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THE 
 
 BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 BY 
 
 JAMES B. SMILEY, A.M. (harvard) 
 
 AND 
 
 HELEN L. STORKE, A.B. (vassar) 
 
 INSTRUCTORS IN GREEK AND LATIN IN THE CLEVELAND 
 WEST HIGH SCHOOL 
 
 >>»J< 
 
 NEW YORK-:. CINCINNATI.:- CHICAGO 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 
 
Copyright, 1898, by 
 J. B. SMILEY AND H. L. STORKE. 
 
 BEGINNER S LAT. BK. 
 W. P. I 
 
PREFACE 
 
 
 >J<Kc 
 
 This book is different in some essential points from every other 
 designed for beginners now in use in our schools. This fact gives 
 the reason for its existence. 
 
 Its vocabulary is made up largely of words common to Caesar, 
 Nepos, and the Viri Romae, and has been selected with great 
 care from those found most frequently in these sources. 
 
 The noun and verb have been treated for the most part in 
 alternating lessons. Their forms have been analyzed in such a 
 manner as to give practical guidance to the pupil, without any 
 effort on our part to trace in such analysis the historical devel- 
 opment of the words, even where exact knowledge in this line is 
 possible. Verb and noun exercises as mere form drill have been 
 suggested, rather than given in set exercises. 
 
 Carefully graded reading lessons, fifty in number, are an impor- 
 tant feature of the book. About three fifths of these are based on 
 Caesar, about one fifth consists of fables, and the rest of a Latin 
 version of the Labors of Hercules. These are led up to gradually 
 in vocabulary and exercises in such a way as to smooth the path 
 of the pupil, and at the same time leave difficulties sufficient to 
 compel mental exertion on his part. 
 
 Word formation has been treated in a simple and suggestive 
 way, and made practical by brief exercises running through the 
 latter half of the book. Word lists occur at intervals, in which 
 
 3 
 
4 PREFACE 
 
 related words are starred. These furnish material to the teacher 
 for almost unlimited exercises on vocabulary, form, word compari- 
 son, and English derivatives. 
 
 The main part of the book concludes with a series of connected 
 English passages for translation into Latin, and colloquia drawn 
 from incidents, historical and traditional, in Caesar's hfe. These 
 may be taken or omitted at the discretion of the teacher. 
 
 The appendix contains a review of forms and constructions, 
 with full references to the treatment of the same subjects in the 
 text. 
 
 In spelHng we have in most instances used Brambach as our 
 authority, and In the marking of hidden quantities we have fol- 
 lowed in the main the usage of Marx. We have, for the sake of 
 uniformity in the principal parts of verbs, given the masculine 
 form of the perfect passive participle, even where, in the nature 
 of the case, the neuter form would be used. 
 
 We wish to acknowledge our especial obligation to Professor John 
 Williams White of Harvard University for his kind permission to 
 use the results of his experience as embodied in his Greek text- 
 books for beginners, and to Dr. Theodore H. Johnston, Principal 
 of the Cleveland West High School, for his helpful suggestions 
 during the progress of our work. 
 
 We send this book forth in the belief that it will supply a need 
 
 in its department, and lead easily and naturally into the broad 
 
 and beautiful fields of Latin literature. 
 
 JAMES B. SMILEY. 
 
 HELEN L. STORKE. 
 Cleveland, May, 1898. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 Lesson Page 
 
 I. The Alphabet. — Pronunciation ii 
 
 II. Syllables. — Quantity. — Accent 12 
 
 III. Inflection 15 
 
 IV. First Declension. — Agreement of Adjectives 16 
 
 \y V. First Conjugation, Present and Imperfect Indicative Active. 
 
 — Direct Object 19 
 
 X VI. Second Conjugation, Present and Imperfect Indicative Active. 22 
 VII. Second Declension, Nouns in -us and -um. — Limiting Gen- 
 itive 23 
 
 VIII. Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions. — Indirect 
 
 Object. — Kinship of Words. — Word List 1 25 
 
 \y'' IX. Third Conjugation, Present and Imperfect Indicative Active . . 28 
 X. Second Declension, Nouns in -er and -ir. — Ablative of Sepa- 
 ration 30 
 
 XL Adjectives of the Second Declension. — Complementary In- 
 finitive. — Predicate Nominative and Appositive 32 
 
 XII. Third Declension, Mute Stems, Labials and Palatals • • • • 35 
 
 XIII. Third Declension, Mute Stems, Linguals 37 
 
 /XIV. Word List II. — How to Read. — Reading Lesson 39 
 
 V XV. Fourth Conjugation, Present and Imperfect Indicative Ac- 
 tive. — Ablative of Specification. — Questions and Answers . 40 
 
 XVI. Third Declension, Liquid and Sibilant Stems 43 
 
 XVII. Third Conjugation, Verbs in -io, Present and Imperfect In- 
 dicative Active 45 
 
 XVIII. Third Declension, I-Stems. — Ablative of Accompaniment . . 47 
 XIX. First and Second Conjugations, Future Indicative Active. — 
 
 Substantive Use of Adjectives 49 
 
 XX. I-Stems continued. — Word List III. — Reading Lesson ... 51 
 XXI. Third and Fourth Conjugations, Future Indicative Active. — 
 
 Double Dative 54 
 
 XXII. Fourth Declension. — Demonstrative Pronoun Is 55 
 
 5 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 Lesson 
 XXIII, 
 
 XXIV 
 
 ^ XXV. 
 
 XXVI, 
 XXVII, 
 
 XXVIII 
 
 XXIX 
 
 \y XXX 
 
 . XXXI 
 / XXXII 
 
 XXXIII 
 XXXIV 
 
 XXXV 
 
 XXXVI 
 
 XXXVIL 
 
 XXXVIII. 
 
 XXXIX. 
 
 /xL. 
 
 XLI. 
 
 XLII. 
 
 X^XLV, 
 
 XLIII, 
 XLIV, 
 
 Page 
 
 Cardinal Numerals. — Accusative of Time and Space. — 
 Reading Lesson 58 
 
 The Irregular Verb Sum, Present, Imperfect, and Future. 
 — IlieR^lative^Pronoiftii, — Dative of the Possessor . . 60 
 
 First Conjugation, Perfect System, Active. — Ablative of 
 Description 63 
 
 Ordinal Numerals. — Word List IV. — Reading Lesson . . 66 
 
 Second Conjugation, Perfect System, Active. — Ablative 
 
 of Time 68 
 
 , Third Declension, General Rules for Gender. — Irregular 
 
 Nouns 70 
 
 Third Declension, Exceptions to General Rules for Gen- 
 der. — Ablative Absolute. — Reading Lesson .... 72 
 , Third Conjugation, Perfect System, Active. — Ablative of 
 
 Cause 75 
 
 Adjectives of the Third Declension. — Ablative of Manner . 77 
 , Fourth Conjugation and Verbs in -io of the Third Conju- 
 gation, Perfect System, Active. — Word List V. — Read- 
 ing Lesson 79 
 
 Comparison of Adjectives. — Ablative with Comparatives . 82 
 , The Verb Sum, Perfect System. — Possum.— The Fifth 
 
 Declension. — Reading Lesson 85 
 
 First Conjugation, Passive Voice. — Ablative of Means. — 
 
 Reading Lesson 88 
 
 .V Prepositions. — Ablative of the Agent. — Reading Lesson . 91 
 
 Comparison of Adjectives, Irregular. — Reading Lesson . . 94 
 
 Second Conjugation, Passive Voice. — Word List VI. — 
 Reading Lesson 96 
 
 Pronominal Adjectives. — Review of Comparison. — Read- 
 ing Lesson 99 
 
 Formation and Comparison of Adverbs. — Reading Lesson . 10 1 
 
 Third Conjugation, Passive Voice. — Simple Forms of In- 
 direct Discourse. — Reading Lesson 104 
 
 Review of Cardinals and Ordinals. — Ablative of Degree 
 of Difference. — Reading Lesson 106 
 
 Personal and Reflexive Pronou ns^ — Reading Lesson . . 108 
 
 Fourth Conjugation, Passive Voice. — Review of the Pas- 
 sive. — Word List VII. — Reading Lesson iii 
 
 Demon strative Pronouns. — Dative with Adjectives. — 
 Reading Lesson 113 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 v/x] 
 
 
 v/i 
 
 h 
 
 Lessom Page 
 
 XLVI. Third Conjugation, Verbs in -io, Passive Voice. — Dative 
 
 with Intransitives. — Reading Lesson 117 
 
 XLVII. Possessive Pronouns. — Partitive Genitive. — Indirect Dis- 
 course continued. — Reading Lesson 119 
 
 XLVIIL Compounds of Sum. — Dative with Compounds. — Reading 
 
 Lesson 123 
 
 XLIX. Deponent Verbs. — Ablative with Certain Deponents. — 
 
 Reading Lesson 125 
 
 L. Semi-Deponents. — Review of Passive. — Word List VIIL — 
 
 Reading Lesson 127 
 
 LL Participles. — Reading Lesson 130 
 
 LII. Word Formation 133 
 
 III. Word Formation continued. — Root due, /gad 135 
 
 LIV. Inte rro p ^ative Pronoun.- — Two Accusatives. — Reading Lesson. 
 
 — Root spec, see, s/>y 137 
 
 Irregular Verbs, Indicative. — Fero and its Compounds. — 
 
 Reading Lesson. — Root mit, j^fw^ 139 
 
 Indefinite Pronouns. — Word List IX. — Reading Lesson. 
 
 Root fac, make ox do 142 
 
 Irregular Verbs, V0I6 and its Compounds. — Reading Lesson. 
 
 — Root fer, /'ear 145 
 
 LVIII. Review of Pro noun s, — Root leg, gather 147 
 
 LIX. frregular Verbs, Indicative, E6 and Fio. — Constructions of 
 
 Place. — Reading Lesson. — Root da, give 149 
 
 LX. Subjunctive Mood, Sum. — Independent Uses of the Sub- 
 junctive. — Reading Lesson. — Root ac, j/^ar/ .... 153 
 LXI. Subjunctive Mood, Sequence of Tenses. — Reading Lesson. 
 
 — Root sta, stand 155 
 
 LXII. Subjunctive Mood, First Conjugation. — Purpose Clauses. — 
 
 Reading Lesson. — Root fa, shine, s/iow 158 
 
 LXIII. Subjunctive Mood, Second Conjugation. — Verbs of Fearing. 
 
 — Reading Lesson. — Root die, show, point. — Word 
 List X 161 
 
 LXIV. Subjunctive Mood, Third Conjugation. — Relative Clauses of 
 
 Purpose. — Reading Lesson. — Root es, be, exist . . . 165 
 LXV. Subjunctive Mood, Fourth Conjugation. — Clauses of Result. 
 
 — Reading Lesson. — RooX. a^, drive 167 
 
 LXVI. Subjunctive Mood, Third Conjugation, Verbs in -io. — Rela- 
 tive Clauses of Characteristic. — Reading Lesson. — Root 
 ten, stretch, ho/d 170 
 
 E LV. 
 
8 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 Lesson Page 
 
 LXVII. Review of the Subjunctive Mood, Regular Verbs. — Indirect 
 
 Questions. — Reading Lesson. — Root cap, /a,^<f . . . 173 
 LXVIIL Subjunctive Mood, Fero. — Conditional Sentences, Simple. 
 
 — Reading Lesson. — Kooi re^, stretch, guide .... 175 
 LXIX. Subjunctive Mood, E6. — Future Conditions. — Reading 
 
 Lesson. — Root i,go 1 78 
 
 LXX. Subjunctive Mood, Fio. — Conditions Contrary to Fact. — 
 
 Reading Lesson. — Root luc, shine. — Word List XL . 181 
 LXXI. Subjunctive Mood, V0I6 and its Compounds. — Noun and 
 Adjective Review. — Reading Lesson. — Root mu, mov, 
 
 tnove 185 
 
 LXXII. Cum, Causal and Concessive. — Noun and Adjective 
 
 Review. — Reading Lesson. — Root iug, join, yoke . . 187 
 LXXIIl. Temporal Clauses, Cum Temporal. — Noun and Adjec- 
 tive Review. — Reading Lesson. — Root ped, tread . . 189 
 LXXIV. Imperative Mood, Regular Verbs. — Noun Review. — 
 
 Reading Lesson. — Root cla, <:a// 192 
 
 LXXV. Imperative Mood, Irregular Verbs. — Noun Review com- 
 pleted 195 
 
 LXXVI. Gerund and Gerundive. — Some Ways of expressing Pur- 
 pose. — Reading Lesson. — "Root voc, ca// 198 
 
 LXXVII. Supine. — Expressions of Purpose. — Reading Lesson. — 
 
 Root flu, /tJW. — Word List XII 201 
 
 LXXVIII. Periphrastic Conjugations. — Dative of the Agent. — Read- 
 ing Lesson. — Root cad, /a// 205 
 
 LXXIX. Indirect Discourse, Principal and Subordinate Clauses. — 
 
 Reading Lesson. — Root col, ti/l 208 
 
 LXXX. General Verb Review, Regular Verbs. — Reading Lesson. 
 
 — Root man, ma, measure 211 
 
 LXXXI. General Verb Review, Irregular Verbs. — Reading Lesson, 
 
 — Root hab, /4az/<f. — Word List XIII 212 
 
 Continuous Exercises in Latin Prose, I.-XI 214 
 
 conloquia, i.-xi 219 
 
 Table of Declension 225 
 
 Table of Conjugation 240 
 
 Rules of Syntax 243 
 
 Table of Abbreviations 250 
 
 Vocabulary 251 
 
SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS 
 
 1. Every Latin exercise should be carefully pronounced by the 
 pupils. 
 
 2. Groups of words in common phrases should be committed 
 to memory and frequently recited, and brief passages in Latin 
 prose or verse should be learned by the pupils. 
 
 3. No word should be accepted from the pupil as correctly 
 written unless every syllable long by nature has its mark of quantity. 
 
 4. Constant attention should be called to related words. 
 
 5. The word lists should be made in each case a separate lesson 
 and used for emphasizing suggestion four, as well as for drill in 
 remembering words. 
 
 6. "Vocabulary and form" should be made a daily watchword, 
 and frequent attention should be called to the terminal parts of 
 inflected words as showing their relation to others. 
 
 7. Rapid oral work should be demanded in translating from 
 Latin into English and from English into Latin. 
 
 8. No pupil should be allowed in translating to violate in the 
 slightest degree the purity of the English idiom. 
 
 9. The reading lessons should be made the basis, whenever 
 time serves, of easy colloquia between pupil and teacher or be- 
 tween pupil and pupil. 
 
 10. Stories of Roman life should be told in the class, and the 
 pupils encouraged in every way to learn more of the people whose 
 language they are studying ; Caesar, Cicero, Pompey, and other 
 eminent Romans should be made living personaHties to them. 
 
 11. Some ideas of the house and of the home hfe of the Romans 
 should be given to the pupils. 
 
 12. The Roman arms, armor, and utensils should be described 
 and, as far as possible, shown in pictures and models. 
 
 9 
 
HINTS TO PUPILS 
 
 >j«;o 
 
 1. Observe closely every word, form, and construction as you 
 meet it in your work. 
 
 2. Learn each lesson with absolute thoroughness. 
 
 3. Connect each lesson with the preceding one by a systematic 
 review in thought of its prominent points. No teacher's assigned 
 review can benefit you so much. 
 
 4. Compare words with one another and note carefully those 
 that are related in form and meaning. 
 
 5. Observe the turn in meaning given to the body or root of a 
 word by the various prefixes and suffixes. 
 
 6. Try to gain an idea of a new sentence or paragraph by seeing 
 the words in the Latin order. Think your way into the meaning. 
 Use your imagination to guide you in deciding what a person 
 would be likely to say under the circumstances. 
 
 7. Consult the general vocabulary sparingly, and never until you 
 have used your utmost endeavor to discern the meaning of a word 
 through association or connection. 
 
 8. Observe sharply and pronounce accurately such words as 
 you must look up, and make them thoroughly your own. Then 
 turn to the vocabulary for their meaning. 
 
 9. Learn to use all helps in the most effective way. Look up 
 all references and learn them. Never shirk the effort to under- 
 stand and use every suggestion made in note and example. 
 
 10. Read these hints frequently and follow the instructions here 
 given. 
 
 zo 
 
THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 LESSON I 
 
 THE ALPHABET 
 
 1. The Latin alphabet has twenty- four letters, and is the same 
 as the English, except that it lacks j arid w. The character i has 
 the force of both a vowel and a consonant ; k is seldom used ; 
 y and z occur chiefly in words borrowed from the Greek. 
 
 2. Vowels. — The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, yj the other letters 
 are consonants. 
 
 3. Vowels may be either long or short. In this book long 
 vowels will be marked (~) ; all others are to be regarded as 
 short. 
 
 4. Consonants. — The consonants are divided into Mutes, 
 Liquids, Spirants, and Double Consonants. 
 
 ' labials or p-mutes : p, b, (ph). 
 
 The mutes are linguals or t-mutes : t, d, (th) . 
 
 palatals or k-mutes : k, c, g, q, (ch) . 
 
 The liquids are 1, m, n, (r). 
 
 The spirants are f, h, s, z. ] « -f^fi -« ^^^° 
 
 The double consonants are . . . x (cs or gs) and z (ds). 
 
 PRONUNCIATION 
 
 5. The two methods in use are the Roman and the English. 
 The Roman is recommended. 
 
 II 
 
12 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 6. Roman Method. — The vowels are pronounced as follows : — 
 
 a like the second a in ahd ^ like the first a in ahd 
 
 5 " <• in prey'^ 6 " <? in mei 
 1 " i " machine'^ i " i " pin 
 
 6 " " tone'^ 6 " " for 
 u " 00 " tool'^ ti " 00 " /^^/^ 
 
 y is pronounced like the German ii, a sound intermediate between u and i. 
 
 7. The diphthongs are pronounced as follows : — 
 
 ae like ai in aisle^ oe like oi in ^oi/ 
 
 au " ou •' £>«/-! eu " eu " /^m^ 
 
 ei " ei " z'^mi ui " zue 
 
 8. Most of the consonants are pronounced as in English. The 
 following points are to be emphasized : — 
 
 C is like c in can v is like w in wen^ 
 
 g « ^ « ^0 ph " p/i «< alphabet 
 
 i consonant is like jj/ in yes ch " <r>^ *' ache 
 
 8 is like s in 5<? bs " ps " ///^ 
 
 t " / " //» h is a mere breathing 
 
 9. English Method. — In this method the words are in the 
 main pronounced as in English. 
 
 LESSON II 
 
 SYLLABLES — QUANTITY — ACCENT 
 
 10. Syllables. — Each Latin word has as many syllables as it 
 has separate vowels and diphthongs. 
 
 11. A single consonant between two vowels is joined with the 
 following vowel : a-ni-mus, mind. 
 
 12. Doubled consonants are always separated : pu-el-la, girl. 
 
 1 But without the English glide. 
 
SYLLABLES — QUANTITY— ACCENT 1 3 
 
 13. Of two or more consonants standing between two vowels, 
 as many are joined with the following vowel as can be pronounced 
 with it: e-pi-stu-la, letter; ma-gnus, great; ma-gi-stri, masters; 
 but in compounds the component parts are separated : sub-le-vo, 
 
 I lift up. 
 
 14. The last syllable of a word is called the ultima ; the next 
 to the last, the penult ; the one before that, the antepenult. 
 
 15. Quantity of Vowels. — 
 
 Note. — A few general rules for determining the length of vowels are here 
 given, but in many cases the quantity can be learned by observation only. The 
 pupil should carefully note and learn the length of each vowel in every Latin 
 word as it occurs in this book. Too much stress cannot be laid upon this 
 point. 
 
 1. A vowel before another vowel or h is short : co-pi-a, abun- 
 dance ; mi-hi, to vie. 
 
 2. A vowel before nd and nt is short : vo-c&n-dus, to be called ; 
 vo-cSnt, they call. 
 
 3. A vowel formed by contraction is long : nil (ni-hil), nothing. 
 
 4. A vowel before i consonant is long : Pom-pe-ius, Pompey. 
 
 5. A vowel before nf, ns, gm, gn is long : in-fe-ro, / bring in ; 
 in-su-la, island; a-gmen, line of march ; \-&nB, fire, 
 
 6. Diphthongs are long : cau-sa, cause. 
 
 16. Quantity of Syllables. — Syllables ^ are distinguished as 
 long or short, according to the time required in pronunciation, 
 a long syllable in general requiring double the time of a short 
 one. 
 
 1. A syllable containing a long vowel or diphthong is long by 
 nature : hu-ius, of this one ; ae-des, temple. 
 
 2. A syllable containing a short vowel followed by a double 
 consonant or by two or more consonants (except a mute followed 
 by~l or r) is long by position^ : vo-cant, they call. 
 
 1 Distinguish carefully between length of syllable and length of vowel. 
 
 2 Such a vowel retains its ghort sound. 
 
14 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 3. A syllable containing a short vowel not followed by two or 
 more consonants is short. 
 
 4. A syllable ending in a short vowel followed by a mute with 
 1 or r is common ; that is, the syllable is short in prose, but in 
 poetry may be either long or short. 
 
 17. Accent. — i. Words of two syllables are accented on the 
 penult : ma-ter, mother. 
 
 2. Words of more than two syllables are accented on the penult 
 if it is long, otherwise on the antepenult : di-mi-cns, friend ; d6-mi- 
 nus, 7naster. 
 
 3. The ultima is never accented. 
 
 4. Certain words like -ne, -que, called enclitics and always 
 attached to some other word, draw the accent to the syllable 
 next preceding, whether this is long or short. 
 
 18. The following list of words should be carefully noted and 
 accurately learned. They are in very common use and are often 
 mispronounced. 
 
 bene, well mihi, to me 
 
 cottidie, daily modo, only 
 
 debeo, I owe -ne (enclitic), sign of a 
 
 enim, for question 
 
 etdam, also ne . . . quidem, nol even 
 
 fere, almost ne, lest 
 
 filius, son pater, father 
 
 hiC, here, he quia, because 
 
 idem (masc), the same quidam, certain 
 
 idem (neut.), the same quin, but that 
 
 iniero, / bring in quis, who 
 
 insula, island regno, / rule 
 
 ita, thus rex, king 
 
 Italia, Italy sic, so 
 
 item, likewise tot, so many 
 
 mater, mother vero, in truth 
 
INFLECTION 1 5 
 
 LESSON III 
 
 INFLECTION 
 
 .9. Parts of Speech. — These are, as in English, the noun, 
 
 ective, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and 
 
 iiterjection. To the last four the common name of particle is 
 
 given. 
 
 20. Inflection. — This is a change made in the form of a word, 
 { show its grammatical relations. Of the parts of speech the 
 
 St four are capable of inflection, which in the case of nouns, 
 jectives, and pronouns is called declension, and, in the case of 
 rbs, conjugation. 
 
 21. Declension. — In Latin, declined words have six cases ^: 
 Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Vocative, Ablative. 
 
 1. The Nominative is the case of the Subject or Predicate of a 
 finite^ verb. 
 
 2. The Genitive denotes Possession and some other relations, 
 and may usually be translated by the English possessive or by the 
 objective with o/and some other prepositions. 
 
 3. The Dative is the case of the Indirect Object, and corre- 
 sponds to the English objective with /^ ox for. 
 
 4. The Accusative is the case of the Direct Object of transitive 
 verbs and of some prepositions. 
 
 5. The Vocative is the case of Direct Address. 
 
 6. The Ablative expresses relations usually translated by the 
 English objective with in, at, on, by, with, and from, and is often 
 accompanied by a preposition. 
 
 1 The group of languages to which the Latin belongs had originally at least 
 eight cases; but the Locative and Instrumental have, except in the case of a 
 few forms, been absorbed by the others. 
 
 2 A finite verb is any form of the verb found in the Indicative, Subjunctive, 
 or Imperative moods. 
 
l6 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 22. Stem. — That part of a noun to which significant suffixes, 
 called case endings, are attached is called its Stem. These end- 
 ings cannot in all instances be separated from their combination 
 with the final vowel of the stem. Tables of terminations, made 
 up for the most part of such combinations, will be given with the 
 several declensions. These should be thoroughly committed to 
 memory. 
 
 23. That part of the word which remains unchanged in inflec- 
 tion is for convenience called the Base. A noun is declined by 
 joining to the base the proper case endings. 
 
 24. Gender. — There are three genders in Latin: the Mascu- 
 line, Feminine, and Neuter. 
 
 The gender of the Latin noun is determined partly by significa- 
 tion, but more largely by termination. 
 
 26. General Rules for Gender. — Names of males, rivers, winds, 
 mountains, and months are masculine. 
 
 Names of females, countries, cities, islands, trees, and plants are 
 feminine. 
 
 Indeclinable nouns are neuter. 
 
 Special rules will be given as needed. 
 
 26. Number. — There are two numbers, as in English, the 
 Singular and the Plural, distinguished by their terminations. 
 
 LESSON IV 
 
 THE FIRST OR A-DECLENSION 
 
 27. There are five declensions in Latin, distinguished by the 
 ending of the Genitive singular and the final letter of the stem.^ 
 
 1 See 23. 
 

 SINGULAR 
 
 N. 
 
 silv-a, a forest^ 
 
 G. 
 
 silv-ae, of a forest 
 
 D. 
 
 silv-ae, to a forest, etc. 
 
 Ac, 
 
 , silv-am, a forest 
 
 V. 
 
 silv-a, oh forest 
 
 THE FIRST DECLENSION 1 7 
 
 28. Latin nouns of the First Declension end regularly in §l and 
 are feminine. Those denoting males are masculine. The stem 
 ends in ^} 
 
 29. Silva,- f., forest, wood ; stem silva-, base silv- 
 
 PLURAL TK&l.Y. OF 
 
 ^^^^^ Terminations 
 
 silv-ae, forests sing, a plur. ae 
 
 silv-anim, of forests ae Srum 
 
 silv-is, to forests, etc. ae is 
 
 silv-as, forests am as 
 
 silv-ae, oh forests a ae 
 
 Kh. Bi\v-2i, from a forest, e\.c. eilv-ls, from forests, tic. a is 
 
 30. Observe the stem and base as given above. The stem 
 may be found by dropping -rmn of the Genitive plural. The 
 stem vowel joined with the case ending forms the termination. 
 The terminations added to the base give the several case forms. 
 
 31. VOCABULARY 
 
 fossa, ae, f., ditch, trench. alta, high, deep. 
 
 Gallia, ae, f., Gaul (a country longa, long. 
 
 of ancient Europe). ma.gna, large, great. 
 
 insula, ae, f., island. et, conj., and. 
 
 porta, ae, f., gate, door. est,* he^ she, or it is. 
 
 terra, ae, f., land, country. sunt,* they are. 
 
 Decline all the nouns and adjectives in the above vocabulary 
 like silva. 
 
 1 The stem ended originally in a. 
 
 2 Notice cases having like endings. Learn the base and the table of termi- 
 nations, and you will be able to decline any noun of the First Declension. 
 
 3 There is no article in Latin. Silva mtzn^ forest, a forest, or the forest. 
 
 * Observe that the third person singular of the verb ends in -t, and the 
 third person plural in -nt. This is true of every verb in the language in the 
 Indicative and Subjunctive moods. 
 
 5 Est alone means he is, etc.; but with an expressed subject it is translated 
 by is simply. So also of other verbs. 
 
 BEGIN. LAX. BK. — 2 
 
i8 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 32. Examine the following : — 
 
 insula est magna, the island is large. 
 
 Observe that insula is the subject of est, and is in the Nomina- 
 tive case ; and that magna is in the Nominative case, in agreement 
 with insula. 
 
 Rules. — i. The subject of a finite verb is in the Nominative 
 case. 
 2. The adjective agrees with its noun in gender, num- 
 ber, and case. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Fossa est alta. 2. Porta est alta et longa. 3 
 magna. 4. Gallia est magna. 5. Insulae sunt magnae. 
 
 Terra est 
 _ 6. Portae 
 
 sunt magnae et longae. 7. 'Silvae sunt magnae. 8. Fossae sunt 
 longae. 9. Fossae sunt altae et longae. 10. Porta est magna. 
 
 Pronounce the above exercise with careful attention to quantity 
 and accent. After translating, copy the Latin accurately, marking 
 the quantity of all long vowels and indicating accented syllables. 
 This practice is valuable, and, if continued for the first fifteen or 
 sixteen lessons, will amply repay you for the time spent. 
 
 In the following exercise, and in all your future translations into 
 Latin, mark the quantity of the vowels in all syllables long by 
 nature. 
 
 II. I. The ditch is long. 2. The islands are large. 3. The 
 gate is high and long. 4. Gaul is large. 5. The land is large. 
 6. The ditches are deep. 7. The gates are high. 8. The island 
 is long. 
 
 Ancient Roman Coins 
 
r 
 
 THE FIRST CONJUGATION 1 9 
 
 LESSON V 
 
 THE FIRST CONJUGATION, PRESENT AND IMPERFECT 
 TENSES— THE DIRECT OBJECT 
 
 34. The Latin verb is regularly inflected through four conju- 
 gations, distinguished by the vowel preceding the ending -re of 
 the Present Infinitive active : a in the First Conjugation, e in the 
 Second, 6 in the Third, and i in the Fourth. Examples : voca-re, 
 to call; mone-re, to advise ; rege-re, to rule ; audi -re, to hear. 
 
 35. Voice. — Mood. — The Latin has two voices, the Active and 
 the Passive, and three moods, the Indicative, Subjunctive, and 
 Imperative, besides other forms of the verb : Infinitive, Participle, 
 Gerund, and Supine, to be explained later. 
 
 36. Tenses. — The Latin has, in the Indicative mood, six 
 tenses, the Present, Imperfect, and Future, called tenses of 
 continued action, and Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect, 
 called tenses of completed action. 
 
 Each tense is inflected through two numbers, the singular and 
 the plural. 
 
 37. Principal Parts. — The principal parts of a Latin verb in 
 the active voice consist of the first pers. sing. Pres. Ind. act., the 
 Pres. Inf. act., the first pers. sing. Perf. Ind. act., and the Perf. 
 Pass. Participle. 
 
 They are so called because firom them all parts of the verb may 
 be formed. 
 
 Example: Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Perf. Part. 
 voco vocare vocavi vocatus 
 
 38. Stems. — Verb forms are built upon three stems, the Pres- 
 ent, the Perfect, and the Participial. 
 
 The Present stem of verbs of the First Conjugation ends in a, 
 and may be found by dropping the ending -re of the Pres. Inf. 
 act. : voca-re, to call: stem voca. 
 
20 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 39. Personal Endings. — The Present tense is formed from the 
 Present stem by adding to it the following endings, which should 
 be thoroughly committed to memory. 
 
 SINGULAR PLURAL 
 
 First Person -m (or -6)i -mus 
 
 Second " -s -tis 
 
 Third " -t -nt 
 
 All verbs whose Present stem ends in a are classed under the 
 First Conjugation. 
 
 40. Voco, / ^a//. Pres. stem voca- 
 Princ. Parts, voc-o, voca-re, voca-vi, voca-tus 
 
 SINGULAR Present Tense plural 
 
 1. voc-6,2 /3 ca//^ voca-mus, we call 
 
 2. voca-s,^ thou callest {you call) voca-tis, you call 
 
 3. voca-t, he calls voca-nt, they call 
 
 41. In the Indicative, -ba is the sign of the Imperfect tense. 
 The Imperfect tense of voco consists of the Present stem voca 
 + the Imperfect tense-sign, ba + personal endings. 
 
 Imperfect Tense 
 
 1. voca.-ha-inj / called^ ■voca-ha-inuB, 7ae called 
 
 2. voca.-ha.-s, you called voca.-ha.-ti3, you called 
 
 3. voca-ba-t, he called voca-ba-nt, they called 
 
 1 These endings are remnants of old pronouns, used as subjects, which by 
 their form indicate the person of the verb. 
 
 2 Voc-6 is for voca-6. Instead of m, 6 is generally used as the ending 
 of the first pers. Pres. Ind. act. In the First Conjugation it absorbs a of the 
 stem. See 39. 
 
 ^ Observe that in English the personal pronouns, when used as subjects, 
 are expressed and precede the verb; that in Latin they are not expressed as 
 separate words (except for emphasis), but are indicated by sufifixes. The 
 same is true of modifications of mood, tense, and number. It is the end of a 
 verb, then, that must be examined to determine its relations of mood, tense, 
 person, and number : voca-t, calls-he ; i.e. he calls. 
 
 * Also, / a77i calling or do call. 
 
 ^ Always used when but one person is referred to, and usually translated 
 you call. 
 
 6 Also, and frequently, / was calling or did call. 
 
THE DIRECT OBJECT ^I 
 
 42. Examine the following : — 
 
 Agricola nautam vocat, the farmer calls the sailor. 
 
 Nautam is the direct object of vocat, and is in the Accusative 
 case. 
 
 Rule. — The direct object of a transitive verb is in the Accusa- 
 tive case. 
 
 43. VOCABULARY 
 
 agricola, ae, va.., farmer. convoco, are, avi, atus, call to- 
 
 nauta, ae, m., sailor. gether. 
 
 provincia, ae, f., province. laudo, are, avi, atus, praise. 
 
 ripa, ae, f., river bank. in, prep, with Ace, into, against; with 
 
 bona, good, Abl., in, on, upon, over. 
 
 densa, dense, thick. erant, they were {there were). 
 erat, he was {there was) . 
 
 Note. — Inflect with suitable objects selected from the vocabulary con- 
 voco and laudo, in the Present and Imperfect tenses, translating the forms 
 in each case. 
 
 44. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Agricola nautas vocat. 2. Nauta agricolas in silvam con- 
 vocabat. 3. Nauta in provincia magna est. 4. Agricolas in densas 
 silvas convocjbant. 5. Nautae in alta rlpa erant. 6. Silva est 
 densa et magna. 7. Provincia magna est in Gallia. 8. Nautas 
 in insulam magnam convocabas. 9. Fossae in provincia' erant 
 bonae. 10. Nautas et agricolas laudabamus. 11. In GalHam 
 nautas convocas. 
 
 II. I. The sailor was calling the farmers. 2. The farmers were 
 in the dense woods. 3. The provinces were large. 4. The sailors 
 were on the high river bank. 5. The woods were high and dense. 
 6. He called the sailors into Gaul. 7. You were caUing together 
 the sailors into the large province. 8. The island is large and 
 long. 9. We are praising the farmers in the large province. 
 10. They were praising the sailors on the island. 
 
22 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 LESSON VI 
 
 THE SECOND CONJUGATION, PRESENT AND IMPERFECT 
 TENSES 
 
 45. All verbs whose Present stem ends in e are classed under 
 the Second Conjugation. 
 
 46. Moneo, / advise or warn. Pres. Stem mone- 
 Princ. Parts, mone-6, mone-re, mon-ui, moni-tus 
 
 SINGULAR Present Tense plural 
 
 1. mone-a, / advise or am advising mone-mus, we advise, etc. 
 
 2. mone-s, you advise^ etc. mone-tis, you advise^ etc. 
 
 3. mone-t, he advises, etc. mon^-nt, they advise, etc. 
 
 Imperfect Tense 
 
 1. mone-ba-ik, / advised or was mone-ba-mus, we advised, etc. 
 
 advising 
 
 2. mone-ba-s, you advised, etc. mone-ba-tis, you advised, etc. 
 
 3. mone-ba-t, he advised, etc. mone-ba-nt, they advised, etc. 
 
 47. The Imperfect tense of moneo consists of the present stem 
 mone -f the Imperfect tense sign -ba + the personal endings. 
 See 39. 
 
 Note. — Inflect mone5 in the singular with the direct object agricolam, 
 and in the plural with nautas. Inflect all the verbs in the following vocabu- 
 lary with suitable objects selected from Vocabularies 1-3. Translate your 
 forms into English, taking them in irregular order, and render them again into 
 Latin in the same way. Repeat this exercise with every verb-paradigm given 
 in this book. 
 
 48. VOCABULARY 
 
 Belgae, arum, m. pi., the Belgae} armo, are, avi, atus, arm. 
 
 a people of Gaul. habeo, ere, ui, itus, have. 
 
 Celtae, arum, m. pi., the Celts, a proper©, are, avi, atus, hasten. 
 
 people of Gaul. video, ere, vidi, visus, see. 
 
 copia, ae, i., abundance ; in pi., sup- non, adv., not. 
 
 plies, troops. per, prep. w. Ace, through. 
 
 via, ae, f., way, road. saepe, adv., often. 
 
 1 Many Latin proper names are rendered by the same form into English. 
 
THE SECOND DECLENSION 23 
 
 /r 
 
 49. EXERCISES * ' 
 
 I. I. Belgae per provmciam properant. ^. Video magnam 
 Insulam. 3. Gallia longas vias habet; . 4. Celtae agricolas in 
 densis silvis armabant. -5.*Belgas in Gallia saepe videbamus. 
 6. Belgae copias in provinciam vocabant. 7. Densas silvas in 
 insulis magnis vident. 8. Per magnas silvas in provinciam pro- 
 perabam. 9. Celtas et Belgas in Gallia videbat. 10. In via longa 
 agricolas non videt. 
 
 II. I. We were often seeing farmers on the road. 2. They 
 were warning the sailors and farmers. 3. You were hastening into 
 the province. 4. We see the high gates. 5. We were not hasten- 
 ing through the dense forests. 6. There ^ are farmers in the forest 
 and sailors on the island. 7. The Belgae were in the large and 
 dense forests. 8. We were often calling the sailors together into 
 the island. 
 
 LESSON VII 
 
 THE SECOND DECLENSION — NOUNS IN -us AND -urn 
 
 50. 
 
 Legatus, i, m., lieutenant 
 
 , Bellum, 
 
 i, n., war; 
 
 Table of Termina- 
 
 
 ambassador; Stem 
 
 le- 
 
 Stem 
 
 bello-, base 
 
 
 TIONS 
 
 
 gato-, base legat- 
 
 
 bell- 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 
 Neut. 
 
 
 SING. PLUR. 
 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 SG. PL. 
 
 
 SG. PL. 
 
 N. 
 
 legatyus legat-i 
 
 
 bell-um 
 
 bell-a 
 
 US i 
 
 
 um a 
 
 G. 
 
 legat-i legat-orum 
 
 bell-i 
 
 bell-omm 
 
 i 6mm 
 
 i 6rum 
 
 D. 
 
 legato legat-is 
 
 
 bell-6 
 
 bell-is 
 
 6 is 
 
 
 6 is 
 
 Ac. 
 
 legat-um legat-6s 
 
 
 bell-um 
 
 bell-a 2 
 
 um 6s 
 
 
 um a 
 
 V. 
 
 legat-e legat-i 
 
 
 bell-um 
 
 bell-a 
 
 e i 
 
 
 um a 
 
 Ab. 
 
 legat-6 legat-is 
 
 
 bell-6 
 
 bell-is 
 
 6 is 
 
 
 6 is 
 
 51. Nouns in -us are usually masculine, in -um neuter. The 
 stem ends in o, and is formed by dropping -rum of the Gen. plur. 
 
 1 Omit there in translating, — Sunt agricolae, etc. In such sentences 
 there is redundant, and has no Latin equivalent. 
 
 2 All neuter nouns have their Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative alike, 
 and in the plural they always end in a. 
 
24 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 Learn carefully the table of terminations, and observe that a 
 noun in -us or -um of the Second Declension is inflected by joining 
 those endings to the base, which is found by dropping i of the 
 Genitive singular. 
 
 Inflect all nouns in the following vocabulary. 
 
 52. Examine the following : — 
 
 Fossae agricolarum erant longae, the farmers' ditches were long. 
 Observe that agricolarum limits fossae, and is in the Genitive 
 case. 
 
 Rule. — A noun hmiting another noun and denoting a different 
 person or thing is in the Genitive case. 
 
 53. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Belgae agricolas armant, the Belgae are arming the farmers, 
 
 2. Agricolas Belgae armant, the Belgae are arming the farmers. 
 
 3. Agricolas armant Belgae, the Belgae are arming the farmers. 
 
 4. Armant Belgae agricolas, the Belgae are arming the farmers. 
 
 In I, no special emphasis is laid on any one word ; in 2, 
 agricolas is emphatic ; in 3, Belgae ; in 4, armant. 
 
 The normal order of a Latin sentence is : subject, modifiers of 
 the subject, modifiers of the verb, verb ; but this order is con- 
 stantly changed for the sake of emphasis. 
 
 54. VOCABULARY 
 
 Aquitam, drum, m. pi., the Aqui- oppugno, are, avi, atus, attack^ as- 
 
 iani} a people of Gaul. sault. 
 
 castra, orum, n. pi., camp. ad, prep. w. Ace, to, towards, near. 
 
 nuntius, 1,2 m., messenger. multa, much, pi. many. 
 
 oppidum, 1, n., town. quoque, conj., also (always following 
 lata, broad, wide. the emphatic word). 
 
 moveo, ere, movi, motus, move. 
 
 1 Or Aquitanians. Many Latin proper names have in their translation 
 both a Latin and an English form. 
 
 2 Nouns in -ius and -ium often make the Genitive singular in a single 
 i, with no change of accent. 
 
ADJECTIVES OF FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION 25 
 
 55. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Oppida latas portas habent. 2. Ad castra Belgarum nau- 
 tae properabant. 3. Non saepe agricolae oppida oppugnant. 
 4. Nuntii in castra Belgarum multas copias convocabant. 5. Op- 
 pida Aqultanorum quoque oppugnabant. 6. In castris Celtarum 
 nautas armabamus. 7. Per castra ad oppidum agricolae prope- 
 rant. 8. Belgae copias in castra convocant. 9. Celtae quoque 
 ad oppidum saepe properant. 10. Aquitani castra saepe move- 
 bant. 
 
 II. I. The Belgae assault a town of the Celts. 2. The Aqui- 
 tanians also hasten to the town. 3. The Celts move their ^ camp. 
 4. We often saw the towns of the Aquitanians. 5. They were 
 warning the sailors of the province. 6. There ^ were messengers 
 of the Belgae in the town. 7. The lieutenants are arming the 
 farmers in the broad province. 8. We were praising the troops of 
 the Aquitanians. 
 
 LESSON VIII 
 
 ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION — 
 
 b 
 
 56. 
 
 N. 
 
 G. 
 
 D. 
 
 Ac. 
 
 V. 
 
 Ab. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 fid-us 
 
 fid-i 
 
 fid-6 
 
 fid-um 
 
 fid-e 
 
 fid-6 
 
 INDIRECT OBJECT 
 Fidus, m., fida, f., fidum, n., faithful 
 
 SINGULAR 
 Fern. 
 fid-a 
 fid-ae 
 fid-ae 
 fid-am 
 fid-a 
 fid-a 
 
 Neut. 
 fid-um 
 fid-i 
 fid-6 
 fid-um 
 fid-um 
 fid-6 
 
 Masc. 
 
 fid-i 
 
 fid-orum 
 
 fid-Is 
 
 fid-6 s 
 
 fid-I 
 
 fid-is 
 
 PLURAL 
 Fern. 
 fid-ae 
 fid-arum 
 fid-is 
 fid-as 
 fid-ae 
 fid-is 
 
 Neut. 
 
 fid-a 
 
 fid-6rum 
 
 fid-is 
 
 fid-a 
 
 fid-a 
 
 fid-is 
 
 1 The possessives my, your, his, their, etc., when not emphatic, are fre- 
 quently left untranslated. 
 
 2 Omit. See 49, n. 
 
26 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 57. Observe that this adjective is declined in the feminine like 
 a noun of the First Declension, and in the masculine and neuter 
 like nouns of the Second Declension in -us and -um respectively. 
 
 Decline together nauta fidus, frumentum multum, carrus mag- 
 nus. Observe that an adjective agrees with its noun in gender, 
 number, and case, but not always in form. 
 
 58. Examine the following : — 
 
 Belgae populo Romano frumentum dant, the Belgae give grain to 
 the Roma?i people. 
 
 Observe that populo Romano represents the persons to whom 
 the grain is given, and that it is in the Dative case. 
 
 Rule. — The Dative is the case of the indirect object, and is 
 used with verbs of giving, and others whose meaning 
 permits. 
 
 59. VOCABULARY 
 
 Aquitania, ae, f , Aquitania, a divi- 
 sion of Gaul. 
 
 arma, orum, n. pi, arms. 
 
 carrus, i, m., cart. 
 
 filia,! ae, f., daughter. 
 
 frumentum, i, n., grain; pi., crops 
 of grain. 
 
 Gain, orum, m. pi., Gauls. 
 
 incola, ae, m. and f., inhabitant. 
 
 inopia, ae, f., scarcity, lack. 
 
 populus, 1, m., people. 
 
 Romanus, a, um,^ Roman. 
 
 populus Romanus,^ Roman people. 
 
 comparo, are, avi, atus, prepare, 
 provide. 
 
 do, dare, dedi, datus, give. 
 contra, prep. w. Ace, against. 
 
 Galli 
 
 1 The Dative and Ablative plural is generally filiabus. 
 
 2 The adjectives previously given have masculine and neuter forms of the 
 Second Declension. 
 
 3 Always in this order, used in the singular, and with the verb in the 
 singular. 
 
I 
 
 THE INDIRECT OBJECT 2/ 
 
 60. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Inopia frumenti est in Aquitania. 2. Galli carros incolis 
 oppidi magni dant. 3. Belgae contra populum Romanum bellum 
 comparabant. 4. Filia bona agricolae nautis friimentum dat. 
 5. Populus Eomanus friimentum multum in lata provincia com- 
 parabat. 6. Galli incolas fidos magnorum oppidorum armant. 
 7. Incolae oppidi multa arma comparant. 8. Galli filiabus agri- 
 colarum arma non dabant. 9. Filiam bonam nautae in silva densa 
 vident. 10. Belgae contra populum Romanum properabant. 
 
 II. I. The Gauls give arms to the faithful inhabitants of the 
 towns. 2. Aquitania is in Gaul. 3. The faithful farmers are pro- 
 viding much grain. 4. The sailor's daughter saw the farmers on 
 the high river bank. 5. There is a great scarcity of carts in the 
 province. 6. The Belgae do not give arms to the daughters of 
 the faithful farmers. 7. The Gauls are hastening against the 
 Roman people. 8. The inhabitants of the town were faithful.^ 
 
 61. KINSHIP OF WORDS 
 
 Study the following list with great care, and do not leave it 
 until you have thoroughly mastered it, so that you know every 
 Latin word and its English equivalent. 
 
 Note all words — marked by double stars — that are related to 
 one another in form and meaning. Learn these by associating 
 them together ; as, arma, arms ; armo, / arm ; voco, / call; 
 con--voGo, I call together ; Galli, Gauls; Gallia, Gaul. 
 
 The words marked with a single star are related to one or more 
 found in other Hsts. These should be noted and retained in 
 memory with especial care, as an aid to the acquisition of their 
 kindred words. Those similarly marked in subsequent lists refer 
 both backward and forward, and will serve as a review of related 
 words already learned as well as an aid in acquiring new words 
 which are akin to them. 
 
 1 Nom. plur. masc, in agreement with the subject. 
 
2S 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOIt 
 
 62. 
 
 
 WORD LIST 1 
 
 
 
 ad 
 
 ♦compare 
 
 fossa 
 
 *longus 
 
 porta 
 
 *agricola 
 
 *contra 
 
 *frumentum 
 
 *magnus 
 
 properS 
 
 *altus 
 
 **convoco 
 
 **GaUl 
 
 *mone6 
 
 provincia 
 
 **Aquitani 
 
 *c5pia 
 
 **Gallia 
 
 *moveo 
 
 quoque 
 
 **Aquitania 
 
 densus 
 
 *habe6 
 
 *multus 
 
 rlpa 
 
 **arma 
 
 *d6 
 
 in 
 
 *nauta 
 
 *R5manus 
 
 **arm5 
 
 *erant 
 
 *incola 
 
 *n6n 
 
 saepe 
 
 Belgae 
 
 *erat 
 
 inopia 
 
 *nuntius 
 
 silva 
 
 *bellum 
 
 *est 
 
 *insula 
 
 *oppidum 
 
 *sunt 
 
 *bonus 
 
 et 
 
 *latus 
 
 *oppugno 
 
 terra 
 
 carrus 
 
 *fldus 
 
 laudo 
 
 per 
 
 via 
 
 *castra 
 
 *filia 
 
 *legatus 
 
 *populus 
 
 *vide5 
 
 Celtae 
 
 
 
 
 **voc6 
 
 LESSON IX 
 
 THE THIRD CONJUGATION, PRESENT AND IMPERFECT 
 TENSES 
 
 63. Rego, / rule. Present Stem rege- 
 
 Princ. Parts, reg-6, rege-re, rex-i, rec-tus 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 1. reg-6, I rule, etc. 
 
 2. regi-B, you rule 
 
 3. regi-t, he rules 
 
 Present Tense 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 regi-mus, zve rule, etc. 
 regi-tis, you rule 
 regu-nt, ihey rule 
 
 Imperfect Tense 
 
 1. rege-ba-m, I ruled ox was ruling rege-ba-mus, we ruled 
 
 2. rege-ba-s, you ruled 
 
 3. rege-ba-t, he ruled 
 
 rege-ba-tis, you ruled 
 rege-ba-nt, they ruled 
 
 64. All verbs whose Present stem ends in 6 are regularly classed 
 under the Third Conjugation. 
 
 The vowel 6 is dropped before o, becomes u before nt, and i 
 before the other endings of the Present Indicative active. The e 
 of the Imperfect tense is long. 
 
THE THIRD CONJUGATION 29 
 
 Note. — A thorough review should here be made of the preceding verb- 
 paradigms, and the verbs in the following vocabulary should be inflected like 
 rego. See also 47, note. 
 
 65. VOCABULARY 
 
 animus, 1, m., mind, spirit. educo, ere, duzi, ductus, lead 
 proelium,! 1, n., battle. out. 
 
 telum, 1, n. , missile, weapon, javelin, gero, ere, gessi, gestus, wage, carry 
 tribunus, I, m., tribune, a Roman on. 
 
 officer. incolo, ere, colui, cultus, live in^ 
 contend5, ere, di, tentus, contend, inhabit. 
 
 hasten. quondam, adv., once. 
 
 duco, ere, duzi, ductus, lead. cum, prep. w. Abl., with. 
 
 66. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Belgae bellum longum cum populo Romano gerunt. 
 
 2. Galli et^ Belgae et AquitanI Galliam incolunt. 3. Populus 
 Romanus cum Belgis contendebat. 4. Tribunus fidus incolls 
 oppidorum arma dabat. 5. Copia telorum in magno oppido 
 Gallorum erat. 6. Tribiinus oppidi incolas ad silvas quondam 
 educebat. 7. Belgae ad proelium properabant. 8. Animus quo- 
 que filiae est bonus. 9. Populus Romanus quondam Galliam 
 regebat. 10. Nautae fidi ad ripam altam contendunt. 11. Tri- 
 biinos populT Roman! quondam laudabamus. 
 
 II. I. The Belgae were carrying on war with the Gauls. 2. The 
 tribune often gives grain to the faithful inhabitants of the town. 
 
 3. The Aquitani were contending with the Heutenant's^ forces. 
 
 4. There* is a great scarcity of grain in the province of the Roman 
 people. 5. The farmers also were hastening to the large town. 
 6. They are leading out the inhabitants of the towns into the 
 camp. 7. You were often carrying on war with the Aquitanians. 
 8. The Celts inhabit the large towns. 9. We were praising the 
 lieutenant's weapons. 
 
 1 See 54, n. 2. 
 
 2 In a series of words et is either used with each additional word or omitted 
 altogether. 
 
 3 See 21, 2. * Omit. See 49, n. 
 
30 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 LESSON X 
 THE SECOND DECLENSION — NOUNS IN -er AND -ir 
 
 67. Puer, eri, m., boy; Ager, ri, m., field; Vir, i, m., man; 
 
 Stem puero-, base Stem agro-, base Stem viro-, base 
 
 puer- agr- 
 
 SING. PLUR. SING. 
 
 N.V. puer 
 G. puer-i 
 D. puer-6 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 puer-i ager 
 
 puer-orum agr-i 
 puer-is agr-6 
 
 vir- 
 
 PLUR. SING. 
 
 agr-1 vir 
 
 agr-orum vir-i 
 agr-is vir-6 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 vir-1 — 
 
 vir-orum i 
 vir-is 6 
 
 Table of 
 Termi- 
 nations 
 
 SG. PL. 
 
 — i 
 onim 
 Is 
 
 Ac. puer-mn puer-6s 
 Ab. puer-6 puer-ia 
 
 agr-um agr-os 
 agr-6 agr-is 
 
 vir-um vir-os 
 vir-6 vir-is 
 
 um 
 6 
 
 OS 
 
 is 
 
 68. Nouns of the Second Declension in -er and -ir are mascu- 
 
 line. The stem ends in o, as in nouns in -us and 
 the base to which the endings are joined to 
 make the various case-forms. It is found by 
 dropping i of the Genitive singular. 
 
 Observe that the table of terminations is the 
 sam_e as in nouns in -us, except that the end- 
 ing is lacking in the Nominative and Vocative 
 singular. 
 
 69. Like puer, decline — 
 
 gener, eri, m., son-in-law. 
 
 socer, eri, m., father-in-law. 
 
 liberi, 6ruin, m. pi., children (freeborni). 
 
 armiger, eri, m., armor bearer. 
 
 signifer, eri, m., standard bearer. 
 
 vesper, eri, m., evening. 
 
 Learn these words. Most nouns of the ^ 
 Second Declension in -er are declined like ager. 
 
 Note, also, 
 
 Signifer 
 
 70. Examine the following : — 
 
 1 . Legatum vita privat, he deprives the ambassador of life. 
 
 2. Nilntium cura liberat, he frees the messenger from care. 
 
 1 Compare liberi, liber {free) and libero {deliver). 
 
y<^^ \ B W A /? y:* 
 r or THE 
 
 { UNIVERSITY 
 THE SECOND DECbENSION y 3 1 
 
 Observe that privat and liberat are verbs of depriving and free- 
 ing, and that they are used with the Ablative case without a prep- 
 osition. 
 
 Rule. — Verbs of depriving and freeing take the Ablative without 
 a preposition. 
 
 This rule extends to adjectives of Hke meaning : filia agricolae 
 cura libera ^ erat, the far7ner' s daughter was free from care. 
 
 In case of other verbs of separation the usage varies, some 
 taking the ablative with a preposition, some without, and some 
 admitting either construction. 
 
 71. VOCABULARY 
 
 aper, apri, m., wild boar. privo, are, avi, atus, deprive. 
 
 cura, ae, f., care. prohibeo, ere, ui, itus, prohibit, 
 
 magister, tri, m., master, teacher. keep from, hinder. 
 
 vita, ae, f., life. 5,^ ab, prep. w. Abl., from, away 
 
 novus, a, xim, new. from, by. 
 
 libero, are, avi, atus, free, deliver. 
 
 ' 72. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Tribiini legates armis privant. 2. Magistri liberos cura 
 liberant. 3. In latls et densis silvis multos apros vides. 4. Ab 
 oppido in castra nova contendebant. 5. GalH multa bella gerunt 
 6. Legates proelio prohibebant. 7. Incolae Aqultaniae multa tela 
 habent. 8. Castra popull Romani magna erant. 9. GallT cum 
 AquitanTs saepe contendunt. 10. Garros ad castra Gallorum 
 movet. II. TribunI popull Romani nuntios vita privant. 12. So- 
 cer generum vita privat. 13. Multi armigerl in castris populi 
 Romani erant. 
 
 II. I. We are freeing the messengers of the Gauls from care. 
 
 2. The master's children are in the camp of the Roman people. 
 
 3. The Aquitani were waging war near the large and dense for- 
 
 1 From liber, libera, liberum. 
 
 2 a before consonants, ab before vowels and often before consonants. 
 
32 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 est. 4. I was hastening from the island to the town. 5. The 
 Gauls were depriving the Roman people of grain. 6. We were 
 keeping the Gauls from battle. 7. The master was giving arms 
 to the farmer's children. 8. There are wild boars in the forest. 
 9. They were leading out the inhabitants of the town into the 
 fields. 10. The standard bearers of the Roman people hastened 
 into the camp. 
 
 LESSON XI 
 
 ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION IN -er, 
 -a, -urn — COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE, PREDICATE NOMI- 
 NATIVE, AND APPOSITIVE 
 
 73. 
 
 Miser, era, enim, wretched. Masc. like puer 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 N.V. 
 
 miser 
 
 miser-a 
 
 miser-imi 
 
 G. 
 
 miser-i 
 
 miser-ae 
 
 miser-i 
 
 D. 
 
 miser-6 
 
 miser-ae 
 
 miser-6 
 
 Ac. 
 
 miser-um 
 
 miser-am 
 
 miser-um 
 
 Ab. 
 
 miser-o 
 
 miser-a 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 miser-5 
 
 N.V. 
 
 miser-i 
 
 miser-ae 
 
 miser-a 
 
 G. 
 
 miser-orum 
 
 miser-arum 
 
 miser-ornm 
 
 D. 
 
 miser-is 
 
 miser-is 
 
 miser-Is 
 
 Ac. 
 
 miser-6s 
 
 miser-as 
 
 miser-a 
 
 Ab. 
 
 miser-is 
 
 miser-is 
 
 miser-is 
 
 Noster, tra, trum, our, ours. Masc. like aper 
 
 N.V. noster 
 G. nostr-i 
 D. nostr-o 
 Ac. nostr-um 
 Ab. nostr-5 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 nostr-a 
 
 nostr-ae 
 
 nostr-ae 
 
 nostr-am 
 
 nostr-a 
 
 nostr-um 
 
 nostr-i 
 
 nostr-6 
 
 nostr-um 
 
 nostr-6 
 
COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE 33 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 N.V. nostr-i nostr-ae nostr-a 
 
 G. nostr-orum nostr-arum nostr-orum 
 
 D. nostr-is nostr-is nostr-is 
 
 Ac. nostr-6s nostr-as nostr-a 
 
 Ab. nostr-is nostr-is nostr-is 
 
 What are the stems of miser, masc, fern., and neut.? of noster? 
 What is the base of each word ? 
 
 DecHne miser agricola, noster puer, liber populus. 
 
 74. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Constitumit oppidum oppugnare, they decide to attack the town. 
 
 2. Maturat liberos oonvocare, he hastens to call the children 
 
 together. 
 
 Observe that the use of the Infinitive in the above is exactly the 
 same as in the EngUsh sentences. 
 
 Rule. — The Infinitive is used with verbs meaning to decide, 
 hasten, begin, and in general with those requiring a 
 second action of the same subject to complete their 
 meaning (Complementary Infinitive). 
 
 75. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Aquitani sunt incolae Galliae, the Aquitani are inhabitants of 
 
 Gaul. 
 
 2. Aquitani, incolae Galliae, multa bella gerunt, the Aquitani y 
 
 inhabitants of Gaul, are waging many wars. 
 
 In I, incolae is a predicate noun, and agrees in case with the 
 subject, Aquitani; in 2, it limits Aquitani, denotes the same 
 persons, and agrees with it in case. 
 
 Rules. — i. A noun in the predicate, with an intransitive verb, 
 agrees with the subject in case. 
 2. A noun Hmiting another, and denoting the same 
 person or thing, is said to be in apposition with it, 
 and agrees with it in case. 
 
 BEGIN. LAT. BK. — 3 
 
34 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 76. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Helvetii, orum, m. pi., the Helvetii, liber, era, erum, free. 
 
 a people of Gaul. 
 
 Bignum, 1, n., standard. 
 
 cottidianus, a, um, daily. 
 
 creber, bra, brum, frequent, nu- 
 merous. 
 
 fortissimus, a, um, bravest, very 
 brave. 
 
 pulcher, chra, chrum, beautiful. 
 
 constituo, ere, i, utus, decide, de- 
 termine. 
 
 mature, are, avi, atus, hasten. 
 
 cottidei, adv., daily. (Observe the 
 relation betv^^een cottidianus and 
 cottidie.) 
 
 77. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Belgae Gallorum fortissimi sunt. 2. Saepe cum GallTs 
 contendunt. 3. Maturat nuntios populi Roman! in castra convo- 
 care. 4. Constituit bellum cum Gallis gerere. 
 5. Frumentum Helvetiis cottidie dat. 6. Vide- 
 mus in castris signum pulchrum. 7. Filiam 
 agricolae cura liberat. 8. Niintius Gallorum 
 ciara liber est. 9. Maturabat tela et signa 
 legatTs dare. 10. Constituit cum Helvetiis, 
 incolis Galliae, bellum gerere. 11. Celtae in- 
 colae Galliae sunt. 12. Constituit cum multis 
 nautis in oppidum properare. 13. Socer cum 
 genero in oppidum properabat. 
 
 II. I. The farmer's beautiful daughter is in 
 the large town. 2. We decide to give grain 
 to the messengers of the Roman people. 3. There were fre- 
 quent battles in the woods. 4. The tribunes decided to give 
 the new weapons and the beautiful standards to the lieutenants. 
 5. There were daily battles in the province. 6. We see the new 
 standards and arms of the Gauls. 7. The Belgae/ the Celts, 
 and the Aquitanians inhabit Gaul, a large land. 8. He was once 
 in Aquitania, a good and beautiful land. 9. The sailors were 
 inhabitants of a large island. 10. The children of the armor 
 bearer are in the camp. 
 
 Signa 
 
 1 See 66, I, 2. 
 
THE THIRD DECLENSION 
 
 35 
 
 LESSON XII 
 
 THE THIRD DECLENSION, MUTE STEMS 
 PALATAL MUTES 
 
 LABIAL AND 
 
 78.^ Stems of the Third Declension end in i or a consonant. 
 Those ending in a consonant may be divided into mute and Hquid 
 stems. 
 
 1. Mute stems may be subdivided into labial, palatal, and 
 lingual stems. 
 
 2. Labial stems end in b and p. Those in b (except chalybs, 
 steel) are feminine; those in p are chiefly masculine; none are 
 neuter. 
 
 3. Palatal stems end in c or g. Those in c preceded by a 
 consonant or long vowel are chiefly feminine ; those in c preceded 
 by a short vowel and those in g are chiefly masculine. 
 
 4. The stem is found by dropping the ending -is of the Geni- 
 tive singular : dux, due-is, stem due. The base is the same as 
 the stem. 
 
 5. The Nominative is formed from the stem by adding s, but 
 note vowel changes in some instances, as in princeps, principis, 
 stem princip- ; e and g of the stem unite with s of the Nomina- 
 tive ending to form x. 
 
 79. 
 
 PALATAL AND LABIAL STEMS 
 
 
 Dux, duels, 
 
 m., leader ; 
 
 Lex, legit 
 
 I, {., law ; 
 
 Table 
 
 : OF 
 
 
 Stem and base duc- 
 
 Stem and base leg- 
 
 Terminations 
 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 N.V. 
 
 dux 
 
 due-es 
 
 Igx 
 
 leg-es 
 
 s 
 
 es 
 
 G. 
 
 due-is 
 
 due-um 
 
 leg-is 
 
 leg-um 
 
 is 
 
 um 
 
 D. 
 
 duc-i 
 
 due-ibus 
 
 legi 
 
 leg-ibus 
 
 i 
 
 ibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 due-em 
 
 due-es 
 
 ISg-em 
 
 leg-es 
 
 em 
 
 es 
 
 Ab. 
 
 due-e 
 
 due-ibus 
 
 leg-e 
 
 leg-ibus 
 
 e 
 
 ibus 
 
 1 This article is to be used chiefly for reference. 
 
36 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 Frinceps, ipis, m., leading man, chief; 
 Stem and base princip- 
 
 SING, PLUR. 
 
 N.V. princep-s princip-es 
 
 G. princip-is princip-iim 
 
 D. princip-i princip-ibua 
 
 Ac. princip-em princip-es 
 
 Ab. princip-e princip-ibus 
 
 Table of 
 Terminations 
 sing. plur. 
 s es 
 
 is um 
 
 i ibus 
 
 em es 
 e ibus 
 
 80. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 aiixilium, i, n., aid, help. 
 Dumnorix, igis, m., Dumnorix. 
 filius,! 1, m., son. 
 Orgetorix, igis, m,, Orgetorix. 
 rex, regis, m., king. 
 
 paro, are, avi, atus, prepare. 
 pono, ere, posui, positus, pitch, 
 
 place. 
 ports, are, avi, atus, carry. 
 continenter, adv., continually. 
 
 81. 
 
 quod, conj., because. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Orgetorix Helvetiorum quondam erat dux. 2. Dumnorix 
 bellum continenter gerit. 3. Agricolae frumentum in oppidum 
 Helvetiorum portabant. 4. Princeps castra in agris ponebat. 
 5. Helvetii fortissimi sunt quod bellum saepe gerunt. 6. Rex 
 populo Romano auxilium saepe dabat. 7. Filii regis in castris 
 Gallorum erant. 8. Mi fill/ dux castra movet, quod inopia frii- 
 menti in agris est. 9. Belgae legatum ab oppido prohibebant. 
 10. Dux Helvetiorum friimentum parare constituit. 
 
 II. I. The king gives arms to his son. 2. My son, the Gauls 
 are keeping the lieutenant from their towns. 3. The Helvetii are 
 continually waging war. 4. The chief decides to move the camp. 
 5. The farmers do not often give aid to the inhabitants of the 
 town. 6. The lieutenant is hastening to prepare arms. 7. They 
 called the leaders together into the camp. 8. The children of the 
 kings were in the town. 9. The laws of the Roman people were 
 often good. 
 
 1 The Vocative of filius is fili. My son = mi fili. 
 
THE THIRD DECLENSION, LINGUAL STEMS 
 
 37 
 
 LESSON XIII 
 
 THE THIRD DECLENSION, LINGUAL STEMS 
 
 • 
 82.^ Nouns whose stems end in a lingual (t, d) drop the final 
 letter of the stem before s in forming the Nominative singular : 
 aestas, aestat-is, stem aestat-. Neuters have for the Nominative 
 the simple stem with some modifications : caput, capit-is, stem 
 capit-. Neuter stems ending in two consonants or in -at, drop 
 the final letter in forming the Nominative : cor, cord-is, heart, 
 stem cord- ; poema, poemat-is, poem, stem poemat-. 
 
 83. Mfles, militis, m., soldier; Obses, idis, m. and f., hostage; TABLE of Termi- 
 
 Stem and base milit- 
 
 Stem and base obsid- 
 
 N.V. 
 
 G. 
 
 D. 
 
 Ac. 
 
 Ab. 
 
 SING. 
 
 miles 2 
 
 mHit-is 
 
 mllit-i 
 
 mllit-em 
 
 milit-e 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 milit-es 
 
 milit-uin 
 
 milit-ibus 
 
 milit-es 
 
 milit-ibus 
 
 SING. 
 
 obses 
 
 obsid-is 
 
 obsid-i 
 
 obsid-em 
 
 obsid-e 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 obsid-es 
 
 obsid-um 
 
 obsid-ibus 
 
 obsid-es 
 
 obsid-ibus 
 
 NATIONS 
 Masc. &= Fern. Neut. 
 s es — a 
 is um is um 
 i ibus 1 ibus 
 em es — a 
 e ibus e ibus 
 
 Aestas,3 atis, f., siwiiner , 
 
 Stem and base aestat- 
 
 SING. PLUR. 
 
 N.V. aestas aestat-gs 
 
 G. aestat-is aestat-um 
 
 D. aestat-i aestat-ibus capit-i 
 
 Ac. aestat-em aestat-es caput 
 
 Ab. aestat-e aestat-ibus capit-e 
 
 Caput,* itis, n., head; 
 Stem and base capit- 
 
 Table of Termi- 
 nations 
 
 SING. 
 
 caput 
 capit-i s 
 
 PLUR. Masc. &= Fern. Neut. 
 capit-a s es — a 
 
 capit-um is um is um 
 capit-ibus i ibus i ibus 
 capit-a em es — a 
 
 capit-ibus e ibus e ibus 
 
 84. VOCABULARY 
 
 auctoritas, atis, f., authority. German!, drum, m. pi., the Ger- 
 
 civitas, atis, f., state. mans. 
 
 ^ This article is to be used chiefly for reference. 
 
 2 Note the change of i of the stem to e in the Nominative after t and d 
 are dropped and s added. 
 
 ^ Nouns whose stems end in -tat often have ium in the Gen. plur. 
 
 ^ See 82. Make a careful study of the stem and base of each noun of the 
 third declension as you meet it in the vocabularies. 
 
38 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 iugum, 1, n., yoke, ridge. ezpugno, are, avi, atus, storm, take 
 
 iumentum, i, n., beast of burden. by assault. 
 
 mums, i, m., wall. mitto, ere, misi, missus, send. 
 
 palus, udis, f., marsh, swamp. perduco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead 
 
 pilum, i, TX., javelin. along, prolong, construct. 
 
 de, prep. w. Abl,, down from, concerning. 
 
 J. = 
 
 Pilum 
 
 85. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. lumentum iugum portat. 2. Multi obsides in Germa- 
 norum oppidis erant. 3. Germani multos milites in paludem mit- 
 tunt. 4. Auctoritas Orgetorigis magna erat in civitate. 5. Dux 
 Germanorum oppidum Helvetiorum expugnabat. 6. Pila militum 
 longa et magna erant. 7. Principes civitatis ad Dumnorigem nun- 
 tium de bello mittunt. 8. Legatus fossam et murum ad castra 
 perducit. 9. Germani cum Helvetiis bellum saepe gerebant. 
 10. Dux militum murum perdiicere constituit quod Germani ad 
 castra properabant. 
 
 II. I. The authority of the state was great. 2. They send 
 messengers to the Germans concerning war. 3. The lieutenant 
 was leading the soldiers through the long marsh. 4. The Gauls 
 were storming the town because there was a great supply of 
 arms (in it).^ 5. They are leading the beasts-of-burden into the 
 camp. 6. Orgetorix had great authority in the state. 7. The sol- 
 diers are prolonging the ditch through the fields of the Helvetii. 
 
 8. You were sending hostages to the leader of the Germans. 
 
 9. You are sending the children of the chiefs as^ hostages to the 
 camp of the Roman people. 
 
 1 Words in parentheses are not to be translated. 
 
 2 Sign of apposition. 
 
WORD LIST — HOW TO READ 
 
 39 
 
 LESSON XIV 
 
 WORD LIST II — HOW TO READ — READING LESSON 
 
 86. Review Word List L, together with the discussion of the 
 kinship of words. Be able to give the Enghsh equivalent of 
 each word in this list. Do the same with each list as you 
 reach it. 
 
 87. 
 
 WORD LIST II 
 
 
 
 a, ab 
 
 **cottTdianus 
 
 **gero 
 
 *noster 
 
 *puer 
 
 aestas 
 
 **cottIdie 
 
 Helvetil 
 
 *novus 
 
 pulcher 
 
 *ager 
 
 creber 
 
 *incolo 
 
 *obses 
 
 *quod 
 
 animus 
 
 cum 
 
 **iugum 
 
 OrgetorTx 
 
 *quondam 
 
 aper 
 
 *cura 
 
 **iumentum 
 
 palus 
 
 **reg6 
 
 *%rmiger 
 
 de 
 
 *lex 
 
 *paro 
 
 **rex 
 
 **auct5ritas 
 
 **duc6 
 
 **llber 
 
 **perduco 
 
 **slgnifer 
 
 **auxiliuin 
 
 Dumnorix 
 
 **liberi 
 
 pilum 
 
 **slgnum 
 
 **caput 
 
 **dux 
 
 **llber6 
 
 poema 
 
 socer 
 
 *civitas 
 
 **educ6 
 
 *magister 
 
 *pon6 
 
 telum 
 
 *c6nstitu6 
 
 *expugn5 
 
 *matur6 
 
 *port6 
 
 *tribunus 
 
 *contend6 
 
 *filius 
 
 ^mlles 
 
 **princeps 
 
 vesper 
 
 *continenter 
 
 *fortissimus 
 
 *miser 
 
 *pnvo 
 
 *vir 
 
 *cor 
 
 *gener 
 
 *mitt6 
 
 proelium 
 
 *vita 
 
 
 Germani 
 
 *murus 
 
 *prohibe6 
 
 
 88. 
 
 HOW TO READ 
 
 
 
 1. Study, as a whole, the passage given, taking in at one view 
 as many words as the eye can see. 
 
 2. Try to recall words previously given, and study into the 
 meaning of those related to them in form. 
 
 3. Note forms and relations of words so as to see the entire 
 thought before making any attempt at translation. In doing this, 
 follow strictly the Latin order, observing carefully the arrangement 
 of words and the marks of punctuation. 
 
 4. Translate into clear and idiomatic English. 
 
40 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 89. Reading Lesson : Incolae Galliae 
 
 Belgae et^ Aquitani et Celtae Galliam incolunt. Belgae sunt 
 fortissiml et cum Germams saepe contendunt. Helvetii sunt 
 Celtarum fortissiml, quod cum Germams continentur contendunt. 
 Helvetiorum dux quondam erat Orgetorix, cuius ^auctoritas magna 
 erat in civitate. 
 
 Decline all nouns and adjectives, and give the principal parts of 
 all verbs in this passage. 
 
 LESSON XV 
 
 THE FOURTH CONJUGATION, PRESENT AND IMPERFECT 
 TENSES— THE ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION — QUESTIONS 
 AND ANSWERS 
 
 90. The Fourth Conjugation includes all verbs whose Present 
 stem ends in i : muni-o, muni-re, Pres. stem muni-. 
 
 91. Audio, I hear. Pres. stem audi- 
 Princ. Parts, audio, audi-re, audi-vi, audi-tus 
 
 Present Tense 
 singular plural 
 
 1. audi-5, I hear, am hearing audi-mus, we hear, are hearing 
 
 2. audi-s, you hear, etc. audi-tis, you hear, etc. 
 
 3. audi-t, he hears, etc. audi-u-nt, they hear, etc. 
 
 Imperfect Tense 
 
 1. a.VLdl-e-\ia.-va., I heard, was hearing audi-e-ba-mus, w<f /%.?ar^, etc. 
 
 2. audi-e-ba-s, you heard, etc. audi-e-ba-tis, you heard, etc. 
 
 3. audi-e-ba-t, he heard, etc. audi-e-ba-nt, they heard, etc. 
 
 92. Observe that in the third person plural of the Present u 
 precedes the personal ending, but that in every other form of that 
 tense the endings are joined directly to the stem. 
 
 ^ Omit. See 66, I, 2. 2 lohoscy Gen. of the relative pronoun qui, who. 
 
THE ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION 4 1 
 
 93. Observe that the Imperfect tense consists of the Present 
 stem 4- e -h tense-sign -ba + the personal endings. 
 
 Review carefully the Present and Imperfect tenses of the pre- 
 ceding conjugations,^ and notice differences in formation where 
 they occur. Inflect, as above, the following verbs of the fourth 
 conjugation : sentio, I feel ; vincio, / bind ; invenio, I find. 
 
 94. Examine the following : — 
 
 Puer magistrum virtute praestat, the boy excels his master in valor. 
 
 Observe that virtute is in the Ablative case, and expresses that 
 in which the boy excels. 
 
 Rule. — The Ablative is used to express that in respect to which 
 anything is or is done (Ablative of Specification). 
 
 95. VOCABULARY 
 
 amicitia, ae, {^friendship. maneo, ere, mansi, mansus, re- 
 
 cohors, rtis, f., cohort. main, await. 
 
 pax, pacis, f., peace. munio, Ire, ivT, Ttus, fortify. 
 
 virtus, utis, f., manhood, valor, praesto, are, stiti, stitus, excel. 
 
 bravery. venio, ire, veni, ventus, come. 
 
 confirms, are, avi, atua, estab- nonne, ne, num, signs of questions 
 
 lish. to be explained in this lesson. 
 
 96. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Nonne Helvetii paoem confirmant? do not the Helvetians 
 
 establish peace ? 
 
 2. Num est palus magna? is the 7narsh large (i.e. the marsh is 
 
 not large, is it) ? 
 
 3. Videsne signum? do you see the standard? 
 
 Observe that the particle ^ nonne suggests the answer yes, num 
 the answer no, and that -ne, always enclitic,^ simply asks for 
 information. 
 
 1 See 603. 2 See 19. 
 
 ^ The name enclitic is given to -ne and other words which like it are 
 appended to some other word. 
 
42 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 97. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Noune Caesar pugnabat? was not Caesar fighting ? 
 
 Pugnabat, Sane pugnabat, Vero, Etiam, Ita, 
 
 He 7vas. Certainly he was. Certainly. Yes (lit., even). Yes (so). 
 
 2. Num Caesar agricola erat? Caesar was not a farmer ^ was he? 
 
 Minime, Minime vero, Non erat 
 
 By no means. Certainly not. No. 
 
 Observe that the Latin has no words for yes and no, and that 
 answers are given by the repetition of the verb in the proper form, 
 either with or without certain affirmative or negative particles, or 
 by the use of these particles without the verb. 
 
 98. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Nonne^ Helvetii pacem et amicitiam cum multis clvitati- 
 bus conftrmabant? Sane confirmabant. 2. Num^ puer magis- 
 trum auctoritate ^ praestat ? Minime vero. 3. Venitne ^ in castra 
 Helvetiorum ? Non venit. 4. Num vident multas cohortes mili- 
 tum? Minime. 5. Manebatne cum tribiinis miHtum in agro? 
 6. Virne telum et signum puero dat? 7. Nonne cohortes popull 
 Roman! Gallos virtute praestant? 8. Num pacem cum Belgis 
 confirmant? 9. Constituuntne a castrls ad oppidum properare? 
 Vero. 10. In non magnam paludem veniebant. 
 
 II. I. Do we not* come daily into the beautiful fields? Cer- 
 tainly we do. 2. Does the man excel the boy in valor? Certainly. 
 
 3. Do not the leaders of the Helvetians wage war continu- 
 ally? 4. Was not the valor of the Roman cohorts great? It was. 
 5. Were the Romans giving hostages and establishing peace? 
 (They were not, were they?) 6. Do the Germans excel many 
 states in valor? Certainly they do. 7. Were not the children of 
 the leaders coming into the town with (their) ® masters. 8. The 
 bravest of the Gauls wage war continually with the Germans. 
 
 1 See 96, i. » See 94. ^ See 96, i. 
 
 2 See 96, 2. * See 96, 3. ^ See 85, i. 
 
THE THIRD DECLENSION 
 
 43 
 
 LESSON XVI 
 
 THE THIRD DECLENSION — LIQUID AND SIBILANT STEMS 
 
 99. Liquid Stems. — 
 
 Legio, onis, f., legion; 
 Stem and base, legion- 
 
 Consul, is, m., consul; 
 Stem and base, consul- 
 
 SING. 
 
 N.V. legio 
 
 G. legion-is 
 
 D. legion-i 
 
 Ac. legion-em 
 
 Ab. legion-e 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 legion-es 
 
 legion-imi 
 
 legion-ibus 
 
 legion-es 
 
 legi5n-ibus 
 
 Labor, oris, m., labor; 
 Stem and base, labor- 
 
 N.V. 
 
 G. 
 
 D. 
 
 Ac. 
 
 Ab. 
 
 SING. 
 
 labor 
 
 labor-is 
 
 labor-i 
 
 labor-em 
 
 labor-e 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 labor-es 
 
 labor-um 
 
 labor-ibus 
 
 labor-es 
 
 labor-ibus 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 consul 
 
 c6nsul-es 
 
 consul-is 
 
 consul-um 
 
 consul-i 
 
 consul-ibus 
 
 consul-em 
 
 consul-es 
 
 consul-e 
 
 consul-ibus 
 
 Flumen, 
 
 inis, n., river; 
 
 Stem and base, flumin- 1 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 flumen 
 
 flumin-a 
 
 £Iumin-is 
 
 flumin-um 
 
 flumin-I 
 
 flumin-ibus 
 
 flumen 
 
 flumin-a 
 
 flumin-e 
 
 flumin-ibus 
 
 100. The table of terminations is the same as for lingual stems, 
 except in the Nominative and Vocative singular. See 102. 
 
