THE NEW REPUBLIC, 
 
 OK T1IK 
 
 TRANSITION COMPLETE, 
 
 \V1TII AN 
 
 xYPPROACHING CHANGE OF NATIONAL EMPIRE, 
 
 IJASKD I I't'N 'MIK COMMERCIAL AM> IN Dl -I III A). EXPANSION OF 
 
 THE GEEAT WEST; 
 
 TOGETHER WITH HINTS ON NATIONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL PROGRESS. 
 
 SECOND EDITION. 
 
 BY L. U. EEAVIS. 
 
 E 
 
 168 
 
 ST. LOUIS: 
 
 \M> I oil - Ml l;V JOS. F. TORUEY AND CO., BOOKSELLERS, FOVRTII ST 
 18G7. 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC, 
 
 OR THE 
 
 TRANSITION COMPLETE, 
 
 WITH AN 
 
 APPROACHING CHANGE OF NATIONAL EMPIRE, 
 
 BASED Ul'OX THE COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EXPANSION OF 
 
 THE GREAT WEST; 
 
 TOGETHER WITH DINTS ON NATIONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL PROGRESS. 
 
 To save the Republic of our fathers in all its parts to purify and perfect it by 
 the struggles through which it passes to make it wise^ aud better to give it a 
 grander aud loftier mission among the nations of the earth, and to perpetuate its 
 existence to the remotest time, is the chief end of this and future generations. 
 
 SECOND EDITION. 
 
 BY L. U. KKAVIS. 
 
 ST. LOUIS: 
 
 1".'1;:.I>1IE1> AND FOR SALE BY JOS. F. TOKREY AND CO., BOOKSELLERS, FOURTH ST, 
 
 18G7. 
 
 E\ 
 
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, 
 BY JOS. F. TORREY & CO., 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the United States District Court for the Eastern District 
 
 of Missouri. 
 
 MISSOURI DEMOCRAT, PRINT. 
 
Bancroft Libra*> 
 
 NOTICE. 
 
 THE first edition of these pages was written the latter part of December 
 1866, and the first part of January, 1867. In the meantime, the current, 
 of public thought and events touching the matter herein contained have 
 flowed in support of its general truth. 
 
 Encouraged by many favorable notices from the press and distinguished 
 men of the country, I resolved to recast and enlarge the little pamphlet 
 for a second publication. 
 
 Though very brief in its character and treatment of great questions, 
 and to many will appear extravagant in its phraseology, yet the data that 
 furnished its foundation, and which gave birth to its ideas, are held to 
 be correct, as they come from reliable sources. Believing that there is 
 nothing written herein to injure the common good of all, but that every 
 page, however feeble, is an indication of something better to the great 
 Republic and her people, it is submitted by one who, though humble, 
 has no selfish motive to gratify, nor no higher aspiration than that of 
 contributing something for the good of his country and the human race; 
 and though the work is small, it is a suggestion of a volume which will 
 yet come from a more gifted pen. 
 
 " Go, little book, from this my solitude, 
 I cast thee on the waters; go thy way." 
 
 [SOUTILEY. 
 
 ST. Louis, Mo., December 1, 1867. 
 
"I cannot believe that civilization, in its journey with the sun, will sink into 
 endless night to gratify the ambition of the leaders of this revolt, who seek to 
 
 ' Wade through slaughter to a throne, 
 And shut the gates of mercy on mankind;' 
 
 but I have a far other and far brighter vision before my gaze. It may be but a vision, 
 but I still cherish it. I see one vast Confederation stretching from the frozen North 
 in one unbroken line to the glowing South, and from the wild billows of the Atlantis 
 westward to the calmer waters of the Pacific, and I see one people, and one law, 
 and one language, and one faith, and, over all that vast continent, the home of freedom 
 and refuge for the oppressed of every race and of every clime." Extract from JOHN 
 BIUGUT'S Speech on American Affairs. 
 
 "It is, perhaps, impossible to tell what may ue the exact result of this South Caro- 
 lina nullification ; but do what she will, conspire with many or few, I am confident that 
 this Union of our fathers a Union of intelligence, of freedom, of justice, of industry, 
 of religion, of science and art, will, in the end, be stronger and richer and more 
 glorious, renowned, and free, than it has ever been heretofore, by the necessary 
 reaction of the crisis through which we are passing." Governor YATES' Inaugural, 
 January, 1861. 
 
 " I turn, from rebellion and slavery, in humble gratitude to GOD, as I behold my 
 country at last redeemed and fixed in history, the Columbus of Nations, once in chains, 
 but now hailed as benefactor and discoverer, who gave a new liberty to mankind. 
 Foreign Powers already watch the scene with awe. Saints and patriots, from their 
 home in the skies, look down with delight; and WASHINGTON, tall angel of light that 
 he now is, who set free his own slaves, exults that the Republic which revered him as 
 Father has followed his example." CHARLES SUMNER. 
 
 ' ' I feel sure that the hour has not come for this great nation to fall. This people, 
 which has been studying to become wiser and better as it has grown older, is not so 
 perverse or wicked enough to deserve so dreadful and severe a punishment as dissolu- 
 tion. This Union has not yet accomplished what good for mankind was manifestly 
 designed by Him who appoints the Reasons, and prescribes the duties of States and 
 Empires. No, sir, if it were cast down by faction to-day, it would rise again and re- 
 appear in all its majestic proportions to-morrow. It is the only government that can 
 stand here. Woe! woe! to the man that madly lifts his hand against it. It shall con- 
 tinue and endure; and men in after times shall declare that this generation, which 
 saved the Union from such sudden and unlocked for dangers, surpassed in magnanimity 
 even that one which laid its foundations in the eternal principles of Liberty, Justice, 
 and Humanity. "WILLIAM, n. SEWARD. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 I'AOK 
 
 INTRODUCTION 5 
 
 THE NEW REPUBLIC 7 
 
 THE MISSION AND END OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY 10 
 
 THE NEW PRESIDENT , 11 
 
 THK NEW CAPITAJ 12 
 
 THF. NKW CONSTITUTION 12 
 
 MATERIAL POWER ANI> PROGRESS 1.3 
 
 Tin; ATLANTIC SLOPE 16 
 
 THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY 17 
 
 MATERIAL POWER 18 
 
 COMMERCE 19 
 
 MINERALS , 30 
 
 THE AMERICAN PASTURE 82 
 
 PACIFIC SLOPE 34 
 
 SUMMING UP 36 
 
 STATISTICAL TABLT? 38-39 
 
 MANUFACTURES 41 
 
 ii.A!LIlOAT>3 41 
 
 GREAT CITIES 44 
 
 NEW VORK CITY 44 
 
 CHICAGO 45 
 
 ST. Louis 46 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO 49 
 
 NKW OKLKAXS 50 
 
 OTIIKR CITIES 54 
 
 POLITICAL POWER... , 65 
 
IV TABLE OP CONTENTS. . 
 
 PAGE 
 
 POPULATION 57 
 
 RECAPITULATION 59 
 
 THE UNION AS IT SHALL BE Poetry 62 ' 
 
 FUIURE OF CIVILIZATION 63 
 
 AMERICA Poetry C9 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT 76 
 
 No MORE WAR 77 
 
 WHO 'Is THE TRUE VOTER 81 
 
 THE LABOR QUESTION 85 
 
 THE FUTURE OF THE NEGRO RACE IN AMERICA 88 
 
 To THE YOUNG MEN OF THE REPUBLIC 91 
 
 NATIONALISM, OR PATRIOTISM 92 
 
 OUR SOCIAL DESTINY 95 
 
 ALASKA 100 
 
 RECONSTRUCTION 101 
 
 WOMAN SUFFRAGE 103 
 
 THE PACIFIC RAILWAYS 104 
 
 COL, WILLIAM GILPIN'S DESCRIPTION OF THE SOUTH PASS 105 
 
 THE GREAT BRIDGE AT ST. Louis 110 
 
 SPECIAL TO Sr. Louis 119 
 
 NOTE ST. Loui8 AND CHICAGO .. 123 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC, 
 
 OR 
 
 THE TRANSITION COMPLETE. 
 
 MAN, by nature, by creation, and by miracle, stands at the 
 head of all life on earth, and is the master - work of God. 
 Coming forth into being, as from an oriental sleep, on the 
 morning of creation, with the full consciousness of his dominion 
 over the beasts and the birds, and like them instinctively taught 
 that his wants and necessities must be satisfied by the sweat ot 
 his brow, he set about his mission on earth in Eden. Kot long 
 had he surveyed the place of his 'domestic habitation until his 
 faculties, his capacities, and his ambition sought wider range, 
 and he leaped the narrow boundaries of Eden and began the 
 journey of man westward around the earth. From that twilight 
 epoch in the far east has the human race wandered forth from 
 the rising toward the setting sun, for more than one hundred 
 centuries. Led on by patriarchs, warriors, and ambitious adven- 
 turers, whose warm hearts throbbed for the highest interest of 
 their followers, conquest and commerce have steadily expanded 
 and carried with them civilization, the arts and sciences. 
 
 After thousands of years of seemingly barbaric adventure, 
 over the wilds of Asia and Africa, with here and there a dis- 
 tinguished but temporary growth of science, art, and industry, 
 commerce took up her abode around the Persian Gulf and sowed 
 the seeds of a more permanent and advanced civilization. 
 
 " Historic records,, commencing with the arrival of progressive 
 civilization at the extremity of the Mediterranean, relate from 
 tradition the antique Empire of Bacchus, and the religion of 
 Zoroaster on the Ganges and the Indus. The Chaldeans of the 
 
6 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 Persian Sea followed. Fleets came from the extreme Orient 
 into the Bengal Sea, the Persian Gulf, and the Red Sea ; and 
 caravans overland by the Oxus and the Caspian brought the 
 camel, the horse, cattle, manufactured wool, silks, cotton, and 
 metals, agriculture, commerce and coin. Empires extended 
 westward along the Ganges, the Euphrates and the Mle, 
 reached to the Mediterranean and Euxine. From Egypt, 
 Phoenicia, and Colchis sprung European Greece. Such as pro- 
 gress is to-day, the same has it been for ten thousand years. It 
 is the stream of the human race flowing from the east to the 
 west, impelled by the same divine instinct that pervades creation. 
 By this track comes the sun diurnally to cheer the world. Thus 
 come the tides of men and of the waters, learning, law, religion, 
 the plague, the small-pox, and the cholera. The sources of life 
 and happiness the pestilence that saddens both. It is within a 
 belt of the earth straddling the 40th ^ of North latitude that the 
 greatest mass of land surrounds the world, and w T here the 
 continents most nearly approach. Within this belt, from 30 to 
 50, four-fifths of the human race is assembled, and here the 
 civilized nations, of whom we possess any history, have suc- 
 ceeded one another, commencing at the furthest extremity of 
 Asia and forming a zodiac towards the setting sun. This 
 succession has flowed onward in an even course, undulating 
 along an issothermal line, until in our time the ring is about to 
 close around the earth's circumference by the arrival of the 
 American nation on the coast of the Pacific which looks over 
 into Asia." 
 
 Following this stream of the human race has been a continued 
 expansion of commerce and civilization. From the narrow 
 limits of the Persian Gulf commerce sought wider range in the 
 expanded Mediterranean, where it grew and flourished for 
 centuries, till its growth demanded more room, and it passed 
 from the Mediterranean to the wide embrace of the Atlantic 
 Ocean. 
 
 " Track its history, for a moment, from the earliest period. 
 In the infancy of the world, its caravans, like gigantic silk- 
 worms, went creeping through the arid wastes of Asia and 
 Africa,' with their infinitesimal legs, and bound the human family 
 together in those vast regions as they bind it together now. 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 7 
 
 Its colonial establishments scattered the Grecian culture all 
 around the shores of the Mediterranean, and carried the adven- 
 turers of Tyre and Carthago to the north of Europe and the 
 south of Africa. The walled cities of the middle ages prevented 
 the arts and refinements of life from being trampled out of 
 existence under the iron heel of the feudal powers. The Hans 
 Towns were the bulwark of liberty and prosperity in the north 
 and west of Europe for ages. The germ of the representative 
 system sprang from the municipal franchises of the boroughs. 
 At the revival of letters the merchant princes of Florence 
 received the fugitive arts of Greece into their palaces. The spirit 
 of commercial adventure produced the movement, in the fifteenth 
 century, which carried Yasco di Gama round the Cape of Good 
 Hope, and Columbus to America." 
 
 The discovery of America by Columbus opened the most 
 remarkable epoch in commerce and civilization in the world's 
 history. It not only led to the discovery of the New World, 
 but gave to the human mind a new impulse, and developed in an 
 extraordinary manner and in unparalleled combination, every 
 element of known civilization and barbarism, and applied them 
 all with the most daring energy and ambition to serve the selfish 
 ends of nations and individuals. 
 
 The wide Atlantic and the New World became the theatre of 
 tragedy and transition, yet " each notable deed, in government 
 or religion, implied a whole continent of future progress and 
 liberty." Time has rolled on, and the wide Atlantic is no longer 
 sufficient to answer the demands of the expanding commerce, 
 and from her shores the pioneers of land and sea are already 
 seeking the shores and bosom of the vast Pacific Ocean to find 
 room for their commerce, their energy, and their ambition. 
 Thus it is, the tide of commerce has ever been westward and 
 wider. The goal of civilization will be found when the Pacific 
 Ocean and her shores are fully mastered by the human race. 
 
 THE NEW EEPUBLIC. 
 
 It was reported of General Banks, that soon after he entered 
 the army at the beginning of the rebellion, while standing upon 
 Arlington Hights, in sight of Washington, with other officers of 
 
8 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 the army, and discussing the causes and consequences of the 
 war, he pointed to the Capitol, and said : " There stands the 
 last of the old Government ; out of this struggle will come a 
 new nation." This declaration was heralded over the country, 
 and read the next day by millions who gave it prophetic cre- 
 dence. It is herein proposed to show that the late rebellion was 
 a transition struggle, through which the nation was compelled 
 to pass to reach a higher plane of civilization } and that it has 
 almost completed the transition, and that in the consummation 
 of such an eventful change, new ideas, new hopes, and new 
 aspirations will grow in the minds of the striving millions of 
 the Republic, which, fed and strengthened by the wonderful 
 expansion of the commercial and industrial interests of the 
 nation, will demand a change of national empire and a removal 
 of the Capital from Washington to the banks of the great Mis- 
 sissippi. A few of the facts will be here presented, which, by 
 succession and by combination, point to the under-life current 
 of the Republic, as 1 it moves in its progressive and westward 
 career, to that maturity and strength which of right w r ill demand 
 the change. 
 
 Current incidents and events, pregnant with volumes of 
 fruitful history, teach us that we live in no ordinary times. The 
 great flood of light which modern culture has cast over the face 
 of the world and reflected back on history, teaches us that pro- 
 gress is stimulated not only by the peaceful arts and industrial 
 achievements of formal and friendly people, but that even by 
 spoliation, which has developed new energies and devised new 
 means, also that wars stimulate progress, have planted and 
 invigorated nations, and that even religion, promulgated by 
 ambition, prayer, and the sword, has given historical fame to 
 Jerusalem, the land of Palestine, and the Saracens, no less than 
 it has to New England and Mexico. 
 
 " The fatal dispatch that ordered fire to be opened upon Fort 
 Sumter gave notice to the world that the era of compromise 
 and diplomacy had ended." 
 
 The struggle which then commenced was one which the great 
 statesmen, not only of the United States but of other lands, had 
 long anticipated. Neither human experience nor human history 
 had furnished any instance where political differences, growing 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 out of great antagonistic social relations in the same govern- 
 ment, had been disposed of without revolution. The proneness 
 of men everywhere to cling to existing wrong with the same 
 tenacity that they cling to truth, renders it impossible to dispose 
 of, by legislation, great errors that grow upon nations. There- 
 fore, it was with reasonable expectation that the Government 
 was swiftly drifting into an internecine struggle long foreseen 
 as an impending punishment for national sin. Any nation 
 passing through a struggle imposed by Providence, as a scourge 
 or chastisement for wrong-doing, may justly be said to be in a 
 transition state. The evidence of a transition is to be seen in 
 the fact that a nation, while passing through the struggle, casts 
 off an old error and becomes in the future wiser and better. 
 Chastisements and bitter experience, for individuals as well as 
 nations, like physical exercises, if not so severe as to impair 
 vitality, are valuable though unwelcome teachers. 
 
 That tjie late national struggle has worked enduring good for 
 the Eepublic, however great the sacrifice, is already fast becoming 
 evident. Not only is freedom established throughout all the 
 land, in fact as it was in theory, but the melting away of sectional 
 bitterness and local hatred, added to growing and expanding 
 industry unknown before in one-half of the country, is the most 
 gratifying evidence of endless good obtained by the passage of 
 the Eed Sea. The accumulation of wealth, the enlargement of 
 industry, the spread of education, and the absolute guarantee of 
 fraternal as well as political union, are fruits of the transition^ 
 more valuable than market-price can ever command. But the 
 gain is not to be hemmed in by selfish, State and governmental 
 lines ; it is for all men. The sacrifice was made for the human 
 race in every land, and upon the islands of the oceans. Hence- 
 forth wherever the name of the great Eepublic is sounded 
 throughout the world, with it will be associated the idea of a 
 bulwark on the side of human rights, and universal industry 
 and education, with a lawful guarantee and protection to all. 
 These attained and the transition complete, who will say that 
 we have not passed a higher plane of national life ? Who will 
 say that the Eepublic is not stronger and made wiser and better 
 for having undergone the sacrifice ? 
 
 Nations and men, by an inherent law of progress, are com- 
 
10 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 polled, as they approach riper years, to out-grow the errors 
 contracted in infancy and early life, and those errors which are 
 not disposed of in a legitimate and lawful way are removed by 
 penalty and revolution. 
 
 The United States has not escaped this certain and infallible 
 law of correction, and what she failed in due time to do by 
 legislation, Providence has done for her by revolution. It was 
 a heathen custom to expiate great crimes by a paramount 
 sacrifice. Such has been the obligation imposed upon the United 
 States by Him who <( sits on the high and holy place, and sends 
 His rains upon the just and the unjust." 
 
 The Republic having made the' heathen sacrifice and having 
 atoned for the sin of slavery, and cleansed her garments of its 
 stain, it is now to be seen whether we are not on the threshold 
 of a new era, pregnant with unlimited political progress and 
 commercial expansion. Let us see with the eyes of Cassandra 
 
 what is in the future. 
 
 > 
 
 THE MISSION AND END OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 
 
 Whatever else may be said of republican governments, they 
 ever have been and ever will be fruitful sources for the growth 
 of political parties. No sooner will one party run its course 
 than will another follow. 
 
 The Republican party succeeded the old Whig party, and was 
 organized in the interest of the anti-slavery movement of the 
 country. Its organization did not seem to be immature nor 
 improvident, but wise and providential to the great issues and 
 interests of the Republic. As a party opposed to slavery, and 
 the friend and embodiment of freedom, it was at once the loyal 
 and progressive party of the country. It elected ABRAHAM 
 LINCOLN, and supported his administration to secure the sup- 
 pression of the rebellion and the consequent preservation of the 
 Union. As a political party, with liberty for its controlling 
 idea, it mastered the rebellion, abolished slavery, and saved the 
 nation ; and to-day, in its broad embrace, it holds the sovereign 
 power of the Republic. 
 
 During the great contest when principles were superficially 
 viewed as incidents arising among the people, the Republican 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 11 
 
 party was called in succession, first the Union party, after that 
 the Eadical party, but these were only accidental names, applied 
 under contingent circumstances, and while they have full 
 meaning they are only embodied in the great REPUBLICAN 
 PARTY of the country. 
 
 This party, representing the great body of the American 
 people in their devotion to freedom and loyalty, and having 
 control of the government, will shape the political sentiment of 
 the nation until it once more is permanently in the hands of 
 loyal people, with constitutional guarantees for enlarged and 
 universal liberty to all. 
 
 The Republican party will elect the next President, during 
 whose administration the transition will be completed, and the 
 Republic will have passed from a state of slavery and limited 
 rights into a state of absolute liberty and equal rights. 
 
 THE NEW PRESIDENT. 
 
 In the selection of the new President it behooves the American 
 people to select a man of large comprehension, true manhood, 
 unbounded patriotism and devotion to the Republic a matured 
 statesman, who will stand out in advance of his people as a 
 worthy executive of a great nation ; for his full installment into 
 office will be the guarantee of the safe passage of the old ship 
 of State through the transition storms of the rebellion, the 
 peaceful and perfect healing of the nation from all the wounds 
 and local prejudices among the people, the complete settling up 
 of the affairs of the old order of things, and the coming in of 
 the new Republic. 
 
 Under the administration of this new President will be 
 inaugurated more great movements, wise legislation for the 
 Republic, and industrial advances by the people, than at any 
 other time of our history or the history of the world. 
 
 The new President fully installed in office and entering upon 
 the duties of his broad and national mission, party spirit will 
 melt away into the great people, whose hearts will throb in 
 unison and devotion to an all-embracing Constitution, and the 
 common interest of a common country. This will constitute a 
 marked step in the new Republic, an era of hope and prosperity 
 
12 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 which is sure to come beyond the dark clouds that have so long 
 and gloomily hung over the country. There is sure to come a 
 new dedication, when all the people, as we are told of old, will 
 shout hallelujahs together. 
 
 THE NEW CAPITAL. 
 
 Among the many great advances that will be made under the 
 new President will be the removal of the Capital from Wash- 
 ington to the banks of the Mississippi. The truth of this will 
 be shown in other pages. The commercial expansion and 
 multiplication of new States in the Great West, and the prepon- 
 derating millions of industrious and intelligent people dwelling 
 in the Mississippi valley, will claim its removal. In a speech 
 made at St. Paul in 1860, Mr. Seward, in referring to the growth 
 of the Great West, said the time was not remote when she 
 would gather to herself the strength of the Republic, and the 
 power would pass from the hands of the East into those of the 
 West, and that the Capital would come to the banks of the great 
 Mississippi. The day for this great change of national empire 
 is at hand. Let no man be blind to the coming change. Let 
 no American statesman be so weak as to contend that the cost 
 of public buildings at Washington is a sufficient guarantee for 
 the permanence of the Capital at that place. The cost in due 
 time will weigh nothing in the balance of power. Not even a 
 wall around the city of Washington, and a cherubim with flaming 
 sword upon its ramparts, can keep the seat of empire from the 
 Great West. When the time comes for the change the public 
 mind will be up to the occasion, and fully prepared to convert 
 the present government buildings into great and far advanced 
 national schools ; and at the new Capital rear buildings far more 
 magnificent in splendor and proportions than any yet reared by 
 human hands. 
 
 A NEW CONSTITUTION. 
 
 Under the new President a new Constitution will be formed for 
 the Republic. National progress and national necessities, aided 
 by the advanced wisdom of American statesmen, will demand a 
 reconstruction of the fundamental and organic law, that it be 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 13 
 
 adapted to the advancement of the people a Constitution sim- 
 ple in its structure, plain in its meaning, and containing two 
 fundamental ideas of government power and liberty ; power 
 unquestionable, and liable to no false interpretation, and not 
 misunderstood by any, and all-embracing and all-protecting to 
 every human being who seeks shelter from tyrants and wicked 
 men under it a Constitution fully fitted to the advanced and 
 eventful times in which we live. Such a Constitution will be 
 demanded by the people of the United States, and sought fpr 
 through a special national convention. 
 
 MATERIAL POWER AND PROGRESS. 
 
 The honest and intelligent citizen is always proud of his 
 country, and feels for her welfare as he does for himself and 
 household. For many years it has been conceded by the nations 
 of the earth that the great Republic of the West, or the United 
 States, was, though young, the best Government in the world, 
 both in her political and natural advantages. 
 
 The superiority of her political system conies from its being 
 purely republican in form, while the configuration of her terri- 
 tories are hemmed in by approximate latitudes, and diversified 
 with all the natwral advantages that a country can possess. 
 
 However proud the true citizen may be of the greatness of the 
 Republic as she now is, it is evident that she is only a child, with 
 scarcely its swaddling clothes put off, and still resting and grow- 
 ing in the parent arms of two vast oceans, but with a vigor and 
 rapidity of growth unparalleled in history or experience. Each 
 succeeding year adds prodigies of industry and enormities of 
 wealth that baffle the genius of the statistician, the statesman, 
 and the tax gatherer. The change is wonderful. Years ago, 
 before the railroad, the telegraph, and the steamboat were known, 
 it was the rule for the pioneer, with his ox-cart, his ax and hoe, 
 to go before and build his log cabin in the wilderness, and after 
 him the canoe and the horse mail would come. .Not so now. 
 The telegraph, steamboat, and railroad go before in rapid march ; 
 and, instead of the pioneer, with his ax and hoe and log cabin, 
 the village is spread upon the prairie with the magic of the tented 
 field, and the plow takes the place of the hoe. Instead of the 
 
14 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 school-house, the church, and the printing office, being, as of old, 
 the products of half a generation, they now take their places 
 among the institutions of advancing civilization in a month and 
 a year. The loom and the anvil, the steam engine and the arti- 
 san, also keep pace with the advanced guards of industry and 
 institutions. 
 
 In this connection, it may be proper to refer briefly, with 
 introductory remarks, to the topography or general character 
 and configuration of our continent, and draw what lesson we can 
 for its adaptability to one government and one people over all 
 its broad extent. 
 
 It has been a growing conviction of scientific men and philo- 
 sophers that the character, homogeneousness, individuality, and 
 nationality of the people of a country are shaped by the pecu- 
 liarities and configuration of that country. 
 
 It is argued that high mountain ranges in the central part of 
 a continent, such as in Europe and Asia, manifest a divergence 
 in the physical aspects of the continent, as will be seen in the 
 flow of its rivers and the layers of its stratas, and that these 
 natural divergences imply a disintegration of the inhabitants 
 of such countries, and the formation of different nations of 
 people. It is argued that this truth can be traced all through 
 the physical history of the people of Asia and Europe, and that 
 by the formation of the continent can be mapped out the terri- 
 tory of the different nations that are to come upon it. This 
 doctrine has been argued with a great deal of care and ability 
 by Col. Win. Gilpin, now Governor of Colorado, who has been 
 long known as a distinguished pioneer and literary philosopher 
 of America, whose whole mind has been for many years devoted 
 to the study of the mountain system and physical geography 
 and topography of our and other lands. He has in many respects 
 been regarded as visionary, like all men in advance, but the next 
 generation will read his writings afresh, and with just apprecia- 
 tion. In his great natural studies he has been the student of 
 Humboldt. 
 
 The argument continues, that while Europe and Asia present 
 a divergence of continent and nationality, America, owing to 
 her mountain chains being stretched along her coasts, thus 
 driving her rivers to the center, presents a configuration of 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 15 
 
 convergence and unity by nature, and therefore securing a unit}' 
 of nationality all over the continent. It is argued, in evidence 
 of the truth of this doctrine, that the Indian tribes all over the 
 continent present a strong similarity in character, habits, and 
 customs, almost resembling branches of the same family, tem- 
 pered by natures of consanguinity. 
 
 This doctrine has been more recently taken up by John William 
 Draper, L.L.D., in his new work on the American war. "With 
 his vast learning and deep insight, he is enabled to look through 
 the sciences and comprehend its truth. He, too, argues the 
 unity of nationality over all the continent ; that the mountain 
 ranges on both sides lock arms in an indissoluble embrace across 
 the Mississippi and her tributaries, and thus, by the sanction of 
 Providence, make a home for one people, one law, one language, 
 and one faith over all this vast continent. 
 
 In the consummation of this great truth, which God and man 
 unfolds as a higher display of the wisdom of each, we must not 
 be so selfish in our progress as to forget Columbus and Hum- 
 boldt. Though their nativity was in Europe, "it is for America 
 that they have lived ; to us they belong ; apostolic citizens of 
 our destiny." 
 
 Leaving the simple statement of our national past, present, 
 and prospective, we shall proceed at once to collate and present, 
 in tabular form, the evidences of our nation's genius, wealth, 
 industry, and greatness, as we can gather them from the United 
 States census and other reliable sources. 
 
 That we may carry out and present intelligibly to the reader 
 the object of the work, we shall divide the States and Territories 
 into four divisions, as follows : 
 
 I. The Atlantic Slope. 
 
 II. The Mississippi Valley, from the Allegheny Mountains to 
 the twentieth meridian of west longitude, or conforming to a 
 line from Lake Winnipeg to the mouth of the Sabine river, will 
 comprehend the great grain-growing district of the United States. 
 
 III. West of the line drawn between the mouth of the Sabine 
 river and Lake Winnipeg, to the thirty-fifth meridian of west 
 longitude, will constitute essentially the great American pasture 
 or stock-growing region. 
 
 IV. From the thirty-fifth meridian of west longitude to the 
 
16 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 Pacific Ocean will embody the Pacific Slope, and ultimately con- 
 stitute that portion of the continent upon which will culminate 
 American civilization the birth-place and home of the greatest 
 poets, seers, and scholars the world will have seen. 
 
 Having stated our four grand divisions, we shall proceed with 
 the work before us. 
 
 Square Miles. 
 
 The superficial area of the United States, including all her 
 
 Territories and water surface of lakes and rivers, is 3,010,250 
 
 The area of the Atlantic Slope is 423,197 
 
 The area 01 the Mississippi Valley, including American pas- 
 ture, is 1,899,811 
 
 Pacific Slope has a superficial area of 627,256 
 
 These subdivisions only refer to land surface. 
 
 The subdivisions, with annexed figures just given, are the old 
 geographical divisions of the country, made long before its 
 commercial and industrial interests had assumed any reliable 
 proportions, and when the white man knew but little of the 
 Far West. 
 
 We shall only use this old division for geographical purposes, 
 and the new division for the purpose of illustrating the future 
 progress and development of civilization upon the continent. 
 
 THE ATLANTIC SLOPE. 
 
 The Atlantic Slope has a superficial area of 423,197 square 
 miles, which is, with the exception of Russia, more than twice as 
 large as any country in Europe. Its general surface is broken 
 and mountainous, its soil is good, but has become considerably 
 worn in many parts by long cultivation. Minerals of incalcu- 
 lable value are scattered throughout the extent of the Atlantic 
 Slope ; also timber of the best quality and kind is abundant in 
 all its parts. Such are the natural advantages of this part of 
 our common country, that it will ever be, as it now is, a first- 
 class manufacturing and commercial region. The advantages 
 in this respect are so great that the New England and Atlantic 
 States will constitute the great manufacturing and commercial 
 portion of the United States, and also the great consuming 
 district; and, though it has less than one-third the territorial 
 area of the Mississippi Valley, age, and its circumstantial rela- 
 
THE NKW REPUBLIC. 17 
 
 tions to the commerce of the world, will, for generations to come, 
 aive it pro-eminenco and control in commerce and manufactures 
 on the American continent. It* vast wealth, its concentrated 
 apital, its advanced elements of civilization, will essentially 
 huructerize and distinguish it as a part of our country. The 
 superior natural a I vantages; the cheapness in industry wrought 
 out of advanced and combined skill and capital ; the improved 
 facilities for transportation all unite to make the Atlantic Slope 
 a permanent home for the mechanical arts, and give to its cities 
 the control of our foreign commerce for years to come. Its ex- 
 tended fisheries and vast ship-building interest will probably 
 never be rivalled on the continent. 
 
