;
 
 THE 
 
 TRAVELLER'S ORACLE; 
 
 OR, 
 
 MAXIMS FOR LOCOMOTION : 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 PRECEPTS FOR PROMOTING THE PLEASURES, 
 
 / AND 
 
 HfNTS FOR PRESERVING THE HEALTH 
 
 OF 
 
 TRAVELLERS. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 COMPRISING THE 
 
 HORSE AND CARRIAGE KEEPER'S ORACLE; 
 RULES FOR PURCHASING AND KEEPING OR JOBBING 
 
 HORSES AND CARRIAGES; 
 ESTIMATES OF EXPENSES OCCASIONED THEREBY ; 
 
 AND AN EASY PLAN FOR 
 
 ASCERTAINING EVERY HACKNEY-COACH FARE. 
 
 BY JOHN JERVIS, 
 
 AN OLD COACHMAN. 
 TH WHOLE REVISED 
 
 BY WILLIAM KITCHINER, M.D., &c. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 HENRY COLBURN, NEW BURLINGTON STREET. 
 
 1827.
 
 THE 
 
 HORSE AND CARRIAGE KEEPER'S 
 
 ORACLE; 
 
 OR, 
 
 RULES FOR PURCHASING AND KEEPING 
 OR 
 
 JOBBING HORSES AND CARRIAGES; 
 ACCURATE ESTIMATES 
 
 OF 
 
 EVERY EXPENSE OCCASIONED THEREBY ; 
 
 AND 
 
 AN EASY PLAN 
 
 FOR 
 
 ASCERTAINING EVERY HACKNEY-COACH FARE. 
 
 1C 4.81
 
 CONTENTS OF PART II. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 INTRODUCTION 3 
 
 Estimate of Keeping a Groom and one Horse 
 in your own Stable 11 
 
 Estimate of the Expense of Keeping one Horse 
 at a Livery Stable 15 
 
 Estimates of various Carriages 16 
 
 Expense of Keeping a Coachman, a Carriage, 
 and two Horses in your own Coach-House 
 and Stable 19 
 
 Liberal Plan of Keeping a Carriage 33 
 
 Estimate of Hiring a Carriage for any short 
 Period 39 
 
 Estimate of Jobbing Horses 44
 
 VI CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Estimate and Description of a Handsome Town 
 
 Chariot 50 
 
 Carriages and Coachmaking 59 
 
 Of the Construction of a Chariot 65 
 
 Of Axle-Trees 93 
 
 Of the Wheels 99 
 
 The Ornaments of Carriages 104 
 
 Cautions against Purchasing of Cheap Second- 
 hand Carnages 112 
 
 Of the Harness 119 
 
 Of Second-hand Harness 121 
 
 Travelling Carriages 123 
 
 Description of Buonaparte's Travelling Cha- 
 riot 127 
 
 Duties on Male Servants, Carriages, and 
 
 Horses 131 
 
 The Art of Managing Coachmen 133 
 
 Of Evening Parties 136 
 
 Of Coachmen and Orders 142150 
 
 Of Punctuality 151
 
 . 
 CONTENTS. vii 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Of Lending your Carriage 160 
 
 The Fifteen Things which a good Coachman 
 
 Won't Do 165 
 
 Coachman's Tools 170 
 
 Of the New Road and Regent's Park 173 
 
 Of Driving 184 
 
 Of Care of the Carriage 201 
 
 Of Repairing Carriages 212 
 
 On Horses 218 
 
 Hints to Purchasers of Horses . . . .' 223 
 
 To Preserve the Health of Horses 238 
 
 To Make a Horse have a Fine Coat 246 
 
 On the Food of Horses 249 
 
 On sending Horses to Grass 257 
 
 Colds of Horses 261 
 
 Of Stables 266 
 
 Management of Horses in case of Fire 272 
 
 Hints to Horsemen 273 
 
 On the Rough Shodding of Horses in Frosty 
 Weather.. . 281
 
 Vlll CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Of the Comparative Expense of a Private 
 Carriage and of Hiring of Hackney 
 
 Coaches 286 
 
 An Easy Plan of Ascertaining every Fare of a 
 
 Hackney Coach 292 
 
 When and How to Call a Coach 312 
 
 Hackney Coach and Chariot Fares 318 
 
 Specimen of Cary's New Guide for Ascer- 
 taining Hackney Coach Fares 324 
 
 
 MUSIC TO PART II. 
 TRIO to face page 90
 
 THE TRAVELLER'S ORACLE, PART II. 
 
 HORSE AND CARRIAGE KEEPER'S 
 
 ORACLE.
 
 THE 
 
 HORSE AND CARRIAGE KEEPER'S 
 
 ORACLE. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 THE following Estimates of the Expense of 
 keeping Horses and Carriages, are Accurate 
 Statements, they cannot be well kept for less, 
 and they need not cost more : the Reader 
 will have no difficulty in finding a Hackney- 
 man, and a Coachmaker, who will furnish him 
 with them on the terms herein set down ; for we 
 have adopted a mean between thoughtless Ex- 
 travagance on the one hand, and rigid Parsi- 
 mony on the other. 
 
 It is a very frequent, and a very just com- 
 plaint, that the Expense of a Carriage is not 
 so much its First Cost, as the charge of Keeping 
 it in Repair. Many are deterred from indulging
 
 4 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 themselves therewith, from a consciousness that 
 they are so utterly unacquainted with the ma- 
 nagement thereof, they are apprehensive the 
 uncertainty of the Expense, and the Trouble 
 attending it, will produce Anxiety, which will 
 more than counterbalance the Comfort to be 
 derived from it. 
 
 Few Machines vary more in quality than Car- 
 riages, the charge* for them varies as much ; 
 
 * The Expense of King George the Third's State Coach 
 which was made in the year 1762, was 
 
 s. d. 
 
 Coachmaker 1,637 15 
 
 Carver 2,500 
 
 Gilder 935 14 
 
 Painter 315 
 
 Laceman 737 10 7 
 
 Chaser s . 665 4 6 
 
 Harness Maker 385 15 
 
 Mercer 202 5 10 
 
 Belt Maker 99 6 6 
 
 Milliner 31 3 4 
 
 Sadler 10 16 6 
 
 Woollen Draper 4 3 6 
 
 Cover Maker 3 9 6 
 
 7,562 4 3i
 
 INTRODUCTION. 5 
 
 the best advice that can be offered to the Reader, 
 is, to " Deal with a Tradesman of Fair Cha- 
 racter, and established circumstances. Such 
 a person has every inducement to charge rea- 
 sonably, and has too much at stake, to forfeit, 
 by any silly Imposition, the Credit that he has 
 been years in establishing by careful Inte- 
 grity." Dr. Kitchiner's HOUSEKEEPER'S 
 
 LEDGER, 8vo. 1826, p. 20. 
 
 Those Carriages which cost least, are not 
 always the Cheapest, but often turn out, in the 
 end, to be the Dearest. 
 
 Of Chariots, that appear to be equally 
 handsome to a common Eye, which has not 
 been taught to look minutely into the several 
 parts of their machinery ; One may be cheap at 
 2501. , and Another may be dear at 200/. : not- 
 withstanding, the Vender of the latter may get 
 more Profit than the Builder of the former. 
 
 The faculty of Counting, too frequently, mas- 
 ters all the other Faculties, and is the grand 
 source of deception which Speculating Shop- 
 keepers are ever ready to take advantage of j 
 for catching the majority of Customers, Cheap- 
 ness is the surest bait in the World, how many
 
 6 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 more people can count the difference between 
 20 and 25, than can judge of the Quality of 
 the article they are about to buy? 
 
 Quantity strikes the eye at once. It is re- 
 corded, that a certain King having commanded 
 his Treasurer to give an Artist a Thousand 
 Pounds for some work which his faithful Mi- 
 nister knew would be most liberally paid for 
 with half that sum; the sagacious Treasurer 
 ordered, Five Hundred Pounds in Silver to 
 be laid upon a Table in a Room which he knew 
 that his Majesty would pass through with 
 him. On seeing the heap of Silver, the King 
 exclaimed, " What's all that Money for ? " The 
 Treasurer replied, " Sire, it is half of the Sum 
 which your Majesty commanded me to give to 
 the Artist." On which, the King said, " Hey, 
 hey ! a deal of Money a deal of Money Half 
 of that will do ! ! ! " 
 
 Quantity may be estimated by an unedu- 
 cated Eye to discern the Quality of things, 
 requires Experience and Judgment capital 
 Guides; but with which the purchasers of 
 Horses and Carriages are Years before they 
 acquire sufficient acquaintance to derive any
 
 INTRODUCTION. 7 
 
 benefit from them, and their chief security is, to 
 deal with Persons who have justly acquired, and 
 long maintained, an unblemished Reputation. 
 
 I must here protest against a Custom which 
 it is high time was abolished, that of asking 
 Guineas instead of Pounds, as Guineas are 
 coined no more, there is no pretence for con- 
 tinuing this trick of charging 51. per Cent extra ! 
 Those who do it, know that nobody would give 
 them 105 Pounds; but, under the jingle of 100 
 Guineas, they contrive to poke an additional 
 Five Pounds out of your pocket ! 
 
 As we have earnestly advised, that the Coach- 
 man may be made independent of the Coach- 
 maker, so let the latter be entirely independent 
 of the former. 
 
 Be not so perfunctory, as to permit your 
 Coachman to order what he pleases. If you 
 send a Carriage to be repaired, with the usual 
 Message, " To do any little Jobs that are wanted," 
 you will most likely not have a little to pay. 
 
 When any Repair is required, desire your 
 Coachman to tell you; examine it with your 
 own Eyes, and with your own hand write the 
 order to the Coachmaker, &c. for every thing 
 that is wanted ; and warn him you will not pay
 
 8 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 for any Jobs, &c. not so ordered, and desire him 
 to keep such Orders and return them to you 
 when he brings his Bill, that you may see it 
 tallies therewith, and you may keep a little Book 
 yourself, into which you may copy such Orders. 
 
 Counsellor Cautious went one step further; 
 and before any work was begun, required a 
 Note, stating for how much, and in how long, 
 the person would undertake to completely per- 
 form it. 
 
 However well built originally, the Durability 
 of the Beauty and the Strength of Carriages, 
 depends much upon how they are managed ; 
 they are as much impaired by those to whose 
 care they are entrusted, not understanding, or 
 not performing, the various operations which 
 preserve them, as they are by the Wear occa- 
 sioned by Work. 
 
 In hiring a Coachman, his having a due 
 knowledge of how to take care of a Carriage, 
 is of as much importance as his experience in 
 Horses, or his skill in Driving. 
 
 Persons who order Carriages, are frequently 
 disappointed in the convenience and appearance 
 of them, from not giving their Directions in 
 terms sufficiently explicit; when those who
 
 INTRODUCTION. 9 
 
 buy Carriages make any such a mistake, it is 
 said, that those who sell are not always remark- 
 ably anxious to rectify it, unless at the expense 
 of the proprietor. 
 
 An Acquaintance of the Editor's, ordered 
 that the interior of a New Chariot should be 
 arranged exactly like his former Carriage : 
 when it was finished, he found that there were 
 several very disorderly deviations from the old 
 plan, which were extremely disagreeable to 
 him: the Builder said, civilly enough, that 
 he was exceedingly sorry, and would soon set it 
 all right which he did ; but presented a Bill 
 of Ten pounds for mending these mistakes, 
 which having arisen entirely from his own 
 Inattention to the fitting up of the Old Carriage, 
 his Customer successfully resisted the paymentof, 
 having been prudent enough to have the Agree- 
 ment for building the Carriage, worded, " That 
 it should be finished in all respects to his entire 
 satisfaction, by a certain Time,for a certain Sum." 
 
 To the end of this work is added a Copious 
 Glossary, and an Index, which will readily con- 
 duct the Reader to the various subjects, and be 
 found extremely useful in explaining the Techni- 
 cal terms, &c. commonly used by Coachmakers.
 
 10 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The Editor has endeavoured to explain the 
 various points in so plain a manner, that per- 
 sons who are previously entirely unacquainted 
 with the subject, may calculate exactly what 
 will be the Expense, and ascertain pretty accu- 
 rately the best manner of managing, and of 
 estimating the pretensions of those they are 
 about to employ, either to build or to take 
 care of a Carriage, 8tc., in almost as little time 
 as they can read this little Book ; in which it 
 is hoped that they will find Amusement blended 
 with useful Instruction, and soon gain such 
 a general knowledge of the subject, as will 
 effectually protect them from Imposition : 
 at all events, the Editor is quite sure, that it 
 will soon save the Purchaser more than double 
 what he has been so good as to give his friend 
 the old Coachman for the following advice. 
 Now Cent per Cent, even in these times, when 
 it is said that Cash is scarce, is quite as large 
 a profit as can be made by most Purchases ! 
 Therefore, the Editor sends Mr. Jervis's Book 
 to Press, with a contented conscience, and a 
 hearty wish, that all who buy it may be able 
 to invest all their Money to equal advantage.
 
 ESTIMATE No. 1. 
 
 EXPENSE OF KEEPING A GROOM AND ONE HORSE 
 IN YOUR OWN STABLE. 
 
 A SADDLE-HORSE being but of little ser- 
 vice during November, December, January, 
 and February, during these four Months Eco- 
 nomical Equestrians send their Nags to a 
 Straw- Yard. 
 
 Sportsmen say, that nothing does a Horse 
 more good than a Winter's Run once in Two 
 or Three years it far exceeds turning to Grass 
 in Summer, when the Flies are troublesome. 
 
 The Price at Straw-Yards varies from 3s. 6d. 
 to 5s. a week, depending upon the Straw, which 
 is contingent on the Corn Crops : some Horses 
 sleep in at Night, and have Hay given them, 
 or at least ordered for them, in which case, 7*. 
 per Week is charged. 
 
 5. d. 
 The Straw-Yard for one Horse, for 17 Weeks, 
 
 say at 4*. 6d. per Week, will be 316 6
 
 12 ESTIMATE NO. I. 
 
 This Holiday is very beneficial to the Horse, 
 especially to his Legs and Feet, which, when 
 worn down by hard work, or cut up by flinty 
 Roads or bad Shoeing, are thereby greatly re- 
 freshed and strengthened. 
 
 " Rest makes a New Horse." 
 
 For the remaining 35 Weeks, the allowance 
 of Provisions per week cannot be less than 
 
 s. d. 
 
 \ Truss of Straw*, at 36s. per Load 1 
 
 1 Truss and a half of hay, at 5 per Load .... 4 2 
 | peck of Oats per Day, is per Week 5J pecks, 
 
 and at 25s. per Quarter 4 2 
 
 . Food per Week 9 4 
 
 35 
 
 Food for 35 Weeks 16 6 8 
 
 Expense of Horse in Straw Yard, brought forward 3 16 6 
 
 Taking to and from the Straw-Yard 010 
 
 AnnuaPKeep 20 13 2 
 
 A Saddle-Horse, on an average, is shod about 
 Once in four weeks, and the set of Shoes costs 
 
 5s. ; Nine Sets of Shoes 2 5 
 
 The Annual Duty 1 8 9 
 
 Annual Expense 24 6 11 
 
 There are 36 Trusses in a Load of Hay, and the same 
 L Load of Straw ; 40 Trusses of each, 1 Ton.
 
 ESTIMATE NO. I. 13 
 
 OBS. This Allowance for Provision is hardly 
 sufficient for Horses that do hard work, which 
 require a Peck of Oats per Day, a Truss and a 
 half of Straw, the same of Hay, with some 
 good Chaff, and occasionally a little Bran; 
 also a handful of Beans in Wet Weather, 
 especially to Horses that work at Night. 
 
 A Hackneyman's allowance for Two Horses 
 is a Sack of Oats per week, which give, if good 
 measure, Four good feeds a day ; Country mea- 
 sure, will run nearly five feeds. 
 
 . s. d. 
 Brought forward 24 6 11 
 
 The above is the Annual Expense exclusive of 
 Stable Rent Interest of Money paid for the 
 purchase of the Horses Saddles Bridles 
 Horse Cloths, &c. Farrier's Bills for Phy- 
 S1 c Turnpikes Travelling Expenses 
 Groom's Wages and Livery, &c., which, ex- 
 cepting, the difference of charge between 
 a Coachman's Box Coat, and a Groom's 
 Great Coat, and the difference of Rent 
 and Taxes on a Single Stall Stable, 
 (which it is often excessively difficult to ob- 
 tain contiguous to your House), and on Two 
 Stalls and a Coach-house, is, according to the
 
 14 ESTIMATE NO. I. 
 
 J. d. 
 Expense of keeping a Groom or Coachman 
 
 given in Estimate No. 4, about 95 
 
 Annual Keep 24 611 
 
 Total... ..119 6 11 
 
 N.B. The Hackneyman's Charge for Jobbing 
 a Saddle Horse, and finding Stabling, &c. is, 
 per Annum, about 70.
 
 ESTIMATE No. II. 
 
 EXPENSE OF KEEPING ONE HORSE AT 
 A LIVERY STABLE. 
 
 AT some Livery Stables, your Horses will be 
 taken as much care of as they can be in your 
 own : at others, they fare very sadly ; there- 
 fore, cautiously inquire into the Character of 
 the person keeping them ; moreover, if his 
 Rent is in arrear, your Carriage and Horses 
 may be seized and sold by his Landlord. 
 
 *. d. 
 
 Four Feeds per Day, at l. Is. per Week ____ 54 12 
 Hostler, Is. or Is. 6d. per Week a Gratuity of a 
 shilling now and then to the Under Hostler, 
 who looks after the Chaise, or attends to the 
 Horse, together, perhaps, equal to about ____ 4 
 Shoeing, and Duty per Annum .............. 413 9 
 
 63 5 9
 
 ESTIMATE No. III. 
 
 A CABRIOLET AXD HARNESS, 
 
 s. d. 
 WHEN quite new, if Jobbed, will be, for one 
 
 Year,"from 30 to 40 
 
 Tax thereon 3 5 
 
 For Standing, and care at a Livery Stable, per 
 
 Week, Is. 6d 318 
 
 47 3 
 
 The Price of a new Two-Wheel One Horse 
 Chaise Dennett Tilbury Stanhope, 8cc. is 
 from 40 to 90. 
 
 Of a Cabriolet, from 100 to 130. 
 
 Of a Four-Wheel One Horse Chaise, with 
 head to it, from 100 to 150. 
 
 Of a Pair of the best Strong Gig Wheels, with 
 Ash felleys and patent hoop tires, about 7. 
 
 Wheels, at first, want only new Shoeing, or 
 turning the Tire, as they wear upon one edge 
 principally : this is done for about 20s. or 25s., 
 and they will last almost as long as at first.
 
 v ESTIMATE FO. III. 17 
 
 New-tireing a Pair of Gig Wheels with 
 Patent hoop-tire, costs about 2. 10s. 
 
 MEM. When going to Drive, not o^ly in- 
 quire, but give a look yourself at the Wheels, 
 &c. before you set off trust this to no one 
 make sure that the Bridle and the Bit fit easy 
 to the Mouth, and see that the Collar and every 
 part of the Harness fit comfortably : if your 
 Horse tosses his head up and down continually, 
 he is not easy. 
 
 " Safe bind, Safe find," 
 
 is at no time a better maxim than when pre- 
 paring for a Journey. 
 
 " A Carriage with but tioo Wheels should be 
 built so that the principal part of the weight is 
 on the Axle-Tree, (instead of the Horse's back), 
 and the Carriage part of the Vehicle ought to 
 be on Springs, as well as the Body: this pre- 
 vents the Bolts and Nuts working loose, and 
 the Joints opening, &c. The Lamps should be 
 at the sides ; but the Dashing Iron ought to 
 have in front a socket on each side to plr.ce the 
 Lamps in at Night, which will throw the light 
 before the Horse's head, and prevent any shadow 
 from the Wheels when they are used at the
 
 18 ESTIMATE NO. III. 
 
 Sides, you see your danger just too late. The 
 Shafts should be plated underneath with Iron, 
 or if your Horse falls, they are apt to break, 
 which may occasion a dangerous fall to the 
 Persons in the Vehicle." A. E. 
 
 CARRIAGES WITH TWO* WHEELS 
 
 Are the cheapest, and have the advantage over 
 all others for Lightness and Expedition; but 
 MEM. If the Horse be ever so sure-footed, and 
 the Driver be ever so skilful and steady, they 
 are still but Dangerous Vehicles which will 
 only be used by those who are compelled to 
 sacrifice Safety to Celerity, and Comfort to 
 Cheapness : if risks, however, are incurred by 
 this mode of conveyance, Expense is certainly 
 diminished, for the rate of charges in Tra- 
 velling is considerably less in proportion for 
 one Horse and Two Wheels, than for two 
 Horses and Four Wheels. 
 
 * These were by Chief Justice Mansfield called " Bank- 
 rupt Carts" because they were, and are, frequently driven 
 by those who could neither afford the Money to support 
 them, nor the Time spent in using them, the want of which, 
 iu their Business, brought them to Bankruptcy.
 
 ESTIMATE NO. IV. 
 
 EXPENSE OF KEEPING A COACHMAN, AND A CAE- 
 RIAGE AND TWO HOESES, IN YOUR OWN COACH- 
 HOUSE AND STABLE. 
 
 . S. d. 
 
 A Peck of Oats per Day for each Horse, when 
 Corn is 25s. per Quarter; say 24 Quarters 
 per Annum 30 
 
 A Quarter of a Truss of Hay for each Horse 
 per Day, at 5 per Load ; say 5 Loads per 
 Annum 27 10 
 
 One Truss of Straw each Horse per week ; say 
 three Loads per Annum, at 3s 5 8 
 
 Beans, which are only wanted when Horses are 
 worked very hard; and Physic, which (ex- 
 cepting the Persuader prescribed. see In- 
 dex) is as little wanted by a Horse, as it is 
 by a Man. See OBS. to Estimate No. 1 4 
 
 Twenty-eight sets of Shoes, at 5s. per set 7 
 
 Farriers' Bills, the Risk of your Horses 
 turning out unsound and inefficient, the 
 
 73 18
 
 20 ESTIMATE NO. IV. 
 
 . f. d. 
 
 Brought forward 7318 
 
 Expense of hiring other Horses while your 
 own are 111, &c., and the Interest of the Mo- 
 ney paid for the purchase of the Horses, &c., 
 cannot be estimated at less than 20. per 
 Annum for each Horse 40 u 
 
 113 13 
 
 Those Persons who are most dependent upon 
 their Carriage, frequently require it to cany 
 them only a Mile or Two, and may save the 
 expense of hiring another Horse while one of 
 their own is 111, or is in want of a Day's rest, 
 by having a pair of Shafts made to fit on, and 
 so use it with only one Horse which will do 
 all the work required by many infirm persons, 
 almost as easily as Two : we wonder that 
 more Chariots are not so constructed. 
 
 The preceding Calculation shews that the 
 Expense of keeping Two Horses, and the Risk 
 of loss by Horses, &c. cannot well be set down 
 at less than 113. 18s. per Annum. 
 
 A Hackneyman will furnish a pair of Horses, 
 take all the Hazards, and bear all the expenses
 
 ESTIMATE NO. IV. 21 
 
 enumerated above, at from 135. to 160. per 
 Annum, according to the quantity of Work, 
 and the Age, Colour, and Quality of the 
 Horses required. 
 
 If a Pair of Horses are hired for a Year, and 
 they are given up at any time within that 
 period, it is customary to give a couple of 
 months' notice, or a couple of months' money. 
 Have a written agreement about this. 
 
 The following is my Agreement for hiring 
 Horses : 
 
 " MEMORANDUM. Mr. Thurston agrees to 
 furnish Dr. Kitchiner with a Pair of Horses at 
 140. per Annum, to be paid Quarterly; and 
 if Dr. K. wishes to give them up, he must 
 give two months' notice, or two months' money : 
 '*. e. 24. 
 
 " From January 5th, 1827. 
 
 WM. KITCHINER. 
 JAS. THURSTON." 
 
 I would not recommend a Carriage Horse 
 to be less than Seven years old, especially if to 
 be driven in Crowded Streets; Horses that
 
 22 ESTIMATE NO. IV. 
 
 have not been taught how to behave in such 
 situations, are extremely awkward and unma- 
 nageable, and often occasion Accidents. 
 
 As I have said, the Price charged for Job 
 Horses varies as the goodness of the Horses, 
 and as the Work required, does. Some per- 
 sons do not Exercise their Horses enough ; 
 others require Two Horses to do as much La- 
 bour as should be done by Three. Again, the 
 price of Horses varies from less than 80. a 
 Pair, to twice 80. a piece. 
 
 If you keep Horses for useful purposes, you 
 must not be too nice about either their Colour, 
 or the condition of their Coats. 
 
 The ordinary Town Carriage Work can be 
 done just as well by a Pair of Horses, which 
 may be had for 70. or 80. as with those 
 that cost three times that Sum ; indeed it will 
 most likely be done better. If you have 
 Horses worth an hundred pounds a piece, you 
 will be afraid of using them when you most want 
 them ; i. e. in Cold and Wet Weather, for fear 
 of their catching Cold and breaking their Coats, 
 &c. Moreover, the Elegance of an Equipage, in
 
 ESTIMATE NO. IV. 23 
 
 the Eyes of most people, depends more upon the 
 Carriage, Harness, and Liveries, than upon the 
 Horses : all can judge of the former, but few of 
 the latter ; and, provided they are the same Size 
 and of the same Colour, the Million will be 
 satisfied. 
 
 Horses in Pairs are sometimes worth double 
 what they are singly and Horse-dealers do 
 not like to buy any but of the most common 
 Colours ; i. e. Bays and Browns ; because of 
 the ease in matching them. Horses of extra- 
 ordinary Colours may be purchased at a pro- 
 portionably cheap rate, unless they are in 
 Pairs, and happen to be an extraordinary good 
 match, when they will sometimes bring an 
 extravagant price. 
 
 An Ancient Equestrian gives the following 
 advice, and also gave us all those Para- 
 graphs to which are affixed the initials 
 A. E.: 
 
 " If you have occasion to match your Horse, 
 do not let the Dealer know you are seeking for 
 a Match Horse, or he will demand a higher 
 price ; nor do not send your servant to select
 
 24 ESTIMATE NO. IV. 
 
 for you." See the " Hints to Purchasers of 
 Horses," in CHAP. IV. 
 
 If you will be contented with the useful 
 Qualities of your Horses, i. e. their Strength 
 and Speed, and are not top nice about their 
 matching in Colour, you may be provided with 
 capital Horses, at half the cost of those who 
 are particular about their Colour; and more- 
 over, you may easily choose such as will do 
 double the service. 
 
 The Judgment and Liberality of the Pro- 
 prietors are not so questionable on account of 
 the Horses (which all the Wit and all the Wealth 
 in the World cannot always procure exactly 
 what may be wished) as they are about those 
 works of Art, a Carriage and a Livery ; these, 
 good Taste and Liberality can always com- 
 mand. The difference in the charge for the 
 hire of an elegant New Carriage and a shabby 
 Old one, does not exceed 25. per Annum; 
 and 10. per Annum more will defray all the 
 extra expense incurred by giving a handsome 
 Livery; so there is not 10 per Cent saved in 
 the Shabbiest turn out.
 
 ESTIMATE NO. IV. 25 
 
 As most people Job their Carriage Horses, 
 we shall continue our Estimate, and set 
 
 clown 
 
 . s. d. 
 For a Pair of Jobbed Horses (the lowest price 
 
 at present) 135 
 
 The Duty on Two Horses 414 6 
 
 On a Four-Wheeled Carriage 6 
 
 On the Coachman 114 
 
 Wages* of the Coachman", not less than 10s. per 
 
 week 26 
 
 Board, ditto, ditto, at 14s. per week 36 8 
 
 Carried forward 209 16 6 
 
 * Do not give unusually high standing Wages, These 
 should neither exceed nor fall short of the Rates which 
 Custom has established; or, in the former case, you will 
 make your own servants idle and extravagant, and those 
 of your neighbours unhappy and discontented. If you 
 do not pay the customary compensation for the service you 
 receive, you will excite a continually rankling discontent in 
 the minds of your Domestics, and will be harassed with 
 those continual changes in your establishment, which will 
 soon render Good Servants shy of engaging in it. 
 
 The best way to encourage Servants is to give them 
 " Occasional Presents and Indulgences." These I would 
 not bestow in Money, but give him a pair of Good Boots 
 or Shoes, or an Umbrella, or a Watch, according to his 
 Diligence and Long Service : confer these Rewards, rather
 
 26 ESTIMATE NO. IV. 
 
 N.B. If there are no Lodging Rooms over 
 the Coach-house, it is customary to allow a 
 Coachman about 4s. per Week, i. e. about 10. 
 per Year, to pay his Lodging. 
 
 . s. d. 
 
 Brought forward 209 16 6 
 
 Allowance for Oil and Grease, Towels and 
 
 Leathers, to clean the Carriage, at least Is. 
 
 per Week 2 12 
 
 Rent of Coach-house and Stable 25 
 
 Tax on ditto 3 
 
 240 8 6 
 
 The advice of our great Dramatic Bard can- 
 not be quoted more aptly than in the following 
 Maxim for choosing a Livery : 
 
 " Costly thy Habit as thy Purse 
 
 Can buy, but not expressed in fancy, 
 
 Rich not gaudy : for the Apparel oft proclaims 
 
 The Man." Shakespeare. 
 
 We recommend a Blue, Brown, Drab, or 
 
 as given for general Good Conduct, than as for any parti- 
 cular occurrence, or they may be received as merited pay- 
 ment for an insulated piece of service.
 
 ESTIMATE NO. IV. ' 27 
 
 Green Livery, the whole of the same Colour. 
 To have a Coat of one Colour, and lined with 
 another, a Waistcoat of another, and the other 
 Clothes of another Colour, claims the Poet's 
 censure it is "Gaudy" unless for a full 
 Dress Livery on a Gala Day: we equally 
 disapprove of the Capes of a Box Coat being 
 alternately Blue and Yellow, or Brown and 
 Red, &c. 
 
 Coachman's Livery. 
 
 Those who affect an elegant Equipage, usually 
 give their Coachman annually, say Two hand- 
 some Suits of what is termed the best Second 
 Cloth (what is called Livery Cloth is a little 
 cheaper, but much coarser, and not half so 
 
 serviceable). 
 
 . *. d. 
 
 Brought forward 240 8 6 
 
 Light Blue Cloth Double-breasted Coat, edged 
 
 with Crimson, and lined with Shalloon same 
 
 colour as the Coat, with Gold-laced Collar 
 
 and Button Holes 
 Waistcoat, Blue Kerseymere, with Shalloon 
 
 Sleeves ; 
 Plush Breeches, lined, and gilt Knee Buckles . . 14 14 
 
 Carried forward 255 2 6
 
 28 ESTIMATE NO. IV. 
 
 . s. d. 
 
 Brought forward 255 2 6 
 
 30 Large and 18 Small Buttons with Crest* and 
 
 Motto, &c. thereon 013 6 
 
 Working Dress, (once a Year), Drab Cord 
 Breeches, Coat, Waistcoat, and Overalls 
 (Drab Fustian, lined,) &c 313 
 
 259 9 
 
 For those who make but little use of their 
 Carriage, ONE LIVERY a Year, or Two in 
 Three Years, is enough, especially if you give a 
 Working-dress, as the Livery is then worn 
 merely when he mounts the Box to drive. 
 
 Those who give only ONE LIVERY IN A 
 YEAR, should do that in April, so that they 
 
 * The price charged by Mr. Williams, Button Manufac- 
 turer, No. 103, St. Martin's Lane, for a pair of Button 
 Dies, is 2. 2s. 
 
 Buttons are not always stamped so carefully as they 
 ought to be : caution your Button Maker, that you will 
 not take any impressions that are imperfect : you may be 
 charged a trifle more per Dozen, if you will have every 
 Button as perfect as the Proof Specimen. Let the Letters 
 of the Motto, which is generally put round the Crest, be 
 large enough to be .legible they are generally too small.
 
 ESTIMATE NO. IV. 29 
 
 may have the credit of it during the Summer 
 months, while it is seen : during the Winter it 
 is almost always covered by the Box Coat; 
 when the Coat the man does his work in, will 
 do as well as any. If a Livery Coat has a Laced 
 Collar, wearing the Box Coat over it, will soon 
 cut it to pieces. 
 
 Counsellor Cautious never gave a Coachman 
 a Livery till he had served him for Three 
 Months. Some Persons, instead of a Livery, 
 allow 3s. or 4s. per Week extra, and the Coach- 
 man finds his own Clothes, a plain Blue 
 Coat ; they giving him only a Hat and Great 
 Coat. 
 
 . s. d. 
 
 Brought forward 259 9 
 
 A good full-made Box Coat, with six real Capes, 
 and lined with Shalloon, about 7. (according 
 to the number of Capes and the quality of the 
 Cloth, the price varies from 5. to 8.), once 
 in Three Years, at the end of which it is given 
 to the Coachman, per Annum 2 7 
 
 261 16 
 
 Plain Liveries, without Lace, &c. one-third 
 less, f. e. about 5. per Suit.
 
 30 ESTIMATE NO. IV. 
 
 . s. d. 
 
 Brought forward 261 16 
 
 Two Plain Hats 2 10 
 
 264 6 
 
 With Gold Lace Binding, and a neat narrow 
 Gold Band, they cost about double the above 
 sum. 
 
 Some give, Annually, one plain Hat for com- 
 mon use, and one edged with Gold Lace and a 
 Gold Band as a Dress Hat. 
 
 Those who like to see their Coachman neat 
 and nice, give him a Clothes Box as well as a 
 Clothes Brush, or, which is infinitely better, a 
 Cupboard six feet high, about three feet deep, 
 and three feet wide, with pegs to hang his Box 
 Coat, Hat, and other Clothes on, which, with- 
 out such a case, are soon spoiled by the Dust 
 
 of the Hay Loft. 
 
 . ,. d. 
 
 Brought forward 264 6 
 
 The Yearly hire of a handsome new Chariot or 
 Coach and Harness, from 70. to 84. : if it 
 is hired for only three or four Years, and fitted 
 up with Undersprings, Collinge's Axles, &c., 
 and finished in the best style, as described in 
 Estimate No 9, it will be about 84 
 
 Total 348 6
 
 ESTIMATE NO. IV. 31 
 
 To the above Estimate is to be added the 
 charges of Turnpikes Short Baits* Travelling 
 Expenses, &c., extra Visiting, and numerous 
 other Expenses, which would not be incurred 
 without a Carriage to cany you to them : these 
 will make the total amount of outgoings from 
 keeping a Carriage come up to not less than 
 400 per Annum. 
 
 The Editor is aware that-the foregoing Com- 
 putations are rather higher than those random- 
 guess Estimates, which some inexperienced 
 persons have published : however, his Calcula- 
 
 s. d. 
 
 * Letting the Horses wash their Mcuths, which 
 
 is comfortable to them in very hot weather. 
 If you are ^Travelling a long Journey, it will 
 refresh them much more, if you at the same 
 time give them a little bit of Hay; for 
 these you are generally charged, for a 
 
 Pair of Horses 6 
 
 For a Short Bait, i. e. if you go out for Ten 
 Miles, and the Horses are put up for an 
 hour or two, a feed, a Quartern of Corn each, 
 
 including 6d. to the Hostler, is about 1 6 
 
 See more of the Estimates of Expenses in Travelling, in 
 Part I. of the " Traveller's Oracle."
 
 32 ESTIMATE NO. IV. 
 
 tions are neither more nor less than the actual 
 amount which he has himself paid; and he does 
 not believe that the business can be done pro- 
 perly for less than the Sums set down ; 
 therefore, 
 
 Prudent Peruser of the present Page, 
 To keep a Coach will add but Care to Age, 
 Unless your Annual Income is quite clear 
 Full Fifteen Hundred Pounds a Year.
 
 ESTIMATE No. V. 
 
 THE former is The Usual and Liberal Plan of 
 Keeping a Carriage it cannot be kept so 
 comfortably on any other; but we must also 
 tell our Readers The Cheapest Plan, which is 
 about 100 per Annum less. 
 
 . s. d. 
 
 1st. Instead of giving 84 per Annum for a New 
 Carriage and Harness, made in the best style, 
 as per Estimate No. 9, you may hire an infe- 
 rior, or a vamped-up second-hand one for 
 about 60 
 
 AHackneyman will supply a Pair of Horses, and 
 
 keep them, &c. in his Livery Stables, for .... 1 35 
 
 Standing of Carriage, and charge for cleaning 
 and greasing, &c. as in Estimate No. 6, per 
 annum, not less than 11 16 
 
 Duty on Horses and Carriage 10 14 6 
 
 217 10 6
 
 34 ESTIMATE NO. V. 
 
 . s. d. 
 Brought forward 217 10 6 
 
 A Grand managing Economist informed me 
 that he pays the Hostler at a Livery Stable Qs. 
 per week additional, i. e. 20 per annum, to 
 do all the work usually done by the Coach- 
 man, except driving the Carriage he comes 
 for orders as a Coachman does, and brings 
 the Carriage to the Door, when his Man 
 Servant, who acts as Coachman*, mounts the 
 Box and drives it ; on its return, the Foot- 
 man drives it to the Stables, and the Hostler 
 does all the rest of the business usually done 
 by a Coachman 20 
 
 Extra Wages to a Footman for Driving, and 
 
 Box Coat, &c. not less than, per annum 8 
 
 245 10 6 
 
 OBS. Few People but those who have 
 either a very Strong Purse, or a very Weak 
 Person, really require a .Carriage every day. 
 
 * The Strap for pulling up the Step, and the Inside 
 Handle, are great conveniences to those who do not take a 
 Footman out with them. See " Diunb Footman," in the 
 Index.
 
 ESTIMATE NO. V. 35 
 
 Twice, or Thrice in a week would be quite 
 enough for many ; such will do wisely, to 
 find a Friend who will pay half of the Ex- 
 pense, and use the Equipage on alternate 
 days and on Sundays let it rest.
 
 ESTIMATE No. VI. 
 
 FOR those who wish for a Carriage merely 
 as a matter of occasional Parade, rather 
 than of continual Convenience, and hardly 
 require it perhaps Two days in a Week, the 
 cheapest plan is to purchase a Carriage, and 
 keep it at a Stable Yard, where, as often as 
 they wish, they can hire a pair of Horses : but 
 a good Carriage must not stand in a Public 
 Yard, unless it is put into a private Coach- 
 house, where it can be carefully locked up : 
 if you pay a little extra for this, it is money 
 well spent. 
 
 f. s. d. 
 
 The Expense then will be, the Interest of the 
 Money paid for the purchase of the Carriage 
 and Harness, (which we will suppose may 
 be bought second hand for about 200), and 
 keeping it in Repair, which, as it is but
 
 ESTIMATE NO. VI. 37 
 
 . s. d. 
 seldom used, may be set down together at 
 
 (not less than,) per annum 30 
 
 Standing of it, at 3s. per week, per annum 716 
 
 For Oil and Grease, and to the Hostler for 
 cleaning the Carriage, from Is. to Is. 6rf. per 
 
 week, per annum 4 
 
 Tax . 600 
 
 47 16 
 
 And 1. Is. per Day for Hire of Horses, and 
 5s. the Coachman. See ESTIMATE No. 7. 
 
 Thus, it appears, To keep a Carriage, and to 
 use it once in a Year, costs 48. 2s./// 
 
 The Hackneyman's Charge for a Pair of 
 Horses for three or four hours in the middle of 
 the Day, say from One till Five o'clock, is 
 about 15s. 
 
 From Four till Twelve at Night, that is, to 
 take you to the Theatre or out to Dinner, and 
 to bring you Home after, is 12s. 
 
 The Coachman's fee for these Short Jobs, is 
 about 2s. Qd. 
 
 Many people do not require a Carriage more 
 than twice in a Week ; nor then, more than
 
 38 ESTIMATE NO. VI. 
 
 for Three or Four hours : to such, the Saving 
 will be very great. 
 
 . s. d. 
 Standing charges of the Carriage, &c. as per 
 
 Estimate above 47 16 
 
 Horses and Coachman, for Four Hours, Twice 
 
 a Week, at 17s. 6d. each time 91 
 
 Per Annum 138 16
 
 ESTIMATE No. VII. 
 
 HIRING FOR A SHORTER PERIOD THAN A YEAR. 
 
 Ira Carriage be hired for a Day, a Week, or a 
 Month, or for any time less than a Year, the 
 person who let it out pays the Duty. 
 
 The customary charge for those common 
 Carriages, whether of Two or Four Wheels, 
 which are let out, is about 5s. per Day, or 5. 
 per Month (28 Days). 
 
 Open Carriages are charged higher, as the 
 whole Year's Duty is paid upon them, though 
 they are only used for a few Months. 
 
 When Coaches or Chariots are let by the 
 Day or Week, the Harness is not included in 
 the charge for them. Harness for a Pair of 
 Horses is charged Is. per Day, or 5s. per Week. 
 
 Hired Carriages are expected to be turned 
 out clean, greased, and fit for immediate use : 
 examine them well before you take them ; for
 
 40 ESTIMATE NO. VII. 
 
 if any part breaks while in your use, you will be 
 expected to pay for the Repair thereof, unless 
 you make a previous Agreement that it shall 
 be done by the person letting it. 
 
 Tell the person you hire of, how long you 
 want the Carriage, and how far you are going to 
 travel : he has then no excuse for not giving 
 you a sufficient Carriage. 
 
 The price of a Job during the dear Months, 
 when the Town is full, i. e. in April, May, and 
 June, for a Chariot or Coach, a Pair of Horses 
 and Coachman, his Wages and Board Wages, 
 the standing at the Hackneyman's, &c., and all 
 charges included, is, (a little more or less, ac- 
 cording to the quality of the Horses and the 
 Carriage), per Month, (reckoning 28 Days), 
 about 26. 
 
 The usual sum for the Hire of a Coach or 
 Chariot and Harness, is, according to the con- 
 dition thereof, from 5. to 7. per Month : if 
 you hire them of a Coachmaker, you will have 
 more choice, and may get a better Carriage. 
 
 A Glass Coach, or Chariot and Horses, not 
 to travel beyond eight miles from Town, may 
 be hired, per Day, for from 1. Is. to 1. 5s.
 
 ESTIMATE NO. VII. 41 
 
 The Coachman's Fee is 5s. 
 