 101. Observe that in neuters the Nominative, Accusative, and 
 Vocative are alike, and that they end in the plural in 5. 
 
 102.^ Rules for Gender and Formation of Nominative from 
 Stem. — I. Stems in 1 form the Nominative without s, and are 
 masculine. 
 
 2. Stems in r form the Nominative without s, and most in -er 
 and -or are masculine, most in -ar and -ur are neuter. 
 
 3. Most masculines and feminines in -n drop n in the Nomi- 
 native, and change the preceding vowel to o : virgo, virgin-is, 
 f., virgin, stem virgin-. Most neuters retain -n, and change a 
 preceding i to e. See flumen, 99. 
 
 1 Note change of vowel in the Nominative and Vocative. 
 
 2 To be used chiefly for reference. 
 
44 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 103. Sibilant Stems. — Many nouns with stems in -or were 
 originally stems in -os, but s has changed to r between two vowels 
 in the oblique cases.^ 
 
 104. Mos, moris, m., custom; Genus.^ eris, n., kind; 
 
 Stem mos-, base mor- Stem genes-, base gener- 
 
 
 SING, 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR, 
 
 N.V. 
 
 mos 
 
 mor-es 
 
 genus 
 
 gener-a 
 
 G. 
 
 mor-is 
 
 mor-um 
 
 gener-is 
 
 gener-um 
 
 D. 
 
 mor-i 
 
 mor-ibus 
 
 gener-i 
 
 gener-ibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 mor-em 
 
 mor-es 
 
 genus 
 
 gener-a 
 
 Ab. 
 
 mor-e 
 
 mor-ibus 
 
 gener-e 
 
 gener-ibus 
 
 Corpus, oris, n., body; Stem corpos-, base corpor- 
 
 SING. PLUR. 
 
 N.V. corpus corpor-a 
 
 G. corpor-is corpor-um 
 
 D. corpor-i corpor-ibus 
 
 Ac. corpus corpor-a 
 
 Ab, corpor-e corpor-ibus 
 
 105. VOCABULARY 
 
 Arar,3 aris, m., the Avar. deiendo, ere, i, fensus, defend. 
 
 homo, inis, m. and f., man, human tradtico, ere, duxi, ductus, trans- 
 being, port, lead or carry across. 
 
 legatio, onis, f., embassy. finitimus, a, um, neighboring, noun 
 nomen,^ inis, n., name. in m, pi,, neighbors. 
 
 Rhenus, i, m., the Rhine. ita, adv., thus, so. 
 semper, adv., always. 
 
 106. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Orgetorix legationem ad finitimas civitates mittit. 2. Dux 
 Rhenum ^ milites traducebat. 3. Homo bonus nomen civitatis 
 semper defendit. 4. Legatus copias ad Ararim ducit. 5. Hel- 
 vetii frumentum parare et cum finitimis pacem conflrmare consti- 
 
 1 All cases except the Nominative and Vocative. 
 
 '■^ See 101. 
 
 3 Ace. sing. Ararim. 
 
 * Ace, governed by trans in composition. 
 
THE THIRD CONJUGATION 45 
 
 tuunt. 6. Multos mores multorum hominum videbas. 7. Castra 
 in ripis Rheni ponebat. 8. Nonne incolae oppidum saepe defen- 
 dunt? 9. Legatus legionem ad castra ducit. 10. Ita hominem 
 vita privabat. 
 
 II. I. Do not the men defend the town? 2. They lead their 
 forces across the river Rhine. ^ 3. Does he estabUsh peace and 
 friendship with his neighbors? (He does not, does he?) 4. The 
 king leads his forces through the marsh to the river Arar. 5. I 
 do not hear the man's name. 6. The Helvetii were establishing 
 friendship with the neighboring states. 7. They were sending an 
 embassy to the Germans. 8. The consul did not come to the 
 town. 
 
 LESSON XVII 
 
 THE THIRD CONJUGATION, VERBS IN -io, PRESENT AND 
 IMPERFECT TENSES — READING LESSON 
 
 107. Capi-6, I take, capture, catch. Stem capie- 
 Princ. parts, capi-o, cape-re, cep-i, cap-tus 
 
 SINGULAR Present Tense plural 
 
 1. capi-6, I take y am taking capi-mus, we take, are taking 
 
 2. capi-s, you take, etc. capi-tis, you take, etc. 
 
 3. capi-t, he takes, etc. capi-u-nt, they take, etc. 
 
 Imperfect Tense 
 
 1. capie-ba-m, I took, was taking capie-ba-mus, we took, were taking 
 
 2. capie-ba-s, you took, etc. capie-ba-tis, you took, etc. 
 
 3. capie-ba-t, he took, etc. capie-ba-nt, they took, etc. 
 
 Observe resemblances in this paradigm to that of audio, 91. 
 Note also some differences in quantity. 
 
 In the following vocabulary inflect facio and conficio in the 
 same way. 
 
 1 Ace. in apposition with the word for river. 
 
46 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 108. VOCABULARY 
 
 aedificium, i, n., building, privatus, a, um, private, 
 
 Casticus, 1, m., Casticus. conticio, ere, feci, fectus, make to- 
 
 coniuratio, onis, f., conspiracy. gether with, finish, accomplish. 
 
 nobilitas, atis, f., nobility, the nobles, facio, ere, feci, factus, 7nake, do. 
 
 amicus, a, um, friendly ; as a noun, incendo, ere, i, census, set on 
 
 friend. fire. 
 
 clarus, a, um, bright, famous. renovo, are, avi, atus, renew. 
 
 109. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Helvetii privata aedificia incendebant. 2. Casticus coniu- 
 rationem in civitate facit. 3. Flnitimi Helvetiorum non semper 
 amicl erant. 4. Nonne Orgetorix coniiirationem nobilitatis facit? 
 5. Pacem et amicitiam cum Helvetiis renovabat. 6. Erat dux 
 clarus in civitate. 7. Num Orgetorix dux Helvetiorum fidus est? 
 8. OrgetorTxne bellum cum Romanis conficit? 9. Casticus non 
 erat amicus popull Romani. 10. Dumnorix, amicus Orgetorigis, 
 princeps erat in civitate. 
 
 II. I. Orgetorix decides to make a conspiracy of the nobility. 
 2. The Helvetii were hastening to set their private buildings on 
 fire. 3. They are renewing peace and friendship with (their) 
 neighbors. 4. They were taking many towns of our ^ neighbors. 
 5. Our name is famous in the province. 6. They were giving 
 arms to our friends. 7. They were finishing many wars in our 
 province. 8. The leader is capturing many beasts-of-burden in 
 the camp of the Helvetians. 
 
 110. Reading Lesson : Orgetorigis Coniuratio. 
 
 Orgetorix coniiirationem nobihtatis facit et cum finitimis civi- 
 tatibus pacem et amicitiam confirmat. Friimentum quoque parare 
 matiirat, quod Helvetii copias per nostram provinciam ediicere 
 constituunt. Oppida et privata aedificia incendunt. Dumnorix, 
 princeps in civitate, et Casticus quoque Dumnorigi auxilium dant, 
 
 ^ Use the proper form of noster. 
 
THE THIRD DECLENSION 
 
 47 
 
 LESSON XVIII 
 
 [ 
 
 THE THIRD DECLENSION — I-STEMS — THE ABLATIVE OF 
 ACCOMPANIMENT 
 
 111.^ Vowel-Stems of the Third Declension end in i.^ The 
 Nominative singular of masculines and feminines is formed regu- 
 larly by adding s to the stem. 
 
 The Nominative singular of neuters is usually the same as the 
 stem with the change of i to e. If i of the stem is preceded by 
 -al or -ar, i is dropped, or, in a few cases, changed to e : animal, 
 aiiimal-is, stem animali- ; calcar, calcar-is, spur, stem calcari- ; 
 mare, mar-is, stem mari-. 
 
 I-stems end regularly in -ium in the Genitive plural. All mas- 
 culines and feminines ended originally in -im in the Accusative 
 singular, but i has been changed to e except in a few forms. 
 
 Some masculines and feminines, and almost all neuters, have the 
 Ablative singular in -i. 
 
 MascuHnes and feminines fluctuate between -is and -is in the 
 Accusative plural, but all neuters have -ia. 
 
 112. I-stems include : (^) nouns of the Third Declension in 
 -is, -is and -e having in the Genitive the same number of sylla- 
 bles as in the Nominative; {b) those in -er ( except pater, mater, 
 frater, and accipiter) ; (^) neuters in -al, -ar, which have lost a 
 final e. 
 
 113. 
 
 . Hostis 3 is, 
 
 
 
 
 Table 
 
 
 m. and f., 
 
 Turria, is, f.. 
 
 Mare, is, 
 
 Animal, is, 
 
 OF Termina- 
 
 
 enemy ; 
 
 tower ; 
 
 n., sea; 
 
 n., animal; 
 
 tions 
 
 
 Stem h08ti-4 
 
 Stem turri- 
 
 Stem mari- 
 
 Stem animali- 
 
 M. &= F. N. 
 
 N.V. 
 
 host-is 
 
 turr-is 
 
 mar-e 
 
 animal 
 
 is e 
 
 G. 
 
 host-is 
 
 turr-is 
 
 mar-is 
 
 animal-is 
 
 is is 
 
 D. 
 
 host-i 
 
 turr-i 
 
 mar-i 
 
 animal-i 
 
 i 1 
 
 Ac. 
 
 host-em 
 
 turr-im(em) 
 
 mare 
 
 animal 
 
 em, im e 
 
 Ab. 
 
 host-e(i) 
 
 turr-i(e) 
 
 mar-i 
 
 animal-i 
 
 e, i i 
 
 ^ To be used chiefly for reference. 
 2 Two stems in -u occur. 
 
 3 Usually in the plur. 
 
 4 What are the bases of these words? 
 
mar-ia 
 
 animal-ia 
 
 es 
 
 ia 
 
 mar-iiim 
 
 animal-ium 
 
 ium 
 
 ium 
 
 mar-ibus 
 
 animal-ibus 
 
 ibus 
 
 ibus 
 
 mar-ia 
 
 animal-ia 
 
 es,is 
 
 ia 
 
 mar-ibus 
 
 animal-ibus 
 
 ibus 
 
 ibus 
 
 48 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 N.V. host-es turr-es 
 
 G. host-ium tm^r-ium 
 
 D. host-ibus turr-ibus 
 
 Ac. host-is es) turr-is(es) 
 
 Ab. host-ibus tiirr-ibus 
 
 114. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. In provinoiam multis cum^ civibus venit, he comes into the 
 
 province with many citizefis. 
 
 2. In castra multis militibus contendit, he hastens into the camp 
 
 with many soldiers. 
 
 Rule. — The Ablative with cimi is used to express accompani- 
 ment, but in military phrases cum may be omitted. 
 
 115. VOCABULARY 
 
 castellum, i, n., fortress, redoubt. dispone, ere, posui, positus, set, 
 
 civis, is, m. and f., citizen. place. 
 
 finis, is, m., end, limit, pi., territory, occupo, are, avi, atus, seize, oc- 
 
 praesidium, 1, n., guards garrison, cupy. 
 
 protection. autem, postpositive conj.,2 but, how- 
 
 rSgnmn, i, n., kingdom, royal power. ever. 
 
 communio, ire, ivi, itus, fortify on -que,^ enclitic conj., and. 
 
 all sides. 
 
 116. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Hostes oppida occupant et praesidia disponunt. 2. Ca- 
 sticus multis militibus in castra hostium^ veniebat. 3. In fines 
 provinciae veniebat et castra commiiniebat. 4. Regnum in civi- 
 tate finitimorum occupat. 5. Dux hostium multos obsides, prin- 
 cipes civitatis, dat, et pacem amicitiamque cum populo Romano 
 
 1 Notice the position of cum. 
 
 2 A postpositive word is one that is placed after one or more words in its 
 clause. 
 
 ^ -que is always attached to the latter of the two words which it connects. 
 * See 112, I. 
 
FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS 49 
 
 conflrmat. 6. Nonne^ est in agrls copia fmmenti? 7. Copia 
 frumenti in agris est. 8. Regnum in civitate Gallorum occupat, 
 castella autem non communit. 9. Hostes oppidum non capiunt 
 quod fossae latae et muri alti sunt. 10. Legatos cum multls militi- 
 bus ad principem hostium mittunt, quod nova bella gerit. 
 
 II. I. The leaders of the enemy send ambassadors concerning 
 peace. 2. They were coming with many soldiers into the territory 
 of the enemy. 3. They were assaulting the town because the 
 wall was not high. 4. They are placing garrisons in the towns of 
 the enemy. 5. We were coming with our friends. 6. We are 
 bringing supplies into the camp, because the enemy are coming 
 with many soldiers. 7. The leaders of the enemy were fortifying 
 redoubts, but were not calling (their) soldiers together. 8. The 
 lieutenant with many soldiers is seizing the town, but he is not 
 placing a garrison in the fortress. 
 
 >XK< 
 
 LESSON XIX 
 
 THE FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS, FUTURE TENSE — 
 THE SUBSTANTIVE USE OF ADJECTIVES 
 
 117. In the First and Second Conjugations -bi is the sign of the 
 Future tense. 
 
 The Future tense of voco consists of the Present stem voca -|- 
 the Future tense sign -bi + the personal endings. 
 
 The Future tense of moneo consists of the Present stem mone 
 -}- the Future tense sign -bi + the personal endings. 
 
 118. SINGULAR 
 
 1. vooBi-h-b, I shall call m.one-h-b, I shall advise 
 
 2. voca-bi-s, you will call mone-bi-s, you will advise 
 
 3. voca-bi-t, he will call mone-bi-t, he will advise 
 
 1 See 96. 
 
 BEGIN. LAT. BK. — A. 
 
50 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 1. voca-bi-mus, we shall call mone-bi-mus, we shall advise 
 
 2. voca-bi-tis, you will call mone-bi-tis, you will advise 
 
 3. voca-bu-nt, they will call mone-bu-nt, they will advise 
 
 Observe that i of the tense sign is lost before -6 in the first 
 person singular, and changes to u before -nt in the third person 
 plural. 
 
 119. Examine the following : — 
 
 1 . Nostri in castra veniebant, our men were coming into the camp. 
 
 2. Magna cum parvis componit, he compares great things with 
 
 small. 
 
 Rule. — Plural adjectives are quite freely used as nouns, the mas- 
 culine to denote persons, the neuter to denote things. 
 
 Note. — This usage occurs sometimes in the singular. 
 
 120. VOCABULARY 
 
 Caesar, aris, m., Caesar. parvus, a, um, little^ small. 
 
 iniuria, ae, f., injury^ harm, injus- pervenio, ire, veni, ventus, come 
 
 tice. through, arrive. 
 
 maleficium, i, n., wrong-doing, mis- recuse, are, avi, atus, refuse. 
 
 chief. circum, prep. w. Ace, around, 
 Rhodanus, i, m., the Rhone. about. 
 
 inimicus, a, um, unfriendly, hostile, sine, prep. w. Abl., without. 
 
 as subst. enemy (personal) , y^^. ubi, adv. and conj., where, when. 
 
 121. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Caesar nostros in castra convocabit. 2. Per provinciam 
 multos sine iniuria maleficioque ducebat. 3. Circum castra ca- 
 stella disponit. 4. Bona amicis non recusabit. 5. Pacem aml- 
 citiamque cum hostibus non confirmabimus. 6. In insula cum 
 multis amicIs raanebimus. 7. Murum a castris ad oppidum per- 
 diicit et praesidia disponit. 8. Caesar cum nostrls ad flumen 
 Rhodanum pervenit. 9. Circum oppida praesidia disponit ubi ini- 
 micas copias videt. 10. Bellum cum hostibus saepe renovabunt. 
 
I-STEMS 5 1 
 
 II. I. Will Caesar refuse to send ambassadors to the Helve- 
 tians? 2. The forces of the Roman people will seize the hostile 
 camp. 3. Our^ men were contending in daily battles. 4. You 
 will hasten through the broad fields of the enemy and attack 
 their towns. 5 . Around the towns of the enemy were many ^ high 
 towers. 6. When we arrive at the city we shall call our men 
 together. 7. We are prolonging walls, and placing garrisons 
 in the towns. 8. They are leading their forces across the river 
 Rhone. 9. We shall always praise the good. 
 
 LESSON XX 
 
 I-STEMS (Continue^f) —WORD LIST III — READING LESSON 
 
 122. Certain nouns of the Third Declension are inflected in the 
 singular like consonant stems,^ and in the plural like i-stems.^ 
 These were originally vowel stems, but have taken on certain con- 
 sonantal forms. Among these are monosyllables with two conso- 
 nants preceding the vowel of the stem ending, together with imber, 
 bris, m., shower, and some other dissyllables. These are best 
 classed as i-stems. 
 
 123. Urbs, urbis, f., city; Nox, noctis, f., night; Imber, bris, m., shower; 
 Stem urbi-, base urb- Stem nocti-, base noct- Stem imbri-, base imbr- 
 
 SING. PLUR. 
 
 N.V. urb-s urb-es 
 
 G. urb-is urb-ium 
 
 D. urb-i urb-ibus 
 
 Ac. urb-em urb-is(es) noct-em noct-is(es) imbr-em mibr-is(es) 
 
 Ab. urb-e iirb-ibus noct-e noct-ibus imbr-e imbr-ibus 
 
 Observe that in the Nominative singular of imber, e is inserted 
 before -ri of the stem. 
 
 1 See 119, I. 8 See 79. 
 
 2 many and ki^h, * See 113. 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR, 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 noz 
 
 noct-es 
 
 imber 
 
 imbr-es 
 
 noct-is 
 
 noct-ium 
 
 imbr-is 
 
 imbr-ium 
 
 noct-i 
 
 noct-ibus 
 
 imbr-i 
 
 imbr-ibus 
 
52 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 124. VOCABULARY 
 
 iter, itineris, n., road, march, jour- angustus, a, um, narrow. 
 
 ney. convenio, ire, veni, ventus, come 
 lura, ae, m., Jura, a mountain range together, assemble. 
 
 in Gaul. pertineo, ere, ui, tentus, extend^ 
 mons, mentis,! m., mountain. pertain. 
 
 pars, partis,! i., part., direction. inter, prep. w. Ace, between^ among. 
 
 pons, pontis,! m., bridge. neque . . . neque, corral, conj., 
 Sequani, orum, m. pi., the Sequani. neither . . . nor. 
 turn, adv., at that time, then. 
 
 125. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Erat iter inter montem luram et flymen Rhodanum. 
 2. Iter per fines Sequanorum angustum erat. 3. Pons erat in^ 
 fliimine Arare. 4. Cum magna parte civium in castra veniebat. 
 5. Hostes ad flumen Ararim perveniebant. 6. Milites multas in 
 partes urbium conveniunt et in Galliam contendunt. 7. Helvetii 
 constituunt incolas montium per provinciam ducere. 8. Turn 
 erant neque castella neque praesidia in oppidls. 9. Mums a 
 monte ad flumen pertinebit. 10. Hostes magnam partem mon- 
 tium occupabant. 
 
 II. I. A wall and a ditch extend from the mountain to the 
 camp. 2. A narrow road extends from a part of the mountain 
 to the river. 3. They come together and prepare to lead their 
 forces to Mt. Jura. 4. They arrive at the bridge, and place 
 redoubts on the river bank. 5. The enemy lead a part of their 
 forces across the river Rhone and assault the towns. 6. There 
 were then neither good roads nor high buildings in Gaul. 7. They 
 wage war continually because they excel the rest of the Gauls 
 in valor. 8. Caesar will refuse the right of way^ to the 
 Helvetians. 9. The Helvetii assemble near the river and decide 
 to lead their forces across. 
 
 1 To what class of stems does this word belong ? 
 
 2 over. 3 iter, 
 

 WORD 
 
 LIST — READING LESSON 
 
 S3 
 
 126. 
 
 
 WORD LIST 
 
 III 
 
 
 **aedificiuin 
 
 **compono 
 
 incendo 
 
 **neque . . . neque *recuso 
 
 **amicitia 
 
 **c6nfici6 
 
 **inimlcus 
 
 **n6bilitas 
 
 *regnum 
 
 **amicus 
 
 confirms 
 
 *iniuria 
 
 **n6men 
 
 *renov6 
 
 angustus 
 
 *coniuratio 
 
 inter 
 
 **n6nne 
 
 Rhenus 
 
 animal 
 
 ♦consul 
 
 **inveni5 
 
 *nox 
 
 Rhodanus 
 
 Arar 
 
 *convenio 
 
 **ita 
 
 num 
 
 semper 
 
 audio 
 
 corpus 
 
 *iter 
 
 **occup6 
 
 *senti5 
 
 autem 
 
 defendd 
 
 lura 
 
 pars 
 
 Sequani 
 
 Caesar 
 
 **dispon6 
 
 labor 
 
 parvus 
 
 sine 
 
 **capio 
 
 **facio 
 
 **legatio 
 
 pax 
 
 **traduc5 
 
 *castellum 
 
 **flnis 
 
 **legio 
 
 *pertineo 
 
 *tum 
 
 Casticus 
 
 **finitimus 
 
 **maleficium 
 
 **pervenio 
 
 turris 
 
 *circuin 
 
 *flumen 
 
 maneo 
 
 *p6ns 
 
 *ubi 
 
 *clvis 
 
 *genus 
 
 mare 
 
 *praesidium 
 
 urbs 
 
 *clarus 
 
 *hom6 
 
 mons 
 
 *praest5 
 
 **veni5 
 
 *cohors 
 
 *hostis 
 
 mos 
 
 *privatus 
 
 vincio 
 
 **communi6 
 
 imber 
 
 **munio 
 **-ne 
 
 **-que 
 
 *virtus 
 
 127. 
 
 Reading 
 
 Lesson III : 
 
 Duo^ Itinera 
 
 
 Erat iter angustum per fines Sequanorum inter montem liaram 
 et flumen Rhodanum. Erat per provinciam quoque iter. Helve- 
 tii e f inibus exire ^ constituunt et per provinciam copias educere. 
 Ubi Caesar hoc^ audit, properat ab urbe, et in Galliam venit. 
 Helvetiis iter per provinciam reciisat et miirum ad monten Hram 
 perdiicit. Turn praesidium disponit et castella commiinit. 
 
 1 duo, two. 
 
 2 e±lie, go forlh, Pres. Inf. of irreg. verb exeo. 
 ^ hoc, this, Ace. sing. neut. of hie, haec, hoc. 
 
54 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 LESSON XXI 
 
 THE THIRD AND FOURTH CONJUGATIONS, FUTURE TENSE — 
 THE THIRD CONJUGATION, VERBS IN -io, FUTURE — THE 
 DOUBLE DATIVE 
 
 128. 
 
 I 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 I. rega-m 
 
 audia-m 
 
 capia-m 
 
 2. rege-s 
 
 audie-s 
 
 capie-s 
 
 3. rege-t 
 
 audie-t 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 capie-t 
 
 I. rege-mus 
 
 audie-mus 
 
 capie-mus 
 
 2. rege-tis 
 
 audie-tis 
 
 capie-tis 
 
 3. rege-nt 
 
 audie-nt 
 
 capie-nt 
 
 Observe the similarity in the inflection of these three verbs. 
 The Future first sing, of rego is formed by changing e of the stem 
 to a, and adding the personal ending m. The e of the stem is 
 retained in the other forms. 
 
 The Future of capio, stem capie-, is formed in the same way. 
 
 The Future of audio is formed in the first sing, by changing 
 the stem vowel to ia and adding the personal ending m, and in 
 the other forms by changing it to ie and adding the personal 
 endings. 
 
 The e is long in the second sing, and in the first and second 
 plural. 
 
 129. Examine the following : — 
 
 Caesari erat curae, // was a care to Caesar (it was to Caesar for a 
 care). 
 
 The Latin often uses a Dative of the object for which, together 
 with a Dative of the person for whom, where the English uses a 
 predicate noun and an indirect object. This is called the double 
 Dative, and is found principally with the verb sum. 
 
THE FOURTH DECLENSION 55 
 
 130. VOCABULARY 
 
 impedimentum, 1, n., hindrance, conscribo, ere, scripsi, scriptus, 
 
 pi. baggage. enroll. 
 
 locus, 1, m., place, n. in pi. loca. deligo, ere, legi,lectus, select, choose, 
 
 mors, mortis, f., death. impedio, ire, ivi, itus, hinder. 
 
 periculum, i, n., danger. enim, postpositive 1 coxv].,for. 
 
 interea, adv., in the meantime. 
 
 131. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Fliimen erat hostibus impedimento. 2. Helvetii legates 
 ad Dumnorlgem de itinere mittent quod amicus est Sequanorum. 
 3. Sequani Helvetios itinere non prohibebunt. 4. Caesar novam 
 legionem in Gallia conscrlbet. 5. Legi5 impedimentis praesidio 
 erat. 6. Caesar bellum in Gallia conficiet. 7. Multa oppida 
 capietis quod multos milites habetis. 8. Dux in Galliam magnis ^ 
 itineribus contendit, copia enim frumenti non magna est. 9. In- 
 terea ad Sequanos legatum de pace mittet. 
 
 II. I. He was enrolling a new legion in the province. 2. The 
 Sequani did not hinder the march of the Helvetians. 3. The 
 Helvetians will not lead their forces through the territory of the 
 Sequani, for the way is narrow. 4. The bridge was a protection ^ 
 to the town. 5. The scarcity of grain was a care to Caesar. 
 6. Caesar hastens toward the enemy, for they are assaulting the 
 town. 7. In the meantime they will select a place on'* the 
 bridge. 8. We shall hasten to the camp, for the danger of 
 death is great. 9. The baggage was a hindrance to Caesar. 
 
 LESSON XXII 
 
 THE FOURTH DECLENSION — THE PRONOUN Is 
 
 132. Nouns of the Fourth Declension have stems in u, generally 
 weakened to i before -bus. Those having the Nominative in us 
 are masculine with a few exceptions, those in u are neuter. 
 
 1 See 115, 4, "^ by forced marches. ^ See 129. ^ in. 
 
56 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 133. Casus, us, m., 
 
 chance, misfortune ; 
 Stem? base? 
 
 Cornu, us, n., 
 
 horn, wing,fiank; 
 Stem ? base ? 
 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 N.V. 
 
 cas-us 
 
 cas-us 
 
 corn-u 
 
 corn-ua 
 
 G. 
 
 cas-us 
 
 cas-uum 
 
 corn-US 
 
 corn-uum 
 
 D. 
 
 cas-ui 
 
 cas-ibus 
 
 corn-u 
 
 com-ibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 cas-um 
 
 cas-us 
 
 corn-u 
 
 com-ua 
 
 Ab. 
 
 cas-u 
 
 cas-ibus 
 
 corn-u 
 
 corn-ibus 
 
 Table of Termina- 
 tions 
 Masc. Neut. Mclsc. Neut. 
 SING. PLUR. 
 
 US Vi us ua 
 
 us us uum uum 
 
 ui u ibus ibus 
 
 um u us ua 
 
 u u ibus ibus 
 
 CORNUA 
 
 134. Domus, f., house, home, is partly of the Second and partly 
 of the Fourth Declension, and is inflected as follows : — 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 N.V. 
 
 dom-us 
 
 dom-us 
 
 G. 
 
 dom-us (dom-i) 
 
 dom-uum (dom-orum) 
 
 D. 
 
 dom-ui (dom-6) 
 
 dom-ibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 dom-um 
 
 dom-6s (dom-us) 
 
 Ab. 
 
 dom-6 (dom-u) 
 
 dom-ibus 
 
 135. The demonstrative pronoun is, this or that, is used more 
 frequently than any other of its class ; it often supplies the place 
 of the lacking personal pronoun of the third person, and its inflec- 
 tion should be thoroughly learned. 
 
 136. 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N. is 
 
 ea 
 
 id 
 
 ei, ii 
 
 eae 
 
 ea 
 
 G. eius 
 
 eius 
 
 eius 
 
 eorum 
 
 earum 
 
 eonmi 
 
 D. ei 
 
 ei 
 
 el 
 
 eis, iis 
 
 eis, iis 
 
 eis, iis 
 
 Ac. eum 
 
 eam 
 
 id 
 
 eos 
 
 eas 
 
 ea 
 
 Ab. eo 
 
 ea 
 
 eo 
 
 eis, iis 
 
 eis, iis 
 
 eis, us 
 
VOCABULARY — EXERCISES 5 7 
 
 137. VOCABULARY 
 
 collis, is, m,, hill. deicio, ere, ieci, iectus, cast down. 
 
 cupiditas, atis, f., desire. interficio, ere, feci, fectus, kill. 
 
 exercitus, us, m., army. sub, prep. w. Acc.^ and Abl., mider, 
 Italia, ae, f., Ilaly. at the foot of. 
 
 adduce, ere, duxi, ductus, lead to^ sub vesperum, adv. phr., at or 
 induce. iozvards evening. 
 
 ibi, adv., there. 
 
 138. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Caesar exercitum per fines Sequanorum ducet. 2. In 
 italiam contendet et ibi legionem conscribet. 3. Legatus castra 
 sub eo colle ponet. 4. Nostri in fines hostium sub vesperum 
 pervenient. 5. Orgetorix ad id flumen castra sub vesperum ponit. 
 6. Helvetii de ripis eius fluminis tela in hostis deiciebant. 7. Dux 
 hostium ad eum pontem exercitum diicit, ibique castra ponit. 
 
 8. Is cornii exercitus flumen tradiicit. 9. Magna cupiditas regni 
 in ea terra erat. 10. Auctoritas eorum principum magna erat in 
 civitate. 
 
 II. I. That army was hastening into the territory of the Se- 
 quani. 2. Caesar was pitching his camp at the foot of this moun- 
 tain. 3. The leader will move his camp towards evening. 4. The 
 doors of these houses were wide and high. 5. The enemy were 
 casting down missiles from the hill upon our army. 6. Caesar 
 will hasten into that part of the province and enroll a new legion 
 there. 7. The chances of war are great. 8. The enemy in the 
 meantime were keeping the soldiers of our armies from the march. 
 
 9. The Helvetii did not kill a large part of our army. 
 
 1 With Ace. with verbs of motion ; with Abl. with verbs of rest. 
 
58 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 LESSON XXIII 
 
 THE CARDINAL NUMERALS — THE ACCUSATIVE OF TIME 
 AND SPACE — READING LESSON 
 
 139. The Cardinal numerals are the numbers used in counting. 
 The following furnish a basis for forming the others. 
 
 I, unus 
 
 i5» 
 
 qulndecim 
 
 80, 
 
 octoginta 
 
 2, duo 
 
 16, 
 
 sedecira 
 
 90, 
 
 nonaginta 
 
 3, tres 
 
 i7» 
 
 septendecim 
 
 100, 
 
 centum 
 
 4, quattuor 
 
 18, 
 
 duodeviginti 
 
 lOI, 
 
 centum et iinus 
 
 5, quinque 
 
 19, 
 
 undevlginti 
 
 200, 
 
 ducenti, ae, a 
 
 6, sex 
 
 20, 
 
 viginti 
 
 3oo» 
 
 trecenti, ae, a 
 
 7, septem 
 
 21, 
 
 viginti unus 
 
 400, 
 
 quadringenti, ae, 
 
 8, octo 
 
 22, 
 
 viginti duo 
 
 500, 
 
 quingenti, ae, a 
 
 9, novem 
 
 3o» 
 
 triginta 
 
 600, 
 
 sescenti, ae, a 
 
 lo, decern 
 
 40, 
 
 quadraginta 
 
 700, 
 
 septingenti, ae, a 
 
 II, undecim 
 
 SO, 
 
 quinquaginta 
 
 800, 
 
 octingenti, ae, a 
 
 12, duodecim 
 
 60, 
 
 sexaginta 
 
 900, 
 
 nongenti, ae, a 
 
 13, tredecim 
 
 70. 
 
 septuaginta 
 
 1000, 
 
 mille 
 
 14, quattuordecim 
 
 75. 
 
 septuaginta quinque 
 
 2000, 
 
 duo milia 
 
 Of these, only unus, duo, tres, /A<? hundreds^ and milia, the 
 plural of mille, are declined. 
 
 140. 
 
 , Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Masc, and Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N. 
 
 duo 
 
 duae 
 
 duo 
 
 tres 
 
 tria 
 
 G. 
 
 duorum 
 
 duarimi 
 
 duorum 
 
 trium 
 
 trium 
 
 D. 
 
 duobus 
 
 duabus 
 
 duobus 
 
 tribus 
 
 tribus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 duos 
 
 duas 
 
 duo 
 
 tres (tris) 
 
 tria 
 
 Ab. 
 
 duobus 
 
 duabus 
 
 du5bus 
 
 tribus 
 
 tribus 
 
 The hundreds are declined like the plural of fidus,^ and milia 
 Hke the plural of animal. 
 
 1 They make the Gen. plur. in -um instead of -orum. 
 
THE ACCUSATIVE OF TIME AND SPACE 59 
 
 141. Examine the following : 
 
 1 . Multos annos in oppido manet, he remains many years in the 
 
 town. 
 
 2. Ducentos pedes liberos portat, he carries the children two 
 
 hundred feet. 
 
 Observe that multos annos is in the Accusative case, and 
 expresses duration of time, and that ducentos pedes is in the 
 same case, and expresses extent of space. 
 
 Rule. — Duration of time and extent of space are expressed by 
 the Accusative. 
 
 142. VOCABULARY 
 
 Alpes, ium, f. pi., the Alps. bellicosus, a, um, warlike. 
 
 annus, 1, m., year. dSsisto, ere, stiti, stitus, desist^ 
 
 c5natus, us, m., attempt^ undertak- cease. 
 
 ing. divido, ere, visi, visus, divide, sepa- 
 
 gratia, ae, L, favor, influence. rate. 
 
 hiberna, orum, n. pi., winter quar- Memo, are, avi, atus, winter, spend 
 
 ters. the winter. 
 
 bora, ae, f., hour. vasto, are, avi, atus, devastate, lay 
 
 pes, pedis, va..,foot. waste. 
 
 143. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Helvetii sunt homines bellicosi, populi Roman! inimici. 
 2. Sex horas oppidum continenter oppugnabat, sub vesperum 
 autem de conatu desistit. 3. In Sequanorum fines perveniunt et 
 eorum agros vastant. 4. Fliimen Rhenus agros Helvetiorum a 
 Germanls dividit. 5. Tres annos in Gallia manebunt. 6. Exer- 
 citum ab hibernls in Galliam diicit. 7. Per Alpes in Galliam con- 
 tendit et ibi duos annos manet. 8. Orgetorigis gratia in civitate 
 magna erat. 9. Tres legiones in Italia hiemabant, et Caesar ad 
 eas contendit. 10. Duas legiones in Italia Caesar conscribit et 
 cum iis quinque legionibus in Galliam iter facere contendit. 
 II. Murum sescentos pedes perdiicit. 
 
6o THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 II. I. Caesar leads six legions into winter quarters in Gaul. 
 2. He marches from Italy into Gaul, and remains there seven 
 years. 3. These legions were wintering in the territory of the 
 Sequani. 4. The Germans are warlike men, and carry on war 
 daily. 5. During ' three years the influence of this man was great. 
 6. You will devastate their fields because they are enemies of the 
 Roman people. 7. Does not the river Rhine separate the terri- 
 tory of the Helvetians from the Germans? Yes. 8. They will 
 not desist from their attempt for^ three years. 9. They prolonged 
 the ditch two hundred feet from the camp to the town. 
 
 144. Reading Lesson: Frofectio^ Helvetia rum 
 
 Helvetii per Sequanorum fines iter facere constituunt. Caesar 
 autem in Italiam contendit et ibi duas novas legiones conscrlbit, 
 et tres ab hibernis ducit. Cum iis quinque legionibus per Alpes 
 in Galliam iter facit. Helvetii interea per fines Sequanorum 
 copias tradiicunt et agros eorum vastant. 
 
 LESSON XXIV 
 
 THE IRREGULAR VERB Sum, PRESENT, IMPERFECT, FUTURE 
 —DATIVE OF THE POSSESSOR — THE RELATIVE PRONOUN 
 
 145. Present Imperfect Future 
 
 . s-M-vn, I am ei-a.-m., I was &[-b^ I shall be 
 
 SING. \ 2. Q^, you are ei-^s, you were QX-i-s, you will be 
 
 3. es-t, he is er-a-t, he was er-i-t, he will be 
 
 I. s-u-mus, 7ve are er-a-mus, we were er-i-mus, we shall be 
 
 PLUR. \ 2. es-tis, you are er-a-tis, you were er-i-tis, you will be 
 
 3. s-u-nt, they are er-a-nt, they were er-u-nt, they will be 
 
 Learn the inflection of this verb thoroughly. It occurs very 
 frequently as a principal verb, and is used in the conjugation of 
 certain passive forms. 
 
 1 See 141, I. 2 j'jie Departure. 
 
THE RELATIVE PRONOUN 
 
 6i 
 
 146. Examine the following : — 
 
 Domus erat agricolae, the far7ner had a house {there was to the 
 farmer a house) . 
 
 Agricolae is in the Dative case, and denotes the possessor of 
 the house. 
 
 Rule. — The Dative is used with sum and similar verbs to denote 
 the possessor. 
 
 147. The Relative Pronoun. 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N. 
 
 qui 
 
 quae 
 
 quod 
 
 qui 
 
 quae 
 
 quae 
 
 G. 
 
 cuius 
 
 cuius 
 
 cuius 
 
 quorum 
 
 quarum 
 
 quorum 
 
 D. 
 
 cm 
 
 cui 
 
 cui 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 quern 
 
 quam 
 
 quod 
 
 quos 
 
 quas 
 
 quae 
 
 Ab. 
 
 quo 
 
 qua 
 
 quo 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 148. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Milites quos video, the soldiers whom I see. 
 
 2. Mulier quam video, the woman whotft I see. 
 
 3. Pilum quod habeo, the javelin which I have. 
 
 4. Ego qui video, / who see. 
 
 5 . Vir cuius filii sunt iiiimici, the man whose sons are hostile. 
 
 Observe the gender, person, number, and case of the above 
 relatives with their antecedents. 
 
 Rule. — The relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender, 
 person, and number ; but its case depends upon its 
 relation to other words in the sentence. 
 
 149. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 adventus, us, m. , arrival, approach. 
 conspectus, us, m., sight. 
 explorator, oris, m., scout. 
 imperator, oris, m., commander. 
 
 impetus, us, m., attack. 
 lacus, us, m., lake. 
 oratio, onis, f., speech, oration^ 
 spatium, i, n., space. 
 
62 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 laetUB, a, um, glad. postulo, are, avi, atus, demand. 
 
 discSdd, ere, cessi, cessus, with- trado, ere, didi, ditus, give up, sur- 
 dvaw. render. 
 
 150. SPECIAL EXERCISES ON THE RELATIVE 
 
 I. I. Montes alti, quos videmus, praesidio oppido erant. 
 2. Castra quae ponis magna erunt. 3. Dux cui erat magnus 
 exercitus multa oppida capiebat. 4. Multa aedificia incendunt 
 in quibus erat copia frumenti magna. 5. Qui fidi sunt, eis amici 
 sunt fidi. 
 
 II. I. The attack of the Belgae, who had many armed men, 
 was long. 2. The frequent showers were a hindrance^ to the 
 enemy who were pitching their camp. 3. The island to which we 
 are hastening is large. 4. The river whose banks we see is wide. 
 5. Caesar was a Roman commander to whom the Gauls often 
 surrendered their arms. 6. There were many inhabitants in the 
 city which the Germans attacked. 7. Those who^ are faithful 
 will not be wretched. 8. The farmers whose fields you are 
 devastating are fleeing to the city. 
 
 151. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Exploratores in conspectii exercitus interficit. 2. A 
 castris hostium magnum spatium discedit et duas noctes in agris 
 manet. 3. Ei exploratori erant arma. 4. In hiberna ad lacum 
 imperator exercitum diicebat. 5. Arma in conspectii hostium 
 tradunt, et laeti sunt quod Caesar obsides non postulat. 6. Mul- 
 tas et longas orationes audiemus in domibus amicorum nostrorum. 
 7. In agris castra ponit et ibi adventum inimlcarum copiarum 
 impedit. 8. Exploratores laetl erunt quod hostibus non multi 
 milites sunt. 9. Non magnum spatium ab oppido erat lacus 
 magnus et pulcher. 10. Ei legato erit gratia in civitate, quod ei 
 sunt multi finitimi amicique. 
 
 1 See 129. 2 Those who = qioi. 
 
THE FIRST CONJUGATION 63 
 
 II. I. The arrival of the hostile army hindered Caesar's under- 
 takings. 2. There were many towns in sight of Caesar's forces. 
 3. Is not the consul withdrawing from the lake? He is.-^ 4. I 
 shall have ^ a supply of grain because I live no ^ long distance 
 from the fields. 5. The commander of the enemy's forces has 
 arms and standards in the camp. 6. They will lead their soldiers 
 out of the town and surrender their arms. 7. Three legions of 
 soldiers will attack the town and the camp. 8. You are demanding 
 hostages, but the enemy will not give them. 
 
 3>»ic 
 
 LESSON XXV 
 
 THE FIRST CONJUGATION, PERFECT SYSTEM— THE ABLATIVE 
 OF DESCRIPTION 
 
 152. The Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect tenses — 
 called tenses of completed action — correspond in the main to 
 the tenses of the same name in English, except that the Perfect 
 has two uses, one to express an act done in simple past time — 
 the Perfect Historical — and one to express an action begun in the 
 past and continued to the present — the Perfect Definite. 
 
 Examples : voca-v-i, perfect, / called or have called. 
 voca-v-era-m, pluperfect, I had called. 
 voca-v-er-o, future perfect, / shall have called. 
 
 153. To form the Perfect stem v(u) is regularly added to the 
 Present stem : voca-v-, but it is sometimes added to the root : * 
 son-u-. 
 
 154. Latin verbs have special personal endings in certain forms 
 of the Perfect tense. Hence, attention should be given to the 
 following table, as well as to the paradigms. 
 
 1 See 97. 2 mihi erit. See 146. * See 161, I., 9- 
 
 * The root is the ultimate part of a word underlying the stem, and contains 
 the idea of the word without modifications. 
 
64 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 165. 
 
 156. 
 
 Present Tense. 
 
 — Table 
 
 OF 
 
 Endings 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 I. -1 
 
 
 
 -mus 
 
 2. -sti 
 
 
 
 -stis 
 
 3--t 
 
 
 
 -erunt or -ere 
 
 Perfect 
 
 SINGULAR PLURAL 
 
 1. voca-v-i, I called OX have called voca-v-i-mus, we called^ etc. 
 
 2. voca-v-i-sti, you called^ etc. voca-v-i-stis, you called, etc. 
 
 3. voca-v-i-t, he called, etc. voca-v-erunt, they called, etc. 
 
 Pluperfect 
 
 1. 'V0CB.--v-erB.-ia., I had called voca-v-eiB-mus, 7ve had called 
 
 2. voca-v-era-s, you had called voca-v-era-tis, you had called 
 
 3. voca-v-era-t, he had called voca-v-era-nt, they had called 
 
 Future Perfect 
 
 1. voca-v-er-o, I shall have called voca-v-eri-mus, we shall have called 
 
 2. voca-v-eri-s, you will have called voca-v-eri-tis, you zuill have called 
 
 3. voca-v-eri-t, he will have called voca-v-eri-nt, they will have called 
 
 Observe that i, era, eri are the tense signs of the Perfect, Plu- 
 perfect, and Future Perfect respectively. 
 
 Apply 47, note, to convoco, postulo, and privo in the Perfect 
 system. 
 
 157. Examine the following : — 
 
 1 . Orgetorix erat vir magna auctoritate in civitate, Orgetorix was 
 
 a man of great authority in the state. 
 
 2. Filiae agricolae erant bono animo, the farmer's daughters were 
 
 of good disposition. 
 
 Observe that in i auctoritate is in the Ablative, and that magna 
 agrees with it. Observe that in 2 bono animo is used in the same 
 way as magna auctoritate except that it is in the predicate. 
 
 Rule — The Ablative with an adjective in agreement with it is 
 used to express quality (Ablative of Description) . 
 
 Note. — This ablative may have either an adjective or predicate use. 
 
ABLATIVE OF DESCRIPTION 6$ 
 
 158. VOCABULARY 
 
 Aedui, onim, ni. pL, /he Aedui. concido, ere, i, cisus, kill. 
 
 clamor, oris, m., noise, outcry, fugio, ere, fugi, fugitus,y?<f<f. 
 
 clamor. e, ex, prep. w. Abl., out of^ from (S 
 Divico, onis, m., Divico. before consonants only). 
 
 eques, itis, m., horseman; pi. cavalry, nunquam, adv., never. 
 
 reliquus, a, um, remaining^ rest of; sed, conj., but. 
 
 pi, as subst., the rest. 
 
 159. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Equites erant magna virtute et bono animo in populum 
 Romanum. 2. Ex oppido ad lacus silvasque Caesar reliquos 
 equites convocaverit, 3. Multi milites castra hostium oppOgna- 
 verunt, reliqui autem magno cum clamore fugiebant. 4. Magna 
 gratia Orgetorix erat in civitate. 5. Pacem amicitiamque cum 
 hostibus confirmaveramus. 6. Ad urbem properaveras quod mili- 
 tes inimici ad castra veniebant. 7. Reliqui Aedui in Italiam nun- 
 quam venient. 8. Divico, Helvetiorum dux, vir magna virtiite 
 erat. 9. Agricolae fugiebant, quod Aedui finitimos concidebant. 
 
 II. I. They will have hastened into the town. 2. The horse- 
 men had assaulted the camp of the enemy. 3. The soldiers 
 hastened with a great outcry into the territory of the Aedui. 
 
 4. The Aedui will have wintered in the country of the enemy. 
 
 5. You will have deprived (your) friends of (their) beasts-of- 
 burden and carts. 6. We shall lead the children of the nobility 
 out of the city into the fields. 7. The horsemen will flee across 
 the Arar into the deep forests. 8. They are warlike men of great 
 courage, and will never surrender their children as hostages. 
 9. They were men of good disposition,^ but of small influence. 
 
 1 See 157, 2. 
 
 BEGIN. LAT. BK. 
 
66 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 LESSON XXVI 
 
 ORDINAL NUMERALS — WORD LIST IV — READING LESSON 
 
 160. Ordinal numerals are adjectives derived from the cardi- 
 nals to express order or place. They are declined like fidus, a, um. 
 
 1st, 
 
 primus 
 
 9th, 
 
 ndnus 
 
 17th, 
 
 Septimus decimus 
 
 2d, 
 
 secundus 
 
 loth, 
 
 decimus 
 
 i8th. 
 
 duodevlcesimus 
 
 3d. 
 
 tertius 
 
 nth. 
 
 undecimus 
 
 19th, 
 
 undevlcesimus 
 
 4th, 
 
 quartus 
 
 1 2th, 
 
 duodecimus 
 
 20th, 
 
 vicesimus 
 
 5th, 
 
 qulntus 
 
 13th, 
 
 tertius decimus 
 
 2 1 St, 
 
 vicesimus primus 
 
 6th, 
 
 sextus 
 
 14th, 
 
 quartus decimus 
 
 30th, 
 
 tricesimus 
 
 7th, 
 
 Septimus 
 
 15th, 
 
 qulntus decimus 
 
 40th, 
 
 quadragesimus 
 
 8th, 
 
 octavus 
 
 1 6th, 
 
 sextus decimus 
 
 50th, 
 
 quinquagesimus 
 
 161: VOCABULARY 
 
 Allobroges, um, m. pi., the Allob- abduco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead 
 
 roges. away. 
 
 centurio, onis, m., centurion. decurro, ere, cucurri or curri, run 
 pagUB, 1, m., district, canton. down. 
 
 sarcina, ae, f., bundle; ^^X., personal exspecto, are, avi, atus, expect^ 
 
 baggage. await. 
 
 Tigurmus, 1, m., Tigurinus. influo, ere, fluxi, fluxus,y?<?«/ into. 
 
 vicuB, i, m., village. intercedo, ere, cessi, cesBUS, come 
 diviBUB, a, um, divided. or be between. 
 
 variuB, a, um, varied, different. paene, adv., almost. 
 
 162. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Per fines hostium tertiam partem copiarum tradQcunt et 
 in finibus Aeduorum reliquos mllites exspectant. 2. AeduT, quod 
 Helvetii paene in conspectii nostri exercitds agros eonim vastant, 
 legates ad Caesarem mittunt. 3. Decimae legionis milites de 
 colle in castra decumint. 4. Civitas Helvetiorum in quattuor 
 pagos divTsa est, quorum unus est Tigurinus. 5. Nonne miHtes 
 nonae legionis sarcinas in itinere portant ? 6. Allobroges quoque, 
 qui trans Rhodanum vicos habebant, ad Caesarem legates mit- 
 tunt. 7. Caesar milites quartae legionis et varios centuriones 
 
WORD LIST 
 
 67 
 
 exspectare constituit. 8. Flumen Arar per fines Aeduorum et 
 Sequanorum in Rhodanum influit. 9. Prima cohors septimae 
 legionis in vicum Allobrogum venit. 10. Oppida expugnabant 
 et incolarum liberos obsides abducebant. 
 
 II. I. Divico was the chief of the embassy. 2. Caesar kills 
 a third part of the Helvetians. 3. The Helvetii are laying waste 
 the fields of the Aedui, and storming their towns almost in sight 
 of our army. 4. The soldiers of the tenth legion will run down 
 to the river. 5. They will lead a fourth part of their forces across 
 the river Arar. 6. The sixth cohort of the third legion will await 
 the arrival of the rest of the cohorts. 7. The third district of the 
 Helvetii is awaiting a supply of grain. 8. The soldiers are fleeing 
 from the woods in ^ different directions. 9. The rest of the states 
 will never send ambassadors to Caesar concerning peace. 
 
 163. 
 
 WORD LIST IV 
 
 
 **abduco 
 
 *deligo 
 
 **impedio 
 
 *prTmus 
 
 **adduco 
 
 *desisto 
 
 *imperator 
 
 **quartus 
 
 *a(lventus 
 
 **disced6 
 
 ♦impetus 
 
 **quattuor 
 
 Aedui 
 
 Divico 
 
 *Influo 
 
 *qul 
 
 Allobroges 
 
 divido 
 
 **interced6 
 
 qulnque 
 
 Alpes 
 
 *domus 
 
 **interea 
 
 *reliquus 
 
 annus 
 
 **ducenti 
 
 ♦interficio 
 
 sarcina 
 
 *bellic6sus 
 
 **duo 
 
 «*is 
 
 *sed 
 
 *casus 
 
 e, ex 
 
 Italia 
 
 Septimus 
 
 *centuri5 
 
 enim 
 
 lacus 
 
 *sex 
 
 *clamor 
 
 *eques 
 
 laetus 
 
 spatium 
 
 collis 
 
 *exercitus 
 
 *locus 
 
 sub 
 
 *c5natus 
 
 *expl6rator 
 
 *mors 
 
 **tertius 
 
 *concid6 
 
 *exspect6 
 
 nonus 
 
 Tigurinus 
 
 conscribo 
 
 *fugio 
 
 *nunquam 
 
 *trad6 
 
 *c6nspectus 
 
 gratia 
 
 oratio 
 
 trans 
 
 cornu 
 
 **hiberna 
 
 paene 
 
 **tres 
 
 cupiditas 
 
 **hiemo 
 
 pagus 
 
 varius 
 
 *decimus 
 
 hora 
 
 periculum 
 
 *vast6 
 
 *decurro 
 
 **ibi 
 
 **pes 
 
 vTcus 
 
 *deici5 
 
 **impedimentum 
 
 *postul5 
 
 *vTgintT 
 
 
 1 in with Ace. 
 
 
 X 
 
68 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 164. 
 
 Reading Lesson 
 
 Helvetil per angustas vias et fines Sequanorum copias tradii- 
 cunt et in Aeduorum fines perveniunt, eorumque agros vastant. 
 AeduT, quod Helvetii paene in conspectu nostrl exercitus agros 
 eorum vastabant, legatos ad Caesarem de auxilio mittunt. Allo- 
 broges quoqiie legatos ad Caesarem mittunt. Tum Caesar ad 
 Helvetios legiones ducere constituit. Ad unam partem Helvetio- 
 rum pervenit, quae flumen Ararim transibat/ et magnam partem 
 eorum interficit. Tum pontem in Arare facit et ita copias tra- 
 ducit. 
 
 LESSON XXVII 
 
 THE SECOND CONJUGATION, PERFECT SYSTEM 
 ABLATIVE OF TIME 
 
 THE 
 
 165. The Perfect stem of a few words of the Second Conjuga- 
 tion is formed by adding v('u) to the Present stem : deleo, stem 
 dele- ; Perfect stem delev- ; Perfect tense delevi ; but most verbs 
 add v(u) to the stem clipped of its characteristic vowel : mone-o, 
 stem mone- ; Perfect stem monu-, Perfect tense monui. 
 
 166. 
 
 SING. 
 
 Perfect 
 / have advised, etc. 
 
 1. mon-u-i 
 
 2. mon-u-i-sti 
 
 3. mon-u-i-t 
 
 1. mon-u-i-mus 
 
 2. mon-u-i-Btis 
 
 3. mon-u-enint 
 
 Pluperfect 
 / had advised, etc. 
 mon-u-era-m 
 mon-u-era-s 
 mon-u-era-t 
 mon-u-era-mus 
 mon-u-era-tis 
 mon-u-era-nt 
 
 Future Perfect 
 I shall have advised, etc. 
 mon-u-er-o 
 mon-u-eri-s 
 mon-u-eri-t 
 mon-u-eri-mus 
 mon-u-eri-tis 
 mon-u-eri-nt 
 
 State in regard to this verb and those in the following vocabu- 
 lary its : Present stem, Perfect stem, tense-signs and personal end- 
 ings in the perfect system. 
 
 Apply 47, note, to the verbs in the following vocabulary. 
 
 was crossing. 
 
ABLATIVE OF TIME 69 
 
 167. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Tertia hora in castra venit, he comes into camp at the third 
 
 hou7\ 
 
 2. Tribus annis multa oppida delebit, within three years he will 
 
 destroy many ioivns. 
 
 Observe that in i hora expresses the time when he comes, 
 and in 2 taibus annis expresses the time within which he will 
 destroy. 
 
 Rule. — Time when and within which is expressed by the Abla- 
 tive case. 
 
 168. VOCABULARY 
 
 deleo, ere, evi, etus, destroy^ blot terreo, ere, ui, \Xxm&, frighten. 
 
 out. timeo, ere, ui, — yfear. 
 
 iubeo, ere, iussi, iussus, order. acriter, adv., sharply^fiercely. 
 
 praebeo, ere, ui, itua, fumisk. facile, adv., easily. 
 
 retineo, ere, ui, tentus, hold back, cis, prep. w. Ace, on this side of. 
 
 restrain, retain. propter, prep. w. Ace, on account 
 tene5, ere, ui, tus, hold. of 
 
 169. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Hostes legatos Romanorum multas horas in oppido reti- 
 nuerunt. 2. Una pars Helvetiorum cis fliimen Ararim erat. 
 
 3. Prima hora mllites oppidum oppugnare iussit. 4. Aedui mul- 
 tos equites Romanls praebuerunt. 5. Hostes nomen populi 
 Roman! semper timuerant. 6. Propter altam fossam Roman! 
 oppidum non expugnaverant. 7. Qu!nque horis v!cum hostium 
 facile delebis. 8. Quarta hora hostes copias e castris educunt et 
 ad fliimen Ararim contendunt. 9. Caesar exercitum in castris 
 retinuit, quod equites exspectabat. 10. Caesar centuriones iussit 
 milites convocare, et tum trans fliimen exercitum diicit. 
 
 II. I. Within four years Caesar will have destroyed many 
 towns of the enemy. 2. The Romans will not easily seize the 
 town on account of the bravery of the enemy. 3. The Heutenant 
 will have held back the tenth legion, but he will send the seventh 
 
70 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 as an aid^ to Caesar. 4. Caesar had ordered the Ueutenants to 
 call together the soldiers at the third hour. 5. Within two years 
 Caesar will have laid waste a great part of Gaul. 6. The district 
 Tigurinus was on this side of the river Arar, but the rest of the 
 Helvetii were across the river. 7. The Aedui will furnish grain 
 and cavalry to the Romans. 8. In the third year they will hasten 
 to lead the army across the river, and attack the towns of the 
 enemy. 
 
 LESSON XXVIII 
 
 THE THIRD DECLENSION, GENERAL RULES FOR GENDER — 
 IRREGULAR NOUNS 
 
 170. I. Nouns in -6, -or, -6s, -er, -6s (Gen. -idis, -itis) are 
 masculine. 
 
 2. Nouns in -as (Gen. -atis), -is (Gen. -is) -is, -ys, -x, -s (pre- 
 ceded by a consonant), -do, -go (Gen. -Xnis), -io (abstract and 
 collective), -us (Gen. -udis, -utis), are feminine. 
 
 3. Nouns in -a, -e, -i, -y, -c, -1, -t, -men (-inis), -ar, -ur, -us 
 (Gen. -6ris, -6ris), are neuter. 
 
 These are the general rules for gender of nouns of the Third 
 Declension ; but there are many exceptions which should be noted 
 as they occur. 
 
 171. In some nouns the stem in some of the cases is irregularly 
 modified. 
 
 Senex, senis, m., old man 
 
 Iter, itineris, n., journey, road, march 
 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 N.V. 
 
 senez 
 
 sen-es 
 
 
 iter 
 
 itiner-a 
 
 G. 
 
 sen-is 
 
 sen-um 
 
 
 itiner-is 
 
 itiner-um 
 
 D. 
 
 sen-i 
 
 sen-ibus 
 
 
 itiner-i 
 
 itiner-ibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 sen-em 
 
 sen-es 
 
 
 iter 
 
 itiner-a 
 
 Ab. 
 
 sen-e 
 
 sen-ibus 
 
 
 itiner-e 
 
 itiner-ibus 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 See 129. 
 
 
 
IRREGULAR NOUNS 7 1 
 
 »B, bovis, m. and f., 
 
 ox, bull, cow 
 
 
 Vis.f., 
 
 force 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 SING. 
 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 N.V. bos 
 
 bov-es 
 
 VIS 
 
 
 vir-es 
 
 G. bov-is 
 
 bo-um 
 
 (VIS) 
 
 
 vir-ium 
 
 D. bovi 
 
 bo-bus 
 
 (vi) 
 
 
 vur-ibus 
 
 Ac. bov-em 
 
 bov-es 
 
 vim 
 
 
 vir-es 
 
 Ab. bov-e 
 
 bo-bus 
 
 vi 
 
 
 vir-ibus 
 
 '2. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 
 
 copiae domesticae, f. pi., home accipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, receive^ 
 
 supplies. accept. 
 
 deditio, onis, f., surrender. ago, ere, egi, actus, set in motion^ 
 Divitiacus, i, m., Divitiacus. drive, do, act. 
 
 latitudd, inis, f., width. flagito, are, avi, atus, demand. 
 
 Liscus, i, m., Liscus. intersoindo, ere, soldi, scissus, cut 
 domesticus, a, um, domestic, pri- down, destroy. 
 
 vate. suppeto, ere, ivi (ii), iturus, be at 
 integer, gra, grum, whole, fresh. hand. 
 
 maturus, a, um, ripe. ex itinere, adv. phr., on the march. 
 nondum, adv., not yet. 
 
 173. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Belgae oppidum ex itinere oppOgnaverunt. 2. Hostes 
 pontem interscindebant. 3. Aedul continenter frumentum flagi- 
 tabant. 4. Caesar principes Aeduorum in castra convocaverit. 
 5. Domesticae copiae Aeduis non suppetebant. 6. Divitiacus et 
 Liscus, popull Romani amicT, ad Caesarem veniebant. 7. Nostri 
 proelium integrls viribus^ renovaverunt. 8. Frumenta^ in agrls 
 nondum matura sunt. 9. Multa iumenta ad flumen magna lati- 
 tudine^ agebat. 10. Ex itinere hostium oppidum oppugnavit. 
 
 II. I. Caesar kept'' demanding ripe grain. 2. He had has- 
 tened to drive the beasts of burden across the bridge. 3. They 
 will destroy the bridge, and hasten by forced^ marches towards 
 the territory of the Belgae. 4. Caesar will have called Divitiacus 
 
 1 with fresh strength. * Use the Imperfect of 
 
 2 the crops of grain. flagito. 
 
 « See 157. ^ magnis itineribus. 
 
72 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 and Liscus into the camp. 5. Caesar will demand home-supplies 
 because the grain in the fields is not yet ripe. 6. They assaulted 
 the towns on the march with fresh ^ strength. 7. A supply of 
 grain was not at hand. 8. When will you send ambassadors 
 concerning a surrender? 
 
 LESSON XXIX 
 
 THE THIRD DECLENSION, EXCEPTIONS TO GENERAL RULES 
 FOR GENDER — READING LESSON 
 
 174. In the following hst will be found the principal exceptions 
 to the general rules for gender, which will be needed in your work 
 in this book. These words should be thoroughly learned. 
 
 collis, is, m., hill mensis, is, m., month 
 
 dens, dentis, m., tooth mons, mentis, m., mountain 
 
 fuiis, is, m., end, limit ordo, inis, m., order, rank 
 
 fons, fontis, xn. , fountain pes, pedis, m.,foot 
 
 ignis, is, vs\.,fire pons, pontis, m., bridge 
 
 iter, itineris, n., journey sanguis, inis, m., blood 
 
 lapis, idis, m., stone sol, solis, m., sun 
 vertex, icis, m., summit 
 
 State the rule to which each of the above is an exception. 
 
 175. Account for the gender of the following (see 25) : — 
 
 consul, ulis, m., consul remex, igis, m., rower 
 
 dux, ducis, m., leader senex, senis, m., old man 
 
 iudex, icis, m., judge sorer, oris, f., sister 
 
 176. The Ablative Absolute. — Examine the following : — 
 
 Urbe capta, arma tradiderunt, afler the city had been captured, 
 they gave up their arms (Ht. the city having been captured). 
 
 Observe that urbe is in the Ablative, that capta agrees with it, 
 and that urbe capta shows the time of giving up their arms. 
 
 1 See 173, I., 7. 
 
THE THIRD DECLENSION 73 
 
 Rule. — A noun or pronoun limited by a participle is often used 
 in the construction called the Ablative Absolute to 
 denote the time or other circumstances of the action. 
 
 Note. — The Ablative Absolute is often translated into English by a sub- 
 ordinate clause of time, cause, condition, etc. 
 
 177. Observe carefully the translation of the following sen- 
 tences : — 
 
 1. Dato signo, ad mare properaverunt, at a given signal, they 
 
 hastened to the sea (lit. the signal having been given) . 
 
 2. Nostris timentibus; proelium hostes renovaverunt, since our 
 
 men were afraid, the etiemy renewed the battle (our men 
 being afraid). 
 
 3. Multis occisis, acriter pugnavenint, although many were killed, 
 
 they fought fiercely (many having been killed). 
 
 178. Examine the following : — 
 
 Caesare duce, oppidum oppugnaverimt, under Caesar's leadership, 
 they attacked the town (Caesar [being] leader) . 
 
 Rule. — Two nouns, or a noun and an adjective, may be used 
 together in the Ablative Absolute. 
 
 179. VOCABULARY 
 
 agmen, inis, n., line of march. incuso, are, avi, atus, accuse. 
 
 Crassus, 1, m., Crassus. occido, ere, i, cisus, /ci/l. 
 
 culpa, ae, f., /auU. promitto, ere, misi, missus, sencl 
 frigus, oris, n. (sing, or pi.), cold. forzvard, promise. 
 
 meus, a, um, my, mine. pugno, are, avi, atus,y?^-^/. 
 
 suus, a, um, his, her, their, its. fortiter, adv., bravely. 
 
 dico, ere, dixi, dictus, say, tell. graviter, adv., gravely, severely. 
 itaque, conj., and so, therefore. 
 
 180. EXERCISES^ 
 
 I. I. Frumentum quod Aedui promittebant ^ nondum suppe- 
 tebat. 2. Graviter Aeduos inciisat quod friimentum non praebent. 
 
 1 Refer constantly to 176, 177, 178. ^ kept promising. 
 
74 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 3. Deditione facta obsides et arma Caesari tradebant. 4. Caesar 
 agmine educto ad verticem mentis altl properavit. 5. Liscus dicit : 
 " Culpa mea non est." 6. Ponte interscisso agmen flumen non 
 traducebat. 7. Frumentum propter frigora in agris nondum 
 maturum erat; itaque Aedul non praebent. 8. Longum iter, 
 multls prohibentibus, per colles et montes faciebat. 9. Ducentos 
 pedes a vertice eius montis erat pons. 
 
 II. I . Since ^ the cold was great, the grain was not yet ripe. 
 2. The fault is mine ; therefore I shall not severely accuse 
 you. 3. Although many were killed,^ the rest-of-the soldiers 
 fought fiercely. 4. The mountains were high, and so the soldiers 
 were remaining in the fields. 5. When ^ the signal had been 
 given, the line of march hastened to the neighboring hill. 6. In 
 the consulship ^ of Crassus they took many towns by storm. 
 7. The soldiers say : " We will wage war bravely, if^ Caesar is (our) 
 leader." 8. Caesar accused the Aeduans gravely, because grain 
 was not at hand. 
 
 181. Reading Lesson 
 
 Frumentum quod Aedui Romanls promittebant non suppetebat, 
 itaque Caesar id cottidie flagitabat; Aeduiautem dlxerunt^: "Fru- 
 mentum in agris propter frigora nondum maturum est." Caesar 
 principes Aeduorum convocavit, in quibus Divitiacus, amicus 
 populi Romani, et Liscus erant. Graviter eos incusavit quod 
 frQmentum non praeberent.'' Liscus autem dicit : " Non est mea 
 culpa, sed Dumnorigis. Is contra populum Romanum coniiira- 
 tionem facit. 
 
 1 Observe all indications of the Abl. Abs. 
 
 2 Lit. Crassus being consul, see 178. 
 
 3 dixerunt, third pers. plur. of the Perf. of dico. 
 * they did not furnish. 
 
THE THIRD CONJUGATION 
 
 n 
 
 LESSON XXX 
 
 THE THIRD CONJUGATION, THE PERFECT SYSTEM 
 ABLATIVE OF CAUSE 
 
 THE 
 
 182. The Perfect stem of verbs of the Third Conjugation is 
 formed in various ways. A large number is formed by adding -si 
 to the root : rego, rexi (for reg-si). 
 
 183. Perfect 
 
 / ruled or have ruled, etc. 
 
 1. rex-i 
 
 2. rex-i-ati 
 
 3. rex-i-t 
 
 1. rSx-i-mus 
 
 2. rex-i-stis 
 
 3. rex-erunt 
 
 Pluperfect 
 
 I had ruled, etc. 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 rex-era-m 
 
 rex-era-s 
 
 r§x-era-t 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 rex-era-muB 
 
 rex-era-tis 
 
 rex-era-nt 
 
 Future Perfect 
 / shall have ruled, etc. 
 
 rex-er-6 
 rex-eri-s 
 rex-eri-t 
 
 rex-eri-mus 
 
 rex-eri-tia 
 
 rex-eri-nt 
 
 Compare the formation of the Perfect system of this verb with 
 those of the two preceding conjugations. See 156 and 166. 
 
 What are the stem, tense signs, and personal endings in the 
 above paradigm ? 
 
 184. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Militia Caeaarem liberalitate laudant, the soldiers praise Caesar 
 
 for his generosity. 
 
 2. Multia de cauaia Caeaar militea laudavit, for many reasons 
 
 Caesar praised the soldiers. 
 
 Observe that liberalitate and cauaia are in the Ablative, and 
 denote cause. 
 
 Rule. — The Ablative is used with or without a preposition to 
 denote cause. 
 
 Note. — The prepositions de and ex with the Ablative and ob and 
 propter with Accusative are used to express cause. 
 
je THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 185. VOCABULARY 
 
 causa, ae, f., cause, reason. liber all tas, atis, f., liberality, gener- 
 frater, tris, m., brother. osity. 
 
 fuga, ae, i., flight. amplus, a, um, large, spacious. 
 
 furor, oris, m.,fury. reprehendo, ere, i, hensus, blame. 
 
 initium, i, n., beginning. apud, prep. w. Ace, at, near, among, 
 initium f acid, begin. in the presence of. 
 
 186. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Caesar Dumnorigem, fratrem Divitiaci, cupiditate repre- 
 henderat. 2. Dumnorix magna apud suam civitatem propter 
 llberalitatem gratia^ erat. 3. Equites hostium initium fugae faci- 
 unt. 4. Multis de causis Caesar pontem in Arare facit et ad hostes 
 contendit. 5. Interea in unum locum contenderunt et castra 
 miinire constituerunt. 6. Copias ad fiumen diiximus et hostes ab 
 itinere prohibuimus. 7. Germanl, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, in 
 fines Helvetiorum propter cupiditatem agrorum suas copias tra- 
 ducebant. 8. Castra Romanorum ampla erant, qua de causa 
 hostes discedere constituerunt. 9. ArmTs traditis in deditionem 
 hostes Caesar accipit. 10. Prima hora e castris Helvetiorum ad 
 Rhenum finesque Germanorum contendimus. 
 
 II. I. For many reasons Caesar decided to attack the enemy 
 near the river. 2. The brother of Divitiacus begins (makes a 
 beginning of) a conspiracy. 3. Caesar praised Divitiacus for his 
 generosity, but blamed Dumnorix for his desire of royal-power. 
 4. They had sent messengers to Caesar concerning surrender, 
 because they feared the name of the Roman people. 5. He will 
 receive them into surrender on account of the influence of Divi- 
 tiacus. 6. Caesar ordered them to hasten toward the hill, and 
 keep the enemy from the march. 7. Caesar hastened with all his 
 troops towards the Helvetians, who sent ambassadors to him con- 
 cerning a surrender. 8. The enemy easily defended the town on 
 account of the width of the ditch. 
 
 1 Abl. of quality. See 167. 
 
ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION 77 
 
 LESSON XXXI 
 
 ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION — THE ABLATIVE 
 OF MANNER 
 
 187. Adjectives of the Third Declension have in the Nominative 
 singular either one, two, or three terminations. 
 
 1. Those of two or three terminations have the same number 
 of syllables in the Nominative and Genitive singular, and are 
 vowel stems. 
 
 2. Adjectives of three terminations end in the mascuHne sin- 
 gular in -er, feminine -is, neuter -e. They have regularly -i in 
 the Ablative singular, -ium in the Genitive plural, -es or -is in the 
 Accusative plural of masculines and feminines, and -ia in the 
 Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative plural of neuters. 
 
 188. Acer, acris, acre, keen^ sharp, fierce 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fem. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fem. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N.V. 
 
 acer 
 
 acr-is 
 
 acr-e 
 
 acr-es 
 
 acr-es 
 
 acr-ia 
 
 G. 
 
 acr-is 
 
 acr-is 
 
 acr-is 
 
 acr-ium 
 
 acr-ium 
 
 acr-ium 
 
 D. 
 
 acr-i 
 
 acr-i 
 
 acr-i 
 
 acr-ibus 
 
 acr-ibus 
 
 acr-ibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 acr-em 
 
 acr-em 
 
 acr-e 
 
 acr-es (is) 
 
 acr-es (is) 
 
 acr-ia 
 
 Ab. 
 
 acri 
 
 acr-i 
 
 acr-I 
 
 acr-ibus 
 
 acr-ibus 
 
 acr-ibus 
 
 189. Adjectives of two terminations have but one form for the 
 masculine and feminine. 
 
 
 Facilis, 
 
 facile, easy 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 
 Masc. and Fem. 
 
 Neut, 
 
 Masc. and Fem. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N.V. facil-is 
 
 facil-e 
 
 facil-es 
 
 facil-ia 
 
 G. facil-is 
 
 facil-is 
 
 facil-ium 
 
 facil-ium 
 
 D. facil-i 
 
 facil-i 
 
 facil-ibus 
 
 facil-ibus 
 
 Ac. facil-em 
 
 facil-e 
 
 facil-es (is) 
 
 facil-ia 
 
 Ab. facU-i 
 
 facU-i 
 
 facil-ibus 
 
 facil-ibus 
 
yS THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 190. All other adjectives of the Third Declension are consonant 
 stems, and with the exception of comparatives have but one form 
 for the Nominative singular. A few have -um in the Genitive plural. 
 
 191. 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 Ferax, 
 
 fertile 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 Masc. and Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Masc. and Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N.V. ferax 
 
 ferax 
 
 ferac-es 
 
 ferac-ia 
 
 G. ferac-is 
 
 ferac-is 
 
 ferac-ium 
 
 ferac-ium 
 
 D. ferac-i 
 
 ferac-I 
 
 ferac-ibus 
 
 ferac-ibus 
 
 Ac. ferac-em 
 
 ferax 
 
 ferac-es 
 
 ferac-ia 
 
 Ab. ferac-i(e) 
 
 ferac-i(e) 
 
 ferac-ibus 
 
 ferac-ibus 
 
 Compare the declension of these adjectives with that of nouns 
 of the Third Declension. See 123. 
 
 192. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Cum clamore venerunt, they catne with a shout, 
 
 2. Magna celeritate contenderunt, they hastened with great speed. 
 
 3. Magna cum celeritate contenderunt, they hastened with great 
 
 speed. 
 
 Observe that in i and 3 the Ablative with cum and in 2 the 
 Ablative alone expresses the manner of the action. 
 
 Rule. — The manner in which an act is performed is expressed by 
 a noun in the Ablative with cum when it has no quali- 
 fying adjective, by the Ablative with or without cum 
 when it has a quahfying adjective. 
 
 193. VOCABULARY 
 
 audacia, ae, f., boldnessy daring. equester, tris, tre, equestrian. 
 
 celeritas, atis, f., speed, swiftness. equestres copiae, cavalry forces. 
 
 custos, odis, m. and f., guard. felix, felicis, happy. 
 subsidium, 1, n., help, reinforcement, fortis, e, brave. 
 
 brevis, e, brief short. omnis, e, all, every. 
 
 difficilis, e, difficult, hard. pedester, tris, tre, pedestrian. 
 
 dissimilis, e, unlike^ dissimilar. pedestres copiae, infantry forces, 
 similis, e, like, similar. 
 
 Decline equester, fortis, and felix. 
 
THE FOURTH CONJUGATION 79 
 
 194. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. In fines Aeduorum contenderunt et eorum agros vasta- 
 verunt. 2. Cum clamore per longam et difficilem viam ad fines 
 AUobrogum veniebant. 3. Per brevem facilemque viam suas 
 copias ad coUem altum adduxerat. 4. Pedestres copiae erant 
 Caesari subsidio, equestres copiae impedimento. 5. Sorores simi- 
 les erant, fratres dissimiles. 6. Magna audacia in hostes pede- 
 stres copias duxisti. 7. Ea de causa magnum numerum obsidum 
 postulavimus. 8. Custodes felices erant, quod oppidum defende- 
 rant. 9. Caesar omnes equites audacia laudavit, quod hostes ab 
 itinere prohibebant. 10. Tribus horis miirum audacia militum 
 deleverit. 11. Oppido magna celeritate expiignatOj ciistodes in 
 muro Caesar posuit. 
 
 II. I. The boy is not happy, because the master blames 
 him. 2. All the army hastens from the camp towards the moun- 
 tain. 3. Caesar is a man of great influence among his soldiers. 
 4. The way through our province was easy, through the mountains 
 difficult. 5. The soldiers were brave, because they were fighting 
 in sight of Caesar. 6. The Helvetians will lead their forces with 
 speed across the Rhine to the fertile fields of the Germans. 7. For 
 many reasons Caesar decided to send aid to the Aedui. 
 
 *oi«<oo — 
 
 LESSON XXXII 
 
 THE FOURTH CONJUGATION AND VERBS IN -io OF THE 
 THIRD CONJUGATION, PERFECT SYSTEM — WORD LIST — 
 READING LESSON 
 
 195. Audio, ire, ivi, itus 
 
 Perfect Pluperfect 
 
 / heard, have heard, etc. / had heard, etc. 
 
 SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. 
 
 1. audiv-1 audiv-i-mus audlv-era-m audiv-era-mus 
 
 2. audiv-i-sti audiv-i-stis audiv-era-s audiv-era-tis 
 
 3. audiv-i-t audiv-erimt audiv-era-t audiv-era-nt 
 
80 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 Future Perfect 
 
 / shall have heard, etc. 
 
 SING. PLUR. 
 
 1. audiv-er-6 audiv-eri-mus 
 
 2. audlv-eri-s audiv-eri-tis 
 
 3. audiv-eri-t audiv-eri-nt 
 
 196. Capio, ere, cepi, captus 
 
 Perfect Pluperfect 
 
 / took, have taken, etc. / had taken, etc. 
 
 SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. 
 
 1. cep-i cep-i-mus cep-era-m cep-era-mus 
 
 2. cep-i-sti cep-i-stis cep-era-s cep-era-tis 
 
 3. cep-i-t cep-erunt cep-era-t cep-era-nt 
 
 Future Perfect 
 / shall have taken, etc. 
 SING. PLUR. 
 
 1. cep-er-6 cep-eri-mus 
 
 2. cep-eri-s cep-eri-tis 
 
 3. cep-eri-t cep-eri-nt 
 
 Inflect through the Perfect system facio, facere, feci, factus, 
 and munio, ire, ivi, itus. 
 
 197. VOCABULARY 
 
 lux, lucis, f., light. averts, ere, 1, versus, turn aside. 
 
 prima luce, at daybreak. interdiu, adv., by day. 
 
 profectio, onis, f., departure, setting noctu, adv., by night. 
 
 speculator, oris, m., spy. {out. qua de causa, adv. phr., for this 
 
 timer, oris, m., fear. reason, therefore, why. 
 
 certus, a, um, fixed, certain. quare, adv., wherefore, why. 
 
 198. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. In fines Aeduorum Caesar prima luce pervenit. 2. Specu- 
 latores in fines hostium noctu pervenerunt et agros eorum vasta- 
 verunt. 3. Qua de causa profectionem ex urbe cum omnibus 
 copiis properavit? 4. Helvetii oppida propter timorem incola- 
 rum casteliis muniverant. 5. Saepe interdiii, saepe noctu agmen 
 
WORD LIST 
 
 8i 
 
 per fines Aeduorum duximus. 6. Certa de causa ei ^ timor erat ; 
 quare iter a flumine avertit. 7. Prima luce certo ordine e castris 
 exercitum duxerit et in Helvetios impetum fecerit. 8. Ad portam 
 interdiii pervenerunt, noctu autem in urbem milites duxerunt. 
 
 11. I. He will have turned his march aside from the moun- 
 tains, because the way is narrow and difficult. 2. The scouts 
 came by night into the towns of the Aedui. 3. The Hne of march 
 had not yet a fixed order. 4. He will have arrived at daybreak 
 in the towns of the Aedui, who are friends of the Roman people. 
 5. For a certain reason I have not yet sent the scouts into the 
 camp of the Romans. 6. On account of fear of the enemy he 
 has moved his camp to the river-bank. 7. Why did the scouts 
 come by day into the Roman province ? 
 
 199. 
 
