), kok, kook. colander, kul'ander. colchicum, kSl'Idkum. Colchis, kol'kis. Colenso (Bishop), kSlen'so. Coleridge, kolridz. Coligny, de, de kole'nye'. The stress should be nearly even on all three syllables, & anything a trifle more on the second than on the others. Colin Clout, kSl'in klout. collation, kola'shun. collieshangie (Scot.), k61i- shan'i. collocate, kol'okat. colocynth, k5I'5sinth. Colombian, k6l6m'bian. Colon, kolon'. colonnade, k516nad'. colophon, k51'6f5n. colportage, k61'port3,dz, k61p6rtaz'. colporteur, kSlportor. There is an Anglicized form, colporter, pronounced kdVportSr. Colquhoun, kohoon', ko- hoon'. column, k5l'um. columnar, kolum'nar. coma, koma. comatose, k5m'atos. British usage prefers kom'dtds, combatable, kSm'batabl, k5mbat'abl. The Oxford Dictionary gives also hum'hatabl as second of the three. combative, kSm'bativ, k5mbat'iv. Comedie Frangaise, k6- made' fransaz'. Comedie Humaine, k8- made' iiman'. comedienne, komadSen'. comeliness, kum'lines. comely, kum'Ii. comfit, kiim'fit. comfort, kum'fert. comfortable, kum'f^rtabl. Comines, de, de kSmen'. comity, kSm'iti. commandant, k5mandant'. comme il faut, kum el fo'. commendable, k5mend'abl. o/ir, iu=u in use, iirn, up, circiis, menii, food, f6&t, out, oil, apgle, paj-t, thin, tJi»t, a^ure, QU « Qerw. kA, » (Fr.) mm, Se^ Qomplete key, pages J^3Q, 68 EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION commiserate, kSmiz'erat. Commodus, ko'mSdiis. commonalty, k5m'6nalti. commonweal, k6m'6n wel . Originally two words; and still properly so in sense of common well-being. As such there would be as much stress on weal as on the first syllable of common. But as one word it is accented like common^ wealth. communal, kSm'iunal, k5miu'n&l. British usage prefers the sec- ond. So communalism, -istf and others. commune. In modern English the noun is most commonly pronounced kdm'iun, and the verb k&miun'j sometimes kdm'iun. communicative, kOmiu'- nikatJv. communique, Kfimiineka'. communist, k5m'iunist. commutate, k5m'iutat. commutative, kSmiut'&tiv, k5m'iutS.tiv. Comorin, k6m'8rin. compact (subst.), k6m'- p^kt; (adj.), kom- pSkt'. comparable, kSm'p&rab'l. comparative, kSmpar'ativ. ale, senate, oftre, at, accord, &rm, ask, thSre. oy6r, Edin, ioe, ill, old, dbey, Orb, compatriot, kompa'triut. compeer, komper'. compelled, kompgld'. compensate, k6m'pensat, kompen'sat. compensative, kompen'- sativ. The London ("Public School Pronunciation") is given (by Jones) as kdm^pSnsdtlv. This pronunciation is often heard in America on the lips of good speakers, but the dictionaries d.0 not sanction it. compensatory, kompen'- s^tfirf. Compiegne, konpySn'y'. complaisance, k6m'plazans, k5mpla'zans. complaisant, k5m'pMzant. complex (subst. and adj.), k5m'pl^ks; (verb), ''kompleks'. composite, kompSz'it, k5m'p8zit. compos mentis, k6m'p5s men'tis. comprador, kSmprador', k5m'prador. compress (subst.), k6m'- pres; (verb), k6mpres'. compte rendu, kont randii'. comptoir, kontw^r'. sofa, lovable, eve, event, end, recent, c5fifee, 6dd, cSnnect, lem6n, 6 (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 69 comptometer, k5mpt6m'- Ster. comptroller, kontroler. compurgator, k5m'purga- t^r. comrade, kSm'rad, k5m'- rad. Comte, kont, Comus, ko'mQs. con amore, k&namo'ra. conative, kSn'Stiv, kon'- ativ. concatenate, konkSt'Snat. concave, k5n'kav. concentrative, k5nsSn'tr3,- tiv. concertino, kftnchSrte'no. concerto, kSnchgr'to. conch, k5nk, k5nch, k5nsh. The first is the only one recog- nized in British usage; the others are often considered provincial in the United States. concierge, kohsyerz'. concise, konsis'. conclave, kon'klav. conclude, konklood'. conclusive, konkloo'siv. concord, k5n'k6rd, k5n'- k6rd. Concord, kSn'kerd. concrete, kSn'kret, k5n- kret'. The first is now generally pre- ferred for the adjective, and is almost universal for the sub- stantive. The second is the only pronunciation given to the comparatively rare verb. The verb meaning to treat with con- crete is pronounced kdn'kret, concretely, kSn'kretli. Kdnhret'U is often heard, but it is not sanctioned by the dic- tionaries. concreteness, kSn'kretn^s. concubinage, k 6 n k i u ' - binS.dz. concubinary, k8nkiu'bi[nM. concubine, k5n'kiubin. concupiscent, k 6 n k i u ' - pisSnt. Conde, de, de konda'. condign, kondin'. condolence, kondo'lens. condottiere, k8nd6tty4r'a. conduit, k5n'd!t. condyle, kSn'dil. Confessio Amantis, kon- fSsh'io amSn'tis. confessor, konfSs'ej*. confidant, k6nfldant', kOn'- fidant. confidante, kSnfidant', k5n'fidant. bhr, iu = u in use, (irn, iip, circus, menu, food, fdot, out, oil, aijtgle, part, thin, that, a^ure, CH = Germ, ich, h (Fr.) mon. See complete key, pages 15-20. 70 EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION confine (subst.), kSn'fin, konfin'; (verb), kon- fin'. confirmative, konftir'ma- tiv. confiscate, kon'fiskat, kon- fis'kat. conflagration, k5nflagra'- shun. confluent, k5n'flooSnt. confrere, k6nfrar', kSnfrd'r. congee, kon'dzS. In some older meanings, now mostly obsolete, this word was once very fully Anglicized with this pronunciation. To-day, in most senses in which it is used, it is usually written congSy and pronounced kdn^\ congener, k5n'dz§ner. congenial, k6ndzen'yal. congeries, kondze'riez. Congo, kon'go. congregative, k6n'gregS,tiv. Congreve, kon'grev. congruency, kon'grooensi. congruent, k6n'grooent. congruity, kongroo'iti. conic, k5n'ik. conifer, ko'nif^r. Coniston, k5n'ist6n. conjugative, kSn'dzoogS- tiv. ale, senate, cAre, St, accord, arm, ask, there, ov^r, Eden, ice, ill, old, obey, 6rb conjure, kSn'dzer, kon- dzoor'. The first is the sound of the word meaning to influence as by magic; the second, of the word meaning imploref and the like. conjurer (a magician), kun'dzerer; (one who implores) , kondzoor'er. connate, kSn'at, konat'. Connaught, k6n'n6t. connoisseur, k5nesor', k6n- esiur'. connotative, k6no'tS,tfv, k5n'6tativ. conquer, kSn'ker. Conrade, k5n'rad. conscience, k5n'shens. conservatoire, konserva- twar'. conservator, kSn'servater. conserve, konserv'. considerable, konsid'erab'I. consignor, konsin'er, k6n- sinor'. consistory, konsls'tfiri, k6n'sist6ri. British usage prefers the sec- ond. consolatory, kons61'S,16ri. consols, konsol'z, k5n's5Iz. The first is historically prefer- able (as the natural abbrevia- sofa, lovable, eve, event, end, recent, coffee, odd, connect, lemon, o (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 71 tion of Consolidated Annuities) and is the only pronunciation recognized by the Oxford Dic- tionary. Most other authori- ties recognize the second. consomme, k5ns6ma', k6n- s6ma'. consonance, k5n's6nans. consonant, kon's6nant. consort (subst.), k5n's6rt; (verb), k5ns6rt'. conspiracy, konspir'isi. constable, kun'stib'l. Consuelo, kSnsiua'lo; (Fr.), konslialo'. consuetude, k5n'swStiud. consul, k6n'siil. consular, kSn'siul^r. consummate (adj.), k5n- sum'St; (verb), k5n'sii- mS,t. contemplate, k6n'templat, kontem'plat. contemplative, k6ntem'pla- tiv. contemporaneity, contem- pftrane'iti. contemptuous, k6ntemp'- tiufis. content. As a substantive meaning a thing contained this word is pronounced kdn't^nt in the United States, and honthit' in Great Britain. So also the plural, contents, of which Lowell preferred the British pronuncia- tion: "An old-fashioned title-page such as presents A tabular view of the volume's con- tents." As meaning satisfaction^ the word is universally kontSnt^ as are also the adjective and the verb; witness Browning's line: "Oh, I'll content you, — but to-mor- row, love." Contes de Hoffman, k6nt' de hof'man. contest (verb), kont^st'; (subst.), kSn't^st. continuative, kontin'iuStiv. contrair (Scot.), kOntr^r'. contrapuntal, kSntrSpiin'- tal. contrariety, kSntr&ri'fet!. ' contrarily, kSn'trSrHi, k5n'trarm. contrariness, k5n'tr^rings, kon'trarines. contrariwise, kSn'trariwiz, k6n'trS,riwiz. contrary, k5n'trar]t, k6n'- trari. contrast (verb), kontrast'; (subst.), k5n'trast. contretemps (Fr.), k6ntr'- tan'. ohr, iu=u in use, ilrn, up, circus, menii, food, f66t, out, oil, aqgle, part, thin, that, a?ure, CH = Germ, ich, h (Fr.) mon. See complete key, pages 16-20. 