 If he is employed all Day, especially if you go 
 into the Country, it is usual to give the Driver 
 his Dinner. 
 
 For a distance exceeding eight miles from 
 the place of letting, the charge is Is. 6d. per 
 Mile out, and half that sum in returning. 
 
 For Three or Four Hours in the middle of 
 the Day, 18*. 
 
 The Coachman will expect about Half-a- 
 Crown. 
 
 From Four till Twelve in the Evening, to 
 take you out to Dinner, and to bring you 
 Home, 15s. Coachman, 2s. Qd. 
 
 In either of the above cases, if you find the 
 Carriage, the charge will be from 3s. to 5s. less. 
 
 We subjoin a List of the charges for these 
 things in Ireland. 
 
 MEETING OF THE COACH PROPRIETORS AND 
 POST-MASTERS OF DUBLIN. 
 
 The Job Coach Proprietors and Post-Masters 
 respectfully beg leave to inform the Nobility, 
 Gentry, their Friends, and the Public, that at 
 a Meeting of their Trade, held on Tuesday, the 
 25th of July, 1826, it was
 
 42 ESTIMATE NO. VII. 
 
 Resolved That in order to meet the exigency 
 of the Times, the change of Currency, and the 
 advanced price of every article necessary for 
 their Trade, particularly forage, that from and 
 after the 1st of August next, the prices of 
 Posting and Job Carriages will be as follow, 
 in British Currency. 
 
 POSTING. 
 
 *. d. British. 
 
 Chaise and Pair, with one or two passengers 1 1 per Mile. 
 
 Chaise and Pair, with three passengers .... 1 4 ditto. 
 
 Chaise and Four 2 2 ditto. 
 
 Coach and Four 2 6 ditto. 
 
 Pair of Horses to Gentlemen's Chaise, one 
 
 or two passengers 1 4 ditto. 
 
 Ditto, with three passengers 1 6 ditto. 
 
 Ditto Gentleman's Coach 1 6 ditto. 
 
 Four Horses to ditto 2 6 ditto. 
 
 Four Horses to Chaise 2 2 ditto. 
 
 JOB CARRIAGES. 
 Carriage and Pair for Town, from ten until 
 
 five, evening 12 
 
 Ditto, ditto, until twelve at night 17 
 
 Ditto, from six in the evening until twelve 
 
 at night 12 
 
 Pair of Horses to Gentlemen's Carriages, same rates. 
 
 Resolved That the sum of Ten Pence, de-
 
 ESTIMATE NO. VII. 43 
 
 manded by Messengers sent to us for Carriages, 
 be discontinued. 
 
 Resolved That we will not hire or employ 
 any Coachman who has not a written recom- 
 mendation from his last employer to produce. 
 
 Resolved That the foregoing List of Prices, 
 together with the Resolutions, be published in 
 The Dublin Evening Mail, &c.
 
 ESTIMATE .No. VIII. 
 
 JOBBIXG HORSES. 
 
 WE think that it is quite as Cheap, and are 
 sure it is by far the most Comfortable plan, to 
 Job Horses : if one of them falls sick or lame, 
 the Hackneyman immediately furnishes you 
 with another and you avoid a vast deal of 
 Inconvenience and Anxiety. This begins to be 
 so generally understood now, that not only 
 Coach, but Cart and Waggon Horses are 
 Jobbed by the Year, and Carts and Waggons 
 also. 
 
 To Job Horses, is particularly recommended 
 to persons who are ambitious of having an 
 elegant Equipage ; a pair of fine Horses that 
 match exactly are always expensive to purchase; 
 and if one of them dies, it is sometimes, to 
 a private Gentleman, extremely difficult to find 
 a fellow to it. 
 
 Horses cannot work equally, nor at ease to
 
 
 ESTIMATE NO. VIII. 45 
 
 themselves, if they are not nearly of the same 
 Size, of the same Temper, and of the same 
 Strength, and have the same Pace, and Step 
 well together. 
 
 A Hackneyman or Horsedealer, who is in an 
 extensive way of business, has so many oppor- 
 tunities of seeing Horses, that he can match a 
 Horse with much less Expense, and more exactly, 
 than any Gentleman or any Groom may hope 
 to do : therefore, those who are particular about 
 the match of their Horses, will find it not 
 merely more expensive, but much more trouble- 
 some, to Buy than it is to Job. 
 
 Job Masters, in general, Sell, as well as Let 
 Horses ; therefore, stipulate in your Agree- 
 ment, that you shall be supplied with various 
 Horses till you are suited to your satisfaction ; 
 and then, that neither of them shall be changed 
 without your consent: for this, a Hackneyman 
 may demand, and deserves, a little larger price; 
 but it is Money paid for the purchase of Com- 
 fort, is the only way to be well served, and pre- 
 vents all disputes. If you do not make such an 
 Agreement, and your Hackneyman happens to 
 be offered a good price for one of your Horses, he 
 may take it ; and Your's, like many other Car-
 
 46 ESTIMATE NO. VIII. 
 
 riages in London, will be little better than a 
 Break: nothing is more disagreeable, nay, 
 dangerous, than to be continually drawn by 
 strange Horses. 
 
 While the Job is travelling in the Country, 
 the Hackneyman is allowed what is called 
 Night, or Hay Money, t. e. an addition of Is. 6d. 
 per Night for each Horse, every Night the 
 Horses are out. 
 
 This is considered as a compensation for the 
 increased price charged for Corn at Inns, which 
 is much more than it costs the Hackneyman at 
 Home. 
 
 MEM. Make some previous agreement in 
 Writing about all these things. 
 
 Some people who wish their Horses to be in 
 high condition, yet desire to avoid all Risk and 
 Trouble, &c. hire Horses, and find them in 
 Corn, &c. themselves. A good Pair of Horses, 
 without keep, are charged about 70. per 
 Annum. 
 
 The Old Proverb tells us, that " The Eye* 
 of the Master makes the Horse Fat." 
 
 * The Ancient Equestrian who read the MS. of this 
 Work, wrote the following note : 
 
 " Those who keep Horses should occasionally look into
 
 ESTIMATE NO. VIII. 47 
 
 " The next care a man should take, after he 
 has found a Horse to his mind, and purchased 
 him, should be to provide a Stable so situated, 
 with respect to his house, that he may see him 
 very frequently, and to have his Stall so con- 
 trived, that it may be as difficult a task to steal 
 his Horse's provender out of the Manger, as to 
 take his own victuals out of the Larder." 
 From Zenophon's Treatise on Horsemanship, 
 translated in Berenger's Entertaining and In- 
 structive Book upon Horsemanship, 4to. 1771. 
 p. 231. 
 
 If you have valuable Nags, do not think it 
 time lost, occasionally to visit the Stable, and 
 see that they are comfortably taken care of, 
 have their proper allowance of Corn, and are 
 well bedded, &,c., and see that the Corn be not 
 brewed. A smart Son of the Whip says, that 
 " some Hostlers are s'o clever, that they can 
 turn Oats into Ale." 
 
 The Word Hostler, I find in the most learned 
 Lexicon in our Language, which explains some 
 
 the Mews early in the morning ; and if a man is there 
 with a Sack, or Donkey and Panniers, immediately think 
 of their Corn and Hay, See." A. E.
 
 48 ESTIMATE NO. VIII. 
 
 thousands of words more than Johnson, is 
 written Oat-stealer which this learned lexico- 
 grapher says it must be allowed appears to be 
 the true word. 
 
 The Dictionary above alluded to is a very 
 deep work : instead of its containing more 
 words by thousands than are in Johnson, 
 Johnson does not give us ten words that are in 
 it nor does it contain much above ten words 
 that are in Johnson : this admirable and elegant 
 Dictionary is entitled " A Classical Dictionary 
 of the Vulgar Tongue, by F. Grose, Esq., 
 F.R.S. &c." 
 
 Some people fancy that they have made a 
 capital Bargain, by stipulating that the Hack- 
 neyman shall let their Carriage and Horses 
 stand in his Livery Yard, and so save part of 
 the charge of a private Coach-house and 
 Stable : if Hackneymen have plenty of 
 Boom, they have sometimes no objection 
 to this ; however, you must take into the 
 reckoning, that your Carriage, while stand- 
 ing in an open Coach-house, and even while 
 being cleaned in a Public Yard, is unavoidably 
 exposed to continual danger from being care- 
 lessly run against by other Carriages passing
 
 ESTIMATE NO. VIJI. 49 
 
 to and fro : moreover, it is often injured by the 
 dirty Mops and Cloths, and by the careless 
 manner in which it is cleaned. If you wish 
 your Carriage to be turned out in nice condi- 
 tion, you must have your own Coach-house and 
 Stable ; it is much more advisable, not only 
 for your own Advantage, but for the Comfort 
 of your Coachman, which you will consider 
 also, if you expect him to consider your Interest. 
 It is extremely desirable to have Stables, &.c. 
 adjoining your House ; because a Coachman, 
 when your Carriage is not wanted, has many 
 spare hours in which he may be very useful in 
 carrying Messages, &c.
 
 50 
 
 ESTIMATE NO. IX. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF AND ESTIMATE FOR A HANDSOME 
 TOWN CHARIOT. 
 
 A CHARIOT built with the very best Materials 
 and of the best Workmanship, the Body 
 made with convex sides, lined with fine cloth 
 and silk lace, and lace Footman's holders, Mo- 
 rocco head Cushions and Squabs, colour of 
 Lace Cloth and Morocco, &c. to choice : 
 handsome Venetian Blinds, best lute - string 
 Spring Curtains, double folding steps trimmed 
 with black Spanish Leather, lined with Cloth, 
 and concealed in Doors ; best Brussels Carpet 
 to the bottom of Body, and Steps and Oak 
 seat box. 
 
 The Body hung on a Carriage with compass 
 perch, best Town-made Springs and Iron work ; 
 the Wood work of Carriage beaded and carved; 
 Axletrees turned and case hardened with solid 
 pipe boxes ; Wheels with the best seasoned
 
 ESTIMATE NO. IX. 51 
 
 Ash felleys, and Patent hoop tire rivetted : 
 Barouche Dickey Coach Box set on a Boot 
 and attached to the Carriage by handsome 
 Iron Work, and made to take off in case of 
 travelling ; trimmed with the best patent Lea- 
 ther borders, and lined with Cloth; large 
 splashing Iron in front of Body, covered with 
 double patent leather ; Mail Lamps ; brass 
 moulding to Body ; Swage Door handles ; the 
 Body, Carriage, and Wheels painted to fancy ; 
 Arms painted in ornamented shields on Doors ; 
 and the best plate Glasses to Windows ; the 
 whole made of the best materials, and finished 
 
 in the most complete manner, 
 
 . 5. d. 
 
 240 
 
 If the following Extras are required : 
 Handsome C springs with carved blocks, stays, 
 
 &c. &c 10 
 
 Handsome carved hind Standards 10 
 
 Under Springs 25 
 
 Collinge's Patent Axletrees 20 
 
 New Pair of very Handsome Harness, with 
 
 Patent Leather Water decks complete 36 15 
 
 341 15 
 
 The Coach maker will keep the above Car-
 
 52 ESTIMATE NO. IX. 
 
 riage and Harness in Repair, and find Wheels, 
 &c. for four Years, for 10. per Annum : this, 
 at the end of that time, would make its ex- 
 pense 381. 15s., and it might then be worth 
 about 100. ; so that if you purchase, it will 
 cost at least 70. per Annum, besides the 
 Interest of the Money advanced : moreover, 
 you will have more than common luck, if you 
 get 100. for it at the end of Four Years. 
 
 If such a Chariot, with its appendages and 
 Harness, as explained in the above Estimate, 
 be taken on a Job, (the longer the period you 
 hire it for, the less will be the annual charge,) 
 for Four Years, the charge is about 84. per 
 Annum. It is not advisable to agree to take a 
 Carriage for a longer period than it will look 
 well without being repainted, &c. After three 
 or four Years, Carriages that are in conti- 
 nual use require to go into Dock for a tho- 
 rough repair. 
 
 A Landaulett or a Landau is charged 10. 
 per Annum more. 
 
 A Landau is a Carriage in the form of a 
 Coach, the upper part of which may be opened 
 for the advantage of air and prospect in
 
 ESTIMATE NO. IX. 53 
 
 Summer time, and is principally intended for 
 Country use, and is the most convenient Car- 
 riage of any, as so many persons may be ac- 
 commodated with the pleasure of an Open and 
 a Close Carriage in one, without the care of 
 Driving, as in other Open Carriages, or the 
 expense and incumbrance of keeping Two. 
 
 A Landau or Landauletl is not only more 
 expensive to build, but more troublesome to 
 keep nicely clean ; and its Leather Roof much 
 sooner wears shabby, than the Japanned Roof 
 of a Coach or Chariot. 
 
 NOTA BENE. It is customary for the Builder 
 to warrant his Work for the first Twelvemonths, 
 and to undertake to make good all failures 
 happening within that time, which arise from 
 the Timber or Iron work's breaking, but not 
 those decays which necessarily follow from 
 reasonable use and wear, or damages by Ac- 
 cident. However, to prevent all Misunder- 
 standing, insert the following lines in your 
 Contract for Building : also, that " after the 
 Carriage has been out about two or three 
 months, and the Varnish has got thoroughly
 
 54 ESTIMATE NO. IX. 
 
 dry, the Builder shall Polish it free of further 
 expense." This process can be performed much 
 better after a few months have elapsed, than 
 it can when the carriage first comes out, as the 
 Varnish is not then sufficiently hardened. 
 See Cautions on Building Carriages, at p. 65 et 
 seq. of this Work. 
 
 TO JOB OR HIKE A CARRIAGE 
 
 Is the most convenient and cheapest way of 
 proceeding. 
 
 Carriages are usually hired for such a time 
 as they may be expected to last in Fashion, 
 that is for about four or five years. 
 
 A One Horse Chaise with Two Wheels may 
 be jobbed for 20. to 40. per Annum. 
 
 A Four Wheel Chaise from 30. to 50. 
 
 The present charge for the hire of a Coach 
 or Chariot, (see Estimate No. IX.), Landau or 
 Landaulett, and Harness, per Annum, is from 
 60. to 100. One year of which is paid in 
 advance. 
 
 Coachmakers will build a New Carriage for 
 this purpose, and finish it to your own fancy,
 
 ESTIMATE NO. IX. 55 
 
 exactly the same as if you were to purchase it, 
 and will paint it at the end of two or three 
 years, if you hire it for a longer period. 
 
 Persons who constantly require the use of a 
 Carriage will do wisely to Hire, and not for a 
 longer period than Three or Four Years. The 
 frequent Repairs which are constantly wanting 
 to Older Carriages, occasion many Inconveni- 
 ences, although the expenses of them are 
 avoided by Hiring. 
 
 Carriages are never better built than those 
 which are made expressly to be let on a Job. 
 A Coachmaker takes care to choose materials 
 and workmen of the best kind for his own 
 sake, to avoid those subsequent charges, which, 
 as has been observed before, constitute the evil 
 of inferior Carriages. 
 
 MEM. In the Agreement for Hiring, sti- 
 pulate for the option of purchasing the Car- 
 riage at the end of the First Year, at a certain 
 Sum, i. e. if the original price was 300., and 
 you paid 80. per Annum, for 220. After a 
 Year's wear, you will be able to see pretty 
 clearly what kind of a Carriage you have got, 
 and whether it is worth purchasing.
 
 56 ESTIMATE NO. IX. 
 
 Harness is usually engaged with the Car- 
 riage, which is kept in Wheels and all Re- 
 pairs, excepting those which are required from 
 Accidents. 
 
 When Carriages are let by the Year, the 
 following engagement is usually entered into 
 by the contracting Parties : 
 
 COPY OF AGREEMENT. 
 
 Articles of Agreement made and entered into 
 this 13th Day of April, 1826, between A. B., 
 Gent., of in the county of 
 
 on the one part, and C. D., Coachmaker, of 
 in the county of on the 
 
 other; and this certifies that the said C. D. 
 doth agree to build, and preserve in good and 
 substantial repair, a Carriage with Harness for 
 the use of the said A. B. until the full ex- 
 piration of Four Years, from the date hereof, 
 after the following manner : (here is to be 
 inserted the manner in which the Carriage is 
 to be built, see Estimate No. IX., with all the 
 particulars of keeping the same in repair, the 
 time of New Painting, New Green silk Blinds, 
 Hammerclothing, 8cc.) : to furnish New
 
 ESTIMATE NO. IX. 57 
 
 Wheels when the said A. B. desires them, and 
 to supply him with a good Chariot while this 
 is repairing and that A. B. shall have the 
 option of purchasing the said Carriage and 
 Harness at the end of the first Year for the 
 sum of 
 
 In consideration whereof the said A. B. 
 doth agree to pay, or cause to be paid, to the 
 said C. D. the sum of annually; the 
 
 First Year's payment on the receipt of the said 
 Carriage and Harness, the Second on the com- 
 mencement of the Second Year, and each 
 Year's hire to be paid in advance ; and at the 
 expiration of the Four Years, the said Carriage 
 with Harness to be returned to the said C. D. 
 with Glasses whole, and every part of the said 
 Carriage and Harness complete and whole, ex- 
 cepting such deficiencies as may be expected 
 from reasonable use and wear, provided always, 
 and on condition, that if the said A. B. shall, 
 during the said term of four Years, pay the 
 said C. D. the sum of thirty Guineas, and give 
 up the said Chariot and Harness complete, 
 then this Agreement shall be void, any thing 
 to the contrary notwithstanding.
 
 58 ESTIMATE NO. IX. 
 
 In witness hereof, each party hath set their 
 hands and Seals this day of 
 
 A. B. 
 C.D. 
 Witness, F. G. 
 
 This agreement must be on a Stamp, or 
 Stamped within fourteen days ; or if a ques- 
 tion arise, and it should come into Court, the 
 Stamping then would cost 20.
 
 59 
 
 CARRIAGES. 
 
 THE Art of Coachmaking within these last 
 Thirty Years, has been improved greatly in 
 Beauty, Strength, and Convenience ; and a 
 Carriage is now considered as a distinguishing 
 mark of the taste of its Proprietor. 
 
 There are few works of Art which require 
 the aid of so many different Artists as the 
 constructing of a Carriage ; there are Wheel- 
 wrights, Spring, Axletree, Step, and 
 Tire, Black and White Smiths, Brass 
 Founders, Engravers, Painters, Carvers, 
 Carpenters, Joiners, Trimmers, Lace 
 Makers, Lamp Makers, Curriers, Collar 
 Makers, Harness Makers, &c. &c. ; and upon 
 the quality of the Materials, and the capacity 
 of these Workmen to execute their respective 
 parts in a perfect manner, and upon the taste 
 and skill of the Coachmaker in combining 
 them, depends the Beauty and the Durability 
 of the Carriage.
 
 60 CARRIAGES. 
 
 ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF CARRIAGES. 
 
 The best time to bring out a Neiv Carriage, 
 is about April or May, before the extreme heat 
 comes on; moreover, the Taxes are reckoned 
 from one 5th of April to another : and if you 
 enter a Carriage on the 5th of March, you will 
 have to pay for a whole Year, for only one 
 Month's use of it. 
 
 If you have any thing peculiar about a 
 Carriage, it will require much more time in 
 building, than if you are contented with merely 
 ordering " a fashionable Vehicle." In the 
 former case, do not hope to get it under Three, 
 nor be surprised if you wait Four Months 
 for it. 
 
 However, if you have no particular desire to 
 be disappointed, summon to your assistance 
 the aid of those powerful refreshers of a per- 
 functory Memory, the Goose*, the Calf, and 
 the See; i. e. take Mr. Jervis's advice, and 
 bind the Builder in a written contract, made 
 by your Attorney, and duly Stamped, Signed, 
 
 * Pens, Parchment, and Wax.
 
 CARRIAGES. 61 
 
 Sealed, and Witnessed, 8cc., to deliver the 
 Carriage, Harness, &c. completely finished on 
 a certain day or that he shall forfeit, and that 
 day shall pay to You, One Hundred Pounds, 
 and keep his Carriage himself. 
 
 Be careful that your Contract contains a full 
 and very particular description of every part ; for 
 
 MEM. If you order the least Alteration or 
 Addition afterwards, it will be charged Extra, 
 unless you discreetly insert a sweeping clause, 
 that the Whole shall be completed to your en- 
 tire satisfaction, for the Money, and at the Time 
 agreed upon. 
 
 An Honest Man will have no more objection 
 to sign a written Agreement than to make a 
 Verbal Promise, and a Prudent Man will never 
 take the latter when he can get the former : 
 the Expense of a written Agreement is Money 
 expended in preventing Anxiety, which is like 
 sacrificing a Pebble to preserve a Diamond : 
 those who wish to avoid disappointments and 
 litigation, will not stir one step without a 
 Written Agreement 'tis a pretty bit of Paper, 
 that makes men Honest, and keeps them so. 
 
 After you have settled what is to be the price 
 of the New Carriage then, before you sign the
 
 62 CARRIAGES. 
 
 Agreement respecting it, make your Bargain as 
 to what Sum the Builder shall allow you for 
 your Old One, provided you do not previously 
 otherwise dispose of it. 
 
 The Money allowed for an Old Carriage, is 
 less than a Novice will expect. I sold one 
 Chariot, which I had in use only Five years, 
 for only 15., nor could I get more for it, al- 
 though I kept it for several Weeks. 
 
 I sold another Chariot, which had been in 
 wear about the same time, for 30., and it is 
 not often that a Builder will allow much more 
 for a Carriage that has been in use for five 
 or six Years : by that time, the shape of 
 the Body is out of Fashion, the Lining is 
 shabby, and before it can be sold again to a 
 particular person, it must be thoroughly re- 
 paired, which will cost a considerable Sum. 
 
 The following is an Estimate which was 
 given to the Gentleman who bought my last 
 Chariot. 
 
 AN ESTIMATE OF REPAIRING A CHARIOT 
 
 . S. d. 
 
 A.nd putting in all New wood work, neatly 
 carved fresh fitting, filing, and fixing the 
 old Iron Work with new bolts taking the
 
 CARRIAGES. 63 
 
 . 5. d. 
 
 Springs to pieces fresh fitting the plates, 
 and re-fixing Springs with new rivets and 
 bolts altering the Iron work of the Barouche 
 seat putting a New Foot-board and fresh 
 
 hanging it and the Body 26 
 
 Handsome new Patent Lamps 2 8 
 
 Repairing braces, pole-pieces, &c., new covering 
 
 roller, bolts, and pole with New Leather 114 
 
 Altering and re-fixing the frame of Dash Iron, 
 
 and covering it with New Leather 412 
 
 Covering the whole of the inside with new 
 
 cotton false lining 510 
 
 New Carpets to the Bottom and the Steps 1 8 
 
 New Plating the Commode Handles and rivet- 
 ting the Door Handles 1 6 
 
 New pair of Web Holders 014 
 
 New Painting the Body of a Chariot 14 
 
 New Wheels 15 
 
 New Lining 35 
 
 Fresh Stringing and Painting Blinds 115 
 
 New covering Glass Frames 115 
 
 New Silk to Green Curtains 1 5 
 
 Under Springs 25 
 
 137 7 ' 
 
 No\r, if the Body had not been a beautiful 
 piece of Work, it would not have been worth
 
 64 CARRIAGES. 
 
 while to have bestowed this large sum in renew- 
 ing the Carriage part : but the whole of the ex- 
 terior of the Old Body, although it had been built 
 some Years, was more sound and unwarped, than 
 most new Bodies are on the first day they are 
 turned out; it was elegantly formed, and the 
 Interior so admirably constructed for Comfort, 
 that from it I learned the dimensions, &c. 
 which I have given in the following description 
 of what I think a Chariot ought to be. 
 
 Coachmakers sometimes shew Drawings of 
 Carriages for their Customers to choose from, 
 it is more satisfactory , not only to see, but to take 
 a ride in a pattern Carriage ; this your Coach- 
 maker can take you to see, or, if you see a Car- 
 riage which pleases your Eye, your Coachman 
 can easily learn where it is put up ; go with 
 your Coachmaker and see it, and have a written 
 Particular of all its peculiarities, an exact Mea- 
 surement of its dimensions, and an Estimate in 
 Writing of the cost thereof, similar to the one 
 given in CHAP. I. Estimate No. 9.
 
 65 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CONSTRUCTION OF A CHARIOT. 
 
 THE Novice in these things may think that 
 the following description is unnecessarily mi- 
 nute, and that he need only go to a Coachmaker 
 and order " a Chariot," and that Word will 
 procure him all he wishes. 
 
 The form of Carriages is as absurdly at the 
 mercy of Fashion, as the Cut of a Coat is ; 
 however, if the Reader is willing to let the Builder 
 please himself with the form of the Exterior, 
 he will perhaps not be quite so polite as to 
 submit the construction of the Interior entirely 
 to the caprice of his Coachmaker. If "as easy 
 as an old Coat" be a true Aphorism, " as easy 
 as an Old Carriage " is equally so : by riding 
 three or four Years in one, you become so used 
 to it, that any change is extremely unpleasant 
 and if the Elbows or the Seat are too high, or 
 too low, or too narrow, or too wide, &c. when 
 the Body is built, it is always difficult, and
 
 66 OF THE CONSTRUCTION 
 
 often impossible, to alter it; therefore, if you 
 like your Old Body, measure it, and order your 
 New one accordingly. 
 
 If you build a Body, pay a visit to your 
 Coachmaker while it is in progress, especially 
 just before it is put into the hands of the 
 Painter. 
 
 All Coachmakers, do not, always, go to 
 the expense of covering the Roof, Back, and 
 Sides with one piece of Leather, as they ought 
 to do ; the common practice is to cover the 
 Roof only with Leather, and leave the Upper 
 sides and back of pannel board, with a groove 
 run in the Roof where the Leather is nailed in 
 covering the nails and filling up the groove with 
 Putty, which the Summer's Sun and Winter's 
 Rain will soon crack, and the Water entering 
 will soil the Lining, and the Inside of the Body 
 will become damp : the whole of the upper part 
 of a Body should be enveloped in one large hide 
 of strong Leather, and neatly worked in, so 
 that it is one solid surface of Leather to paint 
 on, which neither Heat nor Wet can affect for 
 many Years. 
 
 The Breadth of a Body, to contain three
 
 OF A CHARIOT. 67 
 
 persons comfortably, should not be less than 
 4 feet 3 inches. 
 
 From Back to Front, 4 feet are enough. 
 
 The Height of the Seat from the bottom, 
 about 1 foot. 
 
 From the Seat to the Roof, not less than 
 3 feet 6 inches ; the Cushions, which are com- 
 monly about three inches in thickness, not 
 included. 
 
 A few Inches in Width and Breadth add 
 but a few Pounds to the Weight, but contri- 
 bute greatly to the Convenience of a Carriage, 
 especially to well-grown and full-fed persons. 
 
 The little thoroughly-ugly humpty-dumpty 
 Chariot, which looked something like a Cham- 
 pion Potatoe set on wheels, but which was the 
 grand rage with Children of the Largest Growth 
 about 30 Years ago, would not admit a small 
 person to sit with his hat on, nor a tall one with 
 his Hat off: these foolish little wee Vehicles 
 weighed only a few pounds less than the large 
 commodious Chariots, in which the Lords and 
 Ladies of the Creation transport themselves in 
 at the present day. 
 
 The Elbows should not be more than 6 inches
 
 68 OF THE CONSTRUCTION 
 
 above the Cushion, and should be so entirely 
 in recess, that you may lean comfortably against 
 the side of the Carriage : in some ill-contrived 
 modern bodies, they are placed too high, and 
 project out, and as often as you loll towards 
 them, remind you that you should not, and 
 force you back into your perpendicular, by 
 giving you a Punch in your Side. 
 
 In a Chariot Body of the size just described, 
 there should be a Front Seat about 10 inches 
 in width, which will occasionally carry Two 
 persons : this addition is especially desirable 
 in a Travelling Chariot, as by sitting in one 
 corner of the Carriage, you may put your Legs 
 upon it, and take a Nap very comfortably. 
 This Front Seat is doubly better than the old 
 fashioned Bodkin Seat which drew out from the 
 centre ; and when you have Two fellow Tra- 
 vellers, in order to induce one of them to sit 
 upon this accommodation seat, you may tell 
 them that they will sit three times as com- 
 fortably there as on the front seat ; for if they 
 sit on that, they will be crowded themselves, 
 and crowd two other persons also ; but if one 
 sits on the other seat, all may ride com-
 
 OF A CHARIOT. 69 
 
 fortably enough : it should be fixed on with 
 Slip-Hinges, so that it may be taken off at 
 pleasure. 
 
 The Door Lights or Windows are sometimes 
 contracted on the Seat side about 4 inches ; 
 however, some people like them as large as 
 possible, and besides, have the back of the 
 Carriage stuffed eight or ten inches deep, which 
 is exceedingly convenient for those who are 
 anxious to exhibit themselves like Articles for 
 sale in a Shew Glass. 
 
 Take care that the Glasses are of the best 
 Quality, well Polished, White, and as free as 
 possible from Specs and Veins. 
 
 These Glasses are commonly bound with 
 Cloth of the same Colour that the Carriage is 
 lined with, or with Black Velvet, which wears 
 better, and works in the grooves more pleasant- 
 ly than any binding : the most elegant binding 
 is Lace like that of the Glass-holders, or in 
 which the Crest or Arms are woven. 
 
 The present fashion of Stuffing is preposterous ; 
 it reduces a Large Body to the size of a small 
 One : however, if you like to ride about for the 
 benefit of public inspection, as your friends, my
 
 70 OF THE CONSTRUCTION 
 
 Lady Look-about, the Widow Will-be-seen, 
 and Sir Simon Stare, do, pray study Geoffrey 
 Gambado on the Art of sitting politely in Car- 
 riages with the most becoming attitudes, &c. 
 and choose wide Door Lights and full Squab- 
 bing ; if you wish to go about peaceably and 
 quietly, like Sir Solomon Snug, and are con- 
 tented with seeing without being seen, adopt 
 the contracted Lights and common Stuffing, 
 which, among others, have this great advan- 
 tage, that when you sit back, you may have the 
 side Windows down, and a thorough Air pass- 
 ing through the Carriage, without its blowing in 
 directly upon you : this, to Invalids who easily 
 catch Cold, is very important. 
 
 The Back Light must not be more than 
 27 inches from the surface of the Cushions, 
 or it will be too high for a person to look 
 through it without rising up it is conve- 
 nient to have this made to Open, as it affords 
 an easy opportunity of giving directions to the 
 person behind the Carriage, and is a desirable 
 aperture for admitting Air in very hot wea- 
 ther : tell the Builder to give you a fine clear 
 plate for this purpose, and not to glaze it with a
 
 OF A CHARIOT. 71 
 
 semidiaphanous " Old Accident," a technical 
 term for those " Odds and Ends " of broken 
 Coach Glasses which are sometimes used for 
 this purpose, and which having been continually 
 cleaned every day for thirty or forty years, have 
 become so scratched, that you can hardly see 
 through them. 
 
 I recommend the Lining to be Green, with 
 Lace to correspond, and the Green silk Sun 
 shades of the same Colour Green is pleasant 
 to the Eye, and Superfine Cloth or Tabinet, is, 
 during nine months out of the twelve, much 
 more comfortable in this Cold climate, than the 
 chilling Leather which has lately been the 
 fashion : in Summer this may be covered with 
 what is commonly called a False Lining, which 
 is generally made of Gingham, and is equally 
 useful to preserve a New or hide an Old Trim- 
 ming : it should only be applied to the back 
 and those parts of the sides that are leaned 
 against ; the Front, Roof, and Doors, should be 
 left uncovered. 
 
 The Elegance of the Interior of a Carriage 
 depends much upon the pattern and breadth 
 of the Lace with which the Lining is bordered,
 
 72 OF THE CONSTRUCTION 
 
 of which there are a great variety. Lace- 
 making is a distinct branch of Manufactory ; 
 and as " every Eye makes its own Beauty," 
 the person who builds a Carriage should desire 
 his Coachmaker to furnish him with some pat- 
 terns to choose from : there are several Coach 
 Lace-makers in Long Acre. 
 
 Some Carriages are fitted up with Squabs, 
 i. e. Cushions stuffed with Wool and covered 
 on one side with Cloth, and on the other with 
 Silk, Linen, or Leather; the former side for 
 Winter, the latter for Summer use. 
 
 The Seat Cushions should be covered on one 
 side with Leather, and on the other with Cloth. 
 
 Let the Stuffing at the Back be no thicker' 
 than necessary to make it easy, i. e. about 2^ 
 inches in thickness. 
 
 Have the Lid of the Sword Case to fall down 
 with the back attached, instead of lifting up, 
 being much easier to put in a parcel without 
 troubling the passengers to rise. 
 
 The Seats, which are usually boarded, I would 
 recommend to be, on one side, Caned or Girt- 
 webbed, for ease in Sitting the other half 
 may be fitted up with a Case for containing
 
 OF A CHARIOT. 73 
 
 Grog and Prog, &c. for a Rusticating Party : 
 they should be about 22 inches deep not more, 
 or Short people cannot sit upon them comfort- 
 ably: they will be much easier if made on a 
 bevil, and about an inch lower behind than 
 they are before : if not originally so constructed, 
 the stuffing of the Cushions may be easily ad- 
 justed so as to produce that effect. 
 
 The Green Silk Spring Sun Shades should 
 be fixed upon the Doors ; this saves the trouble 
 of putting them up every time you open the 
 Door, which must be done when they are fixed 
 to the Body ; if the Blinds are fixed on the 
 Door, take care to shut it when you get out of 
 the Carriage in Wet Weather, or they will be 
 spoiled-: when the Silk becomes faded, if it is 
 turned upside down, the part most in sight will 
 look almost as well as new. 
 
 If the Ground Colour of the Body is good, 
 New Varnishing will sometimes do almost as 
 well as New Painting. 
 
 I am told that the best Colour for Wear is 
 Midgley's Chrome Yellow. In consequence of 
 the vivid brilliancy of this pigment, in all the 
 variety of its shades, from the pale Lemon
 
 74 OF THE CONSTRUCTION 
 
 colour to the full Orange, it has of late come 
 into general use. When properly prepared, it 
 possesses all the desiderata of perfect Colours, 
 Smoothness, Body, Extensibility, and ready 
 Mixture with Oil or Water, and dries well and 
 blends well. 
 
 Venetian Blinds are delightful shades in 
 warm Weather, as they admit the Air while 
 they exclude the Sun ; and when closed, serve 
 as a shutter to prevent dust from soiling the 
 Carriage while it is standing by. They should 
 be painted on the Inside, of a Verdigrise 
 Green, and on the Outside of the same Colour 
 as the Carriage. 
 
 If these are not made of extremely well sea- 
 soned Wood, they rattle very much in Dry, and 
 swell in Damp weather. 
 
 These Blinds should have Bolts affixed to 
 them, which, when fastened within, if you have 
 Locks on the Carriage Doors, enable you to 
 fasten up the interior of your Carriage com- 
 pletely. 
 
 There is a great deal of Rain falls during the 
 warmest months in this Country, and our 
 Chariots very much want an Exterior Blind
 
 OF A CHARIOT. 75 
 
 (a Hood as it were) in the front, which would 
 exclude Rain, while it would admit Air : 
 many of our Wet days are so warm, that our 
 Carriages are a shower Bath if the Windows 
 are open, and a Vapour Bath if they are Shut ! 
 
 The Handle of the Door Latch should be 
 double that is, it should have an additional 
 Handle within side, the position of which will 
 aiford you the satisfaction of seeing that the 
 Door is properly fastened, and also the power 
 of easily opening it in case of an Accident, &c. 
 
 It is a very great convenience to have the 
 power of opening the Door from the inside. 
 This Handle should be made to turn towards 
 the Door, so as to be within the Door when 
 the Door is opened, it will then be out of the 
 way of being struck against the Body in 
 shutting ; which, if it turns to the Right, will 
 sometimes happen when the Door is shut by 
 perfunctorious persons. 
 
 The spindles of these Handles during the 
 first Year, till time has worn them a little, 
 will occasionally move too stiffly : the remedy 
 for this is a drop of Oil. 
 
 Never permit officious Strangers to shut
 
 76 OF THE CONSTRUCTION 
 
 your Carriage Door; in order to save their 
 own time and trouble, and to accomplish this 
 at once, some idle and ignorant people will 
 bang it so furiously, one almost fancies that 
 they are trying to upset the Carriage, the 
 pannela of which are frequently injured by 
 such rude violence ; therefore, desire your 
 Coachman to be on the watch, and the mo- 
 ment he sees any one prepare to touch your 
 Door, to say loudly and imperatively " Don't 
 meddle with the Door!" 
 
 Have Locks to the Doors they are very 
 necessary when travelling, or when your Car- 
 riage is waiting for you at Night : a Latch 
 inside that will fasten the Door so that it 
 cannot be opened on the outside, is also de- 
 sirable, especially in Travelling Chariots. 
 
 In Landaulets the door opening without the 
 window frame, particular directions to the 
 Footman are necessary that he observe the 
 Glass is entirely down before he attempts to 
 open the Door, or the pane will be infallibly 
 broken. When the glass is quite up there is 
 no danger, for in rising it releases a Spring 
 which fastens the Door; the blind does the
 
 OF A CHARIOT. 77 
 
 same ; so that if the Servant keep the blinds 
 up while the Carriage is waiting, a lock may 
 be dispensed with. I would recommend the 
 addition of this contrivance to Coaches and 
 Chariots. 
 
 A Town Carriage should not be more than 
 three feet from the Ground, so as to require 
 only One Step ; to which should be fixed a 
 Strap, by which any person within the Car- 
 riage may very easily pull it up, and with the 
 help of the Inside Handle, may, with equal 
 facility, finish the Footman's Work, and fasten 
 the Door. 
 
 The above is an invaluable contrivance, and 
 well deserves to be called "a Dumb Footman;" 
 it entirely prevents the necessity of the Coach- 
 man's leaving his Box; from which rash act, 
 many lives have been lost, and many Carriages 
 destroyed by the Horses running away*: All 
 
 * Cook's Patent Life Preserver for Carriages may be 
 viewed at the Manufactory, No. 127, Long Acre. Its 
 object is to stop horses when running away : the con- 
 rivance is extremely simple, and a Lady may, with the 
 greatest facility, apply its force against the power of the 
 horses, thereby gradually but irresistibly arresting their
 
 78 OF THE CONSTRUCTION 
 
 will adopt it, excepting those persons who are 
 so unfortunate, as to be more Proud than 
 Prudent. Mr. Jervis was extremely earnest in 
 recommending these excellent appendages ; and 
 to impress the importance of them upon the 
 imagination of the Editor as strongly as pos- 
 sible, he closed his arguments by averring, 
 that for a Coachman to leave his Reins would 
 be as desperate an act of rashness as for a 
 Cook to leave her Kitchen while her Spit was 
 going round, and equally likely to produce the 
 most tremendous and irreparable Evils ! 
 
 If such a plan be adopted, the Body must 
 not be hung further than twenty-two inches 
 from the Dickey, i. e. near enough to the 
 Coach Box to allow the Coachman to put his 
 hand on the top of the Door when it is opened, 
 and hold it so while the Passengers get in and 
 
 progress. Should the coachman leave the box, this in- 
 vention will enable him to prevent the possibility of the 
 horses starting off in his absence ; or should he be thrown 
 from his seat, or fall off in a fit, or from any other cause, 
 an infirm person or even a Child in the carriage, has the 
 power of stopping a pair, or four horses, with ease and 
 certainty.
 
 OF A CHARIOT. 79 
 
 out. Till the Hinges are worn a little, they 
 will occasionally get rusty and move too stiffly, 
 and require a little Oil. 
 
 The present fashionable Door Handle is too 
 big by half, and is also extremely inconvenient 
 on account of the Hinge in it, which requires 
 an additional action, which in the course of a 
 little wear becomes ricketty and rattles, and 
 you can hardly tell to a certainty whether it 
 fastens the Door completely or not. 
 
 The simple Handle without a Hinge, which 
 was in vogue some years ago, is infinitely more 
 convenient and safe, because its single action 
 is more certain. 
 
 The Crest or Arms in the Centre, is an ele- 
 gant ornament for the Head of the Handle. 
 
 A Boot or Budget fixed on the fore Carriage 
 between the front Springs is useful to carry 
 Horse Cloths, Luggage, &c. 
 
 Hind Standards are very useful for town 
 work, to keep the Horses and Pole of other 
 Carriages from injuring your Hind Pannels ; 
 but as they are a heavy weight, they should 
 be made to take off for the country. 
 
 A Dickey Coach Box is the most convenient ;
 
 80 OF THE CONSTRUCTION 
 
 it is less impediment to the view of those who 
 are inside the Carriage, and more comfortable 
 to the Coachman. They should be fixed on 
 the Boot, and entirely detached from the Body. 
 Let it be large enough to contain Two per- 
 sons. It is not quite so easy as the Body; but 
 for those who love Air and Exercise, and a 
 view of the Country, it is in Summer the 
 pleasantest place. 
 
 The Seat thereof to hold Two persons, 
 should be thirty Inches wide and twenty 
 Inches deep, inside measurement. The Cushion 
 should be of equal thickness, and not higher 
 on the Driving side, as it is in a Gig, because 
 when only the Coachman is on the Box, he 
 should sit in the middle of it. There should 
 be a Pocket on each side in the lining, for 
 putting Tickets in. 
 
 This kind of Coach Box may be so made as 
 to take off, and fix on behind the Carriage. 
 Under the Seat, for the Coachman, should 
 drop in a Box to serve as a Tool Budget, and 
 contain a few spare Bolts, Nuts, Linen-Pins, 
 Nails, a Wrench, a Winch that will fit your 
 axle, Hammer, Chisel, a Pair of Pincers, &,c. ;
 
 OF A CHARIOT. 81 
 
 by help of which, a trifling accident on the 
 Road may be remedied without delay. 
 
