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 » THE UNT/ERSr 
 
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 Jf-i lUMUail DUt o
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT 
 
 AND 
 
 LOED MOUNTEAGLE'S LETTER; 
 
 :being a proof, avfth moral certitude, of 
 the authorship of the document: 
 
 TOGETHEll AVITH 
 
 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE WHOLE THIRTEEN 
 GUNPOW])ER CONSPIRATORS, 
 
 INCLUDING 
 
 GUY FAWKES. 
 
 BY 
 
 HENliY HAWKES SPINK, Jux 
 
 (A Solicitor of the Supreme Court of Judicature in England). 
 
 LONDON: 
 .^IMPKIN, MARSHALL, HA^LILTON, KENT & CO., LTD. 
 
 YOKK: 
 JOHN SAMPSON. 
 
 1902. 
 
 \AU ri(]hts reserved.']
 
 " \'rri/(is /I'ffij'oris fi[i(t. Truth is tlie tluugiitor of 
 Time, ospociallx- in this case, wherein, ))y timely ami 
 often examinations, matters of i^i'eatest moment liave 
 l)cen found out." — Sni Edwaiu; Coke (the AttuDieij-iicncral 
 irJio /trosrcutcd tlic ciglit surviving cottsjiirators). 
 
 " Suifer no man and no cause to escape the undying 
 penalty wliicli History has the power to inflict on 
 
 AVi'ong/ "-- Loi; i • A ctox. 
 
 "History, it is said, revises the verdicts of con- 
 temporaries, and constitutes an Appeal Court nearest to 
 the orde.al of heaven." — Dr. James Mahtineau.
 
 LIBRARY 
 -TN A UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNU 
 
 3^: 
 
 S (o 
 
 ^ 
 X 
 
 SANTA BARBARA 
 
 TO 
 
 THE EIGHT HONOURABLE CHAllLES LIN])LEY 
 SECOND VISCOUNT HALIFAX 
 
 OF HICKLETON AND GAllEOWBY 
 IN THE COUNTY OF YOEK 
 
 <JNE OF Yorkshire's most gifted anj) distinguished sons 
 
 THIS book 
 
 which 
 
 amongst other things 
 
 tells of some of the words and deeds 
 
 of certain yorkshiremen in 
 
 the days of shakespeare 
 
 IS 
 
 (]]Y KIND permission) 
 
 3I0S1' RESRECTFULLY DEDICATED 
 
 RY THE AUTHOR.
 
 VI 1 
 
 Bland's Couet, 
 
 Coney Street, 
 
 York. 
 
 » 
 
 To THE Eight Honourable 
 
 Viscount Halifax. 
 My Lord, 
 
 The book which 3'onr characteristic generosity has 
 permitted me to dedicate to you wears a two-fold aspect. 
 For it is as to one portion — and predominantly — an 
 Inquiry taking the form of a discourse with questions 
 and proofs, propositions and demonstrations. While as 
 to another portion — but subordinately — it is a History 
 taking the form of a narrative of events, a relation of 
 mental occurrences, a statement of concrete facts. Now 
 these twain aspects will be found duly to play their 
 respective parts in the course of the subsequent pages, 
 in accordance with a selected order and method. 
 
 With most of the allegations of fact and the inferences 
 therefrou], and with many of the assumptions and 
 conclusions which this work contains, your Lordship will 
 agree. From others you will disagree. Whilst in the 
 case of a third class, it may be that you will deem a 
 suspension of judgment to be the part which wisdom 
 and justice alike enjoin. 
 
 Speaking for myself, both as a man and as a native 
 of our great County of Yorkshire — whose sons are at
 
 Yin 
 
 once speculative and practical, imaginative and concrete — 
 necessity, in the foi-ni of an iiiipei-ative sense of duty, 
 has heen laid upon nic, to declare, with unmistakable 
 eniphasis and straightforward directness, what 1 hold 
 to be the Truth governing the subject-uiatter wherewith 
 I liave sought to deal. For Truth is tffat which is, and 
 JTS CONTRADICTORY IS ERROR. Tliis line of actiou 1 have 
 pursued with the greater deteruiination, inasmuch as daily 
 observation of external events — and, if less frequent, still 
 actual I'eflection thereupon — has strongly convinced me, 
 even against my will, that much of the "forcible 
 feebleness" and most of the "stable instability" of 
 modern ]]iitish Statesmen and Politicians have their 
 origin and rise in nothing else than this : — lack of clarity 
 of thought and want of knowledge of those fixed 
 fundamental intellectual, moral, and political principles 
 whicli ought to he the sure inheritance of the human 
 Eace. And pre-eminently of that portion of the Eace 
 which is conscious of a lofty imperial mission. " For 
 v\\\ is wrought by want of thought as well as by want 
 of heart." 
 
 The ancient Stagyrite ranked Poetry above History, 
 because the former hequeaths to Man universal principles 
 of action, whereas the latter bestows upon .Man onl}- a. 
 r(,'latioii of individual facts. 
 
 But llie History of the Gunpowder Treason Plot rises 
 to a higher unity. Pecause for a man to have read and 
 mastered an ini])a)'f i;il record of that deliberate and
 
 IX 
 
 tippalling scheme of " sacrilegious miu'der," which happily 
 Destiny iirst frustrated, and afterwards, through Nemesis, 
 her unerring executioner, signally avenged in the siglit 
 •of all men, is to have witnessed, with the eye of the 
 historic imagination, a drama that is a poem in action. 
 
 Nay, more ; it is to have had a personal, experi- 
 mental realization, through the historic feeling, of what 
 is meant, in the realm of ^Nforal actualities, by the 
 infliction of Eetribution, the working out of Expiation, the 
 regaining of Justness, the restoration of Equality between 
 outraged Eight and outraging AVrong, and the attaining 
 .by the tempestuous, passionate luiman heart of final 
 tranquillity, rest, and peace. 
 
 For one of the greatest recorded Tragedies in the 
 world is the History of the Gunpowder Treason Plot, 
 regard being had to the intellectual and moral ends 
 effected by that history's recital. 
 
 The man who has truly, if indeed but commemora- 
 tively, through force of the medium of language merely, 
 taken his part in this great Action, even at a distance 
 •of well-nigh three hundred j'ears, will have had his soul 
 cleansed and purified by cleansed and purified pity and 
 terror. Then will . he have had tliat soul soothed and 
 healed. He will have been first abased and then exalted. 
 
 For so to act is to weep with a Humanity that 
 W'eeps. Then with that same Humanity to join in a 
 triumphant pasan uf victory that has for its universal and 
 4^1onons theme this reality of realities which cannot be
 
 broken, namely, that that Universe — whereof Man,, 
 thongli not the measure, constitutes so hirge a part — is 
 primevally founded and BTerhistingly estabhshed in 
 Goodness, Being, and Trntli. 
 
 Trusting that your Lordship will crown your gracious 
 kindness by pardoning the great length of this. 
 Introductory Letter, 
 
 I l)eg to remain, 
 
 My dear Lord Halifax, 
 
 Yours sincerely and gratefully, 
 
 HENKY HAWKES SPINK, Jun.. 
 Saturday, 26th October, 1001. 
 
 Tragedy primarily implies imitation ot" Action by action, not by 
 laiij^^iage, although of course language forms a constituent part. 
 
 See the " Poetics of Aristotle^' chap, vi^
 
 XI 
 
 "Although it is by no means proved to be impossible- 
 that this nobleman TLord Mounteagle] was a guiltj" 
 confederate in the Plot, the weight of evidence is at 
 present in his favour. It is, however, a most curious 
 State myster}' : and I am persuaded that, if the truth 
 is ever discovered, it will not be b}' State papers, or 
 recorded confessions and examinations. When such expert 
 artists as Bacon and Cecil framed and propagated a State 
 fiction in order to cover a State intrigue, they took care 
 to cut off or divert the channels of history so effectually 
 as to make it hopeless, at the distance of three centuries, 
 to trace the truth by means of documents which have 
 ever been in their control. Jf the mystery should hereafter- 
 be unravelled, it will be probably by the discovery of 
 some letters or papers of a domestic nature, which either 
 slumber in private repositories, or remain unnoticed in 
 public collections." — Letter hij David Jardine, Editor- 
 of " Criminal Trials," to Sir Henry Ellis, F.R.S., 
 "ArchEeologia,"7>|). 04-95. Dated 30th Novemher, 1^40.
 
 PEEFACE. 
 
 The writer of the following work desires respectfully 
 to put forward a modest contribution to the solution of 
 one of the greatest problems known to Histor}'. 
 
 The problem referred to arises out of that stupendous 
 and far-reaching movement against the Government of 
 King James I. known as the Gunpowder Treason Plot. 
 
 This enterprise of cold-blooded, though grievously 
 provoked, massacre was, of a truth, " barbarous and 
 savage beyond the examples of all former ages." But 
 because the movement had a profoundly- — in the 
 Aristotelian sense — political ciuisa cmisaits, therefore it 
 is of perennial interest to governors and governed. 
 
 The cmfsff cansau.^, or originating cause, of the 
 Gunpowder Treason Plot, in its ultimate analysis, will 
 be found to involve that problem of problems for Princes, 
 Statesmen, and Peoples all the world over:— How to^ 
 tdlow freedom of human action, and yet faithfully to- 
 maintain Absolute Truth concerning the Infinite and th& 
 Eternal — or that which is believed to be Absolute Truth. 
 
 To the intent that the mind of the reader may ever 
 and anon find relief from the stress and strain occasioned 
 by the dry discussion of Evidence and the severe reasonin 
 
 (T
 
 XIV 
 
 from necessary or probable philosophical assumptions, the 
 writer has designedly interspersed, l)oth in the Text and 
 in the Notes, matter of a Biographical and Topographical 
 nature, especially such as hath relation to the author's 
 lionoured native County — Yorkshire — and his beloved 
 native City — York. 
 
 The writer has thought out his thesis and has treated 
 the same without fear or favour — limited and conditioned 
 only l)y a regard for what he knew or supposed, and 
 therefore believed, to be the truth governing the subject- 
 matter under consideration. Nobody can say more, not 
 even the most advanced or emancipated thinker living.^ 
 
 If it be demanded of the author why a member of 
 the lower branch of the legal profession hath essayed 
 the unveiling of a mystery that has baffled the learning 
 and ingenuity of men from the daj^s of King James I. — 
 the British Solomon — down to the days of Dr. Samuel 
 Piawson Gardiner, the renowned historian of tlie early 
 English Stuarts, the author's answer and plea must be — 
 for it can only be — that by the decrees of Fate, liis eyes 
 first saw the light of the sun in a County whose history 
 is an epitonie of the history of the English people ; and 
 in a City which is an England in miniature. 
 
 In conclusion, the writer would be tain to be 
 pardoned in saying that he has not had the advantage 
 
 ' Cf., " The Ethic of Free-thought" by Professor Karl Pearson. 
 (Adam and Charles Black, 190J.)
 
 XV 
 
 of frequenting any British or Foreign University, or 
 other seat of learning-^all the education that he can 
 make his humble boast of having been received in 
 Yorkshire Protestant Schools. 
 
 The writer's guide, during the past eighteen months, 
 wherein he hath " voyaged through strange seas of 
 thought alone," ^ has been "the high white star of 
 Truth. Theee he has gazed, and there aspired."- 
 
 Saturda/j, 26tli October, 1001. 
 
 1 ViT 
 
 AVordsworth. * Matthew Arnold.
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 INTRODUCTORY LETTER TO THE VISCOUNT HALIFAX.. vii 
 
 PREFACE .. .. .. .. .. .. xiii 
 
 PRELUDE . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXV 
 
 Three movements against Government of James 1. in the year 
 of the Gunpowder Treason Plot (1605) distinct though 
 connected — (1) General wave of insurrectionary feeling on 
 part of Papists by reason of penal laws of Queen 
 Elizabeth — (2) Gunpowder Plot devised by Robert Catesby — 
 (3) Rebellion in Midlands under leadership of Sir Everard 
 Digby — Earl of Salisbury, his spies and decoys, may have 
 fomented first movement but not others — Certainly not 
 projectors of Gunpowder Plot — Traditional story accepted 
 in main outlines. 
 
 CHAPTER L . . . . . . . . . . , 1 
 
 Reasons given why subordinate conspirator, Francis Tresham, 
 cannot have "discovered" Plot — True principles laid down 
 to guide mind of Inquirer into 2'>^i'Sonnel of (1) Revealing 
 Conspirator, (2) Penman of Letter, 
 
 €HAPTER II. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 
 
 A "division of labour" in beneficent work of "discovering" 
 Plot — Why? — Probabilities of case suggest at least three 
 persons engaged in " swinging round on its axis diabolical 
 Plot" — Whom Revealing conspirator would employ — 
 Persons most likely. 
 
 CHAPTER in. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 
 
 Who was Lord Mounteagle ? — Ancestiy — Father : Lord Morley 
 — Title, Mounteagle, derived through mother. Honourable 
 Elizabeth Stanley, heiress of William Stanley third Lord 
 ]\Iounteagle — Mother akin to Howards through Leybournes 
 of Westmoreland.
 
 XVlll 
 
 r.VGB 
 
 ClIAPTEK IV. .. ^ 
 
 hovd Mounteagle receive.s Letter liGtli OctuLier, IGUo, between 
 " six and seven of the clock," at lloxton, near London- - 
 Opened by Mounteagle — Eead by a member of his household, 
 Thomas Ward — Full text of Letter given — 27tli October, 
 Ward tells Thomas Winter, a conspirator, that Letter had 
 been received by Mounteagle — Had been taken to Robert 
 Cecil first Earl of Salisbury, Principal Secretai-y of State— 
 28th October, AVinter re])airs to White AVebbs by Enfield 
 Chase, tea miles north of AVestuiiiister — Informs Catesby 
 that "game was uj)" — Catesby says " would see further as 
 yet" — Guy Fawkes sent from White AA^ebbs to vie\^ cellar 
 under House of Lords — Finds all marks undisturbed — Thirty- 
 six barrels of gunpowder, wood, aud coal all ready for fatal 
 Fifth — Fawkes returns at night safely — Thomas Winter 
 meets (or is met by) subordinate conspirator, Christopher 
 AV^right — Fawkes cajitured early on Tuesday, Noveud^er 
 5th — Christoi)lier Wright announces to Thomas AVinter 
 Fawkes' capture. 
 
 cMpter y. . . 14 
 
 / In reign of (^ueeu Elizabeth and early part of .lames J., "the 
 ' \ castellated castles, moated halls, and gabled manor-houses " 
 
 of old England "the sheltering, romantic roof-trees of 
 those who clung"' to the ancient Faith — Why? — Henry 
 \'lll."s religious "change" and that of his progeny. 
 King Edward \'l. and (^ueen Elizabeth, unlikely to be 
 acceptable "all on a sudden'" to bulk of English people — 
 Why? — Penal Jjegislation against Papists on part of 
 Government — Jesuits in England, 1580 — Campion and 
 Parsons— Three Classes of English .lesuits — Mystics, or 
 I'oliticians — Mystics an(/ Politicians — The thirteen Gun- 
 powder plotters well-disposed towards Jesuits— But plotters 
 oidy Politicians. 
 
 CHAPTEK \1. .. .. lf> 
 
 Sir William Catesby (father of the arch-conspirator fJobert 
 Catesby) and Sir Thomas Tresham (father of Francis 
 Tresham), fine old English gentlemen — Types of best 
 class of Elizabethan Catholic gentry — Poth jiersecuted by
 
 XIX 
 
 TAGF. 
 
 Government — Sir Tiiouia.s Treshani for nmre than twenty 
 years pays for Fines equal in our money to <£2,0;:^0 a year, 
 as a "popish recusant" — Sir Thomas suffers imprisonment 
 for at least twenty-one years after being Star-Chambered — 
 Such transactions account for phenomenon of Grun powder 
 Treason Phit. 
 
 CHAPTER A'll. .. .. .. .. .. 21 
 
 All thirteen plotters " gentlemen of name and blood "' (save 
 Thomas Bates, a respectable serving-man of Catesby) — 
 Names of plotters as follow: — Eobert Catesby (Ashby St. 
 Legers, Northamptonshire) — Thomas Winter (lluddiiigton, 
 near Droitwicb, Worcestershire) — T'homas Percy (Beverley, 
 E.E,. Yorkshire) — John AV right ( Plowland, Holderness, 
 E.R. Yorkshire) — Guy (or (Juido) i'awkes (Tork) — Robert 
 Keyes (Drayton, Northamptonshire) — Chi'istopher AVright 
 (Plowland, Holderness, E.lf. Yorkshire) — Robert "Winter, 
 (Huddington, iiear Droitwich, Worcestershire) — Ambrose 
 Rookwood (Coldhara, Stanningfield, Suffolk) — John Grant 
 (Norbrook, AVarwicivshire) — Sir Everard Digby (Gothurst, 
 near Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire) — Francis Tresham 
 (Eushton, Northamptonshire) — Four out of conspirators 
 natives of Yorkshire : Thomas Percy, John A\'^right, 
 Christopher AVriglit, and (xuy (or Guido) Fawkes — Five 
 others indirectly connected with it : Thomas AVinter, 
 Robert AVinter, John Grant, Robert Keyes, and Ambrose 
 Rookwo(xl — -Thomas AVinter and Robert AVinter, grandsons 
 of distinguislied Knight, Sir AVilliam Ingleby, of Ripley 
 Castle, neai- Kiiaresbrough and Bilton-cum-Harrogate, 
 Nidderdale, Yorkshire — John Grant's wife, Dorothy Grant, 
 a grand-daughter of said Knight — Robert Keyes, a grandson 
 of Key (or Kay), Esquire, of Woodsome, Almondbury, near 
 lluddersfiekl. 
 
 CHAPTER A^III. (same continued) . . . . . . . . 26 
 
 CHAPTER IX. . . . . . . . . . . 32 
 
 Jesuit Father Edward Oklcorne a native of York — Oswald 
 Tesimond most probably a native of York likewise — 
 Before going to Rheims and Rome Oldcorne studied 
 medicine.
 
 XX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 CHAP PER X. .. .. .. .. .. .. 35 
 
 L'luiher analysis ot" ])roblein as to wliat conspirator would be 
 likely to "discover" Plot — A subordinate plotter — Introduced 
 late into Plot— Oiu' with good moral training at home in 
 childhood — One with trustworthy friend to act as Penman 
 of warning Letter — One with trustworthy friend who 
 could act as G-o-between with Government — Christopher 
 Wright, Edward Oldcorue, Thomas Ward. 
 
 CilAPTBR XL . . . . . . . . . . 37 
 
 Fawkes, in Confession, dated 17th November, 1605, says mine 
 from Percy's house, adjoining Parliament House, begun 
 11th December, 1604, by five principal conspirators — 
 Christopher AV^right sworn in to help in mining work 
 "soon after" — Text of conspirators' secret oath. 
 
 ClLiPTER XII. .. .. .. .. 4a 
 
 Christopher Wright's family further described— Father : Robert 
 Wright, Esquire, of Plowland, llolderness — Mother: 
 Ursula Rudston, of Rudstons, Lords of Hayton, near 
 Pocklington— Mother akin to Mallories, of Studley Royal, 
 near Ripon — Wrights akin to Wards, of Mulwith, Newby, 
 and Givendale, near Ripon, likewise — Christopher Wright's 
 wife, iNIargaret Wright, possibly nee Margaret Ward, of the 
 
 Wards, of Muhvitli. 
 
 • 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. . . . . > . . . . . . 45 
 
 Edward Oldcorne described — A native of 8t. Sampson's Parish, 
 •York — A student of medicine — Goes to Rheitns and Rome 
 for higher studies — Ordained Priest — Joins Society of 
 Jesus — In 1588 lands in England — Stationed by Father 
 Henry Garnet, chief of Jesuits in England, at Hindlip 
 Hall, four miles from Worcester — Hindlip Hall home of 
 Thomas Abington, Esquire, and tlie Honourable Mary 
 (Parker) Abington, daughter of the Lord Morley and sister 
 to the Lord Mounteagle — Oldcorne's extraordinary^ influence 
 in Worcestershire — Styled "the Apostle of Worcestershire" — 
 A man of iiieiilal (■(juipoise. 
 
 CHAPTER XLV. .. .. .. .. .. 48 
 
 "The Letter" critically examined.
 
 XXI 
 
 PAGE 
 
 CHAPTER XV. . . . . " . . . . . . 54 
 
 Further critical examination of " the Letter.'' 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 
 
 Mounteagle " knew there was a Letter to come to him before 
 it came " — Who was his " Secretary," Thomas AVard ? — • 
 Almost certainly brother-in-law to Christopher Wright — 
 Proofs of this assertion — Entry of marriage in St. Michael- 
 le-Belf rey's Church, York, of a " Thomas Warde of 
 Mulwaith, in the p'ishe of Rippon, and M'rgery Slater, 
 29th May, 1579''— Entry of burial of " JSIarjory wife of 
 Thomas Warde of Mulwith," in Register at Ripon Minster, 
 about eleven years after, 20th May, 1590. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 
 
 Entry of christening of Edward, son of Christopher Wright, of 
 Bondgate, Ripon, in Ripon Minster Registers, 6th October, 
 1589 — Of Eliza, daughter of Christopher Wright, of 
 Newbie, 23rd July, 1594 — Of Francis, son of Christopher 
 Wright, of Newbie, 12th July, 1596— Of Marmaduke, son 
 of Christopher Wright, of Skelton, 3rd February, 1601 — 
 Thomas Warde, of "Mulwaith," in 1579 — Thomas Warde, 
 of "Mulwith," in 1590 — Inference of propinquity between 
 Christopher AVright and Thomas Warde, at least between 
 years 1589 and 1590 inclusive — Thomas Warde probably 
 in diplomatic service of Queen EHzabeth, under Sir Francis 
 Walsingham — Probably sent on mission to Low Countries 
 in 1585. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. . . . . . . . . . . 6 
 
 Proof that William AVard, a son of Marmaduke Ward, of 
 Newby, had an uncle who lived at Court — Inference that 
 this was Thomas Ward, member of household of Lord 
 Mounteagle. 
 
 *rt' 
 
 r> 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . as 
 
 Inference drawn that Christopher Wright, Thomas Warde, 
 and Lord Mounteagle were personally acquainted.
 
 XXll 
 
 PAGE 
 
 CIIAPTEE XX. .. .. .. .. . . 70 
 
 ^larinaduke AN'ard at Lapwortli, in AVai-wickshire — Arrested 
 by Government — Released— Inference that lu; had a power- 
 ful friend at Court. 
 
 CHAPTER XXL . . . . 74 
 
 Suggested })i*oof of how MoTinteagle cauie to be associated 
 
 with Thomas Ward-XBiographical and Topographical 
 evidence adduced in support. \ 
 
 e u 
 
 CHAPTER XXn. (same conliuuedj .. .. .. .. 76 
 
 CHAPTER XXii I. (same further continued) .. .. .. 81 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. .. .. .. .. .. 85 
 
 Letter conveyed to Hoxton on Saturday evening, 26th October, 
 1605, between six and seven of the clock, in pursuance of 
 pre-arrangement — Suggested that pre-arrangement was made 
 by Thomas AVard. 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. . . . . . . . . . . 87 
 
 Thomas Ward sees Thomas Winter, one of the chief con- 
 spirators — Suggested inference that Christopher AVright 
 had bidden Thomas AVard so to do — In order to compass 
 flight of rest of conspirators. 
 
 CHAPTER XX VL . . . . . . . . . . 90 
 
 Thomas Winter interviews Francis Tresham, one of subordinate 
 conspirators, on Saturday night, 2nd November, one week 
 after delivery of Letter to Lord Mounteagle. 
 
 CHAPTER XX VII. ... .. .. .. 92 
 
 Tresham tells Winter that Government knew of existence of 
 tlie mine — How had Government such knowledge? — 
 Suggested concatenation of evidence that Christopher Wright 
 toUl fact to Thomas Ward (or AV^arde) ; Ward to Lord 
 ."Mounteagle; Mounteagle to Francis Tresham ; Tresham to 
 Thomas Winter.
 
 XXlll 
 
 PACiB 
 
 CHAPTER XXVJH. .. .. .. ... .. 94 
 
 Earl of Suffolk (Lord Chamberlain) accompanied by Lord 
 Mounteagle visits cellar under House of Lords, where 
 thirty-six barrels of gunpowder are stored — They light 
 upon Guy (or Guido) Fawkes. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. . . . . . . . . . . 90 
 
 Quotation from " A'/nr/'s Boole'' — Version of Gunpowder Plot put 
 forth by "'lawful authority'" — Showing procedure of Earl of 
 Suffolk and Lord Mounteagle on search of cellar under 
 House of Lords, Monday, ith November — Thirty-six 
 barrels of gunpowder stored ready for firing by Fawkes 
 on fatal Fifth. 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. . . . . . . . . . . 99 
 
 Quotation from the " Hatfield JISS.,'' giving account of meeting 
 at Fremland, Essex, in July, IGOo^Present thereat 
 (amongst others) Lord Mounteagle, his brother-in-law 
 Francis Tresham, and Father Henry Garnet, then Superior 
 of English Jesuits — Account of Sir Edmund Baynham — 
 Despatched in September on double mission to Pope of 
 Rome — Baynham described — A Gloucestershire Koman 
 Catholic gentleman — Belike of the swashbuckler type. 
 
 'CILIPTER XXXI. . . . . . . . . . . 1(12 
 
 Christopher Wright. 
 
 •CHAPTER XXXI 1. .. .. .. .. .. 104 
 
 Marmaduke Ward, of Xewbie (or Xewby), near Ripon, comes 
 up to Lapworth, in AVarwickshire — Lapwortb, the birth- 
 place of arch-conspirator Robert Catesby — One of the 
 large Catesby Warwickshire possessions — In May, 1605, 
 Lapworth let by Catesby to John Wright — Marmaduke 
 AVard, brother-in-law to John AVright and Christopher 
 AVright, arrives at Lapworth about 24th October, 1605 — 
 Suggestion that Marmaduke AVard was sent for by Thomas 
 AVard — In order, haply, to prevail upon brothers AVright to 
 abandon scheme of insurrectionary stir in Alidlands.
 
 XXIV 
 * PAGE 
 
 CHAPTEK XXXIII. . . . . 107 
 
 AVhat objections against hypothesis that Christopher "Wright 
 was Revealing conspirator? — What objections against hypo- 
 thesis that Father Edward Oldcorne was Penman of 
 Letter? — Evidence of one William Handy, serving-man to 
 Sir Everard Digby, Knt,, quoted, weighed, and disposed 
 of. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI V. . . . . . . . . . . 110 
 
 Evidence of a certain Dr. AVilliams, of reign of Charles 11., 
 author of pamphlet purporting to be History of the Gun- 
 powder Treason Plot, quoted. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV. . . . . . . . . . . 112 
 
 Probable untrustworthiness of Dr. Williams' reported statement 
 manifested by convincing argument — Singular story that 
 Letter was penned by the Honourable Anne Yaux, one of 
 the daughters of William Lord Vaux of Harrowden — 
 Story told, examined, and disposed of. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVI. . . . . . . . . . . 11& 
 
 Dr. Williams" reported statement a faint adumbration 
 of truth — Why ? — Because Williams" report tends to 
 corroborate evidence that Letter emanated from Hindlip 
 Hall — Suggestion made as to whence and how Williams' 
 report had its origin — The Lady of Hindlip may have 
 guessed truth, through her womanly ])erspicacity. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVII. .. .. .. .. .. 120> 
 
 Evidence, deductions, and suggestions finally considered tending 
 to show that Christopher Wright after delivery of Letter 
 exhibited consciousness of having revealed Plot. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVlll. . . . . . . . . . . 124 
 
 Old Dutcii print, published immediately after detection of Plot 
 (reprinted in '^'' Connoisseur" for November, 1901), shows 
 Christopher Wright in act of engaging in earnest dis- 
 course with arch-conspirator Robert Catesby — Slightly tends 
 to confirin tradition that (1) Christopher AVright first
 
 XXV 
 
 PAGK' 
 
 ascertained that Plot was discovered, and that (2) 
 Christopher Wright counselled that '• each conspirator 
 should betake hiuiself to flight in a different direction 
 from any of his companions." 
 
 CHAPTEK XXXIX. . . . . . . . . . . 12G 
 
 Evidence of William Kyddall — Kyddall accompanies Christopher 
 Wright from Lapworth (twenty miles from Hindlip Hall) 
 to London, on Monday, 28th October — Arrive in London, 
 on Wednesday, 30th — Evidence of Mistress Dorathie 
 Eobinson, Christopher Wright's London landlady, as to 
 padlocked hampers, evidently containing fresh gunpowder. 
 
 CHAPTER XL. . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 
 
 Conspirators are "shriven" and "houselled" at Haddington 
 by Jesuit Father Nicholas Hart — Ambrose Eookwood — 
 Eookwood "absolved" by the Jesuit priest "without 
 remark " — Eeason why suggested. 
 
 CHAPTER XLI. (same continued) . . . . . . . . 134 
 
 CHAPTER XLIL . . . . . . . . . . 136 
 
 Robert Cecil first Earl of Salisbury, Principal Secretary of 
 State, instructs Sir Edward Coke, Attorney-General, to 
 disclaim that any of these ivrote Letter — Reason why suggested. 
 
 CHAPTER XLIII. . . . . . . . . . . 140 
 
 Archbishop Usher reported divers times to have said " that 
 • if Papists knew what he knew, the blame of the Gun- 
 powder Treason would not lie on them" — Suggested 
 explanation of the oracular words — Second Earl of Salisbury 
 reported to have confessed that the Gunpowder Plot was 
 "his father's contrivance" — Suggested explanation of this 
 strange report. 
 
 CHAPTER XLIV. . . . . . . . . . . 144 
 
 Critical examination of the Letter renewed — Writer must 
 
 have regarded Plot as a scheme defecated of criminous 
 quality— Reason why.
 
 XXVI 
 
 PAGE 
 
 ClIAPTEli XLV. .. .. .. 148 
 
 Coughton Hall (now Cuuylituu I'ourt), in Warwickshire, 
 ancestral home of grand okl English Jvoman Catholic 
 family of Tlirockmorton — Father llemy Garnet, .Superior 
 of English Jesuits, harboured here from 20th October. 
 ]|30o, to 16th December, 1605~Fatlier Oswald Tesiniond 
 at Coughton on Wednesday, Gth November — Bates sent 
 with letters from Catesby and Sir Everard Digby to 
 Father (larnet and Lady Digby — Bates despatched from 
 Xorbrook, in Warwickshire — Arrives at Coughton — Fathers 
 Garnet and Tesimond have conference for half-an-hour — 
 Garnet gives leave to Tesimond to proceed to Haddington, 
 in AV^orcestershire — Whither conspirators and rebels were 
 come, early on AV'ednesday, Gth November — Tesimond 
 arrives at lluddington — Psycho-electrical will force of 
 Catesby works on mind of Tesimond — Tesimond inspired 
 with rebellious ardour against Government — Dashes on to 
 llindlip, within five miles of Huddington. 
 
 CHAPTER XLVL . . . . . . . . . 152 
 
 Tesimond arrives at Hindlip — Urges the Master of Hindlip and 
 Father Oldcorne to join rebels — Master of Hindlip 
 and Father Oldcorne decline — Anger kindled in breast 
 of Tesimond — Bides off towards Lancashire in hope of 
 I'ousing to arms dwellers in that Catholic county. 
 
 CHAPTER XLYT I. . . . . . . . . 154 
 
 Who and wliat was F''ather Henry Garnet? — A native of 
 Nottingham (1555) — A scholar of Winchester School — 
 Joins Jesuit Novitiate in Rome (1575) — Problem of 
 Garnet's moral and legal guilt (or otherwise) impartially 
 discussed. 
 
 CHAPTEli XLVIII. (same c(nitinued) .. .. .. 157 
 
 CHAPTER XLIX. .. .. .. .... 160 
 
 At the end of August, 1G05, Garnet leaves London for 
 Gothurst — Famous pilgrimage to St. AVinifred's Well, 
 Flintshire, N'orth Wales, about 5th September, made from 
 Gothurst — Lady Digby, Ambrose Rookwood and his wife.
 
 XXVll 
 
 PAGE 
 
 the Honourable Anne Vaux, and upwards of tliirty others, 
 join the pilgrim-band — Father Garnet and Father Percy, 
 chaplain to Sir Fverard Digby, lead the cavalcade — Away 
 about a fortnight. 
 
 •ClIAPTEE L. .. .. .. .. .. .. 165 
 
 Pilgrims return from 8t. Winifred's Well to Gothurst — A 
 fortnight before Michaelmas (11th October, old style) — 
 Father Garnet at Great Harrowden, Northamptonshire, 
 — Ancestral home of Edward Lord Vaux of Harrowden. 
 
 CJIAPTER LI. . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 
 
 4th October, 1605, Father Garnet at Great Harrowden — Pens 
 a long letter to Father Parsons in Home. 
 
 •CHAPTER LII. . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 
 
 21st October, Father Garnet at Gothurst (most probably) 
 — Pens a short post scripium to letter of 4th October — Blots 
 out three lines of letter — Assigns as cause therefor "for 
 
 REASON OF A FRIEND's STAY IN THE WAY*' Who was this 
 
 friend ? 
 
 ■CHAPTER LTIL (Chapters XLY. and XLVI. \a ith more particularity) 1 72 
 Sir Everard Digby rents Coughton, near Alcester, Warwick- 
 shire — Sir Everard to be in command of Midland Eisino' 
 against Government — Many Catholic gentlemen from Mid- 
 land counties expected to rebel by reason of galling anti- 
 Catholic persecution — Sir Everard Digby, on Sunday, 3rd 
 November, rides to Dunchurch, near Eugby, in AVarwick- 
 shire — Robert AVinter, of Huddington, joined by Stephen 
 Littleton, of Holbeach, Staffordshire, also by latter's cousin, 
 Humphrey Littleton — Tuesday, November oth, Cousins 
 Littleton, Sir Eobert Digby (Coleshill), younger Acton 
 (Eibbesford), and many others, join " hunting match " on 
 Dunsmore Heath — Some of these gentlemen with leader. 
 Sir Everard Digby, await arrival of Catesby and the rest 
 of conspirators in an Inn at Dunchurch — At six of the 
 clock in evening of Tuesday, fatal Fifth, in wild headlong 
 flight from London, Catesby, Percy, two AVrights, and 
 Ambrose Eookwood rush into ancient mansion-house of
 
 XXYlll 
 
 PAGE- 
 
 Catesbies at Ashby St. Legers, Northamptonshire — 
 Announce capture of Fawkes — Hold short council of war — 
 Snatch up weapons of warfare — North-westwards that 
 November niirht — Arrive at Uuuchurch inn — Di^bv 
 told of capture of Fawkes — -Many Catholic gentlemen 
 return to their homes — ^Plotters and rebel-allies plunge into 
 the darkness — Make for "Shakespeare's country" — Arrive 
 at AN^arwick by three of the clock on AVednesday morning 
 — From stables near Warwick Castle take fresh horses, 
 leaving their own steeds in exchange therefor — Dash on 
 towards Juhn Grant's " moated grange," Norbrook, Snitter- 
 lield (where Shakespeare's mother held property) — At 
 Norbrook "take bite and sup'' — liest their fatigued limbs 
 awhile — On saddle-back once more— This time bound for 
 Iluddington, near Droitwich, AVorcestershire, tlie seat of 
 Robert AA" inter — Arrive there probably about twelve o'clock 
 noon of AV'ednesday (some authorities say two o'clock in 
 the afternoon) — Tesiraond comes from Coughton to 
 Huddington — Catesby hails Tesimond with joy — Tesimond 
 proceeds to Hindlip Hall — On Thursday morning, at about 
 three of the clock, all company at Huddington "assist"' 
 at Mass offered by Father Nicholas Hart, a Jesuit from 
 Great Harrowden — AVhole company "shriven and 
 houselled" — Before daybreak all on march again north- 
 westwards — Halt at A\^hevvell Grange, seat of the Lord 
 AVindsor — There help themselves to large store of arms 
 and armour — Plotters and rebels tlien numbered about 
 sixty all told — Cross tiie Eiver Stour, in flood — A cart 
 of gunpowder rendered "dank" in crossing — Proceed to 
 ]Iolbeacli House, in Staffordshire — Mansion-house of 
 Stephen littleton. Esquire, a Roman Catholic gentleman 
 of ancient linease. 
 
 o 
 
 CHAPTER LIA'. . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 
 
 High Sheriffs of AA^arwickshire and Worcestershire with posse 
 comitatvs in pursuit — Plotters and rebels arrive at Holbeach 
 (near Stourbridge) at ten of the clock on Thursday night — 
 Early Friday morning explosion of drying gunpowder at 
 Holbeach Catesby, Rookwood, and Grant burnt — Catesby 
 unnerved -Arch-conspirator and others betake themselves
 
 XXIX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 to prayers — '-Litanies and such like" — Make an hour's 
 "meditation" — About eleven of the clock on Friday, 8th 
 November, Sheriff of AVorcestershire and "hue and ci-y" 
 surround llolbeach — Siege laid thereto — Thomas Winter 
 disabled by an arrow from crossbow — Catesby and Percy, 
 standing sword in hand, shot by one musket — Catesby 
 expires— John Wright wounded unto death — Christopher 
 Wright UKjrtally wounded — Percy grievously wounded — 
 Dies a day or two afterwards — Ambrose Eookwood 
 wounded— Sir Everard Digby apprehended — Eest taken 
 prisoners, except Stephen Ijittleton and Eobert Winter, 
 who esca]ie. 
 
 CHAPTER LA^ . . . . . . . .   • IBl 
 
 Father Henry Garnet changes his mind — Does not go up to 
 London— But from Gothurst, in Buckinghamshire, goes 
 down to Coughton, in AVarwickshire, on the 29th October 
 —All Saints' Day (November 1st) at Coughton Hall (now 
 Coughton Court) — Mass "offered" by Father Garnet. 
 
 CHAPTEE LVI. .. .-. .. .. •• •• 185 
 
 Stephen Littleton, the Master of Holbeach, and Eobert AVinter, 
 the Master of Huddington, harboured at Eovvley Eegis, 
 in Staffordshire, by a tenant of Humphrey Littleton, 
 Esquire, of Hagley, AVorcestershire, a cousin to Stephen 
 Littleton — Humphrey Littleton harbours the two fugitives 
 from justice at Hagley House, home of his sister-in-law, 
 Mrs. John Littleton — Both fugitives betrayed by man- 
 cook at Hagley — Delivered over to the officers of the law 
 and conveyed to the Tower of London. 
 
 CHAPTER LVII. . . . . . . • • • • • • 188 
 
 Humphrey Littleton consults Father Edward Oldcorne, the 
 Jesuit, respecting the moral rightness or wrongness of the 
 Gunpowder Plot— Father Oldcorne's Eeply to Jvittleton ia 
 extenso. 
 
 CHAPTEE LA III. . . . . . . . . - • 190 
 
 Eeply analyzed — Divisible into two distinct parts — First part: 
 gives an answer sounding in abstract truth alone, in other
 
 XXX 
 
 r.VGK. 
 
 words, leaves Littleton ia ahstraclo — Second part : disclaims 
 knowledge ot" end plotters had in view and iiicans they 
 had recourse to. 
 
 CllAPTEE LIX. .. .. .. .. 193. 
 
 Metaphysical Argument groiuided on Oldcorne's Jiei)ly to 
 Humphrey Littleton — Argument seeks to demonstrate that 
 from tenour and purport of Oldcorne's Kei)ly, the Jesuit 
 nnist liave liad a special interior Iviiowledge of the Plot. 
 
 CHAPTEU LX. (same continued) . . . . . . . . 195^ 
 
 CHAPTER LXl. (same continued) . . . . . . . . 19S 
 
 CHAPTER LX I [. (same continued) .. . .. .. 200- 
 
 CHAPTER LXlll. (same continued).. .. .. .. 201 
 
 CHAPTER LXIV. (same continued) . . . . . . . . 204 
 
 CHAPTER LXV. (same continued) . . . . . 208 
 
 CHAPTER LXYI. (same continued) . . .. .. .. 210' 
 
 CHAPTER LXVIL (same continued) . . . . . . 212 
 
 CHAPTER LXVTTl. (same continued) .. .. .. 215 
 
 CHAPTER LXIX. (same continued) . . . . . . 220- 
 
 CHAPTER LXX. . . . . . . . . . . . . 222: 
 
 Fathers Garnet and Oldcorne captured at Hindlip Hall the 
 last week of January, I6O0-G — Conveyed to the 'lower of 
 London -Father Oldcorne "racked five times, and once 
 with the greatest severity for several hours" — On 71 h 
 April, 1606, at Redhill, near Worcester, Fatlier Edward 
 Oldcorne, Priest and Jesuit, hanged, drawn, and quartered 
 as a traitor — Brother Ral])li Asldey, his servant, hanged at 
 the same time and phice. 
 
 CHAPTER LXXl. .. .. .. .. 224 
 
 True inferences to be drawn from Father Oldcorue's "last 
 dying speech and confession.''
 
 XXXI 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 CHAPTEE LXXIL .. .. '221 
 
 Edward Oldcorne— lialph Ashley. 
 
 CHAPTER LXXI 11. .. .. .. .. .. 1^29 
 
 Thomas AVard. 
 
 EECAPITULATIOX OF PROOFS, ARGUiMENTS, AND COX- 
 
 CLUSIOXS .. .. .. .. .. .. 233. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTA. 
 
 SUPPLEMEXTUM T. . . . . . . . . • • 239 
 
 (\nv Fawkes. 
 
 SUPPLEMEXTUM 11. .. .. .. .. 260 
 
 Letter of Lord Bishop of ^Vorcester (Dr. Bilsoii), to Sir 
 Ilobert Cecil, as to Diocese of Worcester. 
 
 SUPPLEMEXTUM III. . . . . . . . . 264 
 
 Thomas Ward (or Warde). 
 
 SUPPLEMEXTUM J A^ .. .. .. .. •• 271 
 
 Mulwith, near liipon. 
 
 SUPPLEMEXTUM V. .. .. .. .. •• 279 
 
 Plowlaiul, Holder iiess. 
 
 SUPPLEMEXTUM VI. . . . . . . . • 287 
 
 Equivocation. Letter of the liev. (ieorge Canning, S.J., 
 Professor of Ethics, St. Mary's Hall, Stonyhurst.
 
 XXXll 
 
 PAGE 
 
 appexdicp:s. 
 
 APPENDIX A . . 295 
 
 Circumstantial Evidence defined. 
 
 (a) Evidence generally : (by Mr. Frank Pick, York). 
 
 APPENDIX IJ . . . . . . 299 
 
 Discrepancy as to date when immaterial (per Lord Chief 
 Justice Scroggs, temi>. Charles IT.). 
 
 APPENDIX C . . . . . . . . 300 
 
 List of those apprehended for Plot in Warwickshire, <fcc. 
 
 (a) List of those frequenting Clopton (or Clapton) Hall, 
 Stratford-on-Avon, AVarwickshire. 
 
 APPENDIX D . . . . . . . . 304 
 
 Kichard Browne (servant to Christopher Wright), his evidence. 
 
 APPENDIX E . . . . . . . . ' . . . . 306 
 
 AVilliam Grantliam (servant to Hewett, Hatter), his evidence. 
 
 APPENDIX F . . . . . . . . . . 307 
 
 Robert Eookes (servant to Ambrose Kookwood), his evidence. 
 
 APPENDIX G . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 
 
 John Cradock (Cutler), his evidence. 
 
 APPENDIX II .. .. .. .. .. 310 
 
 Lord Chief Justice Popham's statement as to Christopher 
 AVright. 
 
 APPENDIX I .. .. 312 
 
 Sir Kichard A'erney, Knt., John Ferrers. William Combe, 
 Bart. Hales (W^arwickshire Justices): .Joint Statement to 
 Earl of Salisbury, as to Mrs. John Grant and Mrs. 
 Thomas Percy. 
 
 .\PPENDiX .1 .. .. .. .. 313 
 
 Paris (l)oatman), his evidence, as to taking (iiiy l-'awkes to 
 Gravelines, France, during "vacation," 1605.
 
 XXXlll 
 
 I'AGE 
 
 APPENDIX K .. .. .. .. 314 
 
 Miss Euima M. Walford, her opinioa as to resemblance 
 between Edward Oldcorne's original Declaration of 12tli 
 March, 1605-6, and original Letter to Lord Monnteagle 
 (both in Record Office, Chancery Lane, London, W.C.). 
 
 APPENDIX L . . . . . . . . 315 
 
 Professor Bertram C. A. AVindle, M.D., E.E.S., his opinion as 
 to distances between certain localities in Warwickshire, 
 "Worcestershire, Northamptonshire, and Buckinghamshire. 
 
 APPENDIX M . . . . . . . . . . 318 
 
 Letter of Lieut.-Colouel Carmichael as to same. 
 
 APPENDIX N . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 
 
 Order of Queen Elizabeth in Council, dated 31st December, 
 
 1582, addressed to the Lord Mayor and Aldermen of the 
 City of York. 
 
 NOTE (as to authenticity of Thomas Winter's Confession) . . 323 
 
 NOTES (1-180) . . . . . . . . . . . . 3i>7 
 
 FINIS .. .. .. .. .. .. 411
 
 EEEATA. 
 
 The author rej^rets to liave to recjuest his indulgent readers to be 
 
 kind euough to make tlie following corrections : — 
 
 Page ly, line 14 from top. — Put ) after word "conspirators,"' )iot after 
 word " TresTiam." 
 
 Page 77, line 9 from top. — Read : and " great great grandfather of 
 Philip Howard Earl of Arundel," instead of ^' r/reat-grandfather.'' 
 
 Page 79, in note, line a from top. — liead : " ninth Earl of Carlisle," 
 instead of " seventh Earl of Carlisle." 
 
 Page 87, in note, line 8 from bottom. — Read : " Burns & Gates." 
 
 Page 117, line 5 from top. — ^Read : "William Abington," instead of 
 " Thomas Abington.'" 
 
 Page 122, in note, line 2 from top. — Read: "Duke of Beaufort," 
 instead of " Duke of St. Albans." 
 
 Page 140, line 4 from top. — Read : " incarcerated," instead of 
 " iiiccarerated." 
 
 Page 285, in note, line 2 from top. — Read : " kinswoman," instead of 
 " kinsman." 
 
 Page 321, line 16 from top. — Read: "Deprave," instead of '■'■ depeave."
 
 PEELUDE. 
 
 In order that the problem of the Gunpowder Plot 
 may be understood, it is necessary for the reader 
 to bear in mind that there were three movements — 
 distinct though connected — against the Government on 
 the part of the oppressed Koman Catholic recusants in 
 the year 1()05. The first of these movements was a 
 general wave of insurrectionary feeling, of which there is 
 ■evidence in Yorkshire as far back as 159() ; in Lancashire 
 about 1000 ; and in Herefordshire, at a later date, much 
 more markedly. Then there was the Gunpowder Plot 
 itself. And, lastly, there was the rebellion that was 
 planned to take place in the Midlands, which, to a very 
 limited extent, did take place, and in the course of which 
 four of the conspirators were slain. That Salisbury's spies 
 and decoys — wdio w-ere, like Walsingham's, usually not 
 Protestants but " bad Catholics "- — had something to do 
 with stirring up the general revolutionary feeling is more 
 than probable ; but that either he or they planned, either 
 jointly or severally, the particular enterprise known as the 
 Gunpowder Treason Plot — which was as insane as it was 
 infamous — I do not for a ]noment believe. 
 
 All students of English History, however, are greatly 
 indebted to the Kev. John Gerard, S.J., for his three
 
 XXXVl 
 
 recent critical works on this subject ; but stiJl that the 
 main outhnes of tlie Plot are as they liave come down to 
 ns by tradition, to my mind, Dr. Samuel IJawson Gardiner 
 abundantly provt^s in his book in reply to the liev. 
 John Gerard. 
 
 The names of the works to which 1 refer are : — 
 " What was the Guiipoivdev Plot ! " the Eev. J. Gerard, 
 S.J. (Osgood, Mcllvaine & Co.); '' Tiie Gunpoivihr IHot 
 and Flatters'' (Harper Bros.); ''Thomas Winter's Con- 
 fession (111(1 the Giiiqjowder Plot" (Harper Bros.); and 
 " What Gunpowder Plot icds," S. 11. Gardiner, D.C.L., 
 LL.D. (Longmans). 
 
 The Articles in " TJte Dictioiiary of National 
 Biographij " dealing with tlie chief actors in this notable 
 traged}^ are all worthy of careful perusal. 
 
 " The Historij of tlie Jesuits in England, 1580-1773;' 
 by the Eev. Ethelred L. Taunton, with twelve illustra- 
 tions (Methuen & Co., 1901), contanis a chapter on 
 the Gunpowder Plot ; and the Plot is referred to in 
 Major Hume's recent work, entitled, " Treason and Plot " 
 (Nisbet, 1901).
 
 CHAPTEE I. 
 
 One of the unsolved problems of English History is 
 the question : " Who wrote the Letter to the Lord 
 Mounteagle ? " surely, one of the most momentous 
 documents ever penned by the hand of man, which 
 discovered the Gunpowder Treason, and so saved a King 
 of England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland — to say nothing 
 of France — his Boyal Consort, his Counsellors, and 
 Senators, from a bloody, cruel, and untimely death. 
 
 In every conspiracy there is a knave or a fool, and 
 sometimes, happily, " a repentant sinner." 
 
 Now it is well known that the contrivers of the Gun- 
 powder Treason themselves suspected Francis Tresham — 
 a subordinate conspirator and brother-in-law to Lord 
 Mounteagle — and many historians have rashly jumped to 
 the conclusion that, therefore, Tresham must have been 
 the author. 
 
 But, when charged at Barnet by Catesby and Thomas 
 Winter, two of his infuriated fellow-plotters, with having 
 sent the Letter, Tresham so stoutly and energetically 
 denied the charge that his denial saved him from the 
 point of their poniards. 
 
 Moreover, the suspected man when a prisoner in the 
 Tower of London, and even when in the act of throwing 
 himself on the King's mercy, never gave the faintest hint 
 that the Letter was attributable to him. But, on the 
 contrary, actually stated first that he had intended to 
 reveal the treason, and secondly that he had been guilf?/ 
 of concealment. 
 
 B
 
 '2 THE GUNPO^YDER PLOT. 
 
 Now, as a rule, " all that a man bath will he give 
 for his hfe." Therefore it is impossible, in the face of 
 this direct testimony of Tresbam, to maintain that to him 
 the discovery of the Plot is due : and the force of the 
 argument grounded on Tresham's being the brother-in-law 
 to Mounteagle, and that the accused man showed an 
 evident desire that the Plot should be postponed, if not 
 / . altogether abandoned, melts away like snow before the 
 ' sun/^>^-)i 
 
 To whatever decision the Historical Inquirer into 
 this hitherto inscrutable mystery is destined to come after 
 reviewing and weighing the Evidence now available — which 
 to-da}^ is more abundant from a variety of accidental 
 circumstances, than when Lingard and Mackintosh, and 
 even Gardiner and Green, wrote their histories — it is 
 manifest that the Inquirer's decision in the matter cannot 
 be as certain as a mathematical conclusion. But, it may 
 be morally certain, because of the many degrees of 
 probability that the information now ready to our hand 
 will inevitably give that are favourable to the conclusion 
 which the following pages will seek, by the evidence of 
 facts, to sustain. And, as the ancient historian tersely 
 sa3's : '■'■ JJhi res adsunf, quid opus est verbis!^'' — "Where 
 facts are at hand, what need is there for words ? " 
 
 The Evidence to be relied on is mainly the evidence 
 known as Circumstantial,-^ and consists of two classes of 
 acts. One of these classes leads np to the performance 
 of the transaction— namely, in the one case, the 
 dictating of the Letter by the primary Author ; in the 
 other case, the penning of the Document by the secondary 
 Scribe. Whilst the other class of acts tends to 
 
 ^ See Notes at End o£ Text, indicated by figures in ( ). 
 
 ' As to the nature of Circumstantial Evidence — see Appendix.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 6 
 
 •demonstrate that the Author of the Letter and the 
 Penman respectively were conscious, subsequent to the 
 ■commission of the transaction — in the former case, of 
 having incurred the responsihihty of being the originating 
 Oause of the Document ; in the latter case, of being the 
 Agent for its physical production. 
 
 Before we begin to collect our Evidence, and, a 
 fortiori, before we begin to consider the inferences from 
 the same, we ought to bear in mind certain fixities of 
 thought, or, in other words, certain self-evident funda- 
 mentals which are grounded in logic and daily experience. 
 These fixities of thought or self-evident fundamentals 
 will be points from which the reason of the Historical 
 Inquirer can take swing. And not only so ; but — like 
 the cords of the rocket life-saving apparatus of the eager 
 mariner — they will be lines of attachment and rules of 
 thought, whereby first to secure to ourselves the 
 .available Evidence ; and secondly, to prove to the 
 intellect the truth of a theory wdiich, if allowed, shall 
 redound, in respect of courage and integrity, to the praise 
 rand honour of Man.
 
 CHAPTEE II. 
 
 Now, to my mind, it is a proposition so plain as. 
 not to require arguing, that there must have been at 
 least two persons engaged in the two-fold transaction of 
 dictating the Letter and of being the penman of tlie 
 same. For although it is, of course, physically possible 
 that the work may have been accomplished by one and 
 the sanie person, 3"et that there was a division of lal)our 
 in the two-fold transaction is infinitel}^ the more likely 
 supposal : because of the terrible risk to the revealing 
 conspirator of his handwriting being detected by the 
 Government authorities, and, through them, by hi& 
 co-partners in guilt, should he have rashly adventured 
 to be his owji scribe ; and this though he feigned his 
 penmanship never so cunningly. 
 
 Now if such were the case, it follows that there 
 must have been some second person — some entirely 
 trustworthy friend— in the conspirator's confidence. Nay, 
 if the exigencies of the nature and posture of affairs 
 demanded it, a third person, or even a fourth, might have 
 been also taken into confidence. But only if absolutely 
 necessary. For the risk of detection would be proportioned 
 to the numl)er of persons in the secret : — it being a rule 
 of common prudence in such cases that confidences must 
 not 1)0 unnecessarily multiplied. 
 
 'J'lierefore it follows that, supposing there was a 
 second person in the confidence of the " discovering " or 
 revealing conspirator to pen the Letter ; and supposing
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 5 
 
 there was a third person in the confidence of that 
 -conspirator, with or without the knowledge and consent of 
 the second person, to act as a go-betw^een, an '^ iiiterpres,''' 
 between the conspirator and Lord Mounteagle, these 
 two persons must have been very trustworthy persons 
 indeed. 
 
 Now a man trusts his fellow-man in proportion as 
 he has had knowledge of him either directly or indirectly ; 
 ■directly by personal contact, indirectly through the 
 recommendation of some competent authority. 
 
 Ex'perientia docet. Experience teaches. A man 
 has knowledo'e of his fellow-man as the resultant of the 
 •experience gained from relationship of some kind or 
 another. And relationship is created by kinship, friendship, 
 •or business — intending the word "business" to embrace 
 activity resulting from thought, word, and deed extending 
 to the widest range of human interests conceivable. 
 Kelationship creates bonds, ties, obligations between the 
 several persons united by it. 
 
 Hence, the practical conclusion is to be drawn that if 
 "the discovering" or disclosing Gunpow^der conspirator, with 
 a view to revealing the intended massacre, had recourse 
 to one or more confidants, they must have been one 
 or more person or persons w4io were united to him by 
 kinship, friendship, or business, in the sense predicated, 
 possibly in all three, and that they must have been 
 persons bound to him by bonds, which if " light as air 
 were strong as iron." 
 
 Let us now turn to the Evidence to-day available 
 bearing upon the momentous document under considera- 
 tion. We will begin by saying a few words respecting 
 the Lord Mounteagle, whose name, at least, the Gun- 
 powder Treason will have for ever enshrined in the 
 remembrance of the British people.
 
 CHAPTER HI. - 
 
 William Parker/''^ the son and heir of Lord Morley^ 
 \vhose harony had been created b}^ King Edward I. in 1299,, 
 was called to the House of Lords as the fourth Baron 
 Mounteagle, in right of his mother the Honourable 
 Elizabeth Stanley, the only child and heiress of the third 
 Baron Mounteagle, whose wife was a Leybourne of 
 Westmoreland. 
 
 At the time of the Plot (1005) the fourth Lord 
 Mounteagle was thirty years of age. His principal 
 country residence appears to have been at Great 
 Hallingbury, near Bishop Stortford, in the County of 
 Essex. His chief town-house seems to have been in the 
 Strand. He married before he was eighteen years of age, 
 Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Thomas Tresham of Pushton, 
 Northamptonshire, a high-minded, scholarly Poman 
 Catholic gentleman of great wealth, who had been knighted 
 at Kenihvorth by Queen Elizabeth in 1577. 
 
 Mounteagle was connected through his mother 
 alone, to say nothing of his father, with some of the 
 noblest families in the land. Besides the then well-nigh 
 ]inncely Lancashire House, the Stanleys Earls of ])erb3-, 
 to whom he was related in both the ^^(aternal and 
 inaternal lines, through his mother Elizabeth Stanley, 
 Mounteagle was related, as cousin once removed, to those 
 twain gracious, beautiful souls, Anne Dacres Countess 
 of Arundel and Surrey, widow of the sainted Philip Howard 
 p]arl of Arundel and Surrey, and to her sister the Lady 
 Elizabeth Howard, wife of "Belted Will Howard " ^'^ of
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 7 
 
 Naworth Castle, the ancient home of the Lords Dacres 
 of Gilsland, near Carlisle, commonly called the Lords 
 Dacres of the North, in contradistinction to the Lords 
 Dacres of the South, of Hurstmonceaux Castle in the 
 County of Sussex. 
 
 Mounteagle was, therefore, through his mother, a near 
 kinsman to the remarkable Thomas Howard Earl of 
 Arundel, who married Aletheia, the only child and heiresis 
 of Gilbert, seventh Earl of Shrewsbury, and god-daughter 
 of Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 This Earl of Arundel eventually became the well- 
 known patron of the fine arts. But in the year 1605 the 
 young peer had not yet quite attained his majority. 
 
 Mounteagle, again, through his mother's relationship 
 with the gifted Thomas Howard Earl of Arundel just 
 mentioned, would be also connected with a nobleman who 
 at that epoch was counted a very model of "the pomp, 
 pride, and circumstance of ancient nobility," with John 
 Lord Lumley^'^^ of Lumley Castle in the County Palatine of 
 Durham, whose wife was Jane, daughter of Henry Eitzalan 
 Earl of Arundel, a nobleman "exceeding magnifical," who 
 indeed in his day had even cherished aspirations to the 
 hand of the last representative of the Koyal House of 
 Tudor herself. 
 
 Lord Mounteagle consorted much with English Roman 
 Catholics, and, in some sense, prior to the year 1G05, was of 
 that religion himself. He had been present with his wife's 
 brother Francis Tresham a little after the Midsummer of 
 1605 at Eremland in Essex, on the occasion of the 
 celebrated meeting when Father Henry Garnet, the head 
 of the Jesuits in England, took occasion to have special 
 w^arning speech with Catesb}' respecting a general question 
 propounded by Catesby to Garnet about a month or six 
 weeks previously (i.e., the beginning of Trinity Term,
 
 8 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 1G05), and from the answer to whicli general question 
 Catesb}^ slianiefully drew that particular conclusion which 
 the promptings of his evil will desired, in order that the 
 enormity he had purposed might be made acceptable to 
 the w^avering conscience of any dubious fellow -plotter 
 against whose resurgent sense of right and wrong he 
 thought he might have to strive. 
 
 Lord Mounteagle is a difficult man accurately to 
 reckon up, either intellectually, morally, or religiously. 
 For he seems in all three aspects to have been a slightly 
 ambiguous person.^ Yet certainly he was no mere titled 
 fool, with a head-piece like a windmill. Far from it : 
 he was probal)]y a man of sufficient, though not, I think, 
 of the very highest intelligence, good-natured, easy-going, 
 and of very engaging manners.^ 
 
 By liis contemporaries, it is evident that even prior 
 to 1005 Mounteagle was made much of and greatly 
 courted. But less, I opine, on account of the intellectual 
 and moral (jualities wherewith he was endowed, than on 
 account of the exalted station of his kith and kin and 
 the general excellency and eminency of his own external 
 graces and gifts of fortune. 
 
 So much, then, for tlie present, concerning the now 
 famous AVilliam Parker fourth Baron Mounteagle, whom 
 Histor}'' has crowned with a wreath of immortals. 
 
 ^ It is cui-ious ;iii(l nniiisiiiijj to licai' l.liat llu' following was the 
 opinion of liobert Catesby concerning the peerage of his day: — "lleuiacle 
 account of the nobility as of atheists, fools, and cowards; and that lusty 
 liodies would be better for the coniiuonwealth than they." — See '■^ Kei/es' 
 ExamiiHition" llecord Office. 
 
 * A certain English periodical, a few years ago, spoke admiringly of 
 Lord jNIounteagle's twentieth century connection, the present Duke of 
 ])evon8hire, as being one's hedn-ulecd of the " you-be-dannied '" type o£ 
 Englishman. Probably the same ])eriodical would have found, had it been 
 in existence in the seventeenth century, a siniihir contentment in the 
 contemplation of the fourth Loid Mounteagle.
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 On Saturday, the 26tli of October, ten days before 
 the intended meeting of Parhament,^ Lord Mounteagie, 
 we are told, unexpectedly and without any apparent 
 reason or previous notice, directed a supper to be prepared 
 at his mansion at Ploxton, where he had not been for 
 more than a twelve-month before that date. 
 
 It will be well, however, to relate the history of 
 what occurred in the exact words provided for us in a 
 w^ork published by King James's printer, and put forth as 
 " the authorised version " of the facts that it recorded. 
 The work bears the title — " A Discourse of the late 
 intended Treason,'" anno 1605. '■'■ Tlie Discourse'' says: — 
 " The Lord Mounteagie, sonne and heire to the Lord 
 Morley, being in his own lodging ready to go to supper 
 at seven of the clock at night one of his footmen whom 
 he had sent of an errand over the streete was'"ine&\ by 
 an unknown man of a reasonable tall persoilage^*'^ who 
 ■delivered him a Letter charging him to put iVTii my 
 Lord his Master's hands, which my Lord no sooner 
 received but that having broken it up and perceiving the 
 same to be of an unknown and somewhat unlegible 
 hand, and without either date or subscription, did call 
 
 ^ Parliament bad been prorogued from tbe 3rd of October to the 
 otb of November. Lord Mounteagie was one of the Commissioners. 
 
 The " Confession,'' by Thomas AVinter, which 1 regard as genuine, 
 I have also drawn upon freely in my relation of facts. — See Appendix.
 
 10 THE GUNrOWDER PLOT. 
 
 one of his men unto him for helping him to road it. 
 But no sooner did he conceive the strange contents, 
 thereof, although he was some^Yllat perplexed what 
 
 construction to malve of it yet did he as a 
 
 most dutifull and lo3'all subject conclude not to conceal 
 it, whatever might come of it. Whereupon notwith- 
 standing the latenesse and darknesse of the night in that 
 season of the j^ear, he presently repaired to his Majesties 
 palace at AMiitehall and there delivered the same to the 
 Earle of Salisbury his majesties principall secretarie." 
 The Letter was as follows : — 
 
 " My lord out of the lone i beare | yowe \ to- 
 some of youere frends i haue a caer of youer 
 preseruacion therfor i would aduyse yowe as yowe 
 tender youer lyf to deu3'S some exscuse to shift of 
 youer attendance at this parleament for god and man 
 hath concurred to punishe the wickednes of this tyme 
 and thinke not slightlye of this aduertisment but retj^ere 
 youre self into youre contri wheare yowe maye expect 
 the euent in safti for thow^ghe^'^ theare ])e no 
 apparance of anni stir yet i saye they shall receyue a 
 terrible l)lowe this parleament and yet the}^ shall not 
 sei who hurts them this councel is ]iot to be contemned 
 because it maye do yowe good and can do yowe no 
 harme for the dangere is passed as soon as yow^e have 
 burnt the letter and i hope god will give yowe the grace 
 to mak good use of it to whose holy proteccion i 
 com end yowe." 
 
 (Addressed on the back) to " the ryglit honcjrable 
 
 the lord mouteagle." 
 
 Tlie full name of the member of Lord ^Nfounteagle's- 
 
 household who read the Letter to Lord Mounteagle, we 
 
 learn, was Thomas A\';ii-(1.^^^ 
 
 Ward was acquainted with Thomas Winter, one of the
 
 THE GUNPOWDEK PLOT. 11 
 
 principal Gunpowder plotters ; for Winter himself bad 
 formerl}' been in Mounteagle's service, and at tbe time of 
 tbe Plot was almost certainly on amicable terms with the 
 young nobleman. 
 
 On the 27th of October, the day following the delivery 
 of the Letter, TJiomas Ward came to Tliomas Winter 
 (being Sunday at night) and told him that a Letter had 
 been given to Lord Mounteagle, which the latter presently 
 had carried to Eobert Cecil Earl of Salisbury. — " Winter's 
 Confession.''' 
 
 Winter, thereupon, the next day, Monday, the 28tli 
 October, went to a house called W^hite Webbs, not far 
 from Lord Salisbury's mansion Theobalds. 
 
 White Webbs was a lone and (then) half-timbered 
 dwelling, " with many trap doors and passages," surrounded 
 by w^oods, near Enfield Chase, ten miles north of 
 W^estminster. 
 
 At this secluded spot Thomas Winter had speech with 
 Catesby, the arch-conspirator, "assuring him wdthal that 
 the matter w^as disclosed and wishing him in anywise to 
 forsake his country." — " Winter's Confession.'" 
 
 Catesby told AVinter, " he would see further as yet and 
 resolved to send Mr. Eawkes to try the uttermost protesting 
 if the part belonged to himself he would try the same 
 adventure." — " Wi7iter''s Confession." 
 
 On Wednesday, the 30th October, from White Webbs, 
 "Mr. Fawkes," as Thomas Winter styles him, went to 
 the cellar under the House of Lords, where thirty-six 
 barrels of powder, w^ood, and coal were stored in 
 readiness for the bloody slaughter purposed for November 
 the Fifth. 
 
 Fawkes returned to Wliite Webbs at night, at which 
 the conspirators "were very glad." Fawkes had found 
 in the cellar his "private marks" all undisturbed.
 
 12 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 '' The next day after the dehvery of the Letter," 
 says Stowe (though as a fact it was probably five days 
 after the dehvery of the iiioinentous document, namely, 
 •on the following Thursday), tin's sclf-safne " Tliomas 
 Wilder told Christopher Wriglit,'" — a subordinate con- 
 spirator, — " that he (Winter) understood an obscure letter 
 liad been delivered to Lord Mounteagle, who had conveyed 
 it to Salisbury. "(*'> 
 
 Hence, most 'prohahlij, either Thomas Winter went in 
 search of Christopher WrifjJit to afford him this piece of 
 information; or Wriglit went in search of Winter to 
 obtain it. 
 
 At about live o'clock in the morning of Tuesday, 
 November the Fifth, about live hours after Fawkes' 
 apprehension by Sir Thomas Knevet and his men,^^''^ the 
 said Christopher Wright went to the chamber of the said 
 Thomas Winter and told hini that a nol)leman (i.e., the 
 Earl of Worcester, Master of the Horse) " had called 
 (i.e., summoned) the Lord ^Mounteagle, saying, ' Else and 
 •come along to Essex House,*"^ for I am going to call up 
 my Lord of Northumberland,' saying withal, ' the matter 
 is discovered.' " — " Winter s Confession.'' 
 
 Of this conspirator, Christopher Wright, it is said,^^'^ 
 that "he was the first to ascertain that the Plot was 
 <liscovered." Probably this refers to the information 
 he (Christopher Wright) obtained as the upshot of his 
 interview with Winter on (probably) Thursday, the 
 31st October. 
 
 Cln'istopher W^right was, likewise, the first to announce 
 the apprehension of Fawkes on the morning of tlie 5th of 
 November. 
 
 It is also further said of Christopher A\'riglit by 
 ,Qi-ig(i3) ^yi^Q wi-Qte during tlu; last century, that " He 
 .advised that each of tlie conspirators should l)etake
 
 THE GUNPOWDEPw PLOT. ll^- 
 
 himself to flight in a different direction from his 
 companions. Had this heen followed several of them 
 would have prohahly succeeded in making their escape- 
 to the continent. The conspirators, however, adopted 
 another course, which issued in their discomfiture in 
 Staffordshire, where Christopher Wright was also 
 killed."
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and during the 
 €arher part of tlie reign of King James L, ahnost all 
 those castellated castles, moated halls, and gabled manor- 
 houses which to-day, still standing more or less perfect, 
 ^' amidst their tall ancestral trees o'er all the pleasant 
 land," go to constitute that " old England " which her 
 sons and daughters (and their brethren and kinsfolk 
 beyond the seas) know and love so well ; during the 
 reign of Elizabeth and during the earlier part of the 
 reign of James I., these now time-honoured, ivy-clad 
 abodes and dwellings of English men and English women, 
 over whom the grave has long since closed, but who 
 in their day and generation were assuredly among the 
 heroic and the supremely excellent of the earth, were 
 the sheltering, romantic roof-trees of those who clung 
 tenaciously to the ancient religious Faith of the English 
 race. 
 
 This Faith was indeed that faith which had been 
 taken and embraced by their "rude forefathers" of long 
 ages ago, in the simple hope and with the pathetic trust 
 that it might "do them good."^ And this their hope, 
 they believed and knew, had been not in vain, neither 
 had been their trust betrayed. 
 
 ' See the beautiful apologue of the Saxon nobleman of Deira, 
 delivered in the presence of St. Edwin King of iVorthumbria ; given in 
 Eede's " Ecclesiastical IJlstory.''
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 15 
 
 In the days of the second Henry Tiidor — fons et 
 origo maloruin — the fountain-head and well-spring of 
 -almost all of England's many present-day religious and 
 social woes — the men and women of England and Wales 
 knew full w^ell, whether they were of Cymric, Saxon, 
 Scandinavian, or Norman race (or a mixture of all 
 four), that to that assemblage of ideas and emotions, 
 laws and rules, habits and customs, which had come to 
 them from men of foreign blood and alien name, dwelling 
 on the banks of the far-off "yellow Tiber" and under 
 sunny, blue Italian skies — these men and women, I 
 repeat, knew full well that to their religious Faith they 
 owed almost everything that was best and truest and 
 most enduring, either in themselves or their kith and kin/ 
 
 Now regard being had to the indisputable fact that 
 for well-nigh a thousand years England had been known 
 abroad as "the Dowry of Mary and the Island of Saints," 
 hy reason of the signal manifestations she had displayed 
 in the way of cathedrals and churches, abbeys and 
 priories, convents and nunneries, hospitals and schools 
 (which arose up and down the length and breadth of the 
 laud to Northward and Southward, to East and AYest, 
 
 ^ Yorkshire, being the greatest of EngUsh Shires, had among the 
 inhabitants of its hills and dales and " sounding shores," representatives 
 •of the various races which compose the English nation. In the West 
 Riding especially, those of the old Cymric or British stock were to be 
 found. (Indeed, I am told, even now shepherds often count their sheep 
 by the old British numerals.) This strong remnant of the old British 
 race in the West Hiding probably accounts for the marvellous gift of song 
 Avherewith this division of Yorkshiremen are endowed to this day, just as are 
 the Welsh. In none other portion of England was there such a wealth of 
 stately churches and beautiful monasteries as in Yorkshire, the ancient 
 Deira, whose melodious name once kept ringing in the ears of St. Gregory 
 the Great, of a truth, the best friend the English people ever had. But 
 Y^orkshire realised that "before all temples" the One above "preferred 
 the upright heart and pure." Therefore, canonized saints arose from among
 
 IG THE GUNrOWDER PLOT. 
 
 thereby, by the aid of art, adding even to England's 
 rare natural beauty), it was never at all likely that the 
 bulk of the English people would, all on a sudden, cast 
 oft" their cherished beliefs and hallowed affections respecting 
 the deepest central questions of human life/"^ 
 
 Moreover, it may be taken as a general rule, to be 
 remembered and a})plied by princes and statesmen, all the 
 world over and for all time, that Man is a creature " full of 
 religious instincts:" — "too superstitious," should it be 
 thought more accurate and desirable so to describe this 
 undoubted h^ibit and bent of the human mind. 
 
 Thence it follows that it is the merest fatuous folly 
 for princes and statesmen if and when they have got. 
 themselves entangled in a false position, from some ex- 
 ternal cause or causes having little or no relation to 
 the Invisible and the Eternal, to bid their subjects and 
 denizens, "right about turn," at a moment's notice: 
 however " bright and blissful " such mental evolutions 
 may be deemed to be by those who have unwisely taken 
 it into their foolish head to issue the irrational command.^ 
 
 her vigorous, keen-minded, yet poetically imaginative sons and daughters. 
 York hecame sacred to tSt. Paulinus and St. AV^illiam ; liipon to St. Wilfrid, 
 the Apostle oF Sussex; also to St. AVillihrord, the Apostle o£ Holland; 
 Beverley was hallowed by the presence of St. John of Beverley ; AVhitby 
 by the Saxon princess St. Hilda, the friend of Caeduion, the father of 
 English poetry. The moors of Lastinghara were blest by the presence of 
 St. Chad and St. Cedd ; and Knaresbrough by St. Kobert, in his leafy 
 stone-cave hard-bv the winding Xidd. 
 
 o 
 
 ^ That able and strong-minded Englishman, Dr. Temple, Archbishop 
 oF Canterbury, said (in 1901) in the House of Lords, during the debates 
 on that ])athetically ridiculous document, the Sovereign's Declaration 
 against I'opery, when speaking on Lord Salisbury's proposed amended 
 form, that England was resolved " to stand no interference with her 
 religion fnnn the outside."' It is a good thing that the heathen Kings 
 l")thelbert and Edwin were Ieis,s ahiwrnudly patriotic 1300 years ago. For 
 the idi a of "independence" iias Ui be held subject to the " goldeii mean"
 
 THE GUNPOAYDER PLOT. 17 
 
 Now, ill the days of Queen Elizabetli'^ those whom 
 rehgious loyalty prompted to worship supremely "the God 
 of their fathers " after a manner that those eager for change 
 comited " idolatry," were marked by different mental 
 characteristics. This was so throughout England ; but 
 especially was it so in those live northern counties which 
 comprised what was then by Catholics proudly styled "the 
 faithful North." 
 
 Some of these English " leile and feile," that is loyal 
 and faithful, servants of Rome were, on the subjective 
 side, retained in their allegiance to the Visible Head of 
 Christendom by bonds formed by mere natural piety and 
 conservative feeling — dutiful affections of Nature which are 
 the promise and the pledge of much that is best in the 
 Teutonic race. 
 
 Others were mainly ruled by an overmastering sense 
 of that lofty humility which foes call pride, but friends 
 dignity. 
 
 Whilst a third class were persuaded, by intense 
 intellectual, moral^ and spiritual conviction that — "in and 
 by the power of divine grace " — come what might,. 
 
 of " nothing too much." A fetish must not be made of that idea, 
 especially hy a people conscious of lofty imperial destiny. And " unity '^ 
 must there be between ideas that are controllins: fundamentals — in other 
 words, between ideas intellectual, moral, and spiritual. 
 
 ^ The mother of Queen Elizabeth, Anne Boleyn, died reconciled to 
 the Church of Eome. Her daughter, the Princess Elizabeth, was brought 
 up in the tenets of that Church : but, like one type of the children of the 
 lienaissance, Elizabeth was unconsciously " a Tribal Deist." Margaret Koper,. 
 the daughter of Sir Thomas More, was equally "cultured,"' but she accepted 
 the Catholic tradition in its letter and in its spirit. 1 may here state 
 that I have a great intellectual admiration for Queen Elizabeth, whose 
 virtues were her own, while her faults, to a large extent, were her 
 monstrous father's and her Privy Counsellors', who told her not vhat she 
 ow/ht to do but tvhat she could do, ivhich no realhj faithful adviser of a 
 Sovereign ever does.
 
 18 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 nothing should separate them from those hereditary 
 hehefs \Yhich were dearer to them far tlian not merely 
 earthly goods, lands, and personal libert}^, but even than 
 their very life. 
 
 This last-mentioned class, from and after the year 
 1580, ''the year of the Lord's controversy with Sion," as 
 the old English Catholics regarded it, who loved to recall 
 that " good time " when Campion and Parsons " poured 
 out their soul in words," especially Campion, who was 
 remembered in the north for three generations : this 
 last-mentioned class, I say, were oftentimes, though 
 certainly not always, found to be greatly attached to 
 the then new Society of Jesus, which, in England, was 
 in the glow and purity of its first fervour. 
 
 This last-mentioned class — I mean the Jesuitically- 
 affected class of English Catholics — were also again 
 sub-divided into three sub-divisions. One sul)-division 
 was composed of Mystics ; another of Poliiicians ; and a 
 third of those who, realising a higher unity, w^ere at once 
 Mystics and Politicians — or, in other phraseology, they 
 ■were Men of Tliouglit and Meji of Action. 
 
 Now, the Gunpowder conspirators belonged to the 
 last-mentioned class, and to the second division of that 
 class. That is to say, they were mere Politicians, 
 speaking broadly and speaking generally.
 
 CHAPTER YI. 
 
 It hath been truly observed by one of the most 
 knowing and candid of modern students of Ehzabethan 
 biographical literature, that Sir AVilliam Catesby, the 
 father of the arch-gunpowder conspirator, Robert Catesby, 
 in common with the great majority of the country 
 gentry throughout England, who were resident upon 
 their own estates, and unconnected with the oligarchy 
 which ruled in the Queen's name {i.e., Queen Elizabeth's) 
 at Court, threw in his lot with the Catholic part}^, and 
 suffered in consequence of his conscientious adherence 
 to the old creed. ^ 
 
 While Sir Thomas Tresham (the brother-in-law of 
 the last-mentioned Sir AVilliam Catesby and father of 
 Francis Tresham), one of the subordinate conspirators, 
 was so attached to the ancient faith of the English 
 people that, we are told, he not only regularly paid — by 
 way of lines — for more than twenty years, the sum of 
 j£260 per annum, about .£2,080 a year in our money, 
 into the Treasury rather than not maintain what (to 
 him) was "a conscience void of offence," but he also 
 spent at least twenty-one years of his life in prison, after 
 being Star-Chambered in the year 1581 along with Lord 
 Vaux of Harrowden and his brother-in-law. Sir William 
 Catesby, on a charge of harbouring Campion. 
 
 ^ Dr. Augustus Jessopp : Article — " Robert Catesby," •' Xational 
 Dlctlonarij of Biography.''
 
 20 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 The Fleet prison in London, Banbuiy Castle and 
 Ely — his " familiar prison," as Sir Thomas Tresham 
 pleasantly styled the last-named place of incarceration — 
 were the habitations wherein he was enabled to make 
 it his boast in a letter to Lord Henry Howard, after- 
 wards the Earl of Northampton, WTit in the year 1(303, 
 "that he had now completed his triple apprenticeship in 
 direst adversit}', and that he should be content to serve 
 a like long apprenticeship to prevent the foregoing of his 
 beloved, beautiful, and graceful llachel ; for it seemed to 
 him but a few days for the love he had to her."^ 
 
 Well ni;iy the spiritual descendants to-day of these 
 grand old Elizabethan Catholics exclaim : — " Tlieir very 
 memory is pure and bright, and our sad thoughts doth 
 cheer ! " 
 
 ^ Quoted from papers found at Rusbton in Xorlliamptonshire, the 
 scat of Sir Thomas Tresham, wliich he himself designed, being an architect 
 of some skill.
 
 CHAPTEE VII. 
 
 Tlie men known to history as the Gunpowder 
 Plotters were thirteen in number. 
 
 They were at first Robert Catesby, akeady mentioned, 
 Thomas Winter, Thomas Percy, John Wright, and Guy 
 {or Guide) Fawkes. 
 
 Subsequently, there were added to these five — Robert 
 Keyes, Christopher Wright (a younger brother of John 
 Wright), and lastly Robert Winter (an elder brother of 
 Thomas Winter),^ Ambrose Rookwood, John Grant, Sir 
 Everard Digby, Francis Tresham, and Thomas Bates. 
 
 Of these thirteen conspirators, all, with the exception 
 of Thomas Bates, a serving-man of Robert Catesby, were, 
 as Fawkes said, "gentlemen of name and blood." 
 
 Thomas Percy was the eldest of the conspirators and 
 in 1005 was about fortv-five years of ag-e. 
 
 Sir Everard Digby was the youngest, being twenty-four 
 years of age, whilst the ages of the others ranged betwixt 
 and between.^^-'^ 
 
 Thomas Percy, a native of Beverley, an ancient and 
 historic town in the East Riding of Yorkshire, was there- 
 fore a Yorkshirernan by birth. He was the son of Edward 
 
 ^ Lord Edmund Talbot, brother to the present Duke of Norfolk, K.G., 
 Hereditary Earl Marshal of England, is allied to Robert Winter, 
 through the Litters marriage with Gertrude Talbot, the daughter of John 
 Talbot, Esquire, of Grafton In \\''orcestershire. The brother of (Gertrude 
 Winter became Earl of Shrewsbury. John Talbot had married a daughter 
 of Sir AVilliam Petre. Lord Edmund Talbot, I believe, now owns 
 Haddington.
 
 22 THE GUXrOWDER PLOT. 
 
 Percy and Elizabetli his wife. Tiiougli not the ringleader 
 of the band of conspirators, Thomas Percy must have cut 
 the greatest iigure in the eyes of the pnhHc at large. For 
 he was a ''kinsman " of Henry, ninth Earl of Northumber- 
 land, according to the testimon}' of the Earl himself,^'*'^ 
 and through this nobleman Thomas Percy had been 
 made Captain of the Pensioners-in-Ordinary — Gentlemen 
 of Honour — in attendance at Court. At the time of the 
 Plot, too, Thomas Percy — the Constable of Alnwick and 
 "Warkworth Castles — acted as officer or agent for liis noble 
 kinsman's large northern estates, at Alnwick, Warkworth,. 
 Topcliffe, Spoiforth, and elsewhere. 
 
 Robert Catesb}^ the arch-conspirator, was — as we 
 have seen already — the son and heir of Sir William 
 Catesby, whose wife was a daugliter of Sir Robert. 
 Throckmorton of Coughton in Warwickshire. 
 
 Sir William Catesby was a gentleman of ancient,, 
 historic and distinguished lineage, who had large posses- 
 sions in Northamptonshire, Oxfordshire, and Warwickshire,, 
 yielding him about j£3,000 a year, or probably from ,£24,000 
 to £30,000 a year in our money. 
 
 These large estates his ill-fated son Robert Catesby 
 succeeded to in expectancy in 1598.^^^^ 
 
 Catesby, the younger, diminished his annual revenue 
 very considerably by involving himself in the rising of 
 the brilliant Robert Devereux, second Earl of Essex (1001), 
 who had given to Catesby a promise of toleration for 
 Catholic recusants, who chafed greatly under a system 
 of politico-theological persecution, at once galh'ng, cruel,, 
 and despicable. 
 
 But tin's promise of toleration was conditioned by 
 the very vital condition precedent that the insurrectionary 
 movement of the gallant but rash Essex against the 
 Government of Elizabeth had a successful issue.
 
 THE GUNPOWDEE PLOT. 23 
 
 The movement, however, was emphatically not smiled 
 on by Fortune, that fickle goddess, with the result that 
 Catesby found himself locked up in prison, and was only 
 ransomed by payment of a sum of £3,000. 
 
 This heavy fine, together with the fact that in 
 the year 1605 his mother, the Dowager Lady Catesby, 
 was living at Ashby St. Legers in Northamptonshire, and 
 owned for life all rents of the estates, except Chastleton 
 near Chipping Norton in Oxfordshire, seems to have been 
 the cause that, at the time of the Gunpowder Plot, Catesby 
 had not any very great amount of ready money in hand. 
 
 Besides this, until some four or five years prior to 
 1603, the year of the death of Queen Elizabeth, when he 
 began to practise the religion which in 1580 his father, 
 Sir William Catesby, had embraced or re-embraced, and 
 for which the latter had suffered imprisonment and heavy 
 fines, Eobert Catesby " was very wild ; and as he kept 
 company with the best noblemen of the land, so he spent 
 much above his rate, and so wasted also good part of 
 his living." 
 
 "He was of person above two yards ^^"^^ high, and 
 though slender, yet as well proportioned to his height as 
 any man one should see." He was, moreover, reputed 
 to be " very wise and of great judgment, though his 
 utterance was not so good. Besides, he w^as so liberal, 
 and apt to help all sorts, as it got him much love." 
 
 At the time of the Plot Catesby was about thirty- 
 five years of age. He had married Catherine Leigh, a 
 daughter of Sir Thomas Leigh, of Stoneleigh, a Protestant 
 gentleman of wealth and influence in Warwickshire. The 
 Parish Eegister of Chastleton has the following entry : — 
 "Eobert Catesbie, son of Eobert Catesbie, was baptised 
 the 11th day of November, 1595." ^^^> He had only this 
 one surviving child, who is said to have married the only 
 child of Thomas Percy.
 
 24 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 Catesby had the misfortune to lose his wife by death 
 before the year 1G02, and at the time of the Plot his 
 liome seems to have been with bis mother, the Dowager 
 Lady Catesby, at As]il)y St. Legers in the County of 
 Northampton, the family ancestral seat. For in 1G02 
 he had sold his residence, Chastleton, in Oxfordshire. 
 
 Now, as liobert Catesby, it seems l\y many circum- 
 stances, was the first inventor and chiefest furtherer of 
 the Plot, it is woiih while thus lingering on a description 
 of wliat manner of man he was. 
 
 It, however, may be asked how came it to pass that 
 this one person gained sucli prodigious ascendency over 
 twelve other persons so as to make tbem, in the event, 
 as mischievously, nay fatally, deluded as himself? 
 
 The answer is manifold : for besides the wrongs 
 whicli these ruthless plotters sought to avenge, tbey 
 evidently came under a potent psychological spell when 
 they came under the influence of this wayward, yet 
 fascinating, son of the brilliant age of Elizabeth — an age 
 in which men's intellectual and physical powers too often 
 attained a complete mastery over their moral powers.^'"^ 
 
 For a proof of Catesby's iujmense influence over 
 others, it may be nientioned that Ambrose Pookwood, 
 one of those whose blood afterwards stained the scaffold 
 at the early age of twent}'-seven for his share in tlie 
 wicked scheme, says of Catesby that "he (Pookwood) loved 
 and respected him as his own life."^'-'^ 
 
 Four things seem to have caused those who came 
 in contact with liobert Catesby to have been carried 
 captive at his will, if from the hrst they were at all well 
 affected towards him — his personal appearance, his 
 generosity, his zerJ, and his skill in the use of arms. 
 
 We are told tliat Tesimond (alias Greenway), another 
 contemporai'y of Catesby, says tliat " In's countenance
 
 THE GUNrOWDER PLOT. 25 
 
 was exceedingly noble and expressive. That his con- 
 versation and manners were peculiarly attractive and 
 imposing, and that by the dignity of his character he 
 exercised an irresistible influence over the minds of 
 those who associated with him."^--^ 
 
 His zeal was of that kind which is contagious and 
 kindles responsive fire. 
 
 As for his martial prowess, it was sufficiently attested 
 by his behaviour at the time of the Essex rising, when 
 Father Gerard, his contemporary, tells us that "Mr. 
 Catesby did then show such valour and fought so long 
 and stoutly as divers afterwards of those swordsmen 
 did exceedingly esteem him and follow him in regard 
 thereof." (''2
 
 CHAPTEK Mil. 
 
 Thomas Winter came of a Worcestershire family. His- 
 father, George Winter (or Wintour), had married Jane 
 Ingleby, the daughter of Sir Wilham Ingleby, a Yorkshire 
 knight of historic name, whose ancestral seat was liipley 
 Castle, near Xuaresbrough^-^^ in Xidderdale, one of the- 
 most romantic valleys of Yorkshire. 
 
 Jane Winter's brother, Francis Tngleby,^"^^ a barrister, 
 and afterwards a Koman Catholic priest, was hanged, 
 drawn and quartered at York, on the 2nd of June, 1586^ 
 for exercising his priesthood in York and his native County. 
 
 He was a man of rare parts, and the heroic stor}^ 
 of his life and death must have often thrilled the hearts 
 of his sister's children. 
 
 Would that they had taken him as tlicir model. 
 For of all those many Eoman Catholic Yorkshiremen^ 
 who, of divers ranks and degrees, in the sixteenth and 
 seventeenth centuries, preferred "death"' to (what to 
 them) was " dishonour," none has left nobler memories 
 than this self-sacrificing, exalted soul.^"^^ 
 
 ^ At least 49 pei'sons, priests and layuieu, suffered death in York alone 
 for the Pope's religion, between the reigns of Henry Vlll. and Charles II. 
 inclusive. The place of execution was usually the Tyburn, opposite 
 Knavesmire, near Hob Moor Gate, in tlie middle of the Tadcaster 
 High Jload. In the reign of Pliilip and jNIary no Protestant was burned 
 to death in Yorkshire. Archbishop Heath, of York, like Bishop Tunstall, 
 of Durham, and the great Catholic Jurist, Ediiunid Plowden, who, for 
 conscience sake, declined the Chancellorship when oifered to him by 
 Elizabeth, did not think they could "save alive" the soul of a -'lieretic"^ 
 by roasting " dead " his body at tlie stake. And they were right.
 
 THE GUNPOWDEll PLOT. 27 
 
 Thomas Winter, tlie ill-fated nepliew of him jast 
 mentioned, was a courageous man and an accomplished 
 linguist. 
 
 He had seen military service in Flanders, in behalf 
 of the Estates-General against Spain, and in France, 
 and possibly against the Turk. 
 
 We are told hy a contemporary that " he was of 
 such a wit and so fine a carriage, that he was of so 
 pleasing conversation, desired much of the better sort, 
 but an inseparable friend of Mr. Ilobert Gatesby. He 
 was of mean stature, but strong and comely and very 
 valiant, about thirty-three years old, or somewhat more. 
 His means were not great, but he lived in good sort, 
 and with the best."^-'^ He seems to have been un- 
 married. 
 
 Sir Everard Digby was a tall, handsome, singularly 
 generous, charming young fellow, and like Ambrose 
 Hookwood, previously mentioned, had won the loving- 
 favour of all who knew him. Digby had two estates in 
 the County of Kutlandshire (Tilton and Dry stoke), also 
 property in the County of Leicestershire ; and through 
 his amiable and beautiful young wife, Mary Mulsho, 
 a wealthy heiress, he was the owner of Gothurst^ 
 (now Gayhurst) in the parish of Tyringham, near 
 Newport Pagnell, in the County of Buckinghamshire, still 
 one of England's stately homes.*-^^ 
 
 Francis Tresham was married to a Throckmorton, 
 and was connected with many English families of historic 
 name, high rank, and great fortune. 
 