 The Atlantic Slope comprises the following States: Connecti- 
 cut, Delaware, Florida, Maine, Massachusetts, Maryland, New 
 Jersey, New York, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Pennsyl- 
 vania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, Geor- 
 gia, and District of Columbia 17. 
 
 One-sixth of the total area of the whole United States belongs 
 to the Atlantic Slope, and fifty-four per cent, of the whole main 
 shore line of the water transportation facilities. Of the available 
 river transportation, there is about one thousand miles. Of 
 the commerce of the Atlantic Slope, it is, at present, almost 
 the commerce of the country, and we shall speak of it in gen- 
 eral terms elsewhera. 
 
 THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 
 
 Passing westward of the Alleghany Mountains, we at once 
 enter the Mississippi Valley, or that portion of our country 
 drained by the Mississippi river and her tributaries. The 
 Mississippi Valley, viewed as a whole, may be regarded as one 
 great plain between two diverging coast ranges, elevated from 
 400 to 800 feet above the sea. St. Paul, the head of navigation 
 on the Mississippi, is 800 feet above the ocean ; Pittsburg, at the 
 junction of the Monongahela and Allegheny, forming the Ohio, 
 699 feet; Lake Superior, on the north, 600 feet; but the water- 
 shed on the west, at South Pass, rises to nearly 7,500 feet. 
 
 It is traversed by no mountain ranges, but the surface swells 
 into hills and ridges, and is diversified by forest and prairie. 
 2 
 
18 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 Leaving out the vast pasture lands west of the Missouri, the 
 soil is incomparable in fertility, is easily cultivated, and yields 
 abundant returns. The climate is healthful and invigorating, 
 and altogether is the most inviting to immigration of any 
 portion of the earth. 
 
 This valley has a superficial area of 1,899,811 square miles, 
 which is much more than twice as large as all the Atlantic 
 States, and almost as large as all the countries in Western 
 Europe. "Within this valley is the finest body of agricultural 
 lands in the world. Crossing westward over this valley, to the 
 west line of Missouri, we span the great grain growing district, 
 which will constitute and essentially embody the agricultural 
 system of the United States. Providence has prepared it for 
 the three greatest inland interests belonging to civilized man 
 side by side lie the grain growing and the cotton or fabric 
 growing regions, and immediately to the west of both of these 
 lies the great American pasture or stock growing regions, 
 stretching away to the mountains and from our northern 
 boundary to the Gulf. Aside from the three great advantages 
 just mentioned, which this valley possesses, it also abounds in 
 inexhaustible minerals, iron, lead, coal, copper, and other 
 valuable metals. Its immense forests and its water powers 
 fit it for many of the valuable manufacturing pursuits, while its 
 rivers and lakes already furnish a greater internal commerce 
 than belongs to our sea-board cities. In short, God has made it 
 the fittest abode for the greatest, most industrious, most 
 intellectual, and most progressive people on the planet, and He 
 has decreed their mission, and they must fulfill it. 
 
 MATEEIAL POWEE. 
 
 The Mississippi Yalley includes the following States and Ter- 
 ritories : Arkansas, Alabama, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, 
 Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Missouri, Mississippi, Minnesota, 
 New Mexico, Ohio, Tennessee, Texas, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and 
 the Territories east of the Boeky Mountains 18. 
 
 Over two-fifths of our whole national territory belongs to the 
 Mississippi Yalley, and twenty-eight per cent, of the main shore 
 line belongs to the Gulf coast. Of the available navigation, there 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 19 
 
 is belonging to the Mississippi Valley about 13,173 miles. It 
 has the most stupendous system of internal navigation of any 
 country, and with the least obstacles for its artificial expansion. 
 
 COMMERCE. 
 
 Of the commerce of the Valley States, much can be said. The 
 growth of population, and the increase of surplus products, 
 necessarily demand great and extended facilities for transporta- 
 tion and travel. Not only have the thousands of miles of our 
 net-work of railroads failed to meet the wants of the public, but 
 the demand is still greater for enlarged canal facilities. Already 
 the valley of the Mississippi embraces a drainage area of 
 1,224,000 square miles, which is near one : half of the entire area 
 of the United States. 
 
 Its navigable rivers are as follows : 
 
 Mississippi, from the Gulf of Mexico to Fort Snelling 2,131 miles. 
 
 Missouri, from mouth to Bosman 3,525 " 
 
 Ohio to Pittsburg 1,036 " 
 
 Illinoisto LaSalle 300 " 
 
 Wa.-.hitato Arkadelphia 601 
 
 Red River to Jefferson 720 
 
 Yazoo to Le Flore 257 
 
 Little Red to Searcey Landing 45 
 
 Arkansas to Fort Gibson 800 
 
 White toForsyth 692 
 
 Black to Pocahontas 150 
 
 Currant to Doniphan 60 
 
 Tennessee to Florence . 289 
 
 Cumberland to Nashville 193 
 
 Osage to Osceola 200 
 
 Kansas 200 
 
 Big Sioux 75 
 
 Yellow Stone 800 
 
 Minnesota 295 
 
 St. Croix 60 
 
 Chippeway 
 
 Monongahela to Geneva (slack- water, 4 locks) 91 
 
 Muskingum to Dresden, do 8 do .. 100 
 
 Green River to Bowling Green do 5 do 186 
 
 Kentucky to Brooklyn do 5 do 117 
 
 Kanawha to Gauley Bridge 100 
 
 WabashtoLaFayette 335 
 
 Salt to Shepherdsville 30 
 
 Sondey to Louisa 25 
 
 NOTE Steamboats have ascended the Des Moines to Des Moines City, Iowa River 
 to Iowa City, Cedar River to Cedar Rapids, and the Moqueketa to Magaketa City, but 
 only during temporary floods Boats have gone up many other small rivers in past 
 yens, but as the country becomes more cultivated the wash and drift is greater, and 
 the smaller streams iill up, and are thus rendered useless for navigable purposes. 
 
20 
 
 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 TABLE SHOWING THE DIMENSIONS OF THE FIVE GREAT AMERICAN 
 
 LAKES. 
 
 These lakes constitute the greatest body of fresh water in the 
 world. Their commerce might of itself be taken as the measure 
 of the internal exchanges of the Northern States, east and west, 
 adding to its quantity the greater portion of some three rail- 
 roads. The shipping employed on these great lakes has had 
 various alternations of fortune. The development of steam 
 and sailing vessels began to be conspicuous in 1833, and 
 rapidly rose in the succeeding five years to 50,000 tons. In 
 1843, another great impulse was given to that trade, and with 
 the exception of a slight reverse in 1857, has steadily increased 
 to the present time. 
 
 LAKES. 
 
 -u C 
 CC'"* . 
 
 3-J5 
 If 
 
 -M 5 
 
 iii 
 IP 
 
 l!i 
 -1 
 
 2 
 
 22. 
 
 gti 
 
 
 355 
 
 160 
 
 600 
 
 32.000 
 
 Michigan 
 
 265 
 
 SO 
 
 576 
 
 22.000 
 
 Huron . . . 
 
 210 
 
 150 
 
 574 
 
 20.400 
 
 Erie 
 
 210 
 
 45 
 
 560 
 
 9.600 
 
 Ontario. 
 
 1GO 
 
 45 
 
 235 
 
 6.300 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 90.300 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Th|e commerce of these lakes, whose annual value reaches 
 $450,000,000 more than twice the external commerce of the 
 whole country is carried on by a fleet of 1,643 vessels, of the 
 following classes : 
 
 TABLE SHOWING THE CARRYING FLEET ON THE LAKES. 
 
 
 No. 
 
 TONNAGE 
 
 VAM.TK. 
 
 
 143 
 
 53,522 
 
 $2.irw.:,00 
 
 Propellers 
 
 254 
 
 70.253 
 
 3,57:* ;;oo 
 
 Barks 
 
 74 
 
 33.208 
 
 982.900 
 
 Bri<-s 
 
 85 
 
 24.831 
 
 526.200 
 
 fcJchooners 
 
 1 068 
 
 227. 8al 
 
 5,955.550 
 
 JSloops 
 
 16 
 
 667 
 
 12.770 
 
 
 a 
 
 Q 7JQ 
 
 UOOO 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 1 643 
 
 413.026 
 
 $13 257 020 
 
 
 
 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 TABLE SHOWING THE CONVEY TNG FLEET ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER 
 AND ITS TRIBUTARIES. 
 
 PORTS. 
 
 No. of 
 Steamers 1 
 
 If 
 fl 
 
 Carrying 
 capacity 
 
 r x 
 
 |i 
 
 *Cjiiro 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 150 
 
 30.497.16 
 
 42 983 
 
 $4 134 000 
 
 iHibiiouo 
 
 20 
 
 3 204 37 
 
 5 137 
 
 459 500 
 
 ErfVunsvillc 
 
 25 
 
 3 043.51 
 
 5 019 
 
 409 (JOO 
 
 Galena 
 
 20 
 
 2 2!)7.77 
 
 3.305 
 
 435 000 
 
 Jveokuk .. .. 
 
 15 
 
 1,173 86 
 
 2 192 
 
 ITS ")()0 
 
 Louisville 
 
 66 
 
 14 100.64 
 
 25 4'>5 
 
 1 994 500 
 
 Memphis 
 
 70 
 
 9,849.62 
 
 15 121 
 
 1 Oil '>00 
 
 *.N(>\v Albany 
 
 
 
 
 
 Xa-Oiville '. 
 
 II 
 
 1,183.06 
 
 2,156 
 
 108,000 
 
 *N;itcbez 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nc\v Orleans 
 
 80 
 
 15 860 07 
 
 21 625 
 
 1 292 000 
 
 Pudueah 
 
 10 
 
 1 100.80 
 
 2 893 
 
 205 000 
 
 Pittsbunr (si tu^s) 
 
 159 
 
 33 598.00 
 
 42 471 
 
 3 920 80 
 
 *Quincy 
 
 
 
 
 
 St. Paul 
 
 39 
 
 3 OSS. 52 
 
 4 973 
 
 607 500 
 
 St. Louis 
 
 210 
 
 86 532.34 
 
 110 769 
 
 8,830 000 
 
 ^Vicksburg" 
 
 
 
 
 
 AVhe(;lintr 
 
 44 
 
 9 538.11 
 
 8,075 
 
 918,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 910 
 
 216 067.83 
 
 292.144 
 
 $2-1,556,600 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * No registration at these ports for want of local inspectors. 
 
 The number of vessels an<d their tonnage, now employed on 
 these waters, as shown in the above exhibit, is much smaller 
 than the number in use before the late rebellion. The number 
 of barges, lighters, and similar crafts used as auxiliaries, is very 
 large, but the enrolling of such has not been carried out. 
 
 Also, to the above list, and to the commercial interest of the 
 country, belongs a large fleet of canal boats, a list of which we 
 have not been able to procure. 
 
 It is proper to notice, in this connection, that an essential 
 improvement, constituting a new era in the commercial interest 
 of the Yalley States, will soon be made. In addition to the 
 unlimited expansion of the railroad system of the country, 
 there will soon be developed a canal system. In no country 
 have the railroads been able to do all the work offered them ; 
 besides, there is a universal growing demand for canals. The 
 Mississippi river and her tributaries are feathered with smaller 
 
22 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 streams that can easily be converted into fine canals. The 
 abundance of products, and the cheapness of freights, will 
 necessarily demand their construction. What are the facts ? 
 Sugar is shipped from New Orleans to St. Louis at 30 cents per 
 hundred, by boat. The same sugar, from New York, by rail, 
 will cost $1 per hundred. Teas will cost $2 40, while the same 
 freight can be shipped from New York, via New Orleans to St. 
 Louis, for $1 40. Again, on examination we find that the 
 Atlantic and Mississippi Steamship Company, of this city, and 
 other steamboatmen, can carry freight to New Orleans from 
 this port at $4 per ton, while the same distance by rail will cost 
 $15 per ton. 
 
 To illustrate further : A steamer that will carry 1,000 tons 
 of freight 1,000 miles will cost about $80,000, and to make the 
 trip will require 75 hands and 20 days. Cost of hands and 
 officers for round trip, about $11,000. 
 
 To carry 1,000 tons of freight 1,000 miles on railroad will 
 require 
 
 6 locomotives, value, $108,000 
 
 100 cars, 120,000 
 
 Six days, for time of trip, 36 train hands, at $90 per day, 540 
 
 Total $228,540 
 
 It will be seen by these figures that the expense of freighting 
 by railroad, except at a distance on the Missouri river, is much 
 higher than by steamboat ; yet, even with this fact before us, 
 there can be no impediments to the building of railroads. The 
 canal is an intermediate means of conveyance, carrying at less 
 rates of freight than by rail, and at longer time than by steam- 
 boat or rail. With such a prairie country as belongs to the 
 Valley States, and the increase of products for distant markets, 
 there will necessarily be a demand for the construction of 
 numerous canals. In addition to this, the introduction of grain 
 elevators, which have become so popular as a means for facili- 
 tating the handling of grain, in shipping, will necessarily (and 
 soon) make a radical change in the structure of barges, canal, 
 and other boats, used for shipping grain in bulk. Grain dealers 
 and shippers will find it essential to so construct the internal ar- 
 rangement of their boats as to facilitate the taking out of grain. 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 23 
 
 Again, when our political difficulties are healed, the currents 
 of commerce will undergo many changes, and millions of bushels 
 of grain, and as many pounds of freight, that now find their 
 way to distant markets, will go down the Mississippi, and out 
 at the Gulf, and thence to the different markets of. the world. 
 
 AVe submit the following letter from the Hon. Platt Smith, of 
 Dubuque, Iowa, to show that freights are cheaper down the 
 Mississippi river, via New Orleans to New York, than by the 
 northern route. Mr. Smith is a lawyer of shrewd observation, 
 and well informed upon the railroad and steamboat interests of 
 the West : 
 
 DUBUQUE, November 4, 1865. 
 
 I wish to call the attention of your readers, particularly those 
 concerned in the purchase and shipment of grain, to the follow- 
 ing facts : 
 
 The cost of shipping a bushel of wheat from 
 
 Dubuque to Chicago is 12 cents. 
 
 Elevators and charges in Chicago, say 3 * 
 
 Freight from Chicago to Buffalo 16 i * 
 
 Charges to Buffalo 2 " 
 
 Freight from Buffalo to New York 25 * ' 
 
 Total 58 cents. , 
 
 This is not high enough, for the reason that no allowance is 
 made for insurance ; but the figures are sufficiently exact to 
 illustrate the case which I wish to present. About 4 cents, 
 between Buffalo and New York, is paid as tribute to the State 
 of New York under the name of tolls. I contend that the State 
 of New York has no right to levy more tolls than would be 
 sufficient to jpay the interest on the canal debt, and that the 
 excess is nothing but tribute levied on Western farmers. 
 
 The cost of shipping a bushel of wheat from 
 
 Dubuque to St. Louis is 12 cents. 
 
 Freight, St. Louis to New Orleans 10 tl 
 
 Handling and tonnage in New Orleans 3 * ' 
 
 Freight, New Orleans to New York 8 ' 4 
 
 Total 33 cents. 
 
 The Mississippi river is usually open eight months in the year, 
 and sometimes nine. All that is required to make the route via 
 New Orleans feasible, is an elevator at New Orleans, and a suffi- 
 cient number of good boats, to ship in bulk, to run from the 
 Upper Mississippi to New Orleans. 
 
24 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 As the Mississippi is usually closed about four months, and it 
 is desirable that farmers should market their grain in the winter, 
 they could avail themselves of the Illinois Central Eailroad from 
 here to Cairo, but of course at higher rates. I am advised by 
 good authority that the Illinois Central Company will grant 
 every facility necessary for the purpose of constructing elevators 
 at Cairo. I presume that a 
 
 Fair charge for freight to that point will be about 25 cents. 
 
 Elevatorag'e, etc , at Cairo 2 ' 
 
 Freight, Cairo to New Orleans 10 4i 
 
 Handling and tonnage in New Orleans 3 *' 
 
 Freight, New Orleans to New York 8 " 
 
 Total 48 cents. 
 
 This is seventeen cents a bushel less than via Chicago.' 
 
 The saving on either of the Southern routes would be added 
 by the wharf buyers to the price paid to the farmers. Time is 
 said to be money, and the saving of time in getting through 
 products to market in the winter would be very great over the 
 lake route. Buffalo harbor is usually closed for five months in 
 the year and sometimes six. 
 
 The Mississippi is free. The State of Illinois levies tribute 
 upon all products passing over it, whether they go from Dun- 
 leith to Chicago, or from Dunleith to Cairo. Seven per cent, of 
 the gross railroad earnings are paid into the State treasury as a 
 tax or tribute ; but this tribute is a fraction less than two cents 
 a bushel. If that tribute was taken off, this amount would also 
 be added to the price which the farmer would receive for his 
 wheat. 
 
 It is high time for our shippers and business men to take this 
 matter in hand. It only requires a little energy and some well 
 directed capital to make Dubuque a good grain market, and to 
 give the farmers an additional outlet and a much higher price 
 for their products. 
 
 I am, respectfully yours, 
 
 PLATT SMITH. 
 
 When the more Eastern States exhibit that liberality due 
 from their people to the internal interest of the country, and 
 thereby secure the enlargement of canals on our northern 
 border, then freight may be carried to New York from the West 
 as cheap as it can via the Mississippi river. Until those canals 
 are enlarged the Southern route will remain the cheapest. 
 
 In further justification of this position, we quote as follows 
 from an able lecture of the late Patrick Eobb, Esq., of Dubuque, 
 Iowa : 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 25 
 
 In 1860 the whole number of acres of improved land in all 
 the States and Territories was 163,261,389. Of this 
 
 Missouri contained (5,246,871 
 
 Illinois 13,254,473 
 
 low.-i 3,780,253 
 
 Wisconsin 3,746,030 
 
 Minnesota 554,397 
 
 27,582,030 
 Or a fraction less than one-sixth. 
 
 The total value of crops for 1864 is estimated by the Agricul- 
 tural Bureau of the Department of the Interior to have been 
 1,564,543,690. Of this sum 
 
 Illinois produced $214,488.426 
 
 Wisconsin 51,938 952 
 
 Missouri 52, 99^5. 592 
 
 Iowa 71,100,481 
 
 Minnesota 13,168,123 
 
 $403,692.574 
 
 Or more than one-fourth of the value of the entire crops of the 
 country. But these estimates of value are the estimated value 
 of the various products in the States where produced. 
 
 The value of the live stock, which, on the 1st of January, 
 
 1865, was $990,876,128 
 
 Illinois had $116,588.288 
 
 Missouri 44,431.766 
 
 Iowa 66.572,496 
 
 Wisconsin 36.911.165 
 
 Minnesota '. 8,860,015 
 
 273,363,730 
 Or more than one-fourth. 
 
 A juster standard by which to measure the productiveness of 
 these States would be a comparison of the amount of their 
 respective products, since the value is so largely affected by the 
 distance from market. 
 
 The great staples of agriculture are wheat, corn, beef, and 
 pork. Comparing these, we find that the total number of 
 bushels of wheat produced in all the States and Territories in 
 1864, (except the cotton States, whose production was almost 
 nominal, probably not more than one-sixth of what it was in 
 1860), was 160,695,823 bushels, of which 
 
 Illinois produced 33,371.173 
 
 Missouri 3,281,514 
 
 Wisconsin 14,168,317 
 
 Iowa 12,649,807 
 
 Minnesota 2,634,975 
 
 G67l05,786 
 Or a fraction less than one-half. 
 
26 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 The total number of bushels of corn produced was 530,451,403. 
 
 Illinois produced 138,356,135 
 
 Missouri 3(5, 035, Oil 
 
 Wisconsin 10,087,053 
 
 Iowa 55,2(51,240 
 
 Minnesota 4,047,329 
 
 244,986,768 
 Or nearly one-half. 
 
 The whole number of cattle and oxen, January 1, 1865, was 
 7,072,591. 
 
 Illinois had 978,700 
 
 Missouri 471,006 
 
 Wisconsin 388,760 
 
 Iowa 561,338 
 
 Minnesota 127,175 
 
 2,526,979 
 Or more than one-third. 
 
 The total number of hogs was 13,070,887. 
 
 Illinois had 2,034,231 
 
 Missouri 988,857 
 
 Wisconsin 340,638 
 
 Iowa 1.423,567 
 
 Minnesota... 109,016 
 
 4,896,309 
 Or more than one-third. 
 
 The entire population of the United States in 1860 was 
 31,443,322. 
 
 Illinois contained 1,711,951 
 
 Iowa 711,951 
 
 Missouri 1,182,012 
 
 Minnesota 172,123 
 
 Wisconsin 775,881 
 
 4,553,918 
 Or about one-seventh. 
 
 Thus it will be seen that these five States, possessing only one- 
 seventh of all the population, and one-sixth of all the improved 
 land, nevertheless, in 1864, produced more than one-fourth in 
 value of the entire crop more than one-fourth in value of all 
 the live stock more than one-third in number of all the cattle 
 and hogs, and nearly one-half of all the wheat and corn grown in 
 the United States. Here we find four and one-half millions of 
 agriculturists, along the Upper Mississippi, producing, in a 
 single year, from one-third to one-half of all the productions of 
 the leading staples of an estimated value of six hundred and sev- 
 enty-seven millions, fifty-six thousand two hundred and four 
 .dollars. 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 27 
 
 An examination of the statistics fully establishes the additional 
 fact that these five States, during the years 1861, '62 and '63, 
 shipped East 150 per cent, more corn and meal, and 25 per cent, 
 more pork products than were exported from the entire country 
 during the same period. These States not only supply the export 
 wheat of the entire country, but also the export corn and pork 
 products. The contributions, therefore, made by Illinois, Wiscon- 
 sin, Missouri and Minnesota, to the exports of the United States 
 in these three leading agricultural staples alone, are as follows: 
 
 18GO-1 1861-2 1862-3 
 
 Wheat $48,938,780 $44,187,148 $55,647,979 
 
 Corn and meal 6,387,160 9,609,879 9,623,357 
 
 Pork products 4,687,784 10,217,281 16,424,338 
 
 Total $60,013,724 $64,014,308 $81,695,674 
 
 The entire exports of domestic products of the United States 
 amounted to 
 
 1860-1. 1861-2. 1862-3. 
 
 $217,666,953 $190,699,387 $260,666,110 
 
 The average exports of the country for the three years were 
 8222,874,183 33, and the average exports which these five States 
 contributed in wheat, corn and pork alone was $68,575,568 66, 
 or very nearly one-third. 
 
 In 1861, '62 and '63, the average yearly tonnage of all Ameri- 
 can vessels engaged in trans-oceanic commerce, and entering the 
 ports of the United States, was 2,564,257 tons, and the average 
 tonnage of all the vessels of all countries engaged in oceanic 
 commerce, and entering the ports of the United States was 5,341,- 
 867 tons. Now, the three staples contributed by these five Upper 
 .Mississippi States to our exports were equivalent to 1,315,000 
 tons annually. They, therefore, not only contributed one-third 
 in value to our entire exports, but gave employment upon the 
 ocean to more than one-half of all our American tonnage, which 
 was equivalent to one-fourth of all the tonnage of all nations, 
 our own included, entering the United States, and engaged in 
 trans-oceanic commerce. History cannot furnish a parallel. 
 
 The Agricultural Bureau, basing its calculation on past results, 
 makes the following approximate estimate of the cereal product 
 of the Northwest for the next four decades : 
 
 Years Bushels. 
 
 1870 762,200.000 
 
 1880 1,219,520,000 
 
 1890 1,951,232,000 
 
 1900 3,121,970,000 
 
 We consume in this country an average of about five bush- 
 els of wheat to the inhabitant, but if necessary can get along 
 
28 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 with something less, as we have many substitutes, such as corn, 
 rye, and buckwheat. It is estimated that our population, will 
 be in 
 
 1870 42,000.000 
 
 1880 5(5.000,000 
 
 1890 77.000.000 
 
 1900 100,600,000 
 
 Accordingly, we can use for home consumption alone of 
 wheat in 
 
 1870 210.000.000 bushels. 
 
 1880 280.000,000 
 
 1890 385.000.000 
 
 1900 500,000,000 " 
 
 From 1790 to 1817, breadstuifs were the chief exports of some 
 of the New England and nearly all of the Atlantic States. Now 
 New England produces but eleven quarts of wheat to each inhab- 
 itant, and consumes annually of agricultural productions 850,- 
 000,000 more than she produces. Pennsylvania, the first, and 
 New York, the third among the States in the production of 
 wheat in 1860, are now calling upon the West, the former for ten 
 per cent, and the latter for sixty per cent, of its bread, while 
 Ohio, so long the promise land of the emigrant, is now growing 
 but very little more wheat than will meet the wants of a popu- 
 lation equal to her own. Nearly every State in South America, 
 and nearly every nation in Europe, imports agricultural pro- 
 ducts, and in 1863 the United States sent its breadstuifs to sixty 
 different foreign markets. 
 
 Eussia, the chief grain exporting country of the Old World, 
 from 1857 to 1862 inclusive, only exported annually : 
 
 Wheat .... 19,897.292 bushels. 
 
 Corn 2,211,932 ** 
 
 The only difficulties now preventing these States from sending 
 their products to New York, by water, are the rapids at Bock 
 Island and Keokuk. How to remove these obstructions so as 
 to secure uninterrupted navigation of the Mississippi, is the 
 question at present of all-absorbing interest to the people of the 
 Northwest. 
 
 A glance at the commerce of the Mississippi will show how 
 necessary it is that this work should be done immediately and 
 effectually. Thirty years ago steamboats engaged in the river 
 trade aggregated but a few score. Now there are over a, 
 thousand. 
 
 In 1865 the imports of St. Louis, Cincinnati, Louisville, and 
 two or three minor Mississippi towns, were of the value of 
 8730,000,000. As the export trade of these places was about 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 29 
 
 equal to their imports, we have for the entire commerce of these 
 points nearly 1,500,000,000. But this does not include the 
 commerce of Xe\v Orleans, .Memphis, Dubuque, and other import- 
 ant towns. Include the trade of these points and the aggregate 
 value of the trade of the Mississippi, and its tributaries, the Ohio 
 an I Missouri, in 1865, was more than two thousand millions of 
 dollars a sum equivalent to three times the whole foreign 
 commerce of the United States. When the Atlantic States 
 want a harbor improved, or light-house erected, they ask Con- 
 givss to undertake the work, on the ground of its national 
 importance and common benefits. If the interests of our foreign 
 commerce require it, the General Government, without hesitation 
 or complaint, appropriates millions for the improvement, and 
 calls upon the West to sustain its share of the burden. If 
 Congress can improve harbors and build light-houses as works 
 of national importance for a foreign commerce of 8600,000,000 
 a year, ought it to refuse, aye, under what pretext can it refuse, 
 to appropriate the paltry sum required for the improvement of 
 the rapids of the Mississippi, when askecl as an act of justice 
 and relief to the Northwest, and the interests of a commerce of 
 more than two thousand millions of dollars? 
 
 AVhat though an uninterrupted navigation of this river should 
 build up St. Louis to the detriment of rival cities ? The ques- 
 tions we have met to consider are vital to us all, and cannot be 
 narrowed down to local interests and rivalries. Chicago, Cin- 
 cinnati, or St. Louis must eventually become the great center of 
 trade for the Mississippi Valley. We want and must have this 
 river made easily navigable without any regard to its ultimate 
 effect upon these rival points. If St. Louis shall distance its 
 competitors in the race, and become the controlling commercial 
 center, it will be because her own energies and advantages, 
 which -nature has lavished upon her, entitle her to the position, 
 and all that we shall ask of St. Louis is that she shall use her 
 commanding position and influence in accordance with true com- 
 mercial honor, for the development of the trade and resources 
 and the general prosperity of the Northwest. 
 
 Remove these obstructions, and the producers of these States 
 will then have a convenient and adequate outlet to the markets 
 on our own seaboard and of Europe. They can market their 
 grain in London and Liverpool, be successful competitors of 
 European producers on their own soil, and eventually control 
 the pric3 of breadstuff's in the very center of the world's trade. 
 In Kurope land is scarce and rents ruinously high. The conse- 
 quence is that our farmers who have cheap lands and mechanical 
 labor can produce grain with profit, at figures that would ruin 
 the European farmer. The only obstacle that prevents the 
 Western producer from underselling, and, by successful compe- 
 
30 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 tition, driving foreign producers from their own markets, is the 
 want of cheap transportation. For the last five years, the 
 average price per bushel of wheat in London and Liverpool has 
 been $1 37 in gold, or $1 90 in our own currency. The English 
 farmer cannot produce it at a less cost with any profit. The 
 land is mostly held by the nobility, who exact as rental therefor 
 40 per cent, of the productions. Improve these Rapids, and 
 grain can be sent from Dubuque to New Orleans for 20 cents, 
 and thence to Liverpool for 17 cents, including cost of tranship- 
 ment, thus netting our farmers at least $1 50 per bushel, and 
 giving the power to undersell the English farmer in his own 
 market, and eventually compel him to seek other pursuits. 
 Wheat could be shipped from this point to New York for 33 
 cents per bushel by the way of New Orleans, while the average 
 cost by present transportation from the Mississippi river to New 
 Y ork is 65 cents per bushel. Here is a saving of 32 cents per 
 bushel. This, on 30,000,000 of our surplus crop of 50,000,000 
 bushels annually raised, would make the enormous sum of 
 $9,600,000. Nor is it unreasonable to suppose that three-fifths 
 of the grain and flour of these States would choose the river 
 route, because, w r ith uninterrupted navigation, grain will find a 
 better market on the Mississippi than on the lake, and farmers 
 in the eastern parts of Illinois and Wisconsin will find it to their 
 interest to look westward to the new market thus established. 
 
 MINERALS. 
 
 Of the mineral interest of the Mississippi Valley, the two 
 great natural sources are about Lake Superior and in Missouri. 
 The Lake Superior mines are said to be in mountain masses, 
 sufficient to furnish an unlimited quantity of the purest iron for 
 all time. They occupy a belt from six to twenty-five miles 
 wide, and about one hundred and fifty miles long j also copper 
 in abundance is found, and comprises a large part of the Lake 
 Superior trade.' 
 