 WORD 
 
 LIST V 
 
 
 *accipio 
 
 Divitiacus 
 
 *interdiu 
 
 *promitt6 
 
 **acer 
 
 *domesticus 
 
 *interscind6 
 
 propter 
 
 **acriter 
 
 *equester 
 
 *itaque 
 
 *pugn6 
 
 **agmen 
 
 *equestres c5pii 
 
 ae **iube5 
 
 *qua de causa 
 
 **ago 
 
 *ex itinere 
 
 **iudex 
 
 *quare 
 
 amplus 
 
 **facile 
 
 lapis 
 
 *remex 
 
 apud 
 
 **facilis 
 
 *latitud5 
 
 *reprehendo 
 
 *audacia 
 
 fellx 
 
 *liberalitas 
 
 **retineo 
 
 **avert5 
 
 ferax 
 
 Liscus 
 
 *sanguis 
 
 brevis 
 
 flagito 
 
 lux 
 
 *senex 
 
 causa 
 
 fons 
 
 *maturus 
 
 *%imilis 
 
 certus 
 
 **fortis 
 
 mensis 
 
 sol 
 
 cis 
 
 **fortiter 
 
 *meus 
 
 soror 
 
 *c5piae domesticae 
 
 frater 
 
 *noctu 
 
 Speculator 
 
 Crassus 
 
 frigus 
 
 *nondum 
 
 *subsidium 
 
 *culpa 
 
 *fuga 
 
 *occido 
 
 *suppet6 
 
 *cust5s 
 
 furor 
 
 *omnis 
 
 *suus 
 
 *deditio 
 
 graviter 
 
 *6rdo 
 
 **teneo 
 
 deleo 
 
 Ignis 
 
 *pedester 
 
 *terre5 
 
 dens 
 
 *incuso 
 
 *pedestres copiae 
 
 **time5 
 
 *dic6 
 
 *initium 
 
 *praebe5 
 
 **timor 
 
 **difficilis 
 
 *initium facio 
 
 *prima luce 
 
 **vertex 
 
 **dissimilis 
 
 integer 
 
 *profectio 
 
 vis 
 
 
 1 See 146. 
 
 
 BEGIN. LAT. BK.— 6 
 
 
 
82 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 200. Reading Lesson 
 
 Dumnorix, frater Divitiaci, vir magna audacia magnaque gratia 
 apud plebem^ propter liberalitatem, initium fugae fecit, Helve- 
 tiosque per fines Sequanorum tradiixit. Eum Caesar ad se^ vo- 
 cavit. Ostendit quae ^ in eo reprehenderet * et ei custodes posuit. 
 Labienum^ legatum cum duabus legionibus ad montem misit. 
 Prima luce niintius ad Caesarem venit, qui dixit : " Hostes montem 
 tenent, vidi enim arma Gallorum." Caesar copias in proximum^ 
 coUem duxit et milites a proelio prohibuit. 
 
 5>©4C 
 
 LESSON XXXIII 
 
 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES — ABLATIVE V^ITH COMPARA- 
 TIVES 
 
 201. As in English, adjectives have three degrees of compari- 
 son, — the positive, comparative, and superlative. Those regularly- 
 compared drop the stem vowel of the positive, if there is one, and 
 add -ior, -ius to form the comparative, and -issimus, a, um, to form 
 the superlative ; but 
 
 1. Adjectives in -er form the superlative by adding -rimns to 
 the Nominative. 
 
 2. Six adjectives in -lis (facilis, easy; difficilis, difficult ; 
 similis, like ; dissimilis, unlike ; gracilis, graceful ; humilis^ 
 humble') form the superlative by adding -limus to the stem after 
 its final vowel has been dropped. 
 
 1 plebem, Ace. sing, of plebs, the common people. 
 
 2 se, himself. 
 
 8 quae, inter, pron. neut., plur., what. 
 
 * reprehenderet, third pers. sing. Imperf. Subj., he blamed. 
 
 ^ Labienus, one of Caesar's lieutenants. 
 
 6 proximum, the next or nearest. 
 
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 
 
 83 
 
 202. Positive 
 
 densus (denso) 
 fortis (forti-) 
 acer (acri) 
 similis (simili) 
 
 Compare : altxis, brevis, difiicilis, liber, potens, vastus, laetus, 
 paratus. 
 
 203. Declension of Comparatives. 
 
 Comparative 
 
 Superlative 
 
 densior 
 
 densissimus 
 
 fortior 
 
 fortissimus 
 
 acrior 
 
 acerrimus 
 
 simillor 
 
 simillimus 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 
 Masc. and Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Masc. and Feu I. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N.V. fortior 
 
 fortius 
 
 fortior-es 
 
 fortior-a 
 
 G. fortior-is 
 
 fortior-is 
 
 fortior-um 
 
 fortior-um 
 
 D. fortior i 
 
 fortior-i 
 
 fortior-ibus 
 
 fortior-ibus 
 
 Ac. fortior-em 
 
 fortius 
 
 fortior-es (is) 
 
 fortior-a 
 
 Ab. forti6r-e(i) 
 
 forti6r-e(i) 
 
 fortior-ibus 
 
 fortior-ibus 
 
 All superlatives are declined like fidus, a, um. 
 
 • 204. Examine the following : 
 
 1. Honor hominibus carior vita est, honor is dearer to men than 
 
 life. 
 
 2. Honor hominibus carior est quam vita, honor is dearer to men 
 
 than life. 
 
 In I vita is in the Ablative case after the comparative carior : 
 in 2 vita is in the Nominative case after carior with quam, than. 
 
 Rule. — The Ablative is used after the comparative when quam is 
 omitted ; but when it is expressed the same case fol. 
 lows as precedes. 
 
 Note. — Quam may be used with any case preceding; it need not be 
 used after the Nominative or Accusative; it must be used after the other cases. 
 
 205. Examine the following : 
 
 1 . Puer erat audacior, the boy was rather bold (or too bold) . 
 
 2. Vir fortissimus erat Caesar, Caesar was a very brave man. 
 
84 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 Rules. — i. The comparative is sometimes used to express a 
 rather high or too high a degree of the quaUty. 
 2. The superlative is often used to express, not the 
 highest, but a very high degree of the quaUty. 
 
 206. VOCABULARY 
 
 honor, oris, m., honor, vastus, a, um, vast. 
 
 mora, ae, f., delay. deduce, ere, duxi, ductus, lead 
 
 tempus, oris, n., time. down. 
 
 audax, acis, bold. introduce, ere, duxl, ductus, lead 
 
 carus, a, run, dear.^ precious. into, introduce. 
 
 paratus, a, -oxn., prepared, ready. postquam, conj., after. 
 
 potens, enXia, pozverful. quam, conj., than. 
 
 207. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Legati ex cTvitatibus multis brevi tempore convenerunt. 
 2. Divitiacus Dumnorige potentior erat. 3. Germani flnitimis 
 fortiores erant. 4. Oppido expugnato, incolae legates sine mora 
 ad Caesarem de deditione miserunt. 5. Pueri sunt miserrimi 
 quod magister semper amicos incusat. 6. Puer audacior est 
 quam senex. 7. Dux erat fellcissimus postquam suas copias 
 magna celeritate ad flumen deduxit.^ 8. ParatI erant breviore 
 tempore convemre. 9. In Galliam Caesar multos et^ fortissimos 
 milites intr5diixit. 10. Puer acerrimus erat, non autem gracilli- 
 mus. 
 
 II. I. Life is very precious^ to all men. 2. In a very short 
 time the enemy hastened to the river. 3. The Aedui were more 
 powerful than their neighbors. 4. The march through the terri- 
 tory of the Aedui was very easy. 5. The legions were a great 
 protection to the city. 6. Caesar was in great honor among the 
 Romans. 7. After they had come together^ into the vast fields 
 they led their forces down to a very wide river. 8. War is dearer 
 to a soldier than peace. 
 
 1 Trans, had led down. ^ See 205, 2. 
 
 2 Omit in translating. * Use the Perf. 
 
THE VERB 
 
 lYSTEM 
 
 85 
 
 LESSON XXXIV 
 
 THE VERB Sum, PERFECT SYSTEM — Possum — THE FIFTH 
 DECLENSION — READING LESSON 
 
 208. 
 
 Sum, esse, fui 
 
 
 Perfect 
 
 Pluperfect 
 
 Future Perfect 
 
 / was, have been, etc. 
 
 / had been, etc. 
 SINGULAR 
 
 / shall have been, etc 
 
 I. fu-i 
 
 fu-era-m 
 
 fu-er-6 
 
 2. fu-i-st3 
 
 fu-era-s 
 
 fu-eri-s 
 
 3. fu-i-t 
 
 fu-era-t 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 fu-eri-t 
 
 I. fu-i-mus 
 
 fu-era-mus 
 
 fu-eri-mus 
 
 2. fu-i-stis 
 
 fu-era-tis 
 
 fu-eri-tia 
 
 3. fu-erunt 
 
 fu-era-nt 
 
 fu-eri-nt 
 
 Observe points of resemblance to verbs of the regular conjuga- 
 tions. 
 
 209. Possimi, / a7n able, I can, is compounded of pot- (potis 
 or pote) and sum. 
 
 
 Possum, posse, potui 
 
 
 Present 
 
 Imperfect 
 
 Future 
 
 / am able, etc. 
 
 / was able, etc. 
 SINGULAR 
 
 I shall be able, Q 
 
 I. pos-sum 
 
 pot-eram 
 
 pot-ero 
 
 2. pot-es 
 
 pot-eras 
 
 pot-eris 
 
 3. pot-est 
 
 pot-erat 
 
 plural 
 
 pot-erit 
 
 I. pos-sumus 
 
 pot-eramus 
 
 pot erimus 
 
 2. pot-estis 
 
 pot-eratis 
 
 pot-eritis 
 
 3. pos-sunt 
 
 pot-erant 
 
 pot-erimt 
 
^6 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 Perfect 
 
 / have been able, etc. 
 
 1. pot-ui 
 
 2. pot-uiati 
 
 3. pot-uit 
 
 1. pot-uimus 
 
 2. pot-uistis 
 
 3. pot-uenint 
 
 Pluperfect 
 / had been able, etc. 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 pot-ueram 
 
 pot-ueras 
 
 pot-uerat 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 pot-ueramus 
 
 pot-ueratis 
 
 pot-uerant 
 
 Future Perfect 
 / shall have been able, etc. 
 
 pot-uero 
 pot-ueris 
 pot-ueiit 
 
 pot-uerimus 
 
 pot-ueritis 
 
 pot-uerint 
 
 210. The Perfect potui is used for pot-fui. Compare this para- 
 digm with that of sum. Note the change of t to s before s, and 
 the dropping of f after t. 
 
 211. The use of the Infinitive with verbs denoting to be able, 
 dare, undertake, hesitate, and the like, which imply a second act 
 of the same subject is called the Complementary Infinitive. Some 
 examples of this usage have already been given. It is exactly in 
 accord with the Enghsh usage. 
 
 212. The Fifth Declension. — The stem ends in e. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table of Ter- 
 
 
 Dies, 
 
 diei, m., day 
 
 Res, rei 
 
 , f., thing 
 
 minations 
 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 N.V. 
 
 dies 
 
 dies 
 
 res 
 
 res 
 
 es 
 
 es 
 
 G. 
 
 die! 
 
 dierum 
 
 rei 
 
 remm 
 
 §1 
 
 erum 
 
 D. 
 
 diei 
 
 diebus 
 
 rei 
 
 rebus 
 
 gi 
 
 ebus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 diem 
 
 dies 
 
 rem 
 
 res 
 
 em 
 
 §s 
 
 Ab. 
 
 die 
 
 diebus 
 
 re 
 
 rebus 
 
 S 
 
 ebuB 
 
 213. Dies and res are the only nouns of the Fifth Declension 
 that are declined throughout. The others are declined in the sin- 
 gular, and a few are found also in the Nominative and Accusative 
 plural. 
 
 Observe that e is long in the Genitive and Dative singular of 
 dies, and short in res. The e of the stem is shortened in the 
 Genitive and Dative singular when it is preceded by a consonant. 
 
THE FIFTH DECLENSION 
 
 87 
 
 214. Gender. — Nouns of the Fifth Declension are feminine with 
 the exception of dies, which is always masculine in the plural, and 
 generally in the singular, except where it refers to some specified 
 time. 
 
 215. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 acies, ei, f., line of battle. 
 Bibracte, is, n., Bibracte. 
 biduum, i, n., space of two days. 
 equus, 1, m., horse. 
 manus, us, f., hand^ band. 
 res, rei, f., thing, fact, affair. 
 scutum, 1, n., shield. 
 confertus, a, um, closely crowded. 
 coniertissimo agmine, in close 
 
 array. 
 triplex, icis, triple. 
 
 comple5, ere, evT, etus, fill com- 
 pletely. 
 
 emitto, ere, misi, missus, send out, 
 let loose. 
 
 instruo, ere, struct, 
 structus, draw up. 
 
 nuntio, are, avi, 
 atus, announce^ 
 proclaim. 
 
 obtineo, ere, ui, 
 
 tentUS, obta in, hold. Scutum 
 
 216. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Bibracte erat oppidum magnum Aeduorum. 2. Caesar 
 iter ab Helvetiis avertit quod copiam frumenti obtinere non po- 
 test. 3. Equites Gallorum eam rem hostibus eo die nuntiaverunt. 
 4. Itaque Helvetii dixerunt : " Roman! bellicosi sunt, eos ab itinere 
 prohibere non possumus." 5. Caesar in colle triplicem aciem 
 quattuor legionum instruxit. 6. In ^ summo colle duas legiones, 
 quas in Gallia conscripserat, disponere potuit. 7. Helvetii con- 
 fertissima acie primam nostram aciem oppugnaverunt. 8. Caesar 
 legates ex conspectu omnium equos abducere iussit. 9. Scuta 
 Gallis magno impedlmento ad pugnam fuerunt. 10. Multi acriter 
 sine scutis pugnare poterant. 11. Itaque scSta e manii emiserunt 
 et sine eis piignaverunt. 12. Multos dies in castris hostium fuerint 
 speculatores. 
 
 II. I. Caesar on that day drew up a triple line of battle, and 
 sent one legion as^ a guard to the baggage. 2. Scouts will an- 
 
 1 On the top of the hill. 
 
 2 Double Dative; see 129. 
 
88 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 nounce this fact to Caesar at daybreak. 3. The Gauls with a 
 closely crowded line of battle hastened toward our camp. 4. We 
 are able to remain a space of two days in the city. 5. Caesar 
 could station two legions as a guard to the camp. 6. They can 
 make a march of two days toward the enemy who are storming 
 the town. 7. The horses of the Gauls were large and beautiful. 
 8. Will you not announce this fact to the soldiers who are letting 
 loose the horses in the camp? 9. They cannot fight without 
 shields. 
 
 217. Reading Lesson 
 
 Caesar, quod exercitui copia friimenti non erat, iter ab Helve- 
 tiis avertit et Bibracte/ ad oppidum magnum Aeduorum, contendit. 
 Ea re hostibus per equites nuntiata/ Helvetii quoque iter suum 
 avertere constituunt. Caesar in medio colle^ triplicem aciem 
 quattuor legionum Tnstruxit ; duas enim, quas in GaUia proxime * 
 conscripserat, praesidio impedlmentis disposuerat. Galli fortiter 
 acriterque piignaverunt, Roman! autem magna virtiite audaciaque 
 contenderunt et multos hostium ^ interf ecerunt. 
 
 3j*^< 
 
 LESSON XXXV 
 
 THE FIRST CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE — THE ABLATIVE 
 
 OF MEANS 
 
 218. The passive voice in the Latin corresponds in general to 
 the passive in English. 
 
 219. The principal parts of a verb in the passive voice are the 
 first person singular of the Pres. Ind., the Pres. Inf., and the first 
 person singular of the Perf. Ind. : vocor, vocari, vocatus sum. 
 
 1 ad is omitted after verbs of motion with names of towns; hastens to 
 Bibracte. ^ Abl. Abs, ^ on the middle of the hill. ^ last, most recently. 
 ^ many of the enemy. 
 
THE FIRST CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE 
 
 89 
 
 220. 
 
 Present 
 / ajfi called, etc. 
 voc-o-r 
 
 Imperfect 
 I was called, etc. 
 voca-ba-r 
 
 Future Termina- 
 
 tions OF 
 / shall be called, etc. THE PASSIVE 
 
 voca-bo-r 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 -r 
 
 2. voca-ris(re) voca-ba-ris(re) voca-be-ris(re) -ris, -re 
 
 3. voca-tur voca-ba-tur voca-bi-tur -tur 
 
 1. voca-mur voca-ba-mur voca-bi-mur -mur 
 
 2. voca-mini voca-ba-mini voca-bi-mini -mini 
 voca-ba-ntur voca-bu-ntur -ntur 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 3. voca-ntur 
 
 Perfect 
 
 / have been called, 
 etc. 
 
 1. voca-t-us sum 
 
 2. voca-t-us es 
 
 3. voca-t-us est 
 
 1. voca-t-i sumus 
 
 2. voca-t-i estis 
 
 3. voca-t-i sunt 
 
 Pluperfect 
 
 / had been called, 
 etc. 
 
 voca-t-us eram 
 
 voca-t-us eras 
 
 voca-t-us erat 
 
 voca-t-i eramus 
 
 voca-t-i eratis 
 
 voca-t-i erant 
 
 Future Perfect 
 
 / shall have been called, 
 etc. 
 
 voca-t-us ero 
 
 voca-t-us eris 
 
 voca-t-us erit 
 
 voca-t-i erimus 
 
 voca-t-i eritis 
 
 voca-t-i erunt 
 
 221. Observe that the tense signs in the Present, Imperfect, and 
 Future are the same as in the active voice, and that the Perfect, 
 Pluperfect, and Future Perfect are formed by combining the Per- 
 fect passive participle with the Present, Imperfect, and Future 
 of sum. 
 
 222. In the preceding paradigm the participle has, for con- 
 venience, been given in the masculine only ; but it is declined 
 like fidus, and must agree with the subject in gender, number, 
 and case. 
 
 223. Notice the change of the tense sign bi in the Future 
 to b in the first person singular, be in the second person singular, 
 and bu in the third person plural. 
 
 Inflect armo and exspecto in the passive voice. 
 
 224. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Telis agricolas armant, they arm the farmers with weapons. 
 
 2. Pilo miles pugnaverat, the soldier had fought with a javelin, 
 
 Telis and pilo are in the Ablative case, and denote the means 
 or instrument of an action. 
 
90 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 Rule. — The means or instrument of an action is expressed by 
 the Ablative case without a preposition. 
 
 225. VOCABULARY 
 
 fruges, mn, f. pi., produce, fruits (of vallum, I, n., rampart, wall, 
 
 field). appello, are, avi, atus, call, name. 
 
 gladius, 1, m., sword. fleo, ere, flevi, fletus, weep, cry. 
 
 iuvo, are, iuvi, iutus, assist. 
 
 xmm. 
 
 posco, ere, poposci, — , demand. 
 TiLADius restituo, ere, I, utus, restore. 
 
 Iiem5, — , Dat., nemini, m., no one. supersuiu, esse, fui, futuius, be 
 triduum, i, n., space of three days. over, survive. 
 
 226. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. In eo loco imperatori mora tridui erat quod milites gla- 
 diis scutisque armabantur. 2. Ab hora septima ad vesperum 
 piignatum est.^ 3. Legati flebant et pacem ab Caesare petebant. 
 4. Nauta pilis scutoque non armatur. 5. Suo adventii Caesar 
 obsides armaque poposcit. 6. Impedimenta mllitum iumentis 
 carrisque portata sunt. 7. Reliquis omnibus in deditionem ac- 
 ceptis, Caesar Helvetios oppida vicosque restituere iussit. 8. Mili- 
 tes qui superfuerunt telis acriter pugnaverunt et proelio facto 
 magnis itineribus quarto die in fines amicorum pervenerunt. 
 9. Nemo eo die friimento iiitus est. 10. Piignatum erit ab hora 
 tertia ad vesperum. 
 
 II. I. The girl was weeping on account of the death of her 
 brother. 2. No one could assist the Helvetians with grain. 
 3. The fruits of the field were being laid waste. 4. Caesar will 
 demand many hostages. 4. Our soldiers were armed with swords 
 and shields, and fought bravely for many hours. 5. The fields of 
 the Aedui had been laid waste. 6. From this battle not many 
 survived, because of the bravery of our soldiers. 7. The bridge 
 will have been seized within two hours. 8. The baggage will be 
 carried into the camp by beasts of burden. 
 
 1 they fought, lit. it was fought 
 
PREPOSITIONS 91 
 
 227. Reading Lesson 
 
 Ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum est; nemo autem 
 aversum ^ hostem videre potuit. In eo proelio Orgetorigis filiam 
 et unum^ e filiis nostri milites ceperunt, et multos interfecerunt. 
 Hominum^ milia CXXX qui superfuerunt magnis itineribus in 
 fines Lingonum* contenderunt ibique quarto die pervenerunt. 
 Lingones autem eos non iuvare fmmento, propter niintios qu5s 
 Caesar miserat, potuerunt. Helvetii, omnium rerura inopia ad- 
 ducti, legates ad eum de deditione miserunt. Armis obsidibusque 
 traditis, Caesar eos in deditionem accepit et oppida vicosque 
 quos^ deleverant eos restituere iussit. 
 
 LESSON XXXVI 
 
 PREPOSITIONS— THE ABLATIVE OF THE AGENT 
 
 228. Prepositions in Latin are properly used with but two cases, 
 the Accusative and the Ablative. 
 
 Some govern the Accusative only, some the Ablative only, and 
 some the Accusative or Ablative with a difference of meaning. 
 
 229. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Ab urbe properavit, he hastened from the city, 
 
 2. Ex urbe properavit, he hastened out of the city. 
 
 3. In urbem venit, he came into the city. 
 
 4. In urbe manebat, he remained in the city. 
 
 5. Sub pontem venit, he came under the bridge. 
 
 6. Sub ponte manebat, he remained under the bridge. 
 
 1 the back of an enemy, lit. an enemy turned away. ^ oj^g of his sons. ^ one 
 hundred and thirty thousand men. * the Lingones. ^ which : quos agrees 
 with vicos, its nearest antecedent, but belongs in thought to oppida also. 
 
92 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 Rules. — i . Ab is used where motion away from a place is indi- 
 cated. 
 
 2. Ex is used where motion out of a place is indicated. 
 
 3. In and sub govern the Accusative with verbs of 
 
 motion, the Ablative with verbs of rest. 
 Note. — You have already learned many of the prepositions, together with 
 the cases governed by them. Note those given above as governing either the 
 Accusative or Ablative. Recall those governing the Ablative only, and add to 
 them pro, for^ before, in behalf of and coram, in the presence of; you will 
 then have learned the most important ones governing the Ablative. All 
 others given in this book govern the Accusative. 
 
 230. Examine the following : — 
 
 Milites a Caesare convocati sunt, the soldiers were called together 
 by Caesar. 
 
 Observe the use of a with Caesare to express the agent of the 
 action. 
 
 Rule. — The voluntary agent of an action is expressed by a or ab 
 with the Ablative case. 
 Notice the one point of difference between this usage and the 
 Ablative of means or instrument. See 224. 
 
 231. VOCABULARY 
 
 campus, i, vcv., field, plain. tutus, a, um, safe. 
 
 capra, ae, f., goat. descends, ere, i, scensus, descend. 
 
 lupus, 1, m., wolf inquit, he says, 3d pers. sing, of de- 
 pabulum, 1, x\., fodder, forage. fective verb. 
 
 riipes, is, f., rock, cliff. relinquo, ere, liqui, lictus, leave. 
 
 dulcis, e, siveet, pleasant. responded, ere, spondi, sponsus, 
 herbidus, a, um, grassy. reply, answer. 
 
 nudus, a, um, naked, bare. cur, adv., why. 
 
 sterilis, e, sterile, barren. hue, adv., hither, to this place. 
 
 232. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Capra in campum herbidum venit. 2. Lupus capram 
 in alta rupe vidit. 3. "Cur non," inquit^ lupus, "relinquis illa^ 
 
 1 Placed regularly in the midst of a direct quotation. 2 i^ose. 
 
f 
 
 READING LESSON 93 
 
 sterilia loca et hue in amplos pulchrosque campos descendis ? " 
 4. " Non relinquam hunc locum tutum," respondit capra, " neque 
 in herbidos campos descendam." 5. Rupes, in qua capra erat, 
 appellata est a liipo locus nudus et sterilis. 6. Castra relique- 
 runt quod montes ab hostibus tenebantur. 7. Sub rupe in campo 
 herbido erat dulce pabulum. 8. Num capram reprehendimus 
 quod ab rupe non descendit? 9. Rupes tuta a capra laudata 
 est. 10. Pabulum in amplo herbidoque campo a lupo dulce 
 appellatum est. 
 
 II. I. Goats often leave the naked and barren cliffs and 
 descend into the grassy plains. 2. "There is good forage," 
 says the wolf, " in the broad fields." 3. Why were the sol- 
 diers praised by their commander? 4. We saw two goats on a 
 high and barren rock. 5. I will descend into the grassy plain 
 because there is sweet forage there. 6. On the third day the 
 grain will be brought from the fields into the cities. 7. We have 
 come hither to the camp because the towns have been attacked 
 by the enemy. 8. The town which was assaulted by the soldiers 
 was called Bibracte. 9. The soldiers will be called together from 
 the towns into the camp by their commander. 
 
 233. Reading Lesson : Capra et Lupus 
 
 Lupus capram in alta rupe stantem ^ conspicatus,^ " Cur non," 
 inquit, "relinquis nuda ilia et sterilia loca et hue descendis in 
 herbidos campos, qui tibi^ laetum* pabulum offerunt^?" Cui* 
 respondit capra : " Mihi ^ non est in animo duleia tiitis praepo- 
 nere.^ " 
 
 ^ stantem, standing, Pres. part, of sto, stand, agreeing with capram. 
 
 2 conspicatus, Perf. part, of conspicor, having seen. 
 
 3 tibi, to you. ^ cui, to whom. Translate to him, 
 * laetum, pleasant. "* mihi, to me. 
 
 ^ offer. 8 praeponere, to prefer. 
 
94 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 LESSON XXXVII 
 
 IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 
 
 234. Some adjectives are irregularly compared. The following 
 is a list of the most important : — 
 
 Positive 
 
 bonus, good 
 magnus, large, great 
 malus, bad 
 multua, much 
 parvus, small 
 
 Comparative Superlative 
 
 melior, better optimus,! best 
 
 maior,2 larger, greater maximus, largest, greatest 
 
 peior, worse pessimus,^ ivorst 
 
 plus, more plurimus, most 
 
 minor, smaller, less minimus, smallest, least 
 
 235.'' Some comparatives and superlatives are formed from 
 prepositions or adverbs and have no real positive. 
 
 cis, citra, prep., on this citerior, hither citimus, hither most 
 
 side 
 
 in, intra, prep., within interior, inner 
 
 prae, pro, prep., before prior, former 
 
 prope, adv., near propior, nearer 
 
 ultra, adv., ^<fj/£'«ar vl\.&i\ox, farther 
 
 intimus, inmost 
 primus, y?rj/ 
 pro2dmus, nearest, next 
 ultimus, farthest 
 
 236.'* The positive forms of the following seldom occur. 
 
 (exterus) 
 (inferus) 
 (posterus) 
 (superus) 
 
 exterior, outer 
 inferior, lower 
 posterior, latter 
 superior, higher 
 
 237. Examine the following : — 
 Interior Gallia, the interior of Gaul. 
 
 extremus, outmost 
 iniimus, lozvest 
 postremus, last 
 supremus or summus, 
 highest 
 
 Summus mons, the top of the 
 
 mountain. 
 
 1 Associate with this optimist. 
 
 2 mai5res = ancestors. 
 
 8 Associate with \\i\% pessimist. 
 
 * The teacher should use his judgment as to how many of these should be 
 required. 
 
fr 
 
 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 95 
 
 Rule. — Adjectives of order and succession, including superlatives 
 and some comparatives, denote what part of an object 
 is meant. 
 
 238. From senex, old man, and iuvenis, young man, come the 
 comparatives senior, elder, and iunior, younger. 
 
 239. VOCABULARY 
 
 calamitas, atis, f., calamity, disaster, iracundus, a, um, irritable, passion- 
 equitatus, us, m., cavalry. ate. 
 
 f abula, ae, f., story, fable. Smitto, ere, misi, missus, send 
 imperiiun, 1, n., command, order, gov- away, lose. 
 
 ernment. sustined, ere, ui, tentus, sustain, 
 senatus, us, m., senate. endure. 
 
 barbarus, a, um, barbarous. diu, adv., long, for a long time. 
 
 ferus, a, um, wild. diutius, adv., longer. 
 
 240. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Fabula de capra et lupo optima pulcherrimaque ^ est. 
 2. In silvls Germanorum erant multa et fera animalia. 3, Calami- 
 tate maxima accepta, omnem equitatum et omnes copias pedes- 
 tres in castra rediixit.* 4. " Imperia Caesaris," inquit, " diiitius 
 sustinere non possumus." 5. Dux Germanorum est homo barba- 
 rus iracundusque cuius imperia diil sustinemus. 6. Omnem sena- 
 tum omnemque equitatum amiserunt. 7. Imperia ducis mllitibus 
 a legatls niintiata sunt. 8. Summus collis a copiis pedestribus 
 occupatus est. 9. In citeriorem Galliam maxima cum celeritate 
 contendit. 10. Soror meliore animo est quam frater. 11. In 
 proximo colle acriter pugnatum est. 12. Iunior est puer amico 
 suo, senior sorore. 
 
 II. I. The best men were violently accused by their irritable 
 and barbarous leaders. 2. Our ancestors were of greater courage 
 than authority.^ 3. The chiefs of Gaul feared the Germans, with 
 whom they had contended in very many battles. 4. The Gauls 
 had lost all their senate and all their cavalry. 5. We cannot 
 
 1 See 205, 2. 2 j^fgr meaning. ^ See 157. 
 
96 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 longer endure the orders of that barbarous and passionate man. 
 6. You have received a very great disaster on the middle of the 
 hill, and lost all your cavalry. 7. The top of the mountain was 
 being seized by the forces of the enemy. 8. " The story of the 
 goat and the wolf," says he, " is very beautiful." 9. " The forces 
 of Caesar are in farther Gaul," says he, " and will hasten into 
 winter quarters." 10. Our ancestors were very brave and good 
 men. 
 
 241. 
 
 Reading Lesson 
 
 Bello Helvetiorum confecto, legati Galliae, principes civitatum, 
 ad Caesarem convenerunt. Auxilium ab eo petierunt^ quod Ger- 
 manos timebant. Pro his ^ Divitiacus locutus est : ^ " Multi Ger- 
 man! in Gallia sunt, quibuscum^ saepe contendimus. Maximam 
 calamitatem accepimus. Omnem senatum omnemque equitatum 
 amisimus. Ariovistus eorum rex est, homo barbarus et iracundus. 
 Eius imperia diutius sustinere non possumus. Ad te^ venimus 
 auxilium rogatum.^ 
 
 LESSON XXXVIII 
 
 THE SECOND CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE — WORD LIST 
 
 242. 
 
 
 Princ. Parts, 
 
 moneor, moneri, monitus sum 
 
 
 
 Present 
 
 iMrERFECT 
 
 Future 
 
 
 
 f am advised, etc. 
 
 I was advised, etc. 
 
 / shall be advised, etc. 
 
 
 I. 
 
 mone-o-r 
 
 mone-ba-r 
 
 mone-bo-r 
 
 SING. 
 
 2. 
 
 mone-ris(re) 
 
 mone-ba-ris(re) 
 
 mone-be-ris(re) 
 
 
 3- 
 
 mone-tur 
 
 mone-ba-tur 
 
 mone-bi-tur 
 
 
 I'' 
 
 mone-mur 
 
 mone-ba-mur 
 
 mone-bi-mur 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 2. 
 
 mone-mini 
 
 mone-ba-mini 
 
 mone bi-mini 
 
 
 3- 
 
 mone-ntur 
 
 mone-ba-ntur 
 
 mone-bu-ntur 
 
 1 sought. 2 iijg^ these ; Abl. pi. of hie, this one. 
 
 spoke. 
 
 ith 
 
 •whom ; cum is often attached to pronouns. ^ you. ^ rogatum, to ask; the 
 supine (a form to be explained later) of the verb rogo. It expresses purpose. 
 
THE SECOND CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE 
 
 97 
 
 Perfect 
 
 I was or have been advised, 
 etc. 
 
 f I. moni-t-us sum 
 SING. 2. moni-t-us es 
 3. moni-t-us est 
 
 moni-t-i sxunus 
 PLUR. \ 2. moni-t-i estis 
 3. moni-t-i sunt 
 
 Pluperfect 
 
 / had been advised, 
 etc. 
 
 moni-t-us eram 
 moni-t-us eras 
 moni-t-us erat 
 
 moni-t-i eramus 
 moni-t-i eratis 
 moni-t-i erant 
 
 Future Perfect 
 
 I shall have been advised, 
 etc. 
 
 moni-t-us ero 
 moni-t-us eris 
 moni-t-us erit 
 
 moni-t-i erimus 
 moni-t-i eritis 
 moni-t-i erunt 
 
 243. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Concordia, ae, f., concord, harmony. 
 discidium, i, n., quarrel, dispute. 
 fera, ae, f., wild beast 
 fletus, us, m., weeping. 
 incursio, onis, f., attack^ incursion. 
 pratum, i, n., meadoxv. 
 puella, ae, f., girl. 
 singuli, ae, a, one by one. 
 
 adsum, esse, fui, futurus, be near, 
 
 assist (with Dat.). 
 doced, ere, ui, tus, teach. 
 lanio, are, avi, atus, tear in pieces, 
 
 mangle. 
 narrd, are, avi, atus, narrate, tell. 
 peto, ere, ivi, itus, seek, beg, attack 
 
 (Fourth Conj. in Perf. system). 
 
 244. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Tres boves in uno prato erant. 2. Concordia apud eos 
 maxima erat. 3. Qua de causa ab omnT ferarum incursione 
 tuti erant. 4. Propter autem discidium singuli a feris laniati 
 sunt. 5. Omnes qui aderant magno fletii auxilium a Caesare 
 petebant. 6. Dumnorix a Caesare monitus est, coniiirationem 
 autem contra populum Romanum faciebat. 7. A magistro fabula 
 pulcherrima narrabitur. 8. Concordia dulcis est, discidium autem 
 apud amicos non est bonum. 9. PuerT a magistris docentur. 
 10. Multa oppida hostium a Caesare delebuntur. 
 
 II. I. The farmer was driving his oxen to the river. 2. One 
 had been torn in pieces by the wild beasts. 3. A beautiful fable 
 about three oxen was told that day by the master. 4. The soldiers 
 had not been warned about the danger in the woods. 5. The girl 
 was praised, but her brother says : " The girls are always praised, 
 
 begin, lat. bk. — 7 
 
98 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 the boys never (are)." 6. The enemy had been frightened by the 
 name of the Roman people. 7. Many towns had been destroyed 
 by Caesar. 8. You were hindered by the weeping of your friends. 
 
 245. 
 
 
 WORD LIST VI 
 
 
 * 
 
 *acies 
 
 *c6nfertus 
 
 **fruges 
 
 mora 
 
 *res 
 
 **adsum 
 
 *cur 
 
 gladius 
 
 narro 
 
 *respondeo 
 
 **amitto 
 
 **deduc6 
 
 gracilis 
 
 *nem6 
 
 *restitu6 
 
 *appello 
 
 *descend6 
 
 herbidus 
 
 nudus 
 
 rupes 
 
 *audax 
 
 *discidium 
 
 honor 
 
 *nuntio 
 
 scutum 
 
 barbarus 
 
 **diu 
 
 *huc 
 
 *obtineo 
 
 *senatus 
 
 Bibracte 
 
 **diutius 
 
 humilis 
 
 *pabulum 
 
 *singuli 
 
 **biduum 
 
 doceo 
 
 *imperium 
 
 *pet5 
 
 sterilis 
 
 bos 
 
 dulcis 
 
 *incursi6 
 
 *posc6 
 
 *st6 
 
 calamitas 
 
 **e mitts 
 
 inquit 
 
 **possum 
 
 **supersum 
 
 campus 
 
 **equitatus 
 
 instruo 
 
 **postquam 
 
 *sustine6 
 
 capra 
 
 **equus 
 
 **intr6duco 
 
 **potens 
 
 tempus 
 
 *carus 
 
 fabula 
 
 *Iracundns 
 
 *praep6no 
 
 **triduum 
 
 *celeritas 
 
 **fera 
 
 iuvo 
 
 pratum 
 
 **triplex 
 
 *cel6 
 
 **ferus 
 
 lania 
 
 *puella 
 
 tutus 
 
 *comple6 
 
 **fle6 
 
 lupus 
 
 **quam 
 
 *vallum 
 
 *concordia 
 
 **fletus 
 
 *manus 
 
 *relinqu6 
 
 *vastus 
 
 246. 
 
 Reading Lesson : Tres Boves 
 
 In eodem^ prato erant boves tres qui in maxima concordia 
 pascebantur,^ et sic^ ab omni ferarum incursione tuti erant. Sed 
 discidio inter illos orto/ singuli a feris petiti et laniati sunt. 
 
 P'abula docet quantum boni sit^ in concordia. 
 
 1 the same. ^ used to feed : the form will be explained later. 
 * having risen among them. ^ how much good there is. 
 
 3 thus. 
 
PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES 
 
 99 
 
 LESSON XXXIX 
 
 PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES — REVIEW OF COMPARISON 
 
 5 
 
 547. 
 
 UUus, any 
 
 
 Uter, which {of two) 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fein. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N. 
 
 uUus 
 
 uUa 
 
 uUum 
 
 Uter 
 
 utra 
 
 Utrum 
 
 G. 
 
 uUius 
 
 ullius 
 
 uUius 
 
 utrius 
 
 utrius 
 
 utrius 
 
 D. 
 
 Ulll 
 
 ulli 
 
 ulll 
 
 utri 
 
 utrl 
 
 utri 
 
 Ac. 
 
 uUum 
 
 uUam 
 
 uUum 
 
 utrum 
 
 utram 
 
 utrum 
 
 Ab. 
 
 ullo 
 
 ulla 
 
 ullo 
 
 utro 
 
 utra 
 
 utro 
 
 248. In the plural these adjectives are declined like fidus and 
 puloher, respectively. Observe that the Genitive singular of all 
 genders ends in -ius, that the Dative singular ends in -i, and that 
 in all other points these adjectives correspond to other o- and a- 
 stems. Note the exception in quantity in -ius. Review the com- 
 parison of adjectives, Lessons XXXIII and XXXVII. Learn the 
 following list of adjectives declined as above : — 
 
 alius, a, ud, another totus, a, um, whole alter, era, erum, the other 
 
 nuUus, a, um, no, no one uUus, a, um, any neuter, tra, trum, neither 
 solus, a, um, alone, only unus, a, um, one uter, tra, trum, which (of two) 
 
 Observe the peculiar form of the neuter in alius. 
 
 249. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Ariovistus, i, m., Ariovistus. 
 
 adrogantia, ae, f., insolence. 
 
 commeatus, us, m., supplies, provi- 
 sions. 
 
 conloquium, I, n., conference, dia- 
 logue. 
 
 consanguineus, i, m., relative, kins- 
 man. 
 
 fortuna, ae, i., fortune. 
 
 negotium,, I, n., business, trouble. 
 
 nihil, n., indec, nothing. 
 salus, utis, f., safety. 
 spes, spei, f., hope. 
 spiritus, us, m., pride, spirit. 
 alius . . . alius, one . . . another. 
 alter . . . alter, the one . . . the other. 
 tristis, e, sad. 
 
 omnmo, adv., at all, all together. 
 consuesco, ere, suevi, suetus, be 
 accustomed. 
 
lOO THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 250. Notice the difference between alius . . . alius and 
 alter . . . alter. 
 
 251. Examine the following: — 
 
 Alius aliam in partem properavit, one hastened in one direction^ 
 another in another. 
 
 Rule. — Alius and alter repeated in another case express briefly a 
 double statement. 
 
 252. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Alii.bellum acriter gesserunt, alii saliitem fuga petierunt. 
 2. Alter! gladium dedit, alter! sciitum. 3. Neutrius fortuna erat 
 bona. 4. Sequan! sol! nihil responderunt, sed tristes in conloquio 
 manebant. 5. Fortuna Sequanorum erat gravior quam reliquo- 
 rum.^ 6. Spiritus Ariovisti erat magnus, adrogantia autem maior. 
 7. German! suas copias trans Rhenum diicere consuescunt, et in 
 Galliam venire. 8. Alias in partes GalHae vemre constituo, alias 
 autem in partes venire non possum. 9. Alius aliud^ respondit. 
 10. Magno commeatii magnoque neg5tio m!lites iinum in locum 
 diixit. 
 
 II. I . The soldier was not at all brave, but fled into the woods. 
 2. One ^ hastened to the hill, another ran down to the sea. 3. The 
 one was accustomed to lead his army without provisions, the other 
 carried supplies on carts with great trouble. 4. They had chosen 
 for a conference, a place on the hill. 5. The man's arrogance 
 was very great, for he had been called a friend of the Roman 
 people. 6. The pride of the one was great, of the other greater. 
 
 7. The kinsmen of Orgetorix were accustomed to fight bravely. 
 
 8. They will place all hope of safety in flight. 9. They gave 
 hostages to no one. 
 
 1 than (that) of the rest, pred. Gen. with erat understood. 
 
 2 See 251. 
 
 ^ See alius in the Vocabulary and 250. 
 
FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 1 01 
 
 253. Reading Lesson 
 
 Sequani in conloquio nihil responderunt, sed tristes manebant. 
 Divitiacus autem pro iis respondit : " Fortiina Sequanorum est gra- 
 vior reliquorum, quod Ariovistus in eorum fines suas copias intro- 
 duxit et omnia eorum oppida occupavit. Qua de causa eius 
 adrogantia spiritusque magnus^ erat." Multis de causis Caesar 
 legatos ad eum de conloquio mittere constituit, quibus legatis 
 Ariovistus respondit: "Ad Caesarem non veniam, nam^ neque 
 sine magno exercitii in eas partes Galliae, quas Caesar occupavit, 
 venire audeo,^ neque exercitum sine magno commeatii et negotio 
 in unum locum contrahere ^ possum. 
 
 LESSON XL 
 
 FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 
 
 254. Formation of Adverbs. — Examine the following : — 
 
 Adjective Adverb 
 
 1. cams (caro-), dear care, dearly 
 pulcher (pulchro-), beautiful pulchre, beautifully 
 
 Observe that adverbs are formed from adjectives of the first and 
 second declension by changing -o of the stem to -e. 
 
 2. acer (acri-), sharp acriter, sharply 
 lenis (leni-), smooth Igniter, smoothly 
 prudens (prudent-) , /r«</<f«/ prudenter, /r«^<?«//j/ 
 
 Observe that adverbs are formed from adjectives of the third 
 declension by adding -ter to the stem. Stems in -nt drop -t 
 before -ter. 
 
 3. multus, much multum, much 
 subitus, sudden subito, suddenly 
 facilis, easy facile, easily 
 
 1 magnus erat is used in agreement with spiritus and connected in 
 thought with adrogantia also. "^for. ^ I dare. '^ bring together. 
 
102 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 Sometimes the neuter Accusative singular is used as an ad- 
 verb : multum, facile ; sometimes the neuter Ablative singular : 
 subito. 
 
 255. The comparative of the adverb is the same as the neuter 
 comparative of the adjective. The superlative is formed by changing 
 the final -o of the stem of the adjective in the superlative to -e. 
 
 256. Learn the following : — 
 
 Positive 
 
 Comparative 
 
 Superlative 
 
 acriter 
 
 acrius 
 
 acerrime 
 
 care 
 
 carius 
 
 carisBime 
 
 facile 
 
 facilius 
 
 facillime 
 
 prudenter 
 
 priidentius 
 
 prudentissime 
 
 pulchre 
 
 pulchriuB 
 
 pulcherrime 
 
 257. If the adjective is compared irregularly, the same irregu- 
 larities will occur in the comparison of the adverb. 
 
 258. Learn the following, and review the comparison of adjec- 
 tives. Lesson XXXVII. 
 
 bene, well 
 male, ill 
 
 multum, muck 
 parum, not enough 
 
 melius, better 
 peius, xvorse 
 magis, more 
 plus, more 
 minus, less 
 
 optime, best 
 pessime, worst 
 maxime, most, especially 
 plurimum, most 
 minime, least 
 
 Note resemblances to the adjectives compared in 234. 
 
 259. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 haedus, i, m., kid. timidus, a, um, timid. 
 
 mandatum, i, n., command, instruc- maledico, ere, dixi, dictus, revile. 
 
 tions. 
 responsum, i, n., reply, response. 
 tectum, 1, n., roof. 
 vectigal, alis, n., tax, revenue. 
 deterior, ius, adj. in comp., worse, 
 
 of less value. 
 
 rail at (with Dat.). 
 
 reddo, ere, didi, ditus, render, re- 
 turn, give back. 
 
 iterum, adv., again, a second time. 
 
FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS IO3 
 
 260. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Caesar Ariovisto vectigalia deteriora fecit. 2. Haedus, 
 qui in tecto domus erat, lupo maxime maledlxit. 3. Locus et 
 tempus homines timidos audaces reddit.^ 4. Els responsTs audi- 
 tis iterum oppida hostium audacius oppiignaverunt. 5. Ariovistus 
 obsides, quos ab Aeduis habuit, non reddidit. 6. EquTs emissis 
 acerrime cum hostibus equites contendebant. 7. German! multo 
 acrius quam finitimi cum hostibus contendunt quod eis vires cor- 
 poris maiores sunt. 8. Oppidum facilUme deletum est quod inco- 
 lae non fortiter defenderunt. 
 
 II. I. He will very easily make the revenues of Ariovistus of 
 less value. 2. When these commands had again been given 
 (Abl. Abs.), he suddenly fled with the greatest swiftness to the 
 river. 3. To praise is better ^ than to revile. 4. He acts more 
 prudently than his friend, because he fears no one. 5. Kids are 
 very timid, but time and place very often render them bold. 
 6. The supplies from home were not large, therefore they de- 
 manded ripe grain. 7. On account of the cold they came together 
 and hastened into winter quarters beyond the river. 8. We 
 arrived easily on that day in the territory of the Germans. 
 
 261. Reading Lesson ^ : Haedus et Lupus 
 
 Haedus stans* in tecto domus, lupo praetereunti* maledlxit. 
 Cui® lupus, "Non tii," inquit, *'sed tectum mihi^ maledicit." 
 Saepe locus et tempus homines timidos audaces reddit. 
 
 1 The singular is used because the two subjects are so closely associated in 
 thought as to form one idea. 
 
 2 Use neut. sing. comp. of bonus. 
 
 3 From this time on, in both reading lessons and exercises, occasional words 
 not found in the special vocabularies will be used. These should be sought in 
 the general vocabularies at the end of the book. 
 
 * Pres. part, of sto, standing. 
 
 5 From praetered, pass by^ Dat. sing, of Pres. Part., agreeing with lupo. 
 
 6 To him, lit. to whom. 
 
 ^ mihi, Dat. sing, of pers. pron., to me. Translate by me simply. 
 
04 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 LESSON XLI 
 
 THE THIRD CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE — SIMPLE FORMS 
 OF INDIRECT DISCOURSE 
 
 Regor, / a?n ruled 
 Princ. Parts, regor, regi, rectus sum 
 
 SING. 
 
 Present 
 / am ruled, etc. 
 
 1. rego-r 
 
 2. rege-ris (re) 
 
 3. regi-tur 
 
 1. regi-mur 
 
 2. regi-mini 
 
 3. regu-ntur 
 
 Imperfect 
 / was ruled, etc. 
 rege-ba-r 
 rege-ba-ris (re) 
 rege-ba-tur 
 rege-ba-mur 
 rege-ba-mini 
 rege-ba-ntur 
 
 Future 
 / shall be ruled, etc. 
 rega-r 
 
 rege-ris (re) 
 rege-tur 
 rege-mur 
 rege-mini 
 rege-ntur 
 
 PERFEcr Pluperfect Future Perfect 
 
 / was or have been ruled, etc. / had been ruled, etc. / shall have been ruled, etc. 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 1. rec-t-us sum 
 
 2. rec-t-us es 
 
 3. rec-t-us est 
 
 1. rec-t-i siunus 
 
 2. rec-t-i estis 
 
 3. rgc-t-i sunt 
 
 rec-t-us eram 
 rec-t-us eras 
 rec-t-us erat 
 rec-t-i eramus 
 rec-t-i eratis 
 rgc-t-i erant 
 
 rec-t-us ero 
 rec-t-us eris 
 rec-t-us erit 
 rec-t-i erimus 
 rec-t-i eritis 
 rec-t-i erunt 
 
 For changes in the stem vowel, see 128. Notice the formation 
 of the Present Infinitive passive in this conjugation. 
 
 263. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Milites pugnant fortiter, the soldiers fight bravely, 
 
 2. Dicit milites pugnare fortiter, he says that the soldiers fight 
 
 bravely. 
 
 3. Dux castra movet, the leader moves the camp, 
 
 4. Videt ducem castra movere, he sees that the leader is moving 
 
 the camp. 
 
 5 . Vidit ducem castra movere, he saw that the leader was moving 
 
 the camp. 
 
SIMPLE FORMS OF INDIRECT DISCOURSE 105 
 
 Rule. — Statements after verbs and other expressions of saying, 
 thinking, perceiving and the Uke are expressed by the 
 Infinitive with a subject in the Accusative. 
 
 Observe in 5 the change in tense in the EngUsh translation of 
 movere after a verb of past time in the Latin. 
 
 Note. — The subject of the indirect discourse will be more fully discussed 
 later. 
 
 264. VOCABULARY 
 
 gallina, ae, f., hen. coepi,i jgge^ ^ef. verb, begin. 
 
 mulier, eris, f., woman. lacesso,^ ere, ivi, itus, provoke, 
 
 BOCius, i, m., comrade, ally. annoy. 
 
 necesse, indecl. adj., necessary. reperio, ire, repperi, repertus, 
 
 necesae est, it is necessary (often find, discover. 
 
 used with an Infinitive as subj.). supero, are, Svi, atus, r(?«^«tfr, j«r- 
 
 pass. 
 
 265. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Necesse est inimicos superare. 2. Dicunt necesse esse 
 inimicos superare. 3. Caesar suo adventu vectlgalia Germanorum 
 deteriora fecerat. 4. Mulier gallinam habuit. 5. Dixit mulierem 
 gallinam habere. 6. Nihil in els niidls et sterilibus locis repertum 
 est. 7. Vidit eius socios venire. 8. DTcit Caesarem maximam 
 iniiiriam Ariovisto facere. 9. Homines barbari et iracundi finiti- 
 mos iniuria^ continuo lacessiverunt. 10. Socii Aeduorum a Ger- 
 manis saepe lacessebantur. 11. Ad vallum cum pliirimTs militibus 
 mittetur, quod homo fortis et bellicosus est. 12. Coepit socios 
 iniuria lacessere. 13. Dixit Ariovistum apud Germanos regere. 
 14. Pons ab hostibus interscinditur. 
 
 II. I. He was (being) sent to Caesar with these commands. 
 2. It is necessary to send hostages to Caesar. 3. Ariovistus re- 
 plies that the Romans are his enemies. 4. Do you not see that 
 
 1 The forms built on the Perfect stem correspond in time to those built on 
 the Present stem in other verbs. 
 
 2 Of the Third Conj. Note forms like verbs of the Fourth Conj. 
 * with injustice^ unjustly. 
 
I06 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 Caesar is doing a great injury to Ariovistus ? 5. War will be 
 waged by these states because hostages have not been given by 
 their enemies. 6. The allies of the Roman people were provoked 
 by the injustice of Ariovistus. 7. He says that the Aedui are 
 beginning to assault the towns of the enemy on the march. 
 8. Nothing will be found in these barren places. 9. The Aedui 
 will be annoyed by war because they will not give hostages. 
 10. He said that Caesar was doing a great injury. 
 
 266. Reading Lesson 
 
 His responsis ad Caesarem relatls,^ iterum ad Ariovistum 
 legates cum iis mandatis misit. " Necesse est tibi' obsides quos 
 ab Aeduis habes reddere, neque Aeduos neque eorum socios in- 
 iiiria* lacessere." Ad haec^ Ariovistus respondit Aeduos, bello 
 superatos, sibi^ stipendiaries^ esse. Caesarem magnam iniiiriam 
 facere, qui adventu suo vectlgalia sibi deteriora faceret.^ Se 
 obsides Aeduis redditurum ® non esse, sed cum Germanis paratum 
 esse bellum fortiter gerere. 
 
 <>0>©<00 
 
 LESSON XLII 
 
 REVIEW OF CARDINALS AND ORDINALS — ABLATIVE OF 
 DEGREE OF DIFFERENCE 
 
 267. Make a careful review of Lessons XXIII and XXVI. 
 
 Examine the following : — 
 
 1 . Puer multo maior est quam soror, the boy is much larger than 
 
 his sister (larger by much). 
 
 2. Mare multis pedibus altius est quam flSnien, the sea is many 
 
 feet deeper than the river (deeper by many feet). 
 
 1 Abl. Abs., When this answer was brought back. "^ for you. * See 265, 
 n. 3. * these things. ^ to him. ^ tributary, adj. agreeing with Aeduos. 
 ■^ Impf. Subj. of facio. Translate, was making. ^ Fut. Inf. in indirect dis- 
 course with subject Ace. se . . ., that he would not return. 
 
ABLATIVE OF DEGREE OF DIFFERENCE 107 
 
 Multo and multis pedibus are each in the Ablative, and ex- 
 press the degree of difference between two persons or things. 
 
 Rule. — The Ablative is used without a preposition to express 
 the degree of difference between two persons or 
 things. 
 
 268. VOCABULARY 
 
 contentio, onis, f., contention^ quar- defatigo, are, avi, §tus, weary ^ ex- 
 re I, exertion. haust. 
 
 uva, ae, f., grape, bunch of grapes. subsilio, Ire, ui, — , leap up. 
 
 vitis, is, f., vine. ante, adv., before. 
 
 vulpes, is, I., fox. forte, adv., by chance. 
 
 acerbus, a, um, bitter, sour. nunc, adv., now. 
 
 inanis, e, etnpty. tandem, adv., at length, at last. 
 
 attingo, ere, tigi, tactus, touch upon, 
 reach. 
 
 269. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Vulpes quondam iivam in vite vTdit. 2. Ad earn subsiluit 
 omnium virium contentione. 3. Vulpes autem uvam attingere 
 non potuit. 4. Tandem inani labore defatlgata discessit. 
 5. "Acerbae," inquit, "sunt iivae nee bono sunt vulpl."^ 6. Eas 
 autem uvas in via repperi, itaque acerbae non sunt. 7. Vir multo 
 senior quam mulier est. 8. Tribus diebus ante in castra venit. 
 9. Itaque, commeatibus comparatis, magnis itineribus ad Ariovi- 
 stum contendit. 10. Eo tempore legatT ab Aeduis ad Caesarem 
 veniebant. 11. Postquam iter tridui fecit, ea res ei niintiata est. 
 
 II. I. There was a large bunch of grapes on the vine. 2. The 
 fox could not reach the grapes, for the vine was too high. 3. He 
 leaped up with the exertion of all his strength, but at last went 
 away without them. 4. "The grapes are sour," says the fox. 
 
 5. The town had been seized by Ariovistus five days before. 
 
 6. The enemy will have been overcome by Caesar within three 
 hours. 7. The mountains were much higher than the hills. 
 8. The house is many feet higher than the wall. 
 
 ^ are not good for a fox. See 129. 
 
I08 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 270. Reading Lesson : Acerbae Uvae 
 
 Vulpes uvam in vite conspicata^ ad illam^ subsiluit omnium 
 virium contentione, si^ eam forte attingere posset. Tandem de- 
 fatigata inani labore discedens dixit : "At * nunc etiam acerbae 
 sunt, nec^ eas in via repertas tollerem."^ 
 
 Haec fabula docet multos ea contemnere^ quae se adsequi 
 posse desperent.^ 
 
 LESSON XLIII 
 PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 
 
 271. Pronouns are divided into the following classes : personal, 
 reflexive, possessive, demonstrative, intensive, relative, interroga- 
 tive, and indefinite. 
 
 Personal pronouns correspond to the English personals, and are 
 declined as follows : — 
 
 272 
 
 1. First Person 
 
 Second Person 
 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 N. 
 
 ego 
 
 noB 
 
 tu 
 
 vos 
 
 G. 
 
 mei 
 
 nostrum, nostri 
 
 tui 
 
 vestrum, vestri 
 
 D. 
 
 mihi 
 
 nobis 
 
 tibi 
 
 vobis 
 
 Ac. 
 
 me 
 
 nos 
 
 te 
 
 vos 
 
 Ab. 
 
 me 
 
 nobis 
 
 te 
 
 vobis 
 
 273. The personal pronoun of the third person is lacking. Its 
 place is supplied by the demonstratives, more usually by is. 
 
 274. The Reflexive. 
 
 SINGULAR AND PLURAL 
 G. sui, of himself, herself, itself, themselves. 
 D. sibi, to ox for himself, herself, itself, themselves. 
 Ac. se, sese, himself, herself, itself, themselves. 
 Ab. se, sese, from, by, with himself, herself, itself, themselves. 
 
 1 having seen. 2 //. 3 si ... posset, to see if it could. * but. ^ and 
 I would not pick up. ^ that many despise, ind. disc. '^ which they despair of 
 being able to obtain. 
 
PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 109 
 
 275. Observe carefully the following points in the use of these 
 pronouns. 
 
 1. The Nominative of the personals is not expressed except for 
 emphasis : ego sum miser^ tii es laetus, / am wretched^ but you 
 are happy. 
 
 2. The personals of the first and second persons are often used 
 in a reflexive sense : ego me culpo, / blame myself ; tu te laudas, 
 you praise yourself. 
 
 3. When reference is made in the oblique cases to the subject 
 of a sentence, the reflexive sui, etc., is used for the third person : 
 miles se occidit, the soldier killed himself ; miles emn occidit, 
 the soldier killed him. 
 
 4. When the preposition cmn is used with the personal and re- 
 flexive pronouns, it is always an enclitic. With the relative or 
 interrogative it may or may not be an enclitic : mecum, with me ; 
 secum, with him (himself) ; quibuscmn or cum quibus, wiih whom. 
 
 276. VOCABULARY 
 
 facultas, atis, f., opportunity, supply, procedo, ere, cessi, cessus, pro- 
 Harudes, um, m. pL, the Harudes. ceed, advance. 
 
 usus, us, m., use, need, experience. redimo, ere, emi, evD.Tpt\\.B, purchase. 
 
 Vesontio, onis, m., Vesontio. transports, are, avi, atus, bring 
 impero, are, avi, atus, order, com- over, transport. 
 
 mand. vinco, ere, vici, victus, conquer. 
 
 praesum, esse, fui, be over, be in celeriter, adv., quickly. 
 
 command of (vi'iih. Dat.). nuper, adv., recently. 
 
 277. SPECIAL EXERCISES ON THE PRONOUNS 
 
 I. I. Ego sum nauta, tu es agricola. 2. Tecum miser ero 
 nunquam. 3. Vir se laudat, ego autem eum non laudo. 4. Nos 
 omnes in silva eramus. 5. VestrT amlci vos non reprehendunt. 
 6. Mihi gladium dedit. 7. Tibi erat amicus fidus. 
 
 n. I. The soldier was with you. 2. The girl will never praise 
 him. 3. The man has always defended himself. 4. You will 
 always have faithful friends. 5. You will be unhappy, your 
 daughter happy. 6. You will give us many weapons. 
 
no THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 278. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Aedui ad Caesarem celeriter venerunt quod Harudes 
 eorum fines vastabant. 2. Pacem Ariovisti redimere non potestis 
 quod homo barbarus et iracundus est. 3. Dixit centum pagos 
 Germanorum ad ripas Rheni esse. 4. Postquam viam tridui pro- 
 cessit, id Caesari nuntiatum est. 5. Omnium earum rerum magna 
 facultas Vesontione^ erat. 6. Hae res iisul ad bellum erant. 
 7. Hue Caesar magnis itineribus contendit, occupatoque oppido, 
 ibi praesidium disponit. 8. Celeriter omnibus hostibus victis, in 
 hiberna exercitum reduxit. 
 
 II. I. Two brothers were in command of^ a hundred districts 
 of the Germans. 2. Caesar and Ariovistus also were hastening 
 by forced marches towards Vesontio, which is the largest town of 
 the Sequani. 3. The Germans had recently brought over a large 
 number of their forces into the territory of the Aedui. 4. Ario- 
 vistus had proceeded a march ^ of three days from his own* terri- 
 tory. 5. Therefore Caesar decided to hasten to the town. 6. In 
 this town were many things which were of use for war. 7. A great 
 supply of all these things was in Vesontio. 8. We can purchase 
 all these things, and transport them on carts to the camp. 
 
 279. Reading Lesson 
 
 Aedui ad Caesarem veniebant quod Harudes eorum fines vasta- 
 bant. Legati dixerunt : " Obsidibus datis pacem Ariovisti redimere 
 non possumus." Treveri^ quoque veniebant, quod Germanorum 
 centum pagi ad ripas Rheni erant, quibus duo fratres praeerant. 
 Ea de causa Caesar contendere ad Ariovistum magnis itineribus 
 constituit. Ariovistus autem Vesontionem, quod^ est maximum 
 oppidum Sequanorum, occupare matiirabat. Itaque Caesar iter 
 avertit ad id oppidum; nam Vesontione^ omnium rerum, quae 
 usui ad bellum erant, magna facultas erat. Caesar id oppidum 
 occupavit et ibi praesidium disposuit. 
 
 1 Vesontione, in Vesontio. 2 See vocabulary. * Ace. of extent of space. 
 * his own, suus. ^ The Treveri, a tribe of Gaul. ^ quod, relative pronoun 
 in the neuter to agree with the predicate noun oppidum. 
 
THE FOURTH CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE 
 
 III 
 
 LESSON XLIV 
 
 THE FOURTH CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE — WORD LIST 
 
 Princ. Parts, audior^ audiri, auditus sum 
 
 
 Present 
 
 Imperfect 
 
 Future 
 
 / am heard, etc. 
 
 I. audi-o-r 
 SING. 2. audl-ris (re) 
 3. audi-tur 
 
 I was heard, etc. 
 audie-ba-r 
 audie-ba-ris (re) 
 audie-ba-tur 
 
 I shall be heard, etc. 
 audia-r 
 audiS-ris (re) 
 audie-tur 
 
 I. audi-mur 
 PLUR. 2. audi-mim 
 [ 3. audi-u-ntur 
 
 audie-ba-mur 
 audie-ba-mini 
 audie-ba-ntur 
 
 audie-mur 
 audie-mini 
 audie-ntur 
 
 Perfect 
 
 Pluperfect 
 
 Future Perfect 
 
 / was or have been heard, 
 etc. 
 
 / had been heard, 
 etc. 
 
 I shall have been heard, 
 etc. 
 
 SING. 
 
 r I. audi-t-us sum 
 
 2. audi-t-us es 
 
 3. audi-t-us est 
 
 audi-t-us eram 
 audi-t-us eras 
 audi-t-us erat 
 
 audi-t-us ero 
 audi-t-us eris 
 audi-t-us erit 
 
 r I. audi-t-i sumus 
 PLUR. 2. audi-t-i estis 
 3. audi-t-i s\mt 
 
 audi-t-i eramus 
 audi-t-i eratis 
 audi-t-i erant 
 
 audi-t-i erimus 
 audi-t-i eritis 
 audi-t-i enmt 
 
 Review the passive voice 
 
 of the three preceding conjugations. 
 
 281. VOCABULARY 
 
 
 aumm, 1, n., gold. ingens, entis, large, huge, vast. 
 
 magnitudo, inis, f., size. inhio, are, avi, atus, gape for, de- 
 
 massa, ae, f., mass. sire. 
 
 mercator, oris, m., merchant. pario, ere, peperi, partus, bear, 
 
 ovum, 1, n., <^^. bring forth; ovum parere, lay 
 
 percontatio, onis, f., questioning. an egg. 
 
 vox, vocis, f., voice, word. perdo, ere, didi, ditus, lose, destroy. 
 
 aureus, a, um, golden. intus, adv., within. 
 
 nisi, conj., unless, if not, except. 
 
112 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 282. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Dicit gallinam cottidie ovum aureum parere. 2. Gallina 
 intus massam auri non celat. 3. Voces Germanorum, qui dicunt 
 hostes ^ magna virtute non esse, auditae sunt. 4. Ex perconta 
 tione nostrorum timor subito omnem exercitum occupavit. 5. His 
 rebus auditis castra a militibus celeriter muniebantur. 6. Nihil in 
 ea gallina reperietur nisi quod in aliis reperitur. 7. Pilis sciitis ■ 
 que amissis, spes omnis saliitis perdita est. 8. Voces mercatorum 
 in castris Caesaris non saepe audientur. 9. Impedieris ab itinere 
 quod non multi milites tibi ^ sunt. 
 
 II. I. The woman said that her hen was concealing within a 
 large mass of gold. 2. The woman's hen laid daily a golden egg. 
 3. Nothing was found in the hen except what is found in othe-^ 
 hens. 4. Goats will often be torn in pieces by wolves. 5. Me;, 
 are often torn in pieces by wild beasts. 6. The voices of the 
 enemy were heard before the rampart. 7. The redoubts will be 
 fortified within ten days. 8. The standards of the Roman people 
 will be carried a very great distance. 
 
 283. Reading Lesson : Ovum Aureum 
 
 Mulier quaedam ^ habebat gallinam, quae el cottidie ovum parie- 
 bat aureum. Hinc "* suspicari' coepit illam^ auri massam intus 
 celare, et gallinam occidit, sed nihil in ea repperit, nisi quod in aliis 
 galllnis reperiri solet.^ Itaque dum maioribus dlvitiis^ inhiabat, 
 etiam minores perdidit. 
 
 1 Subj. Ace. in ind. disc. See 263. 2 D^t. of the Possessor. See 146. 
 ^ quaedam, a certain. * Hinc, hence. ^ suspicari, to suspect. ^ illam, 
 her, demonstrative pronoun, subj. Ace. of celare. Render, that she . . . 
 ■^ Bolet, is accustomed. » wealth, Dat. with inhiabat. 
 
THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 
 
 "3 
 
 284. 
 
 WORD LIST VII 
 
 
 
 *acerbus 
 
 *detenor 
 
 **maledIco 
 
 parum 
 
 tandem 
 
 adrogantia 
 
 ego 
 
 *mandatum 
 
 percontatid 
 
 *tectum 
 
 •^alius 
 
 *facultas 
 
 massa 
 
 **perd6 
 
 *timidus 
 
 i^alter 
 
 **forte 
 
 mercator 
 
 *praesum 
 
 totus 
 
 Ariovistus 
 
 **fortuna 
 
 mulier 
 
 *pr6ced5 
 
 *transporto 
 
 •^attingo 
 
 galllna 
 
 *multum 
 
 prudenter 
 
 tristis 
 
 i^aureus 
 
 haedus 
 
 *necesse 
 
 **reddo 
 
 *tu 
 
 "^aurum 
 
 Harudes 
 
 *neg6tium 
 
 *redim5 
 
 **ullus 
 
 •^bene 
 
 *impero 
 
 **neuter 
 
 **reperio 
 
 *iinus 
 
 i^care 
 
 inanis 
 
 nihil 
 
 *resp6nsum 
 
 *usus 
 
 •^celeriter 
 
 ingens 
 
 *nisi 
 
 socius 
 
 **uter 
 
 coepi 
 
 inhio 
 
 **niillus 
 
 solus 
 
 uva 
 
 commeatus 
 
 *intus 
 
 **nunc 
 
 spes 
 
 *vectlgal 
 
 •^conloquium 
 
 *iterum 
 
 **nuper 
 
 spiritus 
 
 Vesontio 
 
 •^consanguineus 
 
 lacesso 
 
 *omnTn5 
 
 *subsili6 
 
 *vinco 
 
 *c6nsuesc5 
 
 *magnitudo 
 
 ovum 
 
 *suT 
 
 vltis 
 
 *contenti6 
 
 **male 
 
 **pari6 
 
 *super6 
 
 vulpes 
 
 defatlgo 
 
 
 
 
 *v6x 
 
 LESSON XLV 
 
 THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS — THE DATIVE WITH 
 ADJECTIVES 
 
 285. The demonstratives are hie, this ; is, this or that; ille, 
 fhat; iste, that; idem, the same ; and ipse, self, which is inten- 
 >ive. Is has already been decHned (see 136) ; idem is the 
 demonstrative is with the emphatic suffix -dem. Its first part only 
 IS inflected. Ipse alone has a Vocative. 
 
 SING 
 
 286. Masc. 
 fN. hic 
 G. huius 
 D. huic 
 Ac. hunc 
 Ab. hoc 
 
 Fern. Neut. 
 
 haec hoc 
 
 huius huius 
 
 huic huIc 
 
 hanc hoc 
 
 hac hoc 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 iUe 
 
 ilia 
 
 illud 
 
 illius 
 
 illius 
 
 illius 
 
 ill! 
 
 illi 
 
 ill! 
 
 ilium 
 
 illam 
 
 illud 
 
 illo 
 
 ilia 
 
 illo 
 
 BEGIN. LAT. BK. — 8 
 
114 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N. hi hae haec 
 
 G. horum hanim horum 
 
 D. his his his 
 
 Ac. h5s has haec 
 
 Ab. his his his 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 illi illae ilia 
 
 illorum illanim illonim 
 
 illis . illis illis 
 
 illos illas ilia 
 
 illis illis illis 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern, 
 
 Neut. 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 SING. - 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 N. ipse 
 
 ipsa 
 
 ipsum 
 
 G. ipsius 
 
 ipsius 
 
 ipsius 
 
 D. ipsi 
 
 ipsi 
 
 ipsi 
 
 Ac. ipsum 
 
 ipsam 
 
 ipsum 
 
 V. ipse 
 
 ipsa 
 
 ipsum 
 
 Ab. ips5 
 
 ipsa 
 
 ipso 
 
 fN. ipsi 
 
 ipsae 
 
 ipsa 
 
 G. ipsorum 
 
 ipsarum 
 
 ipsorum 
 
 D. ipsis 
 
 ipsis 
 
 ipsis 
 
 Ac. ipsos 
 
 ipsas 
 
 ipsa 
 
 V. ipsi 
 
 ipsae 
 
 ipsa 
 
 Ab. ipsis 
 
 ipsis 
 
 ipsis 
 
 N. Idem 
 
 eadem 
 
 idem 
 
 G. eiusdem 
 
 eiusdem 
 
 eiusdem 
 
 D. eidem 
 
 eldem 
 
 eldem 
 
 Ac. eundem 
 
 V. 
 
 . Ab. eodem 
 
 eandem 
 
 idem 
 
 eadem 
 
 eodem 
 
 ' N. Idem (eldem) 
 
 eaedem 
 
 eadem 
 
 G. eonindem 
 
 earundem 
 
 eonindem 
 
 D. ilsdem, eisdem 
 
 ilsdem, eisdem 
 
 ilsdem, eisdem 
 
 Ac. eosdem 
 
 V. 
 
 . Ab. ilsdem, eisdem 
 
 easdem 
 
 eadem 
 
 ilsdem, eisdem 
 
 ilsdem, eisdem 
 
 287. Iste is declined like ipse, except that it lacks the Voca- 
 tive. Note the resemblance in the Genitive and Dative singular 
 to the pronominal adjectives, unus, etc. See 247. 
 
 Observe the change of m to n before d in forms of idem. 
 
THE DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES II5 
 
 288. Hie is used of that which is near the speaker ; the demon- 
 strative of the first person. 
 
 Iste is used of that near the person spoken to ; the demonstra- 
 tive of the second person. 
 
 nie is used of that remote from the speaker ; the demonstrative 
 of the third person. It often means that well-known or famous 
 person or thing. 
 
 Hie often means the latter (nearer the speaker) ; ille, the 
 former (more remote from the speaker). 
 
 The demonstratives have both an adjective and a substantive 
 use. Ipse is used with the personals, alone, or with a noun. 
 
 ). Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Loeus castris idoneus erat, the place 7vas suitable for a camp. 
 
 2. Puer fratri similis erat, the boy was like his brother. 
 
 3. Nihil Caesari diflBeile erat, nothing was difficult for Caesar. 
 
 Rule. — The Dative is used with adjectives denoting resemblance, 
 fitness, nearness, and the like, with their opposites. 
 
 Note. — Adjectives of fitness may take an Accusative with ad. 
 
 290. VOCABULARY 
 
 alacritas, atis, f , alacrity. cognosco, ere, novi, nitus, learn, 
 
 ezercitatio, onis, f., exercise, prac- know thoroughly. 
 
 tice. converts, ere, 1, versus, turn, 
 
 mens, mentis, f., mind. change. 
 
 modus, i, m., manner, way. perturbo, are, avi, atus, disturb 
 
 falsus, a, um, false, groundless, greatly, confuse. 
 
 idoneus, a, um, suitable, fit. praedico, are, Svi, atus, proclaim, 
 
 incredibilis, e, incredible,remarkable. announce. 
 
 minis, a, um, wonderful, strange. vehementer, adv., violently. 
 
 291. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Delegit locum vallo idoneum et ibi castra miinivit. 2. Ex- 
 ercitus eandem alacritatem et exercitationem in armis, quas dux. 
 
Il6 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 praebuit. 3. Quod his idoneum est non est idoneum illis. 4. His 
 rebus cognitis, in locum castris idoneum omnes copias diixit. 
 
 5. Hunc hominem, meo amico inimicum, laudare non possum. 
 
 6. Hac oratione habita, subito summa cupiditas belli mentes 
 omnium horum occupavit. 7. ProximI sunt Germanis, qui incolae 
 eorum locorum sunt. 8. Celeritate incredibili iter conversum est, 
 postquam haec mandata ducis audita sunt. 9. Vocibus illorum 
 mentes omnium vehementer perturbatae sunt. 10. Timor equi- 
 tatiis falsus erat, quod omnia Caesari facilia erant. 
 
 II. I. All these things will be a care to those men. 2. It is 
 not difficult for^ a friend to praise a friend. 3. They announced 
 that these Germans were of great size of body. 4. They will 
 disturb in a wonderful manner the minds of all these. 5. They 
 proclaim that this place is not suitable for a ditch. 6. I say that 
 that fear is groundless. 7. The fear of those men is groundless, 
 for Caesar is present. 8. He saw the same men that the Germans 
 conquered. 9. The man himself sought a place suitable for a 
 house. 10. He praises the latter, but blames the former. 
 
 292. Reading Lesson 
 
 Interea ex percontatione nostrorum vocibusque Gallorum et 
 mercatorum, qui ingenti magnitiidine corporum Germanos, incre- 
 dibili virtiite atque exercitatione in armis esse praedicabant, timor 
 subito omnem exercitum occupavit, et omnium mentes perturba- 
 tae sunt. His rebus cognitis, Caesar longa oratione centuriones 
 omnium ordinum vehementer incusavit. Dixit eorum timorem 
 falsum esse, omnia enim sibi futnra esse^ ciirae. Hac oratione 
 habita mentes omnium mirum in modum ^ conversae sunt summa- 
 que alacritas et cupiditas belli innata est."* 
 
 1 non est difficile amicum laudare, etc, 
 
 2 would be. 
 
 ^ in a wonderful manner, 
 * sprang up^ lit. was born. 
 
THE THIRD CONJUGATION IN l6 
 
 117 
 
 LESSON XLVI 
 
 THE THIRD CONJUGATION IN lO, PASSIVE VOICE — DATIVE 
 WITH INTRANSITIVES 
 
 293. 
 
 Princ. Parts, capior, capi, captus sum 
 
 
 
 Present 
 
 Imperfect 
 
 Future 
 
 1 
 
 am taken, etc. 
 
 / was taken, etc. 
 
 1 shall be taken, etc. 
 
 I. 
 
 capi-o-r 
 
 capie-ba-r 
 
 capia-r 
 
 SING. \ 2. 
 
 cape-ris (re) 
 
 capie-ba-ris (re) 
 
 capie-ris (re) 
 
 3- 
 
 capi-tur 
 
 capie-ba-tur 
 
 capie-tur 
 
 ' I. 
 
 capi-mur 
 
 capie-ba-mur 
 
 capie-mur 
 
 PLUR. 2. 
 
 capi-mini 
 
 capie-ba-mini 
 
 capie-mini 
 
 .3- 
 
 capi-u-ntur 
 
 capie-ba-ntur 
 
 capie-ntur 
 
 
 Perfect 
 
 Pluperfect 
 
 Future Perfect 
 
 / was or have been taken, 
 
 I had been taken. 
 
 I shall have been taken, 
 
 
 etc. 
 
 etc. 
 
 etc. 
 
 
 ' I. 
 
 cap-t-us sum 
 
 cap-t-us eram 
 
 cap-t-us ero 
 
 SING. 
 
 2. 
 
 captus es 
 
 cap-t-us eras 
 
 cap-t-us eris 
 
 
 3- 
 
 cap-t-us est 
 
 cap-t-us erat 
 
 cap-t-us erit 
 
 
 I. 
 
 cap-t-i sumus 
 
 cap-t-i eramus 
 
 cap-t-i erimus 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 2. 
 
 cap-t-i estis 
 
 cap-t-i eratis 
 
 cap-t-i eritis 
 
 
 . 3- 
 
 cap-t-i sunt 
 
 cap-t-i erant 
 
 cap-t-i eruiit 
 
 I . For resemblance to verbs of the Fourth Conjugation, see 280. 
 Inflect, as above, interficior. 
 
 294. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Orgetorix Helvetiis persuasit, Orgetorix persuaded the Hel- 
 
 vetians. 
 
 2. Caesar hostibus parcit, Caesar spares the enemy. 
 
 Observe the meaning of these verbs, and notice that they are 
 used with the Dative. 
 
ii8 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 Rule. — Some verbs, intransitive in Latin, though apparently tran- 
 sitive, are followed by a Dative of the indirect object. 
 Such are verbs denoting to favor, help, please, trust, 
 and their contraries ; also to obey, serve, resist, envy, 
 threaten, pardon, and spare. 
 
 295. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 beneficium, i, n., kindness, favor. 
 
 leo, onis, m., lion. 
 
 malum, i, n., evil, misfortitne. 
 
 planities, ei, i., plain. 
 
 rete, is, n., net. 
 
 circumveiii6,ire, veni, ventus, sur- 
 round. 
 
 ignosco, ere, novi, notGiS, pardon. 
 
 incido, ere, i, casus, happen, fall 
 upon. 
 
 Iudific6,are, avi, atus, deride, mock. 
 
 parco, ere, peperci or parsi, parci- 
 tus or parsus, spare. 
 
 persuaded, ere, suasi, suasus, per- 
 suade. 
 
 studeo, ere, ui, — , pay attention to, 
 desire. 
 
 toUo, ere, sustuli, sublatus, lift up^ 
 remove, break off. 
 
 insolenter, adv., insolently, unusually. 
 
 Ketia 
 
 296. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Leo retibus captus est. 2. Cognito Caesaris adventii, 
 Ariovistus ad eum legatos misit. 3. Id sine ullo periculo facere 
 potuit. 4. Vulpes leonem vidit et eum ludificavit. 5. Dies con- 
 loquio dictus est ex eo die quintus. 6. Magnum malum in leo- 
 nem inciderat. 7. Interea saepe legati inter eos mittebantur. 
 8. Caesar ad planitiem magnam castra posuit. 9. Caesar dlcit 
 certa de causa se hostibus parcere. 10. Conloquium eo die sub- 
 latum est propter timorem hostium. 11. Hostes equitatui max- 
 ime student, itaque finitimos facile prohibent. 12. Oppidum 
 prima luce circumvenietur. 
 