 ^ Gothurst (now Gayhurst), resembles in its style of architecture, 
 The Treasurer's House, York, on tlie North side of the Minster, the 
 town house of Frank Green, Esquire. AValter Carlile, Esquire, now resides 
 at Gayhurst.
 
 28 THE GUNrOWDER TLOT. 
 
 He was a first cousin to llobert Catesby through 
 his mother — a Throckmorton. Tresham and the Winters 
 Ave re also akin. 
 
 Francis Tresham, like his cousin, Eobert C'atesby, 
 had been involved in the Essex I'isiug, and his father, 
 Sir Thomas Tresham, had to pay a ransom of at least 
 j£2,000 to effect his son's escape from arraignment and 
 ■certain execution. Powerful interest had been exerted 
 in the son's favour with Queen Elizabeth by Lady 
 Catherine Howard, the daughter of Lord Thomas 
 Howard, Lieutenant of the Towei', and afterwards Earl 
 •of Suffolk.(2"> 
 
 John Grant was a Warwickshire Squire, wlio had 
 mari'ied Robert and Thomas AVinter's sister Dorothy. 
 Grant's home was at Norbrook, near Snitterlield, a walled 
 and moated mansion-house between the towns of AVarwick 
 and Stratford-on-Avon.^^"^ Grant was a taciturn but 
 accomplished man, who had been likewise fined for his 
 share in the Essex rising. 
 
 John Wright and Christopher W^right were younger 
 sons of Robert Wright, Esquire, of Plowland (or Plewland) 
 Hall, Welwick, Holderness, in the East Riding of Yorkshire. 
 
 They were related to the Inglebies of Ripley, through 
 the Alallories of Studley Royal near Ripon. Hence were 
 they related to Thomas A\' inter, Robert AVinter, and 
 Dorothy Grant. 
 
 Robert Keyes, of Drayton in Northamptonshire, was 
 the son of a Protestant clergyman and probably grandson 
 of one of the Key or Kay family of Woodsome, Almondbury, 
 near Hudderslield, in the West Riding of Yorkshire. 
 
 Through his Roman Catholic mother, Keyes w^as 
 related to Lady Ursula Babthorpe, tlie daughter of Sir 
 AMlliam Tyrwhitt^"*^^ of Kettleby, near Jh'igg, Lincolnshire, 
 iind wife of Sir AVilliam Babthorpe, of Babthorpe and
 
 THE GUXrOWDER PLOT. 29' 
 
 Osgodby, near Selby, in the East Eicling of Yorkshire. 
 Sir WiUiam Babthorpe was " the very soul of honour," 
 one of the most vahant-hearted gentlemen in Yorkshire, 
 and himself, likewise, related to the Mallories, the 
 Inglebies, the AVrights, and the Winters. His sister was 
 Lady Catherine Palmes, the wife of Sir George Palmes, 
 of Naburn, near the City of York. 
 
 Ambrose Pookwood, of Coldham Hall — an ivy-clad, 
 mullion- windowed mansion still standing — in the parish of 
 Stanningfield, near Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, was of 
 an honourable and wealthy Suffolk family, who had 
 suffered fines and penalties for the profession of their 
 hereditary faith. 
 
 His wife was a Tyrwhitt and sister to Lady Ursula 
 Babthorpe. At the time of the Plot he was twenty-seven 
 years of age."^ 
 
 Of the engaging Ambrose Eookwood a contemporary 
 says, "I knew him well and loved him tenderly. He 
 was beloved by all who knew him. He left behind him 
 his lady, who was a very beautiful person and of a high 
 faniil}^, and two or three little children, all of whom — 
 together with everything he had in this world — he cast 
 aside to follow the fortunes of this rash and desperate 
 conspiracy." ^^^^ 
 
 Guy Fawkes was also a Yorkshireman, being born in 
 the year 1570, in the City of York. 
 
 His baptismal register, dated the 16tli day of April, 
 1570, is still to be seen in the Church of St. Michael-le- 
 Belfrey, hard-by the glorious Minster. 
 
 ^ Edward liookvvood, of Eiiston Hall, Suffolk, Mas cousin to Ambrose 
 Kookwood. At Euston in 157S Qusen Elizabeth was sumptuously enter- 
 tained by Edward llookwood. — See Hallam's •' Constitutional History,'' and 
 
 Lodge's " in astrat ions''
 
 50 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 Probably th;it one of four traditions is true ^Yhich 
 says that the son of Edward Fawkes, Notary and Advocate 
 of the Consistory Court of York, and Edith, his wife, was 
 born in a house situated in High Petergate. In fact, in 
 the angle formed by the street known as High Petergate 
 and the ancient alley called Minster Gates, leading into 
 the Minster Yard, opposite the South Trans(^pt of the 
 ]\Iinster, and at the top of the niediieval street called 
 Stonegate.^ 
 
 Though the property Guy Fawkes inherited was 
 small, his descent and upbringing had made him the 
 equal and companion of the gentry of his native County. 
 
 In the thirty-third year of Elizabeth (1592), in a 
 legal document dealing with his property, Guy Fawkes 
 is described as of Scotton, a picturesque village in the 
 iincient Parish of Farnham, between Knaresbrough and 
 Eipley, in Nidderdale. 
 
 Fawkes was a tall athletic man, with brown hair and 
 an auburn beard. He was modest, self-controlled, and 
 very valiant. He left England for Flanders most likely 
 in 1593 or 1594. At the time of the conspiracy he was 
 about thirty-five years of age. He was unmarried, 
 
 Fawkes was liiglil\' intelligent, direct of purpose, 
 simple of heart, well-read, and, as a soldier of fortune in 
 the Netherlands, not only " skilful in tlic wars," but, apart 
 from his fanaticism, which seems to have grown by 
 degrees into a positive monomania, possessed of many 
 attractive, and even endearing, moral qualities. 
 
 ' Tlio liouse I refer to is occupied by the Governors of St. Peter's 
 .Schuul (where I'awkes was himself educated), by Mr. T. H. Barron, and 
 Mr. Matkins. It is still jNIinster property. It is a brick Elizabethan house 
 refaced. Fawkes' grandiuothrr, yivs. Ellen Fawkes, almost certainly lived in 
 a house in High Petergate, on the opposite side of the road, probab'y. His 
 father may have had a house also at Bishopthorpe. — See Supplement iim 1.
 
 \ 
 
 THE GUNrOWDEK PLOT. 31 
 
 FoAvkes held a post of commancl in the Spanish 
 Army when Spain took Calais in 1596, and gave 
 promise of hecoming, like his friend and patron, Sir 
 AVilliam Stanley, an ideal " happy warrior," and one of 
 England's greatest generals.^ 
 
 It is said by an old writer, "Winter and Fawxe are 
 men of excellent good natural parts, very resolute and 
 universally learned." ^'^^^ In the days of their joyous 
 youth these two gifted men may have many a time 
 and oft played and sported together in Nidderdale, with 
 its purple moors, its rock-crowned fells, its leafy woods, 
 its musical streams, its flowery ghylls, its winding river. 
 
 Guy Fawkes was a son of destiny, a product of his 
 environment, a creature of circumstances — always saving 
 his free-will and moral responsibility. 
 
 But, dying, he must have remembered his dear 
 York and sweet Scotton. 
 
 ^ It is interesting and instructive to compare the Forty Years' War 
 between Spain and the Xetherlands with the present unhappy strife in 
 South Africa between Britons and the descendants of those that repelled 
 the arms of the once greatest soldiery in the world. The war between 
 Spain and the Dutch was not a religious war at the connnencement of 
 the struggle. It arose out of a chafing under the sovereignty of Spain, 
 and a dispute about tenths. In fact, many Catholics fought ao-ainst 
 Philip II. in this war at the beginning. 
 
 I visited Scotton for the first time on the day set apart in York 
 as a general holiday for the Eelief of Mafeking (19th May, 1000).
 
 (^HAPTEK TX. 
 
 Let lis clocil witli the inferences from the Evidence^ 
 and ascertain to what furtlier suggestions those inferences 
 
 give rise. 
 
 Now, among the first things that mnst strike the reader 
 of the hst of actors in the Gunpowder traged}^ is the 
 hirge number that were, directly or indirectly, connected 
 with the far-stretching, prolific province of Yorkshire. Of 
 the whole thirteen conspirators, four first drew the breath 
 of life in that grandest and fairest of English Counties, 
 namely : Thomas Percy, John A\'right, Christopher 
 Wright, and Guy (or Guido) Fawkes. AYhile five of 
 the other intending perpetrators of an action which, 
 if consummated, would have indeed " damned theju to 
 everlasting fame," indirectly had relations with it. 
 
 Nay, more ; of the four members of the clerical pro- 
 fession whom the Government sought to charge with 
 complicity in this nefarious desiginnent, namely : Fathers 
 Garnet, Tesimond, Gerard, and (subse(piently) Oldcorne — 
 two out of the four, Oswald Tesimond and Edward 
 Oldcorne, were likewise York'sliiremen.^ 
 
 Edward Oldcorne was certainly a native of the City of 
 York, and it is very likely indeed that Oswald Tesimond 
 was a native also/*^*^ 
 
 ^ The late Jiisliop Creij^liton, in liis line illustrated work entitled, " 7%<3 
 Sforif of some Enrjlliih Shires" (Keligious Tract Society), says: — " Yorkshire 
 is tlie lar2;est of the English i«bires, and its size corresponds to its ancient 
 greatness."
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 33 
 
 Moreover, Oswald Tesimoud, John Wright, Christopher 
 Wright, and Guy Fawkes were all educated at the Eoyal 
 School of Philip and Mary in the Horse Fayre, at the 
 left-hand side going down Gillygate, York, where Union 
 Terrace is now situated, just outside Bootharn Bar, and 
 not far from the King's Manor, where Henry Hastings Earl 
 of Huntingdon, or his preceding or succeeding Lords 
 President of the North, presided in State over the Council 
 of the North and the Court of High Commission.'- 
 
 It is more than probable that Edward Oldcorne also 
 quaffed his first draught of classical knowledge at the same 
 "Pierian spring;" for we are told that his parents "in 
 his young years kept him to school, so that he was a good 
 grammar scholar when he first went over beyond the 
 seas."(^''> 
 
 Before going to Eheims and Eome Edward Oldcorne 
 had studied medicine. 
 
 Who among these unparalleled conspirators is then the 
 most likely, either through fear or remorse or both feelings, 
 to have first put into motion the stupendous machinery 
 whereby the Gunpowder conspiracy was revealed ? Only 
 
 ^ Lord Strafford, the representative of Charles I. in Ireland, was in 
 after years Lord President of the North. In his day the Kings Manor 
 was known as the Palace of the 8tuart Kings, for both James I. and 
 Charles I. sojourned there. It is now used as a beneficent Institution 
 for the Blind, as a memorial to that illustrious Torkshireman, William 
 Wilberforce, M.P., the immortal slave emancipator. One of the rooms- 
 in the old Palace is called the Earl of Huntingdon's room to this 
 day. William AVilberforce's direct heir, William Basil Wilberforce^ 
 Esquire, resides at Markington Hall, near Eipon. 
 
 The Earl of Huntingdon was a scion of the House of Tork, and 
 had Elizabeth become reconciled to the Church of Eome the Puritans 
 would have probably rallied round Lord Huntingdon as their King. The 
 Honourable Walter Hastings, the Earl's brother, was a Eoman Catholic 
 They were, of course, akin to Queen Elizabeth, and were descended from. 
 the " Blessed " Margaret Plantagenet Countess of Salisbury. 
 
 D
 
 34 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 an energy practically superhuman would be, or could be, 
 sufficient for the accomplishment of such an end, as — • 
 well-nigh at the eleventh hour — speedily to swing round 
 on its axis a project so diabolical and prodigious as the 
 Gunpowder Plot. 
 
 For the passion — the concentrated, suppressed, yet 
 volcanic passion — that had purposed so av^-ful a catastrophe 
 was deep as hell and high as heaven. 
 
 And well ]i light it be, regard being had to the 
 indisputable facts of English Histor}^ from the yea.Y 1569 — 
 the year of the Rising of the North, which was stamped 
 out with such cruel severity — down to the year 1605. 
 Truly, the measure of the Gunpowder conspirators' 
 personal guilt was the measure of their representative 
 wrongs. Yet this, in itself, for these wrong-doers was 
 no ground of pardon or release : for, by a steadfast 
 decree of the universe, " The guilty suffer."
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Now, according to the laws which govern human 
 nature, a subordinate conspirator, introduced late into 
 the conspiracy, whose early training was such as to lead 
 him, on reflection, to regard as morally unlawful the 
 taking of a secret oath, such as the Gunpowder con- 
 spirators had taken : a conspirator in whose heart 
 •emotions, not only of compassion hut also of compunction, 
 were likely to be awakened by the remembrance of that 
 training, as the day was about to dawn and as the hour 
 was about to strike when would be consummated one of 
 the bloodiest tragedies that had ever stained an evil 
 world : a conspirator answering to this, I say, was the 
 most likely to be the conspirator who revealed this 
 purposed appalling massacre, the bare thought of which 
 •causes strong men to shudder, even to this day. 
 
 Still more likely would be a conspirator who, 
 fulfilling the description just mentioned, adds to that the 
 following, namely— that he possessed an entirely trust- 
 worthy friend who would act as penman of any 
 document he might wish to use as a means of commu- 
 nicating a secret yet warning note to a representative 
 of the intended victims. 
 
 And yet still more likely would be a conspirator 
 who, to the descriptions of the two preceding paragraphs, 
 added a third, namely — that he possessed a second 
 entirely trustworthy friend who would act as an 
 •" inter pres " — a go-between — to drive home the full
 
 3G THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 intended effect of the document penned by the hand' 
 of the first ; and this with the express knowledge and 
 consent of that first. 
 
 Hence, such go-between would be the agent common 
 to both the revealing conspirator and his scribe, and 
 would be informed, directed and controlled by them. 
 
 Eegard being had to the fixities of thought or 
 self-evident fundamentals which in the introduction to 
 this Inquiry were enunciated, these two friends, these 
 two confidants must have been bound to the revealing 
 conspirator by bonds, ties, obligations, " light," indeed, 
 "as air, 3'et strong as iron," which were the outcome of 
 kinship, friendsliip, or business (in a superlatively wide 
 sense), possibly of all three. 
 
 Now the inference that I draw, from a reviewing 
 and weighing of the Evidence to-day available in relation 
 to this matter, is this, that Christopher Wriglit was the 
 conspirator who revealed the Plot, and that his worthy 
 aiders and honourable abettors were, first, Tliomas Ward, 
 the gentleman-servant (and almost certainly kinsman) 
 of Lord Mounteagie himself, amicus secitndum carnem; 
 and, secondly, Edivard Oldcorne, Priest and Jesuit,, 
 amicus seciinduin spiritum : — -friends according to tJie 
 fiesh and to tJie spirit respectivehj. 
 \
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Let us proceed to support these statements with 
 Evidence and with Argument. 
 
 (1) Now was Christopher Wright a subordinate 
 conspirator, introduced late into the conspiracy ? It is 
 plain that he was, from " Thomas Winter's Confession,'" 
 where he says : " About Candlemas we brought over in 
 a boat the powder which we had provided at Lambeth 
 and layd it in Mr. Percy's house, because we were 
 willing to have all our danger in one place. We wrought 
 also another fortnight in the mine against the stone 
 wall which was very hard to beat through, at which 
 time we called in Kit Wright (sometime in February, 
 1605), and near to Easter as we wrought the third time, 
 opportunity was given to hire the cellar in which we 
 resolved to lay the powder and leave the mine." 
 
 Again, in the published " Confession,''' of Guy Fawkes. 
 (17th November, 1605), Fawkes says, that a practice "in 
 general was first broken unto me against his majestic, 
 for releife of the Catholique cause, and not invented or 
 propounded by myself. And this was first propounded 
 unto me about Easter last w^as twelve-month, ^^**^ beyond 
 the seas, in the Low Countries of the Archdukes' obeyance 
 by Thomas Wynter." 
 
 Fawkes says, in his ^'■Confession'" further on : "Thomas 
 
 Percy hired a bowse at Westminster neare 
 
 adjoyning the Parlt. howse, and there wee beganne to 
 make a myne about the XL of December, 1604. The
 
 38 THE GUNrOWPEE TLOT. 
 
 Fyve that entered into the woorck were Thomas Percj-e^ 
 Piobert Catesb}', Thomas AVynter, John ^^'right, and 
 myself, and soon after ^^'^ we tooke another nnto us^ 
 Christopher Wright, having sworn him also, and taken 
 the sacrament for secrecie."^"^^^ 
 
 " Therefore Christopher AVright must have become a 
 confederate about ten months after Fawkes himself and 
 the other prime movers in the nefarions scheme, and 
 ' his services were requisitioned — as the modern phrase 
 goes — primarily for the purpose of adding to the amount 
 of manual labour available for the digging of the mine^ 
 which was afterwards abandoned for the cellar as the 
 receptacle for the gunpowder that was to effect the- 
 explosion purposed. 
 
 (2) Now, was Christopher Wright a conspirator 
 whose early training w^as such as to lead him, on 
 reflection, to regard as morally unlawful the taking of a 
 secret oath such as the Gunpowder conspirators had 
 bound themselves by, and one in whose heart emotions, 
 not only of compassion but also of compunction, were- 
 likely to be awakened by the remembrance of that 
 training as the day was about to dawn and the hour was. 
 about to strike when the awful tragedy would be- 
 consummated ? 
 
 If a man's character may be presumptivel}" known 
 by his friends, still more may it be presumptively 
 known b}^ his progenitors ; and in the light of this 
 principle I therefore answer the foregoing question 
 emphatically in the afhrmative. 
 
 But what w^as the form of the oath taken b}' all 
 these conspirators save one, namely, Sir Everard Digl)}^ 
 who was spccidllij " sworn in " on the hilt of a poniard?" 
 
 It w^as this : — " You shall swear by the Blessed 
 Trinity and by the Sacrament you now propose to receive^.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 39 
 
 never to disclose, directty or indirectly, by word or 
 circumstance, the matter that shall be proposed to you, 
 to keep secret nor desist from the execution thereof until 
 the rest shall give you leave." 
 
 This oath was administered to the conspirators by 
 each other, in the most solemn manner — "kneeling down 
 upon their knees wdth their hands laid upon a primer. "^^'■'^ 
 
 Immediately after the oath had been taken,^*^^ we are 
 told, Catesby explained to Percy, and Winter and John 
 Wright to Fawkes, that the project intended w^as to 
 blow up the Parliament House with gunpowder when 
 the King went to the House of Lords.^"'^^ This would 
 include the Queen, the Commons, Ambassadors, and 
 spectators who would be present daring the King's 
 Speech. 
 
 From Fawkes' " Confession,'" already quoted, it would 
 seem probable that all five prime conspirators imparted > 
 their prodigious designment of sacrilegious, cold-blooded 
 murder to the conspirator Christopher Wright. ^
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Who and what then, with more particularity, was 
 Christopher Wright ? 
 
 He was the third son of liohert Wright and Ursula 
 his wife, who was the daughter of Nicholas Rudston, 
 Esquire (of the Rudstons, Lords of Hayton,^ near 
 Pocklington, in the East Riding of the County of York, 
 since the reign of King John). Ursula Rudston's mother 
 was Jane, the daughter of Sir Wilhani Mallory, of Studley 
 Royal, near Ripon.^*-^ 
 
 Christopher Wright was born about the year 1570, 
 the year after the Rising of the North ^^'^^ under "the 
 Blessed" Thomas Percy Earl of Northumberland, and 
 Charles Neville Earl of Westmoreland, in which move- 
 ment many of Christopher AVright's mother's relatives 
 and connections (notably " old Richard Norton," his 
 sons, and the Markenfields) were implicated. ^^*^   
 
 Plowland (or Plewland) Hall, in the Parish of Wei wick, 
 in Holdeiiiess, was doul)tless where Christopher Wright 
 first beheld the light of the sun, Plowland Hall, or 
 Great Plowland as it is sometimes called, is situated on 
 the left of, and a little distance from, the high-road, on 
 slightly rising ground, between the ancient town of 
 
 ' It is gi-atifying to the liistoric feeliiif; to know lliat the Manor 
 of llayton is still owned by a member of this ancient family, the present 
 possessor being T. AV. Calverley-Eudston, Esquire, J.P,, of .lllerthorpe 
 JIall, P(Jcklington.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 41 
 
 Patrington and the pretty village of Welwick. When 
 Bobert Wright and Ursula, his wife, and their sons, John 
 and Christopher, and their daughters, Ursula and Martha, 
 knew the place, now so historic, Plowland Hall was 
 a fortified dwelling, surrounded by a deep moat and 
 approached by a drawbridge, much after the fashion 
 of Markenfield Hall, in the Parish of Eipon, the ancestral 
 seat of the Markenfields, heroes of Flodden and kinsmen 
 of the Wrights, Wards, Nortons, Mallories, and number- 
 less others amongst the ancient and wealthy Yorkshire 
 gentry. 
 
 Christopher Wright and his elder l)rother John were 
 educated, along with Guy Fawkes and Oswald Tesimond, 
 at the Koyal Grammar School (as we have already stated) 
 in the Horse Fayre, Gillygate, in the City of York. 
 
 Their master was the Eeverend John Pulleyn, who 
 probably belonged to the ancient and honourable W^est 
 Eiding family of the Pulleyns (or Pulleines), of Kilhnghall, 
 near Bilton-cum-Harrogate, and of Scotton, in the Parish 
 of Farnham, near Knaresbrough. 
 
 The two Wrights' parents were stanch Eoman 
 Catholics, and their mother had suffered imprisonment 
 "for the Faith" in York for the "space of fourteen 
 years together," during the time when Henry Hastings 
 Earl of Huntingdon was Lord Piesident of the North, 
 i.e., between the years 1572 and 1599. (Henry third Earl 
 of Huntingdon was one of the few members of the ancient 
 nobility who accepted whole-heartedly the Calvinistic 
 Protestantism then gradually taking root in England.) 
 
 One of Christopher Wright's sisters, Ursula, was 
 married to Marmaduke Ward, Gentleman, of Mulwith, 
 in the Parish of Eipon ; another, named Martha, was 
 married to Thomas Percy, Gentleman, the Gunpowder 
 conspirator.
 
 42 THE GUNPOWDElt PLOT. 
 
 It is said of John AYright, Christopher Wright's 
 l)rother, and of his brotlier-in-law, Tliomas Percy, that 
 they were formerly Protestant, and became Cathohc about 
 the time of the rebelhon of tlie Earl of Essex. But it 
 is certain John Wright and Thomas Percy^*'^^ must have 
 been botli brought up Poman Catholics in the days of 
 their childhood ; although they probably ceased to practise 
 their duties as such until about the year 1000. For it 
 is incredible that the son and son-in-law of Robert AVright 
 and Ursula, his wife, should have been brought up as 
 children and youths anything other than rigid Catholics,, 
 whatever else for a season they might, in the days of their 
 early manhood, have become, either from conscientious 
 conviction or reckless negligence, whereof the latter 
 alternative is doubtless the more probable. 
 
 From the account of the Gunpowder conspirators 
 given by Father John Gerard, the fViend of Sir Everard 
 Digby, and, it is highly probable, the friend of the 
 Wrights also, it would seem that Christopher Wright 
 was a taller man than his brother John,^ fatter in the- 
 
 ^ It is, however, possible that John A\ rit^ht may liave come under 
 the influence of the Blessed William Hart (styled the Apostle of York 
 and the second Caini)ion), a priest who suffered death at the York Tyburn 
 iu loSJl Because Hart was indicted for (amongst otiier things) "reconciling" 
 a " Mr. John AVright and one Cooling." — See Challoner's " Missionary 
 Priests." If so, John Wright would tlien be about fourteen years of age.. 
 It, however, may have been another John Wright; perhaps of Grantley 
 and one of the brothers of Robert Wriglit, tlie father of John Wright, 
 the conspirator. Cooling was ])robably lialph Cowling, of Yoi'k, a shoe- 
 maker, the father oT Father liichard Cowling (certainly of York), a Jesuit 
 and relative of the Harringtons, of Mount St. John, and, therefore, of 
 Guy Fawkes. See Note 147, where will be found a letter under the hand 
 of this Father Cowling (or Collinge) to a gentleman in Venice — possibly 
 Father Parsons or someone else of authority among the Jesuits — respecting 
 the Harringtons and Guy Fawkes. lialph Cowling, the father, died in 
 York Castle a captive for his Faith, and was buried under the Castle- 
 Wall — I think facing the Foss towards Fishergate.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER I'LOT. 4.^ 
 
 face and of a lighter-coloured hair. "Yet," says Gerard^ 
 "was he very like to the other in conditions and qualities, 
 and hoth esteemed and tried to be as stout a man as 
 England had, and withal a zealous Catholic and trusty 
 and secret in any business as could be wished. "^*''^ 
 
 Christopher ^Yright was married. His wife's nanie^ 
 w^e know, was Margaret.^ ^^'^ I strongl}^ suspect that Mrs. 
 Christopher Wright was a sister of both Marmaduke Ward 
 and Thomas Ward, of Mulwith, in the Parish of Kipon ; 
 yet of this there is oul}^ perhaps, slight evidence, sO' 
 that no positive argument can be grounded upon it, 
 considered hij itself: though the evidence of Mistress 
 Robinson, Christopher Wright's landlady in London, 
 indirectly tends to confirm such a suspicion. — See Evidence 
 of Dorathie Robinson, 'postea, where she says that AVright 
 had " a brother " in London. 
 
 When Gu}' Fawkes was examined in the Tower of 
 London, in the forenoon of the Gth of November, he said, 
 in answer to a question — " Y"ou would have me discover 
 m}' friends ; the giving warning to one overthrew us all." 
 
 Now, if Guy Fawkes eventually revealed the con- 
 spiracy by reason of the agony caused b}^ the physical 
 pains of the rack, when after the first racking he was 
 told he " must come to it againe and againe, from daye 
 to daye, till he should have delivered his whole knowledge," 
 is it, I ask, a thing incredible that the son of a Yorkshire 
 Catholic mother that had spent fourteen years of her life 
 in " durance " for her profession of her forefathers' ancient 
 Faith, should have revealed the conspiracy itself, by reason 
 of the agony caused by the moral pains of a pricking 
 conscience, goading him to madness for having committed 
 in act (in the case of the unlawful oath), in desire (in 
 
 ^ See '■'^ Life of Mary Ward," vol. i., p. 89.
 
 44 THE GUNPOWDER TLOT. 
 
 the case of the intended murder) most horrible- crimes - <^ 
 against the offended Majesty of Heaven?, y^JU'^. a 
 
 I think not. O^^^lX " " '^ 
 
 Therefore I conchide that it is antecedently probable 
 > i that in the heart of Christopher Wright, emotions, not only 
 I \ of compassion but also of compunction, /6'ere awakened by 
 the remembrance of the early training he had received at 
 his mother's knee : emotions which were potent enough, 
 under the wisdom and skill of one whose special duty it 
 was to ''work good unto all men," speedily to swing right 
 round on its axis, though well-nigh at the eleventh hour, 
 the diaholical designment known to History as the 
 Ounpowder Treason Plot. 
 
 Had Christopher Wright any entirety trustworthj' 
 friend, one who not only would prove a healing minister 
 to a mind diseased with the leprosy of crime, but also 
 he an able and ready helper for giving effect to an all 
 hut too late repentance ? Was there anyone to w4iom he 
 could have recourse, who was at once wise of head, 
 sj^mpathetic of heart, and skilful of hand ? 
 
 There was.
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 For at Hindlip Hall, near the City of Worcester^ 
 there had dwelt for the past sixteen yenYS one who was 
 not only the trusted spiritual guide of Thomas Abington, 
 Esquire, and the Honourable Mar}^ (Parker), his wife, 
 daughter of the Lord Morley and sister to the Lord 
 Mounteagle, but who by reason of his remarkably zealous 
 labours in that part of the country had come to be- 
 accepted as a very Apostle of Worcestershire. 
 
 This was Edward Oldcorne, a Priest and a Jesuit. 
 
 He was the son of John Oldcorne, Tiler, a schismatic 
 Catholic, of St. Sampson's Parish, in the City of York. 
 His mother was Elizabeth Oldcorne, a rigid Catholic 
 recusant, who had suffered imprisonment "for the Faith." 
 He was born about the year 1560, and proceeded to the 
 English College at Eome in 1582, aged twenty-one, for 
 the higher studies. He was most probably at the Eoyal 
 School in the Horse Fayre, in York, and he may have 
 been there at the same time as Oswald Tesimond,^*^^ John 
 Wright,^"'''^ Christopher "Wright, and Guy Fawkes, though 
 about ten years the senior of the three latter. As 
 already has been stated, before going beyond the seas he 
 had studied medicine. He was a man remarkable alike 
 for mental acumen, tranquillity of spirit, gentleness of 
 nature, and strength of will. He was one of those Jesuits 
 who, realising a higher unity, were at once Mystics a?id 
 Politicians. His equipoise of mind shows him to have 
 been a ver}- great man — indeed, on account of his-
 
 46 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 combination of mental gilts and graces, T think the 
 greatest, in reality, of all the early English Jesuits. 
 For "he saw life steadily and saw it whole." ^ 
 
 " All the chiefest gentlemen," says Father Gerard, 
 Oldcorne's contemporary, " and best Catholics of the 
 county where he remained and the counties adjoining 
 depended upon his advice and counsel, and he was 
 indefatigable in his journeys." ^'^"^ Again, a ]\IS. ^Memoir^^'^'^ 
 .says, " so profuse was his liberality in aiding others that 
 he supplied the necessities of life to very many 
 Catholics. It was very evident his residence was well 
 :selected in the midst of the Catholics of that district of 
 the Society of Jesus, so great and so promiscuous was 
 the concourse of people flocking thereto for his sermons, 
 for his advice, and the sacraments." ^^^^ "' 
 
 Now, Father Oldcorne w^as the spiritual adviser of 
 Eobert Winter, another subordinate plotter, and also of 
 Catesby, according to the statement of one Humphrey 
 Littleton, who knew Oldcorne well. And as John Wright 
 was a tenant of Catesby's Mansion House, at Lapworth, 
 in Warwickshire, about twenty miles distant from 
 Hindlip, Christopher Wright must have not only heard 
 of Father Oldcorne's fame as a " counsellor of the 
 •doubtful " and a " friend in need," but it is at least 
 possible he may have been among those divers Catholics 
 and Schismatics ^^^^ in the country thereabouts who flocked 
 to him for conference and to have his exliortations.^'^^ ^ 
 
 ^ Matthew Arnold. " See Supplemejitum II. 
 
 •'' Evidence of the ])ractical side of Oldcorne's luind is furni-slied by 
 the fact that we are told he often begged leave in Home of his superiors 
 to visit the hospitals and serve in the kitchen. And when the English 
 College was in low water, owing to the parents of the scholars not being 
 able to pay for their sons tln-ough stress of the persecution, Oldcorne was 
 sent to the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily to negotiate pecuniary assistance. 
 His business embassy was eminently successful, and he brought back "a. 
 good round sum" to the College. — See Gierard's " Xan-ative,'' p. 272.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER TLOT. 47 
 
 Again, Christopher Wright appears to have been 
 especially friendly with two other conspirators, namely, 
 Thomas Winter and Ambrose Kookwood. And it is 
 worthy of notice that Huddington Hall, in AVorcestershire, 
 the seat of Robert Winter (of which place Thomas 
 Winter is also described), and Clopton Hall, in Warwick- 
 shire, near Stratford-on-Avon (whither Ambrose Rookwood 
 removed soon after Michaelmas, 1605), were easily acces- 
 sible to and from Hindlip Hall, where Father Oldcorne 
 was,' in general, to be found when not engaged at some 
 other missionary station, such as Worcester City or 
 Grafton Manor, the seat of John Talbot, Esquire, then 
 heir presumptive to the Earldom of Shrewsbury and 
 father-in-law to Robert Winter, who had married Miss 
 Gertrude Talbot.^ 
 
 ^ The site of Shakespeare's new residence, which he built and called 
 JVew Place, at Stratford-on-Avon, had belonged to the Clopton family, 
 
 Cloptuii Bridge and Clopton Hall (or House) are still well known 
 to all visitors to the shrine of Shakespeare. It is to be remembered that 
 Clopton Hall, the property of Lord Carew, whither Ambrose Eookwood 
 repaired for temporary residence soon after Michaelmas, 1605, was by road 
 twenty-three miles from Hindlip Hall, where Father Oldcorne resided. .^.^^^ 
 
 Ambrose llookwood and Christopher Wright were particular friends. A 
 Eookwood was a man of very tender conscience, which, however, unhappily 
 failed him at the most crucial moment of his life, namely, when he V 
 consented to join in the Plot which proved his ruin. But indirectly he / 
 probably unknowingly strengthened Christopher Wright's resolve to \ 
 reverse the Plot, by revelation. The influence of "associating" (even 
 if of not always "according") " minds" one upon the other is very subtle 
 but very powerful.
 
 CHAPTEE XIY. 
 
 Let lis now examine the Letter itself. 
 
 The Urst thin^;' to be noted is that no reprint 
 that I have seen of the famous Letter, whether in 
 ancient or modern continuous delations of the Gunpowder 
 Plot, is strictly correct. For they all omit the 
 pronoun "yowe" after the words "my lord out of the 
 loue i beare." This pronoun " yowe " is indeed crossed 
 out in the original Letter with a blurred net-work of 
 lines.^'"^"^^ But, this notwithstanding, it can be still detected 
 in the original document, happily, even to this day, to 
 be seen in the Eecord Oftice, London. 
 
 Now the fact that this word " yowe " is crossed out 
 in this mysterioas fashion, coupled with the fact that 
 the words used at the end of the Letter are as follow : 
 "and i hope god will give yowe the grace to mak good^^''^ 
 use of it to whose holy proteccion i come]id yowe,'* 
 jnakes it clear (to my mind) that an universal temporal 
 salvation of the destined victims was intended by the 
 revealing conspirator and by his penman, and not merely 
 the particular salvation of the recipient of the Letter. 
 
 Again, the meaning of the words "for the danger is 
 passed as soon as j'owe have burnt the letter," is in one 
 sense fairly clear. For as Wilson says, in liis ^^ Life of 
 James 7." (1053), p. 80, "the writer's desire was to have 
 the letter burned, and then the danger would be past 
 both to the writer and the receiver, if he had grace to 
 make use of the warning." ^"^"^
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 49 
 
 This must be the, at least, odensihle meaning. For 
 it is obvious that neither Wright nor Oldcorne {ex 
 Injpotliesi) would, for different but most potent reasons, 
 wish the penman of the Letter to be known to the then 
 j)ublic, either Catholic or Protestant. 
 
 Now it was in accordance with universal right reason 
 and moral fitness that Father Oldcorne should — so far as 
 was consistent with his being satisfied that warning of 
 the Plot had been given through trustworthy channels 
 to the King's principal Secretary of State— keep in the 
 background and not himself in person adventure upon 
 the theatre of action, even for the purpose of com- 
 passing an object which he was bound by his vocation, 
 alike in Justice and Charity, to compass. For by the Act 
 27 Elizabeth, he was " a traitor," being a Priest and 
 remaining in England for more than forty days. While 
 the fact that he was a Jesuit into the bargain would be, 
 of course, counted an aggravation of his statutory 
 offence. ^"'^^ 
 
 Again, Father Oldcorne had to remember, besides- 
 the ideal standard that his vocation imposed upon him, 
 the practical standard which was the unwritten law that 
 guided the conscience of the best of the average 
 Catholics in that period of their intolerable sufferings.^ 
 For it is a fact of human nature that every man seeks 
 to instruct his conscience by some objective rule or 
 
 ^ The Englisli papists groaned under the following persecution : — The 
 poor were practically liable to be fined (and therefore sold up "stick 
 and pin") one shilling every time they absented themselves from their 
 parish church. The richer members of the community ^vere compelled to 
 pay £20 per lunar month. 3Iany of the English nobility, gentry, and 
 yeomanry \vei*e ruined by this; indeed the Catholics must have been 
 very rich on the whole to hold out as long as they did. It was the 
 Government authorities (Clerical and Lay) that did the persecuting ,:. 
 
 E
 
 50 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 standard of Truth and Plight ; hut tliat instincts and 
 emotions oftentimes finally rule men rather than reason 
 and argumentative proof. 
 
 It Avas, furthermore, incumbent upon Oldcorne to 
 recollect that more harm than good is frequently occa- 
 sioned in this entangled world by an unseasonable, 
 indiscriminate, "heroic" application of abstract principles 
 (faultless in themselves) to the varied and perplexing 
 circumstances of man's terrestrial life. 
 
 To illustrate my propositions : It is worth while 
 remembering that even so lofty a soul as Mrs. Ambrose 
 Rookw^ood evidently regarded her husband, primarily, as 
 a sufferer for conscience sake, and only secondarily, if at 
 all, as a repentant sacrilegious traitor and murderer in 
 desire, who was suffering condign punishment and paying 
 the just penalty of his ruthless crimes. 
 
 No doubt special allow^ances have to be made for 
 this poor w^oman, inasmuch as her husband and children 
 were all the world to her. But still the following 
 recorded statement proves that the tendencij was for even 
 the best of the average English Cntholics of that day, 
 of whom Mrs. liookwood is a fair type and specimen, 
 to centre their sympathies on the wrong-doers rather 
 than on the wronged. 
 
 Tliis was natural enough; for man's disposition is to 
 be led by his unconscious instincts and emotional 
 
 individual Protestants often sought to mitigate the miseries of their fellow- 
 countrymen from whom they differed in religion. Being reconciled to the 
 See of Eome was deatli, and to he a popish priest was hy the terrible 
 Statute 27 Eliz. to be "a traitor" and to be liable to be hanged, cut 
 <lo\vn alive, bowellcd, and quartered. To say Mass was to be liable to a 
 fine of 2U0 marks and imprisonment for life (a mark was 13s. 4d.). To 
 hear Mass was to be liable to a line of 100 marks and imprisonment for 
 life. To harbour a priest was death and forfeiture of property.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT, 51 
 
 sympathies rather than hy drawn-out reason and cool 
 argument, as has been mentioned above. 
 
 It was the bounden duty of Oldcorne to hold 
 that disposition strictly in check and to keep himself 
 absolutely master of the tendenc3\ But, on this being 
 assured, he was bound likewise to remember that the 
 tendency existed, and that he lived in a world not of 
 angels, nor of machines, but of nien—oi men indeed who 
 w^ere not totally depraved, nor utterly corrupt, yet who 
 were sorely wounded and weakened in intellect, heart, 
 and will. 
 
 The crying want of the present day — as of Oldcorne's 
 =day — is not only for men but for men who are statesmen. 
 And no man can be a statesman unless he has a wide and 
 profound knowledge of human nature, and wdio, while he 
 pities human nature and loves it, never makes the mistake 
 of expecting too much from it. In other words, we require 
 men who are humanists and humorists, as I cannot but 
 think was the character of Edward Oldcorne. 
 
 Xow, no man in England knew better nor recognised 
 more fully (for he knew the virtually omnipotent trans- 
 forming power of the precedent conditions of person, 
 time, and circumstance) the truth of the propositions I 
 have just enunciated than did Father Oldcorne. But 
 this notwithstanding, I hold it was not the truth of the 
 foregoing propositions alone— indisputable doubtless as he 
 regarded them — that finally controlled the n:iotives that 
 ruled the action — in substance and in form — at the most 
 critical moment of the existence of this acute, disciplined, 
 high-minded Yorkshireman, when by Fate he was called 
 upon to contemplate, after tlie fateful November the 
 Fifth, the bloody, prodigious Gunpowder Plot, and the 
 mighty feat which Destiny had imposed upon him for 
 helping to spin the same right round on its axis, even 
 though well-nigh at the eleventh hour. ^^'''^^
 
 52 THE GUNPOWDEll PLOT. 
 
 AVliat filially controlled the motives, the positive* 
 ito( negative motives, that ruled that beneficent and 
 never-to-be-forgotten action of this Yorkshire Priest and 
 Jesuit in that supreme moment — the Plot having then 
 become, through his instrumentality, as a mere bubble- 
 burst — will he discovered in due course of this Inquiry. 
 
 The remark of Mrs. Pookwood to which I have 
 referred is given in Gerard's " Narrative of the Gunpoivder 
 Flot,'^ p. 2PJ. Thomas Winter, Pookwood, Iveyes, and 
 Fawkes were drawn on their hurdles from the Tower to- 
 the Yard of the old Palace of Westminster over against 
 the Parliament House. 
 
 " As they were drawn upon the Strand, Mr. Pook- 
 wood had provided that he should be admonished when 
 he came over against the lodging where his wife lay :: 
 and being come unto the place, he opened his eyes- 
 (which before he kept shut to attend better to his. 
 prayers), and seeing her stand in a window to see him 
 pass by, he raised himself as well as he could up from 
 the hurdle, and said aloud unto her : ' Pra}^ for me, 
 pray for me.' She answered him also aloud : ' I will ; 
 and be of good courage and offer thyself wholly to God. 
 I for 11 ly part do as freely restore thee to God as he 
 gave thee to me.' " 
 
 This was Friday, the 31st day of January, lGOo-6. 
 
 On the previous day in St. Paul's Churchyard had 
 been likewise hanged, cut down alive, drawn, and 
 quartered. Sir Everard Digby, Pobert Winter, John 
 Grant, and Thomas Bates. 
 
 Catesby, John Wright, and Christopher Wright had 
 been slain at Holbeach on the 8th of November 
 previously. 
 
 Thomas Percy died of wounds there received the 
 next daw
 
 THE GUN^O^YDER PLOT. 53 
 
 Father Tesimond had proceeded to Hiiddington, 
 'doubtless mainly in the hope, let us trust, of stirring 
 up in the hearts of these desperate creatures sorrow — 
 that great natural sacranient^for their a\Yful crimes 
 that, not in vain, had cried to Heaven for vengeance ! 
 For truly the guilty suffer and the blood-guilty man 
 :shall not live out half his days.
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Now there is a sentence in the Letter whose wording- 
 is pecnlicir, hut which, I submit, is pre-eminenth^ a 
 wording likel}' to be used by two natives of Yorkshire. 
 
 I mean the sentence, " I would aduyse yowe as yowe 
 tender your lyf to deuys some excuse to shift off youer 
 attendance at this parleament," meaning thereby, "I would 
 advise you as you liave a care for your life to devise some 
 excuse to put off^^^^ your attendance at this parliament." 
 
 Once more, a comparison of the Letter sent to Lord 
 ]\rounteagle with a Declaration not only signed by Father 
 Oldcorne but entirely in his handwriting, dated the 12th 
 of March, 1G05-G,^^'^^ reveals this remarkable fact that there 
 is, first, a general similarity between the penmanship of 
 both documents ; and, secondly, there is a particular 
 similarity in the case of the following letters : — the small 
 c/s, 1/s, i/s, b/s, w/s, r/s, long Sy^s (as initials), and short s/s 
 (as terminals) ; also the m/s and n/s are not inconsistent 
 with being written by one and the same hand. The hand- 
 writing in the Letter is, for the most part, not in round 
 hand, but in roman character. The letters do not all lean 
 at the same angle to the horizontal. Evidently the writer 
 had endeavoured '' painfully " to disguise his handwriting, 
 but conscientious carefulness and a disciplined will 
 emphatically characterise botli documents.^"'' See Appendix. 
 
 Now Thomas Ward, the gentleman-servant of Lord 
 I\[ounteagle, was, 1 maintain, the intermediary — the 
 diplomatic intermediarj^ — through whom Christopher 
 
 \
 
 THE GUNrOWDER PLOT. 55 
 
 Wright (e.r liypothesi) acted in communication with 
 Mounteagle. And this, with the express knowledge and 
 consent of Father Edward Oldcorne, who was, almost 
 certainly, well acquainted with Thomas Ward/^'^^ 
 
 In short, the revelation was a curvilinear triangular 
 movement.
 
 CH ArTEK \\1. 
 
 Mounteagle, nvo are told, know there was a Letter to 
 be sent to him before it eame/*^* 
 
 Ijiiigard says the eonspirators suspected thai 'rresliaiu 
 liad sent the Letter, and tliat tluM-e was a "secret nnder- 
 standin.ijj between him and J^ord ]\Ioiniteagle,' or at least 
 the (jt'nflt'inan who iras cfjipUnjcd to read the Letter at 
 the tahle/^ (The itahcs are mine.) 
 
 In a letter dated 19th No\ ember, 1()0j, of a certain 
 Sir Edward Hobv to Sir Thomas Edmondes, tlu^ King's 
 
 ft »- ' 
 
 Ambassador at l^rnssels, after giving an account of the 
 
 discovery of the Plot, Hoby says :-" Such as are apt to 
 
 interpret all things to the worst will not ludic^ve other 
 
 but that Mounteagle might in a policy cause this letter 
 
 to be sent, fearing the discovery already of the letter, 
 
 the rather that one Thomas ^^^•lrd, a principal man 
 
 about him, is suspected to be accessory to the conspiracy." 
 
 ^ \ow there is evidence which creates a moral certainty 
 
 ^ that Christopher Wright and a certain Thomas Ward 
 
 (^or W'arde, leu- the name was spelt either way at that 
 
 \ time) (were closely allied by virtue of at least one 
 
 ^^marriageVif not indeed more than one) subsisting between 
 
 *^ *^c(n"tainf\'irtually undoubttnl) relatives o\' theirs tluMi living. 
 
 ' It is to bo ivcolloctoil lliat {\\c conspirators thoiusolves suspected 
 that tliero was a secret inulerstamliug, at least between the gentlomaii- 
 servaut of Mounteagle ami Trcshan:. whom they thought wa< the revealing 
 conspirator. — See Greeuway's MS., quoteil by Linganl,
 
 THE GUNPOWDER I'LOT. 57 
 
 Christopher Wright's sister, Ursula, was (as lias been 
 already mentioned) the wife of one Marmaduke Ward (or 
 Warde), of Mnlwith, in the Parish of Kipon, in the County 
 of York. 
 
 A lady of high family named Winefrid Wigmore, 
 the daughter of Sir William W'igmore, of Jjucton, in the 
 County of Herefordshire, says, in her '' Life of Mar// 
 Ward,'' the gifted daughter of Marmaduke Ward and 
 Ursula, his wife : " Mary Ward was the eldest daughter 
 of Mr. Marmaduke Ward, of Givendale, in the County of 
 York. Mulwith and Newby were Manor-houses of 
 
 Now in the Parish Ptegister, which was pubhshed in 
 the year 1899, belonging to the Church of St. Michael-le- 
 Belfrey, in the City of York, is to be found the following 
 remarkable entry : " Weddinges 1579. — TJiomas Warde of 
 Muliuaitli in the j^'islie of Bippon, and M'rgerij Slater, 
 S'vant to Mr. Cotterell, DiarieA xxixth day of May.''^^^^ 
 
 But for only eleven years (lacking nine days) were 
 Thomas Warde and Margery his wife destined to be 
 united in the bonds of wedlock. For the Register of Ripon 
 Minster records " tlie burial,'' under date " May the 
 20th, 1590, of Marjory ivife of Thomas Warde of 
 MuliDitli:'^''^ 
 
 They do not seem to have been blessed wath off- 
 spring. At any rate there are no names of any children 
 of these two spouses entered in the Register of 
 Christenings still kept at Ripon Minster. Although, of 
 course, there may have been such baptized at home^ 
 
 ^ But see Suppleinentum III. postea, and the evidence there given: 
 •evidence which is also interesting as showing how, at any rate 
 sometimes, " the oracle was worked," with reference to that carious 
 historical problem, the api)arent baptism of tlie children of i)apists by the 
 minister of the parish church. In Ireland, V have been told, .at one
 
 58 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 '' secretly," or even at some other cliiirch than at the 
 chapel of the Skelton Chai)elry, or than in Eipon 
 ]\[iuster, the mother church of the f^reat Parish of 
 liipon. 
 
 time the autliorilies of the then establishment accepted the mere "allegation"" 
 that certain rites had been complied with bj the popish clergy. 
 
 Dr. Elze is grossly -wrong in arguing that hecuvse Shakespeare's name- 
 is found in the Jlegister of Christenings in the ])arish church of Stratford- 
 (jn-Avon, therefore Shakespeare's father was a Protestant. Such a conclusion 
 founded on sucli proof is simply liidirrous. — See Elze's '■'Life of Sliahespeare^^ 
 (Bell & Sons), p. 457. One really is disposed to distrust many of the 
 conclusions of "German learnins:'' when Elze argues like this. To mv 
 mind, much of "the critical" work (so called in a certain department) 
 may be hereafter found to be hiW of Haws from building on too narrow 
 a foundation of evidence. How little man can kiunv of the Past whicli 
 affords him evidence to hang even a dog on with absolute, as distinct from 
 moral, certitude I ( 1 wish especially not to be thought to imply any 
 disrespect towards the great German people, whose love for him who is for 
 all nations and all time fills me with tlie ])rol"()uiidest admiration. But Truth 
 is no respecter of jjcrsons when it detects errors, or the probabilities of 
 errors, on the part of such as should be " masters of those that know.'") 
 
 For even the Rigmaydens, of Woodacre Hall, Garstaiig (liaibourers 
 of Campion iu l.")Sl), in the most Catholic part of Lancashire, apparentlif 
 liad at least scjme of tlieir children l)aptised at the parish church.— See 
 Colonel Fishwick"s '•' Parislm of (/arsfang" (Chetham Soc.)
 
 CHAPTEE XYII. 
 
 Now we know that Marmadiike Warde was of 
 Mulwaith (or Mulwith) in the year 1585. For the ''Life'' 
 of his daughter Mary expressly states that she was 
 born at ^lulwith in that year. And if a Thomas Warde 
 was of Muhvaith (or Muhvith) only six years prior to 
 1585, and again of Mulwith in 1590, when he lost 
 his wife, the inevitable inference is that the said 
 Marmaduke AVarde and the said Thomas Warde belonged 
 to one and the same family, and that, in all probability^ 
 they were akin to each other as brothers.^^*^^ 
 
 Again, the Register of Ripon Minster records on the 
 6th day of October, 1589, the baptism of Edward,^ the 
 son of a certain Christopher Wright, of Bondgate, liipon. 
 
 On the 23rd day of July, 1594, of Eliza, daughter 
 of Christopher Wright, of Xewbie.^^'-'^ 
 
 ^ If tliis Edward Wright is the same as a certain Prebendary 
 Edward Wright, of Kipon Minster, who received his nomination from 
 Kin'i- James I. on the 26th of March, 1613, then at least one cousin of 
 Marv Ward must have conformed to the Established Church. — See 
 '• Memoriah of Eipon," in 3 vols. (Surtees Society.) 
 
 He would be about 23 years of age when tlie royal favour was 
 thus vouchsafed to him. 
 
 An Edward Wright was Mayor of Eipon in the year 1635. — Gent's- 
 " i2tpon."— Probably the son of Prebendary Edward Wright. 
 
 Another cousin of Mary Warde, I find, had likewise conformed — a 
 Dr. Warde, the Master of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. He 
 belonged, 1 think, to the Wardes, of Durham, descended from a brother 
 -of Sir Christopher Ward.
 
 €0 THE GUNrOWDER PLOT. 
 
 The baptism on the I'ith day of July, 1-"59G, of 
 Francis, son of Christopher AVright, of Newbie. 
 
 And furthermore, on the 3rd day of February, 1001, 
 the baptism of ]\Iarmaduke, the son of Christopher 
 Wright, of Skelton. 
 
 Now, when we recollect that (( ?*Iariijaduke Warde 
 was certainly brother-in-law to a Christopher Wright ; 
 nu(\ when we recollect that we have proof that (o 
 Thomas Warde and a Marmaduke Warde were, 
 respectively, of ^lulwaith (or Mulwith) in the Parish of 
 liipon, and that a Christopher Wright was of ]3ondgate, 
 Newbie, and Skelton, all likewise in the Parish of Ripon ; 
 and when we further recollect that these three gentlemen 
 were of these several places in the closing decades of 
 the years of the reign of Queen J^ilizabeth, only one 
 •conclusion is forced upon the mind of even the most 
 sceptical, namely, that the said three gentlemen must 
 have known, and been known to, one another personally, 
 without the shadow of any reasonable doubt. 
 
 And again ; that between those years, 1589 and 
 1590 inclusive, the said Thomas Warde and the said 
 CliristoplLer Wi'/;//if had known each other intimately, by 
 meeting within the bounds of the Parish of liipon, 
 — nay even within the (diapehy of Skelton — is surely one 
 of the likeliest things in the world. 
 
 Furthermore, it is possible that the Thomas Warde, 
 of Mulwaith (or ^NFulwith), was in the diplomatic service 
 of Queen Elizabeth in the Netherlands, along with 
 Queen l^jlizabeth's well-known diplomatist and Treasurer 
 of the Chamber, Sir Thomas Heneage, the step-father of 
 Lord Southampton, I^ord Mounteagle's friend, as well as 
 Shakespeare's patron. 
 
 For I find that the great Sir Francis Walsingham, 
 in a letter dated from "the (^1Ul•t," tlie :24th of I\rarch,
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 61 
 
 1585 — six years after the marriage of Thomas Warde, of 
 jMulwaith, to Marjory Slater, and five years before her 
 lamented death — that the great Sir Francis AValsingham, 
 in a letter to the Earl of Leicester, " Lord Lieutenant- 
 General of Her Majesty's Forces in the Low Countries," 
 speaks of a " Mr. Warde." ^ 
 
 Now we know for certain from Winwood's Memorials- 
 that a Mr. AValter Hawkesworth, of the Hawkesworths of 
 Hawkesworth Hall, in the Parish of Otley, in the County 
 of York, was in the diplomatic service of King James L, 
 and that, according to Foster's " Pedigrees of Yorlshire 
 Families,'' he was poisoned at Madrid when on an embassy 
 there. 
 
 Hence, is it quite within the bounds of possibility 
 that his remote kinsman, Thomas Warde, of Mulwith^ 
 may have been in the diplomatic service of Queen 
 Elizabeth. The Hawkesworths and the Wardes had, in 
 days long gone by, twice formed alliances by marriage, 
 so that the families were distantly akin. Indeed it was 
 from Sir Simon Warde, of Esholt, in the Parish of Otley,. 
 and of Givendale, in the Parish of Eipon, that the 
 Hawkesworths of Hawdvesworth had by marriage alliance 
 gained the Hawkesworth Estate. — ^See Foster's " Pedi- 
 grees of Yorkshire Families.''' 
 
 But is there any evidence that links Thomas Ward 
 (or Warde), of Mulwaith (or Mulwith), and the Ward (or 
 Warde) family in general, of Givendale, Newby and 
 Mulwith, with the Lord Mounteagle ? ^ 
 
 ^ See the "■Leicester Correspondence'' (Camden Soc), j). 187. 
 
 - See also Sir Ealph Sadler's Papers. Edited by Sir Walter Scott. 
 
 " It will be seen as this narrative further unfolds itself that it is 
 almost certain that Thomas Warde (or Ward) was in the service of the 
 Government as a Catholic diplomat under Walsingham. And, moreover,, 
 it will appear probable that the servant AVarde (or Ward) " had as much 
 off "' as the master AValsingham.
 
 '62 THE GUNrOWDEE, PLOT. 
 
 And, iirst of all, is there any evidence to show that 
 Marniaduko Ward ever had a brother in London, who 
 lived at Conrt ? 
 
 There is.
 
 CHAPTEK XYIII. 
 
 For in Foley's '' Becords''^'^'^ v^e are told that Father 
 Oeorge Ward, alias Ingieby, was a son of Marmaduke 
 AVard, Esquire, of Newhy, near Eipon, by his wife Ursula 
 Wright.^ And in a note at the foot of the self-same 
 page, it is stated that AYilliani Ward entered the English 
 
 ^ I am, however, inclined to think that Ursnla Ward died early in 
 the year 15SS, after the birth of her son, probably George, and that the 
 Elizabeth Ward, wlio is mentioned in Peacock's " List of liomaii CatlioUcs 
 in Yorkshire in 1604" ixa the wife of a Marmaduke AVard, of the Parish of 
 Kipon, was the mother of Elizabeth Ward, Teresa (or Ann) Ward, 
 AVilliam Ward, and Thomas Ward. Indeed, the mother of all Mary 
 AV^arde's father's children, except Mary herself, Barbara, John, and George. 
 
 I think, moreover, that Elizabeth Ward was a Sympson, probably 
 ■of Great Edston, near Kirbymoorside, Ivydale, in the North Riding of the 
 County of York. The Sympsons, of Edston, had a daughter Elizabeth at 
 this time. — See Poster's Ed. of " Glovers Visitation'' 
 
 In the Ripon Minster Registers there is certainly the entry under 
 <late loth May, 1588, of a wedding between a " Marmaduke Warde and 
 Elizabeth Sympson." Now Mary Warde, the eldest child of Ursula Warde, 
 was born the 23rd day of Januaiy, 1585-86, and Barbara in the year 1586 ; 
 so that if Ursula AVarde died in the year 1588 (at the early part) after 
 giving birth to George AVarde, Marmaduke AV^arde might be conceivably 
 married again in May, 1588. Sir Thomas More's case would afford a 
 precedent for so early a second marriage. The marriage of Marmaduke 
 AVarde and Elizabeth Sympson may have taken place at Ripon from the 
 'house of friends, in the presence of some semi-popish conforming A^icar, 
 AVinefrid AVigmore styles George AVard Mary's " owne brother," implying 
 that there was at least one half-brother. — See " Life of Mary IFrtrcZ," vol. i., 
 p. 427. John AVard, the elder brother, died from wounds received in a 
 duel. He -must have taken after his uncle John AVright, who was one of 
 the most expert swordsmen of his time, and never happy but when 
 sending a challenge to some swordsman or another who specially boasted 
 himself of skill in the use of that ancient weapon.
 
 C4 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 College at Koine in the name William Ingleby vere 
 Ward, 4tli October, lOH, at the age of twenty-three; 
 that the family was of distinction in the county, and 
 his uncle lired at Court. (The italics are mine.) 
 
 ^Moreover, there is evidence tending to prove, with 
 absolute certitude, that the "Ward" or " Warde " family, 
 of Givendale, Newby, and Mulwith were connected with 
 the family of Mounteagle, botli on his mother's side 
 through the Mounteagies, and on his father's side through 
 the Barons Morlev/'^^ 
 
 Also is tliere evidence tending to prove, with moral 
 certitude, that either through the Stanleys or the 
 Morleys, or some other family or families, the Wards (or 
 Wardes) were connected by marriage and actually related 
 to Lord Mounteagle by blood. 
 
 The proof is this :— In the ''Life of Mary Ward;'^'"^ 
 by Mar}' Catherine Elizabeth Chambers, it is stated that 
 Mary Wa.rd was in some way related to the before- 
 mentioned lady of high family, Winefrid Wigmore, of 
 Lucton, Herefordshire, who was an accomplished woman, 
 speaking live languages fluently. 
 
 Now it is known that Winefrid Wigniore's father, 
 Sir William Wigmore, had inarried Anne Throckmorton, 
 one of the daughters of Sir Nicholas Throckmorton. 
 Now Lady W'ignun'c, through the Throckmortons and the 
 Treshanis, " was connected with the families of Lord 
 Mounteagle, Morley, Berkeley, and Yaux."^'^^ 
 
 Hen(;c it follows that, through the Wigmores,^ the 
 Throckmortons, and the Treshams, there was a connection 
 of sonic kind or another between Mar>' Ward's family 
 
 ^ Since the text was written. I have ioiiiul out that AVinefrid 
 AVigniore, throui^h liei mother, was a cousin once removed to Elizabeth, 
 ].,ady Mounteagle {hcg Treshani). — bee Notes 30 and 7G j^osfea.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 65 
 
 and the families of Monnteagle, Morley, Berkeley, and 
 Vanx/"^' 
 
 Again, Mary Ward was related to Mar}^ Poyntz 
 (pronounced Poynes), a lady whose ancient family had 
 come over with William the Conqueror/"'^^ Mary Poyntz, 
 herself a lovely woman, was the daughter of Edward 
 Poyntz, Esquire, of Iron Acton and Tobington Park, in 
 the County of Gloucester/"''^ 
 
 Sir Nicholas Poyntz, who was living in 1580, 
 the fatlier of Edward Poyntz, had married Margaret 
 Stanle}', the daughter of Edward Earl of Derby. This 
 lady was the mother of Edward Poyntz, the father of 
 Mar}' Poyntz, the relative of Mary Ward. 
 
 Now I find (from Burke's '^Extinct Peerages'') that 
 Henry Parker Lord Morley, the grandfather of W'illiam 
 Parker fourth Lord Monnteagle, had married Elizabeth 
 Stanley, daughter of Edward Earl of Derby. 
 
 Hence the Poyntz and the Mounteagies were cousins. 
 Again, the Wards were in some way or other related 
 to the Poyntz family. Hence it follows that through 
 the Poyntz the AYards were related in some sort with 
 Lord MoUnteagle, by means of the Stanleys, Mounteagie's- 
 father's ancestors and mother's ancestors,^"'^ 
 
 . Eor it is obvious that families connected with or 
 related to the same family are connected with or 
 related to each other. 
 
 Again, there was certainly a further marriage 
 connection and a probably blood relationship between 
 the Morleys, Mounteagies, and Wards through the great 
 House of Neville. 
 
 (We njay be sure that a young nobleman like 
 the fourth Lord Monnteagle would be glad to recognise 
 the AVards of Alulwith, Newby, and Givendale as 
 " Cousins " if such were the fact, and to treat them 
 in every respect as being on an equality with him.) 
 
 F
 
 66 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 Therefore the combined Evidence so far gives lis 
 this conchision : — 
 
 That a Christopher AVrii(ht was the brother-in-law 
 of Marmaduke Ward, of ^Nluhvith, in the Parish of 
 Eipon. 
 
 That Marmaduke Ward was of the same place 
 — Mulwith (or Mulwaith) — as a person named Thomas 
 Warde, who was married in a chnrch in York in the 
 year 1579, and whose wife died in the year 1590, and 
 whose burial is recorded to this day at Eipon ]\rinster. 
 
 That a Christopher Wright, most probably the 
 brother-in-law of Marmaduke Ward, and thus most 
 probably the connection of Thomas Warde, was residing 
 at Newby, near Mulwith,^"®^ in the Parish of Kipon, 
 between the years 1594 and 159(3 inclusive, and in the 
 neighbourhood of the City of Kipon, and within the 
 boundary of its parish, from the year 1589 to 1601. 
 
 That Marmaduke Ward's son, AYilliani, had an uncle 
 who lived at Court. ^ 
 
 That the Wardes were connected with and related 
 to Lord ]\Iounteagle by connnon family ties.^"^^ 
 
 ^ The fact that a Christopher AVright who lived at Newbie \\\ 1596, 
 and at Skelton (Newbie itself is in the Parish of Skelton) in 1601, when 
 he called one of his children " Marmaduke," raises a strong presumption, 
 I maintain, that this Christopher "W^right was the brother-in-law of 
 Marmaduke Ward. 
 
 At this time there was also a Francis Wriiiht at Xewbie, and a 
 John AV right at Grantley. They may have been the children of John and 
 Christo])her Wriglit, the uncles of John and Cln-istopher AVright, tlie Gun- 
 powder plotters. And, of course, it is 2>ossibh that the Christopher Wright 
 who lived in Bondgate, Newbie, and Skelton between the years 1589 and 
 1601 niai/ have been a cousin or other J,-ins>nn)i of Curistoplier Wright 
 the plotter, or even of different families altogether. ]3ut in the 
 Kegister of AV^elwick Church are the following entries of Biu'ials : " 13 
 <')ct()ber 1G54 ffrauncis A\"right I'^squire and 2 May 1664 fFrauncis Wright 
 Escjuire" (communicated by the iiev. D. Y. tStoddart, M.A., A^icar of
 
 THE GUNPOWDEPw PLOT. 67 
 
 Hence, from the foregoing evidence, tlie conclusions 
 <ire inevitable, first, that Thomas Warde, of Mulwith, 
 who married Marjory (or Margery) Slater' in 1579, was 
 almost certainly a connection and relative of Lord 
 Mounteagle, in whose household Warde held an honoured 
 and honourable position ; or, as doubtless we should say 
 nowadays, was the young peer's private secretary: and, 
 secondly, that, through the said Thomas Warde, 
 Clnistopher Wright likewise was almost certainly by 
 affinity connected with, if not rela,ted by blood to, the 
 •-same highly-favoured English nobleman. 
 
 Wehvick), entries which tend to prove that the Newby AV^rights and the 
 Plowland Wrights were one and the same persons, and, therefore, of one 
 and the same clan. 
 
 There seem, from the " Memorials of R'qwn," vol. iii. (Surtees Soc), 
 to have been "Wrights" in Ripon and the neighbourhood for many 
 generations, certainly long before the reign of Henry VIII., when the 
 grandfather of the plotters is said to have* come from Kent into Yorkshire. — 
 See Foster's " Glovers Visitation of VorJcsJiire." Possibl}' the Wrights of 
 Kent originally sprang from Yorkshire. 
 
 "A Christopher Wright " lived at South Kilvington, near Thirsk, in 
 the nineteenth century. — See the tablet to his memory in the church of 
 that parish. 
 
 ^ This marriage of Thomas Warde, of ^Nluhvaith, to Marjory (or 
 Margery) Slater, "servant to Mr. Cotterill,"' of the Parish of St. AVilfrid, 
 York, forcibly reminds one of the romance which Lord Tennyson has 
 immortalized in his charming little poem, "The Lord of Burleigh." 
 Moreover, it is worthy of remark that there was a famil}" connection 
 between the family of Cecil and a family of Ward, most probably the 
 Wards of Muhvith, or those akin to them. — See Hatfield's '^^ Hist. MSS." 
 (Eyre & Spottiswoode), pt. viii., p. 553, where it says, " Pedigree 
 •connection of the Cecil and AVard families, partly in Lord Burleigh's hand," 
 pt. i., 204-289
 
 CHAPTEK XIX. 
 
 But again, seeing that we know that a certain: 
 Thomas Ward Hvecl at Court, by reason of his being a 
 member of the househokl of Lord Mounteagle, who had 
 been admitted to Court ever since the accession to the 
 throne of James the First, by this point also I know 
 not how to escape from these several probable- 
 conclusions : that the Thomas Warde (or Ward), , the 
 gentleman-servant of Lord Mounteagle, was the brother 
 of Marmaduke Warde (or Ward) ; tbat, by consequence,, 
 he was the connection of Christopher Wright ; and that,, 
 by remoter consequence, Christopher Wright himself was. 
 a connection of Lord Mounteagle likewise. 
 
 Now% granting the famil}^ connection between Thomas 
 Warde and Wright, there is no antecedent improbability, 
 but the contrary, in the supposal that Christopher 
 AN'right, if and when stricken with remorse at the 
 thought of his sworn part and lot in the iniquitous 
 Gunpowder Plot, had recourse to this Thomas AYarde,. 
 who was his connection, for trustworthy and effectual 
 help in saving from a sudden and cruel dcjith, haply 
 himself and his confederates, but certainly his Sovereign 
 and the Senators of his Fatherland, along with Heaven 
 alone knows wlioiu else beside ! 
 
 Furthermore, if there were any antecedent im- 
 probability in such a supposal as that Christopher 
 Wright should have recourse to this particular Yorkshire- 
 man, Thomas Warde, in the hour of his need, it should
 
 THE GUNPOWDER TLOT. (59 
 
 be had in continual renienihrance — as a self-evident 
 proposition from the constitution of human nature — that 
 the person or persons to whom a Yorkshireman like 
 Christopher Wright (supposing him to have been the reveal- 
 ing plotter) almost certainly w^ould have recourse would 
 be, if possible, some tried and constant native of his own 
 Comity, whose intellect, he would think, there was some 
 guarantee for being shrewd and practical, his heart not 
 •devoid of fellow-feeling with a ''brother in adversity," and 
 his will at once indomitable and energetic /^'^'^ One who 
 indeed laughs at alleged impossibilities and who cries : 
 ''It shall he done /"
 
 CHAPTEE XX. 
 
 Lastly, tbere is proof, indirect indeed but very 
 telling, that Thomas W'arde must have been closely 
 akin to Marmaduke A\'arde, and that both must have- 
 been related to Lord Mounteagle. 
 
 This proof is contained in the following " Examination 
 of Marmaduke Warde, Gentleman, in the County of Yorke,. 
 taken at Beauchamp Court before Sir Fulke Grevjdl,, 
 Knight, and Bartholmewe Hales, Esq'^- on Wednesday,, 
 the (3th day of November, the day following the arrest 
 of Fawkes and the flight of the others of the conspirators, 
 from London towards Dunchurch, in Warwickshire : — 
 
 ^'^^^ " GuNrowDER Plot Books — Part L, No. 47. 
 
 " The examinacion of Marmaduke Warde, gent, of 
 Newbie in the countie of yorke taken before- 
 S'- ffowlk GrevylP Knight and Bartholmewe Hales- 
 esq'- 
 
 " This ex^ beinge demaunded when he came into- 
 this Countreye saith a fortnight since & hath since 
 continued at Mr Jo : Writes at Lapworth, where Mr 
 Write discontynuinge the space of on weeke past his 
 
 ^ This was tlio celebrated Sir Fulic Greville, the friend and biograplier 
 (if Sir riiili[) Sidney. Greville was afterwards created Lord Brooke. His- 
 tomb, witli a famous inscription, is in tbc fluirch of St. ^fary. AVarwick.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER TLOT. 71 
 
 sister in lawe Mrs Write iiitreated him (beeinge 
 acconipanj'ed w*'' on Marke Brittaine her man) to goe 
 to Mr Winter w'*" a horse to Huddenton where as 
 theye past b}^ Alcester about an hower after the 
 troope past this ex*^ was apprehended but the saide 
 Brittaine beeinge well liorst escapt hee farther saith 
 hee knewe not of the companies passinge y* way 
 vntill they came to Alcester nor of theire purpose 
 any thinge at all." 
 
 Now, from the ''''Life of Manj TFrt/T?," vol. i., p. 91, 
 it is evident, first, that Marniaduke Warde got into no 
 trouble of any kind, notwithstanding that for a fortnight 
 he had been actually dwelling under the roof-tree of one 
 of the principal conspirators, and when apprehended was 
 even in the act of taking a horse from Lapworth to 
 Huddington, the mansion of Eobert Winter, one Gun- 
 powder traitor and armed rebel, who was also the brother 
 of another Gunpowder traitor and armed rebel — the latter, 
 hideed, being among the very chiefest of the traitors and 
 rebels. 
 
 It is evident, secondly, that on reaching London 
 town the Master of Newbie, in the County of York, lodged 
 in Baldwin's Gardens, Holborn, apparently as a matter 
 of course. 
 
 Moreover, the marvel of the whole thing is enhanced 
 by the fact, lirst, that Marniaduke Ward's name is 
 bracketed along with Bichard Yorke (a follower of Bobert 
 Winter) and Bobert Key (doubtless Bobert Keyes), the 
 Gunpowder traitor, who was arrested in Warwickshire by 
 himself and not in the company of the others (it is 
 supposed he had been to Turvey, in Bedfordshire, to see 
 his wife and children at Lord Mordaunt's, and was 
 making his way towards Holbeach) ; and by the fact,
 
 72 THE GUNPOWDEE PLOT. 
 
 secondly, that the said Marinadnke Ward, l\ichard 
 Yorke, and Robert Key are specially described as 
 *' suspected persons usually resorting to ^Mr. Winter, Mr. 
 Grant, and ^Iv. blookwood's." ^ 
 
 Now the inferences that I draw from these two 
 truly astounding- circumstances are these following : — 
 That ]\Iarmaduke Warde must have had literally " a 
 friend at Court," or his lodging when he reached the 
 great Metropolis, as a matter of course, would have been 
 not — emphatically not — Baldwin's Gardens, Holborn, but, 
 of a surety, the Tower of London. 
 
 That this "friend" nmst have been veiy closely 
 allied to liim in some way or anothei'. 
 
 And that this "friend" nmst have been a very 
 powerful friend indeed, especially when one remembers the 
 punishment that was inflicted after the Plot had become 
 a mere bubble-burst by the Court of Star Chamber 
 upon ]\Iarmaduke AVarde's own connection (through the 
 Gascoignes), Henry Earl of Northumberland,^^-^ and upon 
 the Lords Montague, Mordaunt, and Stourton, the latter 
 of whom had married a daughter of good Sir Thomas 
 Tresham ; and the prosecution of Marmaduke Warde's 
 other connection, Sir pTohn Yorke, of Gowthwaite Hall, in 
 Nidderdale, as late as the year 101-2, on a charge of 
 complicity in the Plot/*''*^ 
 
 Now, from all these three inferences, surely the 
 further inference is inevitable, that the probabilities are 
 
 ' !See :i(kl. ^18. ;")S74, fo. 322, Hritish Museum. See also Appendix 
 for tlie list of suspected persons usually resorting to Mr. Winters, jNIr. 
 (jrant's, and Mr. Kookwood's. 
 
 Mr. Winter's house would Ix- liuddingtuii, in Worcestershire; Mr. 
 Grant's, Norbrook, in AV^arwickshire ; Mr. liook\vood"s would be Clopton 
 Hall (or House), Stratford-on-Avon. Mabie's ''Life of SJiaJcespeare '' 
 (Macmillan, 1901), p. 393, contains a picture of the dining-hall at Clopton.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 73 
 
 SO high as to amount to moral certitude, that Thomas 
 Warde and Marmaduke Warde were each alHed, in blood, 
 to William Parker fourth Lord Mounteagle. 
 
 And "probability" that amounts to moral certitude 
 is, as every-day experience, as well as pliilosophy, tells us, 
 ''the very guide of life." 
 
 Therefore the historical Inquirer lienceforward is 
 warranted in reason in pursuing his inquiries into this 
 matter on the following assumption, at the very least, 
 namely, that Christopher Wright, Marmaduke Warde, 
 Thomas Warde, and Lord Mounteagle had common 
 family ties subsisting l)etween tliem in the year 1605. 
 
 And, consequently, upon such an assumption the 
 Inquirer may justifiably build his hypothesis respecting 
 the revelation of the Gunpowder Treason Plot.^®*^
 
 (CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 But, it may be asked, is there any Evidence^ 
 however remote, to show how it is possible tliat 
 Mounteagle may liave been brought into personal contact 
 with his morally certain kinsman, Thomas Warde (or 
 Ward) ? 
 
 There is. 
 
 For it is to be remembered that although Mounteagle 
 seems to have spent most of his time in London and 
 Essex, his grandmother, Elizabeth Lady Morley, the wife 
 of Henrv Parker Lord Morlev, was, as we have seen, of 
 the then well-nigh princely house of the Stanleys Earls of 
 Derby, she being, in fact, a daughter of Edward Stanley 
 Earl of Derby, as was Margaret Lady Poyntz, the- 
 wife of Sir Nicholas Poyntz,' of L^on Acton, in the 
 County of Gloucester, the father of Edward Poyntz, 
 Esquire, the relative of the Wardes of A'orkshire. 
 
 Besides, as we have also seen, this was not William 
 Parker fourth Lord Mounteagle's onl}' relationship with 
 
 ^ It i>< a remarkable fact that !Sir Thomas lieueage (^uliosc name 
 frequently occurs in tlie correspondence of Sir Francis Walsingliam with 
 the Earl of Leicester when in 1 he Low Countries), married for his first 
 wife Anne Poyntz, the eldest daughter of Sir Nicholas Poyntz and the 
 Honourable Margaret Stanley, the daughter of Edward Stanley Earl of 
 Derby. — See " I'isitatlon of Essex, 1012'' (llarleian Soc.) under "Poyntz." — 
 Sir Thomas lleneage is described as Secretary of State to Queen Elizabeth 
 and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. Sir Thomas lleneage married 
 for his second wife the Dowager Countess of Southampton, the mother 
 of Shakespeare's friend and patron. Now this Earl of Scmthampton, like- 
 the Ear! of Kutland, was an intimate friend of Lord ^Tounteagle.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER TLOT. 75' 
 
 England's " North Conntrie," — that hirth-place and home 
 of so much that is most original and energetic in the 
 English race. Eor this happily-circumstanced young 
 peer was related douhly to the great Lancashire house 
 of ]3erhy, heing, indeed, the heir and successor to the 
 honours and estates of tlic Stanleys Lords Mounteagle,. 
 of Hornhv Castle, near " time-honoured Lancaster." 
 
 In fact, through his mother Elizabeth (Stanley) Lady 
 Morley, William Parker fourth Lord Mounteagle was 
 the owner of Hornby Castle, situated in the Vale of 
 the Lune, one of the grandest portions of North-east 
 Lancashire. 
 
 Again, through his grandmother Anne (Leybourne)' 
 Lady Mounteagle, Lord Mounteagle was descended from 
 two other families belonging to the ancient and wealthy 
 Catholic gentry of the North, some of whom the Wards, 
 of Mulwith, Newby, and Givendale, in the Parish of Eipon, 
 in the County of York, nnist have known personally, and 
 certainly all of whom tlie}' must have greatly honoured. 
 
 I refer to the Prestons, of Lev.ens and Preston Patrick,, 
 in the County of Westmoreland, and of Eurness and 
 Holker, in Lancashire, "North of the Sands," and to- 
 the Leybournes (or Labourns), of Cunswick, Skelsmergh^ 
 and Witherslack,' in the County of Westmoreland, and 
 of Nateby-in-the-Eylde, in the west of the County of 
 Lancaster.^*^''^^ 
 
 ^ Tlie modern Witherslaek Hall, in Westmoi-eland, is the property of 
 the present Earl of Derby. It is situated iu a lovely neighbourhood 
 which instinctively recalls the words of the poet : 
 
 " Daffodils, 
 That come before the swallow dares, and take, 
 ' The winds of March with beauty." — Winters Tale. 
 
 A\'^ithersl;ick is readied from Arnside, Silverdale, or Grange- 
 over- Sands. 
 
 The old AVitherslack Hall of the Levbournes is now a farm-house.
 
 ^' CHAPTEll XXII. 
 
 Lastl}^ it should he remeinhered, in, ondeaynnriiig 
 o trace out hy inevitahle inference) the nature of the 
 tie or ties, manifestly very strong, that hound Mounteagle 
 to Mannaduke Ward (and therefore to Thomas Ward), 
 that the ancestors of hoth Mounteagle and the Wards 
 had, in the year 1/513, fought together at the great hattlc 
 of Flodden Field, in Northumherland, in which the Scots 
 were led hy King James IV. of Scotland, who married 
 Margaret Tudor, the daughter of King Henry VII. of 
 England, and whom naught would content, like many a 
 valiant Scot before and since, save *' a soldier's death 
 or glory." 
 
 In the memorable fight, the fifth son of Thomas 
 Stanley first Earl of Derby, namely. Sir h.dward Stanley 
 (whose mother was a Neville),^ turned the fortunes of the 
 
 ^ The first Lord Mounteagles inollier was Lady Eleanor Neville, the 
 sister of Richard Neville, so well known to history as "the King Maker." 
 The Wards were related to tlie Nevilles in more than one way. — See 
 " Li/e of Mar 11 Ward" vol. i., the earlier chapters. 
 
 In Staindrop Parish Chnrch, three miles from Winston, Darlington, 
 are still to be seen the nionunieiits of the great Ralph Neville and his 
 two wives. This was the first Neville who bore the title Earl of 
 AVestnioreland. There are also the inoiunneiits of ITenry Neville fifth 
 Earl of Westtnorelaiid, and two out of his three wives. Uis son Charles 
 was the last Neville wjio bore this title. — See Wordsworth's " Wliite Doe 
 of Itjlstomr 1 visited Raby I'astle, J)in-hani. with its famous Hall and 
 Minstrel^*' Gallery, on the Lst of July, 1901. Raby Castle is owned now 
 by Henry De A'ere \'ane ninth Lord Barnard, who also owns Barnard 
 Castle, overlooking the Tees, cilcbratcd by Sii- Walter Scott in •' llokeby."
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. < i 
 
 day in favour of the English by attacking with his archers 
 the rear of the Scottish centre — which centre, led by 
 King James liimself in person, was assaulting, with some 
 success, the English forces, whose vanguard was led by 
 Lord Thomas Howard, in 1514 created the Earl of 
 Surre}'. 
 
 This Earl of Surre}' was afterwards the second Duke 
 of Norfolk, of the Howard line of the Dukes of Norfolk, 
 and great-grandfather of Philip Howard Earl of Arundel,, 
 who died in the Tower of London in 1595. 
 
 The Mowbrays had been the holders of the coveted 
 title Duke of Norfolk ^ from the year 1396 down to 1475, 
 when John de Mowbray Earl of Warren and Surrey,, 
 the fourth of the Mowbray Dukes of Norfolk, died 
 leaving no son but only a daughter, Anne, in her owii 
 right Baroness Mowbray and Segrave, and also in her 
 own right Countess of Norfolk. This lady was con- 
 tracted in marriage to Kichard, afterwards created Duke 
 of Norfolk, a son of King Edward IV., but they had no- 
 issue. 
 
 The second of the Howard Dukes of Norfolk, the 
 hero of Elodden Field, was the father of Thomas third 
 Duke of Norfolk, commonly called the " old Duke of 
 Norfolk." 
 
 ^ The first Earl of Norfolk was Thomas of Brotherton, a brother of 
 Ivinjr Edward II. The date of this ancient Earldom was 1812. It fell 
 into abeyance on the death of Eichard Duke of Norfolk and his wife 
 Anne Lady Mowbray. 
 
 Thomas Howard Earl of Arundel and Surrey (the half-cousin of 
 Lord Mounteagle) was created Earl of Norfolk by a patent of King 
 Charles I. (formerly Duke of York) in 1644. At the present date (25th 
 June, 1001) the House of Lords has luider consideration a claim by 
 Lord 3Iowbray Segrave and Stourton that he be declared senior co-heir 
 to the Earldom of Norfolk created in 1312. (A case of great historic 
 interest.)
 
 78 THE GUNrOWDEB PLOT. 
 
 He was that ])uke of Norfolk, under Henry \IIT., 
 who opposed the insurgent Yorkshire and Lancashire 
 "Pilgrims of Grace'' (1536) led hy the gallant llohert 
 Aske/ of Aughton, on the hanks of the Yorkshire 
 Derwent, when in the event Aske was hanged from one 
 of the towers of the ancient (^ity of York — prohahly 
 Chfford's Tower — and many of his followers tasted of 
 Tndor vengeance. 
 
 " The old Duke of Norfolk " was the father of that 
 illustrious scion of the house of Howard who, under the 
 name Eaid of Surrey, has left a deathless inemory alike 
 as warrior, statesman, and poet. 
 
 The Earl of Surrey's son was Thomas Howard 
 fourth Duke of Norfolk, who is the connnon ancestor of 
 the present Duke of Norfolk and the present Earl of 
 Carlisle. 
 
 The fourth Duke of Norfolk's head fell on the 
 scaffold, l)y reason of the Duke's aspiring to the lioyal 
 hand of Mary Queen of Scots.- 
 
 ^ Kepresentatives of the family of Kobert Aske are still to be fuiuul 
 at Bubwitii, near Aughton, and, I believe, at ]IulI. Aughton is reached 
 from the station called High Field on the Selbv and Market Weighton 
 line. Aughton Parish Church is a fine mediaeval structure. llard-by is 
 Castle Hill, the site of the ancient castle of the Askes, showing also 
 evident traces of two large moats which had surroinuh^d the fortified 
 buildings on the hill which constituted the ,\i:gliton Hall of days gone 
 by. 
 
 '^Slingsby Castle, 28 miles north-east of York (now dismantled), is 
 associated with the IMowbrays Dukes of Norfolk, they giving the Vale 
 near the Ho\\a)'dian Hills and Eydale the title, A'ale of ]Mowbray. 
 Wliile Sheriff JIutton Castle, ]0 miles north-east of York (rebuilt by the 
 first Earl of "Westmoreland), is associated with the Howards Dukes of 
 Norfolk; for the "old Duke " lived there for 10 years during the reign of 
 Henry VIII. (The occupier of part of Sheriff Hutton Castle now (1901) 
 is Joseph Suggitt, Esq., J. P.)
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 79 
 
 The then Lord Dacres of the North, " who dwelt on 
 the Border " at Naworth Castle/ near Carlisle, was like- 
 wise a sharer in the renowned laurels of Flodden Field. 
 
 This before-mentioned Sir Edward Stanley, the fifth 
 son of Thomas Stanley first Earl of Derby, w^as created 
 by Henry VIII. Baron Mounteagle, and he was the 
 great-great-grandfather of William Parker fourth Lord 
 Mounteagle, who married Elizabeth Tresham. 
 
 The story of the battle of Flodden Field (^''> and 
 its famous English archers must have been familiar to 
 Mounteagle from his earliest years. And he, doubtless, 
 would have learned from maternal lips that, in con- 
 •sequence of his ancestor's prowess in that historic fight, 
 his mother's family received from Henry YIII. the famous 
 title whereby he himself had the good fortune to be 
 known to his King and his fellow-subjects. 
 
 I find from Baines' '■'■History of Lancasliire,'" vol. iv., 
 €d. 1836, that Hornby Castle, in the Yale of the Lune, 
 in the Parish of Melling, did not pass out of the family 
 of the Lords Morley and Mounteagle until the reign of 
 Charles 11. (1663), when it was sold to the Earl of 
 Cardigan : that James I. confirmed to William Parker 
 fourth Lord Mounteagle certain ancient rights and 
 privileges, such as court view of frankpledge, etc. : and 
 that James stayed at the Castle in the year 1617, on 
 his return from Scotland to London through Lancashire. 
 
 ^ The Howards Dukes of Norfolk give their name to the Howardian 
 Hills, through Lord AVilliam Howard, who married the Honourable Anne 
 Dacres, of Xaworth Castle and Hinderskelfe Castle, now Castle Howard. 
 Historic Naworth and that veritable palace of art, Castle Howard, belong 
 to that cultivated nobleman, Charles James Howard seventh Earl of 
 Carlisle, whose gifted wife, Rosalind Countess of Carlisle («ee Stanley of 
 Alderley), is akin to the famous William Parker fourth Lord Mounteagle. 
 of the davs of James I.
 
 80 THK GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 Bailies also says that Sir Edward Stanley lirst Lord 
 Mouiiteagle (wlio married Anne Harrington, daughter of 
 Sir John Hari-iiigtou) successfully petitioned Henr}^ VII. 
 for the Hornby instates, in consequence of the attainder 
 of James Harrington, apparently his wife's uncle.
 
 CHAPTEE XXIII. 
 
 The first Lord Mounteagle left Hornby Castle to his 
 son Thomas second Lord Mounteagle. 
 
 William third Lord Mounteagle, the son and heir 
 of Thomas the second Lord Mounteagle, died in 1584, 
 and is buried in the Parish Church of St. Peter, Melling. 
 
 Lady Mary Brandon,^ the eldest daughter of the 
 Duke of Suffolk, was the first ^Yife of Thomas second 
 Lord Mounteagle, whose second wife was Ellen Leybourne 
 (/ice Preston), the mother of Anne, the wife of William 
 third Lord Mounteagle, who died in 1584. 
 
 Ellen Preston's father was Sir Thomas Preston ; her 
 mother was a Thornborough, of Hampsfield Hall, Hamps- 
 fell, in the Parish of Cartmel, North Lancashire. The 
 Thornboroughs (or Thornburghs) had held some of the 
 following manors from the time of Edward III. : — Hamps- 
 field Hall, Whitwell, Winfell, Eellside, Skelsmergh, Patton, 
 Dallam Tower, Methop, Ulva, and AVilson House, all 
 either in North Lancashire or Westmoreland. 
 
 In the parish church of Windermere, at Bowness,. 
 near Lake Windermere, .there is a window containing, 
 besides royal arms (possibly those of Henry Y.), the 
 
 ^ Lady JNlary Brandon was tlie daughter of Charles Bi-andon Duke 
 of Suffolk, who was married four times, one of his wives being a sister 
 of Henry VIII. The Duke of Suffolk was grandfather of Lady Jane 
 Dudley, commonly called Lady Jane Grey, one of the finest moral 
 characters Protestantism has produced. — See Spelman's " Jfistoi'if of 
 Sacrilege" (Masters, ed. LS53), p. 22S. 
 
 G
 
 82 THE GUNroWDEK PLOT. 
 
 arms of Harrington, Leybourne, Fleming de liydal, 
 Strickland, ^Middleton, and Eedmayne, most of which 
 houses of gentry of "the North Countrie " were more or 
 less allied to the fourth Lord ]\Iounteagle. 
 
 Sir Edward Stanley first Lord Mounteagle was in 
 possession of Hornby Castle and its l)road acres at the 
 date of Flodden Field, lol3/ This is interestingly 
 evidenced by the two following stanzas from the old 
 '' Ballad of Flodden Field":— 
 
 " ^Josl, lively lads in Lonsdalu bred, 
 AVith weapons ot" unvvieldly weight ; 
 All sucli as Tatham Fells had bred. 
 
 Went under Stanley's streamers bright. 
 
 From Silverdale to Kent Sand Side/*^") 
 AVhose soil is sown with cockle shells : 
 
 From C'artmel eke and Connyside, 
 
 With fellows fierce from Furness Fells." 
 
 Now, the fourth Lord Mounteagle would, almost 
 certainly, know that among the many valiant knights 
 that fought with his forbear, Sir Edward Stanley, was 
 Sir Christopher Ward, who led the Yorkshire levies 
 to the victorious field, and who came of the great family 
 of Ward (or Warde), long famous in the annals of the 
 West Eiding of Yorkshire about Guiseley, Esholt, and 
 Eipon. 
 
 ' III the battle of Flodden Field, which caused such lamentation, 
 mourning, and woe in Edinburgh, several citizens ot York l)ehaved them- 
 selves valiantly under Sir John Mounville. Among English lords in this 
 fight were the Lords Howard (Ednnind .Howard), Stanley, Ogle, Clifford, 
 Lumley, Latimer, Scroope (of Bolton), and Dacres ; among knights were 
 Gascoyne, Pickering, Stapleton, Tilney, and Markenfield ; and among 
 gentlemen were Dawney, Tempest, Dawbey, and Heron. — See Gent's 
 "ii'/>o»," p. 143. 
 
 Tt is said that the gallant Northumbrian Heron knew all the " sleiglits 
 
 of war.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 83 
 
 For, as the grand old " Ballad of Flodden Field " again 
 tells us, the English arms were reinforced 
 
 '' With many a gentleman and squire, 
 From Eippon, Eipley, and Jlydale, 
 AVith them marched forth all Massamshire, 
 With JVosteriield and Xetherdale." 
 