 Take care that your Coach Box is strongly 
 and properly fixed on, and frequently examine 
 the state of the Bolts and Nuts, &c. For 
 want of sufficient strength, or of the efficient 
 state of the supports to it, many dreadful 
 accidents have happened; one of which we 
 relate as a warning : 
 
 " On Tuesday morning last, while the Coach- 
 man and the Footman, in the service of 
 F. P. Ripley, Esq., 12, Woburn Place, Russell 
 Square, were driving their Master's carriage 
 along Tavistock Place, Tavistock Square, the 
 box on which they were sitting broke down, 
 and precipitated them to the ground. The 
 carriage wheels passed over the right leg of the 
 Coachman and the left breast of the Footman. 
 They were conveyed to their master's with the 
 greatest alacrity, where they received such 
 treatment as their situations required. The 
 coachman's leg is bruised and lacerated ex- 
 tremely. The footman, on being raised from 
 the ground, was excessively convulsed. We 
 G
 
 82 SPIKES ON THE HIND STANDARD. 
 
 are sorry to add there are no hopes of his re- 
 covery." Times, June 2, 1826. 
 
 Spikes to fix on the Hind Standards. 
 
 These spikes may be so contrived as to be 
 put on and off very easily x with Three Nuts, in 
 as few minutes; the Footman's Step should 
 be fixed on in the same manner. 
 
 Do not permit Strangers to place themselves 
 behind your Carriage at any time, or under 
 any pretence whatever. There are innumer- 
 able instances of Carriages having been dis- 
 abled from proceeding, and Travellers robbed 
 and finished, by allowing such accommodation. 
 The Collectors of Check Braces, and Footmen's 
 Holders, assume all kind of Characters, and 
 are so expert, that they will take these articles 
 off in half the time that your Coachman can 
 put them on; and will rob you of what you 
 cannot replace for a Pound, though they can- 
 not sell them for a Shilling. 
 
 Therefore, Spikes are indispensable when you 
 have not a Footman ; otherwise, you will be 
 perpetually loaded with idle people, i. e. unless
 
 PUBLIC NUISANCES. 83 
 
 you think that two or three outside passengers 
 are ornamental or convenient, or you like to 
 have your Carriage continually surrounded by 
 Crowds of Children, incessantly screaming, 
 " Cut ! Cut behind !" Why do not the Street 
 Keepers prevent this Nuisance? These officers 
 should be stationed in Sentry Boxes, as they 
 are in the Parish of Bloomsbury, i. e. the same 
 as the Watchmen are at Night ; where, when 
 not going their Rounds, they should remain. 
 
 The multitude of Strayed Dogs which are 
 perpetually prowling and howling, and barking 
 and biting at Horses' heels, and making them 
 start, and those which are carried about in 
 Carts, also frequently frighten Horses and oc- 
 casion Accidents, and are barbarous and dan- 
 gerous Public Nuisances, which " the Street 
 Keepers'' should suppress. 
 
 Let it be enacted that all Dogs, Fowls, and 
 any other Beasts and Birds, found in the 
 Streets, not having a Collar on, on which is 
 engraven the Name and place of abode of the 
 Owner thereof, shall henceforth be seizeable 
 by any Constable, or Street Keeper, or Watch- 
 man, or any person who finds them; which
 
 84 PUBLIC NUISANCES. 
 
 they shall have power to dispose of as their 
 own property; and those with a Collar also, 
 unless their owners immediately pay a fine of 
 five shillings ; one moiety of which shall be to 
 the person finding them, the other to the Poor 
 of the Parish. For want of such salutary Re- 
 gulations, some of the Streets of London are 
 like a Dog Kennel or a Poultry Yard. 
 
 These Beasts and Birds are seldom kept ex- 
 cept by petty Housekeepers, who are perpe- 
 tually applying to be excused paying Taxes. 
 Surely such persons should not be permitted to 
 annoy their neighbours, who by duly paying 
 Parish rates, in fact, contribute to their main- 
 tenance. 
 
 Dogs out of DOOKS are horribly noisy, espe- 
 cially on Moon-light Nights, when they will 
 turn up their Noses, and 
 
 " Bay the Moon with hideous howl," 
 
 for an hour together. They seldom give 
 Tongue when inside of a House, except when 
 shut in by themselves in an Empty house. 
 There are certain Manufacturers who having 
 more cunning than conscience, to evade paying
 
 PUBLIC NUISANCES. 86 
 
 the Taxes upon their Warehouse, instead of 
 letting somebody sleep in it, which would sub- 
 ject them to the Taxes, turn in a Dog as a 
 Watchman, who barks and howls incessantly 
 all night long. Surely such shirking Gentry 
 are not entitled to the privilege of annoying a 
 score or two of quiet Neighbours, who honestly 
 pay the Taxes imposed by their Country ! 
 They and their Cur- Watchman should be in- 
 dicted and amerced sans ceremonie. 
 
 Fowls, Parrots, Dogs, or any other of those 
 Beasts or Birds, which (because they make 
 most Noise) are vulgarly called Dumb Ani- 
 mals, bleating, barking, bellowing, in the Front 
 Area or back Garden of a House, 8cc. are an 
 offence against the Public Peace are an In- 
 dictable Nuisance ; and on the complaint of 
 Neighbouring Housekeeper, are as cognizable 
 by Constables, Street Keepers, Watchmen, &c. 
 surely as justly as the Owners of such Ani- 
 mals would be, were they to hoot and bellow 
 there , for which they would, in the first 
 instance, be taken to a Watchhouse, and in the 
 second Indicted and fined or sent to the Tread 
 'Mill.
 
 86 PUBLIC NUISANCES. 
 
 QY. What difference does it make whether 
 the Peace is broken, and Sleep destroyed, by 
 an " Animal plumis, vel implumis et bipes," i. e. 
 whether it wears ready-made Clothes, or em- 
 ploys a Tailor ? Surely it will not be allowed 
 in this Age of Refinement, that the former 
 is entitled to more consideration than the 
 latter. 
 
 They manage these things better in France. 
 All Dogs, Fowls, &c. found in the Streets of 
 Paris, are finished forthwith by the Gens 
 d'Armes. 
 
 It cannot be too generally known, that by 
 The Metropolis Street Act of the 57th Geo. III. 
 cap. 24. in 67. " The Commissioners of the 
 Parochial Paving Boards are empowered to 
 order the removal of any matter or thing which 
 they consider a Nuisance, on the complaint of 
 any Inhabitant." 
 
 Such controlling power is but too needful 
 there is no lack of people who love their dear 
 " Dumb Animals," as they call their Dogs and 
 Parrots, &c. not a little better than they do 
 their Neighbours, aye, who love them as well 
 as Simon Suck -eggs does his Fowls! .who
 
 PUBLIC NUISANCES. 87 
 
 would not willingly sacrifice the penny profit 
 he makes by the oviparous faculty of his 
 Poultry, however much, or however many peo- 
 ple may be annoyed by it. 
 
 If Persons who are offended by any of 
 the above nuisances, apply to the Clerk of 
 the Commissioners of the Paving, and beg him 
 to lay their complaint before the Board, they 
 will issue a mandate ordering their immediate 
 abatement as a Public Nuisance: and thus, 
 the evil is removed, without any of that un- 
 pleasant feeling which might arise from one 
 Neighbour complaining of another. 
 
 The Author is now framing " a Sleep Act," 
 which will shew the importance of Sleep to 
 Health, the causes which so often and so cru- 
 elly disturb " the Business of the Night," on the 
 due performance of which, depends our power 
 of performing " the Business of the Day," and 
 the remedies which the Legislature may easily 
 apply for its preservation. One of their most 
 beneficial acts would be to abolish a 
 
 Vulgar and Barbarous Custom which pre- 
 vails among common Workmen, when they 
 first come to work in the Morning, to make as 
 much Noise as they possibly can ; thus, if you
 
 OO PUBLIC NUISANCES. 
 
 live near any Manufactory, See., or if a house is 
 building or repairing near you from Six in 
 the Morning till half-past, they will raise such 
 a horrible din of Hammering, &c. that all 
 within Ear shot of them are presently awoke ; 
 and indeed they seem to do it for that sole 
 purpose, for the following hours they are often 
 quiet enough. 
 
 Those who are so outrageously active so 
 early in the day are technically termed Pow- 
 ters, i. e. such extraordinary industry being 
 very often a mere manoeuvre to deceive their 
 Neighbours, which they artfully affect to gain 
 Credit, and which, like setting up a shewy 
 Shop Front, is one of the usual tokens of ap- 
 proaching Bankruptcy. 
 
 Let it be enacted, that all Manufacturers do 
 perform the Noisy part of their processes 
 during the middle of the Day : this might be 
 easily managed in most trades without any 
 interruption of their business ! What can be 
 easier, than for the work which makes such 
 a Noise during the first half hour in the 
 Morning to be done in the last half hour in the 
 Evening ? 
 
 Let the DOG TAX be levied without ex-
 
 DOG TAX. 89 
 
 ception, (but as far as regards only those which 
 lead Blind Men,) and let due Rewards be given 
 to those who inform against persons who evade 
 it, of whom there are not a few, the only way 
 of preventing which is to LET ALL DOGS WEAR 
 A COLLAR, on which is engraved the Name 
 and the place of Abode of the Owner ; He 
 who by Fraud avoids a Tax, which by the 
 Laws of his Country he is commanded to pay, 
 is a Traitor, who commits a greater Crime, and 
 deserves as great a Punishment, as he who, by 
 Force, breaks into the Treasury,' and takes so 
 much Money out ! ! ! 
 
 It is notorious, that the majority of these 
 useless and offensive Animals are maintained 
 by paupers who have hardly the means of main- 
 taining Themselves ! these are the Dogs which, 
 from spare and bad food, are most frequently 
 mischievous most apt to run Mad and are 
 most annoving and disturbing to the Public. 
 " As many Beggars, as many Dogs," is one of 
 our true Old Sayings, and of an Old Song, to 
 which in the next page we have had engraved 
 as it was performed by " Betsy, Billy, and 
 Bow Bow."
 
 90 HYDROPHOBIA. 
 
 When the Author first learned the Song 
 between this and the next page, which is now 
 nearly half a Century ago, he was a good deal 
 surprised at the last line of if, and thought 
 that it savoured more of Rhyme than of Rea- 
 son, notwithstanding his Grandma 3 told him 
 that " Time the Teacher" would soon shew 
 him, that Opulence and Independence, and 
 Wit and Wisdom, are not always insepa- 
 rable; that he would frequently find Integrity 
 dwelling with Poverty," in Tags and Rags;" 
 as often meet with Nobleness of Mind among 
 the Humble in Fortune, as with those who are 
 by courtesy called Noble, and who are Poor 
 enough in principle, who wear a VELVET 
 GOWN. 
 
 The fact is, that the Poor are, very naturally, 
 as fond of flattery as the Rich : now nothing 
 in nature Flatters more fascinatingly than the 
 Eye of a Dog ! If his master speak to him in 
 any tone lower than that of Anger, his Eye is 
 ever ready to ogle obsequious Approbation : 
 and if he scold him, the rudest expression it ever 
 offers is seeming to say, with the most subtle 
 submission, " As you are Great! be Merciful !"

 
 TRIG 
 
 / (V (" as .performed b,i> 
 
 Hark, how the Dog's bark/ liow the Dog-s 
 
 bark/ How the Dog^s bark / Then the 
 
 Bep > p''ars are coininp'.the Bep-g^ars are coTninp, the 
 
 bo b' bb b
 
 2 1 1^ h 1 
 
 -N fc NT 
 
 f* r -| r . N i 
 
 
 3 > J^ 
 
 
 
 Beg-g-ars are coming* 
 
 I.- 1. r r i r r =^ 
 
 to ' Town , There's 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 some in Tags, 
 
 some 
 
 =f= 
 
 F 
 
 in Rags , 
 
 some in Rags, 
 
 1 * i- r r ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 jp u b> j J T"! 
 
 
 
 
 
 some in Ta; 
 
 -s, 
 
 
 
 
 (1 ^\ 1 [_ 
 
 
 1 F P 
 
 
 I 4 ^ 
 
 And there's some in a VELSTT 
 
 
 ,rtj |>J I f -i I <T J Jr 
 
 
 y 
 
 u l - M M ' 3. j- 3 -^ 
 
 ^e/ aye /aye, aye, aye, aye. some in VELVET.' 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 
 Gown 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^=^ 
 
 
 VELVET? 
 
 a 
 
 ye/ aye , some in 
 
 ' j r r 
 
 
 
 
 in VELVET 
 
 1 ON j.| 
 
 
 j j j * 
 
 VELVET, 
 
 some in VELVET, some in a V 
 
 rf if- r ^r r ri 
 
 ELVET Gown. 
 
 1 b i-r r 
 

 
 HYDROPHOBIA. 91 
 
 In future, instead of the trite Old Adage, " As 
 Faithful," it might more properly be said, " As 
 Flattering as a Dog:" like other Flatterers, 
 " they are Faithless as they are Flattering." 
 
 Every one knows that when Men go Mad, 
 they always hate most those that they loved 
 best when they were in their Senses : and it is 
 a frightful Truth, that 
 
 " A Mad Dog is always apt to bite his Master 
 first." 
 
 There have been many arguments pro and 
 con, concerning the dreadful Disease their bite 
 produces ; it is enough to know, that Multi- 
 tudes of Men, Women, and Children, have died 
 in consequence of being bitten by Dogs. 
 What does it matter whether they were the 
 Victims of Bodily Disease or Mental Irritation ? 
 The Life of the most humble Human Being is 
 of more value than all the Dogs in the World 
 dare the most brutal Cynic say otherwise? 
 
 Semi-drowning in the Sea, and all the pre- 
 tended Specifics, are mere delusions, and there 
 is no real remedy but cutting the part out im- 
 mediately. If the bite be near a large Blood 
 vessel, that cannot always be done, nor when
 
 92 HYDROPHOBIA. 
 
 done, nor however soon done, or however well 
 done, will it always prevent the miserable Vic- 
 tim from dying the most dreadful of Deaths ! ! ! 
 Well might ST. PAUL desire us to 
 
 " Beware of Dogs." 
 First Epistle to Phillipians, chap. iii. verse 2.
 
 93 
 
 AXLE-TREES 
 
 ARE formed of wrought Iron, and are the chief 
 support of 
 
 The Carriage*. 
 
 Fou'r Wheeled Carriages are divided into 
 two parts, the Upper and Under Carriage. 
 
 The Upper is the main one, on which the 
 Body is hung. 
 
 The Under Carriage is the conductor, and is 
 turned by means of the Pole which acts on a 
 eentre-pin, called the Perch Bolt, which goes 
 
 * Carriage, in the usual meaning of the word ainong^ 
 Coachmakers, signifies the lower system, on which the Body 
 containing the Passengers is suspended, and to which the 
 Wheels are attached : though speaking generally of Coaches, 
 Chariots, &c. they are properly called Carriages of such 
 descriptions ; but as the word Carriage will be frequently 
 used in both senses, when it signifies the lower system only, 
 it will be printed in Italics: when used in the general 
 meaning of the word, in common letters.
 
 94 AXLE-TREES. 
 
 through the fore Axle-tree bed and fore tran- 
 som, and secures the fore or under Carriage to 
 the Upper one. 
 
 The Hind Wheels are placed on the Upper, 
 the Fore Wheels on the Under Carriage. 
 
 The utmost care should be taken to have 
 every part made of good Town made Iron Work 
 well wrought, and sound Wood well seasoned, 
 and of sufficient strength, rather going to the ex- 
 treme in thickness, than risking the lives of the 
 Passengers by the oversetting of the Carriage, 
 which often happens when an Axle-tree or a 
 Perch, &c. breaks. 
 
 The Common Axle-tree is that which is in 
 general use, it being much the cheapest, a 
 pair of the best case hardened costing only 
 9. 9s. 
 
 Collinge's Axles have many advantages, which 
 more than compensate the higher first charge for 
 them, which is 28. 7s., but they wear so much 
 longer, and the silent and steady motion they 
 preserve to the Wheels, and the convenience of 
 retaining Oil enough to travel a Journey of 30 
 Miles a day for 9 Months, that is, above 7,500 
 Miles, (i. e. if the Carriage does travel every day)
 
 COLLINGE'S AXLE-TREES. 95 
 
 without replenishing with Oil : the Common 
 Axle will hardly travel 100 Miles without re- 
 quiring the Wheels to be taken off and greased. 
 
 In the ordinary Town Work say, on an 
 average, about 10 Miles a day, Oiling twice a 
 Year is enough : MR. COLLINGE sends a 
 person to do this, and charges 2s. for each 
 Wheel ; if a new Leather Washer is wanted, 
 Is. 6d. is charged for each : these are rarely 
 required oftener than once in nine months. 
 
 Moreover, the Wheels are much better se- 
 cured, and the draught of the Carriage is very 
 much lessened. 
 
 Keep the Winch which fastens on the axle- 
 cap in your own possession, or some curious or 
 clumsy person may unscrew it, and let out the 
 Oil. 
 
 " COLLINGE'S AXLES are much more safe 
 and secure, for they have Two Collars and Two 
 Nuts, which screw different ways, and a linch- 
 Pin, and a, Cap which screws on over all." 
 A. E. 
 
 A person who was formerly employed in Mr. 
 Collinge's Manufactory, told me, that with all
 
 96 COLLINGE'S AXLE-TREES. 
 
 the evident advantages of these Axle-trees, 
 they were not such general favourites with some 
 Coachmen as might be expected, which, for a 
 long time, he could not any how account for 
 till the unaccountable cause was accidentally 
 discovered in the two following instances. 
 
 A Coachman to a Gentleman who had Col- 
 linge's Axles, was continually abusing them, 
 and at length got himself discharged : the 
 workman met him some time after, and said, 
 " Well, my Friend, I cannot imagine why you 
 were such a determined enemy to our Axles, 
 which save you a vast deal of Trouble, for they 
 don't need Oiling more than twice a Year ; and 
 I cannot conceive why you preferred your Com- 
 mon Axles, which required taking to pieces and 
 greasing, &c. once or twice in a Week ! Now, 
 as you have left your place, and it cannot injure 
 You, and may very greatly serve Me, pray be 
 so good as to tell me, why you so furiously op- 
 posed our Axles?" " Why, sir," replied Mr. 
 Coachman, " the fact is, that what you have 
 stated as so great an advantage in your Axles, 
 was a great Dis-advantage to me : you know
 
 COLLINGE'S AXLE-TREES. 97 
 
 that my late Master, Mr. Rusticate, used every 
 week to go to his Country House, which is 30 
 miles from Town : this gave me an opportunity 
 of charging him Is. 6d. for extra Grease, which 
 did not cost me 2d. ; therefore, your Axles were 
 a dead loss of 4. a year to me ! ! !" 
 
 He informed me that another unconquerable 
 opponent was the servant of a Gentleman who 
 had a new Carriage every five years, and who 
 gave the Old one to his Coachman : now, as 
 Collinge's Axles will wear out three or four 
 Carriages, they were taken away from the Old 
 Carriage and put to the New one, which made 
 it a less valuable perquisite to the Coachman 
 in the direct ratio of the worth of a set of 
 Common Axles. 
 
 " When you Build a Carriage, have Collinge's 
 Axles ;" but remember, it is not sufficient that 
 you order the Builder to put in Patent Axles, 
 for some of the imitations of Collinge's Axles 
 are called Patent Axles ; and as they are got 
 up cheap, some Coachmakers, unless you po- 
 sitively desire them to go to Collinge's Manu- 
 factory, (near the Marsh-gate Turnpike, in the 
 Westminster Bridge Road)", will, to put a 
 H
 
 98 COLLINGE'S AXLE-TREES. 
 
 pound in their own pocket, recommend the 
 Sham Patents. 
 
 Mr. Jervis says, that he has actually seen 
 them put down in the Bill under the Appella- 
 tion of, and charged at the Price of, " Collinge's 
 Patent Axles"
 
 THE WHEELS. 
 
 THE Work of a Carriage is proved by the wear 
 of the Wheels ; if it runs upon an average 10 
 miles per day in Town, and 15 in the Country, 
 Well-made Hoop-rimmed Wheels, the Tire of 
 which should not be less than five-eighths of 
 an inch in thickness, and for a Travelling Car- 
 riage three-fourths of an inch, will not be worn 
 out in less than 12 Months, i. e. they will run 
 at least 3,650 Miles in Town, and it is reckoned 
 that they will last twice or thrice as long on a 
 smooth Road, as they will on rough Pavement. 
 It is said that the Macadamising of the 
 Streets, if kept in perfect Repair, would make 
 the Wheels last a deal longer than they did on 
 the Pavement : this operation is performed at 
 present in a very clumsy manner; instead of 
 stopping up half the Street with a Wooden 
 Hoard, and breaking the Stones on the Spot, 
 the materials should be brought there ready
 
 100 WHEELS. 
 
 broken ; One Twentieth part of the Time now 
 taken would then be more than enough entirely 
 tojinish a Road. 
 
 The Flag Foot Pavement should also be 
 brought ready chipped and fitted ; by working 
 the Stones in the Streets, the Eyes of the Pas- 
 sengers are in no small danger. 
 
 By the Metropolis Street Act of the 57th 
 Geo. III. cap. xxix. sec. Ixiii. Every Occupier 
 of any House, Warehouse, &c. during the con- 
 tinuance of Frost, or after or during the Fall of 
 Snow, shall once in every day, before 10 of the 
 clock in the forenoon, cause the Footway, all 
 along the Front, Side, or Back walls of such 
 House, &c. to be swept and cleansed ; for each 
 neglect of doing so, to forfeit 10s. 
 
 This order for keeping the Footway swept 
 should be extended to all Times and Seasons ; 
 there is sometimes an accumulation of greasy 
 dirt on the pavement, which is as slippery as 
 if it was soaped, and is as dangerous as Ice 
 itself : might not this cleansing be done by 
 poor from the Workhouse ? 
 
 In Walking the Streets of a Slippery Morn- 
 ing, you may guess where the good-natured
 
 WHEELS. 101 
 
 people live, by Sand or Ashes being thrown on 
 the Ice before their Doors. 
 
 How far the change of the permanent and 
 easily kept clean Granite Pavement, for the 
 Mud and Dust of the present Roads, may 
 be considered an improvement by the Eyes, the 
 Legs, and the Lungs of our good Londoners, 
 the Editor has not studied the subject suffi- 
 ciently to venture a conjecture : the Quiet with 
 which Carriages pass along is certainly ex- 
 tremely desirable to the Ears of the Inhabitants 
 of the Houses which border the Streets so 
 altered. 
 
 Our Granite Pavement has shared the fate 
 of every thing in this World, where nothing 
 remains long at rest : as soon as it had arrived 
 at as high a degree of perfection as it appeared 
 capable of, it was pulled up, and hammered 
 into pieces: so much for the Constancy and 
 permanency of Human Ways ! 
 
 Some persons use their Carriage so little, 
 and go so gently, that a set of Strong Wheels 
 will last them three or four Years : Others will 
 be whirled along at such a furious rate, that 
 they wear them out in ten or twelve Months.
 
 102 WHEELS. 
 
 When New Wheels are put on to Old Car- 
 riages, and the Old Wheels are taken in ex- 
 change, the usual allowance for them is about 
 two Guineas per Set : but they are the perqui- 
 site of the Coachman if he has been in your 
 Service as long as the Wheels have. 
 
 From the beginning to the end, it will take 
 not less than five Weeks to finish a set of 
 Wheels properly; they should be made a 
 fortnight before they are painted, and they 
 should not be put on for use till a fortnight 
 after they have been painted ; therefore, order 
 a set of Wheels a couple of Months before they 
 will be wanted. 
 
 The Price of Four New Chariot Wheels with 
 prime Ash felleys, and patent hoop tires, all of 
 the very best workmanship, including every 
 charge of Painting and Boxing, &c. is about 15. 
 
 A set of Wheels may be purchased for 
 12. 125.: in the early part of my Apprentice- 
 ship to Carriage- Keeping, I paid as high as 
 16. 16s. 
 
 Watch the Tires. When the Irons are getting 
 thin, have them taken off, before they become 
 too weak to protect the Wood-work : the best
 
 WHEELS. 103 
 
 plan is, when the Irons are half worn out, and 
 before the joints in the Wood- work get loose, 
 as they wear most on the outer edge, to have 
 them taken off and turned ; if the Wood-work 
 is sound, they will run then half as long as they 
 did at first ; then, if the Wood-work continues 
 sound, have new Irons put on; the Ringing 
 is about one-third the price of New Wheels, 
 say 6. 6s., and if the Spokes and Naves are 
 good, they will then run nearly as long as New 
 Wheels. "
 
 104 
 
 ORNAMENTS OF CARRIAGES, 
 
 If for common use, cannot be too simple and 
 plain : Expense is saved in the purchase, and 
 Time in the cleaning ; it is not so much the 
 Quantity of furniture about the Carriage and 
 Harness that makes it appear to advantage, as 
 the having what there is, kept nicely Clean and 
 Bright. 
 
 I would not advise any Brass or Plated 
 Beading on the Body of a Carriage, as in the 
 rubbing it bright, you are very apt to rub off 
 the Varnish and Paint contiguous to the 
 moulding which, for this reason, had better 
 be painted black, or of the same colour as the 
 Body. 
 
 The Key-hole of the Lock on the Carriage 
 Door is sometimes of Brass, or Plated, and 
 covered with a Plate ; but it is much neater to 
 have it Black : as we have already observed, 
 of all Ornaments attached to the Body, as often
 
 ORNAMENTS OF CARRIAGES. 105 
 
 as they are cleaned, some of the Varnish and 
 Paint is carried away, and in the same propor- 
 tion that those Metallic additions are kept 
 bright, the Body becomes blemished. For this 
 reason, we recommend the Accommodation Han- 
 dles, if any are fixed, (the Body looks infinitely 
 more elegant without), to be Black. 
 
 Those Buckles, &c. are best formed for wear 
 that have fewest sharp edges ; Round moulded 
 furniture is also the cheapest. 
 
 Nothing varies in quality more than the 
 Plated Furniture for Horses and Carriages 
 the inferior kind of Plating is cheaper than 
 Brass, but at first looks as well as the best 
 strong plating, which costs twice as much, al- 
 though it will not wear half so long. 
 
 The making of Lamps for Carriages is a 
 distinct branch of business and those who are 
 desirous of choosing for themselves, should 
 ask their Coach maker to attend them to his 
 Lamp Maker, where they may see the various 
 patterns which are in vogue. 
 
 The same with regard to the Door Handles. 
 
 There are several Shops for both these Ar- 
 ticles in Long Acre.
 
 106 ORNAMENTS OF CARRIAGES. 
 
 The present fashion for Lamps is pre- 
 posterous many are made so large and so 
 heavy, that they are evidently too great a Load 
 on the Front Pillar of the Carriage. Have 
 Square Lamps, about six inches square : 
 these are sufficiently large to hold air enough 
 to feed the Lamp or Candle, and the less 
 they are, the lighter they are, and the less in- 
 jury they do to the Carriage Pillars : Two sides 
 of this Lamp are to be of Glass, and the others 
 furnished with Reflectors, which will increase 
 the light on the Road, and exclude it from the 
 interior of the Carriage. 
 
 Circular Lamps are the most elegant ; but if 
 your Carriage is much used in Travelling, we 
 must recommend the Square sort ; because if a 
 Square Glass is broken, it can be replaced easily, 
 and costs not one-half so much as a Circular 
 one, which it is also difficult to find, except at 
 the place where the Lamp was bought ; more- 
 over, they seldom fit so nicely and so closely as 
 the Square ones, and the Air rushing in, your 
 Candles are quickly consumed, without any 
 additional light being given. 
 
 Lamps are generally lighted by Wax Candles,
 
 ORNAMENTS OF CARRIAGES. 107 
 
 which weigh each a quarter of a Pound, and 
 cost about Is. each : if the Lamp is well made 
 and well glazed, and no air gets in except where 
 the air-holes are, they will burn about five 
 hours : such Candles will burn about 1\ Hours 
 when still in a Room ; but the motion of the 
 Carriage, and the current of Air in the Lamp, so 
 greatly accelerates their consumption, that they 
 will sometimes flare away in three or four 
 hours. 
 
 Lamps with two Flat Wicks will burn for the 
 same time as a quarter of a pound Wax Candle, 
 at one-fourth part the expense. 
 
 However, Candles are most commonly used, 
 because they remain ready for immediate use 
 for half a year together, without being injured 
 in quality, but will burn as brightly as if only 
 put in the day before : Oil soon loses its spirit 
 by remaining in Lamps ; and in a little time it 
 will hardly barn at all, therefore can only be 
 recommended to those who use their Lamps 
 and trim them carefully every day. 
 
 The Best Lamps are those which give plenty 
 of light around the Carriage, but do not throw 
 any into it, unless the Passengers think there
 
 108 SPRINGS OF CARRIAGES. 
 
 is an absolute necessity for letting those with- 
 out see who are within. 
 
 Now the Streets are so well lighted, Lamps 
 are useful in London only in Foggy Weather : 
 the lighting them in London at any other time 
 is an act of Puerile Pomposity. 
 
 SPRINGS should be made of the best Steel 
 the longer they are, ceteris paribus, the easier 
 they are. 
 
 Improvements in the mechanism of Modern 
 Carriages, by which they are made to convey a 
 person from place to place almost without 
 giving him a sense of motion, may be one of 
 the circumstances that have contributed to the 
 increased prevalence of Nervous and Bilious 
 Complaints, which originate in a great degree 
 from an indulgence in Lassitude and Languor. 
 The notion of taking Exercise upon Springs of 
 such construction, is scarcely less absurd, than 
 that of taking an Airing with all the windows 
 closed ! 
 
 Valetudinarians who wish to derive all the 
 good effects from the Exercise of riding in a 
 Carriage, must not be super-curious about 
 having it suspended on extremely elastic
 
 RELATIVE ADVANTAGES, &C. 109 
 
 Springs. The Jolting of strong Springs is a 
 salutary concussion, which is extremely conve- 
 nient to Nervous, Indolent, and Infirm persons 
 who do not take other Exercise, and must be 
 classed among the most agreeable of Anti-bilious 
 remedies. 
 
 The Coachmaker's usual phrase of commen- 
 dation that such a Carriage " is as easy as a 
 Boat," should be a prohibition to Invalids 
 against purchasing it ; who should prefer a Car- 
 riage with Strong Springs, that will give them 
 as good a shaking as Equestrian Agitation. 
 
 TO DETERMINE THE RELATIVE ADVANTAGES OF 
 LONG AND SHORT CARRIAGES, 
 
 "A weight of twenty-eight pounds was placed 
 in the middle of a Perch one foot six inches 
 long, and it was drawn at the rate of five miles 
 and a half an hour by twelve pounds. 
 
 " When the same load was placed upon a 
 perch three feet long, that is to say, twice as 
 long as the former perch, it required precisely 
 the same weight of twelve pounds to draw it. 
 
 " This experiment was repeated a number of
 
 110 RELATIVE ADVANTAGES OF 
 
 times with the same result, so that it may be 
 relied upon. This is contrary to the opinion of 
 drivers of all descriptions, from the waggoner 
 in his smock-frock, to the high-bred Coach- 
 man : consequently, there must be some reason 
 for this universal prejudice. The reason that 
 seems to have given rise to this opinion, is, 
 that carriages whose fore and hind wheels are 
 near each other, extricate themselves more 
 readily from ruts, change quarter more easily, 
 turn in a shorter compass, and thus make their 
 way in crowded Streets with more facility than 
 longer Carriages." R. L. Edgeworth on Roads 
 and Carriages, 8vo. p. 120. 1817. 
 
 However, Short Carriages are considered as 
 of easiest draught ; and, to use the language of 
 the Stable, almost every Coachman and Coach- 
 maker insists upon it, that they follow better, 
 and that a Long Carriage will tire a pair of 
 Horses more in Three, than a Short one will in 
 Five hours' Travelling. 
 
 That if the Body is hung higher behind than 
 it is before, so that it leans forward, it will 
 push on the fore Wheels, is a foolish Vulgar 
 Error. You often see Hackney Chariots so
 
 LONG AND SHORT CARRIAGES. Ill 
 
 hung : such a position is uneasy to the 
 Passengers, and of no advantage to the 
 Horses. 
 
 In a Chariot, it adds to the elegance of its 
 appearance, and the ease of the passengers, if 
 the Body is hung rather lower behind than it 
 is before; but not in a Coach, because what 
 is gained on the front is lost on the back 
 Seat.
 
 112 
 
 CAUTIONS 
 
 AGAINST PURCHASING OF 
 
 CHEAP SECOND-HAND CARRIAGES. 
 
 " Caveat Emptor." 
 " Beware of Putty and Paint," 
 
 Mr. JERVIS told me must be the Motto for 
 this Chapter, and that 
 
 " He who Buys, 
 Had need have an Hundred Eyes." 
 
 Old Proverb. 
 
 Those who purchase Second - Hand Car- 
 riages ought to be extremely circumspect 
 indeed. Inexperienced People are apt to 
 imagine, that if the Price charged for a Car- 
 riage is only one -half of what a respectable 
 Coachmaker has told them that he must
 
 CAUTIONS AGAINST PURCHASING, &C. 113 
 
 charge them for a New One, that it must be a 
 Cheap Bargain; when it is most likely not 
 actually worth one quarter of that sum. 
 
 " Experto Crede." 
 
 Let no person venture to purchase without 
 the advice of a Coachmaker. It is easy 
 enough to make an old worn-out Carriage 
 appear fresh and fair by the help of Paint 
 and Putty, while at the same time, it may 
 be more fit to be broken up than to be made 
 use of. 
 
 To promote the Sale of a Carriage, it is 
 not seldom pretended, that it belongs to Sir 
 Richard Whimmy, or to some other Gentleman 
 of fashion, (who only parts with it merely be- 
 cause he happens to have it,) or that the Pro- 
 prietor is gone abroad ; to which is generally 
 added, it has been only lately built, and has 
 hardly worn the Nails of its First Wheels! ! ! &c. 
 
 First observe the Fashion of the Body, 
 keeping in mind the time when such a shape 
 was in vogue ; examine the materials, espe- 
 cially the timbers of the Carriage ; for however 
 cunningly a clever Coach - Cobbler may have 
 i
 
 114 CAUTIONS AGAINST PURCHASING . 
 
 puttied and painted them, yet, in some parts, 
 the infirmities and chinks which time has 
 made, will be visible' enough to Eyes accus- 
 tomed to examine them. 
 
 If Old, the Futchells* in the chaps at the 
 Pole Bolt hole, and at the top where the Gib 
 is placed, are rough and patched with Lea- 
 ther; the Pole,t if the original one, on the 
 sides and top which go into the Futchells, is 
 likewise worn, and patched with a tin covering. 
 Look to the Transom Plates, if they are flat, 
 thick, and clean, and that if by pushing 
 against the Coach Box, or Springs, the Upper 
 Carriage does not rock on them; see that the 
 Fore Axletree Bed, and transom at the middle 
 where the Perch Bolt is placed, are sound, and 
 that about the Perch Bolt hole there is not 
 much patching with Leather that the ends 
 of the Transom where the Springs and Coach 
 Box is placed look clean and sound ; the 
 Splinter Bar, if much worn, has the moulding 
 
 * The Timbers of the Under Carriage, in which the Pole 
 is placed. 
 
 f The long leaver by which the Carriage is conducted.
 
 OF CHEAP SECOND-HAND CARRIAGES. 115 
 
 towards the end nearly effaced ; the Sway 
 Bar* and that part of the bottom plate of the 
 perch against which it wears, after much use 
 is gulled, and the defect is made up with Lea- 
 ther patched on it; the ends of the hind 
 Axletree Bed where the Spring stays rest, if 
 much indented, is old: the hind Foot board- 
 ledge being worn hollow, is another proof of 
 the Carriage having been much used. 
 
 As to the Body part, examine principally the 
 Bottom sides, at the end where the loops are 
 placed ; and in the corners of the rabbits under 
 the Door bottoms where the standing Pillars 
 are framed, if very old they will be rotten and 
 appear rough ; the mortices of the Door Locks, 
 if gulled, and the Bolts of the Lock if loose in 
 the Spindles, are proofs of their being old ; 
 and so it is if the Leather which covers the 
 Roof of the Quarters and Boot, appear to have 
 been mended at the welts, or if it has drawn 
 from the sewings or nailing. 
 
 * A compassed timber, fixed on the Futchells, which 
 keeps the fore Carriage steady.
 
 116 CAUTIONS AGAINST PURCHASING 
 
 The Braces* should be supple and clean, 
 free from patches and cracks at the bear- 
 ings; the Steps, if ricketty at the Joints, and 
 when down, if the tread drops under, and the 
 leather with which they are trimmed is dingy 
 and torn at the joint knuckles ; this shews 
 them to have been much used : the leather 
 also which covers the bottom sides at the 
 entrance of the Doors, if Old, is rough, and 
 
 * The Leathers by which the Body is hung or checked . 
 
 The Main Braces are what the Body hangs by. 
 
 The Collar Braces are those which go round the Perch 
 or crane, and are buckled through a Ring fixed to bottom 
 of the Body, to check its motion sideways, and to confine 
 it from striking against the Wheels. 
 
 The Check Braces are for the purpose of checking the 
 motion of the Body endways, and are placed at the four 
 Corners. 
 
 The Braces should be occasionally shifted from their 
 bearing, as that part on which the weight rests is deprived 
 of the moisture of grease, which preserves the Leather, 
 and the Brace becomes dry and susceptible of the Wet, 
 and soon Cracks and Breaks ; therefore, once in a month 
 let the situation of the Braces be changed a little, and 
 they will last three times as long.
 
 OF CHEAP SECOND-HAND CARRIAGES. 117 
 
 has the grain worn or torn on the out- 
 side. 
 
 The Mahogany or Venetian Blind Frames, 
 when old, have their colour discharged by the 
 weather, and look of a dingy brown ; the 
 Glass frames, particularly the front ones, #re, 
 when old, loose at the corners, the sides of the 
 grooves loosened, and held together only by the 
 Cloth which covers them. 
 
 Nothing is a better proof than the mouldings 
 of the framings, and the Scroll ends or finish- 
 ings of the timber; for if much filled with 
 Paint, or defaced, it is a certain Proof of the 
 Carriage having been often painted, and of 
 course old ; the paint will, with a slight knock, 
 if not newly done, fly off in scales, particularly 
 from the Iron work. 
 
 Examine well those places in the Body 
 round the edges, if the framing where the wet 
 has been likely to lodge has not been rotten, 
 and the surface is not made up with Putty, or 
 has been cased on the outside with new pieces 
 of Wood moulding. 
 
 Examine the Cloth of the Lining, observe 
 the sides and back against which the Shoulders
 
 118 CAUTIONS AGAINST PURCHASING, &C. 
 
 rub, that the cloth is not threadbare, and that 
 it is free from Moth-holes in every part. 
 
 The Hand Holders and pasting Lace, parti- 
 cularly the small Lace which is round the 
 Lights or Windows. 
 
 If the Carriage has a Coach Box, examine 
 the condition of the Seat under the Hammer- 
 cloth at the ends and corners on the inside ; if 
 it has been much used, it will be ragged and 
 worn through in many places. 
 
 In examining the Wheels, look not only to 
 the outside edge of the Iron which covers them, 
 but also to the Spokes at the Nave, that they 
 are not started, and that the Wheels are firm 
 on the Axle-trees. These are the General Rules 
 to be observed when examining a Second - 
 Hand Carriage. 
 
 Never buy without advice from some skilful 
 and disinterested person.
 
 119 
 
 HARNESS. 
 
 FROM decayed Harness, almost as much dan- 
 ger is to be dreaded as from a faulty Car- 
 riage. However skilful the Coachman, if your 
 Harness fails, how can he manage his Horses? 
 
 That Harness may not be used so long a& to 
 become expensive and troublesome in the re- 
 pair, we will endeavour to give some guide as 
 to how long it may be expected to last: this, 
 however, depends much on the Quality of the 
 Leather and the Goodness of the Workman- 
 ship, the Weather it is exposed to, and the 
 care that is taken of it. 
 
 Harness perishes with hanging by; and 
 however moderately it may be used, after five 
 or six years is seldom fit for further service, 
 unless very extraordinary care has been taken 
 to preserve it. It may be said to wear in pro- 
 portion to the Work done with it : this is 
 ascertained by the number of Wheels worn
 
 120 HAKNESS. 
 
 out, and we calculate that it will last in 
 London, at least, as long as Four Sets of 
 Wheels. 
 
 Harness for common work should not be 
 encumbered with superfluous Ornaments, &c. : 
 the plainer it is the better. The less the 
 Horse is burdened with trappings, the more 
 easily he can do his Work; the less Time is 
 required to keep it clean ; and the less Money 
 it costs. 
 
 Those who are nice about the look of their 
 Harness, must keep a set of Old Harness for 
 Wet Weather and Night Work; which is a 
 plan to be recommended to all Persons who 
 make much use of their Carriage. 
 
 A Handsome set of Chariot Harness, of the 
 very best Workmanship, with patent Leather 
 Waterdecks, according to Estimate (No. 9), 
 costs from about 30. to 36.
 
 121 
 
 SECOND-HAND HARNESS. 
 
 OBSERVE the condition of the Leather; if it is 
 soft and pliable, it is good : if dry and stiff, 
 it is bad. This is also the case if the Grain is 
 cracked, or if the Sewings are gummed up with 
 grease, and the veined marks on the edges are 
 effaced. See that all the Leathers at the 
 buckling and looped parts are whole and per- 
 fect ; the trace ends, the collars, the cruppers, 
 the belly bands, and billets, shew best at the 
 buckling parts how much the Harness has been 
 used. 
 
 The Furniture (except the Ornaments) usually 
 remains longer perfect than the Leather does, 
 but look to the corners of the Buckles and 
 Rings of the Territs through which the Reins 
 pass, and to the Ornaments; likewise the inside 
 Winker-pieces and the head chains ; these are 
 the likeliest parts to look to for a proof of the 
 Furniture, but the Leather is the best guide,
 
 122 SECOND-HAND HARNESS. 
 
 for if the pipes and ley of the Collars, traces at 
 the points, and the breeching at the straps, 
 are perfect, the Harness is likely to be a good 
 one, though a Second-Hand Harness seldom 
 proves (after the expense of alterations and 
 changing the Ornaments, which necessarily 
 must be done before it can be used) to be so 
 Cheap, in the long run, as a Neio one.
 
 123 
 
 TRAVELLING CARRIAGES 
 
 SHOULD not be hung higher than Three feet 
 from the ground, should have strong well- 
 seasoned Springs, which should be corded, and 
 every part of it should be much stronger than a 
 Town Carriage. Bolts inside should be at- 
 tached to the Doors, to prevent their being 
 opened on the outside. 
 