6 72 EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION contribute, kontrib'iut. contrite, k5n'trit. controvert, k5n'trovert, k5ntr6vert'. contumacy, kon'tiumasi. contumelious, kontiume'- lius. contumely, k5n'tiumeli. contuse, kontiuz'. contusion, kontiu'zun. conversance, konvers'ans. conversant, kSn'versant. conversazione, k6nversats- eo'na. converse (verb), kSnvArs'; (subst.), k5n'viirs. conversely, kSn'vArsl!, kon- vlirs'l!. convert (verb), kSnvArt'; (subst.), k5n'vtirt. convex, kOn'veks. convexly, k5n'veksli. So stressed by all dictionaries, but the Oxford declares that ''the stress varies." convoy (verb), konvoi'; (subst.), kSn'voi. Conybeare, kiin'Ibdr, k6n'- ibdr. coomb, koom. coop, koop. ale, senate, cAre, at, accord, Srm, Ssk, there, ovfcr, Eden, ice, ill, old, 6bey, 6rb, cooper, koop'er, koop'^f. Also, in the sense of a float- ing grog-shop or '' bum-boat/' spelled cooper or coper j kop^. The proper name is pronounced as is the common noun. co-operation, ko6p6ra'- shun. Coos (New Hampshire), ko'Ss, k65s'; (Oregon), koos. copeck, ko'pek. More often spelled kopeck. Copemican, k6per'nikan. Cophetua, kofet'iua. Copley, kSp'li. coppice, kop'is. copra, kop'riL, copse, k6ps. Coptic, kSp'tik. copulative, k6p'iul§.tiv. Coquelin, koklan'. coquetry, ko'ketri. coracle, k5r'ak'l. coral, k5r'al. Cordelier, kordslef'. cordial, kor'dzal, kor'dyal. British usage prefers the second. Cordovan, kor'dovan. coreopsis, kore6p's3fs, k6- reop'sis. Corfu, kSrfoo', kor'fiu. soft, lovable, eve, Svent, JJnd, reclnt; c5ffee, odd, c6nnect, lemon, 6 (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 78 Corin, ko'rin. Corinne, k6rin'. Coriolanus, koriolan'us. Corioli, kori'81i. Comeille, k8rn4y''. cornelian, kSrnel'yan. Cornells, kSrna'lis. comet, kdr'net, kojuSt'. cornice, kor'iJs. coronach (Scot.), k6r'- onaCH. coronal, kSr'dnJl, kftro'- nal. British usage prefers the sec- ond. coroner, k5r'6ner. coronet, k6r'8n6t. Corot, k6ro'. corporative, k6r'p6rativ. corporeal, korpo'rSal. corps, kor. The plural, spelled the same, is pronounced korz, corpse, k6rps. Often pronounced kdra, espe- cially for poetic or archaic effect. The word was originally cors; the p crept in from the Latin, and at last changed the pro- nunciation, but the old pro- nunciation is not yet obsolete. corpuscule, corpus'kiul. The equivalent corpuscle, pro- noimced kofp&sl, is the form now generally used. 5Ar, iusu in use, drn, iip, circ(is, menii, food, fd6t, out, oil, ai^gle, part, thini tibat, a^ure, CH - Germ, ich, h (Fr.) mon. See complete key, pages 15-20, corpus delicti, kdj-'ptls dSlik'ti. Correggio, kSrredz'o. Try to pronounce two r's. correlate, k5r'felat. Dictionaries give kdreldt' for the verb, but it is safe to say that they do not represent the practice of either British or American speakers. correlative, kSrSl'^tlv. corrie, k5r'!. corrigenda, kSridzgn'dfi. corroborative,kor6b'6r&tiv. corrosive, kSros'Iv. corrugate, kOr'dogS^t, kOr'- iug&t. corsage, k6r'sSd?, k6rs5,z'. cortege, kortaz'. Whether the French word is written with e or ^ it is pro- nounced the same. Moaem usage favors the k Cortelyou, k6r't61yoo. Cortes, kor'tez; (Sp.), kor- tas'. Keats gave it the English sound: *'0r like stout Cortes when with eagle eyes He stared at the Paoifio — '! Cortona, k6rt6'n4. coruscate, k6r'iisk8,t, k8r- us'kat. The Oxford Dictionary recog- nizes only the first. 74 EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION Corybant, k5r'ibant. Corydon, k5r'id6n. coryphaeus, korife'us. coryphee, kOrgfa'. Cosette, kSzet'. cosh (Scot.), kosh. cosmetic, k5zmet'ik. cosmogonal, kSzmog'onal. cosmography, k5zm6g'rafl. cosmopolite, k6zm6p'61it. Costa Rica, k5s'ta re'ka. cote, kot. coteau, koto'. coterie, kot'erg. couch'ant. Anglicized with this sound as a term of heraldry; the French sound is kooshdn'. couchee, koosh'a, koosha'. Coudert, kooda'r. cougar, kob'gar. ( coulee, koo'li. couleur de rose, koolor' de roz. countra (Scot.), kiin'tri, kin'tra. countrified, kiin'trifid. coup, koo'. coup de grace, koo de gras'. coup de main, koo de man', coup de soleil, koo d6 s8m'y\ ale, senate, cftre, at, accord, Srm, ask, thSre, ov6r, Edeo, ioe, lU, old, Obey, Orl?, coup d'etat, koo dat^'. coup de theatre, koo d^ taa'tr'. coup d'oeil, koo do'y'. coupe, koopa'. coupon, koo'pon; (Fr.), koo- pon'. cour (Scot.), koor. Courbet, koorbe'. courier, koo'rier, koo'rier. Courland, koor'Iand. Also spelled Kurland, Courtenay, kert'ni. courteous, kiir'tSus, kort'- yus. courtesan, kort'Ssan, klir'- tSsan. courtesy (a salutation), ktirt'si; (civility), kurt'Ssi, kort'Ssi. courtier, kort'y^r. Courtrai, koortre'. cousin, kuz'^n. Cousin (Fr.), koozan'. coute que coute, koot kS koot. couthie (Scot.), kooth'i. Coutts, koots. Covent Garden, kiiv'ent gard'^n. sofa, lovable, eve, event, end, recent, coffee, odd, conwect, lemon, o (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 75 Coventry, kuv'entri. coverlet, kuv'erlet. Coverley, kuv'erli. covert, kiiv'ert. covetous, kuv'etus. covey, kuv'i. cow (Scot., clip, cut short), kou. cowardice, kou'erdis. cowl, koul. Cowley, kou'li. cowp (Scot.), koup. Cowper (William), koop'er. •'To demonstrrrte quickly and easily how per- versely absurd 'tis to sound this name Cowper, As people in general call him named super, I remark that he rhymes it himself with horse-trooper." Lowell (fable for Critics). cow'rin (Scot.), koor'in. cowt (Scot.), kout. coyote, kio'tS, ki'ot; (Sp.), koyo'ta. cozen, kiiz^n. Cracow, kra'ko. The Polish form of the name, Krakow J is said to be pronounced krd'koof; the German form, Kra- kaUy is pronounced krd'kou, craem (Scot.), kram. crag (Scot.), krag. Craigenputtock, kragen- ptit'ok. bhr, iu=u in use, Am, up, circus, menii, food, foot, out, oil, apgle, part, thin, that, a?ure, CH=Germ. ich, n (Fr.) mem. See complete key, pages 15-20. cran (Scot.), kran. crankous (Scot.), krank'us. cranreuch (Scot.), kran'- rfiCH. cravenette, krav'net'. craw, kro. creagh (Scot.), kreCH. ' Creakle, kre'kl. * creature, kre'tiur, kre'cher. The first is preferred by the dictionaries; the second is that most commonly heard on the lips of careful speakers. Crecy, krase'. credence, kre'dens. credulous, kred'iultis. creek, krek. creesh (Scot.), kresh. Creighton, kri't^n, kra'tun. cremate, kremat'. The word seems to have come into use in its modern sense about 1875 or earlier, when it was pronounced kre'maty which is stiU allowed but not preferred. crematory, kre'matSri, kre'- matori. creme, kram. creme de menthe, krdm dS mant'. crescendo, kreshen'do, kr6- sen'do. crescive, kres'iv. 76 EVERT-DAY PRONUNCIATION Cressida, kresidS. cretonne, kr5t5n', kre'ton. Creusa, kreiu'sa. crevasse, krevas'. Crevecoeur, krevkor. crew, kroo. Crfrichton, kri't'n. Crimea, krlme'& ; (Brit.) , kri'mSa. Crimean, krime'an, krime'- crinoline, krm'81!n. British usage prefers hrin'dUn; American dictionaries allow krin'- dim, Critias, krishlas. Crito, kri'to. Croat, kro'at. Croatian, kr8a'shan, crochet, krSsha'; (Brit.), kro'shj. Croesus, kre'sus. crombie (Scot.), krtlm'i. Cronje, kr6n'yg. Cronus, kron'iis. crosier, kro'z^r. Crothers, kriitfe'^rz. croupier, kroop'ier, kroop- er'; (Fr.), kroopya'. crouton, krootoA'. crowdy (Scot.), kroud'L ale, senite, c&re, Ht, accord, Srm, ask, thSre, ovftr, Eden, ice, Kll, old, 6bey, 6rb, crude, krood. cruel, kroo'Sl. cruise, krooz. crustacean, kriista'shian. crux, krtiks. cuckoo, kook'oo. cucumber, kiu'kumb^r. cui bono, ki bo'no. cuif (Scot.), kM, koof. cuirass, kweras'. cuirassier, kweraser'. cuisine, kwezen'. cuisser (Scot.), kti'ser. cuitikin (Scot.), kti'tildn. cuittle (Scot.), kuf'l. cul de sac, kii d^sSk', ktil d^ sSk'. Culebra, kiula'bra; (Sp.), koola'bra. culinary, kiu'IinSrSf. Cumean, kiume'an. cumulative, kiu'miulativ. Cunctator, kiink'tater. cimeiform, kiune'if6rm, kiun'eiform. cunyie (Scot.), kiin'yS. cupola, kiu'p61S,. curagao, kiur^so'. From the proper name, Cvr racao (kiurdsd'o). The common nomi has so widely been mis- spelled curacoa that the pro- sofa, lovable, eve, llvent, ^nd, rec?nt, cSffee, odd, connect, lemon, 6 (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 77 nunciation may fairly be said to be in good use. Kooraso' is also allowable. curate, kiu'rS,t. curator, kiura'tor. curcuddoch (Scot.), Mr- kud'uCH. cure, kiur. cure, kiura'. curmudgeon, ktirmtidz'un. currach (Scot.), kiir'a, koor'aCH. curracks (Scot.), kur'tiks. curriculum, kfirik'iultim. curtail, k^rtal'. The word was originally stressed on the first syllable, and the noun, an architectural term, is regularly so stressed curtain, ktirt'n. curule, kiu'rool. cusser (Scot.), koos'^r. cute (Scot.), koot, ktlt. cutikin (Scot.), kiitikin. cuvier, ktivya'. Cuxhaven, kooks'hMen. Cuyp, koip. Cybele, sib'^le. Cyclades, sik'ladez. Cyclopean, sikl&pe'an. Cymbeline, sim'bSlin, sim'- belin. Cymric, kJm'rik. C5anry, kim'ri, sim'ri. Cynewulf, kin'ewoolf. cynosure, sin'Sshdor, sin'- 6shoor. Cyprian, sip'rian. Cyrene, si're'ne. Cyril, si'ril. Cytherea, sJth^re'S. Czajkowski, chikdf'skS. czar, zap, tsar. So also czar'eviichy czar'evnaf czarina {zdfe'na, isaxe'ria), and the like. Czech, chek. Czernowitz, cher'n8vlts. Czerny, chSr'nS. ohr, iu=u in use, dm, up, circus, menii, food, f66t, out, oil, ai^gle, part, thin, that, a:fure, CH=Germ. »cA, ft (Fr.) mon. See complete key, pages 15*20. D da capo, d& k3,'po. dachshund, daCHs'hoont. dacker (Scot.), dak'er. dactyl, dak'til. dad (Scot., to thresh). da'do. dsedalian, dSdal'yan. Daedalus, ded'alus. dsemon, de'mon. Daghestan, da'gestan'. Dagnan Bouveret, danyan' boovre'. Dagobert, dag'Sbert, dag6'- Dagon, da'g5n. Daguerre, dager'. daguerreotype, dager '6tip. dahabeah, dahabe'i. Dahlgren, dal'gren. dahlia, dal'ya. Dahomey, daho'ma. daigh (Scot.), daCH. da'is. Originally monosyllabic, and still allowably pronounced das. D'Albert, dalbdr'. file, senate, c&re, at, accord, Srm, ask, thgre, ov^r, Eden, ice, ill, old, obey, 6rb Dalhousie, dSlhoo'zi, dS-l- hou'zi. dal segno, dal sa'nyo. Damascene, dam'&sen. Damien de Veuster, dam- yan de vtistar'. Anglicized as (Father) Ddm^- damme, dam's, damnable, dam'nab'l. damned, damd, dam'ned. Cf. blessed. Damoclean, damOkle'an. Damocles, dam'&klez. damoizelle, dam'izel. . This form, together with dam- oselj damozel {ddm'ozU), and others, are archaic variants of damsel, Damon, da'mSn. damosel. See damoizelle. damozel. See damoizelle. Damrosch, dam'rSsh. damson, dam'z'n. Danae, dan'ae. Danaides, dana'idez. dance, dans. sofa, lovable, eve, event, end, recent, coffee, odd, connect, lemon, 6 (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 79 dandilly (Scot.), dan'dili. Dandin, dandan'. Dan'ddlo. danseuse, dansoz'. Dan'te. See also Alighieri. Dan't^an. Dantesque, dantesk'. Danton'. danton (Scot.), don'ton. Danubian, daniu'bian. d'Arblay. See