 The honourable fact just mentioned concerning the 
 valiant Yorkshire knight. Sir Christopher Ward, together 
 with the fact of the relationship, whatever was its precise 
 degree, between the families of Mounteagie and Ward, 
 through the Nevilles and, almost certainly, other ancient 
 houses besides, would tend to cement the bond of union 
 betwixt William Parker fourth Lord Mounteagle and 
 his private secretary or gentleman-servant, wdio — as we 
 have proved by evidence and inevitable inferences 
 therefrom — it is all but absolutely certain must . have 
 been Thomas Warde,^ of Mulwith, the brother of 
 Marmaduke Ward, of Mulwitb, Newby, and Givendale/**^^ 
 
 With the consequence that both Lord Mounteagle 
 and his older — almost certainly diplomatist-trained — 
 Elizabethan kinsman would share the lofty traditions, 
 memories and ways of looking at things common to 
 both, which would characterize an historic race that had 
 
 ^ Sir Edward Hoby is the only contemporary, so far as 1 know, 
 that has written in English the name of Lord Mounteagle's gentleman- 
 servant as such who read the Letter on the 26th of October, 1605. 
 
 Now, Hoby writes Ward without the final " e." If this be borne 
 faithfully in mind there is no objection to my writing the name either 
 "' Ward " or " Warde " indifferently. 
 
 To write Thomas Warde as well as Thomas Ward helps the mind, 
 I think, to realize the force of the evidence and arguments of this 
 Inquiry ; hence my so doing. But, of course, I wish to make it clear 
 that it is inference only, not direct proof, that supplies the missing link in 
 identifying Thomas Ward.
 
 84 THE GUN^o^vD^:ri plot. 
 
 been of high " consideration " long before the sister- 
 Kingdom of " bonnie Scotland" gave to her ancient foe 
 a King from her romantic and fascinating but ill-fated 
 Stnart line.
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 Having then thus established the point that if 
 'Christopher Wright and his conjectured Penman of the 
 Letter wished to put themselves into communication 
 with the King's Government, Christopher Wright himself 
 had family connections in Mounteagle and Ward, who 
 were pre-eminently well qualified — from their Janus-like 
 respective aspects — for the performance of such a task, 
 let us proceed with our Inquiry. 
 
 For there is Evidence to lead to the following 
 conclusions : — 
 
 (1) That the revealing conspirator (whoever he was) 
 had arranged beforehand that Mounteagle should be at 
 Hoxton on the memorable Saturday evening, the '26th 
 day of October, 1605, at about the hour of seven of the 
 ■clock. 
 
 Moreover, my strong opinion is that this arrange- 
 ment was made through the suggestion of Thomas Ward, 
 the diplomatic intermediary, with the express consent of 
 Mounteagle himself. 
 
 The suggestion, I think, may have been made by 
 Thomas Ward at Bath,^ a town which Ward possibly 
 
 ^ It is possible that Mounteagle and Catesby may have been together 
 •at Bath between the 12th of October, 1605, and the 26th October. 
 
 See a curious letter dated 12th October, but without date of tlie 
 year, from Mounteagle to Catesby ('■'ArcJueolof/ia,'" vol. xxviii., p. 420), 
 discovered by the late Mr. Bruce. 
 
 There is a copy of this '■'■Archceolofjla" in the British Museum, which 
 1 saw in October, 1900.
 
 8G THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 took on liis leaving Lapwortli, in Warwickshire, whither,. 
 I surmise, he repaired some time l)etween the 11th of 
 Octoher and the 2()tli of that month. 
 
 (2) That Thomas Ward's was the guiding mind, 
 the dominant force, or, to vary the metaphor, the 
 central pivot upon wliich the successful a('C()iu})lisliment 
 of the entire revelation turned, inasmuch as, I submit, 
 that Ward luust have received from tlio conscience- 
 stricken conspirator a complete disclosure of the whole- 
 guilty secret, witli full power, moreover, to make known 
 to Mounteagle so much of the particulars concerning the- 
 enterprise as in the exercise of his (Ward's) uncontrolled 
 diplomatic discretion it might be profitahle to be made 
 known to Mounteagle, in order that the supreme end in 
 view might be attained, namely, the entire spinning 
 round on its axis of the prodigious, diabolical Plot. 
 
 (3) That Thomas Ward (or Warde) was the diplomatic 
 go-between, the trusty mentor, and the zealous prompter 
 of his master throughout the whole of the very difficult,, 
 delicate, and momentous part that Destiny, at this awful 
 crisis in England's histor}^ called upon this young 
 nobleman to play. 
 
 If Ward (or Warde) were born about the l)eginning 
 of Elizabeth's reign, in the year 1605 he would be well- 
 nigh in the prime of life, namely, forty-six years of age ; 
 whereas Mounteagle, we know, was just about thirty. 
 Hence was ^^'arde, by his superior age and experience 
 of men and things, well fitted to jilay " the guide, philo- 
 sopher, and friend" to Mounteagle in the matter.^ 
 
 ' jr Thomas AVardc were sent to the Low Countries, as I lliink it 
 almost ccftaiii he was sent, although 1 cannot prove it, l)elik(' be may
 
 CHAPTER XXY. 
 
 Now what is the Evidence to support tlie preceding 
 paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) ? 
 
 As to paragraph (1), the Evidence is direct. 
 
 There was a tradition extant tJiat Mounteagle expected 
 the Letter, told to a geutlemaii named Edmund CluircU 
 his confident. — See Gardiner's " Gnnpoioder Plot,'' p. 10. 
 
 have been one of those Elizabethan gentlemen Shakespeare luul in niintl 
 when he wrote in tlie "Two (Jentlemen of Verona": 
 
 " Yet hath Sir Proteus 
 
 Made use and fair advantage of his days: 
 His years but young, but his experience old : 
 His head iinmellowed, but his judgment ripe; 
 And, in a word (for far behind his worth 
 Come all the praises that 1 now bestow) 
 He is complete in feature and in mind, 
 AVith all good grace, to grace a gentleman." 
 
 It sheds some very faint corroborative light on the supposal that 
 Thomas Ward was the '• Mr. AVarde " mentioned by Sir Francis AValsingham 
 in the ''■Earl of Leicester's Correspondence'' (Cam. Soc), that Sir Thomas 
 Heneage, a trusted diplomatist of Queen Elizabeth in the Low Countries, 
 married Anne Poyntz, the daughter of Sir Nicholas Poyntz and Margaret 
 Stanley, a daughter of Edward Stanley Earl of Derby, especially when it 
 is recollected that the Poyntz and the Wards, of Mulwith, were related. — 
 See '■'Life of Marii Ward'' (Brown & Oates, 2 vols.) 
 
 Also a "Mr. AVade " mentioned by AV'alsingham to Leicester in a 
 letter dated 3rd April, 1587, may have been really " Warde." — See 
 AA^ right's "■Elizabethan Letters;' vol. ii., p. 33.5. 
 
 Again, " The Calendar of State Papers,'' Domestic Series, 1581-90, 
 gives, page 93, a Thomas Warde, as an examiner for the Privy Council, 
 taking down evidence in the cause of Eobert Hungate and wife v. John 
 Hoare and John Sliawc, in the vear 1583.
 
 88 THE GUNPOWDEll PLOT. 
 
 Moreover, the fact that the footman was in the 
 street at ahoiit seven of the clock when the missive was 
 given to him is stroiigli/ .W()()estire of tlie fact that lie had 
 been nnrioitshi sent tliitlicr hij some one, so that tie might 
 he readij at l-and to receice fJie document immediately on 
 its arrivol. 
 
 As to paragraphs ('2) and (3), tlie Evidence is indirect 
 and inferential. 
 
 It is this : — Thomas Ward was manifestly on excellent 
 terms with Mounteagle on the one hand and with the 
 conspirators on the other. 
 
 For it is evident that no sooner had Mounteagle 
 arrived l)ack from his errand of mercy on that dark 
 night of Saturday, the 26th day of October, 1005, than 
 he divulged to his servant almost all, if not quite all, 
 that had passed at Whitehall during his never-to-be- 
 forgotten interview with Salisburj-, the King's principal 
 Secretary of State. ^ 
 
 That Lord Mounteagle had imparted to Thomas Ward 
 almost all, if not quite all, that had passed between Lord 
 Salishury and himself on the delivery to the latter of 
 the peerless document to my mind is clear from the 
 fact that tlie faith ful Ward , tJtc very jie.rt day (St(nd(n/) 
 repaired to Thomas Winter, one of the principal con- 
 spirators, and told Winter that the Letter axis in the 
 hands of Salisbury! — ^'■Winter's Confession.'" 
 
 Assuming that Thomas Ward was a Ward of 
 Mulwith, he would he a family connection of Thomas 
 Winter as well as of Christopher Wright through Ursula 
 Ward and Inglehies, of llipley, in Nidderdale. 
 
 'The (lavs of tlic wevk and the dates of 1 Ik^ iiioiitli riiii parallel 
 for the years 1(505 and 1901. Thus both the 26ths of October are on a 
 Saturday. What vas the condition of the moon on that memorable Saturdaij 
 night !
 
 THE GUNFOWDEK PLOT. 89 
 
 Now, what is proved by this very significant fact of 
 Thomas WarcVs so unerringly darting off to Thomas 
 Winter, one of the prime movers in this conspiracy of 
 wholesale slaughter, when he (\Yard) had all the adult 
 male inhabitants of London and Westminster to make 
 his selection from ? 
 
 Plainly this : that the revealing conspirator (who- 
 ever he was) must have ^'primed'' Thomas Ward hij 
 previously telling TJiomas Ward that Thomas Winter 
 was one of tJie chief est of those involved in the conspiracij. 
 
 Again ; as Winter had been formerly in Mounteagle's 
 service (a circumstance doubtless well-knowm to the 
 revealing conspirator), that revealing conspirator would 
 naturally, nay inevitably, hid Ward put himself not only 
 into speedy communication with Mounteagle, in order to 
 reach Salisbury, the principal servant of the King, hut, 
 this done, also into sjjeedy communication -with Thomas 
 Winter, one of the chief promoters of the baleful enterprise, 
 in order that by dint of Winter's powerful influence the 
 general body of the latter' s co-conspirators might be 
 warned, and not merely warned, but haply prevailed upon 
 to take to tbeir heels in instant flight. 
 
 Thus the great end aimed at by the curvilinear 
 triangular movement — wherein (ex hypothesi) the Penman, 
 Father Oldcorne, as well as the go-between, Thomas Ward, 
 and the revealing Christopher Wright, was a party and 
 responsible actor — would be, with clear-eyed, sure-footed, 
 absolute certitude, secured and accomplished — nothing- 
 being left to the perilous contingencies of purblind, 
 stumbling, limited chance. 
 
 V 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^'^ "^f f\ 
 
 \ 
 
 V
 
 CHAPTEii XXVJ. 
 
 Now, I maiiitciin that there is Evidence, from a very 
 unexpected quarter, that Thomas Ward had received 
 from the reveahii,^- plotter a complete disclosure of every 
 one of tlie juaterial facts and particulai's of the Plot, 
 including- tlie existence of the mine, the hiring of the 
 cellar, the storing therein of the gunpowder, and even 
 the names of the conspirators. And that, iiioreover, 
 Thomas Ward had received the fullest power " to 
 discover" to his master, Lord Mounteagle, all that lind 
 been told to him (Ward) by the revealing plotter, if, in 
 the exercise of his (Ward's) uncontrolle d diplomatic dis- 
 cretion, he deemed it necessary ni order to effect, 
 prima r II ij, the temporal salvation of the King and his. 
 Pfirliament, and, this done, in order to effect, sccondarUi/, 
 the escape of the conspirators themselves. 
 
 The Evidence to which T refei- is dediicihle from the 
 testimony of none other than Francis Treshani, Evidence 
 ^vliich he gave to Thomas A\'inter in Lincoln's Inn Walks 
 on Saturday night, the 2nd day of November, just one 
 week after the delivery of the Letter to Ijord j\Iounte:igle, 
 and just one d;iy after the Lettt'r had been shown by 
 Salisbury to the King.^--*^ 
 
 Thomas Wintei', in his " Cniifrssion,''' writes thus : 
 "On Saturday night i met ]\Ir. Ti'esham again in 
 Lincoln's Inn ^\'■llks. wIhtc he told such speeches that 
 my Lord of S;dishni-y should use to the King, as I gave 
 it lost the second time, and repeated the same to Mr..
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 91 
 
 Ciitesb}', who hereupon was resolved to be gone, but 
 stayed to have Mr. Percy come up whose consent lierein 
 we wanted. On Sunday night came Mr. Percy and no 
 'nay,' but would abide the uttermost trial." ^*^"^ 
 
 To what purport can these "speeches" have been, I 
 should like to know, which so mightily wrought on the 
 nerves of even the doughty Thomas Winter that they 
 were potent enough to l)reak down and sweep away the 
 barriers formed by the strong affection ^\'hich he naturally 
 must have harboured for the pet scheme and the darling- 
 project that had cost himself and his companions the 
 expenditure of so nmch "slippery time,"^'^^' so much sweat 
 of the brow, and so much treasure of the pocket ? Yea, 
 indeed, to what purport can these "speeches" have been?
 
 CHAPTEK XXVir. 
 
 In the King's Book, after describing Salisbnry's first 
 visit to James in "the privie gallerie" of Whitehall Palace, 
 it is stated that it was arranged that there shonld he 
 another meeting on the following da}^, Saturday, the 2nd 
 of November. 
 
 The precise words of the lioyal Work are these : 
 "It was agreed that he [i.e., Balisbnry] should the next 
 day repair to his Highness ; which he did in the same 
 privie gallerie, and renewed the memory thereof, the Lord 
 'Chamberlaine \i.e., Suffolk] being then present with the 
 King. At what time it was determined that the said 
 Lord Chaml)erlaine should, ;iccording to his custom and 
 ■office, view all the Parliament Houses." 
 
 This pre-arranged meeting with the King on the 
 Saturday was duly held just one week after the delivery 
 of the Letter, Salisbury and Suffolk the Lord Chamber- 
 laine being present thereat ; and I suggest that, most 
 probably, Mounteagie himself was, if not then actually 
 within ear-shot, yet not afar off. 
 
 Now it is evident from Lingard's " iJ/.s-Zo?-// " that 
 Tresham had told Winter tliat the Government had 
 already intelligence of the existence of "the mine."^^"-^ 
 
 Tresham also told Winter that he (Tresham) knew 
 not how the Government had obtained this knowledge 
 (vol. ix., p. 72). 
 
 The inevitable inference, therefore, that reason 
 demands should be drawn from these statements of Tresham
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 93^- 
 
 is that Mounteagle must have either sent for his brother- 
 in-law, or gone himself to see him, and that Mounteagle 
 then must have told the terrified Tresham that he 
 (Mounteagle) knew for a fact that a mine had been digged,^ 
 and that the same information probably that yeiy day 
 (Saturda}') would ])e imparted to the King's Government 
 likewise/''"^ | 
 
 This explanation, moreover, stands unspeakably 
 more to reason than the one which woodenly says that 
 Tresham himself revealed the dread secret respecting the 
 mine to Mounteagle, and that then, out of his own 
 mouth, the unhapp}^ man hazarded self-condemnation in 
 the presence of the astute Winter only one day after his 
 (Tresham 's) life had been in the gravest possible jeopardy 
 at Barnet, near White Webbs, from the poniards of the 
 infuriated Catesby and Winter/''^^ y 
 
 ^ I hold that the probabilities are that Christopher Wright told 
 Thomas Ward of the existence of the mine : that Thomas Ward told 
 Mounteagle: that Mounteagle told Tresham: and that Tresham told Winter. 
 
 Thus would be the concatenation complete, naturally and easily,. 
 
 M'ith no link missing.
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 Again, on Mond'iy, the 4tli instant, Mounteagle 
 offered to acconipany liis distant connection, the Earl of 
 Suffolk, to make the search in the cellar. 
 
 AVhyneard, keeper of the King's wardrohe, declared 
 to the two noble searchers that Thomas Percy had 
 hired the house and part of the cellar or vault under the 
 same, and that "the wood and coale " therein were "the 
 said gentleman's own provision." 
 
 Mounteagle, on hearing Percy named, let drop — 
 prohably in an unguarded moment — words to the effect 
 that perhaps Thomas Percy liad sent the Letter. 
 
 Now, guarded or unguarded, to my mind, the fact 
 that Mounteagle, in any shape or form, mentioned Perc3''s 
 name on that momentous occasion tends to show that 
 Mounteagle knew all the material facts and particulars of 
 the Plot, including even the names of the conspirators.^'^'^^ 
 
 But Mounteagle, I hold, was resolved to do his duty 
 to his King and his country on the one hand, and to his 
 friends — his reprobate, insane, but (he full well knew) 
 grievously provoked friends — on the other. 
 
 He was determined, spurred on, I suggest, by Thomas 
 Ward, to save the King and Parliament from bloody 
 destruction by gunpowder on the one hand, and to save 
 his own kith and kin and boon companions on the 
 •other: of whose guilt, or otherwise, he did not constitute 
 himself the judge, still less the executioner.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 95 
 
 To this end the young peer watched and measured 
 the relative vahie and effect of every move on the part 
 of the Government hke a vigilant commander, bent, 
 indeed, on securing what he deemed to be the rights and 
 interests of the wronged and the wrong-doers alike. 
 
 And, most probably, being driven into a corner at 
 the last and compelled so to do by the imperious 
 exigencies of his jyrimanj and supreme dutij, namely, the 
 saving of the King and Parliament from being rent and 
 torn to pieces in a most hellish fashion, truly "barbarous 
 and savage be^^ond the examples of former ages," Mount- 
 eagle actually himself told- Salisbury to inform Sir Thomas 
 Knevet and his band of armed men to keep a sharp look- 
 out for a certain tall, soldierly figure, "booted and spurred," 
 in the neighbourhood of the cellar, before the clock struck 
 the hour of midnight of Monday, November the 4th. 
 If this were so, it accounts for the efforts of Knevet, 
 Doubleday, and others being so speedily crowned with 
 success. 
 
 Fawkes was probably taken into custod.ij in the court 
 adjoining Percy's house and the House of Lords' cellar, 
 and a few moments afterwards secured by being bound 
 with such things in the nature of cords as Knevet and 
 his men had with them. — See Gardiner's " Gunpoivder 
 Flat;' pp. 132-13G. 
 
 The dark lantern, now in the Bodleian Library at 
 Oxford, was left burning in the cellar by Fawkes.
 
 CHAPTEK XXIX. 
 
 Let me now make two quotHtions. 
 
 One is tVoiii the Iving's Book, giving an account of 
 the proeechn'c followed by the ]virl of Suffolk the Lord 
 Cliambei lain, and the Lord Mounteagle, the champion, 
 protector, and hero of the England of his day, in whose 
 honour the " rare " Ben Jonson^'"'^ himself composed the 
 epigram transcribed at the end of this Inquiry. 
 
 The other quotation, collected from the relation of 
 a certain interview between Catesby, Tresham, ]\Iount- 
 eagle, and Eather Garnet, is one which plainly shows, 
 that Mounteagle was closely associated with Catesby, not 
 merely as a passive listener but as an active sympathiser^ 
 as late as the month of July, 1005, in general treason- 
 able internal projects, which indeed only just fell short of 
 particular treasonable external acts. 
 
 But this, of course, does not prove any complicity 
 of Mounteagle in the particular designment known as the 
 Gunpowder Treason Plot, of which diabolical scheme, I 
 have no reasonable doubt, the happy, debonair, pleasure- 
 loving, hut witlial shrewd and generous, young nobleman 
 was perfectly innocent. 
 
 These two quotations show, first, how zealously and 
 faithfull}' Mounteagle of the Janus-face, looking both 
 before and after — as henceiorward we must regard him — 
 kept his hand on the pulse of the Government at the 
 ]nost critical hcjur of his country's amials, with a view 
 to doinu' wliat both he and his mentor deemed to be
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 97 
 
 justice in the rightful claims and demands, though 
 diverse and conflicting, of each group of "clients." 
 
 And, secondly, how wisely and prudently Christopher 
 Wright and his counsellor or counsellors had acted in 
 determining upon this favoured child of Fortune as their 
 "vessel of election" for conveying that precious Instrument, 
 which for all time is destined to he known as Lord 
 Mounteagle's Letter, to the Earl of Salishury and, through 
 him, to King James, his Privy Council and Government^ 
 on that Saturday night, the 26th day of October, 1605. 
 
 The King's Book says: "At what time hee [i.e., 
 the Earl of Suffolk, ^'-^'^ the Lord Chamberlain] w^ent to the 
 Parliament House accompanied with my Lord Mounteagie, 
 being in zeale to the King's service, earnest and curious 
 to see the event of that accident whereof he had the 
 fortune to be the first discoverer : where having viewed 
 all the lower roames he found in the vault under the 
 upper House great store and provision of Billets, Faggots, 
 and Coales ; and enquiring of Whyneard, keeper of the 
 Wardrobe, to wdiat use hee had put those lower roumes 
 and cellars ; he told them that Thomas Percy had hired 
 both the house and part of the cellar or vault under the 
 same, and that the wood and coale therein was the 
 sayde gentleman's owne provision. Whereupon the Lord 
 Chamberlaine casting his eye aside perceived a fellow 
 standing in a corner there, calling himself the said 
 Percyes man and keeper of that house for him, but 
 indeed w^as Guido Fawkes the owner of that hand which 
 should have acted that monstrous tragedie."^^^^ 
 
 The Discourse then goes on to say that the Lord 
 Chamberlain reported to the King in the " privie gallerie," 
 in the presence of the Lord Treasurer, "the Lord Admirall," 
 "the Earles of Worcester, Northampton, and Salisbury," 
 what he had seen and observed, "noting Mounteagie had 
 
 H
 
 98 THE GUNPOWDER TLOT. 
 
 told liiiii, that he no sooner heard Thomas Percy ^ named 
 to be possessonr of that house, but considering both his 
 backwardnes in Eeh.i;ion and the old dearenesse in 
 friendship between himself and the say'd Percy, hee did 
 greatly suspect the matter, and that the Letter should 
 come from him. The sayde Lord Chamberlaine also tolde, 
 that he did not wonder a little at the extraordinarie great 
 provision of wood and coale in that house, Avhere Thomas 
 Percy had so seldome occasion to remaiue ; as likewise it 
 gaue him in his minde that his man looked like a very 
 tall and desperate fellow." ^^^^ 
 
 ^ I think that Lord Mounteagle or Thomas "Ward (or both) must 
 have given some member of the Privy Council a bint tliat a Christopher 
 Wriglit was a probable consjiirator, for it is noticeable that on the 5th of 
 November several persons testified as to Christopber AV right's recent 
 whereabouts. AVard probably hoped that "Wright's name would be joined 
 with Percy's in the Proclamation, and so haply warn the conspirators the 
 better that the avenger of blood was behind. Or, tbe Government may 
 have procured Christojiher Wright's name from some ))aper or papers 
 found in Thomas Percy's London bouse, on the otb of November, the 
 day of Fawkes' capture. 
 
 At that time the Privy Council undertook all preliminary inquiries 
 in regard to the crime of High Treason. It is different now ; at first 
 tbe case mav be brought before an ordinary magistrate.
 
 v^ 
 
 r 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 Shortly after Midsummer (i.e., July), 1605, Father 
 •Garnet was at the Jesuit house at Frernlaiid, in Essex. 
 'Catesby came there with I^ord Mounteagie and Tresham. 
 
 At this meeting, in ansAver to a question, " Were 
 Catholics able to make their part good by arms against 
 the King? " — Mounteagle replied, "If ever they were, they 
 are able now; " and then that young nobleman added this 
 reason for his opinion, " The King is so odious to all 
 sorts." 
 
 At this interview Tresham said, "We must expect 
 [i.e., wait for^ the end of Parliament, and see what laws 
 are made against Catholics, and then seek for help of 
 foreign princes." 
 
 " Xo," said Garnet, " assure yourself they will do 
 nothing." 
 
 " What ! " said my Lord Mounteagle, " will not the 
 Spaniard help us? It is a shame I " ^ 
 
 Then said Father Garnet, "You see we must all 
 have patience." ^^'^'^ 
 
 It is also to be remembered that when Sir Edmund 
 3aynham, a Gloucestershire Catholic gentleman of good 
 
 ^ If MoLinteagle was iu the company of Catesby at Fremland in 
 the summer of 1605, these two may have been together at 13ath between 
 the 12th October and the 26th. Catesby probably would endeavour to 
 induce Lord Mounteagle to join Sir Everard Digby's rebellion, as he did 
 induce Stephen Littleton and Humphrey Littleton.
 
 100 THE GUNPOWDEE PLOT. 
 
 family — but of whom AVinter said "he was not a man fit 
 for the business at home," i.e., the purposed Gunpowder 
 massacre — went to Flanders and Rome in the first week 
 of September, 1G05, Mounteagle appears to have written 
 certain letters of introduction or of general reconmienda- 
 tion, in Baynham's behalf, to English Catholics residing^ 
 in Flanders or in Rome. Jardine says that "it is not 
 quite certain that Baynham was himself entrusted with 
 the great secret of the Plot."^^"^^ 
 
 I think that it is morally certain he was not. 
 
 Sir Edmund Baynham^ was intended by the prime 
 conspirators to l)e at Rome to justify (if lie could) to 
 the Pope any action that the conspirators might have 
 perpetrated on or after November the Fifth in behalf of their 
 religion. But the prime conspirators were far too astute 
 "to open their mouth" to let a chattering, hare-brained 
 swashbuckler like Baynham " fill other people's " in every 
 wine-shop en route for " the Eternal City." 
 
 Guy Fawkes probably was authorised to impart and 
 possibly actually did, under the oath, impart some know- 
 ledge of the Plot to Captain Hugh Owen, a Welsh 
 Roman Catholic soldier of fortune serving in Flanders 
 under the Archdukes.^^*'-^ Owen's name figures in the 
 Earl of Salisbury's instructions to Sir Edward Coke, 
 the Attorney-General who prosecuted the surviving 
 Gunpowder conspirators in the historic Westminster Hall. 
 
 ^ l-'atlier Garnet was also employing Sir Eihnnnd Baynhau] as his 
 di|)luma1ic intermediary with the Pope in order "to gain time," so that 
 meanwhile the plotters might find space for repentance I Garnet was 
 apparently one of those men who though possessed of a ])rofoiind 
 knowledge of Man know little or nothing of men. Whereas Oldcorne 
 seems to havt; had practical reason as well as theoretical wisdom. Oldcorne, 
 T take it, had a good, strong, clear, practical head on his shoulders, 
 whicJi included in its armoury vlll, in the sense of 2wwer, as well as 
 intellect and heart, and " where there's a will there's a iva>j."
 
 THE GUNPOWDEK PLOT. 101 
 
 Moreover, I have thought that at least some of the 
 powder must have been purchased in Flanders through 
 the good offices of the said Captain Owen. The powder 
 and the mining tools and implements appear to have 
 been stored at first in the house at Lambeth and placed 
 under the charge of Robert Keyes and, eventually, of 
 Christopher Wright. The powder was, I take it, packed 
 in bags, and the bags themselves packed in padlocked 
 hampers. Afterwards, I conclude, the powder bags were 
 deposited in the barrels, and the barrels themselves 
 carried by two of the conspirators, with aid of brewers' 
 slings, and deposited in the cellar, which apparently had 
 at least two doors.
 
 CHAPTEK XXXI. 
 
 Now, wlieii deep within the depths of the iuoral 
 ])eing of Christopher Wri,^ht there first arose that tender 
 day-spring-, a reahzation of guilt and shame : that 
 crimsoned dawn, a sense of grief and sorrow for those 
 two liigh (limes wherehy his wretched conscious-self 
 had heen made darksome and deformed : acts, wondrous- 
 in the telling, in that soul had been indeed wrought 
 out ; regard being had to the overmastering power of 
 Man's conditioned yet free will. 
 
 Furthermore, the historical Inquirer cannot but seek, 
 if possible, by the exercise of the philosophic faculty, tO' 
 penetrate to what, on the human side, may have been 
 the originating cause, the moving spring, of the limited 
 yet responsible moral nature of a guilty creature, whose 
 eyes for well-nigh three hundred years have been closed 
 by a violent death ; of a guilty creature who, in the 
 awful tragedy of his end, verified in himself, in the sight 
 of all men, the sul)limel3' terrible words of the old Greek 
 tragedy, '"The guilty suffer." 
 
 For wrong-doing, by a steadfast law of the universal 
 reason, "till time shall be no more," will ever entail 
 temporal punishment; and, by nature, expiation and 
 atonement must be wrought out in the criminal's own 
 keen consciousness. 
 
 Yet, by a compensating law of universal reason, as- 
 inexorable as its fellow, according as Man does work out. 
 that measure of punishment, expiating and atoning, which
 
 THE GUNPOWDEK PLOT. • 103 
 
 to him Destiii}' has allotted for his guerdon, in tliat 
 proportion does his soul regain its forfeited harmoniousness 
 and peace. 
 
 Now the originating cause, the moving spring, in the 
 case of the, I hold, contrite Christopher Wright was, 
 on the human side, the flooding of his soul by memories 
 pure and bright of days long, long ago. 
 
 I need not labour this point ; but in a note I will 
 relate certain facts concerning her to whom Christopher 
 Wright owed the gifts of life and nurture, which will 
 sufficiently tell what manner of woman that Elizabethan 
 Yorkshire mother was, in respect of courage, humanity, 
 and devotedness to her ideals. ^^'^"'^ 
 
 I furthermore opine that, although it was the 
 personal • dawning consciousness of Christopher Wright 
 himself that primarihj prompted the happy step of 
 recourse to Father Edward 01dcorne,^^°''' yet Christopher 
 Wright, in my judgment, already had confided tbe just 
 scruples of his conscience to the ear, not of a "superior" 
 judicial Priest, but of an " equal " counselling Layman. 
 
 That Layman, I hold, was Thomas W^ard, who, belike, 
 heightened and strengthened his connection's laudable 
 resolve. ('°'^ 
 
 Now, if such were the case, I do not doubt that 
 Father Oldcorne, that skilled, tried "minister of a mind 
 diseased," the duties of whose vocation urged him, with 
 persistent force, promiscuousl}' " to work good unto all 
 men," voluntarily offered to pen the immortal Letter; 
 'provided lie luere released from the obligations of tliat 
 solemn secrecy imposed hy ^^ tlie seal of the Confessional'': 
 released hy the Penitent JtimseJf, in whom alone resided 
 the prerogative of granting or witliliolding sucIl a release.
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 Again ; I think that probably Thomas Ward had cither 
 at HindHp, Evesham or elsewhere at least one interview 
 with the great Jesuit himself — " the gradely Jesuit," as 
 the good, simple-hearted Lancashire Catholics would style 
 him — in order that Father Oldcorne might receive from 
 Ward in person satisfactory assurance that, with certainty, 
 when the Letter had been prepared it would be delivered 
 directly by Ward himself, or indirectly by him, through 
 Mounteagie, to the Government authorities. 
 
 Nay, to make assurance doubly sure, it is even possible 
 that Father Oldcorne may have insisted on a second 
 Letter being penned and sent to another nobleman at the 
 Court, the Earl of Northumberland, a man of ancient 
 lineage and great name, with whom Ward, through the 
 Gascoignes, would be distantly connected/^"^^ 
 
 It appears to me that the moral certitude is so strong 
 that Thomas Ward was brother to ^larmaduke Ward, of 
 Mulwith, Newby, and Givendale, that it seems practically 
 almost the mere extravagance of caution to express a 
 doubt of it.' 
 
 ' It will be reiiKMiibered that we have evidence tliat William AVard, 
 a sou of Mai'iiiadiike Ward, IkuI an uncle n<lio lived at Court. 
 
 This evidence is of the greatest value and importance in identifying 
 Thomas Ward, the secretary and friend of l^ord Mounteagie, and should 
 be continually borne in iniiul liy all my readers. 
 
 It should be also remendjered that Edmund Neville, the claimant of 
 the Earldom of W(>stmoreland, was the man who accused Dr. William
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 105 
 
 Now, the suggestion that Thomas AVard was probably 
 in the Midland counties of Warwickshire and Worcester- 
 shire sometime about the 11th of October, 1G05/^"'^ is, 
 I maintain, to some very slight extent supported by the 
 fact that we know for certain that Marmaduke Ward came 
 up from Yorkshire to Lapworth about thirteen days after- 
 wards, and that he was bracketed with those who were 
 said to have been at the houses of John AVright, Ambrose 
 Rookwood, and John Grant at that time/ 
 
 Now, if about the 11th of October Thomas Ward 
 found at Lapworth, Clopton, and Norbrook every inchoate 
 evidential sign of a heady, hopeless, armed rebellion, 
 w^hat was there more natural than that he should have 
 despatched some trusty horseman, fleet of foot, "from 
 the heart of England" down into Yorkshire, bearing an 
 urgent missive adjuring Marmaduke AYard, by the 
 love that he bore to his kith and kin, to come up 
 to Lapworth with all speed possible ? To the end that he 
 mioht use his counsels and entreaties to induce his late 
 wife's combative brother, John AVright,^^°^^ the close-natured 
 Christopher AVright, the gallant Ambrose Rookwood, and 
 the strong-walled John Grant, to abandon all designment 
 of insurrectionary stirs. 
 
 For Thomas AVard, from the experience of a man at 
 Court aged forty-six, who knew from the daily observation 
 
 Parry of a plan to assassinate Queen Elizabeth. Now this Neville became 
 a suitor for the liand of Mary Ward, though about double her age. 
 Neville would be related to the Wards, and pei'haps knew Tliomas Ward 
 when in 15S4 Parry was tried and executed. Parry had invited Neville 
 to join in assassinating the Queen. I believe Parry to have been a great 
 liar ; but all the same it is not absolutely certain that the wretch was not 
 the victim of a state intrigue. If we could ascertain at Hatfield more 
 ■about Thomas W^ird there might be a clue to the Parry mystery. 
 
 ^ See the List of the names of conspirators, insurgents, and others 
 arrested in the Midlands given in the Appendix.
 
 lOG THE GUNrOWDEK I'LOT. 
 
 of his own senses, how firmly James's Executive was. 
 certainly established, nmst have clearly perceived that 
 at that time Catholic stirs against the Government could 
 be fated to have only one unhappy issue and disgraceful 
 termination, namely, the utter, bloody, irretrievable ruin of 
 all that were so thrice wretchedly bewitched as to have 
 become entangled in them.^ 
 
 And this the rather, when it is remembered that 
 the names of John and Christopher Wright were already 
 inifavourably known to the Government ; since during 
 Elizabeth's reign, in the year 1596, they, together with 
 Catesby, Tresham, and others, had been put under arrest 
 by the Crown authorities, who feared that on the death 
 of Elizabeth these "young bloods" would, at what they 
 deemed to be " the psychological moment " for the 
 execution of their revolutionary designs, lead, sword in 
 hand, the oppressed recusants m some wild, tierce dasli 
 for liberty /^^'^^ 
 
 ^ It is to be borne in mind that hereafter proof may be forth- 
 coming that Christopher Wright married Margaret Ward, the sister of 
 Marmaduive and Thomas AVard. 1 thinh that they had another sister 
 named Ann Ward, who married a Mariiiaduke Swales. — (See Eipon 
 Kegisters). There was an t>ld county family called Swales at Staveley Hall,, 
 near Farnham and Scottoii. They were Roman Catholics. They are the 
 same, T opine, as the Swales (or Swale) family, of South Stainley,. 
 between Jiipley and llipon, whose descendants are of the ancient faith in 
 Yorkshire to this day. 
 
 The late Sir James Swale, Bart., of Kudfarlington, near Knaresbrough, 
 I conclude, likewise belonged to the same race. I was introduced in the 
 year 1898 to this fine specimen of an old Yorkshire Catholic by my friend, 
 Charles Allanson, Esq., of JIarrogate — himself of an old A\'est Kiding 
 family that " liad never lost the Faith."
 
 CHAPTEE XXXIII. 
 
 We litive now considered the Evidence leading up to- 
 the commission of the respective acts that this Inquiry, 
 at an earher part, has attributed severahy to Christopher 
 Wright and Father Oldcorne, who stand, as it were, at 
 the angular points in the base of that triangular 
 movement of revelation, at whose vertex is Thomas Ward 
 (or Warde), the entirely trustworthy friend and diplomatic 
 intermediary common to both the repentant conspirator- 
 and the beneficent Priest of the Society of Jesus. 
 
 But before proceeding with the Evidence and the 
 deductions and suggestions therefrom, which tend to prove- 
 that, suhsequciit to the dictating of the Letter by 
 Christopher Wright and the penning of the same by 
 Father Oldcorne, these two Yorksliiremen were conscious 
 of having performed the several parts attributed unto- 
 them, let us deal with certain objections that may 
 be put forward as preliminar}^ objections fatal to the 
 contentions of this Inquir3\ 
 
 Now, there is an objection which, with a ijrimd facie 
 plausibleness, may be advanced against the hypothesis, 
 that Christopher AVright was the dictating, repentant, 
 revealing conspirator, through whom primarily the Plot 
 was frustrated and overthrown. 
 
 And there is also a second objection that ma}' be 
 urged against the hypothesis, with even still greater 
 jyrimd facie plausibleness, that Father Edward Oldcorne,,
 
 108 THE GUNrOWDKIl TLOT. 
 
 Priest and Jesuit, was the ineritorious Penman of the 
 ■dictated Letter. 
 
 Each objection must l)e dealt with separately. 
 
 Let us take the objection in the case of Christopher 
 Wright first, and, having- laid that one, proceed to the 
 objection in the case of Edward Oldcorne. 
 
 Now, a certam William Handy, servant to Sir Everard 
 Digby, on the 27th day of November, 1G05, before (among 
 others) Sir Julius Caesar, Kt., Sir Francis Bacon, Kt.,*^^"^ 
 and Sir George More, Kt., Higli Sheriff of Surrey and 
 Sussex, deposed (among other things) the following : — 
 
 That early on Wednesday morning, the 0th of 
 November, as the fugitives were proceeding from Norbrook 
 to Alcester, he (Handy) heard the younger AV'right 
 say, " That if they had had good luck they had made 
 those in the Parliament House fly with their heels upward 
 to the sky;" and that "he spake these words openly in 
 the hearing of those which were with him, whicli were 
 commonly ]\Ir. John Grrant, the younger Grant, and 
 Ambrose Rookwood."^^^^^ 
 
 Now, Christopher Wright maij have used these words 
 in the early part of that November day, and every candid 
 mind must allow^ that they are not the words that one 
 would expect to find in a sincerely repentant criminal. 
 
 But the philosopher knows that there is "a great deal 
 of human nature in Man." While the experienced citizen 
 of the world who knows men practically, as the philosopher 
 knows Man theoretically, will not be literally amazed, or 
 -even unduly startled, at finding these words recorded 
 against Christopher Wright, even after {ex lujpothesi) he 
 had become as one morally resurrected from the dead. 
 
 For it is to be remembered that Christopher AVright 
 was the brother of John Wright, and the brother-in-law of 
 Thomas Percy, Thomas Percy having married ]\lartha
 
 THE GUNrOWDEK I'LOT. 109' 
 
 Wright, of Plowland Hall. Now, concerning Jolin Wright 
 and his brother-in-law, Thomas Perc}^, the following traits 
 of character are chronicled by their contemporary, Father 
 John Gerard/""-^ 
 
 "It was noted in him [i.e., Thomas Percy] and in 
 Mr. John W'right (whose sister he afterwards married) 
 that if they had heard of any man in the country to be 
 esteemed more valiant and resolute than others, one or 
 the other of them would surely have picked some quarrel 
 against him and fought with him to have made trial of 
 his valour." 
 
 On the march then, with such relatives as these 
 close at hand, there is no antecedent improbability, but 
 the contrary, in the supposal that Christopher Wright 
 used these words by way of a feint, to the end that he 
 might, peradventure, draw his companions away from 
 those scaring suspicions, by the haunting fear of which 
 Wright's self-consciousness would be sure to be continually 
 visited. 
 
 For " Conscience doth make cowards of us all." 
 
 Truly, "The guilty suffer." And it was part of the 
 awful temporal punishment wherewith severe, just Nemesis, 
 the dread executioner of Destiny, visited this — I still hold, 
 all outward shows to the contrary notwithstanding — 
 repentant wrong-doer, that he should be fast bound to one 
 of the spiked, lacerating wheels of a flying chariot that 
 he desired, "to the finest fibre" of his tortured, writhing- 
 being, to have no part nor lot in driving : fast bound, for 
 the residue of that all too brief mortal career, which, on 
 that chill November morning, w^as ra^^idly drawing to its 
 shattered close.
 
 CHAPTEK XXXIV. 
 
 What objection, then, can be brought against the 
 hypothesis that Father Edward Oldcorne, Priest and Jesnit, 
 cind native of the City of York, was the Penman of this 
 most momentous })erhaps of all Letters ever writ by the 
 hand of man ? 
 
 It is this, that in a pamphlet by a certain Dr. Williams, 
 published about the year 1080,^"''^^ purporting to be a 
 History of the Powder Treason, with a parallel between 
 the Gunpowder Treason and the Titus Gates' alleged 
 Popish Plot of the reign of Charles II., there occurs the 
 following statement : — 
 
 "Mrs. Habington was sister to the Lord Mounteagle 
 and so being solicitous for her brother, whom she had 
 reason to believe would be at the parliament, >ihc irrit the 
 (tfure^aUl letter to hint, to give him so much notice of the 
 danger as might warn him to provide for his own Scifety, 
 but not SO much (as she apprehended) as might discover 
 it. From this relation betwixt the two families, it was 
 that Mr. Habington alone of all the conspirators, after 
 sentence, had his life given him. TJ/is (lecouiit Mr. 
 Hahingtoii himself gare to a worth]] person still in being. '^ 
 (The italics are mine.) 
 
 Now, of course, if Mrs. Habington (or Abington), 
 of Hindlip Hall, near Worcester, where Father Gldcorne 
 was domesticated for sixteen years, actually wrote the 
 Letter, then Father Gldcorne did not. There can be 
 no two opinions about that, even with the most sceptical.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. ' 111 
 
 But did she? 
 
 I submit that this testimony of Dr. Wilhams, 
 •second/^^^^ third, or fourth hand possibly, is hopelessly 
 inadequate for the establishing of any such conclusion. 
 
 First, let it be noted that, although " the ^Yorthy 
 person " to whom Mr. Abington is said to have imparted 
 this tremendous secret — and apparently to none other 
 human creature in the wide world beside — was living 
 in the j^ear 1680 (or thereabouts), Jiis tlirice-important 
 name is not divulcjed hy the learned autJioi\ neitJier is 
 the faintest hint given as to luhere he may have resided. 
 
 Accordingly, we cannot submit the now dead but 
 once highly privileged gentleman to the salutary ordeal 
 of cross-examination : a fact which is well-nigh fatal to 
 his credibility for any serious student of true history ; 
 with the further consequence that a grave suspicion is, 
 by this very fact alone, at once cast upon the entire 
 ■story. 
 
 Secondly, Dr. Williams does not say that he 
 (Williams) himself had this testimony direct from the 
 unnamed and unidentified witness — " the worthy person 
 still in being" in (or about) the year 1680. 
 
 Therefore, this story may have been handed on by 
 wagging, irresponsible, chattering tongues, whose name is 
 legion. With the result that it gained, not lost, in the 
 ■course of transmission to the mind of Dr. Williams, who 
 has enshrined in the printed page, still to be viewed in 
 the British Museum, the far-fetched tale for the benefit 
 of succeeding ages.
 
 CHAPTER XXXV. 
 
 Xow, if Dr. \\'illiaiiis solemnly had said that he knew 
 Mrs. Abington personally, and that she (Mrs. Abington) 
 had told him (Williams) with her own lips that, she had 
 writ the Letter, t]i(> case would have been (i f/nod iraj/ 
 towards being established : assuming the lady to have 
 been intellectually and morally capable at the time when 
 she made such statement, and Williams himself a man 
 whose word could be relied on. 
 
 Or, if Mr. AhiiKjton had told Willicuns that lie Inieuy 
 his wife had writ the Letter because lie saiv luitli liis own 
 eyes the lad// do it, then tlie case would have been also 
 a good ivay towards being established. 
 
 Or, if Mr. Ahinrjton had told Williams that he 
 believed Ids wife Jiad writ the Letter because she Jiad 
 told him (Abington) site had done so immediately after 
 she alleged she had performed the meritorious deed, the 
 case would have been some slight way towards being 
 established. 
 
 But when the onl}' shred or patch of evidence we 
 have to support the stupendous article of belief that 
 j\Irs. Abington accomplished the innnortal feat is an 
 uncircuiiistantial, uncorroborated allegation by ])i-. 
 AN'illiams that some 'person or another vnhnown (on the 
 most favourable view) told Jiim (\\'illiams) that Mrs. 
 Abington had writ the Ijctter merely because Iter Jiusband 
 said so, then the case for Mrs. Abington's authorship of 
 the document is in no way towards being established.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 113 
 
 And, therefore, the story falls to the ground. 
 
 And, therefore, it should he, in reason, henceforward 
 consigned to the limho of exploded myths and idle tales. 
 
 It is true that Dr. Nash in his work on ^^'orcester- 
 shire,^"-'^ written in the eighteenth century and published 
 in 1780, declares that " Tradition in this county says 
 that she [i.e., Mrs. Abington] was the person who 
 wrote the Letter to her brother, which discovered the 
 Gunpowder Plot." 
 
 But then, obviously, this alleged tradition is absolutely 
 worthless, unless it can be shown to have been a 
 continuous tradition from the year 1605 down to the 
 time when Nash was writing his " Histori/.'' For if the 
 tradition sprang up at a later date, for the purposes of 
 true history its value as a tradition is plainly nothing. 
 
 The learned David Jardine— to whom all students 
 of the Gunpowder Plot will be for ever indebted for 
 his labours in this conspiracy of conspiracies — in his 
 " Narvdtire,^' published in the year 1857, and to which 
 reference has been already frequ^tly made in the 
 course of this Inquiry, says,^^^*^^ ( " No contemporary 
 writer ^[rikides to Mrs. Abington as^he author of the 
 Letter." J 
 
 Anti Jardine evidently does not think that the 
 penmanship of the document can be brought home to 
 this lady. 
 
 Moreover, if Mrs. Abington had written the Letter 
 of Letters, surely she would have, at least, shared her 
 brother Lord Mounteagle's reward, which was X'700 a year 
 for life, equal to nearly i;'7,000 a year in our money. 
 
 For if 4*700 a year was the guerdon of liiin that 
 merely delirerecl this Letter of Letters, what should have 
 been the guerdon of Iter that actually penned the peerless- 
 treasure ?
 
 114 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 But the hypothesis that Mrs. Abiiigtoii penned the 
 Letter of Letters has absohitely no foundation in con- 
 temporary evidence. For there is not the faintest echo 
 of an echo of testiiuony, nor the merest shadow of a shade 
 of proof that either she <>r Mr. Abington had the remotest 
 previous Ivnowledge of tlie Gunpowder Treason Plot. 
 
 And the mere fact that Mr. Abington, although the 
 harbourer of Fathers Garnet and Oldcorne, was spared from 
 undergoing the extreme penalty of the law, in itself 
 tends to disprove the allegation that either he or his wife 
 had been in any way privy to the Plot. For no plotter's 
 life was spared. 
 
 j\rr. Abington became a celebrated antiquary, especially 
 in regard to his own County of Worcestershire, within the 
 confines of which he was ordered by the King to remain 
 for the rest of his days. — See Jardine's ^^ Nairative,'' 
 p. i>12.^ 
 
 In these circumstances. Dr. Nash's alleged tradition 
 cannot possibly outweigh the inferences that the facts 
 known and inferred concerning the Plot all tend to 
 establish. For these inferences, both in respect of what 
 happened before and after the penning of the Letter, all 
 go to show this : that the conjectures, surmises, and 
 suggestions of this Essay are indeed probable to the 
 degree of moral certitude. 
 
 And I respectfully submit these same conjectures, 
 surmises, and suggestions cannot be upset, still less 
 broken, by knowledge commensurate with zeal. 
 
 ' The splendid Elizabethan mansion known as llindlip Hall, four miles 
 from Worcester, \vith a large and magnificent prospect of the surrounding 
 countr\', was demolished (^arly in the nineteenth century. A picture of this 
 inansion is in the Rev. Ethelred Taunton's book, " The Jesuits in EngJand^^ 
 (Methuen it Co.). The present llindhp Hall is the seat of the Lord 
 llindlip.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 115 
 
 Jardine mentions the singular hypothesis that this 
 famous Letter was penned hy the Honourable Anne Vaux, 
 at the dictation of the Honourable Mrs. Abington. 
 
 Now, the Honourable Anne Vaux w^as one of the 
 daughters of the Lord Vaux of Harrowden, in Northampton- 
 shire, at whose house Father Henry Garnet (the chief of 
 the Jesuits in England) lived for many years, from 158G, 
 when Garnet returned to England from Rome. Anne 
 Vaux and her sister, the Honourable Eleanor Brookesby, 
 w^ere high-minded women who lived at White Webbs, 
 Stoke Pogis,^ Wandsworth, and other places of Jesuit 
 resort, rendering, along with Edward Brookesby,^ Esquire 
 (the husband of Eleanor Brookesby), the members of the 
 Jesuit Society in England signally devoted service. 
 
 This was especially so in the case of the Honourable 
 Anne Vaux, who spent and was herself spent in behalf 
 of labours wherein the English Jesuits busied themselves 
 for, as they thought, the greater glory of God and the 
 greater good of man. 
 
 Jardine, however, after comparing the Letter with 
 many letters and papers at the then State Paper Office, 
 which are undoubtedly in the Honourable Anne Vaux's 
 handwriting, says, " I am quite unable to discover the 
 alleged identity of the handwriting." ^^^^^ 
 
 ^ The mansion-house at Stoke Pogis, where the Dowager Lady Vaux 
 lived for a time along with Miss Anne Vaux, had been built by Elizabeth's 
 favourite Chancellor, Sir Christopher Hatton. If this was the manor- 
 house of Stoke Pogis. then Gray, the author of the immortal "Elegy in 
 ii Country Churchyard," sojourned at the place. 
 
 " Edward Brookesby was of Arundel House, Shouldby, Leicestershire. 
 Prances Brookesby (his sister, probably, and one of Queen Anne's .Maids 
 ■of Honour), became a devoted friend of Mary Ward. — See " Life of Manj 
 Ward;' vol. ii., p. 23.
 
 CllAPTKU XXXVI. 
 
 Now, re<({ird heiii^ Iim-I lo ilic r.id that tluTC is 
 seldom smoke except ilieic he, at least, some litth' fire, 
 tlie (jiiestioii arises: Is it possihlc to account, on rational 
 grounds, for ;iiiy such statement of the Avortliy person 
 still in hein<^^ in lf)SO as Dr. Williams credits him 
 with :' 
 
 (.Nash's evidence, in the ahsence of pioof of a 
 caul iiiuiiiis tradition, is not one \vhit more worth}' of 
 (re(h'iic(' ih.ni \)v. Williams' impalpahility.) 
 
 It is [)ossible. 
 
 h\)r, it is \V(dl within the hounds of rational pro- 
 bahilit}' that what Air. Ahington said to some person or 
 persons uidviiown (assuming that he ever siiid anything 
 whatever) was not that his wife " had lorit the Letter^'" 
 hut tJidi his w ife " Inicu^ or //loiifflil she Li/c/i', lolio luul 
 irril /Iir LrKrrr 
 
 The way in which to test the matter is this: 
 Supposing, Inr the sake of argument, ihat my hypothesis 
 he line, and thai h'athei- Oldcoi'nc did actually pen that 
 J.ettei' which was the instrmnent, not only of the tempoi'al 
 sahalion of M rs. Ahington's brother, the Loi'd Alouid.eagle, 
 hut also of her hit her, the Lord Morlcy, logcther with 
 many others of her kinsfolk, fiiends, and ac(|uaintance, as 
 A\ell as of her lawful So\ereign and Ills lloyal Consort,. 
 is it, or is tl nut, ■probable fliat Mrs. Abiiujton icould 
 f/iirss, in some irii// or (mother, the iniyhtij secret ! 
 
 it is probable.
 
 THE GUNi'OWDKK rj.OT. 117 
 
 For lei ii bo rciiieiiiljcrt'd wIkj uiul wliiit Mrs, Abiiigioii 
 
 ^I'lio I r()iioni";il)Io Mary l^ai'kci", ilic (hm.L^liici' of l^jdwnfd 
 Parker Lord Mo J'lc!y mul tlic I Ioiioiii-;d)I(3 l^jli/Ml)('ili Stanley, 
 was tlic iiiotlici- of Gliomas Abingtoii, tin; well-know ii 
 poet^"*^^ ()( tliat iiani(!, who was l)oi-ii, in fact, on or ahoni 
 the ."Jtli of Novond)(3r, 1G05. 
 
 'I'licrcfore Mrs. Abin,gion was tlic nioilicr of a, son 
 who was a, man of distin^^inslicd inf-cllcciiial parts. 
 
 Moreover, seeiii;^' that nsiially it is fi'oni the mother 
 that a soil's capabilities ai'e deri\-ed I'ather tliaii from the; 
 father, it is more, i'ather than k^ss, likely that Mrs. 
 Abiiif^'toii herself was a iiatnrally e]ear-minded, aeiite, 
 ■discern in,L;' woman, gift(;d with that iiiarveJIous faculty 
 which constitutes cleverness in a, woman sympatlietic, 
 iumginative insight. 
 
 Now if this were so, ^frs. Abington's iiativ(; perspi- 
 •eacity would be snrely pote-nt enough to enable lier to form 
 a, Judgment, at once penetrating and a/'Cin-ate, in refercMice 
 to su(di a: thing as the penmanship of tin; great Letter — 
 •a, doeument which liad coiik; lionie, as (;vents had proved, 
 with such peculiar closeness to her own "business aiul 
 hoson I. "("'•'> 
 
 In these circumstances, may the Tjady of llindlip 
 not, in after days, when the tragic scenes of those; 
 fateful y(!a,rs 1005 and lOOfJ had l)ecorne a sad, pathetic 
 memory mercdy, have recalled to mind certain spe(-ial 
 aspects in tlie play of the countenance, in the tone; 
 of the voice, aye, in the general mien of l^\ather l^]dward 
 OldcoriH! that she had noted shortly from and after tlio 
 Michaelmas of tiiat unhappy yoAiv 1005, hu'ining evidence 
 whence she might draw her own shr(;wd, wise con- 
 clusions ? 
 
 May not this honourable woman — honoui'alde by 
 nature as well as by name — have re(;ollected that she
 
 118 THE GUNPOWDEE PLOT. . 
 
 had then observed that the holy man sought more than 
 hitherto had been his wont the retirement of his ''secret 
 chamber?" That, at that period, he seemed more than 
 ever absorbed, nay hidden, in thought? 
 
 May she not have recalled that at that "last" Christ- 
 mastide, too, he, who was by nature so severely yet 
 sweetly just, and the humblest among men, had shown 
 himself disposed to judge those wicked wrong-doers with 
 a mildness and a leniency that assuredly, perforce, 
 betokened — what ? I answer, a consciousness of some 
 high prerogative, some kingly right, abiding in him, 
 whereby he was luarranted in thus speaking. 
 
 Again ; did he not flien, manifest a disposition, 
 remarkable even in liim^ to act in diametrical oppo- 
 sition to the ordinary way of men, which is so well 
 expressed by tlie sarcastic, cynical, yet only too true- 
 saying, that " the world is ready enough to laugh with 
 a man, but it leaves him to weep alone." And this, 
 when "a compassionate silence" (save in extraordinary 
 circumstances) was the utmost that Justice and Charity 
 alike would prompt even a Priest and a Jesuit (nay, 
 even a Priest and a Jesuit of the type of Edward 
 Oldcorne) to display towards the wretched, erring 
 victims of that " 'nieluctahih fdiuni,''' that resistless 
 decree of the Universe — " Tlie guilty suffer." 
 
 Now, 1 submit, with sure confidence for an affirmative 
 answer, to the judgment of my candid readers — of my 
 candid readers that know something of luuiudi nature, 
 its workings, its windings, and its wa3s — tbe question: 
 AVhether or not it is not merely ])ossible, ])ut ])robable, 
 tbat Mrs. Abington divined fJiaf atujirndoii^ secret , 
 tbrougli and liy means of tbe subtle, yet all-potent, 
 mental sijnrpatlnj, which must have subsisted betwixt 
 herself and tbe disciplined, exalted, stately soul, who, as.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 119 
 
 a Priest — aye ! as a very Prophet — this high-horn lady, 
 or at least her spouse, had "counted it all honour and 
 all joy " to have harboured, as a beloved spiritual Father, 
 "elect and precious," for no less than sixteen vears?^^-"^
 
 CHAPTER XXXVII. 
 
 Let us finally consider the Evidence and the 
 deductions and suggestions therefrom which tend to 
 prove that snhseqiient to the dictating of the Letter hy 
 the contrite, repentant Christopher AVright, (tnd .sub- 
 sequent to the penning of the Document hy the deserving, 
 benelicent Edward Oldcorne, each of these two English- 
 men, aye ! these two Yorkshiremen, /cere conscious of 
 having performed the several functions that these pages 
 have attributed unto them. 
 
 Let us take, then, the case of Christopher Wright 
 first. 
 
 Xow, the Evidence that tends to show that 
 Christopher Wright was conscious of having been the 
 revealing plotter and dictating conspirator ^^'-'^ has been 
 already mainly set forth, but let me recapitulate the 
 same. 
 
 It is as follows : — 
 
 (1) That either Thomas Winter must have gone in 
 search of (^hristopher Wright, or Christopher AVright 
 nuist have gone in search of Thomas Winter, in order 
 that it might be possible for Stowe to record on p. 880 
 of his " Chronicle " the following allegation of facts : — 
 
 " T. Winter, the next day after the delivery of 
 the Ijctter, told Christopher AA^right that he understood 
 of an obscure letter delivered to the Lord Alounteagle, 
 advising him not to appear at the Parliament House 
 the first da}-, and tliat the Lord Alounteagle had no
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 121 
 
 sooner read it, but instantly carried it to the Earle 
 •of Salisbury, which newes was presently made known 
 unto the rest, who after divers conferences agreed to 
 see further trial, but, howsoever, Percy resolved to stay 
 the last houre."^^--> 
 
 (2) Poulson says, in his account of the Wrights, 
 of Plowland (or Plewland) Hall, in his " Histonj of 
 Hold e mess,'' vol. ii., p. 57, that Christopher Wright 
 ^' w^as the first who ascertained that the plot was 
 discovered." 
 
 (3) Christopher W^right was possibly being harboured 
 by Thomas Ward in or near Lord Mounteagle's town- 
 house in the Strand during a part of Monday night, 
 the 4th of November, and during the early hours of 
 Tuesday, the 5th. 
 
 Or, if Christopher Wright were not being so harboured, 
 then it is almost certain he nmst have been taking such 
 brief repose as he did take at the inn known by the 
 name of "the Mayden heade in St. G-yles."^ For there 
 is evidence to prove that this conspirator's horse was 
 being stabled at that hostelry in the afternoon of Monday, 
 the 4th of November. 
 
 This w^e know from the testimony of William 
 Grantham, servant to Joseph Hewett, deposed to on the 
 5th of November, 1605,'- taken before Sir John Popham, 
 the Lord Chief Justice of England. 
 
 Moreover, the Lord Chief Justice Popham^ reported 
 
 ^ The Strand is not far from the Church of St. Giles-in-the- 
 Tields. Tliis well-known church has now two district churches, Christ 
 Church, Endell Street, and Holy Trinity, Lincoln's Inn Pields. (Com- 
 municated b}^ Mr, J. A. Nicholson, Solicitor, York.) In 1S91 the population 
 •of St. Giles's Parish was 15,281. 
 
 ^ See Appendix. 
 
 ^ Of tlie Ijeyborne-Pophams, of Littlecote, Co. Wilts.
 
 122 THE GUNPOWDER I'LOT. 
 
 to Lord Salisbury on the 5th of November as follows : 
 " Christopher Wright, as I thyiicke, lay this last night 
 in St. Gyles.''— '' aunjiowder Plot Bool-;' Part I., No. 10. 
 
 (4) Again; from the following passage in ^^ TJiomas 
 Winter's Confession," it is evident that Christopher Wright, 
 at a very early hoar in the morning of Tuesday, November 
 5th, must have been in very close proxi mi/// to Monut eagle's 
 residence, in order to ascertain so accurately — either 
 directl}', through the evidence of his own senses, or 
 indirectlv, through the evidence of the senses of some 
 other person (presumably of Thomas Ward) — what 
 there took place a few houi's after Fawkes's midnight 
 apprehension by Sir Thomas Knevet. 
 
 Thomas Winter says : — 
 
 " About five o'clock being Tuesday came the younger 
 Wright to my chamber and told me that a nobleman^ 
 called the Lord Mounteagle, saying, ' Rise and come 
 along to Essex House, for I am going to call up my 
 Lord of Northmnberland,' saying withal ' the matter is^ 
 discovered.' 
 
 "'Go back, Mr. Wright,' quoth 1, 'and h-arn what 
 you can at Essex Gate.' 
 
 " Shortly he returned and said, ' Surely all is lost,^^-'^^ 
 for Leyton is got on horseback at Essex door, and as he 
 parted, he asked if their Lordships would have any more 
 with him, and ])eing answered. " No," he rode as fast up 
 Fleet Street as he can ride.' 
 
 " ' Go you then,' (pioth I, ' to Mr. Percy, for sure it 
 is for him they seek, and l)id liim b(> gone : I will stay 
 and see the uttermost.' " 
 
 ^ It was l-Alward Somer.sct I'^arl of Worcestn-, ^lastci- of the Horse, 
 1 believe, an aiieestor, lineal or collateral, of the Duke (>f St. Albans. 
 A\''orcester was a Catholic.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 12^ 
 
 (5) Fiu'tliermore; Lathbiuy, writing in the year 1839/ 
 asserts that Christopher Wright's advice was that each 
 conspirator "should betake himself to flight in a different 
 direction from any of his companions." ^^-^' 
 
 ^ Latlibun's little book, published by Parker, is a very careful 
 compilation (mc jucUce). It contains an extract from the Act of Parliament 
 ordaining an Annual Thanksgiving for November 5th; also in the second 
 Edition (1840) an excellent fac-simile of Lord Mounteagle's Letter. In 
 Father Gerard's " What was the Gunpou'der Plot?" (1896), on p. 173, is a 
 fac-simile of the signature of Edward Oldcorne both before and after torture..
 
 CHAPTER XXXVIII. 
 
 Now, as somewhat slightly coniirmiiig this statement 
 of Lathbiiiy, is the fact that in an old print published 
 soon after the discovery of tlie Plot, which shows the 
 conspirators Catesby, Thomas Winter, Percy, John Wright, 
 Eawkes, Eobert Winter, Bates, and Christopher Wright, 
 Christopher Wright is represented as a tall man, in the 
 high hat of the period, facing Catesby, and evidently 
 •engaged in earnest discourse with the arch-conspirator, 
 (yhristopher Wright to enforce his utterance is holding up 
 the forefinger of his right hand. Catesby's right hand 
 is raised in front of Christopher Wright, while Catesby's 
 left hand rests on the hilt of the sword girded on his 
 side.(i-^) 
 
 (Of course the evidence in paragraphs (2) and (5) 
 of the last chapter may have emanated from one and the 
 same source ; but the great point is that it has emanated 
 from someioliere.) 
 
 In connection with Christ()})her Wright's propinquity 
 to Thomas Ward possibly, and to Thomas Winter possibly 
 likewise, on tlie Sunday innnediately previous to the '' fatal 
 Fifth," the two following items of evidence are of 
 ■consequence : — 
 
 (1) In Jardine's '^ Narrative, '' p. 98, we are told: 
 ^' On Sunday, the 3rd of November, the conspirators 
 heard from the same individual who had first informed 
 them of the Letter to Lord Mounteagle, that the Letter
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 125- 
 
 bad been sbown to tbe King, wbo made great account 
 of it, but enjoined tbe strictest secrecy." 
 
 Tliis individual luas Thomas Ward. — (Jardine.) 
 
 Now, we have seen already that Stowe's " Glironicle " 
 records "tbe next day after tbe deb very of tbe Letter "^ 
 tbere was a conjunction of tl^e planets — Tbonias AYinter 
 and Cbristopber Wriglit. 
 
 Tbis conjunction at or about tbis period I bold 
 to be a very significant fact, tending to sliow tbat 
 either tbe one or tbe otber must bave sougbt bis 
 confederate out, as lias been remarked already. 
 
 But from tbe following important Evidence of 
 William Kyddall, servant to Robert TjTwbitt, Esquire,^ 
 brotber of Mrs. Ambrose Rookwood, and kinsman of 
 Robert Keyes, it is evident tbat it was pbysically 
 impossible for Cbristopber Wrigbt to bave met Tboinas 
 Winter on Sunday, tbe 27tli of October ; inasmucb as 
 Cbristopber A^'rigbt was tben at Lapwortb, only twenty 
 miles distant from Hindlip Hall.- 
 
 Yet tbis does not disprove tbe material fact of tbe 
 meeting itself, tbe date or circumstance of time not 
 belonging to tbe essence of tbe assertion. (See Appendix.) 
 
 ^ liobert T\r\vhitt and AVilliam Tyrwhitt and one of Thomas Winter's- 
 uncles, David Ingleby, of Eipley (who married Lady Anne Neville, a daughter 
 of Charles fifth Earl of Westmoreland), along with " Jesuits,"' were, about 
 the year 1592, great frequenters of Twigmore, in Lincolnshire, twelve miles 
 from Hull by water. John Wright afterwards lived at Twigmore. Pather 
 Garnet is known lo have been at Twigmore. 
 
 - Tor the information as lo the distances between Coughton and 
 Hindlip : and IStratford-on-Avon and Hindlip; also between Lapwortb and 
 Hindlip, 1 am indebted to Charles Avery, Esq., of Headless Cross, near 
 Coughton ; the liev. Father Athertou, O.S.B., of Stratford-ou-Avon ; and 
 George Davis, Esq., of York.
 
 rn AFTER XXXIX. 
 
 Gunpowder Plot Books — Part I., Xo. 52. 
 
 ■" The examinacon of William Kyddall of Elsaiii in the 
 Countie of Lincolne s'vaut to Mr. Robert Tiirrett of 
 Kettleh}'^ in the said Com. taken the viii"' daie of 
 November 1605 before S'' Richard A'erney Knighte 
 high Sherriff for the Com. of Warr. 8'' John fferrers 
 & AVillm Combes Esrf Justices of peace there saith 
 as followeth. 
 
 "That he was intreated of Mr. -John Wrighte, who 
 was dwellinge at Twigmore in the Countie of Lincohie, 
 to bringe his daughf beinge eight or nine yere old to 
 Lapworth to Nicholas Slyes" house where he hath 
 harbored this half yere. He brought the child to 
 Lapworth the xxiiii"' of October, and there was ]\lr. 
 John AVrighte and his wife and Air. Christopher AVrighte 
 and his wife, soe he continued at Lapworth from 
 Wednesdaie to Alonday, from thence he goeth to London 
 w*'' Air. Christopher AVrighte and came to London on 
 AVednesdaie betwixt two X' three a Clocke to St. Giles 
 to the signe of the Alaydenhead from whence Air. 
 AVrighte wente into the Towne and he stayed at the 
 J 1111, iippon ffrida}' one Richard Browne s'vant to Air. 
 
 ' Kettleby is licit- lirigg, in Lincolnsbii'e. Twigmore, wliero John 
 AV^ right had lived, is also near th(> same town. (Communicated by ]i. M. 
 Dawson, Esq., of Beverley, a descendant of the Pendrells, of Boscobel.) 
 
 '" Probably \icholas Sly and his house were uell-knovvii to Shake- 
 speare. .John Wright appears to have gone to La])worth (which belonged 
 to Catesby) about May, IGOo, AN'ho ]Mrs. John "Wright was I do not know.
 
 THE GUNPOWDEK TLOT. 127 
 
 Wrighte \Yeiite dowiie into Surrey, and on Ifriday at 
 night Browne returned and he & Browne wente iippon 
 Sattersdaie for the Child to a Towne he laioweth not 
 about Croydon Race and bronghte it to the Maydenhead 
 at St. Gyles to Mr. Wrighte the ffath'' who seeinge the 
 ■child too little to be carried sent them backe w^'' it to 
 the place whence thei fetched it on Sonday Morninge, 
 and thei retorned Sondaie night to the Maydenhead and 
 it was purposed by Mr. AVright to come awaie w"' this 
 •examinate uppon Mondaie morninge but staied because 
 Mr. Wrightes Clothes were not made till Tuesdaie 
 morninge and then ]Mr. Wrighte sent this examinate 
 and'^ William Ward vepJtew to Mr. Wrighte doivne to 
 Lajowortli in Warwiclxsliire whither they were now goinge. 
 He saith he lefte Mr. AYright at London and knoweth 
 not the causes why he came not away w"' them he saith 
 that Browne lyeth in Westminster neare Whitehall at 
 one Bonkers house. Thei broughte in their Cloakbagge 
 a suit of Cloathes for Mr. John Wright a Petronell and 
 •a Rapier & dagger thinkinge to find him at Lapworth. 
 
 " Richard Yerney.' 
 
 " Jo : fferrers.^ 
 
 " W. Combes. "(^■-•'^^ 
 ((No endorsement). 
 
 ^ AVilliam Ward, one of the sons of Marmaduke A\^ard, it will be 
 remembered, had an xiude ivho lived at Court. This surely must have heen 
 Thomas Ward. And I opine that the boy had been on a visit to this uncle : 
 for at this time his father was at Lapworth, the house of John Wright. 
 It is possible, however, that Christopher Wright- and Kyddall may have 
 brought young Ward up to London from Lapworth : hut I do not think 
 so, otherwise we should have been told the fact in Kyddall's evidence, 
 most probably. (The italics are mine.) 
 
 - Sir Eichard Verney, Knt., would be a friend, belike, of Sir Thomas 
 Lucy, Knt., of Charlcote (a AVarwickshire Puritan gentleman). 
 
 ^ Of the Ferrers, of Baddlesley Clinton (a very old Catholic family). 
 
 ^ From whom Shakespeare bought land. To John Combes, brother 
 to William, the poet bequeathed his sword by Will.
 
 128 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 Mistress Dorotliie liobinsoii, Wicldow, of Spur Alle}% 
 on the 7t1i of November, 1G05, also deposed as follows : — 
 
 CiuNrowDHi; Plot Books — Part I., No. 41. 
 
 " Tile examiiiacoii of Dorathie Pobiiison^^-"^ widdow of 
 
 iSpurr Alley. 
 
 " Sliee sayetli that one ^Ir. Christopher Wright gent 
 did lye in her house about a Moneth past for xviii*" 
 dayes together and no more. And there did come to him 
 one Mr. Winter w*"'' did continually frequent his Company 
 and al)out a. moneth past the said Winter brought to her 
 house two hampers^ locked w^'* two padlockes, and caused 
 them to be placed in a little Closet at the end of Mr. 
 AV'right's Chamber. But what was in the said hamps, 
 was privately conveyed away by W^inter w*''out her 
 knowledge, and the hamps was geven to her use. 
 
 '' Shee sayeth that Mr. Wright could not chuse but 
 know of the conveying of those thinges w*'' were in the 
 hamper as well as Mr. AVinter. 
 
 '' Shee sayeth that Mr. W^inter by report of his 
 man, was a Worcestershire man, and his living Eight 
 score pouudes l)y the yeare at the lest. 
 
 " TJic said Mi\ Wright hatJi a hrotJicr in London,- 
 whose servant canic to hi in in tJiis woman's honse, and the 
 
 ' TIk'sc liaiiipers contaiuccl the fresh gunpowder, no doubt, mentioned 
 by Thomas Winter in his '■'■Confession" written in the Tower. This sentence 
 tends to confirm the genuineness of the Confession. 
 
 - 117(0 ii'us litis hroUu'f ! I sn(/</est that by brother is meant brother- 
 in-law, and tliat as a fact Ciiristopher Wright /kuI married Margaret 
 AVard, tlu- sister to both Marmadiike and Thomas Ward. If this be 
 correct, tlicii we have demonstrative proof of the servant of Thomas AV'^ard 
 calling ii])tin Christoplu'r AV right (probably with a message from Thomas
 
 THE GUNPOWDEii I'LOT. 129 
 
 same iiiorniiKj of his going aiaa?j, w"'' ivas a Moneth on 
 Tuesday last. 
 
 " That the said Wright was to seeke his loding 
 againe at this woman's house ; but she tould him her 
 lodgings were otherwayes disposed of. And then he went 
 his wayes. And since that tyme shee never saw him. 
 
 " Slie sagetJi that sliee saw Mr. Winter iippon Sundag 
 last in the afternoone. But ivhere he lodgeth she hnoiveth 
 not. (The itahcs are mine.) 
 
 " I can find no manner of thing in this woman's 
 house whereby to geve ns any incouragem* to proceede 
 any further. 
 
 " The said Mr. Wright did often goe to the Sakitation 
 to one Mr. Jackson's house ; And one Steven the drawer 
 as shee thinketh will tell where hee is." 
 
 Mr. Jackson also deposed : — 
 
 "He sayeth that he knoweth Mr. Wright very well, 
 But it is about a fortnight j^ast}^-^'^ since he lus at his 
 house., and since tliat tgnie lie Inioweth not luhat is become 
 of him. (The italics are mine.) 
 
 " He sayeth further that he knoweth not any other 
 of his Consorts or Companyons, yf hee did he would 
 reveale it. 
 
 (Endorsed) " The examinacon of Dorathy Eobinson 
 Widdow of Spurr Ahey." 
 
 Furthermore, we have the following Evidence of 
 Mistress Elizabeth More : — 
 
 AVard) the very same morning as, I hold, that Christopher Wright went 
 down into Warwickshire, where he would be within twenty miles of Father 
 Oldcorne. This evidence is important. The word came, too, is noticeable, 
 implying, I think, a habit of coming, a frequentative use of the past tense 
 of the verb. Observe also " and the same vioniing" implying cumulative 
 acts of " comhig," the visit of that day being the last of a series of visits.
 
 130 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 7 Nov: 1005. 
 
 State Papers Domestic— Jas. I., Yol. xvi., No. 13. 
 
 '' The Declaracon of Elizabeth More the wief of Edward 
 More taken the 5th of November 1005. 
 
 " She saieth that the gent that lay at her howse w^*^ 
 Mr. Kookwood this last night and the night before his 
 name is Mr. Keyes and lie took upp the Chamber for 
 the said Mr. Eookwood. 
 
 "And she saieth that nppon ffryday night last Mr. 
 Christolir A\'right came to this exaite howse w"' the said 
 Mr. Eookwood and lay that night in a chamber on the 
 said Mr. liookwoode Chamber. 
 
 (Endorsed) "5th No: 1G05. 
 
 " The Declaracon of Elizabeth More." 
 
 Mistress More, I find, lived near Temple Bar.^ 
 
 ^ Where was Spur Alley ? and how far were Temple Bar and Spur 
 Alley from the town house in the Strand of the Lord Mounteagle, and 
 therefore of his Lordship's secretary, Thomas Ward? 
 
 It will be noted by the judicious reader that Hk; conjectured fact 
 that Christoi)her AVright's London lodgings were within a short distance 
 of where, doubtless, his — I suggest— b7-other-'ui-IaH< (Ward) was to bo found 
 tends to support my theory.
 
 CHAPTEE XL. 
 
 Before we well-nigh finally take our leave of 
 ^Christopher Wright, I should like to bring before my 
 readers two pieces of Evidence, from each of which, at 
 any rate, may be drawn the inference that it was one of 
 the conspirators themselves that revealed the tremendous 
 secret. 
 
 That Christopher Wright was that revealing con- 
 :spirator, the manifold considerations which the preceding 
 pages of this Inquiry have established, I trust, will 
 satisf}^ the intellect of my readers, seeing that those 
 considerations, I respectfully but firmly urge, must be 
 held to have built up a ''probability" so high as to 
 amount to that "moral certitude" which is "the very 
 guide" of Man's terrestrial life, in that it furnishes Man 
 with those sufficient rules which direct his daily action.^^-'^^ 
 
 But, in bringing the first piece of Evidence to which 
 I allude before the eyes of my readers, I desire, with 
 great respect, to say that I am keenly conscious that 
 I run the risk of incurring the condemnation implied in 
 the words: "Fools rush in where angels fear to tread." 
 
 But, since " circumstances alter cases," I feel 
 warranted (under correction) in adventuring, in this 
 one instance, upon a particular line of argument which 
 I feel is, as an affair of taste, irrlmd facie unseemly, 
 and, as a matter of feeling, a line of action, in ordinary 
 cases, to be rigorously eschewed.
 
 132 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 Yet, seeing that such a course of conduct cannot be- 
 held to be morally wrong, my plea is — and I respectfully 
 submit ni}' all-sufficient plea is — that an Inquiry, having 
 for its purpose the elucidation of the hitherto inscrutable 
 mj'stery as to A\ho revealed, or who were instrumental 
 in revealing, so satanic an enterprise as the Gunpowder 
 Plot, being far, far removed beyond the range of mere 
 logic-chu})ping, dry-as-dust, non-human investigations, 
 justifies the following, in one instance, of a course of action 
 which unquestionably would clash with mere decorous, 
 taste, and would collide with mere delicate feeling, except, 
 by tlio case being altered, it were lifted into the realm 
 of the categories of the extraordinary and the special. 
 
 Then the nature of the ' act or action composing 
 that course of conduct would be, in a sense, fundamentally 
 and meritoriously changed. And, tlierefore, it would be,, 
 by a double title, morall}' justifiable. 
 
 Now, when the Gunpowder conspirators were at 
 Huddington, the mansion-house of Robert Winter, on 
 Thursday, the 7th day of November, certainly most of 
 the conspirators, and probably all of them, received the 
 Sacrament of Penance through the ministr}' of a Jesuit 
 Father, named Nicholas Hart (alias Strangeways and 
 Hammond), who besides being an (iI/dniiks of \Yestniinster 
 School, and for two years a student of the University of 
 Gxford, had, prior to his becoming a Priest and a Jesuit,. 
 " studied law in the Inns of Court and Chancery in 
 London." (^=^«> 
 
 Now, AYilliam Handy, the serving-man of Sir Everard 
 Digby (of whom we have alread}' heard), further deposed 
 as follows : ^'''^ 
 
 "On Thursday morning, about three of the clock,, 
 all the said company, as well servants as others, heard 
 Mass, received the Sacrament, and were confessed, wdiicli
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 133 
 
 Mass was said by a priest named Harte, a little man 
 whitely complexioned, and a little beard," 
 
 Now, Ambrose Rookwood, on the 21st day of January, 
 1605-6, deposed ^^^^^ that he confessed to Hammond at 
 Huddington, on Thursday, the 7th of November, that he 
 was sorry he had not revealed the Plot, it seeminc so 
 bloody, and that after his confession Hammond absolved 
 liim without remark. 
 
 The precise words of the ill-fated Rookwood hereon 
 are these : — 
 
 Gunpowder Plot Books — No. 177. 
 
 ■^' The voluntarie declaration of Ambrose Rokewood esquier. 
 
 21 Janu. 1605 [1606] , 
 
 " I doe acknowledge that uppon thursday morninge 
 beeing the 7th of November 1605 my selfe and all the 
 other gentlemen (as I doe remember) did confesse o' 
 sinnes to one Mr. Hamonde Preeste, at Mr. Robert 
 AVintour his house, and amonges other my snmes I did 
 acknowledge my error in concealing theire intended 
 enterprise of ponder agaynste his Ma"*^ and the State, 
 having a scruple in conscience, the facte seeminge to 
 mee to bee too bluddye, hee for all in generall gave 
 me absolution without any other circumstances beeing 
 hastned by the multitude that were to come to him. 
 
 " Ambrose Rookewoode. 
 ■•' Ex'- p. Edw. Coke 
 
 " W. Ward. 
 {Endorsed) " . . pouder 
 
 " xx"' of January 1605. 
 " hamond 
 
 " Declaration of Ambrose 
 " Rookewoode of his own hand."
 
 CHAPTER XLI. 
 
 Now, regard being had to the fact that this kneeling 
 young Penitent was, with his own hps, avowing the 
 connnission in desire and tJioiight of "murder most foul 
 as at the best it is " ^ (and "we know that no nmrderer 
 hath eternal life abiding in bim"-), by confessing to a 
 fellow-creature a wilful and deliberate transgression against 
 that " steadfast Moral Law which is not of to-day nor 
 yesterday, but which lives for ever " -^ (to say nothing of 
 his avowal of the commission in act and deed of the 
 crime of sacrilege,* in taking a secret, unlawful oath 
 contrary to the express prohibitions of a visible and 
 audible Institution which that Priest and that Penitent 
 
 ^ Sluikespeai-e. 
 
 "^ St. John the Divine. 
 
 ^ Sophocles. 
 
 * Of course the Gunpowder Treason Plot was a " sacrilegious crime,"' 
 because it souglit to compass the death of a king who \vas " one of tlie 
 Loi'd's anointed,"' as icdl as because of the unlawful oath of secrecy, solemnly 
 ratified by the reception of the Sacrament at the hands of some priest in 
 a house behind St. Clement's Iini, " near tiie principal street in London 
 called the Strand." — See "?7te Confessions of Thomas Winter and Gwj Fawhes." 
 This house was probabl}' the London lodging of Father John Gerard, S.J. 
 "W'inter and Fawkes said that the C(jnspirators received tiie Sacrament at 
 the hands of Gerard. But " Gerard was not acquainted with their purpose,*' 
 said Faw kes. Gerard denied having given the conspirators the Sacrament. — 
 See Gardiner's " What G'unj^oivder Plot vas,"\). 14. One vested priest is very 
 much like another, just as one soldier in uniform is very much like 
 another. So Fawkes and AVinter may have been mistaken. Besides, they 
 would not be likely to be minutely examining the features of a priest on 
 such an occasion.
 
 THE GUNrOWDER PLOT. 135 
 
 alike believed was of divine origin), I firmly, though 
 with great and all-becoming deference, draw these con- 
 clusions, namely, that one of tlie j^^otters had already 
 poured into the bending ear of his breathless priestly 
 hearer glad tidings to the effect that he (the revealing 
 plotter, whoever he was) had given that one supreme 
 external proof which heaven and earth had then left to 
 him for showing the genuineness of his repentance in 
 regard to his crimes, and the perfectness of his contrition 
 on account of his transgressions, by taking premeditated, 
 active, practical, vigorous steps for the utter frustrating 
 and the complete overthrowing of the prodigious, diabolical 
 Plot. 
 
 Furthermore ; that it was because of the possession 
 by Hammond of this happy intelligence, early on that 
 Thursda}^ morning, before sunrise, that therefore, in the 
 Tribunal of Penance, "he absolved" poor, miserable (yet 
 contrite) Ambrose Rookwood " for all in general " — 
 "without any other circumstances." 
 
 That is, I take it, without reproaching or even 
 chidins; him — in fact "without remark."^ 
 
 ^Father Nicholas Hart (alias Hammond) appears to have been stationed 
 with the Vauxes, of Great Harrowden, usually. Foley (iv., Index) thinks 
 it probable that the Father Singleton, S.J. (alias Clifton), mentioned by 
 Henry Hurlston, Esquire, or Huddlestone, of the Huddlestones, of 
 Sawston Hall, near Cambridge ; Faringdon Hall, near Preston, in 
 Lancashire ; and Millom, " North of the Sands," was in reality Father 
 Nicholas Hart (alias Hammond). I do not think so. For, according 
 to the Evidence of Henry Hurlston (Foley's " liecords,'' vol. iv., pp. 10, 11), 
 who was at Great Harrowden, on Tuesday, November 5th, at five o'clock 
 in the afternoon. Father Strange, S.J. (a cousin of Mr. Abington, of 
 Hindlip), and this said Father Singleton, " by Thursday morning took their 
 horses and intended to have ridden to Grote." They were apprehended 
 at Kenilworth. This Father Singleton is a mysterious personage \\ hose 
 "future" 1 should like to follow up. Was he the same as a certain 
 "Dr. Singleton" who figures in the " Life of JJarij Ward," vol. i., p. 443? 
 and was he of the Catholic Singletons, of Singleton, near Blackpool ?
 
 CHAPTER XLII. 
 
 The other piece of Evidence that I wish to bring 
 before my readers which tends to show that it was one 
 of the coiisjnrators theinselves that revealed the Plot is 
 this : — 
 
 Jardine gives in his '■'■ Cri)}unal Trials''' ^^^^^ a certain 
 Letter of Instructions to Sir Edward Coke/^^*^ the 
 Attorney-General who conducted the prosecution of the 
 surviving Gunpowder conspirators at Westminster Hall^^^^^ 
 before a Special Commission for High Treason, on the 
 27th day of January, 1605-6. 
 
 This very remarkable document is in the hand- 
 writing of Kobcrt Cecil first Earl of Salisbury. 
 
 It is as follows : — 
 
 " These things I am commanded to renew unto 
 ^^our memory. First, that you be sure to make it 
 appear to the world that there was an employment of 
 some persons to Spain for a practice of invasion, as 
 soon as the Queen's breath was out of her body. The 
 .reason is this for which the King doth urge it. He 
 saith some ]iien there are that will give out, and do, 
 that only despair of the King's courses on the 
 Catholics and his severity, draw all these to such 
 works of discontentment : where by you it will appear, 
 that before his Majesty's face was ever seen, or that 
 he had done anything in government, the King of 
 Spain was moved, though he refused it, saying, ' he 
 rather expected to have peace,' etc.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 137 
 
 '' Next, f/ou viusf in any case, lulien you spealc of 
 the Letter whicJi ivas tJie fir-st ground of discovery, 
 ■absolutely disclaim that any of tJiese wrote it, tliough 
 you leave the further judgment indefinite ivho else it 
 ■should he. (The italics are mine.) 
 
 " Ijastly, and yon must not omit, you must 
 deliver, in commendation of my Lord ]\rounteagle, 
 words to sliow how sincerely he dealt, and how 
 fortunately it proved that he was the instrument of so 
 great a hlessmg as this was. To be short, sir, you 
 €an remember how well the King in his Book did 
 ■censure^ his lordship's part in it, from which sense 
 you are not to vary, but obiter (as you know best 
 how), to give some good echo of that particular action 
 in that day of public trial of these men ; because it 
 is so lewdly given out that he was once of this plot of 
 powder, and afterwards betrayed it all to me. 
 
 " This is but ex ahundanti, that I do trouble 
 you ; but as they come to my head or knowledge, or 
 that I am directed, I am not scrupulous to send to 
 you. 
 
 " You must remember to lay Owen as foul in this 
 as you can." 
 
 Now, strangely enough, in the day of public trial of 
 these men, the learned Attorney-General forgot in one 
 particular the aforesaid clear and express Injunctions of 
 his Majesty's principal Secretary of State. 
 
 For, if he be correctly reported. Sir Edward Coke 
 then said :_(i^^«> 
 
 " The last consideration is concerning the admirable 
 discovery of this treason, which was by one of tJiem- 
 
 ^ The word " censure " here means, formed an opinion of his 
 lordship's part. From Lat. censeo, I think.
 
 138 THE GI'NPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 selves^ who liad tal-eii tJic o((th and sacrament, as liatli 
 been said, against Jiis own u:ill ; tlie means was by a 
 dark and donbtfnl letter sent to my Lord Mountcayle.'" ^ 
 (The italics arc mine.) 
 
 Now, regard being had (1) to what SaHsbury bade 
 Coke not say ; and (2) to what Coke as a matter of fact 
 did say, I infer, first, that it teas one of the conspirators 
 wiio revealed the Plot ; becanse of jnst scruples that his 
 conscience had, well-nigh at the eleventh hour, awakened 
 in his breast : that, secondly, not only so, but that the 
 Grovermnent, through Salisbury, Sufft)lk, Coke, and 
 probably Bacon, strongly suspected as much : that, thirdly, 
 this was the explanation not only of their comparatively mild 
 treatment of the Gunpowder conspirators theraselves,^^^"^ 
 but also, I hold, of the subsequent com-paratively mild 
 treatment of the recusants generally throughout the 
 country/^^*^^ 
 
 For had the Government stripped all English Papists 
 of their lands and goods and driven them into the sea. 
 Humanity scarcely could have complained of injustice or 
 harshness, regard being had to the devilish wholesale 
 cruelty of the Gunpowder Plot. 
 
 Contrariwise, the entire action of the Government 
 resembles the action of a man in whose hand the stick 
 has broken whilst he is in the act of administering upon 
 a wrong-doer richly deserved chastisement. 
 
 For, indisputabl}^, the Government abstained from 
 following after, and from reaping tlie full measure of, 
 their victory (to have recourse to a more dignified figure 
 of speech) either on grounds of principle, policy — or 
 both. 
 
 Moreover, none of the estates of the plotters were 
 
 ' '• Trutli will out :"
 
 THE GUNrOWDER PLOT. 139 
 
 forfeited. And this, regard being liad to the fact that 
 the plotters were "moral monsters," and to the well- 
 known impecuniosity of the tricky James and his 
 northern satellites, is itself a circmnstance pregnant with 
 the greatest possible suspicion that there was some great 
 myster}^ in the background.^ — See Lathbury's "' Guij 
 Fawhes,'" pp. 7G, 77, first Edition. 
 
 For, even if deeds of marriage settlement intervened 
 to protect the plotters' estates, an Act of Parliament surely 
 could have swept them away like the veriest cobwebs. 
 For Sir Edward Coke himself might have told the King 
 and Priv}^ Council that " an Act of Parliament could 
 do anything, short of turning a man into a woman," if 
 the King and Council had needed enlightening on the 
 point.
 
 CHAPTEli XLIII. 
 
 Again : the primary instinct of self-preservation alone 
 would have assuredly impelled the bravest of the brave 
 amongst the nine malefactors, including Tresham, who 
 were inccarerated in the Tower of London, either to 
 seek to save his life when awaiting his trial in West- 
 minster Hall, or, at any rate, when expecting the scaffold, 
 the ripping knife, the embowelling fork, and the quartering 
 block, in St. Paul's Churchyard or in the old Palace Yard, 
 Westmmster, to seek to save his life, hij (livulgimj tlie 
 nniglity secret respecting his responsihilitg for tlie Letter 
 of Letters, had anyone of them in point of fact peiinecl 
 ■the clocumcnt. For " shin for shii? all that a man hath 
 will he give for his life'' 
 
 Hence, from the silence of one and all of the 
 :Survivors — a silence as unbroken as that of the grave — 
 we can, it stands to reason, draw but this one conclusion, 
 namely, that the nine surviving Gunpowder conspirators 
 were stayed and restrained by the omnipotence of the 
 impossible from declaring that anyone of them had saved 
 his King and Parliament. 
 
