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 WINDSOR 
 
 PAINTED BY 
 GEORGE • M • HENTON 
 
 DESCRIBED BY- SIR 
 RICHARDRHOLMES • K- CVO
 
 FROM T H C LIBRARY OF 
 
 L^ 
 
 George I. Cochran
 
 WINDSOR
 
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 THE CASTLE FROM THE FIELDS 
 
 The Round Tower is seen on the left with the irregular 
 fronts of the Canons' houses: while nearer are the 
 gable of the Chapter Library and the Curfew Tower.
 
 WINDSOR 
 
 PAINTED BY GEORGE M. HENTON 
 DESCRIBED BY SIR RICHARD 
 RIVINGTON HOLMES, K.C.V.O. 
 PUBLISHED BY A. (Sf C. BLACK 
 SOHO SQUARE, LONDON • MCMVIII
 
 \
 
 DA 
 
 Contents 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 PAGE 
 
 The Normans ------ 1 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 The Plantagenets - - - - - 14 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 St. George's Chapel - - - - - 33 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 Under the Tudors - - - - - 53 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
 The Stuart Times - - - - - 72 
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 
 The Georgian Period - - - - - 90 
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 
 The Late Reign - - - - - -103 
 
 iz-'^eas?
 
 List of Illustrations 
 
 1. The Castle from the Fields - - - Frontispiece 
 
 FACING PAGE 
 
 2. The Lower Ward - - - - - 2 
 
 3. West End of Castle from Great Western Railway 
 
 Station ---___ 4 
 
 4. Riverside Gardens - - - _ _ 8 
 
 5. The Crypt of the Curfew Tower - - - 10 
 
 6. W^indsor from the River - - - - 1 2 
 
 7. The Round Tower and the South-Western Railway 
 
 Station - - - - - 1() 
 
 8. The Castle from the Rafts - - - - 20 
 
 9. A Glade in Windsor Great Park - - - 22 
 
 10. St. George's Chapel : Evensong - - - S6 
 
 11. The Nave of St. George's Chapel - - - 44 
 
 12. The Old Weir - - . . - 56 
 
 13. The Norman Gate - - - - - 68 
 
 14. Windsor Market : Early Morning - - - 76 
 
 1 5. Church Street, looking Noi-th - - - - 80 
 
 1 6. Peascod Street - - - - - 82 
 
 17. Church Street, looking South - . . . 94 
 
 18. River Street - - - _ . .96 
 
 19. Westward View from the North Terrace - - 104 
 
 20. Entrance to the Horseshoe Cloisters - - - 1 08 
 
 vii
 
 • n 
 
 WINDSOR 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 THE NORMANS 
 
 The history of Windsor and its Castle is coeval 
 with that of the English nation from the time of 
 the Norman Conquest. Before the invasion of 
 William no towers or trenches marked a line of 
 defence on the steep chalk cliff overhanging the 
 broad river which divides the counties of Berks and 
 Bucks. Many legends have been preserved and 
 stories written of the ancient British camp, the 
 Roman castle, and the Saxon palisade which are 
 said to have surrounded the high chalk knoll which 
 is now surmounted by the Norman Keep of the 
 present castle, but of these no authentic record can 
 be traced, and no vestige is preserved. 
 
 At Old Windsor, some two miles' distance from 
 the castle, there is no doubt that King Edward the 
 Confessor sometimes held his Court. The manor 
 
 1
 
 2 WINDSOR 
 
 belonged to the Saxon Kings, and continued to be 
 used for purposes of the chase after the Norman 
 Conquest, but the site of the royal residence there 
 is not now to be identified. In the Confessor's time 
 the place was called Windlesora, so named, says 
 Camden, ' from the windings of the banks.' This 
 suggestion of Camden, made at a time when any 
 derivation which appealed to the ear was allowed 
 currency, has been adopted by most writers, though 
 its inaccuracy has been obvious. A derivation has 
 been suggested from a small stream, the Windles, 
 flowing through Windlesham, and, after traversing 
 Windsor Forest, joining the Thames at Chertsey. 
 More recent philological research has, however, 
 proved that the name of Windsor is derived from 
 the Anglo - Saxon ' Wendels ora,' and means 
 ' Wendil's ' or ' Wendel's bank.' Wendil, originally 
 a North .lute or Vandal, was a settler from North 
 .Jutland, perhaps in the time of Canute, and his 
 name Avas retained in the place of his occupation, 
 precisely as a short distance above Windsor on the 
 river the name of another settler, ' Hedda,' is 
 preserved at ' Hedda's ora,' now Hedsor. 
 
 At the time of the great survey of Domesday 
 there is no trace of the existence of New Windsor. 
 The present town rose gradually under the shadow
 
 THE LOWER WARD 
 
 On the left are the houses of the Military Knights 
 with portion of Governor's Tower. 
 
 Henry VII I. 's Gateway separates these buildings 
 from the Guard Room, the low portion with the row 
 of arches in the centre of drawing. 
 
 On the right are the south-east transept of St. 
 George's Chapel, and, nearest of all, the east end 
 of the Albert Memorial Chapel.
 
 Jf* 
 
 t' 
 
 c
 
 THE NORMANS 3 
 
 and protection of the walls of the castle erected 
 by the Conqueror. Of this early building no actual 
 trace remains, but it is almost certain that it 
 consisted of a keep on the site of the present Round 
 Tower, and of surrounding defensive buildings. 
 William is recorded as having visited Windsor in 
 1070, and this is the first mention of it as a residence 
 of the Sovereign, who probably came here then 
 and aftei'wards for hunting in the adjoining forest. 
 
 The castle, as it exists now, dates from the time 
 of Heniy II. To him are due the great quadrangle 
 of the Upper Ward, the keep, and the two flanking 
 towers to the west, known as Henry III.'s Tower 
 and the A^^inchester Tower. Beyond these no 
 buildings existed towards the town. The Lower 
 Ward owes its origin to Heniy III., who found the 
 buildings of Henry II. of a style which did not 
 coincide with his more advanced ideas of domestic 
 comfort and splendour, as they seem to have been 
 mere sheds of a ' lean-to ' character against the 
 defensive unpierced curtain walls between the 
 flanking towers. The circuit of the walls of the 
 I^ower Ward retain much of their original aspect, 
 and have been very carefully restored, so that the 
 view which greets the visitor as he emerges from 
 the Great Western Railway Station gives him a 
 
 1—2
 
 4 WINDSOR 
 
 very complete idea of what they were when they 
 were first erected seven centuries ago. 
 
 Here it may be well to mention that the stone 
 with which the whole builduig is faced is peculiar. 
 It is a sandstone found in the neighbouring Cran- 
 bourne Chase and Bagshot Heath, and known as 
 heathstone. When found it is quite soft, but after 
 exposure it becomes indurated and vitrified on the 
 surface, and practically imperishable. The effects 
 of light upon it are often vivid and beautiful, parti- 
 cularly under the rays of the setting sun, when the 
 whole mass of battlement and towers gleams with 
 a rosy glow. In all the later repairs of the fabric 
 this stone has been used and selected with great 
 care to match the ancient work. Much of this 
 exterior masonry, dating from the time of the 
 original building by Henry II., remains in the 
 walls of the eastern and southern fronts of the 
 Upper Ward, though the piercing of these with 
 large windows has necessarily destroyed mucli of 
 the original frontage. 
 
 It is in this south front that there is still visible, 
 though blocked from the outside, the remains of 
 Henry H.'s ancient gateway, which led into the great 
 quadrangle. Though now converted into a lamp- 
 room, it still retains the jambs of the doorway, the
 
 WEST END OF CASTLE FROM GREAT 
 WESTERN RAILWAY STATION 
 
 Taken from the platform of the old station, this view 
 shows the backs of the Thames Street houses with 
 their narrow gardens. 
 
 Here is well seen the comparatively modern roof of 
 the Curfew Tower which replaced the ancient lead 
 and wooden cupola.
 
 1L.<' V>-. ... .Ui«t. •.. llrflt^S yi,r„Ctr
 
 / 
 
 THE NORMANS 5 
 
 mouldings of which testify to its date, and tlie 
 grooves by which tlie portculhs was lowered into 
 place. This gateway, approached by a bridge over 
 the old ditch, remained in use till the year 1824, 
 when George IV. altered the castle to its present 
 form, and made the new approach by the York 
 and Lancaster Towers. Beneath the foundations 
 of the old wall on this side, and not far from the 
 York Tower, there is a sally-port, or subterranean 
 passage, which led originally to the fosse which 
 encircled the castle on this and the eastern side ; 
 fragments of masonry there discovered point to its 
 Norman origin. Another passage of the same 
 character and antiquity exists close to the Victoria 
 Tower at the south-east corner of the building, but 
 this is blocked by heating apparatus, and can only 
 be partially explored from the outside. These few 
 remains of the early castle of Henry II. are enough 
 to identify its early plan and extent ; all beside is 
 hidden under the masses of later work, or destroyed 
 to make room for the vast alterations and additions 
 which have been made by successive Sovereigns. 
 
 It was from this castle — a formidable fortress in 
 those times — that King John went forth to meet the 
 Barons of his kingdom with whom he was then in 
 open war. They extorted from him the Charter of
 
 6 WINDSOR 
 
 Liberties, known to us as Magna Cliarta, which was 
 sealed by the King in a meadow between AVindsor 
 and Staines on June 15, 1215. The field, then 
 called Runimede, is in the county of Surrey, but 
 within sight of the towers of the Berkshire castle. 
 It is still an open meadoAv on the banks of the 
 Thames, and the highroad to Staines passes over 
 it. On the heights above are Cooper's Hill, and 
 farther along the ridge the towers of the new Hollo - 
 way College for women. Opposite Runny mede is 
 a small island, now known as Magna Charta Island. 
 A local tradition asserts that the ratification of the 
 charter took place here, but the document itself 
 bears date from the ' field,' the name of which in 
 Anglo-Saxon signifies the ' Council Meadow.' 
 
 It was in the reign of Henry III. that the castle 
 began to assume the magnificent appearance which 
 has made it one of the finest edifices of the world. 
 The thirteenth century saw the beginning of a new 
 and vigorous style of architecture both in domestic 
 and ecclesiastic structure, and its mark was forcibly 
 impressed on the buildings of Windsor. The old 
 circuit of walls of the Upper Ward, which up to this 
 date must have had the appearance of a barrack 
 rather than of a royal palace, was deserted by 
 the Sovereign for tlie slope towards the town
 
 THE NORMANS 7 
 
 occupied by the Lower Ward. What walls and 
 defences there may have been before this reign 
 were swept away by Henry III., who encircled tlie 
 area of the ward by massive towers and buildings, 
 many of which remain intact to this day, and of 
 others sufficient still exists to testify to the splen- 
 dour of the new building. The two great towers 
 now known as the Winchester Tower and 
 Henry III.'s Tower, which were the flanking 
 towers of the Norman castle, were at this time con- 
 nected by a wall, in the centre of which was a 
 fortified gateway, with portcullis and drawbridge 
 spanning the ditch which extended round the 
 castle and stopped at the cliff on the north face. 
 This ditch is still visible, and forms the private 
 garden of the Deanery. The wall on the south 
 side from Henry III.'s Tower was broken by 
 another tower halfway down the slope, now the 
 residence of the Governor of the Military Knights, 
 of which body we shall speak later. Below this 
 came the gateway, the outside of which is the 
 work of Henry VIII., though the inside retains 
 some of the thirteenth-century work. Below this, 
 again, come the towers known as the Salisbury 
 Garter, and Curfew or Clewer Towers. These, 
 though restored, retain their ancient form, and the
 
 8 WINDSOR 
 
 lower courses of masonry in the curtain walls look- 
 ing over Thames Street are contemporary. The 
 upper part of the Curfew Tower has been sadly 
 disfigured by the incongruous semi-conical top, 
 which was placed on it in the middle of last century. 
 It was designed by Salvin at a time when all the 
 architectural world was led by VioUet le Due and 
 his clever work on military architecture ; but it 
 is much to be regretted that he was allowed to 
 destroy the old belfry, which dated from the time 
 of Edward IV., and which still contains the fine 
 beUs, whose chimes are sadly muffled under the 
 foreign - looking extinguisher. It is most prob- 
 able that the curfew which tolled * the knell of 
 parting day ' was heard by the poet Gray pealing 
 from this tower when he looked towards the castle 
 from Upton Churchyard, where he penned the 
 ' Elegy.' This ancient Norman Church was near 
 his home at Stoke, and was at that time re- 
 mote from traffic and noise, and from the bustle 
 consequent on the proximity of the great railway 
 which makes Slough an important station on its 
 progress to the west. 
 
 The condition of this tower at the present day is 
 singularly complete and interesting. Tliough exter- 
 nally it has been refaced, the restoration has been
 
 RIVERSIDE GARDENS 
 
 These are seen with their fruit-trees in blossom. 
 
 This view is taken from the bridge, and shows the 
 Curfew Tower and part of St. George's Chapel.
 
 I 
 
 X* 

 
 THE NORMANS 9 
 
 carried out in a thoroughly conservative manner 
 vv^ith stone similar to that of its original construc- 
 tion. Within, the first thing that strikes the 
 visitor is the mass of timber which sustains the 
 weight of the ponderous bells. Gigantic balks of 
 oak were brought from the royal forest and placed 
 here in position to hold the bells, and were so secured 
 that the vibration of the peal has no effect upon 
 the masonry of the tower ; they rest on the massive 
 vaulting which forms the lower story of the tower, 
 and is one of the most interesting relics of the 
 ancient castle. It remains intact from its founda- 
 tion, and consists of a chamber 22 feet in diameter, 
 vaulted on plain massive stone ribs, the walls 
 12^ feet thick, with arched recesses terminating in 
 loopholes. The whole is constructed of chalk 
 faced and arched with stone, and is a perfect speci- 
 men of the castellated architecture of the period. 
 
 Remains of the great palace which Henry III. 
 here erected are still visible close by in the great 
 hall, now the library of the Dean and Chapter of 
 St. George's, and in one of the Canons' houses a 
 little further east ; but the great mass of building 
 was removed to give place to the noble structin-e 
 built by Edward IV., which remains the finest 
 example of its period still existing. Of this we 
 
 2
 
 10 WINDSOR 
 
 shall speak later. Of Henry III.'s Chapel and 
 cloister noteworthy traces remain behind the altar 
 of St. George's Chapel, where are preserved the 
 elaborately ornamented gates which formerly led 
 to it ; and in the arcade of the Dean's Cloister, 
 where the remains of ancient painting are carefully 
 preserved. These show that Henry III.'s Chapel 
 stood on this site. A portion of a fort of somewhat 
 uncommon design and beautifully carved in purbeck 
 marble of this period has also been found in excava- 
 tions here. 
 
 Thus far we have given a brief view of the 
 ancient history of the castle ; now we come to the 
 building as we can trace it in its present appear- 
 ance. There is no finer view of its majestic pro- 
 portions and stately array of battlement and tower 
 than that which greets the visitor as he approaches 
 the town by the Great Western Railway from 
 Slough, where the line crosses the Thames. The 
 whole of the north and west fronts are visible, rising 
 from the wooded slopes and above the red-tiled 
 I'oofs of the old buildings which line the steep 
 ascent of Thames Street. The pinnacles and vanes 
 of the chapel glisten in the sun, and are reflected in 
 the clear waters of the river, on whose banks rise 
 the noble elms of the Brocas Clump, while the
 
 THE CRYPT OF THE CURFEW TOWER 
 
 This is a fine vaulted chamber of the thirteenth 
 century. 
 
 Henry HI. built the tower in the twenty-fifth year 
 of his reign. 
 
 It was formerly used as a prison. 
 
 The stocks were not here originally.
 
 THE NORMANS 11 
 
 whole scene is dominated by the great Round 
 Tower, from whose lofty flagstaff floats the royal 
 standard of the realm. This is the view which has 
 been the subject of many noble pictures by some 
 of our greatest landscape painters, who have 
 depicted it under the various conditions of sun- 
 shine and storm, of morning glory or evening glow. 
 But it is not alone from here that it has been a 
 fruitful source of inspiration to poet or to painter. 
 The eastern face, which looks down upon the 
 traveller by the Thames valley as he approaches 
 Windsor, has a majestic dignity of its own, and the 
 ample lawns and glades of the Home Park are 
 lined and bordered by avenues and clumps of 
 forest-trees, which form a rich foreground to the 
 turrets of the castle. It is to this aspect that 
 Milton probably refers in the lines of his 'L'AUegro': 
 
 ' Towers and battlements it sees 
 Bosom'd high in tufted trees."" 
 
 These must often have met his view when he 
 wandered near his father's home at Horton 
 near Colnbrook, where he lived for some years 
 till 1638. 
 
 Another splendid but distant view of the castle, 
 showing its vast extent from the east towards the 
 
 2—2
 
 12 WINDSOR 
 
 slope of the Lower Ward to the town, is obtained 
 from the Great Park on the rising ground to the 
 right of the spectator looking north from Snow 
 Hill, where now the equestrian statue of George III. 
 terminates the vista of the Long Walk. In the 
 days of which we are at present speaking no long 
 avenue of elms stretched along the slopes and 
 glades of what was then virgin forest, but the view 
 of the castle at that time must have been of extra- 
 ordinary gi-andeur ; for the long line of walls was 
 of the same imposing magnitude, though their 
 height was somewhat lower ; the mass of the Round 
 Tower still rose high above their circuit ; the vanes 
 and belfries of the Lower Ward continued the line 
 to where the lofty Clewer Tower closed the line at 
 the steep slope of the hill, just as it does at the 
 present day. Now that the I^ong Walk, as the 
 great elm avenue of Charles II. is appropriately 
 called, is terminated by the twin York and 
 Lancaster Towers, this forms the most stately 
 approach to the castle by a traveller arriving from 
 the south ; by this route the Emperor Alexander of 
 Russia was conducted to the castle on his visit to 
 Queen Victoria in 1874. He alighted at Virginia 
 W^ater Station, and had a forest drive of five miles 
 through the royal park before he reached his
 
 WINDSOR FROM THE RIVER 
 General View of Castle and Town from 
 
 THE Wl-.ST 
 
 It is from here that the numerous towers and roofs 
 arrange themselves most picturesquely into the mag- 
 nificent and famous pile. 
 
 On the extreme right of the picture is the roof of 
 the old Great Western Railway Station and the 
 tower of St. John's Church.
 
 ^mm 
 
 - w 
 
 'lii'f 
 
 m 
 
 -n 
 
 I
 
 THE NORMANS 13 
 
 lodging. No castle in the world boasts of a more 
 superb entry. 
 
 AVindsor thus in the time of Henry III. reached 
 its present amplitude. All that has since been 
 done has been to add, restore, destroy, and again 
 restore the fabric of the interior, and of these works 
 there is abundance of record and of evidence. No 
 Sovereign has been satisfied with the work of his 
 predecessors, and each has left the imprint of his 
 individual taste on the framework of the structure, 
 much of good, much of indifferent, but all of 
 historic interest, making the whole a complete 
 epitome of the history and life of the country from 
 its earliest j^ears to the present time — a period 
 embracing at least eight centuries.
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 THE PLANTAGENETS 
 
 With the advent of Edward III. to the throne 
 the real history of Windsor may be said to begin. 
 Born in the castle on November 13, 1312, and 
 therefore styled ' of Windsor,' he made it always 
 his favourite home, and the most stately and illus- 
 trious of all the palaces of Europe. No more 
 splendid foundation has ever been created than 
 that of the Order of the Garter, and the chapter 
 and endowments with which it was enriched. In 
 the preceding reigns chapels had been created, and 
 chapters and clerks established ; but it was not until 
 the third Edward's reign that Windsor became 
 what it has continued to be— the home of the most 
 illustrious Order of Christendom. 
 