Arblay. Dardanelles, dardSnelz'. Dardanius. Darda'nus. Commoner form of the above name. darg (Scot.). Da'rien'. Dictionaries give the primary stress on the last syllable; but in practice the first and third receive about equal stress, as m Keats' "Silent upon a peak in Darien." Dari'iis. D'Artagnan, dartanyan'. Dartmouth, dart'muth. Darwin'ian. da'ta. da'tum. daub, dob. Daubigny, doben'ye. daud (Scot.), d6d. Daudet, dode'. daunt, dant, dont. American dictionaries prefer the first, British dictionaries prefer the second. daunton (Scot.), d6n'tiin. D'Avenant, dav'enant. Davoc (Scot.), da'vtik. deaf, def. deas (Scot.), des, das. deasil (Scot.), da'zil. debacle, dSba'k'I. The French form, dShdcle, is pronounced ddbdk'^L debauch, dsboch'. debauchee, debSshe'. debenture, dSben'tiur. debonair, debOn^r'. de bonne grace, de bSn gr&s. Deborah, deb'ora. debouch, dSboosh'. debris, dabre'. De Burgh, de bllrg. Debussy, debuse'. debut, dabii', dsbiu'. debutante, dabiitant'. The masculine form, debu- tant ^ is pronounced dabutdn'. decade, dek'ad. 6hr, iu = u in use, g'. entrails, en'tralz. entree, ah'tra'. entre nous, ah'tr' noo'. entrepdt, an'tr'pd'. entrepreneur, &n'tr'pre- nAr'. envelop, envel'5p. envelope, en'velop. To give one syllable of this word a quasi French sound dn'- velope seems a work of superero- gation, yet the pronunciation has had some currency for more than a century. The word was thor- oughly at home in English for a hundred years before that. environs, envi'ronz. envoi, ah'vwa'. food, foot, out, oil, ai?gle, part, thin, n. See complete key, pages 15-20. 96 ISVEJB-y-PAY PRONUNCIATION Eos, e'6s. E5'then. epact, e'p&kt, Epaminon'das. Epaphroditus, ^paf'rddl'- tus. epaulet, ep'olet. epergne, fepfirn', a'pern'. fipernay, a'perne'. ephemera, Sfem'era. Ephialtes, efial'tez. ephod, ef'6d. Ephraim, e'fraim. Epictetus, ep'ikte'tus. epicurean, Sp'ikiure'an. Epicurus, ep'ikiu'rus. Epigonus, epig'Snus. epilepsy, ep'ilepsi, epilogue, ep'il5g. Epimetheus, epime'thius. Spinal, apenal'. Epinay, d*, da'pe'nS'. Epirus, epi'rus. episcopacy, 5pis'k6plLsi. episodic, episSdlk. epistle, ^pis'^L epitaph, ep'itSf. epitasis, Spit'asis. epithalamium, ep'ithala'- miiim. The word also has the form ale, senate, cl^re, ^t, accord, arm, ask, ^JiSre,, ovfir, Eden, ice, ill, old, obey, 6rb, epithaWmion, but the above form is the common one since the seventeenth century. epitome, €pit'6mS. epoch, ep'5k, gp'5k. epode, Sp'od. epos, ep'os. equability, gkwabiriti. equable, e'kwab'I, ek'wab'l. equanimity, ekwanimlti. equatorial, ekwato'rial. equerry, Sk'weri, Skwer'i. equestrienne, ekwes'tri^n'. equilibrate, e'kwili'brat. equilibrator, e'kwfll'brat^r. equilibrist, Skwil'ibrist, gkwilib'rfet, ekwilib'- rist. equinoctial, ekwinSk'shal. equinox, e'kwin5ks. equipage, ekVipSd?. equipoise, e'kwipoiz. equivoque, ek'wiv5k. era, e'ra. Erasmus, Sraz'miis. erasure, Sra'zoor. The Oxford Dictionary gives ira'ziur; Jones gives era'^e, Erato, er'ato. Eratosthenes, erat6s'thS- nez. Erebus, er'Sbus. sofa, lovable, eve, event, end, recent, coffee, odd, connect, lemon, 6 (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 97 Erechtheum, erekthe'um. erectile, Srek'til. eremite, er'gmit. Eric, er'ik. Erigena, eri'dzena. Erin, e'rin; er'in. Erin go bragh, a'rin g6 braCH'. Erinys, Srin'is. Eros, e'r5s. Eros'tratus. err, 6r. erudite, er'oodit. Erymanthian, e r i m a n ' - thian. erysipelas, erisip'Slas. Erzenim, erzroom' Erzingan'. Sound the n and the g sepa- rately. Esaias, Sza'yas. escalade, eskalad'. escalator, es'kSIater. escapade, esklLpad'. escheat, eschet'. eschew, gschoo'. Escorial, esko'rial; (Sp.), askoreS,!'. Cf. Escurial. escritoire, Ss'kritw2.r'. Escurial, eskiu'rial; (Sp.), askooreS-l'. Cf. Escorial. Esdraelon, SsdrS-e'ISn. esoteric, esOter'ik. Esperanto, es'peran'to. So the speakers of the lan- guage call it. On the vulgar tongue it is ^sperdnt'o. espionage, 6s'p!Snadz,espi'- onadz, es'pionaz. Espr6mesnil d', da'pra'- ma'nel'. So pronounced, also, when writ- ten Spremenil, esprit, es'pre'. esprit de corps, espre' de kor'. esquire, ^skwir'. essayist, es'aist. Essene, esen'. Estaing, d', dSs'tan'. estate, estat'. Esther, es'ter. Eteocles, 6te'6klez. eternize, eter'niz. Etesian, ete'zan. ethereal, Sthe'rgal. Ethiopic, ethiop'ik. ethnicism, eth'nisiz'm. ethnography, ethn5g'rafl. fitienne, a'tyen'. bhr, iu=u in use, Am, iip, circus, menii, fcK>d, fo&t, out, oil, ai?gle, part, thin, ^at, a?ure, CH=Germ. ich, n (Fr.) mon. See complete key, pages 15-20. EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION etude, a'tiid^ Euboea, iube'a. Euergetes (Ptolemy), iuAr'- dzStez. Euganean, iuga'ngan, iu- gane'an. Eugen, oi'gan, oigan'. Eugene, iudzen', iu'dzen. Eugene, ozen'. eugenic, iudzen'ik. Eulenspiegel, Tyll, til oil'- enshpegel. Eumenides, iumSn'idez. Eunice, iu'nis. Eupatrid, iupat'rid. Euphemia, iufe'mia. euphemism, iu'femism. euphonic, iuf5n'ik. Euphrosjme, iufrSs'ine. Euphues, iu'fiuez. euphuistic, iufiuis'tik. Euroclydon, iur5k'lid5n. European, iurSpe'an. Euryale, iuriale. Euryanthe, iurgan'thS. Eurydice, iurid'ise. Eurystheus, iuris'thius. Eustachian, iustak'ian. Euterpe, iuttir'pS. Euxine, iuk'sin. evangel, fevan'dzel. ale, eenlite, cdre, at, accord, arm, ask, thgre, ov6r, Eden, ice, !11, old, obey, 6rb, evasive, eva siv. Evelina, eveli'na. aversion, fever'shun. Evesham, ev'sham. "Locally e^shdm, e'sdmJ^ — Jones. evil, e'v'l. evocation, evOka'shiin. ewest (Scot.), iu'est. ewhow (Scot.), a'hwou ewig weibliche, a'viCH vTb'liCHg. exacerbate, egzSs'erbat. exact, ^gzakt'. exaggerate, egzMz'erat. exalt, egzolt'. examination, egzSnJna'- shun examine, egzam'in. example, egzam'p'l. exasperate, egzas'perat. ex cathedra, eks kathe'drlL. Sks kdih'Mra is allowable, but by no means usual. excise, eksiz'. exciseman, eksiz'man. *' The deil cam fiddlin thro' the town, And danced awa' wi' th* Exciseman, And ilka wife cries, ' Auld Mahoun, I wish you luck o' the prize, man.' " — ^BUBNS. excitant, eksit'ant. excitation, eksita'shun. excitative, eksit'ativ. excrement, eks'krgment. sofa, lovable, eve, event, end, recent, cofifee, odd, connect, lemon, 6 (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 99 exculpate, ekskiil'pat. exegesis, eksSdze'sis. exemplar, egzem'plar. exempli gratia, eksemp'li gra'shia. exempt, egzempt'. exequatur, eksskwa'tur. exequy, eks'fekw!. exeunt, ^k's^unt. exhaust, ^gzost'. exhibit, egzib'it. exhilarate, egzil'5,rat. exhort, Sgzort', Sgzhort'. exigeant, agzezan'. exigeante, agzezMt'. exigent, ek'sidzent. exiguity, ^ksigiu'iti. exile, ek'sil. exist, egzist'. exit, ek'sit. ex libris, eks li'bris. exogamy, eks5g'ami. exonerate, egz6n'erat. exorbitance, egzor'bitans. exorbitant, egzor'bitant. exordium, egzor'dium. exosmosis, eks5zmo'sis. exoteric, eksSter'ik. exotic, egz5t'ik. ex parte, eks par'te. expatriate, ekspa'triat. expedient, ekspe'dient. expert (adj.), eksp^rt'; (subst.), eks'p^rt. expiable, eks'peab'l. expletive, eks'pletiv. explicable, eks'plikab'l. exploit, eksploit'. This is the approved sound for both verb and substantive. explosive, eksplo'siv. exponent, ekspo'nent. expose, ekspoz'. ex post facto, eks post fak'to. exquisite, eks'kwizit. extant, eks'tant. extempore, ekstem'pSrg. extol, ekst61', gkstol'. extra, eks'tra. extraordinary, gkstror'di- n^ri. extricable, eks'trikS,b'l. exuberance, egziu'berans. exuberant, egziu'bSrant. exudd; eksiud', 6gziud'\ exult, egziilt'. exultancy, egziil'tansi. exultant, egzul'tant. exultation, eksiilta'shttn. eyedent (Scot.), I'dent. Eylau, i'lou. Eyre (Jane), dr. 6hr, iu=u in use, gle, part, thin, that, a?ure, CH=Germ. ick, h (Fr.) mon. See complete key, pages 16-20; iCgfe i^ iXh s BV^RY-BAY PRONUNCIATION ferrocyanide, ferSsi'anid, fer6si'amd. Ferry, Jules, ztil fere'. Fesole, fes'ola. Cf. Fiesole. festina lente, festi'na len'tS. fete, fat; (Fr.), fat'. The French sound would be somewhere between jU and Jdty as if one were to try to prolong the ^ sound. fete champetre, fSt' shan- pa'tr'. See note on fete, fetish, fe'tish, fet'ish. Feuerbach, foi'erbaCH. feu follet, fo f6Ia'. feu grison, fo grezon'. feuillage, foeyaz'. Feuillant, foeyM'. feuille, foey'. feuille, feuillee, foeya'. Feuillet, Octave, 6ktav foeya'. feuilleton, foeyeton'. feu triste, fo trest'. fey (Scot.), fa. fiacre, fya'kr\ fiance, fe5,nsa'. fiancee, feS,nsa'. fiasco, fSas'ko. fiat, fi'at. ale, senllte, cdre, St, accord, irm, ask, there, ov6r, Eden, ice, 3(11, old, 6bey, 6rb, fiat lux, fi'at liiks. fibril, fi'bril. fibrin, fi'brin. Fichte, fiCHte. fichu, fish'oo; (Fr.), fe'shu', Fidelio, fedal'io. fiducial, fidiu'shal. fient (Scot.), fent. fier (Scot.), fer. Fierabras, fSarabra'. Fiesole, fyezSla. fiery (Scot.), fer'i. Figaro, fegaro'. figure, fig'iur. fikery (Scot.), fik'eri. filch, filch. filet de bceuf, fele' de buf. fille de chambre, fey' d6 shan'br'. fin (Scot.), fin. finale, fSna'Ia. finance, finans', finans'. financier, finanser', fiuan'- si^r. fin de siecle fan de sye'kl'. fi'nis. finite, fi'nit. finochio, finokio. fiord, fyord. fireflaught (Scot.), fir'- fl6CHt, fir'flaCHt. sofa, lovable, eve, #vent, end, recent, c5ffee, 6dd, connect, lemdn, o (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 103 Firenze, fergnt'sa. firlot (Scot.), Mr'lot, firman, Mr'mHn, ferm&n'. Firmin-Didot, f e r m 3. n ' ded6'. fite (Scot.), fit. Fiume, fyoo'ma. fjord, fyord. flaccid, flSk'sid. flagellant, fl^dz'elant, fla- dzel'ant. flageolet, flSdzSlet' fladz'- 81et. flagitious, fllLdzish'fts. flagrant, fla'grant. flagrante delicto, flagran'- tS delic'tS. flainen (Scot.), flan'en. flambeau, flam'bo. Flameng, flaman'. Flammarion, flamarg6n'. flanerie, flan're'. flaneur, flan5r'. Flaubert, Gustave, giis'tav' flobar'. flaught (Scot.), fl5CHt, flaCHt. flaughter (Scot.), fl6CH'- ter, flaCHt'er. flaunt, flant, flont. Fleance, fleans. fleur-de-lis, flor d^ le'. fley (Scot.), fla. fleysome (Scot.), fla'sum. flichter (Scot.), fliCHtSr. flight (Scot.), fliCHt, fleCHt. fling (Scot.), fleng. flisk (Scot.), fl^sk. fliskmahoy (Scot.), flesk'- mahoi. flisky (Scot.), flgs'kS. flit (Scot.), flet. flite (Scot.), flit, fliting (Scot.), flit'in. flitter (Scot.), flet'gr. flocci, fl5k'si. flocculent, fl5k'iulSnt. Floreal, flSraal'. Florentine, flSr'gnten, flo'- rentin. florist, flo'rist, flSr'fet. flory (Scot.), flo'ri. Flotow, flo'to. flotsam, fl5t'sam. fluff-gib (Scot.), fluf gib. Foch, fSsh. foci, fo'si. fodgel (Scot.), fSdz'Sl. fog (Scot.), fSg. foggage (Scot.), fSg'lLdz. 6fcr, iu=u in use, Am, ttp, circfts, menii, food, fd6t, out, oil, aijgle, part, thin, ^at, a?ure, CH = Germ. tcA, 6 (Fr.) mon. See complete key, pages 15-20. 