 Hence, by consequence, the revealing conspirator must 
 he found amongst that small hand of four ii-ho survived 
 not to tell the tale. 
 
 Therefore is our Inquiry reduced to within a narrow 
 compass, a fact which simplifies our task unspeakably. 
 
 If it be objected that "a })()int of lionour " may 
 have stayed and restrained one of the ninc3 conspirators
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 141: 
 
 from '■' (liscoveriDg " or revealing his sliare in the Liadable 
 deed, it is demonstrable that it would be a false^ not 
 a true^ sense of duty that prompted such an unrighteous- 
 step. 
 
 For the revealing plotter, whoever he was, had 
 duties to his kinsfolk as well as to himself, and, indeed,, 
 to his Country, to Humanity at large, and also to his. 
 Church, which oiight^ in justice, to have actuated — and 
 it is reasonable to believe would have assuredly actuated — 
 a disclosure of the truth respecting the facts of the 
 revelation. 
 
 But I hold that the nine conspirators told nothing 
 as to the origin of this Letter of Letters, because they 
 Jiad 7ione of them anything to tell. 
 
 Moreover, I suggest that what Archbishop Usher ^^''^^ ^ 
 meant when he is reported to have divers times said, 
 " that if Papists knew what he knew^, the blame of 
 the Gunpowder Treason would not lie on them,"^^^'^^^ 
 was this : — 
 
 Tliat it was " tlie Papist Doctrine " of the non-hinding 
 force of a secret, unlawful oath tliat (Deo juvante) 
 had been 'primarily tlie joint -efficient cause of the spinning 
 
 ^ Protestant Archbishop of Armagh. 
 
 ^ tSuoh a secret as the answer to the problem " Who revealed the- 
 Gunpowder Plot ? " was a positive burden for Humanity, whereof it should 
 have been, in justice, relieved. Por it tends to demonstrate the existence 
 of a ]"ealm of actualities having relations to man, but the workings of 
 the causes, processes, and consequences of which realm are invisible to 
 mortal sight ; in other words, of the contact and intersection of two circles 
 or spheres, whereof one is bounded by the finite, the other by the infinite. 
 Now, in the case of strong-niinded and intelligent Catholics, the weight 
 of this fact would have almost inevitably impelled to an avowal of the 
 fact of revelation had not the omnipotence of the impossible stayed and 
 restrained. Hence, the absence of avowal demonstrates, with moral certitude, 
 the absence of ability to avow. And this latter, with moral certitude,, 
 proves my point, namely, that one of the four slain divulged the Plot.
 
 142 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 right round on its axis of the hell-begotten Gunpowder 
 Plot. 
 
 It is plain that King James's Government^ were 
 mysterionsly stayed and restrained in their legislative 
 and administrative action after the discovery of the 
 diaholically atrocious Gunpowder Treason Plot. 
 
 And illogical and inconstant as many English rulers 
 too often have heen throughout England's long and, by 
 good fortune, glorious History, this extraordinary illogical- 
 ness and inconstancy of the Government of King James I. 
 betokens to him that can read betwixt the lines, and who 
 '• knows what things belong to what things " — betokens 
 Evidence of wliat ? 
 
 Unhesitatingly I answer : Of that GovernmenVs not 
 daring, for verg decencg's sahe, to jjroceed to extremities. 
 
 Now, by reason of the primal instincts of human 
 nature, this consciousness would be sure to be generated 
 by, and would be certain to operate upon, any and 
 every civilized, even though heathen, government with 
 staying and restraining force. 
 
 Now, the Government of James I. was a civilized 
 government, and it was not a heathen government. 
 Moreover, it certainly was a Government composed of 
 hunum l)eings, who, after all, were the persecuted Papists' 
 fellow-creatures. 
 
 Therefore, I suggest that this manifest hesitancy to 
 proceed to extremities sprang from, and indeed itself 
 
 ^ It is the duty of every Government to see that it is true, just, and 
 strong. (Jovernments should confine their efforts to tlie cahu and faithful 
 attainment of these three ideals. Then they win respect and conlidence, 
 even from those who fear them but do not love. James and the first 
 Earl of Salisbury, and that type of princes and statesmen, oscillate betwixt 
 tli(! two extremes, injustice and hysterical generosity, which is a sure 
 sign of a lack of consciousness of absolute Irutli, justice, and strength.
 
 THE GUNrOWDEK PLOT. 143 
 
 ■demonstrates, this fact, namely, that the then British 
 •Government reahzed that it was an essentially Pojnsh 
 Doctrine of Moi'als ivliicli had been the j^riviary motive 
 poiver for securing their temjjoral salvation. That doctrine 
 being, indeed, none other than the hated and dreaded 
 " PojnsJi Doctrine " of the " non-binding force " upon the 
 Popish Conscience of a secret, morally unlaivful oath 
 tvhich thereby, ipso facto, '■'' tlie Papal Church'''' prohibited 
 and condemned. 
 
 Hence, that was, I once more suggest, what Arch- 
 bishop Usher referred to, m his oracular words, which 
 have become historic, but which have been hitherto 
 deemed to constitute an insoluble riddle. 
 
 For certainly behind those oracular words lay some 
 great State mystery. 
 
 The same fact possibly accounts for the traditional 
 tale that the second Earl of Salisbury confessed that the 
 Plot was "his father's contrivance." — See Gerard's ^'■What 
 was the Gunpoivder Plot 'I " p. 160. 
 
 For the Plot was " his father's contrivance," con- 
 sidered as to its broad ultimate effects on the course of 
 English History, in that the Plot was made a seasonable 
 handle of for the destruction of English Popery. And a 
 valuable and successful handle it proved too, as mankind 
 knows very well to-day. Though " what's bred in the 
 bone" is apt, in this world, "to come out in the flesh." 
 Therefore, the British statesman or philosopher needs not 
 be unduly alarmed if and when, from time to time, he 
 discerns about him incipient signs, among certain members 
 of the English race, of that " staggering back to Popery," 
 whereof Ralph Waldo Emerson once sagely spoke. 
 
 " 'Tis a strange world, my masters I And the 
 ivhirligig of Time brings round strange revenges 1 "
 
 4 
 
 
 ^^ i 
 
 CHAPTEE XLIY. 
 
 AYe come now to the last portion of this Inquiry — 
 to the last portion, indeed, but not to the least. 
 
 For we have now to consider what Evidence there 
 is tendin<;" to prove that suhseqnent to the penning of 
 the Letter by Father Edward Oldcorne, he was conscious 
 of having performed the meritorious deed that, I maintain, 
 tlie Evid(Mic(\ deductions, and suggestions therefrom all 
 converge to one supreme end to establish, namely, that 
 it is morally (not mathematically) certain that his hand, 
 and his hand alone, actually penned that immortal Letter, 
 whose praises shall be celebrated till the end of time. 
 
 Before considering this Evidence let me, however, 
 remind my readers that there is (1) }iot only a general 
 simihirltij in the handwriting of the Letter and Father 
 Oldcorne's undoubted handiwork — the Declaration of the 
 12th day of ^larcb, 1605-6 — a general similarity in point 
 of the si/e of the letters and of that indescribable 
 something called style,^'"^ hut (2) a j)CL^'ticul(ir similarity 
 ill i\\v roriiiation of the letters in the case of these 
 following, namel}', the small c/s, 1/s, i/s, b/s, w/s, r/s, 
 long s/s (as initials), short s/s (as terminals), while the 
 m/s and n/s are not inconsistent.^ 
 
 ^ IJriiihaiii iiptly terms tlu' comparison of Document with Document, 
 " Circumstantial real Evidence." — See Best's " Princl/iles of the Law of 
 Evidence,'' and Wills on " Circumstantial Evidence.'' !See Miss Walford's 
 J..etter (.\|>|>('in!i\).
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 145 
 
 Moreover, there is/ (3) this fact to be remembered, 
 that in both the Lettei^~llnd in the said Declaration, the 
 name "God" is written with a small " ff," thus: " "od." 
 
 It is true that, of course, not only did this way of 
 writing the name of the Supreme Being then denote no 
 irreverence, but it was commonly so written by English- 
 men in the year 1605. 
 
 Still, it was certainly not hij tliem unicersalhj so 
 luritten. For in the fac-simile of " Thomas Winter's 
 Confession'' the word "God" occurs more than once 
 written with a handsomely made capital G,^^^-^ to 
 mention none other cases. 
 
 There is to be also remembered (4) the user of the 
 expressions " as yowe tender youer lyf," and " deuys 
 some exscuse to shift of^^*^^ youer attendance at this 
 parleament for god and man hathe concurred to punishe 
 the wickednes of this tyme." 
 
 For these expressions are eminently expressions 
 that would be employed by a man born in Yorkshire in 
 the sixteenth century. 
 
 Again ; there is to be noted (5) the expressions as 
 " yowe tender youer lyf," and " god and man hathe 
 concurred." Inasmuch as I maintain that as " yowe 
 tender youer lyf" was just the kind of expression that 
 would be used by a man who had had an early training 
 in the medical art, as was the case with Edward 
 Oldcorne. 
 
 For " Man to preserve is pleasure suiting man, and 
 by no art is favour better sought." And a deep rooted 
 belief in the powers of Nature and in the sacredness of 
 the life of man are the two brightest jewels in the true 
 physician's crown. 
 
 Once more; (6) the expression "god and man hathe 
 concurred " is pre-eminently the mode of clothing in 
 
 K
 
 14G THE GUNPOWDER TLOT. 
 
 language one wa}', wherein a rigid Eonian Catholic of 
 that time would mentally contemplate — not, indeed,, 
 the interior quality of the mental phenomena known as. 
 the Gunpowder Plot, in which " the devil " alone could 
 " concur," but the simple exterior designment of the 
 same, provided he Imew for certain that it could be 
 considered as a clear transparency only — as a defecated 
 cluster of purely intellectual acts.^ 
 
 Furthermore, in reflecting on these preliminaries to> 
 the general discussion of the Evidence tending to prove- 
 a consciousness on Edward Oldcorne's part, .siihseqiient to 
 the penning of the Letter, of being responsible for the 
 commission of the everlastingly meritorious feat, let it 
 be diligently noted that the Letter ends with these words : 
 " the dangere is passed as soon as yowe liave burnt the letter 
 and i liope god ivill give yoive the grace to inah good, use 
 of it to whose holy protcccion i coviend yowey (The- 
 italics are mine.) 
 
 ^ It is manifest that if, xn intent, Oldcoriie by bis own Letter 
 batl destroyed the Plot, be, of all other people in the world, would have 
 the joreror/ative of regarding the Plot as a clear transparency ; while of the Plot 
 as a ti'ansparency, he would feel a freedom to write " god and man bathe 
 concurred to punishe the wickednes of this tyme." If the Writer bad 
 not the ])rerogative of regarding the Plot as a clear trans])arency then 
 these results follow — that he regarded Hiin (Wbose Eyes are too pure even 
 to behold iniquity) as concurrim/ in the designment of a most bellisli crime, 
 nay, of participating in such designment; for he coujtJes God with man. 
 iS'ow the Letter is evidently the work of a Catholic. But no Catholic 
 would regard God as the author of a crime. Therefore the Gunpowder 
 Plot to tlie Writer of tlie Letter can have been regarded as no crime. But 
 it was obviously a crime, v.nless and until it had been defecated of criminous 
 quality, and so rendered a clear transparency. Now, as the AVriter obviously 
 did not regard it as a crime, therefore he must have regarded it as defecated, 
 by some means or another; in other words, as a clear transparency. And 
 this, 1 maintain, jjroves that the Writer bad a special interior knowledge 
 of the Plot "behind the scenes,"' that is, deep down within the depths of 
 his conscious being.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 147 
 
 Now, I opine that what the Writer intended to Jn'nt 
 at was a suggestion to the recipient of the Letter to 
 destroy the document. Not, however, that as a fact, I 
 think, he really wished it to he destroyed/^^*^ Because 
 it is highly prohable that (apart from other reasons) the 
 Writer nmst have wished it to be conveyed to the King, 
 else why should he have said, "i hope god will give you 
 the grace to mak good use of it " ? 
 
 And why should the King himself in his book 
 have omitted the insertion of this little, but here 
 virtuall}' all-important, adjective ? ^'^"^ 
 
 Besides, the Writer cannot have seriously wished for 
 the destruction of the document. For in that case he 
 would not have made use of such a masterpiece of vague 
 phraseology as "the dangere is passed as soon as yowe 
 have burnt the letter. "-^**'^ But, on the contrary, he would 
 have plainly adjured the receiver of the missive, for 
 the love of God and man, to commit it as soon as read 
 to the devouring flames ! 
 
 Lastly should be noted the commendatory words 
 wherewith the document closes. These words (or those 
 akin to them), though in use among Protestants as well 
 as Catholics in the year 1605, were specially employed 
 by Catholics, and particularly by Jesuits or persons who 
 were " Jesuitized " or " Jesuitically affected. "^^^'^
 
 CHAPTER XLV. 
 
 Having dealt with the preliminar// Evidence, we now 
 come to the discussion of the imdn. Evidence which 
 tends to show that suhsequeiit to the penning of the Tjetter 
 Father Edward Oldcorne, Priest and Jesuit, performed 
 acts or spoke words which clearly betoken a consciousness 
 on his part of being the responsible person who penned 
 the document. 
 
 That this may be done the more thoroughly, it will 
 be necessary to ask my readers to engage with me in 
 a metaphysical discussion. 
 
 But, before attempting such a discussion, which 
 indeed is the crux of this historical and philosophical 
 work, we will retrace our steps somewhat, in the order 
 of time, to the end that we may, amongst other things, 
 haply refresh and recreate the mind a little preparatory 
 to entering upon our severer labours. 
 
 Now, on Wednesday, November the (ith, Father 
 Oswald Tesimond went from Coughton, near Redditch, 
 in Warwickshire, the house of Thomas Throckmorton, 
 Esquire, to Huddington, in Worcestershire, the seat of 
 Robert Winter, wlio had married Miss Gertrude Talbot, 
 of Grafton. The Talbots, like the Throckmortons, were a 
 people wlio liappily managed to reconcile rigid adlierence 
 to the ancient Faith with stanch loyalty to their lawful 
 Sovereign.^ 
 
 ' 1 believe tluit tlie grand oltl Catholic iaiiiily of Tiiiockmorton still 
 own Coughton ITall, wliich is twelve miles from lliiidlip.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 149 
 
 Tesiiiiond, leaving behind liiin his Superior Garnet at 
 Conghton, went, it is said, to assist the unhappy traitors 
 with the Sacraments of their Church. But, I imagine, 
 he found most of his hoped-for penitents, at least 
 externally, in anything except a penitential frame of 
 mind. 
 
 This was the last occasion when Tesimond's eyes 
 gazed upon his old York school-fellows of happier, hj^gone 
 days — the brothers John and Christopher Wright.^^*^^ 
 
 Now, to Father Tesimond, as well as to Father 
 Oldcorne, Hindlip HalP and Huddington- (in Worcester- 
 shire), Coughton,^ Lapworth,* Clopton,'*^ and Korbrook*' (in 
 Warwickshire), ^^'^ must have been thoroughly well known; 
 for at Hindlip Hall for eight years Tesimond likewise 
 had been formerly domesticated. 
 
 On Wednesday, the 6th November, Fathers Garnet 
 and Tesimond were at Coughton. Catesby, along w^th 
 Percy, John AYright, Christopher Wright, Sir Everard 
 Digby, Ambrose Kookwood, and others, was at Huddington. 
 Catesby and Digby had sent a letter to Garnet. 
 
 Bates was the messenger, and was come from 
 Norbrook, the house of John Grant, where the plotters 
 rested in their wild, north-westward flight from Ashby 
 St. Legers. For to Ashby the fugitives had posted 
 headlong from London town on Tuesday, the "fatal Fifth." 
 
 ('^MVhere resided either temporarily or permanently: — 
 ^ Thomas Abington. 
 ^ Eobert Winter and Thomas Winter. 
 ^ Thomas Throckmorton. 
 * John Wright and Christopher Wright, 
 ^Ambrose Eookwood. 
 " John Grant. 
 
 Dr. Gardiner's " Ilistori/ of James I." (Longmans) contains a map 
 showing the relative positions of these places.
 
 150 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 Catesby and Bigby urged Garnet to make for Wales.^ 
 
 After balf-an-hour's earnest discourse together, Father 
 Garnet gave leave to Tesimond to proceed to Huddington 
 to administer to the wretched fugitives the I'ites — the last 
 rites — of the Church they had so disgraced and wronged. 
 Garnet remained at Coughton. Tesimond tarried at 
 Huddington about two hours. 
 
 Tesimond arrived at Hindlip from Huddington in a 
 state of the greatest excitement possible. He showed 
 himself on reaching Hindlip to be a choleric man, while 
 Father Oldcorne — who seems to have kept perfectly calm 
 and cool throughout the whole of the momentous con- 
 ference — Tesimond himself denounced, if he did not 
 reproach, as being phlegmatic. 
 
 Tesimond, evidently, had been commissioned by 
 Catesby," at Huddington, to incite Mr. Abington, his 
 household, and retainers, including (I take it, if possible) 
 Oldcorne himself, to join the insurgents at Huddington, 
 
 ^ Ciitesby had great influence over Tesimond, and it was Tesimond 
 whom Catesby first informed of the Gunpowder Plot, in the Tribunal of 
 Penance. Tesimond had a sharp and nimble, but probably not very 
 powerful, mind. Catesby gave Tesimond permission to consult Father 
 Henry Garnet as to the ethics of the Plot. Moreover, Catesby gave the 
 Jesuits permission to disclose the particular knowledge of the Plot they 
 had received, provided they thought it right to do so. This is how we 
 come to know what passed between Catesby and Tesimojid, and then 
 between Tesimond and Garnet. Tesimond had received from Catesby 
 about the 24th July, 1605, in the Confessional, a particular knowledge 
 of the Plot, in the sense that he was told there was projectetl an explosion 
 by gunpowder, with the object of destroying the King and Parliament ; 
 but all particulars respecting final plans he did not know till a fortnight 
 before the lltli of October, 1 think. 
 
 ^ Tesimond, in my opinion, was completely over-mastered by the 
 more potent will of his penitent (?) Catesby. Cf.^ The case of Hugh Latimer 
 and Thomas Bilney ; Bilney made a Protestant of Latimer, who was Rilney's 
 confessor. These afford striking examples of the power of psycho-electrical 
 will force.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER TLOT. 151 
 
 Holbeach, AVales, and wherever else they might unfurl 
 the banner of " the holy war," or, in other words, the 
 armed rebellion against King James, his Privy Council, 
 and Government. 
 
 Tesimond's mission, however, to Hindlip, proving 
 fruitless, he thereupon rode towards Lancashire, in the 
 hope of rousing Lancashire Catholics to arms, as one 
 man, in behalf of those altars and homes they loved 
 jnore than life.
 
 CHAPTER XLVI. 
 
 Now, in this calm and dignified demeanour of 
 Oldcorne, at Hindlip, which evidently so annoyed, nay, 
 exasperated — because it arrested and thwarted — his 
 younger brother Jesuit (both of whom, almost certainly, 
 had known each other in York from boyhood), the 
 discerning reader, I submit, ought in reason to draw this 
 conclusion, namely, that Edward Oldcorne was tranquil 
 and imperturbable because, in regard to the whole of the 
 unhappy business, that so possessed and engrossed the 
 being of Oswald Tesimbnd, Edward Oldcorne's was a 
 onens conscia recti — a mind conscious of rectitude — 
 aje, a mind conscious of superabounding merit and 
 virtue. 
 
 So important evidentially do I think the diverse 
 demeanour ^^^^^ of Tesimond and Oldcorne on this occasion, 
 that I will transcribe from Jardine's " Criminal Trials ''^^'"^^ 
 Oldcorne's testimony of what took place at Hindlip Hall 
 at this interview : — ^^''^^ 
 
 " Oldcorne confesseth that upon Wednesday, being 
 the Gth of November, about two of the clock in the after- 
 noon, there came Tesimond (Greenway) from Huddington, 
 from Mr. Jlobert Winter's to Hindlip, and told Mr. 
 Abington and him ' that he brought them the worst 
 news that ever they heard,' and said ' that they were all 
 undone.' And they demanding the cause, he said that 
 there were certain gentlemen that meant to have blown 
 up the Parliament House, and that their plot was-
 
 THE GUNPOWDEll PLOT. 153. 
 
 discovered a day or two before ; and iio\\' they were- 
 gathered together some forty horse at Mr. Winter's house, 
 naming Catesby, Percy, Digby, and others ; and told 
 them. ' their throats wonld be cut unless they presently 
 went to join with them.' And Mr. Abington said, ' Alas 1. 
 I am sorry.' And this examinate and he answered him 
 that they would never join with him in that matter, and 
 charged all his house to that purpose not to go with 
 them. He coufesseth that upon the former speeches made 
 by this examinate and Mr. Abington to Tesimond, alias 
 Greenway, the Jesuit, Tesimond said in some heat ' tJms 
 we inaji see a difference between a flemmatihe [2:)]degmatic] 
 and a choleric person ! ' and said he would cfo to others, 
 and specially into Lancashire, for the same purpose as 
 he came to Hindlip to Mr. Abington:' ^''^^^'''^ (The itaHc& 
 are mine.)
 
 CHAPTER XLVII. 
 
 Father Henry Garnet, the chief of the Enghsh 
 Jesuits, left London at the end of August, 1G05,^^^^^ and 
 proceeded towards Gothurst (now Gayhurst), in tlie 
 Parish of Tyringhani, three miles from Newport Pagnell, 
 Buckinghamshire.^ 
 
 Now% who was Henry Garnet, wliom the Attorney- 
 General, Sir Edward Coke, described in Westminster Hall 
 as " a man— grave, discreet, wise, learned, and of 
 excellent ornament, both of nature and art;" but aromid 
 wdiose name so fierce a controversy had raged for well- 
 nigh 300 years ? He was born in 1555, and brought up 
 a Protestant of the Established Church; his father being 
 Mr. Briant Garnet, the head master of the Free School, 
 at Nottingham ; his mother's name was Alice Jay. 
 Henry Garnet was a scholar of Winchester School, and 
 the intention was to send him to New College, Oxford. 
 However, he resolved to become reconciled to the Pope's 
 religion, and in 1575 joined the Jesuit Novitiate in Pome, 
 
 ^ The seat of AV'alter Carlile, Esquire, as has been already nientionetl. 
 I have to thank this p;entleman for his courteotisness in informing me that 
 (iayhurst (formerly Gothurst) is three miles from Newport Pagnell. An 
 excellent picture, together with descriptive account, of Gayhurst, is gi|eu 
 in the " Life of Sir Everard Diglnj,'' by one of that knight's descendants. 
 Gothurst contained a remarkable hiding-place, which was probably 
 constructed by Nicholas Owen, the lay-brother of Father Garnet. According 
 to Father Gerard, the friend of Digby, Gothurst was ten miles from Great 
 Harrowden, the seat of the young Lord "N'aux.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 155 
 
 where the great Cardinal Bellarmine w^as one of his 
 tutors. 
 
 Now, to the end that the claims of Truth and 
 •Justice, strict, severe, and impartial, may be met in 
 relation to this celebrated English Jesuit, it will be 
 necessary to repeat that as far back as about th-e beginning 
 of Trinity Term {i.p.., the 9th June, 1605), Catesby, in 
 Thames Street, London — outside tJie Confessional — had 
 propounded to Garnet a question, wJiich ought to have 
 jnct the Jesuit expressly upon inquivij. For that question 
 was, in case it were lawful to kill a person or persons, 
 whether it were necessary to regard the innocents w^hicli 
 were present, lest they also should perish withal. 
 
 And this the rather, when Catesby on that very 
 ■occasion "made solemn protestation that he would never 
 be known to have asked me [i.e., Garnet] any such 
 ■question as long as he lived." — See "Hatfield MS.," 
 printed in " Historical Beview,'' for July, 1888, and 
 largely quoted in the Eev. J. Gerard's articles on Garnet, 
 in ''Month'' for June and July, 1901. 
 
 On the . 24th of July, 1605, Garnet had sent a 
 remarkable letter to Eome, addressed to Father Aquaviva, 
 the General of the Jesuits. — See " Father Gerard's 
 Narrative," pp. 76, 77, in " Condition of Catholics under 
 James J.," edited by Eev. John Morris, S.J. (Longmans, 
 1872). 
 
 In this letter, which of course was in Latin, 
 Garnet says — amongst other things betokening an 
 apprehension of a general insurrectionary feeling among 
 Catholics up and down the country in consequence 
 of the terrible persecution which had re-commenced as 
 soon as James I. had safely concluded his much-desired 
 peace with Spain — " the danger is lest secretly some 
 Treason or violence he shown to tJie King, and so all 
 Catholics may he comj^elled. to tahe arms.''
 
 156 THE GUXrOWDEPv PLOT. 
 
 Garnet then proceeds: " WJirrrfore, in my judg merit,, 
 tivo thiiKjs arc iwcessarf/, firsf, Ihdt His Holiness should 
 prescribe lohat in any case is fo be done; and then, that 
 he sJiould forbid, any force of arms by the Catholics under 
 Censures, (did by Brief , publicly 2'i'onLuhjated ; an occasion 
 for which can be tahen from tlie disturbance lately raised 
 in Wales, whicli has at length, come to notldng. It 
 ^remains tluit as all things are daily becoming worse, we 
 should beseech His Holiness soon to give a necessary 
 remedy foi- these great dangers, and we ask his blessing 
 and that of your Paternity." (The italics are mine.) 
 
 Now, by the word "censures" here, I presume. 
 Garnet meant excommunication, that is, a cutting off 
 from the visible fellowship of Catholics and (what would 
 frighten every Catholic, whether his faith worked by love 
 or fear, that is, whether it were a rational form of 
 religion or a mere abject superstition) a deprivation of 
 the Sacraments of his exacting Church, which are, 
 according to Home's tenets, the special means devised by 
 the Founder of Christianit}^ whereby Man is united 
 to " the Unseen Perfectness."
 
 CHAPTER XLYIir. 
 
 When Garnet penned this letter to the General of 
 the Jesuits in Rome, he had, outside the Confessional, a 
 general knowledge of the Gunpowder project from Robert 
 Catesby. 
 
 Thus much is clear. 
 
 That is to say, Garnet had a great suspicion, 
 tantamount to a general knowledge, that Catesby had 
 in his head some bloody and desperate enterprise of 
 massacre, the object whereof was to destroy at one fell 
 blow James I. and his Protestant Government. — See 
 Gerard's " Narrative,'" p. 78. 
 
 Garnet most j^rohabl// in the Confessional even did not 
 at first liiow all particulars. 
 
 That is to say, he did not know that it was 
 intended to put thirty-six barrels of gunpowder in a 
 cellar under the House of Lords — consignments of ex- 
 plosives which it was further intended were to be ignited, 
 wdien Parliament met, by Guy Fawkes, booted and 
 spurred, by means of a slow-burning match, which would 
 give him one rpiarter-of-an-hour's grace to effect his 
 'escape to a ship in the Thames bound for Elanders : 
 mid that the young Princess Elizabeth was to be seized 
 at the house of the Lord Harrington, in Warwickshire, and 
 proclaimed Queen after her parents and two brothers, 
 Henry Prince of Wales and Charles Duke of York, had 
 been torn and rent into ten thousand fragments.
 
 158 THE GUNrOWDER PLOT. 
 
 ]>ut this able, learned, swcot-tempered, yet weak- 
 willed, iniiiiiHf^inative, irresolute man Icnciv enough outside- 
 the Confessional — which is the point we have to deal with 
 here — to render himself lial)le to have been sent to 
 the galleys by the Pope, if His Holiness could have 
 laid hold of liim, when, notwithstanding this atrocious, 
 knowledge, he actually refused to give ear to the arch- 
 conspii'iitor, even altlKnigh Catesby, on Father Gerard's, 
 own admission, " offered sometimes to tell him TGarnet] 
 that they 'Catesl)y and liis friends] would not endure to 
 be so long so nuich abused, but would take some course- 
 to right themselves, if others would not respect them 
 or could not relieve them." — Gerard's ^^ Narrative,'" p. 78. 
 
 Truly " Evil is wrought by want of thought as well 
 as by want of heart." 
 
 The fact that Garnet knew violence was likely tO' 
 be shown to his lawful Sovereign, coupled with the fact 
 that Garnet niigJit Jiave learned all the j^articulars about 
 that purposed violence h:id he not, through a, negligence- 
 which can be only characterized as grossly criminal, 
 passively omitted, if indeed he had not actively declined, 
 to obtain those particulars from the lips of the arch-' 
 conspirator himself — such facts make the case np to the 
 fMtli of July, 1603, absolutely fatal against Garnet. And 
 such facts can lead the unbiased mind of the philosophical 
 historian (who does not care a pin about all the 
 ecclesiastical spite, on either one side or the other, that 
 ever was oi- ever shall be), can lead to one inevitable 
 conclusion only : that Henry Garnet was justly condemned 
 to death by an earthly tribunal for misprision, that is, for 
 concealment, of High Treason against the Socereign power 
 (f Ins Country. Although, being a priest, he ought to- 
 have been- ecclesi-astically ^^ degraded"" first, according to 
 the provisions of the Canon law, and then handed
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 159" 
 
 over to the secular arm for condign punishment, according 
 to the law of the outrasjed State. 
 
 For, " Jr/ cerium est quod certum reddi 'potest,'' that 
 is, certain knowledge which can be reduced to a 
 certainty. 
 
 Again, the damning evidence against Garnet is 
 clenched by a letter that he sent to Rome, dated 28th 
 August, wherein, amongst other things, he said : " And 
 for anything we can see. Catholics are quiet, and likely 
 to continue their old patience, and to trust to the King 
 or his son for to remedy all in time." — Gerard's 
 '' Narratire;' pp. 78, 79. 
 
 Now Garnet^ was a man of most acute mind and 
 very clear-sighted ; but he was intellectually unimaginative 
 as well as morally weak-willed. And such a man is. 
 never a far-sighted man. 
 
 But as Garnet's moral character w^as almost 
 certainly good on the whole, the conclusion that Justice- 
 suggests in reference to this letter of the 28th August 
 especially is that, through intense grief and anguish of 
 mind. Garnet had lost his head, and was not wholly 
 responsible for either his words or actions.' 
 
 ^ Garnet \A'as a profound mathematician and accomplished linguist,, 
 amongst other acquirements. 
 
 ^ After Father Tesimond had told Garnet (with Catesby's leave) of 
 tlie Plot, thereby bringing the matter a.s a natural secret indirectly under 
 the seal of the Confessional, Garnet could not sleep at nights. Now, sleep- 
 lessness, con^bined with carking care and keen distress of heart, would 
 inevitably tend to unbalance even the very strongest of human minds^ 
 at least, temporarily. Tesimond told Garnet generally of Catesby's- 
 diabolical plan '"a little before" St. James'-tide {i.e., the 2oth of July, 1605), 
 at Fremland, in Essex, but by way of confession. The Government,, 
 however, it seems to me, from the report of the trial in Jardine's " Criminal 
 Trials'' and from Lingard, condemned Garnet not because he did not reveal 
 particular Icnoidedge he had received in the Confessional from Tesimond, but 
 because he did not reveal general knowledge he had from Catesby outside the
 
 CHAPTER XLIX. 
 
 At the beginning of the month of September, 
 1005, Father Garnet was at Gothnrst/ three miles from 
 Ne^Yport Pagnell, in the County of Buckinghamshire, 
 
 Confess io I) al. Tliis, iii fairness to James 1., Salisbury, ami the King's 
 ■Council, should be faithfullv borne in mind. Moreover, according to one 
 school of Catholic moralists, in either case the Government ought to have 
 been conununicated with if (larnet could have done so without risk of 
 divulging 'I'esimond's name. Indeed, Garnet himself took this view — the 
 view which most princes and statesmen will prefer, I should fancy. 
 Garnet, however, had not the machinery ready to his hand to carry hoik 
 views into practical effect. Therefore Garnet, to my mind, was eminentli/ 
 justified in not dividginr/ the jmrticidar knowledije he had from Tesimond bit 
 waif of confession. For according to the teaching of Thomas Aqnlnas, the 
 Christian Aristotle, a natural secret mag he indirectly protected bv the seal 
 of the Confessional if the priest j^romises so to protect it. I conclude, 
 however, that (1) according to tlie dictates of right reason the promise may 
 be either implied or expressed, and {'2) thnt in the case of overwhelming 
 necessity the promise may be broken, as in the case of High Treason, if 
 the priest can avoid, ivith absolute certitude, exposing the name of the 
 depositor of the wicked secret. It was because Garnet could not avoid 
 ■exposing Tesimond's name ^practically that he was justified in not acting 
 upon his own abstract principles in relation to the knowledge he had from 
 Tesimond by way of confession. 
 
 ^ (Tothurst (now Gayhurst) is twelve miles from Xoi'tlianiptoii and 
 from ten to fifteen miles from Great Harrowden. Weston Underwood and 
 Olney, innnortalized by AVilliam Cowper, are not far from lH)th jjlaees. 
 The poet woidd be distantly related to young Lord Yaux of Jlarrowden, 
 through the Donnes, who, like Lord Vaux, through the Ropers, were 
 descended from Sir Thomas More. To Walter Carlile, Esquire, who 
 now resides at Gayhurst, which was the ancient name of the Estate 
 (Gothurst, however, being its name in Sir Everard Digby's day), I am 
 indebted for the information as to the distance of Gayhurst from 
 Northam])ton. Cowper was, it will be recollected, the intimate friend of 
 the Tlu-ockmortous of his dnv.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 1(U 
 
 and about the 5th of September froui this still staiuling 
 stately English home there proceeded the nucleus of a 
 pilgrim-band bent for the famous well of St. ^Yinifred, 
 the British Saint, situated at Holywell, in North Wales. 
 
 Sir Everard Bigby, the Master of Gothurst, was not 
 of the company, as he was engaged in negotiating a 
 match between the young Lord Vaux of Harrowden, then 
 a youth of about fourteen years of age, .with one of the 
 daughters of .the Lord Chamberlain, the Earl of Suffolk. 
 But Lady Digby formed one of the band, as did 
 the uncle of Lord Yaux, Edward Brookesby, Esquire, of 
 Arundell House, Shouldby, Leicestershire, and his wife 
 the Honourable Eleanor Brookesby, together with her 
 sister the Honourable Anne Yaux. 
 
 At least two Jesuits formed part of the cavalcade, 
 Father Henry Garnet and Father John Percy, the 
 chaplain to Sir Everard Digby. 
 
 Father John Gerard, who had "reconciled to the 
 ■Church," as the phrase went, both Sir Everaixl and 
 Jjady Bigby and was their intimate and honoured friend, 
 as well as the friend of the Dowager Lady Yaux 
 of Harrowden and her family, did not join the 
 pilgrimage. 
 
 Father Gerard was most probably in Yorkshire at 
 this tinje. For there is interesting evidence tending 
 to prove that about the 25th of August, 1605, this 
 Lancashire Jesuit was being harboured as the guest 
 of Sir John and Lady Yorke, at Gowthwaite (or 
 Goulthwaite) Hall, near Pateley Bridge, in Nidderdale.^ 
 
 The following abstracts from the Evidence of two 
 of Sir Everard Digby's serving-men, who accompanied 
 
 ^ See " The Condition of Catholics under James /." Edited by John 
 Morris, S.J. (Longmans, 1S72), p. 257.
 
 102 THE GUNI'OWDEE PLOT. 
 
 their devout, charming 3'oiiiig mistress on this now famous 
 pilgrimage, will give the best account of ^vhat took place 
 on this occasion.^ 'i'liey ^I'c as follow: — 
 
 Gunpowder Plot Books — No. 153. 
 
 [Abstract.] 
 
 ii. Dec. 1605 
 
 [In Cal. 11 Dec. 1605.1 
 
 " Th'examination of James Garvey serv* to S' Everard 
 
 Digby 
 
 7^ y^ tIv 'p" ^f *|v 
 
 " Saietli about Bartholmew tide last his ladie roade 
 to St. Wenefred's Well from Gotehurst : first daie to 
 Deyntrie : ' 2 to Grantz : " 3 to AVinters : ■* 4 to Mr. 
 Lacon's : ^ 5 to Shrewsberie : 6 to holte : ^' 7 to the well : 
 they staled at the well but one night : and retorned the 
 
 ^ St. Winifred's A^ell is at Holywell, Flintshire, Wales, and is 
 sacred to 8t. Winifred of AVales, an early Britisli Virgin and Martyr. 
 Her " Life " will be found in Butler's " Lires of the Saints,'' under date 
 November 3rd, ber Feast Day. The waters of tbe Well are of healing 
 quality, very copious and icj' cold. There is an elegant mediaeval stone 
 Chapel built over the Well. (I visited this ancient shrine of a British 
 Maiden — who still rules human hearts — in September, 1897, on my return 
 from Ebbsfleet, where the thirteenth Centenary Commemorations had been 
 held in honour of the spiritual grandsire aiul sire of the English race, 
 the Italian Pope Gregory the Great and the Italian Beiiedicl ine Monk 
 xViigustine.) 
 
 ^ Daventry, Xortbamptonshire. 
 
 ' .lohn Grant's, at Norbroolv, Snitterfield, Warwickshire. 
 
 ' Haddington Hall, near Droitwich, Worcestershire. 
 
 ^ Most probably at Kinlet Hall, about five miles from Cleobury 
 Mortimer, Shropshire. 
 
 Holt, in Denbighshire.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 163 
 
 first day 2 to holt 2 to Mr. Banester's at Wen^ 2 to Mr. 
 Lacon's agaiiie and so retorned to Gotehurst. 
 
 " Saietli ther were in that jorney the ladie Digby, 
 Mrs. Yaux,'- Mr. Brookysby and his wief Mr. Darcy^ one 
 Thomas Digby ^ a tall gentleman : one fisher -' a little 
 man : S'' frauncis Lacon and his daughter and two or 3 
 gentlemen more went w^ith them from Mr. Lacon's to 
 the well, &c., &c. 
 (Endorsed) "11 Dec. 1605. 
 
 " The Exam" of James Garvie srv* to S'" Everard 
 Digby." 
 
 Gunpowder Plot Books — No. 121. 
 [Abstract.] 
 Th'examination of A\ illiam Handy servaunte to S'" 
 
 li r 
 
 Everard Digby taken the xxvij*'' of November 1605 
 
 * 
 
 [Par. 41 — " Saith that he haith bin at many masses 
 since Easter last sometimes at the howse of the said 
 Digby sometimes at the howse of the L : Yanx sometimes 
 at the howse of Mr. Throgmorton at the howse of Mr. 
 Graunt at the house of Mr. Winter and at the house 
 of Mr. Lacon in Shropshire aud at Shrosbury in an Inn 
 and at a Castle in the Holte in Denbeghe or Flintshire, 
 and at St. Y'ynyfride's AYell in an Inn, from whence 
 
 ^ Weil), tShropsbire. 
 
 " Miss Anne A'aux. ^ 
 
 •' An alias of Father Garnet: Farmer was another of Garnet's aliases. 
 
 ■* An uncle of Sir Everard, belike. 
 
 " An alias of Father Percy, afterwards famous for his historic 
 controversy with Archbishop Laud.
 
 164 THE GUNPOWDEIl PLOT. 
 
 the gentlewomen went barefoote to the said well and in 
 their retoiirne from the said well at one Farmer's howse 
 about 7 miles from Shrosbnry, and from thence to Mr. 
 Lacon's where they had masse whereat S'" Franncis 
 Lacon was from thence to ^Iv. Robert Winter's and from 
 thence to Mr. Graunte's from thence to Deyntree and 
 from thence to S'' Everard Digby at all wliich places 
 
 they had masse. ^ 
 
 * * * * * * 
 
 (Endorsed) "27 Nov. 1605. 
 
 " Th'examination of Wni. Handy serv* to S'" Everard 
 Digby." 
 
 ' The reason why llie Ex.'uuiner wlio took down t]ie Evidence was 
 particular to inquire about Masses was that f(jr a ])riest to say (or 
 oifer) Mass was to be liable to a penalty of I'OO marks (a mark being 
 13s. 4d.) and imprisonment for life; while for a hiy person to hear (or 
 assist at oifering) Mass was to be liable to a penalty of ]00 marks and 
 im|)risonm('nt for life. To harbour a priest was felony and the penalty 
 was lianging, but without the cutting down alive, drawing and (juaitering. 
 This last was the portion of the priests who, by i-einaining in England 40 
 days, wei'e held ipso facto guilty of Jligh Treason without proof of the 
 exercise of priestiy functions. This last penalty, of course, rendered un- 
 necessary the having recourse to tlie penalty of 1*()0 marks fine and 
 imprisonment fur life, since the greater included the less.
 
 CHAPTEE L. 
 
 The pilgi'im-band numbered about thirty souls, and 
 included Ambrose Eookwood and his wife in addition to 
 those before mentioned. Ambrose Rookwood appears to 
 have been sworn in as a conspirator by Catesby and 
 others in London about ten weeks before the 2nd day of 
 December, 1605, so that I conclude this must have been 
 very soon after his return from Flintshire. 
 
 Sir Everard Digby was also made a confederate by 
 Catesby alone about this time, and in the "Lz/c" of that 
 well-favoured but misguided knight there is an admirably- 
 WTitten account of the unhappy enrolment of the ill-fated 
 young father of the famous cavalier and diplomatist, Sir 
 Kenelm Digby. 
 
 It would seem that Father Garnet proceeded to 
 Gothurst with the pilgrims on their return. But he 
 must have shortly afterwards retraced his steps to Great 
 Harrowden. 
 
 For a fortnight before Michaelmas (11th October, 
 old style) the chief of the English Jesuits was being- 
 harboured at Great Harrowden, the house of the Dowager 
 Lady Yaux and the young Lord Yaux. 
 
 Great Harrowden Hall appears to have been rebuilt 
 by the guardians of the youthful baron a little before the 
 year 1G05. For in '' Tlie Condition of CatJiolics iiucler 
 James /.," being largely the life of Father John Gerard, 
 there is (p. 147) the following statement : " Our 
 hostess set about fitting up her own present residence^
 
 ICG THE GUNrOWDER PLOT. 
 
 for that same purpose, and built us separate quarters 
 close to the old (Miapel . . . Here she built a little wing 
 of three stories for Father Percy and me. The place 
 was exceedingly convenient, and so free from observation 
 that from our rooms we could step out into the private 
 garden, and thence through spacious walks into the 
 fields, where we could mount our horses and ride whither 
 we would." On p. 175 Father Gerard says : " Our 
 vestments and altar furniture were both plentiful and 
 costly . . . some were embroidered with gold and pearls 
 and figured by well-skilled hands. We had six massive 
 silver candlesticks on the altar, besides those at the 
 sides for the Elevation ; the cruets were of silver also, 
 as were the basin for the lavabo, the bell, and the 
 thurible. There were, moreover, lamps hanging from 
 silver chains, and a silver crucifix on the altar. For 
 greater Festivals, however, I had a crucifix of gold, a 
 foot in height." 
 
 The Hall at Great Harrowden contained hiding- 
 places for the priests, probably contrived by Brother 
 Nicholas Owen, the servant of Father Garnet. 
 
 The priests that resided at Great Harrowden were 
 at that time mainly Jesuits. And besides Father Gerard 
 himself. Fathers Strange, Nicholas Hart, and Eoger Lee 
 were there oftentimes to be found. ^ 
 
 ' The present Lord Yaux of Harrowden, in the coLirse of a most 
 courteous reply to various Iiistorical questions the writer ventured to 
 propound to liini, says, in a letter dated 15th November, 1901, that hi.s 
 residence, Harrowden Hall, was erected in the year 1719. It will, there- 
 fore, not be the self-same mansion as that wherein fathers Garnet, Gerard, 
 Eisher, lloger Lee, etc., weie wont to be harboured by his Lordship's 
 distinguished ancestors. 
 
 None of the grand old English Catholic families, those " lionourable 
 peo|)le,'' if such were ever known to mortal, have a better right than the
 
 CHAPTEE LI. 
 
 On the 4th of October, Father Garnet wrote a long 
 letter to Father Parsons in Ptome, who was then virtually 
 the rnler of the Catholics of England, though that sturdy 
 Yorkshireman, Father John Mush,^ among secular priests, 
 together with many others, resented being dictated to by 
 Father Parsons, certainly a man of great genius, but 
 indulging too much the mere "wire-puller" instinct and 
 propensity to be reckoned a prince among ecclesiastical 
 statesmen. 
 
 This letter of Father Garnet's, to which reference has 
 been just made, is a remarkable production. It begins as 
 follows : — 
 
 Lordri Vaux of llarrowdeii, to take as their motto those fine wcn-ds ot" 
 ■Gierald JNlassey : — 
 
 " ' They wrought in Faith ; ' and not 
 ' They wrought in Doubt : ' — 
 Is the proud epitaph tliat we inscribe 
 Above our glorious dead." 
 
 The name " Yaux of llarrowden " is still to be found in the bead- 
 roll of English Roman Catholic Peers. And, along with such historic 
 names as Norfolk, Mowbray and Stourton, Petre, Arundell of AVardour, 
 Stafford, Clifford of Chudleigh, and Heri'ies, the name "Yaux of 
 Harrowden" was appended to " the Eoman Catholic Peers' Protest," dated 
 from the House of Lords, 14th February, 1901, addressed to the Earl of 
 Halsbury, I>ord High Chancellor of England, anent " the Declaration 
 against Popery," that Our Most Gracious King Edward YII. was 
 compelled, by Act of Parliament, to utter on the occasion of meeting His 
 Majesty's first Parliament. 
 
 ^ Mush may have been of the Mushes, of Knaresbrough, stanch 
 ■Catholics, but in humble circumstances. — See Peacock's '■'List.'"
 
 168 THE GUNrOWDER TLOT. 
 
 " My very loviiif^- Sir, 
 
 " This I write from the elder Nichohis^ his residence 
 where I find my hostess with all her posterity very well ; 
 and we are to go within few days nearer London." 
 The letter then says : — 
 
 " The judges now openly protest that the King 
 
 will have blood and hath taken blood in Yorkslnre."" 
 
 There were four paragraphs at the end of the letter. 
 
 Now, a short but separate paragraph of three lines. 
 
 is carefully obliterated between the first and the third 
 
 of these paragraphs. 
 
 The third paragraph ends thus : — 
 
 " I cease 4th Octohris.'" 
 The fourth paragraph then continues : — 
 
 " My hostesses hoth and their children salute you. 
 Sir Thonuis Tresham is dead."^ 
 Heje ends the body of the letter. 
 
 ^ Father Nicholas Hart, S.J., as distinguished from Brother Nicholas 
 Owen, 8. J. 
 
 '■'The "Venerable" Thomas Welbourn and John Fulthering suffered 
 at York on tlie 1st August, 1605; and AVilliam Brown at Kipon on the 
 5th September. — See Challoner's " Missionary Priestn." Ed. by T. G. Law 
 (Jack, Edinburgh). 
 
 * The hostesses would bo those vahant women, Elizabeth Dowager 
 Lady Vaux of Harrowden {nee Roper), llie Honourable Eleanor Brookesby, 
 and the Honourable Anne Yaux. William ],ord Vaux oi' Harrowden, 
 who harboured Father Parsons in 1580-81, had married for his second 
 wife a sister of Sir Thomas Tresham. This Jjord Vaux's eldest sou 
 Ambrose, a ])riest, resigned his title in favour of his lialf-hi-other the 
 Honourublr George A'aux, afterwards Lord Vaux of Harrowden. The 
 first wife (jf William Lord Vaux was Elizabeth Beaumont, of Gracedieu, 
 Leicestershire. She was the mother of Ambi-ose, Elizabeth, and Anne 
 Vaux. 1 at her Garnet for many years lived at Harrowden, from 1586 as 
 the guest of William Lord A^aux, whose son, George Lord A'aux , of 
 Harrowden. married l^lizabeth Boper, daughter of the lirst Lord Teynham. 
 This lady wa-; the the above-named Dowtiger Lady A'aux of Harrowden, 
 mother of Edwiud Lord A'aux of Harrowden, who becamt^ as "noble a 
 confessor \^n- the I'ailii'' as were his numerous other relatives. (The 
 ])resent Loid \'aux of Harrowden, whose family name is Mostyn, is 
 descended from the above-mentioned Lords A'aux, through the female line.)
 
 CHAPTEH LTI. 
 
 After tlie body of the letter tliere is a post scriptum. 
 
 Now, tliere are nine words in the post script um that 
 suffice to clench the argument of this book. 
 
 And why ? Because, I respectfully submit, those nine 
 words show that between the 4th day of October, 1G05, 
 and the 21st day of October, Garnet had received from 
 somewhere intelligence to tJie effect that machinery ivas 
 being put into motion ivhereby tJie Plot would be squashed. 
 
 For the post scriptuni to this letter of Father Cxarneb 
 is as follows : — 
 
 ''21" Octobris. 
 " This letter being returned unto me again, for 
 
 EEASON of a FEIENd's STAY IN THE WAY, I blottcd OUt 
 
 some words, purposing to write the same by the next 
 opportunity, as I will do apart. 
 
 " I have a letter from Field, the Journeyman in 
 Ireland, who telleth me that of late, there was a very 
 severe proclamation against all ecclesiastical persons, 
 and a general command for going to the churches, 
 w?th a solemn protestation that the King never promised 
 nor meant to give toleration. 
 
 "I pray you speak to Claude, and to grant them, 
 or obtain for them all the faculties we have here ; for 
 so he earnestly desireth, and is scrupulous. I gave 
 unto two of them, that passed by me, all we have ; 
 and I think it sufficient in law ; for being here, they
 
 170 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 f 
 
 were my subjects, and we have our faculties also for 
 Ireland, for tlio most part. I pray you procure them 
 a general grant for their comfort." 
 
 The letter and the post ficrlpluni are alike unsigned. 
 The letter and the post scriptum are still in existence, 
 and, I believe, are preserved in London in tlie archives 
 of the lioman (.'atliohc Archbishop of Westminster. 
 
 I am indebted for my copy to the work entitled, 
 ^^A True Account of the Gunpuirder Plot,'" by 
 ^'Vindicator" (Dolman), 1851 — taken from Tierney's 
 Edition of ''BodcVs Church Historijr 
 
 The Claude referred to in the post scriptum is 
 Father Claude Aquaviva, the then General of the Jesuits, 
 who lived in Kome. 
 
 (Irish Catholics will not fail to notice the interest 
 this afflicted, much-tried Englishman took in tiieir case 
 on the 21st October, 1605.) 
 
 Father Gerard says in his '■^Narrative of the Plot,'" 
 p. 269 : "Father Oldcorne his indictment was so framed 
 that one might see they much desired to have withdrawn 
 him within the conjpass of some participation in tliis 
 late Treason ; to which effect tliey first did seem to 
 suppose it as likciy that he should send letters up and 
 down to prepare men's minds for the insurrection." 
 
 Again ; respecting llalpli Ashley, the Jesuit lay- 
 brother and servant of Father Oldcorne, Gerard says, on 
 p. 271: " Ealpli was also indicted and condennied upon 
 supposition that lie had carried letters to and fro about 
 this conspiracy." 
 
 Now, Duj deliberate conjectures are these : TJiat Edward 
 Oldcorne had indeed sent ^'■Letters " whicli liix servant 
 Palph Ashley had carried. couceruiiKj " this conspiracjj.'''' 
 That one of tliose Letters was sent and, carried to Henry
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 171 
 
 Garnet. And anotlter to William, ParJccr fourth Lord 
 Mount eagle. 
 
 On the 12th of March, 1605-6, Father Garnet, when 
 a prisoner in the Towner of London, before the Lord Chief 
 Justice Popliani, Sir Edward Coke, Sir Wilham Waade 
 (Lieutenant of tiie Tower), and John Corbett, " confessed 
 that Father Parsons wrote to hitn certain letters last 
 summer [i.e., 1605J wJiich lie received about Michaelmas 
 ■last, wherein he requested this examinat to advertise him 
 what plotts the Catholiques of England had then in 
 hand; wlicreunto for that this examijiat ujas on his 
 journey he made no answere.'" 
 
 Yea, indeed, this was a part of the trutli, no doubt. 
 But the remainder of the trutli, I suggest, was that the 
 Plot of Plots Garnet Jiad learned, a few dags after the 
 aforesaid Michaelmas, luas being assuredly squashed by 
 Edward Old come. 
 
 Poor Henry Garnet, a sorry, pathetic figure in the 
 history of his Country, surely. Yet, because niucli was 
 lost, he knew that it did not therefore follow that all 
 was lost. For this gifted, distraught, erring man still 
 held " something sacred, something undefiled, some 
 pledge and keepsake of his better nature." 
 
 That something ivas Jiis point of honour as a Priest 
 of tlie Catholic Church.^ 
 
 ^ How niauy a gallant soldier and sailor in our own day, young and 
 old, has been sustained in life and death by the consoling infnite tliouglit 
 of fdeliti/ to the commands of a laivfid suj^ertor ; by the comforting 
 transcendental thowjht of diitij done! Cf., Frederic Denison Maurice's fine 
 passage on the inspiring and ennobling idea of Duty, in his " Lectures 
 on the Epistles of St. John (Macinillan) ; also Wordsu orth's magnificent 
 "Ode to Duty."
 
 CHAPTER LIU. 
 
 Sir I^vc'r;u-(1 Dii^by liad rented Couf^litoii, near Alcestei\ 
 in Warwickshire, from Tlionias Throckmorton, Esquire, as a 
 base for the warhkc operations, which were to be conducted 
 in the Midhmds as soon as inteUigence had arrived from 
 London tliat the King, Lords Spiritual and Temporal, 
 together with the Gentlemen of the House of Conjmons,. 
 
 "were now no more." 
 
 On Sunday, the 3rd of November, the young knight 
 rode from Cougliton to J)uuchureh, near Kughy. 
 
 Eobert Winter the same day left Huddington and, 
 sleeping (mi the Sunday niglit at Grafton, at the house 
 of his father-in-hiw, John Talbot, Esquire, rode on to 
 Coventry, in company with the younger Acton, of 
 liibbesford, and attended by several servants. 
 
 At Coventry, Robert Winter was joined by Stephen 
 Littleton, of Holl)each House, in Staffordshire, just over 
 the borders of Worcestershire; and also by his cousin, 
 Humphrey Littleton, brother to the then late John 
 Littleton,' of Hagley House, Worcestershire, who had 
 been engaged in the Essex rising. 
 
 On tlie following Tuesday, November the 5ih, the 
 whole party proceeded towards ])unchin(h, the armed 
 cavalcade continuahy increasing in nuin])ers. 
 
 ' All llir Littletons were descended from tlie great Judge Littleton, 
 author of " LUthtnu on Tennrcs." The present Lord Lyttelttni belongs to 
 llie same iaiuilv.
 
 THE GL'XrOWDER TLOT. 173 
 
 The plan was, that at Duusmore Heath, under a 
 ieigned hunting or coursing match, there should be a 
 gathering of the Midland Catholic clans, then very 
 numerous and powerful. Dunsmore Heath, in fact, was 
 to be the rendezvous of the insurgents. 
 
 Eobert AVinter left the cousins Littleton at " the 
 town's end" of Dunchurch, and rode on to Ashbv St. 
 Legers, the ancestral seat of the Catesbies, where, 
 indeed, the Dowager Lady Catesby was then 
 residing. 
 
 Here liobert Winter hoped to meet Catesby, with 
 whom, after the latter had reported progress with 
 reference to things done in London on that Tuesday 
 morning. Winter purposed to gallop off to the rendezvous 
 at Dunsmore Heath. 
 
 Ambrose Rookwood was one of tlie latest to leave 
 for the provinces. He owned many fine horses ; and he 
 had placed relays of horses all the way from London to 
 Dunchurch. Rookwood rode one horse at the rate of 
 fifteen niiles an hour. Riding for dear life, he overtook 
 Catesby, Percy, and the two Wrights, near Brickhill. 
 Percy and John Wright cast off their cloaks and threw 
 uhem into the hedge to ride the more swiftly. ^^'''^ 
 
 About six o'clock in the evening of Tuesday, jnst as 
 Lady Catesb}^, Robert AYinter, and some others were 
 about to sit down to supper in the old mansion-house, 
 there fell upon their ears a mingled din, occasioned by 
 horses' feet and men's excited voices. 
 
 Soon in rushed, with scared faces and travel-stained 
 garb, grievously fatigued and intensely agitated, the son 
 of the house (Robert Catesby), Thomas Percy, John 
 Wright, Christopher AY right, and Ambrose Rookwood. 
 Their announcement was the capture of Guy Fawkes 
 ■early that Tuesday morning.
 
 174 THE GUNPOWDER I'LOT. 
 
 After holding a sliort council of w;ir, the whole hand 
 of conspirators, snatching np nil the weapons of warfare- 
 they could lay their hands on, took horse again and 
 rode off to J)unchnrch. 
 
 Sir Everard Dighy, his uncle (Sir Kobert Dighy, of 
 Coleshill), Stephen Littleton, Humphrey Littleton, and 
 many others were awaiting their arrival at Dunchurcli, 
 in an inn. 
 
 The six fugitive conspirators, all hespattered with 
 the mire of November high roads, with dejected looks 
 and jaded aspect, arrived in due time to tell their tale. 
 
 Soon Sir Robert Digby departed with one of his 
 sons, then Humphrey Littleton, and speedily many others 
 of the hunting party. 
 
 It was determined b\' the ringleaders to make for 
 Wales ; for the Catholics of the Principality were then 
 veiy strong,^ and the Counties of Warwick, Worcester, 
 and Stafford were to be traversed, from all of which 
 valuable reinforcements were expected. 
 
 About ten o'clock on Tuesday night the full 
 
 Mt is a curious I'uct tl;at in the reign of Elizabeth, Father Weston, 
 S.J., specially spoke of Wales, along with the counties bordering on 
 Scotland, as being firm in its attachment to the Church of Eome. it was 
 the laclc of a AVelsh College in Kome which, causing the supply of jiriests 
 to fail, gradually caused the interesting Cymric people to lose the Faith 
 wliicli they of all the inhabitants of the British Isles were the first to 
 embrace. 
 
 It is to be remembered, however, that tliere lias always been a 
 remnant in a few of the valleys of Wales faitliful to the See of Home: 
 and Dr. Owen Lewis, tlie Bishop of Cassano, a W'elsiunan, aided Cardinal 
 Allen to found Douay College, in 1 .068. Several of the Martyrs of the 
 sixteenth aiul seventeenth centuries, too, were Welsh. 
 
 At the English College at Kome the AVelsh and tlie English students- 
 had violent and. to read of, amusing quarrels. Evidently the Welsh 
 students looked down upon tlu-ii- Anglo-Saxon compeers as belonging a 
 comparatively inferior race.
 
 THE GUNroWDEE PLOT. 175- 
 
 coiiipan}', now about thirty strong, set out for 
 Norbrook/ the house of John Grant. 
 
 Thence, it will be recollected, Bates was sent with 
 a note from Catesby and Sir Everard Digby to Father 
 Garnet, at Coughton, urging Garnet to join the rebels 
 in Wales. 
 
 Lady Digb}^ had also a letter from her husband, but 
 the poor young wife, we are told, could, alas ! do naught- 
 but cry. 
 
 After a halt of about two hours for refreshments- 
 and the procuring of more arms, the insurgents once 
 more slipped their feet into the stirrups, and on they rode 
 for Huddington, near Droitwich, where they arrived at 
 two o'clock in the afternoon of AYednesday, the 6th. 
 Sentinels were posted at the passage of every way 
 at Huddington, possibly by the order of John Winter, 
 half-brother to Eobert and Thomas W^inter. 
 
 Here they were joined by Thomas Winter, who had 
 come down from London with the latest new^s ; also by 
 the Jesuit, Father Tesimond, whom Catesby hailed with 
 
 joy- 
 
 They rested for a good few hours at Huddington; 
 and, as we have seen already, at about three o'clock 
 in the morning of Thursday all the gentlemen 
 assisted at Father Nicholas Hart's Mass, went to Con- 
 fession, and received, at the Jesuit's hands, what most 
 of them from their childhood had been taught to 
 believe was " tlie Bread of Angels," and " the Food of 
 Immortality."" 
 
 ' At Warwick, en route for Xorbrook, they took some horses out of 
 a stable near the Castle, and left their own steeds in exchange therefor. 
 They arrived at Warwick at about three o'clock on Wednesday morning. 
 
 - Certainly Man's nature needs these things ; but the question is :. 
 Can it get them? "Aye, thei-e's the rub."
 
 17G THE GUNrOWDER PLOT. 
 
 Before daybreak of Thursday the fugitives were on 
 tlie march north-westward again. For " there is no rest 
 for the wicked." . 
 
 The rebels made for Whewell Grange, the seat of 
 the Lord Windsor, one of the numerous Worcestershire 
 Catholic families. 
 
 At Whewell Grange the traitors helped themselves 
 to a large store of arms and armour. 
 
 Then they sped on towards Ho] beach House, near 
 Stourbridge, in Staffordshire. Their number was then 
 about sixty all told, although earlier in the march it had 
 increased to about a hundred. In two days they had 
 traversed about sixty miles, " over bad and broken roads, 
 in rainy and inclement weather." 
 
 To the dire disappointment of Catcsby, Sir Everard 
 Digby, and the rest, John Talbot, of Grafton, drove 
 Thomas Winter and Stephen Ijittleton from his door 
 when they sought his aid for the rebellion. 
 
 And Sir Everard was constrained to avow that of 
 the wealthy Catholic gentry '' not one man came to 
 take our part thougli we had expected so n)an3\"'- 
 
 ^ See Janline's '■■ Xarmtive,'' p. Ill', to which I ;iiii indebted for 
 tliis ;i(>c(junt ; also Haiidy's evidence, Jardine'.s "Criminal Trials" vol. ii., 
 pp. 165, 106. 
 
 Jardine's '■' yarradve" p. 112. Ilolbeach House is no longer 
 
 standing.
 
 CHAPTER LIV. 
 
 The High Sherifi's of Wanvickshire and Worcester- 
 shire, with their posse comitatus, were in pursuit of the 
 fugitives, who arrived at Holheach House at ten of the 
 clock on Thursday night. 
 
 At Holheach they prepared to make their last stand. 
 And alack ! never more were the brothers John and 
 Christopher AVright destined to behold Lapworth, Twig- 
 more, Ripon, Skelton, Newby, Mulwith, York, or Plowland,^ 
 nor any of those scenes around which must have clung 
 so many endearing associations and sacred memories/^''^^ 
 
 Early in the morning of Friday some of the company 
 went out to descry wdiether or not reinforcements were 
 in sight. Others began to prepare their shot and powder. 
 
 Catesby, Rookwood, and Grant were severel}" burnt in 
 the face, especially the two latter, with some damp or dank 
 
 ^ For an account of recent visits to Mulwith and Plowland, see 
 Supplementum IV. and Supplementuin V. 
 
 To the generosity of my friend, Miss Burnham, the hidy of 
 Plowland, uiy readers owe the view of the present Plowland House, 
 which forms the Frontispiece to this Book. The old Hall occupied the 
 site of the present dwelling, and faced the river llumber towards the 
 south. The gahled buildings in the rear are ancient, and behind theiu 
 are a few mossy Gothic stones, evidently belonging to the old chapel. 
 Behind tbe ancient buildings is a willow-fringed remnant of the old moat. 
 George Burnham, Esq., brother to Miss Burnham, is the owner of 
 this historic spot. Edward Wright Burnham, Esq., of Skeffling, Holderness, 
 is their brother. The names Edward Wright suggest descent from Edward 
 Wright, the son of Christopher Wright, the revealing consiiirator. 
 
 M
 
 178 THE GUNPOWDER TLOT. 
 
 gunpowder which they were drying- on ii phitter before the 
 kitchen fire, and into wliich a hot cinder felL 
 
 Tliis incident seems to have thoroughly unnerved 
 Catesby and all his wicked confederates. They saw in 
 the fact a stroke of poetic justice — nay, the flaming, 
 avenging sword of Heaven. 
 
 Thomas Winter was told by Catesby and the rest, 
 m reply to his question, " AYe mean here to die." 
 
 AYinter thereupon I'eplied, " 1 will take such part as 
 you do." 
 
 " Then they all fell earnestly to their prayers," says 
 Gerard, "the litanies and such like." They also "spent 
 an hour in meditation." 
 
 About eleven o'clock in the forenoon of that black 
 Friday, November the 8th, 1G05, the High Sheriff of 
 AVorcestershire arrived with the whole power and force 
 of the count}^, and beset the house. 
 
 Thomas Winter, going into the court-yard, was shot 
 in the shoulder with an arrow from a cross-bow, and 
 lost the use of his right arm. 
 
 John Wright was shot dead. 
 
 C'hi-istopher AVright was mortally w^ounded. 
 
 Ambrose Eookwood was wounded in four or five 
 places. 
 
 John Grant was likewise disabled. 
 
 Catesby and Thomas Percy, each sword in liand^ 
 <ind " standing before the door " close togethei", were 
 mortally wounded by two successive shots fired by one 
 inusketeer, wlio afterwards boasted of his resolute carriage 
 of himself on that eventful day.^ 
 
 ' Tlie iiiair.s name was John Streete. IFe received a pension of two 
 shillings a clay for life, equal to about sixteen shillings a clay in our money. 
 Gerard's " What was the Gunj^oivder Plot?'' p. 155.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 179 
 
 Catesby, before receiving his fatal shot, we are told 
 by Father Gerard in his ''Narrative,'' p. 100, "took 
 from his neck a cross of gold, which he always used to 
 wear about him, and blessing himself with it and kissing 
 it, showed it unto the people, protesting there solemnly 
 before them all it was only for the honour of the Cross, 
 and the exaltation of that Faith which honoured the 
 Cross, and for the saving of their souls in the same 
 Faith that had moved him to undertake the business ; 
 and setli he saw it was not God's will it should succeed 
 in that manner they intended, or at that time, he was 
 willing and ready to give his life for the same cause, 
 only he would not be taken by any, and against that 
 only he would defend himself with his sword. 
 
 " This done, Mr. Catesby and Mr. Percy turned back 
 to back, resolving to yield themselves to no man, but to 
 death as the messenger of God. 
 
 " None of their adversaries did come near them, but 
 one fellow standing behind a tree with a musket, shot 
 them both with one bullet,^ and Mr. Catesby was shot 
 almost dead, the other lived three or four days. 
 
 " Mr. Catesby being fallen to the ground, as they say, 
 went upon his knees into the house, and there got a 
 picture of our Blessed Lady in his arms (unto whom he 
 was accustomed to be very devout), and so embracing and 
 kissing the same, he died.""' 
 
 On the 9tli of November Sir Edward Leigh wrote 
 to the Privy Council that the Wrights were not slain as 
 
 ^ It was with one musket, but two successive bullets. 
 
 - The mind of eacli of the tliirteen Gunpowder conspirators affords 
 the intellectual philosopher and the moral philosopher rich food for thought. 
 What a reflectioia from human nature is not the soul of these men, one 
 and all — -especially Catesby, Thomas Percy, Thomas Winter, Guy Paukes, 
 Ambrose Kookwood, and Christojiher Wright. I would especially point
 
 180 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 reputed, but wounded. Not till the 13tli was their death 
 certitied by Sir Eichard Walsh, High Sheriff of AYorces- 
 tershire.— See Gerard's " What ivas tlie Guujniivder Plot?'' 
 pp. 153, 154. 
 
 AVhatever was the case with John Wright, it seems 
 clear that the weight of evidence inclines to show that 
 Christopher Wright did not expire on Frida}-, the 8th 
 November, but that he lingered at least a dav or two. 
 The exact day of Christopher Wright's death, and what 
 became of his remains, may be ascertained facts hereafter, 
 possibly. At present, they are unknown. ^^"^ 
 
 out the strange superstition that Catesby exliibited in wisliiiii; to blow up 
 the Parliament House, because it was tlicre tlie iniquitous laws luul been 
 made a^^ainst the Catholics. He primarily wished, like some pagan, to be 
 revenged on the mater'ml ohject, which had l)e(Mi Ihn miconscioiis and 
 irresponsible instrument of his kinsfolk's and frieiids' hurt. 
 
 Moreover, bow true to daily experience is tlie l)ehaviour of Catesby 
 in bis last moments: of one who in his youth had I)een very wild, but who, 
 on reaching maturei- years, bad grown to have a great devotion to /wr whom 
 Wordsworth has so beautifully styled " our tainted nature's solitary boast." 
 
 Again ; the dying soldier's flying for jirotection to, and the kissing in 
 bis last agony, when the light of life was about to l)e quenched in lii.s 
 mortal eyes for ever, a ])icture of Jier who is " the Moth(>r of Christ,"' 
 and whom millions liold to be likewise " the Refuge of sinners," is 
 start lingly true to human nature. 
 
 But — "Close up his eyes, and let us all to meditation." l''(u- " //; h/ 
 sua voloiiiade e. vostra pace'' — "Only in the AV'ill of God is man's peace." 
 And the essence of that Will is the Everlastinjr ]Moral Law.
 
 CHAPTEE LY. 
 
 Father Garnet did not go nearer London than 
 Gothurst, in Buckinghamshire, hetvveen ten and fifteen 
 miles distant from Great Harrowden. 
 
 We know tiiat he was at Gothurst when Cateshy 
 was there, on Tuesday, the 22nd of October, one day 
 after the date of the post script nm, mentioned in the 
 last chapter. Probabl}^ the post scrlptunt of the 21st 
 October was written at Gothurst and not at Great 
 Harrowden, though the letter itself of the 4th October 
 undoubtedly was penned at Harrowden, between ten and 
 fifteen miles distant from Gothurst, as just remarked. 
 
 The Honourable Anne Vaux, whose maternal grand- 
 father was Sir Thomas Beaumont, Master of the Kolls, was 
 a level-headed woman of acute mental perceptions as well 
 as of great moral ardour and intense spiritual exaltation.^ 
 
 Miss Yaux was allied to both Catesby and Tresham, 
 and their words, and still more their doings, during the 
 few months then last past, had been not unnoticed by 
 her. She evidently had that strange premonitory fore- 
 boding, that curious sense of swift approaching doom, 
 which have marked all tragedies written or unwritten since 
 the world began. 
 
 Moreover, the large number of cavalry horses in the 
 stables of Norbrook and Huddington (those places being her 
 
 ^ The psycliologist will have observed tliat these qualities are not 
 .seldom combined in a etMtaiu order of minds. Cf., Shakespeare's '-great 
 wits to madness aie near allied'" — some thinkers will be inclined to sav.
 
 182 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 fellow-pilgrims' and her own places of sojourning when en 
 route for Holywell) had alarmed Anne Vaux's imagination. 
 And in reply to the lady's anxious inquiries she had been 
 told by her iniquitous, head-strong connections — Catesby 
 and the rest — that the horses were wanted for the troop 
 of horse whereof Catesby was to be in charge, with King 
 James's permission, in aid of the cause of the Spanish 
 Archdukes in the Low Countries, then still in rebellion 
 against the Spanish sovereignty. 
 
 Again ; at either Harrowden or Gothurst, Miss Yaux 
 sought out her father's friend, and her own honoured and 
 beloved spiritual counsellor, the chief of the English 
 Jesuits, and told him that she feared that some trouble 
 or disorder was a-brewing ; and, moreover, that some of 
 the gentlewomen, namely, the wives of the conspirators, 
 ^'had demanded of her where they should bestow them- 
 selves until the burst was past in the beginning of the 
 Parliament." 
 
 Garnet, in reply, asked his inquirer who told her 
 this; but she said "she durst not tell who told her so; 
 she was [choked] with sorrow." ^ 
 
 At Coughton, Father Garnet said Mass on the 1st 
 of November, All Saints' Day. 
 
 There "assisted" at this Mass the Lady Digby,' 
 Mr. and Mrs. Brookesby, Miss Anne Yaux, and almost 
 the w^hole of Sir Everard Digby's Gothurst household. 
 
 ^Garnet's examination of the 12th ]\Iarcli. Foley's ^^ Jiecords,'' vol. 
 i\'., p. 157. 
 
 ^ Latly Digby had l)ei']i bi'ouglit up a strong Protestant, and, like most 
 converts in tlie sixteenth and seventeentli centuries to the Churcli of Eome from 
 Calvinistic Puritanism, she became an ardent devotee of the .lesuits. (The 
 point of contact was probably a common interest in the ])roblems of the 
 mystical life, and a tendency towards a grave, sober, strict regularity of 
 *' daily walk and conversation."') Greorge Gilbert, a gentleman of high Suirolk
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 183 
 
 At Gothurst, however, was Sir Everard himself, busy 
 makinf^ his final preparations for the war he w^as about 
 to levy upon his King. 
 
 We find Sir Everard there also on November 2nd, 
 All Souls' Day, the last he and his ill-fated comrades 
 w^ere destined to keep on earth. — See Gerard's ''Narrative.'" 
 
 On All Saints' Day, Father Garnet appears to have 
 offered some prayers, or otherwise advised the ottering of 
 the same, which had a certain reference to the King, the 
 Parliament, and the hoped-for triumph of his Church 
 over her enemies, especially over those then molesting 
 the faithful English remnant of "the elect." He also 
 appears, according to his own admission, to have spoken 
 a sermon which might be easily construed as bearing- 
 
 family and great wealth, was likewise a convert from Calvinism, tlirough the 
 instrumentalitj of the Jesuit Fathers, Darbyshire and Parsons, Gilbert, 
 as a young man, chiily "waited upon the ministry" of the once celebrated 
 Puritan Divine, Bering, tlie friend of Thomas Cartwright. George Gilbert 
 died in Rome in 1583, holding in his hand a crucifix made in prison by 
 "the Blessed" Alexander Briant, a martyr friend of "the ]31essed "" Edmund 
 Campion. Of Briant it is said he was " of a very sweet grace in preaching," 
 .and that he was " replenished with spiritual sweetness "' when suffering the 
 tortures of the rack. George Gilbert mainly defrayed the cost of painting 
 on the walls of the Church of the English College at Rome certain ])ictures 
 of some of " the English Martyrs," although " old Eichard Norton," of 
 Norton Conyers, near iiipon, and some others who as exiles had " with 
 strangers made their home," likewise subscribed to the expense of the 
 pious and artistic work. I saw, on the 18th October, 1900, through the 
 kind courtesy of the Eight Reverend Monsignor Giles, D.D., Rector of 
 the English College, copies of these remarkable pictures, copies which are 
 painted on the walls of tliat very College where Father Oldcorne himself 
 had been educated. 
 
 The original pictures on tlie walls of the CImrch are no longer in 
 existence. The copies, however, even in our own day, have played an 
 important part in "the beatification" of those of the English Mai'tyrs 
 already beatified, including "the Blessed" Thom.as Percy Earl of 
 Northumberland, who suffered death at York in 1572. — See the •'Acts of 
 ■the English Marfijrs," by the Rev. J. li. Pollen, S.J. (Burns & Oates).
 
 184 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 some allusion to the then wretched condition of the 
 unhappy English Catholics.^ 
 
 Now, I infer that all this tends to demonstrate that 
 Father Henry Garnet felt that a great hurden or load 
 liad heen lifted from his heart in regard to the aforetime 
 perilous, but then practically abortive, Gunpowder Treason 
 Plot. Therefore he must have known, from some source 
 or another, that the Plot would be squashed before 
 Tuesday, November the 5th, had dawned upon a "fallen 
 world," and all danger from tbe Plot finally swept away. 
 
 Again, in tlie Mass for All Saints' Day there is a 
 hymn, one verse of which is : " Take awa}' the faithless 
 people from the boundaries of the faithful, that we may 
 joyfully give due praises to Christ." 
 
 Cardinal Allen had induced the Pope " to indulge "" 
 the recital of these words by Catholics for the harmless- 
 " intention " of the "Conversion of England." 
 
 Garnet, at Coughton, appears to have urged the- 
 recital of the same words for "the intention" of the- 
 "confounding" of the anti-popish "politics," and the- 
 "frustration" of the "knavish tricks" of James at the 
 forthcoming Parliament. If Garnet did so, then he must 
 have known that James and his Farliameiit would be in 
 existence to work mischief ! And tJiis once more 2'>^'0ves 
 tJint I/e liuew the Plot would he squasJied and finally 
 s/rejd away. 
 
 ^ bet' Letter to Miss Anne A'aux, duted 2iid March, 1605-6, quoted in 
 i'oley, vol. iv., }). 81, where Q-arnet says: '• There is a muttering here of a 
 sermon which either I oi' ]Mr. Hall [an alias of Father Oldcorne] made. I 
 fear mine, at Coughton. Mr. Hall hath no great matter, but only about Mr. 
 Abington, though Mi-. Attourney saith he hath more."
 
 CHAPTER LVI. 
 
 Soon after Catesby, llookwood, and Grant had been 
 injured by the exploded gunpowder at Holbeach House- 
 (as has been akeady mentioned in Chapter LIV.), Robert 
 Winter, the Master of Haddington, deeming discretion 
 the better part of valour, quitted the ill-fated mansion 
 of Stephen Littleton. 
 
 Now, it so fell out that Robert Winter met with 
 Stephen Littleton, the Master of Holbeach, in a wood 
 about a mile from Holbeach. And for no less than two 
 months these two high-born gentlemen were wandering 
 disguised up and down the country. Having plenty of 
 money with them, the fugitives bribed a farmer near 
 Rowley Regis, in Staffordshire, a tenant of Humphrey 
 Littleton, cousin to Stephen Littleton, to grant them 
 harbourage. 
 
 On New Year's Day the rebels came very earlj'^ in 
 the morning to the house of one Perkes, in Hagle3^ 
 After an extraordinar}' adventure there (an account of 
 which may be read in Jardine's " Criminal Trials,'" voL 
 ii., pp. 90-93), at about eleven of the clock one night, 
 Humphrey Littleton conveyed the two hunted delinquents 
 to Hagley House, in Worcestershire, the mansion wherein 
 dwelt his widowed sister-in-law, Mrs. John Littleton,^^''*^^ 
 a Protestant lady, to whose children the place 
 apparently belonged. 
 
 Mrs. Littleton was herself either in, or on the way to.
 
 18G THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 London at this time, so the two traitors were harboured 
 without the hidy's knowledge or consent. 
 
 B}^ the treachery, however, of the man cook at 
 Hagiey, or rather, in justice it should be said, by his 
 ■diligent zeal in the service of his sovereign lord the 
 King, Stephen Littleton and liobert Winter were captured 
 by the lawful authorities, and forthwith conveyed to the 
 Tower of London. 
 
 Now, some time during these two months of the 
 wanderings of these two gentlemen, with whose efforts 
 to elude the vigilance of the law of the land Humphrey 
 Littleton had connived, this same Humphrey Littleton 
 repaired to Father Edward Oldcorne, probably at Hindlip, 
 in order to be resolved in respect of certain doubts which 
 he (Humphrey Littleton) said had entered into his mind 
 as to whether or not the Gunpowder Treason Plot were 
 or were not morally lawful. 
 
 Now, although an English Roman Catholic gentle- 
 man, it is certain that Humphrey Littleton, like a great 
 many more of his co-religionists before and since, was by 
 no means perfect. Inasmuch as, first, we hear tell of " a 
 love-begot " boy of his (if Virtue's pure ears can pardon 
 the phrase), who was to become a page of Robert Catesby, 
 in the event of Catesby's going in command of that 
 coinpany of horse to Flanders to light, witli James's 
 permission, in behalf of the Spanish Archdukes, whereof 
 we have already heard. And, secondly, Humphrey 
 Littleton was plainly deemed by the astute Edward 
 Oldcorne to be what we should nowadays style " a 
 dangerous fellow," who was capable, from various 
 motives, of propounding a question of that sort in order 
 to entrap. That is to say, in order wantonly to cause 
 mischief, wliatever iiiight be the tenour or purport of 
 Oldcorne's answer — mischief among either Catholics or 
 Protestants.(^^»>
 
 THE GUNrOWDER PLOT. 187 
 
 We will, however, let Father Oldcorne tell his own 
 tale as to what took place on the occasion of this 
 momentous visit to him by Humphrey Littleton. For the 
 great casuist's own words are contained in Piis holograph 
 Declaration of the 12th day of March, 1605-6, written by 
 him when a prisoner in the Tower, and which I beheld 
 in the Record Office, London, on the 5th of October, 
 1900.(''°>
 
 CHArTEit LYIL 
 
 Ctlnpowdkh Plot Books — Vol. II., No. 202. 
 
 " The Yoluntario declRration of ]^]d\vard Oldcorne alias 
 Hull .]('suite 12 Mar. 1()()5 'i.e., IGOo-O] . 
 
 A. " Ml'. Uiiiiifrey Litleton^ telling ]Jie that after Mr. 
 Catesbie saw liiui self and others of his Companie burnt 
 w"' powder, and the rest of the conipnie readie to Hy 
 from him, that then he began to thinke he had offended 
 god in this {letion, seeing soe bad effects follow of the 
 same. 
 
 B. " I answeared him that an act is not to be condemd 
 or justified upon the good or bad euent that follow*" 
 it but upon the ende or object, and the meanes that 
 is used for effecting the same and brought him an 
 example out of the booke of Judges ^vher the 11 tribs 
 of Israel weare coniannded by god to make warrs upon 
 the trib of ]]enjamin ; and yett the tribe of Benjamin 
 did botli ill the first and secound battaile overthrow the 
 other 1 1 tribs. Tlic like said \ wee read of Lewis 
 King of IVaiicc who went to light against the Turks 
 and to ]-ecouei' i\\v. hoolye Land, but ther he loost the 
 most of his ariiiic, and him self dyed ther of the j^lague 
 the like wee may say when the xtianes defended 
 
 ' I do not l<ii<)\v the exact point of time m lien Iliiinphrey Littleton 
 thus s])oke lo I'ather Oldcorne, except that it wu.s certainly after the 
 fatal 5tli of November, 160.").
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 189 
 
 lilioodes against the turks wher the Turkes preuayled 
 :and the xtianes weare overthrowne, and yet noe doubt 
 the xtians cause was good and the turks bad and thus 
 I apphed it to this fact of Mr. Catesbie's it is not to 
 be approved or condemned by the euent, but by the 
 propper object or end, and meanes w''' w;is to be vsed 
 in it ; and bycause I know nothinge of thes I will 
 neither approve it or condeme it but leave it to god 
 and ther owne consciences and in this warie sort I 
 rspake to him l^ycause I doubted he came to entrap 
 me, and that he should take noe advantage of my 
 w^ords whither he reported them to (^itholiks or 
 Protestants. 
 
 " (Signed) Edward Oldcorne. 
 
 "Acknowledged before 
 " vs 
 
 "J. Popham.^ 
 "Edw. Coke.' 
 "W. Waad.=^ 
 "John Corbett." 
 
 (The A and B at the left side of the Declai-ation are 
 Coke's own marks.) 
 
 1 rp 
 
 The Lord Chief Justice of England. 
 
 - Aftei-wards the celebrated Lord Chief Justice of En£rland, and 
 Editor of " Littleton's Tenures." This Humphrey Littleton, mentioned in 
 the Text, was a descendant of Sir John Littleton, Author of the immortal 
 legal work. 
 
 ■'' Lieutenant of the Tower of London.
 
 CHAPTEK LYIII. 
 
 AVe are now come to the crux of this Inquiry. 
 
 To every philosophical thinker who takes the trouble- 
 to ponder the matter it must be evident that the ethical 
 principles enunciated in the first part of the Declaration, 
 given //( extenso in the preceding chapter, are intellectually 
 irrefutable and morally irreproachable ; although their 
 obviousness, certainly, will not be palpable to " the man 
 in the street." 
 
 The answer of this clear-sighted, strong-headed York- 
 shircman, is indeed the answer that is the resultant of 
 exact ethical knowledge, that is, of moral science. For 
 what is science, eitlier in the realms of tJie intellectual, 
 the moral, the political, or the 'physical, hut " exact 
 hnoiuledge.'" 
 
 Moreover, these principles are the resultant of 
 abstract moral science, or exact ethical knowledge pure 
 and simple. 
 
 Now, " Morahty is the science of duty."^^*''^ But, 
 just as it is most mischievous in differ i mi natehj to apply 
 abstract principles of morality, however faultless in 
 themselves, to the complex affairs of individuals and of 
 States, so is it most dangerous to strew broadcast 
 statements of the abstract principles of ethics for the 
 untutored mind of the DLerehj practical man — first of 
 all, to misunderstand ; uiid, secondly, to wrest to his own 
 undoing and that of his equally unfortunate fellow-meu..
 
 THE GUNPOWDEE PLOT. 191 
 
 This is certainly so in the present stage of tlie 
 world's imperfect education. Though one lives in the 
 hope that sooner or later that "ampler day" may dawn, 
 when, from the least unto the greatest, men shall come 
 to have a happy conscious realization of the truth of the 
 poet's dictum : " Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere 
 caiisas ; '' ^^^-^ "Happy is he who hath been able to learn 
 the causes of things." 
 
 Still, truth — tliat wliich is — ^6' trutJi. 
 
 And partial truth is not less true, accordiiu/ to its 
 measure and in its degree, titan the full orb of 
 truth} 
 
 Furthermore, " Wisdom is justified by all her 
 children ; " even although some of those children are 
 tardy in realizing and in expressing their sense of such 
 justification. 
 
 Now, although all this stands to reason — nay, 
 because it is true, is even the perfection of reason — 
 it was an enunciation of principles by Father Oldcorne, 
 which it was more than probable would be misinterpreted 
 by two sets of people, the intellectually stupid and the 
 morally malicious. 
 
 Nay, it may be allowed that even persons of the 
 highest intelligence and of the utmost good faith — 
 such as, in the last century, the late David Jardine^^*^^^ — 
 might easily enough think that Edward Oldcorne deserved 
 condemnation and chiding for thus apparently showing* 
 such a marked disposition to look at this grave matter, 
 the moral rightness or wrongness of the Gunpowder 
 Plot, as though it were as purel}^ abstract and scholastic 
 
 ^ Strategy in wai- has for ils intellectual and moral justification the 
 fact that partial truth is not less true, in its measure and in its degree,, 
 than the full orb t)f truth.
 
 102 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 a question as that famous moot of the middle ages : 
 *' How many angels can dance on the point of a 
 needle ?" 
 
 ' OUlcornc had special i)iivate knowledge that tin' Plot would never 
 "bo :v Plot e.vectUed, because (1) lie know Chnstopbor Wright had resolved 
 to reveal it : because (2) be knew that bis own personal act liad ended 
 the Plot by his penning the Ijelter.
 
 CHAPTEK LIX. 
 
 Now, tlie contention is this : That regard being 
 had to the extraordinary heinousness of the Gunpowder 
 Plot, in point of underhand stealthiness and secrecy 
 a,s well as of deliberateness, malice, magnitude, and 
 cruelty, no man of moral uprightness and intellectual 
 keenness could be — without doiug a violence to his 
 human nature that is all but incredible — so unspeakably 
 reckless and utterly insane as to fling broadcast to the 
 winds, lor the wayfaring man and the fool to pick up 
 and con for their own and their hapless fellow-creatures' 
 moral destruction, an oral statement as to this diabolical 
 Plot, that expressed ways of looking at the Plot inerely 
 speculative and simply in the abstract,^ save and except 
 on one condition only, namely, that such speaker had 
 had both from without and from within, et ah extra 
 et ah intra, a special Jiuoiuledge. 
 
 Furthermore, a special linowledge, witli. ahsolute 
 certitude, which irarranted, the speaker in mentally 
 surveying that Plot not merely as it then was at the 
 
 ^ It is to be noted that in this momentous Declaration of the 12th 
 March, 1605-6, Oldcorne in the first part reserves or conceals "partial truth;" 
 that is to saj', in tJiis case, trutJi in the concrete, or trutJt in action. While 
 in the second part o£ tlie Declaration (Jldcorne orally disclaims, denies, or 
 dissembles integral truth, that is hero a special and particular knowledge 
 of the end the plotters had in view, and the means they purposed to 
 adopt. The knowledge he had received was of a nature official, and at 
 least conditionally, though not absolutely, private knowledge. 
 
 N
 
 194 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 moment when he was giving utterance to liis specuhitive 
 statement concerning it, hut, as he full well knew, at some 
 point of time prior to that fateful clay, Novemher the 
 5th, 1605, it had heen destined to he perpetually, namely, 
 A PLOT ante factum in (Pternum, a mere ahstract mental 
 plan for ever. Aye, a mere ahstract mental plan to all 
 eternity ; because transmuted and transformed hy some 
 process wherein that speaker had himself taken a primal^ 
 an essential, a meritorious part.^ 
 
 ^ The argument is that a man at once good and clever, like Edward 
 Oldcorne, would not, according to the rules that govern human nature 
 and daily experience, have clothed in words and then let loose to wander 
 about the world seeking whom it might fall in with and victimize, a bare 
 abstract proposition regarding the Plot, vnless he had been first absolutely 
 certain that the foundation-thing, the Plot itself, Mas too attenuated and 
 ghost-like to work hurt or mischief to any human creature. 
 
 Now, since Littleton propounded his question after the 5th of 
 November, Oldcorne had an ordinary ground for allowing himself to 
 speak of the defunct Plot purely in the abstract. But this was an 
 obviously very dangerous thing to do, both for liittleton's sake, the 
 general public's sake (Catholic or Protestant), and for the speaker's own 
 sake. Therefore the fact that Oldcorne did so speak postulates some- 
 thing more than ordrnar)/. Hence, as Oldcorne was a man of virtue both 
 intellectually and morally, the reasonable inference is that Oldcorne had 
 an extraurdhiary (/roxnd for his answer which endued him with a special 
 liberty of abstract speech in regard to the matter. 27iat extraordinary 
 ground, J maintain, v:as hased deep down xvitliin the dejpths of his own interior 
 Icnoivledye.
 
 CHAPTEE LX. 
 
 But it may be objected that instead of assuming 
 that Father Oldcorne was a man not only of mental 
 keenness but also of moral uprightness, and proceeding 
 forthwith to build an argument on such an assumption, 
 the writer ought in truth and justice to have proved, by 
 evidence or reason, the latter part of the proposition. 
 And this the rather, seeing that so many of the co- 
 religionists both in our own day as well as in the days 
 of Father Oldcorne have regarded that society, whereof 
 Oldcorne was a distinguished English member, with not 
 merely unfeigned suspicion but with sincere dislike, and 
 even with genuine loathing/ 
 
 Now, the unbiased historical philosopher is content 
 not only to let the dead bury their dead but also to let 
 theologian deal with theologian. To the historical 
 philosopher, a Jesuit is a man and nothing more : 
 nothing more, that is, so far as his being entitled to 
 receive at the former's hands the benefit of all those 
 natural rights which belong to all members of the 
 human species. For all men (including Jesuits) are, in 
 the mind of the philosopher, " born free and equal." 
 