 IL I. It Ms a great kindness to pardon your enemies. 2. A 
 fox saw a lion caught with nets. 3. I shall not always spare you. 
 
 1 To pardon . . . is, etc. 
 
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS II9 
 
 4. "You do not mock me," said the lion, "but the misfortune 
 which has happened to me." 5. The soldier spoke insolently, 
 but he was in a safe place. 6. Suddenly, with incredible speed, 
 they hastened toward the large plain. 7. It is better to break off 
 a conference than to fight. 8. He persuaded the Helvetians, and 
 made a march through their territory. 9. He had been called a 
 friend and king by the senate. 10. The army will be led into the 
 camp. 
 
 297. Reading Lesson : Vulp'es et Led 
 
 Vulpes videt leonem retibus captum, et, stans ^ prope, ludifica- 
 vit eum Tnsolenter. Leo autem, " Non tu," inquit, " me ludificas, 
 sed malum ^ quod in me incidit." 
 
 ^>oi< 
 
 LESSON XLVII 
 
 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS — PARTITIVE GENITIVE — INDIRECT 
 DISCOURSE (^Continued) 
 
 298. The possessive pronouns are strictly adjectives formed 
 from the personal and reflexive stems. They are declined like 
 adjectives of the first and second declensions. They are : — 
 
 meus, a, um, mine tuus, a, um, your, yours 
 
 BUUB, a, um, his, her, its, their noster, tra, tnim, our, ours 
 
 vester, tra, tnim, your, yours 
 
 1. The Vocative of meus in the masculine singular is usually mi. 
 
 2. The gender, number, and case of these pronouns are deter- 
 mined by the thing possessed. 
 
 299. Examine the following : — 
 
 1 . Una pars montis, one part of the mountain. 
 
 2. Alter militum, one of the (two) soldiers. 
 
 1 standing. 2 Subject of ludificat understood. 
 
I20 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 3. Tantum spati, so much (of) space, 
 
 4. Satis pabuli, enough (of) fodder. 
 
 Observe in the above that pars, alter, tantum, satis denote a 
 part taken from the whole expressed by mentis, militum, spati, 
 pabuli. Observe the kind of words used to express the part. 
 
 Rule. — Words denoting a part are used with a Genitive of the 
 whole to which the part belongs. 
 
 I. Partitive words are nouns, pronouns, and adjectives and 
 adverbs used substantively. 
 
 300. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Unus ex militibus, one of the soldiers, 
 
 2. Quidam de nostris, certain of our men, 
 
 3. Primus omnium, the first of all. 
 
 Observe the use of ex and de with iinus and quidam, and of the 
 Genitive with primus. 
 
 Rule. — Cardinal numerals and quidam generally take the Abla- 
 tive with ex or de to express the whole of which a 
 part is taken ; the ordinals generally take the Partitive 
 Genitive. 
 
 301. There are in each voice three tenses of the Infinitive, the 
 Present, the Perfect, and the Future. 
 
 302. 
 
 Present 
 
 1. voca-re, 
 
 to call 
 
 2. mone-re 
 
 3. rege-re 
 
 3. cape-re 
 
 4. audi-re 
 
 es-se 
 
 Active 
 
 
 Perfect 
 
 Future 
 
 vocav-isse, 
 
 voca-tur-us esse, 
 
 to have called 
 
 to be about to call 
 
 monu-isse 
 
 moni-tur-us esse 
 
 rex-isse 
 
 rec-tur-us esse 
 
 cep-isse 
 
 cap-tur-us esse 
 
 audiv-isse 
 
 audi-tur-us esse 
 
 fu-isse 
 
 fu-tur-us esse 
 
INDIRECT DISCOURSE 
 
 121 
 
 303. 
 
 Present 
 
 1. voca-ri, 
 
 to be called 
 
 2. mone-ii 
 3- reg-i 
 3- cap-i 
 4. audi-ri 
 
 Passive 
 
 Perfect 
 
 voca-t-us 1 esse, 
 
 to have been called 
 
 moni-t-us esse 
 
 rec-t-us esse 
 
 cap-t-us esse 
 
 audi-t-us esse 
 
 Future 
 
 voca-t-um iri,^ 
 
 to be about to be called 
 moni-t-um irl 
 
 rec-t-um url 
 
 cap-t-um iri 
 audi-t-um iri 
 
 304. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Dicit te venire, he says thai you are coming. 
 
 2. Dixit te venire, he said that you were C07ning, 
 
 3. Dicit te venisse, he says that you came (have come). 
 
 4. Dixit te venisse, he said that you catne (had come). 
 
 5. Dicit te venturum esse, he says that you will come. 
 
 6. Dixit te venturum esse, he said that you would come. 
 
 Observe that venire denotes time present with reference to the 
 verb on which it depends, venisse time past, and venturum esse 
 time future in the same way. 
 
 Rule. — The Infinitive expresses time relative to that of the verb 
 upon which it depends. 
 
 305. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 columba, ae, f., dove. 
 
 formica, ae, f., ant. 
 
 intervallum, 1, n., iitterval. 
 
 munus, eris, n., present. 
 
 necessitudo, inis, f., alliance, friend- 
 ship. 
 
 principatus, us, m., chief place, 
 leadership. 
 
 tumulus, 1, m., mound. 
 
 aequus, a, um, equal. 
 
 iustus, a, van, just. 
 
 accede, ere, cessi, cessus, dratu 
 
 near, approach. 
 commemoro, are, avi, atus, call to 
 
 mind, relate. 
 doleo, ere, ui, iturus, suffer, grieve. 
 mordeo, ere, momordi, morsus, 
 
 bite, eat, sting. 
 veho, ere, vexl, vectus, carry, bear; 
 
 in the passive, ride (be carried). 
 
 1 Inflected to agree with the subject. 
 
 2 Little used. 
 
122 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 306. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Formica quondam ad flumen descendit. 2. Columba 
 eam in flumine vidit et perturbata est. 3. Legionem Caesar, 
 quam equis vexerat, aequo spatio ab eo tumulo constituit. 4. Ubi 
 Ariovistus venit, Caesar initio orationis sua senatusque beneficia in 
 eum commemoravit. 5. Dixerunt amplissima munera a senatu 
 missa esse. 6. Caesar dicit omni tempore Aeduos prlncipatum 
 totius Galliae tenuisse. 7. Dixit iiistas causas necessitiidinis sibi 
 cum Aeduls esse. 8. Exploratores niintiaverunt hostes ad oppi- 
 dum accessisse. 9. Puer morsus est, quare maxime doluit. 
 
 II. I. The Aedui had always held the leadership of all Gaul. 
 2. Caesar said that the Aedui had always held the leadership of 
 all Gaul. 3. The ant had bitten the dove. 4. He said that the 
 ant had bitten the dove. 5. The enemy are drawing near the 
 camp. 6. The scout announces that the enemy are drawing near 
 the camp. 7. The tenth legion was riding on horses. 8. The 
 soldiers said that the tenth legion was riding on horses. 
 
 307. Reading Lesson 
 
 Cognito Caesaris adventu, Ariovistus legates ad eum mittit, qui 
 dicunt Ariovistum sine iillo periculo ad conloquium venire posse. 
 Caesar diem conloquio ex eo die quintum dixit.^ Interea saepe 
 inter eos legati mittebantur. Ariovistus ad conloquium sese non 
 venturum esse nisi cum equitatu dixit. Itaque Caesar decimam 
 legionem, cuT^ maxime confldebat, equIs vehT iussit. Ubi ad 
 conloquium venerunt, Caesar initio orationis sua senatiisque in 
 eum beneficia commemoravit. Ariovistus rex appellatus est a 
 senatii, amplissima munera ad eum missa erant ; quod Caesar 
 panels incidisse ^ dixit. Tandem postulavit eadem quae legatls in 
 mandatis dederat. 
 
 appointed. - in which he had the greatest confidence. 
 
 8 had happened to few. 
 
COMPOUNDS OF Sum 1 23 
 
 LESSON XLVIII 
 COMPOUNDS OF Sum — DATIVE WITH COMPOUNDS 
 
 308. Sum is compounded without any change with the prepo- 
 sitions ab, ad, de, in, inter, ob, prae, pro (prod), sub, and super. 
 In the compound prosum, / helpy the original d of prod is retained 
 before e. 
 
 309. Prosum, / help 
 
 Princ. Parts, prosimi, prodesse, profui 
 
 Present 
 singular plural 
 
 1. pro-smn, I help i. pro-sumus, we help 
 
 2. prod-es, you help 2. prod-estis, you help 
 
 3. prod-est, he helps 3. pro-sunt, they help 
 
 Imperfect prod-eram, etc., I helped, etc. 
 
 Future prod-ero, etc., / shall help, etc. 
 
 Perfect pro-fui, etc., / helped or have helped, etc. 
 
 PLUPERFEcr pro-fueram, etc., / had helped, etc. 
 
 Future Perfect pro-fuero, etc., J shall have helped^ etc. 
 
 310. Examine the following : — 
 
 1 . Labiinus ei oppido praefuit, Labienus was in command of that 
 
 town. 
 
 2. Caesar Aeduis saepe adfuerat, Caesar had often assisted the 
 
 Aedui. 
 
 3. Amicus amico non deerit, a friend will not fail his friend. 
 
 4. Caesar omnibus eorum consiliis obstitit, Caesar opposed all 
 
 their plans. 
 
 Observe that the verbs in the above are compounded with prae, 
 ad, de, and ob, and that they are used with the Dative. 
 
 Rule. — Most verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, 
 post, prae, pro, sub, and super, and some with cir- 
 cum, are used with the Dative case. 
 
124 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 311. VOCABULARY 
 
 aqua, ae, f., water. decerpo, ere, si, tus,//«r>^. 
 
 auceps, ipis, m., bird-catcher. desum, esse, ful, be lacking, fail 
 
 harundo, inis, f., reed, arroxv. (Dat.). 
 
 punctus, us, m., prick, stiiig. obsisto, ere, stiti, stitus, oppose, re- 
 
 virgula, ae, f., tivig. sisi (Dat.). 
 
 abicio, ere, ieci, iectus, cast aside, servo, are, avi, atus, save, pre- 
 
 ascendo, ere, i, scensus, climb. serve. 
 
 conligo, ere, legi, Iectus, gather to- submerge, ere, mersi, mersus, 
 
 gether. drown. 
 
 corripio, ere, ui, reptus, seize, carry super, prep. w. Ace. and Abl., above, 
 
 off. upon. 
 
 312. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Formica se servare noii potuit quod sibi vires deerant. 
 2. Columba autem ei adfuit et virgulam in aquam iniecit. 3. Au- 
 ceps columbam, harundine correpta, capere constituit, sed for- 
 mica earn servavit. 4. Dicit Ariovistum ad eum nuntios mittere. 
 5. Gain Germanis saepe obsistunt. 6. Tu, Caesar, mihi non es 
 amicus, obsistis enim mihi cottidie. 7. Formica submersa non 
 est, quod columba eam servavit. 8. Auceps harundinem abie- 
 cit, quod formica eius pedem momordit. 9. Formica ascendit 
 super virgulam quam columba decerpserat et in aquam iniecerat. 
 10. Dixit Gallos saepe Germanis obsistere. 
 
 II. I. The bird-catcher was bitten by an ant, because he had 
 decided to catch a dove. 2. The dove had cast a twig into the 
 water where the ant had been nearly drowned. 3. The ant 
 chmbed upon the twig and was not drowned. 4. After the ant 
 had bitten the foot of the bird-catcher, he suffered from the sting 
 and freed the dove. 5. "Gaul is my province," said Ariovis- 
 tus. 6. Ariovistus said that Gaul was his province. 7. " I shall 
 never be lacking to my friends," says he, "but shall always 
 assist (them)." 8. Within three days he will have helped all 
 his friends. 9. He said that the ant cast a twig into the 
 water. 
 
DEPONENT VERBS 12$ 
 
 313. Reading Lesson : Formica et Colutnba 
 
 Formica quaedam ^ sitiens ^ descendit ad fontem ; sed flumine 
 correpta^ paene est submersa. Columba autem, hoc videns/ 
 virgulam decerpsit et in aquam iniecit; super quam formica 
 ascendens, sese servavit. Turn forte auceps, harundinibus con- 
 lectis, proficiscitur ^ ad^ columbam capiendam. Quod videns/ 
 formica pedem aucipis momordit ; et ille, punctii dolens/ harun- 
 dinibus abiectis, columbam hberavit. 
 
 >J«Kc 
 
 LESSON XLIX 
 
 DEPONENT VERBS— THE ABLATIVE WITH CERTAIN 
 DEPONENTS 
 
 314. Deponent verbs have for the most part passive forms with 
 active meanings. They have the participles of both voices. The 
 Perfect participle has sometimes a passive sense. 
 
 315. PRINCIPAL PARTS 
 
 Present (ist Singular) 
 
 1. c6n-o-r, I attempt 
 
 2. pollice-o-r, I promise 
 
 3. ut-o-r, / tise, enjoy 
 
 3. pati-o-r, / suffer^ alloiv 
 
 4. poti-o-r, / become master of 
 
 Observe that the forms of these verbs are built in the same 
 way as the passive voice of other verbs of the corresponding 
 conjugations. 
 
 1 a certain. 2 being thirsty, Pres. part, of sitio. ^ correpta agrees with 
 the subject of submersa est, a pronoun implied in the ending and referring 
 to formica. * seeing. ^ sets out. ^ to catch the dove, a construction which 
 will be explained later. "^ suffering. 
 
 Present Infinitive 
 
 Perfect Tense 
 
 c6na-ri 
 
 c6na-t-us sum 
 
 pollice-ri 
 
 poUici-t-us sum 
 
 ut-i 
 
 u-s-us sum 
 
 pat-i 
 
 pas-s-us sum 
 
 poti-ri 
 
 poti-t-us sum 
 
126 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 316. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Armis utitiir, he uses arms. 
 
 2. Provincia potitur, he becomes master of ike province. 
 
 Observe that the verbs in the above take the Ablative when in 
 the corresponding English sentences a direct object is used. 
 
 Rule. — Certain deponents, with their compounds, take the Abla- 
 tive. These verbs are : — 
 
 utor, iiti, usus sum, use, enjoy 
 fruor, fnii, fructus sum, enjoy 
 fimgor, fungi, functus siun, perform 
 potior, potiri, potitus sum, become master of 
 vescor, vesci, — , eat 
 
 Learn this list. 
 
 317. VOCABULARY 
 
 postulatum, i, n., demand. debeo, ere, ui, itus^ owe, ought. 
 
 sedes, is, f., seat, abode. insequor, i, secutus sum, pursue. 
 
 sponte, Abl. (Gen. spontis), of one's iudico, are, avi, atus,y«^^. 
 
 own accord. minitor, axi, atus simi, threaten. 
 
 voluntas, atis, f., wish, consent. potius, adv., rather. 
 
 pauci, ae, a, few (seldom used in priusquam, conj., before (the parts 
 singular). are often separated by intervening 
 
 arcesso, ere, ivi, itus, summon. words) . 
 
 concedo, ere, cessi, cessus, with- 
 draw, concede. 
 
 318. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Caesar pauca postulata ab Ariovisto fecit. 2. Omnia 
 mortem nobis minitantur, sed viri maxima virtute sumus et nihil 
 timemus. 3. Pace frul debemus, multa enim proelia commTsi- 
 mus. 4. Ariovistus prius in Galliam venit quam populus Romanus. 
 5. "Non mea sponte," inquit, "sed arcessitus a Gallls in Galliam 
 veni." 6. Sedes in Gallia nobis a te concessae sunt, quibus 
 maxime fruimur. 7. Tua voluntate in Galliam prius venerunt 
 quam a Gallis arcessitl sunt. 8. Caesar hostis Insequetur et eorum 
 
SEMI-DEPONENTS 12^ 
 
 oppidis potietur. 9. ludicavit imperium Romanorum iustius esse 
 quam Gallorum. 
 
 II. I. Caesar of his own accord gave them abodes in Gaul. 
 
 2. With your consent we shall accept the answer of Ariovistus. 
 
 3. We see that you are pursuing your enemies, and threatening 
 them with death.^ 4. Caesar's demands are few, but just, and 
 we ought to accept them. 5. He came of his own accord into 
 Italy before he was summoned. 6. He will have become mas- 
 ter of all Gaul within three years. 7. We shall withdraw with 
 your consent to this fertile plain. 8. The just will enjoy peace, 
 and will be greatly disturbed by no one. 
 
 319. Reading Lesson 
 
 Ariovistus ad postulata Caesaris pauca^ respondit et de suis 
 virtutibus multa praedicavit. Dixit se^ Rhenum transisse^ non 
 sua sponte, sed rogatum * et arcessltum a Gallls ; non sese Gallls 
 sed Gallos sibi bellum intulisse ; se prius in Galliam venisse quam 
 populum Romanum ; Caesarem non amicum sibi sed hostem esse ; 
 provinciam suam hanc^ esse GalHam, non Romanorum. Caesar 
 autem respondit se non iudicare GaUiam potius'' esse Ariovisti 
 quam populi Roman! ; aut^ imperium Romanorum iiistissimum 
 esse in Gallia, aut liberam debere esse Galliam. 
 
 LESSON L 
 
 SEMI-DEPONENTS — REVIEW OF PASSIVE— WORD LIST 
 
 320. Some verbs have the forms from the Present stem active, 
 the rest passive. These are called Semi-Deponents. 
 
 ^ Lit. death to them. '^ replied briefly (a few things). ^ that he had 
 crossed. * asked, Perf. pass. part, agreeing with se. ^ banc agrees with 
 Galliam. Translate, this part of Gaul. ^ belonged to Ariovistus rather 
 than to . . . (lit. was of . . .). "^ aut . . . aut, either . . . or. 
 
128 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 Learn thoroughly the following list : — 
 
 Present Indicative Present Infinitive Perfect Indicative 
 
 2. 
 
 audeo, dare 
 
 audere 
 
 ausus sum 
 
 2, 
 
 gaudeo, rejoice 
 
 gaudere 
 
 gavisus sum 
 
 2. 
 
 soled, be wont 
 
 solere 
 
 solitus sum 
 
 3- 
 
 fido, trust 
 
 fidere 
 
 fisus sum 
 
 Note the irregularity in form of the Perfect participle of gaudeo. 
 Inflect audeo and fido in the Indicative, and review the passive 
 of all the conjugations. 
 
 321. VOCABULARY 
 
 agnus, i, m., /aw3. confugio, ere, fugi, — , flee for refuge. 
 
 deus, i, m., god. imcio, ere, ieci, ieotus, throw into, 
 pontifex, icis, m., chief priest, high inspire. 
 
 priest. perficio, ere, feci, f ectus, accomplish. 
 
 Procillus, 1, m., Procillus. sacrifico, are, avi, atus, sacrifice. 
 
 studium, i, n., desire, zeal. trucido, are, avi, atus, slay, kill. 
 
 templmn, i, n., temple. at, conj., but, yet. 
 
 sacer, era, crum, sacred. quo, adv., where, whither. 
 
 322. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Pontifex erat in templo, quo multi celeriter confuge- 
 rant. 2. His populus Romanus ignoverat. 3. Caesar dicit popull 
 Romani imperium in Gallia esse iustissimum. 4. Lupus in templum 
 venire non ausus est propter timorem pontificis.^ 5. Lupus dixit 
 pontificem agnum sacrificatiirum esse. 6. Multo maior alacritas 
 studiumque belli mains exercitui iniectum est. 7. Magna adro- 
 gantia in conloquio Ariovistus uti solebat. 8. Agni a lupis trucidari 
 Solent. 9. Dum haec in conloquio geruntur, Caesarl niintiatum est 
 Ariovisti equites ad tumulum accedere. 10. Ariovistus Caesarem 
 pedites non duxisse ad tumulum gavisus est. 
 
 II. I. The chief priest was wont to sacrifice lambs in the 
 temple. 2. Is the lamb sacred to the god? No, he is not, and 
 for this reason the high priest will sacrifice him. 3. I rejoice that 
 
 '^ fear of the high priest, objective Genitive. 
 
WORD LIST 
 
 129 
 
 my friends have been faithful to me. 4. But the enemy did not 
 dare to fight, and for this reason they fled with great speed to the 
 woods. 5. Caesar threatens that he will kill all the inhabitants of 
 the village. 6. C. Valerius Procillus was sent to Ariovistus in 
 regard to a conference. 7. Much greater alacrity was inspired in 
 the army. 8. The soldiers did not dare to leave the town, but 
 decided to await the arrival of Caesar. 
 
 323. 
 
 Reading Lesson : Lupus et Agnus 
 
 Lupus Inseciitus est agnum. At hic in templum confugit. 
 Lupo autem agnum invocante^ et minitante^ pontificem eum sa- 
 crificaturum, respondit agnus : " Mallem^ quidem* deo sacer esse 
 quam a te trucidarl." 
 
 324. 
 
 WORD LIST VIII 
 
 I 
 
 **abici6 
 
 *convert5 
 
 **inicio 
 
 patior 
 
 *sedes 
 
 **acced5 
 
 *corripi5 
 
 *insequor 
 
 pauci 
 
 *serv6 
 
 *aequus 
 
 *debe5 
 
 **Insolenter 
 
 **perficio 
 
 **sole5 
 
 agnus 
 
 *decerp6 
 
 *intervallum 
 
 persuadeo 
 
 sponte 
 
 alacritas 
 
 **desuin 
 
 **ipse 
 
 perturbs 
 
 *studeo 
 
 aqua 
 
 deus 
 
 **iste 
 
 planities 
 
 *subit6 
 
 arcesso 
 
 doleo 
 
 **iudico 
 
 poUiceor 
 
 submergd 
 
 *ascendo 
 
 *exercitati5 
 
 **iustus 
 
 **pontifex 
 
 super 
 
 at 
 
 *falsus 
 
 le5 
 
 *postulatum 
 
 tantus 
 
 **auceps 
 
 *nd6 
 
 **ludific5 
 
 **potior 
 
 templum 
 
 *audeo 
 
 formica 
 
 *malum 
 
 **potius 
 
 toUo 
 
 **beneficium 
 
 gaude5 
 
 *mens 
 
 **praedic5 
 
 *trucid5 
 
 *circumvenio 
 
 harund5 
 
 minitor 
 
 **prlncipatus 
 
 *tumulus 
 
 **cognosc6 
 
 *hlc 
 
 *mirus 
 
 **priusquam 
 
 *tuus 
 
 columba 
 
 **Idem 
 
 modus 
 
 Procillus 
 
 *utor 
 
 *commemor5 
 
 idSneus 
 
 mordeo 
 
 **pr6sum 
 
 *vehementer 
 
 **conced6 
 
 **ign6sco 
 
 *munus 
 
 punctus 
 
 *veh5 
 
 *c6nfugio 
 
 **ille 
 
 *necessitud5 
 
 rete 
 
 *vester 
 
 *conlig5 
 
 *inci(15 
 
 *obsist5 
 
 **sacer 
 
 virgula 
 
 *c6nor 
 
 *incredibilis 
 
 parco 
 
 **sacrifico 
 
 *voluntas 
 
 
 1 Ablative Absolute with lupo, calling upon. 
 
 
 
 2 See 314. 3 
 
 / should prefer. 
 
 4 at least. 
 
 
I30 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 LESSON LI 
 
 THE PARTICIPLE 
 
 325. There are four participles in Latin, — two in the active 
 voice, the Present and the Future, and two in the passive, the 
 Perfect and the Gerundive. 
 
 326. The Present participle ends in -ns, and has regularly the 
 same meaning as the English participle in -ing : voca-ns, calling. 
 It is inflected like an adjective of the Third Declension with one 
 termination. 
 
 327. The Future active participle ends in -iirus, and is regularly 
 used to express something about to happen : voca-tur-us, about to 
 call. It is often joined to the verb sum to form the First Peri- 
 phrastic Conjugation, which will be explained later. It is inflected 
 like fidus, a, um. 
 
 328. The Gerundive (sometimes called the Future passive par- 
 ticiple) ends in -ndus, and is very often used to express necessity 
 or obligation : voca-ndus, to be called. It is often joined to the 
 verb sum to form the Second Periphrastic Conjugation, which will 
 be explained later. It is inflected like fidus, a, um. 
 
 329. The Perfect participle ends in -tus, -sus, and has two 
 distinct uses. 
 
 1. It is often equivalent to the EngHsh Perfect passive parti- 
 ciple in -ed: rxroxil-t-Ma^ fortified. 
 
 2. It is joined to the verb sum to form certain tenses of the 
 passive : voca-t-us sum, / have been called. 
 
 330. The participles may all be used as adjectives, and the 
 Present and Perfect as substantives. 
 
 I. Note that there is no Present passive or Perfect active 
 participle in Latin. 
 
THE PARTICIPLE 
 
 131 
 
 331. 
 
 TABLE OF PARTICIPLES 
 
 
 Active 
 
 Passive 
 
 
 Present 
 
 Future 
 
 Perfect 
 
 Gerundive (Fut.) 
 
 I. 
 
 voca-ns 
 
 vocl-tur-us 
 
 voca-t-us 
 
 voca-ndus 
 
 2. 
 
 mone-ns 
 
 moni-tur-us 
 
 moni-t-us 
 
 mone-ndus 
 
 3- 
 
 rege-ns 
 
 rec-tur-us 
 
 rec-t-us 
 
 rege-ndus 
 
 3- 
 
 capie-ns 
 
 cap-tur-us 
 
 cap-t-us 
 
 capie-ndus 
 
 4- 
 
 audie-ns 
 
 audl-tur-us 
 fu-tur-us 
 
 au^-t-us 
 
 audie-ndus 
 
 I. Observe carefully the similarity of formation in the Present 
 and the Gerundive on the one hand, and the Future and the Per- 
 fect on the other. 
 
 Make a table of the participles of laudo, terreo, duco, facio, 
 and munio. 
 
 332. Examine the following : 
 
 1 . Caesar virum videns laetus erat, Caesar was glad upon seeing 
 
 the man. 
 
 2. Permotus frumenti iuopia Caesar in Italiam venit, alarmed by 
 
 the lack of grain y Caesar came into Italy, 
 
 Observe that the Latin usage is the same as the English. 
 
 333. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 catena, ae, f., chain. 
 hospitium, 1, n., friendship. 
 lingua, ae, f., tongue, language. 
 vulgus.i 1, n., common people, crozvd. 
 adequito, are, avi, atus, ride 
 
 toward. 
 conclamo, are, §.vi, atus, cry out. 
 consido, ere, sedi, sessus, settle 
 
 dotun, encamp. 
 
 exerceo, ere, ui, itus, exercise^ train. 
 intercludo, ere, clusi, clusus, cut 
 
 off, shut off, hinder. 
 
 permoveo, ere, movi, motus, 
 alar?n, move greatly. 
 
 produce, ere, duzi, ductus, lead 
 forward. 
 
 versor, ari, atus sum, be busy, be en- 
 gaged, live. 
 
 1 An exception in gender among nouns in -us of the Second Declension. 
 
132 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 334. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Ariovistus liberam debere esse Galliam dixit. 2. Caesari 
 niintiatum est equites Ariovisti ad nostros adequitare. 3. In^ 
 vulgus militum niintiatum est Ariovistum magna adrogantia in 
 conloquio iisum esse. 4. Conclamans "Virum video!" ad eum 
 contendit. 5. C. Valerius Procillus, ad Ariovistum missus, pauca 
 postulata fecit. 6. Hospitio x'\riovisti iisus magnam iniiiriam fa- 
 ciebat. 7. Videns legates, suo exercitii praesente,^ conclamavit : 
 "Quare ad me venisti? " 8. Conantes dicere prohibuit et in cate- 
 nas coniecit. 9. Copiis intercliisis, exercitum fliimen tradiixit. 
 10. Proelio facto, in castra milites rediixit et ibi multis in rebus 
 versatus est. 
 
 II. I. The troops were led forward to the nearest hill. 2. The 
 scouts saw that the enemy were busy in our camp. 3. The 
 enemy had cut off our men from supplies. 4. Upon^ seeing the 
 ambassadors, Ariovistus threw them into chains. 5. Caesar, seeing 
 the enemy, encamped at the foot of the mountain. 6. Our men 
 had been trained in daily battles. 7. Ariovistus having used great 
 arrogance in the conference made many demands. 8. He rode 
 towards the crowd of soldiers and cried out : " I see the man." 
 
 335. Reading Lesson 
 
 Dum haec in conloquio geruntur, Caesar! niintiatum est equites 
 Ariovisti propius'* tumulum accedere, et ad nostros adequitare, 
 lapides telaque in nostros conicere. Certis de causis Caesar 
 proelium non committere constituit ; itaque suos in castra rediixit. 
 Postquam in vulgus militum nuntiatum est Ariovistum magna adro- 
 gantia* iisum esse, multo^ maior alacritas studiumque piignae 
 exercitui iniectum est. Biduo post Ariovistus ad Caesarem legates 
 de conloquio misit. Itaque Caesar C. Valerium Procillum, summa 
 virtiite^ virum, propter linguae Gallicae^ scientiam mittere con- 
 
 ^ among. ^ in the presence of his army ; praesente, Pres. part, of prae- 
 sum, be present. ^ See 332, i. * nearer to the mound. ^ See 316. ^ See 
 267. "^ See 157. ^ on account of his knowledge of the Gallic language. 
 
WORD FORMATION 1 33 
 
 stituit. Alter, qui hospitio Ariovistl usus erat, missus est. Sed 
 Ariovistus, legates videns in 6astrTs, conclamavit : Quare ad me 
 venistis? et eos in catenas coniecit. 
 
 LESSON LII 
 
 WORD FORMATION 
 
 Note. — It has been thought best to insert at this point two lessons upon 
 Word Formation and Word Grouping. These lessons are not to be learned 
 verbatim, but should be carefully read and frequently referred to in the prepa- 
 ration of the succeeding lessons. 
 
 The aim has not been to make an exhaustive treatment of the subject, but to 
 present a few essential facts in a very simple manner, in the hope that the 
 pupil, recognizing the fact that the Latin and the English are sister languages, 
 and that both have been built up gradually and systematically, may form habits 
 of observation in word study which will not only enliven his work in Latin, 
 but help him to appreciate his ownTanguage better. 
 
 336. A Root is the essential part of a word unmodified by the 
 addition of formative elements. 
 
 337. A Stem is that part of a word to which the inflectional 
 endings are added : son-, root ; sono-, stem ; sonus,^ a noise, 
 
 338. Examine carefully the following groups of words : — 
 
 ag-o, do ac-tor, one zvho does ac-tio, a doing 
 
 defend-6, defend defen-sor, one %vho defends defen-sio, a defending 
 
 I. Observe that the ending -tor (-sor) denotes the agent, and 
 that -tio (-sio) is used in forming abstracts. Note also the change 
 in the final letter of the root ag before t, and the dropping of d 
 before s. 
 scribo, write scrip-tor, ? scrip-tio, ? 
 
 1 The final letter of the stem is often so changed by its contact with the 
 inflectional endings as not to be evident without careful analysis. 
 
134 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 339. ag-5, lead ag-men, line of march 
 flu-6,y?^w flu-men, -rzV<?;' 
 move-o, move mo-men-tum, movement 
 mone-6, remind monu-men-tum, reviinder 
 
 I. Observe that the endings -men, -mentum, denote acts, or 
 the means or results of acts. 
 
 340. arm-6, arm arma-tura, armor, armed troops 
 scrlb-o, write scrip-tura, a writing 
 
 341. SiX-6, plow ^X3.-tiMva., that which plows, a plow 
 
 voc-6, call voca-bulum, that by which one is called, a name 
 
 gubern-6, guide guberna-culum, that which guides, a helm 
 
 I. Observe that the endings -trum, -bulmn, -culmn, denote the 
 means or instrument of an action. 
 
 From the meaning of the endings -tor, -tio in 338, i, tell the 
 meaning of the following words : — 
 
 ara-tor, ara-tio; guberna-tor, guberna-tio; voca-tor, voca-tio. 
 
 342. lae-tus, glad laeti-tia, gladness 
 
 levis, light levi-tas, lightness, fickleness 
 
 magnus, great magni-tudo, greatness, size 
 
 servus, slave servi-tus, slavery 
 
 I. Observe that the endings -tia, -tas, -tudo, -tus are added 
 to noun and adjective stems to form abstracts. Note change in 
 stem vowel. 
 
 343. The following words will give corresponding forms : — 
 
 iustus,y«J/ ? justice 
 
 virus, true — — ? truth 
 
 latus, broad ? breadth 
 
 vir, man ? manhood, courage 
 
 344. filius, son fili-olus, little son 
 ^^ex, field 9.^e\-\xis, little field 
 homo, man homun-culus, manikin 
 
 I. Observe that the Nominative endings -ulus (after a vowel 
 -olus), -lus, -cuius are added to noun stems to form diminutives. 
 
WORD FORMATION 
 
 135 
 
 Compare with these the English words brooklet^ rivulet^ bracelet^ 
 versicle, reticule. 
 
 345. homo, man hum-anus, belonging to man, human 
 
 lac, milk lact-eus, belonging to milk, lacteal 
 
 alius, another ali-enus, belonging to another, alien 
 
 clvis, citizen Civ-icus, belonging to a citizen, civic 
 
 Roma, Rome Rom-anus, belonging to Rome, Roman 
 
 Observe the formation of the preceding adjectives, and of the 
 corresponding English words. 
 
 Aratrum 
 
 3><KC 
 
 LESSON LIII 
 
 WORD FORMATION 
 
 346. navis, ship nav-alis, pertaining to a ship, naval 
 servus, slave serv-ilis, pertaining to a slave, servile 
 consul, consul consul-aris, pertaining to a consul, consular 
 
 I. Observe that the endings -alls, -ills, -aris, denote belonging 
 or pertaining to. The very common English endings -al, -ar, -il, 
 -He, are derived from these. 
 
 347. eques, horseman ec\VieB-ter, belonging to a horseman, equestrian 
 silva, wood silves-ter, belonging to a forest, wooded 
 nos, we, us nos-ter, belonging to us, our 
 
 What is the adjective corresponding to pedes, /?<?/ soldier ? 
 
 to terra, land ? 
 
 k 
 
 348. capi-6, take 
 Cupi-6, desire 
 tene-6, hold 
 aude-6, dare 
 ^VL^n-o, fight 
 
 capt-ivus, captive 
 cup-idus, desirous, eager 
 ten-ax, prone to hold, tenacious 
 
 aud-ax, ? 
 
 pugn-ax, ? 
 
136 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 I. Observe that the endings -ivus, -idus, are added to verb 
 stems to express state, and -ax to express tendency. 
 
 349. ag-6, drive ag-ilis, active, agile 
 
 faci-6, make, do fac-ilis, easy (that which can be done) 
 n5sc-o, know no-bills, known, noble 
 
 e2din-5, select exim-ius, selected, remarkable 
 
 I . Observe that the endings -ills, -bills, -ins, are added to verb 
 stems to express passive qualities. 
 
 350. arma, arms ann-6, are, arm 
 
 hlems, winter hiem-6, are, pass the winter 
 
 albus, white albe-6, ere, be white 
 
 metus.y^ar metu-6, ere, fear 
 
 fmis, end fini-o, ire, end 
 
 I. Observe that verbs of the four conjugations are derived from 
 noun stems. This is true of most of the three hundred and sixty 
 verbs of the First Conjugation, some of the Second and Third, 
 and many of the Fourth. 
 
 351. Compounds. — A simple word is one containing a single 
 stem : dux, due-. A compound word is one containing two or 
 more stems : agricola = agrl + cola (agro- + cole-) ; ager, field ; 
 colo, cultivate ; agricola, one who cultivates afield, a farmer. 
 
 Pro-avus, great-grandfather, pro -f- avus, preposition + noun. 
 Arti-fex, artisan, arti- (stem of ars) + fex (faclo), noun stem + 
 verb stem. Per-gravis, very heavy, per -f gravis, preposition -f 
 adjective. In-fidus, not to be trusted, in + fidus, negative par- 
 ticle + adjective. lAdL^n-^tAvsvoiS, great-hearted, magno + animus, 
 adj. stem -1- noun. Ex-eo, go out, ex -\- eo, preposition -f verb. 
 
 352. In 338-351 you have seen how words are formed by 
 the addition of prefixes and suffixes. A great many words in 
 Latin group themselves about a single root. In learning a Latin 
 vocabulary bear this in mind, and associate together words which 
 have a common root. Many words are of doubtful origin, but 
 in the following exercises only those whose origin is practically 
 certain, and which are in frequent use, will be given. 
 
THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN 
 
 137 
 
 353. Study carefully the words in the group in this and suc- 
 ceeding lessons, and endeavor to explain the formation of each 
 word, referring to 338-350. 
 
 I. At the end of each group a list of Enghsh derivatives has 
 been given which should be carefully studied for the purpose of 
 enlarging your English vocabulary, and emphasizing the relation 
 between your own language and the Latin. 
 
 354. Root due, lead. 
 
 duc-6, lead due-tor, ? intro-dueo, lead into 
 
 dux, leader in-due-tio, ? intro-due-tio, ? 
 
 Form compounds with ad, eon, de, in, re, and give meanings. 
 Eng. Der. — Duke, ductile, conductor, induce, ducat, reduction, 
 viaduct, aqueduct, subdue, educate, duchy. 
 
 >XK< 
 
 LESSON 
 
 LIV 
 
 
 
 THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN 
 
 
 355. Quia? Quae? Quid? Who? Which? Whati 
 
 > 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 
 Masc. Fern. Neui. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N. quis (qui) quae quid (quod) 
 
 qui 
 
 quae 
 
 quae 
 
 G. cuius euius cuius 
 
 quorum 
 
 quarum 
 
 quorum 
 
 D. cui cui cui 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 Ac, quem quam quid (quod) 
 
 quos 
 
 quas 
 
 quae 
 
 Ah. quo qua quo 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 356. In the Nominative singular, masculine and neuter, quis 
 and quid are used substantively, qui and quod adjectively ; as, — 
 Quis me vocavit, who called me ? 
 Qui puer me vocavit, what boy called me ? 
 Quid vides, what do you see ? 
 Quod animal vides, what animal do you see? 
 Review the declension of the relative (147), and compare it 
 with the interrogative. 
 
138 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 357. Examine the following : — 
 
 1 . Bum regem appellavernnt, they called him king. 
 
 2. Me consulem iecis^ia, you made me consul. 
 
 3. Urbs Roma appellata est, the city was called Rome. 
 
 Rule. — Verbs of naming, making, choosing, calling, showing, take 
 two Accusatives, one of the person or thing affected, 
 the other a predicate Accusative. 
 
 Note. — In the passive the direct object becomes the subject, and the 
 predicate Accusative a predicate Nominative. 
 
 368. VOCABULARY 
 
 benefactor, oris, m., benefactor. invenio, ire, veni, ventus,y?«^, dis- 
 
 gelus, us, va.., frost, cold. cover. 
 
 hiems, emis, f., winter. miseresco, ere, — , — , feel pity for, 
 
 serpens, entis, f. or m., serpent. pity. 
 
 •vestis, is, {., garment. morior, mori (moriri), mortuus 
 
 improbus, a, um, wicked. sum, die. 
 
 condo, ere, didi, ditus, hide, bring recipero, are, avi, atus, recover. 
 
 together, found. rigeo, ere, ui, — , become stiff. 
 
 incalesco,ere,calui, — ,growwarm. moz, adv., soon. 
 
 359. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Quis serpentem hiemis tempore in agro invenit? 2. Agri- 
 cola serpentem invenit et ei vitam servavit. 3. Serpens quem agri- 
 cola invenit gelii riguerat. 4. Incalescens autem benefactorem 
 suum mox momordit interfecitque. 5. Senex serpentem miserescit, 
 quare eum in veste condidit. 6. Serpentes sunt improba ani- 
 malia, quae saepe benefactores suos mordent. 7. Eum hominem 
 improbum vocamus quod amicis suis fidus non est. 8. Quis dixit 
 Caesarem aciem triplicem instruere? 9. Quem regem appellave- 
 runt? 10. Ciiius VI tam agricola servavit? Servavit vitam serpen- 
 tis, quae eum mox momordit. 
 
 II. I. A farmer hid under his garment a serpent which had 
 become stiff with cold. 2. In the winter-time^ serpents often 
 
 ^ hiemis tempore. 
 
IRREGULAR VERBS, INDICATIVE 1 39 
 
 become stiff with cold. 3. The serpent, however, did not die, 
 but was saved by a farmer, who, pitying it, hid it under his gar- 
 ment. 4. We easily suffer serpents to die, for they often bite 
 their benefactors. 5. This serpent soon recovered, and bit the 
 farmer. 6. Who saved the Hfe of the wicked animal? 7. To 
 whom did the Gauls give abodes on this side of the Rhine ? To 
 the Germans. 8. Whose life did the dove save? She saved the 
 ant's life. 9. We called him our benefactor, because he saved the 
 Hfe of our brother. 
 
 360. Reading Lesson : Agricola et Serpens 
 
 Agricola, senex, hiemis tempore, serpentem invenit gelii rigen- 
 tem, et miserescens sub veste condidit. Mox serpens incalescens, 
 et indolem suam reciperans, benefactorem momordit interfecit- 
 que ; qui moriens dixit : " lusta patior, qui animali improbo ' vitam 
 servaverim. 
 
 361. Study carefully the following word group. Determine the 
 meaning of words marked ? 
 
 Root spec, see, spy, 
 spec-t-6, to behold spec-ies, appearance spec-u-la-tor, spy 
 
 spec-ta-tor, ? spec-ta-culum, ? spec-trum, image 
 
 Eng. Der. — Species, specious, spectacle, spectrum, spectral, 
 conspicuous. 
 
 LESSON LV 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS, INDICATIVE — Fero AND ITS COMPOUNDS 
 
 362. Certain verbs, called irregular verbs, annex the personal 
 endings in the Present system for the most part directly to the 
 root. 
 
 1 who have saved the life of a . . . 
 
140 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 363. Tero, dear, carry 
 
 Princ. Parts, fer-6, fer-re, tiil-i, la-t-ua 
 
 Present 
 
 .o.unve 
 
 
 I. fer-6 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 fer-e-ba-m, etc. 
 
 2. fer-s 
 
 FUT. 
 
 fer-a-m, etc. 
 
 3- fer-t 
 
 Perf. 
 
 tul-i, etc. 
 
 I. fer-i-mus 
 
 Pluperf. 
 
 tul-era-m, etc. 
 
 2. fer-tis 
 
 FuT. Perf. 
 
 tul-er-6, etc. 
 
 3. fer-u-nt 
 
 
 
 Present 
 
 Passive 
 
 
 I. fer-o-r 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 fer-e-ba-r, etc. 
 
 2. fer-ris (re) 
 
 FUT. 
 
 fer-a-r, etc. 
 
 3. fer-tur 
 
 Perf. 
 
 la-t-us sum, etc. 
 
 I. fer-i-mur 
 
 Pluperf. 
 
 la-t-us eram, etc 
 
 2. fer-i-mini 
 
 FuT. Perf. 
 
 la-t-us ero, etc. 
 
 3. fer-u-ntur 
 
 
 
 SING. 
 
 I. Observe the quantity of the penult of fero, and accent its 
 compounds properly. 
 
 364. Inflect like fero the following compounds : — 
 
 ad-fero, ferre, attuli, adlatus, brif7g to, — ad + fero 
 de-fero, ferre, detuli, delatus, bring down from, transfer 
 in-f ero, ferre, intuli, inlatus, bring in or on, inflict 
 per-fero, ferre, pertuli, perlatus, bring to an end, endure 
 
 I. Observe the change in ad in composition. Learn the above 
 list of words with their forms and meanings. 
 
 365. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 agricultura, ae, f., agriculture. 
 
 occasus, us, m., a falling down; 
 soils occasus, sunset. 
 
 passus, us, m., pace. 
 
 vulnus, eris, n., 7vound. 
 
 intellego, ere, lexi, lectus, under- 
 stand, perceive, know. 
 
 reduce, ere, duxi, ductus, lead 
 
 back. 
 circiter, adv., about. 
 postridie, 07i the day after (with 
 
 Gen.). 
 praeter, prep, with Ace, beyond. 
 ultra, prep, with Ace, beyond. 
 
 usque, adv., even up to, as far as. 
 
READING LESSON I4I 
 
 366. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. His responsis adlatis, occasu solis Caesar equites in castra 
 reduxit. 2. Vulneribus multis inlatis, usque ad vesperum pugna- 
 verunt et multos hostis interfecerunt. 3. Omnem equitatum 
 praeter oppidum reduxit quod hostes integrls viribus pugnabant. 
 
 4. Bellum, quod Germanls intulerat, duobus annls^ pertulit. 
 
 5. Postrldie eius diei montem reliquit, et, acie instructa, ad 
 lacum processit, quo in loco erant castra hostium. 6. Ultra eum 
 locum, circiter milia^ passuum duo a Bibracti, copias pedestres 
 diixit. 7. Contentione omnium virium se agriculturae dedit. 
 
 8. Intellexit hostes locum castris idoneum deligere. 
 
 II. I. Caesar led his army about three ^ miles to the town (of) 
 Bibracte.'* 2. On the day after that day, having received^ many 
 wounds, they led their forces to a high hill near the river. 3. I 
 know that you are drawing up a triple line of battle. 4. They 
 fought even (up) to sunset, and no one saw an enemy turned 
 away. 5. The army was led six hundred paces beyond the city. 
 
 6. The Germans had settled in a place beyond the Rhine. 7. You 
 knew that they were surrendering their arms, and giving hostages 
 to Caesar. 8. At sunset they will bring the battle to an end. 
 
 9. Were you not bringing the grain down from the hills into the 
 town? 
 
 367. Reading Lesson 
 
 Eodem die Ariovistus castra promovit,^ et mlHbus "' passuum sex 
 a Caesaris castris sub monte consedit. Postrldie eius diel praeter 
 Caesaris castra suas copias traduxit, et milibus passuum duobus 
 ultra eum castra fecit. Caesar ubi intellexit Ariovistum se castris 
 tenere, ultra eum locum, quo in loco German! consederant, circi-' 
 ter passus sescentos ab els, locum castris idoneum delegit acieque 
 triplici instructa, ad eum locum venit. Proximo die Caesar e 
 
 1 See 167, 2. ^ /^^^ thousands of paces — two miles. ^ See 366, 6. * Ace. 
 in apposition with oppidum. ^ Abl. Abs. ^ Infer meaning. '^ See 267. 
 
142 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 castris utrisque^ copias suas eduxit et aciem instruxit. Eo die 
 acriter pugnatum ^ est utrimque ^ usque ad vesperum. Solis occasu 
 Ariovistus, multis vulneribus et inlatis et acceptis, suas copias in 
 castra reduxit. 
 
 368. Root mit, send. 
 mit-to, send mis-sile, a javelin o-mit-to, neglect 
 mis-sio, a sending a-mit-to, ? com-mis-sura, a joining together 
 
 Form compound words with com, inter, per, prae, sub, and give 
 meaning. 
 
 Eng. Der. — Admit, omit, mission, promise, remittance, mis- 
 sionary. 
 
 LESSON LVI 
 
 THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS — WORD LIST 
 
 369. The indefinite quis is rare except in the compound ali- 
 quis, some one, and the combinations siquis, if any one ; ne quis, 
 lest any one ; numquis, whether any one; and a few others which 
 will be explained later. 
 
 Neut. 
 aliquid (aliquod) 
 alicuius 
 alicui 
 
 aliquid (aliquod) 
 aliquo 
 
 aliqua 
 
 aliquorum 
 
 aliquibus 
 
 aliqua 
 
 aliquibus 
 
 370. 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 N. 
 
 aUquis (aliqui) 
 
 aliqua 
 
 G. 
 
 alicuius 
 
 alicuius 
 
 D. 
 
 alicui 
 
 alicui 
 
 Ac. 
 
 aliquem 
 
 aliquam 
 
 Ab. 
 
 aliquo 
 
 aliqua 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 N. 
 
 aliqui 
 
 aliquae 
 
 G. 
 
 aliquorum 
 
 aliquarum 
 
 D. 
 
 aliquibus 
 
 aliquibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 aliquos 
 
 aliquas 
 
 Ab. 
 
 aliquibus 
 
 aliquibus 
 
 ^ Adj., agreeing with castris, both. ^ Lit. it was fought. 
 fought. 3 Adv., modifying pugnatum est, on both sides. 
 
 Translate, they 
 
THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS I43 
 
 371. The forms aliqui (sing.) and aliquod are used adjectively : 
 aliqui deus, some god ; aliquod malum, some evil. 
 
 372. The most important indefinites besides aliquis are : — 
 
 Masc. Fern. Neut. 
 
 quidam quaedam quiddam (quoddam), 
 
 a certain one 
 quisquam (quaequam) quidquam(quicquam), 
 
 any one 
 quisque quaeque quidque (quodque), 
 
 each one, every one 
 I. These are declined Hke the simple pronoun, but quidam 
 changes m to n before d : quendam, quorundam. 
 
 373. Aliquis means some one unknown to the speaker. Quidam 
 means a certain one not described by the speaker. 
 
 374. VOCABULARY 
 
 acervus, i, m., heap, pile. carpo, ere, sT, tus, pick, gather. 
 
 indoles, is, f., disposition, character, imploro, are, avi, atus, implore, 
 alarius, a, um, belonging to the wing. beg for. 
 
 alarii, onun, m. pi., auxiliaries on invideo, ere, vidi, visus, grudge, 
 
 the wing. envy (w. Dat.). 
 
 alienus, a, um, belonging to another, muto, are, avi, atus, change. 
 
 another's. demimi, adv., at length. 
 
 contentus, a, um, content, satisfied, olim, z.Ay., formerly, once upon a time. 
 
 375. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Dicunt formicam olim hominem fuisse. 2. HTc homo 
 agriculturae maxime studuit, suis autem laboribus contentus non 
 erat. 3. Quam ob rem^ in animal quae^ nunc formica vocatur 
 mutatus est. 4. Postrldie eius diei Caesar omnes alarios in 
 conspectu hostium pro castrTs minoribus constituit. 5. Dixistis 
 eum, triplici acie instructa, iisque ad castra hostium accessisse. 
 
 6. Homo quod bonis alienls invidit fruges proximorum carpsit. 
 
 7. Hostes ad Caesarem mittentes pacem implorabant. 8. Demum, 
 armis traditls, condicionem pacis obtinuerunt. 9. Quidam prima 
 
 ^ therefore. ^ Attracted into agreement with formica. 
 
144 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 luce ad castra nostra venit. lo. Quare quisquam bonis alienis 
 invidet ? 1 1 . Quidam speculatores ad castra hostium quaque 
 nocte veniebant. 
 
 II. I. Each one was content with his own labors, and did not 
 envy the good fortune of another. 2. A certain man was changed 
 into an ant because he was not content with his own labors. 3. The 
 ant kept picking up heaps of grain. 4. The disposition of the 
 man was not changed. 5. Why does any one refuse to bring aid 
 to his friends? 6. We saw some soldiers every day near the town. 
 7. The soldier does not envy the leader's danger. 8. Some are 
 content with a brief story. 9. I shall not give this shield to 
 any one. 
 
 376. Reading Lesson: Formica 
 
 Formica, quae nunc est, olim homo erat ; et maxime agricultii- 
 rae studens, laboribus suis contentus non erat ; sed semper bonis ^ 
 alienis invidens friiges proximorum carpebat. luppiter^ autem, 
 iratus^ eius avaritiae, miltavit eum in animal quae nunc formica 
 vocatur. Sed, forma miitata, indolem non miitavit ; nam etiam 
 nunc, circumiens* ad acervos frumenti, fruges alienas conligit,^ 
 sibique reponit.^ 
 
 377. 
 
 
 WORD LIST 
 
 IX 
 
 
 acervus 
 
 *circiter 
 
 imploro 
 
 *morior 
 
 **quldam 
 
 *adequit5 
 
 *conclain6 
 
 improbus 
 
 **mox 
 
 **quisquam 
 
 **adfer6 
 
 *cond6 
 
 incalesco 
 
 **mvit6 
 
 **quisque 
 
 *agricultura 
 
 *consid5 
 
 indoles 
 
 *occasus 
 
 *reciper5 
 
 alarii 
 
 *contentus 
 
 **Infer5 
 
 *occasus solis 
 
 rigeo 
 
 alarius 
 
 **defero 
 
 *intelleg5 
 
 **olini 
 
 serpens 
 
 **alienus 
 
 *demum 
 
 *intercludo 
 
 passus 
 
 **ultra 
 
 **aliquis 
 
 *exerce5 
 
 *inveni5 
 
 **perfero 
 
 *usque 
 
 avaritia 
 
 **fero 
 
 *invideo 
 
 **permove5 
 
 *versor 
 
 ♦benefactor 
 
 gelus 
 
 *irascor 
 
 *postridie 
 
 vestis 
 
 *carp5 
 
 *hiems 
 
 lingua 
 
 *praeter 
 
 vulgus 
 
 catena 
 
 *hospitium 
 
 *miseresc6 
 
 *produc5 
 
 *vuhius 
 
 1 the property of others. '^Jupiter. ^ angry at his avarice : avaritiae, 
 Dat. after the intrans. irascor, see 294. ^ going around. ^ gathers, ^ lays up. 
 
IRREGULAR VERBS 
 
 145 
 
 378. Root fac, make or do. 
 
 fac-i-o, make, do fac-tum, deed fac-ilis, easy 
 
 fac-ies, appearance, make fac-ul-tas, ability dif-fic-ilis, hard 
 
 I. Observe changes in the root in composition. Form com- 
 pound verbs with con, de, per, prae, making the same change in 
 the root as in difficilis. 
 
 Eng. Der. — Fact, factor, factory, faction, facility, defect. 
 
 3j«<C 
 
 LESSON LVII 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS— V0I6 AND ITS COMPOUNDS 
 
 379. Volo, be willing, wish. Princ. Parts, volo, velle, volui 
 Nolo (non -f- volo), be unwilling. Princ. Parts, nolo, nolle, nolui 
 Malo (magis + volo), wish rather, prefer. Princ. Parts, malo, 
 malle, malui 
 
 SING. PLUR. 
 
 1. volo volumus 
 
 2. VIS vultis 
 
 3. vult volunt 
 
 vole-ba-m, etc. 
 
 vol-a-m 
 vol-e-s, etc. 
 
 vol-u-i, etc. 
 
 vol-u-eram, etc. 
 
 vol-u-ero, etc. 
 
 BEGIN. LAT. BK. 
 
 Present 
 sing. plur. 
 
 nolo ndlumus 
 
 non VIS non vultis 
 non vult nolimt 
 
 Imperfect 
 nole-ba-m, etc. 
 
 Future 
 nol-a-m 
 nol-e-s, etc. 
 
 Perfect 
 nol-u-i, etc. 
 
 Pluperfect 
 nol-u-eram, etc. 
 
 Future Perfect 
 nol-u-ero, etc. 
 -10 
 
 SING. PLUR. 
 
 malo malumus 
 
 mavis mavultis 
 
 mavult malunt 
 
 male-ba-m, etc. 
 
 mal-a-m 
 m^l-e-s, etc. 
 
 mal-u-i, etc. 
 
 mal-u-eram, etc. 
 
 mal-u-ero, etc. 
 
146 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 I. Observe that nolo and malo are compounds of volo, and 
 that the irregularities occur in the Present tense only. 
 
 380. VOCABULARY 
 
 hospes, itis, m. and f., host, guest ^ coniido, eie,fi&UB suin, trust Jirmfy, 
 
 friend. rely upon. 
 
 navicula, ae, f., skiff. deligo, are, avi, atus, bind fast, 
 
 phalanx, ngis, f., phalanx. fasten. 
 
 quaestor, oris, m., quaestor. erlpio, ere, ui, reptus, snatch azvay. 
 
 testis, is, m. and f., witness. pereo, ire, ivi (ii), \tws,, perish. 
 
 uxor, oris, f., wife. revello, ere, i, vulsus, pull back, 
 
 voluptas, atis, f., pleasure. tear away. 
 
 traho, ere, traxi, tractus, draw, drag. 
 
 381. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Eos testes suae ^ quisque virtutis habebat. 2. At German! 
 phalange facta in nostros impetum fecerunt. 3. Ad flumen Rhe- 
 num, milia passuum ex eo loco circiter quTnquaginta, pervenerunt. 
 4. Ibi pauci salutem sibi reppererunt ; in his fuit Ariovistus, qui 
 naviculam ad ripam deligatam invenerat. 5. Meis amicis confi- 
 dere malo, fidi enim sunt. 6. Nostri salutem in fuga petere nole- 
 bant. 7. Hostes ad flumen contendere voluerant. 8. In urbe 
 manere malet. 9. Caesar magna voluptate hospitem suum ereptum 
 esse e manibus hostium audivit. 10. Mulieres in castris manere 
 noluerant ; itaque multae occisae sunt in fuga. 
 
 II. I. Many perished in this battle, for it was long and fierce. 
 
 2. Caesar's guest friend was being dragged along the road. 
 
 3. There were many witnesses of his bravery, for the army had 
 been drawn up upon the hill. 4. The enemy did not wish to give 
 up their arms. 5. Caesar did not trust Ariovistus firmly. 6. The 
 two wives of Ariovistus preferred to perish in flight. 7. The sol- 
 diers wished to assault the town at daybreak. 8. I was unwilling 
 to snatch the shield away from my friend. 9. The skiff was bound 
 fast to the bank. 
 
 1 The reflexive regularly precedes qoisque when used in the same sentence. 
 
REVIE 
 
 382. Reading Lesson 
 
 147 
 
 Postridie eius die! Caesar praesidio utrisque castris paucos rell- 
 quit et omnes alarios in conspectu hostium pro castris minoribus 
 constituit. Ipse, triplici instriicta acie, usque ad castra hostium 
 accessit. Turn demum GermanI suas copias castris eduxerunt. 
 Caesar singulis legionibus singulos legates et quaestorem prae fe- 
 cit; ipse a dextro^ cornii proelium commisit. Nostri acriter in 
 hostes signo dato impetum fecerunt et diu in uno loco pugnatum 
 est. Tandem hostes fugere coeperunt neque prius fugere destite- 
 runt^ quam ad fliimen Rhenum, milia passuum ex eo loco circiter 
 quinquaginta, pervenerunt. Multl in ea pugna atque fuga occisi 
 sunt ; in his duae Ariovisti uxores. Duae filiae ; harum altera 
 occisa est, altera capta. Ariovistus ipse evasit.^ 
 
 383. Root fer, bear, 
 
 fer-6, bear for-te, by chance for-tiina, ? 
 
 fer-t-ilis, ? fer-t-ili-tas, ? de-fer-6, ? 
 
 Eng. Der. — Fertile, fortune, infer, offer, suffer. Give others. 
 
 LESSON LVIII 
 
 REVIEW OF PRONOUNS 
 
 384. Review carefully 136, 147, 148, 272-275, 286-288, 298. 
 
 385. VOCABULARY 
 
 gens, gentis, f., tribe, nation. commoveo, ere, movi, motus, 
 Labienus, 1, m., Labienus. move, disturb. 
 
 littera, ae, f., letter; pi. epistle, letter, conduco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead 
 rumor, oris, m., report, rujnor. or bring together. 
 
 cogo, ere, coegi, coactus, drive coniuro, are, avi, atus, conspire, 
 together, collect. 
 
 1 right. 2 neque destiteruht, did not cease. ^ escaped. 
 
148 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 386. SPECIAL EXERCISES ON THE PRONOUNS 
 
 I. I. Tu mihi litteras a Labieno dedisti, ego huic legato dedL 
 
 2. Hic puer bonus est, ille malus. 3. Vos ad herbida loca perve- 
 nietis, nos ad montes. 4. Cuius est telum? illius est. 5. In 
 locum properas ultra quem castra posita sunt. 6. Huic ignoscit, 
 ill! non ignoscit. 7. Quidam homo contra populum Romanum 
 coniiiravit. 8. Dicit se litteras mihi dedisse. 9. Is est amicus 
 mihi, tibi inimicus ille. 10. Tuus amicus tibi non est similis. 
 
 II. I. The man killed himself. 2. His friend is unlike him. 
 
 3. You are unfriendly to me, but I am friendly to you. 4. You 
 gave me a letter from my friend. 5. Whose arms are in the town? 
 The soldiers' arms (are). 6. Men and women are present; the 
 former are brave, the latter graceful. 7. He gave his weapons to 
 a certain man who was in our camp. 8. The men themselves will 
 be in the village. 9. The king says that a supply of grain is at 
 hand for you. 
 
 387. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Rumores crebrl ad Caesarem adlati erant, quibus rumo- 
 ribus non est territus. 2. Dicit Caesarem duas novas legiones 
 conscribere, quas e castris contra hostes ducet. 3. Niintiatum 
 est omnes Belgas inter se obsides dare. 4. His litteris rumori- 
 busque non omnino commotus est, sed exercitum condiicere coe- 
 pit. 5. Belgae, qui contra populum Romanum coniilraverant, 
 gens fortis et bellicosa erant. 6. Labienus, linus ex Caesaris lega- 
 tis, el nuntios et litteras misit. 7. Ubi est in agris pabuli copia, 
 iter faciemus in fines hostium. 8. Dicit manum magnam Belgarum 
 cogi et contra Caesarem armari. 
 
 II. I. Caesar came into Gaul into the winter quarters over 
 which Labienus was in command. 2. Caesar will enroll three 
 new legions in farther Gaul, and lead them together into winter 
 quarters. 3. All the Belgae are conspiring against the Roman 
 people, and giving hostages to one another. They say that the 
 
IRREGULAR VERBS 1 49 
 
 neighbors of the Belgae are being led together. 5. When we had 
 led the army together into one place, a fierce battle was fought.-^ 
 
 6. They said that Caesar was disturbed by the rumors of war. 
 
 7. Many hostile nations wished to contend with the Germans. 
 
 388. Root leg, ga/ker. 
 
 \q^-o, gather Ae-li^-o, choose di-lig-enter, ? 
 
 leg-io, ? di-lig-entia, diligence in-tel-leg-6, know 
 
 Eng. Der. — Coil, cull, collection, legion, legend, intellect, 
 neglect. Form others. 
 
 LESSON LIX 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS — E6 AND F16, INDICATIVE — 
 CONSTRUCTIONS OF PLACE 
 
 389. Eo, go. Princ. Parts, e5, ire, ivi(ii), ituB 
 
 Present 
 sing. plur. 
 
 1. e-6 i-mus Impf. i-ba-m, etc. Perf. i-v-I (i-i), etc. 
 
 2. i-s i-tis FuT. i-b-6, etc. Plup. T-v-era-m, etc. 
 
 3. i-t e-u-iit FuT. Perf. i-v-er-6, etc. 
 
 I. Supply omitted forms. E6 is used impersonally in the third 
 person singular, passive. The compounds ad-eo, / approach, and 
 in-eo, / enter, are transitive, and have a passive inflection also. 
 
 390. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 
 singular 
 
 I. 
 
 ad-e-o-r 
 
 2. 
 
 ad-i-ris (re) 
 
 3- 
 
 ad-I-tur 
 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 I. 
 
 ad-i-mur 
 
 2. 
 
 ad-i-mini 
 
 3- 
 
 ad-e-u-ntur 
 
 Impf. ad-i-ba-r, etc. 
 
 FuT. ad-i-bo-r, etc. 
 
 Perf. ad-i-t-us sum, etc. 
 
 Plup. ad-i-t-us eram, etc. 
 
 FuT. Perf. ad-i-t-us ero, etc. 
 
 1 acriter pugnatum est. 
 
ISO 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 391. 
 
 Fio, become (used as passive of facio) 
 Princ. Parts, fio, fieri, f actus sum 
 
 Pres. 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 1. fi-o 
 
 2. fi-s 
 3- fi-t 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 1. fi-muB 
 
 2. fi-tis 
 
 3. fi-u-nt 
 
 IMPF. 
 
 fi-e-ba-m, etc. 
 
 Fur. 
 
 fi-a-m 
 
 
 fi-e-s, etc. 
 
 Perf. 
 
 fac-t-us sum, etc. 
 
 Plup. 
 
 fac-t-us eram, etc 
 
 FuT. Perf. fac-t-us ero, etc. 
 
 392. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Caesarem certi5rem facit, he informs Caesar (makes Caesar 
 
 more certain). 
 
 2. Caesar certior f actus est, Caesar was informed. 
 
 Observe that certior is an adjective in the comparative degree, 
 and is declined like any other comparative. 
 
 393. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. A Gallia navigavit, he sailed away from Gaul. 
 
 2. Roma profectus est, he set out from Rome, 
 
 3. Ex urbe egressus est, he went out of the city. 
 
 4. Delo venit, he came froin Delos. 
 
 5 . Domo exivit, he went out from home. 
 
 Rule. — The place from which is regularly expressed by the Abla- 
 tive with a preposition, generally ab, de, or ex; but 
 names of towns and small islands, also domus and rus, 
 omit the preposition. 
 
 394. Examine the following : — 
 
 1 . Ad fines Belgarum properat, he hastens to the territory of the 
 
 Belgae. 
 
 2. In italiam profectus est, he set out for Italy. 
 
 3. Romam ivit, he went to Rome. 
 
CONSTRUCTIONS OF PLACE 151 
 
 4. Delum navigavit, he sailed to Delos. 
 
 5. Domum ibit, he will go home. 
 
 6. Rus venit, he came into the country. 
 
 Rule. — The place to which is regularly expressed by the Accusa- 
 tive with a preposition ; but names of towns and small 
 islands, also domus and rus, omit the preposition. 
 
 395. Examine the following : — 
 
 1 . In urbe mansit, he remained in the city, 
 
 2. Romae mansit, he remained at Rome. 
 
 3. Athenis fuit, he was at Athe?is. 
 
 4. Delo non fui, / was not at Delos. 
 
 5. Rex erat Curibus, the king was at Cures. 
 
 6. Domi eramus, we were at home. 
 
 Rule. — The place in which is regularly expressed by the Abla- 
 tive with the preposition in ; but names of towns and 
 small islands, also domus and rus, are put in the Loca- 
 tive. 
 
 Note. — The Locative (see 21, n. i) has the same form as the Genitive in 
 singulars of the First and Second Declensions; but in singulars of the Third 
 and all plurals it has the same form as the Dative or Ablative. The Locative 
 forms of domus and rus are domi and ruri. 
 
 396. VOCABULARY 
 
 Athenae, arum, f. pi., Athens. egredior, 1, gressus sum, go or 
 
 Cures, ium, f. or m. pi., Cures. march out. 
 
 Delos, 1, f., Delos. certiorem^ facio, ere, feci, certior 
 
 r€s frumentaria, rei frumentariae, f actus, inform. 
 
 f., graht supply. navigo, are, avi, atus, sail. 
 
 Roma, ae, f., Rojne. proficiscor, i, fectus sum, set out, 
 
 rus, ruris, n., country (opposed to inarch. 
 
 city). frustra, adv., in vain. 
 statim, adv., immediately, at once. 
 
 1 Inflected to agree with object of facio. 
 
152 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 397. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Impetu facto in multa oppida, Romam statim profectus 
 est. 2. Rebus frumentariis conlectis, Delum cum maxima multi- 
 tiidine hominum Ivit. 3. Certior factus est amicum domum pro- 
 ficisci.^ 4. Athenis sunt multi et fortes viri, qui statim Delum 
 navigabunt. 5. Diu Curibus mansit, tum Athenas venit. 6. Frii- 
 stra conatus est navigare domum. 7. Q. Pedius/ Caesaris legatus, 
 cum copils omnibus in interiorem Galliam statim ibit. 8. Egres- 
 sus est ex urbe quod rus ire volebat. 9. Mains fiet periculum 
 quod hostes ad nostra oppida veniunt. 10. Romam iverunt, quae 
 urbs clarissima erat. 
 
 II. I. He went to Rome on the tenth day and set out imme- 
 diately for Athens. 2. Grain supplies were brought into the city, 
 for the citizens feared an attack of the enemy. 3. He informs 
 them that the soldiers are making an attack in vain. 4. You will 
 go immediately into the country. 5. He will have gone to Delos 
 within four days. 6. There were few inhabitants in Cures. 7. He 
 became king at Athens. 8. He will become the leader of all their 
 forces. 9. They were going from the city to the country. 
 
 Reading Lesson 
 
 Cum esset^ Caesar in citeriore Gallia in hiberms, crebri riimores 
 ad eum adferebantur, litterlsque item^ Labieni certior fiebat omnes 
 Bel gas contra populum Romanum coniiirare obsidesque inter se* 
 dare. His nuntiis litterlsque commotus Caesar duas legiones in 
 citeriore Gallia conscrTpsit, et inita^ aestate in interiorem Galliam 
 cum eis Q. Pedium legatum misit. Ipse, cum pabuli copia esse 
 inciperet,^ ad exercitum venit. Finitimi Belgarum Caesari niin- 
 tiaverunt maniis cogi et exercitum in iinum locum conduci. Quare 
 Caesar ad eos proficisci constituit. Re frumentaria comparata, 
 castra movet, diebusque circiter qumdecim ad fines Belgarum 
 pervenit. 
 
 1 certior factus is followed by the construction of the indirect discourse. 
 2 Quintus Pedius. ^ When Caesar was. * likeivise. ^ to one another, 
 ^ in the beginning of summer, "^ when there began to be. , . , 
 
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 
 
 153 
 
 399. Root, da, give. 
 
 do, give 
 de-do, give up 
 de-di-tio, ? 
 
 do -no, give 
 do-num, — 
 ven-do, sell 
 
 e-do, give out 
 
 tra-do (trans + do), give over 
 
 tra-di-tio, ? 
 
 Eng. Der. — Date, dot, dative, edition, donor, donate, traitor, 
 vend. 
 
 LESSON LX 
 
 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, Sum — INDEPENDENT USE OF THE 
 SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 400. 
 
 SING. 
 
 Present 
 
 Imperfect 
 
 Perfect 
 
 Pluperfect 
 
 I. si-m 
 
 es-se-m 
 
 fu-eri-m 
 
 fu-isse-m 
 
 2. Sl-S 
 
 es-se-s 
 
 fu-eri-s 
 
 fu-isse-s 
 
 3. si-t 
 
 es-se-t 
 
 fu-eri-t 
 
 fu-isse-t 
 
 I. si-mus 
 
 es-se-mus 
 
 fu-eii-mus 
 
 fu-isse-mus 
 
 2. si-tis 
 
 es-se-tis 
 
 fu-eri-tis 
 
 fu-isse-tis 
 
 3. si-nt 
 
 es-se-nt 
 
 fu-eri-nt 
 
 fu-isse-nt 
 
 1. Observe that the Imperfect Subjunctive is made from the 
 Present Infinitive, the Pluperfect Subjunctive from the Perfect 
 Infinitive. 
 
 2. Note also the one difference in inflection between the 
 Perfect Subjunctive and the Future Perfect Indicative (see 208). 
 Note that the Future and Future Perfect tenses are lacking in the 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 401. The Subjunctive is used either independently or depend- 
 ently. It is used in independent clauses to express — 
 
 1. An exhortation : Simus fortes, let us be brave. 
 A command : Sit raiser, let him be wretched. 
 
 A prohibition : Ni fueris inimicus, do not be unfriendly. 
 In this use it is called the Hortatory Subjunctive. 
 
 2. A wish : Utinam essem Romae, would that I were at Rome. 
 In this use it is called the Optative Subjunctive, 
 
154 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 3. A possibility : Aliquis sit amicus, some one may be a friend. 
 In this use it is called the Potential Subjunctive. 
 
 4. Doubt or Indignation in questions : Quid faciamus ? What 
 shall we do ? In this use it is called the Dubitative Subjunc- 
 tive. 
 
 The use of the Subjunctive in dependent clauses will be gradu- 
 ally discussed as the work advances. 
 
 402. VOCABULARY 
 
 clava, ae, f., staff, club. advoco, are, avi, atus, call to or 
 
 Hercules, is, m., Hercules. toiuards. 
 
 magistratus, us, m., magistrate. conseutio, ire, sensi, sensus, agree 
 
 Nemea, ae, f., N^emea. with, conspire. 
 
 pecus, oris, n., flock. impono, ere, posui, positus, place 
 
 sagitta, ae, f., arrow. . upon, assign. 
 
 umerus, i, m., shoulder. valeo, ere, ui, iturus, be strong, 
 
 valles, is, f., valley. avail. 
 
 vivo, ere, vixi, victus, live. 
 
 403. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Leone interfecto, fortes simus. 2. In valle Nemeae leo 
 ingens vTvebat qui pecora hominesque interficiebat. 3. Hercules 
 
 sit fortis, leo enim adest. 4. Rex dixit : " Ciirae tibi 
 sit ea res." 5. Hercules respondit : "Quam celer- 
 rime^ leonem interficiam," et statim profectus est. 
 6. Hercules clavam in manii sua habuit. 7. Mor- 
 tuum leonem umeris imposuerat et ad regem tule- 
 rat. 8. Utinam domi essem, ingens enim leo ad me 
 venit. 9. Quid faciam? Nam omnes consentiunt 
 leonem esse homini inimicum. 10. Unum impe- 
 Pharetra rium et iinum magistratum eos habere dlxerunt. 
 
 II. I. Let our friends be faithful in (time of) danger. 2. Her- 
 cules had used his club and arrows in vain. 3. The king had called 
 Hercules to him, and had assigned to him twelve labors. 4. Her- 
 
 1 as quickly as possible. 
 
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 1 55 
 
 cules was not able to kill the lion with his club or arrows. 
 5. They had not conspired against the Roman people, and were 
 ready to give hostages. 6. The Germans who live on this side of 
 the Rhine had joined themselves with these. 7. Over this river 
 was a bridge. Here he places a guard, and on the other side of 
 the river he leaves a lieutenant with six cohorts. 8. Would that 
 he were^ with his army in the camp. 9. Let us be faithful to our 
 friends. 10. He may be brave, but he is not good. 
 
 404. Reading Lesson : Nemeus Led 
 
 In valle Nemeae leo ingens vivebat, et pecora hominesque cottl- 
 die interficiebat. Eurystheus, ^ rex Tlrynthis,^ Herculem ad se 
 advocavit, eique dixit : " Cilrae tibi sit hunc leonem quam celerrime 
 interficere.'"* Statim proficiscitur Hercules. Clava sagittisque 
 frilstra ilsus, impetii facto, leonem manibus interfecit. Tum ad 
 Eurystheum revertit, mortuum leonem umeris impositum ferens. 
 
 405. Root ac, shai'p. 
 
 ac-er, sharp ac-er-bus, bittej-, sour ac-ies, edge, line of battle 
 
 ac-us, needle ac-ri-ter, ? ac-er-bi-tas, sharpness 
 
 Eng. Der. — Edge, acrobat, acid, acrimonious. 
 LESSON LXI 
 
 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD — SEQUENCE OF TENSES 
 
 406. The tenses of the Subjunctive in dependent clauses follow 
 special laws of sequence. 
 
 407. All tenses are divided into two classes, primary and 
 secondary. 
 
 1 See 401, 2. 2 Eurystheus. ^ TIryns, Tirynthis, or Tlrynthos, Ti- 
 
 ryns (an ancient town of Argolis). * interficere, subject of sit. Translate, 
 Let it be a care to you to kill, or See that you kill . . . 
 
156 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 408. The primary tenses express present or future time : the 
 Present, Pure Perfect/ Future, and Future Perfect Indicative, the 
 Present and Perfect Subjunctive, and the Present and Future 
 Imperative. 
 
 409. The secondary tenses express past time : the Imperfect, 
 Perfect Historical,^ and Pluperfect Indicative, and the Imperfect 
 and Pluperfect Subjunctive. 
 
 410. General Rule for Sequence of Tenses. — In complex sen- 
 tences a primary tense in the principal clause is followed by a 
 primary in the subordinate, a secondary by a secondary. 
 
 411. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Monet ut simus boni, he advises us to be good (that we maybe). 
 
 2 . Monebit ut simus boni, he will advise us to be good. 
 
 3. Monuit ut essemus boni, he advised us to be good (that we 
 
 might be). 
 
 4. Monuerat ut essemus boni, he had advised us to be good. «• 
 
 5. Monebat ut essemus boni, he was advising us to be good. 
 
 6. Monuit ut simus boni, he has advised us to be good. 
 
 7. Monuerit ut simus boni, he will have advised us to be good. 
 
 Learn these examples, and note the distinction in meaning and 
 use of the tenses in 3 and 6. Learn carefully the list of primary 
 and secondary tenses, and in the succeeding lessons point them 
 out until you are thoroughly familiar with them. 
 
 412. VOCABULARY 
 
 Galba, ae, m., Galba. RemI, orum, m. pi., the Remi. 
 
 hydra, ae, f., hydra. Suessi6nes,um,ni.pl.,//^^5'M^jj/^«^j. 
 
 ius, iuris n., rights law. plerusque, aque, umque, a very 
 
 iustitia, ae, injustice. great part. 
 
 plerique, orum que, m. pi., the most. 
 
 ^ That use of the Perfect which is expressed in English by the Present 
 Perfect. 
 
 2 The English simple Past tense. 
 
SEQUENCE OF TENSES 15/ 
 
 abscido, ere, T, scisus, cut off or expello, ere, pull, pulsus, expel, 
 
 aivay. drive out. 
 
 dimitto, ere, misi, missus, send orior, iri, tus sum, arise, spring or 
 
 aivay, dismiss. descend from. 
 
 djstineo, ere, uT, tentus, hold or antlc^tvis, didiv., long ago, in ancient 
 
 keep apart. times. 
 
 ut, conj., that, in order that. 
 
 413. EXERCISES 
 
 L I. Legati, primT civitatis, ad eum ab Remis missi sunt. 
 2. Hi omnes se suaque omnia in fidem atque in potestatem populi 
 Roman! permlserunt. 3. Rem! neque cum reliquls Belgis consense- 
 rant neque contra populum Romanum coniuraverant. 4. Plerique 
 Belgae erant orti a Germanis, Rhenumque antlquitus traducti, 
 propter fertilitatem ibi consederant. 5. Apud Suessiones fuerat 
 rex nostra etiam memoria^ Divitiacus, totlus Galliae potentissi- 
 mus. 6. Pontem Caesar facit ut subsidio sibi sit. 7. Pontem 
 Caesar fecit ut subsidio sibi esset. 8. Ad Aeduos legates mittet 
 ut fnlmenti copia sibi sit. 9, Ad Aeduos legates miserat ut frii- 
 raenti copia sibi esset. 10. Legatus ad collem legionem decimam 
 misit ut Caesar! auxilio esset. 
 
 II. I. Galba was chosen leader^ on account of his justice and 
 prudence. 2. Caesar having encouraged^ the Remi, ordered all 
 the senate to come to him, and all the children of the chiefs 
 to be brought to him as hostages. 3. Caesar advises his sol- 
 diers to be (that they may be) brave. 4. Caesar advised his 
 soldiers to be (that they might be) brave. 5. Caesar was ad- 
 vising his soldiers to be brave. 6. Caesar will advise his soldiers 
 to be brave. 7. Caesar has advised his centurions to be faithful. 
 8. Caesar will have advised the tenth legion to be faithful. 9. The 
 lieutenant had advised his centurions to be brave. 
 
 414. Reading Lesson 
 
 Rem! ad Caesarem legates, pr!mos c!vitatis, m!serunt, qu! d!xe- 
 runt Remos se suaque omnia in potestatem popul! Roman! per- 
 
 1 even within our jnemory. ^ 3ee 357^ 3 cohortatus. 
 