8 104 EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION Folies Bergere, Les, la itW berzar'. folio, fo'Iio, fol'yo. fondant, f5n'dant; (Fr.), f6fidan'. Fontainebleau, fontSnblo'. Fontenoy, f 6 n t ' n w a '; (Ang.), f5nt'gnoi. foramen, fSra'men. forbad, forbad', forbear, f6rbdr', for'bar. The second is also given as the sound of the word when spelled forebear in the sense of ancestor. forecast (subst.), for'kast; (verb), forkast'. forecaster, forkas't^r. forecastle, for'kfe'l, fo'k's'l. forehead, f5r'ed. foresail, for'sal, for's'l. foretauld (Scot.), fSrt61d'. forfaim (Scot.), forfdrn', forfault (Scot.), f8r'f6t. forfoughten (Scot.), for- foCHt'gn. forgie (Scot.), forge', formidable, for'midSb'l. Fomarina, La, la f6rnS,re'- na. forpit (Scot.), for'pet. ale, senate, c^re, at, accord, Srm, Ssk, there, ovdr, Ed6n, ice, ill, old, obey, 6rb, Fors Clavigera, f6rz klS,vi'- dzera. forspeak (Scot.), f6rspek'. forte (subst.), fort; (adj.), for'ta. forthwith, forthwith', fortissimo, fSrtis'imo. fortnight, fort'nit, fort'nit. forum, fo'rum. Foscari, f5s'kare. fother (Scot.), foth'^r. fou (Scot.), foo. Foucault, fooko'. Fouche, foosha'. foughten (Scot.), foCHt'en. foulard, foolard'; (Fr.), fool- ar'. Fouquier-Tinville, fookya' tanvel'. fourchette, foorshet'. Fra Angelico, irk &ndz61§- ko. Fra Bartolommeo, irh bS-r- tSlSmme'o. fracas, f ra'kas ; (Fr.) , f raka'. Fra Diavolo, fr^ d§S,'v61o. fragile, fradz'il. fragmentary, frag'ment&ri. franc, frank. France, Anatole, 3,nat61' frans. sofS, lovable, eve, event, end, recent, cSffee, odd, connect, lemdn, 6 (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 105 Frances, fran's^s, fran'sez. Francesca da Rimini, fran- cheska da remfene. Franchi, fran'ke. franchise, fran'chiz, fran- chiz. franchisement, frSn'chiz- ment. Francis, fran'slfs. Frangois, fr&nsw§,'. Frangoise, fransw§;z'. franc tireur, fran' teror'. frangipane, fran'dzipan. frangipani, frandzipan'i, frandzipan'i. Frankfort am Main,frS.nk'- foort km min. frankincense, frank'insSns. Franz Ferdinand, frants ferdenand'. Franz Josef, frants yo'sSf . frappe, frapa'. frate, fra'ta. frater, frater. fraternal, frat^r'nal. fraternize, frat'e^Tiiz, frat'- emiz. fratricide, frSt'risid. frau, frou. fraulein, froi'lm. Fredegonde, fradag6nd'. Freiberg, fri'berCH. Freiburg, fri'boorCH. Freiligrath, fri'liCHrS^t. Freischiitz Der, der fri'- shtits. freit (Scot.), fret. Frelinghuysen, f r e ' 1 i n g - hizen. Fremont (John Charles), frgm5nt'. frequent (adj.), frfe'kwent; (verb), frSkwent'. Frere, frdr. Freud, froit. Freudian, froid'ian. Freund, froint. Frey (Elizabeth), fri. Freya, fra'S,. Freytag, Gustav, goostSv' fri'taCH. Fribourg, freboor'. fricht (Scot.), freCHt. Friedland (Battle of), fred'- lant. frien (Scot)., fren. Friesian, fre'zan. frijole, frShol'S. friseur, frezor'. frist (Scot.), frest. Froebel, fro'bel. 6Ar, iu = u in use, Am, iip, circus, menu, f65d, fd6t, out, oil, aQgle, part, thin, that, apiire, GH=»G©rm, ich, ii (Fr.) mon^ Sw complete key, pages 15-20, 106 EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION Froissart, frwasar; (Ang.), froi'sart. Front de Boeuf , f ron de buf '. Frontenac, de, d^ fronte- nak'; (Ang.), fr5n'tS- n£k. Froude, frood. fmmenty, froo'menti. fu' (Scot.), foo. Fuchs, Leonhard, la'on- h^rt fooCHs. fuchsia, fiu'shia. Fuegians, fiue'dz!ans. See Tierra del Fuego. ^ fugue, fiug. Fujiyama, foo'dzSya'ma. fuliginous, fiulidz'inus. fulsome, fulsum. funebral, fiun'ebral, fiune'- bral. The common form is funehrial (fiuneb'Ml). fungi, fun'dzi. fungicide, fun'dzisid. fureur, fiiror'. The English form is furor (fiu'- rdf); the Italian, /wrore (Jooro'rd), furr-ahin (Scot.), fur'ahin. Fiirst. ale, senSte, c&re, St, accord, Srm, Ssk, sofa, lovable, Eve, Svent, ^nd, recent, tl^fre, QYlr, Ed^ii, |ce, ;U, pjd, gljey, ^rb, C9ff^Q} 9^4? eP^nect, lemdn, o (Germ.) G gaberdine, gab^rden', gab'- erden. gaberlunzie (Scot.), gaber- liin'yi. See note on assoilzie. Gaboriau, fimile, amel' gaboryo'. Gabriel, ga'briel. Gabrielle, gabriel'. Gaby Deslys. See Deslys. Gadarenes, gadSlrenz'. • Gade, gS-'de. Gadski, gat'ski. Gaekwar, gik'wSr. gael, gal. Gaelic, gal'ik. Gaeta, gaa'ta. Gaia, ga'ya. Gaillard, gayar'. Gainsborough, ganz'b'rS. gair (Scot.), gar. Gairdner (James), gard'- nSr. Other families in England, however, are said to call it gdrdner or gdedne. gala, galS. Galahad (Sir), galahad.' Galapagos, gala'pagSs. ' Galashiels, galashelz'. Galatea, galate'S. Gales. See Principe de Gales. Galignani, galSnya'ne. Galilean, g3,lile'an. Galileo, gaffle'o; (Ital.), g5,lSla'o. gallant, gal'ant, galant'. "... the specialized senses * politely attentive to women,' and 'amorous, amatory', . . . are usually distinguished by the accentuation gallant' ^ — Oxford Dictionary. A similar distinc- tion is usually observed in the substantive; a sraZ'Zani is a brave man, a gallant' one who is politely attentive. Gallatin, gal'atin; (Fr.), galatSn'. Gallaudet, gal6det'. Gallegos, galya'gos. galligaskin, galigas'kin. Gallipoli, galli'p61e. Gallitzin, galet'sSn. bhr^ iu = u in use, * inexplicable, ineks'plikab'l. inexpugnable, inekspug'- nab'l, inekspiun'ab'l. The second is allowed in American, but not in British, usage. in extremis, in ekstre'mis. ale, senSte, cSre, at, accord, arm, ask, there, ov^r, Edtn, ice, ill, old, obey, 6rb, inextricable, ineks'trikab'l. Inez, i'nez. Cf . Ines. infamous, in'famus. infamously, in'famflsli. Infanta, infan'tS,. Infante, infan'ta. infanticide, infan'tisid. infantile, in'fantil, in'fantil. infantine, in'fantin, in'fan- tin. infecund, infek'und, infe'- kund. inferable, inf^r'Sb^, in'fer- inference, in'ferens. Inferno, Inf^r'no. infinite, in'finit. infinitesimal, infinites'imal. infinitival, infinitiVal. inflatus, infla't&s. infundibuliform, infundi'- biuliform. infundibulum, infundib'- iulum. infusoria, infiuso'ria. Ingelow, Jean, dzen in'- dz^lo. ingenious, indzen'yfis. ingenue, anzhanti'. ingenuity, indzSniu'iti. sofa, lovable, eve, event, end, rec?nt, coffee, odd, connect, lemon, 6 (Germ.i EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 131 ingenuous, indzen'iuus. ingine (Scot.), en'dzin. ingle, in'g'l. ingot, in'got, in'got. ingrain, in'gran, ingran'. "Now usually stressed in'- grain before a substantive, in- grain' after it or in the predi- cate."— Oxford Dictionary. ingrate, Jn'grat. ingredient, ingre'dient. Ingres, an'gr'. in hoc signo vinces. In h6k sig'nS vin'sez. inhospitable, inh6s'pit&b'l. inhospitably, 3[nh6s'pitS,blL Inkerman, ink'^rman'. inlay (subst.), in'la; (verb), Inla'. in loco parentis, in lo'kS parSn'tis. in medias res, in me'diSs rez. in mem5'riam, innate, in'nat, innat'. innocuous, in6k'iuus. innoxious, in5k'shus, in- nSk'shus. Innsbruck, ins'brook. innuendo, iniuSn'do. inopportune, in5p6rtiun'. in-ower (Scot.), ino'^r, in- ou'er. in posse, in p6s'S. in propria persona, in pro'- pria perso'nS,. in puris naturalibus, in piu'ris natiuraribus. inquiry, inkwi'ri. in re. in saecula sseculorum, in sek'iula, sSkiulo'rum. insatiety, insS-ti'eti. inscience, in'shiens, in'- shens. inscrutable, inskroo'tab'l. insert (subst.), in'sert; (verb), insert', insight (Scot., household goods) , in'sit, in'siCHt. in situ, in si'tiu. insolate, in's61at. insolation, insOla'shun. insoluble, insSriub'l. insouciance, Msoosy ans' ; (Ang.), insoo'sians. The French pronunciation is preferable. insouciant, insoo'siant ; (Fr.), tosoosyah'. Both British and American usage favor the Anglicized form. inspiration, inspira'shun. bhr, iu=u in use, Am, iip, circus, menii, food, fd6t, out, oil, apgle, part, thin, ^4^at, a^urOj CQ = Gernj, i^hy t (Fr.) 7?k?w, See pqmple^e i^ey, pages 15-20, 132 EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION t ^ instanter, instan'ter. "yC in statu quo, in sta'tiu kwo. ^^ instinct (subst.), in'stinkt; (adj.), mstinkt'. \ institute, in'stitiut. institution, institiu'shun. insular, in'siular. insulate, in'siulat. insult (subst.), in'sult; ^(verb), insult'. intaglio, int5,l'yo. integer, in'tSdz^r. integral, in'tSgrS,!. intercalary, Int^r'kSIM. intercalation, interkS;la'- shfln. interdict (subst.), In't^r- dikt; (verb), Inter- dikt'. interest, Jta'tSrgst. interested, in'terSstSd. interesting, in'terestin. interfluent, intfer'AooSnt. interfluous, int^r'floofis. Interlaken, interlS^'kSn. interlocutor, int6rl6k'iut6r. interlocutory, Int^plSk'- iutSri. interloper, in't6rl5pgr. intermezzo, int^rmSd'zo. ale, senate, o&re, at, aocord, irm, Ssk, thSre, oY&r, Eden* ice, ill, old, obey, drb