 Hence it follows that when, amid the chances and 
 
 ^ The most formidable adversaries of the Jesuits far and away hare 
 been Eoman CathoHes of a particular type of mind. Blaise Pascal, that 
 colossal genius, has been probably their most successful enemy.
 
 190 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 changes of this mortal life, the historical philosoplier is 
 thrown across the path of a Jesuit, he looks at him, as 
 a matter of duty, straight in the face, just as he looks 
 at any other rational creature ; and then seeks to ascertain, 
 by dint of normal touchstones and tests, what manner 
 of man the person is whom that philosopher, by the 
 ordinances of fate, has then and there confronted. 
 
 Now, in the case of Edward Oldcorne, the Text of 
 this Inquiry, and also the Notes thereunto, supply abundant 
 proof that Oldcorne came of a good, wholesome, Yorkshire 
 stock — hard-working, honest, and Jioiiourable ; that his 
 own mental nature was broad, rich and full, higli-minded, 
 just, and generous.^ 
 
 Therefore is it, alike by evidence and reason, borne 
 in upon tlie mind of the philosopher that, on grounds of 
 
 ' I'atlier ITemy Garnet, S.J., landed in England in J 58(5 along with 
 the gifted ]iobert Southwell, who.se prose and poetical works belong to 
 English literature. Father A\^eston was then the Jesuit Superioi". Father 
 John Gei'ard landed, along with Fatlun' Edward Oldcorne, off the coast of 
 Norfolk, in August, 1588, shortly after the decisive fight with tlie Spanish 
 Armada, off Gravelines. As illustrating the conscientiousness and courage 
 of this Yorkshire Elizabethan Jesuit, the following cjuotation from Foley, 
 vol. iv., p. -10, may be of interest: "Fatlier Oldcorne was employed 
 sometime in London by Father Garnet, diligently labouring in the quest 
 and salvation of souls. He was ever of a most ready wit, and endeavoured 
 as far as possible to adapt himself to the manner of those with whom he 
 lived. There were excej^tions, however, in which, consumed with an ardent 
 zeal of asserting and defending the Divine honour, he could not refrain 
 from correcting those whom he heard uttering obscene and injurious 
 language either towards God or their superiors. When in London, in the 
 house of a Catholic gentleman, he struck with his fist aiul broke into 
 pieces a pane of stained or painted glass representing an indecent picture of 
 YeiHis and INlars, which he considoi-ed wliolly unfit For the eyes of a 
 virtuous family." 
 
 [The curious philosopher wonders whether this Elizabethan Catholic 
 gentleman, having been deprived of his "A^enus and Mars" in such a higli- 
 handed fasliion, afterwards became anti-Jesuitical.]
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 197 
 
 probability so high as to afford practical certitude, he 
 may proceed to build his argument upon the assumption 
 that Ed\Yard Oldcorne was a man not only of intellectual 
 acumen but also of moral integrity, as has been already 
 predicated of him.
 
 CHAPTER LXI. 
 
 Now, in the first part of his Declaration, Father 
 Oldcorne uttered concerning the Gunpowder Plot a 
 proposition which expressed partial truth- alone. Because 
 he expressed truth in the ahstract only, not truth in the 
 concrete also, concerning that nefarious scheme. 
 
 In other words, Father Oldcorne severed in thought 
 the two kinds of truth, the two aspects of truth, the 
 two parts of truth, which being unified gave the whole 
 truth respecting the moral mode of judging the Gun- 
 powder Treason Plot. 
 
 Oldcorne severed concrete truth from abstract truth,^ 
 practical truth from speculative truth, and so far as his 
 hearer, Humphrey Littleton, was concerned, held that 
 concrete truth, that practical truth, suspended at the 
 sword-point over Littleton's head. 
 
 Now, I maintain that, regard being had to the 
 terrific danger of Littleton's occasioning mischief, either 
 through stupidity, malice, or both, a man of the intellectual 
 and moral calibre of Edward Oldcorne would have never 
 suffered his tongue to give utterance to a proposition 
 dividing, as with a sword, concrete truth from abstract 
 truth, practical truth from speculative truth, and then 
 
 ^ Or, it may be said, Oldcorne separated concrete trutli from abstract 
 trutli, practical truth from speculative truth, holding tlie former in solution, 
 and i)utting into the hands of Littleton the latter alone, in the form of 
 a dangerous precipitate.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 199 
 
 holdiDg the former suspended above the head of his 
 questioner, unless and u/ifil that great Priest and Jesuit 
 had been first possessed of the hving- consciousness that 
 he had had, and then was, at that very instant of time 
 when speaking, having that Plot, which represented "the 
 sum of all villainies," in that it involved "sacrilegious 
 murder,"^ firrnl// and unconquerablT/ crushed under J/ is 
 feetS'''^ 
 
 ^ This phrase is used by Shakespeare in " Macbeth " (1606), I suggest, 
 with indirect reference to the Gunpowder Plot, which Shakespeare must have 
 followed with the most breathless, absorbing interest. For Norbrook was in 
 Snitterfield, where his mother (Mary Arden) had property ; while Coughton 
 was the home of the Throckmortons, the Ardens' relatives. Clopton House, 
 where Ambrose Eookwood was living from Michaelmas, 1605, Lapworth, 
 where John Wright resided from May, 1605, and where Christopher 
 Wright and Marmaduke Ward visited him (all of which places were in 
 that " garden of England," Warwickshire), must have been as familiar to 
 the poet almost as his own Stratford-on-Avon. 
 
 I find the name "Robert Arden," of Pedmore, Worcestershire, l.| 
 miles from Stourbridge, down as "a popish recusant" for the year 1592, 
 in the '' Hot field MS.," part iv.
 
 CHAPTEK LXII. 
 
 And how could this be ? 
 
 It could be only by dint of a tivo-fold knowledge, a 
 two-fold, warranting, justifying, vindicating knowledge, 
 which this Priest and Jesuit held stored-up deep down 
 within the depths of his conscious being, a knowledge 
 'passlce or receptive which had come to him " from 
 without," ab extra; a knowledge active or self-caused 
 which he had bestowed upon himself " from within," 
 ab intra. 
 
 Now, the passive knowledge '' from without " was 
 the knowledge Oldcorne had had from the penitent 
 plotter of that penitent's resolve to reveal the Plot to his 
 lawful Sovereign by the most perfect means for so doing 
 that by the human mind could be devised. 
 
 The active knowledge " from within " was the- 
 knowledge that Oldcorne had possessed, and was at that 
 moment possessing, of his own sublimely conceived and 
 magnificently executed act and deed : although even this 
 active knowledge "from within" was itself indirectly 
 traceable to that penitent plotter's repentant resolve and 
 repentant will/ 
 
 ' W'l' know on the authority of Sir Edward Coke liiinself tliat one 
 of tlie conspirators was sujjposed to have revealed the Plot, and indeed such 
 mxtst have been inevitably the case. Now, the ])roved position of Thomas 
 AVard in thr work of communicating witli Thomas Winter suggests that 
 AVard was the diplomatic go-between. But it is obvious that Ward cannot 
 liave himself i)enned the Letter : for if he had been in the service of 
 Elizabeth's (irovernuient his handwriting would be known to the Govern-
 
 CHAPTEE LXIII. 
 
 But, it ma}' be plausibly objected, if it were of such 
 dangerous tendenc}' indiscriminately to give utterance to 
 bare, abstract, moral principles onl}", how came it to 
 pass, then, that Oldcorne, w^ho was a good man, morally, 
 as well as a clever man, intellectually, suffered himself 
 tlnis to act when questioned by Humphrey Littleton 
 respecting the moral lawfulness, or otherwise, of the 
 Gunpowder Plot ? 
 
 Now, Oldcorne, as we have already seen in his 
 Declaration quoted above, has recorded a — that is one — 
 
 meat. Now, circumstantial evidence tends to prove that Father Oldcorne 
 did. Tiierefore the relationship of priest and penitent and tlie machinery 
 of the Tribunal of Penance is forthwith, naturally and easily, brought 
 into play. Now, in these days of " emancipated and free religions thought,'' 
 it is difficult for us readily to realize the stupendous force that the alleged 
 supernatural facts of historical Christianity had upon the mind of all those 
 who lived coascioushj hemmed in, as it were, by an alleged supernatural 
 tradition of Christianity, ivhether Calvinistic or Roman Catholic, at the 
 beginning of the seventeenth century. Those alleged facts were assumed 
 and deliberately calculated upon as among the ruling and controlling realities 
 of daily life. Xow, a Yorkshire Roman Catholic — especially one brought up 
 in the AVright, Ward, Babthorpe, Ingleby, Mallory circle — might be easily 
 frightened, nay, terrified, into confession and avowal of his crimes, and 
 tiierefore into satisfaction, and therefore into reversal, by the mere fact that 
 about the Feast of St. Michael and All Angels, 11th October (old style), 
 1605, when "examining bis conscience" he came to realize the tremendous 
 and awful wickedness of his two crimes, sacrilege and murder. For the 
 Archangel "■Michael — ivho is like unto God" — would be to him a beins: as 
 real and living and of transcendently greater power — an important 
 consideration — than even the stern reality of the hangman of the gallows- 
 tree and the ripping knife; while a close-uatured, thoughtful Torkshireman
 
 202 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 reason why lie left Littleton in ahdracfo — that is furnished 
 with truth in the abstract merely. And beyond a doubt, 
 as subsequent events so signall}^ proved, the astute Jesuit's 
 judguient of Littleton's character had not erred one whit. 
 Littleton, as Oldcorne justly feared, was a " dangerous 
 fellow," one who was likely to entrap the innocent, and 
 one who was, therefore, not (entitled, either in Justice or 
 in that more refined kind of justice called Equity, to 
 have his question dealt with by anything other than a 
 flanking movement ; or, in other words, by anything 
 other than sucli an intellectual manoeuvre as would turn 
 aside tJie quest ion Littleton had elected to propound to 
 the great mental strategist — as would turn aside the 
 question Jjittleton had elected to propound, on the face 
 of it, probably, and as the event proved, certainly, from 
 sinister motives and with crooked aims. 
 
 like Christopher Wright woukl vividly realize, with his shrewd instinct 
 for values and tendencies, that, ruircpentant , his ultimate fate — either here 
 or hereafter — was not worth while the risking. I'or, on the one hand, 
 he may have perad venture, consciously or unconsciously, argued there is 
 the certainty of falling, sooner or later, into " the Hands of the Living 
 God," and of being by Him consigned to the charge of Michael, the 
 Minister of His .Justice: while, on the other, there is the going, not to 
 the chill, viewless wind, but to a sympathetic rational creature with a 
 brain, heart, eyes, hands, and feet, and the getting lum, in the solid reality of 
 flesh and blood, to put a speedy stop, here and now, to the whole unhappy 
 business, and so save furiluM- trouble. (A man of middle age, well educated, 
 belonging to an old Yorkshire lioman Catholic family that " had never lost 
 the Paith," told a relative, not long ago, that "after being on the spree" 
 he should have certainly committed a great crime had he not been stayed 
 by the knowledge that, if he did so, " he would go pliuni^ into Ihlir I 
 mention tliis to show how, at least, sometimes the Catholic conscience 
 works even in these "enlightened" days. Hence, the antecedent probability 
 of the truth of my suggested solution of how the revealing conspirator 
 was motived to reveal the conspiracy. For an Inquiry into the Gunpowder 
 Plot is a great philosophical study of human motives as well as of 
 jvohabilities ; and the case of Christopher Wright (ex lnjpotliesi) is, iix 
 relation to the example just cited, au a fortiori case.)
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 203 
 
 Hence, ^Mr^/?/ because of his questioner's inferred 
 insincerity and pernicious purposes did Oldcorne sever 
 Sjpeculative truth i)i tliouglit from concrete truth in action; 
 or, in other words, Oldcorne gave to Littleton an ansiver 
 ■" sounding ■' in j^cirtial trutJi alone.
 
 CHAPTEE LXIV. 
 
 Now, partial tnitJi,, as has been affirmed already, is- 
 not, hi its j)^'02^ortioii, less true than the full orb of truth} 
 And many are the times and many are the circumstances- 
 in this strangely chequered human life of ours, with its 
 endless movements and its perpetual vi('issitudes, when 
 apparently conflicting and antagonistic duties can be in 
 justice, equit}^, and honour reconciled ou one condition 
 only, namely, that man shall leave to Omniscience 
 alone, " from Whom no secrets are hid," a knowledge of 
 the full orb of certain degrees of some particular kind of 
 truth, governing some particular subject-matter luider 
 consideration/^*'^^ - 
 
 ' Jf it never moralh/ lavfiil to tell a lie, that is, to speak contrary 
 to one's mind, or to deceive by word contrary to that law of justice 
 wliich bids a man render to all rational creatures their due. 
 
 7'o (id (f lie is as base and wicked as to tell a lie, and often more- 
 unmanly and contemptible besides: else might the deaf and dumb be 
 unjustly deceived with impunity. 
 
 ^ 'J"he noble science of casuistry is founded on the fact that partial 
 truth is not lesx true, in its measure and in its degree, than the full orb of 
 truth. 
 
 A knowledge of casuistry, tliat is, of the principles of moral 
 science scientifically applied to the living facts of the living present, will 
 be of primal necessity to British statesmen in tlie twentieth century^ 
 \\bich will l)e a century of few, but strong, principles, and of few, but 
 strong, mi'ii to apply those principles. 
 
 EHiciency, and efficiency through scientific exactitude, will be the 
 characteristic aim of all the great Imperial Powers of the world in the 
 near future. Here, in JOngland, with all our intellectual, moral, and 
 ])hysical virtues (which indeed are neither few nor contemptible), we have 
 been too aj)t to allow a number of persons to speak for us, able in
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 205 
 
 Just as on some wild, teinpestuoas night, the full 
 •orb of the silvery moon is obscured to the eye of the 
 gazer by a dark, driving cloud. 
 
 Now, it has been said that, partly, because Oldcorne 
 inferred insincerity of heart in Humphrey Littleton, and, 
 j^artly, because Oldcorne inferred in his questioner 
 pernicious purposes in propounding the question he did 
 propound respecting the moral lawfulness, or otherwise, 
 of the Gunpowder Plot, theirfore Oldcorne gave Littleton 
 an answer sounding in partial — that is, in this case, in 
 abstract, in speculative — truth alone. 
 
 their way, no doubt, but o£ limited mental vision, and hopelessly 
 incapable of grappling with the problems that confront a world-wide Empire, 
 embracing a fifth (some say a fourth) of the human i-ace. A democratic 
 Empire must choose leaders that are ivise, just, self-controlled, courageous; 
 and then that Empire must entrust freely and fearlessly their destinies 
 with such leaders, who must not be afraid faithfully to go "full tilt" 
 against ignorant prejudice or short-sighted prepossession. 
 
 Now, wisdom (or prudence) is the cardinal virtue which presides 
 over all the other three virtues. And wisdom (or prudence) tells us 
 that strategy in war, that sometimes necessary evil; diplomacy betwixt 
 the representatives of nations ; and above and beyond all the imparting 
 to the general body of the people only so much knowledge of the tendencies 
 of current events as is for tlje common good, can iiave intellectual and 
 moral justification on this one fundamental ethical principle only, namely, 
 that partial truth is net less true, in its measure and in its dcr/ree, than the 
 full orh of truth. 
 
 Again ; where a sound intellectual and moral basis is not consciously 
 held, man, by the rules that govern his rational nature, will not "walk 
 sure-footedly." Moreover, it is impossible for a self-respecting free people 
 to allow that essential unitij does not |)revail betwixt the fundamental 
 principles of both private action and public action. For just wars and 
 politics are not the pawns of a game that has been devised ami patented by 
 the devil. Just wars and politics are ethics working in the living 
 present, in the wider field of human conduct. And, properly understood, 
 they are, after their kind, and must be, if they are lawful to rational 
 creatures, as noble and as nnich under the reign, rule, and governance of the 
 Jdeal Man as are those solemn acts of life which have been (amongst 
 ■other purposes) devised to remind man of the transcendental nature of 
 his origin and destiny.
 
 206 THE GUNrOWDER PLOT. 
 
 Oldcorne's own expressed words are as follow: — 
 
 " J7t tliis warie sort I spal'e to liiiii hycause I douhted 
 he came to entraj) me, and that he should take no advantage 
 of my words tvhither he re2')orted them to Catholics or to 
 Protestants.'' 
 
 Unquestionably, this must have been a reason — one 
 reason, that is — for Father Oldcorne's flanking, evasive 
 reply, sounding in partial — that is, in this case, in abstract, 
 in speculative — truth alone. 
 
 For otherwise a man of such approved goodness and 
 established character would have never declared it to be 
 a reason. The contrarj^ supposal it is impossible to 
 entertain. 
 
 But because Oldcorne's declared reason was un- 
 doubtedly a reason, it does not follow — regard being had 
 to persons, times, and circumstances — either from the 
 demands of universal reason or moral fitness, that it was 
 his only and sole reason, nor (still less) that it was his 
 paramount and i^redominant reason for his action in 
 question, that is, for his mode of couching the aforesaid 
 Declaration in partial truth alone. 
 
 What leads to the conclusion witli resistless force 
 that Oldcorne's alleged reason cannot have been his 
 paramount, his predominant, reason is the simple, in- 
 disputable fact that such an aim so egregiously miscarried. 
 
 Therefore, in the case of so astute and clever a man, 
 as all the evidence we have concerning Oldcorne to 
 demonstration proves liim to have been, it is rendered 
 probable, to the degree of moral certaint}", that the great 
 casuist had some far stronger reason latent within him 
 than the reason he chose to })ut forth for couching an 
 answer to Humphre)- Littleton, sounding in partial truth 
 alone. 
 
 Besides the sufficient, indeed, yet inferior reason^.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 20T 
 
 grounded on the primal instinct of personal self- 
 preservation, or, in other words, to put the matter 
 bluntl}^ the mere brute instinct of not being entrapped, 
 wisdom suggests that Oldcorne nmst — his moral character 
 being what we know it was — have had a reason latent 
 deep down within the depths of his conscious being, 
 wdiich was not, only a sufficient but superior reason., not 
 only a true but a sublime reason, for severing in this 
 grave matter, and holding suspended, truth in tli ought 
 from truth /// action. 
 
 Yea, Father Oldcorne, I maintain, gave Humphrej^ 
 Littleton the flanking, evasive answer that he did give 
 him, notwithstanding the inevitable, possible, and even 
 probable dangers attendant thereon, because he (Oldcorne) 
 felt wdthin himself, " to the finest fibre of his being," a 
 freedom, a tliree-fold freedom, which warranted, justified^ 
 and vindicated him in so answering. 
 
 Now this freedom was a three-fold freedom, because- 
 it was a thrice-purchased freedom. 
 
 And it icas a thrice-purchased freedom because it had 
 been purcliased by the merits : — 
 
 (1) Of the personal, actual repentance of the revealing 
 plotter himself. By the merits 
 
 (2) Of the imputed (or constructive) repentance of 
 that penitent's co-plotters. And by the merits 
 
 (3) Of the laudable action of Oldcorne himself.
 
 CHAPTEK LXV. 
 
 Now, Oldcoriie, being a iiiiiii as good as he was 
 clever, and as clever as he was good, manifests from the 
 inherent nature of his answer to Humphrey Littleton a 
 sense, a consciousness, an assurance of freedom, from the 
 restraints and obligations which would have undoubtedly 
 stayed and bound him had he not been already freed 
 from their power. 
 
 Now, it is a superior power that countervails, that 
 renders impotent an inferior power. 
 
 Now, Oldcorne mould be freed from the re^itrainiiuj 
 
 powei' of moral obligations, as to the user of a i^articular 
 
 character of speech, if he Jiad had residiitfj witliiu him, a 
 
 power of supe7'ior, of sublime)', that is, of counter railing 
 
 force. 
 
 Noiv, Oldcorne, in his answer to Littleto?!, inanifestly 
 gives evidence of i^oiver, of countervailing power. 
 
 Knoudedge gives power : gives countervaUiiig power. 
 
 Therefore it follows that the p)resence of poiver, of 
 countervailijig power, in Oldcorne proves likewise the 
 strong p)robahilitij of hnowledge, of countervailing knoivledge 
 likewise. 
 
 And what kind of knowledge can such two-fold 
 knowledge have been, save a nieritoi-ious knoivledge of 
 what aforetime had been, but Ivhich was then no longer, 
 the Gunpowder Treason Plot ? 
 
 For, from the very moment of Oldcorne's becoming 
 conscious that the Plot as a plot had vanished into thin
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 209 
 
 air by (1) persoual, actual repentance ; by (2) imputed 
 or constructive repentance ; by (3) a personally heroic 
 act : had vanished like the morning mists before the beams 
 of the rising sun, Oldcorne would feel himself, so to 
 speak, immediately to be endued with an extraordinary 
 power : with a power that would straightway cause him 
 to grow to a loftier stature than all his fellows : with a 
 power that then would enable him, as it were, to scale 
 the heights, and, at length, to mount up to the very 
 top of what aforetime had been the baleful Plot, but 
 which Plot Oldcorne full well knew would be henceforward 
 and for ever emptied and defecated of and from all 
 murderous, criminous, sacrilegious quality.*^^''"^ 
 
 Hence was Oldcorne warranted, justified, and 
 vindicated in viewing and surveying " the fact of Mr. 
 Catesbie's " simply speculatively and purel}' in the 
 abstract. 
 
 Hence was Oldcorne warranted, justified, and vindi- 
 cated in leaving Humphrey Littleton hi (ihstracto, after 
 the latter had propounded to him his dangerous question : 
 of leaving the doubter with an answer sounding in partial 
 truth alone.
 
 CHAPTEli LXYI. 
 
 Now, this conclusion leads inevitably to the further 
 conclusion that Edward Oldcorne must have had latent 
 witliin him, deep down within the depths of his conscious 
 being, a particular knowledge, as distinct frovi a (jeneral 
 Inmwledge, a private kiioivledge as distinct from a public 
 Jnioiidedge, not indeed of this Plot as a plot, but of 
 the Plot after it had been, when it had been, and as it 
 had been first transmuted and transformed, h// the causes 
 and 2^''ocess('s ho'einhefcre mentioned : transmuted and 
 tra/isformed into an instrument, sure and certain for the- 
 temporal salvation of Jiis fellow-men. 
 
 Yea, because Edward Oldcorne's noblest mental 
 faculty, his conscience, gazing with eagle-eye, sun-filled, 
 yet undazzled and undismayed, upon absolute truth was- 
 able unshrinkingly and calml}^ to bear witness to the 
 other indivisible parts of his rational nature, that his 
 mind in relation to that fell enterprise, which from first 
 to last must have " made the angels weep," was a mind 
 not only of passive innocence, but of active rectitude, 
 therefore must he have felt himself to be not barely, 
 but abundantly free. Free, because he knew there was 
 no mortal in this world, and no being in the world tO' 
 come, to condemn Jiim at the bar of eternal Justice ; 
 nay, noiio rightly even to be so much jis his accuser : 
 free to survey the l)aleful scheme ])urely speculatively : 
 free, orally to express the results of that survey, either 
 as to whole or jiart, in abstracto, in fJie abstract merely ;
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 211 
 
 and this notwithstanding the risk of imsinterpretation 
 from Jtis (piestioner's " iva?if of thought,'' or " mant of 
 heart."" 
 
 For everlastingly was it the truth, that none could 
 gainsay nor resist, that in relation to this matter, at any 
 rate, it was the lofty privilege of Edward Oldcorne — indeed 
 a man, if ever there were such, "elect and precious" — 
 to have heen made " a white soul : " to have been made 
 a soul like unto " a star that dwelt apart." 
 
 Res ipsa loquitur. Yea, the words of Edward 
 Oldcorne speak for themselves. And from those words 
 evident is it that it was the kingly prerogative of this 
 disciplined, self-repressed, humblest of men, to hnoiu the 
 tomtit as to tlie once atrocious '})lan : to hnow tlie truth 
 and to he free. 
 
 For his hmguage implies, and, his mind and his 
 character being w^hat they were, his language is intelligible 
 on none other supposal than this : That at the very 
 moment when bis tongue gave utterance to this now 
 famous Hanking, evasive answer to his inquirer, lie, even 
 he, had possession of a jyower, a knowledge, a living 
 consciousness, tliat he Jatd heen exalted to he tlie chosen 
 agent of tJiat Supreme Po2ver of the Universe, to Whom 
 by infinite right, Vengeance belongs : tlie cJiosen agent 
 ivherehy the aforetime, hut then no longer, stupendous 
 Gunpowder Treason Plot had heen, to all eternitg, over- 
 tlirown, frustrated, and hrought to nought.^^^^^
 
 CHAPTEU LXVII. 
 
 Heiice may we say, of a sni'cty, has it been proved 
 that Edward Oldcorne, Priest and Jesuit, used words 
 which imply that, as a fact, he viewed the Plot ante 
 factum^ before the fact, and in the abstract merely. 
 
 That, being a man as good as he was clever, and as 
 clever as he was good, he must have liad liis warranting 
 reasons, his justifying reasons, his vindicating reasons for 
 so doing, when such a course of action was obviously 
 likely to be attended with danger from misinterpretation 
 from both the fool and the knave ; from both the man 
 lacking thought and from the man lacking heart. 
 
 That such warranting reasons, such justifying reasons, 
 such vindicating reasons would be found in the fact that 
 Oldcorne knew the Plot was no longer a- plot, ])ut a 
 scheme emptied and defecated of all evil, all murderous, 
 all criminous, all sacrilegious quality. Nay, that it was 
 a scheme sublimated and transfigured by his (Oldcorne's) 
 own superabounding merit and virtue in relation to the 
 once diabolical, but then repented of, pi'odigious plan. 
 
 Therefore is the inevitable conclusion pressed upon 
 us with resistless force, tliat, according to the changeless 
 laws which govern man's intellectual and moral natm^e, 
 Oldcorne must have had some official or seini -official 2}ar- 
 ticular and private hunvledye of the thii'teen Gunpowder 
 traitors' heinous project, as distinct from and in addition 
 to that merely personal, general knowledge, which 
 he necessarily cannot have failed to })ossess in his
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 213 
 
 capacity of an ordinary English citizen : some professional 
 or quasi-professional special, private knowledge, as distinct 
 from that general, public, common knowledge, which 
 every sane man then a subject of the British Crown 
 could not help not being possessed of, at that very instant 
 of time when Humphrey Littleton propounded to the great 
 casuist Huniphrey Littleton's aforetime unhappy question.^ 
 
 I say advisedl}^ aforetime unliajypy question. 
 
 For, I respectfully maintain that the ratiocinative 
 faculty to-da}^ of a surety, demonstrates that in the 
 majestic cause of impartial, severe, historical truth, the 
 act of this frail, erring child of man, Humphrey Littleton, 
 has proved itself now to be thrice happy. 
 
 "0 felLr culpa!'' ''0 happy fault!" Out of 
 bitterness is come forth sweetness. 
 
 Humphrey Littleton was not pardoned by King James, 
 his Privy Council, and Government, notwithstanding the 
 invaluable disclosures he had made.^^^^^ 
 
 This high-born English gentleman was executed at 
 Redhill, Worcester, on the 7th day of April, 1600, along 
 with (among others) another open rebel, John Winter, the 
 
 ^ It is quite clear to luy mind that Christopher Wright, the 
 revealing plotter, must have himself expressly freed his confessor from the- 
 obli^^ation to ahsoJuie secrecy, which the seal of the Confessional would 
 impose. It may have been that Oldcorne made this a condition precedent 
 to his agreeing to pen tlie Letter. Or, it may have been that WrightV 
 own strong Catholic instincts and natural sense of justice suggested the 
 necessity of this course. As alread)^ remarked, a natural secret, that is, a 
 somethinir that is not a sin, whicli alone forms matter for Sacramental Con- 
 fession, may indlrecthi come under the seal, if the confessor promises expressly 
 or impliedly to accept the natural secret under the obligations of the seah 
 But in AVright's ciise tliere could be no question of his communication 
 being in the nature of a natural secret protected indirecth/ by the seal 
 by reason of Oldcorne's promise. And though freed by the penitent 
 from the (kity of absolute secrecy, Oldcorne would be still under a positive- 
 duty of discretion.
 
 214 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 half-brother of Robert AVi liter and Thomas AVinter, the 
 Gunpowder traitors. 
 
 Humphrey Littleton, we are told by liis contem- 
 porary, Father John Gerard, asked forgiveness of Father 
 Oldcorne more than once, and said that he had wronged 
 him much. 
 
 He also asked forgiveness of Mr. Abington, who, 
 though condemned to death, was ultimately pardoned at 
 his wife's and Lord Mounteagle's intercession. 
 
 Humphrey Littleton " died with show of great 
 repentance, and so with sorrow and humility and 
 patient acceptance of his death made amends for his 
 former frailty and too unworthy desire of life." 
 
 Stephen Littleton, the Master of Holbeach — who had 
 likewise joined in the rebellion in the ^Midlands, under 
 Sir Everard Digb}^ wdiich grew^ out of the CUinpowder 
 Plot, although a distinct movement from it, albeit 
 connected with the Plot — was made a public example of 
 in liis native County of Staffordshire, in terrorem, as a 
 terror to evil-doers : this unfortunate English gentleman 
 suffering the extreme penalty of the law, according to 
 his contemporary, the aforesaid Father John Gerard, 
 in the ancient town of Stafford.
 
 CHAPTER LXVIII. 
 
 We now come to the second and latter part of 
 ^Father Oldcorne's Declaration to Humphrey Littleton, 
 from the whole of which Declaration Littleton drew the 
 ■conclusion that Oldcorne answered " the action was 
 good, and seemed to approve of it." ^ 
 
 "And thus I applied it to this fact of Mr. Catesbie's ; 
 it is not to be approved or condemned by the event, but 
 by the proper object or end, and means which was to 
 be used in it ; and because I luioin iiotJi/nf/ of tliex, I 
 will neither approve it or condeme it, but leave it to god 
 and ther owne consciences, and in this wary sort I spoke 
 to him hycause I doubted he came to entrap me ; and 
 that he should take noe advantaire of the words whither 
 he reported them to Catholics or Protestants." '' 
 
 Now, in the lirst place, let it be remembered that 
 these words were spoken not before but after Wednesday, 
 
 ^ By thus disclaiming knowledge of '■'these" — that is, the object the 
 plotters had in view in their nefarious Plot, and the means they ])urposed 
 having recourse to, to attain their object — Oldcorne deliberately throws a 
 veil over the full orb of truth. But Littleton might have discerned, had 
 he taken tlie trouble so to do, that Oldcorne was equivocating under a sense 
 of ])rior obligation ; and the clue was afforded by the person of the speaker 
 and the tenour of the answer itself. In the former part of the Declaration, 
 by leaving Littleton in abstracto, he had thrown a veil over a portion of tlie 
 full orb of truth. Just as the silvery moon, on some tempestuous night, 
 may be first partially obscured, by a thick, dark, driving cloud, and then 
 afterwards wholly obscured, from the view of the gazer. 
 
 ^ Oldcorne's full answer to Littleton would be, " and because I know 
 nothing of these [that I am at liberty to tell you, Humphrey Littleton '"J : 
 tJiese last words being iateriorh/ expressed, j^si^ticfj^s.
 
 216 THE GUNPOWDER TLOT. 
 
 the Gtli of November, when, fis Oldcoriie himself has left 
 on record, and which indeed we have seen already. Father 
 Tesimond came from Coughton to Haddington, and from 
 Huddington to Hindlip ; and when " lie said that there ivere 
 certaht (itnitleinoi that meant to have blown up the 
 Parliament House, and that tJieir plot luas discovered a 
 daij or two before.'"^ 
 
 Again ; Fawkes, we are told by Endsemon-Joannes,^^^^^ 
 explained at the Trial of the conspirators why the 
 prisoners pleaded " ' Xot guilty,' whicli was that the 
 Indictment contained ' man}' other matters, which we 
 neither can, nor onght to countenance by our assent or 
 silence ; ' though none of them meant to deny that 
 whicli they had not only voluntarily confessed before, 
 Init ivJticli tvas quite notorious throughout the realm.''' ^^''^^' 
 (The italics are mine.) 
 
 Xow, seeing that Oldcorne told Littleton that " lie 
 hnew nothing'' as to the ^'' end or object" the plotters 
 had in their Plot, nor " tlie means which luas to be used 
 ill it," when the whole of England, not to say Europe,, 
 had l)een ringing with a knowledge of 7/0?^ only the end 
 or object, but also tlie means, for the last past few days, 
 and perhaps weeks, at the very least, I draw this 
 inevitable (conclusion : — 
 
 ''J'hat because Oldcorne was a man as morally good 
 as he was intellectually clever, lie must have met his 
 questioner's inquirtj ivitli this nescience, by reason of some 
 antecedeid . official, and j^^'ofessional duty; or, at leasts 
 
 ' Fatiier Oldcorne says that Tesimond reached Hindlip at two o'clock. 
 Now, as 'rcsiinoiid came from Huddington, where, already, he had had an 
 interview with Catesby, the conspirators must have reached Huddington 
 before two o'clock ; probably they reached the mansion-house at twelve 
 (/clock mid-day. JJates says that Tesimond was at Huddington half-an- 
 hour; but Jardine says two hours. Query, what does " Grccnwaij's MS.'' say?
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 217 
 
 semi-official and quasi-professional diit//, whicli liad been 
 imposed, upon Jtint, ah extra, from tJie outside, p)rior in 
 time to Huujphrey Littleton's coming to him to he resolved 
 of his douhts as to the moral rigJitness or wrongness of the 
 Giinp)Owder PlotS^"'^^ 
 
 In other words, that Oldcorne felt instinctively that 
 he could recognise in a private individual, like Humplireif 
 Littleton, no valid right, title, claim, or demand to call 
 forth an answer, which might discover or disclose to 
 Littleton the secret of the repentant Christopher AYright. 
 
 Yea, neither in Justice, nor in Equity, nor in Honour 
 could the grand Y^orksliireman betray to Humphrey 
 Littleton the secret of trust that in a semi-official, 
 quasi-professional mode or fashion had come to be entrusted 
 to him by another, as that other's private property and 
 exclusive possession. 
 
 Tliat oilier ivas Cliristopher Wright, the penitent 
 revealing plotter, and, wliomsoever lie had, explicithj or 
 implicitlij, willed should share a hnoivledge of the mighty 
 secret. But to none other or others beside. And certainly 
 not to men prohahly prompted by sinister motives and 
 croohed aims. 
 
 For a knowledge of truth in action, truth in the 
 result, trutli in the event, truth in the external, and every 
 other kind of truth in relation to the Gunpowder^ Plot, 
 
 ^ Tin: KM) DOES NOT JUSTIFT THE MEANS: NEITHER CAN A MAN OR A 
 
 WOMAN DO EViJi THAT GOOD MAT COME. But Olclcorne would contend that, 
 in perfect Eeasoii, 'ri'uth may be concealed, subject to certain limitations 
 and, re<j;ai-d being had to person, time, and circumstance, the clue-affordino- 
 possibilities; and this whether partial truth or whole truth, in pursuance of a 
 pinor and superiur moral ohligatlon. And so would sa}- all modern 
 diplomatists and commanders in the field, however conscientious and 
 upright they might be, unless they wished to court defeat, or to give away 
 their Country, and (if justice be meted out to them) to be cashiered, 
 xs'ow, unit>j at all times and in all places must prevail. For all nun are subject
 
 218 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 integral or j^artial, was irrevocably held in trust by 
 Edward Oldcorne, not for Humphrey Ijittleton, or the like 
 of hiin, but for Christopher AVright and men that were 
 true of heart. 
 
 Tliis was an obligation that flowed from the truth 
 expressed by the luminous maxim, " Qui prior est tempore 
 potior est jure.'' " He who is first in time is the 
 stronger in point of right." 
 
 to the one Moral Law of liight lieason, and nowhere will you find men without 
 souls, notwithstanding that certain nieinhers of the English middle classes 
 sometimes seem to labour under a delusion to the conti'ary. 
 
 Equivocation cannot be had recourse to in matters of Contract, nor 
 for pecuniary gain, nor sordid profit. Kemember thit, O all ye 
 worshippers of Mammon I Eor, "a more glorious doctrine for knaves 
 and a more disastrous doctrine for honest men," it would be difficult, if 
 not impossible, to conceive of than equivocation, if it were not held 
 strictly and severely in check and under control by the dictates of 
 Intellectual lieason and xMoral Justice. Now, this highly scientific liberty, 
 "equivocation," is never morally lawful to the witnesses in a Court of Justice, 
 where the judge has jurisdiction to try the parties and tlie cause, whether 
 those witnesses be the parties themselves to the cause, or strangers 
 "subpoenaed" to give testimony therein. Sucli persons would be justly 
 punishable for perjury who professed that, when beai-ing insufficient or 
 inadequate witness in a Court of Justice by not telling "the whole"' 
 truth, j^ they were merely "equivocating." Nor can equivocation be had 
 recourse to for working hurt or injury to a fellow-creature, whether bond 
 or free, white, black, or coppei'-coloured, contrary to tlie primary obliga- 
 tions of Justice, which bid man render unto all men their due. Nor with 
 reference to Divine Truth can equivocation be used. (Hence the piteous 
 -iibsurdity of the Koyal Declaration against Popery.) 
 
 Ey the mild and merciful Law of England, a criminally-accused 
 person may equivocate, on the same moral principles as justify strategy 
 in warfare, until his guilt has been brought home to him by sufficient 
 proofs. tSuch a person equivocates by pleading " not </uilfi/." 
 
 Jjtcanse J believe the ethical doctrine which justifies e([uivocation, 
 when properly taught, to be true and not false, and because 1 furthermore 
 believe that, in tlie interests of my Country and of lluiiiaiiity at large, 
 it is of ])ractical coiisccpiiMici', as well as mentally salutary, that a know- 
 ledge of equivocation, its foundation ]n'inciples, extents, and limitations, 
 should be " understanded " by all those that have the guardianship of the 
 People, whether in the senate, in the field, or at sea, therefore, 1 have
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 219 
 
 The Jesuit could never that trust, that confidence 
 hetray. If needs be, he must be "true till death." 
 For it was not necessary that he should live. But it 
 "was necessary that he should live undishonoured. 
 
 requested one, who has a competent mastery of the subject, to explain 
 the matter to my readers. This has been kindly done in a letter, which 
 will be found in Supplementum VI. For ''Melius pctere fontes" the jurist as 
 well as the poet has it. '■'■Better is it to have recourse to the fouv tain-head.'^ 
 
 The philosophical explanation of the fact that, under the pressure 
 of necessity, certain combatants can and do exhibit in action at the theatre 
 of war the highest strategetical skill, in spite of their knowing nothing 
 of the scientific doctrine of equivocation, springs from the law of reason 
 that, as a rule, doing is the condition precedent to Icnowing ; experience to 
 cognition. See Terrier's '^Institutes of Metaphysic'^ (I'lackwood), p. 15.
 
 CHAPTER LXIX. 
 
 A,i;;iiit ; to all those that are "knowing" enough,, 
 the facts of this woeful tragedy " ohservingly " to " distil 
 out," the toiiii and substance of this document of the 
 12th March, KjO-j-O, under the hand of Edward Oldcorne, 
 alike afford evidence — conclusive evidence — that Father 
 Oldcorne regarded the Gunpowder conspirators as repen- 
 tant conspirators, through the virtual representative- 
 repentance of one of their own nnmher. 
 
 And though it is true that, by the inexorable decree' 
 of the Universe, " The Guilty suffer," each man for him- 
 self and not another, temporal punishment, searching,, 
 terrible, and keen, yet this is not the whole of the 
 truth governing the perfected ethics of the matter. For 
 " Man leai-ns by suffering." And guilt is pardoned on 
 repentance, that is, on the observance and on the 
 performance of cei-tain equally decreed conditions. 
 
 These conditions are (1) confession, (2) contrition, which 
 implies sorrow and regret, and (3) satisfaction or "damages," 
 which in\olves amendment, withdrawal, or reversal. And 
 when all three conditions have been observed and per- 
 formed, then 
 
 " W'lioso with repentance is not satisfied, 
 Xcitlicr to OMi'th nor heaven is allied.*' 
 
 Hence, could the great moralist, by a cimijdexus of 
 intellectual acts, personal and vicarious, justly regard 
 the whole l)and of plotters as transgressors released from
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 221 
 
 the abstract guilt of their double crime. For it is a 
 dictate of reason that the release of one joint debtor 
 operates derivatively to the release, ipso facto, of all the 
 rest. 
 
 Now, if Oldcorne possessed a conscious realization 
 that, through the reijentance, 2^ersonal and i-rpreseutative, of 
 the Gunpowder plotters, that Plot was no longer a plot, 
 then, to speak after the manner of men, he must have 
 had that realization as the resultant of two particular 
 kinds, aspects, or sides of hioivledge : ah extra, from 
 without, that is, passive knowledge, or comnninicated, in 
 the first step ; and ah intra, from within, that is, know- 
 ledge active, or self-bestowed, in the second step. 
 
 Now, both passive knowledge and active knowledge 
 here would imply, in the final analysis, a communication 
 by some external mental agency, the agency of some 
 living, intelligent being. 
 
 It would be implied in the first case, directly ; in 
 the second case, indirectly. But, directly or indirectly, 
 the source would be the same. 
 
 Now, who can that aforesaid living, intelligent being, 
 which reason demands, have been, if not a repentant 
 plotter himself^ 
 
 Therefore, by irresistible inference, the Letter is 
 surely, with moral certitude, traced home at last.
 
 CHAPTEE LXX. 
 
 Father Edward Oldcorne was racked in the Tower 
 of London, " five times, and once with the utmost 
 severity for several hours," ^^'-^ in order that, haply, 
 information might he extracted from him that w^ould 
 prove him to he possessed of a guilty knowledge of the 
 Plot. But this princely soul had nothing of that kind to 
 tell, so that King James and his Counsellors wreaked 
 their lawless severity in vain.^ 
 
 On the 7th day of April, 1006, at liedhill, one mile- 
 from the City of AYorcester, on the London Eoad, "the 
 silver cord was loosed, the golden howl was hroken, 
 the pitcher was crushed at the fountain, the wdieel was 
 broken on the cistern." For on that day, at that spot,^ 
 the happy spirit of Edward Oldcorne mounted far, far 
 beyond the fading things of time and space. ^^"''^ 
 
 It may be objected tliat Father John Gerard's 
 relation of the last dying speech and confession of the 
 great Jesuit Priest and Martyr is hostile to the 
 
 ^ Torture, for the purpose of drawing evidence from a prisoner, was 
 contrary to the Law of Enghmd. Brother llalph Asliley, the servant of 
 Father Oldcorne, whr), I maintain, carried the warning Letters to Father 
 Henry Garnet and Lord Mounteagle, was tortured, hut witliout revealing 
 anything apjwrently. Brother Nicholas Owen, the great maker of priests' 
 hiding-places and secret chambers in the castles, manor-houses, and halls 
 of the old English Catholic gentry, was tortured with great severity ; but he, 
 too, seems to liave revealed notliing. Owen "dieil in their hands," but 
 whether he was tortured to death or comuiitted suicide in the Tower is- 
 a Jnystery to this day. One would like to see this mystery bottomed.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 225 
 
 hypothesis that Oldcorne peiiiied the great Letter^ 
 " Litter cr Felicissima'.'' 
 
 Gemi'd's reported words are these ; hut, I contend^ 
 we have no ahsolute proof that they are tlie ipissiina 
 verba of Father Oklcorne, though he liiay have uttered 
 some of these words, and something reserahhng them in 
 the case of the others. — See Gerard's ^^ Narrative,'' p. 275. 
 
 " He dechired unto the people that he came thither 
 to die for tlie Cathohc faith and the practice of his- 
 function, seeing that they neither had, nor could prove 
 anything against him which, even hy their own laws, 
 was sufficient to condemn him, hut that he was a Priest 
 of the Society of Jesus, wherein he much rejoiced, and 
 was ready and desirous to give his life for the profession 
 of that faith which he liad taught many years in that 
 very country', and which it was necessary for everyone 
 to emhrace that would save their souls/^'^^ Tlien being 
 asked again about tlie treason and taking p<^i'i with the 
 conspiratorsy he protested there again that he never had 
 the least knowledge of the treason, and took it upon his 
 death that he was as clear as the new-horn child from 
 the whole plot or any part thereof. Then commending 
 his soul, Avith great devotion, humility, and confidence,, 
 into the hands of God aud to the Blessed Virgin, St. 
 Jerome, St. Winifred, and his good Angel, he was turned 
 off the ladder, and hanging awhile, was cut down and 
 quartered, and so his innocent and thrice-happy soul 
 went to receive the reward of his many and great 
 lahours." (The italics are mine.)
 
 CITAPTEll LXXr. 
 
 Now, in the first place, it is to be noticed that 
 Father Oldcorne made the special disclaimer of ever 
 having htid the least knowledge of the Plot oidy after 
 being asl^ed again ahoiif the treason and taking part with 
 tlie consjnrators. 
 
 My respectful submissions to the judgment of my 
 candid readers, therefore, are these : — 
 
 First, that we have no exact, that is, no scientific, 
 proof^^'^^ that Father Oldcorne, as a fact, employed these 
 ■precise words. 
 
 And, secondly, that, even if he did so euiploy them, 
 what he meant to convey to his hearers' mind b}' the 
 words was, I maintain, that he had no criminal, no traitor- 
 ous knowledge of the ruthless Gunpowder enterprise ; or, in 
 other words, no guiltg Jiiiowledge, no Iniowledge tJtat his 
 King ami his fellow-suljjects had ang rigJit, title, claim, or 
 demand, in Tteason, Justice, Equitg, or Honour, to obtain 
 or to ivring from him. 
 
 For " Qui 2>i'ior est tempore potior est jure.^' He 
 who is first in time is the stronger in point of riglit." 
 
 Again ; " There is on earth a yet auguster thing, 
 veiled though it be, than Parliament or King." And that 
 is the Human Conscience, instructed l)v Truth and 
 Justice. Her rights are invincible and eternally sacred. 
 
 Gerard continues, after Father Oldcorne " followed 
 llalpli, his faithful follower and companion of his labours, 
 who showed at his death great devotion and fervour, as may
 
 THE GUNPOWDER TLOT. 225 
 
 "be guessed by this one action of his ; for wliilst Ffitlier 
 Oldcorne stood upon the ladder and was preparing him- 
 self to die, Ralph, standing by the ladder, suddenly 
 stepped forward, and takes hold of the good Father's 
 feet, embracing and kissing them with great devotion, 
 and said, ' What a happy man am I, to follow here 
 the steps of my sweet Father ! ' And when his own 
 turn came, he also first commended himself by earnest 
 prayers unto God, then told the people that he died for 
 religion and not for treason, whereof he had ' not had 
 the least knowledge ; and as he had heard this good 
 Father, before him, freely forgive liis persecutors and 
 pray for the King and Country, so did he also . . .' He 
 showed, at his death, great resolution joined with great 
 devotion, and so resigning his soul into the hands of 
 Ood, was turned off the ladder and changed this life for 
 .a better."— See Gerard's ''Narrative^' pp. 27, o27G.(^''^> 
 
 Furthermore, Father Gerard says, on p. 209 of his 
 ■" Narrative,'''' as we have seen already, that '' Father 
 Ouldcorne his indictment was so framed that one nn"ght 
 see they mucli desired to have drawn him within the 
 compass of some participation of this late treason ; to 
 which effect they first did seem to suppose it as likely 
 that he should send letters up and down to prepare 
 men's minds for the insurrection . . . Also they 
 accused him of a sermon made in Christmas, wherein he 
 should seem to excuse the conspirators, or to extenuate 
 their fact, and, withal that speaking with Humphrey 
 Littleton in private about the same matter, he should 
 advise him not to judge of the cause, or to condemn 
 the gentlemen by the event." 
 
 Although Father Oldcorne was found guilty and 
 sentenced to death, it is not clearly shewn, from Gerard's 
 Helation, or that of anybody else, what offences w^ere
 
 22G THE GUNrOWDEE PLOT. 
 
 proved against liiiii. Probabl}', reliance was mainly 
 placed (1) on the fact of his being a notorious Priest 
 and Jesuit, reconciling as many of the King's subjects 
 to the See of Eome as possible ; (2) on his providing^ 
 through the Jesuit, Father Jones, a place of refuge for 
 liobert Winter and Stephen Littleton, two of the 
 fugitives from Justice ; and (3) on his aiding and 
 abetting the concealment of his Superior, Father Garnet,. 
 a proclaimed traitor, at Hindlip/ 
 
 ^ The reason vvliy Humphrey Littleton, at his execution, begged 
 pardon of Mr. Abington, as well as of Father Oldcorne (see ante p. 214), 
 was that Humphrey Littleton, when in Worcester Gaol, had reported to- 
 tlie Government, in tlie liope of getting a res])ite, that the Jesuits, 
 Garnet and Oldcorne, were being concealed at llindlip. 
 
 Father Garnet left Coughton for Hindlip, accompanied by the 
 Honourable Anne Vaux, on tlie 16th December, 1605, and lay concealed 
 there until the last week of January, 1605-6, when Garnet and Oldcorne,. 
 togetlier with the lay-bi'others, Nicholas Owen and lialph Ashley, were 
 captured at Hindlip, by Sir Henry Broudey, of Holt Castle, a Worcester- 
 shire magistrate, in pursuance of elaborate instructions from Lord 
 Salisbury himself. The cai)tives were all four solenmly conveyed to tlie 
 Tower of liOiidon. Miss Vaux was herself afterwards locked up in the 
 Tower, but finally released. 'I'his unconquerable lady seems to have " come 
 to lier grave in a full age, like as a sliock of corn cometh in in its season.'' 
 For, as late as the year 1635, we find lier name being rejjorted to the 
 I'rivy Council of Charles J., for helping certain Jesuits to carry on a 
 sciiool for the education of the sons of the English Catholic nobility and 
 gentry, at her mansion, Stanley Grange, about six miKs from Derby.
 
 CHAPTER LXXII. 
 
 Edward Oldcorne might have, perchance, saved his 
 life had he told his lawful Sovereign that he had heen 
 (Deo juvante) a joint efficient cause of that Sovereign's 
 temporal salvation and the temporal salvation of the 
 Lords Spiritual and Temporal, Commons of England, 
 Ambassadors, and Heaven only knows whom, and how 
 many else beside. For King James, with all his faults, 
 was averse from shedding tlie blood even of popish 
 Priests and Jesuits. But Oldcorne did not do so. And 
 I hold that he had two all-sufficient reasons for not so 
 acting. 
 
 Eirst, he may have thought there was a serious 
 danger of his entangling Thomas Ward, in some w^ay or 
 another, as an accessory, at least, after the fact, in the 
 meshes of the Law of that unscrupulous time : the time, 
 be it remembered, of the Star Chamber and the Court 
 of High Commission. 
 
 And, secondly, although this great Priest and Jesuit, 
 hij virtue and as a result of the releasing act of his 
 Penitent, Christopher Wright, had come, ■practically, to 
 receive a hiowleclge of the tremendous secret as a, Friend 
 and as a Man, and not as a Priest, yet, because that 
 Man and that Friend was a Priest; and because it was 
 impossible for that Priest in practice, and in the eyes 
 of men, to bisect himself, and make clear and manifest 
 the different sides and aspects in which he had — 
 subsequent to the Penitent's release from the seal of the
 
 228 THE GUNrOWDER PLOT. 
 
 Confessional, ^i(j ilium amfessionis — thought and acted in 
 relation to the revealing plotter, therefore did Oldcorne, 
 I opine, deliberately — because, according to his own 
 principles, he was predominantly " a Priest," and that 
 ''for ever" — therefore did he deliberately choose the more 
 excellent Avay, aye ! in the chamber of torture and upon 
 the scaffold of death, the way of perfect self-sacrifice for 
 the good of others. 
 
 For, by a Yorkshire Catholic mother, dwelling in a 
 grey northern city — and who in January, 1598, is described 
 as "old and lame"^ — Edward Oldcorne had been tauglit 
 long years ago " to adjust liis compass at the ^7ross."^"'^^^"^^ 
 
 Brother Ralph Ashley, too, possibly might have saved 
 his life, had he disclosed that, whatever other letter or 
 letters he had carried to and fro, he had carried that great 
 Letter, that Letter of Letters, wdiich had proved the sheet- 
 anchor, the lever, of his Country's temporal salvation 
 through the temporal salvation of its hereditary and 
 elected rulers. 
 
 But Brother Ralph Ashley knew he had a duty to 
 perform of strict fidelity to his master, a duty which, 
 though unknown to man, would not escape the Eye of Him 
 to advance Whose greater glory this humble Jesuit lay- 
 brother was solemnly pledged. 
 
 Eather Gerard says, as we have already seen, in his 
 ^^ Narrative,'' that Ralph Ashley "was divers times put 
 upon the torture but he revealed nothing." Gerard 
 furthermore says that Ralph Asldey " was indicted and 
 condennied upon supposition that he Imd carried letters to 
 and fro about this conspiracy." "But," says Gerard, 
 " they neither did nor could allege any instance or proof 
 against him." — See ''Narrative,'' p. 271. 
 
 ^ Foley's " liecurds," vul. iv., p. 204.
 
 CHAPTER LXXIII. 
 
 A few final words as to Thomas Ward (or Warde), 
 who was, I hold, no less than Edward Oldcorne and his 
 Penitent, the joint arbiter of destinies and the controller 
 of fates. 
 
 Indeed, as previously stated in an earlier portion 
 of this Inquir}^, my own opinion is that Christopher 
 Wright probably unlocked his burthened heart to his con- 
 nection, Thomas Ward, of whose constancy in friendship 
 he would be, by long years of experience, well assured, 
 at a time anterior to that at which he unbosomed himself 
 to the holy Jesuit Priest, that skilled, wise, loving minister 
 of a mind diseased. 
 
 While Ward, on his part, readily and willingly, 
 though at the imminent risk of being himself charged as 
 a knowing accomplice and accessory to the Plot, under- 
 took the diplomatic engineering of the whole movement, 
 whereby the Plot was so effectually and speedily spun 
 round on its axis, even if well-nigh at the eleventh hour. 
 
 In bidding farewell, a long farewell, to Thomas 
 Ward, the following extracts from a letter of Sir Edward 
 jjoby(^"9> to Sir Thomas Edmunds, Ambassador at Brussels, 
 are important, although some of the passages have already 
 appeared in the earlier part of this Inquiry : — 
 
 " Such as are apt to interpret all things to the 
 worst, will not believe other but that Lord Mounteagle 
 might in a policy cause this letter to be sent, fearing
 
 '230 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 the discovery already of the letter ; the rather that 
 one Thomas Ward, a principal man about him, is 
 suspected to be accessory to the treason. Others 
 otherwise . . . some say that Fawkes (alias Johnson) 
 was servant to one Thomas Percy ; others that he is a 
 Jesuit and had a shirt of hair next his skin. 
 
 "Early on the Monday [vere Tuesday] morning, the 
 Earl of Worcester was sent to Essex House to signify 
 the matter to the Earl of Northumberland, whom he 
 found asleep in his bed, and hath done since his best 
 endeavour for his apprehension . . . Some say that 
 Xorthumberland received the like letter that Mounteagle 
 did, and concealed it . . . 
 
 " Tyrwhyt is come to London ; Tresham sheweth 
 himself; and Ward ivalheth uj) and doivu.'" '-^^'^^ (The 
 italics are mine.) 
 
 Surely, the twain facts that Thomas Ward " walked 
 np and down," and that his brother, Marmaduke, was 
 also at large, with the latter's eldest daughter, Mary, 
 lodging in Baldwin's Gardens, Holborn (although w^e have 
 seen the Master of Newby apprehended in Warwickshire, 
 in the very heart and centre of the conspirators), tend to 
 demonstrate that the King, his Privy Council, and 
 Govei'nment ivere very much obligated to the gentleman- 
 servant and, alniost certainly, distant kinsman of William 
 Parker fourtJi Lord Mounteagle, and that they kneiu it} 
 
 ^ Is it possible that some time after the Plot, Thomas "Ward retired 
 into his native Yorkshire, and became the officer or agent for Lord William 
 Howard's and his wife's Jlinderskelfe and other Yorksliire, 13urham, and 
 AV^estnioreland estates? 1 think it is possible; for I find the name " Thomas 
 Warde " from time to time in the '•'■Household Boolcs of Lord William 
 lloward" (Surtees Soc). See Supplementum III. I am inclined to think that 
 the reason I'ather Richard Holtby, the distinguished Yorkshire Jesuit, who 
 was socius, or secretary, to Father Henry (larnet, and subsequently Superior
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 231 
 
 From a grateful King and Country, Lord Mounteagie 
 received, as we have already learned, a payment of 
 ^700 a year, equal to nearly =£7,000 a year in our 
 money. ^ 
 
 But Ben Jonson, the rare Ben Jonson, the friend 
 of Shakespeare, of Donne,' and other wats of the once 
 
 •of the Jesuits iu England, was never laid hold of by the Government, 
 was that Holtby had two powerful friends at Court in Lord William 
 Howard, of Navvorth and Hinderskelfe Castles, and in Thomas Warde (or 
 Ward). Father IToltby was born at Eryton Hall, in the Parish of 
 Hoviugham, between Hovingham and Malton. Xow, Eryton is less than 
 a mile from Slingsby, where I suspect Thomas Warde (or Ward) 
 ;^nally settled down, and both are only a few miles distant fx'om 
 Hinderskelfe Castle, now Castle Howard. Eryton Old Hall is at present, 
 I believe, occupied by Mr. Leaf, and is the property of Charles James 
 Howard ninth Earl of Carlisle, the descendant of Lord William Howard. 
 The late Captain Ward, E.N., of Slingsby Hall, I surmise, was a descendant, 
 lineal or collateral, of Thomas AVard, of the days of Queen Elizabeth and 
 King James I. 
 
 '& 
 
 ^ Lord Mounteagle's reward was ^500 per annum for life, and =£200 
 per annum to him and his heirs for ever in fee farm rents. Salisbury 
 declared that Mounteagle's Letter was "the tirst and only means" tlie 
 Government had to discover that " most wicked and barbarous Plot." 
 Personally, I am bound to sav 1 believe him. The title Lord Morley and 
 Mounteagie is now in abeyance (see Burke's ^'•Extinct Peerages"); but 
 let us hope that we may see it revived. An heir must be in existence, 
 one would imagine; for the peerages Morley and Mounteagie would be 
 granted by the Crown for ever, I presume. There is at the present date 
 -a Lord Monteagle, whose title is of a more recent creation. 
 
 ^ John Donne the celebrated metaphysical poet, afterwards Dean of 
 St. Paul's, and author of the once well-known '■^ Pseudo-Martijr,'" which 
 Donne wrote at the request of King James himself. Eor one of Donne's 
 • ancestors and descendants, see ante p. 160. 
 
 Henry Donne (or Dunne), a barrister, was brother to John Donne. 
 He was, I believe, implicated in the Babington conspiracy along with 
 Edward Abington, brother to Thomas Abington, and about ten other 
 young papist gentlemen, some of very high birth, great wealth, and 
 brilliant prospects. At the chambers of Henry Donne, in Thavies Inn, 
 Holborn, London, "the Venerable" William Harrington, of Mount St. 
 John, near Thirsk, was captured. Harrington fled to the College at Eheiuis
 
 232 THE GUNrOWDER PLOT. 
 
 far-famed Merjiiaid Tavern, Bread Street, Loudon, deemed 
 the temporal saviour of his Country to be still in- 
 sufficiently requited. So the Poet, invoking his Muse, 
 penned, in the young peer's honour, the following stately 
 epigram : — 
 
 "To AViLLIAM LOEI) MOUNTEAGLE. 
 
 " Lo, what iny country should have done (have raised 
 
 An obeli.sk, or column to thy name; 
 Or if she would but modestly have jn-aised 
 
 Thy fact, in brass or marble writ the same). 
 T, that am glad of thy great chance, here do I 
 
 And proud, my work shall out-last common deeds. 
 Durst think it great, and worthy wonder too. 
 
 But thine ; for ■which 1 do't, so much exceeds I 
 iMy country's parents I have many known ; 
 But saver of my country, thee alone." 
 
 to study for the priesthood, in consequence of the impression made u])on him 
 by Campion, who was harboured, in the spring of 1581, for ten days at 
 Mount tit. John; Campion there wrote his famous ''Decern Jiationes." 
 Harrington was executed at the London Tyburn, for his priesthood, in 1594. 
 He is said to have struggled with the hangman when the latter began to 
 quarter him alive. Harrington is mentioned in Archbishop Ilarsnett's 
 " Popish Imponhires," a book known to Shakespeare. Harrington was 
 a second cousin to Cniy Fawkes, through Guy's paternal grandmother,. 
 I'illen Harrington, of Y(irk.
 
 KECAPITULATION OF PEOOFS, AKGUMENT, AND 
 
 CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 (1) The revealing plotter cannot have been Tresham 
 or any one of the other eight who were condemned to 
 death in Westminster Hall ; otherwise he would have 
 2?Ieaded such fact. 
 
 (2) The revealing plotter must have been amongst 
 those who survived not to tell the. tale : that is, either 
 Catesby, Percy, John Wright, or Christopher Wright. 
 
 (3) Christopher Wright, a subordinate conspirator 
 introduced late in the conspiracy, was the revealing 
 conspirator. 
 
 (4) Father Edward Oldcorne, S.J., was the Penman 
 of the Letter. 
 
 (5) Thomas Ward was the diplomatic Go-between 
 common to both. 
 
 All these three were YorJcsJiiremen. 
 
 (6) Pvalph Ashley w^as the messenger who conveyed 
 the Letter to Lord Mounteagle's page, who was already 
 in the street when the Letter-carrier arrived. 
 
 Ferhaps a Yorkshireman. 
 
 (7) Mounteagie knew a letter was coming. Known 
 to Edmund Church, Esq., his confidant. 
 
 (8) Thomas Ward, on Sunday, the 27th October 
 (the day after the delivery), told Thomas AVinter, one of 
 the principal plotters, that Salisbury had received the 
 document ; and on Sunday, the 3rd November, that 
 Salisbury had shown it to the King.
 
 234 THE GUNrOWDER TLOT. 
 
 (9) Christopher Wright, who was at Lapwortli when 
 the Letter was dehvered, and within twenty miles of 
 Father Oldcorne, saw Thomas AVinter some httle time 
 subsequent to the deHvery of the Letter. 
 
 (10) Christopher Wright is said to have been the 
 first who ascertained that the Plot was discovered. 
 
 (11) Christopher Wright is said to have counselled 
 flight in different directions. 
 
 (12) Christopher Wright announced to Thomas 
 Winter, very early on Tuesday, the 5th of November, 
 the capture of Fawkes that morning. 
 
 (13) Father Oldcorne's handwriting to-day resembles 
 that of the Letter ; by comparison of documents, certainly 
 one of which is in Oldcorne's handwriting. 
 
 (14) Oldcorne was accused by the Government of 
 sending "letters up and down to prepare men's minds 
 for the insurrection." 
 
 (15) Brother Ashley, his servant, was accused of 
 carrying "letters to and fro about this conspirac3^" 
 
 (l(j) Father Henry Garnet, Oldcorne's Superior, 
 mysteriously changed his purpose expressed on the 4th 
 October, of returning to London ; and on the 29th 
 October went from Gothurst to Coughton, in Warwickshire. 
 (I think Garnet's main reason for going to Coughton 
 was in order to meet Catesby, and endeavour to induce 
 him to discard Percy's counsel and to seek refuge in 
 flight.) 
 
 (17) Father Oldcorne evaded giving a direct answer 
 as to the Plot, when questioned by Littletcm, after 
 November 5tli. 
 
 (18) Plence, the facts hotli before and after the 
 delivery of the Letter are consistent with, and indeed 
 converge towards, the hypothesis sought by this Inquiry 
 to be proved.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 235 
 
 (19) The circumstance that Christopher Wright 
 •displayed a strangely marked disposition to "hang ahout" 
 the prime conspirator, Thomas Winter, aftei' the sending 
 of the Letter, is a suspicious fact, strongly indicative 
 of a consciousness on Christopher Wright's part of a 
 special responsibility in connection with the revelation 
 of the Plot ; as showing anxiety for personal knowledge 
 that the train of revelation lighted by himself had, so to 
 speak, taken fire. 
 
 (20) Christopher Wright lived not to tell the tale. 
 
 (21) Hence, the hypothesis is a theory established, 
 with moral certitude, mainly by Circumstantial Evidence, 
 which latter "mosaics" perfectly. 
 
 (22) Finally, the crowning proof of the theory 
 sought by this Book to be established is found in these 
 nine words of the post script um of 21st October, 1605, 
 to letter dated 4th October, 1605, under the hand 
 of Father Garnet to Father Parsons, in Kome^: "This 
 
 letter being returned unto me again, for reason of a 
 
 • 
 
 ^ This letter, 1 understand, is still extant, and is in the archives of 
 the Roman Catholic Diocese of Westniinster. I wonder whether by any 
 of the rigorous tests of modern science these "blotted out" words can be 
 discerned. Probably they have some reference to the Plot. The late Rev. 
 John Morris, 8. .7., thought they had not. Put on tliis point I am obliged 
 to differ, in toto, from that painstaking editor of much invaluable 
 Elizabethan Catholic literature. See the learned Jesuit's remarks on this 
 letter of the 4th October, 1605, in " The Condition of Catholics under 
 James I." (Longmans), p. 228. 
 
 Pather Morris contends that for Pather Garnet to have inserted a 
 reference to the Gunpowder Plot " between two such subjects as the 
 choice of Lay-brothers and his own want of money," would have been 
 for Garnet to have exhibited a disposition " to be the most erratic of letter- 
 writers."' 
 
 But, surely, Father Morris's argument is feeble in the extreme when 
 regard is had to the fact that poor Henry Garnet's mind, from the 25th 
 July, 1605, when he Jirst heard from Tesimond, hif way of confession, the 
 fjeneral particulars of the Plot, down to the 4th of October, 1605, was a
 
 236 THE GUNPOWDEU I'LOT. 
 
 fkiend's stay in the way, I blotted out bome words 
 purposing to write tlie suiiie by tlie next opportunity, as 
 I will do apurt : "— The word "stay" here being used to 
 signify " check." Cy., Shakespeare's " King John," II., 2 :. 
 and see Glossary to Globe Juiition (^racmillan). 
 
 very weltering chaos of gi'ief, distress, and perplexity. And, tlierefore, the 
 most ^latural thing in the world Mas for him to exhibit a trifle of 
 eccentricity in the style of his epistolary correspondence, in such trying 
 CH'cunistancGS, even with so acute and caustic a critic as Father Parsons. 
 
 I have said that about the 25th July, 1605 (St. James"-tide), (Tarnet 
 had, by wa}' of confession, the <ieneral particulars of the Plot, because I think 
 that Garnet obtained from Tesiiuoiid final details of the Plot at Great 
 llarrowden a fortnight before Michaelmas (11th October) ; in fact, after the 
 return from St. AVinefrid's Well, in Flintshire, Wales. 
 
 It is, however, probable that about tlie 21st of October, at Gothurst, 
 Te>-iinond may have made a further communication to Garnet, possibly in 
 conse([uence of Garnet's sending U)v 'resinioml (ifUr he (Garnet) had received 
 '■' l/if friend's staij in iJie wai/.'' For the old tradition was that Guvnet first 
 had particulars from Te^ilU()nd, l)y way of confession, about the 21st October. 
 (See the earlier editions of Lingard's '^ Jlistor;/.") Hut, of course, this was an 
 error by three montliK. Garnet first receiving at least general particulars 
 from 'ri'siniond about t he 25th of July. (At some future date I may, per- 
 haps, write an essay on " Garnet after the 2l.s'/ October, 1605,"' but at present 
 I have not space to jmrsue this matti-r further.)
 
 SUPPLEMENTA.
 
 SUPPLEMENTA. 
 
 supplementum i. 
 Guy Fawkes. 
 
 The forefathers of Guy Fawkes ahiiost certainly 
 sprang from Nidderdale, in the West Biding of Yorkshire. 
 See Foster's " YorlsJiire Families,'' under Hawkesworth, 
 of Hawkesworth, and Fawkes, of Farnley. 
 
 Guy's grandfather was AYilHam Fawkes, of York, w^ha 
 married a York lady, Ellen Harrington/ 
 
 William Fawkes became Registrar of the Exchequer- 
 Court of the Archbishop of York, and died between the 
 j^ears 1558-1565. 
 
 William Fawkes had two sons and two daughters — 
 Thomas Faw^kes, a merchant-stapler, and Edward Fawkes,. 
 a Notary or Proctor of the Ecclesiastical Court, and 
 afterwards an Advocate of the Consistory Court of the 
 Archbishop of York. (Certainly it is a strange and bitter 
 irony that an ancestry like this should have brought 
 forth such a moral monster as poor Guy Fawkes afterwards 
 became. But our guiding motto must be : " Speak of 
 me as I am ; nothing extenuate, nor set down aught 
 in malice.") 
 
 Edward Fawkes married a lady whose Christian name 
 was Edith, but her surname is unknown. She w^as the 
 
 ^ Ellen Harrington's father was Lord Mayor of York, in the reign 
 of Henry YIIL, in the rear 1536.
 
 240 THE GUNrOWDER PLOT. 
 
 mother of fonv children — two sons and two daughters. 
 Only one of her sons grew to man's estate, and tins was 
 the hapless Guy. 
 
 (Only four children are known of witli certainty; 
 but (xuy possihhj i/ki// have liad another brother, wlio 
 was a student at the Inns of Oourt, in November, 1005.) 
 
 Now, the exact house where Edith Fawkes gave 
 birth to her ill-fated boy is at present not known with 
 certitude. There are four traditions respecting the place. 
 Two traditions say the house was on the south side of 
 High Petergate, York ; one tradition that it was on tlie 
 north side, adjoining the alley called Minster Gates ; the 
 fourth tradition that it was at Bishopthorpe. Personally, 
 I am in favour of the ]\Iinster Gates' tradition. But the 
 Bishopthorpe tradition is worthy of a respectful hearing. 
 
 My friend, Mr. William Camidge, F.li.H.S. (than 
 whom no man now living in York has a greater, if 
 indeed as great, knowledge concerning the City's anti- 
 quarian lore) tells me in a letter, dated the 5th of 
 November, 1901, that in old Thomas Gent's '^ Bippon'' 
 (1738) there is mention made of Bishopthorpe as being- 
 Guy's birthplace. Cient says, " The house opposite the 
 church^ is said to be the birthplace of Guy Faux." 
 
 ^Ir. Camidge continues: "I found, a fev/ years ago, 
 rooted in the minds of the oldest inhabitants of Bishop- 
 thorpe, the positive assurance^ tliat Guy Fawkes was born 
 at Bishopthorpe, and the site of the house was indicated 
 by several persons. I found one of the descendants of 
 the former owner of the house, who assured me tliat her 
 father always held that (xuy Fawkes was born in the 
 
 ' /.c, tlie old ]jislio|)thor[)e Clmri-li. The present Bishopthorpe 
 ■Church is a handsome structure of recent date, at the entrance to the 
 Tillage from Vork.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 241 
 
 house ; that my informant's great grandfather maintained 
 the same ; and that for two or three generations they 
 had shown the house as the place of Guy Fawkes' birth. 
 The site of the house is now a pleasure-garden ; but 
 a stone was put in the ground to mark the site." 
 
 Now it is a remarkable fact that in almost all, if 
 indeed not quite all, of those places where there has been a 
 strong local tradition to the effect that the Gunpowder 
 conspirators had some association with a particular spot, 
 subsequent investigation has found the tradition to be 
 well authenticated. (This was pointed out by David 
 Jardine sixty years ago.) 
 
 Yet the strongest argument against the Bishopthorpe 
 tradition is that Guy's baptismal register is to-day found 
 at the Church of St. Michael-le-Belfrey, in the City of York. 
 
 Now, in the time of Elizabeth, as Dr. Elze 
 has pointed out in his "ivz/e of SJud-esjK'are,'''' a child 
 W'Ould be haptized on tlie third da?/ after birth. Hence, 
 on the whole, I cannot personally accept the Bishop- 
 thorpe tradition as to the birthplace of Guy Fawkes. 
 
 It is, however, more than possible that as a babe in 
 arms Guy Fawkes may have lived at Bishopthorpe. For 
 the Act of Uniformity, whereby the York Court of High 
 Commission had been established, would bring nnich legal 
 work to his father, Edward Fawkes ; and that the latter 
 found it convenient to have a house in close proximity to 
 his Grace the Lord Archbishop of York, a leading member 
 of the High Commission, is one of the likeliest things 
 in tlie world. 
 
 In these circumstances, then, the present-day 
 inhabitants of Bishopthorpe may still lay the flattering 
 unction to their souls (if they wish so to do) that Guy 
 Fawkes drank in his mother's milk in their picturesque 
 Yorkshire village, on the banks of the noble Ouse. 
 
 Q
 
 242 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 Mr. J. W. Knowles, of Stonegate, York, another 
 gentleman well versed in York's antiquities, informed 
 me in August, 1901, that a Mr. John Kobert AVatkinson, 
 of Redeness Street, Layerthorpe, Y^ork, held a tradition 
 that Guy Fawkes' birthplace was in the house adjoining 
 the Minster Gates, 
 
 Accordingly, some little time afterwards, I wrote tO' 
 Mr. Watkinson, who at once kindly replied in a letter,, 
 dated 22nd October, 1001, as follows :— 
 
 " My reason for thinking that the house in High 
 Petergate, at the corner of the Minster Gates, . . . 
 is the house where Guy Fawkes was born, is this : 
 
 " Some fifty 3'ears ago I was working at the same 
 house when an old Minster mason, named Towiisend, 
 told me it was the house where Guy Fawkes was 
 born. Job Knowles, an old bell-ringer and watchman 
 at the IMinster at the time Jonathan Martin set the 
 Minster on fire, also told mo it was the same house. 
 
 "It is an Elizabethan^ house, but it has been 
 re-fronted, which you would see if you went inside and 
 looked at the wainscotting and the carved mantel-piece." 
 
 Edward Fawkes died, aged forty-six, when his son, 
 Guy, was not quite eight years old. He was buried in 
 the Minster on the 17th January, 1578-0. Ab(Mit twenty- 
 seven years afterwards this Yorkshire citizen's thrice 
 hapless child — by nature a tall, athletic man, but then^ 
 
 ^ 111 :i subsequent letter, Mr. Watkinson, who is a Protestant, 
 tells me tliat he is in the seventieth year of his age, aiul tliat he is 
 descended collaterally iroin Thomas Watkinson, of Menthorpe, near Selby, 
 the fatlun- of '-the A'enerable" liobert Watkinson, jjriest, who suffered 
 martyrdom at the London Tyburn in 1GU2. two years before the Gun- 
 ])()wder Plot was hatched.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER TLOT. 243 
 
 b}- torture of the rack, so crippled " that he was scarce 
 able to go up the ladder " — met on the shameful gallows- 
 tree, and on the quartering block, in the Old Palace 
 Yard, Westminster, over against the Parliament House, 
 the terrible death of a condemned traitor. The whole 
 world knows the reason why. 
 
 Mistress Edith Fawkes, Guy's mother, was married 
 a secoiid time to a gentleman named Dennis Bainbridge. 
 He was connected with the John Pulleyn, Esq., of Scotton, 
 near Knaresbrough, and the probabilities are that Mr. and 
 Mrs. Dennis Bainbridge, and that lady's children by her 
 first husband, namely Guy, Elizabeth and Ann Fawkes, all 
 lived by the favour of the young squire, John Pulleyn, in 
 patriarchal fashion, at Scotton Hall. The Pulleyns and 
 the Bainbridges were Eoman Catholics, and their names 
 (along with the names Walkingham, Knaresborough, and 
 Bickerdyke) occur in Peacock's '^ List of Boman Catholics 
 in Yorlsliire in 1604,'' under the title "Parish of 
 Farnham." The name Percy, of Percy House, is not 
 found in Peacock's "'List.'' 
 
 [If the Bainbridges did not live at Scotton Hall, 
 they may have lived at Percy House, hard-by the Hall. 
 Percy House is now owned by Mr. Slater, of Farnham 
 Hall, the property of the relatives of the late Charles 
 Shann, Esquire, of Tadcaster.^ 
 
 It is, therefore, easy to understand how it came to 
 pass that the mind of young Guy Fawkes became im- 
 pregnated with Roman Catholicism. For man is a 
 creature of circumstances. 
 
 Yorkshire abounded in Eoman Catholics in the time 
 of Elizabeth (see the '^Hatfield MSS.'' and numerous 
 other contemporary records). Such was especially the 
 case with the district round about Knaresbrough and 
 liipon. And recollecting that many Yorksbiremen had
 
 244 THE GUNPOWDEK PLOT. 
 
 siiifered a bloody death for their conscientious adlierence 
 to their rehgion between the years 1582 and Easter, 
 1G04, wlien the Gunpowder Plot was hatched, one ceases 
 to niarvel at such a psychological puzzle as even the 
 mind of Guy Fawkes. — See Challoner's *' Missionanj 
 Priests'" and Pollen's ^'' Acts of the EncjUsh Martyrs,'" 
 already frequently referred to. 
 
 [" The Venerable " martyrs, Pobert Bickerdyke, Peter 
 Snow, Ralph Grimston, Francis Ingleby, and John 
 Robinson (some priests, others laymen) came from Low 
 Hall, Farnham ; "at or near Ripon ; " Nidd, near Scotton ; 
 Ferensby and Ripley respectively. While the "Blessed" 
 John Nelson came from Skelton, York, and the 
 "Blessed" Richard Kirkeman from Addingham, near 
 Ilkley (both priests). All these men suffered death for 
 legal treason or felony based upon their religion between 
 the years 1578 and 1604. And, therefore, according to 
 the laws that govern human nature, such events were 
 sure to tell an impressive tale to a man like Guy Fawkes. 
 Princes and statesmen should avoid, as far as possible, 
 inflicting punishments that impress the imagination. 
 Moreover, an inferior but potent objection against all 
 religious persecution is found in the wisdom enshrined 
 in the exclamation of Horace, " imitators, a servile 
 crowd!"] 
 
 The following testimony of Father Oswald Tesimond, 
 one of Guy Fawkes' old school-fellows, along with John 
 Wright and Christopher Wright, at Old St. Peter's 
 School, in the Horse Fayre, Gillygate, York, where Union 
 Terrace now stands, will be of interest. 
 
 Fawkes was " a man of great piety, of exemplary 
 temperance, of mild and cheerful demeanour, an enemy 
 of broils and disputes, a faithful friend, and remarkable 
 for his punctual attendance upon religious observances."
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 245 
 
 His society was "sought by all the most distinguished 
 ill the Archdukes' camp for nobihty and virtue."- — Quoted 
 by Jardine in his '■^Narrative,'" p. 38. 
 
 • How sad to think that such a man should have so 
 missed his way in the journey of life as to become so 
 demoralized as to join in the Gunpowder Treason Plot ; 
 nay, i)i intention, to be the most deadly agent in that 
 Plot. What can have caused, in the final resort, such 
 a missing of his way, and have wrought such dire 
 demoralization ? Echo answers w^hat ? 
 
 Yet nothing more clearly shows that Guy Fawkes 
 deserved all the punishment he got than the fact that 
 he returned to his post in the cellar, where the thirty- 
 six barrels of gunpowder were, after no less than three 
 distinct warnings that the Government had intelligence 
 of the Plot. One warning w^as given him on Monday, 
 the 28th October, at White Webbs, by Thomas Winter ; 
 a second, on Sunday night, the 3rd November, by 
 Thomas Winter, after the delivery of the Letter to 
 the King ; and the third, on Monday, the 4th November, 
 after the visit to the cellar of the Earl of Suffolk and 
 Lord Mounteagle, of which visit Fawkes ' informed Thomas 
 Percy. — See Lingard's ^'History.''' 
 
 Copies of the three following Deeds given in Davies' 
 " Faivheses, of YorJi,'' will be read with interest. One of 
 the Deeds is an "Indenture of Lease;" the second, an 
 "Indenture of Conveyance;" and the third, a "Deed 
 Poll," whereby Dennis and Edith Bainbridge release 
 all right to Dower in Guy Fawkes' real estate that he 
 " heired " from his own father, Edward Fawkes; all the 
 property was outside Bootham Bar, in the suburbs of York. 
 
 In ^'TJie Connoisseur,'' for November, 1901, is given 
 a fac-simile of the " Conveyance." Thomas Shepherd 
 Noble, Esq., of Precentor's Court, York, one of York's
 
 24G THE GUNPOWDEE PLOT. 
 
 most respected citizens, saw these Deeds sixty years ago 
 in York, he informed me on the oth of November, 1901 ; 
 and Mr. Noble then told me he had no doubt that the 
 fac-simile given in " T//e Connoisseur''' of the "Con- 
 vej^ance" is a fac-simile of one of the documents he saw 
 more titan Jialf a century (i(jo. 
 
 The Pulleyns, Pulleines, Pulleins, or PuUens (for the 
 family spelt their name in all four ways) bore for their 
 Arms one and four azure, on a bend between six lozenges 
 or, each charged with a scallop of the first, five scallops 
 sable : two and three azure, a fess between three martlets. 
 — See Flower's '■'Visitation of Yorkshire,'' Ed. by Norcliffe. 
 
 Flower gives the Pulleyns, of Scotton, first, and then 
 the Pulleyns, of Killinghall, near Harrogate. 
 
 Walter Pulleyn, the step-grandfather of Guy Fawkes, 
 is given as a Pulleyn, of Scotton. Walter Pulleyn married 
 for his first wife Frances Slingsby, of Scriven ; for his 
 second wife Frances Vavasour, of Weston, near Otiey. One 
 branch of the Vavasours, of Weston, settled at Newton Hall, 
 Pipley, which, embosomed in trees, can be seen to-day by 
 all those who drive from Harrogate,^ through Killinghall 
 and Pipley, on towards Eipon. Their son was William 
 Pulleyn, who married Margaret Bellasis, of Henknoll ; and 
 their son and heir was John Pulleyn, almost certainly the 
 John Pulleyn, Esquire, of Scotton, given under the Parish 
 of Farnham, in Peacock's " List of lloman Catholics in 
 Yorhshire in lOO^." 
 
 Flower's '' Pedigree " shows that the Pulleyns, of 
 Scotton, had intermarried with the liuddes, of Killinghall ; 
 
 ' How lovely is this drive from Harrogate to lli[)ou ou a bright, 
 balmy .suinmer-morn ! How amiable the fair sights and sounds that greet 
 from all sides the traveller's eye and ear I What historic memories well-up 
 in the heart as Scotton Banks, on the right hand, and Eipley Valley, on the 
 left, appear through charming sweet vistas never-to-be-forgotten I
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 247 
 
 the Roos, of Ingmanthorpe, near Wetherby ; the Tankards, 
 ■of Boroughbridge ; the Swales, of Staveley; the Walworths, 
 of Raventoftes, Bishop Thornton ; the Coghylls, of 
 Knaresbrough ; and the Birnands, of Knaresbrough ; one 
 ■SLiid all old Yorkshire Catholic- gentry. 
 
 Flower also shows in his " Pedigree " of the Pulleyns, 
 •of Killinghall, that James Palleyn, of Killinghall, married 
 first Prances, daughter of Sir William Ingleby, of Ripley ; 
 and secondly Frances Pulleyn, daughter of Walter Pulleyn, 
 of Scotton. They must have been cousins in some degree. 
 Among their numerous children were Joshua and AVilliam, 
 both Roman Catholic priests. 
 
 The ''Douay Begisters'' (David Nutt) show that Joshua 
 Pulleyn was ordained priest in 1578. He returned to 
 England on the 27th x\ugust of that year. He was 
 •educated at Cardinal Allen's^ College in Douay. His 
 brother, William Pulleyn, was ordained in 1583, at the 
 same time as the future martyr, " the Venerable " 
 Francis Ingleby, afterwards the friend of " the Venerable " 
 Margaret Clitherow, of York, and for harbouring whom, 
 along wdth her spiritual director, Father John Mush, 
 belike of Knaresbrough, Margaret Clitherow was indicted 
 in the Guildhall, York, at the Lent Assizes of 1586. 
 
 In 1578 the College of Douay w^as transferred by 
 ■Cardinal Allen to Rheims (or Reims), where it remained 
 for twenty-one years, when it was transferred back to 
 Douay. Fathers William Pulleyn and Francis Ingleby 
 were educated at the College at Rheims (or Reims). — See 
 " Order of Queen Elizabeth," dated last day of December, 
 1582, in Appendix iiostea where Reims is mentioned in 
 
 ^ Cardinal Allen had been a lay canon ot' York Minster during the reign 
 ■of Philip and Mary. He was a Lancashire man, being a native of Eossall, 
 near Blackpool.
 
 248 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 connection with the popish laissionaiy priests it was 
 then sending forth into the City of York/ 
 
 There is a tradition to tliis day at Cowthorpe (or 
 Conlthorpe, as it is pronounced hy ancient inhabitants), 
 near Wetherb}', that Guy Fawkes was wont to visit that 
 old-world village (until recently so quaint from its thatched 
 farm-houses and cottars' dwellings, and but little changed 
 belike since the days of "Good Queen Bess"). 
 
 This tradition is certainly probably authentic ; for 
 a lioman Catholic family, named Walmsley, at that time 
 lived at Cowthorpe Hall, a dignified "moated grange" 
 between the Nidd and the historic " Cowthorpe Old Oak." 
 Guy Fawkes, possibly, many a time and oft, may have 
 stabled his horse at the old Hall when, after fording at 
 Hunsingore the shallow Nidd, he traversed the pleasant 
 fields betwixt Cowthorpe and Ingmanthorpe, near 
 Wetherb}^, where dwelt the family of Eoos, who were, 
 as above stated, allied by marriage to Guy's friends,, 
 the Pulleyns, of Scotton. 
 
 Lastly ; so intelligent a Yorkshire lad as was, beyond 
 all doubt or cavil, the son of Edward Fawkes and Edith his 
 wife — the lad whose manly but delicately-formed hand- 
 writing may be seen to-day by all who have the privilege 
 of obtaining a sight of the precious document fac-similed 
 in a well-known monthly periodical for November, 1901^ — 
 
 ^ Miss Catharine Pullein, of the Manor House, Tiotlierfielci, Sussex, 
 courteously tells nie in a most interesting letter, under date 13th May, 1901, 
 that from the iaq. post mortem tlie ahove-iiamed Walter Pulleyn died in 1580. 
 That his son AVilliam, whose wife was a Bellasis, died before his father, so 
 tluit in ir)SO .]o\i\\ Pulleyn (the one mentioned in Peacock's " List for 
 1604") was the young squire. In 1581 or 1582 John seems to have 
 married, lie suffered from the infliction of fines for popish recusancy, and 
 appears to liave left Scotton between 1604 and 1612. (Scotton Hall is 
 to-day (1901), I believe, owned by the liev. Charles Slingsby Slingsby, 
 M.A., of Scriven Hall, near Knaresbrough. The tenant is Mr, Tlirackray.) 
 
 '■' " 2'he Connoisseur."
 
 THE GUNrOWDER PLOT. 249 
 
 must have visited, I opine, Kibston Park, between 
 Knaresbrougli, Hunsingore, and Cowthorpe (where had 
 been in mediaeval times a celebrated Preceptory of the 
 Knights Templars, the record of whose deeds against " the 
 infidel Turk " may have fired Guy's imagination from 
 his earliest years). Moreover, Richard Goodricke, Esquire, 
 of Ribston, had married Clara Norton, one of chivalrous 
 old Richard Norton's daughters, of Norton Conyers ; and 
 this, to the popish youth, would be an additional 
 attraction for going to view Ribston Hall, its chapel, 
 park, and pale.^ 
 
 The Goodrickes derived the Ribston Estate (which 
 included the Manor of Hunsingore and the Lordship of 
 Great Cattal) from Charles Brandon Duke of Suffolk, 
 William Parker fourth Lord Mounteagle's great-great 
 grandfather. The Goodrickes were akin to the Hawkes- 
 worths, ' who again were akin to the Fawkeses, and 
 likewise to the Wards (see ante). The Ribston branch 
 of the Goodrickes died out earlv in the nineteenth 
 century — -Sir Harry Goodricke being the last baronet. 
 The ancient Ribston, Hunsingore, and Great Cattal 
 demesne is now owned b}^ Major Dent, of Ribston Hall, 
 near Knaresbrougli. 
 
 Erom " Tlie Fawlies Family of York:' 
 
 This Lidenture made the fourtenth daye of October in 
 the yere of the reigne of our Sovereigne Ladye Elizabeth, 
 by the Grace of God Queen of England Fraunce and 
 Ireland, Defender of the Eaith, &g. the xxxiijrd, Betwene 
 Guye Eauxe of Scotton in the County of Yorke gentilman 
 
 ^ Eichard Norton fled to Cavers House, Hawick, in the Border 
 Country of Scotland, and afterwards to Flanders, where he died. — See 
 " Sir Ral])h Sadler s Papers^' Ed. by Sir Walter Scott.
 