 The Missouri mines, consisting of iron, coal and lead, are 
 probably not surpassed in the world. Of the mountains of iron, 
 we gather, briefly, from Prof. Swallow's very able geographical 
 report of the State of Missouri : Shepherd Mountain is 660 
 feet high ; its ore is magnetic and specular, containing a large 
 per cent, of pure iron. Pilot Knob is 1,118 feet above the Mis- 
 sissippi ; its base is 581 feet from the summit. The upper sec- 
 tion of 141 feet is estimated to contain 14,000,000 tons of ore. 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 31 
 
 Iron Mountain is 228 feet high, and the solid contents of the 
 cone estimated to weigh 230,000,000 tons. At a depth of 180 
 feet an artesian auger is still penetrating solid ore. 
 
 Lead has been discovered in more than five hundred localities. 
 It runs through twenty counties, and intersects an area of more 
 than 6,000 square miles. The usual yearly average of all the 
 mines, though unskillfully worked, from 1840 to 1854, was 
 400,000 pounds of ore. 
 
 Coal underlies a large portion of Missouri. There are some 
 26,827 square miles of coal fields in the State. It is estimated 
 that in St. Louis county there are 160 square miles of coal, and 
 in Cooper county 60,000,000 tons. It is further estimated that 
 it would take 3,000 years, at 100,000 tons per day, to exhaust 
 the coal of the State. " Still larger fields open up their treasures 
 and extend through 17 degrees of latitude, and a longitude of 
 nearly equal measure, making an area of more than a million 
 of square miles. They are literally stocked with gold, silver, 
 precious stones, marble, gypsum, salt, tin, quicksilver, asphal- 
 tum, coal, iron, copper, and lead ; asking only an amount 
 of labor relatively equal to that expended on California, to 
 yield four hundred millions per annum in gold and silver 
 alone ; and in the other minerals, which will be mined as 
 soon as transportation is provided, at least half that sum. 
 And these things are not merely in the possible of the far 
 future ; they are near enough to answer the exigencies of 
 our condition. A population now of thirty millions, which, 
 during the last half century, has doubled its numbers every 
 23i years, with all the industrial enginery and apparatus of 
 the age at command, animated by the spirit of adventure, 
 and spurred by the faith and hope which works wonders, 
 will be found sufficient for the achievement of greater things 
 than we shall need or dare predict. 
 
 " But great as the promise is in these exhaustless sources of 
 national wealth, our reliance is not alone, nor even chiefly, in 
 the wilderness of our new world. The States called the older 
 of the sisterhood did, in the last census decade, increase their 
 wealth vastly more in amount and but little less in percentage, 
 than the comparatively new ones. Ohio, first settled 77 years 
 ago, appreciated 136 per cent., but New Jersey and Connecticut, 
 
32 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 both two centuries under culture, enhanced their wealth in as 
 great proportion in the same time j Pennsylvania made an 
 increase of 96 per cent, upon her large capital of $722,000,000." 
 
 These showings, together with the countless other mineral 
 resources of the Valley States, furnish abundant evidence of 
 the unlimited expansion of the mineral interest. 
 
 Of the agricultural interest of the Valley States we shall not 
 attempt to say anything. All efforts in that direction would bo 
 in vain. No calculations, no figures, could definitely approach 
 the facts that another quarter of a century will reveal. It is 
 sufficient to state that the unsurpassing progress of an indus- 
 trious and intelligent people, in an unequaled land, is a sure 
 guarantee for a wonderful expansion. 
 
 THE AMERICAN PASTURE. 
 
 Leaving that portion of the Mississippi valley lying between 
 the Allegheny Mountains and the Mississippi river, or more 
 properly the Missouri, we at once enter that vast plain of coun- 
 try which stretches from its banks to the base of the Eocky 
 Mountains, east and west, and from the northern boundary of 
 Nebraska to the Gulf, and known as the great American pasture 
 region, which, for many years, has been noted for its vast herds 
 of buffalo and wild horses. 
 
 This American pasture is not inferior in size to the far-famed 
 and historic Pampas of South America, which has been so long 
 and eminently known as the greatest stock growing country in 
 the world. Upon this vast plain sheep are, mere numerous 
 than with Chaldean shepherds, while the South American herds- 
 man is richer, in the number of his cattle, than was the man 
 of Hz. 
 
 The great South American Pampas extends from the Bolivian 
 province of Chiquitor to the confines of Patagonia, and from the 
 western margin of La Plata to the eastern slope of the Andes. 
 It embraces an area, north and south, of 800, and east and west 
 of l,<iOO miles, making a superficial area of 800,000 square miles, 
 and is situated between 26 and 40 C of south latitude, which 
 would correspond in size with the country lying between Atchi- 
 son, Kansas, and the mouth of the Eio Grande. 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 33 
 
 This great American pasture, on account of its vast prairies, 
 which furnish by nature, in the growth of grass, almost food 
 enough for herds the entire year, and its lack of dense forests 
 and navigable streams, necessarily and pre-eminently fit it for 
 the stock growing division of the continent. It is not such a 
 country as that to which the mechanic arts will migrate, nor 
 will it very rapidly increase in population. These facts, in con- 
 nection with the certainty of the greater portion of its lands 
 remaining cheap for many years, clearly make it the great stock 
 raising and wool growing region of our country. Already the 
 work is in rapid progress j thousands of sheep of the best bloods, 
 and also cattle and horses, are fast finding their way to that 
 unlimited but fertile and inviting pasture. Corresponding to 
 the rapid growth of the population and wealth of the nation, 
 will be the increase of the herds and flocks upon these broad 
 prairies, and before another generation takes the place of the 
 present, millions of cattle and sheep will swarm over this great 
 pasture, as the common stock of enterprising and industrious 
 herdsmen, who will be continually supplying near and distant 
 markets with fine beef and mutton, and cheese and wool, from 
 their countless herds. 
 
 This region, when properly populated with stock, is capable 
 of furnishing pasturage for cattle and sheep in numbers more 
 than 2,000,000,000 of each, or nearly double the present human 
 population of the earth. 
 
 Crossing the Missouri river and the line of the State of Mis- 
 souri, we enter this great pasture, which is said to oifer but little 
 inducement for the agriculturists on account of its scarcity of 
 timber. The facts are otherwise ; the greater portion of south- 
 ern Kansas offers better advantages to the stock grower and 
 farmer, than any other equal portion of the United States. Its 
 entire lands will average good, while the emigrant, on every 
 other quarter section of land, can dig out of one corner of it, 
 with but little labor, stone enough to build him a good house, 
 and fence his farm, an advantage which is not found to any 
 great extent in any other portion of the whole country. Be- 
 sides, on entering this great pastoral region there will be found 
 penetrating it every where, beautiful living streams and valuable 
 belts of timber, which, combined with high latitudes and its 
 3 
 
34 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 genial climate, with the certainty of its interior deficiency of 
 water and navigation being amply and absolutely overcome by 
 artesian wells, and railroads crossing in every direction in 
 search of new markets, will render it one of the most available 
 and therefore productive portions of the American continent. 
 
 As the mechanical and agricultural pursuits expand in that 
 portion of the continent lying east of the Mississippi, the stock 
 growing business will increase west of it. 
 
 It is proper to notice in this connection, that in the future 
 growth and dense population of our continent, the great 
 future in the stock growing of the country will be confined 
 mostly to the raising of cattle and sheep, as the horse is only 
 required for his service ; his raising will be confined to those 
 who need him ; the dog will soon pass away, and when the 
 people get truly civilized, the hog will go too. The hog ought 
 never to have been eaten, and is fit for nothing; the double 
 use to which the cattle and the sheep can serve in furnishing 
 food, and skins for boots, shoes, and other uses, and the wool 
 for clothing, will ever make them valuable to man, and render 
 their growth the more important. To this great pasture we 
 may look more, and almost wholly, for the culture and growth 
 of the cattle and sheep. 
 
 THE PACIFIC SLOPE. 
 
 Leaving the Mississippi Valley, we pass westward to the 
 Pacific Slope, and into the great mountain system of our conti- 
 nent. It is large, magnificent, grand, and epical. It is the 
 last step in American progress, the consecrated home of poetry. 
 
 The Pacific Slope has a superficial area of 627,256 square 
 miles, which is more than twice as large as the Atlantic Slope. 
 It embraces the States of California and Oregon, and the Terri- 
 tories of Arizona, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, and Washington 7. 
 
 One-fourth of the area total of our national territory belongs 
 to the Pacific Slope, and eighteen per cent, of our main 
 shore line, together with about 2,500 miles of river navigation. 
 This portion of the country is favored with the great mountain 
 chains and beautiful valleys, and untold wealth of precious 
 metals. No country in the world has such strong natural 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 35 
 
 characteristics combined together its minerals, its moun- 
 tains, and its fertile valleys with varied climate. In territory 
 it is large enough for a great nation, yet it does not have 
 one inhabitant to the square mile. This country will always 
 be noted for its universal developments. It will be rich in 
 agriculture, commerce, and stock-growing. It is rich in min- 
 erals. It is much larger than the Atlantic Slope. At no 
 distant day it will be the finest sheep-growing region on the 
 continent, and more noted for its shepherds than the moun- 
 tain regions of Chaldea, where the shepherds and magi 
 watched the flocks and the stars by night. 
 
 California and Utah already show a wonderful growth of 
 wool, also of wine. The Pacific Slope has given evidence of 
 its superiority as a grape-growing and wine country ; its wines 
 are highly prized in the best markets. Its mineral wealth, 
 since its discovery, has been the magnet of the world, drawing, 
 by its golden influence, to its shores, a thousand ships from every 
 ocean around the globe. 
 
 When we look forward to the great changes in the commercial 
 currents of the center of the Mississippi Valley, we must not 
 forget that even greater will take place on the Pacific Slope as 
 soon as the continent is spanned by a railroad. 
 
 It is difficult to say too much of the future progress of the 
 industrial and commercial pursuits of that golden region. Yet 
 its grandest growth will be in its future civilization, as we shall 
 point out. In like manner, as it is the golden land by nature, 
 so it will be the golden land in progress the place of ultima- 
 tion and culmination of American civilization. 
 
 Having briefly represented the grand divisions of our country 
 in their respective relations and conditions, we now recapitulate 
 with a brief survey of the whole country, its present develop- 
 ment and future growth. In doing this it is the design to speak 
 of every part as it relates to the whole, and indicate the centers 
 of power and progress as current events and truth will seem to 
 warrant, and not be partial or prejudicial to any portion. We 
 therefore take another step forward, and behold the work of 
 our great future advancement. 
 
36 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 SUMMING UP. 
 
 It is estimated that over tsvo-fifths of our national territory 
 is drained by the Mississippi river and its tributaries, and 
 more than one-half is embraced by what may be called its 
 middle region, one-fourth of its total area belongs to the Pacific, 
 and one-sixth to the Atlantic proper, one twenty-sixth to the 
 Lakes, one-ninth to the Gulf, or one-third to the Atlantic, 
 including the Lakes and the Gulf. 
 
 In reference to the facilities for water transportation, a calcu- 
 lation was made at the office ot the Coast Survey, for 1853, 
 which gives for the total main shore line of the United States, 
 exclusive of Sounds, Islands, etc., twelve thousand miles, of 
 which fifty-four per cent, belongs to the Atlantic coast, eighteen 
 o the Pacific, and twenty-eight to the Gulf coast; and that if 
 all these be followed, and the rivers entered to the head of tide 
 water, the total line would be extended to 33,069 miles. Of the 
 available river navigation, there is about a thousand miles 
 respectively belonging to the Pacific and Atlantic Slopes, and 
 about ten thousand miles to the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 Taking the continent as a whole, from the Atlantic to the 
 Pacific, and from our northern boundary to the Gulf, it is not 
 equaled in natural advantages by any country on the globe, and 
 none other is more calculated to facilitate the advancement of 
 civilization. Its immense navigable advantages, its dense forests 
 of every variety of valuable timber, its outstretching expanse 
 of fertile lands, and its inexhaustible and incalculable mine- 
 rals, combine to make it the greatest nation of the earth in 
 commerce, agriculture, mechanics, and wealth. In support 
 of this statement, let us appeal to facts, and then see, after a 
 careful examination, if we can judge anything of the future by 
 the past. 
 
 Turning for a moment from the physical aspect of our coun- 
 try, we will briefly examine its present condition in the light of 
 civilization, and draw whatever conclusions seem to be most 
 warranted by the facts. Appealing to the United States census 
 as the most elaborate and reliable array of facts, we shall pre- 
 sent a condensed tabular statement, classified according to the 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 37 
 
 old geopraphical divisions of the country, and thereby show the 
 growth of each division, and its capacities. Taking for a basis 
 the census reports of 1850 and 1860, wo herewith submit a table, 
 or statement, showing the material growth of the country at 
 those dates, and also the respective growth of the Atlantic Slope, 
 the Mississippi Yalley, and the Pacific Slope. 
 
 In presenting this table, we claim for it a superiority over any 
 tabular statement of the material growth of the country that 
 has ever appeared in public print. It contains upon its con- 
 densed surface the growth of centuries, and materials for vol- 
 umes. Ajt one glance the eye can scan the extent of territory, 
 the population, the wealth, the industry, the live stock, the grains, 
 the railroads, the progress, and the great working, moving, em- 
 bodiment of the country. Here, in one view, we can behold the 
 growth of the most promising nation the world ever saw. Such 
 is the progress exhibited, that the growth of each ten years i* 
 equal to the growth of a nation. There is no parallel in history 
 or experience for what we are, and none will ever surpass what 
 we will be. Let us but labor to be as good as we will be great, 
 and the solution of the problem of man's utility upon the earth 
 will be solved before the close of another century. 
 
 We must comprehend that with the growth of the Republic 
 must be the intellectual and moral growth of the people. As the 
 nation expands, so must the legislative and moral mind expand 
 to comprehend its demands and necessities. The legislator must 
 comprehend that the laws are yet to be of broader significance, 
 and the moralist and the educationalist must also learn that 
 precept and discipline must extend beyond to broader fields of 
 use than heretofore ; and may we not hope that, at no distant 
 day, some genius may arise who will add to the material statis- 
 tics of the country the statistical growth of the morals and in- 
 tellectual advancement of our people, and thus furnish tho 
 measure of our most valued growth ? 
 
38 
 
 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
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THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
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40 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 By reference to the tabular statement, showing the material 
 growth of the whole country, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, 
 it will be seen that in 1850 the States of the Atlantic Slope were 
 in advance of the Valley States in almost every practical and 
 available interest belonging to the agricultural pursuits. Corn 
 and wheat were the two principal products in which the Yalley 
 States excelled at that time. The Atlantic States had more 
 land under cultivation, and a greater number of improved farms, 
 the cash value of which was far greater than that of the Yalley 
 States ; but the progress of ten years shows a wonderful change. 
 When we compare the growth of 1850 with that of I860, the 
 advance is like the growth of a continent. 
 
 In 1850 the aggregate of improved lands in the Atlantic 
 States was 63,965,491 acres, at a cash value of $1,991,599,378. 
 In the Yalley States the aggregate improved lands was 48,885,479 
 acres, at a cash value of $1,232,941,038. In 1860 the aggregate 
 of improved lands in the Atlantic States was 73,882,853 acres? 
 at a cash value of $3,132,561,500. In the Yalley States the 
 aggregate of improved land was 87,034,199 acres, at a cash 
 value of $3,446,702,533, showing, in the space of ten years, an 
 advance of the Yalley States over the Atlantic States, of 
 13,151,346 acres of improved land, and a preponderance of cash 
 value to the amount of $314,141,053. 
 
 In addition to this wonderful growth of the West, the States 
 and Territories of the Pacific Slope have advanced from 181,644 
 acres of improved land in 1850, at a cash value of 86,033,010, to 
 8,537,668 acres of improved land in 1860, at a cash value of 
 $67,780,934. These figures are most gratifying in their show- 
 ing. The whole growth of the West, in agricultural pursuits, is 
 unparalleled in the history of the human race, and yet the 
 Eepublic is in its infancy. Massachusetts has but little more 
 than one-half her acres under cultivation, while Illinois has far 
 less than one-half her lands in farms. The improvements of the 
 other States, in all the kindred elements of agriculture, are about 
 the same ratio. But what are these half developments when 
 compared with the full growth of the country ? The territory 
 of the Yalley States is more than three times as large as that of 
 the Atlantic States, and with its incomparable advantages for 
 agriculture, must lead the way in the pursuit of husbandry. 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 41 
 
 MANUFACTUKING. 
 
 While it is true that to the West belongs the great agricultural 
 interests of the country, it is also true that to the East, or 
 Atlantic States, belongs the manufacturing interest. The East 
 is yet the great brain and bee-hive of the Eepublic. Age, 
 wealth, and natural advantages have given to those States the 
 capacity, and made them the home of the mechanic arts. We 
 need only refer to the census reports for conclusive evidence 
 upon this point. In fact, it is universally known that the Man- 
 chestors, the Birminghams, and the Sheffields, of the New 
 World, belong to New England, and other portions of the 
 Atlantic Slope, and to those districts of the country will they 
 continue to belong. 
 
 The whole people are ready to adopt that policy of industrial 
 organization that confers profits and advantages on all parts of 
 the country. 
 
 It has long since been conceded that, owing to the largeness 
 of the nation, the trade, the industry, and pursuits of the people 
 must bo diversified, in order to be profitable to all. The adapta- 
 bility of each portion of the country to certain leading interests 
 aids in the classification of the pursuits. Each portion has been 
 considered in relation to some leading branch of industry : New 
 England and the Atlantic States, on account of their immense 
 advantages for manufacturing rather than for the agricultural 
 pursuits, have been recognized as the manufacturing and com- 
 mercial districts, while the Mississippi Valley, with its superior 
 soil and natural agricultural advantage?, legitimately becomes 
 the groat grain growing and stock raising portion ; and the 
 Pacific Slope, with mountain system and varied and picturesque 
 country, will, in due time, open up a new manifestation of com- 
 mercial, social, and civil progress, which will, in its character, 
 be purely American. 
 
 KAILROADS. 
 
 " There are, perhaps, few or no better meters of the solid pro- 
 gress of nations than are to be found in the increase of railways 
 and telegraphs within their limits. Eude and uncivilized people 
 reject both. Just in proportion as civilization enlarges, both 
 
42 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 grow, and as business increases these indications of its increase 
 are multiplied. While an advance is being made, the rails and 
 wires stretch forward ; when progress is stopped, these stop ; 
 and they are not only indications of progress, but they are 
 means and adjuncts as well. They help that growth which other 
 causes conspire to create, and convey forward the interests 
 which they were originally designed to subserve." 
 
 Of the growth of railroads in the world, it is carefully reported 
 that Europe has 50,117 miles of rail, Asia, 3,660 ; South America 
 has about 4,000 miles of rail, and the "United States had, in 1864, 
 49,632 miles of railroad, constructed at a cost of $1,265,962,215. 
 There is probably an equal number of miles of telegraph to that 
 of railroads. 
 
 Although these figures are large, our railroad system has not 
 half reached its full expansion. The capital stock of the London 
 and Northwestern Railway is said to be $165,000,000, and is the 
 wealthiest in the world. The capital of the Pennsylvania Cen- 
 tral Railway is $45,000,000, and is the wealthiest railway com- 
 pany in the United States. At the progress of this wonderful 
 element of material civilization, those who stop to think may 
 well be astonished, and their astonishment will be mingled with 
 interest and hope on reading the following scrap of history, 
 which we clipped from a late number of Applet-oil's Railway 
 Guide : 
 
 FIFTY YEARS AGO. Nothing shows more vividly the cur- 
 rent events than a retrospective glance. Who can look back 
 for the last half century, and compare the population of cities 
 in the United States then and now, and the rapid development 
 of steam navigation (then just discovered), to say nothing of 
 the marvelous growth of manufactures, the vast works of 
 internal improvement, the immense net-work of railways con- 
 necting every part of the country with each other, the electric 
 telegraph, by which we are brought into daily communication 
 with the Old World, including even Asia without being struck 
 with wonder and amazement at the speed with which we have 
 been moving? We well remember that sterling publication, 
 Niles 9 Register, issued weekly in Baltimore, from 1816 to 1827, 
 by the venerable Hezekiah Niles, than whom the press never 
 had a worthier or more genial representative. A few random 
 passages like the following, from one of its early volumes, will 
 amuse the curious : 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 43 
 
 " Steamships ! A project is on foot in New York to build a 
 vessel of three hundred and fifty tons, to be propelled by steam, 
 to serve as a packet between that city and Charleston, South 
 Carolina, in which it is estimated the passage will be made in 
 four days ! Those whose opinions are entitled to the fullest 
 confidence decidedly believe that the voyage may be made with 
 at least as much safety as in any other vessel." 
 
 Again, we read, as an item of interesting news, what must 
 provoke a smile in these days : 
 
 " A steamboat has been very successfully employed in towing 
 vessels up the Mississippi to New Orleans, at the rate of two 
 miles an hour against the current and wind." 
 
 Mr. Mies speaks of a prophecy as even then fulfilling, which 
 he heard made twenty years before, by that most ingenious 
 man, Oliver Evans, who disputed with Eobert Fulton the honor 
 of discovering the application of steam to propelling purposes. 
 He invented many useful machines w r hich have since come into 
 use, but was generally looked upon as a crack-brained enthusiast. 
 In reply to a gentleman Avho expressed an opinion that the 
 power of steam was difficult to obtain, and too troublesome to 
 manage to be applied to useful purposes, Mr. Evans said : " Of 
 steam, sir, we know little as yet, but that it has a power ; but 
 we shall manage it by and by with so much simplicity that the 
 women will use it for the common purposes of housewifely 
 they will wash their clothes with it." It is not strange that, in 
 that day, the idea of a steam laundry was considered the off- 
 spring of a disordered brain. Mr. E. added : " I believe the 
 man is now living that will see the Ohio and Mississippi cov- 
 ered with steamboats and the child is born that will travel 
 from Boston to Philadelphia in a steam wagon in one day of 
 twenty-four hours." The company exchanged glances of pity 
 that genius should be so nearly allied to madness. 
 
 From the same volume of the Register Ave learn that the 
 population of the Territory of Indiana was 68,084, and the 
 editor, in surprise, exclaims : " No doubt the people will soon 
 claim the right of being admitted as a State ! " The population, 
 according to the census of 1860, was 1,350,428. 
 
 Mr. Niles gives the population of Cincinnati in 1815 as fol- 
 lows : " Free white males above twenty-one years of age, 1,045; 
 other white persons of both sexes, 5,206 ; blacks and mulattoes, 
 247 total, 6,498." In 1860 its population was 161,044. 
 
 Little dreaming of what the next fifty years would bring 
 forth, the veteran editor remarks : " We already flatter our- 
 selves that at no distant period the communication between 
 Buffalo and Detroit will be as regular, and almost as expeditious, 
 as it is now between Albany and New York." At that time 
 Buffalo was but an inconsiderable village, its population in 1825 
 
44 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 being little more than 2,000, though giving promise to the far- 
 seeing of future commercial sovereignty over the vast region 
 which lies about her. It is now the center of eight lines of 
 railway, radiating toward every point of the compass, and noisy 
 with the bustle of 100,000 busy human beings. Near where the 
 city of Buifalo stands, in the year 1679, the Chevalier de La 
 Salle built a little vessel called the "Griffin," having obtained 
 permission from the Indians to do so. This craft was the first 
 vessel propelled by sails that ever floated on the inland lakes. 
 In 1862 there arrived at and departed from the port of Buffalo, 
 16,390 vessels, having an aggregate tonnage of 6,689,191 tons, 
 and employing 166,133 seamen ! 
 
 GEEAT CITIES. 
 
 With the development of the whole country and its com- 
 merce, will also come the development of commercial centers, 
 or great cities, monopolizing and controlling the trade of the 
 country. Geographical conditions, and the inevitable tendency 
 of the future commerce of the United States and the world, 
 point to New York, San Francisco, Chicago, St. Louis, and New 
 Orleans, as destined to be the great depots and entrepots for 
 the external and internal commerce, seeking markets to and 
 from this country. 
 
 NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 New York, as she is now, will remain a great American city ; 
 but with the civilized growth of the continent, and the change 
 of commerce, she will be shorn of her controlling influence 
 and leading greatness. The completion of two great internal 
 works the Pacific railroad to California, and the ship canal 
 from Chicago to La Salle will change the internal and foreign 
 commerce of the country, and divide between New Orleans and 
 San Francisco one-half the trade that would otherwise go to 
 New York. As already noticed, freights via New Orleans to 
 foreign or distant markets, are less than by New York, while 
 teas, for which we pay 81 50 per pound in our markets, cost the 
 producer 10 cents per pound, and to-day teas are more than 50 
 per cent, cheaper in San Francisco than in New York city. 
 With these disparities of freights in favor of New Orleans and 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 45 
 
 San Francisco, in connection with the internal development of 
 the country, and the classification and appropriation of every 
 part of our soil to its proper use, we have but to override facts 
 when we say that the Great West and her cities are not des- 
 tined to control the commerce of the country, and out-number 
 in population the cities of the East. 
 
 CHICAGO. 
 
 Chicago, aided by her bracing climate and lake atmosphere, 
 and extraordinarily favored in her geographical position, and 
 with a spirit of industry and enterprise unequaled in the world, 
 will forever be a great progressive and commercial city. She 
 may justly be called the busy Tyre of the New World. 
 
 Chicago being one of the commercial centers of the North- 
 west, it is proper that some space should be devoted to her 
 commerce. 
 
 The total value of imports at Chicago in 1855 $196,660,064 66 
 
 Total value of exports from Chicago in 1855 212,953,021 88 
 
 $409,613,086 54 
 
 The value of imports into Chicago in I860, as per Board 
 
 of Trade report, was $97,067,616 89 
 
 Value of exports for same period 72,713,957 24 
 
 Aggregate value of imports and exports $169,781,574 13 
 
 The value of the imports into Chicago in 1858, as reported 
 by Col. Graham (Senate Doc., part 3, pp. 890, 891, 36th 
 Congees, 1st session,) to the United States Government, 
 was..... $99,032,362 12 
 
 Value of exports for same period 81,052,420 05 
 
 Aggregate value of imports and exports $180.084,782 17 
 
 The apparent deficiency in 1860, as compared with 1858, is 
 doubtless owing to the fact that the valuation of the articles is 
 placed higher in Colonel Graham's report than the same articles 
 are valued by the Board of Trade in 1860, as the quantities 
 received and shipped in the latter year greatly exceeds, in most 
 cases, those of 1858. 
 
 It is believed that the valuation of receipts and shipments in 
 1861 greatly exceeded that of the commerce of 1860, (although 
 the prices of produce are lower), inasmuch as the rebellion has 
 diverted to Chicago an immense trade which was formerly 
 
46 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 concentrated at St. Louis, Cairo, New Orleans, and other points 
 on the Mississippi river. 
 
 The following table, prepared by Seth Catlin, Esq., Secretary 
 of the Board of Trade, shows the capacity of the Chicago 
 elevating warehouses for handling and storing grains, November 
 15, 1861: 
 
 Capacity for storage, bushels 6,115,000 
 
 Capacity to receive and ship per day, bushels 735,000 
 
 Capacitj r to ship per day, bushels..' 2,035,000 
 
 She is now the greatest railroad depot in the world, also the 
 greatest grain depot and live stock and lumber market in the 
 world, and, situated on the great lakes, her people will ever pre- 
 sent the highest form of commercial industry of any people on 
 the continent. It is a truth wrought out by physical geography, 
 by experience, that nations or people living along great water 
 formations, such as lakes, bays, gulfs, and inlets are more noted 
 for commercial industry and longevity than those living on any 
 other part of the earth, In this, the inhabitants skirting from 
 Omaha to the mouth of the St. Lawrence have superior advan- 
 tages over any other part of our country in the more enterpris- 
 ing and sturdy pursuits of life. This is an unconquerable 
 advantage to Chicago. 
 
 ST. LOUIS. 
 
 St. Louis, occupying substantially the geographical and com- 
 mercial center of the country, and in the heart of the richest 
 agricultural and mineral lands on the continent, is destined to 
 be the great central depot of the United States, and the seat of 
 the national empire. She is the Babylon of the New World, not 
 standing on the Euphrates, but upon the banks of the great 
 Mississippi. 
 
 The growth and destiny of St. Louis is identical with the 
 growth and destiny of Missouri, which is identical with the 
 growth and destiny of the Eepublic. A kind of fatality has fol- 
 lowed Missouri all the way from her territorial infancy, myste- 
 riously allying her fate with the fate of the Eepublic. Hitherto, 
 she has been the ill-fated child, causing more trouble in the 
 national family than any other member of it, 
 
 "But now she wears her olive crown." 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 47 
 
 It must be conceded that Missouri, with her vast mineral re- 
 sources, her immense forests of valuable timber, her surroundings, 
 and penetration of commercial channels, her vast and deep- 
 laid coal fields, her rich soil and bountiful supply of good water, 
 for all industrial uses, stands pre-eminent as the State for diver- 
 sity of civilized interests, and destined to be the home of a great 
 and wealthy people. These things all tend to make St. Louis a 
 great American city, destined to tread the courtly walks of 
 commercial supremacy. 
 
 Some years ago, when the lion. Horace Greeley began his 
 journey across the plains, in a letter to the New York Tribune, 
 from Chicago, speaking of her future greatness, he said that the 
 child was then born that would see her a city of 1,000,000 inhab- 
 itants. Prof. Waterhouse, in his celebrated letters to the New 
 York Tribune, upon St. Louis and Missouri, said that at the end 
 of this century St. Louis would be a city of 1,000,000 inhab- 
 itants. 
 
 Touching the future of St. Louis and Chicago, and also New 
 Orleans, and the thousand other growing cities intervening is 
 the construction of what is termed the Ship Canal, or the 
 enlargement of the Michigan and Illinois Canal, and the 
 improvement of the Illinois river, so as to admit of the passage 
 of large steam, sea-going vessels. This work once completed, 
 and it must be soon, even if Illinois and Missouri are compelled 
 to build it, would open up an internal commerce through the 
 country, grander and of greater magnitude than the most 
 sanguine expectant can conceive of. 
 
 Contemplate the construction of this great commercial artery, 
 by w r hich to afford the elaborate system of continental transpor- 
 tation contemplate an army of commodious freighting vessels 
 moving through the heart of our continent like great amphi- 
 bious monsters of a new era contemplate more than double 
 the present population of our States along this great commercial 
 channel, and more than double the surplus yield of staple 
 products seeking foreign markets at the opening of spring 
 navigation contemplate a well regulated system of industry 
 controlling and guiding every citizen in the great struggle for 
 peace and plenty, and prompting each in demanding profits for 
 
48 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 his or her labor then will we not begin to realize the approach 
 of the real growth of the Great West and her cities. 
 