 The Dickey Box should have Pistol Holsters 
 on each side, covered with black fur tops. 
 
 A front Budget attached to the Body, or 
 fixed on the beds of Carriage. 
 
 A hind Rumble for two servants, with knee 
 boot attached to the Body. 
 
 Cap Case to front of Body. 
 
 Trunks for Travelling must be very strong, 
 and strengthened at the corners with Iron 
 Plates, and should have Inside Straps and 
 Laths ; these are conveniences to confine what 
 the trunk contains from shifting about; they 
 are made with four or five laths covered with 
 cloth or paper, which are nailed, at a small
 
 124 TRAVELLING CARRIAGES. 
 
 distance from each other, to three pieces of 
 girth web, and lie at the top of the parcels 
 within the trunk ; on the bottom of the trunks 
 straps are nailed, which buckle round the laths 
 and keep all tight. 
 
 TRUNK COVERS 
 
 are made to fit the outside of the trunks, to 
 cover and preserve them from the weather; 
 they are usually made of thick painted cloth, 
 with holes at the sides, for the handles of the 
 trunk to be got at. 
 
 IMPERIALS, 
 
 are large flat cases made to the form of the 
 whole or part of the Roof or Body ; they are 
 conveniences to carry light articles safe, mostly 
 designed for wearing Apparel ; they are made 
 of thin boards, covered with Leather, and lined 
 with tow and baize : to prevent its rubbing the 
 roof, if intended to cover the whole of the 
 roof, they are most convenient to remove, if 
 divided into two parts ; and as the half is 
 often sufficient for use, it saves unnecessary 
 luggage. They are fixed on the Roof by means 
 of straps and staples.
 
 TRAVELLING CARRIAGES. 125 
 
 DRAG CHAIN, SHOE, AND STAFF, 
 
 are necessary to every Travelling Carriage: 
 the Chain is to lock the Wheels, and to pre- 
 vent the going too fast downhill ; the Staff is 
 to stop the Carriage, and give rest to the 
 Horses, when ascending a hill; the chain is 
 fixed to a hook about the middle of the perch 
 or crane, with a hook or shoe at the end for 
 the Wheels, The Hook is most handy for use, 
 but the shoe is preferable, as it preserves the 
 Iron of the Wheel from Injury when dragging 
 on hard stony ground. The Chain being co- 
 vered with Leather prevents it from rattling. 
 
 OIL-SKIN COVERS TO THE BODY" 
 
 preserve the Paint from the injury of the Road 
 dirt, or Boughs, while Travelling : these covers 
 are frequently used, and are so made that the 
 Doors may be opened and shut with them on. 
 Every part of the Body except the Windows 
 and bottom is covered ; it is looped on to the 
 Body by small buttons, and is put on and off 
 with the utmost facility : they are made of 
 common oiled linen, lined with soft baize.
 
 126 SAFETY BRACES. 
 
 SPRING CORDING. 
 
 Springs are corded to prevent danger and 
 delay, if by accident a plate should break, and 
 also to strengthen them, especially when 
 Carriages are loaded with heavy Imperials 
 and much Luggage : it is done by placing 
 a thin piece of ash or a length of cord along 
 the back, and afterwards twisting a small but 
 strong cord round, and fastening it well at the 
 top. 
 
 SAFETY BRACES 
 
 are fixed by strong Braces attached to the C 
 springs, passing directly under the bottom of 
 the Body, (and prevent any stopping on the 
 road by the springs breaking or body-loops 
 giving way), the expense of which, with the 
 fixing and check-loops, is 5 Guineas ; the length 
 varying from nine to twelve feet, according to 
 the length of the Carriage. 
 
 England is celebrated for the construction of 
 Carriages of peculiar Elegance and convenience ; 
 but the completest machine we have seen was
 
 127 
 
 BUONAPARTE'S 
 TRAVELLING CHARIOT, 
 
 of which the following description may furnish 
 hints to those who wish to have a convenient 
 Carriage. 
 
 The very curious and convenient Chariot of 
 the late Emperor of France, which I examined 
 when it was exhibited at the London Museum, 
 Piccadilly, in 1816, was built by Symons of 
 Brussels, for the Russian Campaign, and was 
 adapted to the various purposes of a Pantry 
 and of a Kitchen; for it had places for holding 
 and preparing refreshments, which, by the aid 
 of a Lamp, could be heated in the Carriage : 
 it served also for a Bed Room, a Dressing 
 Room, an Office, &c. ; there was a separation 
 rising about six inches, dividing the Seat. The 
 exterior of this ingenious vehicle was of the 
 form and dimensions of our large Modern 
 English Travelling Chariot only that it had 
 a projection in front of about two feet, the 
 right-hand half of which was open to the inside
 
 128 BUONAPARTE'S TRAVELLING CHARIOT. 
 
 to receive the feet, and thus formed a Bed 
 the left-hand contained a store of various useful 
 things. 
 
 Beyond the projection in front, and nearer 
 to the Horses, was the seat for the Coachman, 
 ingeniously contrived so as to prevent the 
 Driver from viewing the interior of the Car- 
 riage, and yet so placed as to afford those 
 within a clear sight of the Horses and of the 
 surrounding Country : beneath this seat was 
 a receptacle for a Box, about 1\ feet in length 
 and 4 inches square, which contained a Bed- 
 stead of polished Steel, which could be fitted 
 up in a couple of minutes. 
 
 Over the Front Windows was a Roller 
 Blind of strong painted Canvass, which, when 
 pulled out, excluded Rain, while it admitted Air : 
 we wonder this is not an universal appendage 
 to every Chariot in this Country. 
 
 On the Ceiling of the Carriage was a Net 
 work for carrying small travelling requisites : 
 in a recess there was a Secretaire 10 inches 
 square by 18 inches in length, which contained 
 nearly an hundred articles presented to IVapo- 
 leon by Maria Louisa, under whose care it was
 
 BUONAPARTE'S TRAVELLING CHARIOT. 129 
 
 fitted up with every luxury and convenience 
 that could be imagined, and contained, besides 
 the usual requisites for a Dressing-Box, most 
 of which were of solid Gold, a magnificent 
 Breakfast service, with Plates Candlesticks 
 Knives Forks Spoons a spirit Lamp, for 
 making Breakfast in the Carriage Gold Case 
 for Napoleons Gold Wash-hand Basin va- 
 riety of -Essence Bottles, Perfumes and an 
 almost infinite variety of minute articles, down 
 to Pins, Needles, Thread, and Silk. Each of 
 these were fitted into recesses, most ingeniously 
 contrived, and made in the solid Wood, in 
 which they packed close together, and many 
 within each other, in so small a compass, that, 
 on seeing them arranged, it appeared impos- 
 sible for them ever to be put in so small a com- 
 pass: at the bottom of this Toilette Box, in 
 divided recesses, were found Two Thousand 
 Gold Napoleons; on the Top, Writing Ma- 
 terials, Looking Glass, Combs, &c. a Lique.ur 
 Case which had Two Bottles, one with Malaga 
 Wine, the other Rum, a silver Sandwich Box, 
 containing a Plate, Knives, Spoons, Pepper and 
 Salt Boxes, Mustard Pot, Decanter, Glasses,
 
 130 BUONAPARTE'S TRAVELLING CHARIOT. 
 
 &c. a Wardrobe, Writing-Desk, Maps, Te- 
 lescopes, Arms, &c. a large silver Chrono- 
 meter, by which the Watches of the Army were 
 regulated, two Merino Mattresses, a Green 
 Velvet Travelling Cap also a diamond Head- 
 dress (tiara), Hat, Sword, Uniform, and an 
 Imperial Mantle, &c. &c. &c.
 
 131 
 
 DUTIES 
 PAYABLE ON MALE SERVANTS. 
 
 Per Servant. Total per Year. 
 
 No. 1 l 4 l 4 
 
 2 1 11 3 2 
 
 3 118 5 14 
 
 4. ., .236.. . 8 14 
 
 DUTIES ON HORSES. 
 
 Per Horse. Total per Year. 
 
 No. 1 l 8 l 8 
 
 2 2 7 3 4 14 6 
 
 3 2 12 3 7 16 9 
 
 4. ., . 2 15 .. , . 11 
 
 DUTY ON CARRIAGES, 
 
 With Two Wheels 3 5 
 
 With Four Ditto 6 
 
 The Duties on Servants, Carriages, and 
 Horses, are collected by the same Officers that
 
 136 DUTIES ON CARRIAGES. 
 
 collect the House and Window Taxes; and 
 are reckoned from one-fifth of April to another; 
 and if you keep a Horse or Carriage for a Single 
 week, you must pay the Tax thereon for a 
 whole Year.
 
 133 
 THE ART 
 
 OF 
 
 MANAGING COACHMEN. 
 
 THE Christian precept of 
 
 " Do as you would be done by" 
 is in few instances more difficult to observe, 
 than it is towards a Coachman, who is, in fact, 
 paid to endure those Inconveniences from which 
 the Carriage protects his Employer. However, 
 the Good Master will " do as he would be done 
 by," and make his Servant as Comfortable as 
 the peculiar nature of his place permits. 
 
 Merciful Masters, who use their Carriage in 
 Wet Weather *, provide their Coachman Two 
 Box Coats : a Second-hand Coat may be 
 bought for about 2, 10s. a slight increase to 
 
 * Mr. Jarvis assures us that none of the plans for ren- 
 dering Clothes Water Proof have answered his expectations.
 
 134 THE ART OF 
 
 their Expense, a great addition to his Comfort : 
 for when a Box Coat gets thoroughly Wet, it 
 will take forty-eight hours before it becomes tho- 
 roughly Dry ; for it must not be dried other- 
 wise than gradually and in the Air. Mr. Jarvis 
 says, that " the best way of drying a Box 
 Coat on these occasions, is to put it round a 
 Truss of Straw." 
 
 The Hardy habits of Coachmen enable them 
 to brave the inclemencies of the Sky, and to 
 set the Cold and Rain at defiance, when en- 
 compassed in their seven-fold Cape, and a com- 
 fortable Dry Coat ; but, my fair-weather 
 friend, can you imagine a more awfully dan- 
 gerous envelope than a Wet Blanket ? 
 
 Whatever Olympic Wits or Whips might 
 think, there are few modern Jockies who 
 will agree with Pindarus, that Water is the 
 best thing, at least for the lining of the Inner 
 or the Outer Coat of the Stomach. 
 
 Damp Clothes are the cause of Coachmen 
 being so often and so severely afflicted with 
 Rheumatism; therefore we insert the follow- 
 ing, which has frequently proved an efficacious
 
 MANAGING COACHMEN. 135 
 
 remedy in old and inveterate attacks of this 
 complaint. 
 
 Anti-Rheumatic Embrocation. 
 
 Sal Volatile, an ounce and a half; 
 Laudanum, half an ounce ; 
 
 Mix rub the part afflicted Night and Morning, and 
 in the Middle of the Day. 
 
 The Reader may have observed, that the 
 Coach Box of the Carriages of many Medical 
 Men. is furnished with a Knee Boot, i. e. an 
 Apron like that of a Gig : this is a comfort- 
 able, and, indeed, a needful defence to the Legs 
 and Feet. The Author advises the general 
 adoption thereof to those who use their Carriage 
 much in Cold Wet Weather, and especially 
 recommends it to those Genteel * people, who 
 
 * We were amused, and perhaps the Reader may, with 
 the following definition of the word " Genteel." 
 
 Q. Has any Body called (said Mr. Thin) while I have 
 been out? 
 
 A. Yes, Sir, a Gentleman called, about Two o'Clock. 
 
 Q. What kind of a Person? 
 
 A. A Genteel Man, Sir an extremely Genteel Man, 
 Sir ; for I think he was Taller and Thinner than You ! ! !
 
 136 EVENING PARTIES. 
 
 courageously keep their Servants and Horses 
 in waiting half the Night, in bitter cold wea- 
 ther, while they are indulging themselves in 
 the opposite extreme of temperature in Crowded 
 Assemblies. 
 
 No Entertainments (as those Midnight In- 
 flictions are by courtesy termed), afford so little 
 satisfaction as 
 
 EVENING PARTIES. 
 
 All who know you, that are not invited, will 
 take umbrage, and half of those who are, receive 
 the intended Compliment only as their due, 
 and not seldom return it by ridiculing their 
 Host, who, if he is prudent, they will censure 
 for his Parsimony ; if he be generous, will rate 
 as a Prodigal. 
 
 These (foolish, if they are poor, but if Rich, 
 wicked,) " Fly-by-Nights" 
 
 " Who Sleep till Noon, and hardly live till Night," 
 
 who are unhappy except when in a Crowd, and 
 fancy that they are entitled to pass for folks of 
 exquisite Fashion, in proportion to the degree
 
 MIDNIGHT INFLICTIONS. 137 
 
 of fondness that they pretend to exhibit for 
 being Stewed in foul Air*. 
 
 As Sir Exquisite Irritable says, " Nothing 
 can be less Nice than the Re-respiration of 
 Hespired Air, every whif of which has just 
 popped out of the Mouth of another! To 
 Drink out of the same Cup, is comparatively an 
 act of delectable Refinement ! ! ! " 
 
 What is to be said FOR the Absurdity of 
 not going out to an Evening Party, until You 
 ought to be going into Your Bed ? Every Body 
 has enough to say AGAINST it! But, never- 
 theless, the very persons who exclaim loudest 
 against this foolish Fashion, are frequently 
 found among the foremost of those who follow 
 it. How comes this ? why, this is quite incon- 
 ceivable ! No, indeed, No ! pray pardon 
 me with the utmost submission, it is among 
 the strange things which are very easily ac- 
 
 * " Those who regard Health will not frequent crowded 
 rooms and assemblies. When I was at Bath, about to 
 publish an Essay on the effects of Noxious Air, one of my 
 brethren waggishly said, 'Let them alone, Doctor; for 
 how else will 26 Physicians be able to exist here?' " Dr. 
 Adair on Diet, #c. 8vo. p. 93. 1812.
 
 138 EVENING PARTIES. 
 
 counted for it is Fashionable ! it is extremely 
 Genteel!! 
 
 However, these Midnight Meetings, under 
 the inviting appellation of GENTEEL Evening 
 Parties, are, in fact, a Barbarous Invention df 
 the Idle and Imbecile, to undermine the .Con- 
 stitution, and annihilate the Independence of 
 the Industrious and the Healthful. 
 
 " Though bold these Truths, my Book with Truths like 
 
 these 
 Will none offend, whom 'tis a praise to please." 
 
 Dr. Young. 
 
 The noisy announcement of the arrival of the 
 Visitors at these Nocturnal Assemblies, by the 
 absurd custom of a Thundering Rapping at the 
 Door, which is already open, is one of the most 
 ridiculous customs of modern times, and should 
 be entirely abolished. If a parcel of silly people 
 are permitted to meet together at Midnight, they 
 ought not to be permitted to murder the Sleep 
 of their surrounding neighbours, from Ten at 
 Night till Three in the Morning! It is as dis- 
 orderly an offence against the public peace as 
 can be mentioned ; and if it happened at the
 
 MIDNIGHT INFLICTIONS. 139 
 
 house of a poor person, it would be immediately 
 indicted as Disorderly. 
 
 Good Nature may find some Excuse for 
 the Poor and Dependent, who (perhaps very 
 unwillingly) are obliged to follow a Foolish 
 Fashion ; but what apology can Good Sense 
 invent for the Opulent and the Independent, 
 who are the Makers of Manners, and who set a 
 Foolish Example*. 
 
 Tom Thrifty's maxim for Evening Parties, 
 was 
 
 " COME before Seven, 
 Go before Eleven." 
 
 Have you in your Visiting Book the name of 
 one Good Mother, whom you have not heard 
 
 * " To what an unfortunate change the present fashions 
 are conforming Mankind ! The Country-houses of our 
 Nobility and Gentry are empty till July. Thus the Spring 
 months, the season of Joy throughout creation, pass unob- 
 served by the affluent and gay. The souls of human beings, 
 in this Age of Art, would seem to wish the Sun to be dark- 
 ened ; they find no pleasure but in the light of a Lamp .^- 
 I feel for the rising generation, when I consider the effects 
 of these overgrown follies upon Inexperienced minds." 
 Dr. Trotter on the Nervous Temperament, 8vo. p. 246. 
 1807.
 
 140 EVENING PARTIES. 
 
 heartily lament the Late Hours of the Fashion- 
 able World as the principal cause of the pre- 
 dominance of the Lily in the complexion of her 
 Children? 
 
 " Late sitting up has turn'd their Roses white : 
 
 Why went they not to Bed? because 'twas Night." 
 
 Is it not astonishing, then, that Somebody 
 will not be Wise enough, and Kind enough, to 
 invite us to return to Reasonable Hours ? But, 
 as the saying is, 
 
 " What is Every Body's Business, is Nobody s Business," 
 and 
 
 " Plain Dealing is Dead, and Died without Issue." 
 
 " Doubly distrest, what author shall we find, 
 Discreetly daring, and severely kind, 
 The courtly Roman's shining path to tread, 
 And sharply smile prevailing Folly dead." 
 
 Dr. Young. 
 
 The Writer does not presume further, than 
 humbly to advise those who wish to enjoy any 
 of their faculties in perfection, not willingly to 
 refrain from wearing their NIGHT CAP, Later 
 than Eleven o'Clock at Night.
 
 MIDNIGHT INFLICTIONS. 141 
 
 Hour's Sleep before Twelve o' Clock is 
 worth Two after. 
 
 Do you recollect, Gentle Reader, to have 
 ever learned any thing worth remembering 
 AFTER ELEVEN O'CLOCK AT NIGHT? 
 
 I don't : nor, indeed,ybr a full Hour before 
 that time, those persons whose bodies or minds 
 have been industriously employed during the 
 day, are arrived at that degree of exhaustion, 
 that their faculties are become obtuse ; if you 
 ask them any thing, " they don't know ;" 
 and if you tell them any thing, " they don't 
 care." 
 
 Midnight Conversation cannot be any thing 
 more than a mere " caput mortuum," and the 
 vapid draining of Brains collapsed by the con- 
 tinued cogitations of the 14 or 15 preceding 
 Hours ! or the unwholesome effervescence of 
 the " hot and rebellious liquors" which have 
 been taken to revive the flagging spirits. 
 
 The Machinery of Man, like the wheels of a 
 Watch, after a certain time wants winding up, 
 or it will go down when this time comes, till 
 your Gentleman is wound up by Food and Rest,
 
 142 COACHMEN. 
 
 he cannot talk, any better than that can tick, 
 till that is wound up again. 
 
 To the person who is intrusted with so im- 
 portant a concern as the management of your 
 Carriage and Horses you will do wisely to give 
 proper encouragement : on his Honesty and 
 Judgment greatly depend the safety of the 
 Rider and the Expense of the Equipage 
 therefore, it is as much your Interest to be kind, 
 as it is his Duty to be Careful. 
 
 It will be well, therefore, to put your Coach- 
 man beyond any petty temptations from Hack- 
 neymen, Horsedealers, Farriers, Coachmakers, 
 et id genus omne, and pay him cheerfully all 
 such reasonable Perquisites as will make it His 
 Interest to take care of Yours. 
 
 People are often biassed by their Coachman 
 in what is to be done in the Repair or alteration 
 of their Carriage and Horses, and from inte- 
 rested motives, or capricious whims, the Knights 
 of the Whip, it is said, sometimes have gone to 
 extravagant lengths, and the Carriage has be- 
 come rather the Property of the Coachman and 
 Coachmaker, than of the Proprietor.
 
 COACHMEN. 143 
 
 A careful Coachman is a valuable Servant. 
 "A Coachman," says the Sieur Sohysell, " should 
 be skilful, Nimble, Hardy, and Honest, should 
 love Horses, and have a desire to perform all 
 his work well : when a Master findeth a Lad 
 with these qualities, he should not easily part 
 with him; for this Merchandise, although 
 Clownish, is hard enough to be found." See 
 his Complete Horseman, folio, p. 145, 1717. 
 
 To the above Qualifications, must be added, 
 that of Reading and Writing ; and if you reside 
 in London, that of " knowing Town well," i. e. 
 be well acquainted with the situation, the dis- 
 tance, and the best Roads, (as they may now 
 be called) to the various parts of that amazing 
 Labyrinth of Lanes called London. 
 
 Before you permit him to mount the Box 
 ask him how far it is to half a dozen different 
 places in opposite directions, and which Way 
 he would go, and how Long he would be in 
 driving you thither. 
 
 The best Age for a Coachman is between 30 
 and 40 before the former, they are perfunc- 
 tory, and soon after the latter, they lack Ac- 
 tivity.
 
 144 COACHMEN. 
 
 The following maxim, which t gave for 
 hiring a Cook, applies as aptly to engaging 
 Coachmen. 
 
 Before the age of THIRTY, however comfort- 
 able you may endeavour to make them, their 
 want of experience, and the Hope of something 
 still better, prevents their being content with 
 their present state. 
 
 After they have had the benefit of Experience, 
 if they are tolerably comfortable, they will en- 
 deavour to deserve the approbation of even a 
 moderately kind Master, for Fear they may 
 change for the worse. 
 
 " The Good that they wish for, mayn't match what 
 
 they've got ; 
 And therefore they'd best be content with their lot." 
 
 Life is divided into the Seasons of HOPE, and 
 FEAR. In YOUTH we hope that every thing 
 may be right ; In AGE, we fear that every 
 thing will be wrong. 
 
 Whether you have your own Horses, or Hire 
 of a Hackneyman : Mr. Jarvis begs you to be 
 very careful in choosing a Coachman, or you
 
 COACHMEN. 145 
 
 may get for a Charioteer, an ignorant, careless 
 creature, who hardly knows 
 
 " Come may thur wut" 
 
 from 
 " Come may thur woo-ec,'' 
 
 The best Person to apply to, to recommend a 
 Coachman, is the Hackneyman of whom you 
 Hire your Horses ; it is his own Interest to re- 
 commend a Servant who is capable and careful : 
 or by looking in the Daily papers, you will find 
 many who are in want of places : The shortest 
 way, is to advertise for one this will bring 
 plenty of applicants presently direct them to 
 call on your Hackneyman, or to some person 
 on whom you can depend, and let him select 
 and send to you only such as he thinks likely 
 to suit : this will save you much time and 
 trouble : moreover, it is desirable that a Coach- 
 man should be in some degree dependant upon 
 the person of whom you hire Horses, that he may 
 be accountable to him for the proper treatment 
 of them, and you will thus be better served. 
 
 Accept of no Written Character when any 
 other can be obtained ; and it is the most sa- 
 tisfactory plan for all Parties, to Give, and
 
 146 ORDERS. 
 
 Receive the Character of a Servant in the pre- 
 sence of such Servant. 
 
 The common custom, is for the Coachman to 
 come for 
 
 ORDERS 
 
 at a certain hour. Very well, tell him " to stay 
 at Home, and be ready to attend to your Busi- 
 ness," adding, however, (if you expect him to 
 do so) that " whenever you wish for a Half, or 
 a whole Holiday for your own Business," for 
 every one has Business and Desires, such as they 
 are, " ask me for it, and I will not Dissappoint 
 you, even though your Absence may be Incon- 
 venient Mark! Mind my Business, and I 
 promise you, that I will never prevent your 
 having every reasonable opportunity of minding 
 Your own :" make an agreement with him, 
 that he shall have certain Hours in certain 
 Days for such business as the Horses, Carriage, 
 &c. require. 
 
 " Leave is Light ;" 
 
 and warn him that if you find him out without 
 leave, at any other time you will immediately
 
 147 
 
 give him leave of Absence from your service for 
 ever after, and that it will become your Duty, 
 to state the reason why you do so, to any per- 
 son who may apply for his Character. 
 
 Desire him, Five minutes before he brings the 
 Carriage round, to open the Windows and ven- 
 tilate it : even in Winter, Cold Air is not so 
 offensive as Confined Air desire him to bring 
 the Carriage with the Glasses and Blinds, &c. 
 in the position in which you generally use them; 
 and when you tell him at what Time to come, 
 tell him tvhich Way to bring his Horses' heads to 
 the Door, i. e. East or West, so that he may start 
 at once, without the disagreeable trouble of 
 turning about give him similar directions when 
 you stop any where, and apprise him, that when 
 you get in again, if you don't immediately 
 direct him otherwise, he is always to take you 
 towards Home. 
 
 Finally, let his General Business be given to 
 him in Writing ; t. e. at what Hours you most 
 usually want the Carriage how Long at a 
 time you are generally out what Pace you 
 wish to go and what Roads to particular 
 places, &c.
 
 148 
 
 Give him a Map of London, on which, mark 
 with Red Ink the way you wish to be taken to 
 those places to which you are most frequently 
 going and tell him, if you order him to take 
 you to any place, the way to which he is not 
 well acquainted with, always to say so plainly, 
 and you will direct him. 
 
 Some Good Masters never (unless in a case 
 of necessity) take their Carriage out on a 
 Sunday. 
 
 In well-governed Families, every Servant has 
 the liberty every Sunday of going once to 
 Church ; which if they neglect, and fail in their 
 duty to their Maker, they may well be sus- 
 pected of failing in their duty to their master : 
 A Person who goes regularly to Church, will be 
 WELL spoken of, though he may have no other 
 merit to recommend him : He who neglects that 
 Duty is ILL spoken of, if he has no other Fault, 
 and has every other Virtue. 
 
 Whenever you find it necessary to give any 
 Directions, or to reprove him for Neglect, &c., 
 never send any Message to him by another Ser- 
 vant, mention it yourself; You may do this 
 with much more effect than you can by any 

 
 ORDERS. 149 
 
 deputy, who, through Mistake or Ill-nature, 
 may likely enough either say more or less than 
 you told him. 
 
 Never reprove Servants unless you are quite 
 in a Good Temper ; the best way to ensure which, 
 is, Never to Lecture them, till at least ONE 
 DAY AFTER they have offended you. 
 
 Never forget to Commend them when they 
 are Right; nothing can cherish the desire of 
 pleasing in Them so effectually, as to shew 
 them that you are pleased : it is a much 
 pleasanter, and a more effectual mode of pro- 
 ceeding, to Praise them into good conduct, 
 than to Scold them out of bad. 
 
 There is a Perversity in poor human nature 
 which sets itself against Correction, and is 
 restive to reproof, but is pliant and yielding to 
 the least expression of Kindness. Pride is like 
 the Rust that seizes and stiffens the Spring of 
 an Engine, and checks its motion, so that no 
 force can set it to work ; but Kindness is like 
 Oil, which smooths the machinery in such a 
 manner that the parts move almost of them- 
 selves. This Gentle method of dealing with
 
 150 ORDERS. 
 
 our fellow-creatures is GOD'S own method of 
 dealing with mankind, who " delighteth not in 
 the Death of a Sinner, but rather that he should 
 turn from his Wickedness and Live ;" and 
 chooses rather to lead us to Repentance by his 
 Goodness, than to drive us to it by his Wrath.
 
 151 
 
 PUNCTUALITY 
 
 IN a Coachman is indispensable, if he has 
 15 or 20 Minutes' notice that he will be wanted, 
 there is no excuse for his not being ready by 
 that time ; for a regular Coachman gets his 
 Harness and Carriage clean and ready to put 
 to, early in the day. 
 
 In establishments where it is not known at 
 what hour a Carriage will be wanted, but when 
 it is, is wanted at a minute's notice, the Horses 
 are kept ready Harnessed. 
 
 Desire him always to be at your Door, Five 
 Minutes before the time he is ordered, espe- 
 cially when ordered at an unusual hour ; when 
 you are going out " on actual Service," his 
 being ready at the desired moment, is infinitely 
 more important than when you are going out at 
 the usual hour merely for Amusement. One 
 Minute of Your Time, is often worth an Hour 
 of His. 
 
 Tell your Coachman, that " THE ORACLE has
 
 152 PUNCTUALITY. 
 
 declared that He who sometimes comes Before 
 the time he is ordered, manifests respect for his 
 Employers and a laudable Anxiety to obey 
 Orders. 
 
 He who never comes till the Last Moment, 
 presents presumptive evidence that he is dis- 
 posed to do no more work than he is obliged 
 to do. 
 
 He who comes After the Time, would not 
 come then, unless Fear flogged him : 
 
 Encourage the First, 
 
 Endure the Second, 
 
 Do as you like with the Last. 
 
 One Friend informed me that he cured an 
 excellent Coachman of his neglect of being 
 punctual (which was the only fault he had) 
 by hiring a Hackney Coach, whenever his own 
 Carriage was not at the Door to a minute, and 
 deducting the charge thereof from his Wages. 
 Another makes it part of the Agreement, in 
 hiring a Coachman, that he shall forfeit a Shil- 
 ling for every Minute he comes after the time 
 he is ordered. 
 
 Remember Tom Thrifty's account of that
 
 PUNCTUALITY. 
 
 153 
 
 excellent Disciplinarian, old Admiral EVER- 
 READY. 
 
 " The first time I received Orders to attend 
 his Honour on a Cruise, ' Tom Thrifty,' 
 (said the gallant Veteran,) 'be sure, have Every 
 Thing ready for Action to Morrow Morning 
 before Eight o'Clock. Getting out well is half 
 the Battle.' ' I will take care,, your Honour, 
 not to be later than Eight.' 
 
 " ' Not later, Sir! Pipe all hands a Quarter 
 Before, if you please, Sir ! ! a Quarter Be~ 
 fore, Sir!!! to that Quarter of an Hour I 
 owe all my success in Life ! ! ! Do you think 
 that Old EVERREADY would have won every 
 Battle he has fought, if he had not always had 
 a Broadside ready to pour into the Enemy, 
 Before it was expected that any Engagement 
 could possibly take place ! Oh! that precious 
 Quarter of an Hour ! it has been, as a body 
 may say, the Guardian Spirit which has gained 
 me all my Laurels. Now, my Boy, let me 
 heave a bit of advice to You; if you wish to 
 keep clear of the shoals of Disappointment, 
 take Preparation for your Purser, and Punc-
 
 154 PUNCTUALITY. 
 
 tuality for your Pilot they will put you into 
 the track of Preferment ; and if you mind that 
 your vessel is well ballasted with Integrity, 
 you may carry almost what Sail you will with 
 safety, and soon hope to cast anchor for Life 
 in the Bay of Independence.' " 
 
 When you order your Coachman to call for 
 you, tell him to send you notice of his arrival 
 as soon as he comes, and that within Two 
 minutes after you hear of it, you will either 
 cfcme or send to him if you do not, to con- 
 clude that you have not been told, and desire 
 him peremptorily to order that you may be 
 informed of it, for some people are Rude 
 enough to desire their Servants not to tell their 
 Guests that their Carriage is come, until just 
 such time as they wish them gone. 
 
 The surest plan of protecting yourself from 
 the tricks of such folks, and of -knowing when 
 your Carriage is come, is to give your Coach- 
 man a LETTER directed to you, on which is 
 written "An Immediate Answer is desired." 
 Direct him to deliver this wherever you are, 
 with a special request that it may be given
 
 PUNCTUALITY. 155 
 
 to you directly, as it requires an Immediate 
 Answer: this may also serve the purpose of 
 furnishing you with an excellent excuse to get 
 away as early as you please. 
 
 Do not order your Carriage till you actually 
 want it ; and enter it the moment it comes 
 to the Door, especially in Cold and Wet 
 Weather. 
 
 Have a Good going Clock placed where it 
 may be easily seen by all the Members of your 
 Household ; by which let them set their 
 Watches. Desire your Coachman, when he 
 comes for Orders, to set his by this Clock ; 
 and then, if he is a steady fellow, by referring 
 to your own, you will see when he comes for 
 you. Let his Watch be so regulated, that it 
 may rather gain than lose. If it be not a very 
 good one, if it is set every morning by a good 
 clock, it will answer almost all the purposes of 
 a Good one. Keep it Jive minutes too Fast, 
 and tell him to keep all appointments by its 
 Dial, as if it shewed the True time. 
 
 Before you start from home, give your 
 Coachman distinct directions when to come
 
 156 PUNCTUALITY. 
 
 for you; and do this yourself: if you do it by 
 deputy, or when you get out of your Carriage, 
 and probably in a hurry, a mistake is easily 
 enough made. When he is to call for you at 
 any place with which you are not quite cer- 
 tain that he is acquainted, let the plainest 
 possible Direction thereto be given him in 
 Writing. 
 
 An experienced Driver can always calculate 
 how long he will be in going; and when you 
 tell him to come for you, you may be certain 
 that he need never be more than five minutes 
 after the time you order him : thus, you will 
 be independent of any information from the 
 Servants at the House where you visit. 
 
 " Punctual Masters make Punctual Servants.'" 
 
 If you go out to Dinner in London, a dis- 
 tance exceeding Three Miles, it is more ad- 
 visable to put up your Horses, than to send 
 them Home, as the wear of the Carriage in 
 doing the double work of going home and 
 coming again for you, will cost as much as you 
 will be charged for Hay at a Livery Stable,
 
 PUNCTUALITY. 157 
 
 which will not be more than Two Shillings 
 (including 6d. to the Hostler). Moreover, it is 
 convenient to have the power of returning 
 home sooner or later, as you like, without 
 danger of your Servants and Horses catching 
 Cold in waiting for you. 
 
 It is customary to allow the Coachman some 
 refreshment when your Horses are put up, 
 while you are at Dinner. Whatever you choose 
 to give, give in Money. 
 
 If you go out to Dinner in the Country, 
 your Nags will like to Dine too, and have half 
 a peck of Corn and some Hay also. Different 
 Inns vary in their charges from 2s. 6d. (in- 
 cluding Qd. to the Hostler) to 3s. 6d. 
 
 When you go out to Dinner in the Environs 
 of Town, where you have not been before, and 
 are unacquainted with the Topography of the 
 Country, start at least a quarter of an hour 
 earlier than you may think is absolutely ne- 
 cessary, that you may have time to find the 
 House, which is not always very easy, espe- 
 cially if your friend has only lately resided 
 there.
 
 158 PUNCTUALITY. 
 
 Those who dwell in Suburban Villas, have 
 (or ought to have) engraved on the back of 
 their Cards, a Map of the Road from the 
 Stones' end to their House. This would save 
 their Visitors a vast deal of trouble, and they 
 would not have their Dinner spoiled quite so 
 often, by their Guests not arriving in time, 
 from not knowing the way. 
 
 Persons dwelling four or Jive Miles from 
 Town, and those who invite Friends from the 
 Country to dine with them, should Dine, and 
 have all such Parties at least an Hour or two 
 earlier than the fashionable town time, so that 
 their Guests may get home at their usual hour 
 of retiring to Rest. 
 
 For people who live half a Dozen Miles 
 from the Standard in Cornhill, to invite you, 
 or you to invite them, to a Dinner Party later 
 than Four o'clock, or an Evening Party later 
 than Seven, is one of the most ridiculous 
 affectations imaginable ! Courteous Reader, 
 summon resolution enough to set a Good 
 Example : surely this cannot require more
 
 SHOEING. 159 
 
 Courage than it does to follow a Bad 
 Example. 
 
 " And leave the folly of Night Dinners 
 To Fools, and Dandies, and old Sinners." 
 
 Desire your Coachman to give you notice a 
 day or two before the Horses will want 
 
 that you may appoint a convenient time for 
 that purpose. See Obs. on Shoeing, in the 
 Chapter on Horses. 
 
 If you think that you may want your Carriage 
 earlier than your usual 1 time of going out in 
 the Morning, give your Coachman notice over 
 Night ; or when you send in the Morning, 
 expect (and don't be uselessly angry if you 
 get) for an answer, " John is gone to the 
 Blacksmith's," or " to the Coachmaker's," or 
 " to the Hay Market," or to any other Market 
 that the person who serves Fudge for him, 
 happens to think of first. If any such Answer 
 be given, desire that as soon as he returns, he 
 will come for Orders ; you will then know how 
 long he has been absent.
 
 160 
 
 LENDING YOUR CARRIAGE. 
 
 As soon as you set up a Carriage, lots of 
 Idle and Impertinent People, and all the va- 
 rious branches of " the Skin flint's" arid " the 
 Save All's" are up early on the alert, setting 
 all kinds of Traps to ride at your cost. 
 
 Caution those Friends to whom you may 
 give such accommodation, not to mention it : 
 if they trot about, telling every one that they 
 and you know, that " Mr. Benevolus was so 
 good as to lend us his Carriage, and we had 
 such a nice ride all round here and there, and 
 &c." 
 
 If any of the numerous members of the 
 " Free and Easy," or " the Save All " families, 
 who happen to have the slightest acquaintance 
 with you, hear that you have given this ac- 
 commodation to some very old and excellent 
 Friend, who may have honestly earned every
 
 LENDING YOUR CARRIAGE. 161 
 
 attention that you can possibly offer : I 
 
 should not wonder, if they were to Whisper to 
 one another, " Oh, oh! is it so? well, I 
 have really a vast respect for Mr. B. hav'nt 
 you? And if he is so exceedingly fond of 
 Lending his Leathern convenience, don't you 
 think that we ought to do him the favour to 
 Borrow it? it will be so exceedingly conve- 
 nient when we go to our Uncle Makef easts 
 for we can't hire a Glass Coach to take us Ten 
 Miles and back under Thirty Shillings, you 
 know !" 
 
 If you have any regard for Punctuality, take 
 care who you carry with you, especially when 
 going out to Dinner! 
 
 If you undertake to carry people to one 
 place, some unreasonable selfish beings are, not 
 seldom, so pleased at an opportunity of shew- 
 ing off " en carrosse," that they will plague you 
 with perpetual solicitations to stop at almost 
 every Door they pass ; Aye, and act as if they 
 fancied that they were jumping in "an Errand 
 Cart." Tell such Free and Easy folks very 
 plainly, that you must be at a certain Place at 
 a certain Time, and have not a moment to spare.
 
 162 LENDING YOUR CARRIAGE. 
 
 If you have any Mercy for your Horses, 
 lend them not to others, unless you limit the 
 Time they are to be out, and the Distance and 
 Pace they are to go ; say not exceeding ten 
 Miles. Consider, you may be called upon to 
 go a long Journey to-morrow, and if your 
 Horses are over-worked to-day, how are you to 
 get on? This caution to your Coachman is 
 quite necessary, my good Reader; for those 
 who borrow Horses and Carriages have been 
 found willing enough to work them hard 
 enough ! If those who borrow it ask the 
 Coachman to do any more work than you have 
 directed him, tell him if he does it, it is at the 
 peril of losing his place, and desire him to say 
 plainly, " Such are my Master's orders ; if I 
 disobey them he will discharge me the moment 
 I return home." 
 
 Forbid your Coachman receiving any present 
 from those he carries. Give him yourself, be- 
 fore he goes, the same perquisite that you 
 would give another person's Servant who had 
 driven you as far as he is going to drive your 
 Friends, who will be Shabby companions in- 
 deed, if they do not offer him something, and
 
 LENDING YOUR CARRIAGE. 163 
 
 who will tell you if he refuses to take it. 
 If they are not furiously anxious to acquaint 
 you with your Servant's Integrity, they, 
 most likely, may have Self-Love enough 
 to wish to prove to you their own liberal 
 intentions. On such occasions, tell your 
 Servants to say gently and respectfully, " I 
 am much obliged to you, Sir I am equally 
 obliged to you, but my Master has already 
 paid me extra for attending upon you." 
 
 " Edmund Burke brought with him and re- 
 tained the hospitable customs of his Country. 
 I knew an old School-fellow of his, who used 
 almost annually to go to London from Ireland, 
 frequently with some of his Family : they used 
 to lodge at his house. Mr. Burke sent his 
 Servants and Carriage with them to a consi- 
 derable distance from Town, when the Guests, 
 on parting with the Footman, expressed their 
 obligations for the attention shewn them, and 
 put a piece of Gold into the Coachman's hand. 
 ' I cannot receive this, Sir : it would displease 
 Mr. Burke exceedingly.' ' But I don't intend 
 ever to let him know any thing about it.' ' Sir, 
 I should use my Master extremely ill were I to
 
 164 LENDING YOUR CARRIAGE. 
 
 consent : for he gives me extra Wages, on the 
 express condition of my not receiving anything 
 from those who visit him.' ' Thou art right, 
 and I will report thy Integrity to thy Mas- 
 ter.'" Dr. Walker's Fragments, 8vo. p. 118. 
 J802. 
 
 " Many are the tricks of Coachmen," says 
 the sagacious DEAN SWIFT. 
 
 " If they are not in the humour to Drive, 
 they will tell their Master that the Horses have 
 caught Cold are off their Feed want Shoe- 
 ingthe Harness is out of order Wet Weather 
 roughens their Coats : and if any body takes a 
 liking to one of your Nags, and they can get a 
 Guinea by selling it, will persuade you to part 
 with it, by telling you that he is beginning to 
 be touched in his Wind, or Foundered, or is so 
 Vicious that it has become dangerous to drive 
 him.
 
 165 
 FIFTEEN THINGS 
 
 WHICH 
 
 (MR. JARVIS SAYS) 
 A GOOD COACHMAN WON'T DO. 
 
 1. HE will not gratify a greedy Innkeeper, 
 Hackneyman, Hay Farmer, Coachmaker, Sadler, 
 or other Tradesman, at the expense of his Em- 
 ployer ; but, in laying out his Master's Money, 
 will be as careful as if it was his own. 
 
 2. He will not leave his Master to the care 
 of the Waiter and his Horses to the Hostler, 
 and think only of Himself ; but take care and 
 attend to both, and be particularly careful that 
 his Horses are well dressed, well fed*, and well 
 
 * There is an ordinary trick at common Inns of Stealing 
 the Horse's Oats, where, although the Masters be in good 
 condition and honest, yet their Servants rob one another of 
 the Oats committed to their charge, and then make a piece 
 of Gallantry and Jest of it." Solly sell's Compleat Horseman, 
 fol.p. 108. 1717.
 
 166 FIFTEEN THINGS WHICH 
 
 littered, and that their Shoes, Saddles, &c. are 
 in proper condition to continue their Journey. 
 
 3. He will not, in disagreeable weather, urge 
 the Hostler to say the Roads are bad, in order 
 to detain him till the weather is better, or to go 
 round a particular way. 
 
 4. He will not recommend Strong Beer to his 
 Horses, or Brandy to their Heels, in order to 
 gratify a thirsty palate, at the expense of his 
 own Head, and his Master's Pocket. 
 