 "250 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 of the one partye, and Christofer Lomleye of the cittie 
 of Yorke taylor, of the other partye, Witnessethe that 
 the said Guy Fauxe, for divers good cawses and 
 consideracions him thereunto speciallye moveinge, hath 
 demysed graunted and to farnie letten, and hy theis 
 presentes doth deniyse graunt and to farnie lett, unto 
 the sayd Christofer Londeye, one harne and one garth 
 ■on the hackside of the said harn, with the appertenannces, 
 •scytuate lyeinge and beinge in GiHigaite in the sul)urbes 
 of the said cittie of Yorke, and three acres and half of 
 one acre of arrable hinde, with the appertenaunces, in 
 Clyfton in the said countie of Yorke, whereof halfe of 
 one acre called a pitt lande, and one roode of lande 
 lyinge at New^e-Close-gaite, are lyinge and beinge in the 
 common field of Clyfton aforesaid towards Roclyffe, one 
 half acre lyeth in the field called Mylnefeilde in Clyfton 
 iifforesaid, one rood lyinge in the flatt or field called 
 Layres, one half acre called Layres in the Fosse-feild, 
 one half acre called Hungrine lande, one half acre 
 beyond the newe wynde mylne, and one half acre at the 
 More-brottes, all whiche are lyinge and beynge in the 
 feildes of Clyfton afforesaid ; and also one acre of medowe 
 lyinge and beynge in the ynges or medowe of Clyfton 
 afforesaid, with all and singuler the appertenaunces in 
 Clyfton aforesaid, nowe or laite in the tenure or occupacion 
 of the saide Christofer or his assignes ; to have and to 
 liolde the said barne, garth, three acres and half of one 
 acre of arrable lande, and the sayd acre of medowe, and all 
 othei- the premisses, with all and singuler the apper- 
 tenaunces, in Crilligaite and Clyfton afforesaid, unto the 
 sayd Christofer Lomlcy his executors and assignes, from 
 the feast of St. Martj^ne the Bishop, comonlye called 
 Martinmas daye, nexte ensewynge the daite hereof, for 
 and dureinge the terme of twentye and one yeres from
 
 THE GUNPOWDEE PLOT. 251 
 
 thence nexte and ymediatlye ensewinge and followinge 
 fullye to be complett fynished and ended, yeldinge and 
 payinge therfore yerelye dureinge the said terme unto 
 the said Guye Faiixe his heires or assignes, fortie and 
 two shilhnges of lawfall Ynglish monie at the feastes of 
 St. Martyne the Bishop in winter and Penteycost, or 
 within ten dayes nexte after either of the sayd feastes, yf 
 it be lawfully demannded, by even and eqaall porcions. 
 And the said Christofer Lomley, for him his executors 
 and assignes, doth by theis presentes covenaunte and 
 graunte to and with the said Guye Fauxe, that he the 
 said Christofer Lomley his executors and assignes, at 
 his and their proper costes and chardges shall well and 
 sufficyentlye repaire maintayne and uphould the said 
 barne at all tymes dureinge the said terme in all necessarie 
 reparacions, greate tymber onely excepted, whiche the 
 said Guye Fauxe, for him his heires and assignes, doth 
 by theis presentes covenaunt and graunte to and with 
 the said Christofer Lomley his executors and assigns, to 
 delyver upon the ground at all tymes as often as neede 
 shall require dureinge the said terme. And the said Guye 
 Fauxe, for himself his heires executors and assignes, doth 
 by theis presentes covenant and grante to and with the sayd 
 Christofer Lomley, his executors and assignes, that he, the 
 sayd Christofer Lomley, his executors and assignes, shall or 
 lawfully maye at all tyme and tymes, and from tyme to 
 to tyme, dureynge the sayd terme of twentye and one 
 yeres, peacablye occupie and quyetlie enjoye the said 
 barne and all other the premisses and every parte and 
 parcell thereof, with all and everie their appurtenaunces, 
 without lett disturbance or interrupcion of any person 
 or persons whatsoever. And that the sayd barne, and 
 all other the premisses, with the appurtenaunces, at the 
 daye of the daite hereof are, and dureynge the sayd
 
 252 THE GUXrOAVDER PLOT. 
 
 term of twenty and one yeres shall and may continewe^ 
 clere and clerelie dischardf^ed, or well and sufficyently 
 saved harmeles, l)y the sayd Guye Fauxe his lieires and 
 assignes, of and from all former leases, gramites, charges, 
 incumbraunces, and demaundes whatsoever, the rentes 
 by theis preseutes reserved, and the covenauntes in 
 theis presentes expressed on the behalf of the said 
 Cristofer Tjoiide}', to be observed and performed, onely 
 excepted and foreprised. And the said Guye Fauxe and 
 his heires all and singuler the premisses, with the 
 appurtenances, before by theis presentes demysed to the 
 sayd Cristofer Lomley his executors and assignes, 
 dureigne the terme afforesayd, against all people rightfully 
 claimynge shall warrante and defende by theis presentes. 
 In witnes whereof, the partyes abovesaid to theis present 
 Indentures have interchangeablie set to their handes and 
 scales the daye and yere above written. 
 
 GUYE FAWKES. L.S. 
 
 Sealed and delivered in the presence of 
 us — DIONIS BAYNEBRIGGE — JOHN 
 JACIvSON — CHRISTOPHER HODGSON'S 
 marke X 
 
 This Indenture maide the firste dale of Auguste in 
 the xxxiiijth yere of the reigne of our Soveraigne Ladie 
 Elizabethe, by the grace of God Quewne of England 
 Fraunce and Ireland, Defendour of the Faithe, t^'C. 
 Betwene Guye Fawkes of the cittie of Yorke gentilman, 
 of the one partye, and Anne Skipseye of Cliftone in the 
 countie of A'orke, spinster, of the other partye AYitnessithe 
 that the said Guy Fawkes, for and in consideration of 
 the sum of xxix^' xiij"* iiij"* of good and lawfull English 
 moneye to him, the said Guye Fawkes, well and trewlie
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 253 
 
 <30utentid and paid by the said Anno Skipseye, at and 
 
 before the ensealinge of these presentes, whereof and 
 
 wherewith the said Gnye knowlegith him self to be fuhe 
 
 satisfied contentid and paid, and the said Anne Skipseye, 
 
 hir heires executors administratores and assigneis, 
 
 thereof to be falhe acquited and dischargdgid for ever by 
 
 theis presentes, hatli geven granntid alhened bargained 
 
 'and sollde, and by these presentes dothe clerehe and 
 
 absohitlye geve grannt alhen bargaine and sell unto the 
 
 said Anne Skipseye, hir heires and assigneis, that his 
 
 messuage tenement or farme-hollde, with the appur- 
 
 tenaunces, and a garthe and a gardine belonginge to the 
 
 same, lyeinge and beinge in Cliftone in the countie of 
 
 York, and towe acres and an half of arrable lande Hinge 
 
 in severall feilldes in Clifton aforesaid, half an acre of 
 
 medowe grounde liinge in a closse callid Huntingtone 
 
 buttes, within the townshipp and territories of Cliftone 
 
 aforesaid, one acre of medowe lyinge in Lufton Car, 
 
 thre inges endes, and towe croftes or lees of medowe in 
 
 a crofte adjo3aiinge on the garth endes in Cliftone 
 
 aforesaid, of the easte parte of the said messuage ; all 
 
 which premissis are nowe in the tenure and occupation 
 
 of the said Anne Skipsie ; and also one acre of arable 
 
 land and medowe liinge in the towne-end felld of Clifton 
 
 aforesaid, nowe or late in the occupation of Richard 
 
 Dickinsone ; and all other his landes and tenementes in 
 
 Clifton aforesaid, with all comons of pasture, more 
 
 grownde, turffe graftes, and all and singuler the 
 
 appurtenaunces to the same belonging or apperteyninge, 
 
 in whose tenures or occupations soever they nowe be, 
 
 excepte thre acres and an half of arable land with the 
 
 appurtenaunces in Cliftone aforesaid, whereof half an 
 
 acre callid a pitt land, and a roode of land liinge at 
 
 Newe Close Gate, and being in the comon felld of
 
 254 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT, 
 
 Clifton aforesaid towardes Eoclif, one half acre lyenge in 
 the felld callid Milne felld, one rood lying in the flatt 
 calHd the Laires, and half acre callid Laires in Fosse 
 tilde, one acre callid a luingrie land, one half acre- 
 beyonde the newe windeniill, one acre of land at the 
 More Brottes ; all which are lyinge and beinge in the- 
 felldes of Cliftone aforesaid ; and also one acre of medow 
 lyinge and beinge in the medowe or inges of Clifton, 
 with theire appurtenainices to the same perteyninge or 
 belonginge, by the said Guye Fawkes heretofore deniissid 
 granntid and to ferme letten for diverse yeres yett to 
 come and nnexpirid to one Cristofer Lunileye of the 
 cittie of Yorke tailor, as shall appeare by one Indenture 
 maid thereof betwene the said Guye Fawkes of the one 
 partie, and the said Cristofer Lmnle^'e of the other 
 partie, bearinge date the xiiijth dale of October in the 
 xxxiijrd yere of the said our Soveraigne Ladie- the 
 Quenes Majestic reigne more at lardge maie appeare ; 
 together with all the deedes evidences writinges, and 
 escriptes, towchinge and concerninge the premissis wdth 
 the appertenannces, before by these presentes bargaind 
 and solde by the said Guye Fawkes to the said Anne 
 Skipsie, which the said Guye nowe hathe in custodie, or 
 which any othere persone or persones have in their 
 custodies to his use or by his delivorie, which the said 
 Guye Fawkes maie lawfuUie come by withowte suite in 
 lawe : To have and to holld the said messuage cotage 
 or farme-holld, and all and singuler the premissis, with 
 the appurtenaunces, by these presentes before bargaind 
 and solid (except before exceptid), with all and singuler- 
 the appurtenaunces to the same perteyninge and 
 belonginge, in Cliftone, and the felldes of Cliftone 
 aforesaid, together with all the said deedes, evidences,, 
 writinges, and escriptes, towchinge and concerninge the-
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 255 
 
 same, as is said, to the said Amle Skipseye her heires 
 and assigneis, to the sole and proper use and heho\Yfe 
 of the said Anne Skipseye hir heires and assigneis for 
 ever. And the said Guye Fawkes, for him his heires 
 execntores and administratores, doeth covenant and 
 graunt by these presentes to and with the said Anne 
 Skipseye, hir heires execntores administratores and 
 assigneis, that he the said Gnye Fawkes, the daie of 
 the makinge hereof, ys the verie and trewe owner of the 
 said messuage tenement and farnie-hold, with all and 
 singuler the landes, medowes, pastures, comon of pasture, 
 turbaries, with the same pertenyinge or belonginge in 
 Cliftone, and within the felldes and territories of Clifton 
 aforesaid, with other the appurtenaunces whatsoever to 
 the same perte3'ninge or belonginge before bargaind and 
 sold, and that he is lawfullie seassid thereof in his 
 demesne as of fee in fee simple, and hath full power 
 and lawfuU authoritie to bargaine and sell the same unto 
 the said Anne Skipeseye hir heires and assignes for 
 ever. And also that the said messuage tenement or 
 farme-holld, and other the premissis, with the appur- 
 tenances, before bargaind and sold, the daie of the 
 makinge hereof!, and at all tymes hereafter, and from 
 t3^me to tyme, is and shall stand clerely acquittid and 
 dischardgid, or otherwise savid harmeles, by the said 
 Guye Fawkes, his heires, execntores or assignes, of and 
 from all former bargaines, sailles, joyntores, doweres, 
 thirde parties, feoffamentes, statutes-marchant and of 
 the staple, recognizances, writinges of eligit, condempna- 
 tions, judgmentes, executions, fines, forfaiturs, intrusions 
 for allienations, rentes-chardges, rentes-seke, and all 
 othere chardges and incumberances whatsoever thej^e be, 
 the rentes and services hereafter to be dew^e to the 
 cheife lord of the fee thereof one'ly exceptid. And also
 
 256 TTIE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 the s;ii(l Criiye Fawkes, for him his^ heires executores 
 and assigiieis, clothe further covenant and graunt to and 
 with the said Ainie Slupseye hir heires and assigneis, 
 that Edeth the hxte wife of hklward Fawkes deceassid, 
 mothere to the said Guye Fawkes, and now w^ife to 
 Dionese ]^aynehridge gentillman, nor any other persone 
 or persones whatsoever, which have, shall have, or shall 
 dame any lawfull right or title in or to the preniissis 
 or any parte thereof, shall at any tynie hereafter moleste, 
 interrupt, or trowble, the said Anne Skipseye hir heires 
 or assigneis, of for and concerninge the preniissis or any 
 parte thereof, hut that the said Anne Skipseye hir heires 
 and assigneis shall and niaie at all tyme peacablie and 
 quietlie possess and enjoye the same and everie parte 
 thereof, and that all and everie persone or persones 
 whatsoever, which doe stand seazid of the preniissis or 
 any parte thereof, shall at all tynies, and from tyme to 
 tyme, within five yeres next ensuinge the date hereof, 
 upon the reasonable requeste and desire of the said 
 Anne Skipseye hir heires administratores or assigneis, 
 make, knowledge, sealle, and deliver, unto the said Anne 
 Skipseye hir heires executores and assigneis, all such 
 further assurance and assurances whatsoever as shall be 
 devisid or advisid by the learnid councell in the lawes 
 of this realme, beinge of the councell of the said Anne 
 Skipseye, whether the same shalbe by dede or dedes 
 inrollid, with warrantie against all men, inrollment of 
 these present Indentures, tine with like warrantie, 
 recoverie with vocher or vochers single or doble, release 
 with warrantie against all men, or otherwise or by soo 
 nianye of them as shall be advisid or retjuirid l)y the 
 said learnid councell of the said Anne, the cost and 
 chardges whereof in lawe shalbe at thonelie cost and 
 chardges of the said Anne Skipseye hir heires executores
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 257 
 
 or assigneis. In witness whereof, the parties abovesaid 
 unto these present Indentures interchangable have sett 
 there handes and seall the daie and yere abovesaid. 
 
 GUYE FAWKES. L.S. 
 
 Sealhd and delyverid in the presence of — GEOKGE 
 HOBSON — WILLIAM MASKEWE — LANCELOT 
 BELT — THOMAS HESLEBECKE — CHEYSTOFEE 
 LUMLEYE — IHON LAMB niarke X — JOHN 
 HAEEISON — JOHN CALY'LEY. 
 
 Omnibus Christi fidelibus ad quos hoc presens 
 scriptum pervenerit Dionisius Baynbrige de Scotton in 
 comitatu Ebor' generosus et Edetha uxor ejus sahitem in 
 Domino sempiternam. Noveritis nos prefatum Dionisium 
 Baynbrige et Edetham remississe, relaxasse ac omnino 
 de et pro nobis et heredibas nostris per presentes 
 inperpetuum (juietum chimasse Anne Skipseye de Chftone 
 in dicto comitatu Ebor' spynster in sua plena pacificaque 
 possessione et seisina die confectionis presentium existenti 
 heredibus et assignatis suis, totum jus, statum, tituhim, 
 clameum, usum, interesse et demaunda nostra quecunque 
 C[ue vel quas unquam habuimus, habemus, sen quovismodo 
 infuturiim habere poterimus sen deberimus de et in uno 
 cotagio sive teneniento cum una clausura vocata A 
 Grisgarthe et duobus croftis vel selionibus cum suis 
 pertinentiis in Chftone predicto in comitatu Ebor' predicto 
 ac de et in una roda terras arrabilis jacentis in Favild-nooke 
 in campis de Chftone, inter terram Johannis Bilbowe ex 
 parte occidente et terram Leonarid AYeddell ex parte 
 oriente, dimidia acra terr^ jacente in les Sokers inter 
 terram nuper Eoberti Wright ex parte australi et terram 
 Thome Hill ex parte boriali, una roda terr^^ jacente in 
 Longwandilles inter terram Thome Hill ex parte boriali 
 
 R
 
 258 THE GUNrOWDER PLOT. 
 
 et terrain nnper Eoberti Wright ex parte australi et Thome 
 Hill ex parte boriali, dimidia acra terra' jacente inter 
 regias vias ibidem inter terram nuper Eoberti Wright ex 
 ]3arte australi et Thome Hill ex parte boriali, dimidia 
 acra terra^ jacente in lez shorte layeres inter terram 
 Johannis Bilbowe ex parte boriali et terram nuper Eogeri 
 Browne ex parte australi, dimidia acra jacente in 
 Huntington buttos inter terram Johannis Bilbowe ex 
 parte occidente et terram Eoberti Walker ex parte 
 orientali, una acra terra' jacente in Lupstone Carre in le 
 Northfelld sive caiiipo juxta Eoclif inter terram nuper 
 Eoberti Wright ex parte australi et le moore dike ex 
 parte boriali, et tribus dimidiis acris prati jacentibus in 
 line prati vocati ynge endes quarum una dimidia acra 
 jacet inter pratum Edwardi Turner ex parte boriali et 
 Thome Burtone ex parte australi, alia dimidia acra inde 
 jacet ex parte australi Leonardi Weddell, et tertia dimidia 
 acra inde jacet inter Thomam Hill ex parte boriali et 
 Henricum Granger ex parte australi, cum omnibus et 
 singulis suis pertinentiis in C'liftone et in campis de 
 Cliftone predicto modo in tenura sive occupatione prefate 
 Anne Skipseye, ac etiam de et in una acra terr?e et prati 
 jacente in le Towne-cnd felld de Cliftone predicto modo 
 vel ]uiper in occupatione Eicardi Dickensone, neciiou de 
 et in onmibus aliis terris et tenementis in Clifton predicto 
 (]ue nuper fuei'unt (luidonis Fawkes generosi (tribus acris 
 et dimidia acra terras cum pertinentiis in campis de 
 Cliftone ])redicto et una acra prati in prato vocato le 
 ynges de Cliftone modo in tenura Cristoferi Lundeye, 
 tantum modo exceptis per presentes), ita viz. quod nee 
 nos prefati Dionisius Bainbrige et Edetha aut nostrum 
 uterlibet nee heredes nostri nee aliqnis alius sive aliqui 
 alii pro nobis sen nominibus nostris aut nomine nostrum 
 alterius ali([U()d jus, statum, titulum, chuneum, usum^
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 259 
 
 interesse vel demandum de et in predicto cotagio sive 
 tenemento cum clausura predicta, et de predictis duobus 
 croftis vel selionibus, ant de et in predictis premissis cum 
 pertinentiis in Clifton et campis de Cliftone predicto ut 
 prefertnr, sen de et in aliqna inde parte sive parcellis 
 (exceptis prins exceptis) decetero exigere, petere, clamare 
 vel vendicare, poterimus nee debemus in futm'o, sed ut 
 ab omni actione, jure, titulis, clameo, usu, interesse, vel 
 demando aliquid inde habendi sive petendi sum us penitus 
 exclusi et quilibet nostrum sit inde penitus exclusus in 
 perpetuum per presentes. Et nos vero prefati Dionisius 
 Baynbrige et Edetha et baredes nostri predicta omnia 
 premissa cum suis pertinentiis universis ut prefertur 
 (exceptis prius exceptis) prefate Anne Skipseye heredibus 
 et assignatis suis in forma predicta contra nos et lieredes 
 nostros warrantizabimus et imperpetuum defendemus per 
 presentes. In cujus rei testimonium nos prefati Dionisius 
 Baynbrige et Edetha huic presenti scripto nostro sigilla 
 nostra apposuimus. Datum xxi"'° die mensis Octobris, 
 anno regni domine Elizabetbe Dei gratia Anglie, Frauncie, 
 et Hibernie Regine, fidei defensoris &c. tricesimo quarto. 
 
 DIONIS BAYNEBRIGGE (L.S.) — E.B. (L.S.) 
 Seallid and delyverid in the presence of — GUYE 
 
 FAWKES — WILLIAM GEANGE — JAMES 
 
 RYDING.
 
 260 THE CxUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 SUITLEMENTUM IT. 
 
 Hatfield MSS.— Part VI. 
 [Dr. Bilson] Bishop of Worcester to Sir Robert Cecil. 
 
 1590, July 17. I have viewed the state of Worcester 
 diocese, and find it, as may somewhat appear by the 
 particulars here enclosed, for the quantity, as dangerous 
 as any place that I know. In that small circuit there 
 are nine score ^ recusants of note, besides retainers, 
 wanderers, and secret lurkers, dispersed in forty several 
 parishes, and six score and ten households, whereof about 
 forty are families of gentlemen, that themselves or their 
 wives refrain the church, and many of them not only of 
 good wealth, but of great alliance, as the Windsors, 
 Talbots, Throgmortens, Abingtons, and others, and in 
 either respect, if they may have their forth, able to 
 prevail much with the simpler sort. 
 
 Besides, Warwick"' and the parts thereabout are 
 freighted with a number of men precisely conceited 
 against her Majesty's government ecclesiastical, and they 
 trouble the people as much with their curiosity as the 
 other with their obstinacy. 
 
 How weak ordinary authority is to do any good on 
 
 ^ This letter will be read with interest, as affording independent 
 testimony to the strength of Popery in tlie County of Worcester during 
 the period of Father Oldcornes labours. 
 
 * Tliis is interesting as showing that in the native county of 
 Shakespeare, Puritanism was gaining strength in l.')96, probably through 
 the influence of the Eai-1 of Leicester, Sir Thomas Lucy (of Cliarlcote), and 
 Sir Fulke Grevyll, as well as others.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 261 
 
 eitlier sort long experience hath taught me, excom- 
 munication being the only bridle the law yieldeth to a 
 bishop, and either side utterly despising that course of 
 correction, as men that gladly, and of their own accord, 
 refuse the communion of the church, both in sacraments 
 and prayers. 
 
 In respect therefore of the number and danger of 
 those divers humours both denying obedience to her 
 Majesty's proceedings, if it please her Highness to trust 
 me and others in that shire with the commission 
 ecclesiastical,^ as in other places of like importance is 
 used, I will do m}' endeavour to serve God and her 
 Majesty in that diocese to the uttermost of my power. 
 
 First, by viewing their qaalities, retinues, abilities, 
 and dispositions ; next, b}^ drawing them to private and 
 often conference, lest ignorance make them perversely 
 devout ; thirdly, by restraining them from receiving, 
 succouring, or maintaining any wanderers or servitors 
 that feed their humours ; and, lastly, by certifying what 
 effects or defects I find to be the cause of so many 
 revolting. 
 
 Her Majesty hath trusted me fifteen years since to 
 be of the quorum on the commission ecclesiastical in 
 Hampshire, and therefore age and experience growing, 
 as also my care and charge increasing, I hope I shall 
 not need to produce any farther motives to induce her 
 Majesty's favour therein, but the profession of my duty 
 and promise of my best service with all diligence and 
 discretion, which I hope shall turn to her content and 
 good of her people. 
 
 With which my most humble petition, if it i)lease 
 you to acquaint her Majesty, I will render you all due- 
 
 ^ Under the provisions of the Elizabethan Act of Uniformity.
 
 2G2 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 tlianks, and make what speed I may towards the place 
 where I long to be and wish to labour to the pleasure 
 of Almighty God and good liking of her Majesty. 
 
 London 17 July 1596. 
 
 Signed 
 
 Encloses : — 
 
 The names and qualities of the wealthier sort of 
 
 liecusants in Worcester diocese : — 
 
 The Lady Windsor, wdth her retinue. 
 
 M^ Talbot. 
 
 Thomas Abington Esq. and Dorothy, his sister. 
 
 Thomas Throgmorton, Esq. 
 
 John Wheeler gent, and Elizabeth his wife. 
 
 Thomas Bluntt gent, and Bridgett, his wife. 
 
 John Smyth gent. Thomas Greene, gent. 
 
 Hugh Ligon gent., and Barbara, his wife. 
 
 Michael Folliatt, gent., and Margaret, his wife. 
 
 William Coles gent., and Marie, his wife. 
 
 M'- Bluntt, gent, of Hallow. 
 
 Hugh Day gent, and Margaret, his wife. 
 
 Lygon Barton, gent. 
 
 John Taylor, gent., and Ann, his wife. 
 
 John Midlemore, gent., Hugh Throgmorton gent. 
 
 Humphrey Packington, gent. 
 
 John Woolmer gent, of Inkbarrow. 
 
 Row^se Woolmer, gent. 
 
 John Woolmer gent, of Kingston. 
 
 M'" Busshop gent, of Oldbarrow. 
 
 [Total] —23. 
 
 The names of the gentlewomen that refuse the 
 church, though their husbands do not. 
 Margaret, wife of Roger Pen gent. 
 Jane wife of John Midlemore.
 
 THE GUNPOWDEK PLOT. 263 
 
 Alice wife of John Hornyhold gent. 
 Margaret wife of William Rigby gent. 
 Mary wife of Thomas Sheldon gent. 
 Dorothy wife of Thomas Rauckford gent. 
 Ann wife of William Fox gent. 
 Joan, wife of Thomas Barber gent. 
 Prudence wife of Thomas Oldnall gent. 
 Frances wdfe of John Jeffreys gent. 
 Elizabeth wife of Thomas Randall gent. 
 Mary wdfe of William Woolmer gent. 
 Elizabeth Ferreys widow. 
 Jane Sheldon widow. 
 Katherine Sparks of Hinlipp. 
 Dorothy Woolmer. 
 
 Jane Mary Eleanor daughters of Anthony Woolmer 
 gent. 
 
 Of the meaner sort : — 
 
 Fourscore and ten several households where the 
 man or wife or both are recusants, besides children and 
 servants.
 
 264 THE GUNPOWDER TLOT. 
 
 Supplement UM ITT. 
 
 Thomas AVakd. 
 
 It is probable that dib'gent search among the Cecil 
 and Walsingham papers will shed more light on Thomas 
 Ward (or A^'arde) than I have been able hitherto to 
 
 gam. 
 
 The probabilities are, as has been already indicated, 
 that Thomas Ward was a 3'onnger son of Marmaduke 
 W^ard, of Newb}', and Susannay, his wife. That Marmaduke 
 A^'ard's elder son was Marmaduke Ward (who married 
 Ursula Wright, and afterwards, in all likelihood, 
 Elizabeth Sympson), the father of that extraordinary 
 woman, Mary Ward. 
 
 I opine that Thomas Ward attached himself to the 
 Court party of Queen Elizabeth, through the Council of 
 the North, established by Henry YIII. after the defeat 
 of the first Pilgrimage of Grace (153C). 
 
 Thomas Ward was just the sort of man {me judice) 
 that Queen Elizabeth would affect. Moreover, I find 
 that a Captain John AVard was on the side of the 
 Crown on the occasion of the second Pilgrimage of 
 Grace, connuonly culled the liising of the North, or the 
 Earls' Eebelhon (1569). 
 
 Therefore, through the influence of a man like Sir 
 llalph Sadler, who was a distinguished Privy Councillor 
 of the Queen in the northern parts, a Yorkshire gentle- 
 man, such as a Ward, of Mulwith, Newby, and Givendale, 
 would have no difficulty in obtaining an entree at 
 Elizabeth's Couit, who, as is well-known, was, from a 
 certain English conservative instinct probably, favourably
 
 THE GUNrOWDER PLOT. 265 
 
 inclined to those Catholics ^Yhose leaning was towards 
 the easy side of things.^ 
 
 Now, if Thomas Ward hecame a memher of Elizabeth's 
 diplomatic service nnder Sir Francis Walsingham, the 
 inevitable question arises : Can Thomas Ward (or Warde) 
 have always maintained a conscience void of offence, or 
 did he sometimes stoop to compliances which were 
 unworthy of his principles and name ? 
 
 At present I cannot any, yet I am constrained to 
 allow that the following t\Yo pieces of evidence afford 
 curious reading and suggest many possibilities : — 
 
 Hatfield MSS.— Part VI., p. 96. 
 
 Thomas Morgan to Mary Queen of Scots. 
 
 Mar. 30. Informs her of his apprehension at 
 ^ ' ' Ap. 9. the request of the Earl of Derby. 
 Mr. Ward's negotiation to procure his being delivered 
 up into England. Eequires her support. Lord Paget's 
 money taken in his (Morgan's) lodging. Efforts of 
 Charles Paget and Thomas Throgmorton in his behalf. 
 [It is to be recollected that this said Thomas Morgan 
 w^as a Catholic of a sort, who had been in the service of 
 Archbishop Young, of York. Hence, a Ward, of Eipon and 
 Y^ork, was the very man the subtle Walsingham would 
 
 1 Q, 
 
 See ''Sir Ralph Sadler's Papers," Ed. by Sir Walter Scott. It is 
 observable that altliouo-h the Xortoiis aiul the Markenfields were for the 
 Earls, yet members o£ the following Torkshire Catholic Families (many of 
 them kinsmen of the Wards) were for the Queen, who Mas not then excom- 
 municated : — The Eures, the Mallories, the Inglebies, the Constables, the 
 Tempests, tlie Fairfaxes, the Cholmeleys, the EUerkers, and the 
 AVilstroppes. 
 
 For these Families and their alliances see the " Visitations of 
 YorTcshire" by Glover, Ed. by Foster; and by Flower, Ed. by Norcliffe. 
 Also ''Dugdale" (Surtees).
 
 266 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 employ to negotiate a delicate matter requiring an 
 accurate knowledge of Morgan's intellectual and moral 
 characteristics ; for AVard most likely bad known Morgan 
 at York.] 
 
 Thirteen years later we find the name "Ward" 
 again in the ''Hatfield MSS:' 
 
 Hatfield MSS.— Part YIII., p. 295. 
 
 1598 Aug. 4. Steven Eodwey to secretary Cecil for 
 permission to go to Italy to go over to accompany M'" 
 Paget into Italy. 
 
 " The disgrace with your Honour I suspect to proceed, 
 either of Lord Cobham's disfavour at another man's suit, 
 which I have not deserved ; or by the suggestion of 
 W((rd M"" Paget's, solicitor, because I refused to carry 
 his^ letters that was so lately "jested" with high 
 treason, and might father all the faults I am charged 
 with." 
 
 [Who or wliat Mr. Steven Eodwey w^as, one can only 
 surmise. Possibly he was a spy, who had been doing- 
 more business on his own account than on account of 
 his master. Hence, his disgrace with " his Honour." 
 
 Charles Paget, a younger brother of Lord Paget, 
 and his friend, Thomas AEorgan, figure in all histories of 
 Mary Queen of Scots; also in ''Cardinal Allen's 
 Memorials,'' Ed. by the late Dr. Knox (Nutt), there are 
 some interesting particulars about these two men, Charles 
 Paget and Thomas ^Morgan. They were hostile to Father 
 Parsons and Parsons' Spanish faction among the English 
 papists.] 
 
 ' ^Vhose letters ? Pdget's or Ward's ?
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 267 
 
 But here, for the present, we luust take our leave 
 -of Thomas Ward, excepting to say that it is possible 
 that he may be the same as the Thomas Ward (or 
 Warde) who is mentioned several times in the ^^House- 
 hold Books of Lord William Howard,'' as his agent for 
 the Howard-Dacre, Yorkshire, Durham, and Westmoreland 
 •estates.^ — See Note to p. 231 ante. 
 
 The Right Honourable Charles James Howard ninth 
 Earl of Carlisle, in the course of two most gracious 
 replies to letters of mine, informs me that, although he 
 has caused search to be made at Naworth and Castle 
 Howard, he has not been able to find any particulars 
 concerning Thomas Ward (or Warde) beyond what are 
 mentioned in the " Houseliold Bouls of Lord William 
 Howard^ " (Siirtees Soc.) ; and that probably, owing to the 
 fire at Hinderskelfe Castle, after the time of Thomas 
 Ward, letters or papers containing possible reference to 
 him may have been destroyed. 
 
 Lastly ; I beg to bring before my readers the 
 following document from the Record Office, wdiich makes 
 mention of the name Ward ; but whether or not 
 that of Thomas Ward, of Mulwith, in the Parish of 
 Eipon, I cannot say: — 
 
 ^ The Rev. A. tS. Brooke, M.A., the Rector of Slingsby, informs 
 me that his parish registers begin only in 1687. The late Captain 
 Ward, R.N., of Slingsby Hall, who lies in Slingsby Churchj^arcl, perhaps 
 may have had some family tradition bearing on the point. It is certainly 
 remarkable that there should have been A\"ards, Rectors of Slingsby, 
 from the time of James I., and long afterwards. It suggests that 
 Thomas AVard, the agent of Lord William Howard, may have either 
 married again after 1590, and had a family : or else that some of the 
 Wards, of Durham, or others that had conformed to the Established 
 Church received this ecclesiastical preferment at the instance of Thomas 
 AVard. Valentine Kitchingman, Esquire, the grandson of Captain Ward, 
 and owner of Slingsby Hall, has, however, no such tradition. (1 am told 
 through the Rector of Slingsby, September, 1901.)
 
 2C8 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 State Papeus Domestic — Eliz., Yol. ccxxxviii., 12G T. 
 
 A.]). 1591. 
 
 Obiections against one Fletcher vicar of Clarkenwell 
 for the perniission of these maters followinge 
 
 Fyrst at conveniente tymes of receivinge the holye 
 cunnnunion at which time he is to give warninge to all 
 his parishioners for his privat comoditye he excepteth 
 sunie particuler persones whose names are under written 
 and of them taketli money. 
 
 ]\r ^^'ardes^ Two daughters. 
 
 M' Gerrat his wiffe a watinge mayde called M"'' 
 Marye and a man called Anthenie recevinge of him for 
 theire absence divers somes of money and in my know- 
 ledge at Easter was Twoo yeares the some of xx'' in 
 goulde. 
 
 M'" Saunders ?ind his Two Sonnes certen unknowne 
 money. 
 
 Besides M''" Gerrat being delivered of a doughter 
 ahoute Twoe yeares since he did forbeare to cristen yt 
 heinge bribed with a peece of money ye Chillde being 
 Cristned in the house, by a priest and she churched by 
 th' afforsaide preist being knowne to this Fletcher. 
 ****** 
 
 Korris and Watson persevantes have been divers 
 times latly in ye closse and Norris hath receved in ye 
 
 ^ What Mr. Warde can this have been ? Not Thomas AVai'd (or 
 A\^arde), oF Mulwith, 1 think. For the presumption is that he liad no 
 eliiklren, for none are registered at liipon 31inster ; and Thomas Ward 
 was more likely to have his children christened by a Protestant minister 
 than was his brother, Marmaduke ; for the former evidently associated 
 with Protestants nuich more than the latter. Moreovei', in 1591 any 
 daughters that Tliomas Warde had can have been only about nine or ten 
 years of age. J I is wife died the previous year, 1590. (Still it may have 
 been.)
 
 THE GUKrOWDEE PLOT. 2G9 
 
 way of borrowinge of same V^ of others more. But 
 Watson by vertue of a coiuission from my L. of Cant, 
 hath hitly serched Gerates house and M'" Wardes where 
 he found nothinge at all they being partly privie before 
 of his cominge. But in M'' Wardes house theire did 
 latly remayne hidden under ye higest place of ye . stares 
 \Yithin a nayled boarde divers bookes jiot specified] 
 pictures and other folishe serimonyes. 
 
 Orders amungst ye papistes for ye releyse aswell 
 of prisoners as of ye porer sorte at libertye. 
 
 Yt is an order anmngst ye papistes for ye releyse 
 of prisoners aswell Jesuytes as Laymen that there be a 
 .generall colleccion which beginneth at ye L. Mountegue 
 and so by degree to ye meaner sorte for ye maytenance 
 of three prisones in London, viz. the Klinke, the 
 Marshallseas and Newgate which cesseth not tyll ye 
 some of a hundred and ffyftye poundes be gathered 
 quarterly which somme is sente by some trustye messinger 
 to London where yt is comitted to dyvers mens handes 
 apoynted by the cheyfe and from them to ye foresayde 
 prysones. 
 
 Yt is further ordered for ye porer sorte of them 
 beinge at libertie to have theire dyett at several houses 
 kepinge certen dayes for tbeyre repayre to evereye house 
 with certen money allowed to everye one at ye wekes 
 end And yf any recusante dye a piece of money is 
 bequeathed to ye porest sorte to saye dirge for theire 
 sowles for a xii moneth to be payde weklye both to 
 men and women tyll this money be spente And thus 
 they lyve untyll ye lyke comoditye fall agayne. 
 
 per me Robartum Weston. 
 (Endorsed) 20 April. Robert Weston.
 
 270 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 [On p. 70 of Text, in Note 1 at foot of page, it is- 
 stated that tlie first Lord Mounteagle's mother was Lady 
 Eleanor Neville, sister to Eichard Neville, the King- 
 maker. But I find that, under " Stanley," in Flower's. 
 " Visitation of Yorl-sliire,'' Ed. hy Norcliffe (Harleian Soc), 
 tlie great (jraudfatlier of Edward Stanley first Lord Mount- 
 eagle, namely, Thomas Lord Stanley, is said to have 
 married Eleanor, daughter to liichard Nevell Earl of 
 Salisbury. Their son is given as George Lord Stanley ; 
 his son as Thomas Stanley first Earl of ])erby ; and his 
 son as Edward Stanley first Lord Mounteagle, who married 
 Elizabeth Lady Grey, daughter of Sir Thomas Yaughau, 
 and whose son was Thomas second Lord Mounteagle. 
 
 But the ^^ National Dictionarij of Biography'' (under 
 " Stanle}- Earl of Derby") says that Eleanor Countess of 
 Derby {nee Neville) was the daughter of Warwick, the 
 King-maker. So the "learned" must be left to determine 
 the truth upon the point. 
 
 Again ; on p. 160 of Text, in Note at foot of page,. 
 I have stated that the young Lord Yaux of HarrowdeiL 
 was a descendant of Sir Thomas More. 
 
 But I find that that strong-minded lady his mother, 
 Elizabeth Dowager Lady Yaux of Harrowden, was onlg 
 distantly connected with Sir Thomas More. For she was 
 descended from Christoplier lioper, a younger brother of 
 William Rop(>r, wlio married Margaret More. 
 
 Hence, Christopher Roper is the ancestor of the 
 Lords Teynham, of Kent, who, I believe, conformed to the- 
 Established Church after " 1715," as did many old English 
 papist families.]
 
 THE GUNPOWDER TLOT. 271 
 
 SUPPLEMENTUM lY. 
 
 An Account of a Yisit to Givendale, Newby, and- 
 
 MULWITH, anciently IN THE ChAPELRY OF SkELTON, IN 
 
 THE Parish of Eipon, in the West Riding of the 
 County of York. 
 
 On Sunday, the 22ncl day of April, 1901, it fell out 
 that the writer found himself sojourning in the good 
 City of Ripon ; a city which a few years ago, calling 
 its friends and neighbours together, kept, amid high 
 festival, the one thousandth anniversary of its own 
 foundation : at Ripon, around the time-honoured towers 
 of whose hallowed Minster abidingly cling memories, 
 strong and gracious, of canonized Saints and beloved 
 Apostles.^ 
 
 " Hail, smiling morn I " I exclaimed, on seeing at an 
 early hour the bright sunshine stream through my 
 chamber windows. On this day of rest and gladness will 
 I hie me to the sites of the ancient roof-trees of those 
 whose graves, parted by long distances of space and 
 time, are known to-day, for tbe most part, no longer ta 
 Man, but to Nature merely. 
 
 Not to you and to me, gentle reader, are those 
 graves to-day known (save with one exception), but to 
 the verdant grass, the crimson-tipped daisy, tbe golden 
 celandine, who are pre-eminentlj^ faithful watchers by the 
 
 ^ St. AVilfrid, Archbishop of Tork and Apostle of Sussex (634-709) 
 and his friend St. Willibrord, Archbishop of Utrecht and Apostle of 
 Holland.
 
 '272 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 dead. For steadfastly will tlieij remain watching until 
 the daybreak of an endless day.^ 
 
 Having duly paid my orisons to heaven in the 
 ancient manner, and having broken my fast with such 
 fare as my place of sojourning bestowed, I set out upon 
 my quest. 
 
 I set forth alone, yet' not alone ; for mine was the 
 companionship of lively historical ideas. But as soon as 
 I had journeyed about one mile to the south-east of 
 liipon, 1 perforce came to a halt. For my footsteps, on 
 a sudden, had been arrested by the ear being struck with 
 that most musical of natural sounds — the sound of living, 
 gurgling, murmuring waters. 
 
 I hearkened again, being infinitely pleasured by 
 such natural music. And, mending my pace somewhat, 
 soon found myself at Bridge Hewick, looking down from 
 the parapet of the old grey bridge upon the rushing, 
 boulder-broken, glancing waters of the lire, which, after 
 gladdening fruitful Wensleydale, flows through Eipon ; 
 and after skirting Givendale and Newby, and laving 
 
 ^ 'J'bis exception is the grave of Mary Ward, the (Uiughter, it will 
 be remembered, of Marmaduke Ward and Ursula Wright, and, consec|U(>ntl}", 
 the niece of Christopher AV^right and, I innintain, of Thomas Ward, the 
 guide, philosopher, and friend of Loi-d Mouiiteagle. Mary Ward died at the 
 old Manor House, lleworth, on the 2(»th .lanuaiy, 1 G4o-46, and is liuried 
 at Osbaldwick, near York, where a stone, bearing a simple but touching 
 inscription, is still to be seen by an increasing nun)ber of her admirers, 
 Protestant ;ind Catholic, the former of whom have ever styled her "that 
 good lady, Mary Ward." The inscription on the gravestone bears out 
 this view of this great-hearted, truly human, English gentlewoman. It runs 
 thus: "To love the pof)re, persever in the same and live, dy, and rise witii 
 them was all the ayme of Mary Ward, who, having lived GO years and S 
 days, dyed the !20 of Jan.. 1645," That gravestone might also fittingly 
 bear a second inscription, consisting of those triumphant words of victory 
 over death: "Credo; Spero ; Amo" ("I believe: 1 liope; I love"). The 
 Kev. ¥. Umpleby, the Vicar of Osbaldwick, and his churchwardens guard 
 the gravestone of 3Iary Ward with the most commendable care.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 273 
 
 " tlie green fields of England," in front of Mulwitli, 
 hurries on towards Boroughbridge ; thence to Myton, 
 where, by the junction of the Ure and Swale, the Ouse^ 
 is formed, that majestic Hood, which, with broad swelling 
 tide, flows past the towers of York, the far-famed Imperial 
 City, whose only peer in the western world is Rome. 
 
 I say I set out upon my quest for Givendale, 
 Newby, and Mulwith alone, yet not alone ; because I had 
 the companionship of lively historical ideas. 
 
 Thus much is true. And more : for romantic fancy 
 ■conjured up visions before my mental gaze during that 
 sunny Rest-Day morning, 
 
 " When all the secret of the spring 
 Moved in the chambers of tlie blood,"'* 
 
 as I traversed those fair budding country -lanes, "made 
 vocal by the song " of a thousand warbling birds, and 
 paradisaical 
 
 " With violets dim, 
 But sweeter than the lids of Juno's eyes 
 Or Cytherea's breath ; pale primroses 
 That die unmarried, ere they can behold 
 Bright Phoebus in his strength."'"^ 
 
 ^ The winding Xidd, known to St. Wilfrid and dear to St. Robert, " 
 pours itself into the Ouse at Nun Monkton, a few miles above York, and 
 not far from historic Marston Moor. 
 
 "^ Tennyson's " In Memoriam."' 
 
 ^ Shakespeare's " Winter's Tale." — Shakespeare may have possibly 
 'known, or at least heard of, Father John Grerard, S.J., the life-long 
 friend of Mary Ward, and the first " to English " Lorenzo Scupoli's 
 " Spiritual Combat.'' Any educated Buddhist or Mohammedan British 
 subject who wishes to understand the genius of Christianity should care- 
 fully study the " Spiritual Combat." It will repay his pains. 
 
 Francis Arden, who was in the Tower of London, escaped from 
 that pi'ison along with Gerard during the night of 8tli October, 1597. 
 Francis Arden was probably a relative of Edward Arden, who was 
 ■executed as a traitor on the 23rd December, 1583, in connection with
 
 274 THE GUNPOWDER TLOT. 
 
 Yea, before 1113' mind's eye I seemed to behold, ever 
 and anon, riding towards and passing me on horseback, 
 to and fro, from east to w^est, and from west to east, the 
 shadowy yet tall stately forms of Elizabethan gentlemen, 
 in feathered hat, girded sword, and Papon spurs ; aye,, 
 and of Elizabethan gentlewomen likewise, in hooded 
 cloak, white ruff, and pleated gown. 
 
 Sometmies the groups, methought, were accompanied 
 by one showing a graver mien and more reverend aspect 
 than the gentlefolk among whom he rode, although 
 apparelled and e(j nipped externally as the}'. The breviary,, 
 crucifix, and large jet rosary-beads which, in my phantasy,, 
 la}^ concealed within the last-naraed's breast, would betoken 
 that he was a priest of the ancient faith of the English 
 people, although at that period one of such a vocation 
 was, by law, counted a traitor to his sovereign. 
 
 But ni}^ day-dreams vanished : from a vivid realization 
 of a near approach to Givendale, which was announced 
 by a new guide-post visible to the eye of flesh. A 
 few paces further of walking, under the boughs of 
 noble interlacing trees, brought me by tlie gate leading 
 to the dwelling-house to-day known as Givendale — that 
 
 tlie mysterious Somei'ville-Arden-liall conspiracy against the life of 
 Queen Elizabeth. The Shakespeares were justly proud of their connection 
 with the Ardens, a fact which is evidenced by the well-known application 
 of John Shakespeare (the poet's father) to the College of Heralds for the 
 grant of a coat-of-arms that impaled and quartered the arms of the Ardens, 
 of AVihncote, his wife's family. I cannot doubt that the Ardens, of 
 AVihncote, AVarwickshire, were of tlie same clan as the Ardens, of Park 
 .Hall, Warwickshire, to which family Edward Arden belonged, who 
 was executed in 1583. To disallow the relationship of the Ardens, of 
 Ayilmcote, with the Ardens, of Park Hall (both in AVarwickshire), simply 
 because the former were less liberally endowed with worldly goods in the 
 reign of Elizabeth than the latter, proves to demonstration that such 
 disallowers, merely on such ground, have something yet to learn respecting: 
 llie England of "Good (^ueen Bess" — and of every other England too.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 275 
 
 historic name. Tlie old liall occupied a site most 
 probably a little to the north of the present Givendale, 
 and was surrounded by a moat. Leland, writing,' in the 
 reign of Henry YIII., describes it as "a fair manor 
 place of stone." Lovely views does Givendale command 
 of the valley of the Ure/ looking westward towards the 
 sister valle3^s of the Xidd and AYharfe and Aire. 
 
 A kind wayfarer, whom I chanced to meet near 
 Givendale, pointed out to me tbe way to Skelton, 
 Newb}', and Mulwith. 
 
 I had to retrace from Givendale my steps for Skelton ; 
 but I soon found from a second friendly guide-post that my 
 good friend of a few moments before had directed my 
 eager steps aright. 
 
 The faitbful following towards the south-east of the 
 high road, running parallel with the woods of Xewby on 
 my right, brought me in due course to Skelton, a large 
 limestone village, characteristic of that part of the AYest 
 Hiding of Yorkshire. 
 
 I walked down the town street of Skelton and found 
 that the Park-gates of Xewby entered from the village. 
 
 I passed, on my left, the little chapel of Skelton, 
 standing in its grave-yard, which, rebuilt in 1812, had 
 taken the place of the chapel where once or twice a 
 
 ^ Givendale, in the time of Sir Simon Ward, who lived in the reign 
 of Edward II., was evidently the Wards' principal seat near Ilipon ; for 
 Sir Simon Ward is described as oE " Givendale and Esholt." Esholt is in 
 the Parisli of Otley. The arms of the Wards were azure, a cross patonce, 
 or. Sir Simon Ward's daughter, Beatrice, was married to Walter de 
 Hawkesworth, and, through her, the Hawkesworth estate, in the Parish 
 of Otley, between Wharfedale and Airedale, came into the ancient family 
 of Hawkesworth (see Text ante). To-day, the well-known Fawkes family, 
 of Farnley (the friends of the artist, Turner, and of his great interpreter, 
 Ruskin), own Hawkesworth Hall, a fine, ivy-clad, antique mansion looking 
 towards Airedale. Campion was probably harboured here in the spring of 
 1581, and possibly also by the Hawkeswortlis, of Mitton, near Clitheroe.
 
 27G THE GUNPOWDEll TLOT. 
 
 year, '' after long iiiiprisonnient," it is probable that 
 Marmaduke Ward — though not Ehzabeth, his wife, nor 
 Mar}^, nor any of his other children — " against his 
 conscience " went to hoar read the Book of Common 
 Prayer, in order to avoid the terrible penalty of having 
 " to pay the statute," that is, to pay .£'20 per hmar 
 month by way of fine for "popish recusancy."' 
 
 The Newby Hall of to-day, the seat of 11. C. De 
 Grey Vyner, Esquire, is a grand structure, having been 
 designed l)y Sir Christopher Wren about the year 1705. 
 In the Park is the beautiful Memorial (Uiurch, built by 
 the late Lady Mary Vyner, in memory of her son, 
 Frederick George Vyner, who was slain by Greek brigands 
 in the year 1870.- 
 
 ^ This would be about £160 in our money. 'J'birteen of these 
 payments in one j^ear would amount to about £2,080. Tather Eichard 
 lloltby, S.J., was a friend of the Wards, and the priest who decided 
 jNJary Ward's " vocation " in Baldwin's Gardens, Holborn, Jiondon, 
 after Marmaduke Ward had been released from bis brief captivity in 
 AVarwickshire. (8ee " Life of Mary Ward" vol. i., p. S9.) Iloltby speaks 
 of JNIary as "my daughter Warde."' Now, father Jloltby, of IVyton, 
 near Ilovingham, has recorded that "after long imprisonment 
 Mr. Blenkinsopp [of Helbeck, A\'estmoreland, ]io doubt], Mr. Warde, 
 Mr. TroUope [of Tbornley, in the County of Durham, no doubt], and 
 Mrs. Cholmondeley [probably of Biandsby, near Easingwold], and more'"' 
 were "overthrown," which clearly means became (temporarily at least) 
 " Schismatic Catholics," by consenting to attend " the Protestant church." 
 (See Morris's '' TroidAes," third series, p. 76.) This would be in the 
 years 1593-94-95, or previously . Peacock's " List " for 1604, under 
 " Eipon," gives " Elizabeth wief of Marmaduke Ward," h>it ominousltj no 
 Marmaduke Ward. Therefore, like liis relative Sir William Wicmore, 
 Marmaduke AV^ard, it is almost certain, for a time frequented his parish 
 church (contrary to wliat he deemed '• the highest and best '') perliaps once 
 or twice a year. Poor fellow 1 he was, however, very strict in not allowing 
 his children to do the like. (See " Life of Mary Ward,'' vol. i., pp. 30, 31.) 
 
 ^The late Dr. Stanley delivered, in A\'estminster Abbey, one of his 
 beautiful and pathetic "Laments," after the sorrowful tidings reached 
 England that this fine voung Englishman, by a deed of violence, had 
 passed into the world of tlie "Unseen Perfectness."
 
 THK GUNPOWDER PLOT. 277 
 
 One mile from Newby is Mulwitli/ It is reached by 
 what evidently has been an avenue in days of yore, 
 connecting the two manor-houses. 
 
 The old hall of Mulwith was most probably a 
 castellated mansion, quadrangular in shape, with a Gothic 
 chapel, gateway, drawbridge, and moat, pretty much 
 like Markenfield Hall, near Kipon, at the present day. 
 There was a fire at Mulwith in the year 1593, w^e 
 know from the " Life of Mar// Ward.'' And it may be, 
 that the hall was then razed to the ground and never 
 afterwards rebuilt."^ 
 
 To-day Mulwith is a pleasant farmstead, built of 
 brick with slated roof. It is a two-storied, six-window^ed 
 dwelling, with homestead, gardens, and orchards all 
 adjoining.^ 
 
 ^ 11. C. De Grey Vyner, Esquire (brother-in-law to the Most 
 Honourable the Marquis of Ripon, K.Gr., of Studley Eoyal, Lord 
 Lieutenant of the North Eiding of Yorkshire), to-day owns Givendale, 
 Newby, and Mulwith. They are within about five miles of Eipon, and 
 can be also reached from Borouglibridge. 
 
 * Mary Ward was born at Mulwith, in 1585 (see ante, p. 59). 
 Amons: her devoted scholars, who crossed the seas either with her or ta 
 her, were Susanna Rookwood, Helena Catesby, and Elizabeth Keyes, 
 each respectively related, closely related, to the conspirators bearing those 
 names. — See " Life of Mar;/ Wanl,'' vols. i. and ii. 
 
 '^ My friend Mr. Eenfric Gates, of Maidenhead, Berks., kindly 
 made me, when in Harrogate (in May, 1901), a sketch of Mulwith, which 
 I value highly. Since then a relative of his has bestowed upon me a portrait 
 of Mary Ward herself. So I am fortunate indeed. In the " Lfe of 
 Mary Ward" by M. Mary Salome (Burns & Gates), the lady who so 
 generously gifted me with a picture I can scarcely prize enough, there 
 is a copy from the first of that remarkable series of paintings known as 
 the Painted Life of Mary Ward, which represents Mary (then a little 
 maiden betwixt two and three years old) toddling across the room, 
 attired, as to her head, in a tiny close-fitting cap. This picture bears the 
 following note in ancient German : — " ' Jesus ' was the first word of the 
 infant, Mary, after which she did not speak for many months." Another of
 
 278 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 In front of Mulwith still flows, as in the ancient' 
 (lays, the historic waters of the Ure.^ On almost every 
 side the eye is gladdened with woodland patches 
 embroidering the horizon with that "sylvan scenery which 
 never palls. "^ 
 
 Hence, at last I was come to my journey's end. For 
 I had reached Mulwith, or Mulwaith, in the Parish of 
 Eipon, whereof " Thomas Warde " is described, ^vho 
 married M'gery Slater, in the Church of St. Michael- 
 le-Belfrey, York, on the 29th day of May, 1579. 
 
 ]\rrs. John Hardcastle and her son most kindly con- 
 ducted me round the place once more ; for 1 had visited 
 Mulwith about ten years previously, with my sister, then 
 approaching it from the east. 
 
 And on that Sunday evening (April 22nd, 1901), an 
 evening calm and bright, to the sound of sweet church 
 bells, again I satisfied historic feeling by the recollection 
 of the Past ; the sense whereof bore down upon me with 
 a force too strong for words, "too deep," too higli, "for 
 tears." 
 
 '^ M((/i/j loaters cannot quencli Love; neither can the 
 floods droiun it.'' 
 
 the famous pictures in the Painted Life is one representing ^lary, at the age 
 of thirteen, making her first Communion, at Harewell Hall, Dacre, Nidder- 
 dale. (I visited Harewell Hall, which is still owned by the Inglebies, of 
 Eipley, as in the days of Mary Ward, on AVednesday, the 10th April, 1901, 
 being courteously shown round the Hall by Miss Simpson, the tenant. The 
 Eiver Nidd flows at the" foot of this ancient, picturesque dwelling.) 
 
 ^ Near Newby, in February, 1869, Sir Charles Slingsby, Bart., of 
 Scriven, when a-hunting was, with some other gentlemen, drowned in 
 the act of crossing in a boat the Eiver Ure, then swollen high through 
 February floods. The event cast a profound gloom over Yorkshire for many 
 ;i long day, (The writer was eight years of age when this melancholy 
 catastrophe took ])lace, and well does be remember the grief depicted on 
 the faces of the good citizens of York on the morrow of that sad disaster.) 
 
 ^ Lord Beaconsfield.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER TLOT. 279 
 
 supplementum v. 
 
 An Account of a Visit to Great Plowland (anciently 
 Plewland), in the Parish of Welwick, Holderness, 
 IN the East Kiding of the County of York. 
 
 On Monday, the 6th day of May, 1901, the writer 
 had the happmess of accornpHshing a purpose he had 
 long had in mind, namely, that of paying a visit to 
 Oreat Plowhmd (anciently Plewland), in the Parish of 
 Welwick, Holderness, the birthplace of John and 
 Christopher Wright, and also of their sister, Martha 
 Wright, who was married to Thomas Percy, of Beverley. 
 These three East Kiding Yorkshiremen have indeed writ 
 large their names in the Book of Fate. For, as the 
 preceding pages have shown, they were among that 
 woeful band of thirteen who were involved, to their just 
 undoing, in the rash and desperate enterprise, known as 
 the Gunpowder Treason Plot, of the year 1005, the 
 second year of the reign of James L, King of England, 
 Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, and progenitor and prede- 
 cessor of our own Most Gracious King Edward VIL 
 Long may he reign, a crowned and sceptred Imperial 
 Monarch : and in Justice may his house be established 
 for ever !^ 
 
 ^ How full ot" happy augury for the future of our Empii'e was tlie 
 £ne speech of His Koyal Highness the Prince of Wales, delivered in the 
 Guildhall, London, the 5th December, 1901, shortly following on the 
 Prince's and His Princess's return to Old England's sliores, after their 
 historic sojourning, during the year 1001, in His Majesty's loyal Dominions 
 beyond the seas.
 
 280 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 The writer arrived at the town of Patrington (the 
 post-town of Plowland) somewliat late in the afternoon. 
 He had not been before ; but he well knew that 
 Patrington is famous, far and near, for its stately and 
 exquisitely-beautiful church, so aptly styled "the Queen 
 of Holderness," the church of Hedon being " the 
 King." 
 
 After viewing the general features of the little town 
 of Patrington, which, nia3^be, is but slightly changed 
 since its main street was trodden by English men and 
 English women of "the spacious days of Good Queen 
 Bess," I (to have recourse to the first person singular, 
 if the liberty may be pardoned) went in search of some 
 ancient hostelry such as wherein " Jack Wright, Kit 
 Wright, and Tom Percy," then in the hey-day of their 
 youthful strength and vigour, quaffed the foaming tankard 
 of the nut-brown ale, or • called for their pint of sack, 
 when William Shakespeare^ was the Sir Henry Irving 
 of his day, and was writing his immortal dramas for all 
 Nations and all Time. 
 
 Such a house of entertainment "for man and beast" 
 I found in the inn bearing the time-honoured and 
 sportsmanlike sign of the "Dog and Duck." 
 
 On entering the portals of this ancient hostelry 
 the historic imagination enabled me to conjure up the 
 sight of some of the gentlemen who, three hundred years 
 ago, must have formed the company who assembled at 
 the "Dog and Duck;" to discuss, maybe, a threatened 
 Spanish invasion of England's inviolate shores; "a 
 progress" of the great Tudor Queen; or the action of 
 her Privy Counsellors, Lord Burleigh, Sir Francis 
 
 ^ The common consent of mankind ranks Shakespeare, along with 
 Homer and Dante, a« one of the world's three Poet-Kings.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 281 
 
 Walsingham, the Earl of Leicester, Sir Kobert Cecil, 
 Sir Walter Ealeigh, and the ill-fated Eobert Devereux 
 Earl of Essex ; or, belike, to sound the praises of that 
 model of chivalry, Sir Philip Sidney, the General Gordon, 
 Lord Bowen, and Matthew Arnold of his day, and the 
 darling of his countrymen for ever. 
 
 If I had to content myself wdth the historic 
 imagination alone for the sight of John Wright, one of 
 the most expert swordsmen of his time ; of Christopher 
 Wright, wdio was a taller man than his brother, of a 
 closer and more peaceable disposition ; and of Thomas 
 Percy, their brother-in-law, who was agent for his cousin, 
 the great head of the House of Percy ; and also for the 
 vision of all those high-born, courageous, but self-willed, 
 wayward Yorkshire Elizabethan gentlemen, in their tall 
 hat, graceful cloak,^ and short sword girded on their side, 
 with their tinkling falcons on their wrist, with their 
 cross-bows and their dogs : if I had to be content with 
 imagination alone for all this, on that Monday, the Cth 
 day of May, 1901, I had the sight and vision in the 
 solid reality of flesh and blood of "mine host" of the 
 "Dog and Duck," who bade me welcome in right cheery 
 tones ; and, in answer to my question, told me he well 
 knew Great Plowland, in the Parish of Welwick (being 
 a native of those parts), and ever since he was a boy 
 he had heard tell that some of the Gunpowder plotters 
 had been at Plowland." 
 
 ^ The cloak was then one of the outward tokens of a gentleman. 
 
 ^ It is impossible to understand Shakespeare's characters aright except 
 one has first made a close study of such typical Elizabethan gentlemen 
 as the Gunpowder plotters and their friends, and of the Elizabethan 
 Catholic gentry in general. Hence the wide value of the labours of such 
 men as Simpson, Morris, Pollen, Knox, and Law.
 
 282 THE GUNPOAVDEll PLOT. 
 
 Soon was the compact made tliat that very evening, 
 ere darkness came on, "mine host" should chive n\e to 
 the site of where John Wright and Christopher Wright 
 first heheld the hght of the sun. (lu view of the fact 
 that the circumstantial evidence to-day avaihd)Ie tends 
 to prove that Clii'istoplier Wright was the repentant 
 conspirator who revealed the Plot and so saved King- 
 James I., liis Queen, and Parliament from destruction by 
 exploded gunpowder, it may be easily conceived that I 
 felt great eagerness to gaze on Plowland with as little 
 ■delay as possible.) 
 
 A short drive brought my driver and myself within 
 sight of the tall ''rooky" trees, the blossoming orchard, 
 the ancient gabled buildings in the background, and the 
 handsome two-storied red-brick dwelling, all standing!', 
 on slightly rising ground, within less than a quarter of 
 a mile from the king's highway, which to-day are known 
 as Great Plowland, in the Parish of Welwick, Holderness, 
 in the East Riding of the County of York. 
 
 This, then, was the fair English landscape whereon 
 the eyes of Christopher Wright had rested in those 
 momentous years, from 1570 to 15(S0, when "the child 
 is father of the man ! " I exclaimed in spirit. 
 
 As we were entering through the gates of Plowland 
 I made enquiry as to the name of the owner of this 
 historic spot. I was informed that the gentleman to 
 whom the ancestral seat of the Wrights, of Plowland, 
 belonged resided on his own domain. 
 
 On reaching Plowland Hall (now Plowland House), 
 Mr. George Burnhau], of Plowland House, came forward, 
 iind, with frank, pleasant courtesy, never to be forgotten, 
 assured me that J was at liberty to see the place where 
 the two Gunpowder conspirators, John and Christopher 
 Wright, had lived when boys.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 283 
 
 I alighted from my vehicle, and heing joined hy 
 ]\Iiss Burnham, sister to Mr. Barnham, the owner of the 
 •estate, we all three examined the evident traces of the 
 moat, the remains of what must have heen the old 
 'Gothic chapel, and certain ancient buildings and doors 
 in the rear, which were left intact when old Plowland 
 Hall was taken down, shortly after the middle of the 
 nineteenth century, to make way for the present Plowland 
 House. — See Frontispiece to this Book for picture of 
 Plowland House. 
 
 [The Burnhams, of Plowland, are the grandchildren 
 of the late Eichard Wright, Esq., of Knaith, near 
 •Gainsborough, Lincolnshire. One of that gentleman's 
 •descendants is Bohert Wright Burnham, the eldest 
 brother to the present owner of Plowland and his sister. 
 The name Ilichard AYright is found in the Register of 
 ■Christenings at Ripon Minster, under date 29th March, 
 1599, as the son of one Joliii AYright, of Sl-elton.] 
 
 After taking leave of my kind friends, the "guardians" 
 of Great Plowland, Mr. Robert Medforth, of the "Dog and 
 Duck" hostelry, at Patrington, drove me to AA^elwick. 
 A short survey of this characteristically East Riding- 
 Yorkshire village and its grey old Gothic church in its 
 grave-yard, where John and Christopher A^'right were 
 ■christened, no doubt, brought the historical travels and 
 explorations of Alonday, Alay Gth, 1901, to a delightful 
 and profitable close. 
 
 "Farewell, Plowland," I interiorly exclaimed, when 
 I turned myself in my conveyance, for the last time, to 
 take the one last, lingering look, "Farewell, Plowland, 
 once the home not only of those who ' knowing the better 
 chose the worse,' and who, therefore, verified in themselves 
 that law of Retribution, that eternal law of Justice, ' the 
 G-iiilty suffer,'' hut also once the home of some of the
 
 284 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 supremely excellent of the earth. Farewell, Plowland,. 
 w'here Mar}^ Ward, that beautiful soul, resided with 
 Ursula Wright, her sainted grandmother, the wife of 
 Robert Wright, the mother of Christopher Wright : 
 where Mary Ward resided, during the five years, 1589 
 to 1594, before returning to her father's house at 
 Muhvith, in the Parish of Ripon, on the banks of the 
 sylvan Ure." 
 
 The Estate of Plowland came into the Wright family 
 in the reign of Henry YIIL, owing to John Weight, 
 Esquire (a man of Kent), having married Alice Ryther, 
 one of the daughters and co-heiresses of Sir John Ryther, 
 of Ryther, on the banks of the "lordly Wharfe," between 
 York and Selby. 
 
 John Wright's son, Robert, succeeded as the owner 
 of Plowland (or Plewland). liobert Wright married for 
 his second wife Ursula Rudston, whose family had been 
 lords of Hayton, near Pocklington, from the days of 
 King John. Ursula Wright was akin to the Mallory 
 (or Mallorie) family, of Studley Royal, Ripon, and so a 
 cousin in some degree to most of the grand old Yorkshire 
 gentry, such as the Ingleby family, of Ripley Castle and 
 of Harewell Hall, Dacre, near Brimham Rocks, in Nidder- 
 dale, and the Markenfields, of Markenfield Hall, near 
 Ripon, to mention none others beside.^ - ^ * (This is 
 shown by the Ripon Registers.) 
 
 ^ Tlie Most Honourable the Marquis of Eipon, K.G., Viceroy of 
 India (1880-S.5), and the Most Honourable the Marchioness of llipon, C.L, 
 ure akin to .John Wriglit ami Christopher AV^right, through tlie Mallories 
 of Studley lloyal. 
 
 '^ The Eight Honourable the Lord Grantley, of Markenfield Hall, is 
 akin to the AVrights, through his ancestor, Francis Norton, the eldest son of 
 brave old Eichard Norton ; the Mallories ; the Inglebies ; and many others. 
 
 ^ Sir Heiuy Day Ingilby, Bart., of Eipley Castle, is likewise akin to 
 the Wrights, the Winters, and indeed to almost all the other ill-fated
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT.   • 285 
 
 Eobert Wright (the second Wright who owned 
 Plowland) had been married before his marriage to 
 Ursula Eudston. His first wife's name was Anne 
 Grimstone. She was a daughter of Thomas Grimstone, 
 Esquire, of Grimstone Garth. Eobert Wright and Anne 
 Grimstone had one son who " heired " Plowland. His 
 name was William Wright. He married Ann Thornton, 
 of East Newton, in Eydale, a lady who was related to 
 many old Eydale and Vale of Mowbray families in the 
 North Eiding of Yorkshire. The names of William 
 Wright and Ann, his wife (born Thornton), are still 
 recorded on a brass in the north aisle of Welwick Church.^ 
 
 William Wright was half-brother to Ursula Ward, 
 the wife of Marmaduke AVard, of Mulwith, Newby, and 
 Givendale, near Eipon, the parents of the great Mary 
 Ward, the friend of popes, emperors, kings, nobles, 
 statesmen, warriors, and indeed of the most distinguished 
 personages of Europe during the reigns of James I. and 
 
 plotters. 1 may mention also that Sir Henry is likewise related to the 
 exalted Mary Ward, who (as was the case with her great kinsman and friend. 
 Lady Grace Babthorpe) lived at "lovely Eipley" in her childhood, with the 
 Inglebies of that day, on more than one occasion, as we find recorded in 
 Mary's " Life:' 
 
 * At Grantley a John Wright resided in the time of Elizabeth. 
 He was probably brother to Eobert Wright, the father of John and 
 Christopher AYright. Grantley Hall nestles in a leafy hollow of surpassing 
 beauty. The swift, gentle, little Eiver Skell flows past the Hall on 
 towards St. Mary's Abbey, Fountains. Grantley Hall is now owned by 
 Sir Christopher Furness, M.P. It was formerly one of the estates of the 
 Lords Grantley. 
 
 ^ Mass was said at Xess Hall, near Hovingham, not far from East * 
 Newton, during the early part of the nineteenth century. / tJunh that 
 this was owing to the old Catholic family of Crathorne owning Xess Hall 
 at this time. The Crathornes intermarried with the Wrights, of Plowland, 
 in the days of James I. or Charles I., and I suspect that Ness Hall had 
 been brought into the Crathorne family, through the Wrights, from the 
 Thorntons, The Crathornes came from Crathorne, near Stokesley, in 
 Cleveland. The Thorntons conformed to the Jlstablished Church.
 
 28G THE GUNPOWDER TLOT. 
 
 Charles I. ^Villi{lln Wright (or AViyght, as the name is- 
 spelt on the hrass in Welwick Church) was also half- 
 brother to the two (lunpowder conspirators, John and 
 Christopher AViigiit, who were slain at llolbeach House, 
 Staffordshire, a few days after the capture of Guy Fawkes 
 by Sir Thomas Ivnevet, early in the morning of November 
 5th, 1605. 
 
 The late liev. John Stephens, Eector of Holgate,. 
 York, and formerly Yicar of Sunk Island, Holderness,. 
 told me, in September, 1900, that Guy Fawkes is said 
 to have slept at Plowland Hall, on Fawkes' departure 
 for London for the last time, a tradition which is very 
 likely to be authentic. For, as will be remembered, tlie 
 Wrights, Fawkes, and Tesimond were old school-fellows 
 at St. Peter's School, in the Horse Fayre, Gillygate, 
 York,^ which had been re-founded by Philip and Mary, who 
 likewise founded the present Grammar School at Papon. 
 
 ^ Jolin AVn'glit. Christopher Wriglit, Guy Fawkes. and Oswald 
 Tesimond must have many a time and oft passed througii Bootham Bar,. 
 leading towards CHfton, Skelton, and Easingwold, along the great Xorth 
 Road. And hesides the King's Manor t(j the left of Bootham Bar, 
 Queen Margaret's Gateway, named after Queen Margaret (grandmother of 
 Mary Queen of Scots), must have heen to them all a thrice-familiar object. 
 Queen Margaret, it will he reiiiemhercMl, was wife to King James }Y. of 
 Scotland, who fell at Flodden Field in 151;}, fighting against the foi-ces of the 
 brother of the Scots' Queen, King Henry VTJl. 
 
 In ir)l(), lleiu-y Vlll. invited his widowed sister to London, "and 
 good Qu('(Mi Katerine sent her own white palfrey" for her poor sister-in- 
 law's " use.'' On this memorable occasion the bereaved daughter of Kinjr 
 Henry VTT.. througii whom His iMost (iracious JNIajesty King Edward VIL, 
 in part at least, traces his august Title to the United Kingdom of Great 
 Britain and Ireland, was kindly welcomed by the worthy citizens of the- 
 noithern capital. — See J)i-. Haine's " Tori"' (Longmans), p. 98. 
 
 In the month of July, H)00, at the Treasurer's Jlouse, on the north 
 side of the Minster, our Most Gracious Sovereign and His Beloved Consort 
 (then the Prince and Princess of AVales). together with the present Princ(' 
 and Princess of Wales (then the Duke and Duchess of York), graciously 
 sojourned for a luief season: an event memorable and historic even in 
 the ])r()ud annals of the second city of the IJritish Empire.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 28T 
 
 SuppLEMEXTu:\r YI. 
 
 St. Mary's Hall, Stonyhurst, 
 
 Blackburn, 5th October, 1901. 
 
 Yoii are quite correct in sajdng that the 
 doctrine of Equivocation is the justification of stratagems 
 in war, and of a great many other recognised modes of 
 conduct. 
 
 But I despair of its ever finding acceptance in the 
 minds of most Englishmen : since they will not take the 
 trouble of understanding it ; while, at the same time, 
 they have not the slightest scruple in misrepresenting it. 
 It is, of course (like most principles, wdiether of art, or 
 of science, or of philosophy), not a truth immediately to 
 be grasped by the average intellect, and, therefore, liable 
 to much misapplication. Even the best-trained thinkers 
 may frequently differ as to its comprehension of this or 
 that particular concrete case. 
 
 Given the tendency of human nature, English or 
 foreign, to shield itself from unpleasant consequences at 
 the expense of truth, it is unsafe to supply the public 
 with a general principle, which, precisely on account of 
 its universality, might be made to cover with some show 
 of reason, many an unwarrantable jeu de mots. There 
 are many exceedingly useful drugs which it would be 
 unwise to throw into the open market. Hence, I quite 
 recognise the partial validity of the objection to the 
 doctrine in question. But since the doctrine is so often 
 thrust in the public face, it is as well it should appear 
 in its true colours. 
 
 This leads me to a point which I think ought to be 
 insisted upon, namely, that those features, which are
 
 288 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 most objectionable to Englishmen in the scholastic 
 doctrine were devised by their authors with the intention 
 of limiting the realm of Equivocation and of safeguarding 
 the truth more closely. 
 
 All rational men are agreed that there arc circum- 
 stances in which words must be used that are jirimd 
 facie contrary to truth — in war, in diplomacy, in the 
 custody of certain professional secrets. In such instances 
 the non-Catholic rule seems to be : Tell a lie, and have 
 done with it. The basis of such a principle is Utilitarian 
 Morality, ^Yhich estimates Eight and Wrong merely by 
 the consequences of an action. The peripatetic philo- 
 sopher, on the other hand, Avho maintains the intrinsic 
 moral character of certain actions, and who holds morclicus 
 to the love of truth for its own sake, is not content to 
 rest in a lie, however excusable, but endeavours, for the 
 honour of humanity, to demonstrate that such apparent 
 deviations from truth are not such in reality. For he 
 perceives in them two meanings — whence the name 
 Eqiiicocation — one of which may be true, while the other 
 is false. The speaker utters the words in their true 
 meaning, and that the hearer should construe them in 
 the other sense is the latter's own affiiir. 
 
 ^^ Not at home'''' may mean '■''out of the house'' or 
 "not inclined to receive visitors.'" It is the visitor's own 
 fault if he attaches the first meaning to the pln-ase rather 
 than the second, or rice verm. 
 
 No sensible man would consider a prisoner to be 
 "lying" in liis plea of "-Not Guilty,''' because a certain 
 juryman, in his ignorant simplicity, should carry off the 
 impression of the prisoner's absolute, and not merely of 
 his leyal, innocence. Yet the plea may mean either both 
 •cjr only the latter. 
 
 Simi];n-ly, ;ni iiiijicrtinont ferretter-out of an important
 
 THE GUNrOWDER PLOT. 28D 
 
 secret needs blame none but himself if lie conceives the 
 ans^Yer " iVo " to intimate anything else than that he 
 should mind his own l)usiness. 
 
 As to such facts there is, 1 should say, an over- 
 whelming agreement of opinion. That they differ from 
 what we all recognise as a sheer " lie " is pretty evident. 
 It is, therefore, convenient and scientific to label them 
 with some other name, and the Scholastic hit npon the 
 not inapt one of Equivocation. 
 
 The malice of lying consists, according to Utilitarian 
 Philosophy, in the destrnction of that mutnal confidence 
 which is so absolutely necessary for tlie proper main- 
 1;enance and development of civilized life. But the 
 Scholastic, while fnlly admitting this ground, looks for a 
 still deeper root, and finds it in the very fact of the 
 •discrepancy between the speaker's internal thought and 
 its outward expression. The difference between the two 
 positions may be more clearly apprehended in the 
 following fornuila : — The first would define a lie as 
 '^' sj^eaJiing with, intent to deceive;'' wdiereas the second 
 •defines it " spealducj cojitrar/j to one's tliouglit " (locidio 
 contra meniem), even where there is no hope (and there- 
 fore no intent) of actual deception. The latter is clearly 
 the stricter view, yet very closely allied with, and 
 .supplementing, the former. For we ]nay perhaps say 
 with Cardinal de Lugo — and a la Kant — that the malice 
 •of the discrepancy mentioned above lies in the self- 
 -contradiction wdiich results in the liar, between his 
 inborn desire for the trust of his fellow-inen and his 
 •conviction that he has rendered himself unworthy of it — 
 that he has, in other words, degraded his nature. 
 
 Now, where there do not exist relations of nnitual 
 •confidence, such malice cannot exist. An enemy, a 
 burglar, a lunatic, an impudent questioner, etc., are, in
 
 290 THE GUNrOWDER I'LOT. 
 
 their d'lstinguisliing character, beyond the pale of mutual 
 confidence— ^.t'., when acting professionally as enemies, 
 burglars, etc. 
 
 In regard to such outlaws from society, some 
 moralists would accordingly maintain that the duty of 
 veracity is non-existent, and that here we may "answer 
 a fool according to his foil}'." If a burghir asks where 
 is your plate, you may reply at random " In the Bniil-,'' 
 or " At Timhuctoo,'" or " 1 havo/'t any.'' If a lunatic 
 declares himself Emperor of China, you maj^ humour 
 him, and give him anij information you may imagine 
 about his dominions, etc. 
 
 Such is the teaching of, v. (jr., Professor Paulsen, of 
 Berlin, in his " System of Ethics,'' in which he is at one 
 with Scholasticism, though, I daresay, we should not 
 follow him in all his applications of the principle. He 
 prefers to call such instances " necessary lies," whereas 
 we should say they were not lies at all, because the,y 
 would not be rightly considered to imply speaJany 
 strictly understood, that is, the communication of one's 
 mind to another. There is no real speech where there are 
 no relations of mutual confidence. Practically, however, 
 it is so far a question of name rather than of reality, of 
 theory rather than of fact. 
 
 The doctrine of Mental lieservation seems to me to 
 differ from that of Equivocation only in this, that 
 Equivocation implies the use of words which have a two- 
 fold meaning in themselves, apart from special circum- 
 stances, and are therefore logical equivoques. Thus to 
 the question : " WJiat do j^eople think of me ! " one 
 might diplomatically reply : " Oh ! tlicy thi)ih a great 
 deal!" which leaves it undetenuined whether the thinking- 
 be of a favourable or unfavourable character. 
 
 But more commonly words, apart from special cir- 
 cumstances, have one definite meaning, e.gr., " Yes " or
 
 THE GUNrOWDER PLOT. 291 
 
 *' No.'' AVben Sir Walter Scott, denied, as he himself 
 tells us, the authorship of " Wacerley " with a plain 
 simple "A^o," he was guilty of no logical Equivocation: 
 but the circumstance that it was generally known that 
 the author intended to preserve anonymity gave his 
 answer the signification, ^^ Mind your own business.'" This 
 is what I should call a nwral equivoque. The Scholastics 
 call it broad mental reservation (restrictio late vicntalis). 
 The origin of this terminology seems to me to lie in a 
 bit of purism. Some moralists were not content with 
 merely moral equivoques : they appear to insist on the 
 junction with them of logical Equivocation ; and so the}^ 
 would have directed the equivocator to restrict (and so 
 double) the meaning of a word in his own mind. Thus 
 to Sir Walter they would have said : " Don't say ' No ' 
 simply, but add in your own head, ' as far as tlie j^ibHo 
 is concerned,' " or something similar. 
 
 When this addition could not be conjectured by the 
 hearer, it received the name of ^)»re mental reservation 
 (restrictio j^ure [or stricte] mentalis) : as when one might 
 say " John is not liere " (meaning in his mind " not on 
 the exact spot where the speaker stood "), though John 
 w^as a yard off all the time. Such a position has not 
 found favour in the body of Catholic moralists. They 
 regard it as not only a useless proceeding, but as one 
 which, although intended out of respect for truth, is 
 liable, from its purely subjective character, to easy abuse. 
 But when objective circumstances (as in the case of 
 Sir Walter) enable the hearer to guess at the double 
 meaning and to suspend his judgment, then we have a 
 case of broad mental reservation : for it is writ large in 
 social convention that, where a momentous secret exists, 
 a negative answer carries with it the limitation (restriction, 
 reservation), " secrets apart."
 
 29'2 THE GUNrOWDER TLOT. 
 
 I trust I have made it sutiticieiitly clear that the 
 doctrine of Equivocation, properly understood, has ])een 
 devised in the interests of Veracity. That we may find 
 in some writers, whether St. Alphonsus de Liguori or Pro- 
 fessor Paulsen, particular api)]i('ations in wliich we do not 
 <-oncur, surely does not affect tlie validity of the principle. 
 
 1 may add that (ill Catholic theolof^ians with whom 
 T am acquainted limit its use Ijy recjuiring many external 
 ('onditions : v.gr., that the secret to be preserved should 
 be of importance ; that the questioner should have no 
 right to its knowledge, etc. In one word, that the possible 
 damage to nnitual confidence resulting from the hearer's 
 self-deception should be less than that which would 
 certainly accrue from the revelation of a legitimate secret. 
 
 No one feels more keenly than we do that to have 
 resort to Equivocation is an evil rendered tolerable only 
 in presence of a greater evil of the same nature ; and 1 
 venture to say, from an intimate knowledge of my brother 
 *' religious," that no one is less likely to recur to it, where 
 only his own skin is concerned, than a Jesuit. 
 
 Believe me, Yours very sincerely, 
 
 George Canning, S.J / 
 
 ^ The above lucid exphiuatiou of the iiiuch and {me jiuiice) stupidly 
 maligned doctrine of Equivocation will place readers of this work, as well as 
 the writer, under an obligation of gratitude to the Rev. George Canning, 
 who is tlic Professor of Etliics at St. 3[ary''s ]Iall, Stonyhurst, so I am 
 informed by the Rev. Bernard Boedder, S..J., Professor of iS'atui'al Tbetjlogy, 
 at that seat of learning, whom T have had the honour of meeting in 
 York on more than one occasion. '• Wisdom builds ber house for all 
 weathers.' But England, relying too much on a long course of pi'osperity 
 ill hiM- ruling classes, and in tiie protected classes immediately beneatli her 
 ruling classes, has neglected the Truth and Justice contained in this 
 eminently rational doctrine of E(]uivocatinn. The democracy must, and will, 
 however, insist on amiable, self-contenting, self-pleasing delusions being 
 speedily swept away. Reason and self-interest alike will compel and 
 compass this. 
 
 The question of Equivocation is not a question of Protestant versux 
 Catholic, but of AVise Noddle verfum Foolish Noddle. This is a distinct gain.
 
 APPENDICES
 
 APPENDICES. 
 
 Appendix A. 
 
 ClKCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE DEFINED AND DESCRIBED. 
 
 Circumstantial Evidence is indirect, as distinct from 
 •direct evidence. It is likewise mediate, as distinct from 
 immediate. 
 
 Direct evidence is testimony that is a statement of 
 what the witness himself has seen, heard, or perceived 
 by the evidence of any one of his own five senses,^ which 
 testimony is directly given by a witness, to lead to the 
 facts in issue, that is, the facts required to be proved in 
 order to make out or to constitute the criminal case, 
 •or the civil cause of action, sought to be established, 
 according to some rule of Law\ 
 
 Indirect or mediate evidence is inferred from a 
 relatively minor fact or relatively minor facts already 
 directly proved. 
 
 This inference is drawn by a valid process of reasoning 
 from a relatively minor fact or minor facts already directly 
 deposed to by a witness, who may be a party interested 
 in the case or cause, or a stranger-witness, either friendly 
 •or hostile. 
 
 Hence, Circumstantial Evidence is speciallij inferential 
 and cumulative in its nature. It denotes the resultant 
 of a method of knowledge, which has carried the Inquirer 
 forward by successive stages of advancement. 
 
 ^ By sight, hearing, smell, taste, or touch.
 
 21)0 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 It implies the inferring) of the unknown from the 
 known ; but from a known whicli has been itself 
 transnuited from the unknown, at some point of time 
 anterior to the making of the successive stage of advance- 
 ment in the knowledge of the facts sought to be. 
 proved, and vindicated by some rule of Law. 
 
 The following interesting account of Evidence- 
 generally is from the pen of Mr. Frank Pick, of Burton 
 Lodge, York, a student of the Law : — 
 
 ]M'idence is the collective term used to denote the 
 facts whereby some proposition, statement, or conclusion 
 is sought to be established or confirmed. 
 
 AVhile, as thus defined, the term Evidence primarily 
 denotes the actual Iniown facts themselves which form 
 the l)asis or point of departure, it connotes also a 
 method or process in the development of those known 
 facts to a resultant fact or opinion : and the resultant fact or- 
 opinion so obtained. The former is often styled Testimony. 
 
 This will be illustrated in Circumstantial Evidence,, 
 and in what is commonly styled " Expert Evidence,"" 
 though l)etter, " Evidence of Opinion," where a person 
 from a consideration of certain facts not necessarily 
 expressed (being likewise one specially competent to form 
 an opinion where such certain facts are involved) gives an 
 opinion which may be used as, and for similar purposes-, 
 with, evidence as above defined. 
 
 The value of evidence, i.e., the completeness and' 
 efficiency with which it serves these ends, varies with, and 
 the weight accorded to it in judgment is determined from, 
 a review of the character or quality of the source whence 
 these facts ])roceed ; and the nature or proximit}' of the 
 relation which they bear to the proposition, statement,, 
 or conclusion to be supported.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER TLOT. 297' 
 
 As regards the character or quality of its source, 
 evidence is distinguished into primaiy and secondary. 
 
 Primary Evidence is the witness or testimony of 
 personal experience, whether shown in the spoken or, 
 written word or by conduct. Or it may be described as,, 
 on its positive side, the avowal or confession of fact of 
 a person present knowingly, at the manifestation, in 
 consciousness of the phenomenon to which the fact, 
 corresponds : on its negative side, as the denial or 
 negation of fact similarly conditioned. 
 
 Secondary Evidence comprises all the manifold 
 degrees of nearness or remoteness to primary evidence.. 
 
 As all degrees are here included, it is sometimes 
 said that there are no degrees of secondary evidence. 
 This must not be misunderstood to mean that all 
 secondary evidence is entitled to be received as of the 
 ^ame degree of credibility. For a further, and in some 
 respects parallel, distinction to that lastly taken, arises as. 
 the speech is or is not deliberate, the writing authen- 
 ticated, the conduct reasoned. And in every case 
 partiality, bias, and prejudice are grounds not to be 
 neglected in the ascertainment of accuracy and trust- 
 worthiness. 
 
 So far as regards the nature or proximity of the 
 relation, evidence is either direct and immediate, or indirect 
 and mediate, called circumstantial ; as concerned rather 
 with the surrounding circumstances leading to the proof 
 of the presumed truth of a fact than with the fact itself. 
 
 Direct Evidence comprises those facts from which, 
 if proved, the truth of the proposition, statement, or 
 conclusion necessarily follows. 
 
 Circumstantial Evidence comprises those facts from 
 which again may be inferred facts, whence the truth of 
 the proposition, statement, or conclusion must necessaril}^ 
 follow.
 
 298 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 This inferential method is especially involved in 
 Circumstantial Evidence. In all evidence there is a 
 presumption open more or less to rehuttal, and evidence 
 on this account is qualified as, ai., i^rhnu facte, conclusive. 
 In Direct Evidence there is the presunjption of the truth 
 of the proposition, statement, or conclusion from the 
 proven facts. In Circumstantial Evidence tlu^'e is first 
 an inference of dir<'ctly connected facts, otherwise 
 unknown or unevidenced from remotely connected facts, 
 known or given in evidence; then there is further a 
 presumption of the truth of the proposition, statement, 
 or conclusion from these mediately t^stablished facts.
 
 THE GUNrOWDER PLOT. 299 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 DiSCEEPANCY AS TO DaTE WHEN NOT ]\IaTERIAL TO IsSUE, 
 
 NO Disproof of Truth of the rest of the Assertion. 
 
 The above doctrine of the law of Evidence appHes, 
 of course, to whatever may be the nature or purpose of 
 the Inquiry, whether conducted in a Court of Law, in 
 the hbrarj^ of the historical scholar, or elsewhere. 
 
 The principle was soundly stated at the trial of " the 
 Venerable " Martyrs, Fathers Whitbread, Harcourt, 
 Fenwick, Gavan, and Turner, at the Old Bailey, by Sir 
 William Scroggs, Knt., the Lord Chief Justice of the 
 King's Bench, on the occasion of the Popish Plot Trials, 
 in the year 1679. 
 
 "If it should be a mistal-e only in j^oint of time, it 
 'destroys not the evidence, unless you tliinh it necessary 
 to the substance of tJie tiling. 
 
 " If you charge one in the month of August to 
 have done such a fact, if he deny that he was in that 
 place at that time, and proves it by witnesses, it may 
 go to invalidate . the credibility of the man's testimony, 
 hut it does not invalidate the ti'utJi of the tiling itself, 
 which may be true in substance, though the circumstance 
 of time differ ; and the question is, ivhether the thing he 
 true ! " Quoted in Morris's " Troubles : The Southcote 
 Family,'' first series, p. 378 (Burns & Gates). (The 
 italics are mine.)
 
 300 THE GUNPOWDER TLOT. 
 
 Appendix C. 
 
 Part I. 
 
 British Museum— Add. MS. 5847, Fo. 322. 
 
 List of siicli (Is ircre api>re]ieii(led for tJie (run-Powder 
 
 Plot. 
 
 TJie names of such as ii-erc t(il:en in Wanvicle and 
 Worcestershire, <('■ brought to Jjondon. 
 
 S"" Everard J)igby, 1\ night 
 
 Rol)^ Winter 
 
 John Winter 
 
 John Grant 
 
 Tho: Percy 
 
 Tho: Winter 
 
 Kob* Acton 
 
 Henry Morgan 
 
 Christopher Litleton 
 
 Lodwicke Grant, who was taken the 9 of Noreinh r 
 & confessed there was lodged in Holhage House to the- 
 number of 60 Persons. 
 
 Tho: Grant 
 
 Will"' Cooke 
 
 Bob' Higgins 
 
 Christopher Wright 
 
 Rob' iiookwood 
 
 M"" Henry Hiirleston, Sonne t^' Heire of Sir duhrard 
 HurJestd/i ' 
 
 ' sir Henry 1 1 lultllcstoii, as hv afterwards beeaiiu', the sou and liiir 
 to Sir Edniuiid I liiddleston, of Sawston Ihill, Cambridge, not Edward 
 as in Text. Sir Henry Huddleston married the Honourable Dorothy 
 DoriiK'i'. lie was reconciled to the C'liureli of liome by Father tierard, S.J.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 301 
 
 Tlio : Andertoii ^ 
 
 John Clifton- 
 
 Mathv Batty, late Servant to the Loyd Monteagle 
 
 Wilhn Thornberry ) ., . . t r 
 
 [Servants to Mf 
 
 Hurleston 
 
 Servants to S'' Everard Dighy 
 
 Henry Sergeant 
 
 Stephne Bonne 
 
 Kichard Daye 
 
 AYillm Eadale 
 
 James Garvey 
 
 Rob* Abram 
 
 Eob'' Osborne 
 
 Christopher Archer 
 
 Ambrose Fuller 
 
 Willm Howson 
 
 Francis Grant 
 
 Richard AYestberry 
 
 Tho : Richardson 
 
 Edward Bickerstaffe 
 
 Will Snow 
 
 John Facklins 
 
 Francis Prior 
 
 Tho : Darler, Servant to M'' UoU Moiisoii 
 
 Reginald Miles, Servant to Sir Willm Engleston 
 
 Tho : Rookwood, of Chtxton, in Warwiclsltire 
 
 Richard Yorke 
 
 Marmadiike Ward , 
 
 Rob* Key J Grant & M'' Jiool- woods 
 
 Rob* Townsend, of St. Edmund Berry 
 
 The Lord Mountacute ^ 
 
 mu T ^ -\T ^ I Are all comitted to 
 
 The Lord Mordant 
 
 M' Francis iressam J 
 
 ] Suspected Persons usually 
 - sortin,i>' to M'' Winter^ 
 
 re- 
 
 the 
 
 1 'p 
 
 This was leather Thomas Strange, S.J., a cousin to Thomas Abington, 
 
 -of Hiudlip. 
 
 ^ This was Father Singleton.
 
 302 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 The Eaiie of North : is in the Custody still of the 
 Lord Arclihislioj) of Canterhnry. 
 
 This was Henry Percy Earl of Northumberland^. 
 W.C. 
 