 Touching this great work of the West, we quote from the 
 great statesman of Missouri, Thomas H. Benton, a man whose 
 vast information and ideas were worthy of the Mississippi 
 Talley. In 1847 he addressed the Eiver and Harbor Convention 
 in words worthy of being recalled to the attention of the 
 American people to-day. He says : 
 
 * ' The lake and river navigation of the Great West, to promote which 
 your Convention is called, very early had a share of my attention, and I 
 never had a doubt of the constitutionality or expediency of bringing that 
 navigation within the circle of internal improvements, by the Federal 
 Government, when the object of the improvement should be of general 
 and national importance. 
 
 'The junction of the two great systems of waters which occupy so 
 much of our country, the Northern lakes on the one hand, and the 
 Mississippi river and its tributaries on the other, appeared to me to be an 
 object of that character, and Chicago the proper point for effecting the union; 
 and near thirty years ago 1 wrote and published articles in a St. Louis 
 paper in favor of that object, indicated and almost accomplished by nature 
 herself, and wanting from man little to complete it. These were pro- 
 bably the first formal communications upon authentic data in favor of the 
 Chicago canal. 
 
 * 4 The nationality of the Chicago canal and the harbor at its mouth are 
 by no means new conceptions with me. 
 
 4 1 The river navigation of the Great West is the most wonderful on the 
 globe, and since the application of steam power to the propulsion of 
 vessels, possesses the essential qualities of open navigation. Speed, 
 distance, cheapness, magnitude of cargoes, are all there, and without 
 the perils of the sea from storms and enemies. The steamboat is the 
 ship of the river, and finds in the Mississippi and its tributaries the 
 amplest theater for the diffusion and the display of its power. Wonderful 
 river ! Connected with seas by the head and by the mouth, stretching its 
 arms toward the Atlantic and the Pacific lying in a valley which is a 
 valley from the Gulf of Mexico to Hudson's Bay drawing its first waters 
 not from rugged mountains, but from the plateau of the Lakes in the 
 center of the continent, and in communication with the sources of the 
 St. Lawrence and the streams which take their course north to Hudson's 
 Bay draining the largest extent of richest land, collecting the products 
 of every clime, even the frigid, to bear the whole to market in the sunny 
 South, and there to meet the products of the entire world. Such is the 
 Mississippi. And who can .calculate the aggregate of its advantages and 
 the magnitude of its future commercial results?' ' 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 49 
 
 SAN FKANCISCO* 
 
 It is highly probable that San Francisco will be the great 
 coast city of the Pacific Slope, notwithstanding at the mouth 
 of the Columbia river is a better harbor, and also the table lands 
 lying upon it are far superior for agricultual purposes than 
 those around San Francisco. So says Col. Wm. Gilpin, in his 
 valuable work entitled "The Central Gold Kegion." The Pacific 
 Slope, however, furnishes ample room for at least four great 
 coast cities one in Lower California (or on the Gulf of Califor- 
 nia), San Francisco, Astoria, and the fourth on the Georgian 
 Gulf. Time will develop on the Pacific coast four great cities, 
 but the present condition of things give San Francisco the 
 advantage, and she will no doubt retain it for generations to 
 come. My present purpose is, then, to point to her as the great 
 seaboard city of the Pacific Slope. Her future will be both 
 marvelous and great marvelous, because she is the commercial 
 center of a wonderful country ; great, because she is destined to 
 be the depot through which two-thirds of our foreign commerce 
 is to come. 
 
 The diversity of our soil and climate and the expansion of our 
 industry will soon lessen our demand for foreign goods. This 
 will cut short our trade with approximate foreign nations, and 
 compel our vessels to go to Asia and other ports of the Orient 
 for silks, perfumes, gums, precious stones, and other rare arti- 
 cles of China, Japan, and Turkey. This will transfer most of 
 our foreign commerce to the Pacific Ocean, thus making San 
 Francisco the great point for the import of foreign goods. 
 
 The construction of one or more great railways to the Pacific 
 Ocean will be the greatest miracle of our continental progress ; 
 it will be the completion of the great artery of civilization and 
 commerce around the world. Thus, man can make the circuit 
 of the globe by steam, and draw the distant nations nearer. 
 What millions are waiting, and w r hat results are depending, 
 upon the completion of this great work! By the census of 
 1860, our wheat and corn crop amounted to the value of 
 1,000,370,990. Of this amount, a vast deal of it must find 
 a foreign market. Fronting our Atlantic Slope, we have 205,- 
 000,000 Europeans who almost feed themselves. Fronting our 
 4 
 
50 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 Pacific Slope, we have 745,000,000 of hungry Asiatics and Poly- 
 nesians, who have spices, porcelain, and other valuable com- 
 modities to exchange for our food. From San Francisco and 
 Astoria these millions of consumers may be reached directly, 
 over a tranquil ocean and under a temperate atmosphere. With 
 the completion of these great railways across the continent will 
 open a new era in the commerce and growth of the great West, 
 and San Francisco will balance New York, with St. Louis in the 
 center, Chicago north, and New Orleans south. 
 
 NEW OELEANS. 
 
 In discussing the present and future of New Orleans, I feel 
 that I have under consideration an American city that is des- 
 tined to be the most populous and princely city in the world. 
 Providence has so ordained it, and man must build it. 
 
 Slavery has, for many years, stifled the growth of New Orleans; 
 but now the incubus is removed. She is left to her advantages. 
 Situated at the mouth of the Mississippi river, and upon the 
 threshold of the Gulf, with a great undeveloped commerce above 
 her, which must, in due time, find its way through her markets, 
 and great tropical countries, rich in all the fruits and products 
 of those prolific regions, just before her, she is destined to become 
 the greatest city in the world. She ought to have been, to-day, 
 the greatest on the Western continent. 
 
 In considering her future growth to that of the first metropo- 
 lis of the world, within the first half of the next century, we are 
 not to be guided in our calculations by the present tendency of 
 commerce in its expansion over the continent. We are to look 
 further to a new and greater growth of commerce, and ad- 
 vanced civilization in the New World ; when the visioned El 
 Dorado, so long sought for through spoliation, will have become 
 an actual reality, and an innumerable population and a vast 
 system of commerce shall be fully developed be tween Behring 
 Straits and Cape Horn. 
 
 It must be conceded that strong political advantages, combined 
 with a growing commerce, and an unparalleled enterprising 
 people, have directed the public gaze to St. Louis as the great 
 central city of the Eepublic. Her present greatness, united with 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 51 
 
 her geographical position, will give her the seat of government. 
 Free labor and the enterprise of the North, has made her wealthy, 
 populous, and great, while slave labor and an embarrassed people 
 has, for years, hindered the growth of New Orleans. But now 
 that that obstruction is removed, we have only to look beyond, 
 and consider the results of the legitimate growth of civilization 
 in the New World. New Orleans occupies, substantially, the 
 central position between Behring Straits and Cape Horn, with 
 more than 3,000 miles stretching away from her on either side, 
 north and south. Within these limits are all the climates and 
 soils of the globe, and capable of producing all that the wants of 
 man demand. Contemplate, in the future, these climates well 
 populated, and these varied soils well cultivated, the whole ter- 
 ritory of the United States actively improved for the best uses ; 
 also, the tropical regions and States of Mexico, Central and South 
 America, made to subserve their highest uses, and the great mass 
 of all these products seeking an interchange of markets through 
 a vast system of railroads, almost traversing this entire land, 
 and aided by numerous lines of improved ocean steamers, trav- 
 ersing its entire waters, and at least one-half of the railroads and 
 steamers bearing their commerce to New Orleans as the nucleus 
 and central market of the New World ! Then the importance of 
 New Orleans becomes manifest. With a mellow Southern cli- 
 mate, and the very gate through which untold wealth must go 
 and come, who can tell her future ? No estimates can overreach 
 her, or speculations measure hor destiny. She will be the mis- 
 tress of the world, endowed with all the beauty and wealth that 
 belong to tropical lands. 
 
 Even from this time, it will not be ten years till one-half of 
 the grain of the Mississippi Yalley will pass through her hands 
 to distant markets. But a few years more, and well-regulated 
 lines of fine ocean steamers will run from her wharf to Europe, 
 Asia, Kio Janeiro, Laguira, Panama, and the Islands of the 
 Seas. 
 
 The argument in her favor could well be detailed to an indefi- 
 nite length, but the brief manner in which every subject has been 
 herein treated, will not justify it. Those who think that climate 
 and foundation are barriers to her future growth, do not com- 
 prehend the invincible progress of man. 
 
52 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 Slowly man conquers the obstacles of nature that impede his 
 progress. Even from the darkest -view of the site of New 
 Orleans, she is not so barren of natural advantages of Venice, 
 and many other powerful cities of the Old World. However 
 treacherous the earth may be under her feet, an enterprising, 
 industrious, and commercial people will, in due time, overcome 
 the disadvantages, while the vast column of water which w r ill 
 forever pour through the bed of the Mississippi will keep open a 
 highway for the commercial transports of all lands. So far, the 
 perils of sickness are not half so disastrous as they have been to 
 the great cities of the Orient Calcutta, Bombay, Jeddo, Pekin, 
 and Constantinople besides the time it is not far distant when 
 man will master and control those terrible visitants, and drive 
 them from his presence. No diseases have ever yet visited the 
 South that have strewn as much desolation in their paths as did 
 the miasmatic slavery. In its march it spread desolation, 
 poverty, despair \ but, at last, death has overtaken it, and liberty 
 now wears her olive crown, and where slavery blighted the 
 lands, liberty will spread green fields ; where slavery mocked 
 God, liberty will bless humanity. 
 
 The citizens of New Orleans, already coming forth from their 
 t( new birth," are casting about for a new career in commerce. 
 In this connection, it is gratifying to quote from a recent 
 address, by Wm. M. Bur well, Esq., of Virginia, before the 
 Mechanics' and Agricultural Fair Association of Louisiana. 
 
 Touching the commerce of the South, Mr. Burwell has the 
 following : 
 
 Nothing will tend more rapidly to develop the ability of the 
 South than the encouragement of internal and foreign com- 
 merce. Much of the first is conducted by rail and telegraph, 
 and with the extraordinary facilities of the North and West for 
 communicating with and supplying the trade territory which 
 would seem to belong to our merchants, it is not surprising that 
 they should control that trade. We also must have a cheap 
 and rapid means of transmitting intelligence and values. South- 
 ern railroads should be worked on certain general principles 
 adopted elsewhere. 
 
 1. All railroads connecting on the same gauge should be 
 consolidated under a single administration, and upon as long, 
 direct lines as possible. 
 
 2. They should pro-rate tariffs and schedules, exchange burden 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 53 
 
 cars, employ depots and turn-tables in common with other roads 
 upon the same gauges ; in all terminal cities they should run 
 the rail to the wharf, and transfer freights to and from the 
 large shipping at the lowest charge possible. 
 
 3. They should make fast freights and through freights, and 
 should in every manner afford every accommodation which may 
 promote the intercourse between the merchant and planter. It 
 is especially important that they should organize locomotive 
 factories and mills for rolling or re-rolling rails, for the encour- 
 agement of our own industrial interests. 
 
 But the chief advantage of Southern commerce must consist 
 in opening a trade with the countries to the south of us, in 
 supplying those populations with our productions, and espec- 
 ially "in conducting the trade between the great Northwest 
 and the tropical regions. When we regard the trade between 
 the United States and Europe, we must be impressed with the 
 fact that, with the exception of the Southern staples, nothing is 
 produced on this side of the Atlantic which may not be found 
 in an equivalent latitude on the other. The Northern manufac- 
 tures have to be protected by a high tariff from the competition 
 of trans- Atlantic skill, while the provisions of Wisconsin come 
 in direct conflict with those of Wallachia. This trade labors 
 under the disadvantage that it must cross the o^ean both ways 
 at our expense. When, however, we regard the great market 
 of Mexico, Southern, Central, and Insular America, and con- 
 sider the growing millions of the Northwest, that consume such 
 an immense value of tropical products, we must perceive that 
 the commercial interests of the United States must be developed 
 to much greater advantage upon this side of the Atlantic, 
 because the burdens of competition will be thrown upon the 
 trans- Atlantic merchant, manufacturer, and farmer. 
 
 There is every encouragement to believe also that much of 
 the South Sea commerce will be conducted by steam, to avoid 
 the trade winds, calms, and currents of those latitudes. Occupy- 
 ing, then, the Gulf ports ; backed by deposits of iron and coal 
 of excellent quality and unlimited extent ; seated at the points 
 where those reciprocal commodities can be best exchanged, why 
 should not the ports of the Southern States conduct and control 
 much of this invaluable trade ? There are great obstacles to its 
 organization, but these obstacles can be removed. They consist 
 chiefly in foreign duties and the delays of trade. We have 
 every reason to hope that the Federal Government can secure 
 for us something like a reciprocity treaty, by which the cost of 
 exchange may be reduced ; or, indeed, that it may purchase for 
 us a right of daily intercourse with all the ports around the 
 Gulf, with no other restrictions than those between New Orleans 
 and Galveston. The effect of daily steam to Havana and Yera 
 
54 . THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 Cruz, with submarine and overland communication with interior 
 Cuba and Mexico, upon the merchandise and produce markets 
 of the Southern States, cannot be computed. Steamships, 
 owned, manned, and commanded by Southern men, fitted out in 
 Southern ports, exchanging interior against tropical products, 
 and transmitting these products with rapidity, would bring an 
 activity , energy, and strength to the South which would soon 
 repair the past. To effect this desirable object, it would be 
 necessary to invoke the aid of the Northwest ; and you, Mr. 
 President and gentlemen of the Association, could not render a 
 better service to the South than, acting in conjunction with the 
 authorities and Chamber of Commerce of this and other cities 
 in the South, to open a communication with the Northwestern 
 cities upon the subject. There are physical obstructions at the 
 mouth of the great river which might also be called to the 
 attention of the powerful interest alluded to. 
 
 We cannot see anything extravagant in the request of Mr. 
 Burwell for free trade for the South with the adjacent ports of 
 Mexico, Central and South America; and in all probability the 
 day is not far distant when free trade will be established all over 
 
 the American continent, from Cape Horn to Behring Straits. 
 
 
 
 Let us have a growing and expanded America, and "no mat- 
 ter in what region a desirable product is bestowed on man by a 
 liberal Providence, or fabricated by human skill. It may clothe 
 the hills of China with its fragrant foliage ; it may glitter in the 
 golden sands of California ; it may wallow in the depths of the 
 Arctic seas ; it may ripen and whiten in the fertile plains of the 
 sunny South; it may spring forth from the flying shuttles of 
 Manchester in England or Manchester in America the great 
 world-magnet of commerce attracts it alike, and gathers it all 
 up for the service of man." 
 
 The destiny of New Orleans is fixed, and unless the waters of 
 the Mississippi and the Gulf dry up and the seasons change, and 
 " the desire of man fails," she will be the greatest city in the 
 world. 
 
 OTHEE CITIES. 
 
 Besides the five great cities of which we have just spoken, 
 others of secondary importance will take their places and share 
 in the glory of the Eepublic Philadelphia, Baltimore, Boston, 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 55 
 
 Cincinnati, Memphis, Omaha, Kansas City, Denver City, Salt 
 Lake City, Astoria, and another great one on the Gulf of Cali- 
 fornia, all of which will be great, wealthy, and powerful. 
 
 POLITICAL POWER 
 
 But there is a political growth, too, which must keep pace 
 with the growth of arts and agriculture. From our present 
 number of States we shall probably grow to 57, when all the 
 Territories are made into States, as follows : 17 belonging to the 
 Atlantic Slope, 24 to the Yalley States, and 16 to the Pacific 
 Slope. This, too, will throw the political preponderance into 
 the hands of the Yalley States. 
 
 With all this great advance, this magical transfer of power, 
 who can be so simple as to rest in the belief that with it will not 
 come a change of national empire, or a removal of the Capital of 
 the Government to the banks of the great Mississippi? Who is 
 so foolish as to think that an ambitious, industrious, and suc- 
 cessful people, with millions of population and millions of treas- 
 ure in their favor, will not demand, in due time, the removal of 
 the Capital from its present location to their midst ? It will 
 come, and come soon. National gravity will bring it. 
 
 In support of this conclusion, we submit the following remarks 
 by Dr. Wm. Elder, of Washington City, who is one of the ablest 
 statisticians in the country : 
 
 The time has come, the necessity is upon us, our security and 
 prosperity demand the extension of the Monroe doctrine to the 
 commerce of the continent. England is ready to give up empire 
 in government for dominion in the trade of America. The only 
 supremacy she cares for now is that of her labor. Her only 
 fleets and forces for invasion and conquest are her mercantile 
 vessels and her manufactures, and our defenses are not in our 
 monitors and forts, but in our Custom Houses. Political liberty 
 and independence are not the only care of government ; indus- 
 trial freedom and independence are the best security for these, 
 and all that is most worthy of living for in this world besides. 
 It is the prime duty of every community to provide and defend 
 for its members all the conditions of individual prosperity which 
 a sound policy can command. 
 
 Theories manufactured by the master commercial nations, and 
 designed to hold their old-time colonies in industrial vassalage, 
 must not be allowed to override universal experience. Univer- 
 
56 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 sal, we say, for it is proved in the history of the past that 110 
 nation has risen to the rank of a first-rate power, in politics or 
 war, in commerce or wealth, that has not studiously and persist- 
 ently diversified its industries to its utmost capacity. England 
 herself is one of the best among the examples. France and 
 Germany are relatively as prominent; and Portugal and Turkey 
 prove it as well, by the exhaustion they have suffered from aban- 
 doning the policy of self-protection, or self-defense against for- 
 eign invasion of their labor markets at home. As to the much 
 vaunted Anglo-French treaty of commerce made in 1860, which 
 free-traders are accustomed to claim as a partial advance of their 
 doctrine, it is demonstrable that it is quite as protective of the 
 home industry of France, and more effectively framed for that 
 
 Purpose, than the Morrill tariff of March, 1861, was for the 
 Jnited States. The authorities abroad have not given up the 
 struggle, but they have abandoned the hope of extending their 
 doctrine of free trade among the nations. The London Econo- 
 mist of 17th of December, 1864, concedes that its "creed is not 
 only stationary, but retrograding/' adding that "in America 
 (meaning the United States), the Canadas, Australia, and the 
 Anglo-Saxon colonies generally, the belief in protection seems 
 to have acquired a new vitality. The Northern Americans have 
 raised their tariff to figures which, but for the vast war expendi- 
 ture, would almost extinguish trade ; the Canadians try to meet 
 every fresh expense by raising some duty on an import, and a 
 parliament has just been elected in Victoria, pledged to introduce 
 a system of general protection for colonial industry. Nothing 
 is to be imported which can possibly be made, and manufacturers 
 are to be encouraged to make by the imposition of excessive 
 duties upon all European goods which compete, or may com- 
 pete, with local productions/" 
 
 The author, after a very candid, though incomplete, statement 
 of the argument on which the Australian colonists rest the 
 policy which they have adopted, concludes : "We confess we 
 cannot quite see the immediate remedy for this state of affairs, 
 and are inclined to believe that patience is the only remedy." 
 
 No doctrine or dogma, exposed to the test of experience, needs 
 patience more than the one self-styled free trade, because it 
 starts upon the false pretense of a misnomer, and never dares 
 venture far enough from its base of supplies to win a victory in 
 the field of trial, and hold it. Its mission of universal philan- 
 throphy would be better described as a system of free foreign 
 trade, with industry at home in hand-cuffs. It means open 
 the ports of the world, and the markets which they guard, to 
 the exclusive traffic of the strongest, at the expense of destroj^- 
 ing all the rival labor of the purchasing nation, and starving the 
 workmen of the producing nation. 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 57 
 
 In the natural order of things, the free-traders will have to 
 wait, as the world waited upon England, until protection had 
 served its purpose, and would have been an absurdity and a 
 nullity, if longer continued. Their tariff duties were in effect 
 repealed by their supremacy in commerce, long before it was 
 done by act of Parliament, and they must wait upon the Aus- 
 tralian, Canadian, and other Anglo-Saxon colonists, who are 
 still at the mercy of England's larger and cheaper capital, better 
 organized machinery, and cheaper wages, until these struggling 
 people have got on even ground, and are ready for a free fight 
 for their lives. 
 
 Setting aside theories of commerce, which neither require nor 
 tolerate any reference to history or facts, it may be asked why 
 England, Wales, and the lowlands of Scotland, with a less area 
 than Pennsylvania and West Virginia in the East, or Missouri 
 alone in the West, and having neither more nor better iron and 
 coal than either of them, and with vastly inferior food-producing 
 power, and equally inferior command of all the supporting 
 resources of tha highest forms of industry, should nevertheless 
 hold the commerce of the United States in their hands, make 
 our clothing, machinery, agricultural implements, and our rail- 
 roads, leaving us for our own share of mechanic labor little 
 besides house building other than iron structures, horse-shoeing, 
 the printing of local items, and grave digging, which of neces- 
 sity must be done on the spot ? 
 
 The one sole reason why England obtained the mastery of 
 the ocean, and command of the world's business, is that she 
 exported no raw material; and the reason why the Southern 
 States went into ruin, by the route of rebellion, is because they 
 exported nothing else. The trade of Germany at the beginning 
 of the century was hides, tallow, flax, and wool, exported, for 
 cloth and cutlery in return, and Bonaparte could make their 
 territory his fighting ground. Since the battle of Waterloo, 
 they have been making their own clothes and cutlery, and his 
 nephew, with more resources and stronger alliances, was 
 obliged to keep within the line of war with Austria, which 
 the rest of Germany prescribed. 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 Another most interesting feature of our subject, and the one 
 upon which everything depends, is the future growth of popula- 
 tion in the United States. In 1790, or about the time of the 
 adoption of the Federal Constitution, we had a population of 
 3,929,827, a little more than the present population of the State 
 of New York. Now we have grown up within the lifetime of 
 
58 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 a human being to a population of 81,443,322. But, as in other 
 departments of our progress, we have not reached our full 
 growth in population. Even the thought of what we can and 
 will be is overwhelming. 
 
 In England, the density of population is about 230 persons to 
 the square mile ; but England is, in some measure, the work- 
 shop of the world, and supports, by her foreign trade, a greater 
 population than her soil can nourish. 
 
 In France, the density of population is about 160. In Ger- 
 many, it varies from 100 to 200. Assuming, on these grounds, 
 that the number of persons whom a square mile can properly 
 sustain, without generating the presence of a redundant popu- 
 lation, in our rich country, is 490, the number authorized by a 
 writer in the Britannica Encyclopedia. This would, when the 
 country is fully developed, give the Atlantic Slope a population 
 of 219,970,310, and to the Yalley States a population of 761,302,- 
 530, and to the Pacific Slope a population of 483,754,460, and to 
 the whole country a total population of 1,465,027,400, a body of 
 people infinitely beyond the comprehension of the human mind. 
 Even the half of this number of inhabitants would make us a 
 greater nation than ever ruled on earth. 
 
 The estimate above gives us a population greater than the 
 entire present population of the world. But the grandeur of 
 the thought still swells when we consider that in a little more 
 than a century, or beginning with a new era, our numbers will 
 well nigh approximate this great growth. 
 
 It is estimated that, of the increase, 1,329,066 is the natural 
 increment ; the balance, 2,340,394, by emigration the North- 
 west filling up with the hardy, industrial classes coming hither 
 from Europe and the older States. 
 
 Population of the United States in 1850, 23,191,876 ; in 1860, 
 31,429,891 increase, 35.52 per cent. 
 
 The increase of the population of the Northwest during the last 
 ten years has been 67.9 per cent., while the ratio of increase in 
 the whole country has been 35.52. The population of the North- 
 west, by the census of 1860, was 28.85 per cent., nearly one- 
 third. Of the total increase in the population of the country, 
 44.67 per cent, was in the Northwest alone. An increase at 
 the same ratio during the present decade will give the North- 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 59 
 
 in 1870 a population of 15,212,622 an increase of 6,139,567. 
 .Massachusetts, tlio most densely populated of all the States, 
 has 157.8 inhabitants to the square mile. A like density of 
 population in the Northwest would give us a population of 
 133,011,198. A density of population equal to that of England 
 (230 per square mile) would give an enumeration of 279,846,120. 
 
 The popular vote of 1852 is copied from the census com- 
 pendium, (1850,) p. 50; that of 1860, from the census returns. 
 Under the old apportionment (1850), the Northwest had 24.31 
 per cent, of the members of the House of Representatives, or a 
 fraction less than one-fourth. Under the census of 1860 she is 
 entitled to 30.47 per cent., or nearly one-third. At the Presi- 
 dential election of 1852, the Northwest cast 29.46 per cent, of 
 the popular vote. In the Presidential election of 1860, she cast 
 36.24 per cent, of the popular vote more than one-third. In 
 the electoral college in 1860, the Northwest cast 23.14 per cent, 
 of the vote for President and Vice President. 
 
 The following table shows the standing of the loyal States in 
 respect to political power in 1852 and 1860 : 
 
 1852. . I860. 
 
 Popular vote for President 2,583,918 3,805,640 
 
 Electoral votes 205 
 
 Under the new census .'. 210 
 
 In 1852, the Northwest cast 35.68 per cent, of the popular vote 
 for President in the loyal States, and 34.63 per cent, of the 
 electoral vote. In 1860, she cast 44.4 per cent, of the popular 
 vote, and in 1864 had 40.63 per cent, of the votes of the 
 loyal States in the electoral college. 
 
 A RECAPITULATION. 
 
 ' ' If the course of human affairs be considered, it will appear that many acci- 
 dents arise against which the heavens do not suiter us to provide." MACHIAVEL. 
 
 " The revolutions of the human mind," says Lamartine, " are 
 slow, like the eras in the life of nations." It is no ordinary 
 work for a great nation to pass through a transition to revo- 
 lutionize the mental status of its people, to cool passions, and 
 remove prejudices, kindled into heat and produced by destruc- 
 tive and unrelenting war and, by reorganization and new 
 
60 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 legislation, set up a new order of things. It is not the work of 
 a day, nor a year, but the work of time, and deliberate and far- 
 reaching statesmanship. In every great movement, mistakes 
 will delay a success or a victory, while wise counsels will 
 accelerate them. Whatever may be the anxiety of statesmen 
 to heal up the wounds of the rebellion, and to restore the re- 
 volted States to political equality and harmony in the Federal 
 Union, the completion of the work is still in the distance. As 
 we go forward to its end, " hills peep o'er hills, and Alps o'er 
 Alps arise." Difficulties in the machinery of the government, 
 arising out of unexpected interpretations of its law by men of 
 diverse opinions, prolong the work of reconstruction. Nor can 
 the work be thoroughly completed until an entire change and 
 reorganization of the government has fully taken place and a 
 new order established, substantially as follows : 
 
 I. The election of a new President, and his installment into 
 office. 
 
 II. The formation of a new National Constitution, and, under 
 it, the reorganization of the Supreme Court, and the making of 
 such other changes as seem best for the safety and perpetuity of 
 the Republic. 
 
 III. The removal of the National Capital to the Great West. 
 It is not possible, in the nature of things, that a Constitution 
 
 framed in the infancy of a nation, and, by its own weakness and 
 the error of laws enacted under it, sustaining and spreading the 
 greatest moral deformity of the nineteenth century, is a fit 
 fundamental law for the nation after having thrown off, by 
 revolution, that great moral deformity. Nor can this great 
 work of reconstruction and reorganization be done too hastily. 
 "The evil in republics," said Carnot, the great French states- 
 man, "is found in their instability, being hastily put together in 
 the midst of civil commotions, enthusiasm always presiding 
 over their establishment. One only has been the work of 
 philosophy, and that is the United States." It most emphati- 
 cally behooves our statesmen of to-day to make their work the 
 work of philosophy. In short, out of this struggle, this transi- 
 tion, will come a new Republic a new nation born into exist- 
 ence out of the fiery trials through which we are now passing. 
 The conflict will go on until the deep foundations of the present 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 61 
 
 Republic are upturned by the immutable decree of Omnipotence, 
 working in and through the American people. Practically, the 
 form of government will not be changed, but from it will essen- 
 tially come a new one, a perfect one, in so far as man is capable 
 of constructing a perfect government a government whose 
 life-principles will be practical, living realities, and not vague 
 and ill-defined and falsely applied principles. Those who still 
 cling to the old Union, with its broken oaths, its fountains of 
 slave tears and its treason-battered walls and its demagoguing 
 friends its blasted hopes and its dying form, in the belief that 
 it is yet to rise, the same again in power, will be left to " weep 
 over the tombs of their hopes and heroes." No such resurrec- 
 tion awaits it. It is gone forever. But, Phenix-like, the new 
 Republic will arise out of the departing form of the old govern- 
 ment, and with gigantic proportions and all-embracing benefi- 
 cence and power, will encompass this whole land from ocean 
 to ocean, and from polar snows to tropic sands. The majesty 
 of this new government is yet beyond comprehensive con- 
 ception. 
 
 Its constitution will not come by accretion, but will be the 
 spontaneous creation of the people of the Republic ; born out of 
 the trials, experiences, and enlarged comprehensions, of a grow- 
 ing and progressive nation. Let us all anticipate it, let us labor 
 for the recognition of the higher and broader truths, and let us 
 all earnestly pray that the sun may soon rise to behold an empire 
 of mind as well as of state ! 
 
 The foundations for the new Republic must be laid in the 
 HIGHER LAW which is the unwritten law of all nations, the 
 teachings of which guarantee to all people alike an equal right 
 to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, with " no restraint 
 but those laws which are the same to all, and no distinction but 
 that which a man's merit may originate." With this consum- 
 mation justly won, who will not willingly say, happy, proud 
 America, thine is the HIGHER LAW, and thine the consecrated 
 home of LIBERTY ! 
 
62 
 
 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 THE UNION AS IT SHALL BE. 
 
 SELECTED. 
 
 On the rocks we read the story 
 
 Of the revolutions grand, 
 Which, in ages past and hoary, 
 
 Swept o'er mountain, sea, and land. 
 There we trace the mighty stages 
 
 Of the world's historic time, 
 And we mark the huried ages 
 
 By their monuments sublime; 
 And the lesson old earth teaches, 
 
 By her grand symbolic forms, 
 Is that she all beauty reaches 
 
 Through upheavals, fires, and storms. 
 
 History points, with solemn finger, 
 
 To her records dim and old, 
 And, as thoughtfully we linger, 
 
 Still the lesson there is told : 
 Through the struggles and the burnings, 
 
 Through the stern and frantic strife, 
 Through the nation's fierce upturnings, 
 
 Put they on a fresher life; 
 Then they pass to higher stages, 
 
 Both of beauty and renown 
 In the conflict of the ages, 
 
 Greatness doth the nations cro\vn. 
 