 5. He will not contrive to have a Horse's 
 Shoe loose, or drive' in a Stone to make him 
 halt, in order to shorten or delay a day's Jour- 
 ney ; or advise his Master to stop under pre- 
 tence of the Horses being faint and weak. 
 
 6. He will not recommend particular Inns 
 out of favour to the Landlord or the Hostler, 
 or with a view of getting an extraordinary 
 Dram for such recommendation. 
 
 7. He will not, if he is employed to purchase 
 Hay or Straw, &c., trot up and down the Mar- 
 ket till he has found the Cheapest, and then 
 charge it to his Master as the Dearest, 
 
 8. He will not, when leading his Master's 
 Horse from one part of the. country to another,
 
 A GOOD COACHMAN WON'T DO. 167 
 
 suffer it to be hard ridden, either to oblige an 
 old acquaintance, or to put half-a-crown into 
 his own Pocket. 
 
 9. He will not, when sent alone to any dis- 
 tance, go round or out of his way to see an 
 old friend, and then, to fetch up the time, 
 gallop his Horse till he can scarce stand upon 
 his Legs. 
 
 10. He will not, when Airing his Horses, 
 play tricks with them, gallop them against 
 other Horses for a Pint and a Pipe, or leap 
 them over places that may stake them or spoil 
 them; 
 
 11. He will not, to save his attendance in the 
 Stable, fill the rack to the top with Hay, and 
 the Manger to the brim with Oats, so as to oc- 
 casion either being wasted ; nor, to save his 
 trouble, let the dirty litter stand under a Horse 
 the whole day. 
 
 12. He will not, when he is to carry his 
 Master's Great Coat in a strap behind him, 
 wrap his own Coat up in it, or leave his Master's 
 Coat outwards to get Wet, in case it should 
 Rain.
 
 168 FIFTEEN THINGS WHICH 
 
 13. He will not, when he comes to an Inn, 
 after a hard day's Journey, in cold and dirty 
 weather, leave his Horses to a Stable Boy, to 
 splash them up to their bellies in Water, in 
 order to wash them ; suffer them to drink their 
 fill, and then gallop them full speed a mile to 
 warm them, whilst he is indulging himself with 
 Purl and Hot Pot by the Kitchen Fire, although 
 " Some Grooms are quite as curious in pro- 
 viding good Cheer for Themselves as they are 
 for their Horses," says the Sieur Sollysell, in 
 his Compleat Horseman, fol. p. 110. 1717. 
 
 14. He will not, if his Horse drops a Shoe, 
 gallop him as hard as he can to the next Smith, 
 to the danger of his feet, but will travel on 
 gently. 
 
 15. He will not, if he wants to spend an 
 hour at an Ale-house, go out with an old Girth 
 or Stirrup Leather in his hands, under pretence 
 of getting it mended. 
 
 Coachmen have generally some spare hours, 
 and would do wisely to learn a business at 
 which they could work during such leisure ;
 
 A GOOD COACHMAN WON'T DO. 169 
 
 such provident diligence would, in a few years, 
 enable them to ride Inside instead of Outside 
 of a Coach : perhaps the most useful Trade 
 they could take to would be that of a Sadler, 
 a Shoemaker, or a Carpenter.
 
 170 
 
 COACHMAN'S TOOLS. 
 
 OUR friend Mr. Jarvis assures us, that an 
 experienced Coachman, who understands the 
 care of a Carriage, can do many little Jobs, 
 just as well as a Coachmaker, and can soon 
 save his Employer not only the cost of the fol- 
 lowing things, but rectify several trifling de- 
 rangements, which, if adjusted immediately, 
 will prevent many heavy Repairs. The shaking 
 of the Carriage frequently loosens Bolts, Nuts, 
 &c., which, if not immediately attended to, 
 the Wood and Iron work soon suffers great 
 injury ; therefore, desire your Coachman to 
 tell you the moment that he discovers any 
 Repair to be wanting, or there appears any 
 probability that any part is likely soon to 
 break.
 
 REQUISITE IMPLEMENTS. 171 
 
 REQUISITE IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 A Setter Prop l 
 
 Ditto, for an Underspring Carriage . . 200 
 
 Screw Wrench 7 
 
 Pair of Pincers 2 6 
 
 Hammer 2 6 
 
 Water Brush 3 
 
 Spoke Brush . . . . r 2 6 
 
 Lining Brush 3 
 
 Horse Brush 3 
 
 Rag Mop 1 9 
 
 Yard of Stout Leather for Washing and 
 
 for stopping Rattling, &c 3 
 
 483 
 
 To ensure Punctuality in your Visits, which, 
 Civility says, ought to be returned with as 
 much Celerity as Convenience will permit, give 
 your Coachman a List of the Places he is to 
 take you to, and the Time you are to be there : 
 the various branches of the Gad-abouts, who 
 delight in the laborious Idleness of paying 
 Morning Visits, and wish to pay as many as
 
 172 PAYING VISITS. 
 
 possible, in as little time as possible, and spend 
 their time in being Driven to Doors, where they 
 anxiously desire not to be admitted, will find 
 the above hint very valuable. 
 
 When you go about paying Visits, (especially in 
 Cold Weather), desire your Coachman not to 
 drive faster than Five miles an Hour : Nothing 
 destroys more Coach Horses, than the practice, 
 so common in London, of driving them fast till 
 they are Hot, and then keeping them standing 
 still in the Cold. 
 
 Buildings have now spread themselves over 
 such an immense extent of Terra Nova et In- 
 cognita, that a modern 
 
 MAP OF LONDON 
 
 and the Environs is as needful an Article in a 
 Carriage, as a Compass in a Ship. 
 
 The size of this said Town of London is 
 strangely changed since Mr. Sorbiere wrote his 
 Journey to London, 8vo. 1698, in p. 5 of which 
 he says, " But that which makes the dwelling 
 in the City of London most delightfully divert-
 
 NEW ROAD. 173 
 
 ing, is the extremely pleasant facility of walking 
 out into the Fields ! ! ! 
 
 " Happy were the Days then, 
 To what they is now." 
 
 Old Bawlit. 
 
 Now, instead of the Fields being come-atable 
 with extremely pleasant facility ! before you 
 can put your Foot upon a blade of Verdant 
 Grass, (there is Black Grass enough in the 
 Squares), you must drag your Legs through a 
 Grove of Houses of at least two or three Miles 
 in length ! 
 
 The New Road from Paddington to Islington 
 was, till lately, the Boundary line for limiting 
 the ruinous rage for Building on the North 
 side of the Town. There is a Ground Plan of 
 the New Road, from Islington to the Edgeware 
 Road, shewing the then state of the Ground, 
 (and the names of the Proprietors thereof) be- 
 tween Oxford Street and the New Road, in the 
 Supplement to the Gentleman's Magazine for 
 1755. 
 
 A Stop ought to be put to the practice of 
 constructing irregular groups of Houses. " The 
 ACT OF PARLIAMENT for forming the New
 
 174 NEW ROAD. 
 
 Road, which was made in 1755, directs that no 
 building be erected within Fifty feet* of the 
 New Road." 
 
 " The present mean appearance of the backs 
 of the Houses and Hovels have rendered this 
 approach to the Capital a scene of confusion and 
 deformity, extremely unbecoming the character 
 of a Great and Opulent City." Gwynn's Lon- 
 don Improved, 4to. p. 11. 
 
 Mr. Gwynn's remarks apply very aptly to 
 that Quarter of a Mile of the New Road which 
 is between Westgate Turnpike at the crossing of 
 Gower Street North, and the East Entrance to 
 the Regent's Park. 
 
 The Southern and Western avenues to TH E 
 REGENT'S PARK are as they ought to be : the 
 Roads are wide, and the space between the 
 Houses and the Road is laid out in Gardens, as 
 THE ACT directs very different is the approach 
 from the City along the Eastern Road from the 
 point above mentioned, which is narrow, and is 
 perpetually obstructed by the Waggons, &c. that 
 are unloading at the Timber and Stone Yards, 
 
 * It should have been within Five Milet!
 
 REGENT'S PARK. 175 
 
 &c.; occupy ing the ground which the Actof Par- 
 liament has ordered shall be used only for Gar- 
 dens. The intention, of this judicious clause was, 
 no doubt, to preserve the Light, Air, and Cheer- 
 fulness, so highly necessary to a great leading 
 Thoroughfare such it has hitherto been, and 
 with increasing respectability, excepting at the 
 one point 1 am about to mention many great 
 Improvements have taken place such as the 
 Regent's Park and Crescent The New Pan- 
 eras Church and Euston Square, &,c &c. With 
 these useful and even splendid works upon the 
 same line of Road, it becomes a matter of Sur- 
 prise, that the distance between Westgate turn- 
 pike, at the crossing of Gower Street North, up 
 to the Regent's Park, should not only remain 
 without any reformation, but that buildings, 
 workmen's huts, sheds, smoky chimneys, 
 and all manner of nuisances, should be allowed 
 not only to continue, but to increase daily close 
 to the Road. 
 
 In proceeding^from the City Westward, a fine 
 line of road, and noble footpaths on each side, are 
 found, until on arriving near Tottenham Court
 
 176 NEW ROAD. 
 
 Road both appear to terminate abruptly, and the 
 Road is faced, and its regularity destroyed by 
 the projection of a range of low buildings and 
 hovels, converted, or now converting, into small 
 Houses, close to the Highway, which, strange 
 to say, is much narrowed, at a point where, from 
 the increased traffic caused by the crossing of 
 the Road to Hampstead, a considerable increase 
 of width is doubly requisite. 
 
 But here the Houses project about Ten feet, 
 and nearly close up the footpath ; and this 
 being one of the stations for the Paddington 
 Coaches to stop at, it becomes a service of no 
 small danger to drive through the very small 
 opening that is left for the public to p.ass 
 through. 
 
 A few yards further, on both sides of the 
 Road, are ranges of Stone Yards, with the in- 
 cessant music of Sawing, Chipping, and Hacking 
 stone, grinding Chisels, and sharpening of Saws. 
 Cow yards, picturesque stacks of Timber, build- 
 ing materials, and dead walls. 
 
 Another angle turned, and the Traveller 
 emerges again from the region of smoke, stone
 
 REGENT'S PARK. 177 
 
 dust, and mud, and traversing some hazardous 
 passages, pounces at once into the mag- 
 nificent Crescent of the REGENT'S PARK, 
 wondering at the utter lack of Public Taste, 
 which could allow such a combination of 
 Nuisances to exist, and even increase, in the 
 immediate neighbourhood of this great Public 
 Improvement, and along the only Road leading 
 to it from the City of London. 
 
 Can the blame attach to the Commissioners 
 of Mary-le-bone Roads Trust? or is it caused 
 by the contending Interests of the 21 Paving 
 Boards of the Parish of St. Pancras, that the 
 footpath on the South side of that quarter of a 
 mile of Road is neither Paved nor Watched. 
 
 Without venturing to propose a Circus, or 
 large open space, at the crossing of the, New 
 Road and Tottenham Court Road, with an OBE- 
 LISK in the centre, like that in St. George's 
 Fields, where there is not half the traffic there 
 is at this point at which, for want of space, 
 Accidents happen almost daily ; and which ac- 
 commodation to the Public, in this age of Im- 
 provement, is not to be considered impossible
 
 178 NEW KOAD. 
 
 it may not be impertinent to suggest, that the 
 few houses which project into the Road on both 
 sides, as well as the Sheds, which are, by con- 
 tinual additions, gradually converting into 
 Houses, should be immediately removed ; some 
 of them are at this present time undergoing 
 additions, the longer this measure is de- 
 layed, the more expensive will the purchase 
 become; at present, Money might be easily 
 raised for amply remunerating the occupiers of 
 the premises alluded to, and a great public 
 Benefit produced without any injury to Indivi- 
 duals. 
 
 If the Clause in the Act of Parliament, al- 
 luded to above, had been kept in due force, the 
 Evils would not have arisen. 
 
 It is hoped that the NEW COMMISSIONERS 
 OF THE ROADS, who have the power, will 
 have also the inclination, to remedy these Evils 
 without delay, and that THE PARISH, and the 
 COMMISSIONERS WHO HAVE THE MANAGE- 
 MENT OF THE REGENT'S PARK will unite 
 their endeavours for the same purpose. 
 
 In other quarters of the Town, our Econo-
 
 REGENT'S PARK. 179 
 
 mical Ancestors appear to have considered 
 him as the most ingenious Architect, who 
 could build up the greatest number of Houses 
 in a given Space the Palladios of the pre- 
 sent day, are as prodigal of Space, as their 
 frugal Forefathers were parsimonious, and seem 
 to fancy, that he is the cleverest fellow who 
 pulls most Houses down in a given time. 
 
 It must be granted, that the Town is im- 
 proved by the Widening of the Streets; but 
 while it is the Fashion, for the Idle Children of 
 the Largest Growth, to all run together, into one 
 Street, at One Hour ; it avails little how wide 
 it may be ; nor can it counteract the sad incon- 
 venience which arises from the extending of 
 the Buildings, making it impossible for two- 
 thirds of the Inhabitants of London ever to 
 enjoy the animating influence of a walk in the 
 fresh and fragrant Air of the Country a 
 blessing which was within their reach, when 
 they had only to cross the New Road to be in 
 the Mary-le-bone Fields;* on which, read the 
 
 * The best Map we have seen of this Ground, as it was
 
 180 REGENT'S PARK. 
 
 following remarks, which we copied from " the 
 Examiner" of Sunday, the 22d of October, 
 1826: 
 
 " To call the enclosure of these Fields A 
 PARK, is, with all submission, a little bit of 
 a Misnomer ; at least, it is no Park at present 
 for the Public, who are excluded from all but 
 the gravelled Roads, which are ornamented 
 with about FIFTEEN BENCHES (without backs), 
 in a circle of Three Miles in circumference ! the 
 nearest of which to the New Road, on the West 
 side, is more than a Mile from it ! ! Surely the 
 Managers of this concern might afford to give 
 us as comfortable Seats, and as plenty of them, 
 as those which have been lately so liberally and 
 so properly placed in ' Hyde Park.' 
 
 " Many Valetudinarians, and Persons ad- 
 
 in 1805, i.e. just before the Improvements, as it is. the 
 fashion to call the Piles of Bricks and Mortar which now 
 stand where we used to walk and enjoy the Fresh Air, was 
 published by Bowles and Carver, in St. Paul's Church- 
 yard, where it may still be had, and is entitled " A Map 
 of London and its Environs, Three Miles round St. Paul's, 
 in 1805."
 
 REGENT'S PARK. 181 
 
 vanced in Life, who stand most in need of the 
 invigorating influence of pure Air, cannot Walk 
 more than a Mile without Resting such per- 
 sons are tired by the time they get to the Park ; 
 but if there were Benches placed along the 
 Walks opposite Park Square, York Terrace, 
 &c., the weak and the weary might rest them- 
 selves, and then toddle on and treat their Lungs 
 with a little fresh Air." 
 
 It is said, that the Reason given for excluding 
 the People from the Park, is, that the Trees are 
 so young that they might be easily torn up so 
 may those on the North side of Hyde Park, for 
 they are no older : but softly, is not this pre- 
 suming that Mr. BULL is a greater Brute, 
 than the Beasts which are grazing where he 
 ought to be walking? 
 
 The Persons who keep this ground from the 
 Public, charity commands us to hope, do so, 
 for reasons which appear to them to be good 
 and sufficient; perhaps they think that it is most 
 profitably, if not most properly, employed in 
 being let out, as it appears to be, to Gar- 
 deners and Graziers! at the same time gra-
 
 182 REGENf's PARK. 
 
 dually cutting it up into sites for Buildings as 
 fast as they can find persons to speculate in 
 it. To effect this without incurring the notice 
 and consequent indignation of the Public, the 
 encroachments upon their expected Play- 
 ground have generally been commenced in the 
 Winter Season, at a time when there are few 
 People to observe them; and are so far ad- 
 vanced before the arrival of Fine weather, that 
 it is useless to complain The Ground is gone, 
 for 99 years ! ! ! 
 
 " Our gracious KING gave this ground to 
 the Public, surely a part of it at least might 
 be open to that Public. Is it not a pity to see 
 it wholly occupied by Market Gardeners, and 
 Horses, and Cows, and Calves, to the total 
 exclusion of Mr. BULL himself!" 
 
 " When and What Part of the Park is to be 
 opened?" 
 
 The Public should certainly be informed of 
 this, as it would guide them in the choice of 
 Residences : some will like to live opposite to 
 the lively scene which will be in the Part which 
 is thrown open, others, the quiet of that part
 
 REGENT'S PARK. 183 
 
 that is opposite to the Slip of ground which 
 is appropriated to the occupiers of the houses 
 in the Park, and Persons who pay for Keys. 
 
 A certain portion, opposite to Portland Place, 
 from which there is no View and no Variety, has 
 been recently decorated with Rows of Trees. 
 Surely this is not all that is to be saved from 
 the Villa builders. 
 
 Who would propose to build Villas upon the 
 highest and best ground in Hyde Park? and 
 why should a difference be made ? 
 
 Are these Parks not equally the property of 
 the Public ? And the site of the Regent's Park, 
 if left unoccupied by buildings, would be more 
 generally valuable to the Public as an Airing 
 Ground, as it is more centrically situated than 
 the other,
 
 184 
 
 DRIVING. 
 
 To know how to Drive, so as to preserve the 
 Carriage from the injury which it would other- 
 wise receive by violent Jolts, Twists, &c., is a 
 Merit of no small Value. 
 
 If a Carriage is driven on uneven ground, it 
 requires great Attention, or it will receive more 
 injury during a journey of a Mile, than it would 
 by a Month's moderate use on an even Road ; 
 therefore, 
 
 The Pace in Driving should be accommo- 
 dated to the roughness of the Road. 
 
 The Turnings should be regulated by the 
 Room. If a Carriage is not wheeled fairly 
 across a channel, the Perch is twisted accord- 
 ing to the descent, as the one Wheel falls, in 
 proportion as the other at the opposite angle 
 rises ; and frequently by such a wrench the 
 main or Perch Bolt is broken, and every part
 
 DRIVING. 185 
 
 strained, especially when going fast. Desire 
 your Coachman to avoid all short sharp Turn- 
 ings; it is much wiser to go on a few poles 
 further, where another Street will allow plenty 
 of room. 
 
 HARD-DRIVING, especially on the Stones, 
 exposes a Carriage to many mischiefs, either 
 by running against other Vehicles, or breaking 
 by the violence of its own motion 
 
 Some fidgety Coachmen are continually 
 whipping, or, as it is technically termed, "fan- 
 ning" their Horses this frets the poor creatures, 
 and puts them into a state of irritation ex- 
 tremely injurious to them, and your Carriage 
 moves in a " hop, skip, and jump" style For- 
 bid all use of the Whip, but in cases of inevit- 
 able necessity. 
 
 Tell your Coachman that your motto for 
 Drivers is 
 
 " Slow and Sure ;" 
 
 that the First time he presumes to attempt to 
 display his Dexterity in any place by what is 
 termed driving to an Inch, shall be the last time
 
 186 DRIVING. 
 
 that you will trouble him to wear your Livery. 
 Five Miles in an Hour is quite fast enough for 
 Crowded Streets ; especially when turning 
 Corners, and in Streets which have many other 
 Streets leading into them, as Oxford Street, 
 Cheapside, &c. Better wait Five minutes 
 quietly, or follow a Hackney Coach for Ten 
 paces, than cut and dash along at the risk of 
 your Wheels, your Pannels, and your Neck, 
 &c. : however, you must give him a license to 
 drive a little " ad libitum" in some situations ; 
 a rapid movement is sometimes really requisite, 
 in order to escape out of the way of Carts and 
 Waggons, &c. 
 
 An experienced Whip, who has a sharp sight, 
 may calculate pretty nearly what space will be 
 sufficient to pass between two bodies which are 
 at rest but as he will unavoidably meet many 
 Carriages, guided by inexperienced, and often 
 drunken Drivers, which do not for half a mi- 
 nute together move in a precisely direct line, 
 and his good Coachmanship cannot protect him 
 against such Blunderers, unless he proceeds with 
 extreme care, and allows them plenty of room.
 
 DRIVING. 187 
 
 A cautious Coachman is ever unremittingly 
 upon the look out, keeping both his Eyes 
 open ; employing One to guide his own Horses, 
 and the Other to watch how those who are 
 coming guide theirs ; or, as a Wag might say, 
 an Accomplish Coachman ought to Squint! 
 He depends entirely upon his own Attention to 
 keep so completely out of their way, that it 
 may be next to impossible for them to run 
 against him. 
 
 The most Crowded places are not always the 
 most Dangerous : Accidents most frequently 
 happen from empty One Horse Carts, in which 
 the Driver rides, instead of walking by the 
 side of the Horse. These vehicles are fre- 
 quently conducted at such a furious rate by 
 Carmen, in order to make up for the time 
 they have wasted in tippling, that they often 
 run against inexperienced Coachmen. They 
 abound most in Tottenham Court Road and 
 Holborn, and the outlets from Town. 
 
 Every Cart that approaches, a wary Coach- 
 man watches with the most anxious care, and 
 gives all the room it appears to require.
 
 188 HACKNEY COACH STANDS. 
 
 A Fine of at least 10s. should be levied upon 
 all persons driving Carts in such a manner, 
 payable to any person who may demand it. 
 In the event of their occasioning an Accident, 
 let them not only be fined but punished se- 
 verely. 
 
 If your Coachman drives leisurely, you will 
 escape many Dangers, and your Carriage last 
 much longer ; by such gentle use (excepting 
 as to the Wheels) it is worn almost as little as 
 if it remained in the Coach-house. 
 
 In Crowded Streets, never permit any 
 person to ride on the Coach Box : Con- 
 versation diverts the attention of the Driver 
 from his Business, and accidents frequently 
 ensue. 
 
 Never go into the City through the Strand, 
 Fleet Street, and Cheapside, if you can avoid 
 it, after twelve o'clock : from that hour until 
 five o'clock, they are crowded with Carriages 
 and Carts. In these great Thoroughfares 
 Hackney Coach Stands should not be per- 
 mitted. At present the centre of Cheapside, 
 &c. is sometimes filled with a Stand of Hack-
 
 BARBAROUS NUISANCE. 189 
 
 ney Coaches all the way from St. Paul's to 
 the Poultry : let these be removed from all 
 Crowded Streets into the Cross Streets ad- 
 joining, as is ordered in Bond Street. 
 
 If the Hackney Coach Stands are re- 
 moved from the Strand, Fleet Street, &c., the 
 Public will no longer have to complain of the 
 tedious Stoppages which are now so frequent 
 between two and four o'clock of the Day, 
 especially on Mondays, Fridays, and Satur- 
 days. 
 
 If you go into the City on Mondays and 
 Fridays you will have to encounter the most 
 BARBAROUS NUISANCE that disgraces the Bri- 
 tish Capital droves of Oxen passing through 
 its principal Streets in the middle of the Day. 
 That this is still suffered to continue in these 
 times of universal improvement appears to us 
 as wonderful as it is offensive. 
 
 To know to a Nicety at what Time you must 
 start to arrive at a certain Place at a certain 
 Hour, you have nothing to do but to ascertain 
 the Distance, and direct the Pace of travelling.
 
 190 DRIVING. 
 
 4 Miles an Hour is 1 Mile in 15 Minutes. 
 
 5 Ditto Ditto . . 12 
 
 6 Ditto .1 Ditto .. 10 
 
 7 Ditto Ditto . . 8i 
 
 8 Ditto Ditto . . 71 
 
 9 Ditto Ditto . . 6.^ 
 
 10 Ditto Ditto . . 6 
 
 When you wish to go Faster or Slower, do 
 not say simply " Faster," or " Slower," but say 
 " Four," " Six," or " Eight," according to the 
 number of Miles you wish to be driven in an 
 Hour. 
 
 In traversing the main Streets of London, 
 always allow at least five minutes in every 
 half hour for Stoppages. 
 
 Desire your Coachman to choose the Plea- 
 santest, rather than the Nearest way. Some 
 inconsiderate charioteers, to save the tenth 
 part of a Mile, will drive you through all the 
 nasty narrow Lanes they can find, as if they 
 were trying to make you sick with foul air. 
 Moreover, such Bye -ways are generally so 
 badly Paved, that you will be longer going
 
 DRIVING. 191 
 
 over them than on a good road that is a little 
 longer. 
 
 Persons who have not an expert Coachman, 
 who has been accustomed to cut his way 
 through Crowded Streets, should desire their 
 Driver to avoid the great Thoroughfares, and 
 to pass along the widest Streets which run 
 parallel to them. This can generally be done 
 without danger by a very young Coachman. 
 
 WHEN YOU STOP IN A PUBLIC STREET, 
 
 caution your Coachman always to avoid stop- 
 ping where there is any other Carriage stop- 
 ping near, either on the same, or on the other 
 side of the way ; and when he can, to choose 
 the widest part of the Street, and to draw up 
 his Fore Wheels close to the Curb, and his 
 Hinder Wheels quite square with than. Most 
 of the Accidents which happen to Carriages, 
 while stopping in Crowded Streets, are owing 
 to want of attention to this situation of the 
 Hinder Wheels.
 
 192 DRIVING. 
 
 Whenever you get out of your Carriage, 
 Always Shut the Door. If you only stop Two 
 Minutes, it may be necessary for the Coach- 
 man to move from his station to prevent in- 
 jury from other Carriages ; and if the Door is 
 open it. will swing about, and the Hinges will 
 be strained, and the Pannels may also get a 
 violent blow against a Post, 8cc. 
 
 Never keep your Carriage standing in a 
 great Thoroughfare, through which crowds of 
 Coaches, Carts, &c. are passing; in so doing, 
 you are a source of great inconvenience to 
 others, by occasioning stoppages ; and your 
 own Pannels are every moment in danger of 
 being defaced, &c., which cannot be repaired 
 without fresh Painting the whole of the Body : 
 this tedious process will deprive you of the use 
 of your Carriage for at least Three Weeks ; 
 therefore, let it wait for you round the corner of 
 some quiet neighbouring Street. 
 
 Remember the judicious Advice given by 
 that arch adept in " the Art of Shopping," 
 Lady Betty Bui/bargain, to her Niece, Miss 
 K. Cutadash. The fair Kitty was ever and
 
 DRIVING. 193 
 
 anon irritably anxious to be whirled to the 
 Door of every " Magazin des Modes" that her 
 caprice called her to, in her Aunt's shewy Car- 
 riage ; saying, " I assure you, that if you go 
 J n your Carriage, my Dear Aunt, the people 
 are infinitely politer than they are to their 
 Walking Customers." " Aye ! Aye !" replied 
 the discreet Dowager, " what you say may be 
 True enough, Dear, and their Politeness would 
 be pleasant enough, Love, If, as my poor 
 dear Sir Benjamin Buybargain always used to 
 say, If they did'nt Book it, Kitty ! but they 
 charge for it, my Child ; they charge for it, 
 Dear ! as Sir Benjamin used to say, " they 
 put those Bows down in Their Bills ! ! !" 
 
 However, there is nothing in which more 
 People are more extremely mistaken, than in 
 the general idea that keeping a Carriage al- 
 ways is (as it ought to be) infallible evidence 
 of superfluous Wealth. Many pompous per- 
 sons, in order to provide the means of in- 
 dulging in this expensive Luxury, are miser- 
 ably penurious in all other matters ; and many 
 Fine Liveries, &c. have been purchased with
 
 194 DRIVING. 
 
 the Money that ought to have been spent in 
 Food, Fire, &c. ; and to cut a dash at Va- 
 nity Fair, and keep up an external glitter, 
 the Comfort of Home is entirely sacrificed : 
 as Sir Spendthrift says, " They must have 
 a Carriage, if they are obliged to save it a 
 Thousand ways." 
 
 NEVER BREAK THE RANKS, 
 
 either in Crowded Streets or when setting 
 down at Public Places : by attempting thus 
 impatiently (and unfairly) to save a few mi- 
 nutes, many Carriages have been destroyed, 
 and many Lives have been lost. 
 
 In admitting others into the Rank, (which you 
 have often an opportunity of doing,) " Do as 
 you would be Done by." 
 
 THE WISEST PLAN WHEN GOING TO THEATRES, 
 
 or other extremely Crowded places, is, when 
 the weather permits, to be put down a little 
 before you get to them. This, however, is 
 hardly ever necessary when going, when it is
 
 DRIVING. 195 
 
 both more safe and more desirable, for many 
 reasons, to be set down at the Door. 
 
 When your Carriage is brought to take you 
 Home, desire your Coachman to select, for this 
 purpose, a situation where there is least danger 
 of being blockaded in by other Carriages, rather 
 than that which may be nearest and most 
 convenient to get in, it is to little purpose 
 that you can get Into your Carriage, if that 
 cannot get Out. 
 
 Observe this particularly at the Play, or 
 other Public places. If the weather is at all 
 favourable, you can get to your Carriage in a 
 tenth part of the time, arid at half the risk, it 
 can get to you ; and even delicate Ladies 
 will suffer less by skipping a few yards along 
 the Pavement, than by waiting half an hour or 
 more in the dangerous draughts of a cold 
 Lobby or perishing Ante-room. 
 
 As soon as the Play or the Party is over, 
 most people are in desperate haste to get 
 Home ; however, as Tom Thrifty says, " No- 
 thing is done well that is done in a Hurry,
 
 196 DRIVING. 
 
 except catching of Fleas." The frightful Con- 
 fusion created in the immediate vicinity of 
 crowded Assemblies, will be carefully avoided 
 by all persons who wish to preserve their Car- 
 nage from damage, and their Persons from risk : 
 even at a large party, in a private house, to get 
 up to the Door is sometimes a service of both 
 difficulty and danger. 
 
 When you pull the Check String, and do not 
 at the same time direct the Coachman to stop 
 at any particular House, tell him to take care 
 not to stop before the Door of any House, but 
 in the middle between Houses, so as not to 
 give any persons the needless trouble to come 
 to their Door, from an idea that you are 
 coming to their House. And desire him never 
 to drive up to a Door in the furious manner 
 which vulgar Coachmen seem to imagine is 
 very stylish, but to go at his usual quiet 
 pace. 
 
 During what is termed an Airing, get as 
 much pure Air as you can without risk of 
 taking Cold : rather put down the Front than
 
 DRIVING. 197 
 
 the Side Windows ; the former are cgnvenient 
 for giving directions to the Coachman : by 
 merely uttering the word " Left " or " Right," 
 you may direct his track wherever you wish. 
 
 In Cold weather, you may do this, by telling 
 him to look round just before he comes to a 
 Turning, by putting your hand to the Right 
 hand front Glass when he is to go to the 
 Right, and to the Left hand when he is to 
 go to the Left : or you may arrange, that one 
 smart pull of the Check String means " to 
 turn to the Right ;" a double one, " to the 
 Left;" and a continued one, " to stop where he 
 is." 
 
 When you call out STOP ! without saying or 
 pointing to where, tell him you mean that he 
 should instantly -Stop, i. e. as quickly, and as 
 nearly as possible where he then is, even if that 
 be in the middle of a muddy Street. 
 
 One of the many and great advantages of 
 having a Coachman a long time in your 
 service, is, that a single word will direct him 
 where to drive you : you have merely to say 
 the name of the Street, or the Person to which
 
 198 DRIVING. 
 
 you wish him to carry you. One Word does 
 it ; therefore, if you love your Lungs, beware 
 of changing your Coachman. 
 
 SIR JOHN FIELDING, the famous Police 
 Magistrate, who was blind, had a pipe fixed 
 from the Carriage to the Coach Box, through 
 which he could converse with the Coachman, 
 without being heard by others. When his 
 Chariot was stopped by any obstruction in the 
 Streets, he inquired of the Coachman what 
 kind of Carriage, &c. occasioned it; and it 
 was his humour then to put out his head, and 
 shout out in his usual peremptory tone, " Take 
 that Cart out of the way!" or, " You Sir, in 
 that Chaise, drive on!" This occasioned great 
 astonishment, how he, who was blind, could 
 perceive the cause of the stoppage, and was a 
 source of great amusement to Sir John. 
 
 Desire your Coachman never to dispute 
 with, or return any Uncivil language to any 
 Coachman, Carman, &c. : if your Carriage is 
 obstructed or offended by any disorderly per- 
 sons, take out your Pocket Book, and let 
 them see you are setting down their Number,
 
 DRIVING. 199 
 
 and then coolly tell them you will summon 
 them if they do not immediately clear the way. 
 
 By the 1st Geo. I. c. 57, " Drivers of 
 Hackney Coaches are to give way to Gen- 
 tlemen's Carriages, under a penalty of 10s." 
 
 //' your Carnage be injured by another 
 running against it, ascertain whose Carriage 
 has done the mischief, and let your Coach- 
 maker give an Estimate of what he will charge 
 for repairing it; then, before you have the 
 repair done, let the person who injured it see 
 the mischief and pay the sum charged for 
 amending it. Mr. Jarvis says, that the custom 
 is for the Repair to be done by the Coach- 
 maker of the Party who committed the In- 
 jury. 
 
 If curious Children ask " Whose Carriage 
 is this?" tell your Coachman to Stare full in 
 their face, and Say Nothing : if they have the 
 Impudence to repeat the Question, he may 
 reply, " it belongs to Mr. PRY." If equivo- 
 cation be ever allowable, it is to such Im- 
 pertinents. 
 
 Those who may admire the Carriage and
 
 200 DRIVING. 
 
 want to know who built it, will find the Coach- 
 maker's name on the Axle-tree Caps. 
 
 If any of your Coachman's own acquaint- 
 ance speak to him while he is either driving 
 or waiting for You, he must answer them only 
 by a civil movement of his Head or Whip 
 hand. Nothing is more disrespectful and dis- 
 orderly than Gossiping while on Duty.
 
 201 
 
 CARE OF THE CARRIAGE. 
 
 HAVE an exact Inventory of the Harness, 
 Working Utensils, and every thing apper- 
 taining to your Carriage; give a Copy of 
 this to your Coachman, and once in Three 
 months examine the state of the various ar- 
 ticles. 
 
 A Carriage (especially when newly Painted) 
 should be cleaned as soon as possible after it 
 has been used. 
 
 A conscientious Coachman, who has any 
 regard either for your Carriage or his own 
 Character, will never permit any body to touch 
 it but himself. If in your Visits to the Stable, 
 you frequently find him out, or observe any 
 persons lurking about there, who are meddling 
 with either your Horses or your Carriage, be 
 sure that he is Idle and worthless, or has
 
 202 CARE OF THE CARRIAGE. 
 
 Business of his Own, which he likes better than 
 Yours : then let him follow it. 
 
 The sooner you give such a Gentleman no- 
 tice to quit, the better. 
 
 Never permit a Coachman to keep either 
 Fowls, Pigeons, Dogs, Goats, Pigs, &c. which 
 will not only eat your Corn, but be a public 
 Nuisance to your Neighbours ; for which offence 
 you will be Indicted. See page 87. 
 
 If a Carriage cannot be cleaned till the dirt 
 is dry, let it be well sluiced, and let the water 
 have time to loosen it : by rubbing it when 
 dry, the sand and gravel in the Dirt will 
 inevitably scratch off the Varnish and deface 
 the Paint. When the Pannels have been 
 heated by the Sun, they should not be washed 
 till they become cool. 
 
 While the Pannels are wet they must not be 
 exposed to the Sun, which ought to be avoided 
 at all times as much as possible, as nothing 
 injures the Varnish more. 
 
 The Iron work must be wiped quite dry, 
 particularly the Springs : if the wet gets be- 
 tween the Plates they will rust.
 
 CARE OF THE CARRIAGE. 203 
 
 A Regular Coachman will get his Carriage 
 and Horses cleaned and dressed as early in the 
 morning as he can, and not wait lounging 
 about to know when he will be wanted. 
 
 An active Stable Man will begin his work 
 by Six in the Morning : to set his Stable to 
 rights, and Dress a pair of Horses, will take 
 from an Hour and a Half to Two Hours. 
 
 Washing and Cleaning the Carriage and 
 Harness will take from Two to Three Hours, 
 according to the work on the Harness, &c. : in- 
 cluding his time for Breakfast, &c., he will 
 be ready by Eleven. 
 
 However late he comes home, a good 
 Groom will oil and wipe the Bits, wash his 
 Horses' feet, give them a whisp down, &c. 
 to shake their Beds down, and give them Water 
 and Corn, and to rack them up for the 
 Night; if he has a Carriage, he will also dish- 
 clout the Body of it, will take about from 
 an Hour, to an Hour and a Half: therefore, 
 when a Coachman is required to wait at 
 Table, let him be Home a full Hour and a Half 
 before he is so wanted.
 
 204 SCREWING THE BOLTS. 
 
 THE HAMMERCLOTH. 
 
 When Coaches were first introduced, our 
 frugal ancestors used to load the Carriage with 
 provisions for the family when they came to 
 London. The hamper, covered with a cloth, 
 was a convenient repository, and a seat for the 
 Coachman. This was afterwards converted 
 into a Box. Hammer-cloth is therefore very 
 probably a corruption of Hamper-cloth: it is 
 now one of the principal Ornaments to a Car- 
 riage : according to the fulness of the plaiting 
 of the Cloth, its depth, and the quantity of 
 Trimming thereon, is the cost thereof, which 
 varies from 10. to 40. 
 
 After a dusty Journey, let it be well brushed : 
 if it is not, and it gets wetted, it will be spoiled ; 
 the Lace and Fringe cuddle dust greedily, and 
 ought to be diligently disturbed. 
 
 SCREWING THE BOLTS. 
 
 The shaking of the Carriage frequently 
 loosens the Bolts and Nuts * ; and if these are 
 
 * Bolts and Nuts are the machinery by which the Timber 
 and Iron work is fixed together.
 
 RATTLING. 205 
 
 not attended to immediately, the Timber, Iron 
 work, &c. will suffer material injury. A Coach- 
 man may attend to this as well as a Coach- 
 maker. 
 
 A Careful Coachman will gently try the Nuts 
 about once a fortnight ; but, in screwing them 
 up, use no violence, and take care not to injure 
 the Paint with the Wrench. 
 
 RATTLING 
 
 is very disagreeable, and is a sign of something 
 being loose about the Carriage, which requires 
 to be tightened or lined with Leather ; where 
 Iron works upon Iron, if a thin piece of Lea- 
 ther can be introduced between, the Rattling 
 will be stopped. 
 
 The Squeaking of any part is to be cured by a 
 little Oil or Grease : this frequently happens 
 in the Bolts of the Springs, or in the shackles 
 where the wet has got in and rusted them ; it 
 often proceeds from some loose Nut or Bolt. 
 
 A Carriage, when first Painted, requires 
 great care to prevent it from being spotted with 
 Dirt the Colour and Varnish take a consider-
 
 206 RATTLING. 
 
 able time to harden before they can entirely 
 resist the action of Wet, &c. 
 
 If Dirt be allowed to dry and remain on the 
 Carriage, some Colours (especially a bright 
 Green) will be marked with Spots, which are 
 not removed without considerable difficulty. 
 
 Therefore, the moment a Newly-painted Car- 
 riage returns from Work, sluice the Pannels 
 well, and with a wet Sponge wipe them clean 
 all over. If dusty with Road dust, take it off 
 as gently as possible with a Soft Brush 
 wiping it with a Cloth will scratch it. 
 
 Stains will also appear where the Rain has^ 
 run for any length of time ; to remove which, 
 rub the pannels with a little sweet Oil on a bit 
 of soft baize, so as just to damp them ; rub the 
 stained places with a little more strength than 
 the other parts of the pannels ; dry them off with 
 another piece of baize, then with a third piece, 
 and a little flour ; wipe or rub the pannels very 
 dry ; and if the stain has not then disappeared, 
 rub it hard with the palm of a dry soft hand, 
 drawing it smartly down, till the friction elicits 
 a sharp squeaking sound. This will probably
 
 TO RESTORE THE LUSTRE OF VARNISH. 207 
 
 clear the Stains ; if not, after a short interval 
 repeat the same process : if then it cannot be 
 cleared, the Colour or Paint beneath the Var- 
 nish is injured, and nothing but time will effect 
 a change. 
 
 Rubbing common Varnished Bodies rather 
 strong with a soft Skin, and drying them with 
 another, helps to increase the lustre of the 
 Varnish a common Varnished body, well 
 kept and often cleaned, frequently improves in 
 its lustre. 
 
 HIGHLY VARNISHED PANNELS. 
 
 The clear brightness of this polished surface 
 shews every little blemish ; and though likely 
 to be stained from the same causes as the other, 
 yet the colour is not so apt to be affected, as it 
 is much more thickly coated with Varnish, and 
 the resistance stronger to clear them, use the 
 means before mentioned. 
 
 TO RESTORE THE LUSTRE OF VARNISH. 
 
 The Varnish looking dull, striking in, or 
 cracking, as often arises from the badness of
 
 208 TO RESTORE THE LUSTRE OF VARNISH. 
 
 its own quality, as from any improper treatment 
 in the Cleaning, or effect of the Weather : the 
 high Varnish in particular, on account of the 
 extra quantity, which, if not good, produces a 
 change much sooner that the common Varnish, 
 the latter being much thinner. 
 
 When Varnish Cracks, it can only be reme- 
 died by the Painter, who should be immediately 
 applied to ; but if Varnish strikes in, and looks 
 dull, as is sometimes the case in very damp 
 weather, use the following means : Get a quar- 
 ter of a pound of Rotten Stone or Tripoly 
 Powder from a Colour Shop, which must be 
 ground with water, and used of the consistency 
 of paste, in the following manner : Double a 
 piece of woollen cloth, and with the flat part rub 
 each paunel with a gentle force for about a 
 quarter of an hour, taking care to rub it equally 
 all over ; wash off the substance, and with a 
 hand free from corns, and damped with a soft 
 leather, rub it smartly downwards, till by the 
 friction it makes a shrieking noise : if this does 
 not sufficiently polish, the rubbing with the 
 Rotten Stone and the hand should be repeated.
 
 DOORS. 209 
 
 Much depends upon the hand rubbing clean off 
 the pannels and mouldings as before directed 
 with soft baize, oil, and flour. If well managed, 
 the Body will look nearly as well as if new 
 Painted, particularly a common Varnished 
 Body, especially if it has never gone through 
 the process before. 
 