 Of the material part of the chapel which he 
 erected little trace remains, as its glories were 
 effaced by the splendid fane, of which mention will 
 be made later, and his building was, of necessity, 
 confined to tlie sumptuous pile with which he filled 
 
 14
 
 THE PLANTAGENETS 15 
 
 the ancient and dilapidated circuit of the Upper 
 Ward, built by Henry IT., so dilapidated and 
 ruinous that many historians and antiquaries seem 
 to have been unaware of the existence of its once 
 proud walls and towers. But here, in what is still 
 known as King John's Tower, lived for years John 
 of France, the captive of Poitiers, with, as com- 
 panion of his captivity, David, King of Scotland ; 
 and here the legend goes that Edward, walking 
 with his two royal prisoners, discussed with them 
 the changes he proposed to make in the arrange- 
 ments of the fortress. His scheme for enlarging 
 the chapter and the ecclesiastical foundation of his 
 chapel in the Lower Ward, with the somewhat 
 ruinous condition of Henry III.'s buildings there, 
 made it imperative for him to find room for the 
 extension of the domestic portion of the castle, and 
 the two Kings suggested that the desired room 
 might be found in the Upper Ward, where the 
 remains of wall and fosse still existed. King 
 Edward is reported to have said : ' It shall be done, 
 and you two gentlemen shall pay for it.' These 
 may not be the exact words, but they undoubtedly 
 represent the fact, and the amount of the two 
 ransoms may be represented in the stately suites of 
 rooms, halls, and galleries, whose lofty windows
 
 16 WINDSOR 
 
 look over the Thames to the ranges of the Chiltern 
 Hills on the left and the heights of Harrow and 
 Stanmore on the right. 
 
 Previous reigns had seen chapels and chantries, 
 with chaplains and clerks, founded and endowed, 
 of which nothing but the memory remains, as all 
 were to be absorbed and eclipsed in the great 
 project of the King to revive and commemorate 
 the ancient tradition of the brotherhood and fellow- 
 ship of the Knights of the Round Table, founded 
 by King Arthur of glorious memory. This idea 
 he first realized in 1344, and of its institution a 
 graphic account is given by Froissart : 
 
 'At this time there came into the mind and will of 
 King Edward of England that he would cause to be 
 made and recreated the great castle of Windsor, 
 which King Arthur had formerly made and founded 
 there, where first was begun and established the 
 noble Round Table, of which were so many 
 good and valiant men and knights, who went forth 
 and toiled in arms and in prowess throughout 
 the world, and that the King would make an 
 Order of knights of himself and his children, 
 and of the bravest of his land, and that they 
 should be in numbers forty, and that they should 
 be called the Knights of the IJlue Garter, and
 
 THE ROUND TOWER AND THE SOUTH- 
 WESTERN RAILWAY STATION

 
 THE PLANTAGENETS 17 
 
 that the feast should be kept from year to year, 
 and should be solemnized at AVindsor the day of 
 St. George.' 
 
 This mention by Froissart of the ' Garter ' is a 
 little previous, as the Order of the Garter as now 
 existing was not formally instituted till 1348, when 
 the number of the knights was fixed and the 
 statutes of the Order were devised and confirmed. 
 Of the garter itself as the symbol and badge of 
 the fraternity much has been written, and much 
 legendary story has been repeated. Years before 
 the tale of the King picking up a lady's garter at a 
 ball began to be repeated the garter had been a 
 favourite badge. It is highly probable that this 
 circular ornament represents simply the ring or 
 circle of the Round Table, which was the original 
 design of the King's Order of chivalry, where all 
 members were equal, and none sat in a seat more 
 exalted than another. That the new Order was a 
 continuation of the old tradition is evident from 
 the construction in the castle of a round table 
 200 feet in diameter, for the entertainment of the 
 knights and other royal guests. This great table 
 has long disappeared, but in the present Round 
 Tower still exist the timbers which supported 
 another round table, and one of contemporary date. 
 
 S
 
 18 WINDSOR 
 
 The open quadrangular court round which the 
 table was erected is still to be seen from the battle- 
 ment of the tower, but is filled up with offices, and 
 the space occupied by the table is divided into 
 chambers, still in use when the castle is filled with 
 guests. 
 
 The reader who is anxious for further information 
 upon this subject of the device and motto of the 
 Order may consult the pages of Ashmole, Sir H. 
 Nicolas, and INIr. Beltz, who have discussed it at 
 length ; but these all differ, in some respects, from 
 each other, and do not arrive at any definite con- 
 clusion. 
 
 The College of St. George was founded by the 
 
 King in 1348, and the objects of the foundation 
 
 were confirmed by a Bull of Pope Clement VI. in 
 
 1351, commending the pious purpose of the King, 
 
 and granting to the Archbishop of Canterbury and 
 
 the Bishop of Winchester power to ordain and 
 
 appoint in this cliapel a certain number of canons, 
 
 priests, clerks, knights, alms-knights, and officers 
 
 continually to attend upon the service of God. 
 
 The number of canons at this time was fixed at 
 
 twenty-six, and of the poor knights at the same 
 
 number, to correspond with the number of the 
 
 Knights Companions of the Garter. To house this
 
 THE PLANTAGENETS 19 
 
 numerous body tlie whole of the Lower Ward was 
 given up to the college, and the royal abode was 
 transferred to the new and restored buildings of 
 the Upper Ward. The construction of this vast 
 edifice was entrusted to the celebrated William of 
 Wykeham, to whom were granted special powers, 
 both for procuring necessary material and for levy- 
 ing of labour. 
 
 There is to be seen by the visitor who stands 
 under the AVinchester Tower at the end of the 
 North Terrace an inscription cut on the stone, 
 ' Hoc fecit Wykeham.' This was done by the late 
 Sir JefFry Wyatville, the architect and restorer of 
 the castle under George IV., and who used this 
 tower as his dwelling. It perpetuates the old 
 legend that Wykeham formerly had cut these 
 words on his work in the castle, and that this was 
 resented by Edward III., who, however, restored 
 his architect to favour on being told that the words 
 meant, not that Wykeham had made the castle, but 
 that it had made him. The story is old, but is 
 probably untrue, and the name of the tower was 
 given to it as being appropriated to the use of the 
 Bishop of Winchester, Prelate of the Order of the 
 Garter. 
 
 Of the work of Wykeham in the castle a con- 
 
 3—2
 
 20 WINDSOR 
 
 siderable amount remains, but much was sacrificed 
 when Wren, in the reign of Charles II., began his 
 tasteless and incongi-uous alterations. To Wyat- 
 ville must be given the credit of sparing all the four- 
 teenth-century work which was left, and of using its 
 details as models for his new work in the Upper 
 Ward, where St. George's Hall and the long range 
 of vaulted chambers in the basement are proofs of 
 the extent and magnificence of Edward lll.'s 
 palace. Of the sumptuous chapel built by him in 
 the Ijower Ward, now given up entirely to the new 
 collegiate body, no trace exists save in the Dean's 
 Cloister and some fragments of the adjacent build- 
 ings; all else has entirely disappeared. It is asserted 
 that some of the ' Garter plates,' the enamelled 
 shields of arms which decorate the stalls of tlie 
 Knight of the Garter in the present chapel, are of 
 this early date, but this is somewhat doubtful. 
 
 The aspect of the castle at this date would be very 
 little different from what it was at the beginning of 
 the last century. The engravings by Hollar, which 
 illustrate Ashmole's ' History of the Order of the 
 Garter,' show with great fidelity the work of 
 Edward III. in the outer walls and towers. The 
 Round Tower still asserted its supremacy, as the 
 other turrets were lower than they now are ; the
 
 THE CASTLE FROM THE RAFTS 
 
 This is one of several of the boating rafts or 
 pontoons which extend along the Eton shore of the 
 river between the bridge and the Brocas meadow. 
 They are chiefly used by the College boys. The view 
 of the castle is much enhanced by the old red roofs 
 of the lower part of the town, now rapidly disappear- 
 ing. The Winchester Tower is seen in front of the 
 Round Tower.
 
 THE PLANTAGENETS 21 
 
 principal difference would only have been in the 
 Lower Ward, where the long line of vanes and 
 pinnacles which now crown the magnificent fabric 
 of Edward IV. 's Chapel was not yet erected, and 
 there is nothing which can guide us as to the 
 character of the chapel of Edward III., so soon to 
 be swept away. From the summit of the tower the 
 view must have been more strange : the river was 
 there, but beyond it no Eton, no long avenues, no 
 carefully tended park ; a few poorly built houses 
 nestled under the frowning walls, and narrow, 
 straggling streets stretched south and west, ending 
 in narrow lanes leading through Clewer to Maiden- 
 head, and through Upton to Beaconsfield and Burn- 
 ham. The great Forest of Windsor extended as far 
 as the eye could reach ; to Henley, to Guildford, and 
 to Chertsey, and far beyond these limits. There is 
 no need here to enter into the details of ancient 
 history ; it is enough to say that the extent and area 
 of the royal domain was finally settled by Com- 
 missioners appointed under an Act of Parliament 
 in 1817. 
 
 The Forest of Windsor, as it is now often called, 
 is generally understood to denote the district south 
 of the castle, and more particularly the enclosed 
 domain of the Great Park. In the early days com-
 
 22 WINDSOR 
 
 munication by land was bad, and the great bulk of 
 traffic went by water, the great channel of the 
 Thames bemg carefully kept to a level by the 
 dams which regulated the supply of water to the 
 mills which abounded along the stream. The old 
 forest tracks and rights-of-way were the cause of 
 innumerable disputes. These, with the rights 
 claimed by commoners and others who encroached 
 on the domain of the Crown, were only definitely 
 settled by the Act of 1817. 
 
 Mr. William Menzies, in his ' Short History of 
 the Park and Forest,'* gives an instance of the way 
 in which holdings were extended by commoners : 
 
 ' If they had small pieces of freehold land adjoin- 
 ing any part of this open common, they had a simple 
 but ingenious method of extending their holdnig 
 by always " scouring out " their ditch on the side 
 opposite to their own land, until by this " roUing 
 bank and ditch " they carried out their boundary as 
 far as they dared. Never could they be persuaded 
 that there was either moral or legal wrong in the 
 procedure. An old commoner described to the 
 writer's father, with self-congratulation, how on 
 one moonlight Christmas Eve, when the forest 
 officers were tapping their elder wine and not 
 * ^Villdsor : Oxley and Sou.
 
 A GI.A13E IN WINDSOR GREAT PARK 
 
 This view is laken from a point between ' The 
 Copper Horse," as the bronze etiiiestrian statue of 
 George III. at the top of the Long Walk is called, 
 and Bishopsgate. 
 
 The castle is seen in the distance.
 
 THE PLANTAGENETS 23 
 
 likely to disturb him, he worked the whole night 
 long, and had a quarter of an acre added to his 
 land before morning.' 
 
 If such things happened two generations ago, we 
 can understand how seriously through the pre- 
 ceding centuries the rights of the Crown had been 
 invaded. 
 
 During the reign of Edward III., among other 
 notable events, may be mentioned the marriage in 
 1361 of Edward, the Black Prince, and the Lady 
 Joan, the fair maid of Kent, which was solemnized 
 in the chapel, as also four years later was that of the 
 King's eldest daughter, Isabella, with the Lord de 
 Courcy, Ingelram of Guisnes. Queen Philippa died 
 here, August 15, 1369. A pathetic account of the 
 manner of her death is given by Lord Berners in 
 his translation of Froissart : 
 
 * There fell in England a heavy case and a 
 common, howbeit it was right piteous for the King, 
 his children, and all his realm. For the good Queen 
 of England, that so many good deeds had done m 
 her time and so many knights succoured and ladies 
 and damsels comforted, and had so largely departed 
 of her goods to her people, and naturally loved 
 always the nation of Heynault, the country where 
 she was born, she fell sick in the castle of AVynde-
 
 24 WINDSOR 
 
 sore, the which sickness continued on her so long 
 tliat there was no remedy but death. And the 
 good lady, when she knew and perceived that there 
 was with her no remedy but death, she desired to 
 speak with the King, her husband ; and when he was 
 before her she put out of her bed her right hand, 
 and took the King by his right hand, who was right 
 sorroAvful at his heart. Then she said : " Sir, we 
 have in peace, joy, and great prosperity used all our 
 time together. Sir, now I pray you at our depart- 
 ing that ye will gi-ant me three desires." The 
 King, right sorrowfully weeping, said : " Madam, 
 desire what ye will, I grant it." "Sir," said she, 
 " I require you first of all, that all manner of people 
 such as I have dealt withal in their merchandise on 
 this side of the sea or beyond, that it may please 
 you to pay everything that I owe to them or to any 
 other. And secondly. Sir, all such ordinances and 
 promises as 1 have made to the Churches as well of 
 this country as beyond the sea, whereat I have had 
 my devotion, that it may please you to accomplish 
 and to fulfil the same. Thirdly, Sir, I require you 
 that it may please you to take none other sepulture, 
 whensoever it shall please God to call you out of 
 this transitory life, but beside me in Westminster." 
 Tlie King, all weeping, said : " Madam, 1 grant all
 
 THE PLANTAGENETS 25 
 
 your desires." Then the good lady and Queen 
 made on her the sign of the cross, and commended 
 the King, her husband, to God, and her youngest 
 son, Thomas, who was then beside her. And anon 
 after she yielded up the spirit, the which I beheve 
 the holy angels received with great joy up to heaven, 
 for in all her life she did neither in thought nor 
 deed any thing whereby to lose her soul as far as 
 any creature could know. Thus, the good Queen 
 of England died in the year of our Lord 1369, in 
 the vigil of our I^ady in the middle of August.' 
 
 Eight years later the King joined the Queen, 
 and they and their effigies — some of the earliest 
 attempts at portraiture — lie side by side in the 
 Abbey of Westminster ; but his proudest monu- 
 ment is the castle of Windsor, which, had it not 
 been for the institution of the most noble Order of 
 the Garter by him and the endowments left for 
 its service, might long ago have shared the fate 
 of so many of the great feudal fortresses of the 
 land. 
 
 The reign of Richard II. is not memorable in 
 the history of Windsor, except for the erection of 
 a market cross at the spot where the statue of 
 Queen Victoria now stands ; but this has disap- 
 peared for more than two centuries, having been 
 
 4
 
 26 WINDSOR 
 
 destroyed in 1691. Another important event was 
 the appointment of GeofFrej'^ Chaucer as superinten- 
 dent of the repairs of St. George's Chapel in July, 
 1390, but of his work in that capacity no trace 
 exists. Here, on April 25, the King took leave of 
 his young Queen Isabella, whom he never saw 
 again. 
 
 The reign of Henry IV. is equally barren of 
 events of importance as far as Windsor is con- 
 cerned. The Feast of St. George was kept with 
 more or less state and ceremony, but nothing 
 seems to have been done towards the repair of the 
 castle, which was showing signs of decay. 
 
 In the reign of Henry V. came another royal 
 prisoner to the castle. This was James, eldest surviv- 
 ing son and heir of Robert III., King of Scotland. 
 This young Prince, then fourteen years of age, 
 when on his way to complete his education at the 
 Court of France, was taken off the Yorkshire coast 
 by an FiUglish cruiser on JNIarch 30, 1405. After 
 seven years of confinement at Pevensey and in the 
 Tower of I^ondon, he was transferred to AVindsor, 
 where he lived for eleven years. AVhere his prison 
 was is a matter of considerable uncertainty. Some 
 would fix it in the Round Tower, and a wooden 
 pilhir in one of the lower rooms of the keep has
 
 THE PLANTAGENETS 27 
 
 been pointed out as being the post to which he was 
 chained. This, however, may be dismissed as 
 apocryphal. His confinement was not rigorous, 
 and, at least during the first part of his captivity, 
 outdoor exercises were liberally allowed him. He 
 attended Henry V. in his French wars, accom^ 
 panied his body to England, and acted as chief 
 mourner at his funeral in Westminster Abbey. 
 At Windsor he describes his confinement as 
 ' strayte ward,' which he solaced by the composition 
 of his poem, ' The King's Quair,' a book written in 
 the year 1423, towards the close of his imprison- 
 ment. In it he relates how he, 
 
 ' Bewailing in my chamber thus alone, 
 Despairing of all joy and remedy, 
 A-weary of my thoughts, and woebegone, 
 Unto the window did I walk in bye [baste] 
 To see tbe world a.nd people walking by. 
 As at tbe time, though I of cheering food 
 Might have nought else, to look it did me good. 
 
 ' Now there was made fast by the tower wall 
 A garden fair, and in tbe corners set 
 A herbere green, with wands so long and small 
 Railed all about ; and so with trees close set 
 Was all the place, and hawthorn hedges knit, 
 That no one, though he were near walking by, 
 Might there within scarce anyone espy. 
 
 4—2
 
 28 WINDSOR 
 
 ' So thick the branches and the leafage green 
 Beshaded all the alleys that there were, 
 And midst of every herbere might be seen 
 The sharp and green sweet-scented juniper, 
 Growing so fair with branches here and there, 
 That, as it seemed to anyone without. 
 The branches spread the herbere all about."* 
 * * *• * * 
 
 ' And therewith cast I down my eyes again. 
 And walking, as I saw, beneath the tower 
 
 Full secretly new coming her to pleyne [play] 
 The fairest and the freshest youthful flower 
 ITiat e^er I saw, methought, before that hour. 
 
 For which surprise so sudden, did astart 
 
 The blood of all my body to my heart. 
 
 ' And though I stood abased then a lyte [little] 
 No wonder was, because my wits were all 
 So overcome with pleasure and delight. 
 Only through letting of my eyes downfall, 
 That suddenly my heart became her thrall. 
 For ever, of free will, for of menace 
 There was no token seen in her sweet face.' 
 
 This was his first sight of the Lady Joan 
 Beaufort, daughter of the Earl of Somerset, who 
 was half-brother to Henry IV., and his wife was 
 Duchess of Clarence, niece to Richard II. When 
 she was first seen by the captive King, she was 
 walking in what was long known as the Maid of 
 Honour's Garden, which still exists in the old
 
 THE PLANTAGENETS 29 
 
 moat of the keep. James was said to have been 
 imprisoned in the IMaid of Honour's or the Devil's 
 Tower, as it is called in old maps. If so, that 
 portion of the garden where Lady Joan was walk- 
 ing has been destroyed by the roadway which gives 
 access to the quadrangle by St. George's Gate. 
 
 The window overlooking the garden on the first 
 floor of the Devil's Tower is blocked up from the 
 inside, but is still visible from the roadway. 
 
 What means of communication were employed 
 by James can never be ascertained. The course of 
 this true love at first sight, however, ran somewhat 
 smoothly, for in 1423 the couple were married in 
 the Church of St. Mary Overie in Southwark, and 
 the maiTiage feast was held in the palace of the 
 lady's uncle, Cardinal Beaufort. They then pro- 
 ceeded to Scotland, and were crowned at Scone in 
 the following year. The poem from which the 
 above lines have been quoted is in 197 stanzas of 
 seven verses, and is, in spite of its antiquated spell- 
 ing and style, of considerable merit, and interesting 
 as being founded on the study of the works of 
 Gower and Chaucer. The King died, in his forty- 
 second year, in 1436. His widow married again. 
 