 Gentlcivomen 
 
 M}' Lady Mordant 
 
 M"-^ Dorothy Grant 
 
 M"^ Helyn Cooke 
 
 M'*'* Mary ^forgayne 
 
 ]\/[r!s p^YiWQ Higgins 
 
 M"^ Martha Percy 
 
 M"'* Dorothy Wright 
 
 M"^ Margaret Wright 
 
 M"' liookwood 
 
 See Mr. Dod's ''■History of Catliolick Church, '' vol.. 
 ii., p. 331, "W.C. 
 
 [N.B. — This MS. consists of extracts from the 
 Collections of the Eev. Mr. liand, liector of Leverington 
 and Newton, in the Isle of Ely.] 
 
 Paht IL 
 
 Gunpowder Plot Books — Part I., No. 1-2. 
 
 [Frequenters of Clopton (or Clapton), Stratford-on-Avon.] 
 
 Ther hath hine at Clapton^ w*'' M'' Anihrous Kucwod 
 Mr. Jhon Grant ther is with in*^^ Pucwood I\P^ Ceo (?) 
 m"'' inunson and others and to of his britherin 
 
 ' Clopton IJall, Stratford-uii-Avon, \v;is likewise styled Clapton Hall. 
 Lady Carew, afterwards ilic Countess of Totncs, was (with her sister, Anne 
 Clapton, the wife of Cuthbert Clapton, Esquire, of ."Sledwick, County Dui'hani) 
 the co-heiress of the Claptons (or Cloptons), of Warwickshire. Lady Carew 
 was a Protestant, l)ut her sister and brolhcr-in-Iaw were Catholics. A son 
 of the Catholic Cloptons (or Claptons) was made the '" heir " of the Countess 
 of Totnes. — See Foley's '■'■ Records, '' vol. vi., pp. .'i2G, Wll .
 
 THE GlNrOWDER PLOT. 303' 
 
 in' Wiiitor 
 111" Bosse 
 111' Townesend 
 
 111' Ceo (?) Av*'' on ni' Tiiomas a Cynesmaii of M'' 
 Eucwoode 
 
 ni'" liyglit 
 
 AUso inye pepeoll hath seene ther 
 
 Se'' Edward bushell 
 
 m"" liobeart Catesbee 
 
 with diners others which I can not nam unto yonei- 
 
 honer. 
 
 (Endorsed) Clopton.
 
 304 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 Appendix D. 
 
 Gunpowder Plot Books — Part L, No. 25. 
 
 The Examination of Kichard Browne taken the 5^'' of 
 
 Novemb'- 1605. 
 
 This Exaniinat sayith that xpofer AVright cam to 
 'S* Gihs in the ffeikl to the ^Taydenhead there vpon 
 Weddnesday Liste & sent Wilt Kiddk' (that cam vp w"' 
 him as his man) to Westm the same night for this 
 Examinat to come & speek w*'' him, which this Examinat 
 ■did com thither vpon Thnrsday morning, when Wrights 
 re(iuest was to him to fetch his child which he had at 
 mu'ss some 13 myles off. And Kiddle & this Examinat 
 went vpon ffriday brought the child vpon Satterday to 
 8t. Giles & carryed it away agen vpon Sonday which 
 night this Examinat returned back to Westm and lay 
 there at his owne lodging, the next morning being 
 monday this Examinat went to S* Gyles to speak w'' 
 M'' Wright only vpon Kiddle's intreaty c^ not fynding 
 IVP Wright there he retorned towards Eondon & niett 
 ^f Wright ill S' Clem^ ffeilds, at which tyme Wright sent 
 this Examinat to S'" ffrancis Planners w"' a message 
 concerninge a kinsman of 'SV' Wrights that serveth ^1' 
 Manners after which tyme this Examinat did not see the 
 sayd Wright. 
 
 This Examinat sayetli that he saw the sayd Wright 
 onely 4 tyiiies since Wright last coming U) London, viz., 
 vpon IMiiirsday moniing when h(^ came first vnto him 
 upon Satterday night when he l^roiiglit liis child, vpon 
 Sonday morning when he can'}-ed the child away, and
 
 THE GUNPOWDEE TLOT. 305 
 
 vpon nionday at noone when he mett of the back syd 
 of S^ Clem'' 
 
 mark 
 
 X 
 
 Bichard Browne 
 
 (Endorsed) Examination of Kichard Browne 
 
 6 Nov. 1605 Concerning Wright. 
 
 u
 
 306 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 Appendix E. 
 
 Gunpowder Plot Books — Part L, Xo. 15. 
 
 Tlie Examynacon of Willum Grantham servaunt to 
 Josephe Hewett taken before S' John Pophani 
 Knighte L: Cheife Justyce of England the 5 of 
 November 1005. 
 
 He sayeth that yesterdaye aboute three of the 
 Clocke in the afternoone one m' wryght was at this Ex 
 masters howse And there boughte three beaver hatts. 
 and payde xj^^ for them This Ex went w-*" the sayde 
 wr3-ght and caryed the hatts to wrighte lodgyng at the 
 ]\Iayden heade in S* Gyles where m' wryght & this Ex 
 went into the howse And then wr^^ght went to the 
 Stable and dyd aske yf his man were come the hosteler 
 sayde that he came longe synce, then wryght dyd aske 
 for his horse whether he were I'eadye or no and the 
 hosteler sayde he was Then the sayde wryght went 
 into his Chamber and wryghte man dyd will this Ex to 
 go in And the sayde wryghte man went downe the 
 Stayres And this Ex went into M' Wryghte Chamber 
 and delyvered the hatts to him And wryght dyd looke 
 uppon the hatts and gave this Ex vj'^ for his paynes and 
 then he depted. 
 
 William Granntham. 
 
 (Endorsed) 5 November 1605. William Grantham Ex.. 
 
 ' UumistakaLly i:il (E.M.AV.).
 
 THE GUNPOWDER TLOT. 307 
 
 Appendix F. 
 
 State Papees Domestic — Jas. I., Yol. xvi., No. 11. 
 
 The Examon of Eobert Eookes taken the 5^^ of 
 
 November 1605. 
 
 He saieth tliat his Master M'' Ambrose Eookewood 
 whoe dwelleth at Coklhame Halle in Suff came from 
 thence uppon Wensday last and noe more w^'' him but 
 this exaite and Thomas Symons another of his servaunte. 
 
 He saieth his Master hath layen en sithence 
 Thursday last at one Mores howse w^^'out Temple Barre 
 and thear lay w'^ him the last night and the night 
 before a talle gent having a reddish beard. ^ 
 
 He saieth his Masters horsses stood in drewery Lane 
 at the grey hound. 
 
 He saieth his Master & the other gent went forth this 
 morning about 8 of the clock and his Master stayed not 
 forth above an hower before he came in againe and then 
 going in & out some time about x of the clock went 
 alone to his horsse to ryde away in to Suff. and willed 
 this exaite and his fellowe to come after him to 
 niorowe. 
 
 He saieth his M^"* as he hath hard lyeth in Warwick 
 shere whear he knoweth not for he hath not benn w*'' his 
 M'' that no we is aboue a senight. 
 
 (Endorsed) 5" Xo. 1605. 
 
 The Ex of Eobte Eokes M^" Eookwoode 
 boy. 
 
 ^ This was Keves. — See " Elizabeth Mora's Evidence."
 
 308 THE GUNPOWDEK PLOT. 
 
 Appendix G. 
 
 State Papees Domestic — Jas. T., Vol. xvi., Xo. 16. 
 
 The cleclarn of John Cradock cutler the vj*'' of 
 
 November 1005. 
 
 He sayeth that W Eockwood whos father niarryed 
 jNP Tirwhyte mother about the Begynyug of the last 
 Som vacac dyd bespeke the putting of a Spanyshe 
 Blade off hys into a Sword hilte and appoynted the 
 hylth to have the Story of the passj'on of Christ Richly 
 Ingraved, and no^Y w^'^n these Syxe dayes cawsed that hylth 
 being enamlled and Eychly sett forth to be taken of 
 and the handle to be new wrought of clere gold and 
 the former liylth w''' hys story to be putt on agayne 
 and delyvered yt unto m'' Bockewood upon Monday last 
 at xj of the Clocke at nyght at his Chamber at m'" 
 Mores and m' Wynter a pp Geiityhnan of about xxx 
 yeares or vpward who lyetli at the Syng of the Docke 
 an Drake beyond putrycke in the Strand and ys a great 
 Companyon w^'' m' Catesby m'' Tyrwhyt and m' Eockwood 
 hadd a Sword w*'' the l5'ke Story and was delyvered h3an 
 on Sunday last at nyght but not so Eychly sett forth 
 as the form for \\''^ he payed in all xij^ x"* pt about a 
 quarter of a yeare past at the bespeken thereof and the 
 Best on Sonday last and this term an other Gentylman 
 of that Cupany being a IMacke man of about xl yeares 
 old bespake a lyke Sword for the story & shuld pay 
 vij'' for yt gave h}in x' in Ernest he ys yet out of 
 Towne and the Sword remayneth w"' thys Exam
 
 THE GUNPOWDEE TLOT. 309 
 
 Christopher AVryght was often w*'' thvs M' Eockwood at 
 thj's Exam shoppe and he hadd the said Wiyghte jugmet 
 for the worcke and Syse of the Blade. 
 
 Jo Cradock 
 Ex p 
 J. Popham 
 
 (Endorsed) Cradocke.
 
 310 THE GUNPOWDER TLOT. 
 
 Appendix H. 
 Gunpowder Plot Books — Part L, No. 10. 
 
 I have sent vnto yo'" L. lierin Inclosed tlie Copye 
 oif the decdarac off Mr Tatnall, off two that passed the 
 fylde thys mornyg wherof some Snspycyon may he 
 gathered off confederacy he observed them so as he 
 hopeth he may mete w''' them and therfore I have gevin 
 hym a warrant to attach them a lyke note yo'" L shall 
 receave herin off' an expectacn that ^V^ Yaiix hadd off 
 some thyng to be done and I know yt by such a means 
 as I assured my selff the matter is trewe and both 
 Gerrard and Walley the Jesuyte make that the chef est 
 place of their accesse and therfore lyke she may knowe 
 Some what both M"' Wenman hym selff & the lady 
 Tasbard do knowe of this wdierfore howe farre forth thys 
 shalbe fytt to be dealt in I humbly leave to yo'' L 
 consyderacn Chrystoffer Wright and M"" Ambrose 
 Kokewood were both together yesternyght at x of 
 the Clocke and vpon ffryday last at nyght they were 
 together at M'' Pokwoode lodgyng and this forenoon 
 Pokwood Rode away into Suffolke about xj of the 
 clocke alone leavyng ])oth hys men behynd hym one 
 Keyes a Gentylma that lay these two last nyghte w*'' 
 111'' Poke wood and gave hym hys lodgyng went away also 
 about eight off the clocke for w*"'' Keyes I have layed 
 weyet This Pokwood ys of Coldham hall in Saffoke 
 one of the most dangerous houses in Suffolke he 
 marryed m'' Tyrwhytte Syster & she ys now in 
 Warwykshere Chrystoffer Wright as I thyncke lay this 
 last nyght in St. Gyles and yf he be gone yt ys Lyke 
 he ys gone into Warwykesher where I hyer John Wryght
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 311 
 
 Brother unto Chrystoffer ys marryed ther were thre hatts 
 
 bought yesterday in the afternoone by Chrystoffer Wryght 
 
 the ar for his Brother and two others for two Gentylwomen 
 
 they cost xj^ and after that about ix of the Clocke at 
 
 nyght Chrystoffer Wryght cam again to that haverdasshers 
 
 and Boughte two hatts more for two Servante unto a 
 
 Gentyhnan that was w*'' hym he thyncks that Gentyhnan 
 
 was called Wynter but I dowbt that nums name ys 
 
 mystaken Ther cam a yong Gentyhnan w*'' this wryght 
 
 w"'in these fewe dayes that gave to Cutler here by xix^ 
 
 xv"* for a Sword whom I am in some hoep to dyscover 
 
 by the Sword and other cyrcumstance and even so I 
 
 humbly take my leave of yo'' L at Serienty Inn the v^'' 
 
 •of november 1605. 
 
 yo'' L very humbly 
 
 Jo Popham.^ 
 
 (P.S.) I have this mornyg the vi*''' noveber dyscovered 
 where Wynter lis] w"' the matter w'hich I have delyverd 
 to m'' Att'ney wherof happely yo'' L may make good vse 
 I wyll see yf I can mete w^^' m' Wynter Walley the 
 jesuyt and Strang as I am Informed are now^ at ffrance 
 Brownes poke about Surrey as I take yt and Sundry 
 letters lately sent over are yet Remaynyng at fortescues 
 house by the Wadropp but yt wylbe hard to fynd any 
 thyng in that house. 
 (Endorsed) 5 Novemb'' 
 
 L Ch. Justice 
 ■(Addressed) To the Ryght 
 
 honorable and my 
 
 very good L the 
 
 Earle of Sarysbury. 
 (Declaration enclosed — short.) 
 
 ^ The Lord Chief Justice of EngLand.
 
 312 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 Appendix I. 
 
 Gunpowder Plot Books — Part L, Xo. 75. 
 
 0' Immble diityes remembred. We have this day 
 apprehended & dehwed to his ^Ta*- messenger Berrye the 
 bodie of M'"' Graunt, from whom we gathered that 
 Percy es wief was not farre of, whervppon wee made 
 search in the most lykely place and have even sinca 
 night apprehended her in the house of M'' John Wright, 
 and have thought fitt to take this opportunitie to send 
 vpp to yo'' honors w^'' the said M"^ Graunt aswell the 
 said M''^' Percye as alsoe the wives of other the principall 
 offenders in this last insurrection as appeth by the 
 Kallender heerinclosed by whos exaiacons we thinke 
 some necessary matters wilbe knowne. 
 
 ]\P" Sherief taketh care & charge of these woomens. 
 children vntill yo*" honors pleasures be further knowne. 
 ffrom Warr this xij"' of November 1G05 
 
 yo"" honors most humbly at comaund- 
 ment in all service. 
 
 Richard Verney 
 Jo : Iferrers 
 W'" Combe 
 Bar : Hales 
 (Endorsed) 12 9bre 1G05 
 
 S'' Rych : A'erney and other Justices to me 
 (Addressed) To the right honorable my especyall good 
 Lord the Earle of Salisbur)- iSc the rest of 
 his Ala^- most honorable privie Counsayle 
 
 w*'' all speed.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 313 
 
 Appendix J. 
 
 Gunpowder Plot Books — Part 11. , No. 130. 
 
 This Last Yacatio Guy faux als Jbonson did liier a 
 l)arke of Barkin the owners name Called paris w^ierein 
 was Caried over to Gravelinge a ma^ supposed of great 
 import he went disguised and wold not suffer an}' one 
 ma to goe w"' him but this Yaux- nor to returne w"' 
 him This paris did Attend for him back at Gravelyng^ 
 sixe weekes yf Cause quier there are severall proffs of 
 this matter. 
 
 (Endorsed) Concerninge one Paris that caried faukes to 
 
 Gravely ng and others. 
 
 ^ Contraction for " man."' 
 
 '•^ I.e., Paux. 
 
 ■'' Gravelvng would be Gravelines in Trance. Most probably " tbe 
 man supposed of great import,'' who " went disguised," accompanied bj 
 Pawkes, was one of the principal conspirators, perhaps Thomas AVinter 
 or John Wright. 1 suspect their errand was to buy fresh gunpowder 
 through Captain Hugh Owen. Notice " Vacation," 1605.
 
 314 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 Appendix K. 
 
 45, Bernard St., 
 
 Kussell Square, 
 
 London, W.(\, 
 
 30th October, 1901. 
 Dear Sir, 
 
 The Gunpowder Plot and Lord ^Mounteagle's J^etter. 
 
 I well remember accompanying you to the Eecord 
 Office, Chancery Lane, London, W.C, on Friday, the 
 oth of October, 1900, when we saw the original Letter 
 to Lord Mounteagle and the Declaration of Edward 
 Oldcorne of the 12th ^larch, 1605-6. 
 
 x\s soon as I began to compare the two documents 
 I noticed a general similarity in the handwritings ; 
 althougli the handwriting of the Letter to Lord 
 Mounteagle was evidently intended to be disguised. The 
 letters were not uniform in their slant, and seemed, as 
 it were, to be '' staggering about." There was also, 
 certainly, a particular similarity in the case of certain of 
 the letters. 
 
 1 have for the last seventeen years had great 
 experience in transcribing documents of the period of 
 Queen Elizabeth and James I. ; and, in my opinioii, it is 
 at least probable that the Letter to Lord ^Nfoiniteagle 
 and the Declaration of the l"2th March, 1605-6, signed 
 by Edward Oldcorne, were by one and the same hand. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 Emma M. Walford. 
 
 To H. PL Spink, Jun., Esq., 'Solicitor, York.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 315 
 
 Appendix L. 
 
 Having recently learnt that Professor AYindle, M.D., 
 P.R.S., Dean of the Faculty of Medicine in the 
 University of Birmingham, had written two hooks des- 
 criptive of the Midland Counties, Warwickshire and 
 Worcestershire, with part of Herefordshire, " SJiaJcesjjeare' s 
 Country,'" and '^ The Malvern Country'" (Methuen & Co.), 
 I ventured to write to him respecting the roads from 
 Lapvvorth to Hindlip (traversed on horseback, I con- 
 jecture, by Christopher Wright, about the 11th October, 
 1605) ; and from Hindlip to Gothurst, three miles from 
 Newport Pagnell (traversed on horseback, I conjecture, 
 by Ralph Ashley, between the 11th October and the 
 "2 1st of October) ; and from Coughton to Huddington, and 
 thence to Hindlip (traversed on horseback, as we know 
 with certitude, by Father Oswald Tesimond, on 
 Wednesday, the 6th November, 1605). 
 
 I append Dr. Windle's most kind and courteous reply 
 for the benefit of my readers. I may say that his opinion 
 is largely corroborative of former opinions as to 
 distances given to me independently by the Rev. Fr. 
 Kiernan, 8. J., of Worcester; and the Rev. Fr. Cardwell, 
 O.S.B., of Coughton; as well as of those given by the 
 gentlemen whose names occur in the Notes to the Text — 
 the Rev. Fr. Atherton, O.S.B., of Stratford-on-Avon ; 
 Charles Avery, Esq., of Headless Cross; and George 
 Davis, Esq., of York. (I understand that Mr. Avery 
 wrote to the Vicar of Coughton, the parish wherein 
 Coughton Hall, or Coughton Court, is situated, respecting 
 my inquiry. I desire, therefore, to express my thanks to 
 that reverend gentleman, as well as to the reverend the
 
 310 THE GUNPOWDER TLOT. 
 
 Vicar of Great Harrowtlen, Nortliaiiiptonshire, for certain 
 information which tlie latter hkewise most readily 
 vouchsafed to me a few months ago.) 
 
 " The University, 
 
 " ]>irminghani, 
 
 "i)ec. 22, 1901. 
 ''My dear Sir, 
 
 *' With respect to the distances which you wish t(y 
 know, I have taken them out as well as I can, and I 
 think they will be exact enough ; bat, of course, I 
 have had to work from modern maps, and I eannot 
 be certain that all the roads now in existence were 
 there in the time of James I. You will observe that 
 most of our great roads, near the parts 3'ou mention, 
 run approximately North and South, so that you 
 want cross-roads. 
 
 " I expect from what I hear of that part of the 
 county that the roads I have taken are fairly old, or 
 at least represent bridle tracks. I think they may 
 fairly be taken as representing the way by which a 
 horseman would travel. With this preface I now give 
 the figures : — 
 
 "1. Lapwortli to Hindlip — as the crow flies, nine- 
 teen — ^■ia Tutnal and Bromsgro\'e I make it twenty- 
 two miles, and 1 think this is the most likely route. 
 There were Catholic houses at both Tutnal and 
 Bromsgrove. 
 
 " 2. Coughton to Hindlip — twelve as the crow Hies 
 — about fourteen I in;dve it by road— but I am not sure 
 that the first piece I have used is an old road. But 
 fifteen miles would do it, if the more devious path 
 had to bL' taken.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 317 
 
 (( 
 
 3. Hnddington is four from Hindlip as the crow 
 ilies ; goiog by road hy Oddingley I should make it 
 five. 
 
 "4. By the route I should go, if I were cycling, 
 I should take 
 
 • Worcester to 8tratford-oii-Avon 
 
 Stratford-on-Avon to Warwick 
 
 Warwick to Daventrv 
 
 Daventry to Northampton 
 
 Northampton to Newport Pagnell - 
 
 " It would be about the same distance from HindHp ; 
 for from that place you can get into the Worcester 
 and Stratford- on- Avon road by a bye-road. 
 
 " I hope this information may be of service to you, 
 and if I can help you any further, pray apply to me. 
 
 23 
 
 miles. 
 
 8 
 
 If 
 
 19 
 
 5) 
 
 12 
 
 1 1 
 
 12 
 
 n 
 
 74 
 
 miles. 
 
 "• I am, 
 
 "Yours very truly, 
 
 "Bertram C. A. Windle."
 
 318 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 a 
 
 Appendix M. 
 
 Since heuring frujii Professor Wiiidle, M.D., of 
 Biriiiinghaiii, I have received tlie following letter from 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Carniicliael, the Chief Constable of 
 Worcestershire, which my readers will be glad to see, I 
 am sure. The difference in Professor Windle's statement 
 of distances and that of Colonel Carmichael is probably 
 to be accounted for b}' the turns in the road, as well as 
 other differences in the basis of calculation. 
 
 *' County Chief Constable's Office, 
 
 "■ Worcester, 
 
 " •27th December, 1901. 
 Sir, 
 
 " Gunpowder Plot and Lord Mounteagle's Letter. 
 
 "i\dverting to your letter of the 14th inst., 7-e 
 
 the above, 1 am forwarding yon, as under, the required 
 
 distances (by road), which are as accurate as I can 
 i^ossibly ascertain, viz. : — 
 
 Hindlip distant from Huddington, 
 
 near Lroitwich - - - 3^ miles. 
 
 Do. from Coughton, near Alcester, 
 
 Warwickshire - - - - 17^ 
 
 Do. from I^apworth, Warwickshire 30 
 
 Worcester from Northampton - 64 
 
 ''Yours faithfully, 
 
 " George Carmichael, 
 " Lieut. -Col., and Chief Constable 
 
 of Worcestershire. 
 
 " H. H. Spink, Jun., Esq., Solicitor, 
 "Coney Street, York." 
 
 n 
 
 n
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 319 
 
 Appendix N. 
 
 Extract from York Corporation House Book — 
 Yol. xxviii., f. 82. 
 
 4 Jany vicesimo 
 
 qiiinto Elizth. 
 
 Assembled in the Coiinsell Chamber upon Oiisebridg 
 the day and year abovesaid ^Yhen and where the Queen's 
 Maties Comission to my Lord Maior and Aldermen 
 directed was openly redd to these present the teno' 
 wlierof hereafter enseweth word by word : — 
 
 By the Queene 
 
 Eight trustie and welbeloved we greet you well 
 wheras the great care and zeale we have had ever since 
 our first coming to the crowne for the planting and 
 establishing of God's holie Word & trew religon w'4n 
 this o'" Kealme and other our dominions haith beii 
 notoriouslie knowen unto all o'' Subjects aswell by sundry 
 lawes & ordinajices maid and published for the true 
 serving of god and adminstracon of the Sacraments iVs- 
 by divers Commissions and other directions gyven out 
 from us for that purpose to th'end that therby our 
 Subjects being trayned up in the feare and true knowledge 
 of god might the better learne ther dutie and obedience 
 towards us ; and yet neverthelesse sondry lewde and evill 
 affected psons to our present estate by nature o'' Subjects- 
 borne, but by disloyaltie yelding ther obedience to other 
 forraine potentats have of lait yeares entred into certayne 
 societies in the partyes beyond the Seas, as in the 
 Cyttie of Reimes and other places carreyinge the names 
 of Seinynaries & Jesuits where being trayned upp and as 
 it were full fraught with all erronious and detestable
 
 320 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 doctrine they have and do dailie repare over disguised 
 and in most secreet manner into this o*" Reahne and 
 ■especiallie into this o'" County of the Cyttie of Yorke 
 where they are in sondry places well entertained and 
 harbored, by meanes whereof they have not onelie 
 malitiously gone about to seduce and pervert the simple 
 sort of uur good subjects in njatters of religion but also 
 have practised most uimaturailie trayterousl3'e to wthdraw 
 them frome their naturall dewtics and allegiance towards 
 us Sowing even according to the name they have receved 
 abroad the vere sede of all sedicon and conspiracye 
 amongst o'" people. And all be it we conceved that ther 
 Rebellious harts and practises being thoroughlie dis- 
 covered as well by the lait trjiyterous attempts of some 
 of them in o*" Realme of Irland as by the treasonable 
 actions of others w^^'in this our Realme And tlier obstinate 
 and sedicious manner of dyeing when being justlie 
 condempned by our lawes they have suffered death for 
 the same A^ow wold most carefullie and diligentlie have 
 loked into the seeking owt and apphending of such wicked 
 psons, being a matter of so great consequence to our 
 service and tending princepallie to the publique quiet of 
 o' wholl State and to the p'ticuler saftie of every of our 
 good subjects : and the rather for that our pleasure on 
 that behalf liaith often and sundry wayes ben signified 
 unto yow And for the execucion wherof yow have not 
 wanted sufticient authoritie. ^'et notwithstanding, smale 
 care or none at all haith ben had to annswere o'' 
 expectacou and trust reposed in yow so as we might 
 juslie be drawen to thinke hardlie of yow^ if we were not 
 pswaded that yow have rather neglected >(/ duties for 
 f5ome other respect than for want of good affection to 
 our service. We have thought good therfor oftsons to 
 renew unto yow the remembi-auce of yo'' duties, and do
 
 THE GUNrOWDER TLOT. 321 
 
 hereby straightlie charge and command yow and ev'ye 
 of yow to have a greater care & moare continewall 
 •circumspection on that behalf and b}^ all the good and 
 discreet meanes yow may to make diligent enquirie and 
 searche w"'in yo'' severall wardes and devisions for all 
 manner of popish preasts, Jesuits Semynaries and such like 
 psons as yow shall have vehement cause to suspect t(^. be 
 malitious and obstinate mistakers of the religeon by us 
 established and of our present estate and the same to 
 apprehend and send under safe custodie unto our right 
 trustie and welbeloved cosine E. of Huntington President 
 of our Counsell in these partes and in his absence to 
 our Counsell here. And further we will yow to have a 
 :speciall regard that such persons as shall ether willinghe 
 absent themselves from the church or shall any way 
 ■depeave the order of comen praer & of the holie sacra- 
 ments now established w^'^in this realme or shall malitiously 
 abuse the ministers of the same or shall by anie other 
 meanes show themselves obstinate & contemptous in 
 matters concerning religeon may be throughlie p'ceded 
 w*'' according to o'" Lawes wherein o*" meaning is that 
 yow should especiallie deale with principall persons who 
 (we assure our selves) do by ther evill example drawe 
 and encouradg the Inferior sort to continew in ther 
 blindnes and disobedience and so requiring yow to procede 
 and continew in the execution hereof in such diligent 
 manner as we may have cause to think yow desier thereby 
 to repare the falts of your former negligence and to 
 dischardge yourselves in your duties according to our 
 •expectacon and the trust w^e comitt to yow We recomend 
 the due accomplishment of all the p'misses unto your 
 discreet and diligent proceding herein. Whereof yow 
 may not fayle as yow tender o"" favo"". Geven under o*"
 
 322 THE GUNrOWDEE TLOT. 
 
 Signet at o"" Cyttie of Yorke the hist of December 1582 
 the 25^'' yeare of o'' reigne. 
 
 And by hir Counsell. 
 (Addressed to) To our right triistie and welbeloved the 
 Maio"" of our Cittie of Yorke and to the Aldermen his 
 bretheren. (On the back.) 
 
 M'' Harbart W Eobinson Maister ]\Ialtby M'' Appleyard 
 M"^ Trew & M'' May, Aldermen, are appoynted by these 
 presents to view the Chambers upon Ousebridge & 
 IMonckbarr tomorrow at after none & to see whether of 
 the same be most mete for the pson for Churche persons 
 as will fullie resist to come to Church to the mtent the 
 same ma}- be forthwith repared for that purpose.^ 
 
 ^ Leave was given me to print tlie aforesaid Order of Queen Elizabeth 
 in Council by tlie autlioi-ities of the York Corporation, on the 3rd day of 
 June, 1901; the Lord Mayor for that year being Alderman the Kight 
 Honourable E. "W. Purnell ; and John Close, Esquire, J. P., tSheriff ; J. G. 
 Butcher, Esquire, K.C. and George Denison Faber, Esquire, Kepresentatives 
 ill Parliament — the first Parliament of Ilis Most Gracious Majesty King 
 Edward Yll.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 323 
 
 Note as to authenticit/j of " Thomas Whiter s Confession,'''' < 
 
 at Hatfield. 
 
 AVhilst greatly adiuiring the erudition and dialectical skill displayed 
 by the Eev. John Gerard, S.J., in his recent Gunpowder Treason "Works, 
 mentioned in the Prelude to this Book, I am of opinion that the 
 Confession attributed to the conspirator, Thomas Winter, is authentic. 
 The internal evidence for the genuineness of this document is too strong 
 {me judice) to be upset. 
 
 It is true that the change in the form of signature is undoubtedly 
 a suspicious circumstance ; but such change was probably due to a desire, 
 on the prisoner's part, to let "« (jreat gulf he fixed" between '■'■ Thos. 
 Wintour," the free-born gentleman, and " Thomas Winter," the Inchoately 
 attainted traitor. 
 
 Moreover, the name Winter, or Wynter, ivas, at that time, certainly 
 spelt with the "er" as well as with the '■'■ our," just as the name 
 "Ward"' was spelt either with the final " e "' or without the same. 
 For instance, in Flower's " Visitation of Torlshire," Edited by Norcliffe 
 (Harleian Soc, London), Jane Ingleby is stated to be the " Wyfl: to 
 George Wynter son and heyr of llobcrt Winter of Cawdwell in Worceshyre." 
 
 One would like to see from the pen of the Eev. John Gerard a 
 translation of Father Oswald Tesimond's Italian Narrative, known as 
 " Greemuay's Ilanusmjjf.'" Tesimond, it is almost certain, knew the bulk 
 of the plotters more intimately than did the seventeenth century 
 Father Gerard. Therefore, Tesimond's Narrative, ^>ro tanto, must 
 surpass in value even the work of the Father Gerard of three hiuidred 
 years ago.
 
 NOTES.
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. — The following quotation is from the " Calendar of State Papers 
 Domestic, 1603-1610;' p. 254 :— " Xqv. 13 (1G05) Declaration of Fras. 
 Tresham — Cat^'sby revealed the Plot to him on October 14th : he opposed 
 it : urged at least its postponement, and offered him money to leave the 
 kingdom with his companions : thought they were gone, and intended to 
 reveal the Treason ; has been guilty of concealment, but, as he had no hand 
 in the Plot, he throws himself on the King's mercy."' 
 
 Now surely it stands to reason that if Tresham had penned the 
 Letter — Litterce Felicissimce — he would have never addressed his Sovereign 
 thus. lie would have triumphantly gloried in the effort of his pen, and 
 "worked" (as the phrase goes) "his beneficent action for all that it was 
 worth." Tresham was held back hij the omnipotence of the impossible ; 
 anybody can see that who reads his evidence. 
 
 Besides Mounteagle, Tresham (who died of a painful disease, strangurion, 
 in the Tower 23rd December, 1605) probably would have had a powerful 
 (if bribed) friend in the Earl of Suffolk. Hence his friends saying that 
 had he lived tliey feared not the course of Justice. The Earl of Suffolk 
 was a son of Thomas fourth Duke of !Xorfolk, by his second wife, 
 Margaret Audley, the heiress of Sir Thomas Audley, of A\^alden, Essex. 
 The Duke was beheaded in 1572 for aspiring to the hand of James the 
 First's mother, Mary Queen of Scots. It is to James's credit that he seems 
 to have treated the Howard family, in its various branches, with marked 
 -consideration, after ascending the English Throne. Thomas fourth Duke 
 of Norfolk's first wife was the heiress of the then last Earl of Arundel, 
 Lady Mary Eitzalan. She left one son, Philip, who became the well- 
 known Philip Howard Earl of Arundel and Surrey. 
 
 2. — In 1568 a Commission was appointed which sat at York to hear the 
 
 •causes of the differences which had arisen between the Scottish Queen and 
 
 her subjects. Thomas fourth Duke of Norfolk presided over this Commission, 
 
 -and the late lamented Bishop Creighton, in his fascinating biography of
 
 328 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 Queen Elizabeth, thinks that tlie proposal that Mary Stuart should be- 
 inarrifnl to Norfolk came from the Scottish side at York ou this occasion. 
 Whatever may be tlie true histoiy and character of Mary Queen of Scots^ 
 in clearness of mind she excelled her lioyal cousin of England, that wonderful 
 child of the lleuaissance, poor, pathetic, lonely, yet marvellous, " Bess," 
 who for 342 years, even from the grave, has ruled one aspect of English 
 ecclesiastical life.* Moreover, I am of opinion tliat the Scots' Queen showed 
 a singular tolerance of spirit towards the liolders of theological opinions 
 the contradictory of her own, whilst at the same time continuing constantly 
 established in her own tenure of Mhat she believed to be the Truth i 
 indeed a tolerance of spirit, combined with a personal steadfastness, reached 
 onl}' by the very choicest spirits of that or any succeeding age. 
 
 Tolerance is not a simple but a compound product ; and its attainment 
 is especially difficult to women by reason of the essential intensity of their 
 nature. Tolerance is a habit born of a consciousness of intellectual 
 strength and moral power. It is a manifestation of that princely gift and 
 grace which " becomes a monarch better than his crown." It ought to be 
 the birthright and peculiar characteristic of all tliat know (and therefore 
 believe) they have a living possession of the Absolute and Everlasting 
 Trutli. In the interests of our common Humanity, all who think that 
 their strength is as the "strength of ten," because their "faith" (whatever 
 n)ay be the case with their " works ") is " pure," should seek to place on 
 an intellectual foundation, sure and steadfast, the principle, the grand 
 principle, considered in so manv of its concrete results, of religious toleration : 
 a principle which England has exhibited in its practical working to the 
 world : but rath(>r as the conclusion of the unconscious logic of events 
 than the conscious logic of the mind of man. Now this latter kind of 
 logic alone, because it is idealistic, can give permanency ; the former 
 kind, being primarily materialistic, will inevitably sooner or later go " the 
 way of all flesh;" and we know what that is. 
 
 The ideas of Truth and llight imply a oneness or uniti/. Now unity is 
 the o[)posite of multiplicity, and, therefore, the contrary of division and 
 distinction. One must rule men by virtue of the prerogatives of Truth and 
 ]iighl when these are ascertained. The problem at the root of the terrible 
 conflict on the veldt of South Afiica since llth October, 1899, to the 
 ])resent tiuu', 126th October, li'Ul, involves this question of the unity that 
 is implied in I lie ideas of Truth and Kiglit. For those ideas are the 
 
 1 See "Life of Manj Queen of Scots," by Samuel Cowan (Sampson, Low, 1901) ;. 
 also " The Mystery of ]\Iary Stuart," by Andrew Lang (Lougmaus, lUOl).
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 329' 
 
 originating causes, the moving springs, the ultimate justification, and tlie 
 final vindication of all true and just claims to paramountcy and sovereignty 
 everywhere. But who is to determine which side has Truth and liio-ht 
 and, therefore, the true and the just claim to paramountcy and sovereignty 
 in South Africa ? 
 
 Surely the answer is that people who have shown that they can rule 
 Humanity hecause first they have themselves obeyed princely ideals of the 
 Good, the Beautiful, and tiie True. Nothing short of this can satisfv the 
 universal conscience of mankind. 
 
 A\^hat have our men of light and leading been about tliat they have not 
 explained clearly and straight from the shoulder these truths to the world long, 
 long ago? Had they done so, how much innocent blood might have been 
 never spilt ! How many bitter tears might have been never shed I 
 
 3. — Lord Mounteagle had been a party to the sending of Thomas 
 AV^inter and i'ather Oswald Tesimond into Spain in 1601 to negotiate with 
 King Philip 111. of Spain an invasion of England with an army on 
 Elizabeth's death. In 1601 he seems to have been a prisoner in the 
 house of Mr. Newport, of Bethnal Green. But in 1602 he was with 
 Cateshy at White Webbs, by Enfield Chase, near London ; so he was then 
 at liberty, (^n the accession of James I., Mounteagle — along with the 
 Earl of Southampton (Shakespeare's patron and friend), and Francis and 
 Lewis Tresham — held the Tower of London for the King, who seems to 
 have welcomed Mounteagle at Court from the first. After James's accession 
 Christopher AVright and Guy Fawkes were sent on a mission to Spain to 
 urge upon the Spanish King to invade the realm. This mission seems to 
 have been a continuation of the mission in 1601 of Winter and Tesimond. 
 Mounteagle, however, took no ])art or lot in despatching the second 
 mission. (It is impoi'tant to notice the fact that as far back as 1601 and 
 1603 Thomas Winter and Tesimond, Christopher Wright and Fawkes,. 
 were co-workers in revolutionary designs against the Government of 
 the day.) 
 
 Mounteagle's father, Lord JMorley, was living in 1 605. He did not die 
 till 1618, when his son and heir succeeded him as eleventh Baron Morley. 
 Mounteagle was called to the House of Lords in the autumn of 1605, 
 under the title of Baron Mounteagle, in right of his mother. " JMounteagle,"' 
 says Father Oswald Tesimond, alias Greenwa}', " was either actually a 
 Catholic in opinion and in the interior of his heart, or was very well 
 disposed towards the Catholics, being a friend of several of the conspirators 
 and related to some of them." After the Plot, Mounteagle evidently left
 
 330 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 the religion of his ancestors, thougli hi.s wife {nee Treshain) continued 
 ■constant herein, and hrought up her children Catholics: but Mounteagle 
 " died a Catholic." 
 
 Jardine thinlis that ^lountcagle held some ceremonial office at Court, 
 probably in the Household of Queen Anne of Denmark, wife of James I., 
 who was at heart a Eoman Catholic, though most probably never received 
 into that Church. — See '■'■ Carmel in England" (Burns & Gates, 1899), p, 30. 
 We hear of Mounteagle about ten days before the 5th Xovember, 1605, 
 calling at the Palace at Kichinond to kiss the Prince's hands {i.e., Henry 
 Prince of Wales). Thomas Winter told Catesby that iMounteagle, at that 
 time, gathered from what he heard at the lloyal Household that the 
 Prince would not be present at the opening of Parliament. Somerset 
 House was Queen Anne's Palace. It would be the centre for all the most 
 brilliant wits, ambassadors, and diplomatists of the day. 
 
 4. —The Earl of Arundel and Lord William Howard were half-brothers. 
 (Lord William Howard was "the Belted AVill Howard," renowned in 
 Border story as the scourge of the lawless moss-trooper. For a description 
 of this remarkable man see Sir Walter Scott's " Lay of the Last Minstrel.") 
 The half-brothers were both the s-ons of that unfortunate nobleman, Thomas 
 fourth Duke of Norfolk, who in 1572 was beheaded for aspiring to the 
 hand of Mary Queen of Scots. Lord Arundel died in the Tower of London 
 in 1595, " a Martyr-in-will for the Ancient Paith." Though their father 
 was a strong Protestant (btnng a pupil of John Fox, the author of Fox's 
 " Booh of Martijrs '') both his sons, Philip and William, became strong 
 lioman Catholics, as did his daughter, Mai-garet Lady Sackville. Philip 
 Howard Earl of Arundel, losing his father when owly fifteen years old, 
 was, at an early age, drawn within the vortex of the gaieties of the Court 
 of his kinswoman Queen Elizabeth. However, in the year 15S1, wiiile 
 still a mere courtier and votary of pleasure, it happened he was present, 
 Ave are told, at "the disputation in the Tower of London in 15S1, 
 concerning divers points of religion betwixt Fr. Edmond Campion of the 
 Society of Jesus and some other Priests of the one i)art : Chai'ke, Fulk, 
 AVhitaker, and some other Protestant Ministers of the other." AV^e are 
 further told by his biographer, an unknown Jesuit writer of the seventeenth 
 century, " By that lie saw and heard there, he easily perceived on which 
 side the Truth and true Keligion was, tlio* at that time, nor untill a year 
 or two after, he neither did nor intended to embrace and follow it : and 
 after he did intend it a good while passed before he did execute it. For, 
 as himself signify "d in a letter which he afterwards writ in tlie time of
 
 THE GUNPOWDER TLOT. 331 
 
 bis imprisonment in the Tower to Fr. Southwell, he resolved to become 
 Catholic long before he could, resolve to live as a Catholic, and thereupon 
 he defer'd the former until he had an intent and resolute purpose to 
 perform the latter. The which (being aided by a special grace of God) he 
 made walking one day alone in the Gallery of his Castle at Arundel, 
 where after a long and great conflict within himself, lifting up his eies and 
 hands to Heaven, he firmly resolved to become a member of God's Church, 
 ■and to frame his life accordingly." 
 
 Sir Eobert Howard, in the reign of Henry VI., married the Lady 
 Margaret Mowbray, daughter of Thomas De Mowbray Duke of Xorfolk, 
 and grand-daughter, maternally, of Kichard Fitzalan Earl of Arundel 
 C Laiv Times," 9th November, 1901). The motto of the Howards Dukes 
 of Norfolk is, " Virtus sola invicta " — " Virtue alone unconquered." The 
 motto of the Howards Earls of Carlisle is, " Volo seel non valeo '" — "I am 
 willing, but I am not able." 
 
 The Earl of Arundel was "reconciled" by Er. Wm. Weston, of the Society 
 of Jesus, in 1584. In the next year he was imprisoned, and after an 
 incarceration of ten years died in 1595. Fr. Eobert Southwell, the poet, 
 wrote for the Earl's consolation, when the latter was in the Tower of 
 London, that ravishing work, the " Epistle of Comfort." (The illustrious 
 House of the Norfolk Howards has been indeed highlv favoured in being 
 able to call "Friend" and "Father" two such exquisite geniuses as Robert 
 Southwell and Frederic William Faber.) The two half-brothers, Philip and 
 William, married two sisters, the daughters and co-heiresses of Thomas 
 Lord Dacres of the North, " a person of great estate, power, and authority 
 in those parts (as possessing no less than nine baronies) and one of the 
 most ancient for nobility in the whole kingdom." These ladies were 
 among the most amiable and delightful women of their time. From 
 Philip Howard Earl of Arundel and Surrey and Anne Dacres is descended 
 the present Duke of Norfolk ; and from his half-brother Lord William 
 Howard and Elizabeth Dacres the present Earl of Carlisle : both of which 
 Englishmen are indeed worthy of their "noble ancestors,"' and fulfil tlie 
 great Florentine poet's ideal of "the truly noble," in that the}/ confer 
 nobility upon their race. 
 
 For further facts concerning those mentioned in this note — who so 
 appeal to the historic imagination and so touch the historic sympathies — 
 see the ^^ Lives of Philip Howard Earl of Arundel and Anne Dacres his 
 tvife" (Hurst & Blackett), and the ^^ Household Boolcs of Lord William 
 Howard" (Surtees Society).
 
 332 THE GUNPOWDEH PLOT. 
 
 5. — Lord ^louiiteagle would be also akiti to Lord Lumley (wlio had 
 estates at or about Pickering, 1 believe), through the great House of 
 Xeville. Lord Luuiiey's portrait, from a painting in the possession of the 
 Right Hon. the Earl of Scarbrough, Lord Lieutenant of the West E.idinjr 
 of Yorkshire, is to be found in lildward Hailstone's " Yorkshire Worthies,'^ 
 vol. i. Edwaril Hailstone, Esquire, of Walton I fall, AVakeh'eld, was a rich 
 benefactor to the York Minster Library, and his nieinory shoukl l;e ever 
 had in grateful remembrance by all who "love Yorkshire becausts they 
 know her." — See Jackson's '■'^ Guide to YorksJiire' (Leeds). 
 
 6. — It slutuld i)e remembered that (i.) the page's evidence goes to show 
 that the inau who delivered the Letter was a "tall man." (ii.) That the 
 Letter was given in the street to the page who was already in the street 
 when the " tall man " came u]) to him with the document. 
 
 Hoxton is about four miles from W^hitehall. I opine that Mounteagle 
 proceeded from Bath to Iloxton, and that the supper had been pre- 
 arranged to take place at Hoxton on the evening of the 26tli of October, 
 J60o, by Thomas Ward, the gentleman-servant of Lord Mounteagle, who 
 indeed read the Jietter after Mounteagle had broken the seal and just 
 glanced at its contents. Anybody gifted with ordinary common sense 
 can see that this scene must have been all planned beforehand. 
 
 7. — The letters " wghe " are not, at this date (oth October, 1900), 
 clearly discernible. 
 
 8. — See letter dated Xovember, 1605 — Sir Edward Hoby .to Sir Thomas 
 Edmonds. Add. MSS. in Jjritish Museum, Xo. 4170, where name "Thomas 
 A\^ard " is given. 
 
 9. — Stowe's '■^ Chroaide," continued by Howes, ]). SSO. Ed. 1631. 
 
 Erom the evidence of AVilliain Kydall, it was physically impossible for 
 Thomas Winter to confer with Christopher Wright, Wright being nearly 
 100 miles away from London." the next day after the delivery of the Letter." 
 for the next day would be Sunday, October the 27th. AV^right reached Loudon 
 in the afternoon of Wednesday, the 30th. 
 
 See Appendix respecting discrepancy as to date not affecting allegation 
 of fact when the former is not of the essence of the statement, per Lord 
 Chief Justice Scroggs, temp. Charles 11. 
 
 10. — I'awkes was apprehended at " midnight without the House," 
 according to " vl Discourse of this late intended Treason.'" Knevet having
 
 THE GUNrOWDER TLOT. 333 
 
 given notice that lie had secured Fawkes, thereupon Suffolk, Salisbury, and the 
 Council went to the King's chamber at the Palace in Whitehall, and Fawkes 
 was brought into the iioyal Presence. This was at about four o'clock in the 
 morning of Tuesday, the 5th of November. 
 
 Pawkes showed the calmest behaviour conceivable in the Koyal Presence. 
 To those whom he regarded as being of authority he was respectful, yet very 
 firm; but towards those whom he deemed as of no account, he was humorously 
 scornful. The man's self control was astounding. He told his auditory that 
 "a dangerous disease requires a desperate remedy I " (See " Kiiufis Book") 
 
 Whitehall Palace liad been a Koyal Palace since the reign of Henry 
 VIII.; it was burned down in the time of William and 3Iary. It was 
 formerly what St. James's Palace is now in relation to royal functions. 
 
 It was at St, James's Palace that His Most Oracious Majc^sty King 
 Edward A' 11, deigned to receive the respectful address of condolence on 
 the death of His late beloved Imperial Mother, and of loyal assurance of 
 devoted attachment to His Throne and Person from Cardinal Vaughan. 
 together with several Bishops, the Duke of Norfolk, the Marquis of Kipou, 
 the Lord Mowbray and Stoui-ton, and the Lord Herries, including other 
 peers and representatives of the English Koman Catholic laity. 
 
 By a singular coincidence the day happened to be the 295th anniversary 
 ■of the execution of Father Henry Garnet, S.J., in St. Paul's Churchyard, 
 London (3rd May, 1606): a coincidence of happy augury, let us devoutly 
 hope, that old things are about to pass away, and that all things are about 
 to become new ! 
 
 11. — Essex House was between the Strand and the Eiver Thames, 
 Somerset House was a favourite Palace of Queen Anne of Denmark, 
 the Consort of James I, Here the Spanish Ambassador Extraordinary, 
 Juan Fernandez de Velasco, Duke de Frias, and Constable of Castile, 
 sojourned a fortnight, when in 1604 he came to ratify the treaty of peace 
 between England and Spain. 
 
 12. — By Poulson in his " 1/isfori/ of Holdemess," Torks. (1841), vol. ii., 
 pp. 5, 7, in an account of the Wright family, where there is a pedigree 
 showing the names of Christopher Wright and his elder brother John. 
 Poulson may have been recording a h)cal tradition, though he mentions no 
 kind of authority. — See also Foster's Ed. of Glover's '■'• Visitation of Yoflsliire," 
 also Norcliffe's YA. of Flower's "■Visitation of VorlsJiire" (Harleian Society). 
 
 See Supplementum for account of my visit to Plowland (or Plevvland) 
 Hall, in the Parish of Wei wick, llolderness, on the 6th of May, 1901.
 
 334 THE GUNrOWDER TLOT. 
 
 IL^— See " Ginj Faivles," by llev. Thomas Lathbury, M.\. (J. W. Parkeiv 
 1839), ]). 21. Lathbury does not ^we bis authority for this interesting 
 statement respecting this conspirator, Christopher AVright. It is presumed, 
 liowever, that he had some ground for tlie statement ; for it is antecedently 
 improbable tliat his '• imagination '' sliould have provided so circumstantial an 
 assertion. Then, whence did he derive it? 
 
 Query: — Does Grcenway's Xarralive make any such statement?' 
 Apparently Jardine h.ad a siglit of the whole of this invaluable MS., and 
 possibly Lathbury (who appears to have been a clergyman of tlie Established 
 Churcli) may have seen it likewise through Canon Tierney, the Editor of 
 " DodcVs Cliurcli Ifistory.'' 
 
 14. — I am afraid that when the Acts of the High Commission Court 
 that sat in the King's Manor, in York, under the Presidency of Queen 
 Elizabeth's kinsman, the Earl of Huntingdon, come to be published, we 
 .shall find that "the lads and lassies'* of Yorkshire and Lancashire especially 
 were very " backward in coming forward "" to greet the rising of the 
 Elizabethan ecclesiastical aurora which it was their special i)rivilege to 
 behold. 
 
 Mr. Tliomas (iraves Law knows about these invaluable historical 
 documents, and I hope that he will undertake their editorship. He is just 
 the man for this grand piece of work. To the people of "New England," 
 as well as of " Old England," these records of the York Court of Higli 
 Commission are of extraordinary interest, b(;cause they relate to "Puritan 
 Sectaries" as well as to "Popish Recusants," Scrooby, so well known in 
 the history of the Pilgrim Fathers, being in the Archdiocese of York. 
 
 15. — So that bad as tiiey were, they were not hoary-headed criminals, 
 if we except Percy w ho seems to have been prematurely " grey." 
 
 The name of Thomas Percy's mother appears under "Beverley" as 
 "Elizabeth Percye the widowe of Edward Percye deceased," in Peacock's 
 '■''List of lioman Catholics of Yorlsliire in 1604-' 
 
 The Percy Arms are in AVclwick Chui'ch. (Communicated by Miss 
 Burnhain, of Plowlaiid, AVdwick.) 
 
 16. — 1 have seen the statement in a letter of the Earl (who was one 
 of the most scientific mm of his age) which he wrote after the discovery 
 of the Plot. The letter is in Collins" " /Vm//r." The lui'l of Salisbury 
 was Northumberland's enemy, as Northumberland was looked up to by the 
 popish recusants as a sort of natural leader, though the Earl, on his own
 
 THE GUNrOWDER PLOT, 335- 
 
 avowal, was no papist. Salisbury's natire perspicacity, however, told him 
 that Northumberland, from every point of view, was alike to the Koyal House 
 of Stuart and to the noble house of Salisbury dangerous. For had the- 
 oppressed papists "thrown off"' the yoke of James in course of time, 
 Salisbury's life would have been not worth the price of a farthing candle; 
 and the philosophic, nonchalant Xorthumberland would have thought that 
 the papists' support was well " worth a Mass," just as did King Harry of 
 Xavarre, the father of Queen Henrietta Maria, the wife of Charles I., a few 
 3'ears previously. (An ancient portrait of Queen Henrietta Maria is in the 
 possession of the Tork Merchant Adventurers, York.) Then again, Salisbury 
 liad a personal grudge against the proud Percy. For the latter evidently 
 in his heart scorned and rejected Salisbury, not only as a novus Jionio — 
 a new man — but as belonging to that band of statesmen who had controlled 
 Elizabeth's policy, and told her not what she ought to do, but what she 
 could do ; and \\hom the great JN'orthern Earl would have been taught 
 from his cradle to spurn at and despise, because they were nothing other 
 than "a low bad lot," who "were for themselves;" very different indeed 
 from the Earls of Essex, Walter and Robert, and such men as Sir Henry 
 Sidney and his still greater son, Sir Philip Sidney, the darling of the 
 England of his day. Percy indeed once declared that if Percy blood and 
 Cecil blood were both poured into a bowl, the former would refuse to mix 
 with the latter. So, human nature being what it is, no wonder the shrewd 
 and able Salisbury had no love for the "high and mighty" Northumberland, 
 and that caiye diem — seize your opportunity — was Salisbury's motto as 
 soon as he got the chance. (I know of no stronger proof that, during 
 the past 300 years, in spite of back-waters, the world Juts made true moral 
 progress than the contrast presented by the present Prime Minister and 
 the present First Lord of the Treasuiy and their ancestors of " Great 
 Eliza's golden time" and the days of James Stuart.) 
 
 17. — Robert Catesby held his Chastleton estate in possession from his 
 grandmother. He sold it to pay his ransom after the Essex rebellion. 
 (Dr. Jessopp in Article on " Catesby," " National Dlctionart/ of Biography") 
 
 Had Catesby an estate at Armcote, in Worcestershire, not far from 
 Chipping Norton ? 
 
 IS.— This Father Gerard of the seventeenth century was the second 
 son of Sir Thomas Gerard, of Byrn, Lancashire. He was an acquaintance- 
 of the Wards, of Mulwith, Xewby, and Givendale, most probabl}', for he 
 was the early and life-long friend of Mary Ward. — Seethe '■'■ Life of Mary 
 Ward,'' by Mary Catherine Elizabeth Chambers (Burns & Gates).
 
 336 THE GL'NPOWDER TLOT. 
 
 19. — Sir Thomas Leigh settled considerable property 1o the uses of 
 the marriage, Jardine says that only Chastleton actually came into 
 Catesby's possession. 
 
 20. — S. T. Coleridge, speaking of the age of Elizabeth, says that, not- 
 withstanding its marvellous physical and intellectual prosperity, " it was 
 an age when, for a time, the intelh^ct stood supei-ior to the moral sense." 
 ''Lectures on Shakespeare;' Collier's Ed. (1856), p. 'M. 
 
 21.- What a lesson to us all, of every creed and ])hilosopliy, is the 
 just, yet terrible fate of these personally charming men, " to hug the 
 shore "' of plain Natural Ethics, of solid Moral \'irtue, which indeed is 
 " fairer than the morning or the evening star."" The establishment of 
 Ethical Societies by such men as the late Sir John Seeley and Professor 
 Henry Sidgwick for the diffusion of true Moral Ideas is a fact pregnant 
 wilh happy augury for the twentieth century. 
 
 22.— Jardine's "-Narrative;' pp. 31, 32. 
 
 23. — Gerard's ''Narrative;' p. 56. 
 
 24. — Knaresborough, Knaiesbrough or T\nai'esl)ui'^li, is thus pleasantly 
 •celebrated in Drayton's '' Poly ol bio n"' : — 
 
 " From Wheniside Hill not far outflows the nimble Nycle, 
 Through Nythcrsidc, along as sweetly she doth glide 
 Tow'rds Knaresburgh on her way 
 Where that brave forest stands 
 Entitled by the town'i who, with upreared hands. 
 
 Makes signs to her of joy, and doth with garlands c-rowu 
 
 The river passing by." 
 
 25. — "The A'enerable " Francis Lngleby's portrait is si ill to be seen 
 at lli])l('y Castle, an ideal English home, hard-by the Minding Xidd. 
 
 26. — For tli(» facts of I'raMcis lngleby's life, see Challoner"s " Mifmioiiani 
 Priests" edited by Tiuimas G. Law; and " .Irf.s of (he I'^njlish Martyrs" 
 {Burns k Gates), by tlie Hnv. .1. H. VnWm, S.J. 
 
 1 The allusion is to the ancient Forest <>[ Knaresbrough belonging to the 
 Duchy of Lancaster. (As to the extent and liistory of the I'^orest, see Graingc's 
 •" Forest of Ktmresbrough.'')
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 337 
 
 27. — From Father Gerard's " Narrative of the Gunpoivler Plot,"' p. ."iO. 
 
 28. — See the adniirahlv written life of Sir Everard Digbv, under tlie 
 title " The Life of a Gonsirirator" by " One of his descendants " (Ivegan 
 Paul & Co., 1895). The learned descendant of Sir Everard Digby, how- 
 ever, evidently knows very much more concerning his gallant ancestor 
 than he knows about Guy Fawkes, who (excepting that "accident of an 
 accident "' — fortune) was as honourable a character ns the high-minded 
 spouse of Mary Mulsho himself — honourable, of course, I mean after their 
 hind. — Jardine".s ''^Narrative of Gunpoivder Plot,'' p. 67. 
 
 29,- — Sir William Catesby and Sir Thomas Tresham were excellent 
 types of the English gentry of their day. Eacli was " a fine old English 
 gentleman, one of the olden time." They had both become " reconciled "' 
 Eoman Catholics — along with so many of the nobility, gentry, and 
 yeomanry in the Midlands — in 1580-81, through the famous missionary 
 journey of the .Jesuit, Robert Parsons, probably foruiing with Edmund 
 Campion two of the most powerful extempore preachers that ever gave 
 utterance to the English tongue. 
 
 We may readily picture to ourselves " the coining of age " of the 
 son and heir of each of these gallant knights and stately dames. 
 And we may easily conceive of the briglit hopes that either of the 
 gentlewomen (especially the two sisters), in their close-fitting caps, laced 
 ruffs, and gouns falling in pleated folds, must have cherished in their 
 maternal hearts for an honourable career for the child — the treasured child 
 — of their bosom. Alas I through the evil will of man, for the pathetic 
 vanity of human wishes. 
 
 30. — Jardine, in his '■^Narrative," p. 51, says that John Grant's 
 ancestors are described in several pedigrees as of Saltmarsh, in Worcester- 
 shire, and of Snitterfield, in Warwickshire ; that Xorbrook adjoined 
 Snitterfield, though it is not now considered locally situate therein. 
 Students of Shakespeare will be interested to learn that in the Parish of 
 Snitterfield, near Grant's ancestral home, the poet's mother, Mary Arden — 
 herself connected with the Throckmortoji family — owned ])roperty. 
 Moreover, through his mother, Shakespeare was distantly connected with 
 several of the plotters. For Catesbj' and Tresham, as well as Lady 
 Wigmore, of Lucton, Herefordshire, were all first cousins to Lady Mount- 
 eagle, who was a daughter of Sir Thomas Tresham. Sir Nicholas 
 Throckmorton (the father of Francis Throckmorton, who was executed in 
 
 W
 
 338 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 tlio reign of Elizabeth) liaviu};; three daughtei's whom he married to ISir 
 AVilliaui Catesln , Sir Thomas Tresham, and Sir William Wigmore. — See 
 Jardine's " Xanuilivt' of the Gunpowder Plot" p. 11 ; also Foley's '^^ Records 
 of the Jesuits in EiKjIand" (Earns it Oates), vol. iv., p. '290. 
 
 Probably Shakespeare knew Grant personally, and not only Grant, 
 but Catesby, Percy, the Winters (Eobert and Thomas Winter were likewise 
 akin to the Throckmortons), and Tresham. That the bard of Avon knew 
 Lord Mtiiinteagle, the associate of his friend and patron the Earl of 
 Southampton, is even still more probable. 
 
 llow is it that Shakespeare never in his writings sought to make 
 political capital (as the sinister ])hrase goes) out of the Gunpowder Plot ? 
 For several reasons : first, his iieart (if not his head) was with the ancient 
 faith he had learned in the old Warwickshire home : secondly, his large 
 humanity prompted him to sympathise with all that were oppressed. I 
 hold that in this studied silence, this dignified reserve of Shakespeai*e, we 
 may discern additional proof of the nobleness of the man, supposing that 
 he knew ju'r^onally any of the plotters. He would not kick friends that 
 were down, when those friends were even traitor^. He could not approve 
 their action — far from it. He might have condemned with justice, and 
 with the world's applause. Rut upon himself a self-denying ordinance he 
 laid, temjitiiig as it must have been to hiui to perform the contrary,, 
 especially when we recollect the course then followed by his brother-poet 
 — Jonson. ]5ut Shakespeare would not ''take sword in hand"' with the 
 pretence of restoring ''equality" between these wrong-doers and their 
 country. He deemed that the ends of justice — exact, strict Justice — were met 
 in ••the hauguian's bloody hands" — " Macbeth," 1606- — and that sufficed for 
 him. 
 
 Since writing the above note I find it stated in '-The JicUgton of 
 Shales/tctxre" by Henry Sebastian Bowden (Burns i^- Oates, 1S99) — chiefly 
 from the writings of that great Elizabethan scholar, the late Eichard 
 Simpson — that "among the chief actors in the so-called Gunpowder Plot 
 were Catesby ; the two Bates: John Grant, of ^Xorbrook, near Stratford: 
 Thomas Winter. Grant's brother-in-law : all Shakespeare's friends and 
 benefactors"' ip. lOih ; so that my conjecture is, belike, warranted 
 that the poet knew Catesby, Winter, and Grant. Moreover, from the 
 same work, it appears that Shakespeare, through the Ardens and 
 Throckmortons, was connected by family marriages, not only with Catesby, 
 the Winteis, and Tresham, but distantly with the E;irl of Southampton 
 himself, who was a relative of Lord Mounteagle. Hence it is still more 
 probable that Shakespeare knew Mounteagle personally.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 339 
 
 Again, Shakespeare probably was present as one of the King's players 
 in 1604 at Somerset House, on the occasion of the Constable of Castile's 
 visit. — See Sidney Lee's ^•Life of Shahcs2)eare" (Smith A: Elder), p. 233. — 
 If this were so, then it is well-nigh certain tli:it the poet must have there 
 beheld Mounteagle, who would be one of the Lords then present, most 
 probably in attendance on the Queen Consort. The festivities in honour 
 of the Spanish Ambassador Extraordinary wound up with a magnificent 
 banquet at the Palace of Whitehall, when the Earl of Southampton 
 "danced a correnta '' with the Queen. This was August 19th, 1604. — 
 Cf. Churton CoUins's " Ephemera Crifica " (Constable) as to religion of 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 31. — The name is also spelt Tirwhitt. Sir Eobert Tyrwhitt, Lady L'rsula 
 Babthorpe's grandfather, had entertained Henry VIIL at the old Hall at 
 Kettleby. A new Hall was built in the time of James I., but this was 
 pulled down about 1691, 1 believe. The Tyrwhitts, of Jvettleby, were allied to 
 such as the Tailboys, Boroughes, AVyuibishes, Monsons, Tournays, Thimbelbies, 
 Thorolds, and other Liucolnshire houses. Thev were rigidlv Eouiau Catholic. 
 The marriage between Sir William Babthorpe and L'rsula Tyrwhitt was 
 one of those marriages "that are made in heaven." The lovely pathos 
 of the lives of this ideal Yorkshire family is indescribable ; beginning with 
 Sir William Babthorpe, who harboured Campion in loSl. It was 
 continued through Sir Ealph Babthorpe, who married tliat " valiant 
 woman'' (the only daughter and heiress of William Birnand, the Recorder 
 of York), Grrace Birnand by name, of Brimham, Knaresbrough, and York. 
 Lady Grace Babthorpe's active and contemplative life was one long singing 
 of Gloria in excelsls. Sir AVilliam Babthorpe and Lady L'rsula his wife, 
 like their noble parents, Sir Ealph Babthorpe and Lady Grace, "for 
 conscience sake " became voluntarv exiles " and with strangers made their 
 home." Sir William died a captain in the Spanish Army fighting against 
 France. Lady Ursula, his wife, died of the plague at Bruges. They had many 
 children, some of whom were remarkablv gifted. Marv Anna Barbara 
 Babthorpe, the grand-daughter of Sir William Babthorpe, and great-great- 
 grand-daughter of the Sir William Babthorpe who harboured Campion, was 
 the ilother-General of the Xuus of the Institute of the Blessed Virgin, one 
 of whose oldest convents, St. Mary's, is still situated near Micklegate Bar, 
 York, on land given by Sir Thomas Gascoigne, Bart., of Barnbow Hall, near 
 Aberford, in the time of James II. In Ireland the nuns of this order are 
 styled the Loretto Xuns. The story of the Bahthorpes is a veritable 
 English '• I'll Beclt d'line sceio'." — See " Life of Mary IVard." — The AVards —
 
 340 THE GUN^O^YDER PLOT. 
 
 like the Inglebies, of liiploy ; the Constables, of Everiiigliam ; ' the Dawiuiys, 
 of Sessay ; and tlie Palmes, of ]Saburn — were related to this "family of 
 saints." — See also "The Babthorpes, of Babthorpe" (one of whose ancestors 
 carried the swoi-d before King Edward III. on entering Calais in 1347), in 
 the late Eev. John Morris's " Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers,'^ first 
 series (Burns & Oates). 
 
 Tor "the Kayes,"' of Woodsonie, see Canon llulberl's ''Annals of 
 Almondlmri/ " (Longmans). 
 
 "The Venerable" Kichard Langley, of Owsthorpe and Grimthorpe, 
 near Pocklington, in the East Hiding of Yorkshire, who suffered at the 
 York Tyburn on the 1st December, 1586, for harbouring priests, was great- 
 grandson of one of the Kayes, of Woodsome. (Communicated by Mr. 
 Oswald C. B. Brown, Solicitor, of York.) 
 
 32. — '■'■ Greenway's J\IS.,'' quoted by Jardine, '^ Xarrath'e of the Gunpowder 
 Plot;' p. 151. 
 
 33. — llawarde, " lieportes of Star Chamber." 
 
 See ''■'The FaivJceses, of Tori-,'' by ilobert Davies, sometime Town Clerk of 
 Y'ork (Nichols, AVestminster, 1850); and the ''Life of Guij Fawkes," by 
 AVilliam Camidge (Burdekin, York). Davies was a learned York antiquary. 
 
 William Harrington, the elder, first cousin to Edward Fawkes (Guy's 
 father), and Thomas Grimstone, of Grimston, were both "bound over"' by 
 the Privy Council, on the 6th of December, 1581, to appear before the Lord 
 President of the North and tlie Justices of Assize at the next Assizes at 
 York, for harbouring Edmund Campion.— See "Acts of Privy Council, 1581" 
 (Eyre & Spottiswoode), p. 282. — What was the upshot I do not know. 
 
 Their Indictments are probably still to be found at York Castle. And 
 it is a great desideratum that the old York Castle Indictments should be 
 catalogued, and a catalogue published. I believe such never has been done. 
 
 1 The Constables, of Everingham, are one of those old English lioniaii Catholic 
 families who so appealed to the historic imagination and so touched the historic 
 sympathies of the first Earl of Beaconsfield. The present Lord Lieutenant of the 
 East Hiding of Yorkshire, Lord Harries, is the owner of this grand old home of the 
 Constables, one of whom was executed for his share in the first Pilgrimage of Grace 
 under llobert Aske, of Augliton on the Derwent, in the time of Henry VIII. (153G). 
 The pilgrims captured York, Pontefract, and Hull, and laid siege to Skipton Castle. 
 Aske was hanged as a traitor from one of the towers of York, cither Clilford's Tower 
 or possibly the towur of All Saints' Church, The Pavement, York. After the move- 
 ment had been quelled, Henry VIII. came with dread majesty to York and established 
 the Council of the North. Lady Lumley, the wife of Sir John Luniley, of Luinley 
 Castle, was burned alive at Smichtield. — See Burke's " Tudor Portraits.'
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 341 
 
 Since August, 1900, York Castle has been used as a Military Prison. All tlie 
 old Indictments that are in existence, whether at York, Worcester, or other 
 Assize towns, would be of interest and value re the Gunpowder Plot (/ 
 the affair is to be t/iorotcjJtJi/ bottomed. 
 
 The Yoi'k Quarter Sessions' Indictments appear to be irretrievably lost, 
 which is a great pity, as many of those of the sixteenth and seventeenth 
 centuries must have i-eferred to Popish recusants, and tbose of the seventeenth 
 century probably to Puritan sectaries, and, later, to Quakers as well — the 
 latter being punished under the Popish Acts of Supremacy and Allegiance. 
 Indeed, the barrister, William Prynne (seventeenth century), a Calvinistic 
 English Presbyterian, wrote a book to prove that Quakerism was only a sort 
 of indirect and derivative Popery. The learned gentleman entitled his work : 
 " Tfie Qual-ers unin<tsl-ed and clearlj/ detected to be but the S2)aicn of Eoiuish 
 Frogs, Jesuites, and Franciscan Fryers." Now, Prynne was not far wrong 
 either, the erudite historical pliilosopher knows very well, who has studied 
 the genesis of the remarkable system developed by Fox, Barclay, and Penn. 
 
 Was there a Grimston near Mount St. John, Feliskirk, near Thirsk? 
 Or was it Grimston Garth, Holderness ? or was it North Grimston, between 
 Malton iind Driffield, that Thomas Grimstone came from ; or Grimston, 
 three miles east of York ? 
 
 Since writing the preceding note I have come to the conclusion that 
 the Grimston was, most likely, the Grimstone some twelve miles from Mount 
 St. John, in the Parisii of Gilling East, near Hovingham and Ampleforth, in 
 the Vale of Mowbray, and near Gilling Castle, once the seat of the 
 Catholic branch of the Fairfaxes, now the seat of George Wilson, Esquire, 
 J. P. This Grimstone would be a spot very suitable for harbouring Campion 
 after he had been at Babthorpe, near Selby ; Thixeudale, near Leavening, 
 east of Malton : and Fryton, west of Malton, near Hovingham. 
 
 (How wonderful to think that the probabilities are in favour of the 
 supposal that these tranquil, sequestered nooks, each with its own fair 
 sunnner beauty, once i-ang with the golden eloquence of Edmund Campion, 
 "one of the diamonds of England," in the days of Shakespeare.) 
 
 Guy Fawkes w-as also connected with another Roman Catholic martyr, 
 "the A^nerable" William Knight, yeoman, of South Duffield, Ileming- 
 brough, Selby, East Yorkshire, who suffered death at the York Tyburn in 
 1596, for "explaining to a man the Catholic faith." — See Challoner and 
 Foster's '^Pedigrees of Yorlshire Families" ("Fawkes, of Farnley"). 
 
 34._Father Morris, S.J., in ''The Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers" 
 (York volume), says that Father Tesimond was a Yorkshireman ; though in
 
 342 THE GUNPO^yDER PLOT. 
 
 Foley's " lieconh," in one place, he is said to have been bora in Northumber- 
 land, perhaps a translation of the Latin " Xorthunibria," intended to represent 
 the name " Yorksliire." There were, at least, three families of Tesimond 
 in York in the reign of Elizabeth, namely, llobert Tesimond, a butcher, of 
 Christ's Parish; Anthony Tesimond, a cordyner ; and William Tesimond, a 
 saddler, both of St. Michael-le-Belfrey's Parish. I incline to think that 
 Father Oswald Tesimond was the son of AVilliam Tesiuiond, who lived in 
 the Parish of St. Michael-le-Belfrey, York. Oswald Tesimond was born in 
 lu63; but as the Register books of St. Michael's Churcli, unfortunately, 
 begin in 1565, two years afterwards, there are no means of verifying my 
 supposal. William Tesimond was, ior a great part of his life, a rigid 
 Catholic, suffering imprisonment for his faith, although eventually he appears 
 to have yielded. Margaret Tesimond, the wife of William Tesimond, also bore 
 u more than lip testimony to the ancient religion by suffering imprisonment 
 for it. Whether William Tesimond died " reconciled "' or not, I cannot say. 
 Perhaps further researches will clear the matter up as to this and the exact 
 parentage of Father Tesimond. In the very learned and deeply lamented 
 Dr. James Kaine's admirable book on the City of York (Longmans, 1893), 
 on p. 110, is the following: — "AVhilst the Earl of Northumberland's head 
 was lying in the Tolbooth on Ouse Bridge, William Tessimond cut off some 
 hair from the beard. He wrapped it in paper, and wrote on the outside, 
 'This the heire of the good Erie of Northumberland, Lord Perecy.' For this 
 he got into great trouble." This must have been about the 22nd August, 
 1572, as Thomas Percy Earl of Northumberland was beheaded on that day, 
 at three o'clock in the afternoon, in The Pavement, York, for his share in the 
 llising of the North. The Church Register of St. Margaret's Church, Walm- 
 gate, York, contains an entry of the death of tlie Earl of Northumberland. 
 The Percy family had property in Walmgate at tliat time. The Earl is now 
 " the Blessed Thomas Percy," one of " the York martyrs." The Lady Mary 
 Percy, of Ghent, a well-known Benedictine Abbess, was his daughter. She 
 would be probably named after her aunt Mary, the wife of Francis Slingsby, 
 of Scriven ILill, near Scottoii. There is a line monument in the Parish 
 Church of Knaresbrough to the memory of Francis Slingsby and Mary Percy, 
 his wife. The Slingsbies were Roman Catholics till many years after the 
 i-eign of Elizabeth ; in fact. Sir Henry Slingsby, who was belieaded during the 
 Commonwealth, was himself a Roman Catholic. 
 
 The Half Moon Hotel, in Blake Street, York, perhaps derives its name 
 from the well-known device of the Percy family. 
 
 35. — Quoted froiu Father Gerard's "Xarrative,'" p. 278.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 343 
 
 36. — So that tlie Plot was first hatched about Easter, 1604. — See Dr. 
 S. E. Gardiner's " What Gunpowder Plot was" as to the decisive causes of 
 the Plot. — Jardine, in his '■'■ Narrative" (pp. 45 and 46), thinks that the Star- 
 Chambering of that aged but charming Roman Catholic gentleman, Thomas 
 Pounde, Esquire, of Belmont, llampshire, contributed to the causes of the 
 Plot. This is very probable. Pounde was first cousin to the father of the 
 Earl of Southampton, the patron and friend of Shakespeare. Pounde was a 
 devoted friend of Campion, and himself a Jesuit lay-brother. He spent a 
 large part of his life in prison. He was attired in prison as became his rank 
 and fortune, and was, besides being a "mystical" Catliolic, a most accomplished 
 Elizabethan gentleman. — See '■^Jesuits in Conflict''' (Burns & Oates). 
 
 37. — I.e., according to Winter, about two months after. 
 
 38. — See pp. 269 and 271 of the Rev. John Gerard's, S.J., work, " What 
 was the Gunpowder PlotV (Osgood, Mcllvaine, & Co., 1897). 
 
 39. — I.e., a Prayer Book. Sir Everard Digby appears to have been 
 sworn in by Robert Catesby on the cross formed by the hilt of a poniard. 
 — See " Life of Sir Everard Dl(jb>/." 
 
 40. — It is also said that Catesby " peremptorily demanded of his 
 ^associates a promise that they would not mention the project, even in 
 Confession, lest their ghostly fathers should discountenance and hinder it." 
 — See "■ lUie Month," No. 369, pp. 353, 4. — This would be to make assurance, 
 doubly sure. But, happily, the " best laid schemes o' men gang aft agley."' 
 " Eor there is on earth a yet auguster thing, veiled though it be, than 
 Parliament or King" — the human conscience, which is "prophet in its 
 informations, a monarch in its peremptoriness, a priest in its blessings and 
 ■anathemas " (John Henry Newman). Also, " Conscience is the knowledge 
 -with oneself of the better and the worse " (James Martineau). 
 
 41. — See Jardine's ^'Narrative of the Gunpowder Plot," p. 41. 
 
 42. — The Most Hon. the Marquess of Ripon, K.G., Lord Lieutenant 
 of the North Riding of Yorkshire, and the Marchioness of Ripon, C.L, of 
 Studley Royal, near Ripon, are descended from this leile-hearted and 
 •chivalrous Yorkshire race, in whom so many idealistic, stately souls, of a 
 long buried Past, claim kindred.
 
 344 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 Of \\]iat manner of men these Mallories were, the puissant owners 
 of Studley lioyal, is evident from \\hat we are told concerning that Sir 
 "William ^lallory, " who was so zealous and constant a Catholic, that when 
 lieresy first came into England, and Catholic service connnanded to be put 
 down on such a day, he came to the church, and stood there at the door 
 with his sword drawn to defend, that none should come in to abolish 
 religion, saying that he would defend it with his life, and continued for 
 some days keeping out the officers so long as he could possibly do it." — From 
 the " Babthorpes, of Babtliorpe," Morris's " Troubles of our Catholic Fore- 
 fathers," first series, ]). 227. — The Church referred to nuist have been the 
 old Chapel at Aldfield, near Studley Royal. Aldfield was one of the 
 Chapelries of the ancient Parish of Ripon. The old Chapel at Aldfield is 
 now represented by tlie noble new Church which is seen in the distance, 
 at the end of the long avenue, by all who have the rare happiness of 
 visiting Studley Royal and the tall gre)^ ruins of the Cistercian Abbey of 
 St. Mary, Fountains, laved by the nuisical little River Shell. (Studley Church 
 is twin-sister to Skelton Church, the Vyner Memorial in the Park of Newby. 
 Skelton was likewise one of the old Ripon Chapelries.) This phrase "to 
 abolish religion," I opine, refers to the time of Edward Yl., when the 
 Mass was first put down, and a communion substituted therefor. — See 
 Tennyson's " Mary Tudor" — There is a curious old traditional prophecy 
 extant in Yorkshire, as well as other parts of England, that as the Mass 
 was abolished in the reign of the Sixth Edward, so it will be restored in 
 tiie reirrn of the Seventh I 
 
 o 
 
 43. — The promoters of the Rising of the Xorth wished : — 
 
 (T) To restore to her kingdom Mar}'' Queen of Scots, who simply 
 
 fascinated Francis Norton, and every other imaginative, romantic, Yorkshire 
 
 heart that she came in contact with. 
 
 (2) To depose Elizabeth, whom they regarded as morally no true 
 claimant for the throne, until dispensed from her illegitimacy by the Pope. 
 
 (3) To place ^lary Stuart on the throne of England. 
 
 (4) Above all, to restore " the ancient faith,"' wliieli they did in 
 Durham, Slaindrop, Darlington, Richmond, Ripon, and some of the 
 churches in Cleveland, for a very brief season. 
 
 It is to be remembered that the Rising of the Xorlh in loGO was 
 not joined in by all the Catholics of Yorkshire, nor by any of the 
 Catholics of Lancashire. This latter fact, together with the influence of 
 Cardinal Allen, of Rossall, partly accounts for the circumstance that 
 Tiancashire (especially the neighbourhood of AYigan and Ashton-in-Maker-
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 345 
 
 field, and, above all, the Fylde, tliat region between Lancaster and Preston, 
 whence "the great Allen" sprang) is "theEoraeof England*' to this day. 
 It is said tlmt the Parish Church of Bisphain (near which the well-known 
 sea-side resort, Blackpool, is situated) was the parish church where last the 
 parochial Latin Mass was said publicly in Lancashire, the priest being 
 Jerunie Allen, uncle to the Cardinal. In the white-washed yeoman 
 dwellings ol' the Pykle have been reared many of the sturdiest and most 
 solidly pious of the post-Reformation English Catholic Priests. William 
 Allen's plain, honest, finely- touched spirit seems to have brooded over this 
 fruitful, western, wind-swept land which is well worthy of exploration 
 by all philosophic historians that visit Blackpool. 
 
 Also, all who travel in Yorkshire, either by road or rail, from Knaresbrough 
 and Harrogate to Eipon, and thence to Topcliffe, Thirsk, Darlington, 
 Durham, and Alnwick, pass through a part of the North of England 
 whose very air is laden with historic memories of the reigns of Elizabeth 
 and James I. And how often, when visiting Bishop Thornton (an idyUic 
 hamlet betwixt Harrogate, Pateley Bridge, and Ripon, that is still a 
 stronghold of " the ancient faith," which, as in a last Yorkshire retreat, 
 has tJtei-e never died out), has the writer recalled the following lines from 
 the old "Ballad of the Bising of the North": — 
 
 " Lord Westmoreland his ancyent [i.e., ensign] raisde, 
 
 The Dun Bull he rais'd on hye ; 
 Three dogs with golden collars brave, 
 
 Were there set out most royallye. 
 Earl Percy there his ancyent spred, 
 
 The half moon shinhig all so fair ; 
 The Norton s ancyent had the Cross 
 
 And the Five Wounds Our Lord did heare." 
 
 Norton Conyers, in the Parish of AVath, near Eipon, was forfeited by 
 the Nortons after the Eebellion of 1569. It is now, I believe, the property 
 of Sir Eeginald Graham, Bart. If the Grantley estate belonged to the 
 Nortons in 1569, it was not forfeited, or else it was recovered to the Norton 
 family. Grantley, however, may have possibly belonged to the Markeufields, 
 and, being forfeited by them, granted to Francis Norton, the eldest son of 
 old Eichard Norton. — See " /SVr lialph Sadler s Papers^' Ed. by Sir Walter 
 Scott. — The present Lord Grantley is descended from Thomas Norton, who 
 was sixth in descent from old Eichard Norton, and fifth in descent from 
 Francis, the eldest of the famous " eight good sons." The Grantley property 
 belonged to Lord Grantley until it was recently disposed of to Sir 
 Christopher Furness, M.P. Lord Grantley's ancestor, Sir Fletcher Norton, 
 was created Lord Grantley and Baron Markenfield in 1782. Sir Fletcher
 
 346 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 Norton's mother was a Fletcher, of Little Strickland, in the County of 
 Westmoreland. The present Sir Henry Fletcher, Bart., M.P., belongs to 
 a branch of the Fletcher family, who originally came from Cockermouth, 
 in Cumberland. There is a tradition that when Mary Queen of Scots had 
 been defeated at the Battle of Langside, after her romantic escape from 
 Lochleven Castle, Henry Fletcher, of Cockermoutli Hall, waited on the 
 Scots' Queen when she first landed at Workington. JTenry Fletcher 
 "entertained" the Queen at Cockermoutli Hall (17th May, 1;")68), "most 
 magnificently, presenting her with robes of velvet." It is further said that 
 when James I. came to the English Throne he treated Henry Fletcher's 
 son, Thomas Fletcher, with great distinction, and offered to bestow upon him 
 a knighthood. — See Nicholson & Burns' '■'■ Ilistonj of CumherJand and 
 Westmoreland." 
 
 As to the Xortons and Markenfields, see Wordsworth's " iVhite Doe of 
 Ihjlstone" ; ''Memorials of the liehdlion of 15G9 " (1840) : Froude's ''History 
 of England " ; " Memorials of Cardinal Allen " ^ (Ed. by Dr. Knox, 
 published by Nutt, London); and J. S. Fletcher's "Picturesque YorTcsliire'' 
 (Dent & Co.). In Hailstone's "Portraits of Yorlcsldre Worthies'' (two 
 magnificent volumes published by Cundall & Fleming) are photographs of 
 old llichard Norton and of his brother Thomas, and of the former's seventh 
 son, Christopher. The pliotographs are taken from paintings in the possession 
 of Lord Grantley, now, I believe, at Markenfield Hall. 
 
 The same valuable work also contains a photograph of a portrait of 
 "the Blessed" Thomas' Percy Earl of Northumberland, from a painting 
 belonging to the Slingsbies, of Scriven. 
 
 From the Ei|)on Minster Eegisters of Baptisms, Marriages, and Deaths, 
 it is plain that, between the years 1589 and 1601, a •' Norton," described 
 as " [lenerosus,'' lived at Savvle}^ close to Bishop Thornton and Grantley, 
 near Kioon. 
 
 44. — In 1569 the Norton Con3'ers estate seems to have been vested in 
 a Nicholas Norton, probably as a trustee. — See " Sir lialph Sadler's Papers" 
 and see ante, Supplementum HI. 
 
 1 Cardinal Allen, though a Lancashireman by his father, was a Yorkshireman 
 by his mother, who was Jane Lister, of the County of York. — See Fitzherbert's Life 
 of Allen, in " Memorials of Cardinal Allen." — Lord Ribblesdale, of Gisburn Park, in 
 the West Hiding of the County of York, is the representative of this ancient York- 
 shire family of Lister. Lord ^lasham is a representative of a younger branch of the 
 same family. 
 
 By a remarkable coincidence, on the IGth day of October, 1900, there were 
 presented to Pope Leo XIII., at Rome, on the occasion of the English Pilgrimage, 
 the Rev. Philip Fletcher, M.A., and Lister Drummond, Esq., barrister-at-law, 
 representatives respectively of the families of both Fletcher and Lister.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 347 
 
 The Winters were also related to the Markenfields, their aunt, Isabel 
 Ingleby, having married Thomas Markenfield, of Markenfield. 
 
 The AVrights and Winters were also, through the Inglebies, connected 
 "with the Torkes, of Growthwaite, in Nidderdale, of which family, most 
 probably, sprang Captain Eoland Torke (who introduced the use of the 
 rapier into England — see Camden's " Elizabeth "), the friend of Sir Philip 
 Sidney, in tlie Netherlands. — See Foster's Edition of " Glovers Visitation of 
 Yorlshire" ; '^ 'The Earl of Leicester's Correspondence^' (Camden Soc.) ; also 
 ■" Cardinal Allen's Defence of Sir William Stanley's Surrender of Deventer, 
 29th Januarif, 1586-87" (Chetham Soc). 
 
 The Wards, of Mulwith, Xewby, and Givendale, were related to the 
 jVortons, old Richard Norton's grandmother being Margaret, daughter of 
 Eoger Ward, of Givendale. Richard Norton's mother was Ann, daughter 
 and heiress of Miles Ratcliffe, of Rylstone. Through her came to the 
 Nortons the Rylstone estates. Hence the title of the immortal poem of 
 the Lake poet, 
 
 Rylstone and Barden (or Norton) Tower are both near Skipton-in- 
 Craven. Skipton Castle was the seat of the Cliffords Earls of Cumberland. 
 The Craven estates of the Nortons, it is said, were granted by James I. 
 to Francis Earl of Cumberland. (I visited Norton Tower in company with 
 my friend, Mr. William AVhitwell, F.L.S., now of Balham, a gentleman 
 of varied literary and scientific acquirements, in the year 1883. Norton 
 Tower, built on Rylstone Fell, between the valleys which separate the 
 Rivers Aire and Wharfe, commands a magnificent prospect " without 
 bound, of plain and dell, dark moor and gleam of pool and stream." — See 
 Dr. Whitaker's " Craven") 
 
 45. — That Thomas Percy (of the Percies, of Beverley, not of Scotton, 
 I feel certain), the eldest of the conspirators, must have been a Roman 
 Catholic as a young man is plain from the fact that Marmaduke Ward, 
 brother-in-law to John Wright and Christopher Wright, had a designment 
 " to match "' his gifted and beautiful eldest daughter, Mary,, with Thomas 
 Percy who, hovA^ever, singularly enough married Martha AVright, Mary 
 Ward's aunt. — See " Life of Mary Ward," by Mary Catherine Elizabeth 
 Chambers (Burns & Gates, 1882), vol. i., pp. 12 and 13. — Percy, being 
 agent for his kinsman, the Earl of Northumberland, would frequently 
 reside at the Percy palace at Topcliffe, which was only distant twelve 
 miles or so of pleasant riding across a breezy, charming country to 
 Mulwith and Newby. Sampson Ingleby, uncle to the Winters, succeeded 
 Thomas Percy as the Earl's agent in Yorkshire. Sampson Ingleby was a
 
 348 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 verv trusty man. A photograph of a painting of him is in Hailstone's 
 '' Yorkshire Worthies,'' tak(>n from a painting at Ripley Castle. 
 
 Edmund Neville Earl of Westmoreland, de. jure, was afterwards one 
 of the many unsuccessful suitors for the hand of Mary Ward. — See her 
 '•'■Life" vol. i. — The Government would have liked to implicate Neville in 
 the Gunpowder Plot, hut utterly failed to do so. He eventually hecame a 
 Priest of the Society of Jesus. He petitioned James to I'estore to him 
 the Neville estates, hut without avail; so that historic Middleham and 
 Kirbymoorside (in Yorksliire), and Raby and Brancepeth (in Durham), 
 finally passed from the once proud house of Neville, one of whom was 
 the well-known Warwiclv, the King-maker, owing to the chivalrous, ill-fated 
 Itising of 1.569. This Eisiug first broke out at Topcliffe, between ]{ipon 
 and Thirsk, where the Earl of Northumberland was then sojourning at his 
 palace, the site of wliich is pointed out to this day. Tojjcliffe is situated 
 on the waters of the Eiver Swale, which (like the East liiding river, the 
 Derwent) is sacred to St. Paulinus, the disciple of St. Augustine, the 
 disciple of St. Gregory the Great, the most unselfish, disinterested friend 
 the English and Yorkshire ])eople ever had. 
 
 The first Pilgrimage of Grace, under liobert Aske, of Aughtou, broke 
 out on the banks of the Derwent. Hence, each of " the holy rivers " of 
 Yorkshire inspired a crusade — a thing worth memory. 
 
 Mr. Thomas P. Cooper, of York (author of " I'or/.- .• the Uistonj of its 
 Walls ami Castles"), kindly refers uie to '•'Letters and Papers, Foreign 
 and Domestic, Jlennj VJIf., 1537,'' p. 87, for evidence tending to prove 
 that llobert Aske was executed "on the lieiglit of the castle dungeon,'' 
 where the High Sheriff of Yorkshire had jurisdiction, and 7iot the Sheriffs 
 of the City of York. 
 
 This would be Clifford's Tower, not The Pavement, where Aske is 
 sometimes said to have met his fate. I think Mr. Cooper has, niost 
 ])robably, settled the point by his discovery of this important letter of 
 "the old Duke of Norfolk" to Thomas Cromwell. 
 
 46. — Father Gerard's "Narrative of Gunpowder Plot" in "■Conditions 
 of CatJiulics under James /.,"' Edited by Father Morris, S.J. (Longmans, 1872). 
 
 47. — The "very imperfect proof" to which I refer is contained in a 
 certain marriage entry in the Kegisters at Eipon Minster. Tlie date is "10th 
 July, 1588'' (the year and month of the Spanish Armada), and seems to me 
 to be as follows : " Xpofer AVayde et Margaret Wayrde."' Now, " Margaret *' 
 was a family name of the Wardes, of Givendale, Newby, and Mulwith, and
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 349 
 
 the clergyman making the entry maij have written '• Wayde " instead of 
 Wright. AV"e cannot tell. Therefore, alone, it is a mere scintilla of 
 evidence to show that Christopher Wright married a Warde, of Mulwith. 
 Further research among those of the Ward (or Warde) ])ap8rs that are 
 yet extant may clear the question as to whom Christopher Wright married. 
 The mysterious silence which broods over the life and career of Marmaduke 
 Ward, subsequent to the year 16(J5, suggests to my mind many far-reaching 
 supposals. Marmaduke AV'ard seems to have died before the year 1614, but 
 the " burials " of the Ripon Eegisters are lost for this period apparently. 
 