 Lo ! we feel the wild upheaval 
 
 Of a nation's hidden fires; 
 Right is battling with the Evil, 
 
 And the smoke to Heaven aspires. 
 War, tumultuous and red-lighted, 
 
 Sweepeth with sirocco blast, 
 And our green young land is blighted 
 
 As the tempest whirleth past. 
 Not the death-throe of the nation 
 
 Is this wild and awful hour; 
 'Tis its painful transformation 
 
 To a nobler life of power. 
 
 As the fossils huge were buried 
 
 In the massy folds of rock, 
 So our Saurian crime is hurried 
 
 To its death-throe in the shock; 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 63 
 
 'Neath the Union's broad foundations 
 
 Shall the monster Slavery lie, 
 While the coming Generations 
 
 Ponder o'er the mystery. 
 Through long periods of beauty, 
 
 From its dark transition time, 
 In its march of power and duty, 
 
 Shall the Union live sublime. 
 
 Nobler, freer, and more glorious 
 
 Shall the future Union be; 
 O'er the despot's rod victorious, 
 
 All the lands its strength shall see 
 North and South in one dominion, 
 
 One in freedom evermore; 
 O'er one land, on loving pinion, 
 
 Shall the lordly eagle soar; 
 Northern lake, and Southern harbor, 
 
 Cotton field, and prairie wide, 
 Seaside slope, and greenwood arbor, 
 
 All shall boast the Union's pride. 
 
 On, through all the stormy trial, 
 
 God shall bring us on our way ; 
 Let us meet the stern denial , 
 
 Let us watch and wait and pray. 
 Up from all this tribulation 
 
 We shall rise a nobler land. 
 And in peerless exaltation, 
 
 'Mid the nations envied stand. 
 Welcome storm, and fire, and peril! 
 
 Fields elysian yet shall rise 
 O'er our war-worn wastes and sterile, 
 
 Wrought by freemen's sacrifice. 
 
64 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 FUTUKE CIVILIZATION. 
 
 1 ' There is yet a boundless ocean 
 
 For the soul of man to sail, 
 A grand and golden mountain 
 
 For his feeble footsteps to scale. ' ' 
 
 [MAUY F. DAVIS. 
 
 Sweeping over our great country, and considering her natural 
 advantages, her past, her present, and future growth, we are 
 involuntarily turned to a higher consideration of her future 
 civilization. 
 
 The growth of civilization, and the growth of a nation, is 
 only an enlarged moral and intellectual growth of a man. 
 Starting with a child, there must be suitable adaptations to each 
 period of growth through life, up to mature manhood. That 
 which is suited to the infant, is not suited to the boy; that 
 which is suited to the boy, is not suited to the young man ; that 
 which is suited to the young man, is not suited to the full grown 
 man ; that which is adapted to the full grown man, is not suited 
 to the mature man, whose mental powers reach out after the 
 philosophical, the spiritual, and the infinite. So are the same 
 steps in nations and in civilization. 
 
 Those who first put their feet upon Plymouth Rock, and the 
 kindred shores of the Atlantic, sowed the seeds of a new and 
 greater nation, and a new and higher civilization. The Atlantic 
 Slope became the mother and the germ out of which the most 
 enduring toil, the most ready industry, the greatest skill, the 
 most comprehensive thought, and the most liberal government 
 and religion ever sprung. From those inhospitable shores, 
 arose, like magic, a race of Titans, with an empire's might. 
 Soldiers, statesmen, scholars, husbandmen, craftsmen, artisans? 
 and poets, sprung up into the first ranks of the world, quicker 
 than any before had ever risen. From that nursery of the 
 nation, that nursery of a new civilization, has gone out the 
 spirit of progress over the continent, as the dove went out over 
 the waters of chaos ; and where the rude cabins of the forest 
 once stood, now stand the busy cities of the new civilization, 
 and the destitute and native children of the cabins are con- 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 65 
 
 tinually rising to the highest places in law and government. 
 But the work is only begun, and the sequel will be far greater 
 than the introduction. 
 
 While we give to the Atlantic Slope the great system of manu- 
 facturing and commercial industry, and to the Mississippi Valley 
 her teeming millions of population, with their vast agricultural 
 and stock growing districts, it is reserved for the Pacific Slope, 
 with her great mountain system, to be the vantage ground 
 whereon will culminate American civilization. 
 
 Man is a 'Creature of the earth ; his success or failure de- 
 pends much upon the natural advantages of that portion of 
 the earth on w^hich he lives. What is substantially true of the 
 animals of the mammalia kingdom is also true of man. Those 
 animals, by instinct and by nature, have ever been found inhab- 
 iting such localities of the earth as were most adapted to their 
 wants and necessities. Such is the instinctive and natural alli- 
 ance of man all over the earth. Kot only is there a natural 
 adaptability of man to certain portions of the earth, to supply 
 his wants and necessities under suitable temperatures, but he 
 still owes a higher allegiance to mother earth. To a certain 
 degree, he owes the strength and durability of his organism and 
 his mental qualities to the physical formation of the earth, where 
 his parents and grandparents were born and reared. As the 
 geological character w T hether mountainous, or barren sand, or 
 fertile valley so, to a great extent, are the organisms and men- 
 tal endowments of the people of that locality. Earth, air, and 
 food have much to do in making people what they are. As 
 physical exercise works upon the muscles, so does good or bad 
 air work upon the mind, through the organism. 
 
 People in a timbered country are, as a general thing, more 
 dishonest than those in a prairie country. Thieving is very 
 common with the inhabitants of timbered localities. In a prai- 
 rie country there is more exposure ; hence the embarrassments 
 against theft. People in low valleys and bottom-lands are more 
 sluggish and ungenerous and lower toned than people on up- 
 lands. People who live in high latitudes are energetic, indus- 
 trious, generous, arid love liberty; while the contrary character- 
 istics belong to the inhabitants of low latitudes. People who 
 live in mountain regions can never be enslaved ; like the soaring 
 5 
 
Ob THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 eagle, they love liberty as they love the water they drink and 
 the air they breathe. People who live upon the low lands and 
 breathe a poor air are slaves to themselves, their passions, and 
 their ignorance. 
 
 The rocks strewn upon the face of a continent by the hand 
 of nature are the initial seeds of sturdy life. Districts of coun- 
 try with rugged surface and underlaid with granite are the sure 
 birthplace of a hardy and industrious people, whose physical 
 and mental endurance will be far greater than those born and 
 reared in a country noted for its rich loam and scarcity of 
 granite stratas. This science of NATALOGY might be developed 
 much further, but we go on to its higher aspect. 
 
 It is an old and truthful saying that poets are born, and not 
 made. There is a great deal implied in this, which is little 
 understood; but history is too full of facts in support of this 
 proposition to be controverted, and, in support of the highest 
 application of this argument, we appeal to history. Turning 
 back, w r e find that the highest civilization and the finest litera- 
 ture in the world was furnished by those people who lived where 
 they inherited the inspiration and breathed the pure air of the 
 Apennines, the Alps, and Caucasian Mountains, and also drank 
 inspiration from the JEgian, the Adriatic, the Black, and the 
 Caspian seas. If searching for the fountain of transcendent 
 literature, go to Arabia, and inquire who was the author of the 
 Book of Job a work so sublime in its very language that its 
 authorship is almost attributed to an inhabitant of the skies. 
 If you wish to know from whence came the inspiration of the 
 fathers of poetry, go to the clear and classic sky and pure air 
 and sublime scenery of Greece and Italy, where their mountains 
 unite in one view with their vast landscapes and beautiful 
 waters; there will you find the homes of Sappho, of Homer, 
 and Yirgil the land of Dante, of Horace, and Tintoretto. One 
 unbroken line of inspired prophets, poets, and orators arose 
 and fell under the cloudless skies of those oriental and classic 
 lands, leaving on imperishable pages of literature the evidence 
 of the certain adaptability of climate and country to genius. 
 In further proof of this, we find in man's own organism the 
 index to his nature, out of which his character and his genius 
 will be unfolded. From the bones and muscles come durability 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 67 
 
 and toil. Out of the muscles and blood come industry and 
 ambition, and out of the blood and nervous system come aspir- 
 ation and inspiration ; and as the adaptability of climate and 
 country is to feed these different parts of his organism, so will 
 the people and the leaders of the country be. 
 
 Turning, then, to the Pacific Slope, we are to inquire for its 
 natural advantages for producing a high civilization. On the 
 very threshold of the inquiry we must go to nature and ask for 
 what purpose did she rear those vast chains of rock-ribbed 
 mountain monarchs of the earth, whose very tops reach away 
 up into the blue ethereal above the storms, and over whose par- 
 tition walls fountains of never-ceasing waters flow with a wild 
 majesty that defies the imagination of man. For what purpose 
 were those splendid parks and evergreen vales spread out with 
 more than poet's beauty, and why those wild rivers that baffle 
 man's control, and why that pure and often humid atmosphere, 
 instinctive with a better life; why the great trees and the beau- 
 tiful bays, and, above all, and grander than all, why, from those 
 high rocks and imperceptible cliffs and summit hights, which 
 have known no visitor but the soaring eagle, do such all- 
 enchanting and all-inspiring views reach out and meet in still 
 wilder romance the surging billows of an unconquered ocean ? 
 Why all these energies and displays of nature, if not to sub- 
 serve some high use for man ? There can be no other ultimate 
 purpose for which to appropriate such a wonderful and such a 
 beautiful combination of great natural sublimities and advan- 
 tages. 
 
 " On the Pacific Slope are blended beneath the eye, and swept 
 in at one sight, the sublime castellated masses of the Andes. 
 Their bases are set in the emerald verdure of the plain, rising 
 gently above the sea level; their middle flanks are clothed with 
 the arborescent grandeur of pine and cedar forests. Naked 
 above, and towering into the upper air, their columnar form of 
 structure resembles an edifice designed to inclose the whole 
 globe itself; but from this foundation, and rearing their snow- 
 covered crests another mile into the firmament, shoot up vol- 
 canic peaks at intervals of one hundred miles, increasing the 
 throats of the inner world of fire, and coruscated in perpetual 
 snow beneath coronets of volcanic smoke and flame. 
 
68 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 "The sublimest of the oceans; majestic rivers more worthy to 
 be deified than the Ganges or Egyptian Nile ; the grandest and 
 most elevated of earth's mountains; superlative forest ever- 
 green; an emerald verdure and exuberant fertility; a mellow 
 and delicious atmosphere, imbued with purple tints reflected 
 from the ocean and the mountains ; a soft, vernal temperature 
 the year round whatsoever can be combined of massive and 
 rugged mountains, picturesque landscape, and a verdant nature 
 shining under the richest sunlight, a climate soft and serene 
 whatsoever of all these, blended and enjoyed in combination, 
 will accomplish to give grace, elevation, and refinement to the 
 social world, are here united to woo and develop the genius of 
 our country and our people. 
 
 "In all these natural favors our western seaboard front is 
 supremely more gifted than the classic shores of the Mediterra- 
 nean and Asian seas, for fifty centuries the favorite theme of 
 history, poetry, and song. The embellishments which old soci- 
 ety and the accumulating contributions of a hundred successive 
 generations add to nature, are not yet there, but these will 
 come ; and to us w r ho fan the career of our great country whilst 
 we live, the future, which posterity will possess and enjoy, is 
 full of the radiance of true glory." 
 
 In fertility of soil, of climate, in rich minerals, arid natural 
 advantages and commercial facilities, the Pacific Slope is not 
 surpassed by any part of the earth, and is more than inviting 
 to all who know it, and but few that have ever seen it are con- 
 tented to stay away. In mountain grandeur, majestic water- 
 falls, beautiful landscapes, free and pure air, and wild romance, 
 it far transcends the Alps, the Apennines, or JEgian, and 
 Adriatic in beauty, while its flowing fountains and its gushing 
 waters give forth a purer inspiration than comes from Cauca- 
 sian caves or Pierian springs. 
 
 Such a country, then, with such natural advantages for bring- 
 ing out the higher nature of man, is destined at no distant 
 period to become the home and the land of the highest civiliza- 
 tion in the world. Not only will it bring forth a higher order 
 of a chivalrous populace, with a society embellished with wealth 
 and luxury, and highly skilled in the arts and pursuits of life, 
 but it will bring forth greater poets, seers, sages, philosophers, 
 
TUB NEW REPUBLIC. 69 
 
 and statesmen than have ever before walked upon the earth 
 men before whose genius and verse Plato, Homer, Dante, 
 Shakspeare, Jesus, Swedenborg, Davis, Newton, Webster, Poe, 
 and Parker, would bow with reverence, as the citizen does to 
 the sage. 
 
 Wo rejoice in the anticipation for other people, in after times, 
 of such a mountain growth of civilization, so far transcending 
 all preceding advances of the human race; for it is sure to 
 come, and in its maturity will, no doubt, ripen into a patriarchal 
 government, yet to be. 
 
 But a few years more, and the charms will be lost from Sara- 
 toga, the White Hills, and Key West, and found amid the roman- 
 tic scenery of Sierra Nevadas, and persons of wealth, who seek 
 health, pleasure, and luxury will journey westward to the Geyser, 
 Soda, Carson, and Steamer springs. Larger and grander will be 
 the capacities, demands, and uses for summer resorts amid the 
 beautiful scenery of the Pacific mountains. The genii of art, 
 science, and literature will plant their rosy grottoes on the 
 ocean side of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 AMERICA. 
 
 Melodia rules thy destiny, O, land 
 
 Of coming years; O empire wise and grand! 
 
 America! and thou at last shalt be 
 
 The consecrated home of Poetry, 
 
 The fairer Greece, adorned with noblest art, 
 
 And bathed in sacred love from God's creative heart. 
 
 Forthee, for thee, the wise Melodians throng 
 
 Even now, and chant in Heaven their morning song; 
 
 For thee, and for thy sons, methinks they sing; 
 
 They come, and angel songs as offerings bring. 
 
 For thee and for thy race, methinks they cry, 
 
 "Love, Wisdom, Inspiration, Liberty, 
 
 The four great angels of the coming time, 
 
 To their olympian goal, lead on thy race sublime ! ' ' 
 
 Thou art the rock-built Pharos, that above 
 
 Earth's ocean lifts the immortal flame of love. 
 
 E'en now thou shinest like a beacon star, 
 
 Leading Earth's myriads o'er the deep afar. 
 
 Thou art the lost Atlantides that lay, 
 
 To ancient thought, beyond the waves away; 
 
70 THE NEW KEPUBLIC. 
 
 The New Jerusalem the ancient Seer 
 Of Patmos saw, descending, white and clear, 
 From highest Heaven ; the rich and wise Cathay 
 Columbus sought, faith -guided on his way. 
 The Old, the New, the Future, and the Past 
 Meet and embrace, complete in thee at last ; 
 Thou art the crowning flower of Earth and Time, 
 The destined Eden of mankind. 
 
 [REV. T. L. HARRIS. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL GOVEKNMENT. 
 
 ' ' According to the judgment of all authors who have written of civil government, 
 and the examples of all history, it is necessary to whoever would establish govern- 
 ment, and prescribe laws for it, to presuppose all men naturally bad, and that they 
 will show and exert that natural malignity as often as they have occasion to do it 
 securely, for though it may possibly be concealed for some time, it is for some secret 
 reason, which want of precedent and experience renders invisible; but time discovers 
 it afterwards, and is, therefore, justly called the Father of Truth," MACHIAVEL. 
 
 " Government is defined to be the union of physical force, 
 established to control civil society. The person or persons who 
 exercise this force a?e called the supreme power. This may be 
 divided into different branches, as the proposing, the deliberating, 
 the decreeing, and the executive power, which may be divided 
 into the administrative, the judicial, and the military. These 
 divisions are in a great measure arbitrary, and varied by the 
 circumstances and characters of different nations. The manner 
 in which the supreme power is organized, subdivided, and con- 
 centrated, is called the/orm of government." 
 
 So varied have been the forms of government under which 
 mankind have lived j so short-lived have the governments been; 
 so little good have they seemed to have rendered to the gov- 
 erned ; so corrupt are rulers, so selfish and unstable is man, that 
 the wisest of lawgivers and philosophers are often puzzled to 
 know which form of government is best calculated to confer 
 upon man the greatest good and surest safety while on the 
 earth. 
 
 The long historic record, reaching from the present time to 
 the remotest age, furnishes the unmistakable evidence that man 
 thus far has been incapable of evolving any apparent permanent 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 71 
 
 good for himself, and that in all ages the shock of revolution, 
 the march of pestilence and famines, have led the "pious to 
 doubt the favor of God." 
 
 The " philosophers of the uncertain sciences " have been in- 
 capable of organizing any government, or any system of society, 
 that would stand the wear and tear of more than two or three 
 centuries. But shall we despair, and count man and Providence 
 a failure ? Not so. The philosophers, the statesmen, and the 
 people must learn to read aright the lessons of life and govern- 
 ment as a great overruling and beneficent Providence has dif- 
 fused them in and through all His works. The race of man is 
 a thing of growth, like an individual or a plant. It has its 
 natal life, its childhood, its youth; it is to have its manhood, 
 age, and death, and the evolving, changing, and dying nations 
 are but incidental and transient manifestations in the great life 
 of the career of mankind upon earth. They are the incoherent 
 actions of the child in its ascension to mature manhood, or from 
 imperfection to perfection. Such is the working of nature's 
 eternal principles, and such her progress, and in one sense man- 
 kind have been, in all ages, as good as they could be, and had it 
 been possible at any period to turn every human being into a 
 philosopher or divine, the world would not have been any better 
 off than it was or is. Man cannot change the overruling Provi- 
 dence, " whose ways are past finding out." 
 
 But underlying all national life is a beneficent tendency, con- 
 tinually urging men and nations onward and upward. 
 
 Thus far, the advanced guard of the race has come up through 
 the lower forms of despotic government, and are now struggling 
 for more liberal forms of civil rule. Individual liberty, the 
 highest right possible for man in society, or government, is now 
 widely sought for through governmental republicanism. 
 
 In the United States, where it is universally conceded that 
 this is the best form of existing government, the people have 
 only attained to TRANSITIONAL REPUBLICANISM AND SENTIMENTAL 
 FREEDOM. The late rebellion and the present transition through 
 which the Republic is passing, is opening the way to organic 
 liberty. "It will be born in a manger; but the kings of the 
 earth shall bow before its simple grandeur and majesty." 
 
 This leads us, then, to speak of our own government. 
 
72 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 It is a rare thing for truth and justice to be born twins. 
 Often either is born in eventful times, but for want of good 
 nursing and liberal culture, they struggle long for the ascen- 
 den cy. 
 
 Two political theories originating in the factional contentions 
 of political partisans of diverse interests have become promi- 
 nent in this government one essentially governmental in its 
 character, the other partisan and selfish. In defense of the two 
 theories, upon which the friends of each contend the government 
 was organized, much has been written and said. Yet the people 
 fieem to be only little more enlightened upon the true theory of 
 our government, even with the additional experience and teach- 
 ings of the rebellion, than in the earlier days of Calhoun and 
 Webster. 
 
 The two theories may be stated thus : 
 
 I. The theory of Washington and Hamilton was, that in the 
 organization of the colonies into a Federal government, over 
 them was established onstitution, for the creation of which 
 each colony delegated its sovereign rights. In evidence of the 
 correctness of this position, I quote the following statement 
 from one of Hamilton's great commentators : 
 
 "To form of a feebly connected Federal association, extend- 
 ing along the shores of a vast, wide continent, one people an 
 American nation ; to reduce to peaceful co-operation discordant 
 States; and to establish over them a Supreme Representative 
 Government, founded on the power and sovereignty of that 
 united people capable of promoting and perpetuating their 
 happiness ; to substitute order for anarchy, had been the noble 
 aim and great end of Hamilton's life." 
 
 The friends and defenders of this Federal theory of govern- 
 ment exerted all their abilities to construct out of discordant 
 and feeble colonies a republican or representative government, 
 with sufficient power for self-defense, and sufficient legal organi- 
 zation to legislate for its people. Upon this Federal theory the 
 government was built. 
 
 II. The modern Democratic theory is that the colonies did 
 not delegate their sovereignty to a superior government made 
 by the Constitution, but that they, as States, are in league, at 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 73 
 
 will, with themselves, and at pleasure can dissolve the original 
 contract and set up a new government. 
 
 Now, what are the facts ? There never was, nor is now, nor 
 can be, such a government as this modern self-styled Democratic 
 parly contend for. 
 
 There can be no such thing as a government by consent 
 a government at will, allowing the people to dissolve it at 
 pleasure. 
 
 A government cannot exist without a legal existence, and the 
 very moment it passes into the hands of a Constitution creating 
 legislative power and making laws defensive and offensive, that 
 moment it ceases to be a government by consent, but may be a 
 representative government. 
 
 A man and woman may consent to marry, and if they do 
 marry, they at once assume legal relations, and cannot dissolve 
 their marriage by their own consent, and yet they helped to 
 make the law that holds them together. This illustration is 
 simple and easily understood, and applies precisely to the true 
 theory of our government. The man and wife are not in league 
 with each other with the power to dissolve their marriage rela- 
 tions at will, nor are the States in league with themselves with 
 the power to dissolve their relations and set up new govern- 
 ments w T hen they choose. Common sense itself would not 
 accept such a heresy. All the interests of man are opposed to 
 such a government, even if it were possible for such to be. It 
 is plain, then, to be seen that this modern Democratic theory 
 is a falsehood and a heresy, taught in the interest of secession. 
 
 Our government is a representative government, founded 
 upon and controlled by the franchise of all its citizens, or, to be 
 more definite, ours is a Federal government, having many of the 
 provisions and characteristics of a representative government. 
 State after State that is added to the Union, like the kindred 
 limbs of the Banyan tree, turns to the mother source and takes 
 root again, and adds strength to the parent power. 
 
 That our government, great and good as it is, still has some 
 faults, there is but little doubt, but that they will be hastily 
 corrected under a new Constitution, is equally certain. The 
 difference of opinion between Hamilton and Jefferson upon the 
 theory of our government may be stated thus : Jefferson says 
 
74 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 the people are fresh from the revolution, and their patriotism 
 and desire for peace and prosperity is a sufficient guarantee for 
 the security and perpetuity of the government, without much 
 organic law. Hamilton says that is all very good as far as it 
 goes, but there will come a time when bad men will rise up in 
 the government and seek for power or for ruin, and that we 
 must have a government by law one well provided with laws 
 for self-defense against foreign aggression, and bad men within. 
 Jefferson says no, the people are all right. The result was that 
 the master-spirit of the nation, as it has been in all times, was 
 overruled by the well-meaning but easy and delusive charity of 
 Jefferson. The consequence has been as Hamilton said; bad 
 men have arisen, with the full intent of breaking up the Republic. 
 During the fierce struggle of the rebellion, all loyal people saw 
 the necessity of constitutional power for defense against trea- 
 son and secession. To the new Constitution we look for the 
 remedy. 
 
 In the future policy of the United States, it will be well to 
 consider how far and in what manner it will be wise to annex 
 new territory to the government. 
 
 It will be seen by the history of past ages, that governments 
 of large territorial extent have only been held together by force 
 of arbitrary and despotic tyrants and military power. It is 
 well to heed this lesson of history, and be guided by wisdom 
 and natural causes and consequences. 
 
 By a close examination of historical evidence and natural 
 causes and effects, this truth is found underlying all national 
 life, viz : that extended territorial annexations to governments 
 lying under the same latitudes, east and west, do not so much 
 endanger the safety and permanency of the nation, but that 
 annexations under different latitudes, to any great extent, north 
 and south, are dangerous to the safety and perpetuity of any 
 government. People of extreme climates, north and south, 
 cannot well live under the same uniform government. Natural 
 differences of character, habits, and interests, will sooner or 
 later arise, and demand separate and distinct legislation. All 
 the great empires of antiquity bear testimony to this fact. 
 Borne, in her best days, was great in extent, east and west. So 
 was the great Persian empire. The lesson of history on this 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 75 
 
 subject can bo received with great profit; but, in this connec- 
 tion, wo simply allude to the fact, and ask the attention of 
 American statesmen to the necessity of heeding the truth, and 
 legislating accordingly. 
 
 The American policy must, in the future, forever be firmly set 
 against the annexation of any more southern territory except 
 Cuba, for which henceforth all national policy ought to be 
 shaped. As remarked by John Quincy Adams, she gravitates 
 toward our government the sands of the Mississippi beat upon 
 her shores and she must be ours for the purposes of self- 
 defense. 
 
 They are but sickly and short-sighted American statesmen who 
 see visions of empire in the annexation of Mexico to this gov- 
 ernment ; such an act would be the laying of a stumbling stone 
 upon which to wreck the great Republic, and, upon its ruins, 
 liberty, law, and learning go down. Let timely warning be 
 given, and let every American statesman be thoroughly taught 
 that ambition, jealousy, and cunning diplomacy can easily over- 
 leap the bounds of safety and justice. 
 
 While we would most earnestly oppose the annexation of 
 territory to the United States, we would ever hold it the mis- 
 sion of the great Republic to extend the influence of her laws 
 and institutions to all people. 
 
 Supplemental to these remarks, it may not be out of place to 
 offer an additional word touching our country and her future. 
 
 I. He who, with the light of history before him, will look at 
 our great Republic, will behold on another continent, and in a 
 different form and age, its prototype in the Roman empire. In 
 magnitude and majesty there exists a nearer resemblance than 
 to any other; their legislation and internal politics have a great 
 resemblance. 
 
 II. While it is true that the policy of conquest and annexa- 
 tion by any government is a dangerous policy, and sooner or 
 later is the chief cause of a nation's decline, it is nevertheless 
 the tendency of all governments, who have the power, to extend 
 their dominions. It is the same selfish and avaricious spirit in 
 a nation that works in the individual. We cannot expect the 
 great Republic to be so unselfish as to be free from this extrava- 
 
76 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 gance; therefore, contemplating it as the inevitable tendency of 
 power and profit for the Republic to seek dominion over the 
 continent of North America, may not her statesmen heed the 
 admonition of old, that "there is a way that seemeth right unto 
 a man, but the end thereof is the way of death" ? Colonies have 
 always proven themselves to be the greatest source of war to 
 any nation, and therefore ruin; next to colonial extension is 
 annexation. 
 
 There is but one condition that could possibly be ingrafted 
 into such a policy that would prolong the life of the Republic, 
 and that is to extend the dominion in such a ratio as to give the 
 preponderance of the government to the North, so as to compel 
 Southern obedience to the laws of the laud. It is a truth in all 
 history that governments in southern countries are of shorter 
 duration, more fickle and unstable, than northern governments. 
 The mercurial nature of the inhabitants of warm or southern 
 climates unfits them for good and permanent society or govern- 
 ment. They excel in the fine arts, are light-spirited and buoy- 
 ant, and indulge in sunny ease. 
 
 The lesson of history is equally instructive in teaching that 
 northern nations occupy the most elevated rank in the scale of 
 lofty and severe acquirements, scientific and literary; that their 
 society and governments are more permanent; that the people 
 themselves have a higher bearing, are more jealous of their 
 purity and nobility, and that they reject the intermingling of 
 blood with inferior races. For these causes the future of the 
 Republic must be intrusted to the Northern people, even if it 
 be necessary to extend our bounds to the Arctic circle. 
 
 III. Whatever legislation the law-making power of the Re- 
 public may deem best for its safety and permanence, they must 
 keep in view the absolute necessity of resting the fundamental 
 or organic law on permanent and unchangeable principles. A 
 government must stand on first and fundamental principles as 
 a sure guarantee of its long continuance, no matter how many 
 revolutions it may chance to pass through. This doctrine was 
 taught first by Aristotle, then by Machiavel ; after him by Lord 
 Brougham; after him by some of our own statesmen. 
 
 IY. Though colonies are the greatest source of war to any 
 nation, civil wars are the most deplorable of all wars. They 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 77 
 
 not only distract tho internal arrangement of the country and 
 engender local jealousies and factional strife, but a greater 
 difficulty than all, as Mr. Calhoun thought, is, that no nation 
 can cairy on a civil war without going beyond its own laws, 
 and by thus doing, it exposes itself to the denunciations of all 
 the demagogues and disappointed partisans. 
 
 It is said to be the part of a wise general to prepare for a 
 defeat as well as a victory ; and every nation ought to have in 
 reserve a code of laws to meet unforeseen difficulties, created by 
 bad men, who, actuated by ambitious motives, but disappointed 
 by defeat, endanger the public safety. The late rebellion 
 furnishes a profitable lesson on this point. All loyal men 
 remember how earnestly President Lincoln and his friends 
 contended that the war was prosecuted according to the Con- 
 stitution, while the enemies contended otherwise ; while the 
 facts are that there was no Constitution, or but little, about 
 the whole struggle. 
 
 A supreme necessity, higher than all law, and conti oiled by 
 power and a divinity that shapes our ends, were the primary 
 and underlying means that saved the Eepublic. God be 
 thanked for the salvation ! 
 
 NO MOKE WAR. 
 
 " When we consider for the feelings of nature cannot be dismissed the calamities 
 of war, and the miseries it inflicts upon the human species, the thousands and tens of 
 thousands of every age and sex who are rendered wretched by the event, surely there 
 is something in the heart of man that calls upon him to think! Surely, there is some 
 tender chord, tuned by the hand of its Creator, that struggles to emit in the hearing 
 of the soul a note of sorrowing sympathy. Let it then be heard, and let men learn to 
 feel that the true greatness of a nation is founded on the principles of humanity, and 
 that to avoid war where her own existence is not endangered, aud where the happi- 
 ness of man must be wantonly sacrificed, is a higher principle of true honor than 
 madly to engage in it." THOMAS PAINE Prospects on the Rubicon. 
 
 Everywhere in society we find evidence that civilization is 
 elevating and beneficial to man. Step by step he conquers the 
 elements of nature and turns them to his use. He has triumphed 
 over the winds and the waves, and sent the fruit of his lands 
 to the markets of distant nations. Miasmatic swamps have 
 been changed into fertile lands, and mountains have been tun- 
 neled ; storms, pestilence, and famine have almost yielded to 
 
78 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 his genius and his art. By science he has taken to pieces and 
 explained the functions and uses of his own organism, and with 
 one grand triumph he has mastered the relation of mind and 
 matter. With the progress of another cycle he will control the 
 storms, navigate the air as he does the waters, and call the rain 
 as he willeth. Slowly but surely is the onward tendency to his 
 complete triumph over all nature that hinders his safety, happi- 
 ness, and prosperity. In view of such an ameliorating progress, 
 may we not be safe in looking forward to no distant day, when 
 the moral strength of nations will have become so strong that, 
 when put in council with honor and justice, they will outweigh 
 the passions, and ambition, and error of men, and thereby pre- 
 vent any more war ? Who would not gladly hail such a time, 
 when wars shall cease to be; when no other Sesostris, Cam- 
 byses, Alexander, Tamerlane, or Napoleon, would deluge the 
 world again with human blood? Such a time is surely coming. 
 It will come as a result of the influence of a principle unfolding 
 in governments. 
 