 On December 6, 1421, being St. Nicolas's Day, 
 at four o'clock in the afternoon, Henry, afterwards
 
 30 WINDSOR 
 
 Henry VI., was born in the castle, the second 
 English Sovereign to be styled ' of Windsor.' He 
 succeeded to the throne on the death of Henry V., 
 which occurred at Vincennes on August 31, 1422. 
 No event of particular importance took place during 
 his reign as far as Windsor Castle is concerned ; 
 and, with respect to the annals of the Order of the 
 Garter, Sir Harris Nicolas observes that ' the tender 
 age at wliich this Prince became King, his pre- 
 carious health, and the political convulsions by 
 which his throne was shaken and ultimately over- 
 turned, account for no material event having 
 occurred in the Order in the thirty-nine years 
 during which he was its Sovereign. 
 
 The foundation by the King of the college of 
 Eton on the north bank of the river is worthy of a 
 volume to itself, and has nothing to do with the 
 history of Windsor, though its beautiful chapel and 
 picturesque surroundings are striking objects in 
 the beautiful view from the North Terrace of the 
 castle, which is one of the chief attractions of the 
 visitor. 
 
 Henry VI. died in the Tower by a violent death 
 on May 21, 1471. It is generally supposed that 
 his murderer was Richard, Duke of Gloucester, 
 afterwards Richard III. His body, after exposure
 
 THE PLANTAGENETS 31 
 
 at St. Paul's and at the Black Friars, was conveyed 
 by barge to Chertsey, where it was buried in the 
 Lady Chapel of the Abbey. From Chertsey it 
 was afterwards transferred to Windsor, where 
 Henry VII. planned the erection of a great chapel 
 for the sacred corpse ; but the monks of Chertsey 
 petitioned for its return, for by this time Henry 
 was worshipped as a saint and martyr, and his 
 sanctity was attested by many miracles. His 
 formal canonization was sought for by Henry VII. 
 from Julius II., and Blakman, the King's old 
 chaplain, collected the evidences of his sanctity. 
 Xothing, however, was ever done in the matter. 
 It is said that the amount demanded in fees by the 
 papal officials was more than the parsimonious 
 monarch was willing to pay, as also was the 
 amount necessary for the building of the chapel. 
 Henry VII. did begin the chapel at Windsor ; but 
 that, as we shall see, was otherwise appropriated, 
 and the splendid structure at Westminster, where- 
 to the body of his saintly predecessor was to be 
 transferred in response to the claims of the monks 
 of that great Abbey, was utilized for his own 
 tomb. 
 
 The body of Henry VI. seems never to have 
 been moved, and now rests under a plain flat stone
 
 32 WINDSOR 
 
 in the south aisle of St. George's Chapel. There is 
 an inscription of some interest still preserved in 
 one of the old chambers of the Norman Gate, 
 which may be connected with the first removal of 
 the royal corpse. This room was formerly used as 
 one of the housekeeper's apartments, and to make 
 it more suitable for a modern habitation was lined 
 ^vith paper-hanging stretched upon canvas, sup- 
 ported by battens. About the year 1870 this was 
 removed, and the ancient stonework exposed. On 
 one of the walls were found, written with a piece 
 of charcoal, the words : ' Thomas Pigot Abbas de 
 Chertsey.' This Thomas Pigot was Abbot of the 
 monastery in 1497, and was probably in charge of 
 the royal remains when they were moved to their 
 present resting-place. The autograph inscription 
 so curiously preserved is now protected from further 
 injury by glass securely fixed to the wall, and the 
 room, which still retains its old tiled floor, is pre- 
 served as far as can be in its original condition. 
 
 It has often been suggested by the curious that 
 the grave in the chapel aisle should be opened, and 
 the question as to whether the King lies here or at 
 Westminster should be settled for good and all ; 
 but it is better that after his long troubles the saint 
 and martyr should rest in peace.
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 ST. George's chapel 
 
 In the reign of Edward IV. Windsor saw the 
 beginning of what was to become its culminating 
 glory in the erection of the famous and splendid 
 Chapel of St. George. Alterations and additions 
 to the fabric of the castle have been made in 
 successive reigns till the present time, but the 
 stately chapel remains as the centre of the great 
 pile and its crowning ornament. Begun and com- 
 pleted in one design, and the work of craftsmen 
 who have never been excelled, if, indeed, they have 
 ever been equalled, it exhibits one style of architec- 
 ture in completeness and perfection, and is the 
 wonder and admiration of every beholder. 
 
 In 1472 the King appointed Richard Beauchamp, 
 Bishop of Salisbury, to the office of Surveyor of 
 the Chapel, the walls and foundations of which 
 were found to be in serious danger, probably owuig 
 to the whole having been raised upon made ground, 
 particularly towards the west end, where the slope 
 of the hill towards the town was steep and pre- 
 
 33 5
 
 34 WINDSOR 
 
 cipitous. Authority was given to the Bishop to 
 remove and destroy all that stood in the way of 
 the new and enlarged chapel, the works on which 
 were prosecuted with such zeal and rapidity that 
 within five years provision was made for hanging 
 the bells, and contracts entered into for carving 
 the stalls of the choir. The haste with which the 
 work was pressed caused a great scarcity of masons 
 in other parts of the country. Eton and Oxford 
 both suffered in consequence, the former very 
 severely, as, besides the stoppage of its works, it 
 was only after much dispute that the total incor- 
 poration of the college and its property in King 
 Edward's new foundation was averted. Perhaps it 
 was from this cause that the stone vaultmg was 
 never put on the Chapel of Eton. The vaulting of 
 St. George's Chapel is perhaps the finest that exists 
 in any building. It, and the somewhat similar roofs 
 of King's College, Cambridge, and Henry VI I. 's 
 Chapel at Westminster, were all built by the same 
 masons, and are unique in their wide spans and 
 unsupported vaults. 
 
 On entering the chapel one is irresistibly re- 
 minded of the lines of Gray — 
 
 ' Where throuf^h the loiinj-drawn aisle and fretted vault 
 Tlie pealing autheui swells the note of praise ;
 
 ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL 35 
 
 and feels that the scene must have inspired the 
 fancy of the pensive poet. It is perhaps at evening, 
 when the setting sun pours through the great 
 west window, where is collected all that remains of 
 the ancient glass which in old times filled the lofty- 
 windows, that the chapel looks its best. The nave 
 then is filled with colour, and the splendid propor- 
 tions of the columns and the long perspective of 
 the groined roof, with its richly-coloured heraldic 
 devices, are seen in their greatest beauty. 
 
 The main interest of the interior is naturally 
 centred in the choir, and the visitor requires some 
 time before he can grasp all the varied interest and 
 historical memories which it conjures up. As he 
 enters are on either hand the stalls of the Sovereign, 
 of the Order of the Garter, and of the Prince of 
 Wales. At ordinary services these are occupied 
 by the Dean, who is, ex officio, Registrar of the 
 Order, and by the Canon in residence. Once, and 
 once only, have these stalls been occupied by their 
 owners during Divine service, and this was in the 
 first year of the present reign, five centuries and a 
 half after the foundation of the Order. It was a 
 memorable and impressive sight, to be repeated, it 
 is to be hoped, many times in the future. Above 
 the stalls, in due order, hang the ' banners yellow, 
 
 5—2
 
 S6 WINDSOR 
 
 glorious, golden,' of the royal and other knights of 
 the Order. The carved woodwork of the stalls 
 wherein the knights sit is rich in design and perfect 
 in execution, and particular notice should be taken 
 of the figures in canopied niches which stand in 
 the corners close to the entrance. These are of 
 the original work of Edward IV., and have in a 
 remarkable manner escaped destruction and restora- 
 tion. Along the line of the book-shelf is a very 
 beautiful piece of ornamental lettering. The words 
 are those of the twentieth Psalm, beginning, 
 * Exaudiat te Dominus.' Fastened to the backs of 
 the stalls is a long series of ' Garter-plates.' These 
 are richly gilt metal plates displaying the armorial 
 bearings and titles of each knight who occupied this 
 particular stall at his death, and these are never 
 moved. The crests and banners which surmount 
 the stalls are varied in position, according to the 
 seniority of the knights. These plates form the 
 finest series of monumental heraldry existing, and 
 are deserving of close attention. A few date fi*oni 
 the foundation of the Order. The most interesting 
 group of these memorials is to be seen in the first 
 stall on the right of the entrance. Here are the 
 plates of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, 
 brother-in-law of the builder of the chapel, a very
 
 ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL : EVENSONG 
 
 This picture shows part of the stalls on the south or 
 Decani side of the choir, with the sword, mantle, 
 crest, and banner of the Knights of the Garter. The 
 banner over the large stall — the Sovereign's — under 
 the organ is that of the late Queen Victoria, and next 
 to it the Prince Consort's, but both are now, of 
 course, removed. 
 
 The slab in the foreground, which is drawn a yard 
 or two further west than it really is, covers the vaults 
 of Kings Henry VIII. and Charles I., and Jane 
 Seymour.
 
 ST. GEORGFS CHAPEL 37 
 
 ornate and richly decorated plaque, with those of 
 James V. of Scotland and Prince Rupert ; and, 
 to come to modern times, here the insignia of 
 Napoleon III. of France and William, the first 
 German Emperor, remain fixed in knightly brother- 
 hood. All that is noble and illustrious in the 
 history of the country is here commemorated in 
 unparalleled splendour, continued from the four- 
 teenth century to the present day. 
 
 Above the stalls are hung the banners of the 
 knights. That of the junior knight is placed on 
 the left, or north, side, and nearest to the altar. 
 The banners of the royal and honorary members of 
 the Order follow those of the British knights towards 
 the west. The number of honorary knights is un- 
 limited. The United Kingdom is limited to twenty- 
 five : these are selected from the higher ranks of 
 the Peerage, and the honour is rarely conferred on 
 any below the degree of Earl. The last knight 
 who was not actually a peer was the Hon. 
 Frederick North, styled Lord North, who was 
 Prime Minister in 1770, and was created Knight 
 of the Garter in 1772. He succeeded his father as 
 Earl of Guilford in 1790. The windows in the 
 clerestory are filled with stained glass, showing the 
 armorial bearings of Knights of the Garter from
 
 38 WINDSOR 
 
 the time of George III. The great east window 
 is filled with stained glass, placed there by the 
 Dean and Chapter in memory of the late Prince 
 Consort, when the old tracery and muUions were 
 restored. These had been removed to make way 
 for a huge transparency of the Resurrection of our 
 Saviour, designed by Benjamin West, a mon- 
 strosity which excited the fervent admiration of all 
 the fashionable world of the day, as evidenced by 
 that very competent critic, JNliss Burney. This 
 ' superb window ' has vanished, fortunately, into 
 its o^^Tl obscurity. It was so dark that, in order 
 that some of its beauties might be seen, the 
 windows of the clerestory next to it were blocked 
 up with plates of tin, and others filled with glass of 
 the darkest tint, some of which still remains to 
 show how windows can obscure the light. The 
 reredos below the east window has suffered many 
 changes. As it is now it represents the genius of 
 Sir Gilbert Scott and his liking for alabaster. The 
 gilding of the pinnacles and other portions has 
 recently been completed, and improves greatly the 
 appearance of the work. To the left of the altar 
 is the beautiful wrought-iron screen of the tomb of 
 Edward IV., founder of the chapel. Of this the 
 legend runs tliat it is the work of Quentin Matsys,
 
 ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL 39 
 
 the blacksmith of Antwerp, but of this there is no 
 evidence. On the contrary, it is most probable 
 that it is the work of Master John Tresilian, who 
 was the King's smith at Windsor, and whose high 
 wages (sixteen pence a day), prove him to have 
 been a craftsman of no mean degree. This screen 
 was originally placed on the north side, and open 
 to the aisle, but about 1789 it was moved into the 
 choir and the arch filled by a new monument. 
 While this work was in hand the coffin of the 
 King was discovered, and his skeleton was found, 
 measuring 6 feet 3 inches. Some fragments of 
 hair were taken from the coffin, of which some are 
 to be seen in the Royal Library, and also in the 
 Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. 
 
 Of all the interments in the chapel, the one which 
 arouses the deepest interest is that of Charles I., 
 who was executed at Whitehall on January 30, 
 1648-1649. The King had been confined as a 
 prisoner in his own castle a little before Christmas 
 of the previous year, but was removed on 
 January 19 under the charge of Major-General 
 Harrison and lodged at St. James's, where also, 
 after his execution, his body lay till February 7. 
 
 Permission to bury the King among his ancestors 
 in the Chapel of Henry VII. at Westminster having
 
 40 WINDSOR 
 
 been refused by those then in power as being 
 unsafe and inconvenient, it was resolved that the 
 interment should take place in St. George's Chapel, 
 where several Kings of England already lay, and 
 on Februaiy 6 an order was issued authorizing Mr. 
 Herbert and Mr. Anthony JMildmay to bury the 
 King's body there. It was, therefore, conveyed to 
 Windsor, and of its interment the following account 
 is given in Wood's ' Athena? Oxonienses ' : ' The 
 King's Body was then brought from his bed- 
 chamber down into St. George's Hall, whence, 
 after a little stay, it was with a slow and solemn 
 pace (much sorrow in harsh faces being then dis- 
 cernible) carried by gentlemen of quahty in mourn- 
 ing. The noblemen in mourning also held up the 
 pall, and the Governor, with several gentlemen, 
 officers, and attendants came after. It was then 
 observed, as at such time as the King's Body was 
 brought out from St. George's Hall, the sky was 
 serene and clear ; but presently it began to snow, 
 and the snow fell so fast, that by the time the 
 corpse came to the west end of the Royal chapel, 
 the black velvet pall was all white (the colour of 
 innocency), being thick covered over with snow. 
 'J'he Body being by the bearers set down near the 
 place of burial, the Bishop of London stood ready.
 
 ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL 41 
 
 with the Service-book in his hands, to have per- 
 formed his last duty to the King his Master, 
 according to the order and form of burial of the 
 dead set forth in the Book of Common Prayer ; 
 whicli the Lords likewise desired ; but it would 
 not be suffered by Col. Whichcot, the Governor 
 of the Castle, by reason of the Directoi^y, to ivhich 
 (said he) lie and othei^s were to he conformable. 
 Thus went the white King to his grave, in the 
 48th year of his age, and 22nd year and 10th month 
 of his reign.' 
 
 The vault in which the King Hes is in the centre 
 of the nave, and its site is marked by a slab with 
 the names of the other occupants, Henry VIII. 
 and his Queen, Jane Seymour. To the memory 
 of these no other monument has been erected. 
 The identification of these remains was made in 
 the year 1813, when, in making an excavation, an 
 aperture was accidentally made in the vault, and the 
 opportunity was taken by the Prince Regent of 
 settling what till then had been a vexed question 
 as to the real resting-place of Charles I. At the 
 Restoration it had been the intention of Charles II. 
 and the nation that a superb mausoleum should be 
 erected to the memory of the late King, and Sir 
 Christopher Wren made an elaborate design, which 
 
 6
 
 42 WINDSOR 
 
 still exists, for the proposed monument, and the 
 Sovereign received a sum of £70,000 for its erec- 
 tion. It was, however, reported that the place of 
 the royal remains could not be found, and the 
 money, meanwhile, was diverted to other uses. It 
 was, therefore, with much interest that the leaden 
 coffin was found, bearing on a leaden scroll the 
 inscription, ' King Charles, 1648,' and on opening 
 this the severed head of the King was found but 
 little decayed. The bone of the neck cut through 
 by the axe of the executioner remained for some 
 time in the possession of one of those present at 
 the opening of the vault, but was restored to his 
 present Majesty, who some time ago deposited it 
 again with great reverence in its original place. 
 
 Looking down on the nave from the north side 
 of the altar, and above the screen of Edward IV., 
 are the beautifully decorated windows of the royal 
 closet, here erected by Heniy VIII. From this 
 there is a splendid view of the chapel, and hence 
 the late Queen Victoria witnessed the marriage of 
 the present King with Queen Alexandra. This 
 closet is reached by a passage above the cloisters 
 from the Deanery. At the back of the altar is the 
 entrance to the Royal Vault, and here are the 
 remains of the Cliapel of Henry III., which still
 
 ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL 43 
 
 retain the old doors with their splendid iron-work 
 of that period. 
 
 At the east end of the south aisle a stained- 
 glass window to the memory of the late Canon 
 Pearson replaces a transparency of the same 
 character as that which formerly obscured the 
 great east window, and against the wall beneath is 
 reared the full-length statue by Boehm of the 
 German Emperor Frederick 'the noble,' husband 
 of the Princess Royal, eldest daughter of Queen 
 Victoria and the Prince Consort. The chapel to 
 the right is known as the Lincoln Chapel, contain- 
 ing the tomb with the recumbent effigies of 
 Edward, Earl of Lincoln, and his wife. He was 
 Lord High Admiral to Queen Elizabeth, and died 
 in 1584. In the vault of the roof is a curious boss 
 representing a King, Edward IV., and a Bishop, 
 Richard Beauchamp of Salisbury, kneeling at the 
 foot of the Cross. These were the founder and 
 builder of this splendid pile. In an arch adjoining 
 was formerly kept a Breviary secured by a chain, 
 and underneath is an inscription : ' Who lyde 
 this Booke here ? The Reverend Fader in God 
 Richard Beauchamp Bishop of this Diocess of 
 Sarysbury,' etc. A Bible has now been placed in 
 the vacant niche. 
 
 6—2
 
 44 WINDSOR 
 
 In the pavement of the aisle, a few steps to the 
 west, is the plain stone which marks the resting- 
 place of Henry VI., and close to it is the slab 
 which covers the mortal remains of Charles 
 Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, who married Mary, 
 sister of Henry VII., and widow of Louis XII., 
 King of France. The small chapel or chantry 
 under the arch was erected in 1522 by John Oxen- 
 bridge, a Canon, and a considerable benefactor to 
 the building. On the spandrils of the entrance 
 door his name is represented by an ox, the letter 
 N, and a bridge. The paintings which cover the 
 inside of this chantry represent the history of St. 
 John the Baptist, and are of considerable interest 
 and in very fair preservation. Under the adjoining 
 arch is now placed the stone screen which formerly 
 enclosed the Urswick Chantry at the north-west 
 corner of the nave. This screen bears over the 
 gate a large rose charged with a portcullis, and 
 supported by a dragon and a greyhound. The 
 arms of Urswick are placed on the spandrils and on 
 the iron- work. The remains of the original inscrip- 
 tion are still legible on the stone-work below the 
 screen. Dr. Christopher Urswick was Dean of the 
 Chapter and a great benefactor to it. He resigned 
 tlic Deanery in 1505.
 
 THE NAVE OF ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL 
 
 Looking East from Extreme West End. 
 
 Edward IV. commenced the present structure about 
 1474 on the site of former chapels.
 
 
 Plll^ 
 
 I 
 
 
 g;«««5t«'i», *?<«
 
 ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL 45 
 
 Opposite to the chantry of OHver King, which is 
 on the south side of the aisle and below its level, 
 are four oak panels, on which are painted the 
 effigies of Edward, Prince of Wales, son of 
 Henry VI., of King Edward IV., of his son 
 Edward V., and of King Hemy VII. Oliver 
 King was secretary to these four Princes, Registrar 
 of the Order of the Garter, and Bishop of Exeter 
 and of Bath and Wells. He died in 1503, and is 
 supposed to be buried in this chantry. 
 