internecine, interne'sin, in- terne'sin. interpellate, mt^rpSl'at. interpellation, int^rpela'- sh&n. interpolate, int6r'p61at. interpolation, intei'p61a'- shtin. interstice, inter'stfe. interstitial, Int^rstish'SI. intestine, Intfis'tin. intrepidity, intrfepid'M. in'trig&it. The feminine form is iniri- gantej stressed lntrigdnt\ Both forms are pronounced as here in- dicated when spelled with a u {intriguant). The French sound is, masc, dntregan; fern., dn- tregdnt. intrigue, intrSg'. The best usage is in favor of the same sound for both substan- tive and verb. introit, intro'it. intrusive, introo'siv. inundate, in'tlndat, intln'- dat. inure, iniur'. invalid (subst.), Jtn'v&Iid; (adj.), invai'id. invalide (Fr.), Snvaled'. inveigh, inva'. sofS, lov&ble, eve, ivent, iSnd, recent, coffee, odd, connect, lemdn, o (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 183 inveigle, inve'gl. inventory, In'ventSrf. Inverness, invernSs'. inverse, invtirs', in'vtirs. in vino Veritas, in vi'no vgr'Itas. invitatory, !nvi'tSt6rf. invocatory, inv5k'^t6rJ. involucral, JnvSliu'krdl. i'6. iodide, i'Sdid, i'8d!d. iodine, i'Sdin, i'fidin. iodoform, io'dSforni; i5d'- 6f6rm. lolanthe, i81Sn'th§. i'on. lo'na. io'nS. ionic, iSn'ik. So pronounced in either sense, as pertaining to ionSj or pertaining to Ionia, io'ta. i'6wa. i'6wan. ipecac, Ip'fekak. ipecacuanha, ipSkSkiuSn'S.. Iphigenia, ifldzSni'S. ipso facto, ip'so fak'to. Iquique, Ske'ka. Iran, eran'; (Ang.), Iran'. ohr, iu=u in use, Am, iip, circus, menii, food, foot, out, oil, a^gle, part, thin, that, a?ure, CH = Germ, ich, n (Fr.) man. See complete key, pagea 15-20. irascibility, irSsibirit!, frfis- ibiriti. irascible, irSs'ib^I, irSs'iba. irate, irat', i'rat. Irawadi, frS,w6d'i. Irenaeus, irSne'us. Irene, iren'. As a Greek name it is Ire'nit; the French form, Irenes is pro- nounced er^n'. iridium, irid'ium. iritis, iri'tis. Irkutsk, irkootsk'. Iroquois, !r6kwoi'. irrecognizable, irek'ogniz- ab^l. irreconcilable, irekonsil'- aba. irrefragable, iref'ragabl. irrefutable, irefiut'lib'l. irremeable, irem'Sab'l. irremediable, irSme'dlab'l. irreparable, irep'arab'l. irresoluble, irez'oliub'L irrevocable, irev'Skab'L Isaiah, iza'ya, izi'a. Ischia, es'keS. Iser, e'z^r; (Ang.), i'ser. Iseult, Ssoolt'. i'shSm. Ishmael, feh'mSel. 134 EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION Ishmaelite, ish'maelit. Isiac, i'siak. Isi'acal. isinglass, i'zinglas. Isla de Pinos, es'la da pe'nos. Islam, is'lam,iz'lam, islam'. Islamic, islam'ik, izlam'ik. Islamite, is'lamit, iz'lamit. Islas Filipinas, es'las felepe'nas. Islay, i'la, is'la. islet, i'let. Is'lip. Ismailia, esmael'ya. Ismail Pasha, ismael' pfi,- shS,', ismael' pash'3;. isochronal, is6k'r6ndl. isochronism, is6k'r6niz'm. isochronous, is5k'r6nus. Isocrates, is5k'rS.tez. isolable, is'61S,bl, is'ol&bl. isolate, is'61at, is'81at. isolation, is61a'shun, is61a'- shun. Isolde, isold'. Isonzo, Szon'tso. isosceles, isSs'elez. isotherm, i'sOth^rm. Ispahan, Ispahan'. Israel, iz'rSel. ale, senate, c&re, St aocord, Srm, Ssk, there, ov€r, Eden, ice, ill, did, obey 6rb, Israelite, iz'rEelit. Israels, Josef, yo'zSf esra- els'. Israfel, iz'rafel. When written Israfil or Israfeel it is pronounced ez'rafel. Issachar, is'akar. ♦ Istambul, estambool'. isthmian, is'mian, isth'- mian, ist'mian. isthmus, Js'mus, isth'mus, ist'miis. Italian, it3,ryan. italic, it^l'ik. italicization, italisiza'shun. italicize, ital'Mz. it 'aid (prefix), iteration, itera'shun. iterative, it'^r§,tiv. Ithamar, ith'amar. Ithuriel, ithiu'riel. itinerant, itin'erant. itinerary, itin'erari. itis, i'tis. Ito, e'to. Iturbide, de, da etoorbe'- tha; (in Mexico), etoorbe'da. Iturea, itiure'S. Itys, i'tis. lulus, iiu'ltts. 8o^, lovable, eve, ivent, ^nd, recSnt, cSfifee, odd, c5nnect, lemon, 6 (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION Ivan, evan', i'van. Ivangorod, Svan'g6r6t. Ivanhoe, i'vanho. Ivry, evre'. Ixion, iksi'on. 135 eshtfflsho'- Ixtlilxochitl, Izdubar, izdoobar'. Iztaccihuatl, e s 1 3. k s e ' - ohr, !u=u in use, Am, up, circus, menfl, food, fd6t, out, oil, aijgle, part, thin, that, a?ure, CH = Germ, ich, n (Fr.) mon. See complete key, pages 16-20. 10 J Jachimo, ya'kemo. jacinth, dza'sinth, dz3,s'- inth. jackal, dzak'ol. Jacobean, dzak8b§'5,n. Jacobi, yako'bS. Jacobin, dzak'6Mn. Jacobite, dzSk'fibit. Jacoby, yako'bS. Jacopo, ya'kopo. Jacquard, zakar'. Jacquerie, zakre'. Jacques, zak. See also Jaques. Jacques Bonhomme, z5,k b5n5m'. jad (Scot.), dzad, dzad. Jael, dza'^I. jaguar, dzag'war, zagwar'. The Oxford Dictionary gives second place to d^g'iuaT' Jaime, Don, don hae'ma. Jaipur, dzi'poor. Jairus, dza'irfts, dz&i'rfls. jalap, dzal'ap. jalousie, zalooze'. ale, senate, c4re, lit, accord, Srm, Ssk, there, ov6r, Eden, ice, 111, 5ld, 6bey, 6rb Jamblichus, dzam'blikus. Jamshid, dzS^mshed'. Janauschek, ya'noushek. Janet (Paul), zanS. Janiculum, dzanik'iulum. Janin, Jules, zlil zanan'. janizary, dzan'izSri. Jansen, dzan'sen. Jansenist, dzan'senist. Janvier, zanvya'. Japheth, dza'feth. Jaques, daz'kwez, dzSk'wSs, zhak. The first two are the common sounds of the name as Anglicized in English literature, especially Shakespeare. Cf . Jacques. Jardin des Plantes, zardSn' da plant', jardiniere, zardenyar. Jamdyce, dzarn'dis. Jaroslav, yaroslav'. jaunt, dz5,nt, dzont. jaunty, dzan'ti, dzon'ti. Jaures, Jean, zan zores'. sofa, lovable, eve, event, end, recent, c5ffe«, odd, connect, lemon, 6 (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 137 javelin, dzav'lin, dzav'eUn. British usage prefers the sec- ond; as did Wordsworth: *' Proud Gorden, maddened by the thoughts That through his brain are travel- ling, Rushed forth, and at the heart of Bruce He launched the deadly javelin!" Javert, zavdr'. jean (cotton cloth), dzen. The dictionaries still offer us dfdUj but it is obsolete in prac- tice. Jean, dzen; (Fr.), zM. Jeanne, z5,n. Jeanne d'Arc, zan d3,rk'. Jean Valjean, zan' valzS^n'. Jehoshaphat, dzShSsh'Sfat. Jehu, dze'hiu. jeisticor (Scot.), jes'tikSr, jes'tikSr. jejune, dzSdzoon'. Jekyll (Dr.), dze'kil. Jemappes, zemap'. Jena, ya'nS.. je ne sais quoi, zh6 n6 sa kw&'. jeopard, dzep'ard. jeopardize, dzep'lLrdiz. jeopardy, dzep'lLrd!. Jephthah, dzef'thS. jerboa, dzerbo'lL. jeremiad, dzerSmi'Sd. ohr, iu=u in use, ey, Orl? Jugurtha, dzoogtir'thS. Juif Errant, le, le ziuef6r5,n. jujitsu, dzoo'dzitsoo. See also jiujitsu. Jules, ziil. Julie, ziile'. Julien, ztily^n'. Julienne, ztilyen'. Juliet, dziu'Uet. Jungfrau, yoon'frou. Juniata, dzoomSt'a. Junot, zun6'. junta, dzun't^. In Spanish, hdbn'td, junto, dzun'to. jupon, dzoo'pSn, dzoopSn'; (Fr.), zupon'. jurisconsult, dzoorisk5n'- sult. juror, dzoo'r^r. jus (law), dzus. Jusserand, ziis'rM'. just (tilt), dzust. Cf. joust, juste-milieu, ziist melyo'. justiciable, dziistish'iib'l. justifiable, dzus'tifiab'I. justificative, dziis'tifikStiv. justificatory,dzus'tifikS,t6ri, dzustif'ikitSri. juvenile, dzoo'vSnil, dzoo'- vSnil. sofS, lov6ble, eve, event, iSnd, recent, , cOlfeCf Qd4? coi^Rect, iem^n, 9 (Gerw.) K kabala, kSb'&la. Kabul, ki'bool, k^bool'. Kipling prefers the first: "Kabul town's by Kabul river — Blow the bugle, draw the sword — '* kadi, ka'di, ka'di. Kafir, kaf'er. Kalakaua, k3,15;kou'3,. kaleidoscope, kali'd6skop. Kalends, k^^l'endz. Kalevala, ka'lavali. Kalisz, kal'ySsh. Kamchatka, kamchat'ka. See also Kamtschatka. Kamehameha, kama'ha- ma'ha. Kamerun, kamS,roon'. Kamtschatka, kamchat'ka, kamchat'ka. So pronounced, also, when spelled Kamtchatka or Kamchat- ka. Kanaka, kSn'akS. ''In Australia improperly kdndk'd," — Oxford Dictionary. Kanawha, kano'wa. Kansas, kan'zas. Kant, kant; (Ang.), kSnt. bhr, iu = u in use, Am, up, circus, menii, food, foot, out, oil, aijgle, paj*t, thin, that, a?ure, CH = Germ, ich, n (Fr.) mon. See complete key, pages 15-20. Kantian, kSn'tian. ka'61in, ka'Slin. Kapel'meister, k 5; p e 1 ' - mister. Karat. See carat. Karlsruhe, Karls'rooe. Kavanagh, k^v'lLna. Jones gives kdv'dnd or kdv^dnd. Many families in the United States call it kdv'dnd, Kazan, kaz5,n'y'. Kearney, kar'ni. Keble, ke'bU. keelivine (Scot.), kel'ivm. keelson, kel'son. Kehama, kSha'ma. Keighley, keth'li. This is its sound as a place name; as a surname it is pro- nounced ke'll, kVU, Kelt, kelt. Cf. Celt. Keltic, kel'tiik. Cf . Celtic. Kempis, a (Thomas), & kem'pis. 140 EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION Kennebec, kgnSbek'. There is authority for stress- ing this either on the first syl- lable or the last. Probably the two stresses are nearly even, varying with sentence modula- tion. Kennebunk, kenebunk'. Keokuk, ke'6kuk. kepi, kep'S. keramic, keram'ik. Kerenski, ker'enske. Kerguelen,ktir'gelen; (Fr.), kergalon'. Keswick, kez'ik. ketchup, kech'up. The form and sound of the word vary according to its sup- posed origins; but this form is now widely accepted. khaki, ka'ks. khan, kan, kan. Khartum, k^rtoom'. khedive, kedev'. Khiva, ke'va. Khorassan, CHorassan'. Khorsabad, CHorsabad'. Kiaochow, kyou'cho'. So pronounced, also, when spelled Kiavrchiau. kiaugh (Scot.), kyaCH. Kieff, ke'yef. Cf. Kiev. Kiel, kel. Kiev, ke'ygf. Cf. Kieff. Kilauea, keloua'S. kiln, kil, kiln, kilogram, kil'ogram. kiloliter, kil'Sleter. kilometer, kil'Smeter. kilowatt, kil'&wot. Kincardine, kink ar 'din, kinkar'din. kinematic, kinSmat'ik. kinematograph, kinSmat'- Sgraf, kinSmat'ograf. kinetic, kinet'ik, kinet'ik. kinetoscope, kine'tSskop. kinrick (Scot.), ken'rik. kippage (Scot.), kep'Edz. kiosk, keosk'. Kioto, kyo'to. Kirchhoff, kerCH'h6f. Kirk Kilise (Kilisseh), kerk kilis'e, kerk kSlesa'. Kishinev, kishinef , kSshS- ny6f'. kismet, kis'met. Kissingen, kis'ingen; (Ang.), kis'endzen. kitling (Scot.), ket'iin. kiutle (Scot.), kiit"!. Klamath, kl^m'ath. Klaus, klous. ale, sen&tt, c&re, at, accord, arm, ask, sofa, lovable, eve, event, end, recent, there, ov^r, Eden, ice, ill, old, obey, 6rb, coffee, odd, connect, lemon, 6 (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 141 Kleber, klabar'. Klopstock, klOp'shtSk. knibblach (Scot.), k'nib'- laCH. knoll, nol. Knollys, nolz. knout, nout, noot. knowe (Scot.), k'nou, nou. Koch, koCH. Koenigsberg, ko'niCHs- berCH. Koemer, kor'ner. Kohinoor, ko'hinoor. Kohler, koFer. Koniggratz, ko'mCHgrets'. Konigsberg, kon'iCHs- berCH. Also spelled Koeigsherg. kopje, k5p'i. Koran, kSran', ko'ran. Kosciusko, kSsius'ko. Kosciuszko, koshchyoosh'- ko. kosher, ko'sher. Kossuth, k5sh'6ot, k6- sooth'. Kotzebue, von, fSn kSt'- seboo. Kouyunjik, koo'undzik. kraal, kral. Krag-Jorgensen, kr5.g' yor'- gensen. Krakow, kra'koof. Krapot'km. Kremlin, krgm'lin. kreutzer, kroit's^r. Kronstadt, kron'shtat. Kropotkin, krapot'ken. Krupp, kroop. Kubelik, koo'belik. Kublai Khan, koo'bli kS^n'. Kulturkampf, kooltoor'- k&mpf. Kurdistan, kocrdistan'. Kurfiirst, koor'fiirst. Kurland, koorland. Kut - el - Amara, koot' - el - ama'rS,. Kyoto, kyo'to. Kyrie eleison, kir'ie §li's6n, ke'ria ela'is5n. ohr, iu=u in use, Am, iip, circus, menii, food, foot, out, oil, a^gle, part, thin, that, a?ure, CH = Germ, ich, ii (Fr.) mon. See complete key, pages 15-20. laager, IS'ger. La Bassee. See Bassee, La. la belle dame sans merci, la bel dam san merse'. Labienus, labie'nus. labor omnia vincit, la'bor 6m'nia vin'sit. Labouchere, labooshar'. Laboulaye, laboole'. La Bruyere, la brtiydr'. Laccadive, lak'adiv. Lacedsemon, lasSde'm6n. Lachesis, lak'Ssis. Lachine, lashen'. lachrymal, lak'rimal. lachrymose, lak'rimos. laconic, lak5n'ik. lactein, lak'tgin. lacuna, lakiu'na. lacustrine, IS-kus'trln. Ladislas, lad'islas. Ladrones, ladronz'; (Sp.), lidro'nas. Laertes, Iser'tez. Lafayette, de, d6 lM&y^t\ Lafitte, lafet'. La Follette, E f5I'6t. Lagado, laga'do, lag'ado. ; La Gloire, la glwar'. Lagos, la'gos, la'gos. La Guayra, la gwae'ra. Lahore, labor'. laigh (Scot.), laCH. Laing, lang. La'is. laissez faire, le'sa far'. Lajeunesse, Gabriel, gat rigl' lazones'. Lalla Rookh, la'la rook'. L'AUegro, lalla'gro. Lamartine, de, de lamar ten'. Lambert, lam'bert; (Fr.), lanber'. lambrequin, ISm'brSkin. Lamech, la'mek. lamentable, lam'entab'l. Lameth, de, delame'. Lamia, la'mia. La Motte-Fouque, la m6t'- fooka'. Lanark, lan'ark. Lancaster, lan'kHst^r. ale, senate, c^re, St, accord, Srm, Ssk, sofa, lovable, eve, event, end, recent, there, ov6r, Eden, ice, ill, old, obey, 6rb, coffee, odd, connect, lemon, 6 (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 143 Lancelot du Lac, lan'sS16t du lak. Lanceolate, lan'sSftlSt. Lanciani, l^nch^-'ne. lanciers, lan'serz. landau, l^n'do, lan'dou. Landgraf, iSnt'graf. Landgrave, land'grav. Landgravine, land'grSven. Landsturm, lant'stoorm, IS^nt'shtoorm. Landwehr, lant'var. , Lanfrey, lanfre'. Lange, lan'e. lang syne, ISn sin'. Languedoc, land6k'. langue d'oil, Ian dSel'. languet, 13,n'gwet. languid, ISn'gwid. languish, lan'gwish. languor, l^n'ger, lan'gwer. languorous, lan'ger&s, lan'- gw^rus. Lanier, laner'. Lannes, Ian. lansquenet, lans'kanet. Laocoon, laok'66n. Laodamia, ISSdami'a. Laodicea, lS,6dise'a. Laodicean, la5dise'an. Laom'gdon. La'os. La Patrie, la patre'. La Perouse, la parooz'. Lapham, lap'am. la'pis, lap'is. lapis lazuli, la'pis laz'iuli, lap'is laz'iuli. Lapithse, lap'ithe. Laplace, laplas'. Laputa, l^piu'ta. Lara, la'ra. Lares, la'rez. largess, l&r'dzes. So pronounced, also, when spelled largesse. larghetto, larggt'tS. larghissimo, large'sim8. lariat, lar'iat. La Rochefoucauld, de, dS larSshfooko'. La Rochelle, la roshel'. laryngitis, larindzi'tis. lasso, las'o. Latakia, latake'a. Lateran, lat'eran. lath, lath, lathe, lath, laths, lathz. Latinus, lati'nfls. Latium, la'shium. ohr, iu=u in use, Am, iip, circus, menii, food, foot, out, oil, ai?gle, part, thin, that, a?ure, CH=Germ. ich, n (Fr.) mon. See complete key, pages 15-20. 144 EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION Latour d'Auvergne, de, de latoor' dovern'y'. latrine, latren'. lauch (Scot.), laCH. Laughlin, laf'lin. launch, lanch, lonch. launder, lan'der, lon'der. British usage prefers the sec- ond. laundress, l&n'dres, lon'- dres. laundry, lan'dri, 16n'dri. Launfal (Sir), lan'fal, lon'- fal. laureate, 16'reat. laurel, lo'rSl, 15r'el. Laurier (Sir Wilfrid), lo'- ria. Lausanne, lozan'. laverock (Scot.), lav'erok,. lav'rok. Lavoisier, lavwazya'. Layamon, la'amon. lazar, la'zar. lazzarone, lazaro'na; (It.), ladzaro'na. Leander, ISan'der. leant, lent. leaped, lept. leapt, lept. ale, senate, c^re, at, accord, arm, ask, there, ovSr, Eden, ice, ill, old, obey, 6rb, learned, lernd, ler'ned. The first is the past tense of the verb; the second, the past participle or adjective. Le Bceuf, le hM\ Lebrun, 16 brun'. leb 'wohl, lap vol', leeward, lu'erd, lewerd. The second is hardly more than a dictionary word, but the dictionaries traditionally prefer it to the one actually in use. Lefebvre, lefev'r'. Lefevre, IfefeV^r. Legare, legre'. legate, leg'at. legend, ISdz'end, le'dzend. legendary, ledz'endari. Legendre, lezan'dr'. legerdemain, ledzerdSman'. legged, legd, leg'ed. leghorn, ISg'horn, leg'orn. legume, leg'ium, ISgium'. Leibnitz, lip'nits. Leicester, les'ter. Leigh, Aurora, oro'ra le'. Leighton, la'ton. Leilah, la'E'. Leinster, ISn'ster. Leipsic, lip'sik. Leipzig, lip'tsiCH. leister (Scot.), les'ter, Igs'- ter. sofa, lovable, eve, §vent, end, recent, I, coffee, odd, connect, lemon, 6 (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 145 leisure, leziur, lez'iur. British usage prefers the sec- ond. Leith, leth. Lely (Sir Peter), le'li. leman, ISm'an, le'man. Leman (Lake), le'man. Lremberg, lem'berCH. lemur, le'mur. Len'ape. L'Enclos, Ninon de, nenon' d^ lankl8\ Lenine, leaen'. Lens, lans. renvoi, lenvoi'; (Fr.), lan'- vwa'. Leominster (Eng.), lem'ste, Iem'inste;(U.S.),lem'- inster. Leonardo da Vinci, la8n&r'- do da ven'che. Le5na't6. X Leoncavallo, laSnkavario. Leonidas, l§5n'idas. Leopardi, laOpar'de. Lepanto, lap&n'to. le roi est mort, vive le roi, le rwa e mor', vev IS rwa'. Lespinasse, de, de lespenas'. ^ L'Estrange (Sir Roger), les- trandz'. le style, c'est Thomme, 1^ stel', sa 16m'. Leszcynski, leschin'ske. lethargic, Isthar'dzik. lethargy, leth'ardzi. Lethe, le'the. Lethean, ISthe'an. lettre de cachet, let'r' de kashe'. leuch (Scot.), liuCH. Leucophryne, liukofri'ne . Leucothea, liukSth'ea. Leucothoe, liuk5th'6e. Leuk, loik. leuk (Scot.), liuk. Leukas, lyef kas. Leuthen, loi'ten. Leuwenhoeck, van, vSn lav'enhook. levant, ISvant'. So pronounced as common or proper noun, or in any meaning except the law term, which is Uvant', Levantine, ISyan'tin, lev'- antin. levee (embankment), lev'fe, leve'. In the sense of a reception the second is preferable. lever, le'ver, lev'er. Lever (Charles), le'ver. ohtt iu = u in use, Am, up, circus, menu, food, foot, out, oil, apgle, part, thin, that, a?ure, CH=Germ. ich, n (Fr.) mon. See complete key, pages 15-20. 146 EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION Leverrier, leverya'. y Lewes (George Henry), / liu'is. ^. Leyden, li'den. V liaison, leazon'. Hard, lyar. libelant, libelant. y:, liberticide, liber'tisid. O^' libertine, lib'ertin. lichen, li'ken, lich'en. lichwake (Scot.), lich'wak, leCH'wak. Licinus, IJs'inus. Liebig, le'biCH. Liebknecht, lep'kneCHt. Liederkranz, le'derkrants. lief, lef. Liege, Isez'. lien, le'^n, len. lieu, liu, loo. lieutenant, li u t e n ' a n t ; (Brit.), leften'ant. lifelong, lif 16n. Cf. livelong. Ligny, lenye'. Li Hung Chang, le hoong chan'. Liliuokalani,Iel§6o6kala'ne. Lille, lei. Lilliput, lil'ipiit. Lilliputian, lilipiu'shan. ale, senate, c&re, at, accord, arm, ask, there, ov€r, Eden, ice, ill, old, obey, 6rb, lima, llm'a. Commonly so pronounced as the name of a bean, but often lemd in such names as lima barky lima wood. Lima, le'ma; (Ang.), li'ma. Commonly the second as a place name in the United States. limn, lim. limner, lim'ner. Limoges, lemoz'. limousine, lemoozen'; (col- loquially), lim'uzen. lingerie, lan'z're. Linlithgow, Imlith'go. Linnsean, line'an. Linnaeus, line'fis. linotype, lin'6tip. liqueur, le'kor', likiur'. lira, le'ra. Lisle (Ang.), lil; (Fr.), leL As an adjective {Jiisle thread) it is III. Liszt, list. liter, le'ter. ' literati, litera'ti. literatim, litera'tim. Jithe, li^i. lithesome, litfe'som. lithy, litfe'i, litb'i. litigious, litidz'us. litre, le'ter; (Fr.), letr\ litterateur, letarator'. sofa, lovable, eve, event, end, recent, coffee, odd, connect, lemon, 6 (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 147 littoral, Iit'6ral. Littre, letra^ liturgic, litur'dzik. liturgy, lit'iirdzi. livelong, liv'lon. Cf. lifelong. livre, levr; (Ang.), le'ver. llama, 13,'mS. llano, la'no. Llewellyn, looel'm. loath, loth, loathe, loth, locale, 16kal'. locative, 15k'Mv. loch (Scot.), 15CH. Lochaber, ISCH^'b^r. Loch Eil, loCH el. Lochinvar, 16CH]fnv&r'. Loch Katrine, 16CH k&V- rin. Loch Leven, 16CH le'ven. Loch Lomond, 15CH lo'- mond. locomotive, lokomo'tiv. Locrine, lokren'. Lodore, 