 Thus, with one or two days' trouble, and at 
 the expense of about one Shilling, New Paint- 
 ing may sometimes be saved. 
 
 Let the Carpet at the Bottom of the Carriage 
 be often cleaned and reversed, so that the wear 
 may not always be in one place ; for Winter use 
 and for dirty Weather, one of the Dressed Sheep's 
 Skins is the best foot warmer for the floor of a 
 Carriage. 
 
 DOORS. 
 
 These, in New Carriages, will shrink in Dry, 
 and swell in Damp Weather, however well 
 seasoned the Wood may be their tightness 
 may often be cured by rubbing the edges with 
 a little Soap : be cautious not to touch either 
 Door or Door Post with the Knife while damp 
 p
 
 210 GLASSES, SHUTTERS, &C. 
 
 weather continues ; for sometimes they will 
 shrink in Dry as much as they swell in Damp 
 weather ; and when Summer returns, you will 
 find you have irremediably injured your Doors. 
 
 If these move stiffly, a few drops of Sweet 
 Oil will generally make them easy enough. 
 
 GLASSES AND SHUTTERS. 
 
 If these do not slide easy enough, rub the 
 grooves in which they slide with a little Soap 
 long exposure to wet will sometimes make them 
 move stiffly; but after a few fine dry days, 
 they will return to their proper dimensions. 
 
 STEPS. 
 
 If the Joints are stiff, drop a little Sweet 
 Oil upon them, and work them well up and 
 down. 
 
 SPARE PAINT. 
 
 Lastly ; a little of the same Colour as that 
 with which the Carriage is painted, should be
 
 STEPS. 211 
 
 kept in reserve to repair Accidents : Colours 
 can seldom be exactly matched ; you will find 
 that it is very convenient for touching the 
 Mouldings occasionally; as much of each 
 Colour as will fill a pint pot will be sufficient ; 
 keep it in a pan under water. 
 
 The Brushes must be kept under Water ; 
 but with all possible skill and care, New and 
 Old Colours seldom match nearly enough for 
 repairing any accident or bruise happening to a 
 Pannel, which had generally as well be left as 
 it is until you repaint the Carriage. 
 
 Let your Coachman have some " Black 
 Japan," to retouch those parts of the Carriage 
 which are blacked, but which are frequently 
 defaced by use : this will contribute greatly to 
 the neat appearance of it.
 
 212 
 
 REPAIRS. 
 
 THE Expense of Keeping a Carriage in Repair 
 is regulated very much by the original quality 
 thereof by the Work it has done the Work 
 it does, and the Care taken of it. 
 
 The Work it does may, in some measure, be 
 computed by the wear of its Wheels, and its 
 Appearance. 
 
 It is in a Carriage as in many other me- 
 chanical structures, that, in order to Repair it, 
 it must be taken to pieces ; and the taking to 
 pieces and putting together again, costs more 
 than the Repair itself, and thus the charges for 
 trifling things appear enormous. The expense 
 of unhanging, taking to pieces, putting together, 
 and re-hanging, is the same in small as in large 
 Repairs : some Coachmakers copiously men- 
 tion in their bills every circumstance of the 
 Job, almost to the number of turns of the 
 screws, or blows of the hammer, with a con-
 
 REPAIRS. 213 
 
 stant repetition of driving out driving in 
 taking off putting on unscrewing screw- 
 ing nailing unnailing unhanging and re- 
 hanging, &c. &c. 8cc., which sometimes seems 
 to be done only to confound the charge for the 
 Job with so many different matters as to make 
 it perfectly incomprehensible. 
 
 To the above we have actually seen added, 
 when the Carriage was taken to the Coach- 
 maker's to have any little Job done, " To 
 Washing and Cleaning, 3s. 6d." although the 
 Coachman assured us that the Carriage was 
 clean when he took it, and that he found it 
 dirty when he went to fetch it home. 
 
 We refer the Reader to the 
 
 CAUTIONS ON REPAIRING CARRIAGES, 
 
 which are given in page 60 of this Work. 
 
 A Carriage cannot be taken to pieces and 
 put together, by the most careful and skilful 
 Workman, without in some degree diminishing 
 both the Beauty and Strength of the Ma- 
 chinery ; therefore, when it is asunder, order 
 that every part that appears defective be made
 
 214 REPAIRS. 
 
 good, that the repetition of such separation 
 may occur as seldom as possible, not only to 
 avoid Expense, but the Inconvenience of being 
 without your Carriage while the Repairs are 
 going on, which take longer time than people 
 expect, who do not consider that New Timbers, 
 Iron work, &c. require Painting and Varnish- 
 ing, which must have at some seasons of the 
 Year a considerable time to dry thoroughly 
 hard. 
 
 When any of the main Timbers begin to de- 
 cay, the greater part may be supposed to be in 
 a similar state ; failures then become frequent, 
 and it is prudent to have the whole that is de- 
 cayed renewed at once which will not only be 
 Safest, but will save much Expense and 
 Trouble. 
 
 MEM. Be extremely cautious of altering any 
 part of a Carriage if you alter one part, it 
 often becomes necessary to alter many other 
 parts, and a trifling Expense becomes a very 
 heavy one. 
 
 MEM. The Carriages commonly lent by 
 common Coachmakers while they are repairing
 
 REPAIRS. 215 
 
 a Carriage, are sometimes so extremely old and 
 ricketty, that it is not only disagreeable, but 
 dangerous to ride in them ; insist upon having 
 a good effective Vehicle, or go to another Coach- 
 maker ; therefore, before you send a Carnage to 
 be repaired, desire the Coachmaker to let you 
 see the Carriage which he intends to lend you 
 during the time your own is repairing : this ac- 
 commodation he ought to give you, if you are a 
 constant customer, without making any charge 
 for the use thereof. 
 
 Have an Estimate in Writing, particularly 
 specifying every thing that is to be done, and 
 the whole Expense for which he will undertake 
 to make perfect every Repair that is wanting, 
 without any subsequent extra charge, and the 
 Time in which he will do so. I again repeat, 
 that it is the cheapest and best plan To JOB a 
 Carriage as well as Horses. See Estimates, 
 No. 4 and No. 9. 
 
 Desire your Coachman to be continually on 
 the Watch, and to immediately acquaint you of 
 the least injury which the Carriage may sustain ; 
 for the immediate repair thereof, is equally
 
 216 REPAIRS. 
 
 advisable, both for your Economy, and for his 
 own Safety. 
 
 The chief parts that wear, are the Timber 
 works of the Carriage part, and these fail more 
 frequently than you may expect either from 
 decay, faulty wood, or being too light made, 
 and sometimes from Accident or Violence, 
 which may be judged of when they are taken 
 asunder. 
 
 The Body requires Repair much less fre- 
 quently than the Carriage, because it is placed 
 on Springs in as easy a manner as possible, and 
 therefore not shook about so violently as the 
 Carriage part; but the best plan is to have 
 Springs under the Carriage fixed on the Axle- 
 tree : Carriages so mounted last three times as 
 long as those on the old construction, and are 
 extremely desirable from so seldom requiring 
 separation. 
 
 UNDEB SPRINGS 
 
 Are strongly recommended. They afford the 
 following advantages : there is no occasion 
 for the Coachman's seat to be attached to
 
 REPAIRS. 217 
 
 the Body, nor extra Springs for the same, 
 which are a nuisance from their Noise and 
 continually requiring Repairs : the Coach- 
 man's seat, to an Underspring Carriage, 
 is bolted on a Budget, and fixed to the Car- 
 riage on a pair of Carved Blocks, the Body 
 hanging free : the additional expense is from 
 20. to 30.; but we have been told they save 
 full an hundred and fifty pounds in the wear of 
 a Carriage ; but remember, that although 
 Under Springs are easy to the Carriage, they 
 are not so to the Carried, especially those 
 whose top half is a Dummy, i. e. made 
 of wood, which is used for cheapness. My 
 last Chariot, which has such Springs, jerks 
 and j umps about as much as a rough Trotting 
 Horse, affording fine Anti-bilious Exercise for 
 those in tolerable Health, but is intolerably 
 agitating to an Invalid ! !
 
 218 
 
 ON HORSES. 
 
 To define a perfect Horse is almost, and to find 
 one, quite impossible. Camerarius says, that 
 this useful and beautiful creature is an assem- 
 blage of Excellencies "He should possess 
 Two of the Beauties of a Woman ; the Breast 
 must be plump, and the Hips round. In three 
 things he should resemble a Lion ; in ferocity 
 of countenance, in fortitude, and irresistible 
 impetuosity. He must have three things apper- 
 taining to a Sheep ; the nose, gentleness, and 
 patience; three of a Mule, strength, perseve- 
 rance, and sureness of foot; three of a Deer, 
 head, legs, and skin ; three of a Wolf, throat, 
 neck, and ears ; two of a Fox, tail and trot ; 
 three of a Serpent, memory, sight, and flexibi- 
 lity; and lastly, three of a Hare, running, 
 walking, and perseverance. 
 
 " Round hoofed, short jointed, Fetlock shag 
 and long.
 
 ON HORSES. 219 
 
 " Broad Breast, full Eyes, small Head, and 
 Nostrils wide. 
 
 " High Crest, short Ears, strait Legs, and 
 passing Strong. 
 
 " Thin Mane, thick Tail, broad Buttocks, 
 tender Hide." Shakespeare's Horse of Adonis. 
 
 No man who has witnessed the performance 
 of Mr. Ducrow's stud in " the Battle of Water- 
 loo" at Astley's, will deny, that our Poet Pope's 
 epithet of " half-reasoning" is not quite as 
 justly due to the sagacity of the Horse, as it is 
 to the Elephant. 
 
 It would be Injustice not to add, that the 
 energetic and natural acting of Mr. Gomersal 
 in his personation of " Buonaparte," is'as per- 
 fect a performance as the English stage can 
 exhibit. 
 
 The whole of this Drama is a very extraordi- 
 nary effort, and does great credit to the ingeni- 
 ous author of it, Mr. J. Amherst. 
 
 The figure and symmetry of the Horse is no 
 where more perfectly displayed, than in the 
 Equestrian Statue of Charles the First, at Cha- 
 ring Cross, which is said to be the most finished
 
 220 ON HORSES. 
 
 piece of workmanship of its kind ever produced: 
 that of Marcus Aurelius, or the two Horses on 
 the Monte Cavallo, or Quirino at Rome, not 
 excepted. 
 
 Continually, however, in our sight, this 
 " Chef d'CEuvre" is not only disregarded, but 
 neglected. 
 
 English Horses, are equally remarkable for 
 their Strength and for their Speed. 
 
 " Each seeming want compensated of course, 
 Here with degrees of Swiftness, there of Force." 
 
 Pack Horses in Yorkshire carry, not un- 
 usually, loads of 420 Pounds. 
 
 A London Dray Horse has been known to 
 move, on a plane surface for a short space, the 
 weight of Three Tons, and to draw half that 
 weight a considerable distance. 
 
 On the Turnpike road, one Ton per horse is 
 the Weight usually allowed for a Journey. 
 
 The famous Childers moved 82 \ Feet in one 
 second of time, which is nearly at the rate of a 
 Mile in a Minute ; for he ran round a course at 
 Newmarket (little less than four miles) in six
 
 ON HORSES. 221 
 
 minutes and forty seconds ; a degree of Velo- 
 city, which no horse has been known to exceed. 
 
 Another account avers that he ran over an- 
 other course at Newmarket (which is 380 yards 
 more than Four English Miles) in 7| Minutes. 
 
 In general, the Racers run round the Four 
 Mile course in about seven minutes and forty 
 seconds, or eight minutes, which gives Forty- 
 four feet six inches in one second of time, and 
 twenty-four English feet at each stretch. 
 
 The late Duke of Queensberry, on the 29th 
 of August, 1750, won his wager, that he would 
 produce a machine, with four wheels, which 
 should pass over 19 miles in six minutes. The 
 Carriage was made by Wright, of Long Acre, 
 and was constructed partly of Wood and 
 partly of Whalebone ; and for the Harness, Silk 
 was substituted for Leather. 
 
 The match was run at Newmarket, and four 
 blood Horses rushing on with a velocity almost 
 rivalling the progress of sound, darted within 
 the appointed time to /the Goal. See an En- 
 graving and particular Account of this Carriage 
 in the Gents. Mag. for 1756, p. 440.
 
 222 ON HORSES. 
 
 It would be happy if a Law were passed to 
 prevent the furious spirit of Gaming which pre- 
 vails at Horse Races : this amusement might 
 also be rendered useful, which it is not at pre- 
 sent, for Horses of most Speed, are generally of 
 least Use. 
 
 If Premiums were allotted to those who 
 brought to the field the strongest and most 
 beautiful Horses of the best paces for the Saddle, 
 Coach, or Cart, the Breed of these useful Ani- 
 mals might be really improved. 
 
 As managed at present, Horse Racing is 
 but one remove from the barbarous practice 
 of " Bear-baiting," and " Bull-bailing," against 
 which that excellent practical philosopher, 
 Montaigne, has protested his honest Indigna- 
 tion, that " Few people are pleased to see 
 Beasts caress, or play together ; but many seem 
 delighted to see them lacerate and worry one 
 another."
 
 223 
 
 HINTS 
 
 PURCHASERS OF HORSES. 
 
 To decide by the first appearance of a Horse, 
 as to what he may prove on continual Ex- 
 ercise, is a perfection of Judgment which not 
 even Experience itself can confer. Those 
 erudite Equestrians, Will Whipcord and Sam 
 Spur, candidly assured us, that 
 
 HOUSES WHICH ARE FOR SALE 
 
 are usually so pampered and highly fed, and 
 have the interstices of their Muscles so filled 
 with Fat, that their real shape, i. e. their form 
 when in full Exercise, and with their ordinary 
 Food, cannot be imagined. 
 
 If Dealers meet with a Horse that is unable 
 to stand to the work they require of him, they
 
 224 HINTS TO PURCHASERS OF HORSES. 
 
 let his Business be so light, that it may be 
 merely Play to him and so keep him in Con- 
 dition till they can dispose of him. 
 
 Appearances are so deceitful, that the above- 
 named skilful Jockeys confessed to me that 
 they frequently found themselves mistaken. 
 In the selection of a Horse, we rarely seek for 
 latent good qualities, when the Eye is dis- 
 gusted by deformity. A Horse of true propor- 
 tions strikes the fancy of every beholder ; we 
 immediately assent to the beauty of the object, 
 and take it for granted that Symmetry must be 
 accompanied with either Strength or Swift- 
 ness. True Judgment is displayed in selecting 
 a Horse possessing great powers, under the 
 cover of an ill-favoured outward appearance, 
 and discriminating from among those of a 
 pleasing form such as are devoid of them. 
 
 Many who have written on Horses have at- 
 tributed much to the influence of Colour on the 
 Constitutions of Horses; but we fancy fhat 
 Colour is often suffered to bias the decision on 
 a Horse's Goodness, when it should be con- 
 sidered merely as it relates to his Beauty.
 
 HINTS TO PURCHASERS OF HORSES. 225 
 
 Many will not buy a Horse which has a White 
 Leg; but White Legs are as likely to fly as 
 Black Legs. 
 
 Mr. Mennill, of Leicestershire's, famous 
 hunter, " Whitestockings," had four White 
 Legs ; and a better hunter never leaped a Gate. 
 Childers had White Legs. 
 
 A Horse of symmetry and good action 
 should not be undervalued from any peculiarity 
 of Colour. Good Judges of Horses are very in- 
 different to the irregularity of Marks, &c. Thus 
 much, however, is certain, that some colours 
 denote Strength and Hardiness more than 
 others, and are also more Beautiful ; as the 
 Dappled Grey, Bays, particularly the Dap- 
 pled, Golden, and Blood Bays, with the Legs, 
 muzzle, tails, and list down the back black, 
 Nutmeg Greys, Dark Duns, with mane, muzzle, 
 tail, and legs, Black. 
 
 A mealy Bay and light Chesnut, or what is 
 commonly called Sorrel, are for the most part 
 delicate in Constitution. The latter is also 
 often of a hot and choleric disposition. 
 Q
 
 226 HINTS TO PURCHASERS OF HORSES. 
 
 As the Proverb says, 
 
 "A Good Horse cannot be of a Bad Colour" 
 
 Few things are more difficult to find than 
 Horses that are exactly what you wish. 
 
 " It is a cruel thing to say, but a very true 
 one, that amongst the present breed of Horses 
 in this nation, a man of any tolerable judg- 
 ment can hardly find One in Fifty for his pur- 
 pose, whether designed to Draw or Ride." 
 Wm. Osmer on Horses, 8vo. p. 59. 
 
 Many of the Defects of Horses cannot be 
 discovered till they have been in your pos- 
 session some days. As that experienced 
 Equestrian, Mr. Geoffrey Gambado, said, some 
 Horsedealers, like some other Merchants, are 
 " not a bit honester than they ought to be." 
 
 Mr. Hanway observes, that " If the Gen- 
 tleman* seldom treats his Friend, (and hardly 
 
 * To tell the Reader exactly what class of persons was 
 meant to be designated by the word Gentleman, in the year 
 1757, would be as difficult a task as to define it now.
 
 HINTS TO PURCHASERS OF HORSES. 227 
 
 ever an indifferent person,) with strict honour 
 in selling a Horse ! what are we to expect of 
 those who have been bred among Horses?" 
 Hanway's Travels, 8vo. 1757, vol. i. p. 206. 
 
 The only safe, and indeed the only satis- 
 factory plan, both to the Seller and to the 
 Buyer of a Horse, is to 
 
 Try, 
 Before you Buy," 
 
 as Capt. Bindon cautions you, " Don't fall 
 
 The last time we heard it, was on visiting a Stable to look 
 at a Horse, when, on inquiring for the Coachman, his 
 Stable Keeper replied, " He is just stepped to the Public 
 House along with another Gentleman." 
 
 The following is the Negro's definition of a Gentle- 
 man : " Massa make de black Man workee make de Horse 
 workee make de Ox workee make every ting workee, only 
 de Hog : he, de Hog, no workee ; he eat, he drink, he walk 
 about, he go to sleep when he please, he tiff like a GEN- 
 TLEMAN." European Mag, January, 1811, p. 17. 
 
 I have never forgotten Sir Richard Steele's Observation, 
 which struck my mind with happy force in my boyish 
 days: "A Christian and a Gentleman are become in- 
 consistent Appellations of the same person. You cannot
 
 228 HINTS TO PURCHASERS OF HORSES. 
 
 in Love with him before you Ride him." 
 In his Gentleman's Pocket Farrier, printed at 
 Edinburgh in 1731, of which most of the 
 works with a similar title are incorrect copies, 
 with merely another name to them. 
 
 Deal with a respectable Man, to whom you 
 have been well recommended, and stipulate, 
 that if after a Trial for a day or two, you do 
 not like your purchase, that upon paying a 
 certain Sum you may return it. This sort of 
 Agreement will not always be acceded to, 
 
 expect Eternal Life, if you do not forgive Injuries : the 
 Weak and the Wicked will do their utmost to make your 
 Mortal Life uncomfortable, if you are not ready to commit 
 a Murder in Resentment for an Affront" From No. 20 
 of the Guardian. 
 
 Sir Richard has very properly applied to the Duellist 
 what Dr. South has said of the Liar : " He is a Coward to 
 Man, and a Bravo to GOD !" 
 
 The most ridiculous circumstance respecting Duelling, 
 is, that the Man who has suffered the Injury must submit 
 himself to ttfe same Peril with him who inflicted it, so 
 that the Punishment is entirely accidental, and as likely to 
 fall upon the Innocent as the Guilty.
 
 HINTS TO PURCHASERS OF HORSES. 229 
 
 unless you are known to the Dealer, and are a 
 constant Customer. 
 
 If you have a Pair of Horses on trial, the usual 
 charge for them, you rinding provender, is about 
 Two Guineas per Week : Try them by driving 
 them two or three times seven or eight Miles 
 into the Country, where there is a good Hill to go 
 up, such as Highgate or Hampstead Hill, you 
 will soon find out what kind of Temper they 
 are of: if they have any lameness, or defects, 
 &c. and if they work equally, and step well 
 together, which is extremely important ; if 
 they are not of equal Courage and equal Pace, 
 your Coachman will be obliged to be conti- 
 nually whipping one of them, in order to keep 
 him to his Collar ; and he cannot flog the Idle 
 horse without hurting the feelings of his In- 
 dustrious companion, and also those of the 
 Persons he is driving, who, if they have any 
 humanity, will not bear to see the willing 
 suffer for the sluggishness of the Lazy. More- 
 over, every time the Whip is used the Horses 
 spring forward, and the Carriage goes in a
 
 230 HINTS TO PURCHASERS OF HORSES. 
 
 Hop, Step, and a Jump kind of style, which is 
 extremely disagreeable. 
 
 Sluggish Horses are good for Nought, but 
 to drag a Cart. Your own Arms will be almost 
 as soon tired in making them move their Legs, 
 as if you had travelled as far on your own 
 Feet. 
 
 The following paragraphs are from " The 
 New Method of Managing Horses, by the 
 Thrice Noble, High and Puissant WILLIAM 
 CAVENDISHE, Duke, Marquess, and Earl of 
 Newcastle," fol. 1667: 
 
 " Be not afraid of a Horse who shews 
 Strength, Spirit, and Stomach: a Horse having 
 them cannot choose but be made a Ready 
 Horse, if he be under the Discipline of an Un- 
 derstanding Hand and Knowing Heels. 
 
 " When a Horse doth not Rebd it shews 
 Weakness and faintness of Spirit, and no 
 Courage. Where Nature is much Wanting, it 
 is hard for Art to supply it."- P. 199. 
 
 " TRYING is the only way to KNOW 
 HORSES."
 
 HINTS TO PURCHASERS OF HORSES. 231 
 
 " I told you that Marks, Colours, and Ele- 
 ments, are nothing at all to know a Horse by ; 
 they are but Philosophical Mountebanks that 
 talk of such Toyes. Nay, Shape is nothing to 
 know the Goodness of a Horse the best Phi- 
 losophy is to Try him ; and you may be deceived 
 then;, if he be a Young Horse ; Colts alter ex- 
 tremely both in Spirits and Strength. What 
 Judgment can one give of a Little Boy, what 
 Kind of Man he will prove ? No more can one 
 give a Judgment of a Colt, what Kind of Horse 
 he will prove. Hide him and Try him; that is 
 the best Philosophy to know him by." P. 104. 
 
 " A Young Horse of Three Years Old is but 
 a Gristle," saith his Grace of Newcastle, in 
 p. 202 of his Book. 
 
 " For any Man that would have a Horse of 
 Use in his ordinary occasions, or for Journeys, 
 or Hunting, I would never buy a Horse till the 
 Mark be out of his Mouth, i. e. till he be 
 SEVEN years old; and if he be sound Wind, 
 Limb, and Sight, he will then last you Eight 
 or Nine Years. 
 
 " A Young Horse will have as many Dis-
 
 232 HINTS TO PURCHASERS OF HORSES. 
 
 eases as a Young Child, and you will have to 
 leave him with your Host at some Inn, and 
 hire another Horse for your Occasion ; and 
 have your Host's Bill, and the Farrier's, 
 which will come to more than your Horse is 
 Worth; and there's your Young Horse; but 
 your hearty Old Horse shall never Fail you." 
 
 There is more Trouble in looking after One 
 Young Horse than in taking care of Two old 
 ones. 
 
 Let the Horse you select for trial be strip- 
 ped let your own Servant (who being a 
 stranger to him will not know how to humour 
 defects or conceal any dispositions he may 
 have to vice, &c.) walk and trot him in a 
 strait line, on a paved piece of Road, such as 
 is used for this purpose at the Veterinary Col- 
 lege at Saint Pancras; while you stand al- 
 ternately before and behind him ; observe well 
 if he has any inequality in his motions see 
 if he steps firmly on the ground stop him 
 often put him on again observe whether in 
 setting off he has a partiality for either Leg, 
 beyond that which seems to be natural to
 
 
 HINTS TO PURCHASERS OF HORSES. 233 
 
 Horses in every part of the World, of taking 
 off with the Left. 
 
 If a Horse is Lame with one Leg, it is some- 
 times disguised by putting in a Stone between 
 the Shoe and the sole of the other foot, which 
 is so judiciously contrived as to make him pick 
 them both up alike. 
 
 The best way to discover Lameness is to have 
 the horse rode so as to be heated ; Igt him 
 then be put into the stable till he get cool, 
 when take him out for another trot, and ex- 
 amine again. 
 
 They sometime^ bring Horses for trial, 
 heated, by which many bad qualities and de- 
 fects are concealed ; dull Horses are animated, 
 while the vicious pass as mere mettlesome ; 
 with many other disadvantages to the Pur- 
 chasers, endless to mention. The best way is 
 to get to the Dealer's early in the Morning, 
 before you are expected, and you will so find 
 out more defects than any other way. 
 
 If the Horse be heated, let him be turned 
 into the Stable till he gets cool ; go up to 
 him by yourself examine him observe
 
 234 HINTS TO PURCHASERS OF HORSES. 
 
 his general manners, and, above all, to judge 
 of his Temper watch his Eye : a Horse 
 never plays a vicious trick, or thinks of one, 
 without shewing his intention to do so by his 
 Eye ; study the Eye of a Horse during the 
 usual operations of the Stable, and you will be 
 enabled to form some opinion of his Temper 
 and Disposition. 
 
 The following account was given to me by a 
 friend who has had great experience in Horses : 
 
 " There can be no doubt that a vicious Horse 
 is to be known by his Eye : I took a Horse to 
 Mr. Professor Colman, at the Veterinary Col- 
 lege, St. Pancras, to be examined previous to 
 purchasing; he had on a water-deck, the 
 Day being Wet ; the wind caused it to flap 
 against his sides, and he reared and plunged 
 most violently. Mr. COLMAN, whose Judg- 
 ment respecting Horses I had previously re- 
 peatedly consulted with the greatest advantage, 
 after looking at him for a few minutes, de- 
 cidedly pronounced him to be a Vicious Horse. 
 I begged Mr. C. to tell me whether he judged 
 so from his plunging occasioned by what
 
 HINTS TO PURCHASERS OF HORSES. 235 
 
 is mentioned : he said No, from his Eye ; 
 he was constantly trying to look back : 
 however, I bought the Horse; and sure enough 
 the Professor's prognostic was perfectly true 
 he was decidedly vicious ! the very next day he 
 attempted a grand go at kicking and plunging, 
 and did great damage to my Carriage." 
 
 For the following Advice, we are indebted to 
 as Honest a Man as any that deals in Horse- 
 Flesh. 
 
 " I have found many persons who have pur- 
 chased Horses of me, very inquisitive and trou- 
 blesome about their Eyes ; indeed, as much so 
 as if their Eyes were any way concerned in the 
 action of the Animal. As I know they are not, 
 I give myself very little trouble about them : 
 if a Rider is in full possession of his own, what 
 his Horse has is perfectly immaterial. 
 
 Be sure to buy a Broken-knee 'd Horse, when- 
 ever he falls in your way : the best bit of flesh 
 that ever was crossed will certainly come down 
 one day or another; whereas, one that has 
 fallen, (and sacrificed himself pretty much,) 
 never will fall again, if he can help it.
 
 236 HINTS TO PURCHASERS OF HORSES. 
 
 " Buy any thing but a Threatener. By the 
 Threatener, Man himself, the Lord of the Crea- 
 tion, who subdues all the Animals that range 
 the Forest, is himself kept in fear and trepida- 
 tion ! This ingenious Animal has the sagacity, 
 at every step, to threaten the fracture of his 
 Rider's neck, probably with a view to abolish 
 the practice of Riding ; but has, at the same 
 time, the good sense not to fall quite down, lest 
 he should accidentally break his own. As 
 amongst Pigeons, so amongst Horses, there are 
 Tumblers : the feat is, however, performed dif- 
 ferently, and varies a little in its effects on the 
 performers: the Pigeon executes it without 
 any thing on its back; the Horse seldom 
 achieves it without somebody upon his. To 
 the latter, therefore, we must give the greatest 
 share of merit, who ventures to perform upon a 
 hard Road what the other does only in the Air, 
 without even a cloud to brush against. The 
 one seeming to prefer the Milky, and the other 
 the Highway." See the Duke of Newcastle 
 on Horses ; Lord Pembroke on Breaking Horses, 
 &c. 12mo. 1761 ; Mr. Berenger's Art of Horse-
 
 HINTS TO PURCHASERS OF HORSES. 237 
 
 manship ; and Dr. Bracken and Mr. Gibson's 
 Books. 
 
 See a Comprehensive Abstract of the various 
 Acts of Parliament relative to "Stealing Horses," 
 " Buying Stolen Horses," " Killing or Maiming 
 Horses" &c. in p. 1046 of the Second Volume 
 of Sir George Chetwynd's comprehensive Edition 
 of Dr. Burn's Justice, 8vo. 1825.
 
 238 
 
 TO PRESERVE 
 
 HEALTH OF HORSES. 
 
 THE methods of treating and keeping Horses 
 are as various, and, for the generality, as incon- 
 sistent with reason as. those of Shoeing are ; 
 but a little consideration would, in most com- 
 mon cases, direct people right in both. One 
 pampers his Cattle, with a view of strengthening 
 them ; and afterwards, by way of correction, 
 pours down Drugs into them without thought 
 or measure : Another lets no Air at all into 
 his Stable; and his Horses inevitably catch 
 cold when they stir out of it, and get Fevers if 
 they stay in it, by corrupted Air : a Third, 
 equally wise, leaves his Stable open, and his 
 Cattle exposed to the wind and weather at all 
 times, whether his horses or the weather be hot
 
 TO PRESERVE THE HEALTH, &C. 239 
 
 or cold, and frequently even in wind drafts, 
 while they are in a sweat. 
 
 All these practices are alike attended with 
 destruction to Horses ; as also are the many 
 extravagances that prevail in the same con- 
 tradictory extremes, with regard to Coverings. 
 But in answer to all these foolish systems, 
 reason plainly suggests to us, that proper whole- 
 some Food, a well tempered circulation of sweet 
 Air, moderate and constant Exercise, with due 
 care and suitable clothing, as weather and 
 occasions may require, will never fail to preserve 
 Horses sound and in health. 
 
 No Vulgar Error is more common, than that 
 Horses cannot continue well, unless they are 
 periodically Bled, Purged, and crammed with 
 Cordial Balls, &c. 
 
 After a very Hard day's Work, give him a 
 couple of Gallons of Gruel, made by putting a 
 Quart of Oatmeal into a pail, stir it together 
 with a little cold water, then add the proper 
 quantity of boiling water, half a Gallon of 
 good Strong Ale, and two Wine-glasses of 
 Brandy : this the old Fox-hunter will tell you 
 is better than all the Cordial Balls that were 
 
 ,
 
 240 TO PRESERVE THE 
 
 ever composed. In cases of Emergency, when 
 a Horse is distressed, a Quart of Mulled Beer ; 
 or, in an extreme Case, a Bottle of Wine, will 
 refresh him like a charm. 
 
 The following is Squire Tallyho's advice re- 
 specting Physic : 
 
 The Day after a hard Run, on inquiring how 
 his Horses were, his Groom replied, " They are 
 pretty well; but I think, Sir, that a little Physic 
 would do them good." " Why," said the 
 Squire, " would you give them Physic ? Do 
 they Eat well, and Drink Well, and Sleep 
 well?"" Yes, Sir." "Well then, what good 
 do you expect to do by giving them Physic ? 
 You don't take Physic yourself when you are 
 Well, do you, Tom ?" " No, Sir."" Then why 
 give it to a Horse?" 
 
 To prevent Diseases and preserve the Health 
 of Horses, there is seldom occasion for Bleeding, 
 Purging, or any other Physicking, &c., if a 
 proper attention be paid to procure them, 
 
 1st. Sufficiently spacious and well-aired 
 Stables : at the bottom of each Stall there 
 should be, rather beyond the centre, a Grating, 
 so that the Stable may always be dry; the
 
 HEALTH OF HORSES. 241 
 
 Litter will last longer, and the Stable be sweet 
 and wholesome. 
 
 " In Russia, and other Northern Countries, 
 Horses lie on boards without inconvenience, 
 from which it would appear a great saving 
 might be made if our own stalls were provided 
 with frames for Horses to lie on without a 
 litter. They may be constructed in the follow- 
 ing manner : Suppose the stall to be 6 feet 
 wide and 9 feet long, then eight deal boards 
 eight inches wide, nailed one inch apart to three 
 or more ledges about two or three inches deep 
 should be prepared for each stall. The Horse 
 will lie dry, what falls must be swept off, and 
 the frame turned up by day. Thus all the 
 litter will be saved, and the straw, reed, or fern, 
 be given for food. The frame will, probably, 
 not cost more than the straw used for litter in a 
 season. The boards will be very little injured, 
 and may afterwards be applied to common pur- 
 poses. 
 
 " HENRY PENNECK, M.D. A.L.S. 
 
 " Penzance, July 30, 1826." 
 
 (From the Dublin Courier.} 
 R
 
 242 TO PRESERVE THE 
 
 Cleanliness in a Stable is extremely important : 
 let the Mangers be well washed once a Week, 
 and wipe down the Stalls, and whitewash it once 
 a year. 
 
 Let the Horse Cloths be scoured at the same 
 time it preserves the Cloths, and prevents the 
 Moths getting into them . 
 
 When it is considered that Saddle or Coach- 
 horses, on an average, pass at least 20 out of 
 every 24 hours, or full five-sixths of their time 
 in the Stable : the importance of keeping that 
 as clean as possible, is evident enough without 
 further Argument. The Stalls should not be 
 less than six feet in the clear width. 
 
 2d. Allow them plenty of wholesome Food 
 and Drink, in proportion to the Work required 
 of them, due Exercise when they are not at 
 Work, and good Rubbing and Dressing twice 
 or thrice every day " It is regular Feeding and 
 Dressing which maketh Horses fat and Healthy, 
 not the mere great abundance and rest alone 
 which maketh plump. A man need not much 
 trouble himself to inquire after Physic for this 
 purpose : upon my word, there is no other
 
 HEALTH OF HORSES. 243 
 
 Secret to perform this, but to observe a me- 
 thodical manner of Feeding and Dressing." 
 Solly sell's Compleat Horseman, fol. page 138. 
 1717. 
 
 The last thing at Night, give to those Horses 
 that are very Lean, about a couple of Quarts of 
 Wetted Bran, over and above their ordinary 
 allowance of Oats, &c. a double handful of 
 Cinquefoil, cut into Chaff, is given by an expe- 
 rienced Stable-man, who was consulted in form- 
 ing this work. 
 
 In Exercising Horses, the farther they are 
 carried from home the better ; '. e. take them 
 four or five miles out and back, and never go 
 twice one road if you can avoid it : a Horse 
 will perform his work more cheerfully, and it 
 breaks his temper to go different roads. 
 
 Have them out by Six in the Morning, and 
 give them two hours' Exercise ; walk them till 
 you get to a nice bit of even ground, and then 
 give them a good trot or a Canter for a quarter 
 of an hour, but never gallop them hard. 
 
 Never gallop Horses that you are training 
 for Hunting their Master can always take
 
 244 TO PRESERVE, &C. 
 
 enough out of their Legs when they are in the 
 Field. 
 
 Never let a Horse be hard ridden when he 
 has just had his belly-full of meat or water; 
 but let him move in his own way : he will mend 
 his pace by degrees.
 
 245 
 
 DRESSING OR GROOMING. 
 
 THERE are three Intentions answered by Dress- 
 ing Horses ; it cleans them from dust and dirt ; 
 it counteracts the artificial state of inactivity 
 they are occasionally under by their confine- 
 ment, by exciting the Circulation ; and lastly, it 
 gives a sleekness to their Coat. Grooms usually 
 consider only the latter intention ; and as Dress- 
 ing requires some labour, they idly resort to 
 such means as produce a smooth coat without 
 Exertion; and this, Experience tells them, is 
 best effected by Hot Stables : Idleness is the 
 origin of this deviation from Nature ; but to 
 make their masters allow these Hot-House 
 Stables, Grooms tell them that they improve 
 the Health of the Horse.
 
 246 
 
 TO MAKE 
 A HORSE HAVE A FINE COAT. 
 
 [From the Duke of Newcastle's Book, fol. p. 123. 1677.] 
 
 " THERE are but these Four things; viz. Feed- 
 ing Well, Clothing Warmly, Many Sweats, and 
 Dressing Well. 
 
 " For Dressing, there are these Things : the 
 Curry Comb, which fetches out Dust; the 
 Dusting Cloth, that takes away the Loose Dust ; 
 the Hard Wisp, a little moistened, that takes 
 out More Dust yet from him ; and the Felt, a 
 little moistened, that takes out More Dust from 
 him afterwards; but the Wett Hand, which 
 should be last, takes not only More Dust, but 
 a great deal of Loose Hair, which is much 
 better than any of the Former : after
 
 TO MAKE A HORSE HAVE A FINE COAT. 247 
 
 this, a Linen Cloth to wipe them over, 
 and then a Woollen Cloth, and so cloathe 
 him up. 
 
 " But the Best of all is the Knife of Heat, 
 which is the Scraper ; for when he is Hot, 
 Scraping of him gets all the Sweat and Moys- 
 ture out of him, so that he is Dry presently 
 after, and all that Wett would turn to Dust, 
 so there is so much Labour saved. Besides, it 
 gets abundance of Hair from him, which the 
 rest doth not ; so that it is the most Excellent 
 thing I know, both to Cool a Horse, and to 
 give him a Good Coat." 
 
 " If a fine Coat is wanted, it may be easily 
 enough procured by proper Dressing." Dr. 
 Elaine on Horses, 12mo. p. 142. 1803. 
 
 " Much rubbing (saith Old G. Markham) 
 is comfortable, and cheereth every member." 
 G. Markham's Way to Wealth, 4to. p. 10. 
 1638. 
 
 " When a Horse is well Drest, his Sweat, 
 when he is Warm, will come from him clear as 
 Water ; but the first time he be well Drest, it 
 will take near Three hours to do it tho-
 
 248 TO MAKE A HORSE HAVE A FINE COAT. 
 
 roughly afterwards one hour a day may be 
 sufficient." 
 
 MEM. It is as necessary to rub their Backs 
 as it is to fill their Bellies.
 
 249 
 
 FOOD OF HORSES. 
 
 HORSES must be Fed in proportion to their 
 Work they must not be kept to certain regular 
 Feeds, unless they are kept to certain regular 
 Work, or Disease will soon overtake them, and 
 Death end them full Gallop. 
 
 Our English Cavalry, the labour of which is 
 about equal to that of a Coach Horse in a 
 Private Carriage, are allowed 14 Ib. of Hay, 
 and 10 Ib. of Oats per Day. Government con- 
 tracts for Oats to weigh 40 Ib. to the Bushel, 
 so that it is a Peck per Day. 
 
 To the French Cavalry in Garrison, they dis- 
 tribute the Allowance, and fix the hours of 
 Feeding in the following manner : 
 
 At Five o'Clock in the Morning, a third part 
 of Hay.
 
 250 ON THE FOOD OF HORSES. 
 
 At Eight o'Clock, a half allowance of Oats, 
 and afterwards a third of Straw. 
 
 At Mid-day, a third of Hay. 
 
 At Three o'Clock, a half allowance of Oats, 
 and afterwards a third of Straw. 
 
 At Seven o'Clock in the Evening, a third of 
 Hay, and a third of Straw. 
 
 " Horses are Watered half an hour before 
 receiving the Oats ; consequently, twice a day 
 during the hot weather, and their Thirst 
 quenched again in the Evening." From p. 132 
 and 133 of Mr. R. de Rochefort's Promenades a 
 Cheval. Paris, 16mo. 1826. 
 
 Blundevill, in his Order of Dieting Horses, 
 4to. 1609, p. 10, says, " that half a Peck of 
 Oates, or as much as a Man can easily take up 
 at six times with both his hands together, is 
 enough to give a Horse at once." 
 
 For Carriage Horses employed in the usual 
 Town work, sixteen to twenty pounds of sound 
 meadow Hay, with from three quarters to a 
 Peck of good full Oats, per Day, will be suffi- 
 cient : should Frost, or other circumstances, 
 lessen their labour, their Food should be less-
 
 ON THE FOOD OF HORSES. 251 
 
 ened also, and a small proportion of Bran sub- 
 stituted ; on the other hand, when their Exer- 
 cise is severe, the allowance of Corn should be 
 increased ; to which, when they are worked very 
 hard, a few Beans are an invigorating addition j 
 a great quantity of Hay is not good, except for 
 Cart Horses, who are meant for no other use 
 but to roll on slowly, with a fat fellow full of 
 Beer swaggering beside them. 
 
 Lord Pembroke's plan of feeding Horses, es- 
 pecially Old ones, with bruised Corn, and 
 Chaff, is to be recommended " Every grain 
 then goes to nourishment, and Three feeds go 
 further, than Four, as commonly given." 
 
 Although a horse has but a short Stomach, 
 he has Long Bowels : Dr. Bracken tells us, 
 that " the length of the Alimentary Canal of a 
 Horse is seldom less than 35 Yards : He must, 
 therefore, feed a little at a time ; and as we know 
 that when our own Stomach is empty, we feel 
 languid, so does the Horse and as a small 
 Stomach must be soon emptied, it requires to 
 be frequently replenished." 
 
 A Horse should have Four feeds in a Day,
 
 252 ON THE FOOD OF HORSES. 
 
 the first about Six in the Morning, the next at 
 Eleven, again at Four, and the last thing at 
 Night : of these, Supper and Breakfast should 
 be the Best; the intermediate Eating should 
 be at about Noon, and four or five hours after : 
 in the intervening time, let his Rack and Man- 
 ger be empty, then when he comes to his meal 
 he will eat with an appetite whatever you give 
 him. 
 
 Make it a Rule, to give your Horses their 
 Food two hours before you put them to Work 
 that the first act of the restorative process of 
 Digestion may be finished before they are 
 disturbed. 
 
 Young Horses, that have not done growing, 
 have strong Appetites, and require to be more 
 fully fed than those that have come to Maturity, 
 but not so much Com ; Bran, and Clover Hay. 
 Chaff damped, will occasionally do for them 
 better Young Horses, like Young Children, 
 require their Food in Quantity rather than 
 Quality, and the lighter it is the better. 
 