 The south transept is occupied by the chantry 
 or chapel known as the Braye Chapel, from Sir 
 Reginald Braye, Knight of the Garter, who, after 
 the death of Bishop Beauchamp in 1481, was ap- 
 pointed Superintendent of the Works at the castle. 
 He was son of Richard Bray or Braye, physician 
 to Henry VI., and was in great favour with 
 Henry VII., who made him Treasurer of the 
 Duchy of Lancaster. His family appear to have 
 possessed lands at Bray, near Windsor. His 
 greatest title to fame is to be found in his work in 
 architecture, for besides the Chapel of St. George 
 he is credited with the design for Hemy VI I. 's 
 Chapel at Westminster, the nave and aisles of 
 St. Mary's, Oxford, and the splendid tower of 
 St. Mary's at Taunton. He was a magnificent
 
 46 WINDSOR 
 
 benefactor to St. George's, and this transept where 
 he is buried was erected at his own expense. It 
 and many other parts of the building are decorated 
 \Wth his arms and crest, and by his badge of a 
 hemp-bray or brake. This occurs not only in the 
 stone-work, but also in the stained glass of the 
 transept and of the nave, where some half-dozen of 
 these badges are still to be seen in the clerestory. 
 Sir Reginald did not see the actual completion 
 of his glorious design. He died in 1503, and 
 it was not till 1528, the nineteenth year of 
 Henry VIII., that the vaulting of the junction 
 of the nave and transept was completed and 
 decorated with the arms of the Sovereign and 
 the Companions of the Order of the Garter at 
 that date. Among these may be noticed the 
 achievements of Charles V., Emperor of Germany ; 
 Francis I., King of France ; and Ferdinand, Arch- 
 duke of Austria, and afterwards Emperor. 
 
 In the centre of the Braye Chapel is placed the 
 cenotaph and effigy of Louis Napoleon, son of 
 Napoleon III. and the Empress Eugenie, who was 
 killed in South Africa while fighting with the 
 British army against the Zulus in 1879. He is 
 represented wearing the uniform of an officer of 
 the Royal Artillery. Close by hangs the sabre of
 
 ST. GEORGE^S CHAPEL 47 
 
 Captain Wyatt-Edgell, of the 17th Lancers, who 
 was killed at Ulundi when heir presumptive to the 
 barony of Braye, and representative of the founder 
 of the chapel. He was one of the escort when 
 the body of the Prince Imperial was brought down 
 to Natal. Against the west wall of the same 
 chapel is erected a monument to another victim of 
 South African war. It is to Prince Christian 
 Victor of Schleswig-Holstein, eldest son of Prince 
 and Princess Christian, and grandson of Queen 
 Victoria. He was Major in the King's Royal Rifles, 
 and after a very distinguished career and much 
 brave service he succumbed to an attack of fever, 
 and lies buried in the distant colony where so many 
 brave sons of Britain have gone to their rest. 
 
 At the west end of the south aisle is the Beau- 
 fort Chapel, containing monuments of the Somerset 
 family, and under the last arch but one of the 
 nave is the tomb with the recumbent figure of 
 Edward, Duke of Kent, father of Queen Victoria, 
 who placed this cenotaph here. The body of the 
 Duke lies in the Royal Vault. 
 
 The great west window of the nave is filled with 
 old stained glass of the time of Henry VII. The 
 figures had been removed from various parts of the 
 chapel in 1774, and are of great interest. During
 
 48 WINDSOR 
 
 the reiffn of William IV. the stone-work of 
 the window was repaired, and the ancient glass 
 replaced in its present position. This was done 
 under the direction of Thomas Willement, who 
 was one of the pioneers in the restoration of the 
 art of stained-glass work. His ' Account of the 
 Restorations of the Collegiate Chapel of St. George, 
 Windsor,' is a mine of information as regards the 
 heraldry and other ornaments of the building. 
 
 At the north side of the west end is the remark- 
 able monument to the Princess Charlotte, whose 
 untimely end in 1817 was the cause of an outburst 
 of national sorrow unprecedented in the annals of 
 the nation. The effigy of the deceased Princess 
 and the mourning figures were designed and 
 sculptured by Wyatt, and have been the occasion 
 of much and varied comment. Close by against 
 the western wall is placed the full-length statue of 
 the husband and father, King Leopold, the wise 
 and trusted uncle and friend of Queen Victoria. 
 This is the work of Boehm. In the panel between 
 these is a brass in memory of Alamayu, son of 
 Theodore, Emperor of Abyssinia. He was brought 
 to England after the overthrow of his father's rule, 
 but succumbed shortly after, and lies buried in the 
 graveyard adjoining. Against the wall of the
 
 ST. GEORGES CHAPEL 49 
 
 aisle is a monument, executed by Count Gleichen, 
 in memory of George, late King of Hanover, the 
 last Sovereign who actually sat on the throne. 
 His successor is known as Duke of Cumberland. 
 
 The north transept, erected by Sir Reginald 
 Braye, and similar in every respect to his own 
 chapel on the south, is now called the llutland 
 Chapel, from the handsome alabaster tomb of Sir 
 George Manners, Lord Roos, who married a niece 
 of King Edward IV., which accounts for the 
 prominent place allotted to this monument. 
 Beyond this is to be noticed the recumbent effigy, 
 also by Boehm, of the Hon. and Rev. Gerald 
 AA'ellesley, Dean and Registrar of the Order of the 
 Garter, for long years a friend and adviser of 
 Queen Victoria. He died in 1882. The Hastings 
 Chantry near is principally remarkable for a series 
 of contemporary paintings illustrating the life of 
 St. Stephen. The chapel was founded by the 
 wife of William, Lord Hastings, Chamberlain to 
 Edward IV., and one of the victims of Richard HI. 
 The Chapter House is on the left of this aisle, 
 close to the door which leads to the Dean's 
 Cloister. This is of much interest, particularly on 
 the south side, where are the remains of the work 
 of Henry III. In the head of the nearest arch is
 
 50 WINDSOR 
 
 a finely drawn crowned head, which may liave been 
 intended for Henry himself, whose chapel seems to 
 have occupied the site of the present memorial, 
 or Albert Chapel, known for many years as the 
 Tomb House or Wolsey Chapel. 
 
 The history of this chapel is interesting. Of it 
 it is recorded: ' Kynge Henry VH. mynding to 
 prepare for his owne Sepulture at Wyndsore, 
 pulled downe that olde chappel, which Kynge 
 Edw. in. had builte, and which stoode at the 
 East Ende of this greater Worke, and in the place 
 thereof he raised a new Ende. But forasmuch as 
 he afterwarde changed his purpose, and made for 
 his owne Burial that incomparable Worke at 
 Westminster (which now bearethe his name) this 
 other piece of Building at AV^yndsore was otherwise 
 employed.' His monument was partially erected 
 in this chapel, but was removed in 1503. After 
 the interment of Henry VIII. in the vault in 
 which Queen Jane Seymour had already been laid, 
 a sumptuous monument was begun to his memory, 
 which, unfortunately, was never completed. Car- 
 dinal Wolsey obtained later a grant to himself of 
 this chapel, and here also commenced the creation 
 of a tomb of scarcely less magnificence. Some 
 portions of these works remained in the chapel till
 
 ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL 51 
 
 the Rebellion. In 1 G4G, by order of the Parliament, 
 all was destroyed ; the metal work was sold for 
 £600, which was given to Colonel Venn. The 
 great sarcophagus of black marble, which was to 
 have been the resting-place of the proud Cardinal, 
 is now in the crypt under the dome of St. Paul's, 
 where it surmounts the tomb of Nelson. So the 
 chapel remained unvaulted, unconsecrated, and 
 neglected till the time of James II., who made it 
 his private chapel for the service of the Church of 
 Rome. The ceiling was then adorned by Verrio 
 with a mixture of religious and pagan allegory, 
 and the whole interior transformed. In the year 
 1687 Monsignor Ferdinand d'Adda, Archbishop of 
 Amasia, Domestic Prelate to His Holiness the 
 Pope and Nuncio Apostolic, was received by the 
 King in state at the castle, and this reception, 
 with the public celebration of the JNIass in the 
 chapel, so excited the popular indignation that the 
 building was wrecked and again doomed to neglect 
 and dilapidation for o\'er a century. 
 
 In 1810 George III. commissioned Sir JefFry 
 AVyatville to build a groined roof to the ruinous 
 building, and beneath its floor he constructed a 
 vault to contain the bodies of members of the 
 Royal House. After the death of the Prince 
 
 7—2
 
 52 WINDSOR 
 
 Consort, Queen Victoria had the building entirely 
 redecorated. First of all the vaulted roof was 
 embellished with Venetian mosaic, and the niches 
 of the west end were filled with panels of the same 
 material, commemorating the royal and illustrious 
 personages whose history is bound up with tlie 
 Chapel of St. George. The windows are filled with 
 stained glass representing the ancestors of the 
 Prince, and the lower part of the walls is covered 
 with designs in intarsia-work of precious marbles, 
 the subjects of which represent the virtues and 
 attributes of Prince Albert's character. In the 
 middle of the floor to the east is a rich cenotaph 
 with a recumbent figure of the Prince, while at his 
 head are other monuments to the Dukes of Clarence 
 and of Albany. The first of these is a splendid 
 example of the genius of the English sculptor 
 Gilbert ; the figure of the Duke of Albany is by 
 Boehm. The cenotaph of the Prince Consort and 
 the marble work of the walls is by Baron Triqueti, 
 and the whole is one of the most costly and 
 splendid monumental works of modern times.
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 UNDER THE TUDOKS 
 
 The reign of Henry VII. saw little change in tlie 
 outer fabric of the castle, except in the addition on 
 the north side of the rooms now used as a portion 
 of the Royal I^ibrary. It is spoken of by contem- 
 porary historians in very laudatory terms, and 
 though it has somewhat suffered, it still preserves 
 its ornate character. Of two large oriel windows 
 which overlooked the north terrace, one has dis- 
 appeared ; the other exists, but suffered much in the 
 time of Charles II., and has since been restored 
 by Sir J. Wyatville more in accordance with its 
 original design. These windows would have been 
 the first in the castle which broke the bare monotony 
 of the old defensive works when the domestic 
 architecture of the period succeeded the castellated 
 work of the feudal strongholds, and here Henry VII. 
 received a visit of much interest and importance. 
 
 Philip the Fair, Archduke of Austria, who had 
 married Joanna, daughter and heiress of Ferdinand, 
 
 53
 
 54 WINDSOR 
 
 King of Castile (one of the six fortunate marriages 
 of the House of Austria), started from the Nether- 
 lands with his consort to take possession of the 
 Castilian throne on the death of the Queen Isabella. 
 Meeting with foul weather, their ship was driven 
 ashore at Melcombe Regis, near Weymouth. Here 
 they were receiv'ed by Sir Thomas Trenchard, who 
 owned large estates there. He was a connexion of 
 the Russell family, and introduced to the strangers' 
 notice young John Russell, whose knowledge of 
 foreign languages stood him in good stead. This 
 adroit and rising young diplomatist accompanied 
 the Archduke to AVindsor. where he laid the 
 foundation of the fortunes of the family, as he 
 was retained in liis service by Henry \"II. and 
 rose to be first Earl of Bedford. His portrait by 
 Holbein is in the great collection of the drawings 
 by that master in the Royal Library in the castle. 
 He Hved in the enjoyment of Court favour till 
 after the marriage of Queen Mary and Philip of 
 Spain. 
 
 Henry VII., hearing of the distress of these 
 involuntary visitors, sent the Earl of Arundel with 
 a great following to bring tliem to the castle, where 
 he was then living. A long and interesting account 
 of their reception and entertainment is given in a
 
 UNDER THE TUDORS 55 
 
 manuscript in the British INIiiseum, and a descrip- 
 tion of the ceremonies in connexion with PhiHp's 
 installation as Knight of the Garter. In this 
 account many details are given of the interior 
 arrangements of the King's new building, but of its 
 passages and secret chambers no vestige remains, 
 as in Charles II.'s time and in the reign of 
 George IV. all previous work was destroyed or 
 altered. 
 
 No other building was erected in this reign, 
 nor did any other event of importance occur till 
 the advent of Henry VIII., who in his first year 
 transformed the great gate of the Lower Ward, 
 originally built by Henry III., to its present form. 
 The royal badges of tlie House of Tudor are carved 
 over the archway. The interior was designed as a 
 court kept ' by the Clerk of the Honour and Castle, 
 for the pleas of the forest and honours.' Local 
 tradition perpetuates a rumour that in this court 
 Anne Boleyn was tried and sentenced to death, and 
 many other legends concerning the unfortunate 
 Queen are still current. An oriel window in the 
 Dean's Cloister is pointed out as lier ' bower,' and 
 beneath it her ghost has been said to wander, to the 
 dismay of the sentry who till recent times was 
 there posted nightly. Besides this gate, an excellent
 
 56 WINDSOR 
 
 view of which is obtained from the old street 
 opposite, no new building was erected in this 
 reign, the only work of importance being the 
 completion of the vaulting of St. George's Chapel 
 already mentioned. 
 
 Henry was frequently at Windsor, which seems 
 to have been his favourite palace till Hampton 
 Court came into his possession. Here he enter- 
 tained many A'isitors, notably the Emperor 
 Charles V., whose parents had been the involuntary 
 guests of his father. Here his son, the Duke of 
 Richmond, grew up in company with the Earl 
 of Surrey, whose poems constantly refer to the 
 castle and to the happy and also sad times he 
 there passed, for here he was imprisoned and 
 wrote — 
 
 ' So cruel prison, how could betide, alas, 
 
 As proud Windsor, where I in lust and joy 
 With a King's son ray childish years did pass 
 
 In greater feast than Priani''s sons of Troy. 
 Where each sweet place returns a taste full sour. 
 
 The large green courts where we were used to hove 
 With eyes cast up into the niaiden''s tower, 
 
 And easy sighs such as folk draw in love. 
 The stately seats, the ladies bright of hue, 
 
 The dances short, long tales of great delight ; 
 AVith words and looks, that tigers could hut rue : 
 
 Where each of us did plead the others right,
 
 THE OLD WEIR 
 
 This picturesque wooden weir, with its sluices and 
 foot-bridge, has been replaced, within the last six or 
 seven years, by an iron structure. It stretches across 
 from the west end of Romney Island to the Eton 
 shore. 
 Eton parish church is seen in the distance.
 
 i
 
 UNDER THE TUDORS 57 
 
 The palm-play, where despoiled for the game, 
 With dazed eyes oft we by gleams of love 
 
 Have missed the ball, and got sight of our dame, 
 To bait her eyes, which kept the leads above.'' 
 
 There is much more, reminiscent of the chase, 
 tournament, and other sport. This extract, how- 
 ever, is interesting as describing the tennis-court, 
 which is shown in Norden's map of the castle as 
 occupying part of the moat of the keep on the 
 east side, and commanded by the battlements of 
 Edward III.'s Tower and the Maid of Honour's 
 Tower, whence the ladies of the Court could have 
 an admirable view of the game. Surrey, alas ! was 
 beheaded in 1547, one of a long series of ruthless 
 executions which sullied the reign of the monarch. 
 
 The tragedy, however, of ' the judicial murders 
 perpetrated in this reign,' as Tighe and Davis call 
 them, is the foulest blot in its annals as far as 
 AVindsor is concerned. Four men, Pearson, Test- 
 wood, Filmer, and Marbeck, were prosecuted under 
 the statute known as the Six Articles, passed at the 
 instance of Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, who, 
 as such, was Prelate of the Order of the Garter. 
 Foxe, in his 'Acts and JMonuments,' gives long 
 and detailed accounts of the proceedings in each 
 case, and of the origin of their 'troubles,' and relates 
 
 8
 
 58 WINDSOR 
 
 of Testwood that ' the musitians in Windsor 
 College thought him a worthy man to have a 
 roome among them. . . . But forasmuch as some 
 of the Canons had at that time heard of Testwood 
 how that he smelled of the new learning (as they 
 called it) it would not be consented to at the first 
 . . . being there foure or live dales among the Quire 
 men, hee was so well hked both for his \'oice and 
 cunning that he was admitted and after settled in 
 Windsor, with his household, and had in good 
 estimation with the deane and Canons a great 
 while ; but when they had perceived him by his 
 often talke at their tables (for he could not well 
 dissemble his religion) that he leaned to Luther's 
 sect, they began to mislike him.' He seems to have 
 had many controversies and altercations, nor was 
 he careful to conceal his opinions. 
 
 ' As it chanced Testwood one day to walk in the 
 Church at afternoone, and beheld the pilgrims, 
 specially of I)e\'onshire and Cornwall, how tliey 
 came in by plumps, with candles and images of 
 waxe in their hands, to offer to good King Henry 
 of Windsor, as they called him, it pitied his heart 
 to see such great idolatrie committed, and how 
 vainly the people had spent their goods, in coming 
 so far to kisse a spur, and to have an old hat set
 
 UNDER THE TUDORS 59 
 
 upon their heads ; insomuch that he could not 
 refraine, but (seeing a certaine company which had 
 done their ofFring stand gazing about the Church) 
 went unto them, and with all gentlenesse began to 
 exhort them to leave such false worshipping of 
 dumbe creatures, and to learn to worship the true 
 living God aright. . . . Then he went further and 
 found another sort licking and kissing a white T^ady 
 made of alabaster, which image was mortised in a 
 wall behinde the high altar, and bordered about 
 with a pretty border, which was made like branches 
 with hanging apples and flowers. And when he 
 saw them so superstitiously use the image, as to 
 wipe their hands upon it, and then to stroke them 
 over their heads and faces, as though there had 
 been great virtue in touching the picture, he up 
 with his hand, in which he had a key, and smote a 
 piece of the border about the image downe, and 
 with the glance of the stroke chanced to break off 
 the image's nose. " Lo, good people " (quoth he), 
 "you see what it is, nothing but earth and dust 
 and cannot help itselfe, and how then will you have 
 it to help you ? For God's sake. Brethren, be no 
 more deceived." And so he gat him home to his 
 house, for the rumor was so great that many came 
 to see the image how it was defaced. And among 
 
 8—2 
 
 \
 
 60 WINDSOR 
 
 all other came one William Simons, a lawyer, who 
 seeing the Image so beraied, and to lacke her nose, 
 tooke the matter grievously, and looking dowiie 
 upon the pavement, he spied the Image's nose 
 where it lay, which he took up and put in his 
 purse, saying it would be a deare nose to Testwood 
 one day.' 
 
 This extract from Foxe is not only interesting as 
 giving the reason for the prosecution of Testwood, 
 but because it mentions the ornamentation of the 
 shrine of the \^irgin. Now, there remains in the 
 I^raye Chapel, on the wall to the east, a border of 
 enamelled and glazed pottery-ware, in the style 
 of the work of Luca della Robbia, of lea\'es 
 and hanging fruit, a form of decoration recently 
 imported from Tuscany, w^hich must have been a 
 new and costly ornament in this chapel. Unfor- 
 tunately, there is no way of ascertaining w^hat it 
 originally surrounded, and it is now obscured by a 
 tasteless monument to a later ecclesiastic of the 
 Stuart period. Foxe is probably wrong in his 
 account of the precise position of the figure of the 
 Virgin Mary, but it would be unwise to assume 
 that this curious border is the actual ornament to 
 which he refers, although his mention of it is re- 
 markable. It is curious also that another fragment
 
 UNDER THE TUDORS 61 
 
 of the same material and design is to be seen with 
 some remains of carving of the Tudor period in one 
 of the old houses which still exist in the ancient 
 streets near the town hall. 
 