16dor'. Lodovico, lodove'ko. Lodz, loodz. Loeb, lob. loggia, 15dz'a, 16'dzia. logomachy, 16g6m'aki. logy, lo'gi. Lohengrin, lo'engrin. Loire, Iwar. Loki, lo'kg. Longchamp, 16nsh3,n'. longevity, londzev'itL Longimanus, 16ndzima'nfls. Longinus, 15ndzi'nus. Longwy, lon'we'. Loos, 166s'. Lope de Vega Carpio, lo'pa da va'gS, kar'pyo. Lopez, lo'pas; (Span.), lo'- path. Lorelei, lo'reli, 15r'eli. lorgnette, lornySt'. Lorrain, lOran'. Lorraine, 16ran'. losable, looz'ab'l. Los Angeles, los ^n'gSles, 15s ^n'dzeles; (Sp.), los an'halas. losel, lo'zel, looz'el. The Oxford Dictionary gives only the first. loth, loth. Lothario, 16tha'rio. Loti, Pierre, pyar' 16te'. Lotophagi, 16t5f'lLdzi. lough, 15CH. bhr, iu = u in use, Luxemburg, luks'embtirg. Luxor, liik'sor, look'sor. luxuriance, luksiu'rians, lugzdo'rians. So also luxuriant. luxury, luk'shoori, luks'- iuri, liig'zoori. Luzem, lootsern'. Luzerne (U. S.), liuztirn'. Luzon, loozon'; (Span.), loothon'. Lycaon, lika'Sn. lycee, lesa'. lyceum, llse'flm. sofa, lovable, eve, event, i^nd, rec?nt, coffee, odd, connect, lemdn, 6 (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 149 Lycidas, lis'idas. Lyly (John), lil'i. Lyon, leon'. Lyonnaise, leOnaz', liSnaz'. Lyons, leon; (Ang.), li'ons. lyricism, lirlsiz^m. lyrism, lir'iz'm, lir'iz^m. lyrist, lir'ist, lir'ist. The Oxford Dictionary recog- nizes only the first. Lys, les. Lysias, lis'ias. ohr, iu = u in use, Am, fip, circus, menu, food, fd6t, out, oil, aijgle, part, thin, ^at, a?ure, CH=Germ. ich, n (Ft.) mon. See complete key, pages 15-20. M Maas, mas. Macao, mak5,'6. Maccabseus, makabe'us. ma chere, ma shlir'. machete, macha'ta; (Ang.), machet'i. Machias, machi'as. Machiavel, mak'iavel. Machiavelian, makiavSl'- ian, makiaveryan. Machiavelism, mS-kiavel'- izm. Machiavelli, m&k'yavgl'le. machicolation, machikola'- shun. machination, makina'shun. Mackay (Charles), maki'. Mackaye (James Steele), maki'. So also Percy Mackaye. Mackinac, mak'ino. Maclaren, Ian, ean mak- la'ren. Macleod, makloud'. Maclise, makles'. MacMahon, makmaon'. MacMonnies, makmiin'iz. ale, senate, c&re, at, accord, arm, ask, there, ov^r. Eden, ice^ ill, 5ld. obey, 6rb, macon (wine), m3,k6n. So pronounced, also, as a French place name {Mdcon)) but as an American place name, it is ma'kon, macrocosm, mak'r8k5zm. macron, ma'krSn, mS'kr5n. British usage prefers the sec- ond. madam, mad'am. madame, madam', madS-m', mad'am. madeira, made'ra, mada'rlL. British usage does not sanction the second. The sound of the proper noun is the same. mademoiselle, madmwazel'. madras, madras'. The soimd of the proper name is the same. madre, mad'ra. Madrid, madrid'; (Sp.),ma' dreth'. maelstrom, mal'str6m. maestoso, mS,esto'so, ma6s- to'zo. Maestricht, m§,s'triCHt. maestro, maes'tro. Maeterlinck, materlink. sofa, lovable, eve, event, ^nd, recent, I c5fifee, 6dd, c6nnect, lemdn, o (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 151 Mafeking, m§.'feking. maffia, maf'fgS,. ma foi, ma' fwa'. magazine, magS,zen'. Magdala, mag'dala. magdalen, mag'dalSn. Magdalen (College at Ox- ford), mod'lin. Magdalene (College at Cambridge), mod'lin. Magdeburg, m a g ' d e - b66rCH;(Ang.),mag'- dSbftrg. Magellan, m a d z g 1 ' a n ; (Brit.), magSl'an. Magendie, mazande'. Magenta, madzen'ta. Maggiore, maddzo'ra. Magi, ma'dzi. Magna Charta, mSg'na kar'ta. magneto, magne'to. So sounded universally in gas- engine parlance. As a prefix (as in magneto-electric) it may be (but commonly is not) sound- ed mag'n&to, Ma'gog. maguey, mag'wa ; (Sp.) , ma- ga'e. Magyar, m5d'y^r; (Ang.), mag'yar. Mahabharata, mahaba'- rata. Mahan, mahan'. maharaja, mahar3,'dza. mahatma, mahat'ma. Mahdi, El, al ma'de. mahlstick, m§;l'stik, m61'- stik. Mahmoud, m5,m6od'. Mahomet, mahSm'et, ma'- hSmet, mS.'6met. Mahoimd, mahound', ma- hoond'. Mahratta, mSrat'a. Maia, ma'ylL, mi'a Mailly. See Camp de Mailly. Main (river), man; (Ger.), min. maintain, mantan', men- tan', maintenance, man'tSnans. Maintenon, de, de mant' non'. Mainz, mints, maitre d'hotel, ma'tr do'tel'. majolica, m&dzSl'ika, ma- ySl'ika. Also written maioUca. Malachi, mal'aki. ohr, iu = u in use, Am, iip, circus, menii, food, foot, out, oil, aijgle, part, thin, that, a?ure, CH = Germ, ich, n (Fr.) mon. See complete key, pages 15-20. 11 152 EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION maladroit, maladroit'. Malakhov (Russia), mala'- k6f. Malakoff (Fr.), malak6f'. Malaprop (Mrs.), mariL- pr5p. malapropos, malaprftpo'. Malay, mala', ma'la. Malchus, mal'kus. Malcolm, m^l'kom. mal de mer, mal de mar'. Maldive (Islands), mal'- div. Malebranche, de, de mal- bransh'. malefactor, mal'gfak'ter. maleficent, malef'isent. Malesherbes, malzerb'. ^ malfeasance, malfe'zans, malign, malin'. Malines, malen'. malinger, malin'g^r. malingerer, malin'gdrer. malkin, mo'kin. mall, mol. Cf. PaU MaU. malleable, mal'gabl. mallecho. See miching mallecha malleolar, male'Olar. malleolus, malS'Slfis. ale, senate, c^re, at, accord, irm, ask, there, ov6r, Eden, ice, ill, old, 6bey, 6rb, Malmaison, malma'zon. Malmesbury, mamz'beri. malmsey, mam'zi. Malplaquet, malplake'. malt, molt. Malta, mol'ta. Maltese, moltez', moltes'. Malthus, mal'thus. Malthusian, malthiu'zan, mS,lthiu'zJan. Malvern, mol'vern. mama. See mamma. Mambrino, mambre'no. Mamertine, mam'ertm, mam'erten. mamma, mama', ma'ma. "In educated use, so far as is known, the stress has in Eng- land always been on the last syllable; in the United States, however, the stress mam'ma is the more usual; a prevailing United States pronunciation is represented by the spelling momr ma, occasionally used in novels. The spelling mama, sometimes used in the 18th century, became somewhat common after 1800, and is especially frequent in the novels printed about 1830-50. It is now rare.'' Oxford Dic- tionary. manana, manya'na. Manasseh, manas'e. Manchu, manchoo'. sofa, lovable, eve, event, end, recent, coffee, odd, connect, lenaidn, 6 (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 153 m an 'g 1 Mandalay, mandala', man'- dala. mandamus, m^nda'mas. mandator, manda'tor. mandatory, man'datOri. mandragora, mandrag'dra. manege, manez'. manes, ma'nez. Manetho, man'stho. manganese, manganes', man'ganez. mange, mandz. mangel-wurzel, wtir'zl. mango, man'go. maniacal, mani'akal. Manichsean, manike'an. Manitd'ba, manitob^,'. Mannlicher, man'liCHer. manoeuvre, manoo'ver, maniu'ver. British usage prefers the sec- ond. The sound is the same when the word is spelled ma' neuver. Manon Lescaut, manon' lesko'. mansuetude, man'swStiud. Mantinea, mantSne'ya. Manuel Garcia, manwel' garthe'a. manumit, mSniumit'. Maori, ma'Sri, mou'ri. marabou, mar'aboo. Maracaibo, maraki'bo. Marah, ma'ra, mdr'a. Maranatha, maranath'd. maraschino, mSraske'no. Marat, mara'. Marchesa, marka'zS,. marchese, m&rka'za. marchioness, m^r'shones. Marconi, marko'ni. Mardi gras, mardS grS-'. mare clausum, ma're kl6'- sum. Marengo, maren'go. margarine, mar'gSren, mar'garin. Marie Antoinette, mare an- twanet'. Marie de Medicis, mare' de madeses'. Marie Therese, m&re'taraz'. Marino Falieri, mare'no fMye're. marital, marital, maritime, mar'itim, mSr'- itim. Marius, ma'rius. marjoram, mar'dzSram. Marjoribanks, mich'banks, mS.sh'bauks. Qhr, m = u in use, ou. moyen age, mwayan' naz'. Mozart, moz'art; (Ger.), mo'ts&rt. muezzin, miuez'in. muil (Scot.), mtil. Muir, miur. muir (Scot.), miir. mulct, mulkt. muleteer, minister'. Miilhausen, miilhou'zSn. ohr, iu=u in use, rdoo'. sargasso, s&rgas'o. sarsaparilla, sS^rsap^LrA'a. Sarta'ris. ale, senate, c^re, St, accord, arm, ask, there, ovdr, Eden, ice, ill, old, obey, 6rb, Saskatchewan, saskach'- Sw6n. sate (preterit of sit), sat, sat. satiety, sltti'St!. satire, sat'ir. satiric, satir'ik. satirical, satir'ikal. satirist, sat'irist, sat'erfet. satirize, sat'iriz, sat'eriz. satrap, sa'trap, sat'rap. satrapy, sa'trapi, sat'rap!. Satsuma, satsoo'mS, s^t'- soomS;. Saturnalia, satfirna'liS. saturnine, sSt'firnin. satyr, sSt'er, sa'ter. satyriasis, sStiri'asis. satyric, satir'ik. sauce, SOS. sauch (Scot.), souCH, saCH, soCH. sauer-kraut, sour'krout. Sault, soo. Sault Sainte Marie, soo sSnt ma'ri, so sant mare', saumont (Scot.), s6'mfint. saunter, san't^r, s6n't^r. saurless (Scot.), sor'les. saut (Scot.), sot. sofa, lovable, eve, event, 8nd, recent, cofifee, odd, connect, lemon, 6 (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 211 saute, sota'. sauve qui peut, sov ke po. savage, sav'Sdz. savagery, sav'S,dzri. savant, savan'. Savary, savare'. Savoie, savwa'. savoir-faire, savwar' fdr. savoir-vivre, savwar ve'vr'. Savonarola, savSnaro'la. Savoy, savoi'. sawt (Scot.), s6t. says, sez. 'sblood, z'blud. scabies, ska'biez, Scaean, se'an. Scaevola, Mutius, miush'- ius sev'SlS. scaff (Scot.), skaf. scaglia, skal'ya. scagliola, sk^Iyo'15,. Scalchi, skal'ke. scald (poet), skold, sk5,ld. scalene, skalen'. Scaliger, skal'idz^r. scallop, skol'up, sk^rfip. scalpel, sk^l'pel. Scamander, sk&man'der. Scapin, skapan'. scarab, skar'ab. scarabseus, skarabe'fls. scarabee, skar'llbe. Scaramouch, skar'amouch. Scarron, skaroii'. scath, skath. scathe, skath. scathing, skath'ing. scaur (Scot.), skor. scenario, shana'rio. So in all dictionaries, but now, through the influence of the moving pictures, pretty well naturalized as sena'rio. scenic, se'nik, sen'ik. scenical, sen'ikal, se'nikal. scepter, sep'ter. sceptic, skep'tik. Schamhorst, sharn'h6rst. schedule, sked'iul. Jones gives shM'iul as repre- senting British usage. Scheherazade, shSherezS'- de, shShSrazad'. Scheldt, skelt. schelm (Scot.), shelm. schema, ske'mlL. Schenectady, skenek'tacH. scherzando, skerts^n'do. scherzo, skSr'tso. Scheveningen, s C H a ' - veningen. Schiaparelli, skyS,p3.rel'le. Schiedam, sCHedim'. 