158 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 mittere/ neque se cum Belgis reliquis consensisse, neque contra 
 populum Romanum coniurasse,- paratosque esse et obsides dare 
 et imperata facere : reliquos omnes Belgas in armis esse, Germa- 
 nosque, qui cis Rhenum incolant,^ sese cum his coniunxisse. 
 
 De summa^ autem belli et de numero armatorum legatl Caesa- 
 rem certiorem fecerunt. Summa belli, quam Bellovaci^ propter 
 virtutem numerumque militum postulaverunt, ad Galbam, regem 
 Suessionum, propter iustitiam prudentiamque delata est.^ 
 
 Caesar, Remos cohortatus, omnem senatum ad se convenire 
 principumque llberos ad se adduci iussit. Quae omnia ab his dili- 
 genter^ ad diem facta sunt. Postquam omnes Belgarum copias ad 
 se venire vidit, flumen Axonam copias traduxit ibique castra posuit. 
 
 415. Root sta, stand, 
 
 stos stand sta-bulum, ? sta-tura, ? 
 
 sta-bilis,/rw sta-tio, ? sta-tim, immediately 
 
 Eng. Der. — State, station, stand, distant, constant, standard. 
 
 LESSON LXII 
 
 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, FIRST CONJUGATION — PURPOSE 
 
 CLAUSES 
 
 411 
 
 B. 
 
 
 Active 
 
 
 
 
 Present 
 
 Imperfect 
 
 Perfect 
 
 Pluperfect 
 
 
 I. 
 
 voce-m 8 
 
 voca-re-m 
 
 vocav-eri-ni 
 
 vocav-isse-m 
 
 SING. 
 
 2. 
 
 voce-s 
 
 voca-re-s 
 
 vocav-eri-s 
 
 vocav-isse-s 
 
 
 .3- 
 
 voce-t 
 
 voca-re-t 
 
 vocav-eri-t 
 
 vocav-isse-t 
 
 
 I. 
 
 voce-mus 
 
 voca-re-mus 
 
 vocav-eri-mu3 
 
 vocav-isse-mus 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 • 2. 
 
 voce-tis 
 
 voca-re-tis 
 
 vocav-eri-tis 
 
 vocav-isse-tis 
 
 
 .3- 
 
 voce-nt 
 
 voca-re-nt 
 
 vocav-eri-nt 
 
 vocav-isse-nt 
 
 1 permitto, intrust. ^ Contracted form for coniuravisse. ^ dwell. 
 
 * the leadership. ^ the Bellovaci. ^ was conferred. " promptly. 
 
 ^ No sufficient translation of the Subjunctive can be given in the paradigms. 
 You must depend for its meaning upon a study of the context and the illustra- 
 tive examples which will accompany the discussion of this mood. 
 
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 1 59 
 
 417. Passive 
 
 Present Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect 
 
 fi. voce-r voca-re-r vocatus sim vocatus essem 
 
 2. voce-ris(re) voca-re-ri8(re) vocatus sis vocatus esses 
 
 3. voce-tur voca-re-tur vocatus sit vocatus esset 
 
 i.voce-mur voca-re-mur vocati simus vocati essemus 
 
 2. voce-mini voca-re-mini vocati sitis vocati essetis 
 
 3. voce-ntur voca-re-ntur vocati sint vocati essent 
 
 418. Observe the change in the stem vowel of the Present 
 Subjunctive, both active and passive, and the one difference in 
 form of the Perfect Subjunctive and Future Perfect Indicative 
 active. 
 
 Inflect in the same way muto, armo, imploro, supero. 
 
 419. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Magister venit ut discipulos vocet, the teacher is coming to call 
 
 the pupils (that he may call). 
 
 2. Magister venit ut discipulos vocaret, the teacher came to call 
 
 the pupils (that he might call). 
 
 3. Milites fortiter pugnant ne dux culpet, the soldiers fight bravely 
 
 that their leader may not blame thefn (lest he may). 
 
 4. Milites fortiter pugnaverunt ne dux culparet, the soldiers fought 
 
 bravely that their leader might not blame them (lest he might) . 
 
 5 . Milites ad superiorem locum contendent, quo f acilius pugnent, 
 
 the soldiers will hasten to a higher place in order to fight more 
 easily (in order that they may). 
 
 6. Milites ad superiorem locum contenderimt, quo f acilius pugna- 
 
 rent, the soldiers hastened to a higher place in order to fight 
 more easily (in order that they might). 
 
 1. Observe that ut, in order that, introduces an affirmative 
 clause of purpose ; ne, that not or lest, a negative one ; and that 
 quo is used with a comparative to express purpose. Never use 
 the infinitive in such clauses. 
 
 2. The law for the sequence of tenses (406-410) should be 
 followed in writing the exercise of this lesson. 
 
l6o THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 420. VOCABULARY 
 
 belua, ae, f., beast, monster. enascor, i, natus sum, spring tip^ 
 
 consilium,!, x\.,plan, counsel. grow out. 
 
 discipulus, i, m., pupil. tingo, ere, tinxi, tinctus, wet^ 
 
 liber, bri, m., book. moisten. 
 
 natio, onis, f., nation. vulnero, are, avi, atus, ivound. 
 
 venenatus, a, um, poisoned, poison- ne, conj., in order that not, lest. 
 
 ous. quo, conj. with comparatives, that. 
 
 consumo, ere, psi, ptus, destroy, vero, adv., in truth, indeed. 
 
 use up, consujue. 
 
 421. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. In paludem venit ut hydram vulneraret. 2. In paludem 
 'venit ut hydram vulneret. 3. Antlquitus Hercules, belua victa, 
 
 sagittas sanguine tinxit. 4. Multls oppidls consumptis, monet ut 
 milites in Gallia hiement. 5. Legatum in Aquitaniam proficisci 
 iubet, ne ex his nationibus in Galliam auxilia convocentur. 6. In 
 provinciam contendere constituit ut frumentum compararetur. 
 7. Romam venit, quo facilius amicos llberaret. 8. Summa celeri- 
 tate in Galliam contenderunt ut agros hostium vastarent. 9. Ad 
 Italiam proficlscemur ut auxilium ab amicls imploremus. 10. Mul- 
 tas copias iinum in locum conduces ut bellum renoves. 
 
 II. I. They came into the territory of the Remi in order to^ 
 devastate their fields. 2. He advises us not to change our plans. 
 
 3. You will set out for Rome in order to implore aid from Caesar. 
 
 4. We shall lead the lamb to the temple to sacrifice it. 5. You 
 advised us to deliver our friends from danger. 6. We shall win- 
 ter in Gaul in order that we may more easily attack the towns in 
 the beginning of summer.^ 7. He persuaded me^ not to give 
 the books to the master. 8. They sent a messenger to carry the 
 poisoned arrows to Hercules. 
 
 422. Reading Lesson : Hydra Lernaea 
 
 Hydra appellata est belua, quae in paliide Lernaea'' versabatur, 
 cm erant capita novem, octo vero mortalia, nonum autem immor- 
 
 1 Sign of Subj., ut. ^ aestate inita. ^ Dative. * Lernaea, of Lema. 
 
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 
 
 l6l 
 
 tale. Capita mortalia Hercules gladio suo abscldit, immortale 
 autem vulnerare non potuit. Uno vero capite abscTso, statim 
 enascebantur duo. Haec autem, silvis incensis, Igne consumpsit. 
 Turn caput immortale sub saxo condidit. Hydra ita victa, sagit- 
 tas beluae sanguine venenato tinxit. 
 
 423. Root fa-, shiiie, show. 
 
 fa-bula,y^3/.?, story fa-ma, report in-fa-ns, infant 
 
 fa-bul6sus, ? fa-s, right (by divine law) in-fa-ndus, unspeakable 
 
 fa-bul6se, ? ne-fa-s, ? fa-tum, ya/^ (things spoken) 
 
 Eng. Der. — Fable, fame, fate, nefarious, infamous. Form others. 
 
 3j«<C 
 
 LESSON LXIII 
 
 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, SECOND CONJUGATION — VERBS 
 OF FEARING — WORD LIST 
 
 424. 
 
 Present 
 
 1. monea-m 
 
 2. monea-s 
 
 3. monea-t 
 
 Active 
 
 Imperfect 
 
 mone-re-m 
 
 mone-re-s 
 
 mone-re-t 
 
 Perfect 
 
 monu-eri-m 
 
 monu-eri-s 
 
 monu-eri-t 
 
 Pluperfect 
 
 monu-isse-m 
 
 monu-isse-s 
 
 monu-isse-t 
 
 r I . monea-mus mone-re-mus monu-eri-mus monu-isse-mus 
 PLUR. { 2. monea-tis mone-re-tis monu-eri-tis monu-isse-tis 
 [3. monea-nt mone-re-nt menu eri-nt monu-isse-nt 
 
 425. 
 
 Passive 
 
 f I . monea-r mone-re-r monitus sim monitus essem 
 
 SING. \ 2. monea-ris(re)mone-re-ris (re) monitus sis monitus esses 
 1 3. monea-tur mone-re-tur monitus sit monitus esset 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 1 . monea-mur 
 
 2. monea-mini 
 
 3. monea-ntur 
 
 mone-re-mur 
 mone-re-mini 
 mone-re-ntur 
 
 moniti simus moniti essemus 
 moniti sTtis moniti essetis 
 moniti sint moniti essent 
 
 BEGIN. LAT. BK. 
 
1 62 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 1 . Observe the signs of mood and tense in the above. In what 
 respect do the Future Perfect Indicative active and the Perfect 
 Subjunctive differ? 
 
 2. Inflect as above teneo, terreo, deleo, observing carefully the 
 principal parts of deleo. 
 
 426. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Vereor ne pugnet, I fear that he w'-^ fight 
 
 2. Vereor ut pugnet, I fear that he will noi fight. 
 
 3. Veritus sum ne pugnaret, Ifea?'ed that he ^onXd fight. 
 
 4. Veritus sum ut pugnaret, I feared that he would not fight. 
 
 Observe the use of ne and ut with verbs of fearing, and com- 
 pare this use with that seen in the preceding lesson. 
 
 Observe that the Subjunctive may be translated by the English 
 Future Indicative ; also that the dependent verbs follow the law 
 of sequence of tenses (406-410) . 
 
 Rule. — Verbs and other expressions of fearing are followed by 
 the Subjunctive with ne affirmative and ut negative. 
 
 427. VOCABULARY 
 
 funditor, oris, m., slinger. statuo, ere, i, utus, station^ set up, 
 
 Iccius, 1, m., Iccius. resolve. 
 
 Sagittarius, 1, m., archer. supersedeo, ere, sedi, sessus, re- 
 
 tormentum, 1, n., htir ling engine. frain from. 
 
 conloco, are, avi, atus, set, place. vereor, eri, itus sum, fear. 
 
 dedo, ere, didi, ditus, give up, sur- item, adv., likezvise. 
 
 render. libenter, adv., willingly, gladly. 
 
 428. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Veritus est ne tantae nationes coniurarent. 2. Labienum 
 in Helvetios misit ut eam manum distineret. 3. Iccius veretur ut 
 proelio libenter supersedeant. 4. Nonne verebaris ut oppidum 
 a funditoribus sagittarilsque expugnaretur ? 5. Hostes item armis 
 traditis se dediderunt, ne gravius dolerent. 6. Ad oppidum pro- 
 fectus, ibi castella constituit et tormenta conlocavit ut celeriter 
 
VERBS OF FEARING 
 
 163 
 
 oppidum expugnaretur. 7. Vereor ut castra hostium deleantur. 
 8. Veriti sunt ne castra moveretis. 9. Ad oppidum pedestres 
 copias Ire iussit, ut oppugnetur. 10. Nonne te in Galliam misit 
 ut hostes proelio prohiberes ? 
 
 II. I. We feared lest the archers and slingers might attack 
 the town. 2. They feared that the Helvetii might be terrified 
 by the great danger. 3. They fear that 
 the army will not willingly remain in 
 Gaul. 4. We fear that you will destroy 
 the towns of the enemy. 5. He will 
 fear that Caesar may refrain from battle. 
 6. I likewise shall fear that the forces 
 may be kept apart. 7. They hastened 
 to the town in order that they might 
 place hurling engines there. 8. We 
 had feared that you would remain in 
 the camp of the enemy. Funditor 
 
 429. 
 
 Reading Lesson 
 
 A castrls Romanorum oppidum Remorum, nomine Bibrax,^ 
 aberat miHa passuum octo. Id ex itinere magno impetii ^ Belgae 
 oppiignare coeperunt. Cum proeli finem nox fecisset, Iccius, vir 
 summa nobilitate et gratia inter Remos, qui tum oppido praefue- 
 rat, nuntium ad Caesarem misit : ^ sese diutius sustinere non posse. 
 Caesar statim auxilio misit sagittarios et funditores, quorum ad- 
 ventu oppidum rellquerunt hostes et ad Caesaris castra omnibus 
 copils contenderunt. Caesar primo'* supersedere proeHo consti- 
 tuit, deinde fossam ab utroque ^ latere colHs perdilxit et ad extre- 
 mas fossas castella constituit et tormenta conlocavit. Hoc facto, 
 duabus legionibus in castrls relictis, reliquas sex legiones pro 
 castrls in acie constituit. Hostes item suas copias ex castrls 
 eductas Instruxerunt. 
 
 1 Bibrax (a town of the Remi). 2 ^/^^ great force. ^ Indirect discourse 
 depending on the idea of saying rmplied in nuntium misit. * at first. ^ each. 
 
164 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 430. Root die, shoWy point. 
 
 dic-6, say, tell in-dex, pointer ^ witness ab-dic-6, ? 
 
 dl<:i-\.2i-t\b, a saying often iu-dex, laiv speaker, judge prae-diC-6, ? 
 
 e-dic-tum, edict iu-dic-ium, ? prae-dic-tio, ? 
 
 Eng. Der. — Diction, dictionary, dictate, ditto, judge, edict, 
 benediction. Form others. 
 
 431. 
 
 WORD LIST X 
 
 *abscid6 
 
 *delig6 
 
 *imp6n5 
 
 pecus 
 
 *supersede(5 
 
 **ade6 
 
 Delos 
 
 **ine6 
 
 **pere6 
 
 testis 
 
 *advoc5 
 
 *dimitto 
 
 *item 
 
 phalanx 
 
 tingo 
 
 antiquitus 
 
 discipulus 
 
 **ius 
 
 *plerusque 
 
 tormentum 
 
 Athenae 
 
 *distine6 
 
 **iustitia 
 
 *proficIscor 
 
 *trah6 
 
 belua 
 
 *egredior 
 
 Labienus 
 
 quaestor 
 
 umerus 
 
 clava 
 
 **enascor 
 
 libenter 
 
 *qu5 
 
 ut 
 
 *c6g6 
 
 **e6 
 
 liber 
 
 Rem! 
 
 uxor 
 
 *commoveo 
 
 *expell6 
 
 littera 
 
 *res frumentaria 
 
 valeo 
 
 *conduc6 
 
 fio 
 
 *magistratus 
 
 revell5 
 
 valles 
 
 *confid5 
 
 frustra 
 
 **mal5 
 
 *R6ma 
 
 venenatus 
 
 *coniur6 
 
 funditor 
 
 **nati6 
 
 rumor 
 
 vereor 
 
 *conloco 
 
 Galba 
 
 **navicula 
 
 rus 
 
 vero 
 
 *c6nsenti6 
 
 *gens 
 
 **navigo 
 
 **sagitta 
 
 *vTvo 
 
 *c6nsilium 
 
 Hercules 
 
 *ne 
 
 **sagittarius 
 
 **volo 
 
 consume 
 
 *hospes 
 
 Nemea 
 
 **statim 
 
 **voluptas 
 
 Cures 
 
 hydra 
 
 **n6l6 
 
 **statuo 
 
 *vulner6 
 
 *dedo 
 
 Iccius 
 
 *orior 
 
 Suessiones 
 
 
 Tormentum 
 
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 
 
 i6s 
 
 LESSON LXIV 
 
 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, THIRD CONJUGATION 
 CLAUSES OF PURPOSE 
 
 RELATIVE 
 
 432. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 Present 
 
 1. rega-m 
 
 2. rega-s 
 
 3. rega-t 
 
 1. rega mus 
 
 2. rega-tis 
 
 3. rega-ut 
 
 433. 
 
 Active 
 
 Imperfect 
 rege-re-m 
 rege-re-s 
 rege-re-t 
 
 rege-re-mus 
 
 rege-re-tis 
 
 rege-re-nt 
 
 Passive 
 
 Perfect . 
 rex-eri-m 
 rex-eri-s 
 rex-eri-t 
 
 rex-eri-mus 
 
 rex-eri-tis 
 
 rex-eri-nt 
 
 Pluperfect 
 rex-isse-m 
 rex-isse-8 
 rex-isse-t 
 
 rex-isse-mus 
 
 rex-isse-tis 
 
 rex-isse-nt 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 f I . rega-r rege-re-r rectus sim rectus essem 
 
 \ 2. rega-rls(re) rege-re-ris(re) rectus sis rectus esses 
 [ 3. rega-tur rege-re-tur rectus sit rectus esset 
 
 1. rega-mur rege-re-mur recti simus recti essemus 
 
 2. rega-mini rege-re-mini recti sitis recti essetis 
 
 3. rega-ntur rege-re-ntur recti sint recti essent 
 
 Note vowel changes from the Present Indicative (63), and 
 compare with the Future Indicative (128) . 
 Inflect as above, diico, mitto, vinco. 
 
 434. Examine the following : — 
 
 1 . Remi legates niittunt qui dicant, ^/le Remi send ambassadors 
 
 to say, that they may say (who shall or may say) . 
 
 2. Remi legates miserunt qui dicerent, the Remi sent ambassadors 
 
 to say, that they might say (who should say). 
 
 Observe that qui dicant and qui dicerent are equivalent respec- 
 tively to ut dicant and ut dicerent, and that they express purpose. 
 
 Rule. — Clauses introduced by relatives and used to express pur- 
 pose, have their verbs in the Subjunctive, and follow 
 the general law for the sequence of tenses (410). 
 
1 66 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 435. VOCABULARY 
 
 laqueus, i, m., noose^ snare. implico, are, aTa, atus, entangle^ 
 
 nix, nivis, f., snow. enfold. 
 
 tumultus, us, m., tumult. moror, an, atus sum, delay. 
 
 vadum, i, w.,ford. praemitto, ere, misi, missus, send 
 
 exsisto, ere, stiti, — , spring forth, forward. 
 
 appear. transeo, ire, ivi (ii) , itus, cross over. 
 
 436. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. In monte aper mira magnitudine erat. 2. Eurystheus 
 Herculem misit qui aprum occideret. 3. Aper quern Hercules 
 cepit laquels implicatus est. 4. Palus erat non magna inter 
 nostrum atque hostium exercitum. 5. Caesar funditores sagitta- 
 riosque praemisit, qui agmen hostium morarentur. 6. Ibi, vadis 
 repertis, partem suorum mllitum tradiicere conati sunt qui hostes 
 vincerent. 7. Caesar certior factus ab legato, omnem equitatum, 
 funditores, sagittarios pontem traducit qui oppidum defendant. 
 8. Hac re statim per speculatores cognita, Caesar exercitum castrls 
 continuit. 9. Prima luce conflrmata re ab exploratoribus omnem 
 exercitum, qui agmen hostium intercluderet, praemisit. 10. Pri- 
 mes qui transierant equitatu circumventos interfecerunt. 
 
 II. I. A large wild boar appeared in the mountains. 2. Caesar 
 sent the tenth legion to defend (which should defend) the camp. 
 
 3. The lieutenant sent certain soldiers to cut down the bridge. 
 
 4. The Remi sent ambassadors to say that they had not conspired 
 against the Roman people. 5. The king had been called by 
 the senate, a friend of the Roman people. 6. Some of the enemy 
 had been sent to storm the fortress. 7. The lieutenant was in 
 command of the town which they stormed. 
 
 437. Reading Lesson : Erymanthius Aper 
 
 Exstitit in monte Erymanthio ^ aper mIra magnitudine. Hunc 
 capere Hercules iussus est ab rege ; itaque statim profectus est. 
 Per nives diH Insecutus aprum, tandem laquels implicatum capere 
 potuit et ad Eurystheum rettuUt. 
 
 1 Erymanthian (belonging to Erymanthus, a mountain range in Arcadia). 
 
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 
 
 167 
 
 438. Root es, be^ exist. 
 
 s-um (es + um), am 
 
 inter-s-um, ? 
 
 super-s-mn, ? 
 
 Eng. Der 
 
 tessence. 
 
 in-s-um, ? 
 
 sub-s-um, ? 
 
 ab-s-ens, absent 
 
 ab-s-entia, ? 
 
 es-s-entia, ? 
 
 prae-s-entia, ? 
 
 Entity, essential, present, interest, absentee, quin- 
 
 LESSON LXV 
 
 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, FOURTH CONJUGATION — CLAUSES 
 OF RESULT 
 
 439. 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 Present 
 
 1. audia-m 
 
 2. audia-s 
 
 3. audia-t 
 
 1. audia-mua 
 
 2. audia-tis 
 
 3. audia-nt 
 
 Active 
 
 Imperfect 
 audi-re-m 
 audi-re-s 
 audi-re-t 
 
 audi-re-mus 
 
 audi-re-tis 
 
 audi-re-nt 
 
 Perfect Pluperfect 
 
 audiv-eri-m audiv-isse-m 
 
 audiv-eri-s audiv-isse-s 
 
 audiv-eri-t audiv-isse-t 
 
 audiv-eri-mus audlv-isse-mus 
 
 audiv-eri-tis audiv-isse-tis 
 
 audiv-eri-nt audiv-isse-ut 
 
 440. 
 
 Passive 
 
 1. audia-r audi-re-r auditus sim auditus essem 
 
 2. audia-ris(re) audi-re-ri3(re) auditus sis auditus esses 
 
 3. audia-tur audi-re-tur auditus sit auditus esset 
 
 1. audia-mur audi-re-mur auditi simus auditi essemus 
 
 2. audia-mini audi-re-mini auditi sitis auditi essetis 
 
 3. audia-ntur audi-re-ntur auditi sint auditi essent 
 
 441. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Flumeu erat tam altum ut sine navibus transiri non posset, 
 
 the river was so deep that it could not be crossed without boats. 
 
 2. Milites ita fortiter pugnaverunt ut oppidum expugnarent, the 
 
 soldiers fought so bj'avely that they took the town. 
 
 3. Non dubito quin oppidum muniant, / do not doubt that they 
 
 will fortify the town. 
 
1 68 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 4. Eum continere non potui quin castra muniret, / could not 
 restrain him from fortifying the camp. 
 
 Observe that the subordinate clauses above express result, that 
 they take the Subjunctive, that they follow the law of sequence 
 of tenses (410), that the affirmative particle is ut, the negative 
 ut non. 
 
 Observe that in 3 and 4 the Subjunctive is used after quin 
 (qui non). 
 
 Rules. — i. In clauses of result the Subjunctive is used with ut 
 affirmative, and ut non negative. 
 2. After expressions of doubt, hindrance, and the hke, 
 the Subjunctive with quin is used. 
 
 Note. — Clauses of result are very often introduced by ita, thus, so ; talis, e, 
 such; tantus, a, mn, so great; tarn, so. 
 
 442. VOCABULARY 
 
 Axona, ae, f., the Axona (Aisne). demonstro, are, avi, atus, point 
 captivus, i, m., captive. out, sho7v. 
 
 hasta, ae, f., spear, lance. dubito, are, avi, atus, doubt, hesitate. 
 
 insidiae, arum, f. pi., ambush. fallo, ere, fefelli, falsus, deceive, 
 navis, is, f., boat, ship. cheat. 
 
 aggredior, 1, gressus sum, attack, populor, ari, atus sum, ravage, 
 
 approach. quin, conj., but that, that, that not. 
 
 443. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Hostes ita perterriti sunt ut statim arma traderent. 
 
 2. Clamor erat tantus ut milites non vocem imperatoris audirent. 
 
 3, Tempus erat tam breve ut castra non muniremus. 4. Caesar 
 non dubitavit quin milites pontem interscinderent. 5. Diu atque 
 acriter in eo loco pugnatum est, ut multl occiderentur. 6. Captivi 
 ita fallebantur ut castra hostium demonstrarent. 7. Hostes tam 
 celeriter contenderunt ut ad oppidum sub vesperum venirent. 
 8. Ea re constitiita, magno cum strepitii egress! castris fecerunt ut 
 simihs fugae profectio videretur. 9. Hostes impeditos in fliimine 
 nostri aggressi magnum eorum numerum occiderunt. 10. Tam 
 acriter pugnatum est ab hostibus ut nostri itinere prohiberentur. 
 
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 
 
 169 
 
 II. I. Caesar, fearing an ambush, kept his army and cavalry 
 in camp. 2. The soldiers fought so fiercely that they took the 
 town within three hours. 3. I do not doubt that Caesar will for- 
 tify the camp. 4. I did not doubt that the centurion would hear 
 the shout. 5. The river was so deep that they always used boats. 
 6. The mountains were so high that the soldiers feared to 
 cross. 7. They had had great hopes, but nevertheless they were 
 deceived. 8. The snow was so deep that the soldiers came into 
 winter quarters. 
 
 Navis 
 
 444. 
 
 Reading Lesson 
 
 Equites hostium cum nostris pro paliide, quae erat inter nostrum 
 atque hostium exercitum, contenderunt. Caesar copias suas in 
 castra rediixit. Hostes statim ex eo loco ad flumen Axonam pro- 
 peraverunt, quod^ esse post nostra castra demonstratum est. 
 Partem suarum copiarum tradiicere conati sunt ut castellum, cul 
 praeerat legatus, expiignarent pontemque interscinderent. Caesar 
 omnes equites et funditores sagittariosque pontem tradiicit atque 
 ad eos contendit. In eo loco acriter pugnatum est. Nostri hostes 
 in flumine impedltos aggressi magnum eorum numerum occiderunt. 
 
 1 which, as has been shozun, 7vas behuid our camp. 
 
I/O 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 Consilio convocato, hostes domum contendere et fines suos de- 
 fendere constituerunt. Ea re constituta, secunda vigilia^ magno 
 cum tumultu castris egressi sunt. Caesar, insidias veritus, copias 
 suas castris continuit. Prima luce, omnes equites praemisit, qui 
 magnum hostium numerum interfecerunt. 
 
 445. Root ag, drive. 
 
 ag-o, drive 
 ag-men, line of 
 
 army 
 ac-tor, ? 
 
 ag-i-to, put in motion 
 ag-ilis, agile 
 
 ez-ig-uus, driven out, scanty 
 
 ag-i-ta-tio, ? 
 
 cogo (con + ago), drive 
 
 together 
 ex-ig-6, drive out 
 
 Eng. Der. — Acre, act, agriculture, cogent, agent, cogitate, ache. 
 
 3>»<< 
 
 LESSON LXVI 
 
 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, THIRD CONJUGATION, VERBS IN 
 -io — RELATIVE CLAUSES OF CHARACTERISTIC 
 
 
 I. 
 
 capia-m 
 
 
 Imperfect 
 
 SING. 
 
 2. 
 
 capia-s 
 
 
 cape-re-m, etc. 
 
 
 . 3- 
 
 capia-t 
 
 
 Perfect 
 
 I. 
 
 capia-mus 
 
 
 cep-eri-m, etc. 
 
 PLUR. 2. 
 
 capia-tis 
 
 
 Pluperfect 
 
 -3- 
 
 capia-nt 
 
 
 cep-isse-m, etc. 
 
 447. 
 
 Present 
 
 Passive 
 
 
 I. 
 
 capia-r 
 
 
 Imperfect 
 
 SING. 2. 
 
 capia-ris (re) 
 
 cape-re-r, etc. 
 
 3- 
 
 capia-tur 
 
 
 Perfect 
 
 I. 
 
 capia-mur 
 
 
 captus Sim, etc. 
 
 PLUR. 2. 
 
 capia-mini 
 
 
 Pluperfect 
 
 3- 
 
 capia-ntur 
 
 
 captus essem, etc. 
 
 Note resemblance to the Subjunctive 
 
 of the Fourth Conjugation. 
 
 1 in the second watch. 
 
) 
 
 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD I7I 
 
 448. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Erant qui venirent, f/iere were some who came. 
 
 2. Nemo erat quin pugnaret, thei'e was no one who did not fight. 
 
 3. Nemo est qui hoc non intellegat, there is no one who does not 
 
 know this. 
 
 4. Quis est qui nesoiat? who is there that does not know ? 
 
 Observe that the above sentences contain expressions of exist- 
 ence and non-existence, and that the act of the verb is expressed 
 as characteristic of the subject. 
 
 Rule. — The Subjunctive is used, especially after expressions of 
 existence and non-existence, and questions implying a 
 negative answer, to express a characteristic or essential 
 quahty of the subject (Subjunctive of Characteristic). 
 
 449. VOCABULARY 
 
 Arcadia, ae, f., Arcadia. indignus, a, um, unworthy. 
 
 cervus, i, m , stag. nescio, scire, scivi, scitus, be ig- 
 
 contiunelia, ae, f., affront, insult. nor ant, not know. 
 
 gloria, ae, f., glory. pando, ere, i, passus, spread out, 
 
 indignitas, atis, f., indignity. extend. 
 
 aeneus, a, um, of brass, brazen. puto, are, avi, ^tus, think. 
 
 ^gnus, a, um, worthy. sequor, 1, secutus sum, follow. 
 
 450. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Nemo erat in Caesaris castris quin (qui non) libenter pro 
 gloria ducis interficeretur. 2. Quis est qui eum sequi dubitet? 
 3. In Arcadiam venit Hercules ut cervum aureis cornibus pedibus- 
 que aeneis reduceret. 4. Quis est qui contumelias indignitatesque 
 facile patiatur ? 5. Quis est quern amicisui non laudent? 6. Flumen 
 transivit quo facilius hostes sequeretur. 7. Mulieres et pueri,^ 
 passis manibus, ad Caesarem contenderunt ut ab eo condiciones 
 pacis acciperent. 8. Neque erat is qui legatus ad exercitum mit- 
 
 1 children. 
 
1^2 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 teretur. 9. Quis est qui amicis libenter iniuriam faciat? 10. Vir- 
 gulam decerpsit ut in aquam earn iniceret. 
 
 II. 
 
 I. They say that a stag with brazen feet lives in Arcadia. 
 2. There is no one who is bringing together 
 all the forces of the enemy. 3. Hercules 
 came into Arcadia in order to capture the 
 stag of Diana. 4. They sent him to Rome 
 to suffer all insults and indignities. 5. Who 
 is there that will not kill the enemies of 
 the Roman people ? 6. Diana was angry 
 because Hercules was leading away the 
 stag. 7. There was no one in the army 
 who did not follow willingly into the terri- 
 tory of the enemy. 8. He went out of the 
 city by night in order to flee into a safe 
 
 Diana plaCC. 
 
 451. 
 
 Reading Lesson : Cervus Dianae ^ 
 
 Antiquitus vTvebat in Arcadia cervus cornibus aurels pedibusque 
 aeneis, Dianae sacer. Eurystheus Herculem iussit eum sequT, 
 capere, ad se ducere. Diu secutus est cervum, capere autem non 
 poterat. Denique sagittis vulneratum cepit et rediicebat. In 
 itinere vero Dianae ivit obviam,^ quae erat Irata quod cervus cap- 
 tus est. Placata autem dictis Herculis permisit ut eum abduceret. 
 
 452. Root ten, stretch, hold. 
 
 ten-do, stretch 
 ten-eo, hold 
 ten-er, tender 
 
 ten-ax, ? 
 
 ten-ac-iter, firmly 
 ten-ac-i-tas, ? 
 
 ten-ui-ter, ? 
 
 ten-ui-tas, ? 
 
 ten-u-6, 7nake thin 
 
 Eng. Der. — Tend, tenant, tender, tennis, tenement, tense, tent, 
 tentacle, tenure, contend, tension. 
 
 1 Diana^ goddess of the chase. 
 
 ivit obviam, met. 
 
REVIEW OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 1 73 
 
 LESSON LXVII 
 
 REVIEW OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD — INDIRECT QUESTIONS 
 
 453. Review carefully 400, 416-417, 424-425, 432-433, 439-440, 
 446-447. 
 
 454. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Quid dicis? what are you saying? Scio quid dicas, / know 
 
 what you are saying. 
 
 2. Quid dixisti ? what did you say? Sci5 quid dixeris, I know 
 
 what yott said. 
 
 3. Quid dixisti? what did you say? Scivi quid diceres, I knew 
 
 what yoit were saying. 
 
 4. Quid dixisti? what have you said? Scivi quid dixisses, / 
 
 knew la hat you had said. 
 
 5. Ubi est? where is he ? Scio ubi sit, I know ivhere he is. 
 
 6. Unde venit? whence has he cof?ie ? Scivi unde venisset, / 
 
 knew whence he had come. 
 
 Observe that in each case the first sentence is introduced by an 
 interrogative word and is independent, that the dependent clause 
 of the second sentence in each case is introduced by the same 
 interrogative word and contains the same substance as the first, 
 although it has not the form of a question. 
 
 The first is called a direct question, the second an indirect 
 question. 
 
 Rule. — The Subjunctive mood is used in indirect questions. 
 
 Such questions may be introduced by interrogative pronouns, 
 adjectives, and adverbs, and by the particles num and ne. 
 Review rules for sequence of tenses (410) . 
 
 Hasta 
 
174 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 455. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 agger, eris, m., mound. 
 altitude, inis, f., height. 
 Bellovaci, ormn, m. pi., the Bdlo- 
 
 vaci. 
 Novio^unum, i, n., Noviodunum. 
 opus, eris, n., work. 
 
 vinea, ae, f., shed. 
 
 claudo, ere, clausi, clausus, close 
 
 up; agmen claudere, bring up 
 
 the rear. 
 scio, ire, scivi, scitus, know. 
 unde, adv., whence. 
 
 456. 
 
 Vinea 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Scit unde veneris. 2. Scivit unde venires. 3. Scit unde 
 venias. 4. Scivit unde venisses. 5. Sciet unde veneris. 6. Alti- 
 tude mentis tanta erat ut nemo ascend ere conaretur. 7. Tanta 
 erat celeritas operis ut Galli non viderent quid ageretur. 8. Prop- 
 ter celeritatem Roraanorum altitudinemque aggeris hostes impetum 
 diutius sustinere non poterant. 9. Caesar legiones ad Noviodu- 
 num misit et ipse agmen clausit. 10. Ad murum vineas agere 
 coepit ut oppidum caperet. 11. Exercitum in fines Bellovacorum 
 misit, quo facilius eos superare posset. 
 
 II. I. You know whence the slingers and archers are coming. 
 2. We know who ravaged the towns of the enemy. 3. They will 
 know why we are frightened. 4. You know who brought up the 
 rear of Caesar's army. 5. They pushed the sheds up to the wall 
 in order that they might more easily^ take the town. 6. You 
 know why the height of the wall was so great. 7. So great was 
 
 1 See 456, I, 11. 
 
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 
 
 175 
 
 the tumult in the camp that it disturbed the minds of all. 8. We 
 know that Labienus is bringing up the rear of Caesar's army. 
 
 457. 
 
 Reading Lesson 
 
 Postrldie eius diei Caesar in fines Suessionum, qui proximi 
 Remis erant, exercitum diixit, et magno itinere confecto ad oppi- 
 dum Noviodunum contendit. Ibi castris munltis, vineas agere 
 coepit. Magnitudine operum et celeritate Romanorum permoti, 
 legatos ad Caesarem de deditione miserunt. Caesar vero, obsidi- 
 bus acceptis, arraisque omnibus ex oppido traditis, in deditionem 
 Suessiones accepit exercitumque in Bellovacos duxit, qui pacem 
 ab Romanis petierunt. 
 
 458. Root cap, take. 
 
 cap-i-6, take cap-to, take eagerly prae-cip-ue, especially 
 
 cap-ax, ? cap-ta-tio, ? prin-cip-ium, beginning 
 
 cap-ac-i-tas, ? cap-ti-vus, ? cap-ut, /^^^^ 
 
 Form compound verbs with con, de, ex, per, re, and give mean- 
 ings. Note change in root vowel in forming compounds. 
 
 Eng. Der. — Capture, captive, captivate, reception, acceptable. 
 Form other derivatives. 
 
 LESSON LXVIII 
 
 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, Fero — CONDITIONAL SENTENCES, 
 
 SIMPLE 
 
 459. 
 
 SING. 
 
 
 
 Active 
 
 
 
 
 Present 
 
 Imperfect 
 
 Perfect 
 
 Pluperfect 
 
 I. 
 
 fera-m 
 
 fer-re-m 
 
 tul-eri-m 
 
 tul-isse-m 
 
 2. 
 
 fera-s 
 
 fer-re-s 
 
 tul-eri-s 
 
 tul-isse-s 
 
 3- 
 
 fera-t 
 
 fer-re-t 
 
 tul-eri-t 
 
 tul-isse-t 
 
 I. 
 
 fera-mus 
 
 fer-re-mus 
 
 tul-eri-mus 
 
 tul-isse-mus 
 
 2. 
 
 fera-tis 
 
 fer-re-tis 
 
 tul-eri-tis 
 
 tul-isse-tis 
 
 3. 
 
 fera-nt 
 
 fer-re-nt 
 
 tul-eri-nt 
 
 tul-isse-nt 
 
iy6 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 460. Passive 
 
 Present Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect 
 
 1. fera-r fer-re-r latus sim latus essem 
 
 2. fera-ris (re) fer-re-ris (re) latus sis latus esses 
 
 3. fera-tur fer-re-tur latus sit latus esset 
 
 I . fera-mur f er-re-mur lati sTmus lati essemus 
 
 pi,ur. { 2. fera-mini fer-re-minl lati sitis lati essetis 
 
 3. fera-ntur fer-re ntur lati sint lati essent 
 
 Inflect in the same way iiifero, confero, defero, perfero. 
 
 461. A conditional sentence consists of two clauses, a depend ~ 
 ent and an independent. 
 
 The dependent clause contains the condition, and is called the 
 Protasis. 
 
 The independent clause contains the conclusion, and is called 
 the Apodosis. 
 
 The protasis is generally introduced by si, if, or one of its com- 
 pounds. 
 
 Simple conditions are found in present or past time. 
 
 1. Present : Si venit, fidus est, if he comes, he is faithful. 
 
 2. Past : Si venit, fidus fuit, if he came, he was faithful. 
 
 Observe that in i the Present Indicative is used in both clauses, 
 in 2 the Perfect Indicative, and that in both nothing is implied as 
 to the fulfillment of the condition. 
 
 462. 
 
 aetas, atis, f., age. 
 
 amnis, is, m., river. 
 
 Nervii, orum, m. pi., the Nervii. 
 
 stabulum, 1, n., stable. 
 
 tuba, ae, f, trumpet. 
 
 vinum, i, n., wine. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 lavo, are, lavi, lautus or lotus, 
 
 wash ; pass., bathe, be ivashed. 
 
 perago, ere, egi, actus, accomplish. 
 
 proicio, ere, ieci, iectus, hurl for- 
 ward, abandon. 
 
 relanguesco, ere, — , — , become weak. 
 
 463. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Rex tria milia boum quondam habebat. 2. Horum 
 stabula per triginta annos non erant lota. 3. Amnis per stabula 
 
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 
 
 177 
 
 TUHA 
 
 conversus est, itaque ea facile lota sunt. 4. Si Hercules leonem 
 
 occidit, fortis est. 5. Hercules, si ea stabula lavit, magnum opus 
 
 peregit. 6. Quod civitas erat magna 
 
 inter Belgas auctoritate, sescentos ob- 
 
 sides poposcit. 7. His traditis omni- 
 
 busque armis ex oppido conlatis, ab eo 
 
 loco in fines Nerviorum contenderunt. 
 
 8. Si mercatores Nervios adierunt, 
 
 fortes fuerunt. 9. Nervii nihil vini in- 
 
 ferri patiebantur quod his rebus animos suos relanguescere existi- 
 
 mabant. 10. Romam venit ut amicis auxilium ferat. 11. Romam 
 
 venisti ut amicis auxiUum ferres. 12. Nescio unde copia friimenti 
 
 in urbem inferatur. 
 
 n. I. If the serpent bit the man, he died. 2. If Hercules 
 caught the wild boar, he was brave. 3. If Hercules has his club 
 and arrows, he is defending himself. 4. I do not know why the 
 boys are bearing arms. 5. Some could not fight on account of 
 age, others did not dare to fight. 6. I know whence you are 
 bringing the swords and shields. 7. They sent us to bring a sup- 
 ply of grain into the camp. 8. They accused the rest of the 
 Belgians, because they had surrendered themselves to the Roman 
 people. 9. Would that you had not brought war upon our allies. 
 
 464. Reading Lesson: Stabula Augeae 
 
 Hercules, postquam cervum cepit, difficilius opus facere iussus 
 est. Augeas,^ rex EHdis, milia tria bourn habebat, quorum stabula 
 per triginta annos non erant lota. Hercules autem Augean adiit 
 eique dixit: "Uno die haec stabula lavabo. Visne mihi, hoc facto, 
 decimam boum partem dare?" Respondit Augeas : "Libenter 
 dabo." Tum Hercules, amne per stabula converse, opus facillime 
 intra iinum diem peregit. Augeas autem boves dare nolebat, quod 
 Eurystheus Herculem stabula lavare iusserat. Itaque Hercules 
 regi bellum infert et eum atque eius filios interfecit. 
 
 1 Augeas, ae, m., Augeas, king of Elis. 
 
 BEGIN. LAT. BK. — 12 
 
178 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 465. Root reg, stretch, guide. 
 
 reg-6, rule 
 
 rex (reg + s), king 
 
 reg-no, reign 
 
 Eng. Der. 
 
 rigible. 
 
 reg-io, region reg-alis, ? 
 
 reg-ina, queen reg-aliter, ? 
 
 reg-num, ? rec-tor, ? 
 
 Regal, rector, direct, correct, correction, incor- 
 
 3J04C 
 
 LESSON LXIX 
 
 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, E6 — FUTURE CONDITIONS 
 
 466. 
 
 Active, eo 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 467 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 Present 
 
 Imperfect 
 
 Perfect 
 
 Pluperfect 
 
 I. ea-m 
 
 i-re-m 
 
 iv-eri-m 
 
 iv-isse-m 
 
 2. ea-s 
 
 i-re-s 
 
 iv-eri-s 
 
 iv-isse-s 
 
 3. ea-t 
 
 i-re-t 
 
 iv-eri-t 
 
 iv-isse-t 
 
 I. ea-mufl 
 
 i-re-mus 
 
 iv-eri-mus 
 
 iv-isse-mus 
 
 2. ea-tis 
 
 i-re-tis 
 
 iv-eri-tis 
 
 iv-isse-tis 
 
 3. ea-nt 
 
 i-re-nt 
 
 iv-eri-nt 
 
 iv-isse-ut 
 
 r. 
 
 Passive, 
 
 ade5 
 
 
 ' I. adea-r 
 
 adi-re-r 
 
 aditus sim 
 
 aditus essem 
 
 2. adea-ris (re) 
 
 adi-re-ris (re) aditus sis 
 
 aditus esses 
 
 3. adea-tur 
 
 adi-re-tur 
 
 aditus sit 
 
 aditus esset 
 
 r I. adea-mur 
 
 adi-re-mur 
 
 aditi simus 
 
 aditi essemus 
 
 2. adea-mini 
 
 adi-re-mini 
 
 aditi sitis 
 
 aditi essetis 
 
 3. adea-ntur 
 
 adi-re-ntur 
 
 aditi sint 
 
 aditi essent 
 
 Inflect in both active and passive, transeo and praetereo 
 (^pass by). 
 
 468. Future conditions are divided into two classes, more vivid 
 and less vivid. 
 
 More vivid or probable : 
 
 1. Si veniet, laetus ero, if he comes {shatl come), I shall be glad. 
 
 2. Si venerit, laetus ero, if he comes {shall have come), I shall be 
 
 glad. 
 
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 1 79 
 
 Less vivid, or possible : 
 
 1 . Si veniat, laetus sim, if he should come, I should be glad. 
 
 2. Si venerit, laetus sim, if he should come {should have cofne^, 
 
 I should be glad. 
 
 1. Observe that in the more vivid future condition, the Future 
 or Future Perfect Indicative is used in the protasis, and the Future 
 Indicative in the apodosis, and that necessarily the condition is 
 not yet fulfilled. 
 
 2. Observe that in the less vivid future condition, the Pres- 
 ent or Perfect Subjunctive is used in the protasis, and the Present 
 Subjunctive in the apodosis, and that necessarily the condition is 
 not yet fulfilled. Note also that in the Latin in the future condi- 
 tion there is greater precision in regard to time than in the EngUsh. 
 
 3. The Future and Future Perfect Indicative are both trans- 
 lated by the English Present, and the Present and Perfect Sub- 
 junctive by our Potential, with should. 
 
 Rules. — i. The Future (or Future Perfect) Indicative is used 
 in the protasis of more vivid future conditions, and 
 the Future Indicative in the apodosis. 
 2. The Present (or Perfect) Subjunctive is used in the 
 protasis of less vivid future conditions, and the 
 Present Subjunctive in the apodosis. 
 
 469. VOCABULARY 
 
 arbor, oris, f., tree. perspicio, ere, spezi, spectus, see 
 consuetudo, inis, f., custom. through, perceive, observe. 
 
 munimentum, 1, n., defense. vergo, ere, — , incline, slope. 
 
 natiira, ae, f., nature. aequaliter, adv., uniformly. 
 
 saepes, is, f., hedge. ne . . . quidem, adv. phr,, not even. 
 testudo, inis, f., roof of shields, tes- The emphatic word stands between 
 
 tudo. ne and quidem. 
 
 tener, era, erum, tender, young. 
 
 470. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Caesar ex captivTs cognovit quosdam ex Belgis nocte ad 
 Nervios pervenisse. ?. Nervii^ quo facilius finitimorum equita- 
 
i8o 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 turn prohiberent, densissimas saepes fecerant. 3. Hae saepes 
 Nerviis munimento magno erant, nam ne perspici quidem pote- 
 rant. 4. CoUis ab summo aequaliter vergebat ad flu men. 5. Si 
 
 Romam Ibis, multa et 
 iWii^^*S^^/..,^i-'wi.V-=^j^ae^ pulchra aedificia vide- 
 
 bis. 6. SI Athenas eas, 
 piilchram et claram 
 urbem videas. 7. Si 
 Caesar equites praemit- 
 tat, pontem transeant. 
 8. Pontem fecit ut flu- 
 men sine navibus tran- 
 siretur. 9. Si saepes 
 faciant, finitimos pro- 
 hibeant. 10. Si saepes facient, finitimos prohibebunt. 11. Si 
 Caesar equites praemittet, magnum hostium numerum Occident. 
 
 II. I. If he should go to Rome, he would live in a beautiful city. 
 
 2. If he goes into Italy, he will see much wine and fertile fields. 
 
 3. If you should cross the river, the enemy would not follow. 4. If 
 they see the nature of the hill, they will choose it for a camp. 
 5. If the enemy should cross the river and fight bravely, they 
 would take the town by assault. 6. After these six legions, Caesar 
 had placed the baggage of the whole army. 7. Two legions 
 which had been enrolled last closed the line, and were a guard to 
 the baggage. 8. They persuaded us to pass by the enemy's camp, 
 and go to the town. 
 
 Testudo 
 
 471 
 
 Reading Lesson 
 
 Caesar sese Bellovacos conservaturum esse dixit; et quod erat 
 civitas magna inter Belgas auctoritate, sescentos obsides poposcit. 
 His traditis, omnibusque armis ex oppido conlatis, ab eo loco ad 
 Nervios contendit. Quorum de natura reperiebat : mercatores ad 
 se adire non pati ; nihil pati vinl ^ inferrl, quod ea re relanguescere 
 
 1 Part. Gen. depending on nihil. 
 
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD l8l 
 
 animos suos existimarent ; esse homines feros magnaeque virtutis ; ' 
 incusare reliquos Belgas qui se populo Romano dedidissent. 
 
 Cum per eorum fines trldul iter fecisset, inveniebat ex captivis 
 Sabim flumen a castrTs suls non amplius mllia^ passuum decem 
 abesse ; trans id flumen omnes Nervios consedisse atque ibi 
 adventum Romanorum exspectare. 
 
 Quidam ex Belgls nocte ad Nervios pervenerunt atque his 
 demonstraverunt inter singulas legiones magnum numerum impe- 
 dimentorum intercedere. Itaque NerviT, cum prima legio in 
 castra venisset, eam sub sarcinis adorlrl constituerunt. Sed quod 
 ad hostes approplnquabat Caesar sex legiones expedltas'^ duce- 
 bat; post eas omnia impedimenta conlocarat ; '^ inde duae legiones, 
 quae proxime conscrlptae erant, agmen claudebant praesidioque 
 impedlmentis erant. 
 
 472. Rooti,^^. 
 
 e-o, go ad-i-tus, approach com-e-s, companion 
 
 i-tex, journey SiA-e-o, go to or towards in-i-tium, beginning 
 
 Eng. Der. — Exit, initial, itinerant, ambition, transit. 
 
 LESSON LXX 
 
 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, Flo — CONDITIONS CONTRARY 
 TO FACT — WORD LIST 
 
 473. Fio, used as passive of facio 
 
 Princ. Parts, fio, fieri, f actus sum 
 
 Imperfect fie-re-m, fie-re-s, etc. 
 Present \ 2. fia-s fia-tis Pekfect factus sim, etc. 
 
 Pluperfect factus essem, etc. 
 
 1 of great valor ; Gen. of quality. ^ Acc. of extent of space; amplius 
 does not influence the construction here : not more than ten miles. * unin- 
 cumbered. * Contracted Pluperf. for conlocaverat. 
 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 I. 
 
 fia-m 
 
 fia-mus 
 
 2. 
 
 fia-s 
 
 fia-tis 
 
 3- 
 
 fiat 
 
 fia-nt 
 
1 82 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 474. Examine the following : — 
 
 1 . Si pater me timeret, ab eius oculis concederem, if my father 
 
 feared me ^ I should withdraw fro7ti his sight. 
 
 This implies : My father does not fear me, I do not withdraw. 
 The condition (protasis) is not fulfilled, the conclusion (apodosis) 
 does not follow. 
 
 2. Si pater me timuisset, ab eius oculis concedissem, if my 
 
 father had feared me^ J should have withdrawn from his 
 sight. 
 
 This implies : My father did not fear me, I did not withdraw. 
 The condition was not fulfilled, the conclusion did not follow. 
 
 Observe carefully in the above that the condition in each case 
 states what is not a fact, and that the conclusion does not 
 follow. 
 
 Observe that in both protasis and apodosis the verbs are in the 
 Subjunctive, that in i they are both in the Imperfect, and express 
 present time, and that in 2 they are both in the Pluperfect, and 
 express past time. 
 
 Rule. — In conditions contrary to fact, the Imperfect and Plu- 
 perfect Subjunctive are used in both protasis and 
 apodosis, the Imperfect to express present time, and 
 the Pluperfect to express past time. 
 
 475. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Nisi id fieret, non adessem, if this were not being do7ie, I should 
 
 not be here. It is being done, I am here. 
 
 2. Nisi id factum esset, non adfuissem, if this had not been 
 
 done J I should not have been here. It did take place, I was 
 here. 
 
 Observe that the same points are true of these two sentences 
 as of those in 474, except that the statements of the protases and 
 apodoses are in the negative form. 
 
 Note also that the same rule holds. 
 
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 1 83 
 
 476. VOCABULARY 
 
 avis, is, f., bird. strepitus, us, m., noise, din. 
 
 pater, tris, m., father. arbitror, ari, atus sum, think, sup- 
 penna, ae, i., feather, xving. pose. 
 
 ratio, onis, f., plan. exterreo, ere, ui, itus, frighten forth. 
 
 rostrum, 1, n., beak. incito, are, avi, atus, urge on, incite. 
 
 sistrum, 1, n., clapper^ rattle, volo, are, avi, 2X\x&,fly. 
 
 477. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Aves nisi pennas haberent volare non possent. 2. Aves, 
 nisi ab Hercule exterritae essent, non essent interfectae. 3. Si 
 Caesar aliam proeli rationem cepisset, celeriter omnes hostes 
 vicisset. 4. Nisi magnus strepitus factus esset, aves non essent 
 perterritae. 5. Si consul flas, omnes hostes vincas. 6. Si impera- 
 tor factus esses, omnes hostes vicisses. 7. Nunquam aves vidimus 
 quibus erant rostra aenea. 8. Si magnum strepitum sistro aeneo 
 fecisset, omnes aves terruisset. 9. Si equum incitavisset, celeriter 
 ad castra pervenisset. 10. Arbitratus est, his victis, se exercitum 
 in fines Aeduorum ducere posse. 
 
 II. I. If I had seen birds with brazen feathers, beaks, and feet, 
 I should have killed them with my arrows. 2. If I had not urged 
 on my horse, I should not have arrived at the city. 3. If you had 
 not become consul, you would not have led the army into the 
 enemy's territory. 4. If a new plan of battle were made, we 
 should conquer the enemy. 5. If the birds had not flown out 
 of the marsh, they would not have been killed. 6. If he should 
 become king, he would enroll many legions in Italy. 7. The 
 legions which had been most recently enrolled fought bravely. 
 8. They ran down with incredible speed to the river in order that 
 they might contend there with the enemy. 
 
 478. Reading Lesson : Aiies Stytnphaliae ^ 
 
 Eurystheus Herculem iussit interficere aves quae, pedibus et 
 rostris et pennis aenels,^ ad Stymphalum in lacii vivebant. Eae 
 
 1 The Stymphnlian birds. 2 ^\^ of quality. 
 
1 84 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 aves vero pennis pro sagittTs utebantur, et, hominibus interfectis, 
 eorum carne^ vescebantur. Hercules autem strepitum magnum 
 sistro aeneo fecit, quo exterritae aves provolaverunt et ab Hercule 
 interfectae sunt. 
 
 Hercules and the Stymphalian Biros 
 
 479. Root luc, shine. 
 
 luc-e-6, shine luc-us, sacred grove (the Ifls-tro, light up 
 
 lux (luc + s), light shining place) in-lus-tris, ? 
 
 lumen (luc + men), light lu-na (luc + na), moon luc-idus, ? 
 
 Eng. Der. — Luster, illustrious, illumine, lucid, lunatic. 
 
 480. 
 
 
 WORD LIST XI 
 
 
 
 aeneus 
 
 cervus 
 
 **indlgnitas 
 
 penna 
 
 *stabulum 
 
 *aequaliter 
 
 *claudo 
 
 **indlgnus 
 
 *perago 
 
 strepitus 
 
 aetas 
 
 *agmen claudo 
 
 insidiae 
 
 *perspici5 
 
 *"talis 
 
 agger 
 
 *c5nfer5 
 
 laqueus 
 
 *populor 
 
 tener 
 
 *aggredior 
 
 *consuetud6 
 
 lavo 
 
 *pr6ici6 
 
 testudo 
 
 *altitud5 
 
 contumelia 
 
 moror 
 
 *proxime 
 
 *transe5 
 
 amnis 
 
 dem5nstr5 
 
 *munimentum 
 
 **quTn 
 
 tuba 
 
 arbitror 
 
 **dignus 
 
 *navis 
 
 rati5 
 
 *tumultus 
 
 arbor 
 
 *exsist6 
 
 **ne . . . quidem 
 
 relanguesc5 
 
 *unde 
 
 Arcadia 
 
 *exterreo 
 
 **nesci6 
 
 rostrum 
 
 vadum 
 
 *avis 
 
 *fall6 
 
 nix 
 
 saepes 
 
 vergo 
 
 Axona 
 
 gldria 
 
 Noviodunum 
 
 **scio 
 
 **vlnea 
 
 BellovacI 
 
 hasta 
 
 opus 
 
 *sequor 
 
 **vinum 
 
 *captlvus 
 
 *implic6 
 incite 
 
 pando 
 *pater 
 
 sistrum 
 
 *volo 
 
 1 from caro, Q^xm<&, flesh, Abl. with vescebantur. See 316. 
 
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 
 
 185 
 
 LESSON LXXI 
 
 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, V0I6 AND ITS COMPOUNDS- 
 NOUN AND ADJECTIVE REVIEW 
 
 
 481. Volo 
 
 Nolo 
 
 Malo 
 
 
 Present 
 
 SING. 
 
 IMPERF. 
 
 Present 
 
 SING. 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 Present 
 
 SING. 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 I. 
 
 veli-m 
 
 velle-m 
 
 noli-m 
 
 nolle-m 
 
 mali-m 
 
 malle-m 
 
 2, 
 
 veli-s 
 
 velle-s, etc. 
 
 noll-s 
 
 nolle-s, etc. 
 
 mall-s 
 
 malle-s, etc. 
 
 3- 
 
 veli-t 
 
 
 noU-t 
 
 
 mali-t 
 
 
 
 I'LUR. 
 
 Perf, 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 Perf. 
 
 TLUR. 
 
 Perf. 
 
 I. 
 
 veli-mua 
 
 1 volu-eri-m 
 
 etc. 
 
 noli-mus 
 
 nolu-eri-m 
 
 etc. 
 
 mali-mus 
 
 malu-eri-m 
 
 etc. 
 
 2. 
 
 vell-tis 
 
 Plup. 
 
 noli-tis 
 
 Plup. 
 
 mali-tis 
 
 Plup. 
 
 3- 
 
 veli-nt 
 
 volu-isse-m 
 
 etc. 
 
 noU-nt 
 
 nolu-isse-m 
 etc. 
 
 mali-nt 
 
 malu-isse-m 
 
 etc. 
 
 Observe that the irregularities appear in the Present tense only. 
 
 482. Review carefully nouns and adjectives of the First and 
 Second Declensions. 
 
 483. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 condicio, onis, f., condition, terms. 
 
 memoria, ae, f., mevioy. 
 
 res militaris, rei militaris, f., mili- 
 tary affairs. 
 
 adversus, a, um, opposite, adverse. 
 
 adverse coUe, ttphill. 
 
 pristinus, a, um, former. 
 
 cohortor, ari, atus sum, encourage. 
 
 pello, ere, pepuli, pulsus, drive, 
 beat. 
 
 provolo, are, avi, atus, Jly forth, 
 
 rusk forth. 
 recipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, take 
 
 back. 
 se recipere, betake oiteself draw back, 
 
 retreat. 
 transgredior, gredi, gressus sum, 
 
 cross over. 
 deinde, adv., thereupon. 
 identidem, adv., repeatedly. 
 
 484. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Caesaris ratio rei militaris non erat eadem qnae^ hostium. 
 2. Multi milites adverse colle ad castra nostra se receperunt. 
 
 the satne as that. 
 
1 86 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 3. SI dux milites cohortarl voluisset, fortiter usque ad vesperum 
 pugnavissent. 4. Si flumen transgredi noils, te ibi exspectem. 
 5. Si vero transgredi malls, te sequar et tecum oppida hostium 
 oppugnem. 6. Primum ad silvas identidem se receperunt, deinde 
 omnibus copils provolaverunt impetumque in hostes fecerunt. 
 7. His pulsis, sagittarios funditoresque ad ripam fluminis miserunt 
 ut ibi cum hostibus contenderent. 8. Longa oratione milites 
 monuit ut memoriam virtutis pristinae retinerent. 
 
 II. I. He advises us to be willing to fight for our leader. 2. If 
 you were willing to retain the memory of your former valor, you 
 could ^ conquer all your enemies. 3. If I could make terms of 
 peace, I should prefer not to fight. 4. If they should be unwill- 
 ing to hasten uphill to our camp, they would not bring aid to us 
 before the battle. 5. We drove the enemy from the city lest they 
 should wish to make an attack upon our friends. 6. They knew 
 what we wished. 7. If we had preferred to fight, we might have 
 taken the town. 8. If I had been willing to go to Italy, I might 
 have seen you in Rome.^ 
 
 485. Reading Lesson 
 
 Equites nostri cum funditoribus sagittariisque fliimen trans- 
 gress! cum hostium equitatu proelium commiserunt, qui identidem 
 se in silvas ad suos receperunt. Deinde subito omnibus copiis 
 provolaverunt impetumque in nostros equites tecerunt. His facile 
 pulsis ac proturbatis, incredibili celeritate ad fliimen decucurre- 
 runt. Eadem autem celeritate adverso colle ad nostra castra 
 atque eos qui in opere occupati erant contenderunt. Caesar 
 milites non longiore oratione cohortatus quam ut suae pristinae 
 virtiitis memoriam retinerent proelium commisit. Instriicto exer- 
 citii magisut^ loci natiira, quam ut rei militaris ordo postulabat, 
 fortiinae eventiis varii sequebantur. 
 
 ^ Use proper form of possum. 
 * 2 R5inae. 
 
 * ut, as. When used with the Indicative ut means as or when. 
 
Cum CAUSAL AND CONCESSIVE 1 8/ 
 
 486. Root mu, mov, move. 
 
 mov-e-6, move mo-tus, a moving mS-bilitSs, ? 
 
 mo-tio, ? . vao-yi, soon mu-to, move, cAange 
 
 mo-tor, ? mo-bills, movable mu-ta-tio, ? 
 
 md-mentum, weight mo-llis, easily moved pro-mo-veo, ? 
 
 Eng. Der. — Motion, movable, mobile, motor, moment, motive, 
 mob. 
 
 LESSON LXXII 
 
 Cimi CAUSAL AND CONCESSIVE — NOUN AND ADJECTIVE 
 REVIEW 
 
 487. Examine the following : — 
 
 1 . Cum nobis naves non essent, transire non poteramus, since we 
 
 did not have boats ^ we could not cross. 
 
 2. Cum nobis naves essent, tamen non transivimus, although we 
 
 had boats, yet we did not cross. 
 
 Observe that in i cum is causal — since ; that in 2 cum is con- 
 cessive — although. 
 
 Rule. — Cum causal and concessive is followed by the Subjunctive. 
 
 488. Make a careful review of consonant stems, nouns, and 
 adjectives of the Third Declension (581, 583, 591, 592). 
 
 489. VOCABULARY 
 
 Creta, ae, f., Crete. corrumpo, ere, rupi, niptus, de- 
 
 f6rma,.ae, i.,form. stroy. 
 
 species, ei, f., appearance, beauty. edo, ere, didi, ditus, put forth, 
 
 decum§.nus, a, xun, decujnan, rear, make, cause. 
 
 iratus, a, um, ajt^ry, enraged. resist 6, ere, stiti, — , resist, oppose. 
 
 compello, ere, pull, pulsus, compel, rursus, adv., again. 
 
 drive together, drive. tamen, adv., still, yet, nevertheless. 
 
1 88 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 490. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Cum bos mira specie esset, rex eum non sacrificavit. 
 2. Cum rex sacrificare bovem iussus esset, tamen pulchrum ani- 
 mal trucidare nolebat. 3. Cum nostrl hostibus fortiter resisterent, 
 tamen ad flumen compellebantur. 4. Cum bos in furorem actus 
 esset, multa et pulchra opera corrumpebat. 5. Hic bos magnam 
 calamitatem edebat, nam in furorem actus erat. 6. Rex, cum 
 iratus esset, tamen captlvos non interfecit. 7. Nostri transire 
 non dubitaverunt et rursus resistentes hostes in fugam dederunt. 
 8. Omnies Nervii confertissimo agmine ad eum locum contende- 
 runt. 9. Ab decumana porta ac summo iugo collis nostros vi- 
 ctores flumen transisse perspexerant. 10. Cum bos in furorem 
 actus esset, tamen hunc capere constituit. 1 1 . Cum acriter pu- 
 gnatum esset, tamen nemo hostem aversum videre potuit. 
 
 II. I. Since the island is large and beautiful, we will visit it. 
 2. Although our men fought bravely, still they could not drive the 
 
 enemy from that place. 3. Although the bull was 
 large and fierce, still Hercules dared to undertake 
 the work. 4. Since Caesar had encouraged the 
 soldiers, they fought much more fiercely. 5. The 
 bull was of such a beautiful form that the king 
 did not wish to sacrifice him. 6. Although we 
 were not at Rome, we saw many beautiful cities 
 on our journey. 7. Since life is short, let us 
 enjoy the beautiful things which we sec every day. 
 8. Hercules had been ordered to seize the bull of 
 Crete,^ because it was causing a great calamity on the islanr'. 
 
 491. Reading Lesson : Bos Cfeticus 
 
 Hercules, postquam aves Stymphalias sTstro aeneo exterruit et 
 alias sagittis interfecit, ad Eurystheum revertit. Tum Eurystheus 
 ad se Herculem advocans eum capere bovera in insula Creta iussit. 
 
 1 bos Creticus. 
 
TEMPORAL CLAUSES 1 89 
 
 Bovem mirae magnitudinis et eximiae formae e mari emisit Posei- 
 don.^ Hunc sacrificare Minos,- Cretae rex, iussus erat. Captus^ 
 autem bovis specie alium eius vice^ sacrificavit. Poseidon vero 
 iratus bovem in furorem egit. Turn bos per totam insulam 
 magnam hominum stragem^ edebat, et opera agrestia^ corrumpe- 
 bat. Hunc tandem captum Hercules trans mare ad Eurystheum 
 portavit. 
 
 492. Root iug, join, yoke. 
 
 iM(n)g-o, Join iug-ulum, co//ar bone con-iu-ro, ? 
 
 iug- um, yoke iu-dex, judge iu-mentum, yoke^a n itnal 
 iu-s, right iu-beo, order iu-s-titia, ? 
 
 Eng. Der. — Judge, jury, junction, conjugate, just, conjunction, 
 joint, jugular, subjugate. 
 
 LESSON LXXIII 
 
 TEMPORAL CLAUSES — Cum TEMPORAL — NOUN AND 
 ADJECTIVE REVIEW 
 
 493. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Postquam Caesar pervenit, pontem fieri iussit, after Caesar 
 
 had arrived, he ordered a bridge to he made. 
 
 2. Ubi Caesar pervenit, suas copias in castra reduxit, when 
 
 Caesar arrived, he led his forces back into camp. 
 
 3. Simul ac hostes id intellexerunt, fuga salutem petierunt, as 
 
 soon as the enemy perceived this, they sought safety inflight. 
 
 4. Ut Caesar pervenit, milites castra munire coeperunt, when 
 
 Caesar arrived, the soldiers began to fortify the camp. 
 
 Observe that postquam, ubi, simul ac, and ut denote time, and 
 are followed by the Perfect Indicative. 
 
 1 Poseidon or Neptune (god of the sea). ^ Minos. ^ charmed. 
 
 * in its stead. ^ destruction. ^ of the field. 
 
190 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 494. Examine the following : — 
 
 1 . Cum per eorum fines iter f ecisset, inveniebat ex captivis . . ., 
 
 when he had marched through their territory, he found out 
 from the captives . . . 
 
 2. Nam turn, cum ex urbe Catilinam eiciebam . . ., for at that 
 
 time when I was hurling Catiline fro77i the city .... 
 
 Observe that in i cum is used with the Subjunctive, and in 2 
 with the Indicative. 
 
 Rules. — i. The particles postquam, ubi, simul atque (simul ac 
 or simul), take the Indicative, usually the Perfect. 
 2. Cum temporal is used with the Subjunctive when the 
 circumstance or action depends upon another, or 
 when the time is described. It is used with the 
 Indicative when the time is made emphatic or 
 defined. 
 
 Note. — In narration cum temporal is almost always used with the Imper- 
 fect or Pluperfect Subjunctive. 
 
 495. Make a careful review of vowel stems, — nouns and adjec- 
 tives, 579, 580, 582, 584-590. 
 
 496. VOCABULARY 
 
 calo, onis, m., soldier'' s servant^ camp praeceps, cipitis, headlong. 
 
 folloxver. singularis, e, peculiar, remarkable. 
 
 consensus, us, m., consent, agree- mando, are, avi, atus, give over, 
 
 ment. intrust. 
 
 Treveri, orum, m. //., the Treveri. redigo, ere, egi, actus, drive back, 
 turpitude, inis, f., disgrace. reduce, render. 
 
 497. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Eodem tempore equites nostri, cum se in castra recipe- 
 rent, hostibus perspectis, rursus aliam in partem fugam petebant. 
 2. Calones quoque, cum hostes in nostris castrTs versari vidissent, 
 praecipites fugae sese mandabant. 3. Qui^ cum ex equitum et 
 
 ^ when these. 
 
TEMPORAL CLAUSES 19I 
 
 calonum fuga quanto in periculo et legiones et imperator versa- 
 rentur, cognovissent, summa celeritate trans flumen contenderunt. 
 4. Dixerunt sese ad quingentos, qui arma ferre possent, redactos 
 esse. 5. Ubi proelium renovatum est, equites fortiter pugnave- 
 runt ut turpitudinem fugae virtute delerent. 6. Simul ac prima 
 impedimenta nostri exercitus ab hostibus visa sunt, impetum in 
 nostros fecerunt. 7. Quibus omnibus rebus permoti equites Tre- 
 veri, cum calones, equites, funditores in omnes partes fugere 
 vidissent, domum contenderunt. 
 
 II. I. As soon as Caesar found out in what place the enemy 
 were, he hastened toward them. 2. When Labienus had seen 
 that the seventh legion was being overcome by the enemy, he 
 sent the tenth legion as an aid to our men. 3. After Caesar came, 
 he began to encourage the soldiers. 4. When Caesar was in Gaul, 
 frequent letters were brought to him. 5. When he had led his 
 troops out from the camp, he drew up a triple line of battle. 
 6. When this had been announced to Caesar, he hastened to set 
 out from the city. 7. If the town should be taken, they would 
 surrender their arms. 8. As soon as they saw that the tower was 
 being moved, they sought safety in flight. 
 
 498. Reading Lesson 
 
 Legionis nonae et decimae mllites, qui in sinistra parte aciei 
 Tnstructi erant, hostes ex loco superiore compulerunt et multos 
 eorum interfecerunt. Item alia in parte diversae ^ duae legiones 
 in ipsis fluminis rIpTs contendebant. Nervii autem confertissimo 
 agmine ad castra nostra contenderunt. Eodem tempore equites 
 nostri, qui primo impetii hostium pulsl erant, rursus aliam in 
 partem fuga salutem petebant. 
 
 Caesar, cum suos urgeri ^ videret, in primam aciem processit et 
 mllites cohortatus est. Eius adventii mllites acrius fortiusque 
 piignare coeperunt, et proelium riirsus audacius renovatum est. 
 
 1 different. 2 to be hard pressed. 
 
192 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 Interea milites duarum legionum, quae praesidio impedimentis 
 fuerant, in summo colle ab hostibus perspiciebantur, et T. 
 Labienus qui ex loco superiore quae gere- 
 rentur vidit, decimam legionem nostris mi- 
 sit. Huius legionis adventu nostri ita 
 fortiter pugnare coeperunt ut hostes brevi 
 tempore pellerentur. 
 
 Hoc proelio facto et prope ad interne- 
 cionem^ gente Nerviorum redacta, om- 
 nium qui supererant consensu, legates ad 
 Caesarem miserunt. Quos Caesar in de- 
 ditionem accepit et finitimos ab iniuria 
 Pedes maleficioque prohibuit. 
 
 499. Root ped, tread. 
 
 pes, /oo^ 
 
 ped-es, /oo^ soldier 
 
 im-ped-io, entangle 
 ex-ped-io, ? 
 
 ped-es-ter, on foot 
 im-pe d-i-mentum, 
 
 Eng. Der. — Pedal, pedestal, pedestrian, biped, impede. 
 
 >>©<« 
 
 LESSON LXXIV 
 
 THE IMPERATIVE MOOD — REGULAR VERBS — NOUN REVIEW 
 
 500. 
 
 Active 
 
 First Conj. 
 
 Second 
 
 Third Third in -io 
 
 Fourth 
 
 Pres. Sing. 2. voca 
 
 mone 
 
 rege 
 
 cape 
 
 audi 
 
 Plur. 2. voca-te 
 
 mone-te 
 
 regi-te 
 
 capi-te 
 
 audi-te 
 
 FuT. Sing. 2. voca-to 
 
 mone-to 
 
 regi-to 
 
 capi-to 
 
 audi-to 
 
 3. voca-to 
 
 mone-to 
 
 regi-to 
 
 capi-to 
 
 audits 
 
 Plur. 2. voca-tote 
 
 mone-tote 
 
 regi-tote 
 
 capi-tote 
 
 audi-tote 
 
 3. voca-nto 
 
 mone-nto 
 
 regu-nto 
 
 capiu-nto 
 
 audiu-nto 
 
 
 1 annihilation. 
 
 
 
THE IMPERATIVE MOOD 1 93 
 
 501. Passive 
 
 First Conj. Second Third Third in -io Fourth 
 
 Pres. Sing. 2, voca-re mone-re rege-re cape-re audi-re 
 
 Plur. 2. voca-mini mone-mini regi-mini capi-mini audi-mini 
 
 FuT. Sing. 2. voca-tor mone-tor regi-tor capi-tor auditor 
 
 3. voca-tor mone-tor regi-tor capi-tor audi-tor 
 
 Plur. 2. 
 
 3. voca-ntor mone-ntor regu-ntor capiu-ntor audiu-ntor 
 
 Make out and commit to memory a table of the Imperative 
 endings, both active and passive. Observe carefully in the above 
 paradigms the part to which the endings are joined, and note 
 that this part is precisely the same in both voices. 
 
 Inflect in the Imperative laudo, terreo, ago, dico,^ duco,^ 
 venio. 
 
 502. Make a careful review of noun forms of the Fourth and 
 Fifth Declensions, 584, 585. 
 
 503. The Imperative is used to express an exhortation, en- 
 treaty, or command, but the Subjunctive is often used in its place. 
 
 504. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Munite oppidum, /^r/zj/y the town. 
 
 2. Meos liberos vobis permittam ; eos conservatote, I shall in- 
 
 trust my children to you ; do yotc guard them carefully. 
 
 3. Ne muniveritis oppidum, do not fortify the town. 
 
 4. Nolite^ munire oppidum, do not fortify the town. 
 
 Observe that the Present Imperative is used in commands, 
 unless, as in 2, distinct reference is made to future time ; that, as 
 in 3, ne with the second person of the Perfect Subjunctive, or, as 
 in 4, the Present Imperative of nolo with the Infinitive, is used to 
 express a prohibition. 
 
 1 The second singular Present Imperative of dico is die, of duco is due, 
 of facid is fac. 
 
 2 Nolite, be unwilling^ second person plural of the Present Imperative of 
 nolo. 
 
 begin, lat. bk. — 13 
 
194 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 Rules. — i. The Present Imperative is used in commands and 
 
 entreaties, but the Future Imperative is used 
 
 when distinct reference is made to future time. 
 
 2. In prohibitions, ne with the Perfect Subjunctive, or 
 
 noli (nolite) with the Infinitive, is used. 
 
 505. VOCABULARY 
 
 equa,i ae, f., 7nare. iacio, ere, ieci, iactus, throiv, hurl. 
 
 internecio, onis, f., destruction^ an- mansuefacio, ere, feci, factus, 
 
 nihilaiion. tame. 
 
 incolumis, e, safe, unhurt. pasco, ere, pavi, pastus, y^<?^. 
 
 inermis, e, unarmed. permitto, ere, misi, missus, in- 
 aufero, ferre, abstuli, ablatus, trust, permit. 
 
 carry off ox away. clam, adv., secretly. 
 
 506. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Pasce, mi fili, meas equas. 2. Permittite liberos in- 
 columes vestrls amicTs. 3. Aufer^ equas feras ad agricolas ut eas 
 mansuefaciant. 4. Dimittamus legates in civitates flnitimas. 
 5. Redige hos inermes paene ad internecionem. 6. Contende 
 cum hostibus, Labiene, et tuos amicos defende. 7. Die mihi 
 quid in animo tibi sit, quo facilius me defendere possim. 8. Ne 
 permiseris nostros hostes incolumes domum Ire. 9. Agmen 
 Claude et cum omnibus copiTs ducem in hostes sequere. 10. Te- 
 studine facta, ad murum properate. 
 
 II. I. Lead the soldiers secretly into the territories of the 
 enemy, in order that they may fortify a camp there. 2. Let us 
 not intrust our children to the hands of our enemies. 3. We 
 shall intrust the town to you ; do you defend it with great care. 
 4. Let us defend our baggage. 5. Hasten to the top of the 
 mountain in order to bear aid to Labienus. 6. Lead the mares 
 into the field, my son, and feed them there. 7. Let us not re- 
 
 1 Dative and Ablative plural, equabus. 
 
 2 Present Imperative second singular. 
 
THE IMPERATIVE MOOD 1 95 
 
 duce these unarmed men to destruction. 8. Do not abandon^ 
 the hope of safety, but fight bravely until evening. 
 
 507. Reading Lesson : Equae Dioniedis'^ 
 
 Opus Herculis octavum erat equas Diomedis, regis Bistonum,^ 
 ad Eurystheum diicere. Hae equae, carne'' hominum pastae, 
 maxime ferae erant ; Hercules autem eas cepit, clam abstulit, ad 
 mare duxit. Bistones seciiti eum adorti sunt. Diii et acriter 
 piignatum est. Tandem, rege eorum interfecto, Hercules Bi- 
 stones vicit. Corpus regis mortuT equabus^ iecit, quae, sul 
 domini carne pastae, statim mansuefactae sunt. Tum demum 
 Hercules incolumis ad Eurystheum cum equabus revertit. 
 
 508. Root cla, call. 
 
 cla-m-6, call, cry out cl^-ras, famous cla-ssis,y?<?<?/ 
 cla-m-or, ? prae-cla-ms, ? con-cla-mo, ? 
 
 Eng. Der. — Clamor, claim, exclaim, class, classical, calendar. 
 
 ^>9ic 
 
 LESSON LXXV 
 
 THE IMPERATIVE MOOD, IRREGULAR VERBS — NOUN RE- 
 VIEW COMPLETED 
 
 5C 
 
 19. 
 
 
 Fero 
 
 Nolo 
 
 Eo 
 
 Sum 
 
 Fio 
 
 
 
 
 Act. 
 
 Pass. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pres. 
 
 , Sing. 
 
 2. 
 
 fer 
 
 fer-re 
 
 noli 
 
 1 
 
 es 
 
 fi 
 
 
 Plur. 
 
 2. 
 
 fer-te 
 
 feri-mini 
 
 noli-te 
 
 i-te 
 
 es-te 
 
 fi-te 
 
 FUT. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 2. 
 
 fer-to 
 
 fer-tor 
 
 noli-to 
 
 i-to 
 
 es-to 
 
 fi-to 
 
 
 
 3- 
 
 fer-to 
 
 fer-tor 
 
 noli-to 
 
 i-to 
 
 es-to 
 
 fi-to 
 
 
 Plur. 
 
 2. 
 
 fer-tote 
 
 
 noli-tote 
 
 i-tote 
 
 es-tote fl-tote 
 
 
 
 3. 
 
 feru-nto 
 
 feru-ntor 
 
 nolu-nto 
 
 eu-nto 
 
 su-nto 
 
 fiu-nto 
 
 1 depono. '^ Diomedes. ^ The Bistones, a people of Thrace. 
 
 * Having been fed tcpon the flesh. ^ See 505, n. i. 
 
196 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 How does the inflection of these irregular verbs differ from that 
 of the regular verbs ? 
 Review carefully 600. 
 