 The three men, Testwood, Filmer. and Pearson, 
 who had been sentenced to death, were burned at 
 the stake. Of this terrible execution a long and 
 graphic account is given by Foxe. The fourth, 
 who was condemned at the same time, was John 
 Marbeck, one of the choir of St. George's Chapel. 
 He was fortunate enough to obtain a pardon, and 
 remained in the choir. In the dedication of his 
 ' Concordance of the Bible ' (pubHshed in 1550) to 
 Edward VI. he describes himself as ' destitute bothe 
 of learnyng and eloquence, yea, and suche a one as 
 in maner never tasted the swetnes of learned letters, 
 but altogether brought up in your highnes College 
 of ^^^indsore in the study of musike and plaiying on 
 organs, wherein I consumed vainly the greatest 
 part of my life.' The scene of the burning of these 
 unfortunate victims of religious intolerance is the 
 subject of a fine wood engraving which is one of 
 the illustrations to the second volume of the edition 
 of Foxe's 'Book of Martyrs,' 1576. The view of 
 the castle there represented is copied from the map 
 of Berkshire in Speed's Atlas. It shows the whole
 
 62 WINDSOR 
 
 north front of the castle in EHzabeth's time, and 
 the torture of the wretched victims in the spot 
 which is now the garden of the deanery or the 
 vacant space adjoining, afterwards occupied by 
 Travers' College, the abode of the Naval Knights 
 of AVindsor, now abolished. It may be interesting 
 here to mention that in this garden grew formerly 
 a tree of curious history. In the time of Dean 
 Hobart there was brought to England from the 
 island of St. Helena a shp from one of the willows 
 planted by the grave of the Emperor Napoleon, 
 who died there at I^ongwood. This sapling grew 
 to be a tree of some size, and remained healthy and 
 vigorous till the time of the Second Empire, but in 
 1870, when the dynasty was overthrown at Sedan, 
 one great limb, half of the tree, fell down. The 
 remainder still showed signs of unimpaired vitality, 
 but when the ill-fated Prince Imperial met his 
 death in Zululand, this also fell and perished. A 
 few slips were preserved, and of these some were 
 taken by the forlorn Empress Eugenie to South 
 Africa, to be planted by her where lier brave son 
 met his untimely end. 
 
 Henry V^HI. in his will gave directions that lie 
 should be buried at Windsor with ' his true and 
 loving wife Queen Jane,' and that liis tomb, already
 
 UNDER THE TUDORS 63 
 
 ill part erected, should be there finished ; also tliat 
 the tombs of Kings Edward IV. and Henry V^I. 
 should be made more princely at his charges. 
 These bequests, as we have seen, were never carried 
 out. The King died in 1547, and long accounts 
 are preserved of his obsequies. 
 
 The short reign of Edward VI. has left no mark 
 of importance on the fabric of the castle. The 
 only real improvement was the beginning of a new 
 supply of water to the Upper Ward by pipes from 
 Blackmore, in the parish of Winkfield. This 
 conduit was finished in the next reign, and an old 
 inscription, now effaced, in the Chapter Library, 
 over the fireplace, recorded its completion. The 
 fountain, curiously ornamented, shown in Norden's 
 plan of the castle, has also passed away, and the 
 water for the supply of the building comes from 
 large reservoirs at Cranbourne, to which it is 
 pumped by engines near Romney Lock. 
 
 The bitter struggle between the forces of tlie 
 Church of Rome and the Reformers very nearly 
 had the effect of transforming or almost destroy- 
 ing the great foundation of the Order of the 
 Garter. Edward VI. prepared with much pains 
 and personal trouble an entirely new set of 
 statutes of the Order containing many remarkable
 
 64 AVINDSOR 
 
 and drastic changes. The original MSS. of the 
 statutes, with many notes and corrections by the 
 hand of the young Sovereign himself, are now 
 preserved in the Royal Library. Mr. John 
 Gough Nichols, in his ' Literary Remains of King 
 Edward VI.,' says these schemes 'are characterized 
 by the earnest Protestantism of the early part of 
 his reign. In them we find the King not only 
 conscientiously anxious to purge the Order of all 
 papistical and superstitious practices, but enter- 
 taining the ulterior view of making the institution 
 subservient to some objects more valuable than 
 mere personal distinction, or even that loyal and 
 chivalric association which had been its ancient 
 boast. In order that it might promote the 
 religion, learning, and general improvement of the 
 country, its accruing revenues were to be devoted 
 to the maintenance of scholars at the Universities, 
 and the amendment of highways and making 
 banks upon rivers. On the demise of the existing 
 canons and quiristers, their incomes were to be 
 diverted to the pay of itinerant preacliers. The 
 very name of St. George was to be suppressed, 
 and the Order called merely the Order of the 
 Garter or Defence of the Truth as contained in 
 Holy Scripture.'
 
 UNDER THE TUDORS 65 
 
 These revolutionary statutes were in force for 
 just six months. Edward died on July 6, 1553, 
 ^nd Henry VIII.'s statutes were restored on 
 September 27 following. 
 
 The reign of the precocious Protestant Prince 
 was followed by a return of Romish influence 
 under Queen Mary, who restored the Order to the 
 condition in which it had been left by her father ; 
 and, having married in 1554, at Winchester, 
 Philip, King of Spain, came, on August 3, 
 with great state into Windsor, where Philip was 
 immediately installed, and sat in the Sovereign's 
 stall. An attempt was made to take down the 
 arms of England and replace them with those of 
 Spain ; but this was never done, nor does there 
 remain in the sacred edifice any memorial of this 
 ill-omened union. On the front of the tower of 
 the Governor of the Military Knights is sculptured 
 the shield of Philip impaling the arms of Queen 
 JNlary — one of the very few examples in the 
 country, and placed here in commemoration of the 
 erection or rebuilding of the lodgings of the Poor 
 Knights according to the terms of the will of 
 Henry VIII. These were completed in 1557, and 
 are stiU occupied by the Knights. 
 
 This body was originally founded by Edward III., 
 
 9
 
 66 WINDSOR 
 
 and consisted of twenty-six members, correspond- 
 ing with the number of the Knights Companions 
 of the Garter. The intention of the King was to 
 provide rehef and comfortable subsistence for such 
 vahant soldiers as happened in their old age to fall 
 into poverty and decay, and the sole duty they 
 had to perform was to attend the services at the 
 chapel, as representatives of the actual Knights of 
 the Garter. They and their emoluments were 
 formerly under the control of the Dean and 
 Chapter, and many and acrimonious have been the 
 quarrels and disputes which have arisen between 
 them. These, it is hoped and believed, are now 
 for ever at rest. The somewhat invidious title 
 of ' Alms or Poor Knights ' which existed from 
 the foundation was changed by AVilliam IV. 
 to that now used of ' Military Knights,' and as 
 such they are duly enrolled in the Army List. 
 The compulsory attendance at the services in 
 the chapel has also been abolished. They have 
 been placed under the Governor of the Castle, 
 and a general officer has been appointed as their 
 head. 
 
 We have now accurate evidence of the state 
 of the north front of the castle in the next 
 reign. In Braun's ' Civitates Orbis Terrarum,' 
 
 V
 
 UNDER THE TUDORS 67 
 
 published about 1575, is an engraved view taken 
 by George Hofnagle, which he must have executed 
 before 1571, as this view is reproduced by him in a 
 miniature with that date. The actual drawing for 
 this engi'aving was recently acquired for, and is 
 now preserved in, the Royal Library, where it is 
 treasured as the earliest known view of the castle. 
 That it is accurate is proved by the fact that 
 between Henry VII. 's Tower and the Norman 
 Gate is to be seen the vacant space filled up by 
 Queen Elizabeth with the gallery still called by 
 her name, and bearing the date of 1583. This 
 splendid gallery is one of the few chambers which 
 have survived from their erection to the present 
 day without alteration. Its ceiling is a beautiful 
 specimen of the finest plaster- work of the period, 
 exhibiting the arms and badges of the House of 
 Tudor. At its further end is the celebrated 
 chimney-piece erected by the Queen, and dated in 
 the fiftieth year of her age, the twenty-fifth of her 
 reign, and in the year of our Lord 1583. It 
 is of a fine-grained stone, and richly ornamented 
 with deep and elaborate carving, showing the 
 badge given to her mother, Anne Boleyn, by 
 Henry VIII. From one of the bays of this 
 gallery a stairway used to lead to the splendid 
 
 9—2
 
 68 WINDSOR 
 
 terrace walk made by the Queen, which, extending 
 from the ^Vinchester Tower to the more recently- 
 formed East Terrace, is one of the glories of the 
 castle. In the gallery it is commonly reported 
 that Shakespeare's ' Merry Wives of Windsor ' was 
 first performed. This may have been the case, 
 but there is no actual proof of the fact. The play 
 was certainly wi'itten for performance here, and 
 those who have studied the subject most deeply 
 have suggested that it was produced in January, 
 1598, when the Queen entertained much company 
 in the castle. It was written by Shakespeare 
 when he was approaching his thirtieth year, and 
 contains many local allusions and names. It deals 
 particularly with the legend of Heme, of whom it 
 says: 
 
 * There is an old tale goes, that Heme the hunter. 
 Sometime a keeper here in Windsor Forest, 
 Doth all the winter time, at still midnight, 
 Walk round about an oak, with great ragg'd horns ; 
 And then he blasts the tree, and takes the cattle. 
 And makes milch-kine yield hlood, and shakes a chain 
 In a most hideous and dreadful manner."* 
 
 The oak here mentioned has long disappeared. 
 Its place, which was close to the avenue known as 
 Queen Elizabeth's, which also is now decayed and
 
 THE NORMAN GATE 
 
 7}.^%^'''Yl^ °" ^^^ ^^^' '^^^s to the staircase of 
 tne Kound J ower. 
 
 The windows on the right now belong to the 
 Royal Library, but these apartments were erected as 
 royal dwelling-rooms by Queen Elizabeth 
 
 The house attached to the Norman Gate is the 
 residence of the Sovereign's Private Secretary and 
 Its garden now covers the mound and former moat 
 
 ^ii^f f °""u T?""^""- '^^^ gateway divides the 
 Middle from the Upper Ward.
 
 f »•: .7
 
 UNDER THE TUDOllS 69 
 
 gone, was near the footpath which in the writer's 
 memory led to Datchet Bridge, across the Home 
 Park. Here it was open to pubHc view, and near 
 it was the old fairy-pit where Falstaff was surprised 
 when masquerading as the demon-hunter. The 
 pit also has gone, and now only an oak sapling 
 planted by King Edward VII. marks the legendary 
 spot. Harrison Ainsworth, in his novel ' Windsor 
 Castle,' uses the legend of Heme in a most 
 dramatic manner, and mixes up with the legend a 
 very fairly accurate account of the history of the 
 castle during the early and Tudor times. For a 
 long dissertation on the identity of this tree and 
 its exact situation the reader is referred to Tighe 
 and Davis's ' Annals of Windsor ' ; but, as all the 
 old landmarks are destroyed and all the trees are 
 gone, it is idle to repeat it here. 
 
 Queen Elizabeth was fond of Windsor, and 
 spent much time in the castle. Here, according 
 to Strype, she ' followed her studies in a constant 
 course with her schoolmaster Ascham, who was so 
 extremely taken with his royal mistress's diligence 
 and advancement in learning, that once he brake 
 out, in an address to the young gentlemen of 
 England, " That it was their shame, that one maid 
 should go beyond them all in excellency of
 
 70 WINDSOR 
 
 learning and knowledge of divers tongues. Point 
 forth (as he made the challenge) six of the best 
 given gentlemen of this Court : and all they 
 together shew not so much good witt, spend not 
 so much time, bestow not so many hours daily, 
 orderly and constantly, for the increase of learn- 
 ing and knowledge, as doth the Queen's majesty 
 herself. I believe that beside her perfect readiness 
 in Latin, Italian, French and Spanish, she readeth 
 here now at Windsore more Greek every day, than 
 some Prebendaries of this Church doth read Latin 
 in a whole weeke. And that which is most praise- 
 worthy of all, within the walls of her Privie- 
 Chamber she hath obteyned that excellence of 
 learning, to understand, speak and write, both 
 wittily with head and faire with hand, as scarce 
 one or two rare wittes in both the universities 
 have in many years reached unto." ' The books 
 which she read have long left their ancient home, 
 but the long gallery where she loved to walk 
 is still used as the Royal Library, and here hav^e 
 been collected and preserved a few of the volumes 
 she possessed, and perhaps herself read. It is 
 said that her spirit still haunts the scene she 
 loved in life so well, and the present writer can 
 remember the terror which he felt when, as a boy
 
 UNDER THE TUDORS 71 
 
 of eight, he was left alone in this haunted room ; 
 and stories are still current of sights and sounds 
 which have occurred in more recent days in this, 
 now the only, royal room unchanged and with 
 unbroken memories.
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
 THE STUART TIMES 
 
 A NEW era began at Windsor when James VI. of 
 Scotland, and first of his Hne in England, ascended 
 the throne in March, 1603. He paid his first visit 
 to Windsor in the following June, as is recorded in 
 a letter of Sir Thomas Wilson, preserved in the 
 British Museum : ' Our virtuous Kinge makes our 
 hopes to swell. His actions suitable to the tyme 
 and his natural disposition. Sometymes he comes 
 to counsell, butt most tyme he spendes in Fieldes 
 and Parkes and Chases, chasinge away idlenes by 
 violent excercise and early rysinge, wherein the sone 
 seldome prevents him. The people according to 
 the honest English nature approve all their Prnice's 
 actions and words, savinge that they desyre some 
 more of that gracious affabilitye which the good 
 old Queen did afford them. He is att the present 
 att Windsore having vewed all his bowses, and att 
 that iiej'purposeth to entertayne his Queue and 
 
 sonc who about fourteen dayes hence are then 
 
 70
 
 THE STUART TIMES 73 
 
 expected.' This was the precursor of many visits, 
 and at this time Henry, Prince of AVales, was 
 installed as Knight of the Garter. In the Royal 
 Library is preserved a copy, specially made for this 
 Prince by John Norden, of his survey and descrip- 
 tion of the Castle and Honour of Windsor in 1617. 
 This survey, the original of which, made for the 
 King, is in the British Museum, is the earliest 
 existing bird's-eye view of the castle and of the 
 town. It contains also elaborate maps of the park 
 and forest, and is a most important authority on its 
 early topography. The indications it gives of the 
 streets and buildings of the town are also of the 
 greatest interest to the local antiquary. Accurate 
 facsimiles of these maps are to be found in Tighe 
 and Davis's ' Annals of Windsor.' Of the inside of 
 the building about this time there is a curious 
 account by Paul Hentzer, who mentions the beds 
 of Henry VII. and his Queen, of Henry VIII. and 
 Anne Boleyn, all of them 1 1 feet square ; Queen 
 Elizabeth's bed not so large or so long, many pieces 
 of tapestry, and other curiosities. 
 
 Hardly any alterations were made in the structure 
 of the buildmg in this reign. In 1603 there was a 
 fall of part of the curtain wall on the north side of 
 the Lower Ward, against which the Canons' houses 
 
 10
 
 74 WINDSOR 
 
 were built. This is marked in Norden's map, and 
 was the subject of a trial between the King and the 
 Dean and Chapter, as to which party was to be 
 responsible for the repair ; the suit ended in a 
 victory for the capitular body. These disputes 
 were common, the inside and outside even of 
 the royal apartments having been formerly under 
 separate departments, so that the cleaning of 
 windows was done by different men at different 
 times and under different supervision, the outside 
 by the Board of Works, the inside by the Lord 
 Chamberlain. 
 
 In 1606 King James royally entertained his 
 brother-in-law. Christian IV. of Denmark, and 
 came with him to the castle. * Here was presented 
 unto him the Knights of Windsore ; being all 
 goodly Gentlemen, and such as had served Queene 
 Elizabeth in her warres, and for service done, pre- 
 ferred in their latter years to this place of rest, and 
 are called by name of King James' Knightes of 
 Windsore. These goodly auucient Gentlemen 
 being in their roabes of purple and scarlet, with the 
 Garter and Sainct George's Crosse upon them. 
 Which goodly and charitable manner, when the 
 King of Denmarke was possest withal 1, and the 
 order of their first foundation and continuance,
 
 THE STUART TIMES 75 
 
 the King highly commended the founder, and in 
 charitie wisht the successoi-s to the worlde's end 
 might continue so honourable an action as that : 
 whereof, by God's gi'ace, there is no doubt.' The 
 King spent as much time at Windsor as he could 
 spare, as he was very fond of hunting, and his 
 example was followed by his successor, with whom 
 as well as with his consort, Queen Henrietta JNIaria, 
 AVindsor was always a favourite abode. In one of 
 the most beautiful of the miniatures of this lady, by 
 Peter Oliver, a delicate and accurate view of the 
 keep is introduced in the background. This 
 miniature is still in the Royal Collection. In 1635 
 Dr. Goodman, Bishop of Gloucester and Canon of 
 St. George's, who had previously given an organ to 
 the Church of Windsor, restored and decorated the 
 old cross in the centre of the town, first erected in 
 the time of Richard II. This caused a protest from 
 the Mayor and a rejoinder from the Bishop. The 
 letters, which are highly interesting, are given in 
 full in Tighe and Davis's 'Annals of AVindsor.' 
 The cross was demolished in 1041, and the site is 
 now occupied by the statue of Queen Victoria, 
 erected on the occasion of the first jubilee of her 
 reign. The changes in the building in Charles I.'s 
 time were chiefly destructive. The banqueting- 
 
 10—2
 
 76 WINDSOR 
 
 house at the east of the terrace disappeared, as did 
 the costly fountam erected in Queen IMary's time 
 in the great quadrangle. Of these no accurate 
 representations exist, nor have the designs of their 
 substitutes been preserved ; it was, perhaps, as well 
 that they have not survived. 
 
 The last occasion when Charles I. was in residence 
 at Windsor of his own free will was in the early 
 part of 1641-42. The trouble between him and the 
 Parhament was then acute, and in the neighbourhood 
 many lawless acts, particularly the breaking the pales 
 of the park and the slaughter of deer, testified to 
 the lawless spirit then abroad. The town of Windsor 
 itself soon cast in its lot with the Parliament. In 
 1642 the latter sent down Colonel Venn, afterwards 
 one of the regicides, to take possession of the castle, 
 and to prevent a position of such strength and 
 importance being held by the royal forces, who, 
 under Prince Rupert, unsuccessfully attempted in 
 the autumn of the same year to capture it for the 
 King. It was almost immediately made the 
 ])iison-house of over fifty Royalist captives, one of 
 whom, Sir Edward Fortescue, has left his name 
 carved with his coat of arms over the fireplace in 
 the room over the Norman Gate, where the ancient 
 portcullis which guarded that entrance still remains.
 
 WINDSOR MARKET: EARLY MORNING 
 
 This market is held on Saturdays in the High Street, 
 on either side of the Town Hall, a projecting stuccoed 
 and painted building designed by Sir Christopher 
 Wren, the comer of which appears on the right. 
 
 The Curfew Tower, re-roofed and altered in style 
 during the Prince Consort's life-time, is prominent 
 towards the centre of the picture behind the Garter 
 Tower. The street, there called Thames Street, 
 makes a steep descent and curve, round the foot of 
 this tower. 
 