 SOFT WATER is to be preferred ; the condi- 
 tion of a Horse's Coat depends much on the
 
 HAY. 253 
 
 quality of the Water that he drinks very cold 
 and hard water will break his Coat directly. 
 
 A Cavalry Officer informed me, that, observ- 
 ing One Troop in his Regiment in much finer 
 condition than the rest, he found, on inquiry, 
 that it was occasioned by the Horses of that 
 Troop drinking Soft water, while the others had 
 Hard water. 
 
 Varies quite as much in Quality, as it does in 
 Price Clover grass is, by some, considered to 
 be the best; whence the Proverb, " to Live in 
 Clover." 
 
 The Nose is your best guide in the choice of 
 Hay. Good hard Hay has a quick and agree- 
 able smell : it is of great importance that Hay 
 be good if it is not, let a Horse eat as much 
 as he will of it, he will be low and poor. 
 
 I am told that there is a great deception 
 practised in Hay Markets : they take care that 
 those Trusses in the Cart which are likely to 
 be examined are good ; but the main bulk of 
 the Load is not always of equally good quality. 
 
 The Reader is recommended to deal regularly
 
 254 
 
 HAY. 
 
 with the same Farmer, as the best security 
 against the deceptions which it is said are some- 
 times practised in Markets. 
 
 When a Buyer endeavours to bate a Seller 
 down below the regular market price, it may 
 tempt a Seller to make himself amends, by 
 putting up some Trusses of inferior Quality, if 
 not of short Weight also. Say to your Hay- 
 salesman, " Now mind, I buy this as a load of 
 Good Hay, and I shall not pay for it till I have 
 unloaded it and found it all right." 
 
 The fresher Hay is cut from the Stack the 
 better : it soon turns soft and musty in a damp 
 Hayloft, and in the course of a few weeks loses 
 all its best Qualities. 
 
 Never lay Trusses of Hay upon each other : 
 the best way to keep Hay from Damp and 
 Moulding, is to set it up on its edge so that a 
 current of Air may circulate round it. 
 
 Go to Market in good time ; if you wait 
 till your Stock is quite out, you must buy what 
 you can. 
 
 BEANS 
 
 are only needful when Horses have a great deal 
 of hard work, and in Wet weather.
 
 255 
 
 BRIEFLY, AS TO HORSE-MEAT. 
 
 Hay is Horse-Bread. 
 
 Corn Horse-Mutton, 
 
 Beans Horse-Beef: 
 
 And the most strengthening substance that 
 can be given them. 
 
 Good Bran is a useful article in a Horse's 
 diet, and when Scalded, with a handful of Salt 
 to it, is occasionally as good a Mash for a Horse 
 as a Mess of Gruel is for a Man. 
 
 A Truss of Hay should weigh 56 Ibs. 
 
 A Truss of Straw, 36 Ibs. 
 
 A Truss of New Hay, 60 Ibs. 
 
 A Ton and a Load of Hay are nearly the 
 same. 
 
 If you send a Servant to purchase Provisions, 
 Sec. for your Horses, at least choose the Pur- 
 veyor yourself, and tell your Servant previously 
 to bring you the Price, (in writing), with the 
 Samples of the various things. 
 
 Desire each Tradesman to send home with 
 each Article, whether 'you pay Ready Money 
 for it, or otherwise, " A Ticket of the Quantity
 
 256 HAY.. 
 
 and the Price of it," of which carefully ascertain 
 the correctness. 
 
 Cast up every Bill, 
 Pay every Account Yourself, 
 
 and 
 Take care of your Receipts. 
 
 These are your only effective protections 
 against those ruinous Impositions which per- 
 functory Persons continually suffer, from com- 
 binations between their Servants and their 
 Purveyors.
 
 257 
 
 ON 
 
 SENDING HORSES TO GRASS. 
 
 DELICATE Horses who have been treated 
 over tenderly, and have long stood warmly 
 clothed in a hot Stable, must not be all at once 
 turned out to Grass in cold Weather. 
 
 A Horse must have " the Constitution of a 
 Horse" indeed, who can stand such a shock; 
 for which, he should be gradually prepared by 
 diminishing his Clothing, and gradually accus- 
 toming him to the Open Air ; 
 
 " for one Extreme, 
 Ne'er without Danger meets its own reverse." 
 
 Let him be well fed till the day that he is 
 turned out, on which give him nothing ; then 
 he will graze the greatest part of the Night ; 
 if you turn him out with a full Belly, he will 
 lay down, and most likely catch a mischievous 
 Cold.
 
 258 ON SENDING HORSES TO GRASS. 
 
 When Horses are sent to Straw Yard or to 
 Grass, let their Shoes be removed, and their 
 Feet set at liberty Toe-pieces are sometimes 
 put on. 
 
 Early Spring Grass, for five weeks in May 
 and June, is not only excellent Food, but ad- 
 mirable Physic for Horses ; Dr. Green cures 
 most of the Disorders that Horses are subject 
 to, sooner than any. 
 
 Strong Horses frequently fall a sacrifice to 
 Diseases, by being kept continually upon hard 
 dry food, which feeding on soft Green herbage 
 for a few weeks'" would frequently cure sooner 
 than any Physic. 
 
 It is recommended, that Horses in the Stable 
 should occasionally have Green Meat, viz. Rye, 
 or Tares, &c. which are carried about London 
 in Carts during the Spring, &c. 
 
 A Horse will get fresher, by having a Run in 
 a Salt Marsh for One Month, such as at Plais- 
 tow, or the Isle of Dogs, &c. than he will in 
 Two Months on Upland Grass. 
 
 " I have been told that it is no unusual thino- 
 
 D 
 
 to take up Horses from the Marshes, and send
 
 ON SENDING HORSES TO GRASS. 259 
 
 them on a long Journey directly, without any 
 preparation ; and am the more ready to believe 
 this, because I have several times known Horses 
 taken off the dry Commons in Winter, and per- 
 form very well on the Road : it is quite other- 
 wise with those that go on common Pastures, 
 either in cold clay grounds, or where the Grass 
 is forced with Dung : many of these require a 
 good deal of management before they are fit to 
 be put on hard service." 
 
 Fields which lie near to Great Towns, and 
 are much manured, do not afford half such 
 wholesome Hay or Pasture as those that are 
 further in the Country, and are not so forced. 
 Mr. Jarvis says that he would not thank ye for 
 the Hay that is made within 10 miles of London. 
 The loads of Dung may make the Ground yield 
 a more plentiful crop, but it is always of an 
 inferior, and often of injurious Quality. 
 
 Send your Horses to Grass where the Pasture 
 is fine without being forced, where the Water 
 is good, and there is comfortable Shelter for 
 them to run to in Wet Weather : they should 
 always have Hay to go to, especially in Winter.
 
 260 ON SENDING HORSES TO GRASS. 
 
 You may be charged a trifle per Week more 
 for this ; but it is Money well spent, if you 
 value your Horse. 
 
 When a Horse returns from Grass, although 
 he may be free from Disease, he is not fittest 
 for Work ; but will require a Week's hard Food, 
 and must have Hay and Corn, and be gradually 
 Exercised for several days before he be put to 
 Hard Work, or he will be apt to empty himself 
 too often, and is no Horse for a long Journey 
 unless you wish to make a Skeleton of him.
 
 261 
 
 COLDS. 
 
 YOUNG Horses are much more liable to Colds 
 than those that are full grown. 
 
 The most common cause of Colds is riding or 
 driving Horses till they are Hot, and then suf- 
 fering them to stand still where the Air is cold 
 and chilling. Another very usual cause of Colds 
 is removing a Horse out of a Hot Stable to a 
 Cold one : a Cold taken this way will be more 
 violent, in the degree that a Horse has been 
 highly fed and hotly clothed : this is the reason 
 why many Horses catch such very severe Colds 
 soon after they come out of a Dealer's hands. 
 New-built Stables, before they have been well 
 aired and seasoned, and even Old Stables, when 
 they have stood long empty and grown damp, 
 are dangerous to tender Horses, that have been 
 kept warm. 
 
 WHEN A HCiRSE HAS CAUGHT A COLD, 
 
 for his Diet let him have the sweetest and best 
 Hay, and scalded Bran and Water, with the chill
 
 262 PURGING BALL. 
 
 taken off; for his Physic, the following pre- 
 scription : let him be prepared for it (if his Dis- 
 order permits) the two preceding days by some 
 feeds of scalded Bran, which will render its 
 operation not only more easy, but more ef- 
 fective : for those Horses that have a narrow 
 swallow, or that take Balls reluctantly, let the 
 Ball be dissolved in a pint of Ale or Gruel, 
 made just milk warm. 
 
 HORSE BALLS 
 
 should be made into an Oval shape, and not 
 exceed the size of a pullet's Egg; when the 
 dose is large, they may be made into two : they 
 should be dipped in Oil, that they may slip 
 down with ease ; for striving much in thrusting 
 down Balls, greatly increases a Horse's anti- 
 pathy to such things, and renders it trouble- 
 some to administer them. 
 
 PURGING BALL. 
 
 Take Soccotrme Aloes, six drachms ; 
 Castile Soap, three drachms ; 
 Grated Ginger, one drachm ; 
 Oil of Carraway, twenty drops ; 
 Syrup sufficient to make it into a Ball, which may be 
 rolled in Flour.
 
 PURGING BALL. 263 
 
 This will answer all the purpose of Physic 
 for Horses whose intestines are not extremely 
 idle, for whom a drachm of Jalap may be added, 
 which will seldom fail operating effectually. 
 
 The best time to give a Horse Physic, is about 
 5 or 6 o'Clock in the Evening : it will then 
 begin to operate about Noon the next day, and 
 sometimes it will move the Bowels in the 
 Morning. 
 
 About three or four hours after, a Horse 
 should have a feed of scalded Bran : when he 
 has eaten that up, he should have a small por- 
 tion of Sweet Hay let down into his Rack. He 
 may have one or two more feeds of scalded 
 Bran the same day ; and if he refuses to eat 
 warm meat, which some Horses will loathe that 
 have been cloyed with it before, he may be al- 
 lowed raw Bran, which, if he drink sufficiently 
 with it, will do the business perfectly well. 
 Let his drink be made milk-warm, with a hand- 
 ful of Bran squeezed in it ; but if he refuse to 
 drink white water freely, let him have it with- 
 out the Bran, for his Physic will always work 
 the more, the more kindly he drinks, which let
 
 264 FOR CRACKED OR SORE HEELS. 
 
 him do of warm water as much as he will. 
 Early the next morning, he may have another 
 small feed of scalded Bran; but if he does 
 not choose to Eat, which sometimes happens 
 before the Physic has begun to work, while 
 his stomach is squeamish, let him Drink as 
 much water as he cares for, with the Chill 
 taken off, and ride him gently, beginning with 
 a Walk, and afterwards a gentle trot, which 
 will help the operation of his Medicine." 
 Gibson on Horses, 4to. p. 129. 1751. 
 
 FOR CRACKED OR SORE HEELS. 
 
 To cure these, there is nothing better than 
 the Zinc Ointment of the last Pharmacopoeia of 
 the London College of Physicians. 
 
 At night wash the Heels clean first, and 
 then rub in a little of the Ointment with your 
 fingers, and tie a bit of linen rag round it. 
 Take it off when he goes out. On his return 
 home, wash his Heels, and repeat the above 
 application. In ten days or a fortnight it will 
 effect a complete cure, if your Horse be in good 
 Health.
 
 DIURETIC BALLS, &C. 265 
 
 For Cracked Heels, the following is recom- 
 mended : 
 
 Take Soap Liniment, an ounce and a half; 
 
 Camphorated Spirit, an ounce ; 
 
 Oil of Turpentine, half an ounce. 
 Mix. 
 
 DIURETIC BALLS FOR SWELLED HEELS, ETC. 
 
 Take Yellow Resin, one pound ; 
 Yellow Soap, and 
 
 Nitre, in powder, each twelve ounces ; 
 Ginger, in powder, four ounces ; 
 Oil of Juniper, a quarter of an ounce. 
 Melt the Resin and Soap in a pan over a slow fire : 
 when dissolved, stir in the other articles. One ounce and 
 a half for a Dose, to be given about twice a Week. 
 
 London Carriage Horses frequently fail in 
 their Health about October and November, 
 which the administration of this medicine will 
 speedily restore.
 
 266 
 
 STABLES. 
 
 THERE are few instances of the Ornamental 
 triumphing over the Useful in a more ridi- 
 culous degree, even in this Age of Eye- Archi- 
 tecture* than in the usual management of 
 Horses, which some people seem to suppose 
 are as fond of Heat as Crickets. I have al- 
 most wondered that Stables have not been 
 furnished with Stoves to keep them of a re- 
 gular Pine Apple teat : this might improve 
 the appearance of a Horse's Coat : the fineness 
 and smoothness of which seems to be the grand 
 desideratum. 
 
 * So called by " The Oracle," from the furious sacrifice 
 of the comfort of the Interior of our Modern Houses to the 
 paltry plaister patchwork of (what the Vulgar pronounce) 
 " a pretty Elevation." Aye ! pretty may be for part of a 
 Palace but as inconvenient as it is impertinent for a 
 Private Dwelling.
 
 STABLES. 267 
 
 Providence has protected the Horse with a 
 coat of Hair sufficient to defend him from the 
 inclemencies of the severest Climate, which 
 Providentially begins to grow thicker about the 
 month of October, and increases in thickness 
 as the Cold to which he is exposed increases. 
 
 But it is the Fashion at present to fancy 
 that his Stable and Clothing cannot be too 
 close : in fact, many Horses are treated like 
 Hot- house Plants, and thereby rendered so 
 delicate and tender, that they are morbidly 
 susceptible of all that vast train of complaints 
 which are caused by what is called 
 
 " CATCHING COLD." 
 
 The Door is generally the only entrance for 
 Air, and that only when it is occasionally 
 open : the very threshhold of the Door is fre- 
 quently stopped up with Dung, and the Key- 
 hole filled with Straw. In the Morning, when 
 the Door has been shut all Night, especially in 
 Summer, the heat is intolerable, and the Air 
 absolutely unfit to breathe. It is surprising
 
 268 STABLES. 
 
 that these poor creatures are not oftener found 
 stifled by the steams from their own bodies : 
 added to this, they are perhaps muffled up in 
 thick and tight Body Clothes. 
 
 " In Summer a single Sheet is fully suf- 
 ficient for a Horse Cloth, and in Winter, one 
 Woollen Cloth is all that is requisite. Neither 
 Hacks nor Hunters should have Head Cloths or 
 Breast Cloths, which, though ornamental, are 
 something worse than useless, for they keep a 
 part, while at rest, warm, which, as soon as 
 the Horse gets out, is the part that most meets 
 the Cold Air, and is most exposed." 
 
 Hot -House Horses suffer severe Rheum- 
 atisms, &c. upon every trifling occasion: a 
 change of Stable a Shower of Rain stand- 
 ing still for a little while in the open air, pro- 
 duce a variety of Disorders, Lameness, Stiff- 
 ness in their Joints, &c. &c. : in attempting to 
 remove which, after they have been tormented 
 by cramping Shoes and Pailsful of Physic, 
 &c., the poor creatures are pronounced in- 
 curable, and given over as " Foundered in the
 
 STABLES. 269 
 
 Chest," or " Shook in the Shoulders," or some 
 such equally unintelligible Jargon. 
 
 " Till at last, having labour'd, drudg'd, early and late, 
 Bow'd down by degrees, he bends on to his fate ; 
 Blind, old, lean, and feeble, he tugs round a Mill, 
 Or draws sand till the sand of his hour Glass stands still." 
 Dibdin's Race Horse. 
 
 To cover a Horse with heavy Clothes while 
 he is in a hot Stable, and to strip him stark 
 naked when he goes out into the Cold Air, is, 
 1 think, as absurd a custom as can easily be 
 imagined ! Gentle Reader, how would You 
 like to have your Great Coat put on while 
 sitting by your Fire-side in your Snug Parlour, 
 which is of the comfortable temperature of 60, 
 and have it pulled off when you went out, and 
 were obliged to stand two or three hours with 
 a cold wind blowing upon you of a chilling 
 temperature of 40, and perhaps Raining hard 
 into the bargain ? 
 
 Such treatment is as uncomfortable to a 
 Horse as it would be to a Man; and is the 
 cause of the otherwise unaccountable pre-
 
 270 STABLES. 
 
 mature mortality of these valuable animals, 
 especially of our London Carriage Horses, 
 which are often kept standing still exposed to 
 the open air in cold and damp weather for hours 
 together ! 
 
 When Carriage Horses are taken out in Wet 
 Weather, they should have Water Decks over 
 their Loins, and be kept moving about every ten 
 minutes. 
 
 Where the ceiling of a Stable is low, and 
 there is no window, the best way to ventilate 
 it is by a funnel passing up through the Stable 
 Ceiling, and through that of the Loft above. 
 
 Stables should be aired every day by keeping 
 the Doors and Windows open during the ab- 
 sence of the Horses. Experience teaches us how 
 agreeable, and indeed how indispensable fresh 
 Air is in our own Apartments : it is equally so 
 to Horses ; and one would almost suppose that 
 Persons who neglect to give it them never en- 
 joyed the benefit of fresh Air themselves. 
 
 As good Master George Markham tells us, 
 in his Way to Wealth, 4to., 1638, p. 9,
 
 STABLES. 
 
 271 
 
 " Coach Horses, by reason of their many oc- 
 casions to stand still, must be inured to all 
 Hardnesse." 
 
 Never let Carriage Horses be clothed while 
 in the Stable, but desire your Coachman to 
 carry their Body Clothes with him, and put 
 them on when they have a waiting Job, as he 
 does his own Box Coat ; the former will be as 
 comfortable to his Horses, as the latter is to 
 himself. 
 
 A Coachman should make it a Rule (espe- 
 cially when he finds it cold enough to put on 
 his Great Coat) every quarter of an hour to 
 move his Horses about a little, and to draw 
 round some Corner, so as to get out of the 
 Wind. It is not so much their being long out 
 of Doors, but their long standing quite still in 
 a current of Cold Air, that injures Horses. 
 
 See more on this subject in the Chapter on 
 Coachmen.
 
 272 
 
 MANAGEMENT OF HORSES 
 
 CASE OF FIRE. 
 
 WHEN a Fire happens, such is the natural 
 dread of the horse, that he cannot be prevailed 
 on to move out of danger, but remains to his 
 certain destruction. 
 
 In this alarming case, it has been recom- 
 mended, and practised with success, (the op- 
 portunity of a few minutes offering,) to blind 
 the horses with any cloths which can be sud- 
 denly laid hold on, and a Bridle or Halter 
 also being put on, to back them out; for 
 when these animals see or smell fire, they 
 obstinately refuse to move forwards, but may 
 be forced backward.
 
 273 
 
 HINTS TO HORSEMEN. 
 
 IF you do not wish your Horse to catch cold, 
 Mount him the moment he comes out of the 
 Stable. 
 
 " The Stirrups," says Lord Pembroke, in his 
 Essay on Horses, 12mo. 1761, pp. 18 and 19, 
 " must be of just such length, that when the 
 Rider, being well placed, puts his feet into 
 them (about one-third of each foot from the 
 point of it) the point may be about two or 
 three inches higher than the heel when the 
 Rider places himself upon the Saddle strait, 
 even, upright and well with his Legs hanging 
 down, and the stirrups likewise ; and when he 
 is in this position, take up the stirrup, till the 
 bottom of it comes just under the Ankle bone. 
 The Rider must not bear upon his Stirrups,
 
 274 HINTS TO HORSEMEN. 
 
 but only let the natural weight of his legs 
 rest upon them." 
 
 Always ride a hole or two shorter across the 
 Country, than you do on the Road. 
 
 Ride with a Snaffle, and use your Curb only 
 occasionally. 
 
 Choose your Snaffle full and thick in the 
 middle, especially at the ends to which the 
 reins are fastened. Most of them are made 
 too small and long, and cut the Horse's mouth, 
 and bend back over the bars of his jaw, work- 
 ing like pincers. 
 
 If you ride with a Curb, make it a rule to 
 hook on the chain yourself; the quietest 
 Horse may bring his rider into danger, should 
 the curb hurt him. 
 
 If in fixing the curb you turn the chain to 
 the right, the links will unfold themselves, and 
 then oppose a further turning. Put on the 
 chain loose enough to hang down on the 
 Horse's under lip, so that it may not rise and 
 press his jaw till the reins of the Bridle are 
 moderately pulled. 
 
 Observe that your Horse is furnished with a
 
 HINTS TO HORSEMEN. 275 
 
 Bit proper for him, and by no means too 
 heavy, which may incline him to carry low, or 
 to rest upon the hand when he grows weary, 
 which Horsemen call " Making use of a Fifth 
 Leg." 
 
 Always endeavour to avoid a Quarrel with 
 your Horse : if he is apt to Start, you will 
 find occasions enough to exercise his obe- 
 dience when what he starts at lies directly in 
 his way, and you must make him pass : if he 
 is not subject to start, do not contend with 
 him about a trifle. 
 
 The notion of the necessity of making a 
 Horse go immediately up to every thing he is 
 afraid of, and not suffer him to become master 
 of his rider, seems to be generally carried too 
 far. It is an approved method to conquer a 
 Horse's fear of the sound of a Drum, by beat- 
 ing one near to him at the time of feeding 
 him: this not only familiarises the noise to 
 him, but makes it pleasant, as a forerunner, of 
 his Meat; whereas, if he was whipped up to 
 it, he might perhaps start at it as long as he 
 lived. Might not this be applied to his
 
 276 HINTS TO HORSEMEN. 
 
 starting at other things, and shew that it 
 would be better to suffer him (provided he 
 does not turn back) to go a little from, and 
 partly avoid an object he has a dislike to, and 
 to accustom him to it by degrees, convincing 
 him, as it were, that it will not hurt him, than 
 to punish him, quarrel with him, and perhaps 
 submit to his will at last, while you insist on 
 his overcoming his fear in an instant? If he 
 sees a like object again, it is probable he will 
 recollect his dread, and arm himself to be dis- 
 obedient. 
 
 " Now of Corrections, the most principal is 
 the Spur, which must not at any time be given 
 triflingly or itchingly, but soundly and sharply, 
 as oft as just occasion shall require: then, 
 the Rod, which upon disorder, sloth, or mis- 
 carriage, of the members, must be given also 
 soundly: then, the Voice, which being de- 
 livered sharply and roughly, as Ha, Villaine! 
 Carrikra! Diablo! and such like threat- 
 enings, terrifieth the Horse, and maketh him 
 afraide to disobey: and lastly, the Bridle, 
 which now and then stricken with a hard 

 
 HINTS TO HORSEMEN. 277 
 
 chocke in his mouth, reformeth many vices 
 and disternperatures of his head : yet this last 
 must be done seldome, and with great dis- 
 cretion, for to make a custom thereof is the 
 ready way to spoil a Horse's mouth." 
 
 " Now of Cherishings there are generally in 
 use but three ; as first, the voice, which being 
 delivered smoothly and lovingly, .as crying 
 Holla So, boy There, -Boy, There and 
 such like, gives the Horse both a cheerfulnesse 
 of Spirit and a knowledge that he hath done 
 well : then the hand, by clapping him gently 
 on the necke or buttocke, or giving him Grasse 
 or other foode to eate after he hath pleased 
 you : and lastly, the big ende of the rod, by 
 rubbing him therewith upon the withers or 
 maine, which is very pleasing and delightful 
 to the horse." Markham's Way to Wealth, 
 4to. 1638. p. 16. 
 
 " The Hope of Reward, and the Fear of 
 Punishment, governs the whole World, not only 
 Men, but Horses ; for it is impossible that you 
 can well manage your Horse until he fear you, 
 and out of that fear, Love and Obey you ;
 
 278 HINTS TO HORSEMEN. 
 
 for it is Fear maketh every body obey both 
 Man and Beast. Love is not so sure a Hold, 
 for there you depend upon his Will ; but when 
 he Fears you, he depends upon yours." So- 
 leysell's Horsemanship, fol. 1717. p. 272. 
 
 Old Blundevill, in his 24th Chapter of his 
 Book on Horses, 4to. 1609. p. 22, gives the 
 following advice : 
 
 " But because few keepers can correct with 
 discretion, I would wish him rather to use no 
 correction at all, but only to winne him by 
 gentle meanes, by faire speaking, and by often 
 clawing him and feeding him by hand, and 
 in Summer season, by wiping away Flies,* 
 Nats, or other things that doth annoy him : 
 so shall the Horse be alwayes glad of him, and 
 rejoice in his presence, and in time become so 
 familiar, as he will play with him like a dog ; 
 
 * " The longer his Taile be, hee shall the better defend 
 himself therewith in summer season from the flies ; and 
 therefore Cameranus doth not a little marvel at those 
 which use to curtail their Horses." Blundevill on 
 Hor$es, 1609. p. 13.
 
 HINTS TO HORSEMEN. 279 
 
 for, truely, unless there be mutual Love betwixt 
 the keeper and the horse, the horse seldom or 
 never battleth ; for if the keeper love not his 
 horse, he will never meat him thoroughly nor 
 delight to dresse him, nor will the horse be 
 delighted with his dressing. And, therefore, 
 the chiefest point of a horsekeeper is to love 
 his horse and to seeke to be loved againe of 
 him ; so shall he profit the Horse and pleasure 
 his Maister." 
 
 Before you mount your Horse, if you are 
 only going to take an Airing, examine whether 
 the Bridle, Girths, and Straps, &c. are all 
 good and well fixed, and that he is properly 
 Shod. 
 
 " For want of a Nail the Shoe is lost, 
 For want of a Shoe the Horse is lost." 
 
 Direct that neither the Heel nor Frog be 
 pared more than merely to take off what is 
 ragged and broken. It is still more safe to do 
 that yourself, or direct your Coachman to do 
 it, than to trust it to a Farrier or Shoemaker, 
 notwithstanding the Gentleman may have
 
 280 HINTS TO HOESEMEN. 
 
 written over his Door, " Here Horses are 
 shod agreeable to Nature and according to 
 Art." 
 
 Fit the Shoe to the Foot, and not the Foot 
 to the Shoe.
 
 281 
 
 ON THE 
 
 ROUGH-SHODDING OF HORSES 
 
 FROSTY WEATHER. 
 
 IT is manifest, that a considerable increase of 
 pressure on the Heels naturally follows so that 
 Lameness frequently attends the practice of 
 Frosting even for a short time. 
 
 The ordinary method of Frosting is by taking 
 a Shoe off, heating it, and turning up the Heel 
 and Toe ; but this being Iron only, it lasts, for 
 any efficient purpose, but a short time ; and if 
 hard worked, the same process must be re- 
 peated almost daily, as long as the Frost 
 continues.
 
 282 ROUGH-SHODDING OF HORSES 
 
 It is evident that the Hoof must suffer most 
 severely by such a continued and repeated per- 
 foration with the Nails; so that if a Frost should 
 happen to last a Month or two, it is probable 
 there would be scarcely horn enough left to 
 nail a Shoe on with safety. When Frosting is 
 required, I have found that by Steeling theHeels, 
 and if a Draft Horse, the Toes also, that they 
 will last considerably longer, and consequently 
 diminish the frequency of Driving Nails. A 
 much shorter Rough will answer, and the usual 
 head will not need to be so much altered. 
 Goodwin on Shoeing Horses, 8vo. p. 280. 
 1824. 
 
 The usual charge for Roughing the Shoes of 
 Coach Horses, is 2s. Sd. per Horse. 
 
 To perform the operation so sensibly recom- 
 mended by Mr. Goodwin, will cost but little 
 more, and the Shoes will certainly last much 
 longer. 
 
 Mr. T. Clark recommends the following 
 plan : 
 
 " When the Roads, &c. are covered with 
 Ice, it becomes necessary to have the Heels of
 
 IN FROSTY WEATHER. 283 
 
 the Shoes turned up, and frequently sharpened, 
 in order to prevent Horses from slipping and 
 falling. As this cannot be done without the 
 frequent moving of the Shoes, which breaks 
 and destroys the crusts of the Hoofs where the 
 Nails are drove, to prevent this, I have always 
 recommended to those who were willing to be 
 at the expense, to have Steel Points screwed 
 into the Heels or quarters of each Shoe, which 
 might be taken out and put in as required. 
 
 " The method of doing this properly, is first to 
 have the Shoes fitted to the shape of the Hoof ; 
 then to make a small round Hole in the ex- 
 tremity of each heel, or in the quarters, about 
 three-eighths of an inch in diameter or more, in 
 proportion to the breadth and size of the Shoe : 
 in each of these holes a screw is to be made : 
 the Steel points are likewise to have a screw on 
 them exactly fitted to that in the Shoes. Care 
 must be taken that the Screw on the points is 
 no longer when they are screwed into the Shoe 
 than the thickness of the latter. The Steel 
 points are to be made sharp ; they may either 
 be made square or triangular. The height of
 
 '284 BOUGH-SHODDING OF HORSES 
 
 the point above the Shoe should not exceed 
 half an inch for a Saddle Horse : they may be 
 made higher for a Coach Horse. 
 
 " The Key or Handle that is necessary to screw 
 them in and out occasionally, is made in the 
 shape of the Capital letter T, and of a suffi- 
 cient size and strength : at the bottom of the 
 handle there is a socket or cavity, properly 
 adapted to the shape of the Steel point, and so 
 deep as to receive the whole point that is above 
 the Shoe. In order to prevent' the screw from 
 breaking at the neck, it will be necessary to 
 make it of a gradual taper : the same is like- 
 wise to be observed of the female screw that 
 receives it ; that is, the hole must be wider on 
 the upper part of the Shoe than the under 
 part : the sharp points may be tempered or 
 hardened, in order to prevent them growing too 
 soon blunt ; but when they become blunt, they 
 may be sharpened as at first. These points 
 should be unscrewed when the Horse is put 
 into the Stable, as the Stones will do them 
 more injury in a few minutes there, than a 
 day's riding on Ice. A Draught Horse should
 
 IN FROSTY WEATHER. 285 
 
 have one point on the Toe of each Shoe, as 
 that gives him firmer footing in drawing on 
 ice ; but for a Saddle Horse, when they are 
 put there, they are apt to make them trip and 
 stumble."
 
 286 
 
 OF THE 
 
 COMPARATIVE EXPENSE AND ADVANTAGE 
 
 A HACKNEY COACH. 
 
 1. A Hackney Coach, for 
 the business of the moment, 
 to rest your Legs, or shelter 
 you from the Weather, may 
 be had for the s ^th part 
 of the Annual Expense of a 
 Private Carriage. Think o' 
 that, ye Lame and ye Lan- 
 guid ! for ye are the Grand 
 Patrons of Ponies, Perches, 
 Whips, and Wheels Bless 
 your Stars that you are in a 
 Country where, although it 
 costs Three Thousand Four 
 Hundred and Fifty Shillings 
 to keep a Coach for Half a 
 Year, that you can Hire one 
 for Half an Hour, for Twelve 
 Pence! which you may com- 
 mand in all respects as ab- 
 solutely as if it was your 
 
 A PRIVATE CARRIAGE. 
 1. A Private Carriage 
 costs (see Estimate No. IV.) 
 345 PER ANNUM, i. e. 
 6900 shillings a Year.
 
 COMPARATIVE EXPENSE, &C. 
 
 287 
 
 HIRING 
 
 A HACKNEY COACH. 
 
 2. A Hackney Coach is 
 almost always to be had in 
 a few Minutes, except in the 
 lamentable instance of a 
 pelting shower. 
 
 3. The Hackney-Coach- 
 man's Motto is the same as 
 MADAM HECATE'S, 
 
 " Fair is Foul, and Foul is Fair," 
 
 KEEPING 
 
 A PRIVATE CAREIAGE. 
 2. Your own Horses and 
 Carriage cannot be brought 
 round in less than 25 mi- 
 nutes after you order 
 it: even if it and the 
 Harness are all clean and 
 ready, an active Coachman 
 cannot dress himself and put 
 to in less time, and Your 
 Own Coachman may be 
 111, or not ready for Ac- 
 tion, Your Horses may be 
 Sick, or your Carriage 
 may be broken : moreover, 
 if that prime minister of the 
 machinery of Locomotion 
 has not previous notice that 
 you will want the Wheels to 
 go round, if he is not a mar- 
 vellously steady' Man, it is 
 an even chance, that, making 
 sure you will not require 
 his services, he will imagine 
 he may emigrate from his 
 Hay-Loft with impunity, 
 and be frisking about after 
 his own Affairs. 
 
 3. Gentlemen's Equip- 
 ages are generally Fair- 
 weather Play-things. If 
 you have your Carriage out
 
 288 
 
 COMPARATIVE EXPENSE, &C. 
 
 HIRING 
 
 A HACKNEY COACH. 
 He is well pleased to wait 
 for you, at all Hours, and in 
 in all Weathers, Cold or 
 Windy, Hot or Rainy, as 
 long as you are pleased to 
 wish him ; when you have 
 kept him long in the Rain, 
 if you give the poor fellow 
 Six or Twelve pence extra 
 when you discharge him, 
 (can you lay them out better?) 
 it will make him as well sa- 
 tisfied with waiting in the 
 Wet for you, as your own 
 Servant would, in a similar 
 situation, be ill satisfied ! 
 
 4. Persons who keep a 
 Carriage in London, on an 
 average seldom go above 
 8 or 10 Miles per day, or 
 
 KEEPING 
 
 A PRIVATE CARRIAGE, 
 in Wet Weather, and are 
 obliged to keep it waiting in 
 the Rain if you have a 
 Coachman, a Coach-Horse, 
 or a Carriage, either one of 
 which are Good for any 
 thing if you are Good for 
 any thing Yourself, you will 
 not feel quite contented,how- 
 ever comfortably sheltered 
 by a good Roof, or however 
 agreeably you are surround- 
 ed by good Company, whilst 
 they are exposed to the in- 
 clemency of the Sky. 
 
 MEM. A Waiting Job, 
 in cold rainy weather, may 
 cost you not merely a pair of 
 Horses worth a Hundred 
 Pounds ! but the Life of an 
 useful Servant into the Bar- 
 gain ! ! For One London 
 Coachman or Coach-horse 
 that dies from over-work, 
 an Hundred are destroyed 
 by standing still in Cold and 
 Wet Weather. 
 
 4. In the Estimate (No. 
 IV.) you have the Service 
 of the Coachman occasional- 
 ly, when he is not busy with
 
 COMPARATIVE EXPENSE, &C. 289 
 
 A HACKNEY COACH. 
 
 have their Carriage out more 
 than 3 Hours in the 24 : to 
 hire a Hackney Coach to do 
 such work every day in the 
 Year, will cost 10s. per Day, 
 or 182. 10s. per Annum. 
 The Expense of keeping a 
 Carriage, as per Estimate 
 No. IV. 
 
 345 
 
 Charge for keeping a 
 Hackney Coach to do 
 the same work 18210 
 
 i. e. 162 10 
 
 saved by not keeping a 
 Carriage. 
 
 It appears, therefore, that 
 it is more convenient and 
 much Cheaper, even if you 
 employ it as often as you 
 would your own Carriage, to 
 hire a Hackney Coach, than 
 it is to keep a Private Car- 
 riage ; and if you only hire 
 a Hackney Coach when you 
 really want it, if your Ten- 
 toed machinery is intolerable 
 condition, instead of your 
 Hackney Coach hire costing 
 
 A PRIVATE CARRIAGE, 
 his Horses and Carriage 
 and if you keep a sharp look- 
 out that your Carriage is 
 kept in a good state of Re- 
 pair, you will very rarely be 
 liable to those Accidents 
 which sometimes happen to 
 the infirm Constitution of a 
 Hackney Coach: moreover, 
 you will be moved about 
 not merely with more Safety 
 and more Celerity, but with 
 more Comfort, from knowing 
 that you have a Pilot whom 
 you may depend upon : 
 the latter is an extremely 
 important consideration to 
 those whose business calls 
 them to places which are 
 crowded with Carriages. 
 
 When you wish your Mind 
 to be active, and to do its 
 best, it should have nothing 
 before it except the single 
 object under its considera- 
 tion; and the Body should 
 also be at Ease : this, and 
 the saving of time in passing 
 from one place to another,are
 
 290 COMPARATIVE EXPENSE, &C. 
 
 HIRING 
 A HACKNEY COACH- 
 
 you 182. 10s., you may 
 have as much riding as your 
 Business really requires, for 
 100. a Year : moreover, 
 your Health will be better 
 preserved than if you walked 
 less and rode more ; the ad- 
 ditional Exercise will ensure 
 the more perfect perform- 
 ance of those interesting 
 " Opera Minora Vila," 
 " Eating, Drinking, and 
 Sleeping!" 
 
 ' Weariness 
 Can snore upon the Flint, when 
 
 nesty Sloth 
 Finds the down pillow hard." 
 
 Shakespeare* 
 
 If you keep a Carriage, 
 you will often be as much 
 tempted to Ride, merely be- 
 cause you can ride for no- 
 thing, as from any actual 
 want you feel of the assist- 
 ance of the Wheel-work. 
 
 Walldngis the natural and 
 the best Exercise that Man 
 can take ; and, however those 
 who walk may occasionally 
 envy those who Ride, the 
 
 KEEPING 
 A PRIVATE CARRIAGE. 
 
 the chief benefits a Carriage 
 affords to Men of Business. 
 Again : it is a Rule with 
 Hackney-coachmen to take 
 the shortest route ; the con- 
 sequence is, that as they 
 naturally desire to perform 
 their task as soon as possible, 
 if they think half a dozen 
 yards are to be saved by 
 it, unless specially directed, 
 they will bring you through 
 all the nasty, narrow, badly 
 ventilated and badly paved 
 Lanes, 8cc. which they can 
 find, and which, if you un- 
 derstand the value of Fresh 
 Air, you would studiously 
 avoid. 
 
 These vehicles are often 
 used to convey sick people 
 to Hospitals, especially 
 Coaches : Chariots are 
 more easily ventilated, on 
 account of their Front win- 
 dows. Never get into a 
 Hackney Coach that has the 
 Windows shut up, if there is 
 one on the Stand of which
 
 COMPARATIVE EXPENSE, &C. 291 
 
 HIRING KEEPING 
 
 A HACKNEY COACH. A PRIVATE CARRIAGE. 
 
 Gentleman in the Coach the Windows are open; 
 would often gladly give more stagnant Air is always Of- 
 than it costs him to keep it, fensive, and often Infectious, 
 to have the power of using 
 his own Legs. Dr. Frank- 
 lin advised a friend to burn 
 his Carriage, that he might 
 get heat out of it at least once 
 in his Life.
 
 292 
 
 EASY PLAN 
 
 OF 
 
 ASCERTAINING EVERY FARE 
 
 OF A 
 
 HACKNEY COACH. 
 
 GET an accurate Map of London, on a Scale 
 of not less than 6 Inches to a Mile ; set a pair 
 of Compasses (or rather, what I believe are 
 called Dividers, which have a screw that fixes 
 them firmly to any distance at which you wish 
 to keep them separate,) to a Furlong, and with 
 them you may easily measure any distance 
 allow for Turnings, and keep your reckoning 
 short by at least half a Furlong, that is, 20 
 Poles, i. e. 330 feet in each Mile : as some 
 Guide to guess this, Houses in London being
 
 AN EASY PLAN^ &C. 293 
 
 on an Average, not more than 20 feet in front, 
 stop within at least 16 houses of what you con- 
 sider to be the full Mile. 
 
 A Map of the Metropolis, laid down from 
 actual measurement on a scale of an Inch to a 
 Furlong, i. e. of 8 Inches to a Mile, is much 
 wanted ; with it and a pair of Compasses, all 
 Hackney Coach Fares might be settled with the 
 utmost ease, and with sufficient exactness, to 
 satisfy All, except litigious triflers, who are 
 more Nice than Wise. 
 
 I read the foregoing paragraph to Mr. Gary, 
 the Map-maker, of St. James's Street, who re- 
 plied, " I have had thoughts of publishing a 
 Map on the scale you mention ; on such a plan, 
 that by merely looking at it, the distances might 
 be determined within Twenty Poles, i. e. within 
 the -jVth part of a Mile." 
 
 Such a Map would be a very great acqui- 
 sition, and I hope Mr. C. will meet with en- 
 couragement sufficient to induce him to put his 
 design into execution speedily, as it would form 
 a certain standard by which all questions re- 
 specting distances might be immediately ad- 
 justed, to the satisfaction of both parties.
 
 294 AN EASY PLAN, &C. 
 
 Let Measure Stones be placed at the ends of 
 our Streets, or at least of the principal Streets, 
 as Mile Stones are on our Roads; or let their 
 length be written under the Names on the 
 Boards which are fixed up at the ends of 
 Streets. 
 
 To make an actual Measurement of every 
 Street with a Measuring Wheel, would not 
 cost more than 500. j to affix the Distances 
 under the Names of the Street, not so much : 
 the Expense might in part be defrayed by the 
 Sale of a Map of London, on the scale of one 
 Inch to a Furlong, laid down accurately from 
 such an exact survey, and a Volume like Cory's 
 Guide for Ascertaining Hackney Coach Fares; 
 of which very curious and useful Work, see a 
 specimen at the end of this Chapter. 
 
 The length of Mile. FurL Poles. 
 
 Oxford Street (the longest in London) is . . 1 2 19 
 
 Piccadilly 7 28 
 
 Bond Street 4 16 
 
 Holborn 7 1 
 
 Tottenham Court Road 5 14 
 
 The Strand 6 9 
 
 Fleet Street 2 3 
 
 Make a list of Fares, North, South, East,
 
 AN EASY PLAN, &C. 295 
 
 and West, from your House, of Is., Is. 6d., and 
 2s., taking care to add thereto the distance from 
 the Stand, or Place whence the Coach is called. 
 
 To acquire a general idea of Distances, draw 
 on a Map, of the scale before mentioned, Cir- 
 cles around your House of two Miles, of three 
 Miles, arid of four Miles in diameter, the Semi- 
 diameter of which will give the distance from 
 your residence of a Mile, a Mile and a half, and 
 Two Miles, i. e. of Shilling, Eighteen-penny, 
 and Two Shilling Fares. 
 
 Hackney Coaches travel, on an average, about 
 5 miles an hour, seldom more than 6, nor less 
 than 4 : therefore, riding at the rate of 5 miles 
 in an hour, costs about A Penny a Minute ; and 
 when you have been carried for 12 minutes, 
 (look at your Watch when you enter the Car- 
 riage, and make allowance for stoppages,) you 
 may reckon that you have 12 Pence to pay : 
 above 24 minutes, the Fares increase in a higher 
 ratio, as above Two Miles is 3s. 
 