 510. Make a careful review of the rules for gender, 25, 28, 51, 
 132, 170, 174, 213. 
 
 511. In the following list of words state in tabular form in each 
 case the declension, gender. Genitive singular and plural. 
 
 acies 
 
 castra 
 
 flumen 
 
 locus 
 
 pons 
 
 adventus 
 
 centuri5 
 
 gener 
 
 lux 
 
 Rhenus 
 
 aestas 
 
 cohors 
 
 genus 
 
 mens 
 
 scutum 
 
 agger 
 
 copia 
 
 homo 
 
 miles 
 
 soror 
 
 agmen 
 
 dies 
 
 honor 
 
 m5ns 
 
 tempus 
 
 agricola 
 
 dolus 
 
 Ignis 
 
 mulier 
 
 vectTgal 
 
 bellum 
 
 domus 
 
 iter 
 
 multitude 
 
 vir 
 
 bos 
 
 exercitus 
 
 lacus 
 
 ordo 
 
 virtus 
 
 caput 
 
 finis 
 
 legatiS 
 
 palus 
 
 vis 
 
 512. 
 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 . 
 
 
 ancora, ae, f., anchor. 
 currus, us, m., chariot, car. 
 patria, ae, f., country. 
 praemium, 1, n., reward. 
 remus, i, m., oar. 
 vezillum, 1, n., banner. 
 
 victoria, ae, f., victory. 
 apertus, a, um, open. 
 recens, entis, recent. 
 repentliius, a, um, sudden. 
 administro, are, avi, atus, execute, 
 manage. 
 
 omo, are, avi, atus, equip. 
 
 Ancora 
 
 513. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Ferte mihtibus pro victoria recent! multa et magna 
 praemia. 2. Nolite patriae vestrae bellum inferre. 3. Naves 
 
THE IMPERATIVE MOOD 1 9/ 
 
 omnibus rebus celeriter ornantur. 4. Este fortes in periculo re- 
 pentlno. 5. Administra bene rem mllitarem. 6. Eicite, nautae. 
 ancoras ex navibus et exspectate fortiter hostes. 7. Ite fortiter 
 in proelium et vexilla ferte in hostes. 8. Curru per milites vehi- 
 tur et eis dicit : " Pro patria fortiter piignate, et, si necesse erit, 
 morimini." 9. Sunto fortes proelio, domi fidi et bonl. 10. Fito 
 consul, SI poteris, et bene omnia administrate. 11. Per loca 
 aperta ite ad ripas fluminis ibique castra munite. 
 
 CURRUS 
 
 II. I. Do not cast the anchor from the boat, but sail swiftly 
 to Delos. 2. Fight bravely for your country, soldiers, in order 
 that you may bear off the rewards of victory. 3. Equip your 
 boats with oars, for it is necessary to go to Italy. 4. Bear 
 your standards against the enemy with the glad hope of victory. 
 5. Drive your chariot through the open places in order that you 
 may not be alarmed by any sudden danger. 6. Become wiser ^ 
 every day. 7. Let the soldiers be always brave and faithful. 
 8. Let the standards be borne by the bravest soldiers, for the fight 
 will be long and fierce. 
 
 ^ sapieutior. 
 
98 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 LESSON LXXVI 
 
 THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE — SOME WAYS OF EXPRESS- 
 ING PURPOSE 
 
 514. The Gerund is a verbal noun governing the same case as 
 its verb, and having the meaning of the English verbal in -ing. 
 (Distinguish the English present participle from this verbal.) 
 
 515. The Gerund is found only in the oblique cases of the 
 singular. 
 
 1. Bellandi caTisa,^_/<?r the purpose of waging war. 
 
 2. Consilium parcendi ^ victis, a plan for sparing the conquered. 
 
 g^g Con J. 
 
 First Second Third Third in -io Fourth 
 
 G. voca-ndi mone-ndi rege-ndi capie-ndi audie-ndi 
 
 D. voca-ndo mone-ndo rege-ndo capie-ndo audie-ndo 
 
 Ac. voca-ndum mone-ndum rege-ndum capie-ndum audie-ndum 
 
 Ab. voca-ndo mone-ndo rege-ndo capie-ndo audie-ndo 
 
 I. Observe carefully the law of formation of the Gerund from 
 the verb stem, and note that, in the Fourth Conjugation and in 
 verbs in -io of the Third, the verb stem is increased by the addition 
 of e before the case endings. 
 
 517. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Magister docet artem legend!^ the master teaches the art of 
 
 reading. 
 
 2. Hi libri idonei sunt legendo, these books are suitable for reading. 
 
 3. Magister mihi dat libros ad legendum, the master gives me 
 
 books to read (for reading). 
 
 4. Magister fit sapiens legendo, the master becomes wise by reading. 
 
 Observe in the above examples the use of the Gerund, governed 
 
 ^ In this construction causa always follows th? Gecund. 
 ^ Note that parcendi governs the Dative. , 
 
THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE 1 99 
 
 as a noun would be in the four oblique cases by artem, idonei, ad, 
 and fit, respectively. 
 
 Rule. — The Gerund, as a noun, has the construction of other 
 nouns, and, as a verb, retains its power of governing 
 an object. 
 
 518. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Nulla erat spes 
 
 a. pacem conflrmandi (Gerund). ) There was no hope of 
 
 b. pacis confirmandae (Gerundive). / establishing peace. 
 
 2. Tempus erat idoneum 
 
 a. pacem confirmando (Gerund), rare. 1 The time was suitable 
 
 ^. paci confirmandae (Gerundive). J for establishing peace. 
 
 3. Misit legates 
 
 a. ad pacem confirmandum (Gerund), rare. 1 He sent ambassadors to 
 
 b. ad pacem confirmandam (Gerundive). / establish peace. 
 
 4. Consilia fecit 
 
 a. de pacem confirmando (Gerund), rare. "I He made plans for es- 
 
 b. de pace confirmando (Gerundive). / tablishing peace. 
 
 519. I. Observe carefully the differences between a and b in 
 each of the above. Note also that the Gerund and Gerundive 
 are translated precisely alike. 
 
 2. Observe that the Gerundive is used as an adjective in agree- 
 ment with a noun which takes the case the Gerund would have had 
 if used. 
 
 3. Observe that in the Genitive case either of the above con- 
 structions may be used, but that in the other cases the Gerundive 
 is much preferred. 
 
 4. Observe that both Gerund and Gerundive are used to 
 express purpose. 
 
 Rule. — The Gerundive is used by preference instead of the 
 Gerund when the latter would, if used, take a direct 
 object. This object is then put into the case in which 
 the Gerund, if used, would have been, and the Gerun- 
 dive agrees with it in gender, number, and case. 
 
200 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 520. VOCABULARY 
 
 misericordia, ae, f., compassion. appropinquo, are, avi, atus, ap- 
 multitudo, inis, f., multitude, num- proach. 
 
 ber. bello, are, avi, atus, zvage war. 
 
 studium, i, n., zeal, desire. lego, ere, legi, lectus, collect, read. 
 
 sapiens, entis, wise. patefacio, ere, feci, factus, lay 
 supples, icis, suppliant. open. 
 
 egregie, adv., excellently. 
 
 521. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Omnibus militibus erat magnum bellandl Studium. 2. Spes 
 magna oppidT potiundl exercitui iniecta est. 3. Labienus suos in 
 locum omnibus rebus idoneum pugnando duxit. 4. Hue cele- 
 riter hostes contenderunt ut quam minimum ^ spati ad se conli- 
 gendos armandosque Romanis relinqueretur. 5. Spes erat legato 
 regni occupandi. 6. Ad eas res conficiendas annum satis esse 
 arbitratus est. 7. Agricolas in agros misit ad frumentum confe- 
 rendum. 8. Portis patefactis, Caesarl se dediderunt, qui condi- 
 cionem pacis accepit. 9. Misericordia item in eos usus est. 
 10. In locum natura egregie miinitum omnes copias contulerunt, 
 ut maxima cum multitiidine hostium bellare possent. 11. Suppli- 
 ces, passis manibus, se Caesarl ^ ad pedes proiecerunt. 
 
 II. I. Caesar had a great desire for waging war. 2. They 
 went into Gaul for the purpose of bringing together supplies. 
 3. A great number of wise men came to Caesar, and, with 
 extended hands, begged for peace. 4. These books are not 
 suitable for reading. 5. Their hope of approaching the town was 
 great. 6. He used compassion toward the multitude, for they 
 came to him as supphants. 7. The camp was excellently fortified, 
 but there were not many men ready to defend it. 8. When the 
 gates are opened, we will go into the city. 9. He led out his 
 soldiers to defend himself. 10. Caesar sent a Heutenant to 
 accomplish all these things. 
 
 1 as little space as possible. ^ at Caesar'' s feet. 
 
THE SUPINE 20 1 
 
 622. Reading Lesson 
 
 Aduatuci autem, qui omnibus copils auxilio Nerviis venerant, 
 hac pugna nuntiata, ex itinere domum reverterunt, suaque omnia 
 in unum oppidum egregie natura munltum contulerunt. Id nostri, 
 vineis actis turnque exstmcta, oppugnare coeperunt. Ubi vero tur- 
 rim mover! et appropinquare moenibus viderunt, legates ad Caesa- 
 rem de pace miserunt. His Caesar respondit : se condicionem 
 deditionis nullam acceptiirum esse, nisi armis traditis. Re nun- 
 tiata, Aduatuci dixerunt se facturos esse quae imperarentur. Armo- 
 rum vero magna multitiidine de muro in fossam iacta, circiter 
 autem tertia parte celata et in oppido retenta, portis patefactis eo 
 die pace sunt iisl. 
 
 523. Root voc, call. 
 
 voc-6, call voca-bulmn, name^ xvord voc-iferor, cry aloud 
 vox (voc + s), voice yroc-Vi-\3., feeble voice voc-a-tivus, ? 
 
 Form compound verbs with a, con, de, pro, re, and give 
 meanings. 
 
 Eng. Der. — Vocal, vocabulary, voice, vocation, vociferate, re- 
 voke, vocative. 
 
 «»jo;o<^ 
 
 LESSON LXXVII 
 
 THE SUPINE— EXPRESSIONS OF PURPOSE — WORD LIST 
 
 524. The Supine is a verbal substantive of the Fourth Declen- 
 sion, found only in the Accusative singular (Former Supine), and 
 in the Ablative singular (Latter Supine) : rogatum, rogatu. 
 
 525. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Hoc est difficile factu, this is difficult to do (in respect to the 
 
 doing) . 
 
 2. Hoc est fas dictu, this is right to say. 
 
 Observe that factii and dictu express acts in respect to which 
 the quality is asserted. 
 
202 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 Rule. — The latter Supine is used with some adjectives and a few 
 other words to express the act in reference to which 
 the quality is asserted. 
 
 Note. — These adjectives usually denote ease or difficulty, pleasure or dis- 
 pleasure, right or wrong. 
 
 526. Examine the following : — 
 
 I. Legati ad eum pacem petitmn venerunt, ambassadors came to 
 him to beg peace. 
 
 Observe that petitum expresses the purpose for which the am- 
 bassadors came. 
 
 Rule. — The former Supine is used with verbs of motion to ex- 
 press the purpose of the motion. 
 
 527. Expressions of purpose. — The most common of these are 
 illustrated in the following examples : — 
 
 ut pacem peterent 
 qui pacem peterent 
 Legati J pacis petendae causa 
 venerunt pacem petendl causa 
 ad pacem petendam 
 pacem petitum 
 
 the ambassadors came 
 to seek peace. 
 
 528. You will observe from these examples that purpose may 
 be expressed by (i) a clause with ut, etc., with the Subjunctive, 
 (2) a clause with qui and the Subjunctive, (3) the Gerundive or 
 Gerund with causa, (4) the Gerundive in the Accusative with ad, 
 (5) the former Supine with a verb of motion. 
 
 Amazon, onis, f. 
 
 warlike woman. 
 ascensus, us, m., ascent. 
 eruptio, onis, f., sally. 
 regina, ae, f., queen. 
 riza, ae, f., quarrel, dispute, 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 an Amazon 
 
 significatio, onis, f., signal. 
 
 zona, ae, f., belt, girdle. 
 
 asporto, are, avi, atus, carry off or 
 
 * away. 
 consero, ere, ui, tus, /cm, unite; 
 manus conserere, y^?» battle. 
 
 benigne, adv., kindly. 
 
THE SUPINE 203 
 
 530. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Amazonum regina zonam pulcherrimam quondam habe- 
 bat, quam Hercules ad Eurystheum asportare iussus est. 2. Her- 
 cules, cum ad Amazonum terram pervenisset, ab eis benigne ac- 
 ceptus est. 3. Cum zonam petitum venisset, tamen eum benigne 
 acceperunt. 4. Sub vesperum Caesar portas claudl militesque ex 
 oppido exire iussit, ne quam noctu oppidi incolae a militibus 
 iniuriam acciperent. 5. Caesar legates ad eos misit, qui dicerent 
 se eos in deditionem accepturum esse. 6. Hercules in terram 
 Amazonum missus erat ut ad Eurystheum zonam reglnae asporta- 
 ret. 7. Milites in agros ad frumentum conferendum mittebantur. 
 
 8. Decima legio ad Caesarem auxilium ferendi causa missa est. 
 
 9. Rixa orta, Amazones contra Herculem maniis conseruerunt. 
 
 10. Simul ac hostes eruptionem ex oppido fecerunt, significatio 
 ignibus facta est. 11. Facile est dictii zonam reglnae asportare, 
 factii autem difficile. 
 
 II. I. Eurystheus sent Hercules to bring the girdle of the 
 queen (three ways). 2. The soldiers were sent as ambassadors 
 to beg peace (four ways). 3. Labienus was sent to seize the 
 camp of the enemy. 
 
 531. Reading Lesson: Hippolyfes^ Zona 
 
 Hercules, cum ad Eurystheum cum equabus Diomedis revertis- 
 set, in Amazonum terram Ire iussus est, ut difficile, opus conficeret. 
 Hippolyte, Amazonum regina, zonam pulcherrimam habebat. Hac 
 autem potirl volebat Admete,^ Eurysthei filia, itaque Hercules 
 eam asportare iussus est. Tandem ad Amazonum terram pervenit. 
 Ibi primum eum benigne accepit^ Hippolyte zonamque promlsit ; 
 sed, orta rixa, contra Herculem Amazones manus conseruerunt. 
 His victis et occlsa Hippolyta, Hercules zona potitus est et ad 
 Eurystheum asportavit, itaque Admete laeta erat. 
 
 1 of Hippolyte. ^ Admete. ^ entertained. 
 
204 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 532. Root flu, /^ze/. 
 
 flu-6,y?c?74/ flu-men, river flu-ctus, wave, flood 
 
 fle-6, weep in-flu-6, ? f\?x-\\.by float 
 
 Eng. Der. — Fluid, flush, fluctuate, flux, flume, influence, fluency. 
 
 533. 
 
 WORD LIST XII 
 
 administro 
 
 conserere manus 
 
 **mansuefaci6 
 
 repentlnus 
 
 **adversus 
 
 **corrumpo 
 
 *memoria 
 
 *res militaris 
 
 **advers6 colle 
 
 Creta 
 
 *misericordia 
 
 *resist6 
 
 Amazon 
 
 *currus 
 
 *multitud5 
 
 rlxa 
 
 ancora 
 
 *decumanus 
 
 orno 
 
 **rursus 
 
 *apertus 
 
 *deinde 
 
 **pasc6 
 
 sapiens 
 
 approplnquo 
 
 *edo 
 
 **patefacio 
 
 **sTgnificatio 
 
 *ascensus 
 
 egregie 
 
 **patria 
 
 *singularis 
 
 *asporto 
 
 *equa 
 
 **pell5 
 
 *species 
 
 *aufer5 
 
 **erupti6 
 
 *permitt6 
 
 *studium 
 
 *bell6 
 
 forma 
 
 **praeceps 
 
 *supplex 
 
 *benigne 
 
 *iaci6 
 
 *praemium 
 
 tamen 
 
 calo 
 
 *identidem 
 
 *pristinus 
 
 *transgredior 
 
 clam 
 
 incolumis 
 
 *pr6vol6 
 
 Treverl 
 
 cohortor 
 
 *inermis 
 
 recens 
 
 turpitude 
 
 **compell5 
 
 internecio 
 
 **recipi6 
 
 *vexillum 
 
 condicio 
 
 *iratus 
 
 ♦redigo 
 
 *vict6ria 
 
 ♦consensus 
 
 *lego 
 
 *regina 
 
 zona 
 
 consero 
 
 *mand5 
 
 *remus 
 
 
 Vrxillum 
 
THE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS 205 
 
 LESSON LXXVIII 
 
 THE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS — DATIVE OF THE 
 AGENT 
 
 Note. — Review the Future Active participle and the Gerundive of the 
 regular verb. See 331, with i. 
 
 534. First or Active Periphrastic Conjugation 
 
 Pres. voca-tiir-us (moni-tur-us, etc.) sum, / ant about to call, intend 
 
 to call. 
 Imperf. voca-tur-us eram, etc., / was about to call, etc. 
 FuT. voca-tur-us ero, etc., / shall be about to call, etc. 
 
 Perf. voca-tur-us ful, etc., / was or have been about to call, etc. 
 
 Plup. voca-tur-us fueram, etc., I had been about to call, etc. 
 
 FuT. Perf. voca-tur-us fuero, etc., / shall have been about to call, etc. 
 
 535. Examine the following: — 
 
 1 . Quaero quid f acturus sit, / ask what he is going to do, intends 
 
 to do, will do. 
 
 2. Quaesivi quid f acturus esset, / asked what he luas going to 
 
 do, etc. 
 
 Observe in the above sentences that in the indirect question 
 the first periphrastic conjugation takes the place of the lacking 
 Future Subjunctive. 
 
 This is true of all forms of indirect discourse. 
 
 536. Second or Passive Periphrastic Conjugation 
 
 Pres. voca-ndus (mone-ndus) sum, I have to be, ought to be, must be 
 
 called. 
 Imperf. voca-ndus eram, I had to be called., etc. 
 FuT. voca-ndus ero, I shall have to be called, etc. 
 
 Perf. -O-oca-ndus fui, I had or have had to be called, etc. 
 
 Plup. voca-ndus fueram, / had had to be called, etc. 
 
 FuT. Perf. voca-ndus fuero, / shall have had to be called, etc. 
 
 I. The Subjunctive and Infinitive in the periphrastic conjuga- 
 tions are formed according to the same law as the Indicative. 
 
206 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 537. Examine the following : — 
 
 1. Signum Caesari dandum est, Caesar has to give the signal (the 
 
 signal must be given by Caesar). 
 
 2. Militibus ad montem currendum est, the soldiers must run to 
 
 the mountain. 
 
 Observe that in the above, duty, necessity, or obligation is 
 implied, and that the name of the person upon whom the duty, 
 necessity, or obligation rests is in the Dative case. 
 
 Observe the impersonal use^ of the verb in 2. 
 
 Rule. — The person upon whom the duty, necessity, or obligation 
 rests is expressed by the use of the second peri- 
 phrastic conjugation, with the Dative of the agent. 
 
 538. VOCABULARY 
 
 sectio, onis, f., booty. decerno, ere, crevi, cretus, decree. 
 
 supplicatio, oiiis, f., thanksgiving. refringo, ere, fregi, fractus, break 
 
 iniquus, a, um, uneven, unfavorable. dotvn. 
 
 universus, a, um, universal, as a vendo, ere, didi, ditus, sell, 
 whole. 
 
 539. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Caesar! omnia uno tempore agenda erant. 2. Legatus 
 septimam legionem ad collem missiirus erat. 3. Legato prima 
 aestate bellum gerendum est. 4. Castra miinienda erunt post- 
 quam copias nostras flumen tradiiximus. 5. Acies Instruenda, 
 signum- dandum, milites ab opere revocandi sunt. 6. Deditione 
 facta, nostros praesidia deductiiros esse exTstimaverunt. 7. Omni- 
 bus copils subito ex oppido eruptionem fecerunt, qua facilior ad 
 castra nostra ascensus videbatur. 8. MTlites portas refractiiri 
 erant. 9. Caesar sectionem eo die venditurus erat. 10. Puella 
 sororem vocatiira est. 
 
 II. I. The soldiers are about to storm the town. 2. Caesar 
 had to give the signal. 3. The lieutenant thought that he ought to 
 
 ^ The use of a verb in the third person sing, without a personal subject. 
 
THE PEFSH'HRASTJ^ CONJUGATIONS 20^ 
 
 occupy the hill. 4. The soldiers had to fortify the camp. 5. The 
 enemy thought that Caesar would not cross the river. 6. If Caesar 
 should enroll two new legions, he would be able to defeat the 
 Germans. 7. When Caesar heard this, he began to return into 
 the province. 8. As soon as Caesar arrived, the army was led 
 into winter quarters. 
 
 540. Reading Lesson 
 
 Sub vesperum Caesar portas claudi militesque ex oppido exire 
 iussit, ne quam noctu oppidi incolae a mllitibus iniuriam acciperent. 
 nil, ante consiho,^ ut intellectum est, inito, quod, deditione facta, 
 nostros praesidia deducturos existimaverant, omnibus copiis subito 
 ex oppido eruptionem fecerunt. Pugnatum est ab hostibus acri- 
 ter, cum in una^ virtute omnis spes salutis esset. Occlsis ad homi- 
 num milibus quattuor, reliqui in oppidum repulsi sunt. Postrldie 
 eius die!, refractis portTs, cum iam defenderet nemo, sectionem 
 eius oppidi universam Caesar vendidit. Ab eis qui emerant capi- 
 tum numerus ad eum relatus est milium quinquaginta et trium. 
 Eodem tempore certior factus est omnes maritimas civitates in 
 potestatem populi RomanI redactas esse. His rebus gestis, omni 
 GaUia pacata, ipse in Italiam profectus est. Ob eas res in dies 
 quTndecim ^ supplicatio decreta est, quod ante id tempus accidit 
 null!. 
 
 541. Root cad, >//. 
 cas-us, accident { 
 
 Eng. Der. — Case, casual, accident, secede, ancestor, success. 
 
 CB.6.-6,fall 2iC-C\6L-0, happen cad-aver, a dead dody 
 cas-us, accident dis-ced-6, depart dis-ces-sus, ? 
 
 1 in accordance 7vith a plan arranged beforehand. 
 
 2 in valor alone. 
 
 ^ a thanksgiving for fifteen days. 
 
208 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 LESSON LXXIX 
 
 THE INDIRECT DISCOURSE — PRINCIPAL AND SUBORDINATE 
 
 CLAUSES 
 
 542. The Indirect Discourse has been already defined, and 
 simple illustrations of its use given. See 263, 304. 
 
 Fix in memory the fact that verbs of saying, knowing, perceiving, 
 and the like, introduce the indirect discourse, that the verbs of its 
 principal propositions are in the Infinitive mood, and that the 
 tenses of the Infinitive denote time, present, past, or future, with 
 reference to that of the verb which introduces the indirect 
 discourse. 
 
 543. Examine the following : 
 
 1. Dicit se audire 
 
 quid faciam 
 quid f ecerim 
 quid facturus film 
 
 2. Dicit se audivisse 
 
 quid facerem 
 quid fecissem 
 quid facturus essem 
 
 3. Dicit se auditurum esse 
 
 quid faciam 
 quid fecerim 
 quid facturus sim 
 
 4. Dixit se audire 
 
 quid facerem 
 quid fecissem 
 quid facturus essem 
 
 5. Dixit se audivisse 
 
 quid facerem 
 quid fecissem 
 quid facturus essem 
 
 6. Dixit se auditurum esse 
 
 quid facerem 
 quid fecissem 
 quid factiirus essem 
 
 He says that he 
 hears or is 
 hearing 
 
 He says that he 
 heard or has 
 heard 
 
 I He says that he 
 I will hear 
 
 He said that he 
 heard or was 
 hearing 
 
 He said that he 
 had heard 
 
 He said that he 
 should hear 
 
 what I am doing. 
 
 what I have done or did. 
 
 zvhat I am about to do. 
 
 what I did or was doing, 
 ruhat I had done, 
 what I zuas about to do. 
 
 what I am doing. 
 
 what I have do7ie or did. 
 
 what I am about to do. 
 
 what I did or was doing, 
 what I had done, 
 what I was about to do. 
 
 what I did or was doing, 
 what I had done, 
 what I tvas about to do. 
 
 what I did or tuas doing, 
 what I had done, 
 what I was about to do. 
 
THE INDIRECT DISCOURSE 209 
 
 I. Observe that while the verb of the principal proposition in 
 the indirect discourse is in the Infinitive, that of the subordinate 
 proposition is in the Subjunctive. This holds true in all subordi- 
 nate propositions, — relative, interrogative, temporal, conditional, 
 causal, etc. 
 
 2} Observe sharply the use of tenses in the leading verb, in 
 the Infinitive, and ^ in the verbs of the subordinate clauses. 
 
 3. Note that the Perfect Infinitive may represent any past 
 tense of the Indicative. 
 
 Learn the above examples, with their English meanings. 
 
 Rule. — In the Indirect Discourse, the verbs of the principal 
 propositions are in the Infinitive, the verbs of the 
 subordinate propositions in the Subjunctive. 
 
 544. VOCABULARY 
 
 calor, oris, m., heat. uterque, traque, trumque, each, 
 
 columna, ae, f., column^ pillar. both. 
 
 cymba, ae, f., skiff, boat. - conicio, ere, ieci, iectus, hurl. 
 
 gigas, antis, m., giant. custodio, ire, ivi, itus, guard. 
 
 Hispania, ae, f., Spain. miror, ari, atus sum, wonder at^ 
 
 latus, eris, n., side, flank. admire. 
 
 biceps, ipitis, two headed. igitur, adv., therefore. 
 
 545. EXERCISES 
 
 I. I. Dixit solis calorem tantum esse ut in eum sagittas suas 
 coniceret. 2. In Hispaniam profectus dicit se columnas statu- 
 tijrum esse ad utrumque latus maris. 3. Dixit gigantem, qui boves 
 ciistodiret, summis vTribus esse. 4. Scio te mirari columnas quae 
 ad utrumque latus maris statutae sint. 5. Scivl vos audaciam 
 mirarl quam Hercules praeberet. 6. Dixit se nunquam bicipitem 
 
 1 Any primary tense of dico may be used with the constructions in I, 2, and 
 3, and any secondary tense with those in 4, 5, and 6. 
 
 2 Rhetorical questions and subordinate propositions merely explanatory or 
 stating what is true independent of the quotation have their verbs in the 
 indicative. 
 
 BEGIN. LAT. BK. — I4 
 
210 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 gigantem vidisse. 7. Dixit Herculem cymba aurea solis domum na- 
 vigare, postquam gigantem interfecisset. 8. Vidit eos ad montes se 
 recepisse, quod hostes seciiti essent. 9. Scivit, si id non fecisset, 
 se felicem futiirum fuisse.^ 
 
 Change each sentence of the above into the direct discourse, 
 giving sharp attention to mood and tense. 
 
 II. I. He said that Hercules when he arrived in Spain placed 
 pillars on each side of the sea. 2. He said that the two-headed 
 giant who guarded the oxen lived in Arcadia. 3. They said that 
 Hercules hurled his weapons at the sun be- 
 cause the heat was so great. 4. He says that 
 he wonders at the size of the giant who is 
 guarding the oxen. 5. He saw that the 
 golden boat of the sun, in which Hercules was 
 carried, was very large and beautiful. 6. He 
 thinks that the men, who came to Caesar concerning terms of 
 peace, were wise and brave. 7. He replied that he would not 
 give hostages to the Roman people, because that part of Gaul 
 was his. 8. He said that he would go to Arcadia, where the 
 happiest men lived. 
 
 546. Reading Lesson : Geryonis Bov'es 
 
 Gigas triplici corpore, Geryon nomine, in insula Erythia habita- 
 bat. El erat maximus pulcherrimusque grex boum ; quos gigas 
 Eurytion et canis biceps custodiebant. Hercules est profectus in 
 Libyam et Hispaniam ut eos invenire et abducere posset. Suo 
 adventu ad utrumque latus maris columnas statuit quibus nomen 
 Herculeis columnis ^ dedit. Defessus labore et calore solis lacessi- 
 tus in Helion ^ sagittas coniecit. Hic autem, audaciam eius mira- 
 
 1 Peculiar Infinitive form used in the indirect discourse in the apodosis of 
 a condition contrary to fact in past time. Translate, would have been happy. 
 
 2 to which he gave the name of the pillars of Hercules. The most usual 
 construction of the name given is the Dative in agreement with that to which 
 the name is given. 
 
 3 Helios (the sun god) ; Helion, Greek form of Ace. 
 
VERB REVIEW — REGULAR VERBS 211 
 
 tus, ei cymbam auream, qua ipse vehitur, dedit, ut ad Erythiam 
 navigare posset. Hue vectus Geryonem cum Eurytione et cane 
 interfecit, et incolumis domum cum bobus revertit. 
 
 547. Root col, till. 
 
 col-6, till, inhabit in-col-6, inhabit agri-col-a, ? 
 
 col-onxis, tiller, colonist in-col-a, ? agri-cul-tura, .? 
 
 cul-tUB, cultivation col-onia, ? in-cul-tus, ? 
 
 Form English derivatives. 
 
 3>«KC 
 
 LESSON LXXX 
 
 VERB REVIEW— REGULAR VERBS 
 
 548. Review carefully the regular verb in both active and pas- 
 sive voices, referring to 603-614. 
 
 Be able to give any form of each of the following verbs : laudo, 
 terreo, duco, facio, munio. 
 
 549. VOCABULARY 
 
 Atlas, antis, tn,, Atlas. habito, are, avi, atus, dtvell in, in- 
 
 caelum, i, n., sky. habit. 
 
 dolus, i, m., trick, deceit. nanciscor, i, nactus sum, obtain, 
 
 malum, i, n., apple. find. 
 
 ^v\vva}X'&,\,m., cushion, pad. recede, ere, cessi, cessus, 7vith- 
 adsentior, iri, sensus sum, assent^ draw, go back, 
 agree. 
 
 550. Reading Lesson : Mala Hesperidum 
 
 Deinde Eurystheus Herculem iussit sibi mala aurea Hesperidum 
 asportare. Opus erat difficillimum, non enim locum, quo erant, 
 sciebat. Erant vero in horto magno et pulchro ad montem Atlan- 
 tem, ubi Hesperides cum ingenti serpente ea custodiebant. Cum 
 tandem locum Hercules nancisceretur, Atlantem rogavit num sibi 
 
212 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 mala auferre vellet ; pollicitus est vero se caelum suis umeris impo- 
 situm, vice ^ eius sustenturum esse. Atlas adsensus est, profectus 
 est, cum malls revertit, nolebat autem caelum iterum sustinere. 
 Tum dixit Hercules : " Sustine caelum, si placet,^ dum ^ pulvinum 
 capiti meo parem." Onere ita per dolum iterum umeris Atlantis 
 imposito, Hercules malls aureis potitus ad Eurystheum recessit. 
 
 551. Root man, ma, measure. 
 
 man-US, hand man-da-tum, ? man-ipulus, 
 
 man-do, put into the hand, man-ceps (manus capio) handful, corn- 
 order one who takes by the hand, pany 
 * purchaser 
 
 Eng. Der. — Manacle, manage, manifest, manner, manual, man- 
 ufacture, manuscript, maintain, maneuver. 
 
 LESSON LXXXI 
 
 VERB REVIEW — IRREGULAR VERBS — WORD LIST 
 652. Review carefully the irregular verbs. See 615-628. 
 
 553. VOCABULARY 
 
 aditus, us, m., approach, entrance. servitus, utis, f., slavery. 
 canis, is, m. and f., dog. Tartara, orum, n. pi., Tartarus, the 
 
 Cerberus, i, m., Cerberus. lower world. 
 
 triceps, ipitis, three headed. 
 
 554. Reading Lesson : Cerberus 
 
 Hercules undecim labores iam peregerat, difficillimum autem 
 opus erat* reliquum. Erat in Tartarls canis triceps, nomine Cerbe- 
 rus. Hie aditum in Tartara custodiebat et ne quis adiret prohibe- 
 
 1 in his stead. 2 if you please, lit. if it is pleasing. 
 
 * dum referring to something purposed takes the Subjunctive. 
 
VERB REVIEW — IRREGULAR VERBS 
 
 213 
 
 bat. Hercules hunc in terrain ferre iussus in Tartara cum Herma * 
 et Athena^ profectus est. Turn summo labore Cerberum manibus 
 captum in terram secum portavit. His laboribus functus Hercules 
 ab Eurystheo servitute liberatus est. Multae et mirae fabulae de 
 hoc forti homine narratae sunt, quas legere alio ^ possitis. 
 
 555. Root hab, have. 
 
 hab-e-6, have de-beo (de + habeo), have front pro-hib-eo, ? 
 
 some one, owe 
 hab-i-to, inhabit hab-i-tus, condition, garb dg-b-ilis, weak 
 
 Eng. Der. — Habit, inhabit, exhibit, prohibit, debt, ability, 
 average. 
 
 556. 
 
 WORD LIST XIII 
 
 *aditus 
 
 Cerberus 
 
 gigas 
 
 malum 
 
 sectio 
 
 *adsentior 
 
 columna 
 
 *habit6 
 
 *miror 
 
 *servitus 
 
 Atlas 
 
 *conici6 
 
 Hispania 
 
 nanciscor 
 
 *supplicatio 
 
 **biceps 
 
 *custodi6 
 
 *igitur 
 
 pulvlnus 
 
 Tartara 
 
 caelum 
 
 cymba 
 
 *inlquus 
 
 *recedo 
 
 **triceps 
 
 calor 
 
 decerns 
 
 latus 
 
 refringo 
 
 *universus 
 
 canis 
 
 dolus 
 
 
 
 *uterque 
 
 Hercules and Cerberus 
 
 1 Hermes or ATercury, the messenger of the gods. 
 
 2 Athene or Minerva, goddess of wisdom. 
 ' elsewhere. 
 
CONTINUOUS LATIN PROSE 
 
 Note. — The pupil should now be able to translate the following continu- 
 ous passages with ease. Most of the words have been already given in the 
 special vocabularies as English equivalents of Latin words, and frequently 
 used in the Latin-English and English-Latin exercises. The few others can 
 be easily learned from the general vocabulary at the end of the book. All 
 difficult constructions and new idioms will be explained in notes following 
 each exercise, and frequent references made to points already emphasized. 
 
 557. Exercise I 
 
 Caesar, a brave and famous general of the Romans, conquered 
 the forces of the Helvetians in Gaul. He also conquered Ariovis- 
 tus, king of the Germans, in a great battle. He then led his army 
 among the Sequani, and he himself hastened into the interior of 
 Gaul.^ There he called together his lieutenants and enrolled two 
 new legions, for the Belgae were conspiring against the Roman 
 people and bringing their forces together into one place. 
 1 in interiorem Galliam. See 237. 
 
 558. Exercise II 
 
 Bibrax was a town of the Remi near the river Axona. This 
 town the Belgae began to attack on the march with great force. 
 Iccius, a man of ^ great authority and influence among the Remi, 
 informed Caesar of^ the plans of the Belgae. He said^ that the 
 Remi were not preparing arms, but were ready to give hostages to 
 the Romans, receive them into their towns, and * assist them with 
 grain and other things which were of use^ to them for war. He 
 said, moreover, that the Germans were in arms, and were making 
 a conspiracy against the Roman people. 
 
 1 Use Ablative of quality. See 157. 2 ^g, 8 Observe that " said " intro- 
 duces the indirect discourse. See 543. * Omit. ^ See 129. 
 
 214 
 
CONTINUOUS LATIN PROSE 21 5 
 
 559. Exercise III 
 
 Caesar, because the danger of the Remi was great and their 
 safety a care^ to him, sent as an aid to them archers and sHngers. 
 The Bellovaci surpassed the rest of the Belgae in valor,^ and in 
 the number of men who could ^ bear arms ; but the chief com- 
 mand'^ of the war was conferred upon Galba, king of the Suessi- 
 ones. After ^ hostages had been given by the Remi, Caesar led 
 his forces across the river, and ordered his soldiers to fortify the 
 camp with a wall and a ditch. 
 
 1 Dative. ^ 3ee 94. ^ Use Subjunctive of possum with foUovs^ing Infini- 
 tive. Why Subjunctive? See 448. ^ summa. ^ Ablative Absolute. See 
 176-178. 
 
 560. Exercise IV 
 
 After the enemy had been defeated in a fierce cavalry battle, 
 Caesar led his men back into the camp, but the enemy tried to 
 storm the redoubt and cut down the bridge which was over the 
 river. When our men saw this, they hastened toward them and 
 killed a great number. After this battle they decided to return 
 home,^ and, at the second watch,^ they set out from the camp with 
 a great shout. Caesar pursued, and having killed many of them, 
 returned to the camp. On the day after this, he led his forces 
 into the territory of the Suessiones and hastened to the town of 
 Noviodunum.^ 
 
 1 See 394. ^ secunda vigilia. ^ Accusative in app. with oppidum. 
 
 561. Exercise V 
 
 After Caesar began to push up the sheds and to prepare those 
 things which were of use ^ for assaulting, the Suessiones, alarmed 
 by the magnitude of the works, surrendered themselves to the 
 Romans. Caesar received as hostages the chief men of the state, 
 and among them the two sons of Galba himself. Then, having 
 established^ peace, he led his cavalry and infantry forces against 
 the Bellovaci, who immediately surrendered themselves and all 
 
2l6 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 their property ^ to the Roman people, and gave Caesar six hundred 
 hostages, the children of the nobility. 
 
 1 ad oppugnandum usui erant. 2 Ablative Absolute. See 176-178. 
 3 suaque omnia. 
 
 562. Exercise VI 
 
 Caesar then led his army against the Nervii, a fierce and hostile 
 nation, who neither gave hostages nor accepted terms of peace. 
 Our soldiers had chosen for a camp a hill which sloped gradually ^ 
 to the river. Across this river the Nervii had seized another hill. 
 At the top ^ of this hill were dense woods in which the enemy had 
 concealed themselves. Along ^ the river a few horsemen were seen. 
 Our cavalry, which Caesar had sent forward, hastened to join battle 
 with them, but were in a short time defeated by the enemy, who 
 suddenly made an attack against them from the woods. 
 
 1 paulatim vergebat. 2 gee 237. ^ secundum flumen. 
 
 563. Exercise VII 
 
 Caesar had ^ to do everything at one time. He drew up his 
 army more ^ as the nature of the place, than ^ as the plan of military 
 affairs, demanded. The soldiers of the ninth and tenth legions 
 were fighting on the left wing,^ and the two legions which had 
 been most recently enrolled met^ the enemy on the banks of the 
 river, but the Romans who had been defeated in the first attack,^ 
 again sought safety in flight. Caesar, greatly disturbed, advanced 
 to the line of batUe, and ordered his men to use their swords. At 
 his arrival, their courage was renewed. They met the enemy with 
 fresh strength,^ and drove them to the banks of the river. Here 
 the Nervii fought with their swords, but our men threw missiles 
 from a higher place and killed a great number of them. The rest, 
 frightened, fled, and thus the name and nation of the Nervii were 
 reduced almost to destruction. 
 
 1 See 537. 2 magis ut . . . quam ut . . . ^ jn sinistro cornu. * oc- 
 curro with the Dative. ^ primo impetu. ^ integris viribus. 
 
CONTINUOUS LATIN PROSE 21/ 
 
 564. Exercise VIII 
 
 The Aduatuci, who had come with all their forces to the aid ^ of 
 the Nervii, betook themselves to a fortified town, and determined 
 to defend themselves against the Romans. For a few days they 
 contended with our soldiers in slight engagements/ but at length, 
 being alarmed by the strength and quickness of the Romans, they 
 sent ambassadors to Caesar concerning surrender. They pre- 
 tended^ to throw all their arms into the ditch before the town, but 
 they had concealed about a third part within the walls. In the 
 night they made a sally from the town, but were easily repulsed 
 by the Romans. 
 
 1 Two Datives. See 129. 2 pannilla proeliis. » simuld. 
 
 565. Exercise IX 
 
 Caesar sent Galba^ with the tenth legion and a great part of the 
 cavalry against the Nantuates, whose territories extend to the sum- 
 mits of the Alps. He ordered him to place^ two legions there, 
 and to fortify the village of Octodurus.^ After many days of win- 
 ter-quarters, Galba ordered grain to be brought from the fields ; 
 but it was not brought, for the Nantuates had suddenly withdrawn 
 from the village by night, and the mountains were held by a great 
 number ofi the enemy, who were preparing war. Galba hearing * 
 of this, decided to defend the camp. 
 
 ^ Not the Galba who was king of the Suessiones, but one of Caesar's lieu- 
 tenants. 2 conloco. 3 560^ n. 3. * hoc audlto. 
 
 566. Exercise X 
 
 After a brief time, the enemy made an attack upon our men, 
 and hurled stones against the rampart. Then our soldiers rushed 
 against them from all quarters of the camp, and drove them back. 
 After^ this battle was finished, Galba led his men safe into the 
 territory of the Allobroges, and wintered there. In the mean- 
 time, a new war arose ^ among the Veneti. Caesar having been 
 
2l8 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 informed of these things, sent Brutus with a fleet to capture ^ their 
 boats. After this had been done, he quickly brought * the war to 
 an end. 
 
 1 Hoc proelio facto. 2 ortum est. ^ quj ^yjth Subjunctive. * bring 
 to an end, coniicid. 
 
 567. Exercise XI 
 
 While these things were going on among the Veneti, Caesar 
 sent Quintus^ Titurius Sabinus against the UnelH, and ordered 
 him to hinder them from injury and mischief. Sabinus selected a 
 place for a camp suitable in all respects, and kept himself and his 
 men in this camp for many days. In the meantime, many states 
 had come as^ an aid to the enemy. Sabinus hearing^ of this, 
 attacked them suddenly, and easily conquered them. They fled, 
 some ^ in one direction, and others in another, but our men pur- 
 sued and wounded many. Sabinus announced his victory to 
 Caesar, and at the same time was informed of Caesar's naval 
 battle. 
 
 1 Q. Titurius Sabinus. 2 See 129. ^ his rebus auditis. * See 251. 
 
CONLOQUIA 
 
 These conloquia may be taken at the teacher's pleasure at intervals in con- 
 nection with the other work, or consecutively at the end of the series of lessons 
 and the continuous prose exercises. 
 
 568. Oonloquium I. Situs Eomae. Pater et Filius Oonloquuntur 
 
 Dialogue The location 
 
 F. Ubi est Roma? 
 
 P. In Italia est Roma. 
 
 F. Qua in parte Italiae est Roma? 
 
 P. Roma est in ea parte quae ad occasum-solis spectat. 
 
 the west lies. 
 
 F. Estne Roma ad mare? 
 
 near 
 
 P. Scilicet, Roma sedecim mllibus-passuum ab marl abest, 
 
 Certainly, miles 
 
 posita in flumine. 
 
 F. Quo in flumine Roma posita est ? 
 P. In Tiberl Roma posita est. 
 
 569. Oonloquium 11. Oonditor Komae 
 
 Founder 
 
 F. Quis, mi pater, Romam constituit? 
 
 my founded ? 
 
 P. Traditur, mi filiole, Romulus Romam constituisse multos 
 
 They say, little son, ]..(/, 
 
 annos abhinc. -^ -'^f^-'^^"'^^^ ^ 
 
 ago. _ _ _ _ > At^^r^* r^ 
 
 F. Fabulam mihi de Romulo narra, si tibi libet. 
 
 tell, if you please. 
 
 P. Nunc negotium mihi est ; invenies autem fabulam iucundam 
 
 / am busy pleasing 
 
 de Romulo Remoque in libro quem hodie tibi dedi. 
 
 to-day 
 219 
 
220 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 570. Oor-loqiiiuin III. 0. Ililius Oaesar 
 
 F. Quando Caesar Romae vixit? 
 
 When did live f 
 
 P. Natus est Caesar multos annos abhinc, C. Mario et L. Valerio 
 
 was born 
 
 consulibus. 
 
 in the consulship of. 
 
 F. Caesarne unquam consul fuit? 
 
 ever 
 
 P. Ita vero, Caesar erat consul cum M. Calpurnio Bibulo. 
 F. Quam ob rem clarus Caesar erat? 
 
 P. Clarus erat quod magnus orator, doctus vir et litteris eruditus, 
 
 egregius auctor, maximus dux erat. ^'^''''"^ educated, 
 
 eminent author 
 
 F. Nonne mecum eras amplius de Caesare loqueris? 
 
 to-m orrow further will speak f 
 
 P. Ita, iamque, vale. 
 
 and now, farewell. 
 
 571. Oonloqniiun IV. 0. lulius Oaesar 
 
 F. Cupio audire amplius de Caesare, care pater, si otium est tibi. 
 
 / wish if you have time 
 
 P. Negotium est mihi, ml fill, sed si quid vis, non occupatus 
 
 sum. Quid vis scire? if you wish anything engaged 
 
 F. Quae Caesar scripsit? 
 
 did write ? 
 
 P. Historiam de suis bellis scripsit. 
 
 A narrative 
 
 F. Quibuscum Caesar bellum gessit? 
 
 P. Cum Helvetiis, cum Germanis, cum multis aliis gentibus 
 bellum gessit. 
 
 F. Semperne eas proelio superavit? 
 
 P. Etiam. lam cognosces Caesarem fortem clarumque impera- 
 torem fuisse. 
 
CONLOQUIA 22 1 
 
 572. Oonloqnimn V. 0. lulius Oaesar 
 F. Eratne Caesar rex Romanorum ? 
 
 P, Minime, alii autem dicunt eum cupidum regni fuisse. 
 
 some throne 
 
 F, Quare Caesar non rex creatus est ? 
 
 made 
 
 P. Roman! Tarquinium Superbum, suum regem septimum et 
 
 Tarquin the Proud, 
 
 ultimum, multis annis ante expulerant, neque volebant esse alium 
 
 last, before had expelled, 
 
 regem ; nam nomen regem oderant. 
 
 hated. 
 
 573. Oonloqnium VI. Praeceptor et Disoipulus de Oaesare 
 
 Teacher Pupil 
 
 Oonloquuntur 
 D. Nonne multae fabulae de Caesare narrantur ? 
 P. Ita sane, multae et pulchrae. 
 D, Narra mihi, si placet tibi, fabulam de hoc viro maximo. 
 
 if you please^ 
 
 P. Hodie narrare non possum, mihi enim otium non est ; eras, 
 si me interrogabis, respondebo. 
 
 if you ask me, 
 
 D. Bene est. Cras revertar. Vale. 
 P. Et tu vale. 
 
 574. Oonloqnium VII. Oaesar in Tempestate 
 
 D. Nonne mihi hodie fabulam de Caesare narrare vis ? 
 P. Libenter. Quid vis cognoscere ? 
 
 Willingly. 
 
 D, Nonne Caesar erat olim in nave in magna maris tempestate ? 
 
 once 
 
 P. Ita vero, ut dicit Plutarchus, scriptor Graecus. 
 
 as Plutarch, Greek. 
 
 D. Nonne erant fluctus magni? 
 
222 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 P. Ita sane, et tantus erat impetus ventorum, ut omnes nautae 
 perterriti essent. f'''''' 'f^^' ^^■'^^•^• 
 
 v. Eratne navis magister commotus ? 
 
 P. Graviter commotus, et revert! voluit. 
 
 Seriously turn back 
 
 D. Num Caesar timebat ? 
 
 P. Minime vero ; magistrum autem ad se vocavit et dixit : 
 "Quid times? Caesarem vehis." 
 
 675. Oonloquium VIII. Caesar apud Piratas I 
 
 Pirates 
 
 D, Nonne Caesar olim in maniis piratarum incidit ? 
 
 P. Ita. Mox autem liberatus est. 
 
 D. Quomodo? 
 
 P. Piratae viginti talenta redemptionem postulaverunt. 
 
 talents as a ransom 
 
 D. Quid fecit Caesar? 
 
 P. Eos derisit quod tantulum postulaverunt, et dixit. 
 
 laughed at so little 
 
 D. Quid dixit? 
 
 P. Dixit : " Me tantulo redimere non volo. Postulate quinqua- 
 
 for so little ransom 
 
 ginta talenta. Solvam." 
 
 I will pay them. 
 
 D. Acceperuntne piratae has condiciones? 
 
 P. Ita vero. Tum misit Caesar amicos ad pecuniam conligendam 
 quo facto, liberatus est. ^^' ^^^<^ ^^ ''"''^ 
 
 576. Oonloquium IX. Oaesar apud Piratas II 
 
 Z>. Quid fecit Caesar, dum apud piratas versabatur? 
 
 P. Postquam amici sui ad peciiniam conligendam profecti sunt, 
 
 se delectabat cum piratis. 
 amused 
 
CONLOQUIA 223 
 
 D. Quomodo se delectabat? 
 
 P. Simulabat se dormire velle ; itaque ils imperabat ne 
 
 He pretended to sleep not 
 
 clamorem facerent. 
 
 to make a noise. 
 
 D, Nonne parebant? 
 
 P. Etiam. Caesar versus quoque ad eos ludendos fecit, quos 
 
 lis rerifavit verses to make fun of them composed 
 
 read aloud. 
 
 D. Num id placuit piratis? 
 
 did please 
 
 P. Placuit vero ; quamquam Caesar in versibus dixit se, post- 
 
 although 
 
 quam liberatus esset, reversurum esse et eos interfectiimm. 
 
 would return 
 
 D. Num crediderunt piratae? 
 
 did believe 
 
 P. Non crediderunt. Caesar vero magnum exercitum 
 conlegit, revertit, eos superavit, in carcerem coniecit, postea 
 
 in crucem SUStulit. . ^^^'^^'^ afterwards 
 
 he crucified them. 
 
 D, Eheu ! Eheu ! Quern virum crudelem ! 
 
 Alas! What a cruel! 
 
 P. Minime vero, non crudelis, plerumque mitissimus erat. 
 
 generally very gentle. 
 
 577. Oonloquium X. 0. Orastimis 
 
 D. Quis, mi praeceptor, erat C. Crastinus? 
 
 P. Erat, ml discipule, ut dixit Plutarchus, vir fortis, qui in piigna 
 ad Pharsalum iini ex Caesaris manipulls praeerat 
 
 companies 
 
 D. Quid dixit Caesar cum se in pugna illi obvium ferret ? 
 
 he met /dm? 
 
 P. Dixit : " Quae spes est, Crastine, fortiinae melioris? " 
 
 D. Quid respondit Crastinus? 
 
 P. Respondit, manii dextra tenta, " Hodie, mi imperator, 
 
 reaching out his right hand, 
 
224 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 magnifice vincemus, et tu quoque me, vivum aut mortuum lau- 
 
 gloriously shall conquer alive or dead 
 
 dabis." 
 
 D. Fabula optima est. Ago tibi gratias. 
 
 excellent I thank you. 
 
 P. Minime. Narro libenter. 
 gladly. 
 
 578. Oonloquinm XI. Oaesar ad Zelam 
 
 D. Narra mihi, mi praeceptor, si placet, fabulam amplius, eras 
 domum redeo. 
 
 / am going back. 
 
 P. Me miserum ! Te saepe desTderabo. Cur abis ? 
 
 Alas ! shall miss. Why are you going away f 
 
 D. Pater meus aeger est. Me arcessivit. Eundum est mihi. 
 
 sick I must go. 
 
 P. Certe, tibi est eundum. Ante autem interroga quidcumque vis. 
 
 Certainly ask whatever 
 
 D. Velim cognoscere num Caesar cum Pharnace pugnaret. 
 
 I should like whether Pharnaces 
 
 P. Ita sane, et praeclaram victoriam deportavit. 
 
 famous bore off. 
 
 D. Quem ad locum pugnavit? 
 
 P. Pngnavit ad Zelam, unde litteras de hac pugna ad amicum 
 Romam misit. 
 
 D. Quid scripsit Caesar? 
 
 P. Scripsit : " Veni, vidi, vici." 
 
 D. O verbum mirabile ! Quem virum fortem ! Nunquam 
 
 wonderful! 
 
 desinam eum admirari. 
 
 shall I cease to admire. 
 
 P. Bene dicis, est enim laude dignus. 
 
 worthy of praise. 
 
 D. Ago tibi gratias. Nunc abeundum est mihi. Vale ! 
 P. Til quoque vale. 
 
TABLE OF DECLENSION 
 
 679. 
 
 SING. 
 
 580. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 TYPICAL SUBSTANTIVES 
 
 First Declension 
 Stem ending a; Base silv- 
 
 N. 
 
 silv-a, F. 
 
 
 
 
 ' N. silv-ae 
 
 
 G. 
 
 silv-ae 
 
 
 
 
 G. silv-arum 
 
 D. 
 Ac. 
 
 silv-ae 
 silv-am 
 
 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 D. silv-Is 
 Ac. silv-as 
 
 
 V. 
 
 silv-a 
 
 
 
 
 V. silv-ae 
 
 
 Ab. 
 
 silv-a 
 
 
 
 
 Ab. silv-Is 
 
 
 
 
 Second Declension 
 
 
 
 
 
 Stem 
 
 ending o 
 
 
 
 Base legat- 
 
 bell- 
 
 
 puer- 
 
 agr- 
 
 vir- 
 
 N. 
 
 legat-us, M. 
 
 bell-um, 
 
 N. 
 
 puer, M. 
 
 ager, m. 
 
 vir, M. 
 
 G. 
 
 legat-I 
 
 bell-I 
 
 
 puer-I 
 
 agr-I 
 
 vir-i 
 
 D. 
 
 legat-6 
 
 bell-6 
 
 
 puer-o 
 
 agr-6 
 
 vir-o 
 
 Ac. 
 
 legat-um 
 
 bell-um 
 
 
 puer-um 
 
 agr-um 
 
 vir-um 
 
 V. 
 
 legat-e 
 
 bell-um 
 
 
 puer 
 
 ager 
 
 vir 
 
 Ab. 
 
 legat-6 
 
 bell-o 
 
 
 puer-6 
 
 agr-o 
 
 vir-5 
 
 N. 
 
 legat-i 
 
 bell-a 
 
 
 puer-I 
 
 agr-I 
 
 vir-i 
 
 G. 
 
 legat-orum 
 
 bell-orum 
 
 puer-orum 
 
 agr-5rum 
 
 vir-orum 
 
 D. 
 
 legat-Ts 
 
 bell-Is 
 
 
 puer-Is 
 
 agr-Is 
 
 vir-Is 
 
 Ac. 
 
 legat-os 
 
 bell-a 
 
 
 puer-6s 
 
 agr-os 
 
 vir-6s 
 
 V. 
 
 legat-I 
 
 bell-a 
 
 
 puer-I 
 
 agr-I 
 
 vir-i 
 
 Ab. 
 
 legat-Is 
 
 bell-Is 
 
 
 puer-Is 
 
 agr-Is 
 
 vir-Is 
 
 581. 
 
 Third Declension 
 Stem ending consonant 
 
 Base duc- 
 
 SING. PLUR. 
 
 N.V. dux, M. duc-es 
 
 G. due-is- duc-um 
 
 D. duc-i duc-ibus 
 
 Ac. duc-em' duc-es 
 
 Ab. duc-e duc-ibus 
 
 BEGIN, lat. bk. — 15 
 
 corpor- 
 
 
 sing. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 corpus, N. 
 
 corpor-a 
 
 corpor-is 
 
 corpor-um 
 
 corpor-i 
 
 corpor-ibus 
 
 corpus 
 
 corpor-a 
 
 corpor-e 
 
 corpor-ibus 
 
 225 
 
226 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 582. 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 583. 
 
 Thif 
 
 D Declension {Continued) 
 
 
 
 Stem ending i 
 
 
 
 Base host- 
 
 turr- 
 
 mar- 
 
 urb- 
 
 ' N.V. host-is, M. F. 
 
 turr-is, F. 
 
 mar-e, N. 
 
 urb-s, F. 
 
 G. host-is 
 
 turr-is 
 
 mar-is 
 
 urb-is 
 
 D. host-i 
 
 turr-i 
 
 mar-I 
 
 urb-I 
 
 Ac. host-em 
 
 turr-im (em) 
 
 mar-e 
 
 urb-em 
 
 . Ab. host-e 
 
 turr-I (e) 
 
 mar-i 
 
 urb-e 
 
 ■ N.V. host-es 
 
 turr-es 
 
 mar-ia 
 
 urb-es 
 
 G. host-ium 
 
 turr-ium 
 
 mar-ium 
 
 urb-ium 
 
 D. host-ibus 
 
 turr-ibus 
 
 mar-ibus 
 
 urb-ibus 
 
 Ac. host-Is (es) 
 
 turr-is (es) 
 
 mar-ia 
 
 urb-Is (es) 
 
 Ab. host-ibus 
 
 turr-ibus 
 
 mar-ibus 
 
 urb4bus 
 
 
 Stem ending irregul 
 
 ar 
 
 
 
 Base irregular 
 
 
 
 N.V. iter, N. 
 
 senex, M. 
 
 
 vl-s, F. 
 
 G. itiner-is 
 
 sen-is 
 
 
 vi-s (rare) 
 
 D. itiner-I 
 
 sen-i 
 
 
 vi (rare) 
 
 Ac. iter 
 
 sen-em 
 
 
 vi-m 
 
 Ab. itiner-e 
 
 sen-e 
 
 
 vi 
 
 ' N.V. itiner-a 
 
 sen-es 
 
 
 vTr-es 
 
 G. itiner-um 
 
 sen-um 
 
 
 vir-ium 
 
 D. itiner-ibus 
 
 sen-ibus 
 
 
 vir-ibus 
 
 Ac. itiner-a 
 
 sen-es 
 
 
 vir-es 
 
 Ab. itiner-ibus 
 
 sen-ibus 
 
 
 vir-ibus 
 
 584. 
 
 Base cas- 
 
 N.V. 
 
 cas-us, M. 
 
 G. 
 
 cas-us 
 
 D. 
 
 cas-ui 
 
 Ac. 
 
 cas-um 
 
 Ab. 
 
 cas-u 
 
 N.V. 
 
 cas-us 
 
 G. 
 
 cas-uum 
 
 D. 
 
 cas-ibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 cas-us 
 
 Ab. 
 
 cas-ibus 
 
 Fourth Declension 
 Stem ending u 
 
 com- 
 
 corn-ii, N. 
 
 corn-iis 
 
 corn-u 
 
 corn-u 
 
 corn-u 
 
 corn-ua 
 
 corn-uum 
 
 corn-ibus 
 
 corn-ua 
 
 corn-ibus 
 
TABLE OF DECLENSION 
 
 227 
 
 585. 
 
 N.V, di-es, M. 
 G. di-el 
 D. di-ei 
 Ac. di-em 
 Ab. di-e 
 
 Fifth Declension 
 
 Stem ending e 
 
 Base di- 
 F. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 N.V. di-es, m. f. 
 G. di-e rum 
 D. di-ebus 
 Ac. di-es 
 Ab. di-ebus 
 
 586. 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 ADJECTIVES 
 First and Second Declension 
 
 
 
 a- and o-Stems 
 
 
 N. 
 
 fid-US 
 
 fid-a 
 
 fid-um 
 
 G. 
 
 fid-i 
 
 fid-ae 
 
 fid-I 
 
 D. 
 
 nd-6 
 
 fid-ae 
 
 fid-6 
 
 Ac. 
 
 fid-um 
 
 fid-am 
 
 fid-um 
 
 V. 
 
 fid-e 
 
 fid-a 
 
 fid-um 
 
 Ab. 
 
 fid-6 
 
 fid-a 
 
 fid-o 
 
 N. 
 
 fid-I 
 
 fid-ae 
 
 fid-a 
 
 G. 
 
 fid-orum 
 
 fid-arum 
 
 fid-orum 
 
 D. 
 
 fid-is 
 
 fid-Is 
 
 fid-Is 
 
 Ac. 
 
 fid-6s 
 
 fid-as 
 
 fid-a 
 
 V. 
 
 fid-i 
 
 fid-ae 
 
 fid-a 
 
 Ab. 
 
 fid-Is 
 
 fid-Is 
 
 fid-Is 
 
 587. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 a- and o-Stems 
 
 N. 
 
 miser 
 
 miser-a 
 
 miser-um 
 
 G. 
 
 miser-i 
 
 miser-ae 
 
 miser-I 
 
 D. 
 
 miser-o 
 
 miser-ae 
 
 miser-6 
 
 Ac. 
 
 miser-um 
 
 miser-am 
 
 miser-um 
 
 V. 
 
 miser 
 
 miser-a 
 
 miser-um 
 
 Ab. 
 
 miser-o 
 
 miser-a 
 
 miser-o 
 
 N. 
 
 miser-i 
 
 miser-ae 
 
 miser-a 
 
 G. 
 
 miser-orum 
 
 miser-arum 
 
 miser-orum 
 
 D. 
 
 miser-Is 
 
 miser-Is 
 
 miser-Is 
 
 Ac. 
 
 miser-6s 
 
 miser-as 
 
 miser-a 
 
 V. 
 
 miser-I 
 
 miser-ae 
 
 miser-a 
 
 Ab. 
 
 miser-Is 
 
 miser-is 
 
 miser-Is 
 
228 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 588. 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 589. J 
 
 SING. \ 
 
 First and Second Declension 
 a- and o-Stems 
 
 {Continued) 
 
 N.V. noster 
 G. nostr-i 
 D. nostr-6 
 Ac. nostr-um 
 Ab. nostr-6 
 N.V. nostr-I 
 G. nostr-orum 
 D. nostr-is 
 Ac. nostr-6s 
 Ab. nostr-is 
 
 nostr-a 
 
 nostr-ae 
 
 nostr-ae 
 
 nostr-am 
 
 nostr-a 
 
 nostr-ae 
 
 nostr-arum 
 
 nostr-is 
 
 nostr-ae 
 
 nostr-is 
 
 nostr-um 
 
 nostr-i 
 
 nostr-6 
 
 nostr-um 
 
 nostr-6 
 
 nostr-a 
 
 nostr-orum" 
 
 nostr-is 
 
 nostr-a 
 
 nostr-is 
 
 Third Declension 
 Three terminations; i-Stems 
 
 N.V. acer 
 
 G. 
 
 D. 
 
 Ac. 
 
 Ab. 
 
 N.V. 
 
 G. 
 
 D. 
 
 acr-is 
 acr-i 
 acr-em 
 acr-i 
 acr-es 
 acr-ium 
 acr-ibus 
 Ac. acr-is (es) 
 Ab. acr-ibus 
 
 acr-is 
 
 acr-is 
 
 acr-i 
 
 acr-em 
 
 acr-i 
 
 acr-es 
 
 acr-ium 
 
 acr-ibus 
 
 acr-is (es) 
 
 acr-ibus 
 
 acr-e 
 
 acr-is 
 
 acr-i 
 
 acr-e 
 
 acr-i 
 
 acr-ia 
 
 acr-ium 
 
 acr-ibus 
 
 acr-ia 
 
 acr-ibus 
 
 590. 
 
 591. 
 
 SING. 
 
 N.V. facil-is 
 
 G. facil-is 
 
 D. facil-i 
 
 Ac. facil-em 
 
 Ab. facil-i 
 
 Two terminations; i-Stems 
 
 facil-e 
 
 facil-is 
 
 facil-i PLUR. 
 
 facil-e 
 
 facil-i 
 
 N.V. facil-es facil-ia 
 
 G. facil-ium facil-ium 
 
 facil-ibus facil-ibus 
 
 facil-is (es) facil-ia 
 
 facil-ibus facil-ibus 
 
 D. 
 
 Ac. 
 [ Ab. 
 
 One termination 
 
 N.V. ferax 
 
 ferax 
 
 G. ferac-is 
 
 ferac-is 
 
 D. ferac-i 
 
 ferac-i 
 
 Ac. ferac-em 
 
 ferax 
 
 Ab. ferac-i (e) ferac-i (e) 
 
 Consonant Stems 
 
 N.V. ferac-es ferac-ia 
 
 G. ferac-ium ferac-ium 
 
 PLUR. -I D. ferac-ibus ferac-ibus 
 
 Ac. ferac-is (es) ferac-ia 
 
 Ab. ferac-ibus ferac-ibus 
 
TABLE OF DECLENSION 
 
 229 
 
 592. 
 
 593. 
 
 SING. 
 
 594. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 595. 
 
 Third Declension (^Continued') 
 Comparative; Consonant Stems 
 
 alius 
 
 N. 
 G. 
 D. 
 
 Ac. 
 Ab. 
 
 ■N.V 
 
 fortior 
 
 fortius 
 
 
 N.V. fortior-es 
 
 fortior-a 
 
 G. 
 
 forti5r-is 
 
 fortior-is 
 
 
 G. forti5i 
 
 •-um 
 
 fortior-um 
 
 D. 
 
 fortior-I 
 
 fortior-I 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 D. fortioi 
 
 -ibus 
 
 fortior-ibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 fortior-em fortius 
 
 
 Ac. forti5r-is (es) 
 
 fortior-a ' 
 
 Ab. 
 
 fortior-e 
 
 (i) fortior-e 
 
 (1) 
 
 Ab. fortior-ibus 
 
 fortior-ibus 
 
 
 
 IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES 
 
 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 'N. 
 
 villus 
 
 fiUa 
 
 iillum 
 
 . uter 
 
 utra 
 
 utrum 
 
 G. 
 
 ulllus 
 
 ulllus 
 
 iilllus 
 
 utrius' 
 
 utrius 
 
 utrius 
 
 D. 
 
 iilll 
 
 ulli 
 
 ulli 
 
 utrl 
 
 utri 
 
 utri 
 
 Ac. 
 
 ullum 
 
 iillam 
 
 ullum 
 
 utrum 
 
 utram 
 
 utrum 
 
 Ab. 
 
 ull5 
 
 ulla 
 
 uUo 
 
 utro 
 
 utra 
 
 utro 
 
 'N. 
 
 ulll 
 
 uUae 
 
 ulla 
 
 utri 
 
 utrae 
 
 utra 
 
 G. 
 
 lillorum 
 
 iillarum 
 
 uUorum 
 
 utrorum 
 
 utrarum utrorum 
 
 D. 
 
 uUis 
 
 ullis 
 
 ullis 
 
 utris 
 
 utris 
 
 utris 
 
 Ac. 
 
 ull5s 
 
 ullas 
 
 ulla 
 
 Utros 
 
 utras 
 
 utra 
 
 Ab. 
 
 ullls 
 
 ullis 
 
 ullis 
 
 utrls 
 
 utris 
 
 utris 
 
 List of Adjectives Declined as Above 
 alter neuter nuUus solus totus iillus unus 
 
 uter 
 
 DECLENSION OF Duo AND Tres 
 
 Masc. Fetn. Neut. Masc. and Fern. Neut. 
 
 duo duae duo tres tria 
 
 du5rum duarum duorufn trium trium 
 
 duobus duabus duobus tribus tribus 
 
 duos, duo duas duo tres, tris tria 
 
 du5bus duabus duobus tribus tribus 
 
 TABLE OF COMPARISON 
 
 bonus 
 malus 
 
 melior 
 peior 
 
 magnus 
 
 parvus 
 
 multus 
 
 maior 
 minor 
 plus 
 
 exterus 
 
 exterior 
 
 inferus inferior 
 
 
 optimus 
 pessimus 
 maxim us 
 minimus 
 plurimus 
 extremus 
 extimus 
 fimus 
 imus 
 
 CIS 
 
 in, intra 
 prae, pro 
 prope 
 
 citerior 
 interior 
 prior 
 propior 
 
 ultra 
 
 ulterior 
 
 posterus 
 
 posterior 
 
 superus 
 
 superior 
 
 citimus 
 intimus 
 primus 
 proximus 
 ultimus 
 r postremus 
 \ postumus 
 f supremus 
 1 summus 
 
230 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 PRONOUNS 
 596. Personal 597. Reflexive 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 • N. 
 
 ego 
 
 tui 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 G. 
 
 mei 
 
 tui 
 
 
 sui 
 
 
 
 SING 
 
 
 D. 
 
 Ac. 
 
 Ab. 
 
 ■ N. 
 
 mihi 
 me 
 me 
 nos 
 
 tibi 
 
 te 
 
 te 
 
 vos 
 
 
 sibi 
 
 se 
 
 se 
 
 
 
 
 
 G. 
 
 nostrum 
 
 (i) vestrum 
 
 0) 
 
 sui 
 
 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 D. 
 
 nobis 
 
 vobis 
 
 
 sibi 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 • nos 
 
 vos 
 
 
 se 
 
 
 
 
 
 . Ab. 
 
 nobis 
 
 v5bTs 
 
 
 se 
 
 
 598. 
 
 
 
 Demonstrative 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 'N. 
 
 hic 
 
 haec 
 
 hoc 
 
 is 
 
 ea 
 
 id 
 
 
 G. 
 
 huius 
 
 huius 
 
 huius 
 
 eius 
 
 eius 
 
 eius 
 
 SING, i 
 
 D. 
 
 huic 
 
 huTc 
 
 huic 
 
 ei 
 
 ei 
 
 ei 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 hunc 
 
 hanc 
 
 h5c 
 
 eum 
 
 eam 
 
 id 
 
 
 Ab. 
 
 hoc 
 
 hac 
 
 hoc 
 
 e5 
 
 ea 
 
 e5 
 
 
 ' N. 
 
 hi 
 
 hae 
 
 haec 
 
 ei (ii) 
 
 eae 
 
 ea 
 
 
 G. 
 
 horum 
 
 harum 
 
 horum 
 
 eorum 
 
 earum 
 
 eorum 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 D. 
 
 his 
 
 his 
 
 his 
 
 eis (iis) 
 
 eis (iis) 
 
 eis (iis) 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 hos 
 
 has 
 
 haec 
 
 eos 
 
 eas 
 
 ea 
 
 
 Ab. 
 
 his 
 
 his 
 
 his 
 
 eis (iis) 
 
 eis (iis) 
 
 eis (iis) 
 
 599. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r N. 
 
 ille2 
 
 ilia 
 
 illud 
 
 ipsei 
 
 ipsa 
 
 ipsum 
 
 
 G. 
 
 illius 
 
 illius 
 
 illius 
 
 ipsius 
 
 ipsius 
 
 ipsius 
 
 SING. 
 
 D. 
 
 iUl 
 
 illi 
 
 illi 
 
 ipsi 
 
 ipsi 
 
 ipsi 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 ilium 
 
 illam 
 
 illud 
 
 ipsum 
 
 ipsam 
 
 ipsum 
 
 
 Ab. 
 
 illo 
 
 ilia 
 
 illo 
 
 ipso 
 
 ipsa 
 
 ips5 
 
 
 ■ N. 
 
 iUi 
 
 iUae 
 
 ilia 
 
 ipsi 
 
 ipsae 
 
 ipsa 
 
 / 
 
 G. 
 
 illorum 
 
 illarum 
 
 ill5rum 
 
 ipsorum 
 
 ipsarum 
 
 ips5rum 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 D. 
 
 illTs 
 
 illis 
 
 illis 
 
 ipsis 
 
 ipsis 
 
 ipsis 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 ill5s 
 
 illas 
 
 ilia 
 
 ipsos 
 
 ipsas 
 
 ipsa 
 
 
 Ab. 
 
 illis 
 
 illis 
 
 illis 
 
 ipsis 
 
 ipsis 
 
 ipsis 
 
 1 In tu and ipse the Vocative is like the Nominative; it is lacking in the 
 other pronouns. 
 
 2 iste is declined like ille. 
 
TABLE OF DECLENSION 
 
 231 
 
 600. 
 
 Relative 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 ' N. 
 
 qui 
 
 quae 
 
 quod 
 
 G. 
 
 cuius 
 
 cuius 
 
 cuius 
 
 D. 
 
 CUl 
 
 cui 
 
 cul 
 
 Ac. 
 
 quem 
 
 quam 
 
 quod 
 
 ^ Ab. 
 
 quo 
 
 qua 
 
 quo 
 
 ' N. 
 
 qui 
 
 quae 
 
 quae 
 
 G. 
 
 quorum 
 
 quarum 
 
 quorum 
 
 D. 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 quos 
 
 quas 
 
 quae 
 
 Ab. 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 601. 
 
 Interrogative and Indefinite 
 
 
 ■N. 
 
 quis (qui) 
 
 quae 
 
 quid (quod) 
 
 
 G. 
 
 cuius 
 
 cuius 
 
 cuius 
 
 SING. H 
 
 D. 
 
 cui 
 
 cui 
 
 cui 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 quem 
 
 quam 
 
 quid (quod) 
 
 
 Ab. 
 
 quo 
 
 qua 
 
 quo 
 
 
 ' N. 
 
 qui 
 
 quae 
 
 quae 
 
 
 G. 
 
 quorum 
 
 quarum 
 
 quorum 
 
 PLUR. . 
 
 D. 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 quos 
 
 quas 
 
 quae 
 
 
 Ab. 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 602. 
 
 
 Indefinite 
 
 
 
 ' N. 
 
 aliquis (-qui) 
 
 aliqua 
 
 aliquid (-quod) 
 
 
 G. 
 
 alicuius 
 
 alicuius 
 
 aliciiius 
 
 SING. 
 
 D. 
 
 alicui 
 
 alicui 
 
 alicui 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 aliquem 
 
 aliquam 
 
 aliquid (-quod) 
 
 
 Ab. 
 
 aliquo 
 
 aliqua 
 
 aliquo 
 
 
 r N. 
 
 aliqui 
 
 aliquae 
 
 aliqua 
 
 
 G. 
 
 aliquorum 
 
 aliquarum 
 
 aliquorum 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 D. 
 
 aliquibus 
 
 aliquibus 
 
 aliquibus 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 aliquos 
 
 aliquas 
 
 aliqua 
 
 
 , Ab. 
 
 aliquibus 
 
 aliquibus 
 
 aliquibus 
 
232 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 < 
 
 O 
 CJ 
 
 O 
 < 
 
 3 
 
 X2 ^ -Q ^ _Q JD 
 III III 
 
 ID. iOJ ID lOJ lU lU 
 
 Q Q) B tfj 4J C -u C 
 
 ►T!^ 'g 2 4-. rt irt cJ irt irt (5s 
 
 K^S* ^ fi.2? '9-9-9-^-9'^ 
 
 TO lO tfi *j C *3 ' I I I I I I 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 tn 
 
 s 
 
 t« 
 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 t/1 4-> 
 
 W 
 
 3 
 
 
 4_, 
 
 H 
 
 ds 
 
 irt 
 
 ct] 
 
 .c5< 
 
 ir^ r^ 
 
 > 
 
 H 
 
 ip *j H 
 
 •i: 
 
 
 
 JD 
 
 Xi 
 
 -9 
 
 -9 -9 
 
 t— 1 
 
 Q 
 
 
 lO .i .JL .i 
 
 .i 
 
 :3 
 
 PS 
 •-• 
 
 lU 
 
 IIU 
 
 lU 
 
 IV 
 
 ID ItU 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 iz; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 '? T 
 
 « l<U 
 
 e-t 
 
 e-mus 
 e-tis 
 
 1 
 
 e-ba-m 
 
 e-ba-s 
 
 e-ba-t 
 
 
 e-ba-mt 
 
 e-ba-tis 
 
 . e-ba-nt 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 
 
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 ,& 
 
 t 
 
 
 S3 
 
 
 S W 4J 
 
 
 f-s = 
 
 
 .V ?•? 
 
 "? 
 
 rt irt cJ 
 
 -9-9-9 
 
 
 :2 :2 ^ 
 
 
 lO icJ rt icj irt 
 
 <^ 
 
 irt irt loS 
 
 
 Irt Irt Irt 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 w 
 
 § 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
TABLE OF CONJUGATION 233 
 
 • TV ? V ? 
 
 C] l(U OJ l(U l<U u 
 
 h 3 
 
 « -^ -^ -^ • ^ ' 
 
 ,-a 
 
 
 10 
 
 .1 
 
 1 
 
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 g c« ^ I -S fl P^ 
 
 
 a> 
 
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 io 
 
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 -V—' 
 
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 WW www r^ 5 
 
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 w £ 
 
 It's C I 1 1:3 0-1 
 
 > g w u d S 
 
 2 tfs 'rt 
 
 xj '^ 13 13 :s ^ ii S !2 S "S 
 
 I I I I I I I I I I I 
 
 IV ID ID ID <D ID ID ID ID ID ID D 
 
 O „ ^ Q O 
 
 B I .^ s .?« s a a 
 
 .■a .S .2 ID 
 
 -9 '-^ '-9 
 
 l(U ID 13 
 
 g -c ? S S g 
 
 CO 
 
 D 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 10 
 
 "Y 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 ids 
 
 irt 
 
 irt 
 
 
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234 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
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 ti 
 
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 w 
 
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 u 
 
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 a> 
 
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 10) 
 
 lOJ 
 
 10) 
 
 lOJ 
 
 PQ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 i 
 
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 ID 
 
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 ,^ 
 
 i^ 
 
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 icis 
 
 ioS 
 
 i 
 
 
 
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TABLE OF CONJUGATION 235 
 
 
 (I) 
 
 en 
 
 
 3 
 
 1^ 
 
 10 
 
 S 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 .w 
 
 M 
 
 •T3 
 
 T3 
 
 13 
 
 t3 
 
 s 
 
 
 V 
 
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 c 
 
 
 c 
 
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 C 
 
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 § 
 
 IS 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 icl; 
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 "i* 
 
 •iJ 
 
 
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 T! 
 
 13 
 
 ■ri 
 
 13 
 
 Ti 
 
 Tl 
 
 'Tf 
 
 13 
 
 T3 
 
 13 
 
 7i 
 
 ^ 
 
 S 
 
 S3 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 Si 
 
 rj 
 
 S 
 
 S 
 
 S 
 
 vi 
 
 ^ 
 
 ci 
 
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 a 
 
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 ClJ 
 
 d 
 
 rf 
 
 CiS 
 
 ^ 
 
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 w 52 
 
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 13 
 
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 zz 
 
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 s 
 
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 P-l 
 
 tn 
 
 
 
 
 
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 b^ 
 
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 M X 
 
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 p^ 
 
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 S i-H 10 S 10 M 
 
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 L) G C S C 15 
 
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 HH dj <u 4j <u ^ 
 
 O H I-. »-i Wi (/) 
 
 
 
 
 
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 13 13 
 
 s 
 
 13 
 
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 13 
 
 a 
 
 
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 c 
 
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 S C 
 
 S 
 
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 S 
 
 e 
 
 (ft 
 
 
 'V 
 
 
 
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 <U OJ 
 
 7 
 
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 .4- 
 
 ■j2 
 
 s 
 
 £3 
 
 r! 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 c s 
 
 s 
 
 fl 
 
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 .JL 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 e 
 
 a 
 
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 S 
 
 a 
 
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 W O a i<u i« S 
 
 CL > H Jh O c« 
 
 a 
 
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 s s s 
 
 1^ 10 s 10 g 
 
 'O 13 '^ '3 § ,j3 
 
 • I icJ 
 
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 W « H W H . • S W 
 
 CO CO CO CO (^ h-] 
 
236 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 c 
 
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 a 
 
 
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 =J 
 
 
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 s 
 
 
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 s 
 
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 li 
 
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 ](U 
 
 
 10) 
 
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 u 
 
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 o 
 > 
 
 > 
 
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 o 
 
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 ID 
 
 o 
 u 
 
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 .52 
 
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 3 
 
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 c 
 
 d 
 
 icS 
 
 irt 
 
 
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 ICJ 
 
 ds 
 
 -V 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 -? 
 