 In former times there was a row of houses between 
 the castle walls and the street. 
 
 The statue of Queen Victoria is by the late Sir 
 Edgar Boehra,
 
 4. 
 
 i
 
 THE STUART TIMES 77 
 
 Though the inhabitants of the town favoured the 
 Parhament, the Dean and Chapter were stanch in 
 their allegiance and loyalty, and for this reason 
 suffered much at the hands of the Parhament and 
 their ruthless myrmidon, Colonel Venn, who ejected 
 them from their dwellings and despoiled the chapel 
 of its valuable plate, much of which had only been 
 recently presented. The garrison maintained at 
 Windsor was a source of considerable expense, and 
 had to be reduced. After the Battle of Naseby 
 Fairfax came to Windsor as Commander-in-Chief 
 of the Parliamentary forces, and was there joined by 
 Cromwell. In 1641 Colonel Venn was superseded 
 by Colonel Whichcott, who was still Governor at 
 the time of the funeral of Charles I. His JMajesty 
 returned, after five years' absence, in June, 1647, not 
 exactly as a prisoner, but under close observation 
 and control, and after his imprisonment in November 
 m Carisbrooke Castle. Windsor being the head- 
 quarters of the army, a meeting was there held of 
 the general officers, Cromwell and Ireton being 
 present, at which it was resolved 'that the King 
 should be prosecuted for his life as a criminal 
 person.' From Carisbrooke in December, 1648, 
 the King was removed in custody to Windsor on 
 his way to meet his trial in London. Abortive
 
 78 WINDSOR 
 
 attempts were made to effect his escape on the 
 journey. He was reported during his sojourn to be 
 cheerful and to have Httle concern about his trial, 
 as to wliich he was veiy reserved, ' having not yet 
 delivered his mind whether he mtends to plead or 
 not.' On Januaiy 19 he left Windsor for the last 
 time. His body was brought back and buried — as 
 has been related in a previous chapter — in St. 
 George's Chapel. The official entry in the parish 
 register is : ' Feb^ 9. King Charles in the Castle.' 
 
 Cromwell was a frequent resident in the castle, 
 this, together with other houses and manors, being 
 kept by a resolution of the Parliament for the use 
 of the Protector. Though he did nothing towards 
 the repair or preservation of the fabric, he does not 
 seem to have been guilty of any destruction. In 
 his time the houses of the Poor Knights under Sir 
 Francis Crane's foundation were completed. They 
 stood at the east end of the Lower Ward, between 
 the Salisbury and Garter Towers, on the site now 
 occupied by the guard-room. They were built 
 in the taste of the time, and their demolition 
 greatly improved the appearance of the Lower 
 W^ard. 
 
 The restoration of tlie monarchy marks a con- 
 spicuous change in the aspect and the fortunes of
 
 THE STUART TIMES 79 
 
 the castle. Charles II. had long resided in France, 
 and had seen the magnificence of the palaces of 
 Louis XIV. He longed for stately rooms, and 
 found in Windsor nothing but the bare galleries of 
 the Plantagenets and Tudors, and these stripped by 
 the Roundheads and the horde of parasites who had 
 been permitted to lodge themselves in the shelter of 
 the old walls. The ej ection of these intruders was not 
 unattended with difficulty and much grumbling ; 
 but having been accomphshed, the direction of the 
 new work was entrusted to the very competent 
 hands of Sir Christopher Wren. His duty being 
 to provide spacious and stately rooms for the 
 accommodation of a large and luxurious Court, his 
 attention was turned more to the necessary altera- 
 tions of the interior than to the exterior adornment 
 of the building, which he left severely alone. 
 St. George's Hall ran along the inside of the north 
 front, and parallel with this, on the old foundations or 
 nearly so, he raised a quadrangular mass of build- 
 ings to which was given the name — still used — of 
 the ' Star Buildings,' from a huge badge of the 
 Garter which was the sole ornament of its plain and 
 ghastly front. He probably had no funds for a fr'ont 
 which would have pleased his fancy, which perhaps 
 was well ; for had huge columns supported his
 
 80 WINDSOR 
 
 heavy pediments, there might have been an outcry, 
 when these in turn would have to be swept away. 
 But though the front was plain and bare, the inside 
 was rich and splendid. The rooms still remain as 
 they were built, and have ever since commanded 
 deserved admiration. The ceilings were painted 
 by Verrio, and remain splendid examples of a style 
 long since passed away, and below them the rich and 
 solid panelling is covered with the inimitable work 
 of Grinling Gibbons, who here placed his finest 
 work in the chambers of his royal master. Decora- 
 tion more exquisite is to be found in no palace in 
 the world, and during the two centuries it has 
 existed nothing has ever challenged its supremacy 
 with success. Gay, glittering, and giddy were the 
 throngs that assembled in these saloons when they 
 were first tenanted by the restored Court, and free 
 was the licence that reigned after the puritanism of 
 the Parliamentary terror. The reaction was great, 
 but not for long, and of it it is unnecessary to 
 recount the details. The structural alterations have 
 remained. Not only in the castle, but everywhere in 
 the town itself, is to be traced the renewed activity 
 wliich the presence of the Court and its surrounding 
 excited in the royal borough. The street opposite 
 the main entrance is rich in relics of the time.
 
 CHURCH STREET, LOOKING NORTH 
 
 At the far end is seen Henry VHI.'s gateway into the 
 Castle, with a glimpse of St. George's beyond. 
 
 The nearest of the red-brick houses on the right- 
 hand side, beyond those with the plaster projections 
 over their porches, is reputed to have been a residence 
 of Nell Gwynne.
 
 
 ■ A- 
 
 *!!^"° ':<
 
 THE STUART TIMES 81 
 
 Every house has its legend, and Nell Gwyn's name 
 is associated with many, though of the house 
 wherein she certainly lived hardly a vestige can 
 be said to remain. It is to this period that most of 
 the old dwellings in the town belong. Of those of 
 earlier times there are hardly any survivals. The 
 old galleries of the Garter Inn have been absorbed 
 by the modern electric-lighted chambers of the 
 White Hart, and the last of the ancient shuttered 
 shops which lately existed at the lower end of 
 Peascod Street has given way to plate-glass and gas. 
 Still in odd corners, notably round the Town Hall, 
 can be traced remains of ancient and solid carpentry, 
 or of fine brick and plaster work. Oak-panelled 
 rooms and staircases of broad and noble propor- 
 tion remain in the houses of High and Thames 
 Streets, which with Peascod Street were the main 
 thoroughfares of the town. These were the 
 dwellings of the successors of Page and Ford, 
 prosperous burgesses and men of wealth and stand- 
 ing when Windsor held its own as not the least 
 important of the towns of Berkshire. It returned 
 two members to sit in the House of Commons, 
 and from the continued residence of the Court it 
 was always in touch with the principal dignitaries 
 of the State. 
 
 11
 
 82 WINDSOR 
 
 To return to the castle : John Evelyn in his 
 Diary notes in June, 1683 : ' I went to Windsor. 
 That which was new since I was last there, and 
 was surprising to me, was the incomparable fresco 
 painting in St. George's Hall, representing the 
 legend of St. George, and triumph of the Black 
 Prince, and his reception by Edward III. ; the volto, 
 or roof, not totally finished ; then the Resurection, in 
 the Chapel, where the figure of the Ascenscion is, is 
 in my opinion comparable to any paintings of the 
 most famous Roman masters ; the last Supper also, 
 over the altar. I liked the contrivance of the 
 unseen organ behind the altar, nor less the 
 stupendous and beyond all description the incom- 
 parable carving of our Gibbon, who is, without 
 controversy, the greatest master both for invention 
 and rareness of work, that the world ever had in 
 any age ; nor doubt I at all that he will prove 
 as great a master in the statuary art. Verrio's in- 
 vention is admirable . . . his figures move, and if the 
 walls hold (which is the only doubt, by reason of the 
 salts which in time and in this moist climate 
 prejudice), the work will preserve his name to ages.' 
 Verrio's work, except in three of the ceilings, has 
 disappeared ; what remains is of considerable merit as 
 decorative work, and will undoubtedly preser\e his
 
 PEASCOD STREET 
 
 The busy street of the royal borough. The promi- 
 nent red-brick house on the right is the Crown Inn.
 
 THE STUART TIMES 83 
 
 name. The finest of the work of Gibbons which 
 decorated the old chapel was carefully preserved 
 when the alterations by George IV. were in progress, 
 and is now to be seen in the Waterloo Gallery, and 
 also over a fireplace in Queen Elizabeth's Gallery. 
 Another diarist of notoriety, Samuel Pepys, has also 
 described his visit to the castle in his characteristic 
 manner : ' To the King's house and do observe the 
 neatness and contrivance of the house and gates : 
 it is the most romantique castle that is in the world. 
 But, Lord ! the prospect that is in the balcone in 
 the Queen's lodgings and the terrace and walk are 
 strange things to consider, being the best in the 
 world, sure.' While the interior of the building 
 may be commended for the stateliness of its rooms 
 and for the costliness of their decoration, the whole 
 of the outside suffered, and its character was entirely 
 destroyed. The ancient and massive walls were 
 retained, but they were pierced with circular-headed 
 windows and openings of inconceivable baldness 
 and poverty of design ; fortunately, the ancient 
 masonry was too solid and substantial to be 
 removed, and of it enough is left to show what 
 the original work was like. Of these round- 
 headed windows two may still be seen in 
 Henry III.'s Tower, and the feeble arrangement of 
 
 11—2
 
 84 WINDSOR 
 
 a balustrade between the two floors is left as 
 evidence of the taste of the time. The wmdows 
 of the whole south side of the great quadrangle 
 were of this depressing type till they were 
 removed in the progress of the reconstruction by 
 George IV. 
 
 In this reign Prince Rupert was appointed by the 
 King, his cousin, to be Constable of the Castle, and 
 in the Round Tower he brought together a number 
 of arms with which he decorated the hall or great 
 chamber in the tower. Of these, some of value 
 and interest have been preserved, and are to be 
 seen in the splendid and carefully arranged armoury, 
 now one of the most interesting of the contents of 
 the castle, under the charge of Mr. Guy leaking, 
 the King's Armourer. 
 
 But the improvement which will be always most 
 intimately associated with the name of Charles II. 
 is the planting of the stately avenue leading from 
 the south side of the castle to Snow Hill in the Great 
 Park, and known by the name of the Long Walk. 
 Tliis still magnificent approach to the great gate 
 is close upon three miles in length, formed of two 
 double lines of elms. It was begun in 1680, and 
 lands then in private hands along its route were 
 purcliased for the Crown at an expense of £1,240.
 
 THE STUART TIIVIES 85 
 
 It has suffered naturally from age and decay, but is 
 under constant supervision, and new and vigorous 
 substitutes are continually replacing the fallen trees. 
 There are few more beautiful forest scenes than are to 
 be found in the woods and glades of the Great Park, 
 where are herds of fallow deer in great number, and 
 where the red deer thrive and rear their magnificent 
 heads above the bracken. Some of these can hardly 
 be surpassed in spread and number of points ; some- 
 times as many as eighteen points have been counted 
 on one head. The long vista from the castle gates 
 ends at Snow Hill, a lofty mound nearly three miles 
 away, the summit of which is crowned by a colossal 
 equestrian statue of George III., erected to his 
 memory by his son George IV. It is of bronze, 
 and is known locally as 'the copper horse.' From 
 the mound behind the statue the finest view of the 
 castle is to be obtained. Its whole vast length 
 from the Victoria Tower to the Curfew Tower, 
 below St. George's Chapel, can be seen rising over 
 the glades and stately trees of the forest ; and 
 when the sun's evening rays throw a warm and 
 rosy glow over the old grey walls and towers, the 
 sight, once seen, can never be effaced from the 
 memory. 
 
 The reign of James II. is chiefly memorable,
 
 86 WINDSOR 
 
 as far as Windsor is concerned, for the reception 
 of the Pope's Legate, and the subsequent riotous 
 proceedings which resulted in the wrecking of 
 the Wolsey Chapel. Hence in 1688 William of 
 Orange despatched to his father-in-law the memor- 
 able letter which caused that misguided monarch to 
 abandon his kingdom. 
 
 William after his accession to the throne spent but 
 little of his time at Windsor. Hampton Court was 
 his favourite abode in the country, and in Kensing- 
 ton Palace as well may be seen evidence of the 
 stately mode of life which he led in this country, but 
 to which he had none of the real attachment which 
 he felt for his own flat pastures and long dykes of 
 Holland. He contemplated, and had designs made 
 by Wren for a thorough transformation of the Upper 
 Ward, which would have wrought in it havoc 
 equal to that committed in the time of Charles H. 
 This, however, was fortunately never accomplished, 
 and the old walls were left to gradual decay. IMuch, 
 however, was done in the Little or Home Park, 
 where the whole circuit towards Datchet was en- 
 closed by a brick wall, traces of which can still be 
 seen near the Victoria Bridge. This did away with 
 the Datchet mead immortalized by Shakespeare, 
 and witli the old racecourse where, as may be seen
 
 THE STUART TIMES 87 
 
 in an old print, Charles II. was wont to exercise 
 his running horses. 
 
 Queen Anne during her twelve years' reign 
 resided much in the castle. It had sad memories 
 for her, for here, two years before she ascended the 
 throne, her only surviving son and heir, William, 
 Duke of Gloucester, had died after a very short ill- 
 ness, at the age of twelve. He was a boy of much 
 promise, and his early death caused widespread 
 sorrow and anxiety, as the Act of Settlement had 
 to be altered, and the inheritance of the crown 
 vested in the Princess Sophia, Electress of Han- 
 over, and her descendants. 
 
 Much was done by Anne in improving her 
 favourite residence, but of her work in the castle 
 itself nothing remains. The double approach on the 
 East Terrace has disappeared, and so has the great 
 staircase, with its paintings by Sir James Thornhill ; 
 but the memory of the Queen is kept green by the 
 noble avenue which she planted in the Great Park, 
 still known as Queen Anne's Ride. She also began 
 the laying out of a great Dutch garden in the 
 Home Park below the North Terrace, traces of 
 which can yet be discerned when the turf is dry in 
 the summer. The plan, however, was never carried 
 out, as the work was interrupted by flood, and
 
 88 WINDSOR 
 
 the Queen's Hanoverian successors preferred the 
 grass, where they pursued the hares which ranged 
 freely over the pastures and through the leafy 
 avenues. A bridge also was built over the Thames 
 at Datchet, which remained for some years a fruit- 
 ful source of dispute, till it was destroyed in the 
 reign of Queen Victoria, when the present Victoria 
 and Albert Bridges superseded it. 
 
 Within the castle one room still retains the name 
 of Queen Anne's Closet. This is in the turret 
 of Henry VII. 's building, now occupied by the 
 library. Here Her Majesty was sitting at tea with 
 Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, when the news 
 was brought of the great victory of Blenheim, 
 by a note from the Duke, a facsimile of which 
 hangs in the room. And here, till the altera- 
 tions under George IV., was deposited the silken 
 standard emblazoned with the lilies of France 
 which is given every year by the Dukes of 
 Marlborough on the anniversary of the battle, in 
 return for their tenure of the Manor of Woodstock. 
 A marble bust of the Queen, surrounded by 
 several of these standards, is placed in the room. 
 Another effigy, full length, adorns a niche on the 
 north side of the Town Hall, placed there in 1707, 
 when one Chapman was INIayor ; under it is a
 
 THE STUART TIMES 89 
 
 somewhat ludicrous Latin inscription. Prince 
 George of Denmark, in the habit of a Roman 
 warrior, was placed by Sir Christoplier AVren in 
 1713 in a similar niche on the south side, and this 
 statue is one of the few memorials of that worthy 
 but stolid Lord High Admiral. 
 
 12
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 
 THE GEORGIAN PERIOD 
 
 Windsor saw little of the first two Sovereigns of 
 the House of Brunswick. George I. and his 
 successor preferred Hampton Court and Kensington. 
 Fitful visits were paid at intervals in connexion 
 with the ceremonies of installation of Knights of 
 the Garter, but there was no permanent residence 
 of the Sovereign, and the progress of decay was 
 barely arrested by the parsimonious attempts at 
 repair. Complaints of the state of the buildings 
 from those who had ' lodgings ' in the castle were 
 frequent, and in the reign of George III., who was 
 much attached to the place and desired to live 
 there with his family, the state of the building was 
 found to be so unsuitable that a new building was 
 erected on the south side of the castle opposite the 
 main entrance, which was finished in 1782, and 
 called the Queen's Lodge. It was a mean and 
 plain building, and is shown in the prints of the 
 time, representing the royal family in their solemn 
 
 90
 
 THE GEORGIAN PERIOD 91 
 
 perambulation of the terrace. It was in tliis 
 building that Miss Burney, afterwards Madame 
 d'Arblay, lodged during the time she was in attend- 
 ance on Queen Charlotte. From this unpretentious 
 home the King went to chapel in the castle or to 
 attend the councils, and other business which was 
 transacted in the ancient chambers. The chapel of 
 Charles II. was in bad repair, and stalls and pews 
 were fitted in the King's Guard Chamber, now 
 transformed into the grand Reception Room. 
 
 It was in 1800 that George III. began the restora- 
 tion of the castle, and entrusted the direction of the 
 work to Mr. James Wyatt, who, in the reign of his 
 successor, made the colossal alterations which have 
 given to Windsor the renown which it now enjoys. 
 To George III. is due the substitution of Gothic 
 windows for the hideous work of Sir Christopher 
 Wren, in the State apartments and in the south 
 front, and an attempt, somewhat feeble, at im- 
 proving the ghastly monstrosity of the Star build- 
 ing. Some of the work of this period still remains 
 in the interior, and was incorporated in the more 
 comprehensive scheme of George IV. 
 
 But, although the work of reconstruction was 
 thus begun by George III., it is not in the 
 buildings done that the material improvements 
 
 12—2
 
 92 WINDSOR 
 
 made in the reign of this Sovereign are to be traced. 
 He enclosed the forest, settled its boundaries, and 
 the disputes which naturally ensued on such great 
 changes of occupation ; he established the two farms 
 known as the Norfolk and Flemish farms, to the 
 cultivation of which he devoted much time and 
 personal attention. He introduced into the country 
 the merino sheep, in order to improve the wool of 
 the native breeds, and showed altogether a more 
 than ordinary interest in the promotion and welfare 
 of the agriculture of his kingdom. Under the 
 advice of Dr. Johnson he collected the finest private 
 library which had ever been formed, now one of 
 the glories of the British IMuseum, and brought 
 together from all quarters, particularly from Italy, 
 great stores of works of art in drawings and en- 
 gravings, whicli are still preserved at Windsor. 
 He purchased the whole of the great collection of 
 Consul Smith, the representative at Venice of 
 Great Britain, to which belong the magnificent 
 and unique series of the paintings of Antonio 
 Canaletto, and the collection of engraved gems, 
 which are conspicuous among the varied treasures 
 of art in the castle. Here it was his desire to live 
 the retired life of a country gentleman, as far as 
 was consistent witli liis pubHc duties, and during
 
 THE GEORGIAN PERIOD 93 
 
 the wild epoch and ferment of the French Ilevohi- 
 tion he with his Queen set a standard of domestic 
 purity, the tradition of which lasted long, and with- 
 out this the long and glorious reign of his grand- 
 daughter might never have been. 
 