 The advantage of such Calculation is, if you 
 are set down a few Poles within Two miles, 
 you save, first, Sixpence on the Ground, and
 
 296 AN EASY PLAN, &C. 
 
 secondly, the extra Sixpence to which the 
 Coachman is entitled on exceeding every Two 
 miles ; making the difference of a Shilling for 
 perhaps a single Yard. 
 
 Before you get into a Hackney Coach, take 
 the Number: it is especially advisable to do 
 so, when you hire a Coach to carry home 
 Ladies, and then do it in such a way, that 
 the Driver may observe that you have taken 
 his Number ; and, to complete your Care, ask 
 the Coachman what his Fare is, which, if your 
 Gallantry is as great as your Circumspection, 
 you may perhaps do yourself the pleasure of 
 Paying. 
 
 If the Coachman conducts himself improper- 
 ly, or if any thing is left in the Carriage, apply 
 to your friend Mr. Quaife* : by summoning the 
 Coachman to the Hackney Coach Office, at the 
 
 * The attentive and obliging Surveyor to the Board of 
 Hackney Coaches in Essex Street, Strand. 
 
 The Hackney Coach Office is open from 10 till 3 o'Clock 
 every day ; and no person belonging to the Office is allowed 
 to make any demand or charge for Expenses, or to receive 
 any Fee or Gratuity, under any pretence whatever.
 
 AN EASY PLAN, &C. 297 
 
 bottom of Essex Street in the Strand, or to 
 one of the Police Offices, you will most pro- 
 bably recover it. 
 
 Avoid any dispute with a Hackney Coach- 
 man pay what he demands, although you 
 know it to be more than his Fare, and seek 
 redress at the Office in Essex Street. 
 
 The Driver of a Hackney Coach has the 
 option of charging* either for the Time he is 
 detained , or for the Distance : Time is rated 
 at less than half what is charged for Travel- 
 ling. 
 
 When you intend to be charged according to 
 the Time you keep the Coach, in order to pre- 
 vent any dispute when you discharge it, tell 
 
 * " In Paris, Hackney Coaches are hired either by the 
 course (<i la course), i. e. as often as the vehicle is stopped, 
 or by the hour (d Vheure). The fare is 30 s6us (Is. 3d.) 
 per course, whether it be a quarter of a Mile or three Miles ; 
 or two francs (Is. Qd.) for the first hour, and 30 sous (Is. 3d.) 
 per hour afterwards. 
 
 " From midnight to 6 o'clock in the morning, the fare is 
 doubled. 
 
 " These coaches are not obliged to carry more than four 
 persons and a child, nor to take any heavy luggage.
 
 298 AN EASY PLAN, &-C. 
 
 the Coachman the time when he first arrived, 
 making allowance for the minutes that he has 
 been coming from the Stand whence he was 
 called. 
 
 The Machine used to measure the distances 
 at the Hackney Coach Office is called " a 
 Perambulator" or " Surveying Wheel." This 
 consists of a Wheel which is 8 Feet 3 Inches, 
 i. e. half a Pole, in circumference ; so in two re- 
 volutions it measures one pole, or 16| feet. One 
 revolution of this Wheel turns a single-threaded 
 worm once round ; the worm takes into a 
 Wheel of 80 teeth, and turns it once round in 
 80 revolutions : on the socket of this wheel is 
 fixed an index, which makes one revolution in 
 40 Poles, or one Furlong ; on the axis of this 
 
 " If the Coach be hired by Time, the first hour must be 
 paid for, whether it is entirely occupied or not ; but it is not 
 necessary to pay for more of the second, or of any succeed- 
 ing hour, than has actually elapsed. 
 
 " If a coach is engaged to go to the Theatres, or to 
 any place of public amusement, it is customary to pay the 
 coachman at the time of starting, in order to avoid delay 
 at alighting." Planta's Picture of Paris, 16mo. 1825, 
 p. 408.
 
 AN EASY PLAN, &C. 299 
 
 worm is fixed another worm with a single 
 thread, turning about a wheel of 160 teeth, 
 whose socket carries an index that makes one 
 revolution in 80 Furlongs, or 10 Miles : on the 
 dial plate there are three graduated circles ; the 
 outermost is divided into 220 parts, or the 
 Yards in a Furlong ; the next into 40 parts, the 
 number of Poles in a Furlong ; the third into 
 80 parts, the number of Furlongs in ten Miles, 
 every Mile being distinguished by its proper 
 Roman figure. 
 
 The above Apparatus, MR. HARRIS, Mathe- 
 matical Instrument maker, No. 50, High Hoi- 
 born, makes for 12. 12s. : it may be attached 
 to the wheel of a Carriage, and the Dial will 
 shew the progress made in Travelling, and then 
 is called a Way-wiser. 
 
 This Machine may be applied to any kind of 
 Chaise or Carriage, and may be put on and 
 off at pleasure, without any injury to either. 
 
 It will accurately register the number of 
 Miles the Vehicle travels over, to any distance. 
 It is fixed so as to be of no possible detriment 
 to the Carriage, and can be ornamented as ele-
 
 300 AN EASY PLAN, &C. 
 
 gantly as fancy may desire. A Time- piece may 
 be attached to it, by which may be seen the 
 Distance travelled per Hour. 
 
 I can think of only One way of infallibly 
 preventing all disputes about Distance, between 
 the Riders in and the Drivers of Hackney 
 Coaches. 
 
 To Regulate all the fares by Time, according 
 to the present charge for Time, 2s. for the first 
 hour, and 3s. for every hour after : as the Pace . 
 in Travelling seldom exceeds five Miles in an 
 Hour, about double the sum is charged while 
 the Coach is in motion that is charged while it 
 is in waiting. Let after the rate of Five or 
 Six Shillings per hour be paid while the 
 Wheels are going round; this could be much 
 easier reckoned than the Distance they hav 
 gone over, and would put an end to all Dis- 
 putes on the subject. 
 
 To determine exactly between an extremely 
 long Twelve, and an extremely short Eighteen- 
 penny fare, is not a very easy task to the most 
 Experienced : it is, in fact, determining whe- 
 ther you have proceeded 1760 or 1761 Yards !
 
 AN EASY PLAN, &C. 301 
 
 A friend of mine informs me, that he puzzled 
 himself and the Hackney Coachman too ou 
 one occasion, by pulling him up so that the 
 Horses had exceeded the Shilling fare, and the 
 Coach had not. This deserves to be referred 
 to a full bench of Justices. They might, at 
 the same time, decide how it would be, if the 
 Coach had been stopped, so that the two fore 
 Wheels were in the above predicament of the 
 Horses, and the other two in that of the 
 Coach. Perhaps then it would make the dif- 
 ference of 6d. on which side the passengers 
 sat. 
 
 QUERY. Can persons who can afford to 
 ride in a Hackney Coach lay out Sixpence 
 more to their own advantage than in spending 
 it to prevent their being put Out of Temper ? 
 If they are going out to Dinner, any disagree- 
 able irritation of the Animal Spirits will de- 
 stroy their Appetite ; if they are returning 
 Home, it will as inevitably invite an Indi- 
 gestion. Surely no man who is worth a Shil- 
 ling, would encounter either of these tre- 
 mendous evils for the sake of Sixpence ! unless
 
 302 AN EASY PLAN, &C. 
 
 the Gentleman (to use the nomenclature of the 
 Hero of a certain popular Drama) be a regular 
 Jarvy -Teaser. 
 
 But who grudges these Poor Fellows their 
 full Fare? except a few Washerwomen, Mil- 
 liners, and Tailors, and Coffin -makers, and 
 Grave-makers, who may like them as little as 
 Link Boys love the Moon, who, for their out- 
 rageous antipathy to 
 
 "The silver Queen of Night," 
 
 are denominated in Mr. Grose's Classical Dic- 
 tionary, " Moon-Cursers." 
 
 How many pretty Bonnets and smart Dresses 
 would have been spoiled the first day of wear- 
 ing, but for a Shilling Fare? How many 
 Colds caught ? How many Lives lost ? but 
 for these convenient Rests to Weariness and 
 Shelters from Rain ; a shower of which some- 
 times does as much mischief to Man's person 
 as it does good to his Potatoes, often produces 
 the most dangerous Diseases, and even Death 
 itself! 
 
 In a note in the Prolegomena of Malone's
 
 THE ORIGIN OF HACKNEY COACHES. 303 
 
 supplement to Johnson and Steevens's Shake- 
 speare, we have the following account of 
 
 THE ORIGIN OF HACKNEY COACHES. 
 
 " I cannot (says Mr. Garrard) omit to men- 
 tion any new thing that comes up amongst 
 us, though never so trivial. Here is one Cap- 
 tain Bailey, he hath been a Sea Captain, but 
 now lives on the land, about this city, where 
 he tries experiments. He hath erected, ac- 
 cording to his ability, some four Hackney 
 Coaches, put his men in livery, and appointed 
 them to stand at the Maypole in the Strand ; 
 gives them instructions at what rates to carry 
 men into the several parts of the Town, where 
 all day they may be had. Other Hackney- 
 men seeing this, flocked to the same place, 
 and performed their journey at the same rate, 
 so that sometimes there are twenty of them 
 together, which disperse up and down, that 
 they and others are to be had every where, as 
 watermen are to be had by the water-side. 
 Every body is much pleased with it. For
 
 304 THE ORIGIN OF HACKNEY COACHES. 
 
 whereas, before, coaches could not be had but 
 a't great rates ; now a man may have one much 
 cheaper." 
 
 This Letter is dated April 1, 1634. See 
 Gents. Mag. for 1780, p. 375. 
 
 The Rules given in the preceding pages will 
 protect the Rider from extortion on the part of 
 the Driver, beyond Sixpence; and for that, is 
 it worth contending? However the furious 
 Economist, and Penny wise and Pound foolish 
 Boys may differ from us, we say again, it is 
 too great a trifle for the Wise to be nice about. 
 A man who has Twelve-pennyworth of Sense 
 will have no Sixpenny Sorrows. 
 
 " There is a Time for all Tilings." 
 
 Ecclesiastes, chap. iii. verse 1. 
 
 " There is a Time to Save, in order to 
 Spend" and so is there also " a Time to 
 Spend, in order to Save." 
 
 The Price of Labour is usually in propor- 
 tion to the degree of Skill or Strength requi- 
 site to perform any operation, or to the Dis- 
 agreeableness of the work, or to the Detriment it
 
 THE PROFITS, &C. 305 
 
 occasions to Health : few situations are moce 
 disagreeable, or more destructive to Health, 
 than the exposure at all Hours to extreme 
 Heat in Summer, and intense Cold in Winter, 
 and continual Wet in the Rainy Season : 
 neither are 
 
 THE PROFITS OF A HACKNEY COACHMAN 
 
 so large as his hard service seems to indicate 
 that they ought to be though the Outfit 
 does not cost much. ,. A Coach may be pur^ 
 chased for about 30. or 40. a Chariot 
 for about 20. the Horses may be had from 
 8. to 20. each : but, as the old saying is, 
 
 " They Eat o' Nights." 
 
 Bad Horses have as good an appetite as the 
 best : ay, sometimes a better, (if Goodness be 
 measured by Greatness,) in the same way that 
 bad land wants more manure than good. It 
 may be said, that the inferior Provender pro- 
 vided for these poor hard-worked Hacks, is not 
 so dear as that which is purchased for the
 
 306 THE PROFITS OF A 
 
 pampered animal, whose sleek coat is his 
 Master's pride : but it must be taken into the 
 account, that if their Food be somewhat 
 cheaper, their Stomachs are so constantly sti- 
 mulated by those strongest excitements to good 
 Appetite, Air and Exercise, that they are ever 
 and aye, " as Hungry as a Hunter," and eat 
 nearly double what those Horses do who pass 
 their days indolently in an over-heated Stable : 
 indeed, we think that to be " as Hungry as a 
 Hackney Coach Horse " must be a few degrees 
 beyond being as Hungry as a Hunter; or one 
 degree nearer to that state which is considered 
 by the Grand Gourmand as the most enviable 
 in Existence. 
 
 It is told of a certain worthy and wealthy 
 Citizen, who has acquired the reputation of 
 being a considerable Consumer of the good 
 things of the Table, and has been " widened at 
 the expense of the Corporation," that on coming 
 out of a Tavern, after a Turtle Feast, a poor 
 Boy begged Charity of him " For Mercy's 
 sake, Sir, I am so very Hungry!" "Hun- 
 gry ! Hungry I hey ! what ! complain of
 
 HACKNEY COACHMAN. 307 
 
 being Hungry! why I never heard the like ! 
 complain of being Hungry! ! Prodigious ! ! ! 
 why I'd give a Guinea to be Hungry! !! why, 
 a Hungry Man (with a good Dinner before 
 him) is the Happiest fellow in the world! 
 There, (giving the Boy Half-a-Crown,) there, 
 I don't want you to take my word for it : run 
 along, my fine fellow, and make the experi- 
 ment Yourself." 
 
 It appears, from the following Estimate, 
 that a Hackneyman must every day earn 
 Thirteen Shillings for the maintenance of 
 his Machinery, before he will receive any 
 Profit. 
 
 . s. d. 
 
 The Keep of Three Horses, (a Hackney Coach 
 cannot be well worked every day with 
 fewer of such crazy cattle as they are often 
 obliged to be content with) at 31. 10.?. per 
 Annum for each, (see Estimate No. 4) .... 94 10 
 
 Coachman's Wages, at 9s. per Week 23 8 
 
 Board, ditto, at 14s. ditto 36 10 
 
 Coach-house and Stables, and Tax thereon . . 20 
 
 Carried forward 1 74 8
 
 308 THE PROFITS OF A 
 
 . t. a. 
 
 Brought forward 174 8 
 
 Tax on Coach and Horses, 2. per Month, per 
 
 Annum 24 
 
 Interest of the Purchase money of the Carriage 
 and Horses, and the wear and tear thereof, 
 and New Wheels annually 40 
 
 238 8 
 
 The above Estimate, however considerable it 
 may appear, will not be considered as too high, 
 when it is recollected that the Carriage is in 
 continual use, that the Horses are exposed to 
 all weathers, and are often Over-worked and 
 Under-fed. 
 
 Hackney Coachmen get upon the Stands 
 about nine in the Morning, and are often out 
 till past twelve at Night, except those who 
 work double, who take out one Coach and 
 Horses Early in the Morning, bring them 
 home at about six or seven in the Evening, 
 and then take out another pair for Night- 
 work. 
 
 It appears from Mr. Jervis's Journal, which 

 
 HACKNEY COACHMAN. 309 
 
 account I believe to be " quite correct," that 
 the Harvest of a Hackney Coachman, like 
 the Hay - farmer's, is in the Sultry Summer 
 Months. 
 
 We can defend ourselves from Cold and 
 Rain much more easily than we can from 
 the fatigue brought on by walking in Hot 
 Weather. 
 
 " Careful Observers can foretell the hour, 
 
 By sure prognostics, when to dread a shower. 
 
 If you are Wise, then go not far to Dine, 
 
 You'll spend in Coach hire more than save in Wine." 
 
 The Vauxhall season is another source of 
 considerable profit to the proprietors of the 
 Leathern Conveniences. 
 
 The least productive Months are February, 
 March, and April : this may be partly ac- 
 counted for, by the Economy which is so in- 
 evitably submitted to during those months, 
 occasioned by People's pockets being drained 
 by Christmas Bills and Christmas Gambols. 
 
 On an average of Forty weeks, it seemed, 
 that the most productive Days are Wednesdays
 
 310 THE PROFITS OF A 
 
 and Thursdays. This may, in some measure, 
 be accounted for, by the greater number of 
 Dinner parties, &,c. which are given on those 
 days. 
 
 One of the most frequent uses of these ac- 
 commodating Vehicles, is to carry People out 
 to Dinner. The following hint, every one who 
 is equally a true lover of polite Punctuality 
 and of a Hot Dinner, will think Good Advice. 
 
 An Excuse, which is as foolish as it is com- 
 mon, but which a furious Economist seems to 
 fancy is a sufficient plea for spoiling the best 
 Feast, is, " there was not a Coach to be had" 
 Uncalculating and Improvident ! not to send 
 for one till the very last moment. You save 
 nothing by it ! you spoil your Friend's 
 Dinner! and excite the displeasure of his 
 Guests!! and all this to save your dear, 
 dear self, Sixpence! ! ! (or as I found it in Mr. 
 Jervis's MS. " a little white farthing.") As 
 such a Mite would have prevented it, although 
 your Polite host may pretend not to notice 
 your Rudeness, no Apology that you may 
 make can cancel such a confirmed certificate
 
 HACKNEY COACHMAN. 311 
 
 of your Selfish Impertinence ; therefore be not 
 so silly as to fancy that it will. Remember 
 the English Proverb, " Hunger and Anger are 
 nearly allied;" and the Scotch saying, that 
 " Hungry people are aye Angry."
 
 312 
 
 WHEN TO CALL A COACH. 
 
 SUPPOSE you have a Mile and a half to go, the 
 fare is Eighteen-pence, you will seldom be less 
 than 15, or, if you meet with Stoppages on the 
 way, more than 20 minutes, in going : for 
 Eighteen-pence you may keep a Coach 45 
 Minutes ; therefore, call a Coach a Quarter of 
 an Hour before you want it, i. e. if you do 
 not wish to be Too Late.
 
 313 
 
 HOW TO CALL A COACH. 
 
 HAVING settled When by your leave, we will 
 tell you How to call a Coach : 
 
 " Go call a Coach ; and let a Coach be called : 
 Let him that calls the Coach, be called the Caller ! 
 And in his calling, let him nothing call, 
 But COACH ! COACH ! ! COACH ! ! ! " 
 
 Chrononhotonthologos . 
 
 Equity requires that you ought to take 
 the first Coach on the Stand, however 
 little you may like the appearance of the 
 Driver, the Carriage, or the Horses; because 
 the occupier of that place having obtained 
 it by being the longest in waiting, has there- 
 fore a fair claim to a preference, which it is 
 apparently unjust not to grant : However, we 
 have heard persons give the following advice
 
 314 HOW TO CALL A COACH. 
 
 If you are in haste, take the Coach, the Driver 
 of which is on the Box, the Horses bitted, and 
 who stand with their faces towards the way 
 you wish to go: if not in a hurry, Open your 
 Eyes, and choose that Vehicle to which the 
 tidy appearance of it and its Driver attract you, 
 and present ocular demonstration that the Car- 
 riage is clean, and the Coachman careful. 
 
 The Servants of Industry are known by their 
 Livery, which is always whole and wholesome 
 the Slaves of Idleness are slovenly and loath- 
 some: the former, generally prove Civil and 
 honest, the latter, Impertinent and imposing. 
 
 When going out to Dinner, Beware of indul- 
 ging your Benevolence by conferring the silly 
 Sixpenny Civility of taking up every person that 
 is bound to the same house : such mighty good 
 kind of Gentry are commonly too late. How- 
 ever, since Colonel BOSVILLE established the 
 right laudable custom of locking out all those who 
 come after the appointed hour, this caution has 
 become almost needless ; as now the rudeness of 
 those who come too late, by such a prudent order 
 to your Porter, very properly recoils upon Them-
 
 HOW TO CALL A COACH. 315 
 
 selves : Good Dinner-Giver, let such perfunc- 
 tory persons be locked out ! 
 
 Let those who wish to ensure Punctuality, 
 have their Letter of Invitation expressed in the 
 following manner, and affix thereto the Seal of 
 the Committee of Taste, the motto on which is, 
 
 " BETTER NEVER, THAN LATE." 
 
 Messrs. Champaigne and Turtle request the 
 honour of Messrs. Thirst and Hunger's company 
 at Dinner on Thursday the 9th Nov., five 
 minutes before Five o'clock. 
 
 NOTA BENE. Messrs. C. and T. have 
 directed, that as soon as the First Course is 
 served, the Table shall be garnished with the 
 Key of the Street Door, where it shall re- 
 main among the Dormant decorations till the 
 Second Course is removed. 
 
 A prudent General always provides for a 
 Retreat. 
 
 The Best way of securing a Coach to bring 
 you Home, if it is a long distance, is to keep 
 the Coach in waiting or tell the Driver to call
 
 316 HOW TO CALL A COACH. 
 
 and take you home at a certain hour; or fee 
 the Waterman at the nearest Stand, to send one 
 at the hour you wish. 
 
 A Facetious Friend of the Editor's, on a very 
 Wet Night, after several Messengers, whom he 
 had despatched for a Coach, had returned with- 
 out obtaining one : at last, at " past one o'clock, 
 and a Rainy Morning," the Wag walked him- 
 self to the next Coach-stand, and politely ad- 
 vised the Waterman to mend his Inside lining 
 with a Pint of-Beer, and go home to bed ; for, 
 said he, " there will be nothing for you to do to- 
 Night, I'll lay you a Shilling that there's not 
 a Coach out." " Why, will you, your Honour ? 
 then, done," cried Mr. Waterman ; " but are 
 you really serious, 'cause, if so be as You be, I 
 must make haste and go and get one." Being 
 assured he would certainly touch the Twelve- 
 penny if he did, He trotted off on his " Nag a 
 ten toes," and in Ten minutes returned with a 
 Leathern Convenience. Bonaparte used to 
 say, " In some cases, there is nothing like a 
 Subsidy."
 
 CABRIOLETS. 317 
 
 We make no remarks on the newly intro- 
 duced 
 
 CABRIOLElS, 
 
 further than to observe, that they are entitled 
 to only two-thirds of the Fare of a Hackney 
 Coach. 
 
 Mr. JERVIS says that a Carriage with only 
 Two Wheels, however well piloted by the most 
 expert charioteer, is an extremely dangerous 
 Vehicle in a paved and crowded street espe- 
 cially, at the rapid rate at which some perfunc- 
 tory people require them to keep moving. If the 
 Horse be ever so sure-footed, and the Driver 
 ever so skilful and steady, they are frightfully 
 dangerous Vehicles for town work, and will 
 only be used by those who are rash enough to 
 sacrifice safety to Celerity, and Comfort to 
 Cheapness.
 
 318 
 
 HACKNEY COACH AND CHARIOT 
 FARES; 
 
 Commencing June 23, 1808, [48 Geo. III. cap. 87.} 
 
 I. 
 
 FARES ACCORDING TO DISTANCE. 
 
 Not exceeding s. d. 
 
 One mile 1 
 
 One mile and a half 1 6 
 
 Two miles 2 
 
 Two miles and a half 3 
 
 Three miles 3 6 
 
 Three miles and a half 4 
 
 Four miles 4 6 
 
 Four miles and a half 5 6 
 
 Five miles 6 
 
 Five miles and a half 6 6 
 
 Six miles 7 
 
 Six miles and a half 8 
 
 Seven miles 8 6 
 
 Seven miles and a half 9 
 
 Eight miles 9 6
 
 HACKNEY COACH FARES, &C. 319 
 
 Not exceeding s. d. 
 
 Eight miles an a half 10 6 
 
 Nine miles 11 
 
 Nine miles and a half 11 6 
 
 Ten miles 12 
 
 Ten miles an a half 13 
 
 Eleven miles 13 6 
 
 Twelve miles 15 
 
 And so on, at the rate of Qd. for every half 
 mile, and an additional Qd. for every two miles 
 completed. 
 
 FARES ACCORDING TO TI^E. 
 
 Not exceeding s. d. 
 
 Thirty minutes 1 
 
 Forty-five minutes 1 6 
 
 One hour 2 
 
 One hour and 20 minutes 3 
 
 One hour and 40 minutes 4 
 
 Two hours 5 6 
 
 Two hours and 20 minutes 6 
 
 Two hours and 40 minutes 7 
 
 Three hours 8 
 
 Three hours and 20 minutes 9 
 
 Three hours and 40 minutes 10 6 
 
 Four hours 11 
 
 And so on, at the rate of Qd. for any fifteen
 
 320 HACKNEY COACH 
 
 minutes further time. Cabriolets are entitled 
 to two-thirds of the Coach fares. 
 
 MEM. A Coachman may contract to drive 
 you to a certain Place for a certain Sum, and 
 if it exceeds the distance which you are en- 
 titled to be carried for such Sum he cannot 
 demand more. 
 
 The fares are to be taken by the Hour or 
 Mile only, and not by the Day. 
 
 Coaches discharged after Sun-set hours (viz. 
 after 8 between Lady Day and Michaelmas, 
 and after 5 between Michaelmas and Lady 
 Day,) between the carriage-way pavement, or 
 if hired at a stand beyond the same, may de- 
 mand the full fare back to such extremity or 
 standing. 
 
 For Coaches hired to go into the country in 
 the day-time, and there discharged, additional 
 fares are to be taken for their return to the 
 pavement or next stand where hired, as follow : 
 for 10 miles, 5s. ; 8 miles, 4s. ; 6 miles, 3s. ; and 
 4 miles, 2s. If under 4 miles, nothing. 
 
 Coachmen are not compellable to take more 
 than four, nor Chariots more than three, adult
 
 AND CHARIOT FARES. 321 
 
 persons inside, and a servant out : but if they 
 agree to take more, then Is., in addition to the 
 fare, must be paid for each extra person ; and 
 if the coach be hired for the country, and to 
 return, Is. for each extra person going, and Is. 
 for his returning. 
 
 Abusive Language. The Drivers behaving 
 rudely, or using abusive Language, are to for- 
 feit not more than 10, in default of payment, 
 are sent to the House of Correction for any 
 time the Magistrate may please, not exceeding- 
 two months. 
 
 Extortion. Coachmen refusing to go on, or 
 extorting more than their fare, are to forfeit not 
 more than 3/. nor less than 10s. Not only the 
 Commissioners in Essex Street, Strand, but 
 also the Magistrates at the Police-offices, de- 
 termine such Offences, and inflict Punishments. 
 
 Obligation to go on. If a Coach be drawn 
 off the Stand to the side of the pavement, it is 
 equally as liable to be hired as if it stood on 
 the Stand, and the Coachman may be made to 
 go with you, if not hired if he refuses, he is 
 liable to be fined. They are compellable, if
 
 322 HACKNEY COACH 
 
 plying for hire, at any hour of the Day or the 
 Night, to go upon all Turnpike roads, any 
 where within Two miles and a half from the 
 end of the Carriage-way pavement. 
 
 Articles left in a Hackney Coach are (by a 
 late Act) to be taken to the Hackney Coach 
 Office, Essex Street, Strand, on pain of paying 
 201. ; to be recovered on application to the Com- 
 missioners, or a Justice of the Peace. 
 
 T^he Coachman is to take the shortest way, 
 and to charge accordingly : but if he, from choice 
 or ignorance, does otherwise, he can make no 
 extra charge. 
 
 He may refuse to take Heavy Luggage, unless 
 he is paid something more than the fare ; but 
 he must object to it before it be put into the 
 Coach : he cannot, however, object to take a 
 small Parcel that may be carried in the hand. 
 
 When a Coachman is desired to wait, he may 
 demand a sum in hand beyond his previous 
 fare, and is accountable for such sum when 
 you discharge him. He is not bound to wait 
 without such a detainer, nor longer than it will 
 pay for the time.
 
 AND CHARIOT FARES. 323 
 
 See a comprehensive Abstract of the 18 Acts 
 of Parliament relating to Hackney Coaches, in 
 p. 765 of Vol. II. of Sir George Chetwynd's 
 edition of Dr. Burn's Justice, 8vo. 1825. 
 
 Those who wish to ascertain distance very 
 exactly, I advise to purchase 
 
 Mr. QUAIFE'S HACKNEY COACH DIREC- 
 TORY, which is sold only at the Hackney Coach 
 Office in Essex Street, Strand, and contains 
 nearly Eighteen Thousand Fares from actual 
 Measurements, and 
 
 GARY'S NEW GUIDE FOR ASCERTAINING 
 
 HACKNEY COACH FARES, Price 3s. Qd. 
 This elaborate work gives an actual admeasure- 
 ment of every Street in the Metropolis, and 
 affords the means of ascertaining the Length of 
 any Route, however indirect. 
 
 We subjoin, as a Specimen, the Two first 
 pages of this Work.
 
 324 
 
 HACKNEY COACH 
 
 The first and second Column contain the Distance 
 of one Street from the other as they occur in the 
 Route ; the third, fourth, and fifth, the total or full 
 Length from the Commencement. M. signifies 
 Mile F. Furlong P. Pole. 
 
 PICCADILLY. 
 
 Hyde Park Turnpike to Leadenhall Street. 
 
 Streets, &c. passed through : Piccadilly, Haymarket, Cock- 
 spur Street, Charing Cross, Strand, Fleet Street, Ludgate 
 Hill, Ludgate Street, St. Paul's Churchyard, Cheapside. 
 Poultry, Mansion House Street, Cornhill, Leadenhall 
 Street, Aldgate Street, Aldgate, Aldgate High Street. 
 Whitechapel, and Mile End Old Town. 
 
 Piccadilly. 
 To Hamilton Street 
 Park Lane 
 
 F. 
 
 P ' 
 ~ 
 16 
 "1 
 
 --: 
 
 '.'.'. i 
 i 
 
 
 
 Engine Street 
 
 
 IF! 
 
 2 
 
 White Horse Street 
 
 
 20 
 14 
 9 
 
 ... 2 
 ... 3 
 3 
 
 Half Moon Street 
 
 Bolton Street 
 
 
 11 
 10 
 15 
 13 
 
 !; 
 
 1!) 
 
 IF! 
 
 ... 3 
 ...3 
 ... 4 
 ... 4 
 ... 4 
 ... 5 
 ... 5 
 6 
 
 Stratton Street 
 Berkley Street 
 
 
 
 St. James and Albemarle Streets 
 Bond Street 
 Duke Street 
 Sackville Street 
 
 Swallow Street 
 
 
 f| 
 
 6 
 
 Air Street . . . .... 
 
 
 19 
 2 
 35 
 
 ... 6 
 ... 6 
 ... 7 
 
 Eagle Street 
 
 
 The Haymarket 
 
 7.. 28
 
 AND CHARIOT FARES. 
 
 325 
 
 F.'P. 
 Enter Haymarket. | 
 
 To Noms and Panton Streets :26 
 
 James Street 11 
 
 Theatre 6 
 
 Suffolk Street and Opera House 11 
 
 Pall Mall 11 
 
 1 ..25 
 
 Enter Cockspur Street. 
 
 Suffolk Street 14 
 
 Whitcomb Street 10 
 
 Spring Gardens 
 
 0.. 29 
 
 Enter Charing Cross. 
 
 Statue of King Charles 19 
 
 St. Martin's Lane 15 
 
 0- 34 
 
 Enter Strand. 
 
 Northumberland Street 2 
 
 Hungerford Street 15 
 
 Villiers Street 12 
 
 Buckingham Street 9 
 
 Bedford Street 21 
 
 Adam Street , 13 
 
 Salisbury Street 13 
 
 CecilStreet 7 
 
 Southampton Street 5 
 
 Beaufort Buildings 7 
 
 Burleigh Street 15 
 
 Catherine Street 25 
 
 Somerset Place 14 
 
 New Church and Little Drury Lane 16 
 
 Newcastle Street 3 
 
 Surry Street 11 
 
 Norfolk Street 10 
 
 Arundel Street 
 
 EssexStreet 18 
 
 Temple Bar 24 
 
 6.. 9
 
 326 
 
 HACKNEY COACH 
 
 Enter Fleet Street. 
 
 To Chancery Lane 
 
 Fetter Lane 
 
 Serjeants' Inn 
 
 Bouverie Street 
 
 Water Lane 
 
 Salisbury Court 
 
 Shoe Lane 
 
 Fleet Market 
 
 2.. 31 
 
 Enter Ludgate Hill. 
 
 Old Bailey 
 
 St. Martin's Ludgate Church 
 
 1..7 
 
 Enter Ludgate Street. 
 
 Creed and Ave Maria Lanes 
 
 St. Paul's Churchyard 
 
 0.. 16 
 
 Enter St. Paul's Churchyard. 
 
 Paul's Chain 
 
 Watling Street 
 
 Cheapside 
 
 1..31 
 
 Enter Cheapside. 
 
 Old Change 
 
 Foster Lane 
 
 Gutter Lane 
 
 Friday Street 
 
 Wood Street 
 
 Bread Street 
 
 Milk Street 
 
 Bow Churchyard 
 
 Bow Lane 
 
 Lawrence Lane 
 
 King and Queen Streets 
 
 Ironmonger Lane 
 
 Bucklersbury 
 
 1.. 39
 
 AND CHARIOT FARES. 
 
 327 
 
 Enter Poultry. 
 
 To Old Jewry , 4 3 1 13 
 
 Charlotte Row 24 3 1 37 
 
 0.. 28 
 
 Enter Mansion House Street. 
 
 Mansion House 5322 
 
 Bank Buildings 20 3222 
 
 0.. 25 
 
 Enter Cornhill. 
 
 Royal Exchange 9 3 2 31 
 
 Freeman's Court 12 3 3 
 
 Birchin Lane : 3 336 
 
 Finch Lane 1 337 
 
 Gracechurch and Bishopsgate Streets 27 I 3 3 34 
 
 1.. 12 
 
 F.lP. 
 
 M. F
 
 INDEX TO PART II. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 ABUSIVE Language 321 
 
 Accidents 81 
 
 Adviser, an experienced, is to be consulted in purchasing 
 
 a Carriage 118 
 
 Agreement, form of 21 
 
 : articles of 56 
 
 Articles left in a Hackney Coach 322 
 
 Axletrees 93, 99 
 
 Back-Light of a Coach 70 
 
 Beggars' dogs 89 
 
 Box Coats 133 
 
 Blundevill on Horses 278 
 
 Braces, the main 116 
 
 Buonaparte's Travelling Chariot 127 
 
 Burke, Right Hon. Edmund 163 
 
 Cabriolets , ... 317 
 
 Carriage, private, its expense compared with the hiring 
 
 of Hackney Coaches 286291 
 
 Carriages and Chariots, criterion for the price of 5 
 
 ,careof 201204 
 
 , travelling 123 
 
 , length of 109 
 
 Gary, Mr., plan of a new map 293 
 
 Character of servants . . . , ... 1 45
 
 330 INDEX. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Chariot, construction of a 66 
 
 Cheapest mode of keeping a Carriage 33 
 
 Clock, advantages of a good 155 
 
 Clover for horses 253 
 
 Coach, when to call a 312 
 
 , how to call a 313 
 
 Coach-box 135 
 
 Coachmaking art of 59 
 
 Coachman, a skilful :..... 143 
 
 's livery 2631 
 
 , how to give orders to 146 
 
 = , punctuality essential in 151 
 
 Coat, coachman's 134 
 
 , how to give a horse a fine 246 
 
 Colds of horses 261266 
 
 Collinge's axles 94 
 
 Contracts for building Carriages 53 
 
 Cook's Life Preserver for Carriages 77 
 
 Country houses vacant until July 139 
 
 Cracked heels, remedy for 265 
 
 Cushions, seat 72 
 
 Dashing Iron, the 17 
 
 Dickey Coach-box 79 
 
 Directions for buying and keeping of an equipage 1 
 
 - as to who should examine the linch-pins 17 
 
 Directory, Quaife's Hackney Coach 323 
 
 Diuretic balls for swelled heels 265 
 
 Dogs, tax on, should be duly enforced 88 
 
 Doors of Carriages - 209 
 
 Driving, on 184191 
 
 Dry coat, importance of a 134 
 
 Ducrow's theatrical stud 219 
 
 Duelling 228
 
 INDEX. 331 
 
 PAOB 
 
 Durabili ty of vehicles .' 8 
 
 Duties, assessed, on men servants, carriages, and horses 131 
 
 Elbows of a Carriage, of the 67 
 
 Embrocation, anti-rheumatic 135 
 
 Environs of town, expedition to dinner in the 157 
 
 Equestrian statue of Charles 1 219 
 
 Evening parties 1 36 
 
 Examination of a second-hand Carriage 114 
 
 Exercising of horses i . 243 
 
 Expense of keeping a Carriage 3 
 
 keeping a Horse 11 
 
 Extortion 321 
 
 Extra charges made by a coach-builder for all additions... 61 
 
 Fares, Hackney Coach 292318 
 
 Fifteen good points of a coachman 165 169 
 
 Fires, how to manage horses in case of < 2?2 
 
 Foresight of aphysician 137 
 
 Form of a Carriage highly important 65 
 
 Genteel man described, a 135 
 
 Gentleman, denned by a negro 22? 
 
 Glass coaches 49 
 
 Glasses, coach 69 
 
 Gomersal's personification of Buonaparte 219 
 
 Granite Pavement 101 
 
 Grass, on sending horses to 257 
 
 Grooming and dressing of horses 245 
 
 Gruel for horses 239 
 
 Guineas not obsolete in accounts 7 
 
 Hackney coaches, choice of 314 
 
 , origin of 393
 
 332 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Hackney coachmen 296,314 
 
 -man's charge for jobbing a saddle-horse 14 
 
 Hammercloth 204 
 
 Hanway's Travels 226 
 
 Harness 119 
 
 , second-hand 121 
 
 Hard Driving 186 
 
 Hats with gold band 30 
 
 Hay, how to select 253 
 
 Holsters, pistol, to the dickey-box 123 
 
 Horses, choice of 225 
 
 , hints to purchasers of 223 
 
 , to preserve the health of 238244 
 
 , food and provender of 249 256 
 
 , of a hackney coach 305,306 
 
 ., age recommended for carriage 21 
 
 Horse, expenseof a saddle 11 
 
 balls 262 
 
 dealers 45 
 
 Horsemen, advice to 2?3 
 
 Hostler, derivation of the word 47 
 
 Hours, early 139 
 
 Hydrophobia 83 92 
 
 Imperials 124 
 
 Inside handles to Carriages 77 
 
 Inventory, important 201 
 
 Job, to, or hire a Carriage > 54 
 
 Jobbing Horses 44 
 
 Knee-boot to Coach-box 135 
 
 Lamps, circular 106
 
 INDEX. 333 
 
 Landau, or Landaulct 52 
 
 Leather, condition of the 121 
 
 Lining of a Coach, its best colour 71 
 
 Letter requiring an immediate answer, when useful 154 
 
 Livery 2631 
 
 stables 15 
 
 Locks to the doors of a Carriage 76 
 
 Luggage, heavy 322 
 
 Macadamised streets truly beneficial 99 101 
 
 Map of London 172 
 
 Markham's way to wealth 277 
 
 Master, the good 133 
 
 Matching of a horse 23 
 
 Midnight meetings 138 
 
 conversation 141 
 
 New road from Paddington to Islington 173 
 
 Newcastle, Duke of, his directions for the management of 
 
 horses 230, 246 
 
 Nuisances, public 8392 
 
 Oil 107 
 
 Oil-skin covers 125 
 
 Old Carriages and Chariot, selling of , 62 
 
 One-horse Carts the cause of accidents 18? 
 
 Open Carriages 39 
 
 Ornaments of Carriages 104 
 
 Paint, spare 210 
 
 Perambulator for measuring distances 298 
 
 Pembroke, Earl of 251 
 
 Plated furniture, of , 105; 
 
 Posting in Ireland, rates of , 42
 
 334 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Presents to servants, how rendered advantageous to the 
 
 donor 25 
 
 Price of new Carriages, of various denominations 1C 
 
 Profits of a Hackney Coachman 305 
 
 Provender for horses 255 
 
 Proverb, useful old 46 
 
 Punctuality indispensable in a Coachman 151 
 
 Quaife, Mr., Surveyor to the Board of Hackney Coaches 296 
 
 Rattling of the Coach 205 
 
 Reason for Coachmen not liking Collinge's axle-trees .... 96 
 
 Regent's Park, the 174 
 
 Repairs of Carriages 212 
 
 Roads, the commissioners of the 178 
 
 Rochefort, Monsieur R. de 250 
 
 Rough-shodding in frosts 28 
 
 Royal anecdote 6 
 
 Safety braces 126 
 
 Screwing the bolts 204 
 
 Shades, green silk spring sun 73 
 
 Shafts for a single horse occasionally applied to a Chariot 20 
 
 Shakspeare, quotations from 26 
 
 Shoeing 159 
 
 Soft water preferable for a horse's drink 252 
 
 Spikes to fix on the hind standards 82 
 
 Sleep disturbed by workmen purposely noisy at an early 
 
 hour 8? 
 
 Sorbiere's description of London 1 72 
 
 Springs of Carriages, how best constructed 108 
 
 , cording of 1 2fi 
 
 Stable, the 266 
 
 Stands Hackney Coach 188
 
 INDEX. 335 
 
 PACK 
 
 State Coach of George III 4 
 
 Steps of a Carriage 210 
 
 Strangers behind a Carriage dangerous 82 
 
 Straw-yard 11 
 
 Street Act of the Metropolis 86 
 
 Streets, care of Carriage in the public 191 
 
 Street-keepers 83 
 
 Stuffing of a Carriage preposterous 69 
 
 Swift, Dean, quotation from , 164 
 
 Symmetry of the Horse, true 219 
 
 Time, best, to bring out a new Carriage 60 
 
 Tires of the wheels should be watched 102 
 
 Tom Thrifty's maxim 153 
 
 Tools, a Coachman's 170 
 
 Trunk covers 124 
 
 Turnpikes 31 
 
 Valetudinarians, kind of springs for Carriages most be- 
 neficial to v 169 
 
 Value of well-matched Coach-horses 23 
 
 Varnished panels . 207 
 
 Varnish, how to remedy cracks in the 208 
 
 Visits, paying of 171 
 
 Vulgar Tongue, Francis Grose's Dictionary of the 48 
 
 Under-springs ,. 217 
 
 Wager, Duke of Queensberry's 221 
 
 Wages , 25 
 
 Washing and cleaning the Carriage and harness 203 
 
 Wax candles ; 106 
 
 Wheels, of 99
 
 336 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Wheels, tiring of '. 17 
 
 Wicks, lamps with two flat 107 
 
 Winch for the axle-trees, by whom best kept 95 
 
 Yellow Chrome, the best colour for a Chariot 73 
 
 Zinc, ointment for sore heels 264 
 
 THE END. 
 
 J. MOVBS, TOOK'S COCRT, CHA.VCERY LANE.
 
 A 000 022 999 7