 Before the days of Sir Isaac Newton, astronomy appeared 
 vaguely to the scientific world; but the discovery of a great law, 
 controlling and guiding all planetary and material movements, 
 at once revealed order and harmony everywhere in nature. 
 Such a law in human society did Charles Fourier seek to discover, 
 the application of which would bring peace, plenty, and happiness 
 to every member of the human family. 
 
 May we not look further for some law or principle, the proper 
 application of which in human government will prevent war? 
 
 The philosopher might recommend a superior endowment of 
 moral gravity ; the chemist, a principle of political affinity. 
 Yet neither of these would suffice to overrule evil diplomacy and 
 artful ambition. The remedy can only be found in POWER 
 power, containing lenity, wisdom, and justice. Power is stronger 
 than gravity, stronger than affinity, and can easily dethrone 
 ambition, or destroy diplomacy. What is power? In nature, it 
 is the inherent or natural capability of a thing to subserve a cer- 
 tain purpose. In mechanics, it is the most formidable capacity 
 of mechanical combination. In man or government, power is 
 the most formidable use of will and capacity. What statesman 
 is not ready to concede that power, under the guidance of wis- 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 79 
 
 dom, justice, and lenity, may not be so delegated and adjusted by 
 the civilized nations of the earth as to outweigh human passion 
 and human ambition, and thus prevent any more war? 
 
 Another evidence of this final triumph of man over barbarism 
 and error is that, as we come down the stream of time, we find 
 that the causes of war are not so trifling and foolish in their char- 
 acter as in olden times. 
 
 The progressive tendency of all human affairs unmistakably 
 points to the time, not far distant, when the advanced statesmen 
 of enlightened nations will labor for a solution of this great 
 BARBARIAN PROBLEM. It must be solved in vindication of the 
 law of progress, and the providential success of man's crea- 
 tion and career upon earth. 
 
 In support of this far-reaching proposition of our age, thou- 
 sands of the most enlightened of the race have given their 
 testimony and anticipated the final advent of a universal peace, 
 a golden era 
 
 ' 'When Peace on earth will hold her easy sway, 
 And man forget his brother man to slay; 
 When milder arts shall martial arts succeed, 
 And both will march to gain the immortal meed. ' ' 
 
 Of the many humanitarians who have earnestly desired this 
 great triumph of civilization, I am happy to present in support 
 of this article the blazing eloquence of Yictor Hugo, who is to- 
 day the tallest column of intellectual arid enlightened progress- 
 ive humanity now in the world. He is the Humboldt of the age 
 in moral and civil progress. He says to Europe : 
 
 A day will come when you, France you, Russia you, 
 Italy you, England you, Germany all of you, nations of 
 the continent shall, without losing your distinctive qualities 
 and your glorious individuality, blend in a higher unity, and 
 form a European fraternity, even as Normandy, Brittany, Bur- 
 gundy, Lorraine, Alsace, all the French provinces, have blended 
 into France. A day will come when war shall seem as absurd 
 and impossible between Paris and London, betw r een Petersburg 
 and Berlin, as between Rouen and Amiens, between Boston and 
 Philadelphia. A day will come when bullets and bombs shall 
 be replaced by ballots, by the universal suffrages of the people, 
 by the sacred arbitrament of a great sovereign Senate, which 
 shall be to Europe what the Parliament is to England, what the 
 
80 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 Diet is to Germany, what the Legislative Assembly is to 
 France. A day will come when a cannon shall be exhibited 
 in our museums, as an instrument of torture is now, and men 
 shall marvel that such things could be. A day will come when 
 shall be seen those two immense groups, the United States of 
 America and the United States of Europe, in face of each other, 
 extending hand to hand over the ocean, exchanging their pro- 
 ducts, their commerce, their industry, their arts, their genius 
 clearing the earth, colonizing deserts, and ameliorating creation, 
 under the eye of the Creator. 
 
 And, for that day to arrive, it is not necessary that four hun- 
 dred years should pass : for we live in a fast time ; we live in a 
 current of events and of ideas the most impetuous that has eve 
 swept along the nations; and at an epoch when a year may 
 sometimes effect the work of a century. And to you I appeal 
 French, English, Germans, Russians, Sclaves, Europeans, 
 Americans what have we to do to hasten the coming of that 
 great day ? Love one another ! To love one another, in this 
 immense work of pacification, is the best way of aiding God. 
 For God wills that this sublime end should be accomplished. 
 And see, for the attainment of it, what, on all sides, He is 
 doing ! See what discoveries He causes to spring from the 
 human brain, all tending to the great end of peace ! What 
 progress ! What simplifications ! How does Nature, more and 
 more, suffer herself to be vanquished by man ! How does 
 matter become, more and more, the slave of intelligence and 
 the servant of civilization ! How do the causes of war vanish 
 with the causes of suffering ! How are remote nations brought 
 near ! How is distance abridged ! And how does this abridg- 
 ment make men more like brothers ! Thanks to railroads, 
 Europe will soon be no larger than France was in the middle 
 ages ! Thanks to steamships, we now traverse the ocean more 
 easily than we could the Mediterranean once ! Yet a few years 
 more, and the electric thread of concord shall encircle the globe, 
 and unite the world ! 
 
 When I consider all that Providence has done for us, and all 
 that politicians have done against us, a melancholy considera- 
 tion presents itself. We learn, from the statistics of Europe, 
 that she now spends annually, for the maintenance of her 
 armies, the sum of five hundred millions of dollars. If, for the 
 last thirty-two years, this enormous um had been expended in 
 the interests of peace America meanwhile aidingEurope know 
 you what would have happened ? The face of the world would 
 have been changed. Isthmuses would have been cut through ; 
 rivers would have been channeled ; mountains tunneled. Rail- 
 roads would have covered the two continents. The merchant 
 tonnage of the world would have increased a hundred-fold. 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 81 
 
 There would b^ nowhere barren plains, nor moors, nor marshes. 
 Cities would be seen where now all is still a solitude. Harbors 
 would have been dug where shoals and rocks now threatens 
 navigation. Asia would be raised to a state of civilization. 
 Africa would be restored to man. Abundance would flow forth 
 from every side, from all the veins of the earth, beneath the 
 labor of the whole family of man ; and misery would disappear ! 
 And, with misery, what would also disappear ? Revolutions. 
 Yes, the face of the world would be changed. Instead of destroy- 
 ing one another, men would peacefully people the waste places 
 of the earth. Instead of making revolutions, they would estab- 
 lish colonies. Instead of bringing back barbarism into civiliza- 
 tion, they would carry civilization into barbarism. 
 
 WHO IS THE TRUE VOTER? 
 
 In these radical times, when almost everybody seems intent 
 on something new in government or religion, there are divers 
 notions being set forth in favor of a change of the status of 
 the right of suffrage, and imposing qualifications heretofore 
 unknown to the laws. Some are determined on making a 
 property qualification, others in favor of an educational quali- 
 fication. It has not appeared yet that the arguments in favor 
 of either of these changes are satisfactory or convincing. 
 
 The importance of all legislative changes affecting the relation 
 of the citizen to the General Government or the State, depends 
 upon two fundamental conditions, as follows : 
 
 I. The right of the State or General Government to ehange 
 the relation of the citizen. 
 
 II. The necessity for a change. 
 
 When governments are founded, their laws ought not to be 
 changed for light and trivial causes. 
 
 A civil government, whether a monarchy, a despotism, or a 
 republic, is founded upon certain general principles declaring 
 the character and functions of the government, and the relation 
 it bears to the citizens; and whenever the legislative power of 
 either form of government departs from those general principles, 
 and begins a wholesale system of special legislation in support 
 of ideas and dogmas generated in peculiar localities and by 
 peculiar men, for special and local interests, that moment the 
 6 
 
82 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 government departs from its civil and national sphere, and 
 becomes a party in the special interests of society; and from 
 thence it becomes a party to the religion of its citizens, and 
 finally goes to ruin. 
 
 The United States, in its organic law, declares its own charac- 
 ter and defines the relation of the citizen to the government, 
 and in that definition is incorporated the right of suffrage, with- 
 out educational or property qualifications. 
 
 In the organization of a representative government, the people 
 are called upon to choose their representatives, in whose trust 
 they are to confide all their political interests. The representa- 
 tives once chosen, and having met in convention, the question 
 naturally comes up, whom do they represent ? Do they repre- 
 sent the educated men, the school-masters, and college profes- 
 sors, with their educational qualifications, or do they represent 
 the bankers, merchants, etc., etc., with their property quali- 
 fications ? 
 
 Is this the kind of representative government that derives its 
 just power from the consent of the governed ? Is it the kind of 
 government that holds these truths to be self-evident that all 
 men are created equal ? Most certainly not. In the organization 
 of a purely representative government such as the United States 
 is, the first thing for the convention to declare is, that all men 
 are created equal, and, in governments or out, are entitled to 
 life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The next thing for 
 them to declare is, that the just powers of government come 
 from the consent of the governed. These fundamental truths 
 admitted arid declared, the question naturally arises, who are the 
 governed ? Are they only the people that have property and 
 education ? No ; they are those who, by their voluntary consent, 
 accept the government and the laws and privileges growing out 
 of those fundamental principles, enunciated for its foundation. 
 All people, then, living on the territory of such a government, 
 are citizens in the fullest and freest sense of the term, whether 
 they be hewers of wood or drawers of water, noble or ignoble. 
 The next step to be taken is for the government to provide for 
 its maintenance and the protection of its rights. To do this, it 
 must call upon every citizen to contribute a portion of his money 
 from year to year for its support. Again, for self-protection it 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 83 
 
 must provide by law that its citizens are always under obliga- 
 tion to come, when called for, and defend the government to the 
 extent of their lives. These provisions made, the next step is 
 to make regulations for future legislation, or future government. 
 To do this, the derivative power has but to turn back to the funda- 
 mental authority, the governed, and regulate the whole matter 
 in their hands and the work is complete. 
 
 We. therefore, see that a representative government is founded 
 wholly upon the consent of the governed, and the governed 
 must, by taxation, support it, and, by military service, defend it. 
 In each case the whole people are alike bound, and should be 
 represented. To provide the most practical way for facilitating 
 the action of the governed in political affairs, the government 
 selected the ballot-box, and conferred upon her citizens the 
 privilege of the franchise. By this means the whole people, 
 every citizen of the government, could have a voice in declaring 
 who should govern, and, in pursuance of the inalienable rights 
 of all, and the just powers of government being derived from 
 the consent of the governed, representation, or the qualification 
 to vote, was based upon citizenship, and not upon taxation, as 
 many claim, for taxation is an implied obligation, falling upon 
 all who place themselves or property under the protection of 
 the laws. The privilege of the franchise was conferred upon 
 all whom the law made citizens, and to whom the government 
 could look for service and protection. The franchise is broader 
 than taxation it is as broad as liberty. 
 
 Therefore, whoever undertakes to impose, in these times, pro- 
 perty and educational qualifications, strikes at an abridgment of 
 the liberty of the citizens, and unites the work of the state with 
 the work of society a thing illegitimate and dangerous to any 
 government. 
 
 The same reasons that demand a property qualification to-day 
 will next year demand an aristocratic qualification. 
 
 In thus contending that the privilege of the franchise is co- 
 equal with liberty and citizenship, I do not lose sight of the 
 necessity for enlightened, law-abiding citizens as the most valu- 
 able support and security to good government. Nor have I lost 
 sight of the fact that nine-tenths of the elections in our great 
 cities are carried by the mob and the rabble, and that majorities 
 
84 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 are too often obtained by demagoguing and corrupt influences. 
 The realities of these things are sickening and saddening to the 
 heart. It is a shame and a disgrace to any people in an enlight- 
 ened nation to have their great cities, with all their wealth and 
 commerce and government; ruled by the mob and the rabble. 
 
 But the remedy cannot be found in prescribing qualifications 
 for those who vote, other than the years of maturity and com- 
 pliance with the naturalization laws. The remedy is to be found 
 in a different direction. No nation has ever suffered serious 
 special and local evils from the increase of its own people ; they 
 are as the children of the same household ; but all nations have 
 been sooner or later sorely afflicted by the infusion of foreign 
 elements, and while it is true that immigration is the underlying 
 stimulus to progress and civilization, it is also true that no nation 
 can long survive the fluctuations of society unless controlled and 
 ruled by its own citizens. Trace the evidences of history, and 
 this truth grows into grand proportions. I, therefore, unhesi- 
 tatingly assert that America must be ruled by AMERICANS. And 
 when I say that Americans must rule America, I mean that 
 American ideas and principles must rule, and mold our institu- 
 tions and give character to our society. 
 
 It is the foreign mob and rabble that carries our elections in 
 many of our great cities. The remedy for this evil must be 
 found without impairing the relation of the citizen to the 
 ballot. 
 
 The same reasons that demand an educational qualification 
 to-day will demand a religious one next year. 
 
 Let it go out over the land, as it now is the law, that the citi- 
 ,zens of the United States, at all times and under all circum- 
 stances, except for the disabilities imposed for crime, shall be 
 fully entitled to the franchise. 
 
 Let the government look after the citizen, and let society 
 look after the individual, and the mutual interest of both, by 
 restraining the wrong and encouraging the good, will increase 
 wealth and stimulate the cause of education and religion. 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 85 
 
 THE LABOR QUESTION. 
 
 ' ' There is no real wealth but the labor of man. Were the mountains of gold and 
 tin- valleys of silver, the world would not be one grain of corn the richer; no one 
 comfort would be added to the human race. In consequence of our consideration for 
 l he precious metals, one man is enabled to heap to himself luxuries at the expense of 
 (lie necessaries of his neighbors, a system admirably fitted to produce all the varieties 
 of disease and crime, which never fail to characterize the two extremes of opulence 
 and penury. "SHELLEY. 
 
 [\ 
 
 The growth of society is continually unfolding vexed ques- 
 tions for time and experience to solve. One of the greatest is 
 that of labor, or how shall each individual human being, by his 
 own best use of himself or herself, provide most bread and 
 raiment, to shelter from hunger and storms. This is one of the 
 great questions of the world. It never has been solved, it 
 never can be. All that can be done by advanced wisdom and 
 experience is to correct errors and conform to the best rules of 
 economy and compensation. 
 
 The old idea wrought out of the labor question years ago by 
 the moral reformers of Europe was, that as civilization ad- 
 vanced, the prospects and comforts of the great mass of mankind 
 darken and decline. This conviction presented to the well- 
 wishers of the race an unsolvable problem, growing out of the 
 great army of laborers that were yearly increasing in the 
 over-populous regions of European civilization. But a new 
 reckoning taught that such a result sprung from a false civiliza- 
 tion, and not from a true and just organization of society. 
 
 In America, the labor question does not present itself as it 
 does in Europe. There they deal with it collectively, here 
 individually. In fact, our country is too new to demand any 
 considerable discussion in detail upon this question. Even in 
 our growing cities, those who find the demand greater -than the 
 supply can easily make their way to fertile lands, which they 
 can claim as their own. 
 
 The recent agitation of the eight-hour question throughout 
 the country is a ridiculous farce, played at the expense of the 
 ignorance and blindness of those who are the actors. 
 
 Let us look at this for a moment. There are two wide paths 
 in life to travel ; one is the path of industry, the other the path 
 of idleness. The path of industry leads upward, the path of 
 
86 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 idleness leads downward, and whoever does not travel one will 
 travel the other. There are depots, stations, and resting places 
 on all roads. These give pleasure to the traveler. Now, any 
 man who undertakes to travel on both roads at the same time, 
 soon becomes wayward. 
 
 Physiologists will tell us that at best eight hours for sleep is 
 sufficient for the demand of any human organism; that in this 
 length of time the whole system can recuperate its lost vitality. 
 Now, suppose that of the twenty-four hours, eight be devoted to 
 sleep and eight to labor, what w r ill the other eight be devoted to ? 
 In nine cases out of ten, to idleness and profligacy, for the time 
 must be on one road or the other. But again, man's physical 
 strength will endure more than eight hours' work, and the poor 
 man's family demands more than eight hours' pay, therefore it 
 is wrong to establish a system of labor the workings of which 
 are positively injurious to society. That regulation of labor is 
 the best which gives full employment and full compensation; 
 any other system than this is wrong, and deserves the condem- 
 nation of intelligent people. 
 
 But there is a direction in which mechanics and laboring men 
 can look for correction ; it is in the matter of rents. Each city 
 ought to provide through its capitalists suitable houses and low 
 rents, corresponding to the wages of the laborers. This can be 
 done in every city in such a way as to yield a profit to the 
 capitalist for his investment, and make just provisions for the 
 mechanic and laborer. It is a matter that ought not to be 
 neglected in any of the great cities. 
 
 Touching the question of the world's labor, we present the 
 following suggestive remarks. Who the author is we know not, 
 but a reading of the statements cannot fail to awaken reflection 
 and excite inquiry upon the subject of the ability of the human 
 race, and cause many to marvel and ask again, how do so many 
 get bread? 
 
 THE AGGREGATE LABOR OF MANKIND. Along with the com- 
 passion that is excited by listening to a tale of want, there is 
 apt to arise a feeling of astonishment that such a thing should 
 be in a land like this. Perhaps, however, the true wonder is 
 that want is not universal. One-half of the race die before they 
 have contributed an iota to the world's sustenance or their own. 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 87 
 
 One-half of those who survive the period of childhood are women, 
 who do not, as a general thing, contribute to the production of 
 wealth. Of the men, many are sick, many old, many are lazy, 
 many are idle, many are wasteful, many are parasites. Those 
 who do work, and live to the age of three-score years and ten, 
 spend one-third of their lives in bed, one-twentieth at the table, 
 one-sixth in recreation. Much of their time is wasted in mis- 
 takes, much of what they do succeed in producing is swept away 
 by fire and flood. During half the year nature sleeps. One 
 harvest in five produces a failure. Only a fraction of the earth's 
 surface is capable of cultivation. A large part of the general 
 labor is absorbed in the production of luxuries, in repairing the 
 damages of war, in preparing the future for conflicts, in the 
 transportation of produce, and in journeys. Probably not more 
 than one-tenth of the whole amount of human force is expended 
 in earning the world's daily bread. 
 
 The standing marvel, Therefore, of society, is not that any 
 should suffer want, but that there should be any who do not. 
 
 Every agitation of the labor question which tends to lessen 
 the hours of toil, which man's healthy and physical system will 
 endure, is a curse to society and the laboring population. The 
 question has never been, nor never can be, how to lessen the 
 aggregate of labor and prevent a superabundance, but how r can 
 society be so organized as to give employment to all willing 
 hands, and thus enable them to provide bread and raiment for 
 them and theirs ? 
 
 It must be evident to every sensible man that the eight-hour 
 movement is in direct antagonism to this essential object, which 
 was set on foot by no summer patriots, who have scarcely an 
 idea in their heads, but by the most matured and advanced 
 thinkers in the world. 
 
 Let legislators and pretended rie s of the poor take thought 
 and henceforth strive for an organization of society that will 
 rear every child, male and female, honest, industrious, and 
 healthy, with fit accomplishments for some useful avocation in 
 life, and then certainly give him or her a place to labor, with 
 just compensation. This end gained, an infinite good will come 
 to all ; this lost, and society will ever heave with convulsions 
 and agitations, and the poor continue to ask for bread. It was 
 wisely said by Malthus, the great father of political economy, 
 that the greatest species of knowledge was that which taught a 
 
88 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 man what to do, and akin to that was that which taught him how 
 to do it. Let the masses be taught the practical meaning and 
 application of this truth, and labor and capital will soon find 
 harmonious relations. 
 
 Fraternal relations must exist between labor and capital, and 
 between labor and society. Labor must be respected and made 
 honorable. This done, broad acres will not much longer lie 
 idle, but be converted into fruitful and happy homes, and the 
 shops of the cities be filled with more and better mechanics. 
 Let all struggle to attain these results, and the happy conse- 
 quences will bring a just reward. 
 
 THE FUTUEE OF THE NEGRO EACE IN AMEEICA. 
 
 In truth, there is scarcely an event, or a course of positive 
 procedure, that occurs in a nation, or among people, that can be 
 traced, in society or government, in all their effects, to that 
 extent that will enable man to set bounds to the good or evil 
 produced by such agencies. Nor can the wisest of men look 
 into the future and tell what good or evil will finally work out 
 in the path of events in the destiny of things. There is an 
 overawing hope, however, that teaches us that all things work 
 out good in the end. However consoling this may be to many, 
 it is not always true. 
 
 The introduction of the negro on American soil, and the 
 establishment of a system of slavery the most barbarous and 
 inhuman ever known to man, and in direct opposition to the 
 moral and enlightened convictions of advanced mankind was 
 a great anomaly to human experience, and has proven a won- 
 derful providential adjunct to the American nation. 
 
 In the language of Yictor Hugo, the system of slavery in the 
 "United States was the greatest moral deformity of the nine- 
 teenth century. But shall we say, with the great Hegel, that 
 slavery is the bridge from barbarism to civilization, and there- 
 fore a possible element to all people ? Shall we confess it ? If 
 so, only in the past, for what remains of slavery in the world 
 now lingers on the verge of ruin. 
 
 To the American people, slavery has furnished a large and 
 bitter experience, and now that slavery is gone and the negroes 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 89 
 
 remain, we are still struggling for a solution of their social 
 and civil condition among us. The conviction of enlightened 
 humanity admits them to equal citizenship and equal rights 
 with the white man in the Republic. The less enlightened and 
 strongly prejudiced deny those favors. But, however great the 
 experience dearly bought, and regardless of whether the uni- 
 versal conviction could be for or against their equal rights and 
 equal citizenship in the country, their condition and destiny is 
 still unsettled on our continent. 
 
 They are a people to whom God and nature has given a dis- 
 tinctive type and special individuality, and these inherent 
 conditions are stronger than all just forms of society or govern- 
 ment, and will, in due time, regardless of which is the superior 
 race, they or the white, seek independent and separate nation- 
 ality and society. 
 
 Admitting the doctrine of superiority and inferiority among 
 the races of men, there has been no inferior race which has 
 exhibited as fine qualities of domestic and social society as the 
 American negro has. In olden times, it was the law of mankind 
 for the superior races to overrun the inferior ones by war or 
 amalgamation ; but a new commandment is given, and the influ- 
 ence of civilization and the enlightened conviction of humanity 
 intervenes on the side of the weak, and rescues them from 
 barbarous and uncivilized treatment. The effort to solve the 
 great problem of their equality under the law and in society, 
 under the same government, on this land, will continue for a 
 while, until the negroes, as a people, grow to a just conception 
 of liberty, society, and government, and then the condition will 
 ripen among themselves and ourselves to contrive and develop 
 for them a separate home arid government. They will demand 
 it, our people will aid it ; and, this consummated, the problem 
 will be solved, and not until then. 
 
 Their type and individuality, shielded by enlightened civiliza- 
 tion, cannot be destroyed by a war of races nor by amalgamation. 
 Therefore, possessing the nature and qualities they do for 
 obedience in society and devotion to government, they are 
 destined to become a great people on the western hemisphere, 
 with good government and social society, embellished with all 
 
90 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 the refinement of advanced civilized life, with a well regulated 
 industry and a rich commerce. 
 
 What part of the hemisphere will be allotted to them whether 
 a part of the United States, a part of Mexico, or of Central or 
 South America is yet to be determined. This much, however, 
 is certain : that they will remain somewhere on the hemisphere, 
 and adjacent to the tropics. 
 
 It would be a wise provision of our government to set apart 
 Texas for those people, and begin the work of organizing a 
 colonial government, and encourage their emigration to it. ISTot 
 compel any by force to go, but provide well for their security, 
 their government, arid their homes, and the great majority will 
 soon accept the offer. It is impossible to devise any scheme 
 that would secure the immediate separation of the negroes from 
 the Anglo-Saxons, and give them an independent government. 
 They are too numerous, and the work would be too great to 
 accomplish in a year or even a generation. Besides, an imme- 
 diate removal would be a greater calamity to the South, viewed 
 from a pro-slavery stand-point, than was their freedom without 
 compensation or their elevation to suffrage. Their labor is an 
 absolute necessity, and cannot be dispensed with for years to 
 come. The new government for them is a thing of the future, 
 but WILL COME, and its foundations ought to be laid soon, and 
 will be, if our Government acts wisely in view of the great 
 future. 
 
 May God speed the day when the problem will be solved and 
 peace be restored to the Eepublic, and embittered feeling among 
 the people be forgotten, and the two races stand independent, 
 but as friends, each sharing alike liberty and civilization, and 
 actuated by the highest motives known to mankind. 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 91 
 
 TO THE YOUNG MEN OF THE REPUBLIC. 
 
 " Each man is capable of rendering high service to humanity; but whether 
 humanity gets it from him, or the reverse, AY ill ever remain for the world to 
 decide-." A. J. DAVIS. 
 
 "There is a noble manhood that can mingle in every action of daily life and never 
 bedeiiled; a guard which God doth place around the faithful, that is stronger than 
 steel and brighter than gold. ' ' LINTON . 
 
 Taking this opportunity for recording a word that may 
 chance to meet the eye of some whom I shall never see, I desire, 
 as one who has had much bitter experience thus far in life, to 
 impress with profoundest conviction on every youthful mind, 
 both male and female, that the grandest thing that each of you 
 can attain to is INDIVIDUALITY that is, to be YOURSELF, and 
 not try to be anybody else. You may regard this simple and 
 easily attained, but no matter, attain it. To be yourself, really 
 and truly, is greater than to try to be Alexander or Semiramis. 
 Individuality will impress you with the nobleness of your 
 existence and the sublime mission of life. Take your own 
 chance in the world and depend upon yourself for success. 
 
 You will be sorely tried many times by the adversities of life, 
 but be not discouraged. Be industrious, be honest, and seek to 
 be intelligent, and all things will work out good in the end. Let 
 not poverty, nor sorrow, nor surrounding death, bring discour- 
 agement .; for that which is best for the soul's growth, and richest 
 of all else, is born out of sorrow and bitter experience. We be- 
 hold through the tears of the storm the beautiful bow bending 
 over the skies. Jesus had to wear the thorns before He could 
 wear the crown ; He had to pass Gethsemane before He could 
 reach the Mount of Transfiguration. Such has been the experi- 
 ence of the great majority of those who have made themselves 
 valuable to their fellows. They have come up through trials and 
 tribulations of the most bitter kind, and for every such experi- 
 ence they have been enabled to render valuable service to the 
 race. Then be not discouraged, even in the lowest walks of life, 
 but look up ; and remember that there is no excellence without 
 great labor. 
 
 I have but little faith in the great majority of local society 
 organizations. They are patronizing and winning, but destroy 
 
92 
 
 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 individuality. To be a citizen, really and truly, is grander than 
 all else. I have always derived more pleasure, and, to a great 
 extent, more profit from my books than from living friends and 
 surroundings. Yet I do not deprecate the aid and companion- 
 ship of friends. A true friend is far above price, and is twin to 
 a true lover. Good books are unselfish and impartial ; they are 
 always companionable alike, whether in the palace or in the 
 cabin. 1 continue by submitting a word of invaluable advice 
 by the Hon. Horace Greeley, given at the close of one of his 
 letters, touching a little discussion on a matter between him 
 and Senator Seward. He says : 
 
 " A single word of improvement to the young and ardent 
 politicians who may read my letter and this comment. The 
 moral I would inculcate is a trite one, but none the less import- 
 ant. It is summed up in the Scriptural injunction, f Put not 
 your trust in princes/ Men, even the best, are frail arid muta- 
 ble, while principle is sure and eternal. Be no man's man, but 
 Truth and your country's. You will be sorely tempted at times 
 to take this or that great man for your oracle and guide ; it is 
 easy and tempting to lean, to follow, and to trust ; but it is safer 
 and wiser to look ever through your own eyes to tread your 
 own path to trust implicitly in God alone. The atmosphere 
 is a little warmer inside some great man's castle, but the free 
 air of heaven is ever so much purer and more bracing." 
 
 You are citizens of a great Republic, which is moving to a 
 grander destiny; be ye worthy of elevated citizenship; be 
 honest ; be temperate and industrious ; cultivate love of home 
 and country ; believe in God. I have a firm conviction of the 
 existence of a great overruling principle of Wisdom, Love, and 
 Law. 
 
 NATIONALISM, OR PATRIOTISM. 
 
 "One theme of duty^till remains, and I have placed it alone, 
 on account of its peculiar dignity, sacredness, and importance." 
 The largest and grandest definition of filial love is said by some 
 writers to be a love of country loj^alty, patriotism. The neces- 
 sity of this devotional sentiment or principle, by the citizen to 
 the government, is just as important as the devotion of the indi- 
 vidual to society. 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 93 
 
 In all ages of the world, patriotism has given to the citizen 
 the qualities of the horo, and furnished the orator, the states- 
 man, and the poet with themes of unequaled magnitude and 
 grandeur. It was said that, in an older day, to be a Roman citi- 
 zen was greater than to be a king ; and in the face of that Arabian 
 declaration that all that a man hath will he give for his life, the 
 Greeks of yore, imbued with an undying patriotism, would rather 
 suffer death, oven by their own hands, than become aliens to their 
 native land. Patriotism is yet a source of living inspiration to 
 the human race, in every form of society and government, and 
 no nation ought to neglect its cultivation. 
 
 It was an inborn patriotism that warmed the heart of the 
 great Hungarian chief, Ivossuth, and made him say in monotone, 
 in answer to a solicitation to go and bring his friends and live 
 in this country, "But this is not our native land." 
 
 He who writes of his country must in some form write of the 
 patriotism of her citizens ; and no man should be so forgetful as 
 to write of his country without special regard for her patriot- 
 ism, for no public sentiment is half so valuable to a government 
 as that of deep-toned love of country. 
 
 The revolution of '76 sowed in the hearts of the American peo- 
 ple the seeds of an imperishable devotion to the Union of these 
 States a devotion which nought but the foulest hand, moved 
 by the most corrupt heart, would dare to reach forth to destroy ; 
 and though we are now in the midst of a transition, such as 
 comes in the life of nations, when the event and the struggle 
 vastly overawes the individual comprehension and convictions, 
 and thus leads for a time to an unhappy condition and dire 
 results, it needs no prophetic eye to see beyond to the new 
 unfoldment, when union and patriotism will again walk to- 
 gether all over this broad land, as Enoch walked with God. 
 But such a result will not be the fruit of a miracle j it will only 
 come as the result of earnest and devoted toil, thus cultivating 
 in the hearts of the American people a deep and fervent attach- 
 ment to the Union. 
 