 ' But evil things in robes of sorrow 
 Assailed that monarch's high estate :' 
 
 domestic grief and trouble, political anxiety and 
 national misfortunes came with repeated shocks 
 upon his mental powers, failing with advancing 
 years, and at the last he was confined to his own 
 rooms in the castle hopelessly insane. These rooms 
 were on the lower floor overlooking the North 
 Terrace. Here he would wander restlessly, his sole 
 solace being the music of an organ, always his 
 favourite instrument, and here in 1820 he died. 
 Many interesting and many pathetic details of his 
 life and conversation at Windsor are to be found in 
 the diary of that very self-conscious old maid, 
 Fanny Burney, who was for a few years in the 
 household of the Queen, and whose prattle is of 
 value, as throwing a light on the manners and 
 customs of the Court and its hangers-on. She gives 
 us details, which are of value for the history of 
 Windsor, and the different places of abode of the
 
 94 WINDSOR 
 
 royal family and others. We hear of the Lower 
 Lodge, formerly the house of the Duke of St. 
 Albans, a portion of which is still preserved in the 
 Koyal JMews, as the home of the younger princesses, 
 and of the house granted by the King to JNIrs. 
 Delaney, now not to be identified, but probably 
 one of the destroyed dwellings which lined the 
 approach from the town. 
 
 Of the general appearance of the castle and 
 town at this date many views exist, particularly in 
 the work of Paul Sandby, who was in the house- 
 hold of the King, and was one of the original 
 members of the Royal Academy, the foundation of 
 which is due to George III. His drawings, many 
 of which he repeated in aquatint, show the old 
 houses which in living memory still lined the ditch 
 on Castle Hill and Thames Street as far as the 
 hundred steps, and they give accurate details of 
 much of the castle, which late improvements have 
 swept away. Of the work done in this reign in 
 St. George's Chapel an account has been previously 
 given. One of the most important additions to it 
 was the construction beneath the Wolsey Chapel 
 of the Royal Vault. Here George HI., his Queen 
 Charlotte, and many members of the family have 
 been buried.
 
 CHURCH STREET, LOOKING SOUTH 
 
 St. John's, the parish church, is seen over the houses. 
 Nell Gwynne's house is here the furthest of the near 
 red houses foreshortened on the left.
 
 
 fit 
 
 
 *t. 
 
 mill
 
 THE GEORGIAN PERIOD 95 
 
 In this reign the mansion of Frogmore was 
 bought for Queen Charlotte, who frequently resided 
 there, and after her death it became the favourite 
 residence of Princess Augusta. In later times it 
 was occupied by the Duchess of Kent, who died 
 there, and to her memory a stately mausoleum has 
 been erected in the grounds. It was afterwards 
 tenanted by Prince and Princess Christian, who 
 now occupy Cumberland Lodge, in the Great Park. 
 Frogmore has now been assigned as a residence to 
 the Prince and Princess of Wales. 
 
 George IV., before his accession to the throne, 
 had, as Regent, taken much interest in the work of 
 restoration which had been begun by his father. 
 In 1823 he took up his residence in the castle, 
 and determined on a thorough renewal of the 
 whole fabric, which by long neglect and imperfect 
 repairs in former reigns had become not only 
 inconvenient as a royal residence, but was abso- 
 lutely dangerous, roofs, floors, and foundations 
 being rotten and decayed. Commissioners were 
 appointed and plans submitted to them. One 
 proposal at the time was seriously urged to destroy 
 the whole of the ancient building, level the site, 
 and on it erect a kind of magnified Parthenon, 
 in a less ' barbarous ' style than the Gothic, so
 
 96 WINDSOR 
 
 loathed by the dilettante critics of the time. For- 
 tunately, the plans of Mr. Wyatt were finally 
 adopted, and these have been since carried out in 
 their entu*ety. 
 
 Wyatt, who for his service was knighted as Sir 
 JefFry Wyatville, was commissioned to carry into 
 effect such repairs and alterations as were then, 
 in 1824, contemplated. For this the House of 
 Commons granted a sum of £300,000. At first 
 the alterations were confined to the south and east 
 sides, where the small and inconvenient chambers, 
 which had been devoted to official uses, were made 
 into a series of stately rooms, fitted for the purposes 
 of reception and entertainment of guests, and for 
 the suitable lodging of the royal family. The whole 
 of these old thoroughfare rooms are now united 
 by a great corridor 550 feet in length, which, besides 
 giving the necessary communication between the 
 suites of rooms, has become a splendid gallery of 
 art, where pictures and other treasures can be seen 
 in all their beauty. Thus a range of private apart- 
 ments has been obtained, while the renovated state- 
 rooms of Charles II. can be used as lodgings for 
 crowned heads when they visit the castle in full 
 state, for ceremonies, such as weddings, investitures, 
 and theatrical entertainments, and at other times
 
 RIVER STREET 
 
 Not the least picturesque street in Windsor, Nearly 
 all the houses on the left side have been demolished 
 for street improvements. The lodging-houses on the 
 right are still standing. Behind the spectator the 
 roadway goes down to the margin of the river.
 
 THE GEORGIAN PERIOD 97 
 
 can be shown to the public as the abode of the 
 Sovereign of the realm. On some days as many 
 as 10,000 visitors have passed through the rooms, 
 which have lately, by order of His Majesty, been 
 made far more attractive than they have been 
 hitherto. 
 
 It is impossible in the limits of the present 
 volume to give a description of these rooms in 
 detail. There are many local guide-books which 
 contain a catalogue of the works of art there 
 exhibited. One particular subject may be here 
 briefly noticed — that is, the wealth of splendid fur- 
 niture and tapestry with which they are decorated. 
 When the renovation of the fabric was approaching 
 completion it was found that there was a grievous 
 lack of furniture to fill the enlarged and brilliant 
 chambers. Carlton House supplied much, but more 
 was needed, and the splendid contents of palaces 
 and castles which then came into the market, 
 through ruin of thrones and great houses in the 
 Napoleonic wars, were largely piu'chased by the 
 Regent and his advisers for sums which now seem 
 absurdly trifling. One cabinet, for instance, was 
 bought for under £1,000, and is now valued at 
 more than eighty times that sum. The great 
 series of tapestries representing the history of 
 
 13
 
 98 WINDSOR 
 
 Jason and the Golden Fleece, and the history of 
 Esther and Ahasuerus, some of the finest work of 
 Gobelin manufacture, were acquired at this time. 
 Of ancient furniture only a small quantity could 
 be retained. Nearly all had been destroyed and 
 broken at the time when the castle was used more 
 like a barrack by a crowd of lodgers, who, with 
 little or no right, sheltei'ed themselves in its 
 melancholy and deserted chambers. What was 
 left was sold by auction, but it was of little value, 
 and the antiquary can find little to attract him in 
 this field. It is far different with the pictures. 
 Though most of the finest of the great gallery 
 collected by Charles 1. was disposed of by the 
 rebels, yet much was left and some regained. In 
 one room are still preserved four-and-twenty of Van 
 Dyck's superb portraits, a number unequalled in 
 any single room in the world. They hang in 
 what was formerly the Queen's ball-room, erected 
 for Catharine of Braganza, wife of Charles II., 
 and now, with the exception of the ceiling, in 
 much the same condition as when it was used 
 by that Queen. Two Imndred years after this 
 it was used as a drawin^^-room and filled with 
 guests of Her Majesty Queen Alexandra. In 
 the room adjoining, with other notable pictures,
 
 THE GEORGIAN PERIOD 99 
 
 hang four masterpieces of Hans Holbein, and 
 a most interesting portrait group representing 
 Guidobaldo of Urbino in the robes of the 
 Garter, of which he was made a companion by 
 Henry VII. The picture is by Melozzo da ForH, 
 and comes from the hbrary of the ancient palace 
 at Urbino. 
 
 But the outside of the castle exhibits in its 
 outlines and appearance more fully the wonderful 
 cliange which marks the work of this reign. On 
 the south side the ancient entrance of the time of 
 Henry II. was blocked up, and a new and stately 
 approach designed as a culmination to the splendid 
 avenue of the I^ong Walk. Gardens and buildings 
 were swept away, and the roadway continued to the 
 towers named Lancaster and York, the latter of 
 Norman date, through which royalty alone enters 
 the quadrangle. Another approach for ordinary 
 traffic was made by the new St. George's Gate, 
 which carries the gallery to the Round Tower by 
 the side of the Devil's Tower. The old curtain 
 wall between this and Henry III. 's Tower was then 
 rebuilt on a different plan. All vestiges on the 
 outside of windows of classical or amorphous 
 design were replaced by others whose details were, 
 as far as possible, modelled after the early original 
 
 13—2
 
 100 WINDSOR 
 
 work, and uniformity was thus impressed upon 
 the whole. To give grandeur to the new 
 elevation, the mass of the keep was raised by 
 fifty feet, and round the east front the terraces 
 were continued, enclosing a garden with a central 
 fountain. 
 
 These great works took a long time to execute, 
 and were still unfinished when the King died. He 
 Hved for some years in a Lodge which he had built 
 for himself in the Great Park, but was keenly 
 interested in the progress of the building, the 
 completion of which he was not destined to 
 see. 
 
 His successor, William IV., continued the works 
 according to the plans which had been passed in 
 the late reign. He will be principally remembered 
 by the formation of the present Royal I^ibrary. 
 When he first as Sovereign visited the castle, on 
 entering what was then the room where the 
 beauties of Charles II.'s Court were displayed, he 
 said, ' I am the only Sovereign in Europe without 
 a library, and these rooms shall be mine.' This 
 was accordingly done, and Henry V II.'s room 
 and the Elizabeth Gallery are now occupied with 
 the collection which successive librarians have 
 laboured to make worthy of the royal house. The
 
 THE GEORGIAN PERIOD 101 
 
 great library of George III. had been handed 
 over to the British Museum, but the Carlton 
 House library and other smaller scattered collections 
 were brought together, and, with additions of later 
 years, form now a splendid collection of about 
 150,000 volumes. With these are incorporated 
 the valuable drawings of old masters, and the 
 engravings to the collection of which George III. 
 had devoted much attention and much money. 
 Of the value of these, it may be sufficient to say 
 that nowhere else can the drawings of Holbein, of 
 Michael Angelo, and of Leonardo da Vinci be 
 studied in greater number or perfection. The 
 collection of portrait miniatures, which may be 
 said to be of inestimable value, has lately been 
 removed from the library and placed in rooms 
 more easily accessible to the guests of His 
 Majesty. 
 
 William IV. lived during his reign entirely at 
 Windsor, no other royal residence being at the 
 time available, and hence he would drive to 
 London for levees and other engagements at 
 St. James's and the Houses of Parliament. In 
 his time the Waterloo Gallery was finished, which 
 gave the space needed for the gallery of portraits, 
 by Sir Thomas Lawrence, of the Sovereigns and
 
 102 WINDSOR 
 
 Statesmen who took part in the Congress of 
 Vienna. 
 
 13y the report of a Committee of the House of 
 Commons in 1831, it was found that the total 
 expenditure for building and for furnishing 
 amounted to £1,184,170 9s. 2d.
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 
 THE LATE REIGN 
 
 When Queen Victoria ascended the throne after 
 her uncle's death in 1839 the alterations to the 
 castle were practically complete, but for a royal 
 abode one element was lacking — a suitable extent 
 of ground for recreation and privacy. The Home 
 Park immediately surrounding the castle was 
 intersected by a public road, and by various paths 
 also open to all, and it was not for some time that 
 this inconvenience could be remedied. In fact, it 
 was not till 1850 that the Home Park was brought 
 to its present condition. This was facilitated by 
 the necessity of providing access by rail to the 
 town. The Great Western Railway obtained 
 access to the immediate vicinity of the castle by 
 their station in Thames Street, and the South 
 Western Railway was, after considerable dis- 
 cussion, permitted to approach the town through 
 the royal domain. This occasioned much alteration 
 in the Home Park and the neighbourhood. Datchet 
 
 103
 
 104 WINDSOR 
 
 Bridge was destroyed, and in its place two iron 
 bridges were erected, and a new road made in 
 connexion with them through that village and 
 through the northern part of the Home Park into 
 Windsor. This last separated some seventy-five 
 acres from the castle domain, and by the desire of 
 Queen V^ictoria this space was thrown open to the 
 public as a recreation ground — a great boon to the 
 inhabitants of the borough, as formerly the only 
 place open for cricket and other games was the 
 Brocas Meadow on the Eton side of the river. 
 Now it may be safely said that no town has a more 
 beautiful or finer public park than this. The 
 Home Park itself is now entirely enclosed by a 
 ring-fence. In it are the mansion of Frogmore, 
 the Shaw Farm and Dairy, and the royal gardens, 
 which are now established on a scale commensurate 
 with the needs which they have to serve. On the 
 river side, the old wall of AVilliam III. has been 
 removed ; the towing-path is reserved for traction 
 solely of river traffic. 
 
 In 1843 a kennel was built in the grounds 
 between the castle and Frogmore, but this has 
 lately been disestablished. In the grounds of 
 Frogmore Queen \^ictoria erected a sumptuous 
 and ornate mausoleum as the resting-place of the
 
 WESTWARD VIEW FROM THE NORTH 
 TERRACE 
 
 A VERY extensive view opens out before the spectator 
 from the North Terrace. It reaches from the Henley 
 hills in the west to Harrov/ in the east. On the left 
 are seen Ashley Hill, near Maidenhead, and the other 
 heights which rise between there and Henley. More 
 in the centre are the Cliveden Woods and the ("ook- 
 ham Valley. The Wycombe Hills are seen in the far 
 distance on the right. 
 
 The Brocas, which is the name of the great public 
 riverside meadow in the middle distance, adjoins 
 Eton, the houses of which are seen below on the other 
 side of the Thames. 
 
 The Great Western Railway is carried on arches 
 across the fields for some way between Windsor and 
 Slough, to allow the water to pass through in times of 
 flood.
 
 THE LATE REIGN 105 
 
 Prince Consort and of herself. It was built from 
 designs by Professor Grimer, and contains, under 
 a lofty dome, the marble sarcophagus in which lie 
 side by side the coffins of the Queen and the Prince 
 Consort. Four angels in bronze, the work of 
 Baron Marochetti, kneel at the corners of the 
 tomb, on which lie the marble effigies of the 
 husband and wife in their last sleep. The floor 
 and walls are of rich polished marbles, and are also 
 decorated with frescoes of sacred subjects. In one 
 of the side-arms of this cruciform building is a 
 memorial tomb to the Princess Alice, Grand 
 Duchess of Hesse, whose pathetic death, caused 
 by her devoted attention to her sick child, evoked 
 such widespread sorrow and sympathy. Hard by, 
 surmounting a lofty mound, is the mausoleum of 
 the Duchess of Kent, also erected by Queen 
 Victoria. These two stately tombs are not ac- 
 cessible to the public in general. In memory of 
 the Prince Consort, Queen Victoria ordered the 
 chapel, long known as the AVolsey Chapel, to be 
 richly decorated with mosaic and marble, and here 
 placed a noble cenotaph to her husband, to whose 
 memory it was solemnly dedicated as ' the Albert 
 Memorial Chapel.' 
 
 Queen \^ictoria lived at Windsor constantly, 
 
 14
 
 106 WINDSOR 
 
 and after her bereavement used the castle as her 
 residence near the capital, only visiting London 
 for brief periods when her presence was necessary 
 for state purposes. Here she habitually spent four 
 months of the year ; the other eight were given to 
 her own private domains of Osborne and Balmoral. 
 The castle, therefore, after a long period of neglect, 
 became again the centre of Court life and the 
 scene of many historical receptions and pageants. 
 The space of a volume would be insufficient to 
 record a tithe of these, but some are of too great 
 interest to be omitted. Among them may be 
 mentioned the visit of Louis Philippe and his 
 Queen, who were lodged in the castle in state, 
 and whose visit was shortly after returned by the 
 Queen, who, with the Prince Consort, made a 
 journey to France, and were entertained by the 
 French monarch at tlie Chateau d'Eu — the first 
 time an English Sovereign had set foot on French 
 soil since Henry VKI. met Francis L at the Field 
 of the Cloth of Gold. King Louis Philippe, 
 when a guest at the castle, was formally invested 
 with the order of the Garter, in full Chapter, by 
 the Sovereign, the first ceremonial of the kind 
 which had been held for many years. And here 
 it may be interesting to note that the only other
 
 THE LATE REIGN 107 
 
 full Chapter held by Queen Victoria in the Throne 
 Room in the castle was also for the investiture of 
 a French Sovereign, the Emperor Napoleon III., 
 who was made a Companion of the Order after 
 the Crimean War. Both these French Sovereigns 
 afterwards died as exiles in this country. The 
 King of Sardinia was invested personally in the 
 castle by Queen Victoria with the Garter, but it 
 does not appear that the Order was conferred with 
 the same stately ceremony. 
 
 The Queen was from early years a great lover 
 of the drama, and frequently enjoyed performances 
 in the castle, where the room known as the Rubens 
 Room was fitted up as a private theatre. After 
 the death of the Prince Consort a long interval 
 elapsed before these performances were resumed. 
 Of late years, however, they have been given in 
 the Waterloo Gallery, where a stage of much 
 larger dimensions could be erected and more 
 guests entertained. These performances have been 
 continued during the present reign. 
 
 The castle has been the scene of the marriages 
 of many members of the Royal Family. Here His 
 present Majesty and Queen Alexandra were united, 
 as were the Duke and Duchess of Connaught, the 
 Duke and Duchess of Albany, and the Princess 
 
 14—2
 
 108 WINDSOR 
 
 I^iOuise with the JNIarquess of Lome, now Duke of 
 Argyll. Of royal funerals, too, the historic chapel 
 has many sad memories, including not only that 
 of the lamented and early lost Prince Consort, but 
 the more recent and pathetic obsequies of Queen 
 Victoria, a scene never to be forgotten by those 
 who witnessed it. Her memory is kept alive 
 by a bronze statue, erected by the inhabitants of 
 the town and neighbourhood at the foot of the 
 Castle Hill, designed by Sir Edgar Boehm. 
 
 Few^ structural alterations were made in the 
 castle in the long reign of Queen Victoria, the 
 most important being the building of a new grand 
 staircase in place of that designed by Wyatville. 
 It filled the space occupied by the old brick court, 
 and its heavily traceried windows have com- 
 pletely obscured the fine old state dining-room of 
 Charles II., one of the most richly decorated rooms 
 existing of that period. Another work was the 
 restoration of the Curfew Tower, the chai-acter of 
 which was entirely changed by the conical roof of 
 new design placed upon it in place of the ancient 
 belfry. Both of these were the work of Anthony 
 Salvin. A more praiseworthy restoration was that 
 of the old liorse-shoe cloisters built by Edward IV. 
 as dwelhngs for the lay clerks. These had been
 
 ENTRANCE TO THE HORSESHOE 
 CLOISTERS 
 
 So called because they were built by Edward IV. in 
 plan like a horseshoe, or, more correctly, like the 
 fetterlock, one of the royal badges.
 
 * 
 
 i
 
 THE LATE REIGN 109 
 
 allowed to fall into sad disrepair, but have been 
 carefully reconstructed by Sir Gilbert Scott, who 
 has preserved in them and some of the adjacent 
 buildings a specimen of the fine brickwork of pre- 
 Tudor times. At the same time the crowded and 
 unsightly houses which had been allowed to 
 encroach upon the walls of the chapel were re- 
 moved, and its precincts are now well ordered and 
 seemly. 
 