 -v 
 
 X) 
 
 li 
 
 ;« 
 
 10) 
 
 
 li 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 O. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 si 
 
 s s ? 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 "Y 
 
 5 .5 
 
 a a 
 
 1 
 
 124 
 
 id] 
 
 led ICI] 
 
 k 
 
 -^ 
 
 1^ i<^ 
 
 l(L> 
 
 I(U l(U 
 
 IV 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 in 
 
 
 B n 
 
 i 
 
 ■o-r 
 
 -ris (re 
 -tur 
 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 •a 
 a 
 
 
 ■ba-r 
 
 ■ba-ris 
 
 -ba-tur 
 
 
 ■ba-mu 
 -ba-mii 
 -ba-ntu 
 
 V W l<U 
 
 
 l<U 
 
 l(U 
 
 u 
 
 l<U l(U l(U 
 
 
 IV lOJ IV 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 d: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 o 
 
 rH 
 CO 
 
 o-r 
 
 a-ris (1 
 a-tur 
 
 a-mur 
 
 'S 
 
 a 
 
 idj 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 •G 2 
 
 3 .s 
 a E 
 
 icd \d Id Id \d Id 
 
TABLE OF CONJUGATION 237 
 
 a 
 
 3 .!= 3 
 
 f s ■■ 
 
 ^ e P rt .2 
 
 ' ' ' ' J- B 
 
 .;:; .s 
 
 .;h 
 
 
 •'^ 
 
 • r-l 
 
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 4-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 b 
 
 10 
 
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 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ftj 
 
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 4> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ph 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P>j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 V V 
 
 s 
 
 
 1 
 
 'S 
 
 _2 
 
 ID 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ li 
 
 \v 
 
 
 w 
 
 l<U 
 
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 /-— s 
 
 
 
 
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 ■g 
 
 V4 
 
 
 V 
 
 
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 D 
 
 rt 
 
 
 I(U w 
 
 l<U 
 
 flj 
 
 H 
 D 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ta 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 5 
 (li 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ex. 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
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 8 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 en 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 % 
 
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 irt 
 
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 Oi 
 
 ' — r— ' 
 
 V 
 
 — 
 
 ^ 
 
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 w 
 
 fu 
 
 
 \3Lt 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 P-l 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 V V 2 S S ? 2 
 
 .A ,A .A lA .J. lA 3 tn in s t/J 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 J^. 
 
 c^- 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 '■> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £3J 
 
 S3 
 
 
 
 
 cS 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 sS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 flH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 V V 
 
 a 
 -i-> 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 ;3 
 
 
 '1 
 
 'S 
 
 
 
 
 "a ^ 
 
 oi 
 
 !£3 
 
 
 !5 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 a 
 
 's 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 k!] IC4 
 
 Id 
 
 
 idj 
 
 1(1] 
 
 IC4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '5 
 
 bl U 
 
 
 
 Ji S 
 
 2 2 
 
 1 
 
 im i<u 
 
 10) 10) 
 
 • 
 
 C3 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 
 li 
 
 2^ ? 
 
 1(4 1(4 <Jl 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 1 
 
238 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 1 
 
 in 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 
 a 
 
 'S 
 
 
 ?; 
 
 .i2 
 
 5 
 
 Id) 
 
 
 S 
 a 
 l(1> 
 
 Id') 
 
 n'. 
 
 ri irt 
 
 irt 
 
 
 ,c^ 
 
 12 
 
 <^ 
 
 Y 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 V 
 
 S-i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ll-C 
 
 IrH 
 
 
 
 
 ii-i 
 
 
 
 
 T^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5» 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t« 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C« 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 < 
 
 O 
 
 H 
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 o 
 u 
 
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 w 
 
 PQ 
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 •n5 l-r 
 
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 2 S S 
 
 
 .2 
 V 
 
 w 
 
 
 s 
 
 G 
 
 3 
 
 w. 
 
 d 
 
 
 e 
 
 a 
 
 C 
 
 1> 
 
 l<U 
 
 la; 
 
 
 m 
 
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 4> 
 
 Y" 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 
 « 
 
 <u 
 
 OJ 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 4) 
 
 
 
 
 i. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c« 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 5 S S 
 
 
 /«-N 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 Xi 
 
 C 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
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 a fi 
 
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 V V "V 
 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 
 C 
 
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 la) 
 
 
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 rt ici irt 
 
 
 irt 
 
 irt 
 
 <ls 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 <U (U (U 
 
 
 D 
 
 (U 
 
 (U 
 
 l<U liU 
 
 w 
 
 
 lOJ 
 
 l(U ID 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 -r 
 
 ■ris (re] 
 
 ■tur 
 
 mur 
 ■mini 
 
 5 
 
 .•2 
 
 i -i 
 
 3 
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 5 
 
 V 
 
 :s 5 
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 V IV tv w w 
 
 i 
 
 irt irt 
 
 icIj 
 
 
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 icIj irt 
 
 f^ 
 
 
 
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 CSJ 
 
 CO 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
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TABLE OF CONJUGATION 
 
 239 
 
 nd "TJ -^ 
 
 ==• 2 5 
 
 rt cS eij 
 
 ^3 Ti 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 .2 
 
 c 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 l(U 
 
 flj 
 
 m 
 
 
 'n 
 
 
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 u 
 
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 w 
 
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 biO 
 
 Ph 
 
 t: 
 
 Oj lU IIJ 
 
 u 
 
 ^ 
 
 fe 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
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 p^ 
 
 3 
 
 
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 tli 
 
 .tj 
 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 •*3 C 
 
 
 w 
 
 'C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 3 
 
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 c3 
 
 1 
 
 '2 
 
 i 
 
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 a 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 fa 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 ll-H 
 
 
 
 
 (A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ph 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^L 
 
 
 
 j^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 irj 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 K, 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 IrH 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 s 
 
 'V. 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 iS 
 
 •s i 
 
 o o 
 
 a a 
 
 eo 
 
 en Ck 
 
 W tti H 
 
 a; w Pi 
 
 Pm P-i Pi-t 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 irt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 
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 U^ 
 
 > 
 
 04 
 
 n 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 Pi 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
240 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 615. 
 
 TABLE OF CONJUGATION 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS 
 INDICATIVE MOOD 
 
 sum 
 
 eram 
 
 ero 
 
 fuT 
 
 fueram 
 
 fuero 
 
 es 
 
 eras 
 
 eris 
 
 fuisti 
 
 fueras 
 
 fueris 
 
 est 
 
 erat 
 
 erit 
 
 fuit 
 
 fuerat 
 
 fuerit 
 
 sumus 
 
 eramus 
 
 erimus 
 
 fuimus 
 
 fueramus 
 
 fuerimus 
 
 estis 
 
 eratis 
 
 eritis 
 
 fuistis 
 
 fueratis 
 
 fueritis 
 
 sunt 
 
 erant 
 
 erunt 
 
 fuerunt (-re) 
 
 fuerant 
 
 fuerint 
 
 616. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 
 
 sim 
 
 essem 
 
 sis 
 
 esses 
 
 sit 
 
 asset 
 
 simus 
 
 essemus 
 
 sitis 
 
 essetis 
 
 sint 
 
 essent 
 
 617. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD 
 
 
 ^ f es 
 Present < ^ 
 leste 
 
 fuerim 
 
 fuissem 
 
 fueris 
 
 fuisses 
 
 fuerit 
 
 fuisset 
 
 fuerimus 
 
 fuissemus 
 
 fueritis 
 
 fuissetis 
 
 fuerint 
 
 fuissent 
 
 Future 
 
 esto 
 
 est5 
 
 estote 
 
 sunto 
 
 618. INFINITIVE 
 
 Present esse 
 
 Perfect fuisse 
 
 Future fore or futurus esse 
 
 FuT. Part, futuru^, a, um 
 
 619. 
 
 pos-sum 
 
 pot-es 
 
 pot-est 
 
 pos-sumus 
 
 pot-estis 
 
 pos-sunt 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD 
 
 vols nol5 
 
 vis non vis 
 
 vult non vult 
 
 volumus nolumus 
 
 vultis non vultis 
 
 volunt nolunt 
 
 mal5 
 
 fio 
 
 mavis 
 
 ns 
 
 mavult 
 
 fit 
 
 malumus 
 
 flmus 
 
 mavultis 
 
 fitis 
 
 malunt 
 
 fiunt 
 
TABLE OF CONJUGATION 
 
 241 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD {Continued) 
 
 pot-eram 
 
 pot-er5 
 
 pot-ui 
 
 pot-ueram 
 
 pot-uero 
 
 620. 
 
 pos-sim 
 
 p OS- SIS 
 
 pos-sit 
 
 pos-slmus 
 
 pos-sltis 
 
 pos-sint 
 
 pos-sem 
 
 pot-uerim 
 
 pot-uissem 
 
 volebam 
 
 volanT 
 
 volui 
 
 volueram 
 
 voluero 
 
 nolebam 
 
 nolam 
 
 nolui 
 
 nolueram 
 
 noluer5 
 
 male bam 
 
 malam 
 
 malul 
 
 malueram 
 
 maluero 
 
 velim 
 
 veils 
 
 velit 
 
 vellmus 
 
 velltis 
 
 velint 
 
 vellem 
 
 voluerim 
 
 voluissem 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 
 
 nolim malim 
 
 nolis mails 
 
 nolit malit 
 
 nolimus 
 
 nolitis 
 
 nolint 
 
 n511em 
 
 noluerim 
 
 noluissem 
 
 malim us 
 
 malltis 
 
 malint 
 
 mallem 
 
 maluerim 
 
 maiuissem 
 
 fie bam 
 fiam 
 
 factus sum 
 factus eram 
 factus ero 
 
 fiam 
 
 fias 
 
 fiat 
 
 fiamus 
 
 fiatis 
 
 fiant 
 
 fierem 
 
 factus sim 
 
 factus essem 
 
 621. 
 
 Present 
 Perfect 
 
 posse 
 potuisse 
 
 622. 
 
 Present 
 Perfect 
 Gerundive 
 
 potens 
 
 INFINITIVE 
 
 velle n5lle 
 
 voluisse noluisse 
 
 PARTICIPLE 
 
 volens nolens 
 
 malle fieri 
 
 maluisse factus ess** 
 
 Future factum in 
 
 factus 
 faciendus 
 
 623. 
 
 e-o 
 
 i-s 
 
 i-t 
 
 i-mus 
 
 i-tis 
 
 eu-nt 
 
 i-ba-m 
 
 i-b-5 
 
 i-v-i (i-i) 
 
 i-v-era-m 
 I-v-er-6 
 
 BEGIN. LAT. BK. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD 
 fer-6 
 fer-s 
 fer-t 
 
 fer-i-mus 
 fer-tis 
 fer-u-nt 
 fere-ba-m 
 fera-m 
 tul-i 
 
 tul-era-m 
 tul-er-5 
 
 fer-o-r 
 
 fer-ris 
 
 fer-tur 
 
 feri-mur 
 
 feri-mini 
 
 feru-ntur 
 
 fere-ba-r 
 
 fera-r 
 
 la-tus sum 
 
 la-tus eram 
 
 la-tus er5 
 
 16 
 
242 
 
 THI 
 
 I BEGINNER'S LATIN 
 
 BOOK 
 
 624. 
 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 
 
 
 
 ea-m 
 
 fera-m 
 
 
 fera-r 
 
 
 ea-s 
 
 fera-s 
 
 
 fera-ris (re) 
 
 
 ea-t 
 
 fera-t 
 
 
 fera-tur 
 
 
 ea-m us 
 
 fera-mus 
 
 
 fera-mur 
 
 
 ea-tis 
 
 fera-tis 
 
 
 fera-mini 
 
 
 ea-nt 
 
 fera-nt 
 
 
 fera-ntur 
 
 
 i-re-m 
 
 fer-re-m 
 
 
 fer-re-r 
 
 
 I-v-eri-m 
 
 tul-eri-m 
 
 
 la-tus sim 
 
 
 i-v-isse-m 
 
 tul-isse-m 
 
 
 la-tus essem 
 
 625. 
 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD 
 
 
 Present / ^ 
 
 li-te 
 
 fer 
 fer-te 
 
 
 fer-re 
 feri-minI 
 
 
 'I-t5 
 
 fer-t5 
 
 
 fer-tor 
 
 Future - 
 
 T-to 
 I-tote 
 
 fer-to 
 fer-t5te 
 
 
 fer-tor 
 
 
 . eu-nt5 
 
 feru-nt5 
 
 
 feru-ntor 
 
 626. 
 
 
 INFINITIVE 
 
 
 
 Present 
 
 I-re 
 
 fer-re 
 
 
 fer-ri 
 
 Perfect 
 
 I-v-isse 
 
 tul-isse 
 
 
 la-tus esse 
 
 Future 
 
 I-tur-us esse 
 
 la-turus esse 
 
 
 la-tum iri 
 
 627. 
 
 
 PARTICIPLE 
 
 
 
 Present 
 
 ie-ns 
 
 fere-ns 
 
 
 
 Future 
 
 i-tur-us 
 
 la-tur-us 
 
 
 fere-ndus 
 
 Perfect 
 628. 
 
 
 GERUND 
 
 
 la-tus 
 
 
 eu-r 
 
 idT, etc. 
 
 fere-ndi, etc. 
 
 
 
 SUPINE 
 
 
 
 -turn 
 
 la-tum 
 
RULES OF SYNTAX 
 
 The following rules have been given in the body of this book, preceded by 
 illustrative examples and notes. They are repeated here for convenience of 
 reference. The numbers following the rules refer to the illustrative examples. 
 
 629. Nominative Subject. — The subject of a finite verb is in 
 the Nominative case (32). 
 
 630. Adjective. — An adjective agrees with its noun in gender, 
 number, and case (32) . 
 
 631. Direct Object. — The direct object of a transitive verb is 
 in the Accusative case (42). 
 
 632. Limiting Genitive. — A noun limiting another, and denot- 
 ing a different person or thing, is in the Genitive case (52). 
 
 633. Order of Words. — The normal order of a Latin sentence 
 is : subject, modifiers of the subject, modifiers of the verb, verb ; 
 but this order is constantly changed for the sake of emphasis (53). 
 
 634. Indirect Object. — The Dative is the case of the indirect 
 object, and is used with verbs of giving, and others whose meaning 
 permits (58). 
 
 635. Ablative of Separation. — Verbs of depriving and freeing 
 take the Ablative without a preposition. In case of other verbs of 
 separation the usage varies, some taking the Ablative with a prepo- 
 sition, some without, and some admitting either construction (70) . 
 
 636. Complementary Infinitive. — The Infinitive is used with 
 verbs meaning to decide, hasten, begin, and in general with those 
 requiring a second action of the same subject to complete their 
 meaning (74). 
 
 637. Predicate Nominative. — A noun in the predicate with an 
 intransitive or passive verb, agrees with the subject in case (75). 
 
 243 
 
244 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 638. Appositive. — A noun limiting another, and denoting the 
 same person or thing, is said to be in apposition with it, and 
 agrees with it in case (75). 
 
 639. Ablative of Specification. — The Ablative is used to ex- 
 press that in respect to which anything is, or is done (94) . 
 
 640. Ablative of Accompaniment. — The Ablative with cum is 
 used to express accompaniment, but in military phrases cum may 
 be omitted (114) . 
 
 641. Adjectives as Substantives. — Plural adjectives are used 
 quite frequently as substantives, the masculine to denote persons, 
 the neuter to denote things (119). 
 
 642. Double Dative. — The Latin often uses a Dative of the 
 object for which together with another Dative of the person for 
 whom, where the English uses a predicate noun, and an indirect 
 object. This is called the Double Dative, and is used principally 
 with the verb sum (129). 
 
 643. Accusative of Time and Space. — ■ Duration of time and 
 extent of space are expressed by the Accusative (141). 
 
 644. Dative of the Possessor. — The Dative is used with sum 
 and similar verbs to denote the possessor (146). 
 
 645. Agreement of Relative. — The relative pronoun agrees 
 with its antecedent in gender, number, and person ; but its case 
 depends upon its relation to other words in the sentence (148). 
 
 646. Ablative of Quality or Description. — The Ablative, with 
 an adjective in" agreement with it, is used to express quahty (157). 
 
 647. Ablative of Time. — Time when, or within which, is ex- 
 pressed by the Ablative (167). 
 
 648. Ablative Absolute. — A noun or pronoun limited by a par- 
 ticiple is often used in the construction called the Ablative Absolute, 
 to express the time or other circumstances of an action (176). 
 
 Note. — Two nouns or a noun and an adjective may be used together in 
 the Ablative Absolute (178). 
 
RULES OF SYNTAX 245 
 
 649. Ablative of Cause. — The Ablative is used with or without 
 a preposition to denote cause (184). 
 
 Note. — The prepositions de and ex with the Ablative, and ob and 
 propter with the Accusative, are used to express cause (184). 
 
 650. Ablative of Manner. — The manner in which an act is 
 performed is expressed by a noun in the Ablative with cum when 
 it has no qualifying adjective, by the Ablative with or without cum 
 when it has a qualifying adjective (192). 
 
 651. Ablative with Comparatives. — The Ablative is used after 
 the comparative when quam is omitted, but when it is expressed 
 the same case follows as precedes (204) . 
 
 Note. — Quam may be used with any case preceding; it need not be used 
 after the Nominative or Accusative; it must be used after the other cases. 
 
 652. Use of Comparative. — The comparative is sometimes 
 used to express a rather high or too high a degree of the quality 
 (205,1). 
 
 653. Use of Superlative. — The superlative is often used to 
 express not the highest, but a very high, degree of the quality 
 (205, 2). 
 
 654. Ablative of Means. — The means or instrument of an 
 action is expressed by the Ablative without a preposition (224). 
 
 655. Prepositions. — The following prepositions govern the 
 Ablative only : ^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^.^ 
 
 Coram, palam, cum, ez, e, 
 Sine, tenus, pro and prae. 
 
 In, sub, subter, and super govern both Ablative and Accusative. 
 
 All other prepositions govern the Accusative only (228) . 
 
 656. Special Rules for Prepositions. — 
 
 1. Ab is used where motion away from a place is indicated. 
 
 2. Ex is used where motion out of 3. place is indicated. 
 
 3. In and sub govern the Accusative with verbs of motion, the 
 
 Ablative with verbs of rest (229) . 
 
246 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 657. Ablative of the Agent. — The voluntary agent of an action 
 is expressed by a or ab with the Ablative case (230) . 
 
 658. Adjectives of Order and Succession. — Adjectives of order 
 and succession, including superlatives and some comparatives, 
 denote what part of an object is meant (237). 
 
 659. Alius and Alter. — Alius and alter, repeated in another 
 case, express briefly a double statement (251). 
 
 660. Indirect Discourse, Simple Sentences. — Statements after 
 verbs and other expressions of saying, perceiving, thinking, and 
 the like are expressed by the Infinitive with a subject in the Accu- 
 sative (263) . 
 
 661. Ablative of Degree of Difference. — The Ablative is used 
 without a preposition to express the degree of difference between 
 two persons or things (267) . 
 
 662. Dative with Adjectives. — The Dative is used with adjec- 
 tives denoting resemblance, fitness, nearness, and the like, with 
 their opposites (289) . 
 
 Note. — Adjectives of fitness may take an Accusative with ad. 
 
 663. Dative with Intransitives. — Some verbs, intransitive in 
 Latin, though apparently transitive, are followed by a Dative of 
 the indirect object. Such are verbs denoting to favor, help, 
 please, trust, and their contraries ; also to obey, serve, resist, 
 envy, threaten, pardon, and spare (294). 
 
 664. Partitive Genitive. — Words denoting a part are used with 
 a Genitive of the whole to which the part belongs (299). 
 
 Note. — Cardinal numbers and quidam generally take the Ablative with 
 ex or de to express the whole of which a part is taken, the ordinals generally 
 take the partitive Genitive (300). , 
 
 665. Time of Infinitive. — The Infinitive expresses time relative 
 to that of the verb upon which it depends (304) . 
 
 666. Dative with Compounds. — Most verbs compounded with 
 ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, and super, and 
 some with circum, are used with the Dative case (310) . 
 
RULES OF SYNTAX 24/ 
 
 667. Ablative with Deponents. — Utor, fruor, fungor, potior, 
 and vescor, with their compounds, take the Ablative (316) . 
 
 668. Two Accusatives. — Verbs of naming, making, choosing, 
 calHng, and showing take two Accusatives, one of the person or 
 thing affected, the other a predicative Accusative (357) . 
 
 Note. — In the passive the direct object becomes the subject, and the 
 predicate Accusative the predicate Nominative. 
 
 669. Constructions of Place. — i. The place from which is reg- 
 ularly expressed by the Ablative with a preposition, regularly ab, 
 de, or ex ; but names of towns and small islands, also domus and 
 riis, omit the jyeposition (393). 
 
 2. The place to which is regularly expressed by the Accusative 
 with a preposition ; but names of towns and small islands, also 
 domus and rus, omit the preposition (394) . 
 
 3. The place in which is regularly expressed by the Ablative 
 with the preposition in ; but names of towns and small islands, also 
 domus and rus, are put into the Locative (395). 
 
 Note. — The Locative has the same form as the Genitive in singulars of the 
 first and second declensions; ^but in singulars of the third declension and in all 
 plurals the same as the Dative or Ablative. The Locative forms of domus 
 and rus are domi and ruri. 
 
 670. The Subjunctive. — The Subjunctive is used in indepen- 
 dent clauses to express — 
 
 1 . An exhortation, a command, a prohibition : the Hortatory 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 2. A wish : the Optative Subjunctive. 
 
 3. A possibility : the Potential Subjunctive. 
 
 4. Doubt or indignation in questions : The Dubitative Subjunc- 
 
 tive (401). 
 
 671. Sequence of Tenses. — In complex sentences a primary 
 tense in the principal clause is followed by a primary in the 
 subordinate ; a secondary by a secondary (410) . 
 
 672. Clauses of Purpose. — In clauses of purpose the Subjunc- 
 tive is used with ut affirmative and ne negative (419). 
 
248 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 673. Verbs of Fearing. — Verbs and other expressions of fear- 
 ing are followed by the Subjunctive with ne affirmative and ut 
 negative (426). 
 
 674. Relative Clauses of Purpose. — Clauses introduced by 
 relatives and used to express purpose have their verbs in the 
 Subjunctive, and follow the general laws for the sequence of 
 tenses (434). 
 
 675. Clauses of Result. — i. Pure result is expressed by the 
 Subjunctive with ut affirmative, ut non negative (441). 
 
 2. After expressions of doubt, hindrance, and the like, the 
 Subjunctive with quin is used (441). 
 
 676. Subjunctive of Characteristic. — The Subjunctive is used, 
 especially after expressions of existence and non-existence and 
 questions implying a negative answer, to express a characteristic 
 or essential quality of the subject (448). 
 
 677. Indirect Questions. — An indirect question is expressed by 
 the Subjunctive (454). 
 
 678. Conditions. — More Vivid Future. — The Future (or Fu- 
 ture Perfect) Indicative is used in the protasis of more vivid 
 future conditions, and the Future Indicative in the apodosis (468) . 
 
 679. Conditions. — Less Vivid Future. — The Present (or Per- 
 fect) Subjunctive is used in the protasis of less vivid future con- 
 ditions, and the Present Subjunctive in the apodosis (468). 
 
 680. Conditions. — Contrary to Fact. — The Imperfect and Plu- 
 perfect Subjunctive are used in both protasis and apodosis in con- 
 ditions contrary to fact, the Imperfect to express present time 
 and the Pluperfect to express past time (474) . 
 
 681. Cum Causal and Concessive. — Cum is followed by the Sub- 
 junctive when introducing causal and concessive clauses (487). 
 
 682. Temporal Clauses. — i. The particles postquam, ubi, simul 
 atque (simul ac) take the Indicative, usually the Perfect. 
 
RULES OF SYNTAX 249 
 
 2. Cum temporal is used with the Subjunctive when the cir- 
 cumstance or action depends upon another, or when the time 
 is described. It is used with the Indicative when the time is 
 made emphatic or defined (494) . 
 
 Note. — In narrative cum temporal is almost always used with the Imper- 
 fect or Pluperfect Subjunctive. 
 
 683. The Imperative. — i. The Present Imperative is used in 
 commands or entreaties, but where distinct reference is made to 
 future time, the Future Imperative is used (504). 
 
 2. In prohibitions ne with the Perfect Subjunctive, or noli 
 (ndlite) with the Infinitive, is used (504). 
 
 684. The Gerund. — The Gerund, as a noun, has the construc- 
 tion of other nouns, and, as a verb, retains its power of governing 
 an object (517). 
 
 685. The Gerundive. — The gerundive is used by preference 
 instead of the Gerund when the latter would, if used, take a direct 
 object. This object is then put into the case in which the Gerund, 
 if used, would have been, and the Gerundive agrees with it in 
 gender, number and case (519). 
 
 Note. — The Gerund and Gerundive are used to express purpose (519). 
 
 686. The Supine. — The former Supine is used with verbs of 
 motion to express the purpose of the motion (526). 
 
 687. The latter Supine is used with some adjectives and a few 
 other words to express the act in reference to which the quality is 
 asserted (525). 
 
 688. Dative of the Agent. — The person upon whom the duty, 
 necessity or obhgation of an act rests is expressed by the use of 
 the Dative of the agent with the second periphrastic conjuga- 
 tion (537). 
 
 689. Indirect Discourse. — In the indirect discourse the verbs 
 of the principal propositions are in the Infinitive, the verbs of the 
 subordinate propositions in the Subjunctive (543). 
 
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 Abl. 
 
 = Ablative. 
 
 lit. 
 
 = literally. 
 
 abs. 
 
 = absolute. 
 
 m., masc. 
 
 = masculine. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 = Accusative. 
 
 neut. 
 
 = neuter. 
 
 act. 
 
 = active. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 = Nominative. 
 
 adj. 
 
 = adjective. 
 
 n. 
 
 = note. 
 
 adv. 
 
 = adverb. 
 
 part. 
 
 = participle. 
 
 adv. phr 
 
 . = adverbial phrase. 
 
 part. 
 
 = partitive. 
 
 app. 
 
 = apposition. 
 
 pass. 
 
 = passive. 
 
 art. 
 
 = article. 
 
 per. 
 
 = person. 
 
 comp. 
 
 = comparative. 
 
 Perf., Pf. 
 
 = Perfect. 
 
 conj. 
 
 = conjunction. 
 
 pi. 
 
 = plural. 
 
 conj. 
 
 = conjugation. 
 
 Plup. 
 
 = Pluperfect. 
 
 cor. 
 
 = correlative. 
 
 pos. 
 
 = positive. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 = Dative. 
 
 post-posit 
 
 . = post-positive 
 
 dec. 
 
 = declension. 
 
 pred. 
 
 = predicate. 
 
 def. 
 
 = defective. 
 
 prep. 
 
 = preposition. 
 
 der. 
 
 = derivative. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 = Present. 
 
 Eng. 
 
 = English. 
 
 princ. 
 
 = principal. 
 
 etc. 
 
 = and so forth. 
 
 pron. 
 
 = pronoun. 
 
 f., fern. 
 
 = feminine. 
 
 R. 
 
 = root. 
 
 fut. 
 
 = future. 
 
 rel. 
 
 = relative. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 = Genitive. 
 
 s., sing. 
 
 = singular. 
 
 Impf. 
 
 = Imperfect. 
 
 subj. 
 
 = subject. 
 
 Ind. 
 
 = Indicative. 
 
 subst. 
 
 = substantive. 
 
 ind. disc 
 
 . = indirect discourse. 
 
 superl. 
 
 = superlative. 
 
 indef. 
 
 = indefinite. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 = Vocative. 
 
 Inf. 
 
 = Infinitive. 
 
 vocab. 
 
 =r vocabulary. 
 
 inter. 
 
 = interrogative. 
 
 \v. 
 
 = with. 
 
 250 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 a, ab, or abs, prep, with K!o\.,from, away 
 
 from, by. 
 abduco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead away, 
 
 take away. 
 abeo, ire, ivi or ii, itus, go away, depart. 
 abhinc, adv. (of past time), w. Ace. or 
 
 Abl., ago, since. 
 abicio, ere, ieci, iectus, throw away, throw 
 
 down, abandon. 
 abscido, ere, i, scisus, break off, cut off ox 
 
 away. 
 absum, esse, afui, f uturus, be away from, 
 
 be absent. 
 
 ac, conj., and. 
 
 accedo, ere, cessi, cessus, draw near, 
 
 approach. 
 accidd, ere, cidi, — , happen, occur ; w. 
 
 Dat. pers., happen to. 
 accipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, accept, receive, 
 
 entertain (as guest). 
 acer, cris, ere, adj., sharp, eager, fierce. 
 acerbus, a, um, adj., bitter, sour. 
 acervus, i, m., heap, pile. 
 acies, ei, f., edge, line of battle, battle line. 
 acriter, adv., sharply, fiercely. 
 
 ad, prep. w. Ace, to, toward, near to, by, 
 at, for. 
 
 adduce, ere. duxi, ductus, lead to or 
 
 towards, induce, persuade. 
 adeo, ire, ivi or ii, itus, go to, approach, 
 
 visit. 
 adequito, are, avi, atus, ride towards, 
 
 w. ad. 
 adfero, ferre, attuli, adlatus, bring to, 
 
 report. 
 aditus, us, m., approach, access. 
 Admete, es, f., Adtnete. 
 
 administro, are, avi, atus, manage, per- 
 form, accotnplish. 
 
 admirer, ari, atus sum, wonder at, ad- 
 mire. 
 
 adorior, iri, tus sum, approach, attack. 
 
 adrogantia, ae, f., arrogance, pride. 
 
 adsentior, iri, sensus sum, agree with, 
 assent to. 
 
 adsequor, i, secutus sum, pursue, come 
 up with. 
 
 adsum, esse, fui, futiirus, be near, be 
 present ; w. Dat., assist. 
 
 Aduatuci, drum, m. pi., the Aduatuci, a 
 people of Gaul. 
 
 adventus, us, m., approach, arrival. 
 
 adversus, a, um, adj., turned towards, 
 opposite. 
 
 adverse colle, up hill. 
 
 advoco, are, avi, atus, call, summon. 
 
 aedificium, i, n., building. 
 
 Aedui, orum. m. pi., Aedui, a tribe in 
 Gaul. 
 
 aeger, gra, grum, adj., sick. 
 
 aeneus, a, um, adj., of bronze, brazen. 
 
 aequaliter, adv., equally, uniformly. 
 
 aequus, a, um, adj., equal, fair. 
 
 aestas, atis, f., summer; aestate inita, 
 in the beginning of summer. 
 
 aetas, atis, f., life, age. 
 
 ager, gri, m., field, territory. 
 
 agger, eris, m., rampart, mound. 
 
 aggredior, gredi, gressus sum, go to, 
 approach, attack. 
 
 agmen, inis, n., line, army on the march. 
 
 agmen claudo, bring up the rear. 
 
 agnus, i, m., hunb. 
 
 ago, ere, egi, actus, do, drive, move, con- 
 struct, plead. 
 
 ago gratias tibi, / thank you. 
 
 251 
 
252 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 agrestis, e, adj., country, rural. 
 
 agricola, ae, m., farmer. 
 
 agricultura, ae, f., agriculture. 
 
 alacritas, atis, f., eagerness, alacrity. 
 
 alarius, a, um, adj., of the wing. 
 
 alarii, drum, m. pi., auxiliaries. 
 
 alienus, a, um, adj., belonging to another, 
 strange, unfriendly. 
 
 alio, adv., elsewhere. 
 
 aliquis, aliquid, indef. pron., so7ne one, 
 some body, some thing. 
 
 alius, a, ud, pronom. adj., another, other ; 
 alius . . . alius, one . . . another ; alii 
 aliam in partem, some in one direc- 
 tion, others in another. 
 
 Allobroges, um, m. pi., the Allobroges, a 
 warlike people in Gaul. 
 
 Alpes, ium, f. pi., the Alps. 
 
 alter, era, erum, pronom. adj., the other 
 of two, the other, the one of two ; alter 
 . . . alter, the one . . . the other. 
 
 altitiido, inis, f., height, altitude. 
 
 altus, a, um, adj., high, deep. 
 
 Amazon, onis, f., an Amazon, a warlike 
 woman. 
 
 amicitia, ae, f., friendship. 
 
 amicus, a, um, adj., friendly. 
 
 amicus, i, m., friend. 
 
 amittd, ere, misi, missus, send away, 
 dismiss, lose. 
 
 amnis, is, m., river, stream. 
 
 amplius, indec, n. comp. of amplus, 
 more, further ; w. numerals, more 
 than. 
 
 amplus, a, um, adj., large, wide, ample. 
 
 ancora, ae, f., anchor. 
 
 angustus. a, um, adj., narrow. 
 
 animal, alis, n., animal. 
 
 animus, i, m., mind, courage, disposition. 
 
 annus, i, m., year. 
 
 ante, prep. w. Ace, before, in front of. 
 
 ante, adv., before, previously. 
 
 antiquitus, adv., in former times, an- 
 ciently, long ago. 
 
 aper, pri, m., wild boar. 
 
 apertus, a, um, adj., open. 
 
 appello, are, avi, atus, call, address, 
 call by name. 
 
 appropinquo, are, avi, atus, come near, 
 approach. 
 
 apud, prep. w. Ace., among, with. 
 
 aqua, ae, f., water. 
 
 Aquitani, drum, m. pi., the Aquitani, the 
 
 people of Aquitania. 
 Aquitania, ae, f., Aquitania, a division 
 
 of Gaul. 
 Arar, aris, m., a river in Gaul, now the 
 
 Saone. 
 arbitror, ari, atus sum, think, suppose, 
 
 believe. 
 arbor, oris, f., tree. 
 Arcadia, ae, f., Arcadia, a mountainous 
 
 province in Greece, 
 arcesso, ere, ivi, itus, send for, sumtnon. 
 Ariovistus, i, m., Ariovistus, the king of 
 
 a German tribe. 
 arma, orum, n. pi., artns. 
 armati, drum, m. pi., armed men. 
 armiger, eri, m., armor bearer. 
 arm5, are, avi, atus, arm, equip. 
 ars, artis, f., art, skill. 
 ascendo, ere, i, scensus, go up, mount up, 
 
 climb. 
 ascensus, us, m., ascent. 
 asporto, are, avi, atus, carry away. 
 at, conj., but, but indeed, yet, however. 
 Athena, ae, f., Athene. 
 Athenae, arum, f. pi., Athens. 
 Atlas, antis, m., Atlas, a fabled king of 
 
 Mauretania. 
 atque, conj., and, and so, and even. 
 attingo, ere, tigi, tactus, touch, reach. 
 auceps, cipis, m., bird catcher. 
 auctor, oris, m., author. 
 auctoritas, atis, f., authority, influence, 
 
 reputation. 
 audacia, ae, f., boldness, daring, audacity, 
 
 insolence. 
 audacius, comp. adv., 7nore boldly, too 
 
 boldly. 
 audax, acis, adj., bold, daring. 
 audeo, ere, ausus sum, dare. 
 audio, ire, ivi, itus, hear. 
 aufero, ferre, abstuli, ablatus, carry off 
 
 or away. 
 Augeas, ae, m., Augeas. 
 aureus, a, um, adj., of gold, golden. 
 aurum, i, n., gold. 
 aut, conj., or; aut . . . aut, either . . . 
 
 or. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 253 
 
 autem, post-posit, conj., but, moreover, 
 
 however. 
 auxilium, i, n., aid, help. 
 avaritia, ae, f., greed, avarice. 
 avertd, ere, i, versus, turn away, avert, 
 
 turn ; aversum hostem, the back of an 
 
 enemy. 
 avis, is, f., bird. 
 Axona, ae, m., a river in Gaul, now the 
 
 Aisne. 
 
 B 
 
 barbarus, a, um, foreign, strange, barba- 
 rous. 
 
 barbarus, i, m., foreigner, stranger, bar- 
 barian. 
 
 Belgae, arum, m. pi., the Delgae, a war- 
 like people of N. Gaul. 
 
 bellicosus, a, um, adj., warlike. 
 
 bello, are, avi, atus, wage or carry on 
 war, war. 
 
 Bellovaci, drum, m. pi., the Bellovaci, a 
 people in Gaul. 
 
 bellum, i, n,, war. 
 
 belua, ae, f., beast, monster, animal. 
 
 bene, adv., well, successfully. 
 
 benefactor, oris, m., benefactor. 
 
 beneficium, i, n., kindness, favor, bene- 
 fit. 
 
 benigne, adv., kindly, courteously. 
 
 Bibracte, is, n., Bibracte, the chief town 
 of the Aedui, now Autun. 
 
 Bibrax, actis, f., Bibrax, a town of the 
 Remi, now Bi^vre. 
 
 Bibulus, i, m., a proper name. At. Cal- 
 purnius Bibulus, consul with Caesar. 
 
 biceps, cipitis, adj., two-headed. 
 
 biduum, i, n., space of two days, two days. 
 
 Bistones, um, m. pi., the Bistones, a 
 people of Thrace. 
 
 bonus, a, um, z.d!].,good. 
 
 bonum, i, n., a good thi?tg. 
 
 bos, bovis, m. and f., ox, bull, cow. 
 
 brevis, e, adj., short, brief. 
 
 C, abbreviation for Gaius. 
 
 c, abbreviation for centum, one hundred. 
 
 caelum, i, n., sky, heaven. 
 
 Caesar, aris, m., C. Julius Caesar [100- 
 
 44 B.C.]. 
 calamitas, atis, f., disaster, calamity. 
 calcar, aris, n., spur. 
 calo, onis, m., soldier's servant, camp 
 
 follower. 
 calor, oris, m., heat. 
 campus, i, m., plain, field. 
 canis, is, m. and f., dog. 
 capio, ere, cepi, captus, take, seize, cap- 
 ture, choose, form. 
 capra, ae, f., she-goat. 
 captivus, i, m., captive, prisoner. 
 captus, a, um, adj., taken, charmed. 
 caput, itis, n., head. 
 career, eris, m., prison, jail. 
 care, adv., dearly. 
 card, camis, f., fiesh. 
 carpo, ere, si, tus, pick, pluck, gather. 
 carrus, i, m., two-wheeled wagon. 
 carus, a, um, adj., dear, precious. 
 castellum, i, n.,fort, stronghold, fortress, 
 
 redoubt. 
 Casticus, i, m., Casticus. 
 castra, orum, n. pi., camp. 
 casus, us, m., chance, accident, event, 
 
 in is for tune. 
 catena, ae, f., chain. 
 Catilina, ae, m., Catiline, a conspirator 
 
 against Rome, 
 causa, ae, f., cause, reason; causa, for 
 
 the sake of, w. Gen. ; in this sense it 
 
 follows the word which it governs. 
 celeritas, atis, f., swiftness, quickness, 
 
 speed. 
 celeriter, adv., quickly; celerrime, superl. 
 
 di&g.,very quickly; quam celerrime, as 
 
 quickly as possible. 
 celo, are, avi, atus, conceal. 
 Celtae, arum, m. pi., the Celts, a people 
 
 of Gaul. 
 centum, indec. adj., a hundred. 
 centurio, onis, m., captain, centurion. 
 Cerberus, i, m., Cerberus, a three-headed 
 
 monster. 
 certe, adv., certainly, surely, of course. 
 certior f actus, having been informed. 
 certus, a, um, adj., certain, sure. 
 cervus, i, m., stag, deer. 
 circiter, adv., about, near. 
 
254 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 circum, prep. w. Ace, around, about, 
 near. 
 
 circumeo, ire, ivi or ii, itus, go around, 
 surround. 
 
 circumvenid, ire, veni, ventus, come 
 around, surround. 
 
 cis, citra, prep. w. Ace, on this side of. 
 
 citerior, ius, comp. adj., hither. 
 
 civis, is, m. and f., citizen. 
 
 civitas, atis, f., state. 
 
 clam, adv., secretly. 
 
 clamor, oris, m., shout, clamor. 
 
 clarus, a, um, adj., clear, famous, cele- 
 brated. 
 
 claudo, ere, clausi, clausus, close, shut, 
 shut up. 
 
 claudd agmen, bring up the rear. 
 
 clava, ae, f., club, 
 
 coepi, isse, def. verb, begin. 
 
 cogn5sc6, ere, novi, nitus, learn, find out, 
 know, understand. 
 
 cogo, ere, coegi, coactus, drive together, 
 collect, cotnpel. 
 
 cohors, ortis, f., company of soldiers, 
 cohort. 
 
 cohortor, ari, atus sum, exhort, encour- 
 age. 
 
 collis, is, m., hill. 
 
 columba, ae, f., dove, pigeon. 
 
 columna, ae, f., column, pillar. 
 
 commeatus, iis, m., a going to and fro, 
 provisiofis. 
 
 commemoro, are, avi, atus, call to mind, 
 relate. 
 
 committo, ere, misi, missus, comtjiit, 
 begin, join, wage. 
 
 commoveo, ere, movi, motus, move, ex- 
 cite, alarm, disturb. 
 
 communio, ire, ivi, itus, fortify on all 
 sides, fortify. 
 
 compard, are, avi, atus,^<?/ together, pre- 
 pare, arrange. 
 
 compelld, ere, puli, pulsus, drive to- 
 gether, drive, move. 
 
 compleo, ere, evi, etus, fill completely, 
 fill. 
 
 comp5no, ere, posui, positus, place to- 
 gether, arrange, compare. 
 
 Cdnatus, us, m., attempt, trial, under- 
 faking. 
 
 concede, ere, cessi, cessus, retire, with- 
 draw, yield, cojicede. 
 
 concido, ere, cidi, cisus, cut to pieces, 
 kill, destroy. 
 
 concilium, i, n., council. 
 
 conclamo, are, avi, atus, shout aloud, 
 cry out, shout. 
 
 Concordia, ae, f., concord, harmo7ty. 
 
 condicio, onis, f., condition, agreement, 
 terms. 
 
 conditor, oris, m., founder. 
 
 condd, ere, didi, ditus, put together, 
 found, establish, hide. 
 
 condiico, ere, duxi, ductus, lead together, 
 hire. 
 
 confero, ferre, tuli, latus, bring to- 
 gether. 
 
 confertus, a, um, adj., crowded; confer- 
 tissimd agmine, in a densely compact 
 body, in a solid mass. 
 
 conficio, ere, feci, fectus, complete, ac- 
 complish, finish. 
 
 confido, ere, fisus sum, rely upon, trust, 
 w. Dat. 
 
 cdnfirmo, are, avi, atus, confirm, establish, 
 strengthen. 
 
 confugio, ere, fiigi, — , flee for refuge. 
 
 conicio, ere, ieci, iectus, hurl, throw 
 together. 
 
 coniungo, ere, iiinxi, iunctus, Join to- 
 gether, unite. 
 
 coniuratio, onis, f., conspiracy. 
 
 coniiiro, are, avi, atus, swear together, 
 conspire. 
 
 conligo, ere, legi, Iectus, collect. 
 
 conloco, are, avi, atus, arrange, place, 
 set, station. 
 
 conloquium, i, n., dialogue, conference, 
 colloquium. 
 
 conloquor, qui, cutus sum, talk together, 
 converse. 
 
 Conor, ari, atus sum, try, attempt. 
 
 consanguineus, i, m., kinsman. 
 
 conscribo, ere, scripsi, scriptus, enroll, 
 enlist. 
 
 consensus, us, m., consent. 
 
 consentio, ire, sensi, sensus, agree, con- 
 spire. 
 
 consequor, qui, cixtus sum, pursue, over- 
 take. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 255 
 
 consero, ere, ui, tus, join; cdnserere 
 manus,y<?/« battle. 
 
 c5nserv6, are, avi, atus, preserve, save, 
 
 consido, ere, sedi, sessus, settle, encatnp. 
 
 cdnsilium, i, n., counsel, plan. 
 
 conspectus, us, m., sight, view. 
 
 c5nspicor, ari, atus sum, see, perceive. 
 
 c5nstitu5, ere, ui, utus, station, agree 
 upon, decide, appoint. 
 
 cdnsuesco, ere, evi, etus, become accus- 
 tomed, be accustomed. 
 
 consuetudo, inis, f., custom. 
 
 cdnsul, is, m., consul, one of the two 
 highest Roman magistrates, chosen 
 annually. 
 
 consumd, ere, siimpsi, sumptus, use up, 
 consume, destroy. 
 
 contemnd, ere, tempsi, temptus, despise, 
 conteinn. 
 
 contendo, ere, tendi, tentus, strive, con- 
 tend, hasten. 
 
 contentio, onis, f., contention, exertion. 
 
 contentus, a, um, adj., contented, con- 
 tent, satisfied. 
 
 continenter, adv., continuously. 
 
 contineo, ere, ui, tentus, hold in, restrain, 
 contain, check. 
 
 continuus, a, um, adj., continuous. 
 
 contra, prep. w. Ace, against. 
 
 contraho, ere, traxi, tractus, draw to- 
 gether, collect, produce. 
 
 contumelia, ae, f., abuse, reproach. 
 
 convenio, ire, veni, ventus, come to- 
 gether, assemble. 
 
 convert©, ere, i, versus, turn about, 
 change. 
 
 convoco, are, avi, atus, call together, 
 summon. 
 
 c5p.ia, ae, f., supply, abundance; pi., 
 troops, supplies. 
 
 copiae domesticae, f. pi., supplies from 
 home. 
 
 cor, cordis, n., heart. 
 
 coram, prep. w. Abl., in the presence of. 
 
 comu, us, n., horn, wing. 
 
 corpus, oris, n., body. 
 
 corripio, ere, ui, reptus, seize, take hold 
 of, snatch. 
 
 corrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus, destroy. 
 
 cottidianus, a, um, adj., daily. 
 
 cottidie, adv., daily, each day. 
 
 eras, adv., to-morrow. 
 
 Crassus, i, m., Crassus. 
 
 Crastinus, i, m., C. Crastinus. 
 
 creber, bra, brum, adj., frequent, numer- 
 ous. 
 
 credo, ere, didi, ditus, believe. 
 
 creo, are, avi, atus, make, elect. 
 
 Creta, ae, f., Crete, an island in the Medi- 
 terranean Sea. 
 
 Creticus, a, um, adj., Cretan, of Crete. 
 
 criidelis, e, adj., cruel. 
 
 crux, crucis, f., cross ; tollere in crucem, 
 crucify. 
 
 culpa, ae, i., fault, blame. 
 
 culpo, are, avi, atus, blame, censure. 
 
 cum, prep. vi. Abl., with, along with, in 
 company with. 
 
 cum, conj., when, since, although, after, 
 while. 
 
 cupiditas, atis, f., desire, greed. 
 
 cupidus, a, um, adj., desirous of. 
 
 cupio, ere, ivi, itus, desire, wish. 
 
 cur, adv., why. 
 
 cura, ae, f., care, anxiety. 
 
 Cures, ium, m. and f. pi.. Cures, ancient 
 town of the Sabines. 
 
 curro, ere, cucurri, cursus, run, hasten. 
 
 currus, iis, m., chariot, car. 
 
 ciistodio, ire, ivi, itus, watch, guard. 
 
 custos, odis, m. and f., guard, attendant. 
 
 cymba, ae, f., boat, skiff. 
 
 de, prep. w. Abl., down, down from, con- 
 cerning, about, of. 
 
 debeo, ere, ui, itus, owe, ought. 
 
 decem, indec. num., ten. 
 
 decemo, ere, crevi, cretus, decide, de- 
 cree. 
 
 decerpo, ere, si, tus, tear off, gather, de- 
 stroy. 
 
 decimus, a, um, ord. num., tenth. 
 
 decumanus, a, um, adj., decuman, rear. 
 
 decurro, ere, cucurri, — , run down. 
 
 deditio, onis, f., surrender. 
 
 dedo, ere, didi, ditus, give up, surren- 
 der. 
 
256 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 deduco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead down or 
 away, withdraw. 
 
 defatigo, are, avi, atus, wear out, ex- 
 haust. 
 
 defendd, ere, i, fensus, defend. 
 
 defero, ferre, tuli, latus, bear down, re- 
 port. 
 
 defessus, a, um, adj., wearied. 
 
 deicio, ere, ieci, iectus, hurl or throw 
 down. 
 
 deinde, adv., aftenvards, then. 
 
 delecto, are, avi, atus, amuse. 
 
 dele5, ere, evi, etus, lay low, destroy, an- 
 nihilate. 
 
 deligo, are, avi, atus, bind fast. 
 
 deligo, ere, legi, Iectus, choose, select. 
 
 Delos, i, f., Delos, an island in the 
 Aegaean Sea. 
 
 demonstro, are, avi, atus, point out, 
 show, prove, indicate. 
 
 demum, adv., at last, finally, 
 
 denique, adv., at last. 
 
 dens, dentis, m., tooth. 
 
 densus, a, um, adj., thick, dense. 
 
 depono, ere, posui, positus, lay aside, 
 give up. 
 
 deporto, are, avi, atus, bear off, bring 
 home. 
 
 derided, ere, risi, risus, laugh at, de- 
 ride. 
 
 descendo, ere, i, scensus, come down, 
 descend. 
 
 desiderd, are, avi, atus, long for, miss. 
 
 desind, ere, sii, — , cease, leave off. 
 
 desisto, ere, stiti, stitus, cease, desist 
 from. 
 
 despero, are, avi, atus, despair of. 
 
 desum, esse, fui, futiirus, w. Dat., fail, 
 be lacking to, desert. 
 
 deterior, ius, comp. adj., worse. 
 
 deus, i, m., god. 
 
 devinco, ere, vici, victus, overcome, sub- 
 due. 
 
 dexter, tra, trum, adj., right. 
 
 Diana, ae, f., Diana, a goddess. 
 
 died, ere, dixi, dictus, say, speak, relate, 
 appoint, tell. 
 
 dictum, i, n., saying, word. 
 
 dies, ei, m. or f., day. 
 
 difficilis, e, adj., difficult. 
 
 dignus, a, um, adj. w. the Abl., worthy, 
 deserving. 
 
 diligenter, adv., carefully, diligently, 
 promptly. 
 
 dimitto, ere, misi, missus, send apart, 
 dismiss, release. 
 
 Diomedes, is, m., Dio7nedes, king of the 
 Bistones in Thrace. 
 
 discedo, ere, cessi, cessus, go away, 
 depart, leave. 
 
 discidium, i, n., discord, quarrel. 
 
 discipulus, i, m., pupil. 
 
 dispone, ere, posui, positus, dispose, ar- 
 range, station. 
 
 dissimilis, e, adj., unlike, dissimilar. 
 
 distineo, ere, ui, tentus, hold apart, keep 
 asunder, separate. 
 
 diii, adv.,ybr a long time, long. 
 
 diiitius, comp. adv., any longer. 
 
 diversus, a, um, adj., different, diverse, 
 opposite. 
 
 Divicd, onis, m., Divico, a general of the 
 Helvetians. 
 
 divido, ere, visi, visus, separate, di- 
 vide. 
 
 divisus, a, um, part., divided, separated. 
 
 Divitiacus, i, m., Divitiacus. 
 
 divitiae, arum, f. pi., wealth, riches. 
 
 do, dare, dedi, datus,^/f^, permit, yield, 
 grant, offer. 
 
 doceo, ere, ui, tus, teach, show ; doctus 
 litteris, learned. 
 
 doled, ere, ui, iturus, feel pain, suffer 
 pain, grieve for. 
 
 dolus, i, m., glide, fraud, deceit. 
 
 domesticus, a, um, adj., domestic; do- 
 mesticae copiae, supplies from home. 
 
 dominus, i, m., master, lord. 
 
 domus, lis and i, f., house, home. 
 
 dormio, ire, ivi or ii, iturus, sleep. 
 
 dubito, are, avi, atus, hesitate, doubt. 
 
 ducenti, ae, a, card, num., two hundred. 
 
 diico, ere, diixi, ductus, lead, draw, con- 
 sider, think, extend. 
 
 dulcis, e, adj., sweet, pleasant. 
 
 dum, conj., while, until. 
 
 Dumnorix, igis, m., Dmymorix, an 
 Aeduan. 
 
 duo, duae, duo, card, num., two. 
 
 dux, ducis, m., leader, commander. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 257 
 
 e, ex, prep. w. Abl., out of, from. 
 
 edo, ere, didi, ditus, put forth, make, 
 cause. 
 
 §duc6, ere, duxi, ductus, lead out. 
 
 ego, mei, pers. pron., /. 
 
 egredior, gredi, gressus sum, go out. 
 
 egregie, adv., excellently, exceedingly. 
 
 egregius, a, um, adj., excellent, remark- 
 able, eminent. 
 
 eheu, interjection, alas! 
 
 eicio, ere, ieci, iectus, cast out, drive 
 out, expel. 
 
 Elis, idis, f., Elis, a district of the Pelo- 
 ponnesus. 
 
 emitto, ere, misi, missus, send out, let 
 out, hurl. 
 
 emo, ere, emi, emptus, buy. 
 
 enascor, i, natus sum, spring forth, 
 arise. 
 
 enim, conj., post-posit., ybr. 
 
 eo, ire, ivi or ii, itus, go. 
 
 epistula, ae, f., letter, epistle. 
 
 equa, ae, f., 77iare. 
 
 eques, itis, m., horseinan. 
 
 equester, tris, tre, adj., pertaining to a 
 horseman, equestrian. 
 
 equestres copiae, f. pi., cavalry forces. 
 
 equitatus, us, m., cavalry. 
 
 equus, i, m., horse. 
 
 eripid, ere, ui, reptus, snatch away, take 
 away. 
 
 eruditus, a, um, adj., learned, well-in- 
 formed, educated. 
 
 eruptio, onis, f., breaking out, sally. 
 
 Erymanthus, i, m., Erymanthus, a chain 
 of mountains in Arcadia; Eryman- 
 thius, a, um, adj., Erymanthian. 
 
 Erythia, ae, f., Erythia, an island in the 
 Bay of Cadiz. 
 
 et, conj., and. 
 
 et . . . et, both . . . and. 
 
 etiam, conj., also, and also, even, and 
 even. 
 
 Eurystheus, i, m., Eurystheus, a king of 
 Mycenae. 
 
 Eurytidn, onis, m., Eurytion. 
 
 evadd, ere, vasi, vasus, go forth, escape. 
 
 eventus, us, m., event, result, issue. 
 
 BEGIN. LAT. BK. — 1 7 
 
 ex, prep. w. Abl., see e. 
 
 exeo, ire, ivi or ii, itus, go out or forth, 
 
 go away, depart. 
 exerceo, ere, ui, itus, train, exercise. 
 exercitatio, onis, f., exercise, practice. 
 exercitus, us, m., army. 
 eximius, a, um, adj., remarkable, illustri- 
 ous. 
 existimo, are, avi, atus, think, believe, 
 
 suppose. 
 expeditus, a, um, adj., unencumbered, 
 
 free. 
 expello, ere, puli, pulsus, drive out, 
 
 expel, banish. 
 explorator, oris, m., scout. 
 expugno, are, avi, atus, take by assault, 
 
 assault, storm. 
 exsisto, ere, stiti, stitus, stand forth, 
 
 exist, appear. 
 exspecto, are, avi, atus, await, expect, 
 
 wait for. 
 exstruo, ere, struxi, structus, pile up, 
 
 construct, raise. 
 exterreo, ere. ui, itns, Jrighten, terrify. 
 extremus, a, um, adj., outermost, extreme, 
 
 the end of. 
 
 fabula, ae, i., fable, story. 
 
 facile, adv., easily. 
 
 facilis, e, adj., easy. 
 
 facio, ere, feci, factus, make, do, put, 
 
 conclude, finish. 
 facultas, atis, f., supply, opportunity. 
 fallo, ere, fefelli, falsus, deceive, cheat. 
 falsus, a, um, s.d]., false, groundless. 
 fas, n., indec, right. 
 felix, icis, adj., happy, fortunate. 
 fera, ae, f., wild beast. 
 ferax, acis, ad]., fertile, productive. 
 fere, adv., nearly, almost. 
 fero, ferre, tuli, latus, bear, endure, 
 
 bring, carry. 
 fertilitas, atis, i., fertility. 
 ferus, a, um, adj., wild, fierce, barbarous, 
 
 rough. 
 fides, ei, t, faith, protection, care. 
 fido, ere, fisus sum, trust, rely upon. 
 fidus, a, um, a-d]., faithful. 
 filia, ae, f., daughter. 
 
258 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 filiolus, i, m., little son, child. 
 
 filius, i, m,, son. 
 
 finis, is, m., end, limit ; pi., territory, 
 country. 
 
 finitimus, a, um, adj., neighboring ; as 
 subst., finitimi, drum, m. pi., neigh- 
 bors. 
 
 fio, fieri, factus sum, become, be tnade. 
 
 flagito, are, avi, atus, demand. 
 
 fleo, ere, evi, etus, weep, cry. 
 
 fletus, us, m., weepijtg, tears. 
 
 fluctus, us., m., wave, billow. 
 
 flumen, inis, n., river, stream. 
 
 fons, fontis, m., fountain. 
 
 forma, ae, f.,/orm, shape, appearance. 
 
 formica, ae, f., ant. 
 
 forte, adv., by chance. 
 
 fortis, e, adj., brave, powerful, courage- 
 ous. 
 
 fortissimus, a, um, superl. of fortis, 
 very brave, bravest. 
 
 fortiter, adv., bravely, courageously. 
 
 fortiina, ae, t, fortune, luck, chance, fate. 
 
 fossa, ae, f., trench, ditch, fosse. 
 
 frater, tris, m., brother. 
 
 frigus, oris, n., cold. 
 
 fruges, um, t, pi., frtdts of the field, 
 produce of the fields. 
 
 friimen^tum, i, n., grain; pi., standing 
 grain. 
 
 fruor, i, friictus sum, w^. Abl., enjoy. 
 
 frustra, adv., in vain, to no purpose. 
 
 fuga, ae, t, flight. 
 
 fugio, ere, fugi, fugitus, flee, run away. 
 
 funditor, oris, m., slinger. 
 
 fungor, i, functus sum, perform. 
 
 furor, oris, m.,fury, madness. 
 
 Galba, ae, m., Galba. 
 
 Galli, drum, m. pi., the Gauls. 
 
 Gallia, ae, f., Gaul. 
 
 Gallicus, a, um, adj., of the Gauls, Gal- 
 lic. 
 
 gallina, ae, f., hen. 
 
 gaudeo, ere, gavisus sum, rejoice, take 
 pleasure. 
 
 gelus, us, m., cold, frost. 
 
 gener, eri, m., son-in-law. 
 
 gens, gentis, f., tribe, nation. 
 genus, eris, n., ki7id, class, race. 
 Germani, drum, m. pi., the Germans. 
 gero, ere, gessi, gestus, wage, carry on, 
 
 conduct, manage. 
 Gerydn, onis, m., Geryon, a mythical king 
 
 in Spain, 
 gigas, antis, m., giant. 
 gladius, i, m., sword. 
 gloria, ae, i., glory, fame. 
 grsiciUs, e, ad]., graceful. 
 Graecus, a, um, adj., Greek. 
 gratia, ae, f., favor, influence, kindness, 
 
 obligation ; gratias tibi ago, / thank 
 
 you. 
 gratulor, ari, atus sum, congratulate, 
 
 rejoice with. 
 gravis, e, adj., heavy, weighty, dignified, 
 
 serious. 
 graviter, adv., heavily, seriously, gravely. 
 grex, gregis, m.., flock, herd. 
 
 habeo, ere, ui, itus, have, hold, deliver, 
 
 utter, consider. 
 habitd, are, avi, atus, dtvell, abide, re- 
 main, inhabit. 
 haedus, i, m., kid. 
 Harudes, um, m. pi., the Harudes. 
 harundo, inis, f., reed, limed twigs. 
 hasta, ae, f., spear, lance. 
 Helios, i, m., Helios, the sun. 
 Helvetii, drum, m. pi., the Helvetii, a 
 
 people of Gaul, 
 herbidus, a, um, ad!)., grassy. 
 Hercules, is, m., Hercules. 
 Herculeae Columnae, f. pi,, the Pillars 
 
 of Hercules. 
 Herma, ae, m., Hermes, the messenger 
 
 god. 
 Hesperides, um, f. pi., the Hesperides, 
 
 daughters of Hesperus. 
 hibema, orum, n. pi., winter quarters. 
 hie, haec, hoc, dem. pron., this, he, the 
 
 latter. 
 hie, adv., here. 
 hiemd, are, avi, atus, winter, spend or 
 
 pass the winter. 
 hiems, mis, f., winter, winter time. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 259 
 
 hinc, adv., hence, thereupon. 
 
 Hippolyte, es, f., Hippolyte, an Ama- 
 zon. 
 
 Hispania, ae, /, Spain. 
 
 historia, ae, f., narrative, history. 
 
 hodie, adv., to-day. 
 
 homo, inis, m. and f., man, human being. 
 
 honor, 5ris, m., honor. 
 
 h5ra, ae, f., hour. 
 
 hortus, i, m., garden. 
 
 hospes, itis, m., stranger, host, guest, 
 guest friend. 
 
 hospitium, i, n., hospitality. 
 
 hostis, is, m. and f., stranger, enemy. 
 
 hue, adv., hither. 
 
 humilis, e, adj., humble. 
 
 hydra, ae, f., the Hydra, the water ser- 
 pent. 
 
 iacio, ere, ieci, iactus, throw, cast, hurl. 
 
 iam, adv., now, already, long since. 
 
 ibi, adv., there. 
 
 Iccius, i, m., Iccius. 
 
 idem, eadem, idem, dem. pron., the same. 
 
 identidem, adv., again and again, re- 
 peatedly. 
 
 idoneus, a, um, adj., suitable, adapted, 
 convenient. 
 
 igitur, adv., therefore. 
 
 ignis, is, m., fire. 
 
 ignosco, ere, novi, notus, pardon, for- 
 give, w. Dat. 
 
 ille, a, ud, dem. pron., that, he, that well 
 known, the former. 
 
 imber, bris, m., shower, rain. 
 
 immortalis, e, adj., immortal. 
 
 impedimentum, i, n., hindrance, impedi- 
 ment ; pi., baggage. 
 
 impedid, ire, ivi, itus, impede, hinder, 
 check, entangle. 
 
 imperator, oris, m., commander. 
 
 imperatum, i, n., command, order. 
 
 imperium, i, n., command, power, do- 
 minion. 
 
 impero, are, avi, atus, command, order. 
 
 impetus, us, m., attack, charge, assault, 
 force. 
 
 implied, are, avi, or ui, atus or itus, 
 entangle, entwine, enfold. 
 
 imploro, are, avi, atus, invoke, beseech, 
 
 implore. 
 impond, ere, posui, positus, place upon, 
 
 put upon, i7?tpose. 
 improbus, a, um, adj., wicked, shameless, 
 
 base. 
 in, prep. w. Ace. and Abl. : w. Ace, into, 
 
 upon, among ; w. Abl., in, on, over, 
 inanis, e, adj., empty, vain, useless. 
 incalesco, ere, calui, — , grow warm. 
 incendo, ere, cendi, census, set on fire, 
 
 kindle, burn. 
 incido, ere, cidi, casus, happen, fall upon. 
 incipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, begin. 
 incitd, are, avi, atus, urge on, incite, 
 
 arouse. 
 incola, ae, m., inhabitant, 
 incolo, ere, ui, — , dwell, inhabit. 
 incolumis, e, adj., uninjured, safe, un- 
 harmed. 
 incredibilis, e, adj., incredible. 
 incursio, onis, /., attack, invasion, hostile 
 
 inroad. 
 incuso, are, avi, atus, accuse, blame, find 
 
 fault with. 
 inde, adv., thence, then. 
 indignitas, atis, f., indignity, insulting 
 
 treatment. 
 indignus, a, um, adj., unworthy. 
 indoles, is, f., character, disposition. 
 ineo, ire, ivi or ii, itus, go in or into, 
 
 enter. 
 inermis, e, adj., unarmed, defenseless. 
 inferior, ius, comp. adj., lower. 
 inferd, ferre, tuli, inlatus, bring upon, 
 
 inflict, attack. 
 infimus, a, um, superl. adj., lowest. 
 influo, ere, fluxi, Huxus, flow into, 
 ingens, entis, adj., hitge, vast. 
 inhio, are, avi, atus, gape at, gaze at 
 
 eagerly, long for. 
 inicio, ere, ieci, iectus, hurl or throw 
 
 into, inspire. 
 inimicus, a, um, adj., unfriendly, hostile ; 
 
 as subst. , personal foe. 
 iniquus, a, um, adj., unjust, unfavorable. 
 initium, i, n,, beginning ; initium facio, 
 
 begin. 
 iniiiria, ae, f., injury, wrong, injustice. 
 innascor, i, natus sum, grow, spring up. 
 
26o 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 inopia, ae, f., want, lack, scarcity, 
 
 inquam, def. verb, I say ; inquit, ^^ says, 
 says he. 
 
 insequor, i, cutus sum, follow after, pur- 
 sue. 
 
 insidiae, arum, f. pi., snare, ambush, am- 
 buscade. 
 
 insolenter, adv., unusually, haughtily, 
 insolently. 
 
 instruo, ere, struxi, structus, draw up, 
 form, arrange. 
 
 insula, ae, f., island. 
 
 integer, gra, grum, adj., whole ; integris 
 viribus, with fresh strength. 
 
 intellego, ere, lexi, lectus, know, under- 
 stand, perceive. 
 
 inter, prep. w. Ace, among, between; 
 inter se, to one another. 
 
 intercede, ere, cessi, cessus, come be- 
 tween, be between, intervene. 
 
 intercludo, ere, clusi, clusus, cut off, 
 shut off, hitider, prevent. 
 
 interdiu, adv., by day. 
 
 interea, adv., in the meantime, mean- 
 while. 
 
 interficio, ere, feci, fectus, kill, destroy. 
 
 interior, ius, comp. adj., inner, interior 
 of 
 
 intemecio, onis, f., destruction, extermi- 
 nation, annihilation. 
 
 interrogo, are, avi, atus, ask. 
 
 interscindd, ere, scidi, scissus, cut or 
 break down, destroy. 
 
 intervallum, i, n., interval, distance. 
 
 intimus, a, um.superl. adj., inmost. 
 
 intra, prep. w. Ace, within, among. 
 
 intrdduco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead within 
 or into, introduce. 
 
 intus, adv., within. 
 
 invenio, ire, veni, ventus, cojne up.on, 
 find, find out. 
 
 invideo, ere, vidi, visus, envy, grudge. 
 
 invocd, are, avi, atus, call upon, invoke. 
 
 ipse, a, um, intensive pron., that or this 
 very ; self himself herself very. 
 
 iracundus, a, um, iSid}^.,^ irritable, pas- 
 sionate, angry. 
 
 irascor, i, atus sum, be angry. 
 
 iratus, a, um, adj., angered, enraged, 
 furious. 
 
 is, ea, id, dem. pron,, that or this person, 
 he, she, it. 
 
 iste, a, ud, dem. pron., this or that per- 
 son ; he, she, it, referring especially to 
 that which is near, or to the person 
 addressed. 
 
 ita, adv., thus, so ; yes, it is so, true. 
 
 Italia, ae, f., Italy. 
 
 itaque, conj., and so, therefore. 
 
 item, adv., likewise, again, also. 
 
 iter, itineris, n., Journey, road, right of 
 zvay, march ; ex itinere, on the march ; 
 iter facere, march. 
 
 iterum, adv., again, a second time. 
 
 iubeo, ere, iussi, iussus, order, bid, com- 
 mand. 
 
 iucundus, a, um, adj., pleasing, agree- 
 able, entertaining. 
 
 iudex.icis, m.. Judge. 
 
 iudic5, are, avi, aXns, Judge. 
 
 iugum, i, n.,yoke. 
 
 iumentum, i, n., beast of burden, draught 
 animal. 
 
 iunior, ius, comp. 2iA]., younger. 
 
 luppiter, lovis, m., Jupiter, the chief 
 god among the Romans. 
 
 lura, ae, m.. Jura, a chain of mountains 
 extending from the Rhine to the 
 Rhone. 
 
 ius, iuris, n., right. Justice, law. 
 
 iustitia, ae, i., Justice. 
 
 iustus, a, um, adj., Just, right, fair, 
 equitable. 
 
 iuvenis, is, n\., young man. 
 
 iuvo, are, iiivi, iutus, assist, help, aid. 
 
 L, abbreviation for Lucius. 
 
 Labienus, i, m., Labienus, one of Caesar's 
 
 lieutenants. 
 labor, oris, m., labor, work. 
 lacesso, ere, ivi or ii, itus, excite, attack, 
 
 harass, irritate. 
 lacus, us, m., lake. 
 laetus, a, um, a.d]., Joy fiil, glad. 
 lanio, are, avi, atus, tear or rend in 
 
 pieces, mangle. 
 lapis, idis, m., stone. 
 laqueus, i, m., noose, snare, trap. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 261 
 
 latitudo, inis, f., width, breadth. 
 
 latus, a, um, adj., wide, broad. 
 
 latus, eris, n., side,Jlank. 
 
 laudo, are, avi, dX\x%, praise. 
 
 laus, laudis, i., praise, glory. 
 
 Iav5, are, lavi, lautus or lotus, wash, 
 bathe ; pass,, bathe. 
 
 legatio, 5nis, f., embassy, legation. 
 
 legatus, i, m., lieutenant, ambassador. 
 
 legio, onis, f., legion, consisting of ten 
 cohorts, from 4000 to 6000 men, 
 
 lego, ere, legi, lectus, gather, collect, 
 read. 
 
 lenis, e, adj., smooth. 
 
 leniter, adv., smoothly, gently. 
 
 led, onis, m., lion. 
 
 Lemaeus, a, um, adj., Lernaean, ofLerna. 
 
 lex, legis, f., law, 
 
 libenter, adv., gladly, willingly. 
 
 liber, bri, m., book. 
 
 liber, era, erum, adj.,y^^^. 
 
 liberalitas, atis, f., kindness, generosity, 
 liberality. 
 
 liberi, drum, m. pi., children (of free- 
 born parents). 
 
 libero, are, avi, atus, free, deliver, lib- 
 erate. 
 
 libet, libuit, libitum est, impers. verb, 
 it pleases ; si tibi libet, if you please. 
 
 Libya, ae, f., Libya, Africa. 
 
 Lingones, um, m. pi., the Lingones. 
 
 lingua, ae, f., tongue, language. 
 
 linter, tris, f., boat. 
 
 Liscus, i, m., Liscus. 
 
 littera, ae, f., letter of the alphabet; pi., 
 letter, epistle. 
 
 locus, i, m.., place ; in pi. neut., loca, drum. 
 
 longus, a, um, adj., long. 
 
 loquor, i, cutus sum, speak, plead, talk. 
 
 liidifico, are, avi, atus, make sport of, 
 mock, delude. 
 
 ludo, ere, si, sus, play, sport, 7nake fun 
 of, ridicule. 
 
 lupus, i, m., wolf. 
 
 liix, lucis, f., light ; luce prima, at day- 
 break. 
 
 M 
 
 M., abbreviation for Marcus, 
 magis, comp. adv., more. 
 
 magister, tri, m., teacher, master. 
 magistratus, us, m., magistrate. 
 magnifice, adv., nobly, mag?tifcently. 
 magnitudd, inis, f., greatness, size, mag- 
 nitude. 
 magnus, a, um, adj., great, large ; ma- 
 
 gnis itineribus, by forced marches. 
 maior, ius, comp. of magnus, greater, 
 
 larger. 
 maiores, um, m. pi., ancestors. 
 male, adv., badly, ill, wickedly. 
 maledicd, ere, dixi, dictus, speak ill of 
 
 abuse, revile. 
 maleficium, i, n., evil deed, injury, wrong. 
 maid, malle, malui, — , prefer, wish 
 
 rather. 
 malum, i, n., apple. 
 malum, i, n., evil thing, misfortune, 
 
 calamity. 
 malus, a, um, adj., evil, wicked, bad, 
 
 injurious. 
 mandatum, i, n., injunction, command, 
 
 order. 
 mando, are, avi, atus, order, command, 
 
 cotnmit, intrust. 
 maneo, ere, mansi, sus, remain. 
 manipulus, i, m., company, maniple. 
 mansuefacio, ere, feci, factus, make 
 
 tame, tame. 
 manus, iis, f., hand, band. 
 mare, is, n., sea. 
 maritimus, a, um, ^d]., pertaining to the 
 
 sea, maritime. 
 Marius, i, m., C. Marius, the uncle of 
 
 Caesar, 
 massa, ae, f., mass, lump. 
 mater, tris, f., mother. 
 maturd, are, avi, atus, hasten, make 
 
 haste. 
 maturus, a, um, adj., ripe, fit, early. 
 maxime, superl. adv., especially. 
 maximus, a, um, superl. adj., greatest, 
 
 largest, very large. 
 medius, a, um, adj., middle ; medio colle, 
 
 on the middle of the hill. 
 melior, ius, comp. adj., better. 
 memoria, ae, f., memory. 
 mens, mentis, f., mind, soul. • 
 
 mensis, is, m., month. 
 mercator, oris* m., merchant. 
 
262 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 mereor, eri, itus sum, deserve. 
 
 meus, a, um, poss. pron., my, mine, 
 
 miles, itis, m., soldier. 
 
 militaris, e, z.d!)., pertaining to a soldier, 
 military. 
 
 mille, pi., milia, ium, n,, thousand, thou- 
 sands. 
 
 minime, superl. adv., not at all, by no 
 means, least. 
 
 minime vero, certainly not. 
 
 minitor, ari, atus sum, threaten. 
 
 minor, us, comp. adj., less,yo2mger. 
 
 Minos, ois, m., Minos, a king of Crete. 
 
 mirabilis, e, adj., -wonderful. 
 
 miror, ari, atus sum, wonder at, admire. 
 
 mirus, a, um, adj., wonderful, strange, 
 remarkable. 
 
 miser, era, erum, adj., wretched, un- 
 happy. 
 
 miserescd, ere, — , — , feel pity, have com- 
 passion for. 
 
 misericordia, ae, f., pity, compassion. 
 
 mitis, e, adj., mild, gentle, merciful. 
 
 mitto, ere, misi, missus, send, dismiss. 
 
 modo, adv., only. 
 
 modus, i, m., manner, end, limit. 
 
 moenia, ium, n. pi., xualls, walls of a city. 
 
 moneo, ere, ui, itus, warri, advise. 
 
 mons, montis, m., mountain. 
 
 mora, ae, f., delay. 
 
 mordeo, ere, momordi, morsus, bite, 
 sting. 
 
 morior, mori (moriri), mortuus sum, 
 die. 
 
 moror, an, atus sum, delay, remain, 
 hinder. 
 
 mors, mortis, f., death. 
 
 mortalis, e, adj., subject to death, mortal. 
 
 mortuus, a, um, adj., dead. 
 
 mos, moris, m., custom, manner; pi., 
 manners, character. 
 
 moved, ere, m5vi, motus, move, excite, 
 disturb. 
 
 mox, adv., soon. 
 
 mulier, eris, f., woman. 
 
 multitudd, inis, f., multitude, great 
 number. 
 
 mu^to, adv., much. 
 
 multuAi, adv., much. 
 
 multus, a, um, adj., much ; pi., many. 
 
 munimentum, i, n., defense, rampart, 
 
 protection. 
 munio, ire, ivi, itus, fortify, defend with 
 
 a wall, defend. 
 munus, eris, n., duty, present, work. 
 miirus, i, m., wall. 
 mtitd, are, avi, atus, change, alter. 
 
 N 
 
 nam, coy\\.,for. 
 
 nanciscor, i, nactus or nanctus sum, 
 get, obtain, find. 
 
 narro, are, avi, atus, tell, relate, narrate. 
 
 nascor, i, natus sum, be born, arise, 
 spring forth, 
 
 natio, onis, f., nation, race of people. 
 
 natiira, ae, f., nature, character, disposi- 
 tion. 
 
 nauta, ae, m., sailor. • 
 
 navicula, ae, f,, skiff, boat. 
 
 navigd, are, avi, atus, sail, set sail. 
 
 navis, is, f., ship, boat. 
 
 ne, conj., that not, that, lest ; with a par- 
 ticiple, y^fw. 
 
 -ne, enclit., used in asking questions. 
 
 ne . . . quidem, not . . . even. 
 
 nee, conj., see neque. 
 
 necesse, neut. adj., necessary, unavoid- 
 able. 
 
 necessitas, atis, f., necessity. 
 
 necessitudo, inis, f., necessity, alliance, 
 friendship. 
 
 negotium, i, n., business, occupation, 
 trouble, difficulty. 
 
 Nemea, ae, f., Nemea, a city in Argolis. 
 
 Nemeus, a, um, adj., Nemean. 
 
 nemo, Dat. nemini, m. and f., no one, 
 nobody. 
 
 neque or nee, conj., and not, nor. 
 
 neque . . . neque, neither . . . nor. 
 
 Nervii, drum, m. pi., the Nervii, a war- 
 like people of Ganl. 
 
 nescio, scire, scivi or ii, scitus, not to 
 know, be ignorant. 
 
 neuter, tra, trum, adj., neither. 
 
 nihil, indecl, nothing. 
 
 nisi, conj., unless, if not, except. 
 
 nix, nivis, f., snow. 
 
 nobilitas, atis, f., nobility, riobles. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 263 
 
 noctu, adv., by night. 
 
 nolo, nolle, ndlui, — , be unwilling, tiot to 
 wish. 
 
 nomen, inis, n., name. 
 
 non, adv., not. 
 
 nondum, adv., not yet. 
 
 nonne, adv., not? expecting an affirma- 
 tive answer. 
 
 nonus, a, um, ord. num., ninth. 
 
 nos, nostrum, pers. pron., we. 
 
 noster, tra, trum, adj., our, ours; nostri, 
 orum, m. pi., our men. 
 
 novem, card, num., nine. 
 
 Noviodunum, i, n., Noviodunum, a city 
 in Gaul. 
 
 novus, a, um, adj., new, young. 
 
 nox, noctis, f., night. 
 
 nudus, a, um, adj., bare, stripped, de- 
 prived of. 
 
 nuUus, a, um, adj., none, no, not any. 
 
 num, adv., in direct questions expects 
 the answer no, in indirect it is trans- 
 lated whether. 
 
 numerus, i, m., number. 
 
 nunc, adv., now. 
 
 nunquam (numquam) , adv., never. 
 
 nuntid, are, avi, atus, announce, report, 
 declare. 
 
 nuntius, i, m., messenger. 
 
 nuper, adv., recently. 
 
 ob, prep. w. Ace, on account of. 
 
 obses, idis, m. and f.,, hostage. 
 
 obsisto, ere, stiti, stitus, stand in the 
 way of, oppose, resist, w. Dat. 
 
 obtineo, ere, ui, tentus, hold, obtain, pos- 
 sess, occupy. 
 
 obviam, adv., in the way ; after verbs of 
 motion, to meet. 
 
 obvius, a, um, adj., in the way, to meet. 
 
 occasus, us, m., setting, falling. 
 
 occasus solis, sunset. 
 
 occido, ere, cidi, cisus, strike down, kill. 
 
 OCCUpatus, a, um, adj., busy. 
 
 occupo, are, avi, atus, seize, hold, occupy. 
 
 octavus, a, um, ord. num., eighth. 
 
 0Ct5, card, num., eight. 
 
 oculus, i, m., eye ; ex ocuHs, out of sight. 
 
 odi, isse, def. verb, hate. 
 
 offero, ferre, obtuli, oblatus, briftg before, 
 present, offer. 
 
 olim, 3.dw., formerly, once upon a time. 
 
 omnino, adv., altogether, wholly, at all. 
 
 omnis, e, adj., all, every. 
 
 onus, eris, n., burden, weight. 
 
 oppidum, i, n., town. 
 
 oppugno, are, avi, atus, storm, attack, 
 assault, besiege. 
 
 optimus, a, um, superl. adj., best. 
 
 opus, eris, n., work, labor. 
 
 oratio, onis, f., speech, oration, harangue. 
 
 orator, oris, m., orator, speaker. 
 
 ordo, inis, m., rank, row, order, arrange- 
 ment. 
 