 Let it, then, go out over the land, as the united sentiment 
 of the loyal people, that it is the duty of the American states- 
 man to teach, as it is the law to prescribe, an unfailing devotion 
 to the Republic. We must have a better patriotism a patriot- 
 
94 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 ism founded upon a moral and intellectual growth of all the 
 citizens of the government. This is a necessity that cannot be 
 urged too strong. It must be evident that in times past the 
 cultivation of patriotism has been neglected, and the bitter 
 results have followed. This must not longer be; the battle-fields 
 of the revolution and the great rebellion all admonish the 
 millions that now are, and are yet to be, of the great importance 
 of cultivated love of country. ]^ot only must there be culti- 
 vated a wide and lasting patriotism among the masses, but there 
 must be an elevated statesmanship. It is universally conceded 
 that demagoguism is in the ascendency among our public men, 
 and that the Republic has far more politicians than statesmen. 
 Against this evil there must be a moral and intellectual public 
 sentiment arrayed. The safety and perpetuity of the Republic 
 depends vastly upon the moral strength and high-toned patriot- 
 ism of her lawgivers and rulers, and let it be earnestly taught, 
 in all truth, that he who is not a. transcendent embodiment of 
 moral, intellectual, and heroic grandeur, is not a worthy repre- 
 sentative of the American people. 
 
 " There is a noble manhood that can mingle in every action of 
 daily life and never be defiled ; a guard which God doth place 
 around the faithful, that is stronger than steel and brighter 
 than gold." 
 
 If the Republic reaches that growth of national grandeur 
 which has so often been vividly seen and described by illu- 
 minated minds of our and other lands, it must be reached 
 through the self-devotion and moral strength of her citizens. 
 Let the word go out over the land, from the highest to the 
 lowest, that with united hands the American statesmen and the 
 American people have struck for a higher destiny, and when 
 some future Plutarch weighs the men of this Republic, they 
 will be recorded as the grandest growth of the human race. 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 95 
 
 OUR SOCIAL PKSTINY. 
 
 From the title of this pamphlet, it is not deemed out of place 
 to submit a few remarks upon the future of society and the hap- 
 piness of man, a subject which the wisest of men have sought 
 to comprehend. 
 
 Starting with the self-evident truth that no infallible remedy 
 whereby to make earth a heaven, by removing all the " ills that 
 flesh is heir to," has yet been discovered by any mortal reformer, 
 lawgiver, priest, or prophet, but that poverty still stalks abroad, 
 ignorance still depraves, vice still brutalizes, and crime still 
 entails its miseries, there is work yet to do, rules yet to pre- 
 scribe, wants to satisfy, and wisdom to supply, and " he that 
 does it to the least one of these does it also to me." 
 
 The great question of this age, and all ages to come, is what 
 can best be done to augment human happiness, and what strug- 
 gles social, civil, commercial, industrial, and religious has 
 man yet to pass through before he reaches a point beyond want 
 and envy ? 
 
 It is wisely said and universally conceded by enlightened 
 minds that man stands at the head of all organic life on earth, 
 and is the master-work of God ; that he has come up from all 
 forms beneath, and that in his own organism may be traced and 
 mapped out, in an ascending scale, his own career and progress 
 upon the earth; that his first efforts were indicated and con- 
 trolled by the basalar portion of his brain, which, in the earlier 
 ages, allied him to the lower animals; that through his long 
 experience, from the past to the present, he has been making 
 his way from the basalar up through the domestic, the selfish, 
 the acquisitive, and semi-intellectual functions of his mind, and 
 that each era and age of his career has been marked by the 
 action and control of these respective functions of his brain, 
 and that he is now on the way up to the highly intellectual and 
 religious development of his nature; th&t in coming up through 
 the long and thorny path of the past, here and there a great 
 mind has pointed out, in hopeful anticipation, the legitimate use 
 and establishment of this or that form of government, or reli- 
 gion, or society, which ere long, and in its own good time, 
 
96 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 Providence would call into practical existence, to subserve a 
 better and higher use for man. 
 
 Thus, from the lowest form of despotism has the race strug- 
 gled up to the establishment of " TRANSITIONAL REPUBLICANISM/' 
 and from the lowest form of idol worship has man come up to 
 an aspiration and conception of Him who sitteth on the high 
 and holy place. But the goal is not yet reached. The golden 
 age is still in the distance ; and though we boast of our civiliza- 
 tion, the wisdom of our lawgivers, the knowledge of our 
 philosophers, and the transcendent worth of our arts and 
 sciences, our Christianity and our humanity, we can well 
 exclaim with Voltaire 
 
 4 ' How dense a night still veils all nature's face. ' ' 
 
 Our philosophers and men of civilization may well join iiv saying, 
 with Barthelemy : " These libraries, pretended treasuries of 
 sublime knowledge, are but humiliating depositories of contra- 
 dictions and errors." And may we not say, with Charles 
 Fourier, the master social spirit of the world : " Alas ! it is too 
 true. During the twenty-five centuries that the moral and 
 political sciences have existed, they have accomplished nothing 
 for the good of humanity. They have served but to increase 
 human perversity, and that in proportion to the improvement 
 of their reformatory theories ; they have succeeded only in 
 perpetuating poverty and crime, and in constantly reproducing 
 different scourges under different forms. After so many fruitless 
 trials for the amelioration of society, there remains to the 
 philosophers nothing but mortification and despair. The prob- 
 lem of human happiness is an insuperable obstacle to them ; and 
 is not the mere spectacle of the poor who crowd our cities 
 enough to prove to them that their floods of philosophic light 
 are but floods of darkness ?" 
 
 There is great force in these remarks of Fourier, but he over- 
 looks the growth of the race of man, in conformity to an 
 eternal code of immutable laws, enacted by an overruling 
 Providence, which brings perfection out of imperfection, and 
 order out of disorder, and finally makes ripe the fruit on the 
 tree of all life. 
 
 We quote again from this great man : " Meanwhile, a universal 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 97 
 
 disquietude attests that mankind has not yet attained to the 
 destiny to which Nature would lead it, and this disquietude 
 seems to presage some great event which is to change the con- 
 dition of the race. The nations of the earth, harassed by 
 misfortune, grasp eagerly at every political or religious reverie 
 which offers them a glimmering of happiness ; they are like 
 the poor invalid who counts upon a miraculous cure. It 
 seems as if nature whispered into the ear of the human race 
 that it is destined to a happiness, the paths to which have 
 hitherto been unknown, and that some wonderful discovery is 
 about to dispel the darkness of civilization. Human reason, 
 whatever boast it may make of its achievements, will have 
 accomplished nothing for the happiness of man till it have pro- 
 cured for him that social fortune which is the object of all our 
 aspirations ; and I mean by social fortune a graduated wealth 
 which places the least opulent beyond the reach of want, and 
 insures to them in any event, as a minimum, that condition 
 which we call a moderate competence." 
 
 In this quotation we have the conception of a great mind, 
 who in one broad glance, and with a heart of humanity, dares 
 to look truth and the existing condition of mankind in the 
 face, in spite of pretended infallible remedies for the sufferings 
 of the race. 
 
 Shall we not dare to look back over the long line of history, and 
 gather what lessons are scattered along its rugged pathway, 
 and apply them to the great uses of the present and the future ? 
 All man's past experience furnishes profitable lessons for his 
 present and future use. The rise and fall of empires, the decay 
 of society, the march of pestilence, the ravages of famine, the 
 desolation of wars, the development of ideas social, moral, 
 political, and scientific all come to us from the buried past like 
 the voice of prophecy, teaching us how to profit by the failures 
 and successes of those who have gone before. 
 
 Though our country be young and giant in its growth, and 
 prosperity seems to favor all her citizens, yet it is but mockery 
 and short-sighted vanity to console ourselves with the belief of 
 a perpetual career of peaceful and fruitful experience. Not so ; 
 our Eepublic has yet to pass through substantially all the bitter 
 experiences of European and Asiatic nations. The character 
 7 
 
98 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 and results of those experiences will be somewhat different, but 
 will be labor-pains and purifying trials, preceding each step to 
 a higher national and individual life. History is always repeat- 
 ing itself in the cycle of succeeding ages ; yet the race of man 
 on earth is ever advancing up the golden way of the future, and 
 carving for itself a grander destiny. The progress of each cen- 
 tury shortens the distance to that golden age which has been 
 seen in the future by illuminated minds of all times. But the 
 question of all times is still before us, viz : " How SHALL WE 
 IMPROVE MANKIND AND HARMONIZE SOCIETY ? " This is the great- 
 est question of the age. It demands the profoundest considera- 
 tion of the greatest statesmen ; it is before the ministers of ever}' 
 pulpit; it calls upon all reformers to aid in its solution. Nor 
 can it be solved by the formation of any local and isolated soci- 
 eties, for "surely we have enough of abortive and imperfect 
 efforts to reform the world ! Witness the Mormon plan, the 
 Shaker plan; the Christian, the temperance, the benevolent, 
 and the prison reform societies ; also sentimental communities, 
 industrial communities, Odd Fellows, Freemasons, anti-capital- 
 puniehment and anti-slavery societies. These prove the efforts 
 and love of mankind for man ; but they are all local, despotic 
 to some extent, and sadly adapted to the demands of universal 
 justice." 
 
 It must be kept in view that the foundation for the great 
 reform of man in state and society, must be laid in a broad and 
 comprehensive system of education an education that reaches 
 every child of the State, and thoroughly fits it for practical 
 usefulness, and makes it an ornament to society for has there 
 been in any other age so great a demand for mental power as 
 in this ? 
 
 With a universal system of more practical and thorough 
 education, must be cultivated and diffused a deep ORGANIC LIB- 
 ERTY through the broad extent of the whole land, a truer and a 
 better liberty than we now have. Now it is only sentimental, 
 not organic. 
 
 Following a deeper and broader education and liberty, must 
 come a reorganization of society and labor. The whole process 
 of civilization will continue to be a failure, and render the con- 
 dition of the race of man more wretched, as long as the present 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 99 
 
 system of society and regulation of labor is dominant. The 
 whole present tendency is to enrich and elevate the few at the 
 expense of the many. Aged nations become a loathsome burden 
 to civilization because of the chronic disorders of society, 
 engendered by a false regulation of the social fabric. Enlight- 
 ened minds must hasten to evolve from the present condition of 
 things a system of society and labor that will establish such 
 an equality among the human species as is found among the 
 birds and lower animals of the same species. This end must 
 be gained as the normal condition of man. 
 
 With these desired objects gained, a true and universal educa- 
 tion, an organic liberty, and a new organization of society and 
 labor, the people will be fully prepared to battle for the great 
 future. " It is something to us that our country is already the 
 battle-field of truth and error ; that here, on American soil, the 
 problems of the world are to be solved." Then, in the solution 
 of these problems, what will be the social destiny of man ? His 
 career upon earth is yet to be marked by great changes. Touch- 
 ing the destiny of our own people, there are two sources of 
 underlying influences that are already operating in our civil, 
 social, and religious structure : first, the natural elements and 
 influences that belong to our own land, and which make us 
 essentially an American people; second, the influences that are 
 brought among us by means of emigrants from other lands. 
 The peculiarities of foreign nations are brought here by the 
 people that come, and germinate and crop out in the various 
 struggles and conflicts of our society, and give us much trouble. 
 These will eventually be overcome by the ascendency of the 
 outwrought influences and conditions of our own land. In the 
 ascendency of our native conditions, the American people will 
 become more individualized and perfected, to that extent as to 
 almost appear as a new race upon the continent. Human 
 beauty will attain to a higher point than ever before, and the 
 American woman will be famed as the most exalted and beau- 
 tiful in the world. 
 
 We are yet to pass through social agitations and movements 
 commercial and free-trade agitations, labor agitations, financial 
 difficulties, etc. until we reach, not far in the distance, a great 
 religious struggle, perhaps greater than mankind has yet expe- 
 
100 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 rienced. Beyond this still will be a change of government a 
 melting away of materialistic and constitutional forms of gov- 
 ernment, and a blending of church and state, not such church 
 and state as we now have, but a full growth and unfoldment of 
 man's moral, intellectual, and executive nature, which will un- 
 fold a new social order, and unite and govern mankind under a 
 kind of patriarchal system of united society and government. 
 This form of government will control the race of man in his 
 highest advances on the planet. 
 
 Let us all take courage, then, in the hope of a steady advance 
 of civilization, and a full conviction that good will finally over- 
 come evil on this side the grave. 
 
 Let none forget that to be right they must do right} and when 
 all are fully imbued with this truth, and actuated by one all- 
 pervading idea of the brotherhood of the race and good-will 
 to men, then will be a true realization of what prophecy and 
 inspiration have seen from all ages as the consummation and 
 destiny of man on earth. 
 
 Let us, each and all, do our duty in our day and time, that 
 we may make ourselves and the great Republic grander and 
 better. And when some future Humboldt weighs the institu- 
 tions of this age, may ours of the New Republic stand first in 
 character, as they are first in rank, in the journey of the race 
 around the earth ! 
 
 ALASKA. 
 
 Since .the first writing of this pamphlet, our Government 
 made a purchase of the Russian possessions on the North 
 American continent, which is now a part of our country, 
 under the old name of Alaska. 
 
 Alaska has a superficial area of 450,000 square miles, which is 
 more than twice as large as France. It contains a population 
 of 54,000, which is not one inhabitant to every eight square 
 miles. It is a cold country, and noted for its furs and fisheries. 
 Any person who wishes to know all about Alaska is referred 
 to the reading of Senator Sumner's great speech in favor of 
 the purchase. It contains all about it. 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 101 
 
 EECONSTRUCTION. 
 
 " I sec no path of ambition open in a bloody struggle for triumph over my own 
 countrymen. Tin-re is no path for ambition for me in a divided country, after having 
 so long served a united country." SxKi'iiiix A. DOUGLAS. 
 
 It is a great truth, taught in all history, that great national 
 questions are far more easily disposed of by arras than by legis- 
 lation, and that principles won by arms narrowly escape being 
 lost by succeeding legislation. 
 
 In a republican government, national crimes and disorganiza- 
 tions are more difficult to punish and restore, than in a govern- 
 ment whose power is concentrated in the hands of a few persons. 
 
 There are three propositions involved in the present work of 
 reconstruction : 
 
 I. The restoration of the revolted States to constitutional and 
 loyal relations in the Union. 
 
 II. The action of the General Government toward the freed- 
 men. 
 
 III. The action of the General Government toward the rebels. 
 The course to be pursued in the whole matter lies in the path 
 
 of loyalty, which is safety, 'and in the path of simple justice, 
 which gives strength. Loyalty is the only means by which a 
 republican government can save itself from a malignant enemy 
 at home. Then, to restore the revolted States to their proper 
 places in the Union, their control must be put in the hands of- 
 loyal men. This done, and no difficulty lies in the way of 
 reconstruction. 
 
 " Without the help of the negro," said President Lincoln, "the 
 Union must perish." Unioersal liberty was the latent power that 
 conquered the rebellion, and universal suffrage must be the legal 
 power with vMcli to reconstruct and save from destruction a broken 
 Union. This doctrine must be to Congress the pillar of fire 
 and the cloud by which to guide them. 
 
 Slavery is gone forever. Attorney General Bates decided 
 negroes to be citizens of the Government, and the recognition 
 of the truth of that decision has since been ingrafted into the 
 nation's life, and reconstruction can never be successful and 
 permanent without the continued recognition of that truth. 
 "This," said President Lincoln, " is not a government of ven- 
 
102 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 geance. Then let us go forward, with malice to none, but with 
 charity to all, and heal up the wounds, and forgive those who 
 despitefully use us." 
 
 It must be conceded that a wide-spread system of slavery, 
 like that in the United States, was a vast source of moral and 
 political corruption and human debasement, and that thousands 
 of honest and good people were led astray into the ranks of 
 malignity and treason, who now ought to be forgiven, and no 
 longer regarded as enemies to the Constitution and the Govern- 
 ment. Even the worst of rebels ought to be pardoned after a 
 short term of years, and admitted to full citizenship, except a 
 disability against holding civil office. The North has already 
 done good to those that despitefully used her ; let her stretch 
 out her hands in charity again. 
 
 John Brown said in his remarks, in answer to the question 
 why sentence of death should not be passed upon him, that he 
 was guided in his course by the golden rule, and that he believed 
 that to interfere as he had done, and as he always freely ad- 
 mitted that he had done in behalf of the despised poor, was no 
 wrong, but right. For acting upon this conscientious convic- 
 tion his life was taken. 
 
 That was the treatment of the South to the North. 
 
 But when General Lee, for an infinitely greater crime, stated 
 before a Congressional committee that he had always been 
 taught the doctrine of State Eights, and believed that he owed 
 a greater allegiance to the State of Virginia than to the Federal 
 Government, and that it was for Yirginia that he fought, and 
 believed it no wrong to do so, this was " accounted unto him 
 for righteousness," and his life was spared. 
 
 This was the treatment of the North to the South. 
 
 To recapitulate, the basis of reconstruction must be loyalty 
 and universal suffrage ; the terms, future pardon to the leaders 
 of the rebellion. This will displace from power the enemies of 
 liberty and secure a fraternal peace and a lasting Union. For 
 Congress to pursue any other course than this would be to frit- 
 ter away the triumphs of our arms and our institutions. 
 
 May God speed the day when the work shall be complete, 
 and the whole nation be baptized in the new liberty, and 
 redeemed by the HIGHER LAW ! 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 103 
 
 NOTE. At present, reconstruction can only be temporary, for 
 out of this struggle will come a new Republic, born out of a 
 new Constitution, with all-embracing provisions, that will revi- 
 vify the States and cement them in stronger bonds of union than 
 ever before, and dedicate them to higher principles of humanity, 
 and to a loftier destiny among the nations of the earth. 
 
 WOMAN SUFFRAGE. 
 
 Among the reformatory agitations in America, the subject of 
 woman suffrage has become prominent. But how much truth 
 underlies the agitation, and how much good can come to the 
 State or nation by admitting woman to the privilege of the 
 franchise, is yet beyond comprehension. Mankind has not yet 
 had any matured experience to prove that the equal, or prepon- 
 derating participation of woman in the political control and 
 management of States and nations, would answer the demands 
 of well established and permanent government. 
 
 Thus far in the history of the race, woman's official position, 
 as the ruler of a nation, has only been nominal. She has never 
 yet made or controlled revolutions, nor carved empires and 
 states out of chaos and disorder. She has never led the way to 
 discovery, to colonization, nor to dominion in any of the great 
 fields of human triumph, and whether such an unexampled 
 political stride as to admit her to the equal use of the ballot, 
 and equal, in the convention and the legislative halls, with men, 
 would be conducive to the best interests of the nation, is a 
 matter that experience alone can determine. 
 
 It is hardly possible that any statesman or jurist, however 
 learned, can give unquestionable reasoning in favor of the just- 
 ness of the principles of the Salic laws, and yet it is probable 
 that in the repetition of history, and the perversion of human 
 conduct, that the days of Heliogabalus and his debased Senate 
 may find a parallel in some future legislative assemblies. In- 
 trinsically considered, government is masculine and society 
 feminine, and the conjoint action of the male and female, or 
 positive and negative principle, in all forms of government, 
 works the highest productive good. 
 
 Considering the uncertainty of the proper adjustment of these 
 
104 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 two principles the male and female in government, and the 
 fatal consequences following a mistake, the acceptance of 
 woman suifrage must be regarded as an extraordinary rem- 
 edy, and one that w r ill either kill or cure wherever adminis- 
 tered. 
 
 The progress and enlightenment of the age seems to favor 
 the movement as one calculated, when fully tested, to elevate 
 and refine both society and state. 
 
 It is not intended here to discuss the subject, but simply to 
 mention it as one of the growing agitations relating to the 
 social and national interest of the country. 
 
 THE PACIFIC RAILWAYS. 
 
 Since the Republican party came into power, the Republic has 
 advanced in civil and mental liberty, enlarged public policies, 
 great measures, and newly formed States, with a rapidity 
 unknown before in its history. 
 
 The anti-slavery sentiment of the North has triumphed over 
 a cruel and persistent slave interest, and the nation to-day is 
 free. 
 
 The land policy of the Republican party, with Hon. Galusha 
 A. Grow, of Pennsylvania, as its champion, is now the wise and 
 beneficent policy of the nation. The great measure set on foot 
 by a few far-seeing statesmen of constructing great railways 
 across the continent to the Pacific shore, has become a real 
 measure of the Government, and the work far advanced. So 
 rapid has been the progress that these great thoroughfares 
 already penetrate the home of the Indian and the buffalo. 
 
 In 1862, Congress passed the first bill for the construction 
 of railways and telegraphs to the Pacific. In 1865 and 1866, 
 additional acts were passed in aid of the work. In those acts, 
 it was provided "for the construction of two great railways one 
 to start from Omaha, and be called the Union Pacific Railway, 
 the other to start from Kansas City, and be called the Central 
 Pacific Railway. Two other roads have also been spoken of, 
 one still further north, and tying in the latitude of St. Paul, the 
 other in the extreme south of the country, and designed for com- 
 munication between New Orleans and the Pacific. The rebel- 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 105 
 
 lion and its embarrassments narrowed the action of Congress 
 to the construction of only two roads. 
 
 There are two prominent features connected with the two 
 roads under construction, one relating to the routes they are to 
 take across the continent, and the character of the country over 
 which they pass, and the other the great commercial and civil- 
 izing purposes which they will subserve when completed. 
 
 Of the Omaha route, it is well understood that it is to cross 
 the mountains by way of the South Pass ; and to give the reader 
 a full description of this pass, we quote from Colonel William 
 Gilpin, who has no doubt given the facts as real as any other 
 man ; and let it here be stated that there is no formation of the 
 continent so remarkable as that of the South Pass. It really 
 seems as if Providence had prepared it to serve some great use 
 for man. Colonel Gilpin says : 
 
 " To delineate the features of the South Pass, so that the 
 topography of the plain, the prodigious Sierras which sur- 
 round it, the rivers radiating out of it, and the gorges by 
 which they commence their gentle declinations to the seas, is 
 not easy to be done. The plain is elevated 7,500 feet above 
 the sea. It is beyond, or west of the Cordillera. Its sur- 
 face of clay is so absolutely smooth as to admit of uninter- 
 rupted vision, as over water. It is in shape a triangle, having 
 very acute angles at the northern and southern points, and one 
 very obtuse at the source of the Sweetwater, which is the eastern 
 point. The western side, two hundred miles in length, corre- 
 sponds with the bed of the Eio Verde (Green river), running 
 directly from north to south, to which the whole plain slants. 
 Immediately along its western bank rises the Sierra Wasatch, 
 forming a continuous mountain barrier toward the west. Oppo- 
 site the center of this hypothenuse is the gorge of the Sweet- 
 water, enveloping the eastern point of the triangle. The 
 remaining sides extend hence, the one to the northwest, the 
 other to the southwest. Along the former, in length one 
 hundred and nine miles, rises the stupendous mass of the Cor- 
 dillera known here locally as the ' Wind River Mountains ;' 
 along the latter, a similar mass of the Cordillera, but of inferior 
 altitude, known locally as the 'Table Mountains.' The area of 
 the plain of the South Pass is about equivalent to that of JSTew 
 
106 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 Jersey. Its surface is of clay, resembling kaoline, of which 
 porcelain is made, and has the absolute smoothness of that 
 material, filtered through water and compacted by pressure. 
 From the three angles of its rim issue the Sweetwater, flowing 
 jast into the Platte and to the Atlantic ; the Snake river, flowing 
 northwest to Walla-Walla, and thence with the Columbia to the 
 Xorth Pacific ; and the Rio Verde, south into the Bay of Cali- 
 fornia by whose western affluent, also, Black Fork, exists the 
 easiest egress into the basin of the Great Salt Lake. 
 
 " Most probably no spot on the globe has grouped into one view 
 so much of intense grandeur in the variety and number of its 
 physical wonders. From a single ice-crowned summit of the 
 Wind River Mountains are seen the gorges of the Missouri, 
 Yellowstone, Platte, Colorado, and Snake rivers, all radiating 
 from its base, and each the equal of the Danube in length and 
 the volume of its waters. Five primary chains of snowy moun- 
 tains here culminate together to this central apex, from which 
 they radiate out between the rivers the dorsal mass of the 
 Cordillera reaching toward the north to the Arctic Sea and 
 toward the south to the Antarctic, the Sierra Wasatch, the 
 Snake River chain, the Salmon River Mountains, all crested 
 with snow, and each having an unbroken length of 1,000 miles. 
 The South Pass is 1,400 miles from Astoria ; it is the same dis- 
 tance from St. Louis. It is, then, in the middle region of the 
 continent. It is the only Pass through the ' mountain forma- 
 tion' from hence as far as the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. From 
 this comes the name South Pass, as being the most southern 
 Pass to which you may ascend by an effluent of the Atlantic, 
 and step immediately on to a stream descending uninterruptedly 
 out to the Pacific. This name is as ancient as the Pass itself. 
 Into it concentrate the great trails of the buffalo geographers 
 and road-makers before the coming of man. The Indian, the 
 Mexican, and the American, successors to one another, have not 
 deflected from the instincts of the buffalo, nor will they whilst 
 the primeval mountains last in their present unshattered bulk. 
 This is the continental highway of the people ; through this 
 exclusively millions have already poured to and fro with their 
 children, their free principles, their cattle assembled in cara- 
 vans, on foot and mounted, with wagons, hand-carts, knapsacks, 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 107 
 
 and bringing with them their household gods and the tabernacle 
 of civil and religious liberty. 
 
 " The South Pass is the only and exclusively continental Pass. 
 The outlet at the eastern angle is known as the gorge of the 
 Sweetwater river, which descends to the Platte; that at the 
 northern angle as the gorge of the Grosventre river, which 
 descends to the Snake river. These are both short and slender 
 mountain streams, accomplishing their descent in beds of the 
 extremes! sinuosity, but without waterfalls. They both flow 
 from chasms in the flanks of the immense mass of the Wind 
 River Mountains, which here forms an arc, fronting to the 
 west, and issue out upon the plain. But the plain is traversed 
 by a gentle divide, parallel with the mountain, and no more dis- 
 tinguishable than the level given by engineers to any ordinary 
 street. Against this, these two streams are deflected into 
 opposite courses, the former to burrow its way around the arc 
 of the mountain to the southeast, the other toward the north- 
 west. To one who observes this from the plains, there is pre- 
 sented a similar miraculous configuration of the land, such as 
 displays itself to one who, navigating the Propontic Sea, beholds 
 the Dardanelles upon his right hand and the Bosphorus on his 
 left. Moreover, the sky is without clouds and rainless, the 
 atmosphere intensely brilliant, temperate, serene, and encom- 
 passed round by scenery of the austerest sublimity. We have 
 seen that the elevation of the South Pass is 7,500 feet, and that 
 Snake river runs continuously out of it, by the most direct 
 and favorable course, 1,400 miles to the Pacific sea, tunneling 
 consecutively the Blue or Salmon River range of mountains, 
 the snowy Andes, and all other transverse ranges and obstruc- 
 tions. Here is, then, an uninterrupted water declination, through 
 and across the whole ' mountain formation/ descending by a 
 plane, dipping five feet to the mile ! From the adjacent eastern 
 rim of the plain of the South Pass runs out Sweetwater into 
 the Platte, which, tunneling consecutively all the outlying 
 ranges of the Cordillera of the Sierra Madre, forms a similar 
 uninterrupted water declination, in a very straight line of 1,400 
 miles to St. Louis, descending by the same average dip of five 
 feet per mile. 
 
 " The sciences which delineate and explain to the human 
 
108 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 understanding the details of matter, as it fits itself in myriads 
 of millions of variegated forms to fill out the supreme order of 
 the universe, develop nothing so interesting to the heart of 
 civilized man as this sublime fact of physical geography in the 
 supreme engineering of the Creator. This line of gently un- 
 dulating river grades, girdling the middle zone of our Union 
 from sea to sea, in one smooth, continuous, and unbroken cord, 
 3,000 miles in length, fitting the isothermal axis of the temperate 
 climates, crossing one river only at St. Louis, and outflanking 
 all the mountains, presents to us the counterpart of that water- 
 line of the Old World, commencing at the extremity of the 
 Euxine, passing down the Mediterranean, and debouching out 
 into the ocean." 
 
 The reader will find this brief quotation to be an interesting 
 description of that great continental highway through which 
 millions of the human race will yet pass to and fro in the eager 
 pursuit of wealth and pleasure in the years of the future. It is 
 the only available pathway through which the citizens of the 
 Eepublic can enter to the Pacific shore. 
 
 Leaving the South Pass, we are compelled to go more than 
 six hundred miles south, or to Mexico, before we can find any 
 available pathway across the continent, while north of the South 
 Pass any possible passage is so far away that it will remain 
 unoccupied for generations to come. The consequence is that 
 the great Pacific railway of the continent and the nation must 
 be that which is constructed by way ol the South Pass. It will 
 be more direct and more useful, while along its pathway will 
 follow the stream of civilization around the world. 
 
 It is now understood that the Omaha or Union Pacific road 
 will be constructed through the South Pass, and the Kansas or 
 Central Pacific road will from the western part of Kansas be 
 directed to Santa Fe, and from thence constructed upon what 
 was formerly known as the southern route to the Pacific. It 
 will be seen at once that this road, when completed, will not, as 
 a Pacific railway, be so valuable to those cities and towns 
 adjacent to its eastern end. To them it will only serve as a 
 way-road to New Mexico, while the great Pacific trade will be 
 done over the railway of the South Pass, which will be the great 
 commercial umbilical cord of the continent. 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 109 
 
 The Central Pacific Bail way, when completed, will be a great 
 continental road, penetrating an empire of country and opening 
 to the two oceans and the Mississippi river a vast commerce, 
 which is yet to be developed in the further and mightier west, 
 but the trade of this road will essentially be continental, while 
 the trade of the Union Pacific or Omaha road will be the great 
 highway over which the trade and commerce of the oriental 
 lands and ours will be done. 
 
 Touching, in a higher and broader sense, the change of the 
 action of the commerce of the world which will be effected by 
 these roads when completed, and the expanded growth of 
 empire on this continent, is a part of the subject that cannot be 
 fully comprehended at present ; the reality can but vaguely be 
 seen now even b}" the wisest and most far-reaching minds. To 
 get even the first conception of the final triumphs of progress 
 and commerce to which these great national highways are to 
 lead, we must first contemplate the whole globe girdled with 
 railways by land and steamships by oceans; we must contem- 
 plate embracing these lines of steam a vast growth of civilization 
 and commerce, supported by more than one hundred millions of 
 industrious and intelligent American people, struggling for all 
 the successes of life. We must contemplate " one vast confed- 
 eration, stretching from the frozen north in unbroken line to 
 the glowing south, and from the wild billows of the Atlantic 
 westward to the calmer waters of the Pacific, and behold one 
 people, one law, one language, and one faith, and over all this 
 vast continent the home of freedom." A just comprehension of 
 all these things will give an insight to what these great railways 
 are to unfold for the future. 
 