 Thus the castle, restored and garnished, stands 
 on its lofty site, the finest and most magnificent 
 palace tenanted by any Sovereign in the world, 
 proud in its antiquity and grand traditions, and 
 rich in its memories of Kings, Queens, and nobles, 
 and with promise of no less renown under the rule 
 of His Most Gracious Majesty King Edward VII., 
 whom may God long preserve.
 
 INDEX 
 
 AiNSWORTH, Harrison, 'Windsor 
 
 Castle,' 69 
 Albany, Duke of, monument to, 
 
 52 
 Albert Bridge, 88 
 Albert Chapel, 50 
 Albert Memorial Chapel, 105 
 Alexander, Emperor of Russia, 
 
 12 
 Alice, Princess, memorial tomb 
 
 to, 105 
 Alamayu, son of Theodore, Em- 
 peror of Abyssinia, 48 
 ' Alms or Poor Knights,' 66 
 Angelo, Michael, drawings of, 
 
 101 
 Anne, Queen, 87 
 
 marble bust of, 88 
 Anne's, Queen, Closet, 88 
 
 ride, 87 
 Ascham, 69 
 Ashmole's ' History of the Order 
 
 of the Garter,' 20 
 Austria, Ferdinand, Archduke of, 
 
 46 
 Austria, PhiUp the Fair, Archduke 
 
 of, 53 
 
 Beauchamp, Richard, Bishop of 
 
 Sahsbury, 33, 43 
 Beaufort, Cardinal, 29 
 Beaufort Chapel, 47 
 Beaufort, Lady Joan, 28 
 Bedford, the first Earl of, 54 
 Blue Garter, Knights of the, 16 
 
 Boehm, Sir Edgar, 52 
 
 bronze statue of Queen 
 
 Victoria executed by, 108 
 figure of the Hon. and Rev. 
 Gerald Wellesley by, 49 
 Boleyn, Anne, ghost of, 55 
 Brandon, Charles, Duke of Suf- 
 folk, tomb of, 44 
 Braun's ' Civitates Orbis Ter- 
 
 rarum,' 66 
 Braye Chapel, 45 
 Braye, Richai'd, 45 
 Braye, Sir Reginald, 45, 49 
 Burney, Miss Fanny, 91 
 diary of, 93 
 
 Canaletto, Antonio, paintings of, 
 
 92 
 Carlton House Library, 101 
 Castle, Constable of the, 84 
 Castle, earliest existing bird's-eye 
 view of, 73 
 marx'iages at, 107 
 Norden's map of, 57 
 plan of, 63 
 survey of, 73 
 Paul Hentzer's account of, 
 
 73 
 Queen Victoria's residence 
 
 at, 106 
 royal funerals at, 108 
 the, cost of rebuilding and 
 
 furnishing, 102 
 view of, by George Hofnagle, 
 67 
 
 111
 
 112 
 
 WINDSOR 
 
 Castle, views of, by Paul Sandby, 
 
 94 
 Ceilings painted by Verrio, 80 
 Chapel of Henry III., 9 
 
 of St. George, 33 
 Chapter House, the, 49 
 Charles I., 75 
 
 a prisoner, 77 
 discovery of his coffin, 42 
 funeral of, 40 
 tomb of, 39, 41 
 Wren's design for proposed 
 mausoleum, 42 
 Charles II., 20, 79, 84 
 Charles II. 's Elm Avenue, 12 
 Charles V., Emperor of German}'-, 
 
 46, 56 
 Charles the Bold, 36 
 Charlotte, Princess, monument to, 
 48 
 Queen, 91 
 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 26 
 Christian IV. of Denmark, 74 
 Christian Victor, Prince of Schles- 
 
 wig-Holstein, 47 
 Clarence, Duke of, monument to, 
 
 52 
 College of St. George, 18 
 Consort, Prince, 51, 52 
 cenotaph of, 52 
 window in St. George's 
 
 Chapel, 38 
 Wolsey Chapel in memory of, 
 105 
 Constable of the Castle, 84 
 Cromwell, 77, 78 
 Curfew or Clewer Towers, 7 
 Curfew Tower, restoration of the, 
 
 108 
 Curtain wall rebuilt, 99 
 
 d'Adda, Monsignor Ferdinand, 
 
 51 
 d'Arbley, Madame. See Burney 
 Datchet Bridge, destruction of, 
 
 103, 104 
 David, King of Scotland, 15 
 Dean and Chap, of St. George's, 9 
 
 Deanery, the, 7 
 Dean's Cloister, 10 
 Denmark, Christian IV. of, 74 
 Prince George of, statue of, 
 89 
 Devil's Tower, 29 
 Due, VioUet le, 8 
 Dutch Garden, the, 87 
 
 East Terrace, 68 
 
 Edward III., 14 
 
 Edward III.'s Chapel, 20, 21 
 
 Tower, 57 
 Edward IV., 9, 33, 43, 63, 108 
 screen of, in St. George's 
 
 Chapel, 42 
 tomb of, 38 
 Edward IV.'s Chapel, 21 
 Edward VII., marriage of, with 
 
 Queen Alexandra, 42 
 Edward the Black Prince, mar- 
 riage of, 23 
 Edward the Confessor, 1 
 Edward, Duke of Kent, tomb of, 
 
 47 
 Edward, Earl of Lincoln, tomb of, 
 
 43 
 EUzabeth, Queen, 67, 69 
 Elizabeth Gallery, 67, 100 
 Emperor Alexander of Russia, 
 
 12 
 Emperor Charles V., 56 
 Emperor Frederick of Germany, 
 
 statue by Boehm, 43 
 Emperor Napoleon III., invested 
 with the Order of the 
 Garter, 107 
 grave of, 62 
 
 willow from the grave of, 
 63 
 Eton Chapel, 34 
 Eton, foundation of the college of, 
 
 30 
 Evelyn, John, 82 
 
 Fairfax, 77 
 Falstaff, 69 
 Feast of St. George, 26
 
 INDEX 
 
 113 
 
 Ferdinand, Archduke, of Austria, 
 
 46 
 Filmer, martyrdom of, 61 
 Forest of Windsor, 21 
 Fortescue, Sir Edward, 76 
 Foxe and his ' Acts and Monu- 
 ments,' 57 
 Foxe's 'Book of Martyrs,' 1576, 
 
 view of Windsor Castle in, 61 
 Francis I., King of France, 46 
 Frederick of Germany, Emperor, 
 
 statue by Boehm, 43 
 Frogmore, 95 
 
 Mausoleum, 104 
 
 Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, 
 
 and his six articles, 57 
 Garter Inn, 81 
 Garter, Knights of the, 37 
 Order of the, 14, 35 
 
 changes by Edward VI., 
 
 64 
 and the Church of Home, 
 63 
 • Garter-plates,' 36 
 George I., 90 
 George III., 51, 90 
 
 drawings and engravings in 
 
 the collection of, 101 
 equestrian statue of, 85 
 library of, 101 
 George IV., 5, 83, 95 
 
 collection of books and art 
 
 treasures, 92 
 
 George, late King of Hanover, 
 
 monument of, executed by 
 
 Count Gleichen, 49 
 
 George, Prince, of Denmark, 
 
 statue of, 89 
 German Emperor, William I., 
 
 37 
 Germany, Charles V., Emperor 
 
 of, 46 
 Gibbons, Grinling, 80 
 Gilbert, 52 
 
 Gleichen, Count, monument of 
 George, King of Hanover, exe- 
 cuted by, 49 
 
 Gloucester, William, Duke of, 
 
 death of, 87 
 Gobelin tapestries, 98 
 Goodman, Dr., 75 
 Governor of the Military Knights, 7 
 Gray and the ' Elegy,' 8, 34 
 Gray's home at Stolic, 8 
 Great Park, the, 11, 21 
 Gruner, Professor, designs for 
 
 Frogmore Mausoleum, 105 
 
 Harrison, Major-General, 39 
 Hastings Chantry, the, 49 
 Hedsor, 2 
 
 Henrietta Maria, Queen, minia- 
 tures of, by Peter Oliver, 75 
 Henry II., 3', 4 
 Henry II. 's Gateway, 4 
 Henry III., 3, 6, 9, 49 
 
 Windsor in the time of, 12, 13 
 Henry III. 's Chapel, 9, 42 
 
 Tower, 3, 7, 83 
 Henry IV., 26 
 Henry V., 26 
 Henry VI., birth of, 30 
 
 death of, 30 
 
 disposal of body of, 31 
 
 resting-place of, 44 
 Henry VII., 31, 53 
 Henry VII.'s room, 100 
 
 Tower, 67 
 Henry VIII., 7, 42, 55 
 
 interment of, 50 
 
 will of, 62 
 Henry, Prince of Wales, installed 
 
 Ivnight of the Garter, 73 
 Hentzer, Paul, account of the 
 
 castle, 73 
 Heme the hunter, 68 
 Ilofnagle, George, view of the 
 
 castle, 67 
 Holbein, Hans, drawings of, 101 
 
 masterpieces of, 99 
 Hollar, engravings by, 20 
 Home Park, the, 11, 103 
 Horseshoe Cloisters, restoration of, 
 
 108 
 Horton, Milton's home at, 11 
 
 15
 
 114 
 
 WINDSOR 
 
 Ireton, 77 
 
 Isabella, daughter of Edward III., 
 
 marriage of, 23 
 Isabella, Queen, 26, 54 
 
 James II., 51, 85 
 James I. of Scotland, 26 
 James V. of Scotland, 37 
 James VI. of Scotland, 72 
 Jane Seymour, Queen, 50 i 
 John, Iving, 5 
 
 Kuig of France, 15 
 Johnson, Dr., 92 
 
 Kent, Duchess of, mausoleum of, 
 
 105 
 Kent, Edward, Duke of, tomb of, 
 
 47 
 Kmg Arthur's Knights of the 
 
 Round Table, 16 
 King Leopold, statue of, by 
 
 Boehm, 48 
 King, Oliver, Chantrv of, 45 
 ' King's Quair, The,' 27 
 Knight of the Blue Garter, 16 
 of the Garter, 37 
 
 installation of Henry, 
 
 Prince of Wales as, 7 
 King Philip's installation 
 as, 55 
 
 Lancaster Towers, 5 
 
 Lawrence, Sir Thomas, portraits 
 
 of, 101 
 Lincoln Chapel, 43 
 Long Walk, 12 
 
 planting of the, 84 
 TiOuis Philippe and his Queen, 
 
 visit of, 106 
 Ijower Lodge, 94 
 
 Ward, 3, 6, 15, 18, 55, 73, 78 
 
 Magna Charta, 5 
 Magna Charta Island, 6 
 Maid of Honour's Garden, 28 
 
 Tower, 29, 57 
 Manners, Sir George (Lord Pioos), 
 alabaster tomb of, 49 
 
 Marbeck, ' Concordance of the 
 
 Bible,' 61 
 Marlborough, Sarah, Duchess of, 
 
 88 
 Marochetti's, Baron, angels in 
 
 bronze, 105 
 Marriage of Edward, the Black 
 Prince, 23 
 of Isabella, daughter of Ed- 
 ward IIL, 23 
 of King Edward with Queen 
 Alexandra, 42 
 Marriages at the castle, 107 
 Mary, Queen, entry into Windsor, 
 
 65 
 Mary, sister of Henr^' VII., 44 
 Matsys, Quentin, 38 
 Menzies, William, ' Short History 
 of the Park and Forest, Wind- 
 sor,' 22 
 Military Knights, 66 
 
 the Governor of, 7 
 Milton, John, 11 
 
 Miniatures, collection of portrait, 
 101 
 
 Napoleon IIL, 37 
 grave of, 63 
 invested with the Order of 
 
 the Garter, 107 
 willow from the grave of, 62 
 Napoleon, Jjouis, cenotaph and 
 
 effigy of, 46 
 Naval Knights of Windsor, 62 
 New Windsor, 2 
 
 Nichols, John Gough, ' Literary 
 Pemains of King Edward VI.,' 
 64 
 Norden, John, map of the castle, 
 57 
 
 plan of the castle, 63 
 survey of the castle, 73 
 Norman Gate, 67, 76 
 North, Lord, 37 
 
 Old Windsor, 1 
 
 Oliver, Peter, miniatures of Queen 
 Henrietta Maria, 75
 
 INDEX 
 
 115 
 
 Orange, William of, 86 
 Order of the Garter, 14, 35 
 
 annals of, 30 
 
 Ashmole's history of, 20 
 
 changes by Edward VI., 64 
 
 and the Church of Rome, 63 
 
 foundation of, 14, 16 
 
 investiture of King Louis 
 Philippe, 107 
 
 investiture of the Emperor 
 Napoleon III., 107 
 
 investiture of King of Sar- 
 dinia, 107 
 
 origin of badge, 17 
 Oxenbridge, John, 44 
 
 Paintings of St. John the Baptist, 
 
 44 
 Pearson, Canon, stained - glass 
 
 window in memory of, 43 
 Pearson, martyrdom of, 61 
 Pepys, Samuel, 83 
 Philip the Fair, Archduke of 
 
 Austria, 53 
 Philip, King, installation as Knight 
 
 of the Garter, 55 
 Philippa, Queen, death of, 23 
 Pigot, Thomas, Abbot of Chertsey, 
 
 32 
 Pope Clement VL, 18 
 Pope's Legate, reception of the, 86 
 Poor Knights, foundation of, by 
 Edward III., 65 
 houses of the, 78 
 lodgings of the, 65 
 Prince Consort, 51, 52 
 cenotaph of, 52 
 window in St. George's 
 
 Chapel, 38 
 Wolsey Chapel in memory of, 
 105 
 Prince George of Denmark, 
 
 statue of, 89 
 Prmce Rupert, 37, 76, 84 
 Princess Alice, memorial tomb to, 
 
 105 
 Princess Charlotte, monument to, 
 48 
 
 Queen Anne, 87 
 
 marble bust of, 88 
 Queen Anne's Closet, 88 
 
 ride, 87 
 Queen Charlotte, 91 
 Queen Elizabeth, 67, 69 
 Queen Henrietta Maria, minia- 
 tures of, by Peter Oliver, 75 
 Queen Isabella, 26, 54 
 Queen Mary's entry into "Windsor, 
 
 65 
 Queen Philippa, death of, 23 
 Queen Jane Seymour, 50 
 Queen Victoria, 75, 103 
 
 bronze statue of. 108 
 Queen Victoria's residence at the 
 
 castle, 106 
 Queen's Lodge, 90 
 
 Richard II., 25 
 Richard III., 30 
 Richmond, Duke of, 56 
 Round Table, 17 
 Tower, 10 
 site of, 3 
 Ro3'al funerals at the castle, 108 
 library, 53, 70 
 
 formation of, 100 
 vault, construction of, 94 
 entrance to, 42 
 Rubens Room, theatrical per- 
 formances in, 107 
 Runimede, 6 
 
 Rupert, Prince, 37, 76, 84 
 Rutland Chapel, 49 
 
 St. George, college of, 18 
 
 ♦ po o-f r\T 2fi 
 
 St. George's Chapel. 10, 32, 33 
 Prince Consort's window in, 
 38 
 St. George's, Dean and Chapter 
 of, 9 
 Hall, 20 
 
 fresco painting in, 82 
 St. John the Baptist, paintings of, 
 
 44 
 St. Stephen, paintmgs of, 49 
 
 15—2
 
 116 
 
 WINDSOR 
 
 Salisbury Garter Tower, 7 
 
 Salvin, Antony, 8, 108 
 
 Sandby, Paul, views of the castle, 
 94 
 
 Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, 
 88 
 
 Sardinia, King of, invested with 
 the Order of the Garter, 107 
 
 Schleswig-Holstein, Prince Chris- 
 tian Victor of, 47 
 
 Scott, Sir Gilbert. 38, 109 
 
 Shakespeare's ' Merry Wives of 
 Windsor,' 68 
 
 ' Star Buildings,' 79, 91 
 
 Stoke, Gray's home at, 8 
 
 Suffolk, Charles Brandon, Duke 
 of, tomb of, 44 
 
 Surrey, Earl of, 56 
 
 Testwood, martyrdom of, 61 
 origin of prosecution, 58 
 Theatrical performances in the 
 Rubens Room. 107 
 in the Waterloo Gallery, 107 
 Theodore, Emperor of Abyssinia, 
 
 Alamayu, son of, 48 
 Tighe and Davis's ' Annals of 
 
 Windsor,' 57, 69, 73, 75 
 Tomb House, 50 
 Town Hall, 81 
 Travers' College, 62 
 Tresilian, Master John, 39 
 Triqueti, Baron, 52 
 
 Upper Ward, 4, 6, 15, 19 
 
 designs made by Wren for 
 the, 86 
 Upton Churchyard, 8 
 Urswick, Dr. Christopher, 44 
 
 Van Dj'ck, portraits of, 98 
 
 Venn, Colonel, 76 
 
 Verrio, 51, 82 
 
 ceilings painted by, 80 
 
 Victoria liridge, 88 
 
 Victoria, Queen, 75, 103 
 bron/.o statue of, 108 
 residence at the castle, 106 
 
 Victoria Tower, 5 
 Vinci, Leonardo da, drawings of, 
 101 
 
 Waterloo Gallery, 101 
 
 theatrical performances in, 
 107 
 Wellesley, Hon. and Rev. Gerald, 
 
 figure of, by Boehm, 49 
 Wendil, 2 
 
 West, Benjamin, 38 
 Whichcotc, Colonel, 41, 77 
 Willement, Thomas, 48 
 
 ' Account of the Restorations 
 of the Collegiate Chapel of 
 St. George,' 48 
 William the Conqueror, 3 
 WilUam of Orange, 86 
 William III., removal of the old 
 
 wall, 104 
 William IV., 48, 100, 101 
 William IV.'s residence at Wind- 
 sor, 101 
 William, Duke of Gloucester, 
 
 death of, 87 
 William, Lord Hastings, 49 
 William, the first German Eni- 
 
 peror, 37 
 Wilson, Sir Thomas, a letter of, 
 
 72 
 Winchester Tower, 3, 7, 19, 68 
 Windsor, Forest of, 21 
 Naval Knights of, 62 
 Queen Mary's entrj-- into, 
 
 65 
 in the time of Henry III., 12, 
 
 13 
 William IV.'s residence at, 
 101 
 Windsor Castle, additions to, by 
 Henry III., 6, 7 
 early history of, 1 
 a hunting lodge, 3 
 view of, in Eoxe's ' Book of 
 
 Martyrs,' 1576, 61 
 works of art at, 97 
 Windsore, King James' Knightos 
 of, 74
 
 INDEX 
 
 117 
 
 Wolsey, Cardinal, 50 
 
 sarcophagus story of, 51 
 
 Chapel, 50 
 
 in memory of Prince Consort, 
 
 105 
 wreck of, 51, 86 
 "Wren, Sir Christopher, 20, 79 
 
 design for mausoleum for 
 
 Charles I., 41 
 designs for the Upper Ward, 
 86 
 Wyatt, Mr. James, 91 
 
 Wyatt, Mr. James, design of 
 monument of Princess 
 Charlotte by, 48 
 plans for alteration of castle, 
 96 
 Wyatt-Edgell, Captain, 47 
 Wyatville, Sii- Jeffry, 19, 20, 51, 
 
 53,96 
 Wylieham, "William of, 19 
 work on the castle, 19 
 
 York Tower, 5 
 
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