6Ar, iu = u in use, Am, iip, circus, menQ, food, fd6t, out, oil, ai^tgle, part, thin, ^at, a?ure, CI|r=Gerin, ioh^ 6 (Fr.) man. See complete key, pages 15'20« 212 EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION schipperke, skip'erke. schism, siz'm. schisma, skiz'ma, skis'ma. schismatic, sizmat'ik. schist, shist. Schlegel, von, f6n shla'gel. Schleiermacher, s h 1 i ' e r - maCHer. Schleswig-Holstein, shlas'- viCH-hol'shtin; (Ang.) , sles' wik-hol'- stin. Schley (Admiral), sli. Schliemann, shle'mS,n. schloss, shlSs. schnapps, shnaps. Schoharie, sh&har'i. scholiast, sko'liast. Schonberg-Cotta, schon'- berCH-kSt'a. Schonbrunn, shon-broon'. Schopenhauer, s h o ' p e n - houer. schottische, shot'ish. Schouler (James), skoo'ler. Schreiner (Olive), shri'ner. Schroder, shro'der. Schubert, shoo'bert. schule (Scot.), shool. Schumann, shoo'man. &le, senate, cSre, at, accord, Srm, ask, there, ovdr, Eden, Ice, HI, old, obey, drb, Schumann Heink, shoo'- man-hink'. Schurz, Carl, shoorts. schiitzenfest, shtlt'senfest. Schuyler, ski'ler. Schuylkill, skool'ldl. Schwab (Charles M.), shwab. Schwarz, shvarts. sciatica, siat'ika. scilicet, sil'iset. Scilly (Islands), sil'i. scimitar, gim'iter. Scinde, sind. Variously spelled Sind, Sinde, Sindh, but pronounced as here indicated. scintilla, sintil'a. scintillate, sin'tilat. sciolist, si'61ist. scion, si'un. scire facias, si're fa'shias. scirrhous, skir'fis. scirrhus, skir'fis. Note that cirrus {sir'Hs) is an altogether different word. scission, siz'un, sish'fin. Scituate, sit'iuat. sclaff (Scot.), sklaf. Sclav, sklav. Now most commonly Slav. sofa, lovable, eve, Svent, Snd, recent, coffee, odd, connect, lem6n, o (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 213 Sclavic, skl^v'ik. Now usually Slavic. sclerotic, sklSrot'ik. scone, skon, sk6n. Scone, skon, skoon. scorbutic, skorbiu'tik. Scotti, skSt'i. scour (Scot.), skoor. scouth (Scot.), skooth. scouther (Scot.), skoutfe'er, skootb'er. scowder (Scot.), skoud'er, skood'^r. scraich (Scot.), skraCH. scraugh (Scot.), skraCH. screigh (Scot.), skreCH. scrieve (Scot.), skrev. scrouge, skroudz, skroodz. Scudery, de, de sktidare'. Scutari, skoo'tare. Scylla, sil'a. 'sdeath, z'deth, sealch (Scot.), selCH. seamstress, sem'stres. seance, sa'ans, saans'. seannachie (Scot.), sen'- aCHi. Seattle, sSat'a. Sebastopol, s5bas't8pSl. seckel, sek'^l. seclude, seklood'. secretary, sek'rgtari. secretory, sSkre'tOri. sedan, sSdan'. Sedan (Battle of), sSd^n'; (Fr.), sMM'. sedile, sSdi'le. sedlitz, sed'lits. seer, ser, se'^r. Commonly the first as mean- ing a prophet; the second, one who sees; but both the senses and the sounds are closely allied. seid, sa'id. More properly sdy^yld. Seidl, Anton, an'ton zi'd'l. seidlitz (powder), sed'lits. seigneur, senyor'. seignior, sen'y^r. seil (Scot.), sil. Seine (river), sdn, san. seip (Scot.), Sep. seismic, sis'mik, siz'rfiik. seizin, se'zin. seizor (law), se'zer, sez'zor. Sejanus, sedza'nus. selah, se'la. selch (Scot.), selCH. selenium, sele'ni&m. Seleucidse, seliu'side. Less commonly Seleucids {sUiu'Ms), Selim, se'lim, sel'im, selem'. bhr, iu=u in use, Arn, up, circus, menii, food, foot, out, oil, a^gle, part, thin, that, a?ure, CH=Gerin. icA, n (Fr.) man. See complete key, pages 15-20. 214 EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION Seltzer (water), selt'ser. semaphore, sem'afor. Sembrich, zem'briCH. Semele, sem'fele. semester, sSmes't^r. semi, sem'i. sem'inar, semin&r'. The first is frowned upon by lexicographers, but in the United States it is the only pronuncia- tion heard in academic circles where the word is current. British usage favors the second. Semiramide, samSrame'da, samera'meda. Semiramis, semir'amis. Semite, sem'it. Semitic, semit'ik. sem'per e'adem. sempstress, semp'strgs, sem'stres. Seneca, sen'Ska. Senegal, senSgol'. senescence, sSnes'ens. seneschal, sen'eshal. senhor, sanyor'. senhora, sanyo'ra. senile, se'nil, sen'il. senior, sen'yer. Sennacherib, senak'erib. sennight, sen'it, sen'it. senor, sanyor'. ale, senllte, cfire, at, accord, arm, ask, there, ov6r, Eden, ioe, ill, old, obey, 6rb, senora, sanyo'ra. senorita, sany8re'ta. sentient, sen'shient, s8n'- shent. sepal, se'pal, sep'al. separable, sep'ar&b'l. septaemia, septe'miS,. septemvir, septem'ver. septemvirate, septem'virSt. septemviri, septem'viri. septicaemia, septise'mia. septuagenarian, septiuS- dzSna'rian. septuagenary, septiuadz'- Snari. In British usage, s^ptiuod:^'- ndri, Septuagint, sep'tiuadzint. sepulcher, sep'ulker. sepulture, sep'ultiur. sequelae, sSkwe'le. sequestrate, sSkwes'trat. sequestrator, se'kwestrater, sek'westrater. sequin (coin), se'kwin, sek'- in. sequitur, sek'witer. Sequoia, sSkwoi'a. seraglio, seral'yo, serM'yo. seraph, ser'af. seraphic, sSraf ik. sofa, lovable, eve, event, end, recent, coffee, odd, connect, lemon, 6 (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 215 seraphim, ser'aflm. Serapis, sSra'pis. sergeant, sar'dzent. Seringapatam, seringapa- tam'. serpentine, ser'pentin, ser'- pSntln. Servetus, s^rve'tus. servile, ser'vil. servitude, ser'vitiud. sesame, ses'amS. Sesostris, ses5s'tris. sesquipedal, seskwip'edal, sSskwipe'dal. sesquipidalian, seskwipS- dal'ian. sessile, sSs'fl. sesterce, sSs't^rs. sesterces, sester'sez. Sevastopol, sevas't6p51 ; (Russ.), syevasto'- p6l-y'. Cf. Sebastopol. sevennight, sen'it, sen'it, sSv''n-nit. Sevenis, sfeve'rfis. S6vigne, de, de savenya'. Sevilla, saverya. Seville, sev'il, sevil'. Commonly the first as the Anglicized name of the Spanish city. Sfevres, sfi.'vr'. sew, so. sewage, siu'adz. sewer (drain), siu'er. As meaning one who sewsj the word is of course so'er. sexagenarian, seksadzSna'- rian. sexual, sSk'shiual. sey (Scot.), si. Sezanne, sazan'. sforzando, sfortsS-n'do. sforzato, sfortsa'to. shachle (Scot.), shaCH'^l. Shadrach, sha'drak. Shah Jehan, sha'dzShan', yehan'. Also written Jahan (d?dhdn\ yahdn'), shaird (Scot.), shard, shaim (Scot.), sham. Shakespeareana, s h a k - sperSa'na, shak- spergan'a. shako, shak'o. shallot, shal5t'. Shalott, shal5t'. shanghai, shanghi'. Shanghai, shangha'i. Shauchle (Scot.), shaCH^'l, sh6CH'a. bhr, iu«u in use, Aril, tip, circus, menii, fcx)d, foot, out, oil, aij^gle, part, thin, that, a?ure, CH = Germ, ich, h (Fr.) m(yn. See complete key, pages 15-20. 15. 216 EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION shaughran, shoCH'ran. Shawangunk (Mountains), shon'gum. shealing (Scot.), shel'in. sheath, sheth. sheathe, sheth. Sheboygan, sheboi'gan. Shechem, she'kem. sheik, shek, shak. Sheila, shel'a. shekel, shek'^. shekinah, shSki'na. shellac, shelak', shel'ak. Sheol, she'ol. Sheraton, sher'atSn. sherbet, sher'bet. shereef, sheref. sheriat, shere'at. sheriff (coin), sheref . sheugh (Scot.), shiuCH. sheuk (Scot.), shtlk. shew, sho. Shiah, she'a. shibboleth, shib'oleth. shiel (Scot.), shel. shill (Scot.), shel. shillalah, shila'la. Shiloh, shi'lo. shilpit (Scot.), shel'pit. Shinar shi'nar. ale, senite, c&re, at, accord, arm, ask, thSre, oyfir, Eden, ice, ill, old, obey, 6rb, shire, shir. As a suffix the" syllable has in England the sound she^, or she. shog (Scot.), shog. shogun, sho'goon. shone, shon, sh6n. Shoshone, sh6sho'n§. shough, shok, shooCH. The j&rst as a kind of dog; the second, a trench or furrow (variant of sheugh), shrew, shroo. shrewd, shrood. Shrewsbury (England) , shrooz'beri, shroz'- bM. shriegh (Scot.), shreCH. shrievalty, shrev'alti. Shropshire, shrop'sher. shumac, siu'mak, shoo'- mak. Siam, si^m', seam'. Siamese, siamez', siames'. Siasconset, siask6n's6t, skSn'set. sibb (Scot.), seb. Siboney, sebona'. sibyl, sib'il. sibylline, sibllin, sib'ilm. sic (Scot.), sek. siccar (Scot.), sek'^r. sofa, lovable, eve, event, JJnd, recent, coffee, odd, connect, lemdn, 6 (Germ.) EVERY-DAY PRONUNCIATION 217 sice, sis, siz. Sichseus, sike'us. sicht (Scot.), seCHt. Sicilian, sisil'ian, sisil'yan. sicker (Scot.), sek'er. siclike (Scot.), sek'lik. Siddharta, sedS-r'ta. Also written Siddhartha {sMd- arVhd), sideral, sid'^ral. sidereal, side'rgal. Sidon, si'don. Siegfried, seg'fred; (Ger.), zeCH'fret. Sienkiewicz, shenkya'vich. Sierra Leone, sier'a ISo'ng. Sierra Madre, sier'a ma'- dra. Sierra Nevada, sier'a nSv^'- da. siesta, sies'ta. Sieyes, syayes'. Sigismonda, sidzism5n'da. Sigismund, sidz'ismund; (Ger.), ze'gismoont. signior, sen'y^r. signiory, sen'yeri. signer, se'nySr. signora, sSnyo'ra. signore, sSnyo'ra. signori, sSnyo're. signorina, senySre'nS,. signorine, seny6re'iia. signorini, seny6re'ne. sike (Scot.), sik. Sikh, sek. Silenus, sile'nfls. silesia, sile'shia, sile'shSL. silhouette, silooet'. siliceous, silish'us. silicic, silis'ik. siller (Scot.), ser^r. sillock (Scot.), sel'uk. silo, si'lo. Siloam, silo'am. Silvanus, silva'nfls. Simeon Stylites, sim'feon stilftez. simile, sim'ile. simitar, sim'iter. Simois, sim'Ois. simonist, s m'Onist. simony, sim'8iii. simoom, simoom'. Simplon, sim'plSn; (Fr.), sanpl6fi'. simultaneous, simfilta'- ngfis, simulta'neus sin (Scot.), sen. Sinai (Mount), si'ni, si'nai. Sinaitic, sinait'ik. sinapis, sina^'pis. bhr, iu = u in use, 1936 / / LJ V^' I V 'V, T J 50586 OF CAUFORNIA LIBRARY i m wMwm ^mk^ |i 'hi II mm mi 'Mm i Hi 1 ill ill' 11 i i 1 * 1 '!■ if 1 !i; Ipil'llH ' i