 The present progress of their construction is as rapid as the 
 circumstances will allow. Each line is being pushed forward in 
 a most satisfactory manner. The time for their completion is 
 uncertain, but will probably require from three to five years 
 hence. Every interest, both of capital and commerce, urges 
 the work forward, and not only ours, but other nations and peo- 
 ple, wait eagerly for their final completion. Let us hail the day 
 of the final work as a day of immortal event. 
 
110 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 ' NOTE. St. Louis has a double interest in the construction of 
 the continental railways. Her immediate interest lies in the 
 prosecution of the main trunk of the Central Pacific road to 
 Denver, and from thence form a connection with the Union 
 Pacific, or Omaha road, and thence by way of the South Pass 
 reach the Pacific shores. Her secondary interest is in the 
 branch extension of the Central Pacific to Albuquerque and 
 to the Pacific coast. 
 
 THE GREAT BRIDGE AT ST. LOUIS. 
 
 Each age and each nation produces its great works in some 
 phase of civil progress. The early Jews built the tower of 
 Babel ; Egypt had the Pyramids and Catacombs ; Greece her 
 Parthenon and unequaled temples of worship; Rome had her 
 Coliseum; the middle ages, their walled cities. But modern 
 civilization, passing beyond the age of selfishness, ambition, 
 and idolatry, gives to mankind magnificent structures of greater 
 use as the triumphs of the genius of the race. 
 
 The greatest work of mechanical art that the world has yet 
 beheld, is the Crystal Palace of the nineteenth century. It 
 combines in one lovely master-piece, and one glow of associated 
 beauty, the highest civilization and progress of man. 
 
 The leading feature of the present age is the strife for com- 
 mercial dominion. In this department of civilization is enlisted 
 more capital, talent, and men than in any other. All the rapid 
 strides of the race are made in its interest whether in the 
 achievement of art, of science, or of genius. The w r ild billows 
 of the Atlantic have been defied by steam and electricity, and 
 the two great continents of kindred shores, united by these 
 subtle agents, and now with one steady grand march does civili- 
 zation, carried by the tides of men, continue its journey to the 
 west to the high mountains, and the broad and calmer waters 
 of the wide Pacific ocean. With these great movements come 
 the master w r orks of mechanics and arts. 
 
 Since the invention of the steam engine, the railway system 
 may be regarded as the greatest aid to civilization the arts have 
 afforded, on account of the rapid intercommunion of men and 
 ideas, and the exchange of products. But a great and valuable 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. Ill 
 
 railway system without bridges to cross the inland streams 
 would be an impossibility; hence the remarkable development 
 of genius and art, and the concentration of capital, to construct 
 in ample proportions these master-fabrics for commercial use. 
 
 Here, then, is submitted a brief statement of that which is to 
 constitute, when completed, the greatest work of its particular 
 kind that engineering skill has yet given to the world. The 
 work of constructing a great bridge over the Mississippi river 
 at St. Louis, like all other great projects of a public character, 
 has been long attended with difficulties and delays. The want 
 of a sufficiently enterprising public spirit to take hold of the 
 work and command the genius and the capital for its prosecu- 
 tion, has made it a subject of special discussion for many years 
 past. But the growing and pressing demand of the commercial 
 and railroad interest bearing upon St. Louis forced positive 
 action out of the agitation, and charters were procured from the 
 Legislatures of Missouri and Illinois, with ample provisions to 
 secure its construction if sustained by sufficient public spirit. 
 The time for building it seemed to have come. Xo sooner were 
 the charters procured than the right public spirit was manifest, 
 and men of character and wealth came forward promptly and 
 organized a Company, and proceeded to raise the estimated 
 amount of money necessary, and the work is now under way. 
 
 The plan for the bridge submitted by the Chief Engineer of 
 the Company, and which was accepted, will be found of great 
 public interest. It is in some particulars quite original, and 
 perhaps superior to anything of the kind in existence. It pro- 
 vides for crossing the river with a bridge built upon three mag- 
 nificent arches made of cast-steel. These arches will rest upon 
 two great river piers, and upon two shore piers. Each of these 
 great arches or spans of the bridge will be formed of four ribbed 
 arches of cast-steel, having a rise of about one-tenth of the span. 
 Each of these ribbed arches will in turn be formed of two ribs, 
 eight feet apart, one above the other, and strongly braced 
 between with diagonal steel braces. The center span resting 
 on the great channel pier will be 515 feet in length, and the two 
 side spans will each be 497 feet, making, with the width of the 
 piers, the total length of the bridge, from shore to shore, 1,689 
 feet. Each end of the bridge will have an extension of five 
 
112 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 great arch-ways of 30 feet span each, crossing the wharves on 
 each shore. On the St. Louis side, near Washington avenue, 
 the carriage-way will be extended to Third street. 
 
 The bridge will have two floors, the upper one being devoted 
 to the use of pedestrians, vehicles, and double tracks for street 
 cars. The lower one will accommodate a double track for the 
 passage of steam cars in each direction. The roadway on the 
 opposite shore will be extended over the two first streets in East 
 St. Louis, and descending with' an easy grade, will form a con- 
 tinuation of the stone dyke, on which a fine turnpike road is 
 now made. The entire bridge and approaches will be about 
 3,70') feet long. The arch-ways are to be of sufficient highth to 
 render no obstruction to the business of the levee. 
 
 In ordinary stages of water, there will be from 60 to 70 feet 
 in the clear below the bridge at the central arch. At the center, 
 the lowest part of the bridge will be 50 feet above high water 
 mark ; this distance is slightly diminished under the side arches, 
 owing to the fact that a slight curve is given to the bridge in its 
 general construction. 
 
 The railway, consisting of a double track, one narrow gauge, 
 four feet 8? inches, the other wide gauge of six feet, each track 
 having a third rail, which will enable the closest connections 
 with all trains, will be suspended from the iron beams support- 
 ing the carriage way, and will rest on trusses or stretchers 
 running the entire length of the bridge. About the middle of 
 the block, between Second and Third streets, the railway will 
 enter a tunnel, extending thence, under Washington avenue, to 
 Ninth street; here the tunnel will curve round into Eleventh 
 street, at Olive, and following Eleventh street to the south side 
 of Clark avenue, will there emerge into the open air, and enter 
 a grand union depot a short distance from the terminus of the 
 tunnel. 
 
 The great piers and the mode of their construction is one of 
 the most interesting features of this bridge, and especially when 
 we consider the great depth to be reached to secure a permanent 
 rock foundation, by which to enable them to withstand the 
 combined power of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, and the 
 ever-changing sands in the bed of the stream. A foundation on 
 the underlying rock alone will secure safety. To reach this, one 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 113 
 
 pier must go down through 20 feet of water and 80 feet of sand. 
 This great pier will, in total hight, be 195 feet, and 100 feet in 
 width at the base, with a breadth tapering from 55 to 30 
 feet, and will consist of a mass of masonry weighing over 
 30,000 tons. 
 
 The other river pier will pass down through water and sand 
 over 70 feet to the rock foundation below, and with a total 
 highth of 170 feet. This pier will consist of a mass of masonry 
 weighing some 25,000 tons. 
 
 All this great mass of masonry must bo placed in position 
 within three consecutive months, in a river with a current run- 
 ning four or five miles an hour. To accomplish this, the follow- 
 ing plan has been adopted : Around the site of the pier a number 
 of screw piles, 16 inches in diameter, will be sunk. These can be 
 rapidly screwed into the sand. On these piles a strong frame- 
 work of timber will be erected within, and supported by a 
 huge boiler-iron caisson, well strengthened by angle iron bars 
 placed horizontally around it, about three feet apart, on its inner 
 surface; it will then be put together with screw bolts. This 
 caisson is simply intended to be used as an iron curtain, of an 
 elliptical shape, open at the bottom, and, being considerably 
 larger than the intended pier, will completely surround it. It 
 is not the design to pump the water out of it, and hence it is not 
 braced across from side to side, but is simply designed to exclude 
 the sand. It will be held against the current by chains until it 
 sinks by its own weight in the sand. When it has sunk to a 
 sufficient depth, the work of pumping out the sand is com- 
 menced, which will be done with powerful sand-pumps j and 
 as the caisson will be slightly larger at the bottom than at the 
 top, its inclined sides will facilitate its sinking as the sand within 
 is removed. In this way it will finally be sunk to the rock, and, 
 reaching above the surface, will completely inclose the water 
 within. The sand being removed from the rock, a bed of con- 
 crete mortar will be spread over the rock and carefully leveled 
 off. This mortar-bed will be one or two feet in thickness above 
 the highest parts of the rock. With this arrangement to receive 
 the piers, a portion of the down-stream end of the caisson will 
 be temporarily removed to admit within it a huge, flat-bottomed 
 boat. This boat will have its bottom constructed of squared 
 8 
 
114 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 timbers, placed solid, and of about 30 inches in thickness and 
 thoroughly calked. It will form the base of the pier, as it is 
 known that wood is practically indestructible under water. The 
 sides of the boat will be nearly vertical, made of strong timber 
 and plank, and calked tight. In this great vessel, the interior of 
 which will be of the size and shape of the intended pier, the 
 masonry work of the pier will be prosecuted as fast as ten or 
 twelve steam hoisting machines and the frame-works above can 
 supply stone and other materials to the masons working within. 
 As the masonry progresses, the boat slowly settles down with 
 its gigantic load, and as it sinks, the sides are built up to exclude 
 the water, and will ultimately reach a highth of 100 feet. It is 
 estimated that when about 40 feet of the pier has been con- 
 structed, the boat will have reached the bed prepared for it 
 within the caisson, and will then rest upon the rock. 1 he 
 masonry will be built up rapidly; the massive stones being 
 thoroughly grouted, course after course, with hydraulic cement, 
 until the structure of the pier finally emerges above the surface 
 of the water. The sides of the boat will be secured to its bottom 
 by screws, which can be loosened from the top j and when the 
 stone work has reached above the surface, the boat will be per- 
 mitted to fill with water, and the screws will be disengaged and 
 the sides taken out. The next step will be to remove the iron 
 caisson. The screws supporting it will be put in motion, and it 
 will be drawn up from the sand, unbolted, and removed, to be 
 used in the construction of the other pier. The further removal 
 of all preparations for building at once follows, and this new 
 marine monster of art is left for all time to brave the ice and 
 other aggressions of the Father of Waters. 
 
 This constitutes a brief outline description of the great St. 
 Louis Railway and Passenger Bridge, which is now in process 
 of construction, and will require at least three years for its com- 
 pletion, and an estimated expenditure of $5,000,000. 
 
 A very brief classification of the approved bridges of the day, 
 and an allusion to specimens of the various kinds, will, perhaps, 
 enable the casual reader to receive a better impression of the 
 magnitude of the St. Louis bridge. There are four prominent 
 styles of bridges, which are generally adopted by the engineer- 
 ing profession, when they aim to erect something that will 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 115 
 
 endure to remote generations. The tubular, the suspension, the 
 lattice, and the arch all constructed of iron, in one or more of 
 its forms. The tubular, invented by Robert Stephenson, although 
 materially aided by Fairbairn, will always, we think, be regarded 
 as one of the great ideas of the nineteenth century. It is a 
 straight, hollow, rectangular tube. The Britannia bridge is 
 the grandest specimen ; for its longest span, or reach, be- 
 tween supports, is 459 feet. But long as it is, it was lifted 
 in one piece 100 feet high, to its present position. The Vic- 
 toria bridge has no span of equal length, nor was it elevated in 
 the same way. ?CTOft 
 
 The suspension, in its crude forms, is of ancient 
 found in all lands, but until later years it has never received the 
 indorsement of engineers as the reliable support of railway 
 trains ; and in this respect, it can hardly be said to have thor- 
 oughly disarmed sound criticism, when we claim we are building 
 something that is truly permanent. It possesses some qualities 
 that will always render it popular. It can be constructed more 
 easily in many positions. A much greater span can be obtained 
 than by any other known method and the cost is compa- 
 ratively less. Perhaps this last feature can be understood, 
 when we remember that the Niagara bridge, with a span of 821 
 feet, was built for less than the yearly interest on the sum ex- 
 pended on the Britannia bridge. Its general construction is well 
 known. In Europe, the prominent specimens are the Menai, by 
 Telford, with a span of 580 feet, and the Freyburg, in Switzer- 
 land, with a span of 870 feet. In this country, Ellet and 
 Roebling have identified themselves with the Wheeling, Niagara, 
 Cincinnati, and other bridges. Ellet constructed the Wheeling 
 bridge, 1,000 feet span, which failed to withstand the winds ; yet 
 Mr. Ellet was a great man. Mr. Eoebling may be regarded as 
 the great exponent of the suspension bridge in this country. 
 His reputation may well be envied ; for while the great engi- 
 neers of Europe were saying it was impossible, he went on with 
 the Niagara bridge j and now, after fifteen years' successful 
 usage, it has caused the engineers of the old world to reverse 
 their theories. 
 
 He has just completed the Cincinnati bridge, and if, in future 
 times, the suspension shall have become recognized as a thor- 
 
116 
 
 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 (Highly safe, permanent structure for railway trains, to Mr. 
 Roebling, more than any other, will the credit belong. 
 
 The lattice bridge has been and is now a very popular type of 
 bridge. The name will readily convey a correct impression of 
 its general construction. In some respects it is preferable to 
 the tubular. It is less costly, and is less rigid, which some 
 claim to be an advantage. As fine a specimen of this kind, 
 perhaps, as can be seen any\vhere, is at Cologne, over the Rhine. 
 Its longest reach is 330 feet. It is, however, liable to oscilla- 
 tion. 
 
 But yielding everything to the suspension and the lattice that 
 can with reason be claimed for them, it is questionable whether 
 they possess the elements of perpetuity equally with the arch. 
 We know arch bridges have endured for centuries we do not 
 yet know how long a railway suspension, tubular, or lattice 
 bridge will continue. 
 
 The first cast-iron arch bridge was built in 1779, with a span 
 of 100 feet. Many other iron arch bridges have been success- 
 fully constructed. They have always been highly esteemed for 
 their strength and durability. The great drawback, perhaps, 
 has been an inability to construct them with a span so wide as 
 to compare favorably with those of other styles. In England, 
 the largest is the Soutlrwark, with a span of 240 feet, and a 
 rise of twenty-four feet. Note this fact, and remember the 
 length of the Britannia, 459 feet, and the length of the Cologne, 
 330 feet, and then the importance of the St. Louis bridge, with 
 its span of 515 feet, will appear. 
 
 Its form is as enduring as any tested by the experience of 
 ages. Its size surpasses that of any, when we consider the true 
 comparison, the length of span. Its material, cast-steel, is the 
 best in the world, ranking with wrought-iron in the ratio of 
 two to one. 
 
 The importance of the St. Louis bridge is still further in- 
 creased when we consider its foundations, their depth, their 
 mode of construction, and the attendant difficulties. 
 
 Other engineers of great eminence have proposed the erection 
 of bridges of greater span than this, but it rarely occurs that 
 the location and conditions of the case justify, as in this one, such 
 bold grasp of mind on the part of the engineer, with the no 
 
THE NEW REPUBLIC. 117 
 
 less important accompaniment of a proper manifestation of 
 public spirit on the part of capitalists to carry out his design. 
 
 Mr. Latrobo, a noted engineer of Baltimore, has expressed 
 his opinion upon the construction of a bridge at St. Louis. Ho 
 favored the use of piers higher than those of the present plan, 
 requiring a stationary engine to draw the cars from either side 
 to the center in passing over. He also advocated the use of 
 spans 400 and 500 feet in length. 
 
 That modern engineers are anticipating something altogether 
 superior to the past achievements, the following remarks of Mr. 
 Roobling are evidence. He says : " It was left to modern 
 engineering, by the application of the principle of suspension, 
 and by the use of wrought-iron, to solve the problem of 
 spanning large rivers without intermediate supports. Cast 
 and wrought-iron arches, of 100 feet and more, have been 
 quite successful. Nor can it be said that the limit of arching 
 has been reached. Timber arches of much greater span have 
 stood for years, and have rendered good service in this country 
 as well as on the continent of Europe. It is worthy of notice, 
 however, and to be cited as a curious professional circumstance, 
 that the best form of material, so profusely applied by nature 
 in her elaborate constructions, has never been used in arching, 
 although proposed on several occasions. This form is unques- 
 tionably the cylindrical, combined in small sections, as is illus- 
 trated by vegetable and animal structures. Where strength is 
 to be combined with lightness and elegance, nature never wastes 
 heavy, cumbrous masses. The architects of the middle ages 
 fully illustrated this by their beautiful buttresses and flying 
 arches, combinations of strength and stability, executed with 
 the least amount of material. 
 
 " The wrought-iron pipe, now manufactured of all sizes and in 
 such great perfection, offers to the engineer a material for arch- 
 ing which cannot be excelled. A wire cable, composed of an 
 assemblage of wires, constitutes the best catenary arch for the 
 suspension of great weights ; and, as a parallel to this, if the 
 catenary is reversed, the best upright arch for the support of a 
 bridge may be formed by an*assemblage of wrought-iron pipes, 
 of one and a half or two inches diameter or more. Arches of 
 1,000 feet span and more may be rendered practicable and safe 
 
118 THE NEW REPUBLIC. 
 
 upon this system. I venture to predict that the two great rival 
 systems of future bridge engineering will be the inverted and 
 upright arch j the former made of wire, and the latter of pipe, 
 both systems rendered stable by the assistance of lattice work, 
 or by stays, trusses, and girders." 
 
 It has already been stated that the bridge to be built at St. 
 Louis is to be made of cast-steel ; and in the meantime, exten- 
 sive experiments will be made to thoroughly test the strength of 
 the metal, and no possible precaution will be neglected or effort 
 omitted to make this bridge a complete and perfect success, for 
 it is the general conviction that when built, it will be the great- 
 est and most magnificent structure of the kind in the world. 
 Although not so great in length as the Victoria bridge over the 
 St. Lawrence, which is nearly two miles long, nor the bridge 
 over the Nebudda, in India, which is one and a half miles long, 
 nor the bridge from Bassein to the main land, which is over 
 three miles long, yet its magnificent spans and stately piers 
 place it far above these bridges in character and structure. And 
 when once built, it will be grander than the Colossus at Rhodes, 
 grander than the Pharos at Alexandria. It will vitalize the com- 
 merce of the Mississippi Valley, and unite the great railway chain 
 between New York and San Francisco. When completed, it will 
 place the name of its builder with that of Telford, Smeaton, Ste- 
 phenson, and other distinguished engineers of the world. Mr. 
 Eads already stands prominent as one of the most enterprising 
 and public-spirited citizens of St. Louis ; and should this bridge 
 enterprise, in which he is more prominent than any other, prove 
 successful, his character and reputation will become the public 
 property of the country, even as the bridge itself will be. Almost 
 proverbial for the invariable success attending everything he 
 undertakes, and with a world-wide reputation for practical inge- 
 nuity and indomitable energy, we hail his prominent identifica- 
 tion with this work as an assurance of its successful completion. 
 To him, and to the enlightened, public-spirited citizens who have 
 pledged their capital and influence to sustain the enterprise, will 
 justly belong the glory that will surely attach to the St. Louis 
 Bridge. 
 
SPECIAL TO ST. LOUIS. 
 
 One of the strongest incentives of human nature is that which 
 impels man to seek for happiness and success. The means of 
 happiness are diligently sought for through every science, 
 through art, and through industry, and each year adds new con- 
 tributions to some phase of society. 
 
 It has been the pride and distinguishing characteristic of man- 
 kind, in all times, to adorn and beautify their great cities, and 
 provide facilities for commerce and pleasure for the populace. 
 
 Thebes, the pride of Egypt, and the first metropolis of arts 
 and sciences, was distinguished for its hundred gates Baalbec 
 for its gigantic temples, " the ruins of which baffle the imagina- 
 tion of man." 
 
 Babylon had her wonderful walls and her hanging gardens ; 
 Nineveh her unequaled carvings, and Persepolis her world of 
 palaces. So in modern times, each city is slowly advancing with 
 improvements that confer privileges and benefits upon its citi- 
 zens. The certainty of a wonderful future for St. Louis urges 
 the necessity for such steps to be taken by her citizens as will 
 insure the most liberal facilities for her business interest, and the 
 most advanced improvements possible to secure health, pleasure, 
 and the higher culture of her people. What she is to-day ought 
 not to be, and cannot be, the city of the future. Her people of 
 this year, arid of this generation, will not do their duty, if they, 
 too, do not distinguish themselves if they do not make the 
 beginning of such improvements as will be finished by those of 
 coming generations. Without generalizing the improvements 
 necessary to groat cities, it is proper to notice especially those 
 which ought to be made for St. Louis. 
 
 A city ought, by all means, to be abundantly supplied with 
 water, to the extent that each citizen will have no difficulty in 
 
120 SPECIAL TO ST. LOUIS. 
 
 getting all the water needed. To expend money in a project 
 that does not answer the demands for which it is designed is 
 wrong. Competent engineers should be employed, and ample 
 and permanent provisions for water be made. Good water and 
 good air are indispensable to the welfare and health and hap- 
 piness of a great city, and both should be provided. 
 
 Another matter of great importance to which a city should be 
 earnestly devoted, is to make such improvements and provisions 
 as will facilitate its business interest. This must be done by 
 wise municipal legislation by protecting health, making public 
 improvements, and aiding private enterprise, to facilitate the 
 travel of the business man from his home to his place of busi- 
 ness. It is becoming evident in our great cities, that the 
 ordinary mode of city travel, by street cars and the omnibus, is 
 not fast enough to answer the business demands of the people ; 
 consequently, each city is looking out for some improvement in 
 speed. The too frequent stopping of cars to take on and let 
 off passengers, causes great loss of time to the business man, 
 especially if he lives at a great distance. Various efforts have 
 been made to overcome this difficulty, but no plan has been found 
 sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its adoption. The city of 
 London has partially adopted the underground travel, which 
 meets with tolerable success. But the expense and inconveni- 
 ence of such a mode renders it insufficient. What is required, 
 is speed and safety. Speed cannot be obtained by the use of 
 horses, nor is the use of steam safe in our streets, under the pres- 
 ent regulations. Yet speed and safety must be obtained sooner 
 or later. The necessity for many of the population and business 
 men to live at a distance, and the greater desire of more to live 
 away in the country, will soon require quicker transit. 
 
 The close connection of the travel in a city with the beauty of 
 its arrangement, and the pleasure it affords, necessarily ally the 
 two interests, and what is necessary for one will contribute to the 
 other. 
 
 In prospect of the future greatness of St. Louis, it must be 
 conceded that the largest provisions should be made for broad and 
 extensive avenues and immense parks. To make ample provi- 
 sions in this direction, there should be three great avenues ex- 
 tending from the river, or at least from Fourth street, in a straight 
 
SPECIAL TO ST. LOUIS. 121 
 
 line, west, to the city limits or beyond. To provide these avenues, 
 the city ought to purchase, and cause to be vacated, certain entire 
 tiers of blocks, and such other grounds as are necessary, to extend 
 the avenues beyond the city limits, viz : The ground between 
 Wash and Carr streets, and between Market and Walnut streets, 
 and such an enlargement of Chouteau avenue as to make it 
 equal to the two above ; and by this means open out three great 
 avenues, which, when properly improved, would furnish ample 
 room for safe and speedy transit to the distant homes, besides 
 furnishing the city with three great avenues, such as she needp 
 and ought to have. Such avenues, when adorned with trees and 
 shrubbery of beauty and value, and flowing water, would add in- 
 finitely to the worth and goodness and greatness of St. Louis. In 
 addition to these, let Grand avenue be thoroughly improved, and 
 extended to the river above and below, so as to encircle thus 
 much of the city. Still more, three large parks ought to be pro- 
 vided and improved in magnificent style. 
 
 With these large and splendid avenues, steam transit could bo 
 used with safety and speed, and thus meet all the demands for 
 rapid traveling; and thousands who now are, and henceforth 
 would be compelled to live in the narrow limits of the city, would 
 make homes in the airy 1 suburbs of the country. Some arrange- 
 ment of this kind must, sooner or later, be made the public and 
 private interest of the citizens will demand it. Cities are under 
 a moral obligation to provide for the health and comfort of their 
 poor, and not only must they be furnished with good water and 
 air, but public parks, and other places, must be fitted up for Sun- 
 day resort, for the thousands who are confined indoors at honest 
 toil during the week. 
 
 With such improvements will come the higher institutions of 
 civilized life temples of music, halls of science, palaces of art, 
 and studios for genius. 
 
 There are those who will judge these views extravagant, and 
 the improvements impossible, but they are within the legitimate 
 scope of improvements which St. Louis ought to make, in view 
 of her future greatness. 
 
 The whole project is deserving of consideration, and ought to 
 be publicly considered and acted upon. It is high time that some- 
 thing great and valuable of more than ordinary concern was 
 
1 22 SPECIAL TO ST. LOUIS. 
 
 projected for a city of such immense possibilities, even -with the 
 hopeful assurance of being the seat of national empire. 
 
 Not only would the citizens of this generation heartily rejoice 
 in such magnificent improvements, but millions yet to come, with 
 footsteps soft as those who now tread her walks, and with music 
 notes of sweeter tones, and aspirations of higher aims, would 
 rejoice with fuller hearts, and adorn with more tender hands the 
 great works that this people had given to them. 
 
 THE EXPENSE, AND HOW TO MEET IT. 
 
 It is easy to imagine that there are those \vhose selfishness will 
 not allow them to consent to such extended improvements at the 
 public expense, even if they should happen to be impressed with 
 their excellency. But who is there so short-sighted that he can- 
 not see that the very moment those avenues are opened, and 
 well-regulated public conveyance provided to their farthest extent, 
 St. Louis will stand as the most princely city of the world, far- 
 famed for her wonderful and proud public improvements ? 
 
 Grant that the expense for the purchase of the grounds for the 
 avenues and parks, and their improvements, reaches $30,000,000, 
 which would probably be an over-estimtite. The city, with a 
 vigorous administration of her public affairs, could make the pur- 
 chase without a hazard of her financial interests. When the 
 prosecution of the work is determined upon, let her appoint com- 
 petent agents, to go ten miles or more into the country, and pur- 
 chase, as near the terminus of these avenues as possible, ten 
 thousand or more acres of land, which shall be held by the city, 
 and improved, and sold at advanced prices from year to year, for 
 suburban and country residences. By this means the city could 
 raise a considerable portion of the money to pay for the purchase 
 of the avenues. With the avenues purchased, and improved for 
 at least ten miles in the country, or to the new grounds, let there 
 be constructed the improved means of conveyance, as follows : 
 Erect one row of iron posts of sufficient size, and from 12 to 15 
 feet high, and say from 12 to 15 feet distant from each other, ex- 
 cept at the crossings of the streets, where the distance can be 
 made greater. These posts must be firmly planted in the center, 
 and extend the entire length of each avenue. At the top end Oi 
 
SPECIAL TO ST. LOUIS. 123 
 
 each post attach arms, or a cross-bar, whereon to lay the railing 
 for the new road. Then, with a light engine, and perhaps im- 
 proved motive power and light cars, each one being capable of 
 carrying two thousand pounds, trains can be run with as great 
 speed and as much safety as they now run on any of the roads 
 traversing the country, and thousands of mechanics and business 
 men can then go as easily ten miles from the city, where there 
 is pure air, cheap rents, and good water, as they now go two 
 miles. 
 
 The too frequent stopping to take on and let off passengers can 
 be overcome by having depots at intervals. 
 
 These new roads, once built, would yield an immense income 
 to the city, besides furnishing better and cheaper travel. In other 
 parts of the city the street travel must be confined to the alleys ; 
 the present mode is fast becoming very objectionable. 
 
 Those avenues, when once opened, should be well improved 
 with shrubbery, walks, and fountains. 
 
 Again, let the city levy an additional tax on all property each 
 side of the avenues, for the purpose of aiding to pay the bonded 
 indebtedness made for their purchase. There can be no just ob- 
 jection against this, for it is a common mode of raising funds, for 
 a special purpose, in all cities. 
 
 By these three channels of income, from the lands in the 
 country, the railroads, and the additional taxation, the debt for the 
 whole purchase and improvement of parks and avenues could be 
 paid in twenty years. The income would not fall far short of 
 the two mill tax on the Illinois Central Railroad. 
 
 By this plan the city could very well afford to engage in such 
 magnificent improvements, even if they cost $50,000,000. 
 
 . This pamphlet is not written in the special interest of 
 St. Louis, but in the interest of the NATION. And in so far as 
 it falls short of being essentially a national pamphlet, the failure 
 is justly attributed to two causes 
 
 I. An inability to comprehend the facts and apply them in 
 their true relations. 
 
 II. An inability to get many facts and statistics desired, both 
 from the Pacific Slope and other quarters of the country. 
 
 The allusions made to St. Louis as the city destined to control 
 
 
124 SPECIAL TO ST. LOUIS. 
 
 the seat of empire in the Republic, are because she is already a 
 great central city, forming a nucleus around which an expand- 
 ing commerce will revolve, and a great Eepublic grow. All the 
 facts point to her as the great inland city of the continent, and 
 as holding the available position for the capital of the nation. 
 
 But in indicating what the facts seem to warrant, it is not 
 meant to cast a selfish reflection against Chicago, or any other 
 city of the country. In short, it is narrow foolishness for the 
 citizens of Chicago and St. Louis to be jealous and envious of 
 each other's prosperity and industry, for in the Great West is 
 ample room for both cities to reach a point of growth unequaled 
 in human history. There never will be a time when there is not 
 enough of room for both of them, occupying the places they 
 now do, and never a time when the interest of the one is not 
 the interest of the other, and the growth of one aided by the 
 growth of the other. 
 
 Let each one learn that her true interests are best served by 
 an enterprising industry, guided by liberality and a comprehen- 
 sive conception of the rapidly advancing tide of progress. With- 
 out these, written essays in favor of either will be of no avail, 
 and in the face of these, jealousy and envy are unbecoming the 
 dignity of the citizens of either. 
 

 TO MONOPOLY.' 
 
 J. F. TOEHEY & CO., 
 
 Wholesale and Eetail Dealers, Packers, Forwarders, 
 AND GENERAL JOBBERS OF 
 
 MAPS, ALBUMS, PHOTOGRAPHS, &c., 
 
 No. 20 N. FOURTH STREET, 
 
 Opposite the Court House, 
 
 ST. LOUIS, MO, 
 
 Orders from the Country punctually attended to, and forwarded as quick 
 as by any other House in St. Louis.