 Orgetorix, igis, m., Orgetorix, leader of 
 the Helvetii. 
 
 orior, iri, ortus sum, arise, rise. 
 
 5rno, are, avi, atus, adorn, equip, furnish. 
 
 ostendo, ere, i, tus, show, display, exhibit. 
 
 otium, i, n., leisure, vacaiit time. 
 
 ovum, i, n., egg. 
 
 pabulum, i, xv., fodder, forage. 
 
 pac5, are, avi, atus, pacify, subdue. 
 
 paene, adv., almost, nearly. 
 
 pagus, i, m., district, canton. 
 
 palus, udis, f., swarnp, marsh. 
 
 pandd, ere, pandi, passus, spread out, 
 
 stretch, extend. 
 paratus, a, um, adj., ready, prepared. 
 parc5, ere, peperci, parsus, spare, w. 
 
 Dat. 
 pared, ere, ui, itus, obey, submit to, w. 
 
 Dat. 
 pario, ere, peperi, paritus and partus, 
 
 bring forth, bear ; ovum parere, lay 
 
 an egg. 
 paro, are, avi, atus, get ready, prepare, 
 
 procure. 
 pars, partis, f., part, direction. 
 parum, adv., too little, not enough. 
 parvus, a, um, adj., small, little. 
 pasc5, ere, pavi, pastus, feed, graze; 
 
 pass., /^^<^. 
 passus, us, m., pace, consisting of five 
 
 Roman feet. 
 
264 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 passus mille, thousand paces, a Roman 
 mile. 
 
 patefacio, ere, feci, factus, viake or lay 
 open, open. 
 
 pater, tris, xn., father. 
 
 patior, i, passus sum, allow, suffer, en- 
 dure. 
 
 patria, ae, f., native country , fatherland. 
 
 pauci, ae, a, pi. 2^.6]., few. 
 
 paulatim, adv., gradually. 
 
 pax, pacis, i., peace. 
 
 pecunia, ae, f., viowey. 
 
 pecus, oris, n., cattle, herd, flock. 
 
 pedes, itis, va., foot soldier. 
 
 pedester, tris, tre, adj., belonging to a 
 foot soldier, pedestrian. 
 
 pedestres copiae, infantry forces. 
 
 Pedius, i, m., Quintus Pedius. 
 
 peior, ius, comp. adj., worse. 
 
 pello, ere, pepuli, pulsus, beat, strike, 
 rout, drive. 
 
 penna, ae, i., feather, wing. 
 
 per, prep. w. Ace, through, by, during. 
 
 perago, ere, egi, dxX\\&, finish, complete, 
 accomplish. 
 
 percontatio, onis, f., questioning, inquiry. 
 
 perdo, ere, didi, ditus, lose, destroy. 
 
 perduco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead through, 
 lead, prolotig. 
 
 pereo, ire, ii, iturus, pass away, disap- 
 pear, perish. 
 
 perfero, ferre, tuli, latus, bring through, 
 endure, bring to an end. 
 
 perficio, ere, feci, fectus, accomplish, 
 finish, complete. 
 
 periculum, i, n., danger. 
 
 permitto, ere, misi, missus, give up, in- 
 trust, permit. 
 
 permoveo, ere, movi, motus, alarm, 
 move thoroughly , excite. 
 
 perspicio, ere, spexi, spectus, see 
 through, perceive. 
 
 persuaded, ere, suasi, suasus, persuade, 
 w, Dat. 
 
 perterreo, ere, ui, itus, terrify thoroughly, 
 frighten. 
 
 pertineo, ere, ui, tentus, extend, pertain 
 to, belong to. 
 
 perturbo, are, avi, atus, throw into con- 
 fusion, disturb. 
 
 pervenio, ire, veni, ventus, come to, 
 
 arrive at, reach. 
 pes, -pedis, m.,foot. 
 psssimus, a, um, super), adj., worst. 
 peto ere, ivi or ii, itus, seek, beg, entreat, 
 
 attack. 
 phalanx, angis, f., phalanx, battalion. 
 pharetra, ae, f., quiver. 
 Phamaces, is, m., Phamaces, a king of 
 
 Pontus. 
 Pharsalus, i, f., Pharsalus, a city in 
 
 Thessaly, near which Caesar defeated 
 
 Pompey. 
 pilum, i, xi., javelin. 
 pirata, ae, m., pirate. 
 placeo, ere, ui, itus, please; si tibi 
 
 placet, if you please. 
 plac5, are, avi, atus, appease, pacify, 
 
 soothe. 
 planities, ei, f., plain. 
 plebs, ebis, f., the common people. 
 plerique, aeque, aque, adj. pi., very 
 
 many, most, the most. 
 plerumque, adv., generally, for the most 
 
 part. 
 plurimus. a, um, superl. adj., very many, 
 
 most, very much. 
 pliis, pluris, adj. comp., more. 
 Plutarchus, i, m., Plutarch. 
 poema, atis, x\.,poem. 
 polliceor, eri, itus sum, promise. 
 pono, ere, posui, positus, place, put, 
 
 pitch, set, establish. 
 pons, pontis, m., bridge. 
 pontifex, icis, m., Roman high priest, 
 
 chief priest, pontifex. 
 populor, ari, atus sum, lay waste, rav- 
 age, devastate. 
 populus, i, m.., people. 
 porta, ae, i.,gats, door. 
 porto, are, avi, atus, carry, bear. 
 posco, ere, poposci, — , demand. 
 Poseidon, onis, m., Poseidon, god of the 
 
 sea. 
 possum, posse, potui, — , be able, can. ' 
 post, prep. w. Ace, after, behind. 
 postea, adv., afterwards. 
 posterior, ius, comp. adj., latter, later. 
 postquam, conj., after. | 
 
 postremus, a, um, superl. adj., last. 
 
LATIN 
 
 . \is n « rr y 
 ^ o«- THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 BULARY 
 
 265 
 
 postridie, adv., on the day after. 
 
 postulatum, i, n., demand, request. 
 
 postulo, are, avi, atus, demand; request. 
 
 potens, entis, a.d']., powerful. 
 
 potestas, atis, i., power, authority. 
 
 potior, iri, itus sum, become master of, 
 get control of, w. Abl. 
 
 potius, adv., rather, more. 
 
 prae, prep. w. Abl., in front of, be- 
 fore. 
 
 praebeo, ere, ui, \t\x^, furnish, offer, show, 
 present. 
 
 pr^eceps, ipitis, adj., headlong. 
 
 praeceptor, 5ris, m., teacher, instructor. 
 
 praeclarus, a, um, adj., celebrated, 
 famous. 
 
 praedico, are, avi, atus, assert, declare. 
 
 praeficio, ere, feci, fectus, place in com- 
 mand of. 
 
 praemitto, ere, misi, missus, send for- 
 ward or ahead. 
 
 praemium, i, n., reivard. 
 
 praepono, ere, posui, positus, place 
 before, prefer. 
 
 praesens, entis, present; suo exercitu 
 praesente, in the presence of his own 
 army. 
 
 praesidium, i, n., defense, guard, garri- 
 son. 
 
 praesto, are, stiti, stitus, stand out, be 
 superior, excel. 
 
 praesum, esse, f ui, — , be at the head of 
 be over, w. Dat. 
 
 praeter, prep. w. Ace, before, in front of, 
 beyond. 
 
 praetereo, ire, ii, itus, pass by. 
 
 pratum, i, n., meadow. 
 
 primo, adv.,7f/-j-/, at first. 
 
 primum, Tl^m., first, at first. 
 
 primus, a, um, z.6.]., first. 
 
 princeps, ipis, m., chief, leading man. 
 
 principatus, iis, m., chief place, leader- 
 ship. 
 
 prior, ius, comp, SiA]., former , previous. 
 
 pristinus, a, um, aA]., former. 
 
 priusquam, conj., before. 
 
 privatus, a, um, Sid]., private. 
 
 privo, are, avi, atus, deprive, rob. 
 
 pro, prep. w. Abl., in front of before, in 
 behalf of, for, instead of. 
 
 procedo, ere, cessi, cessus, go forward, 
 advance, proceed. 
 
 Procillus, i, m., Procillus. 
 
 prodiic5, ere, duxi, ductus, lead forth or 
 forward, bring forward. 
 
 proelium, i, n., battle ; proelium com- 
 mittere, to join or engage in battle. 
 
 profectio, onis, f., setting out, departure. 
 
 proficiscor, i, fectus sum, set out, ad- 
 vance, depart, march. 
 
 prohibeo, ere, ui, itus, restrain, hinder, 
 prevent, keep from, prohibit. 
 
 proicio, ere, ieci, iectus, throw down, 
 throw, fiing forward. 
 
 promittd, ere, misi, missus, send forth 
 ox forward, promise. 
 
 promoved, ere, movi, motus, move for- 
 ward, push forward, tnove. 
 
 prope, adv., near, nearly. 
 
 properd, are, avi, atus, hasten. 
 
 propior, ius, comp. of prope, nearer. 
 
 proprius, a, um, adj., one's own, peculiar, 
 personal. 
 
 propter, prep. w. Ace, because of, on 
 account of. 
 
 prosum, prodesse, fui, futurus, be of use, 
 benefit, profit. 
 
 proturbo, are, avi, atus, drive forth, re- 
 pulse. 
 
 provincia, ae, {., province. 
 
 provolo, are, avi, atus, fly forth, hasten 
 forth, rush out. 
 
 proxime, superl. adv., very near, most 
 recently, last. 
 
 proximus, a, um, superl. adj., very near, 
 nearest, last. 
 
 priidens, entis, 2id]., prudent. 
 
 prudenter, adv., prudently, wisely. 
 
 prudentia, ae, f., prudence, discretion. 
 
 puella, ae, i.,girl. 
 
 puer, eri, m., boy ; pi., children. 
 
 pugna, ae, f., battle, fight. 
 
 pugno, are, avi, a.tvis, fight; pugnatum 
 est, they fotcght. 
 
 pulcher, chra, chrum, adj., beautiful. 
 
 pulchre, adv., beautifully. 
 
 pulvinus, i, m., cushion, pillow. 
 
 punctUS, us, m., prick, sting. 
 
 puto, are, avi, atus, think, suppose, 
 reckon, consider. 
 
266 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 Q., abbreviation for Quintus. 
 
 qua de causa, prep, phr., for which 
 
 reason, wherefore, why. 
 quaero, ere, quaesivi or ii, itus, ask^ 
 
 seek, inquire. 
 quaestor, oris, m., quaestor, treasurer. 
 quam, adv., how, as much as, as, than. 
 quam minimum, as small as possible. 
 quamquam, conj., although, and yet. 
 quando, adv., at what time, when. 
 quantus, a, um, adj., how great. 
 quare, adv., by what means, wherefore, 
 
 why. 
 quartus, a, um, ord. num., fourth. 
 quattuor, card. n\xva..,four. 
 -que, a particle affixed to the word it 
 
 annexes, and. 
 qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., who, which, 
 
 what, that. 
 quia, conj., because. 
 quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque, 
 
 whoever, whichever, whatever. 
 quid, inter., why, how. 
 quidam, quaedam, quoddam, a certain, 
 
 certain one, some. 
 quidem, adv., indeed, even. 
 quin, conj., that not, btit that, lest ; with 
 
 a participle, from. 
 quindecim, card, num., fifteen. 
 quingenti, ae, a, card. n\xm.,five hundred. 
 quinquaginta, card. nnm.,fifiy. 
 quinque, card, num., five. 
 quintus, a, um, ord. num., fifth. 
 quis, quae, quid, inter, pron., who? 
 
 which 9 what? as indef. pron. after si, 
 
 ne, num, any one, anything. 
 quisquam, quaequam, quicquam or 
 
 quidquam, indef. pron., any one, any- 
 body, anything. 
 quisque, quaeque, quodque or quidque, 
 
 indef. pron., each, every, each one, 
 
 everybody, everything, 
 qu5, adv., whither, where. 
 quod, conj., because. 
 quo modo, adv., z« what manner, how. 
 quondam, adv., once, at one time, for- 
 merly. 
 quoque, adv., also, too (placed after the 
 
 emphatic word). 
 
 ratio, onis, f., reason, method, plan, man- 
 ner. 
 
 recede, ere, cessi, cessus, go back, with- 
 draw, retire, recede. 
 
 recens, entis, TiLd]., fresh, recent. 
 
 recipero, are, avi, atus, regain, recover. 
 
 recipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, take back, re- 
 cover ; se recipere, betake themselves, 
 retire, retreat. 
 
 recito, are, avi, atus, read out or aloud, 
 recite. 
 
 recuse, are, avi, atus, refuse, decline. 
 
 reddo, ere, didi, ditus, give back, return, 
 restore, surrender. 
 
 redemptio, onis, f., release, ransoming. 
 
 redeo, ire, ivi or ii, itus, go back, re- 
 turn. 
 
 redigo, ere, egi, actus, lead back, render, 
 reduce. 
 
 redimo, ere, emi, emptus, buy off, re- 
 lease, ransom. 
 
 reducd, ere, duxi, ductus, lead back. 
 
 refero, ferre, rettuli, relatus, bear or 
 bring back, report, atinounce. 
 
 refringo, ere, fregi, fractus, break open, 
 break in pieces. 
 
 regina, ae, f., queen. 
 
 regno, are, avi, atus, rule, be king. 
 
 regnum, i, n., royal poicer, throne. 
 
 rego, ere, rexi, rectus, ride, guide, direct, 
 govern. 
 
 relanguescd, ere, langui, — , grow lan- 
 guid or faint, become weary. 
 
 relinquo, ere, liqui, iictus, leave; pass., 
 re7nam. 
 
 reliquus, a, um, adj., remaining: reliqui, 
 drum, m. pi., the rest. 
 
 remex, igis, m., rower, oarsman. 
 
 Remi, drum, m. pi., the Renii, a people 
 of Gaul. 
 
 Remus, i, m., Remus, brother of Romu- 
 lus. 
 
 remus, i, m., oar. 
 
 renovo, are, avi, atus, renew. 
 
 repello, ere, reppuli, repulsus, drive 
 back, repulse. 
 
 repentinus, a, um, adj., sudden. 
 
 reperio, ire, repperi, repertus, find out, 
 find, discover, ascertain. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 267 
 
 repono, ere, posui, positus, gather up, 
 lay aside, store up. 
 
 reprehendo, ere, :, hensus, <5/aw^, cen- 
 sure, fittd fault with. 
 
 res, rei, f., thing, matter, affair, fact, 
 event, circumstance. 
 
 res frumentaria, i., grain supplies ; res 
 militaris, f., military affairs. 
 
 resisto, ere, stiti, — , resist, oppose. 
 
 responded, ere, spondi, sponsus, reply, 
 respond, answer. 
 
 responsum, i, n., reply, response. 
 
 restitud, ere, ui, utus, restore, rebuild, 
 give back. 
 
 rete, is, n., net. 
 
 retineo, ere, ui, tentus, hold back, re- 
 strain, retain. 
 
 revello ere, i, \vi\s\xs, pluck or tear away, 
 pull out or away. 
 
 reverto, ere, i, versus, turn back, come 
 back, return. 
 
 reverter, i, versus sum, turn back, re- 
 turn. 
 
 revoco, are, avi, atus, call back, recall. 
 
 rex, regis, m., king. 
 
 Rhenus, i, m., the Rhine, the dividing 
 river between Gaul and Germany, 
 
 Rhodanus, i, m., the Rhone. 
 
 rigeo, ere, ui, — , becotne stiff, be stiff or 
 numb. 
 
 ripa, ae, f., bank, river bank. 
 
 rixa, ae, f., quarrel, dispute, strife. 
 
 rogo, are, avi, atus, ask, question. 
 
 Roma, ae, f., Rome. 
 
 Romanus, a, um, Roman. 
 
 Romulus, i, m., Romulus, founder of 
 Rome. 
 
 rostrum, i, n., beak. 
 
 riimor, oris, m., rumor, report. 
 
 rupes, is, f., rock, cliff. 
 
 rursus, adv., again. 
 
 rixs, ruris, n., country (opposed to the 
 city). 
 
 S 
 
 Sabis, is, m., the Sambre, a river in 
 
 Gaul. 
 sacer, era, crum, adj., sacred. 
 sacrifico, are, avi, atus, sacrifice. 
 saepe, adv., often. 
 
 saepes, is,f., hedge. 
 
 sagitta, ae, f., arrow. 
 
 Sagittarius, i, m., archer, bowman. 
 
 salus, utis, f., safety. 
 
 sane, adv., by all means, truly, of course, 
 certainly. 
 
 sanguis, inis, m., blood. 
 
 sapiens, entis, adj., wise. 
 
 sarcina, ae, f., bundle ; ^^X., personal bag- 
 gage. 
 
 satis, adj. and adv., enough, sufficiently. 
 
 saxum, i, n., rock. 
 
 scientia, ae, f., knowledge, skill, science. 
 
 scilicet, adv., of course, certainly. 
 
 scio, ire, ivi, itus, k?tow, understand. 
 
 scribd, ere, scripsi, scriptus, write. 
 
 scriptor, oris, m., zuriter, author. 
 
 sciitum, i, n., shield. 
 
 Se, see SUi. 
 
 sectio, onis, f., booty, spoils. 
 
 secundum, prep. w. Ace, down, along. 
 
 secundus, a, um, adj., second, favorable. 
 
 sed, conj., but. 
 
 sedecim, card, num., sixteen. 
 
 sedes, is, f., seat, abode, dwelling place. 
 
 semper, adv., always. 
 
 senatus, iis, m., senate. 
 
 senex, senis, adj., old, aged; subst., ^7/^5? 
 man. 
 
 senior, ius, comp. adj., older. 
 
 sentio ire, sensi, sensus, feel, know. 
 
 Septimus, a, um, ord. num., seventh. 
 
 Sequani, drum, m. pi., the Sequani. 
 
 sequor, i, ciitus snm, follow, pursue. 
 
 serpens, entis, f. or m., serpent, snake. 
 
 servitiis, utis, f., slaveiy, servitude. 
 
 servo, are, avi, atus, keep, preserve, save. 
 
 sescenti, ae, a, card, num., six hundred. 
 
 sex, card, num., six. 
 
 sexaginta, card, num., sixty. 
 
 si, conj., if 
 
 sic, adv., thus, so. 
 
 signifer, eri, m., standard bearer. 
 
 significatio, onis, f., sign, warning, signal. 
 
 signum, i, n., standard. 
 
 silva, ae, f., wood, woods, forest, 
 
 similis, e, adj., like, similar. 
 
 simul ac, conj., as soon as. 
 
 simulo, are, avi, atns, pretend. 
 
 sine, prep. w. Ab!., without. 
 
268 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 Singularis, e, adj., singular, extraordi- 
 nary, remarkable. 
 
 singuli, ae, a, num. distributive adj., 
 single, separate. 
 
 sinister, tra, trum, adj., left. 
 
 sistrum, i, n., tnetallic rattle. 
 
 sitid, ire, ivi, or ii, — , thirst, be thirsty. 
 
 situs, us, m., situation, location. 
 
 socer, eri, m., father-in-law. 
 
 socius, i, m., ally. 
 
 sol, solis, m., sun. 
 
 soleo, ere, itus sum, be wont, be accus- 
 tomed, use. 
 
 solus, a, urn, adj., alone, only. 
 
 solvo, ere, i, lutus, release, pay. 
 
 soror, 5ris, f., sister. 
 
 spatium, i, n., space, distance, time. 
 
 species, ei, f., appearance, sight. 
 
 specto, are, avi, atus, look, face, be 
 situated, lie. 
 
 speculator, oris, m., spy. 
 
 spes, spei, f., hope. 
 
 spiritus, lis, m., spirit, prid^, insolence. 
 
 sponte, Abl., of one's accord, voluntarily. 
 
 stabulum, i, n., stall, stable. 
 
 Statim, adv., suddenly, immediately , at 
 once. 
 
 statuo, ere, ui, iitus, set up, set, establish, 
 decide, determine. 
 
 sterilis, e, adj., unfruitful, barren. 
 
 stipendiarius, a, um. adj., tributary; 
 pi. subst., stipendiarii, orum, tribu- 
 taries. 
 
 sto, are, steti, status, stand. 
 
 strages, is, f., overthrow, confusion, 
 slaughter. 
 
 strepitus, us, m., noise, din, roar. 
 
 studeo, ere, ui, — , desire, pay attention 
 to, w. Dat. 
 
 Studium, i, n., desire, zeal. 
 
 Stymphalius, a, um, adj., Stymphalian. 
 
 Stymphalus, i, m., Stymphalus, a district 
 in Arcadia. 
 
 sub, prep. w. Ace. and Abl., under ; sub 
 monte, at the foot of the mountain. 
 
 subito, adv., suddenly. 
 
 subitus, a, um, adj., sudden. 
 
 sublevo, are, avi, atus, lift up. 
 
 submergo, ere, mersi, mersus, drown, 
 sink, submerge, overwheltn. 
 
 subsidium, i, n., help, assistance, re- 
 lief. 
 
 subsilio, ire, ui, — , leap up. 
 
 Suessiones, um, m. pi., the Suessiones. 
 
 sui, sibi, se, se, reflex pron., of himself, 
 herself, itself, themselves ; inter se, to 
 one another. 
 
 sum, esse, fui, futiirus, be. 
 
 summa, ae, f., leadership. 
 
 summus, a, um, superl. adj., highest, top 
 of, greatest, utmost. 
 
 super, prep. w. Ace. and Abl., over, 
 above, upon, on the top of. 
 
 superbus, a, um, adj., haughty, proud. 
 
 superior, ius, comp. ^.d.]., former, higher, 
 upper. 
 
 supero, are, avi, atus, overcome, con- 
 quer, sufpass, pass over, ascend. 
 
 superseded, ere, sedi, sessus, refrain 
 from, postpone, w. Abl. 
 
 supersum, esse, fui, futiirus, be over, 
 remain, survive. 
 
 suppeto, ere, ivi or ii, iturus, be at 
 hand. 
 
 supples, icis, m. and f., suppliant. 
 
 supplicatio, onis, f., supplication, prayer, 
 entreaty, thanksgiving. 
 
 supremus, a, um, see summus. 
 
 suspicor, ari, atus sum, suspect. 
 
 sustined, ere, ui, tentus, sustain, en- 
 dure, hold out. 
 
 suus, a, um, poss. pron., his, hers, its, 
 her, their, theirs, his own, etc. 
 
 T., abbreviation for Titus, 
 talentum, i, n., talent, about $1200. 
 talis, e, adj., such a. 
 tam, adv., so. 
 
 tamen, conj., yet, nevertheless. 
 tandem, adv., at last, at length, finally. 
 tantulus, a, um, adj., so small, so little. 
 tantus, a, um, adj., so great. 
 Tarquinius, i, m., Tarquin, the last king 
 
 of Rome. 
 Tartara, orum, n. pi., Tartarus, the 
 
 lower world. 
 tectum, i, n., roof house. 
 telum, i, n., missile, dart, weapon. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 269 
 
 tempestas, atis, f., storm, tempest, 
 weather. 
 
 templum, i, n., temple. 
 
 tempus, oris, n., tirne. 
 
 teneo, ere, ui, tus, hold, keep, possess. 
 
 tener, era, erum, adj., tender, young. 
 
 terra, ae, f., land. 
 
 terred, ere, ui, itus, terrify, frighten, 
 
 tertius, a, um, card, num., third. 
 
 testis, is, m. and f., witness. 
 
 testudo, inis, f., shed, shelter, tortoise- 
 shaped covering. 
 
 Tiberis, is, m., the river Tiber. 
 
 Tigurinus, i, m., Tigurinus, a district in 
 Helvetia. 
 
 timed, ere, ui, — , fear, be afraid of. - 
 
 timidus, a, um, adj., timid, fearful. 
 
 timor, oris, m.,y^ar. 
 
 tingo, ere, nxi, nctus, wet, bathe, dye. 
 
 Tiryns, ynthis or ynthos, f., Tiryns, an 
 ancient town of Argolis. 
 
 tollo, ere, sustuli, sublatus, lift up, re- 
 move, break off; in crucem toUere, 
 crucify. 
 
 tormentum, i, n., an engine for hurling 
 missiles. 
 
 tot, indec. adj., so many. 
 
 totus, a, um, adj., whole, entire. 
 
 trado, ere, didi, ditus, give up, surrender. 
 
 traduco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead across. 
 
 traho, ere, traxi, tractus, draw, drag. 
 
 trans, prep. w. Ace, across, over, beyond. 
 
 transeo, ire, ivi or ii, itus, go across, 
 cross. 
 
 transgredior, i, gressus sum, go over, 
 cross. 
 
 transporto, are, avi, atus, carry across 
 or over, transport. 
 
 tres, tria, card, num., three. " 
 
 Treveri, drum, m. pi., the Treveri. 
 
 tribiinus, i, m., tribune. 
 
 triceps, ipitis, adj., three-headed. 
 
 triduum, i, n., space of three days, three 
 days. 
 
 triginta, card, num., thirty. 
 
 triplex, icis, adj., threefold, triple. 
 
 tristis, e, adj., sad. 
 
 trucido, are, avi, atus, slay, kill. 
 
 tu, tui, pers. pron., thou, you. 
 
 tuba, ae, f., trumpet. 
 
 tum, adv., then, at that time. 
 
 tumultus, lis, m., tumult, uprising, con- 
 fusion, 
 
 tumulus, i, m., mound, hill. 
 
 turpitudd, inis, f., disgrace, shame. 
 
 turris, is, f., tower. 
 
 tiitus, a, um, adj., safe. 
 
 tuus, a, um, poss. pron., thy, thine, your, 
 yours. 
 
 U 
 
 ubi, conj., where, when. 
 uUus, a, um, adj., any, 
 ulterior, ius, comp. ^.di]., farther . 
 ultimus, a, um, sup. adj., last, farthest, 
 
 most remote. 
 ultra, prep. w. Ace, on the other side, 
 
 beyond. 
 umerus, i, m., shoulder, 
 unde, adv., from which place, whence, 
 undecim, card, num., eleven, 
 universus, a, um, adj., all together, whole, 
 
 entire. 
 unquam, adv., ever, at any time. 
 unus, a, um, card, num., one, 
 urbs, urbis, f., city. 
 
 urged, ire, ursi, — , urge, press hard, beset. 
 usque, adv., even, as far as, all the way to, 
 iisus, us, m,, experience, use. 
 Ut, conj., that, in order that, so that; 
 
 after verbs of fearing, that not ; w. Ind., 
 
 as, when; with the Infinitive, to. 
 uter, tra, trum, adj., which of two. 
 uterque, traque, trumque, adj., each, 
 
 either, each one, both, 
 utinam, adv., I wish that! would that! 
 utor, i, USUS sum, use, enjoy, ernploy, w. 
 
 Abl. 
 utrimque, adv., on both sides, 
 liva, ae, f., grape, bunch of grapes, 
 uxor, oris, f., wife. 
 
 vadum, i, n., ford. 
 
 vale5, ere, ui, iturus, be well, be strong, 
 
 avail; vdXh, farewell, 
 Valerius, i, m., Lucius Valerius, 
 valles, is, f., valley. 
 vallum, i, n., wall, rampart. 
 
2/0 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 varius, a, um, adj., various, different. 
 
 vasto, are, avi, atus, lay waste, devastate. 
 
 vastus, a, um, adj., vast. 
 
 vectigal, alls, n., tax, revenue, tribute. 
 
 vehementer, adv., eagerly, violently, jehe- 
 mently. 
 
 vehd, ere, vexi, vectus, carry, bear; 
 pass,, be carried, ride. 
 
 vendo, ere, didi, ditus, sell. 
 
 venenatus, a, um, adj., poisoned, poison- 
 ous. 
 
 venio, ire, veni, ventus, come. 
 
 venter, tris, m., belly. 
 
 ventus, i, m., wind. 
 
 Verbigenus, i, m., Verbigenus. 
 
 verbum, i, n., word, saying. 
 
 vereor, eri, itus %nm.,fear, be afraid. 
 
 vergo, ere, — , — , turn, be situated, slope. 
 
 vero, adv., post-posit., m truth, surely, 
 certainly, yes, but, though. 
 
 versor, ari, atus sum, be busy, be. 
 
 versus, us, m., verse. 
 
 vertex, icis, m., top, summit. 
 
 vescor, i, — , — , take food, eat, feed upon. 
 
 Vesontid, onis, m., Vesontio, a city in 
 Gaul. 
 
 vesper, eri, m., evening ; sub vesperum, 
 towards evening. 
 
 vester, tra, trum, poss. ^xon., your, yours. 
 
 vestis, is, f., clothing, clothes, garment. 
 
 vexillum, i, n., banner, flag. 
 
 via, ae, f., road, way. 
 
 vice, Abl. of vicis, instead of in the place 
 
 of. 
 victor, oris, m., victor, conqueror. 
 victdria, ae, f., victory. 
 vicus, i, m., village. 
 video, ere, vidi, visus, see ; pass., be seen, 
 
 seejn. 
 
 vigilia, ae, f., watch of the night (fourth 
 part of the night). - 
 
 viginti, card, num., twenty. 
 
 vincio, ire, vinxi, vinctus, bind. 
 
 vinc5, ere, vici, victus, conquer, over- 
 come. 
 
 vinea, ae, f., shed (for protecting be- 
 siegers). 
 
 vinum, i, n., wine. 
 
 vir, viri, m., man. 
 
 virgo, inis, f., virgin, maid. 
 
 virgula, ae, f., little twig. 
 
 virtus, utis, f., manhood, bravery, cour- 
 age, valor, virtue. 
 
 vis (vis), f., strength, force ; pi., vires, 
 ium, strength. 
 
 vita, ae, f., life. 
 
 vitis, is, f., vine. 
 
 vivo, ere, vixi, victus, live. 
 
 vivus, a, um, adj., living, alive. 
 
 voc5, are, avi, atus, call, summon. 
 
 volo, are, avi, atus./y. 
 
 volo, velle, volui, — , wish, be willing. 
 
 voluntas, atis, f., wish, desire. 
 
 voluptas, atis, i., pleasure, enjoyment. 
 
 vos, vestrura, pi. of tu, you. 
 
 vox, VOCis, f., voice, word. 
 
 vulgus, i, n., crowd, common people. 
 
 vulnero, are, avi, atus, wound. 
 
 vulnus, eris, n., wound. 
 
 vulpes, is, i.,fox. 
 
 X, abbreviation for ten. 
 
 Zela, ae, f., Zela. 
 zona, ae, f., belt, girdle. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 
 
 Verbs followed by the figures i, 2, 4, have their principal parts formed regularly 
 like those of the First, Second, and Fourth Conjugations, respectively, as given in 
 the paradigms. Irregular verbs, verbs of the Third Conjugation, and those of the 
 other three which have any irregularities, have their principal parts given. Where 
 a simple verb and one or more of its compounds occur under one heading, the 
 parts of the first only are given, unless a change takes place in composition. The 
 figures in parentheses refer to section numbers in the main part of the book or in 
 the appendix. For abbreviations, see general table on page 250. 
 
 abandon, relinquo, ere, llqui, I'lctus. 
 
 able, he, possum, posse, potui (619). 
 
 abode, sedes, ts, f. 
 
 about, de, w. Abl. ; circum, w. Ace; cir- 
 citer, adv. ; about to, see first peri- 
 phrastic conjugation (534 seq.). 
 
 accept, accipib, ere, cepl, ceptus. 
 
 accomplish, cdnficid, ere, feci, fectus. 
 
 accord, of his own, sua sponte, Abl. 
 
 account of, on, propter, w. Ace. ; Abl. of 
 cause. 
 
 accuse, incusb, i. 
 
 accustomed, be, consuesco, ere, suevi, 
 suetus ; soled, ere, itus sum. 
 
 across, trans, w. Ace. 
 
 act, ago, ere, egi, actus. 
 
 Aduatuci, Aduatuci, drum, m, pi. 
 
 advance, procedo, ere, cessl, cessus ; prb- 
 gredlor, i, gressus sum. 
 
 advise, moneo, 2. 
 
 Aeduans, (Aedui), Aedul, drum, m. pi. 
 
 after, post, w. Ace; postquam, conj, 
 
 again, iterum. 
 
 against, in or contra, w. Ace. ; Dat. after 
 infero, bring against. 
 
 age, aetas, atis, f, 
 
 aid, auxilium, i, n. 
 
 alacrity, alacntas, atis, f. 
 
 alarm, commoved, ere, movi, motus. 
 
 all, oynnis, e ; totus, a, urn (593), at all, 
 omhino. 
 
 2 
 
 Allobroges, Allobroges, um, m. pi. 
 
 ally, socius, i, m. 
 
 almost, paene, prope. 
 
 along, per, w. Ace. ; secundum, w. Ace. 
 
 Alps, Alpes, turn, f. pi. 
 
 also, quoque, following emphatic word ; 
 etiatn. 
 
 although, cum, w. Subj. ; Abl. abs. 
 
 always, semper. 
 
 am, sum, esse,fut,futurus (615 seq.). 
 
 ambassador, legatus, i, m. 
 
 ambush, insidae, arum, f. pi. 
 
 among, 7«, w. Abl.; apudox inter, vf. Ace. 
 
 ancestors, mdiores, um, m. pi. 
 
 anchor, ancora, ae, f. 
 
 and, et, -que, atque. 
 
 and so, itaque. 
 
 angry, iratus, a, um ; angry, be, Irdscor, 
 i, iratus sum, 
 
 animal, animal, dlis, n. 
 
 announce, nuntid, i ; praedicd, i. 
 
 annoy, lacessd, ere, Ivi, itus. 
 
 another, alius, a, ud (593) ; to one anoth- 
 er, inter se; of another, alienus, a, um. 
 
 answer, respdnsum, i, n. 
 
 axit, formica, ae, f. 
 
 any (person or thing), ullus, a, um (693), 
 aliquis, qua, quid {quod) (602), quis- 
 quam, quidquam. 
 
 appear, exsistd, ere, stiti, stilus. 
 
 approach, appropinquo, i ; aded, ire, it, 
 itus. 
 
 Aquitania, Aquitdnia, ae, f. 
 
2/2 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 Aquitanians,(Aquitani), Aquitani, drum, 
 
 m. pi. 
 Arar, Arar, arts, m. 
 Arcadia, Arcadia, ae, f. 
 archer, Sagittarius, i, m. 
 Ariovistus, Ariovistus, i. 
 arise, orior, Irl, ortus sum (314 seq.). 
 arm, armb, i ; armed men, artnati, drum, 
 
 m. pi. 
 armor bearer, armiger, erl, m. 
 arms, artna, drum, n. pi. 
 army, exercitus, us, m. 
 around, circum, w. Ace. 
 arrival, adventus, us, m. 
 arrive, pervenid. Ire, vent, ventus. 
 arrogance, adrogantia, ae, f, 
 arrow, sagitta, ae, f. 
 as, ut ; as soon as, simul ac or atque, 
 
 cum primum. 
 assault, oppugnd, i ; take by assault, 
 
 expugnd, i. 
 assemble, convocd, i ; convenid, 4. 
 assign, impdnd, ere, posui, positus. 
 assist, iuvd, are, luvl, iutus ; adsum^ 
 
 esse, fui,futurus (615 seq.), w. Dat. 
 at, ad, w. Ace. ; sub, w. Ace. ; in, w. Ace. 
 Athens, Ath'enae, arum, f. pi. 
 attack, impetus, «j, m. ; make an attack, 
 
 impetum /acid, ere, feet, /actus. 
 attack, oppugno, i. 
 attempt, cdnatus, us, m. 
 authority, auctdritas, atis, f. 
 await, exspectd, i. 
 Axona, Axona, ae, m, 
 
 B 
 
 baggage, impedimenta, drum, n. pi. 
 
 bank (of river) , r'lpa, ae, f, 
 
 barbarous, barbarus, a, um. 
 
 barren, sterilis, e. 
 
 battle, proetium, i, n.; pugna, ae, f. 
 
 be, sum, esse, /ut, /uturus (615 seq.). 
 
 beak, rdstru?n, I, n. 
 
 bear against, In/erd, ferre, tull, latus 
 (623 seq.) ; bear off, au/erd, /erre, 
 abstuli, ab latus ; bear arms, arma 
 gerd, ere, gessi, gestus. 
 
 beast of burden, imnentum, I, n. 
 
 beast, -wild, /era, ae, f. 
 
 beautiful, pulcher, chra, chrum. 
 
 because, quod; because of, propter, w. 
 Ace. 
 
 hecome, /id, /eri, /actus sum (619 seq.) ; 
 become master of, potior, tri, potitus 
 sut7i, w. Abl. (314 seq.) ; become stiff, 
 riged, ere, ul, — . 
 
 before, /ra^ ov prd, w. Abl. ; ante, w. Aec. ; 
 adv., ante. 
 
 beg, beg for, petd, ere, ivi, or it, ttus. 
 
 begin, coepi, isse; i?titium /acid, ere,/ect, 
 /actus. 
 
 beginning, initium, i, n. ; make a begin- 
 ning, initium /acid , ere ,/eci, /actus ; in 
 the beginning of summer, inita aestate. 
 
 Belgae, Belgae, arum, m. pi. 
 
 Bellovaci, Bellovaci, drufn, m. pi. 
 
 benefactor, bene/actor, dris, m. 
 
 best, optimus, a,u7n (598). 
 
 betake oneself, se cdn/erd,/erre, tull, la- 
 tus (623 seq.). 
 
 better, melior, ius (598). 
 
 beyond, praeter or ultra, w. Aec. 
 
 Bibracte, Dibracte, is, n. 
 
 Bibrax, Dibrax, ctis, f. 
 
 bind fast, deligd, i. 
 
 bird, avis, is, f. ; bird catcher, auceps, ci- 
 pis, m. 
 
 bite, morded, ere, tnomordl, morsus. 
 
 blame, culpd, i. 
 
 boar, wild, aper, prl, m. 
 
 boat, navis, is, f. ; cymba, ae, f. 
 
 body, corpus, oris, n. 
 
 bold, audax, acis. 
 
 book, liber, bri, m. 
 
 boy, puer, erl, m. 
 
 brave, /?r/w, e. 
 
 bravely, /ortiter. 
 
 bravery, virtus, iitis, f. 
 
 bravest, /ortissimus, a, um. 
 
 brazen, aeneus, a, um. 
 
 break off, tolld, ere, sustull, sublatus. 
 
 bridge, /^^j, pontis, m. 
 
 brief, brevis, e. 
 
 bring, /erd,/erre, tull, latus (623 seq.) ; 
 porta, I ; bring down, de/erd ; bring 
 over, transportd, i ; bring to an end, 
 cdn/cid, ere, feet, /ectus ; bring to- 
 gether, cdn/era ; condHcd, ere, duxl, 
 ductus; bring up the rear, agmen 
 claudd, ere, clausl, clausus. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 
 
 273 
 
 broad, latus, a, urn. 
 
 brother, //-a/^/-, tris, m. 
 
 Brutus, Brutus, J, m. 
 
 building, aedificiuni, I, n. 
 
 bull, ids, bovis, m. 
 
 bunch of grapes, uva, ae, f. 
 
 busy, be, versor, art, atus sum. 
 
 but, sed, auiem (post-pos.) ; but that, 
 
 gum. 
 by, a or ab, w. Abl. ; Abl. of means. 
 
 Caesar, Caesar, aris, m. 
 
 calamity, calamitas, atis, f. 
 
 call, vocd, I ; appellb, i ; call to, advoco, 
 I ; call together, convoco, i. 
 
 camp, castra, drum, n. pi. 
 
 can, see able, be. 
 
 capture, capio, ere, cep'i, captus. 
 
 care, cura, ae, f. 
 
 carry, porto, i ; carry on, gerd, ere, gess'i, 
 gestus; be carried, vehor, I, vectus sum. 
 
 cart, carrus, t, m. 
 
 cast, iacio, ere, ieci, iactus ; cast down^ 
 deicio, ere, iec'i, iectus ; cast into, ini- 
 cid, 3. 
 
 catch, capio, ere, cep'i, captus. 
 
 cause, causa, ae, f. 
 
 cause, edb, ere, did'i, ditus. 
 
 cavalry, equitatus, us, m., equites, um, m. 
 pi. ; cavalry battle, proelium equestre, 
 n. ; cavalry forces, copiae equestres, 
 f.pl. 
 
 Celts, Celtae, arum, ra. pi. 
 
 centurion, centurio, onis, m. 
 
 certain, certus, a, um ; a certain one, 
 qu'idam, quaedam, quoddam {quid- 
 dam) (372, I). 
 
 certainly, sane. 
 
 chain, catena, ae, f. 
 
 chance, casus, us, m. 
 
 change, mutd, i. 
 
 chariot, currus, us, m. 
 
 chief, prlnceps, ipis,m.; chief command, 
 summa, ae, f. ; chief vciQn,principes, U7n, 
 m. pi. ; chief priest, pontifex, ids, m. 
 
 children, liberi, orwjt, m. pi. 
 
 choose, deligd, ere, legi, Iectus. 
 
 citizen, civis, is, m. and f. 
 
 BEGIN. LAT. BK. — 18 
 
 city, urbs, urbis, f. 
 
 cliff, rupes, is, f. 
 
 climb, ascendb, ere, i, scensus. 
 
 close line, agmen claudb, ere, claust, 
 clausus. 
 
 closely crowded, confertus, a, um. 
 
 club, clava, ae, f. 
 
 cohort, cohors, ortis, f. 
 
 ZQ\^,gelus, us, m. ; frigus, oris, n. 
 
 come, venio, Ire, vent, ventus ; come 
 together, convenid, 4. 
 
 command, itnperium, t, n., viandatum, t, 
 n. ; be in command of, praesutn, esse, 
 fui,futurus, w. Dat. (615 seq.). 
 
 commander, dux, ducis, m.; imperator, 
 oris, m. 
 
 compassion, tnisericordia, ae, f. 
 
 conceal, eel 5, i ; condo, ere, didi, ditus. 
 
 concerning, de, w. Abl. 
 
 confer, deferd,ferre, tul'i, latus (623 seq.). 
 
 conference, conloquiurn, I, n. 
 
 conquer, vinco, ere, vlci, victus ; superb, i. 
 
 consent, voluntas, atis, f. 
 
 conspiracy, coniUratib, bnis, f. 
 
 conspire, coniurb, i. 
 
 consul, consul, ulis, m. 
 
 consulship of, in the, consul and name 
 of person, in the Abl. abs. 
 
 contend, contendb, ere, i, tentus. 
 
 content, contentus, a, um. 
 
 continually, continenter. 
 
 country, terra, ae, f. ; fines, ium, m. pi. ; 
 native country, patria, ae, f. ; (op- 
 posed to city) , rUs, riiris, n. 
 
 courage, virtus, utis, f. 
 
 Crassus, Crassus, t, m. 
 
 Crete, Creta, ae, f. 
 
 cross, transeb, ire, it, itus (623 seq.). 
 
 crowd, vulgus, I, n. 
 
 crowded, closely, cbnfertus, a, um. 
 
 cry out, conclamb, i. 
 
 Cures, Cures, ium, f. pi. 
 
 qut down, inter scindb, ere, scidi, scissus ; 
 cut off, interciudb, ere clusi, clusus. 
 
 daily, cottidlanus, a, um ; cottidie, adv. 
 
 danger, periculutn, I, n. 
 
 dare, audeb, ere, ausus sum (320). 
 
274 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 daughter, /i/ifl, ae, f. (69, n. i). 
 
 day, dies, el, m. ; by day, inter dlu ; 
 every day, cottidie, in dies; on the 
 day after that dioy, posiridie eiiis diet. 
 
 daybreak, at, prima luce. 
 
 dear, carus, a, um. 
 
 death, mors, mortis, f. 
 
 dieceiye, /alio, ere, fe/elll, falsus. 
 
 decide, const itud, ere, ul, iitus. 
 
 deep, altus, a, um. 
 
 defeat, vincd,'ere, vlcl, victus. 
 
 defend, defendo, ere, l,fensus. 
 
 deliver, llberb, x. 
 
 Delos, Delos, I, f. 
 
 ^tvddit^^, postal atum , I, n. 
 
 demand, postulo, i ; flagito, i ; posco, ere, 
 poposci, — . 
 
 dense, densus, a, um. 
 
 ie-griv e,prlv3, i. 
 
 descend, descendo, ere, dl, ensus. 
 
 desire, cupiditas, atis, i. ; studium, i, n. 
 
 desist from, desisto, ere, stitl, stilus. 
 
 destroy, deled, ere, evl, etus. 
 
 destruction, internecio, onis, f. 
 
 determine, cdnstitud, ere, ul, utus. 
 
 devastate, vasto, i. 
 
 Diana, Diana, ae. f. 
 
 die, morior, rnori {mortrt), mortuus sum 
 (314 seq.). 
 
 different, dissimilis, e ; dlversus, a, um ; 
 varius, a, um. 
 
 difficult, difficilis, e. 
 
 direction, pars, partis, f. 
 
 disaster, cala?nitds, atis, f. 
 
 disposition, indoles, is, f. ; animus, I, m. 
 
 distance, spatium,l, n. 
 
 district, /a^ J, I, m. 
 
 disturb, commoved, ere, movl, motus ; 
 disturb greatly , perturdo, i. 
 
 ditch, fossa, ae, f. 
 
 Divico, Dlvicb, onis, m. 
 
 Divitiacus, Divitiacus, I, m. 
 
 do, facid, ere, feci, factus ; ago, ere, e^l, 
 actus. 
 
 does not, non w. verb repeated ; in ques- 
 tions, nonne w. verb. 
 
 door, porta, ae, f. 
 
 doubt, dubito, I. 
 
 dove, columba, ae, i. 
 
 drag, traho, ere, traxl, tractus. 
 
 draw near, accedd, ere, cessl, cessus ; 
 
 draw up, tnstrud, ere, struxl, structus. 
 drive, ago, ere, egl, actus; pello, ere, 
 
 pepull, pulsus; repello, ere, reppull, 
 
 repulsus. 
 drown, submergo, ere, mersi, tnersus. 
 Dumnorix, Dumnorlx, Igis, m. 
 during, per, w. Ace. ; Ace. of duration of 
 
 time. 
 
 E 
 each (one), quisque, quaeque, quidque 
 
 (372) ; (of two) uterque, traque, 
 
 tru77ique (593). 
 easily, facile, 
 easy, facilis, e. 
 egg, dvuin, I, n. 
 embassy, legatid, onis, f. 
 encamp, consldo, ere, sedl, sessus. 
 encourage, cohortor, art, atus sum (314). 
 endure, sustineb, ere, ul, tentus. 
 enemy, hostis, is, m. and f., generally 
 
 in pi. 
 engagement, proelium, I, n. 
 engine, hurling, tormentum, I, n. 
 enjoy, fruor, I, fructus sum (314 seq.), 
 
 utor, I, usus sum, w. Abl. 
 enroll, cons crib o, ere, scrlpsl, scrlptus. 
 entrust, per mitto, ere, m'tsl, missus. 
 envy, invideo, ere, vldi, vlsus, w. Dat, 
 equip, orno, i. 
 establish, conflrmo, i. 
 Eurystheus, Eurystheus, t, m. 
 even up to, usque ad, w. Ace. 
 evening, vesper, erl, m. ; at or toward 
 
 evening, sub vespermn. 
 everything, omnia, ium, n. pi. 
 excel, praesto, are, stitl, — ; supero, i. 
 excellently, egregie. 
 except, nisi. 
 
 exertion, contentio, onis, f. 
 extend, pertineo, ere, ul, tentus; (stretch 
 
 out) , pandb, ere, I, passus. 
 
 F 
 
 fable, fabula, ae, i. 
 fact, res, rgl, f. 
 iaith.iul,fldus, a,um. 
 famous, clarus, a, um. 
 farmer, agricola, ae, m. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 
 
 275 
 
 farther, ulterior, ius. 
 
 fault, culpa, ae, f. 
 
 favor, gratia, ae, f. 
 
 fear, timor, oris, m. 
 
 fear, timed, ere, ui, — ; vereor, erl, itus 
 
 sum (314 seq.). 
 feather, penna, ae, f. 
 itt^i pasco, ere,pavl, pdstus ox pas cor, i, 
 
 pastus sum. 
 fertile, /ertilis, e. 
 ievf,pauci,ae, a. 
 field, ager, ri, m. 
 
 fierce, acer, cris, ere ; ferus, a, um. 
 fiercely, acriter. 
 6.ght, piignd, I. 
 find, invenid. Ire, vent, ventus ; find out, 
 
 reperio, ire, repperi, repertus. 
 finish, conficio, ere, feci, fectus. 
 fire, set on, incendb, ere, di, census. 
 five, quinque, indec. 
 fixed, certus, a, um. 
 fL^e,ftigid, ere,fugi,fu^itus. 
 fleet, classis, is, f. 
 flight, fitga, ae, f. 
 fly, void, I ; fly out, evolo, I. 
 follow, sequor, i, cutus sum (314). 
 foot, pes, pedis, m. ; at the foot of, sub, 
 
 w. Abl. 
 for, enim (post-posit.) ; sign of Dat. ; sign 
 
 of Ace. of duration of time ; sign of 
 
 Abl. of cause. 
 forage, pabulum, i, n. 
 force, vis {vis) , f. ; impetus, us, m. 
 forces, copiae, arum, f. pi. 
 forced marches, magna itinera, n. pi. 
 forest, silva, ae, f. 
 form, forma, ae, f. 
 former, pristinus, a, um; (in contrast 
 
 with latter), ille, a, ud (599). 
 fortify, tnHnid, 4. 
 fortress, castellum, I, n. 
 fortune {goo^) , fortHna, ae, f. 
 four, quattuor, indec. 
 fourth, quartus, a„um. 
 fox, vulpes, is, f. , 
 free, liberd, i. 
 frequent, creber, bra, brum. 
 fresh strength, with, integris viribus. 
 friend, amicus, I, m. 
 friendly, amicus, a, um. 
 
 friendship, amtcitia, ae, f. 
 frighten, terreb, 2. 
 from, a or ab, w. Abl. ; de, w. Abl. 
 fruits (of field) , fruges, um, f. pi. 
 furnish, /ra^^^5, 2. 
 
 Galba, Galba, ae, m. 
 
 garment, vestis, is, f. 
 
 garrison, praesidium, t, n. 
 
 gate, porta, ae, f. 
 
 Gaul, Gallia, ae, f. 
 
 Gauls, Gain, drum, m. pi. 
 
 general, dux, ducis, m. ; imperator, oris, 
 m. 
 
 generosity, liberalitas, dtis, f. 
 
 Germans, Germani, drum, m. pi. 
 
 giant, gigas, antis, m. 
 
 girdle, zdna, ae, f. 
 
 girl, puella, ae, f. 
 
 give, do, dare, dedi, datus ; give up, dedd, 
 ere, didi, ditus ; tradd, ere, didi, ditus. 
 
 glad, laetus, a, um. 
 
 go, ed. Ire, ivi or it, itUrus (623) ; go 
 away, discedd, ere, cess'i, cessus ; abed. 
 Ire, ii, iturus ; go on, gerd, ere, gessl, 
 gestus ; go out of, exed. Ire, ii, iturus. 
 
 goat, capra, ae, f. 
 
 god, deus, del, m. 
 
 gold, aurum, i, n. 
 
 golden, aureus, a, um. 
 
 good, bonus, a, um. 
 
 graceful, gracilis, e. 
 
 gradually, pauldtim. 
 
 grain, frumentum, I, n. ; grain supplies, 
 res frumentdria, ret frumentdriae, I. 
 
 grape, uva, ae, f. 
 
 grassy, herbidus, a, um, 
 
 gravely, graviter. 
 
 great, mdgnus, a, um. 
 
 groundless, ya/j« J, a, um. 
 
 gVidsdi, praesidium, i, n. 
 
 guard, custddid, 4. 
 
 guest-friend, hospes, itis, m. 
 
 H 
 
 hand, manus, us, f. ; be at hand, suppeto, 
 
 ere, petivt, itUrus. 
 happen, incidd, ere, cidi, cdsus. 
 
2/6 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 happy, /?^jr, Icis ; laetus, a, urn. 
 hasten, propero, i ; maturo, i ; contendo, 
 
 ere, di, tus. 
 have, habed, 2 ; Dat. of possessor (146) ; 
 
 have to, 2d Periphr. Conj. (637). 
 he, is (598). hlc (598), ille (599). 
 heap, acervus, I, m. 
 hear, audio, 4. 
 heat, calor, oris, m. 
 height, altitudo, inis, f. 
 help, auxilium, l, n. 
 help, adsum, esse, ful, futurus, w. Dat. 
 
 (615 seq.). 
 Helvetians (Helvetii), Helvetii, drum, 
 
 m. pi. 
 hen, gallina, ae, f. 
 Hercules, Hercules, is, m. 
 here, hlc. 
 
 hide, condb, ere, didi, ditus. 
 high, altus, a, urn ; high priest, pontifex, 
 
 icis, m. 
 higher, superior, ius. 
 hill, collis, is, m. ; up hill, adverso colle. 
 himself, see self, 
 hinder, impedid, 4. 
 hindrance, impedimentum, i. n. 
 his,««J (598),/^«/«i (598), i//Z«j(599); 
 
 reflexive j««j, a, urn. 
 hither, hUc. 
 hold, teneo, ere, ui, tus ; hold back, reii- 
 
 neb, 2. 
 home, domus, us or ?, f. (134) ; at home, 
 
 dofnl ; home supplies, res domesticae, 
 
 f.pl. 
 honor, honor, oris, m. 
 hope, spes, spei, f. 
 horse, equus, t, m. 
 horseman, eques, itls, m. 
 hostage, (9<5j^j, idis, m. and f. 
 hostile, inimicus, a, um. 
 hour, ^(9/-a, ae, f. 
 house, domus, us or ?, f. (134). 
 however, autejn (post^posit.) ; tamen. 
 hundred, centum, indec. 
 hurl, iacio, ere, ieci, iactus. 
 hurling engine, tortnentum, I, n. 
 
 I, ego, met (596). 
 Iccius, Iccius, i, m. 
 
 if, St; if not, nisi. 
 
 immediately, statim. 
 
 implore, impldro, i, 
 
 in, in, w. Abl. 
 
 incredible, incredibilis, e. 
 
 indignity, indignitas, atis, f. 
 
 infantry forces, copiae pedestres, i. pi. 
 
 influence, gratia, ae, f. 
 
 inform, certiorem facio, ere, feci, certior 
 
 /actus. 
 inhabit, incolo, ere, ui, cultus ; habito, i. 
 inhabitant, incola, ae, m. 
 injury, iniuria, ae, f. 
 injustice, iniuria, ae, f. 
 insolently, tnsolenter. 
 inspire (in), inicio, ere, ieci, iectus. 
 insult, contumelia, ae, f. 
 interior, interior, ius (595). 
 into, in, w. Ace. 
 
 \ntxviSt,per}nitto, ere, mist, missus. 
 irritable, Iracundus, a, um. 
 island, insula, ae, f. 
 it, is, ea., id. 
 Italy, Italia, ae, f. 
 
 join battle, /«a««J cbnsero, ere, ui, tus ; 
 
 join with or together, coniungo, ere, 
 
 iunxl, iunctus. 
 journey, iter, itineris, n. 
 Jura, lura, ae, m. 
 just, iustus, a, um. 
 justice, iHstitia, ae, f. 
 
 keep apart, distined, ere, ui, tentus; keep 
 from, prohibeo, 2 ; keep in, con tin eo, 2. 
 
 kept, sign of imperfect of repeated action. 
 
 kid, haedus, i, m. 
 
 kill, interficid, ere, feci, fectus ; occido, 
 ere, c'ldl, cisus ; trucidb, i. 
 
 kindness, beneficium, i, n. 
 
 king, rex, regis, m. 
 
 kinsman, cbn sanguineus, t, m. 
 
 know, intellegb, ere, text, Iectus; sold, 
 ire, ivi, itus. 
 
 L 
 
 Labienus, Labienus, i, m. 
 
 labor, labor, oris, m. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 
 
 277 
 
 lacking, be, desum, esse, fui, futurus, w. 
 Dat. (615 seq,). 
 
 lake, lacus, us, m. 
 
 lamb, agnus, I, m. 
 
 land, terra, ae, f. 
 
 large, magnus, a, urn. 
 
 last, proximus, a, urn; a.dy. ,proxime; at 
 last, denique. 
 
 latter. /iJ^ (598). 
 
 law, lex, legls, f. 
 
 lay (an egg), par id, ere, peperl, partus ; 
 lay waste, vastd, i. 
 
 lead, duco, ere, duxl, ductus ; lead across, 
 trdduco, ere, duxl, ductus ; lead down, 
 deducd ; lead forwand, produco ; lead 
 out, educd ; lead through, perduco ; 
 lead together, conduco. 
 
 leader, dzix, duels, m. 
 
 leadership, prlncipatus, us, m. ; summa, 
 ae, f. 
 
 leap up, subsilio. Ire, ui, — . 
 
 leave, relingub, ere, llqui, Rctus. 
 
 left, sinister, tra, trum. 
 
 legion, legid, onis, f. 
 
 length, at, denique, demum. 
 
 lest, ne, w. Subj. 
 
 let, sign of Imp. or Hortatory Subj. ; let 
 loose, amitto, ere, mist, missus ; emitto. 
 
 letter (of alphabet) , littera, ae, f. ; (epis- 
 tle) , litter ae, arum, f. pi. 
 
 lieutenant, legdtus, I, m. 
 
 life, vita, ae, f. 
 
 likewise, item ; quoque (after the em- 
 phatic word). 
 
 line of battle, acies, el, f. ; line of march, 
 dgmen, inis, n. 
 
 lion, led, onis, m. 
 
 Liscus, Liscus, I, m. 
 
 live, vivo, ere, vlxl, victus ; live in, in- 
 cold, ere, ul, cultus ; habito ; i. 
 
 long, longus, a, urn; magnus, a, tim; 
 adv., diu. 
 
 longer, diutius. 
 
 lose, amitto, ere, mist, missus; per do, ere, 
 didi, ditus. 
 
 M 
 magnitude, mdgnitudd, inis, f. 
 make, facid, ere, feci, /actus ; make a 
 march, iter /acid. 
 
 man, vir, viri, m, ; (human being) , homo, 
 
 inis, m. and f. 
 manner, inodus, ?, m. 
 many, mulfl, ae, a, pi. 
 march, iter, itineris, n. ; on the march, 
 
 ex or in itinere, 
 march, iter /acid, ere, /eel, /actus. 
 mare, equa, ae, f. 
 
 marsh, palus, udis, f. L 
 
 mass, massa, ae, f. ^- 
 
 master, magister, trl, m. ; become mas- \ 
 
 ter oi, potior, trl. It us sum (314, 315). 
 means, by no, minime. 
 meantime, in the, intered. 
 meet, occurrd, ere, currl, cursus (w. Dat.). 
 memory, memoria, ae, f. 
 messenger, nuntius, t, m. 
 middle of, medius, a, um (658). 
 mile, mllle passus (664). 
 military affairs, res mllitdris, rel militd- 
 
 ris, f. 
 mind, mens, mentis, f. ; animus, t, m. 
 mine, meus, a, um. 
 mischief, male/icium, i, n. 
 misfortune, malum, i, n. 
 missile, telum, I, n. 
 mock, ludi/icd, i. 
 
 more, mag is, adv. ; sign of comparative. 
 vaoxeov QX, praetered ; autem (post-posit.). 
 mount, mountain, 7)idns, montis, m. 
 move, moved, ere, mdvl, mdtus ; commo- 
 
 ved, 2. 
 much, multus, a, um; adv., multd, mul- 
 
 tum. 
 multitude, multitudd, inis, f. 
 my, meus, a, um. 
 
 naked, nudus, a, um. 
 name, ndmen, inis, n. 
 Nantuates, Nantudtes, um, m. pi. 
 narrow, angustus, a, um. 
 nation, ndtid, dnis, f. 
 nature, ndtura, ae, i. 
 naval, ndvdlis, e. 
 near, prope, ad, w. Ace. 
 nearest, proximus, a, um. 
 nearly, prope, paene. 
 necessary, necesse, indec. 
 neighboring, /Initimus, a, um. 
 
2/8 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 neighbors, finitiml, drum, in. pi. 
 
 neither . . . nor, neque . . . neque. 
 
 Nervii, Nervil, drum, m. pi. 
 
 net, rete, is, n. 
 
 never, nunquam. 
 
 nevertheless, tamen. 
 
 new, novus, a, um. 
 
 night, by, noctu. 
 
 ninth, nonus, a, um. 
 
 no, non, w. verb repeated; no (one), 
 
 nobody, nullus, a, um; nemo, Dat. 
 
 nemint. 
 nobility, nobiUtas, atis, f. 
 not, non; not to, ne, w. Subj.; not yet, 
 
 nondum. 
 nothing, nihil, indec. 
 Noviodunum, Noviodunum, t, n. 
 number, numerus, i, m. ; multitudo, ittis, f. 
 
 oar, remus, t, m. 
 
 occupy, occupd, I. 
 
 Octodurus, Octodurus, I, m. 
 
 of, sign of Gen. ; de, w. Abl. 
 
 often, saepe. 
 
 on, in, w. Abl. 
 
 once, quondam ; at once, statim. 
 
 one, Unus, a, um (593); one . . . another, 
 
 alius . . . alius; the one . . . the other, 
 
 alfer . . . aUer ; to one another, infer 
 
 se. 
 open, apertus, a, um ; lay open, patefa- 
 
 cio, ere, feci, /actus. 
 or, auf. 
 order (rank), or do, inis m. ; mandatum, 
 
 i, n. ; in order to, uf, w. Subj. 
 order, iuied, ere, iussi, lussus (w. Inf.) ; 
 
 tmpero, i (w. Subj. usually). 
 Orgetorix, Orgetorlx, igis, m. 
 other, alius, a, ud (593) ; other side of, 
 
 on the, trans, w. Ace. ; ultra, w. Ace. 
 ought, debed, 2; 2nd Periphr. Conj. 
 
 (537) 
 our, noster, tra, trum; our men, nostri, 
 
 drum, m. pi. 
 out of, e, ex, w. Abl. 
 outcry, clamor, oris, m. 
 over, in, w. Abl. 
 overcome, vincb, ere, vlci, v ictus ; superb, 
 
 X. 
 
 own, his, suus, a, um. 
 ox, bos, bovis, m. 
 
 pace, passus, us, m. 
 
 pardon, ignoscb, ere, nbvl, ndtus,\\. Dat. 
 
 part, pars, partis, f. 
 
 pass by, praetereo, ire, it, itus. 
 
 passionate, Iracundus, a, um. 
 
 peace, pax, pads, f. 
 
 people, populus, i, m. 
 
 perish, pereb, ire, il, iturus. 
 
 persuade, persuadeb, ere, suasi, suasus 
 
 (w. Dat.). 
 pick up, C07iligb, ere, legi, lectus ; tollb, 
 
 ere, sustuli, sublatus. 
 pillar, columna, ae, f. 
 pitch, pbnb, ere, posui, positus. 
 pity, miser escb, ere, — , — . 
 place, locus, z, m. ; pi., loca, brum, n. 
 place, pbnb, ere, posui, positus ; statub, 
 
 ere, ui, utus ; conlocb, i. 
 plain, campus, i, m. 
 plan, consilium, i, n. 
 pleasure, voluptas, atis, f. 
 poisoned, venenatus, a, um. 
 power, royal, regnum, i, n. 
 powerful, potens, entis. 
 praise, laudb, i. 
 precious, carus, a, um. 
 prefer, mdlb, malle, malui, — (619 seq.). 
 prepare, parb, i ; comparb, i. 
 present, be, adsum, esse, fui, futurus 
 
 (615). 
 pretend, simulb, i, 
 pride, spiritus, its, m. 
 priest, high, pontifex, ids, m. 
 private, prlvatus, a, um. 
 proceed, prbcedb, ere, cessi, cessus ; pro- 
 ceed a march, iter prbcedb, 3. 
 Procillus, C. Valerius Procillus, C. Valeri 
 
 Procilli, m. 
 proclaim, nuntid, i ; praedicb, i. 
 prolong, perducd, ere, diixl, ductus. 
 property, all their, sua omnia, n. pi. 
 protection, praesidium, i, n. 
 provide, compard, i. 
 province, prdvincia, ae, f. 
 provisions, cdpiae, arum, f. pi. ; comme- 
 
 atus, us, m. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 
 
 279 
 
 provoke, lacessb, ere, ivi, Itus. 
 prudence, prudentia, ae, f. 
 prudently, prudenter, 
 pupil, discipulus, I, m. 
 purchase, emb, ere, eml, emptus. 
 purpose of, for the, ad, w. Ace. of gerun- 
 dive. 
 pursue, Insequor, i, cuius sum (314). 
 push up, ago, ere, egl, actus. 
 
 quarters, partes, turn, f. pi.; winter 
 
 quarters, hiberna, bruin, n. pi. 
 queen, reglna, ae, f. 
 quickly, celeriter. 
 quickness, celeritas, atis, f. 
 
 rampart, vallum, I, n. 
 
 ravage, vastb, i. 
 
 reach, attingb, ere, tigl, tactus. 
 
 read, lego, ere, leg'i, lectus. 
 
 ready, paratus, a, um. 
 
 reason, causa, ae, f. ; for this reason, qua 
 
 d'e causa. 
 receive, accipib, ere, cepl, ceptus. 
 recently, nuper ; most x^z^xAXy ,proxime. 
 recover, reciperb, i. 
 redoubt, castellum, I, n. 
 reduce, redigb, ere, egl, actus. 
 refrain from, supersedeb, ere, sedl, sessus. 
 refuse, recusb, i. 
 regard to, in, de, w. Abl. 
 x^yAcq , gaudeb , ere, gavisus sum (320). 
 remain, maneb, ere, mansi, sus. 
 Remi, Rhnl, brum, m. pi. 
 render, reddb, ere, didi, ditus. 
 renev/, renovb, i. 
 
 reply, respondeb, ere, spondi, spbnsus. 
 repulse, repellb, ere, reppuli, repulsus. 
 respects, in all, omnibus rebus, Abl. pi. 
 rest of, reliquus, a, um. 
 retain, retineb, ere, u'l, tentus. 
 return, redeb, Ire, it, tturns ; reverter, i, 
 
 versus sum. 
 revenue, vectlgal, alls, n. 
 revile, maledlcb, ere, d'lxl, dicttis, w. 
 
 Dat. 
 xe'^axt, praemium, I, n. 
 
 Rhine, Rhenus, l, m. 
 
 Rhone, Rhodanus, i, m. 
 
 ride, pass, oivehb, ere, v'exl, vectus ; ride 
 
 towards, adequitb, i. 
 right of way, iter, itineris, n. 
 ripe, maturus, a, um. 
 river, flumen, inis, n. ; river bank, ripa, 
 
 ae, f. 
 road, via, ae, f. ; iter, itineris, n. 
 rock, rupes, is, f. 
 Roman, Rbmanus, a, um. 
 Rome, Rbma, ae, f. 
 royal power, regnum, i, n. 
 rumor, rUmor, bris, m. 
 run down, decurrb, ere, cucurri or curri, 
 
 cursus. 
 rush against, concurrb, ere, cucurri or 
 
 curri, cursus. 
 
 Sabinus, Sabinus, i, m. 
 
 sacred, sacer, era, crum. 
 
 sacrifice, sacrificb, i. 
 
 safe, tncolumis, e ; tutus, a, um. 
 
 safety, salus, atis, f. 
 
 sail, navigb, i. 
 
 sailor, nauta, ae, m. 
 
 sally, eruptib, bnts, f. 
 
 same, idem, eadem, idem (296). 
 
 save, servb, i. 
 
 say, dicb, ere, dixt, dictus ; says he, 
 inquit, placed in the midst of a direct 
 quotation. 
 
 scarcity, inopia, ae, f. 
 
 scout, explbrator, oris, m. 
 
 sea, mare, is, n. 
 
 second, secundus, a, um. 
 
 secretly, clam. 
 
 see, videb, ere, vidt, vtsus. 
 
 seek, petb, ere, ivi, itus. 
 
 seize, occupb, i. 
 
 select, deligb, ere, legi, lectus. 
 
 self, ipse, a, um (intensive) (599) ; sul 
 (reflexive) (597). 
 
 senate, senatus, us, m. 
 
 send, mittb, ere, mist, missus; send for- 
 ward, /r«^w///(?, 3. 
 
 separate, dlvidb, ere, visi, visus. 
 
 Sequani, Sequani, brum, m. pi. 
 
 serpent, serpens, entis, m. or f. 
 
28o 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 set on fire, iitcendo, ere, di, census ; set 
 
 0\xt, projiclscor, i,/ectus sum. 
 settle, consido, ere, sedi, sessus. 
 seven, sepfem, indec. 
 seventh, septimus, a, um. 
 severely, graviter. 
 shed, v'mea, ae, f. 
 shield, scutum, I, n. 
 short, brevis, e. 
 shout, clamor, oris, m. 
 shower, imber, bris, m. 
 side, latus, eris, n. ; on the other side, 
 
 trans or ultra, w. Ace. ; on this side, 
 
 cis or citrd, w. Ace. 
 sight, conspectus, us, m. 
 signal, slgnificatio, onis, f. ; s'lgnum, t, n. 
 since, cutn, w. subj, ; Abl. abs. 
 six, sex, indec. 
 six hundred, sescenti, ae, a, 
 sixth, sextus, a, um. 
 size, inagnitudo, inis, f. 
 skiff, ndvicula, ae, f. 
 slight, parvulus, a, um. 
 slinger, funditor, oris, m. 
 slope, vergd, ere, — , — . 
 small, parvus, a, um. 
 snatch away, eripid, ere, ut, reptus. 
 snow, nix^ nivis, f. 
 so, ita, tam ; so great, tantus, a, um. 
 soldier, miles, itis, m. 
 some (one), aliquis, qua, quid {quod) 
 
 (602) ; some . . . others, alii . . . 
 
 alii (593) ; some in one direction, 
 
 some in another, alii aliam in partem, 
 son, filius, i, m. 
 soon, max ; as soon as, si7nul atque or 
 
 ac ; cum primum. 
 sour, acerbus, a, um. 
 space, spatium, t, n. ; space of three 
 
 days, triduum, t, n. ; space of two 
 
 days, biduum, i, n. 
 Spain, Hispania, ae, f. 
 spare, pared, ere, peperci, parsus, w. 
 
 Dat. 
 speak, loquor, l, cutus sum; dico, ere, 
 
 dixi, dictus. 
 speed, celeritas, atis, f. 
 stag, cervus, I, m. 
 standard, slgnum, i, n. 
 Standard bearer, slgni/er, eri, m. 
 
 state, civitds, atis, f. 
 
 station, statuo, ere, ut, utus. 
 
 still, tam en. 
 
 sting, pi/nctus, us, m. 
 
 stone, lapis, idis, m. 
 
 storm, oppugno, i. ' 
 
 story, fdbula, ae, f. 
 
 strength, vis (vis), f. ; with fresh 
 strength, integris viribus. 
 
 such a, talis, e. 
 
 sudden, subitus, a, um. 
 
 suddenly, subito. 
 
 Suessiones, Suessiones, um, m. pi. 
 
 S\x^Qr,patior,i,passus sum (314) ; doled, 
 ere, ui, itUrus ; ferd,ferre, tuli, lotus. 
 
 suitable, idoneus, a, um. 
 
 summer, aestas, atis, f. ; in the begin- 
 ning of summer, initd aestdte. 
 
 summit, vertex, ids, m. 
 
 summon, arcesso, ere, ivi, Itus. 
 
 sun, sol, is, m. ; Helios, I, m. 
 
 sunset, sdlis occdsus, Us, m. ; at sunset, 
 sub occdsU sdlis. 
 
 suppliant, supplex, ids, m. and f. 
 
 supplies from home, res domesticae, f. pi. 
 
 supply, cdpia, ae, i. 
 
 surpass, superb, i. 
 
 surrender, deditio, onis, f. 
 
 surrender, trddd, ere, didi, ditus. 
 
 survive, supersum, esse, fui, futurus 
 (615 seq.). 
 
 sweet, dulcis, e. 
 
 swiftly, celeriter. 
 
 swiftness, celeritas, atis, f. 
 
 sword, gladius, t, m. 
 
 take, capid, ere, cept, captus ; take I. 
 
 assault or storm, expugnd, i. 
 teach, doced, ere, ui, tus. 
 tear in pieces, lanid, i. 
 tell, ndrrd, i ; died, ere, dixi, dictus. 
 temple, templum, i, n. 
 ten, decern, indec. 
 tenth; decimus, a, um. 
 terms, condicid, dnis, f. 
 terrify, terred, 2; terrify greatly or 
 
 thoroughly, perterred, 2. 
 tenitory, /ines, ium, m. pi. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 
 
 281 
 
 than, quant; Abl. after comp. 
 
 that, is, ea, id (598) ; ille, a, ud (599) ; 
 (rel.), qui, quae, quod ; that, in order 
 that, so that, ut ; that not, tie, ut 
 non ; but that, that, qu'in ; that 
 (after verbs of fearing), rie. 
 
 their, suus, a, um (reflexive) ; eorum, 
 arum, drum. Gen. pi. of is (598). 
 
 tliemselves. See self. 
 
 then, tum. 
 
 there (adv.), ibi; (expletive) not trans- 
 lated. 
 
 therefore, itaque, quare, qua de causa. 
 
 they, nil, ae, a (599) ; it, eae, ea (598). 
 
 thing, res, rel, f. 
 
 think, arbitror, art, atus sum (314). 
 
 third, tertius, a, um. 
 
 this, hlc, haec, hoc (598). 
 
 threaten, minitor, drl, atus sum (314). 
 
 three, ires, tria. 
 
 through, jii-^r, w. Ace. 
 
 throw, iacio^ere, iecl, iactus ; throw into, 
 inicio, ere, iecl, iectus. 
 
 thus, ita. 
 
 Tigurinus, Tigurlnus, I, m. 
 
 time, tempus, oris, n. 
 
 timid, timidus, a, um. 
 
 to, sign of Dat. ; ad, w. Ace. ; sign of 
 subj. of purpose. 
 
 too, comp. of adj. or adv. 
 
 top, vertex, ids, m. ; top of, sumtnus, a, 
 um (237). 
 
 toward (towards) , ad, w. Ace. 
 
 tower, turris, is, f. 
 
 town, oppidum, t, n. 
 
 train, exerced, 2. 
 
 transport, traduco, ere, dUxi, ductus; 
 trdnsporto, i. 
 
 tribune, tribunus, I, m. 
 
 triple, triplex, plicis. 
 
 troops, copiae, arum, f. pi. 
 
 trouble, negotium, I, n, 
 
 trust firmly, confldo, ere, fisus sum 
 (320). 
 
 try, Conor, drl, atus sum (314). 
 
 tumult, tumultus, Us, m. 
 
 turn aside, dvertd, ere, vertl, versus. 
 
 turned away, dversus, a, um. 
 
 twelve, duodecim, indec. 
 
 twig, virgula, ae, f. 
 
 two, duo, ae, 0. 
 two-headed, biceps, ipitis. 
 two hundred, ducentl, ae, a. 
 
 U 
 
 unarmed, inermis, e. 
 
 under, sub., w. Ace. or Abl. 
 
 undertake, conor, drl, dtus sum (314). 
 
 undertaking, condtus, us, m. 
 
 Unelli, Unelli, drum, m. pi. 
 
 unfriendly, inimlcus, a, um. 
 
 unhappy, miser, era, erum. 
 
 unlike, dissimilis, e. 
 
 until, usque ad, w. Ace. 
 
 unwilling, be, nolo, nolle, nolui, — . 
 
 unworthy, indlgnus, a, um. 
 
 upon, in, w. Ace. and Abl. ; super, w. 
 
 Ace. and Abl. 
 urge on, incito, i. 
 use, iisus, us, m. 
 use, ator, I, iisus sum, w. Abl. (314). 
 
 vain, in,/rustrd. 
 
 valor, virtus, utis, f. 
 
 value, of less, deterior, ius. 
 
 vast, vastus, a, um. 
 
 Veneti, Veneti, drum, m. pi. 
 
 very, adj. or adv. in superl. 
 
 Vesontio, Vesontio, onis, m. 
 
 victory, victoria, ae, f. 
 
 village, vlcus, I, m. 
 
 vine, vltis, is, f. 
 
 violently, vehementer. 
 
 visit, vlso, ere, vlsl, vlsus ; adeo, tre, it, 
 
 itus. 
 voice, vox, vocis, f. 
 
 W 
 
 wage, gerd, ere,gessl, gestus; wage war, 
 
 be lid, I. 
 wall, murus, i, m. ; vallum, i, n. 
 war, bellum, I, n. 
 warlike, bel/icdsui, a, um. 
 warn, motied, 2. 
 waste, lay, vdstd, i. 
 watch, vigilia, ae, f. 
 water, aqua, ae, f. 
 
282 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK 
 
 way, via, ae, f. ; iter, itineris, n. 
 
 weapon, telum, t, n. 
 
 Vf^f^yfied, ere, evi, etus. 
 
 ■w ee'ping.^e fus, Us, m. 
 
 well, dene, adv. 
 
 what (rel.), gut, quae, quod (600); (in- 
 ter.), quis, quae, quid (601). 
 
 when (rel. and inter.), aim, ubi. 
 
 whence, unde. 
 
 where (rel. and inter.) , ubi, quo. 
 
 which (rel.), qui, quae, quod (600) ; 
 (inter.), quis, quae, quid (601). 
 
 while, dum. 
 
 who, qui, quae ; quis, quae. 
 
 whole, totus, a, um (593). 
 
 whose, cuius, s. ; quorum, quarum, quo- 
 rum, ^A. (600). 
 
 why, cUr, qudre, qua de causa. 
 
 wicked, improbus, a, um. 
 
 wide, Idtus, a, um. 
 
 width, Idtitudo, inis, f. 
 
 wife, uxor, oris, f. 
 
 wild beast, y^ra, ae, f. 
 
 willing, be, void, velle, volut, — (619 
 seq.). 
 
 willingly, lib enter. 
 
 wine, vlnum, t, n. 
 
 wing, comu, us, n. 
 
 winter, hiems, ernis, f. ; in time of win- 
 ter, hiemis tempore. 
 
 winter, hiemd, i. 
 
 winter quarters, h'lberna, drum, n. pi, 
 
 wise, sapiens, entis. 
 
 wish, void, velle, volul, — (619 seq.). 
 
 with, cum, w. Abl. 
 
 withdraw, discedd, ere, cessi, cessus; con- 
 
 cedd, 3. 
 within, intra, w. Ace. ; sign of Abl. of 
 
 time ; adv., intus. 
 without, sine, w, Abl. 
 witness, testis, is, m. and t 
 wolf, lupus, i, m. 
 woman, mulier, eris, f. 
 wonder at, mlror, art, atus sum (314). 
 wonderful, mlrus, a, um. 
 wont, be, cdnsuescd, ere, suevt, suetus ; 
 
 soled, ere, itus sum (320). 
 woods, silva, ae, f. 
 work, opus, eris, n. ; labor, dris, m. 
 worthy, dlgnus, a, utn, w. Abl. 
 would that, utinatn, w. Subj. 
 wound, vulnus, eris, n. 
 wound, vulnerd, i. 
 wretched, miser, era, erum. 
 
 year, amius, I, m. 
 
 yes. See 97. 
 
 you, tii{s) (596) ; vos (pi.). 
 
 your, tuus, a, um, s. ; vester, tra, trum, pi. 
 
 \ 
 
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