 48. — Born 1563. Father Oswald Tesimond was for sis years at Hindlip 
 Hall, along with Father Oldcorne. Ralph Ashley, a Jesuit lay-brother, 
 was Oldcorne's servant. 
 
 49. — John Wright was born about 1568. Christopher Wright was 
 born about 1570. Had they a brother Francis, living at Xewbie (or Newby), 
 who had a son Robert ? — See Ripon Registers, which records the baptism 
 of a Robert Wright, 25th March, 1601, the son of Francis Wright, of Newbie; 
 also of a Francis Wright, son of Francis AV right, of Newby, under date 2nd 
 February, 1592. 
 
 The Welwick Church Registers for this period are lost apparently, 
 though the burial is recorded, under date 13th October, 1654, of ffrauucis 
 Wright, Esquire, and of another ffrauncis Wright, under date 2nd May, 
 1664, both at AVelwick. (Communicated to me by the Rev. D. V. Stoddart, 
 M.A., Yicar of Welwick.) Probably the Francis AVrights, of Xewby (or 
 Newbie), are those buried at Welwick, being father and son respectively. 
 Certainly the coincidence is remarkable. — See ante. 
 
 50. — Foley's '^ llecords of the Enc/llsJi Province of the Society of Jesus,'' vol. 
 iv., pp. 203-5 (Burns & Oates, 1878). 
 
 51. — Quoted in Foley's ''■Records,"' vol. iv., p. 213. 
 
 52. — It is noteworthy, as illustrative of Father Oldcorne's character, 
 that Robert Winter says in his letter to the Lords Commissioners, 21st 
 January, 1605-6: "After our departure from Holbeach, about some ten 
 days, we [i.e., himself and Stephen Littleton, the Master of Holbeach] 
 met Humphrey Littleton, cousin to Stephen Littleton, and we then 
 entreated him to seek out one Mr. Hall [an abas of Oldcorne] for us.
 
 350 THE GUNrOWDER PLOT. 
 
 iiiid desire him to Lel[) us to some resting place." — See Jardine's " Criminal 
 Trials, Gunpoivder Plot," vol. ii., p. 146. 
 
 53. — Schismatic Catholics were those Catholics that went to Mass in 
 j)rivate liouses, and (hen, more or less, frequented their parish church 
 afterwards to escape the fines. They were further divided into Communi- 
 cants and .\i)n-C()nnnunicanls, Yeiy ofti-n the iiicn of a family were 
 Catholics of this sort, and the woiueiikind strict Catholics. Indeed, it 
 was mainly the women and the priests that have kept '"the Pope's religion "'^ 
 alive iu Englanil ; although, of course, mani/ men of great mental and 
 physical powers were pa[)isls of the most rigid class. The practice of 
 " going to the Protestant cliurch,*" as Englisli liomau Catholics trrm the- 
 practice to this day, was deliherately condemned hy the Council of Trent. 
 
 The cause of the historic controversy between the Jesuits and the 
 Secular Priests in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I. lies in a nut-shelL 
 It was this : tlio Jesuits, anrl especially their extraordinarily able leader,, 
 Eatliei" Parsons, thouglit that the Secular Priests required watching. And 
 so they did : and so do all other human creatures. 13ut the mistake that 
 Parsons made was this : his prejudices and prepossessions blinded him to 
 the fact that the proper watchers of Secular Priests are Bishops and the 
 Pope, and not a society of Presbyters, however grave, however gifted, or 
 however pious. 
 
 54. — " Collecti Cardivelli," Public Eccord (3ffice, Brussels Vita) Mart, 
 p. 147. 
 
 In Eoley's '■'■ llecords" vol. iv., there is a beautiful picture of Father 
 Edward Oldcorne, S.J., now "the Venerable Edward Oldcorne," one of 
 York's most remarkable sons. In the left-hand corner of the portrait is 
 a representation of a portion of Old Ouse Bridge, witli St. William's 
 Cliapel (at present the site of which is occupied by Messrs. Varvills' 
 establishment). St. Sampson's Cliurch, the ancient church which gave the 
 name of the [)arish where Oldcorne first saw the light of the sun, is still 
 standing, it is near Holy Trinity, King's Court, or Christ's Parish, where 
 " the Venerable," JMargaret Clitherow lived. Oldcorne must have known 
 that great York citizen well. She was born in Davygate, and was the 
 second wife of a butcher, }iamed John Clitherow, of the Parish of Christ, in 
 the City of York. She was married in the Church of St. Martin, Coney 
 Street, in 1571. She was one of Nature's gentlewomen, hy birth: and the 
 Church of Bome, ever mindful of her own, declared in ISSG (just three 
 hundretl vears after the martvr's death in the Tulbooth, on Old Ouse
 
 THE GUNPOWDEK PLOT. 351 
 
 Bridge) that Margaret Clitlierow, a shrewd, honest, devout York trades- 
 woman, is one of the Church's " Venerable Servants of God,'' by grace. 
 — See J. B. Milburn's Life of this extraordinary Elizabethan Torkshire- 
 woinan, entitled, ''A Martyr of Old York" (Burns & Oates, London). 
 
 55. — This crossing-out of the word '• yowe " is noticed in Xash's '■'^ History' 
 of Worcestershire." 
 
 56, — The word " good " 'is omitted in. the copy of the Letter given 
 in the " AutJiorised Discourse,'" which is remarkable. I think it was done 
 designedly, in order to minimize the merit of the revealing plotter. 
 
 57.- — King James's interpretation of these enigmatical words was- 
 simply fantastical. It may be read in Gerard's "JVarrative," and in most 
 contemporary relations of the Plot. 
 
 58. — I am of o])inion that one of Father Oldcorne's servants, E.alph> 
 Ashley by name, a Jesuit lay-brother, was the person that actually con- 
 veyed the Letter to the page who was in the street adjoining Lord 
 Mounteagle's Hoxton residence, on the evening of Saturday, the 26th of 
 October, 1605. My reason for being of the opinion that Ealph Ashley 
 conveyed the Letter will be seen hereafter, in due course of this Inquiry. 
 
 The page's evidence went to show that the deliverer of the Letter 
 was a tall man, or a reasonably tall man. There is nothing inconsistent 
 in this account of the height of the Letter-carrier with what we know of 
 the size of xlshley, which is iiegative knowledge merely. I mean we are 
 not told anywhere that he was of short stature, as we are told in the 
 case (1) of the Jesuit lay-brother, Brother Ralph Emerson, a native of the 
 County of Durham, and the servant of Edmund Campion — see Simpson's 
 '■'■Life of C'cmijilon" — whom the genial orator playfully called "his little 
 man'" — '' homulus''' ; and in tlie case (2) of the Jesuit lay-brother, Brother 
 Nicholas Owen, the servant of Garnet, who was affectionately termed 
 " little John '' by the Catholics in whose castles, manor-houses, and lialls, 
 up and down tlie country, lie constructed most ingenious secret places for 
 the hiding of pi-iests. 
 
 Ealph Ashley had acted in some humble capacity at the English 
 Catholic College of Yalladolid, wliicli had been founded in Spain from 
 Eheims, through the generosity of noble-hearted Spanish Catholics, 
 among whom was that majestic soul. Dona Luisa de Carvajal. — See her 
 '■'■Life," by the late Lady Georgiana Fullerton (Burns & Oates). — See also
 
 352 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 "■The Life of the Venerable John lioherts, O.S.H.,'' by tlie licv. Becle 
 Camm, O.S.B. (Sands & Co.) — Father Ivoberts fouiuled the Benedictine 
 College at Douay, still in existence. Cardinal Allen's secular priests' College 
 is now used as a French Bari-acks. Ushaw College, Durham, and St. 
 Edmund's College, Ware, are the lineal successors ot" Cardinal Allen's 
 College at DouMV. 
 
 (By the way, when are the letters of the late Dr. Lingard likely to 
 be published ? Lingard, after Wiseman, was the greatest man Ushaw has 
 produced, and his letters would be interesting reading; for Lingard must 
 have known many of the most considerable personages of his day. Lingai'd 
 died at Hornby, near Lancaster, not far from Hornby Castle, the seat of 
 the once famous Lord jNIounteagle.) 
 
 Brother Kajjhiiel (or Ralph) Ashley, \\ah; possibly akin to the Ashleys, 
 of Goule Hall, in the Township of Cliffe, in the Parish of Hemingbrough, 
 in the East Hiding of Yorkshire, or to the Ashleys, of Todwick, near Sheffield, 
 in the south-east of Yorkshire. He came to England along with Father 
 Oswald Tesimond, in 1597. — See ''Father Tesimond's landing in England,"' 
 in Morris's " Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers,'^ first series (Burns & 
 Oates). — If Ashley were a Yorkshireman, one can easily understand liis 
 being the chosen companion of tlie two Y'orkshire Jesuits, Oldcorne and 
 Tesimond. 
 
 This Jesuit lay-brother was acquainted with London : and as. Qui 
 facit per alium facit i)er se, it was pre-eminently likely that Oldcorne would 
 employ his confidential servant to perform so weighty a mission as tlie 
 one I have attributed luito him. 
 
 Again, since " he who ads tlirough another acts through himself," it 
 is unnecessary for me to treat at large in the Text concerning my supposal 
 respecting the part that Brother Ealph Ashley played in the great drama 
 of the Gunpowder Plot. Ashley being identified witli liis master, Father 
 Oldcorne, shares, in his degree, his master's merits and praise. 
 
 Professor J. A. Froude thought that Kal[)h AYaldo Emerson was of 
 the same stock as Brotlier llalpli Emerson. It is quite possible. For 
 after the Gunpowder Plot, 1 opine that the j^ounger Catholics in many 
 cases became Puritans, and in some cases, later on, (Quakers. 
 
 59. — Xotwithstaiuling the endless chain of tlu^ causation of human 
 acts and human events, man's strongest and clearest knowledge tells liiui 
 that he is *• master of liis fate," n:iy, that "he is fated to be free,"' in- 
 asraucli as at any moment man can ()[)en the flood-gates tl;at are 
 betwixt hiui and an Infinite Ocean of Pure Unconditioned Freedom :
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 353 
 
 onn open those flood-gates, and in that Ocean can lave at will, \\n<\ so 
 render himself a truly emancipated creature. 
 
 The antinomies of Thought and Life do not destroy nor make void 
 the Facts of Thought and Life. Antinomies surround man on every side, 
 and one of the great ends of life is to know the same, and to act 
 regardful of that knowledge. 
 
 60. — The copy in the " Authorised Discourse " gives " shift off," not 
 "shift of" as in the original. Doubtless "shift off" was the expression 
 intended. It is still occasionally used in the country districts about York. 
 The word " tender," in the sense of " take care of " or " have a care of," 
 is to-day quite common in that neighbourhood (1901). 
 
 61.—" Gunpoivder Plot Bools" vol. ii., p. 202. 
 
 62. — It is impossible to desci'ibe the emotions that welled up in the 
 heart of the writer as he gazed on this small, faded, and fading document : 
 emotions of awe and gratitude, blended A\ith veneration and reverence, for 
 the maker of this lever — this sheet-anchor — of the temporal salvation of so 
 many human creatures, who had been barbarously appointed to die by 
 those that had forgotten what spirit they were of. 
 
 The writer was favoured by the sight of the original Letter on Friday, 
 the 5th day of October, 1900, at about half-past two o'clock in the after- 
 noon. He desires to place on record his sense of obligation for the 
 courteous civihty with which he was treated by the authorities at the 
 Record Office, London, on this occasion. 
 
 6o. — Oldcorne, being a Jesuit, would from time to time go to AVhite 
 Webbs, Morecrofts (near Uxbridge), Erith-on-the-Thames, Stoke Pogis, 
 Thames Street (London), and other places of Jesuit resort where Mount- 
 eagle and AVard had the entree. Again, he must have known well the 
 Vaux family of Harrowden, and all the circle that Mounteagle and Ward 
 would move in. Again, if Ward were married in York, in 1579, he may 
 have met Oldcorne as a Catholic medical student of promise in the 
 ancient city. 
 
 Along with a dear brother, a young Yorkshireman, in London, I 
 
   visited White Webbs,' by Enfield Chase, on Saturday, the 6th October, 
 
 1900. The old Iiouse known as Dr. llewick's House, where the 
 
 conspirators met, is now no longer standing ; but the spacious park, with 
 
 its umbrageous oak trees, meandering streams, tangled thickets, and pleasant 
 
 X
 
 354 THE GUXrOWDER PLOT. 
 
 paths, is almost unchanged, I should fancy, since it was the rendezvous of 
 the Gunpowder traitors, concerning whom the utmost one can say is that 
 they were not for themselves; and that Nemesis in this life justly punished 
 them, and drove them to make meet expiation and atonement, before 
 the face of all men, for their infamous offences. Thereby Destiny enabled 
 the men to restore equality between the .State they liad so wronged, in 
 act and in desire, and themselves ; and a lKi|)py thing for the men, as well 
 as for others, that Destiny did so enabh; them whilst there was yet time. 
 (In October, 1900, 1 was informed that the present mansion, knowiii 
 as White AVebbs, belongs to the Lady Meux.) 
 
 64.— Known b}" Edmund Church, Esq., his confidant. 
 Qb. — See '• Life of Mary Ward,^' vol. i., p. 1. 
 
 QQ. — Mrgery Slater most probably belonged to a Jiipon family, as I 
 iind the same Christian name and surname among entries of the- 
 "Christenings'" in the Ripon Minster Register, a few years after the year 
 1579. Possibly the child was a niece of "Mistress M'rgery Ward."' 
 "Mistress AVarde" may have been a relative of Mr. Cotterell, as i find in 
 the St. Michael-Ie-Belfrey Register the entry of the burial (15S3) of 
 
 Anne who is described as " s' vaunt and cozine to Mr. Cotterell, being- 
 
 about twenty-six years of age."' Now, Mr. Cotterell was probably Mr- 
 James Cotterell, of the Parish of (Old) St. Wilfred, York, a demolished 
 churcli, wliose site is to-day (1901) occupied by the ofiicial lodgings of the- 
 King's Judges of Assize when on circuit. Eor the "subsidy" of 1581, a 
 Mr. James Cotterell of that parish was assessed in " Lande " at £Q 13s. 4d. 
 (among the highest of tlie York assessments). There was a Mr. Cotterell 
 '■ :ni I']xaminer " for the Council of the Nortli in the time of Elizabeth, 
 and I have no doubt that "Mistress Warde's *' late master was this very 
 gentleman. Whetiier the young woman whom "Thomas AV'ard, of 
 Mulwaith," made his wife (evidently direct from the house of her master), 
 on the 29th day of May, 1579, was the equal by birth and by descent of 
 her husband, \ do not know. Let lis hope, however, that alike in gifts 
 of personal attructiveness ami graces of character slie was not unworthy 
 of one who came from so truly " gentli' " a jjeople as the Wardes, of 
 jMulwitli, (iivendale, and Newby. Jf M'gery Slater did hail from Ripon» 
 this " faithfid following" of lier U) York, and from the house of her 
 master, publicly making her, in the face of all tiie world, his " true 
 and honourable wife, as dear to him as were the ruddy drops that
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 355 
 
 visited his own heart," bears early witness to an idealism of mind in this 
 Torkshire gentleman that was thoroughly in keeping with the chivalrous 
 race whence he sprang. I cannot give any personal description of Thomas 
 Warde; but I can of Marmaduke AVarde, who was also of Mulwith, or 
 Mulwaith, in the reiga of Queen Elizabeth, and from tJiis picture we may 
 imagine that. 
 
 67. — Speaking of Marmaduke Warde (or Ward) — for the name was 
 spelt either way — his kinswoman Winefrid Wigmore, a lady of high family 
 from Herefordshire, in after years said: — "'His name is to this day 
 famous in tliat country [i.e. Torkshire] for his exceeding c^juieliness 
 of person, sweetness and beauty of face, agility and activeness, the 
 knightly exercises in which he excelled, and above all for his constancy 
 and courage in Catholic religion, admirable charity to the poor, so as in 
 extreme dearth never was poor denied at his gate ; commonly sixty, eighty, 
 and sometimes a hundred in a day, to whom he gave great alms : and yet 
 is also famous his valour and fidelity to his friend, and myself have 
 heard it spoken by several, but particularly and witli much feeling by Mr. 
 William Mallery, the eldest and best of that name, who were near of kin 
 to our ' Mother,' both by father and mother." 
 
 The William Mallery, here spoken of, was one of " the Mallories," of 
 Studley lioyal, near Eipon, the present seat of their descendants, the 
 Most Hon. the Marquess and Marchioness of Eipon. 
 
 The above quotation is taken from the " Life "' of Marmaduke Ward's 
 eldest daughter, Mary, who was one of the Jnost beautiful and heroic 
 women of her age. — See M. C E. Chambers' " Life of Mary Ward^' vol. i., 
 p. 6 (Burns & Oates). — Mary Ward died at the Old Manor House, Heworth, 
 near York, on the 20th January, 1645-6. She was related to Father Edward 
 Thwing, of Heworth Hall, who suffered at Lancaster for his priesthood, 
 26th July, 1600. 1 think the Old Heworth Hall was built heliind the 
 present Old Manor House, which seems to be an erection of about the 
 end of the seventeenth century. The Thwing family, of Gate Helmsley, 
 then owned Old Heworth Hall, where Father Antony Page was apprehended, 
 who suffered at the York Tyburn in 1593 for the like offence, which, by 
 statute, was high treason (27 Eliz.). Thomas Percy, John Wright, and 
 Christopher Wright, as well as Guy Fawkes, may have often visited Old 
 Heworth Hall. In fact there is still a tradition that the Gunpo\\der 
 plotters "were at Old Heworth Hall"' (communicated to me in 1S90 by 
 the owner, W. Surtees Hornby, Esq., J. P., of York), and also a tradition 
 that Father Page was apprehended there. Mr. T. Atkinson, for the tenant, 
 his brother-in-law, Mr. Moorfoot, showed the writer, on the 9th August,
 
 3-3G THE GUNPOWDER TLOT, 
 
 1901, the outhouse or hay clianiber (of bri(!k and old timber) where this 
 priest was taken on Candlemas Day morning in the year 1593. — See ]Morris's 
 "Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers,'" third series, p. 139. — This holy 
 martyr was a connection of the Bellamy family, of Uxendon, with whom the 
 great and gifted Father Southwell was captured. Father Page was a native 
 of Harrow -on-the-JIill. The last of the English martyrs was Father Thomas 
 Thwing, of Heworth, who was executed at the York Tyburn, IHSO. His 
 vestments belong to the Herbert family, of Gate llelmsley. I have seen 
 them about three times at St. Mary's Convent, York, where they have been 
 lent by the kindness of the owner. What a hallowed and affecting link 
 witli the past are those beautiful, but fading, priestly garments. 
 
 The following letter of Mr. Bannister Dent will be read with interest, 
 as heli)ing the concatenation of the evidence. It is from a York solicitor 
 who for many years \\as Guardian for the old Parish of St. Wilfred, in 
 the City of York : — 
 
 " York, 
 
 "21st March, 1901. 
 
 " Old Pauish of St. Wilfhed. 
 
 '* In reply to your letter of to-day's date, the streets comprised in 
 the above parish were Duncombe Place, Blake Street, Museum Street, 
 Lendal Hill, and Lendal. 1 have mad(> enquiries, and am informed that 
 St. Michael-le-Belfrey's Church would be the church at which a resident 
 in this parish would be married." 
 
 68. — Margery Warde (born Slater) was probably the sister of one Hugo 
 Slater, of Eipon, who, subsequently to 1579, had a daughter, ^Margery, and 
 a son, Thomas. — See Eipon Kegisters. 
 
 John Whitham, Esq., of the City of Eipon, has been so kind as to place 
 at my disposal the Index, which is the result of his researches into the 
 Eipon Eegisters. There seems to be no entry of the baptism of Mary 
 (or Joan or Jane) Ward in 1585-86, nor of John AVard, William Ward, 
 jior Teresa AVard. George AVarde's baptism is recorded: "18th May, 1595 
 [not 1594J, George AA'aryde filius .Al'maduci de ^lulwith." Then under 
 date 3rd September, 1598, occurs, three years afterwards, this significant 
 entry: "Thomas AVarde filius W rw^Auci de Nubie." This naming of his son 
 "Thomas'' by Marmaduke Warde, I submit, almost suffices to clench the 
 proof that Marmadidve and Thomas A\\arde were akin to eacli other as 
 brothers. 
 
 If proof be required that the name "AVard" was .spelt botli Ward and 
 Warde, it is contained in the following entries in the liipon Minster
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 357 
 
 Registers of the baptism of Marmadiike AV^ard's daughters, Eliza and 
 Barbara^: '-SO April 1591— Eliza, daughter of Marmaduke AV'arde of 
 Mulwith : ■' " iM Xoveniber 1592 — Barbara, daughter of Marmaduke Warde 
 of Mulwith.'" The entries are in Latin. In some subsequent entries 
 Marmaduke Warde is described as of Xewbie, e.g.: "5 Xov. 1594 — Ellyn, 
 daughter of Marmaduke Warde of Newbie." 
 
 69. — Xewby was s|)elt " Xewbie " at that time. Newhy adpius the 
 village of Skelton. Mulwith is about a mile from Newby. 
 
 70. — See vol. v., p. 681. 
 
 71. — Henry Parker Lord Morley, the grandfather of Mounteagle, 
 married Lady Elizabeth Stanley, daughter of Edward Earl of Derby. He 
 was one of the peers who recorded his vote against Elizabeth's Act of 
 Uniformity, and became " an exile for the faith " in the Netherlands after 
 the year 1569. His son, Edward Parker Lord Morley, Mounteagle's father, 
 was born in 1555; he too lived abroad for some years, but eventually 
 seems to have conformed wholly, or in part, to the established religion ; 
 although his son, Lord Mounteagle, was, on the latter's own testimony, 
 I)rought np a Koman Catholic, and, in fact, died in that belief. From an 
 undated letter of Mounteagle, ably written, addressed to the King, and 
 given in Gerard's " What was the Gunpowder Plot?" p. 256, it is evident 
 that (after the Plot, most likely) Mounteagle intended to conform to the 
 Establishment. The Morle}^ barony was created in 1299. — See Burke's 
 " Extinct Peercu/es,'' and Horace Kound's " Studies in Peerage and Family 
 History" p. 23 (Constable, Westminster, 1901). — From Camden's 
 '• Britannia," the Morleys evidently owned, at various times, estates in the 
 Counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, in addition to Essex, Lincolnshire, and 
 Lancashire. 
 
 That the conformity to the Established Church of Edward Parker 
 Lord Morley (the father of William Parker Lord Mounteagle) was in part 
 only is, to some extent, evidenced by the fact that Mr. Edward Teh^erton 
 (one of the well-known Yelvertons, of Norfolk) is described at tb.e end of 
 the reign of Elizabeth as "a Catholic, domiciled in the household of Lord 
 Morley." — See Dr. Jessopp's " One Generation of a Norfolk House,'' being 
 chiefly the biography of the celebrated Jesuit, Henry Walpole, who suffered 
 
 1 Eliza was probably Elizabeth Warde, and Ellyn — Teresa Warde.
 
 358 THE GUXrOWDER PLOT. 
 
 for Ins priesthood at the York Tyburn, 7th April, 159."), in the thirty-sixth 
 year of his age. Koine, in 1S86, declared Henry Walpole to be "a 
 Venerable Servant of God."' 
 
 72. — See vol. i., p. 244. 
 
 73. — See vol. i., p. 244. 
 
 74.— See vol. i., p. 2:jS. 
 
 75. — See vol. i., p. 237. 
 
 76. — EdvAard Poyntz, Esquire, was a relative, lineal or collateral, of 
 the celebrated James Duke of Ormonde, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, whose 
 mother was a daughter of Sir John Poyntz. — See that valuable work, 
 *' The CromivcUian Settlement of Ireland" p. 254, by John P. Prendergast 
 (McGlashan & Gill, Dublin, 1875). 
 
 I have found much information about the Poyntz family in the 
 " Visitation of Essex " (Harleian Soc). I think that Edward Poyntz was 
 uncle to the Viscountess Thurles. If so, he would be great-uncle to the 
 Duke of Ormonde. From this it would follow that the Viscountess Thurles 
 (who was a strict Roman Catholic) would be a first cousin to Mary Poyntz, 
 the friend and companion, as well as relative, of Mary AVarde, the 
 daughter of Marmaduke Warde, and niece of Thomas AVarde. — See " Life 
 of Mary Ward" vol. i. 
 
 AVinefrid Wigmore, already mentioned, was cousin, once removed, to 
 Lady Mounteagle, who was a daughter of Sir Thomas Ti'esham, Sir William 
 Wigmore, AVinefrid's father, having married her aunt, Anne Throckmorton, 
 a daughter of Sir Nicholas Throckmorton. Lady Catesby was another 
 daughter. — See Note 30 supra. 
 
 77. — As slightly supporting the contention that Lord Morley, the 
 father of ]Mounteagle, was related to, or at least connected witii, the 
 AVards, it is to be observed that John AVright, the elder brother by the 
 wliole blood of Ursula AVard, at the time when the Plot was concocted, 
 had his " permanent residence at Twigmore,"' in the Parish of Manton, near 
 Brigg, in Lincolnshire. — Jardine's '■^Narrative" p. 32. — Now, in Foley's 
 " Records" vol. i., p. 627, it is stated that Twigmore, or Twigmoor, and 
 Holme " were ancient possessions of the Morley family." The brothers
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 35[^ 
 
 -John and Christopher AVright were evidently called after two uncles who 
 bore these two names respectively. — See Norcliffe's Ed. of Flower's 
 " Visitation of YorlsJiire" (Harleian Soc). 
 
 78. ^To-day (April, 1901) Newby-cum-Mulwitli forms one township. 
 'Givendale is a township by itself. Along with Skelton they form a separate 
 •ecclesiastical parish. Skelton Church, in Xewby Park, is one of the 
 most beautiful in the county, having been erected by the late Lady Mary 
 Vyner, of Xewby Hall. The Church is dedicated under the touching title 
 of " Christ, the Consoler."' 
 
 Formerly the Parish of Eipon included no less than thirty villages. 
 At Skelton, Aldfield, Sawley, Bishop Thornton, Mouckton, and Winksley 
 there were Chapels. Pateley Bridge also had a Chapel, but this was 
 parochial. — See Gent's '■'■ Ripon." — ^At Sawley, I find from the Ripon 
 Register of Baptisms, there was a William Norton living (described as 
 '■' f/e^ierosns") in 1589. He would be the great-grandson of old Richard 
 Norton, who by his first wife, Susanna, daughter of Neville Lord Latimer, 
 ■had eleven sons and seven daughters. They were (according to an old 
 writer), these Nortons, " a trybe of wicked people universally papists." It 
 is reported to this day (Easter Day, 1901), at Bishop Thornton, by Mr. 
 Henry Wheelhouse, of Markington, aged 84, that the Nortons, of Sawley, 
 •continued constant in their adherence to the ancient faith till well on into 
 the nineteenth century. 
 
 Mr. "VVheelho use's recollection to this effect may be well founded ; 
 because not only has there been a remnant of English Roman Catholics 
 always in the adjoining hamlet of Bishop Thornton, but there was at 
 Fountains, in 1725, a Father Englefield, S.J., stationed there — see Foley's 
 '^^ liecords," vol. v., p. 722 — and if the Nortons, of Sawley (or some of 
 them) remained Papists, one can understand how it might come to pass 
 that there was a Jesuit Priest maintained at Fountains and a Secular 
 Priest at Bishop Thornton, only a few miles oif. The Roman Catholic 
 religion was also long maintained by the Messenger family, of Cayton Hall, 
 ■South Stainley, and by the Trapps family, of Nydd Hall, both only within 
 walking distance of Bishop Thornton : maintained until the nineteenth 
 •century. I think the Messengers, too, owned Fountains in 1725. Viscount 
 Mountgarret now owns Nydd Hall. His Lordship's family, the Butlers, 
 are allied to the Lords Vaux of Harrowden. 
 
 Mass also was said (before the present Roman Catholic Chapel was 
 built at Bishop Thornton) at Raventoftes Hall, in the Ripon Chapelry of 
 J3ishop Thornton, once the home of the stanch old C^atbolic family of
 
 360 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 A\'al\voilli. Then Mass was said in the lop chamber, running the whole 
 length of the priest's present house. Afterwards (about 1778) followed the 
 present stone Chapel. Claro Lady IToward, of Glossop, built the Schools 
 at Bishop Tliornton a few years ago, 
 
 F. Keynard, Esquire, J. P., of ]I()b Green, Markington and Sunder- 
 land wick, DrifTield, now owns Kaventoftes Hall, which has a splendid view 
 towards Sawley, How Hill, and Ripon. It is rented by a lloman Catholic, 
 named Mr. Y. Stubbs, who is akin to tlie Hawkesworths, the Shanns, the 
 Darnbroughs, and other old Bishop Thornton and Ripon families. 
 
 Peacock, in his " List,"' speaks of William Norton as a grandson of 
 Richard Noi'ton, but, according to Burke's '■'Peerage," he must have been a 
 great-grandson. The Nortons may have saved the Sawley estate from 
 forfeiture, somehow or another, or perchance they bought it in afterwards 
 from some Crown nominee. Francis Norton, the eldest son and heir of 
 old Richard Norton, fled with his father to the continent. His son was 
 Edmund, and his son was William Norton, of Sawley, whose descendant 
 was the first Lord Grantley. 
 
 Gabetis Norton, Esquire, owned Dole Bank, between Markington and 
 Bisho|i 'I'hornton, where Miss Lascelles, Miss Butcher, and others of Mary 
 AVard's followers, lived a semi-conventual life during the reign of Charles 
 II,, previously to their taking up their abode near Micklegate Bar, Tork. — 
 See '■'■AniHil.s of St. 3Iari/s Convent, Yorh," Edited by H. .T. Coleridge, S.J. 
 (Burns & Gates). — Sir Thomas Gascoigne, of Barnbow, Aberford, was the 
 benefactor of these ladies, both at Dole Bank and York ; Dole Bank 
 probably at that time belonging to this "fine old English gentleman," who 
 died a very aged man at the Benedictine Abbey of Lambspring, in Germany, 
 a voluntary exile for his faith. Dole Bank came to Gabetis Norton, Esquire, 
 ill the eighteenth century, from his sister, who was the wife of Colonel 
 Thornton, of Thornville Royal (now Stourton Castle, iiear Knaresbrough, 
 the seat of tlie Lord Mowbray and Stourton) and of Old Thornville, Little 
 Cattal, now tlie property of William Macliin, Esq, (Derived from old 
 title-deeds and writings in the possession of representatives of William 
 Hawkes, yeoman, of Great Cattal.) Dole Bank, I believe, now belongs to 
 Captain Greenwood, of Swarcliffe Hall, Birstwith, Nidderdale. During the 
 early pail of tlie nineteenth century the Darnbroughs rented Dole Bank^ 
 the present tenant being Mr, Atkinson. 
 
 70. -1 think that Thomas AVarde may have been born about the 
 Jn'ginning of Elizabeth's reign; for if he were married in 1579, and was, 
 say, twenty-one years of age at the time of his marriage, this would fix
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 361 
 
 his birth about tlie vear 1558. Early marriages were cliaracteristic of the 
 period. Mounteagle, for example, was married before he was eighteen. 
 The Kipoii liegisters begin in fairly regular course in 1587, though there 
 are fragments from 1574, but not earlier. If Christopher AVright, the 
 plotter, lived in Bondgate, llipon, and had a child born to him in 1589 
 (the year after the Spanish Armada), he must, like Mounteagle, have been 
 married when about eighteen years of age. These instances should be 
 carefully noted by students of Shakespeare, inasmuch as tliey rendtT the 
 poet's marriage with Anne Hathaway in 1582, when he was little more 
 than eighteen and a-lialf years old, less startling. — See Sidney Lee's " Life 
 of Shal-espeare," p. 18 (Smith & Elder, 1898). 
 
 I should like also to add that I think there is a great deal in 
 Halliwell-Phillips' contention as to Shakespeare having made the " troth- 
 plight." — Concerning the " troth-plight " see Lawrence Yaux's " Catechism," 
 Edited by T. Gr. Law, with a valuable historical preface (Chetham Soc.).- —   
 Shakespeare's "mentor" in the days of his youth was, most probably, some 
 old Marian Priest, like Yaux, who was a former Warden of the Collegiate 
 Church at Manchester, and with "the great Allen'" and men like Yivian 
 Haydock — see Gillow's '■'Hai/docJc Pa pers'" (Burns & Oates) — retained Lancashire 
 in its allegiance to Eome — so that " the jannock " Lancashire Catholics 
 style their county, " God's County "' even unto this day. 
 
 80. — The strong and, witlnn due limits, admirable spirit of " clannish- 
 ness" that still animates the natives of Yorkshire — a valiant, adventurous, 
 jovial race, fresh from Dame Nature's hand — is evidenced by the fact 
 that within a very recent date the Yorkshiremen who have gone up 
 to the great metropolis, like many another before them, to seek their 
 livelihood, and maybe their fortune, have formed an association of their 
 own. This excellent institution for promoting good fellowship among those 
 hailing from the county of broad acres has for Patron during the present 
 year, 1901, the Duke of Cornwall and York (now H.E.H. The Prince of 
 Wales, December, 1901), and that typical Yorkshireman, Yiscount Halifax, 
 for President. The Earl of Crewe, Lord Grantley, Sir Albert K. Eollit, 
 Knt., M.P., cum multis aliis, are members. May it flourish ad midtos annos ! 
 
 81. — In the Eecord Office, Chancery Lane, London. 
 
 82. — The Earl of Northumberland was fined by the Star Chamber 
 i!30,00t>, ordered to forfeit all offices he held under the Crown, and to be 
 imprisoned in the Tower for life. He paid £11,000 of the fine, and was.
 
 "302 THE GUNrOWDER PLOT. 
 
 released in IHi'l. lie was the son of Henry Percy eiglitli Earl of 
 XorthunilM'i-lancl, and nephew of "the Blessed" Thomas Percy seventh Earl 
 of Northumberland, and of iMary Slingsby, the \\ife of Francis Slingsby, 
 •of Scriven, near Knaresbrougli. Although the Earl of Xorthuinberland 
 that was Star-Chambered was by his own declaration no papist, he was 
 looked up t(j by the English Roman Catholics as their natural leader. His 
 kinship with the conspirator, Thomas Percy, alone is usually thought to 
 have involved the Earl in this trouble; but probably the inner circle of 
 the Government knew more than they thought it policy to publish. 
 ■"Simple truth," moreover, was not this Government's "utmost skill." 
 
 Lord Montague compounded for a fine of £4,000. Guy Fawkes, for 
 a time, was a member of this peer's household. — See " CaJendar of State 
 .Papers, James /." 
 
 Lord Stourton compounded for £1,000. 
 
 Lord Mordaunt's fine was remitted after his death, which took place 
 in 160S. Robert Keyes and his wife were members of this peer's household. — 
 See " Calendar of State Papers, James I." 
 
 These three noblemen were absent from Parliament on the 5th of 
 November, no doubt having received a hint so to do from the conspirators. 
 This fact of absence the Gov'ernment construed into a cliarge of Con- 
 cealment of Treason and Contempt in not obeying the King's Summons to 
 Parliament. — See Jardine's ^'Narrative" pp. 159-164. 
 
 The Gascoignes, through whom the Earl of Northumberland and the 
 Wardes were connected, belonged to the same family as the famous Chief 
 Justice of Henry IV., who committed to prison Henry V., when "Harry 
 Prince of Wales." — See Shakespeare's " King Henry IV."' and " King 
 Henry Y." 
 
 The Gascoignes were a celebrated Yorkshire family, their seats being 
 Gawthorpe, Barnbow, and Parlington, in the West Riding. They were 
 strongly attached to their hereditary faith, and suffered much for it, from 
 the infliction of heavy fines. Like Lord William Howard, the Inglebies, 
 of Lawkland, near Bentham, the Plumptons, of Plumpton, near Knaresbrough, 
 and the Fairfaxes, of Gilling, near Amplefortli, the Gascoignes were gi-eatly 
 attached to tlie ancient Benedictine Order, which took sucli remarkable 
 root in England through St. Gregory the Great, St. Augustine, and his 
 forty missionaries, all of whom were Benedictines. — See Taunton's " 27ie 
 EiKjllsli Blade Monies of St. Benedict " (Methuen & Co.) ; also Dr. Gasquet's 
 standard work on '■■I'hujlish Monasteries" (John Hodges). 
 
 It may be, perhaps, gratifying to tlie historic feeling of my readers 
 to learu that the influence of these old Yorkshire Roman Catholic families,
 
 THE GUNPOWDEE PLOT. 363 
 
 the Gascoignes, the Inglebies, and the Plumptoiis, is still felt at Bentbam 
 ;and in the old Benedictine Missions o£ Aberford, near Barnbow, and of 
 Knaresbrongh, near picturesque Plunipton, notwithstanding that the places 
 which once so well knew the Gascoignes and the Plumptons now know 
 them no more. The present gallant Colonel Gascoigne, of Parlington, I 
 believe, is not himself descended from the Roman Catholic Gascoignes in 
 the direct male line of descent ; the Inglebies, of Lawkland, recently died 
 out ; and the Plumptons to-day are not even represented in name. 
 
 The stately Benedictine Abbey of St. Lawrence, Ampleforth, in the 
 Yale of Mowbray, will long perpetuate the memory of the Fairfaxes, of 
 Gilling ; H. C. Pairfax-Cholmeley, Esquire, J. P., of Brandsby Hall, now 
 represents this ancient family. 
 
 83. — See " Condition of Catholics under James /.," by the Eev. John 
 Morris, S.J., pp. 256, 257 (Longmans). The charge of complicity was 
 based on an alleged reception of Father John Gerard, S.J. (the friend of 
 Sir Everard Digby, and author of the contemporary Narrative of the 
 Plot), by Sir John Torke at Gowthwaite Hall, after the Gunpowder 
 Treason. Gerard left England in 1606, and there is no evidence wdiatever 
 that he had anything to do with the Plot. I do not know, for certain, 
 how Sir John Torke fared as to the upshot of his prosecution. But I 
 strongly suspect that the tradition that obtains among the dalesmen of 
 Nidderdale to the effect that the Torkes, of Gowthwaite (or Goulthwaite, 
 as it is styled in the Valley), were once heavily fined by the Star Chamber 
 for acting in the great Chamber of Gowthwaite a political play, wherein 
 the Protestant actors were worsted by the Catholic actors, sprang from 
 these proceedings against Sir John Yorke anent the Gunpowder Plot. For 
 long years after the reign of James I., the Yorkes, like the Inglebies their 
 relatives, were rigid Catholics. This ancient and honourable family of 
 Yorke is still in existence, being represented by T. E. Yorke, Esquire, J.P., 
 of Bewerley Hall, Pateley Bridge. The old home of the Yorkes, Gowthwaite 
 Hall, where doubtless many priests were harboured " in the days of perse- 
 cution," is about to be pulled do«n to make way for the Bradford Eeservoir. 
 I visited, about 1890, the charming old Hall built of grey stone, with 
 mullioned windows. A description of this historic memorial of the days 
 of Queen Elizabeth and James I. is to be seen in " Nidderdale,'' by H. 
 Speight, p. 468 (Elliot Stock) ; also in Fletcher's " Picturesque YorlcsMre "' 
 (Dent & Co.), which latter work contains a picture of tlie place, a 
 structure "rich with the spoils of time," but, alas! destined soon to be 
 
 now no more."
 
 364 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 Eipley Castle IIil' home of the iiiglebies, at the entrance to jS'idderdale 
 (truly the Switzerland of England), still rears its ancient towers, and still 
 is the roof-tree of those who worthily hear an honoured historic name for 
 ever "to historic meiuory dear." 
 
 " From Eden Vale to the I'Ut'iHa of York,' by Edinund Bogg, contains 
 sketches of lioth ]?i|)ley Castle and (Jowthwaite Hall. Lucas's '■'■ Nidderdale" 
 (Elliot Stock) is also will worth consulting for its account of the dialect 
 of this j)art of Y'orkshire which, like the West Hiding genei"all\', retains 
 strong Cymric traces. There are also British characteristics in the build 
 antl personal appearance of the people, as also in their marvellous gift 
 of song. The Leeds ^Musical Festival and its Chorus, for exauiple, are- 
 renowned throughout the whole nuisical world. 
 
 84. — It is, moreovei", possible that Mounteagle may have met bis- 
 connection, and ])rohal)ly Idnsraan, Thomas W'arde, at White Webbs, abOut 
 the year lOti:^. Mounteagle, at that time, like the Earl of Southampton 
 and the Earl of l^utlaiid, was not allowed to attend Elizabeth's Court on 
 account of his share in the Essex tumult. We was, in fact, then mixed u|> 
 with thr schemes of Father Eobert Parsons' then-expiring Spanish faction 
 amonu- the English Catholics. If a certain Thomas Grev, to whom Garnet 
 at White Webbs showed the papal breves (which the latter burnt in 1603, 
 on James I. being proclaimed King l)y applause), were the same person as 
 Sir Thomas Gray, he would be, most probably, a relative of Thomas 
 AVarde. For the Wardcs, of ^lulwith, certainly were related to a Sir 
 Thomas Gray. — See ''Life of Manj Ward^' vol. i., p. 221, where it is said 
 that, "through the Nevilles and Gascoignes," the Wards were related to 
 the families of Sir Kaljih and Sir Thomas Gray.^ . 
 
 1 Were Sir Kiiljih and Sir Thomas Gray of the Grays (or Greys), of 
 Chilliiigham, Northuiiiberlaiid ? It may be remarked that, about the year 1597-98, 
 jMarmaduke Ward and his wife and some of his family went to live in Northum- 
 bcrhmd, maybe at Ahiwick ; and as Thomas Percy was connected with Marmaduke 
 Ward, it is at least possible that IMarmaduke Ward went himself into Scotland 
 on the mission to Iving James VI. in the company of his brother-in-law, Thomas 
 Percy. 
 
 But the Wards may have gone to Chillingham about 1597-9, and not to Alnwick. 
 Sir Thomas Gray, of Chillingham, married Lady Catherine Neville, one of the 
 four daughters of Charles Neville sixth Earl of Westmoreland, whose wife was Lady 
 .lane Howard, daughter of Henry Howard luul of Svu'rey. Lady Margaret Neville 
 was married to Sir Nicholas I'udsey, of Bolton-in-Bowland, Yorkshire, I think. 
 Ijady Anne Neville was married to David Ingleby, of llipley, a cousin of Marmaduke 
 Ward and of Ursula Wright. Lady Margaret Neville conformed to the Establishment, 
 but afterwards, 1 believe, tlie lady relapsed to popery. — See the " IJntton Corres- 
 jiondence" ;Surtees Soc.^, and "Sir Itiilph Sadler's Papers," Edited by Sir Walter 
 Scott.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 3G5 
 
 As to Father Garnet showing the breves to Thonias Grey, see Foley's 
 ■*' Itecords," \o\. iv., p. ]o9, where it says: — Garnet " confesseth that in the 
 'Queen's lifetyine be received two Breet's (one was addressed by the Pope 
 to the English clergy, the other to the laity) concerning the succession, and 
 immediately upon the receipt thereof, be shewed them to Mr. Catesby and 
 Thomas Winter, then being at AVhite Webbs; whereof they seemed to be 
 very glad and showed it (sic) also unto Thomas Grey at Wiiitc A\^ebbs 
 before one of bis journies into Scotland in the late Queen's tynie.'' 
 
 It will be remembered that Thomas Percy, who married Martha 
 Wright, Ursula Warde's sister, was one of those who waited upon James 
 XL of Scotland before Elizabeth's death, in order to obtain from him a 
 promise of toleration for the unhappy Catholics. James, the English 
 Catholics declared, did then promise toleration, and they considered that 
 they had been tricked by the "weasel Scot." Fonblanque, in his '■'■Annals 
 of the House of Peroj" vol. ii., p. 254 (Clay & Sons), thinks that Percy 
 was a man of action rather than of words* and that the reason he entered 
 into the Plot was that he was stung by the reproaches of the disappointed 
 'Catholics, whom he had given to understand James intended to tolerate, 
 and that his vanity (or rather, I should say, self-love) was likewise wounded 
 at the recollection of the proved fruitlessness of his mission or missions into 
 Scotland. I think this is a very likely explanation. For. according to 
 " Winter's Confession " — see Gardiner's " Gunpowder Plot " (Longmans), 
 and Gerard's three recent works (Osgood & Co. and Harper Bros.) — 
 Thomas Percy seems to have shown a stu])endous determination " to see 
 the Plot through,'' a fact which I have always been xevy much struck 
 with. But if, in addition to other motives, Percy had the incentive of 
 *' injured pride," we have an explanation of his extraordinarily ferocious 
   anger and spirit of revenge. For well does the Latin poet of "the tale of 
 Troy divine" insist a\ itb emphasis on the fact that it was "the despised 
 beauty" — "■ spretcfrpie injuria forma)" — of Juno, the goddess, that spurred 
 her to such deathless hatred against the ill-starred house of Priam. AVhat 
 a knowledge of the springs of human acti.jn does not this portrav I 
 
 So. — Tr.leresting evidence of the connection of Mounteagle with not 
 ■only these great northern families of Preston and Leybourne (whose 
 places that once so well knew them now know them no more), but also 
 with the Lords Dacres of the Xortb and with the Earls of Arundel, is 
 ■contained in Stockdale's book on the beautiful and historic Parish of 
 ■Cartmel, on the west coast of Lancashire. " Xorth of the Sands." — See 
 •■Stockdale's " Ann'des Caermoelenses,'' p. 410, a work, 1 believe, now out
 
 306 THE GUNPOWDER I'LOT. 
 
 oF print. — Stockdale says tliut in the old llolker Hall (which seems to- 
 have heen built by George Preston, in the reign ot" James 1.), in the 
 Parish of Cartmel, there was over the mantel-piece in the entrance-hall 
 an elaborately ornamented oak-wood carving, on which were displayed, in 
 alto-relievo, twelve coats-ot'-aniis, namely: — Those of (1) King James I.,. 
 with the lioi; and unicorn as sujiporters. (2) The Preston family, younger 
 branch ; from whom, through an heiress, the Dnkes of Devonshire to-day 
 own the Ilolker estates. The younger branch of tlie Prestons, viz., those 
 of Ilolker, were probably Schismatic Catholics, or "Church-papists,"' for 
 some time, but gradually they conformed entirely to the Established 
 Church. The elder branch of the Prestons, namely, the Prestons, of the- 
 ^lanor Furness, were strict Koman Catholics. Margaret Preston was 
 married to Sir Francis Howard, of Corby, third son of Lord William 
 Howard, of Naworth. Tiie last of the Prestons, of the Manor, was Sir 
 Thomas Preston, Bart., who, in 1674, became a Jesuit at the age of 
 thirty-two. — See Foley's ^^ liecordu," vol. iv., p. 534, and vol. v., p. 358. — Sir- 
 Thomas Preston, S.J., had been twice married, but had him surviving only 
 two daughters, whom he amply jtrovided foi", and then gave his Furness 
 estates to the Society he had joined. A subsequent Act of Parliament, 
 however, defeated his intention almost entirely. (3) Arundel imj)aling 
 Dacre ; Philip Howard Earl of Arundel having married Anne Dacre, or 
 Dacres, daughter of Thomas Lord Dacres of the North. (4) Howard 
 impaling Dacre; Jjord AV'illiaui Howard having married Elizabeth Dacre, 
 or Dacres, sister to Anne Dacres Countess of Arundel and Surrey. Through 
 Elizabeth Howard, the Earls of Carlisle have the Naworth Castle and 
 llinderskelfe (or Castle Howard) estates. (5) Morley impaling Stanley; 
 Edward Parker Lord Morley having married, in the reign of Queen 
 Elizabeth, Elizabeth Stanley, only daughter of Lord Mounteagle, of Hornby 
 Castle, Lancashire (these were the ])arents of T>ord ^luunteagle, who 
 married Elizabeth Tresham). (6) Dacre impaling Leybourne, of Cunswick,. 
 near Kendal ; Thomas Lord Dacre having married Elizabeth Leybourne, 
 daughter of Sir James Leybourne, of Cunswick. (7) Stanley impaling 
 Leybourne ; AVilliam Stanley third Lord Mounteagle, of Hornby Castle, 
 having married Anne Leybourne, sister to Elizabeth Lady Dacre. (8). 
 Leybourne impaling Preston; Ellen (Stockdale by mistake says Eleanor), 
 daughter of Sir Thomas Preston, of Westmoreland and Lancashire, having 
 married Sir James Leyboui-ne, of Cunswick ; this lady afterwards married 
 Thomas Stanley second Lord Mounteagle, the father of her son-in-law%. 
 William Stanley third L(jrd Mounteagle, who married her daughter, Anne- 
 Li'vlxinrne, and who was the grandfather of Lord Mounteagle, who
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 307 
 
 married Elizabeth Ti'eshani. (9) Cavendish impaling Keighley ; AVilliam 
 Cavendish fiist Earl of Devonshire having married Anne Keighley, 
 daughter of >Sir Henry Iveighlej, of Keighley, Torks. (10) Keighley 
 impalhig Carus ; Henry Keighley, of Keighley, having married Mary Cams, 
 daughter of Sir Thomas Carus, of Kirkby Lonsdale. (11 J Carus impaling 
 Preston ; Sir Thomas Carus, of Kirkby Lonsdale, having married Catherine 
 Preston, daughter of Sir Thomas Preston, about the reign of Philip and 
 Mary. (12) Middleton impaling Carus: Edward Middleton, of Middleton 
 Hall (who died in 1599), having married Mary, daughter of Sir Thomas 
 Carus, of Kirkby Lonsdale.^ 
 
 Fittingly does that great master of English, Erederic Harrison, 
 quote approving!}-, in his charming book, " Annals of an Old Manor 
 House" {i.e., Sutton Place, Guildford, the home of the Westons, and the 
 dwelling, for a time, of the above-mentioned Anne Dacres Countess of 
 Arundel and Surrey — that queenly Elizabethan woman), the words of a 
 historian-friend of his : " Sink a shaft, as it were, in some chosen spot in 
 the annals of England, and you will come upon much that is neveY found 
 in the books of general histor}-." The late Robert Steggall, of Lewes, 
 wrote a fine poem in blank verse on "the Venerable"' Philip Howard Earl 
 of Arundel and Surrey, the husband of Anne Dacres. It appeared in 
 " The Month " some years ago. 
 
 86. — The beautiful and pathetic " Lament," so well known to Scotsmen 
 under the title of " The Flowers of the Forest," was penned to express- 
 " the lamentation, mourning, and woe " that filled the historic land of 
 "mountain and of flood,"' on the tidings reaching "brave, bonnie Scot- 
 land" of the "woeful fight" of Flodden Field. At the funeral of that 
 gallant soldier and fine Scotsman, the late General "NVauchope. of the 
 Kegiment known as the Black AVatch, the pipers played this plaintive air, 
 "The Flowers of the Forest." Who does not hope that those funereal 
 
 1 The arms of Lord Mounteagle were az., between two bars, sa., charged 
 with three bezants, a lion passant, gu., in chief three bucks' heads caboshed of the 
 second. 
 
 The title Morley and Mounteagle is now in abeyance — see Burke's " Extinct 
 Peerages"— since the year 1GS6, the reign of James II. 
 
 The last Lord IMorley and IMounteagle died without issue. The issue of two 
 aunts of the deceased baron were his representatives. One aunt was Katheriue, who 
 married John Savage second Earl of Elvers, and had issue ; the other aunt was 
 Elizabeth, who married Edward Crantield. 
 
 The present Earl of Morley, Chairman of Committees of the House of Lords, 
 though a Parker, is of the Parkers of Devonshire, a diiferent family from the 
 Parkers of Essex.
 
 3G8 THE GUXrOWDER PLOT. 
 
 ■strains idhv be ])n»[)hetic that, through the i)o\ver of far-siglitcd wisdom, 
 hiiiuan syinpatliy, and the healiii<^ hand of Time, there may be a 
 reconc'iHation as real and deep and true betwixt Enghind's kinsman-foe of 
 to-day and herself as there is betwixt liersolf and Iwv kinsman-foe of the 
 year lol3 — the year of Flodden Field I 
 
 See also Professor Aytoun's " Edhiburgh after Flodden," in his '' Lai/s 
 of the Scottish Cavaliers "' (Routledge & Sons) ; also, of course, Sir Walter 
 Scott's well-known " Marmion."' 
 
 87. — It should be remembered that Baines says that Nichols, in his 
 *'■ Progresses of James /.," describes Hornby ("astle in Yorkshire, by mistake, 
 for the one in Lancashire. 
 
 The sunny, lialmy, health-gi\ing watering-place of Grange-over-Sands, 
 built at i\w. foot of Tewbarrow, a pine-clad, hazel-loving fell, " by 
 Kent sand-side," is in the ancient Parish of Cartmel ; and, in connection 
 with the family of Lord Mounteagle, the following will l)e read with 
 interest by those wlu) are privileged to know that golden land of tlie 
 westering sun, tlie paradise of the weak of cliest. 
 
 About three miles from the (Grange— so called because here was 
 formerly a Grange, or House, for the storing of grain by the Friars, (jr 
 black Canons, of the Augustinian Priory at Cartmel — is tlie square Peel 
 Tower knowii as W'raysholme Tower. in the windows of t\w old tower 
 were formerly arms and crests of the Harrington and Stanley families. A 
 few miles to the west of Cartmel were Adlingham and Gleaston, ancient 
 possessions of the Hai'ringtons, which likewise became a portion of the 
 Mounteagles' Hornby Castle estates. All this ])ortion of the north of 
 England abdunded in adherents of the ancient faith up to al)out tlie time 
 of the Gunpowder Plot. The Duke of (Juise had planned that the 
 Spanish Annada should disembark at tlie large and commodious port of 
 the Pile of Fouldrey, in the Parish of l)a!ton-in-Furness, " North of the 
 Sands."' This rock (jf the Pile of Fouldrey, from w hicli the port took its 
 name, was not only near Adlingham and (ileaston, but also near the 
 Manor Furness, tlie seat of the elder branch of tlu^ Prestons, fi-om wliom 
 Mounteagle. on his mother's side, was descended.' 
 
 ' William I'arkcr fourth Lord ^lounteagle's great-great-uncle, James Leybourne 
 (or Labourn), of Cunswitk and Skclsmorgh, in the County of Westmoreland, was 
 hanged, drawn, and quartered by Queen Klizabeth, in the year 1583. — See " Tlie 
 Acts of the English Martyrs," by the Rev. J. H. Pollen, S.'j. (Burns & Gates).— 
 James Leybourne is not reckoned " a Catholic martyr " by Cballoner, because he 
 denied that Klizabeth was "his lawful Queen." There has been a doubt as to where
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 3G9 
 
 88. — The exact relationship of Marmaduke Ward and Thomas Warde 
 to Sir Christopher Ward has been not yet traced out. Sir Christopher 
 Ward was the last of the Wards in the direct line. He died in the year 
 3 521, but left no male heir. His eldest daughter, Anne, married Francis 
 Xeville, of Thornton Bridge, in the Parish of Brafferton, near Borough- 
 bridge ; his second daughter, Johanna, married Edward Musgrave, of 
 AYestmoreiand ; and his third daughter, Margaret, married John Lawrence, 
 of Bai'ley Court (probably near St, Dennis' Church), York. A grand- 
 daughter married a Francis Neville, of Holt, in Leicestershire. — But see 
 the " Plumpton Correspondence " (Camden Soc), 
 
 1 find that, along with Thomas Hallat, one Edmund Ward was 
 Wakeman (or Mayor) of Eipon, in 1524, He is described as " Gentleman," 
 He may have been the grandfather, or even possibly the father, of 
 Marmaduke and Thomas Ward, — Concerning the Ward family down to Sir 
 Christopher Ward, see Slater's " Giiiseleij ,'' Torks. (Hamilton Adams), 
 and the " Life of Mary TFarcZ," vol. i., p. 102, — There is still to be found 
 the name Edmund Ward at Thornton Bridge (June, 1901) ; possibly of 
 the same family as the Wards of the sixteenth century ; for Christian 
 names run in families for generations. 
 
 It is, however, possible that the name of the father of Marmaduke 
 and Thomas Ward may have been Marmaduke, For I find an entry in 
 the Eipon Eegisters, under date the 16fch December, 1594, of the l^urial 
 of " Susannay wife of Marmaduke Wayrde of Newby,"' (At least, so I 
 read the entry,) When this Marmaduke died 1 do not know. Nor, 
 indeed, have I been able to ascertain when Marmaduke, the father of 
 Mary Ward, died. It is probable that Marmaduke Ward, the younger, 
 sold the Newby estate prior to 1614. At what date the Mulwith 
 and Givendale estates were sold, I cannot say. Possibly R, C, De 
 Grey Vyner, Esquire, of Newby Hall, their present owner, may know. In 
 vol. iii. of the '■'■Memorials of liipon'' (Surtees Soc.) occur the names of 
 
 this gentleman suffered -'a traitor's death." Baines says that he was executed at 
 Lancaster, that his head was exposed on ilanchester Church steeple, and that 
 prior to his execution Leybourne was imprisoned in the Kew Fleet, ^Manchester. 
 This is probably a correct statement of the case. Burke, however, in his " Tudor 
 Portraits" (Hodges, London), says that Leybourne was executed at Preston. Though 
 a minute point, it would be interesting to know whal; the truth of the matter is. 
 
 There is a marble tablet on the north wall of the east end of the fine old 
 Parish Church of Kendal, to the memory of John Leybourne, Esquire, the last of 
 his race, and formerly owners of Cunswick, Skelsmergh, and Witherslack Halls. 
 The tablet bears the arms of the Leybournes, and shows that the last male repre- 
 sentative of this ancient Westmoreland family died on the 9th December, 1737, 
 aged sixty-nine years, evidently reconciled to the faith of his ancestors.
 
 370 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 Edmund AVard and Ealjili ^'ard, botli as paying dues for lands in Skelton 
 (p. 333). Also the "Fabric Eoll for ].")42" (in tlio same work) lias the 
 name Marmaduke AVard. This would be the liusband of Susannay, who 
 died in 1594, ])robably. So that, most likely, Marmaduke and Susannay 
 Ward were the parents of Maiunaduke Ward and Thomas Ward, if the 
 latter were brothers, as it is practically certain tliey were. 
 
 I am inclined, on the wjjole, to think that Juhnund Ward cannot 
 have been the father to Marmaduke and Thomas Ward, though he may 
 have been their grandfather. There is a curious reference to, most 
 probably, this Edmund Ward, in the " Plumpton Correspondence" pp. 
 185, 186 (Camden Soc.) ; 1)ut it sheds no light on this question of the 
 parentage of any of the Wards. Erom Slater's " I/isior)/ of Guiseley *' it 
 is evident that a branch of the Wards settled at Scotton, near Knaresbrough. 
 
 Miss Pullein, of Rotherfield Manor, Sussex, a relative of the PiiUeins, 
 of Scotton, tells me that in tlie "Subsidy Eoll for 1379" the names occur: — 
 "Johannes AVarde et ux ej. ijs. Tho. AA^'arde et ux ej. vjd .Toliaiines fil. 
 Thomae AVai'de iiij d."' So that the names John and Thomas were evidently 
 hereditary in the various branches of the AVardes, of Givendale and Esholt. 
 (18th April, 1901.) 
 
 89. — From the '■'Authorised Discotwse," or '' Kiiufs Bool\'' we learn 
 that the King returned from Eoyston on Tliursday, the 31st day of 
 October; that on 'Friday, All Hallows" Day, Salisbury showed James the 
 Letter in the "gallerie" of the palace at AVhitehali. On the following day,. 
 Saturday, the 2nd of November, Salisbury and the Earl of Suli'olk, the 
 Lord Chamberlain, saw the King in the same " gallerie,"' when it was 
 arranged that the Chamberlain should view all the Parliament Houses both 
 above and below. This "viewing" or "perusing'" of the vault or cellar 
 under the House of Lords took place on the following Monday afternoon 
 by Suifolk and jMounteagle, when they saw Fawkes, wlio styled himself 
 " John Johnson,"' servant to Thomas Percy, m ho had hired the house 
 adjoining the Parliament House and the aforesaid cellar also. 
 
 Now, Mounteagle, almost certainly, nuist have known that there 
 would be tliis second conference with the King on this Saturday, and 
 from what Mounteagle (ex hypothesi) had said to Tresham about " the 
 mine," Tresham would have concluded that what Mounteagle knew, 
 Salisbury would be soon made to know, and, through Salisbury's speeches,, 
 the King. My o]niii()n is that Mounteagle saw and spolce to Tresham 
 between the conference of the King, Suffolk, and Salisbury (Mounteagle 
 being made acquainted willi, by either Suffolk or Salisbury, if he were
 
 THE GUNPOWDER TLOT. 371 
 
 not actually an auditor of, all that had passed), and the meeting with 
 Winter in Lincoln's Inn Walks, on the night of that same Saturday, 
 !N^ovember the 2nd. 
 
 90. — See " Winter's Confession," Gardiner, pp. 67 and 68. 
 
 This meeting on the Saturday was behind St. Clement's. At this 
 meeting Christopher Wright was present. Query — What did he say ? 
 And in whose Declaration or Confession is it contained ? If in one of 
 Fawkes", then wliich ? Possibly it may have been at this meeting that 
 Christopher Wright recommended the conspirators to take flight in 
 difPerent directions. It is observable that, so far as I am aware, Christopher 
 Wright and John AVright do not appear to have expressed a wish that 
 any particular nobleman should be warned, except Arundel. Whereas 
 !Fawkes w ished jMontague ; Percy, Northumbei'land ; Keyes, Mordaunt ; 
 Tresham was " exceeding earnest '' for Stourton and Mounteagle ; whilst 
 all wished Lord Arundel to be advertised. Arundel was created Earl of 
 Norfolk by Charles T. in 1644. 
 
 (Since writing the above, I have ascertained that there is no report 
 in any of Guy Pawkes' Confessions of tliis statement of Christopher 
 Wright, nor in his written "Confessions" does Fawkes refer to his own 
 mother.) 
 
 91. — "■Labile temjms" — the motto inscribed over the entrance of the 
 fine old Elizabethan mansion-house situate at Heslington, near York, the 
 seat of the Lord Deramore, formerly belonging to a member of the great 
 Lancashire family of Hesketh, of Mains Hall, Poulton-in-the-Pylde, and 
 Eufford. Edmund Neville, one of the suitors of Mary Ward, was brought 
 up with the Heskeths, of Eufford. In 1581 the Mains Hall branch of 
 the Heskeths harboured Campion. 
 
 92. — As a fact, the Government did not know of the mine, according 
 to Dr. Gardiner, even on Thursday, the 7th of November, but certainly 
 they did know, says Gardiner, by Saturday, the 9th. — See Gardiner's 
 " Gunpowder Plot," p. 31. — Probably tlje entrance to the mine was sealed 
 up. No useful jnirpose would be served by either Mounteagle or Ward 
 telling the Government about the mine, which then was an "extinct 
 volcano." 
 
 93. — The exact words of Lingard are these : — " Winter sought a 
 second interview with Tresham at his house in Lincoln's Inn Walks, and
 
 372 THE GUNPOWDEll PLOT. 
 
 returucd to Catesby with the t'()lh)\ving iinswer : Tliat tlie existence of 
 the mine had been coniiiuinicated to tlie Ministers. Tliis Tresbaui said be 
 knew ; but by wliom the discovery had been made he knew not." 
 
 Liiigard does not give his authority, but pi(il)ab]y he got the 
 material for tliis important ]jassage from " Gi-eena(i>i'.s { rn-e Tcsimoiid's) 
 MS." It IS an historical desideratum that this MS. shuuhl be jniblisbed. 
 !MounteagIe, conceivably, may have falsely told Treshain that the Govern- 
 ment already knew of the mine, in order to alarm him the more 
 effectually; but, most probably, it was an inference that Tresham himself 
 erroneously drew from Mounteagle's words, wliatever may have been their 
 precise nature. jMounteagle possibly said something al)out '' the mine," 
 and that the Parliament Houses wouhl bo with miiiutcness searched far 
 and near. Tins would be quite sufficient to inflame the already heated 
 imagination of Tresham, and \w would readily enough leap forth to the 
 conclusion that the "mine'" must be for certain known to the Government. 
 
 One can almost feel the heart-beats of tlie distraught Tresham as one 
 reads the i-elation of his second interview with "Winter. 'J'ben from the 
 pulsations of one human heart, O, l-lartb's governors and ye governed, 
 learn all. For the study of true llistoiy is big with mighty lessons and 
 "he that hath ears let him hear." Let him hear tliat Truth and Kight, 
 although each is, in its essential nature, a simple unity, and therefore 
 imperially exclusive in its claims, and therefore intolerant of plurality, of 
 multiplicity, of diversity, yet that each of these high attributes of the 
 eternal and the ideal is the mistress not only of man's god-like intellect, 
 but also of bis heart and will. And tliese two faculties are likewise of 
 divine original and have severally a voice which jerpetually bids man, 
 poor wounded man, "be pitiful, be courteous" to his fellows. Yov human 
 life at best is " hard," is " brief," and " piercing are its sorro\\s." 
 
 94. — The meeting between Catesby, Winter, and Tresham, at Barnet, on 
 the road to White AVebbs, was on Friday, the 1st of Xovember, the day 
 the Letter was shown to the King. 
 
 95. — Or, Mounteagle may have thought that, as it would be meritorious 
 in Percy supposing lie had sent the Letter, he (Mounteagle) would expressly, 
 in the hearing of Suffolk, give Percy the benefit of the doubt; since it 
 might stand his old friend in good stead hereafter if I'ercy were involved 
 in the meshes of the law for the part that, J hold, Mounteagle hif 
 Christopher Wright throwjh Thomas Warde then Icnew for a fact, Percy, and 
 indeed all hi"< confcdci-ates, had taken in the nefai-ious enterprise. Such a
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 373 
 
 train of thought may have flashed tlirough Mounteagle's brain well-nigh 
 instantaneously: for what is quicker than thought? I suspect, moreover, 
 that Mounteagle conjectured that the Letter was from one of AVarde's and 
 his own connections ; for Percy, as well as the Wrights, would be a con- 
 nection of Mounteagle, through the Stanleys, Percies, Gascoignes, Nortons, 
 Nevilles, and, AVardes, who were all more or less allied by marriages entered 
 into within the last few generations. Percy would be about Thomas 
 AA^arde's own age (forty-six). ' 
 
 I do not, however, think that Mounteagle knew for certain who was 
 the revealing conspirator ; and his lordship would not want to know either. 
 Besides, I hold that AVarde would be too good a diplomatist and too 
 faithful a servant to suffer his master to know, even if he had wanted. 
 "Say 'little' is a bonnie word," would be a portion of the diplomatic 
 vi'isdom that AVarde would carry Avith him up to the great metropolis from 
 bis " native heather " of Yorkshire. / ; 
 
 96. — Ben .Tonson was "reconciled"' to the Church of Eome either in 
 1593 or 1594. After, and probably on account of, the Plot he left the 
 Church, wliose "exacting claims" he had "on trust" accepted. Possibly 
 it was under the influence of Jonsons example that Mounteagle wrote the 
 letter to the King, given in the Rev. John Gerard's " What was the Gun- 
 powder Plot?''' p. 25G. Mounteagle, however, died in the Church of Eome, 
 and the Article in the " National Dictionary of Bior/raphy " says that he had 
 a daughter a nun. Belike, she was a member of the Institute of " The 
 Eufrlish A'irgins," for the name " Parker *' is mentioned in Chambers" " Life 
 of Mary Ward." ^ There has been recently (1900) published a smaller 
 " Life of Mary Ward,'' by M. Mary Salome (Burns & Gates), with a 
 Preface by Bishop Iledley, O.S.B., which should be read by those not 
 desirous of possessing the more costly work by Mary Catharine Elizabeth 
 Chambers, in 2 vols. (Burns & Gates), with a Preface by the late Henry 
 James Coleridge, S.J. (brother to the late Lord Coleridge). May I express 
 
 1 Whilst it is possible that the " Parker " mentioned in the " Life of Mary 
 Ward " was one of Lord Mounteagle's daughters, I find, from a statement in Foley's- 
 "■Records,'" vol. v. (by a contemporary hand, I think), that "Lord Morley and 
 Mounteagle," as he is styled, had a daughter who was " crooked," and who was an 
 Augustinian nun. Her name was Sister Frances Parker. Her father is said to have 
 given his consent to this daughter becoming a nun " after much ado." Lady Morley 
 and Mounteagle, a strict papist, brought up the children Roman Catholics. — See 
 Foley's " Records,'" vol. v., p. 973. — The same writer is of opinion that Mounteagle 
 was not a Roman Catholic. Evidently he was a very lax one, and between the Plot 
 and the time of his death he probably conformed to the Establishment.
 
 374 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 the hope that these two learned authoresses will cause the Ward Papers, at 
 Nyraphenburg, near Munich, in Germany (that are extant), to be carefully 
 examined afresh to see if thev contain aiivthing about Thomas Warde, 
 Mary's uncle, and anything further about her connection, through tbe 
 Throckmortons and Nevilles, the Lord Mounteagle ? By so doing, they 
 will cause to be obliged to them all serious students of the Gunpowder 
 Plot, which is of perennial interest and value to human beings, whether 
 governors or governed, by reason of the intellectual, moral, and political 
 lessons that with tbe truest eloquence — the eloquence of Fact — it teaches 
 mankind for all time. 
 
 97. — Born Lord Thomas Howard, brother to Lord William Howard, 
 of IVaworth, near Carlisle. — For an interesting account of the Tudor 
 Howards, see Burke's '■'■Tudor Portraits" (Hodges); also Lodge's '■'■Portraits" 
 and " Memorials of the House of Howard^ 
 
 98. — Did Mounteagle likewise behold Fawkes ? If so, his self-command 
 apparently was extraordinary; for, almost certainly, Mounteagle must have 
 met Fawkes at White Webbs, if not at the Lord Montague's and elsewhere. 
 Fawkes was so strict and regular in his habits and deportment that he 
 was thought to be a priest or a Jesuit (I suppose, a Jesuit lay-brother). 
 That Tesimond should think that part of the " Kings Booh " fabulous 
 which describes this " perusing of the vault " and finding of Fawkes, is 
 just what I should expect Tesimond, erroneously, would think ; inasmuch 
 as this particular Jesuit would naturally enough consider it to be simply 
 incredible that Mounteagle should not have displayed some outward token, 
 however slight, of recognising Fawkes, who would be sure to carry with 
 him his characteristic air of calm and high distinction, even amid " the 
 wood and coale " of his " master " Thomas Percy. But Tesimond did not 
 know Avhat a perfect tutoring Mounteagle had received from his mentor 
 to qualify him to ])lay so well his part in life at this supreme juncture. 
 Thomas AVard was evidently a consummate diplomatist. If he had been 
 trained under AValsingham he would certainly " know a thing or two." 
 
 99. — It is to be remembered that, for the first time, the powder was 
 found by Knevet and his men about midnight of Monday, the 4th of 
 November. Previous to, possibly, late in the day of the 4th of November, 
 I do not think that Salisbury and Suffolk knew any more about the 
 existence of this powder than " the man in the moon." Such ignorance 
 on their part redounded to their great discredit, and would be, doubtless,
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 375 
 
 ■duly noted by the small and timid, yet sharp, mind of James. Ijiit the 
 Country's confidence in the Government had to be maintained at all costs ; 
 hence the comical, side-glance, slantingdicular, ninny-pinny way in which 
 the " King's Bool-" for the most part, is drawn up. A re-publication of 
 the " Kimjs Boole,"' and of " The Fawlceses, of Yovlc^' by K. Davies, some- 
 time Town Clerk of York (Nichols, 1850), are desiderata to the historical 
 student of the Gunpowder Plot. 
 
 I readily allow that it is difficult to believe that neither Salisbury, 
 nor Suffolk, nor an3'body (not even a bird-like-eyed Dame Quickly of 
 busy-bodying propensities residing in the neighbourhood) knew of this 
 powder, which had been (at least some of it) in Percy's house and an 
 out-house adjoining tlie Parliament House. Still, even if they did know 
 (whether statesmen or housewife) of the Gunpowder, it does not follow, 
 either in fact or in logic, that they knew of the Gunpowder Plot. For 
 they might reasonably enough conclude that the ammunition was to carry 
 out " the practice for some stir " which Salisbury admits that he knew 
 the recusants had in hand at that Parliament. — See " Winwood^s 
 Memorials" Ed. 1725, vol. ii., p. 72. — ^ Moreover, for such a purpose, in 
 the natural order of things, I take it, the powder would be brought in 
 first, then the shot, muskets, armour, swords, daggers, pikes, crossbows, 
 arrows, and other ordnance. {The barrels, empty or nearly so, ivould he 
 carried in Jtrst.) 
 
 Sir Thomas Knevet, of Norfolk, was created Baron Knevett, of 
 Escrick, near York, in 1607. He died without male issue. He went to 
 the Parliament House on the night of November 4th, 1605, as a Justice 
 of the Peace for AVestminster. — See Nichols' " Progresses of James /.," 
 vol. i., p. 582. — ^Escrick is now the seat of the Lord Wenlock. 
 
 100.— '' Hatfield 318.," 110, 30. Quoted in the Rev. J. H. Pollen's 
 S.J., thoughtful and learned booklet, entitled " FatJier Garnet and the 
 ■Gunpowder Plot *' (Catholic Truth Society's publication, London). 
 
 101.— See Jardine's Letter to Sir Henry Ellis, K.H., E.E.S., Eeb., 
 1841, in " Archceologia," vol. xxix., p. 100. This letter should be carefully 
 read by every serious student of the Plot. 
 
 102. — Sir William Stanley, of Hooton (in that strip of Cheshire 
 between the Mersey and the Dee), was not seen by Eawkes between 
 Easter and the end of August, 1605, when Eawkes went over to Elanders 
 for the last time in his career so adventurous and so pathetic. Sir
 
 376 THE GUN^O^YDER PLOT. 
 
 AVilliam knew nothing of I lie Gunpowder Plot, It was said that lie 
 surrendered Deventer in pursuance of the counsel of Captain Roland 
 Torke, who to the Spaniards had himself surrendered Zutphen Sconce. 
 These surrenders to the Spaniards on the part of two English gentlemen 
 were strange pieces of husiness, and one \\ould like the whole question to 
 be thorough!}' and severely searched into again. As to lluland Yorke, 
 see Camden's " Queen Elizabeth.'' 
 
 Cai)tain liolund Yorke, like his patron Sir William Stanley, was an 
 able soldier. lie held a position of command in the Battle of Zutphen, 
 in which the Bayard of English chivalry, Sir Philip Sidney, received his 
 death wound. — See the '■'Earl of Leicester's Correspondence" (Camden Soc). — 
 Sidney's widow (the daughter of Sir Francis Walsingham) afterwards 
 married Bobert second Earl of Essex. She became a Boman Catholic, 
 like her kinsman, the gifted and engaging Father Walsingham, S.J. 
 Frances AValsingham, the only child of Sir Francis Walsingham, became a 
 Catholic, I think, through her third niaiTiage \\\i\\ Bichard l)e Burgh fourth 
 Earl of Claiiiicarde, afterwards Earl of St. Albans. He was also known 
 as Bichard of Kinsale and Lord Dunkellin. lie was an intimate friend 
 of the Earl of Essex and of Father Gerard, S.J., the friend of Mary 
 Ward. 
 
 It would be interesting if Major Hume, or some other authority on 
 the reign of Queen Elizabeth, could ascertain A\hether or not there was a 
 Thomas Wardc in the diplomatic service during the "Eighties" of her 
 reign. Certainly there was a Thomas Warde in the service of the 
 Government then. I am almost sure that the "Mr. AVarde " mentioned 
 by AValsingham, in his letter to the Earl of Leicester, must have been 
 this Thomas AVarde, and one and the same man with Thomas AA'^arde, of 
 Mulwaith (or Mulwith). It is to be remembered, too, that the (uinpowder 
 conspirator, Thomas AVinter, had served in the Queen's forces against the 
 Spanish King for a time. The names Bowland Yorke, Thomas A^avasour, 
 Sir Thomas lleneage, and Thomas AVinter are very suggestive of the 
 circle in which a A\\arde, of Mulwith, Newby, and Givendale, would move. 
 Besides, there was a family connection between the Parkers, Poyntzes, 
 and lleneages. — See " Visitation of Essea\ 1612'' (Ilarleian Soc), under 
 " Poyntz." 
 
 Moreover, it must be continually borne in mind that Father 
 Tesimond (alias Greenway), in his hitherto unprinted MS., declares that 
 Mounteagle was related to some of the plotters. " Greenway s MS.," 
 according to Jardine's " Narrative," \\ i*L\ also says that Thomas AVard 
 Avas an intimate friend of several of the conspirators, and suspected to
 
 THE GUNrOWDER PLOT. 377 
 
 have been an accomplice in the treason. Tluit would imply that Ward 
 was suspected to have had at least a Inoivledge of the treason. 
 
 103. —Mary AV'ard, tlie daughter of Marmaduke Ward and Ursula 
 Wright, lived with her grandmother, Mi's. Ursula Wright {nee lludston, 
 of Hayton, in Ihe East ]lidiiig of Yoi'kshire), between the years 1589-94 
 at Plowland (or Plewland) Hall, llolderness, Torkshire ; and between the 
 years 1597-1600 at Harewell Hall, in the township of Dacre, Nidderdale, 
 with her kinswoman, Mrs. Katerine Ardington [nee Tngleby). Mrs. Ardington, 
 as well as Mrs. Ursula AVright, had suffered imprisonment for her 
 profession of the ancient faith, AV"e have a relation by Mary Ward 
 herself of her grandmother's incarceration, which is as follows : — Mrs. 
 Wright " had in her younger years suffered imprisonment for the space of 
 fourteen years together, in which time she several times made profession 
 of her faith before the President of York (the Earl of Huntingdon) and 
 other officers. She was once, for her speeches to the said Huntingdon, 
 tending to the exaltation of the Catholic religion and contempt of heresy, 
 thrust into a common prison or dungeon, amongst thieves, where she 
 stayed not long because, being nnich spoken of, it came to the hearing of 
 her kindred, who procured her speedy removal to the Castle prison where 
 she was before." — See Chambers' '''■Life of Mary Ward,'^ vol. i., ]i. 13. 
 
 This common prison or dungeon would be, it is all but certain, the 
 Kidcote, the common prison for the City of York and that portion of 
 Yorkshire between the E-ivers Wharfe and Ouse known as the Ainsty of 
 the City of York. This dungeon was, according to Gent's " Jlistori/ of 
 Yorl:,'' under the York City Council Chamber on Old Ouse Bridge, to the 
 westward of St. William's Chapel. — See also J. B. Milburn's "^ 3Iarti/r 
 of Old Tori- " (Burns & Oates). — The Old Ouse Bridge was pulled down 
 in 1810. — See Allen's '■'■History of Yorlcshirer — After the Kidcote was 
 demolished, the Y'ork City prison called the Gaol, likewise now demolished 
 (1901), was built on Bishophill, near the Old Bailie Hill. The 
 prison for the County of Yorkshire was the Castle built by AVilliam 
 the Conqueror, the tower of which, called Clifford's Tower, on an artificial 
 mound, is still standing. There was, moreover, in York, a third prison 
 into which the unhappy popish recusants, as appears from Morris's 
 " Troubles,^'' were sometimes consigned. This was the Bishop's prison, 
 commonly called Peter Prison. The writer is told by Mr. AVilliam 
 Camidge, a York antiquary of note, that Peter Prison stood at the 
 corner of Precentor's Court, Petergate, near to the west front of the 
 Minster. Mr. Camidge remembers Peter Prison being used as a Citv
 
 378 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 lock-up prison about the year 1836, soon after which year it was pulled 
 down. The late Mr. Richard Ilaughton, of York, showed the writer; about 
 Easter, 1899, a sketch of this interesting old prison, a sketch which Mr. 
 Haughton had himself made. The building was a plain square erection, 
 the door of which was reached by a flight of stone steps. 
 
 Again, we are told— " Zi/e of Mary Wurd^^ vol. i., p. 17 — that one 
 <lay Mary came to her grandmother, " who was singing some hymns," and 
 the child asked the old lady whether she would not send " something 
 again to the prisoners," a question, we are told, which "pleased" Mrs. 
 Wright " very much."' 
 
 Lastly, the gifted daughter of Marmaduke Ward, and the niece of 
 Thomas Ward, bears this striking testimony concerning one aspect of her 
 aged relative's gracious life, tliat "so great a prayer was she" that dvu-ing 
 the whole five years that tlie child lived with her grandmother, the most 
 of which time she lodged in the same chamber, she " did not remember in 
 that whole five years she ever saw her grandmother sleep, nor did she 
 ever awake when she perceived her not at prayer" (p. 15). 
 
 104. — Maybe Christopher Wright, from his earliest school-days, had 
 with reverence looked up to Edward Oldcorne, for the latter was the 
 senior of the former by no less than ten years, so that when Oldcorne 
 was a clever youth of fifteen years Christopher would be a little fellow of 
 five, " with his satchel and shining morning-face," though we may be 
 permitted to hope that little Kit Wright did not " creep like snail 
 unwillingly to school." For it was at a school second to none in England 
 that the future ill-fated Torkshireman learned to con his "/lit:, hcec, Jioc."' 
 It was a school originally founded by Egbert, Archbishop of York, in the 
 eighth century, and which, as the Cathedral (xrammar School, had been 
 rendered famous by Alcuin himself, the tutor of Charlemagne. Jt was a 
 school re-founded and re-endowed in the Horse Eayre, now Union Terrace, 
 on the left hand side going down Gillygate, outside Bootham Bar, by 
 King Philip and Queen Mary, especially for the training of priests for 
 the northern parts. — See in Leach's " Endowed Schools of Yorlcshire " for 
 an account concerning St. Peters School, Clifton, York, but no register of 
 scholars of this ancient seat of learning now exists prior to the year 
 1828. (Title deeds and writings lent by Mrs. INIartha Lancaster, of York, 
 liave enabled me to identify the site of the old school.) 
 
 It is, I take it, fiu-thermore possible that Edward Oldcorne may 
 have taught Christopher Wright ; and if the relation of pedagogue and scholar 
 ever subsisted between them, a bond of mutual regard would be created 
 which the lapse of long years would not weaken. Eor an account of the
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 379 
 
 iind of education given in a Grammar School in " the spacious days of 
 ■Good Queen Bess,'" see Dr. Elze's " X(/y: of SliaTcespeare" (Bell & Sons), 
 also H. W. Mabie's very recent and able American '■'•Life of Shalcespeare" 
 (Macmillan). 
 
 105. — " Surgam, et iho ad patrem maim, et dicam el : Pater, peccavi in 
 ■ccelum et coram te .' " " I will arise."' 
 
 106. — Possibly the Earl of Xorthumberland. He was (it will be 
 remembered) the son of Henry the eighth Earl, and nephew to "the 
 Blessed" Thomas Percy the seventh Earl, and likewise nephew to Mary 
 Slingsby, of Scriveii, Knaresbrough. Sir Kenelm Digby, the eldest son of 
 Sir Everard Digby, married the beautiful Venetia Stanley, who uas 
 descended from "the Blessed" Thomas Percy. The helmet and gauntlets 
 of this nobleman were kept at the handsome old Church of St. Crux, in 
 The Pavement, York, which was pulled down a few years ago. Thomas 
 Longueville, Esquire, of Llanforda Hall, Oswestry, Salop, through the Lady 
 Yenetia Digby, is descended from " the Blessed " Thomas Percy, as are 
 several other families, including the Peacocks, of Bottesford Manor, 
 Lincolnshire, I believe. Mr. Longueville is the learned author of the 
 *^ Lives" of his ancestors, Sir Everard and Sir Kenelm Digby. 
 
 107. — We know that on the oth day of October, tv/o days after the 
 prorogation of Parliament, Christopher Wright quitted his lodging, in Spur 
 Alley, where he had been for eighteen days prior to the 5th October. — 
 See " Evidence of Dorathie Eobinson," p. 128 ante. 
 
 108. — John AVright was acknowledged to be one of the most expert 
 swordsmen of his time. He was commonly known as " Jack Wright,"' 
 and his brother as "Kit Wright." Father Garnet says, in a voluntary 
 statement that he made in the Tower — Foley's ''Records,'' vol. iv., p. 157 — 
 "'These are not God's knights, but the devil's knights.' And related 
 how Jack Wright had sent a challenge by Thomas Winter to a gentle- 
 man." The duel, however, did not come off, though Winter measui'ed 
 swords. Winter appears to have fulfilled the happy office of peace-maker 
 on the occasion. (What "strange mixtures" these English and Yorkshire 
 papist gentlemen were, to be sure ! ) 
 
 109. — See Article in '•'•National Dictionary of Biography'" on "John 
 Wright " (citing Camden in " Birch Original Letters ") second series, vol. iii., 
 p. 179.
 
 380 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 110. — Afterwards the great A'iscount Verulam, commonly known as 
 Lord Bacon. Bacon's particular friend and familiar was Sir Toby Matthews, 
 the eldest son of Dr. Tobias Matthews, in IGOG created Archbishop of 
 York. Sir Toby translated Bacon's ^^Exsays" into Italian. — See 
 Spedding's ^^ Life of Bacon,'' and Alban Butler's '•Life of Matthews." — 
 Sir Toby Matthe\\s (in the I'ebruary of 160.5-G, just after the Plot) was 
 converted to popery by Father Kobert Parsons, wXw was then at the 
 Englisli College, Home ; and Matthews' was, witliout doubt, the most 
 remarkable and interesting of all the conversions effected by that strong- 
 minded and most able Jesuit. Parsons' intellect was one of marvellous 
 range, reach, versatility, and power. He was a spiritual or mystical man 
 in his way, too ; but his spirituality or mysticism not seldoui failed 
 to control his action in daily life. It was shut up, as it were, in a water- 
 tight compartment. This [me Jndice) suras up, approximately, the truth 
 about Parsons. Of all the men in Europe, Parsons was the man Burleigh,. 
 Walsingham, and Salisbury most feared. lie died in 101 0. A really 
 impartial Life of Parsons, if possible, by a learned lawyer and politician, 
 is a desideratum. In some of his political ideas this Jesuit was a pro- 
 gressive born prematurely — " a man before his time." For he believed 
 thoroughly in the sovereignty of the People, and in tlie desirableness of 
 universal education. In this latter respect he resembled "that good lady, 
 Mary AVard," the daughter of Marmaduke Ward, and niece of Thomas 
 Ward (e.v hi/pothesi). Campion, the Jesuit, who died a martyr in 1581, 
 was much the more amiable and attractive character. But Campion was 
 no politician. Oldcorne, I maintain, was the greatest of all tlie three, 
 because of his extraordinary mental equipoise and balance. 
 
 '■^ The JTlstorij of the Jesuits hi I'jiujJand, loSO-UTo,"' by the Itev. 
 Ethelred L. Taunton, with twelve illustrations (Methuen & Co., 1901), 
 in some sort supplies a Life of Robert Parsons. But evidently the Jesuit 
 Society is an eniguia to Father Taunton, as to so many papists. A man 
 must be a jurist and a statesman to understand the Jesuits. For their 
 aim {me jmlice), their l^oble aim, ever has been to make the " Kingdoms 
 of the world the Kingdoms of God and of His Christ." 
 
 If a delusion, surely a delusion merely, not a crime, the most puissant 
 spirit among us must allow. 
 
 James Robert Ifope-Scott, Q.C., thought that the Jesuits were the 
 backbone of the Church of his adoption. And Dr. Christopher Wordsworth 
 (no mean judge) thought that Hope-Scott might have become a more 
 popular Prime Minister than even W. E. Gladstone, had he cliosen a 
 political career. Wordsworth was Hope-Scott's tutor at Oxford. — See
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 381 
 
 Dr. Christopliei- Wordsworth's '^ Autohio'j7'aph)j.'' — He was Bishop of St. 
 Andrews, X.B., and as a classical scholar almost without a peer. 
 
 111.— See Jardine's '■'Criminal Trials,'' vol. li., p. 166. 
 
 112. — '■'■ Xarrative," p. 57. As appears from the Lives of Mary Ward, 
 Father Gerard had known Mary Ward when a child in Yoi'kshire. Hence 
 he probably knew her uncles, John and Christopher AVri'^ht, and also 
 Thomas Percy. 
 
 Mary AV^ard Mas one of the greatest women-educationists and, in a 
 sense, women's rights advocates England has ever seen. She ought to 
 figure in the Supplement to the '■'■National Dictionari/ of Biographij.'' The 
 following word-portrait of Mary Warde we owe to tlie skilfid hand of her 
 kinswoman, the gifted Winefrid Wigmore, a cousin once i-emoved to Lady 
 Mounteagle. It is as Mary Ward, that wonderful Torkshire-woman, appeared 
 in the year which witnessed the death of Shakespeare (1616). Perhaps the 
 poet knew her; if so, no M'onder he knew how to describe queenly souls. 
 " She was rather tall (was Mary), but her figure was symmetrical. Her com- 
 plexion was delicately beautiful, her countenance and aspect most agreeable, 
 mingled with I know not what which was attractive . . . Her 
 presence and conversation were most winning, her manners courteous. It 
 was a general saying ' She became whatsoever she wore or did.' Her voice 
 in speaking was very grateful, and in song melodious. In her demeanour 
 and carriage, an angelic modesty was united to a refined ease and dignity 
 of manner, that made even princes^ find great satisfaction, yea, profit, 
 in conversing with her. Yet, these were withal without the least 
 affectation, and were accompanied with such meekness and humility as 
 gave confidence to the poorest and most miserable. There was nothing 
 she did seem to liave more horror of than there should be anything in 
 herself or hers that might put a bar to the free access of any who 
 should be in need of ought in tlieir power to bestow." 
 
 No wonder that — with a brother to the right of him like Marmaduke 
 Ward, and with a niece to the left of him like Maiy Ward, "that great 
 soul,"' who in after years, " in a plenitude of vision planned high deeds as 
 
 1 I\Iary Ward was the friend or acquaintance of some of th& greatest men 
 and women in Europe. She was a friend of Queen Henrietta ]Maria, the wife of 
 Charles I. and daughter of Henry Bourbon, better known as "King Harry of 
 Navarre." — See jMacaulay's poem, " Ivi-y."
 
 382 THE GUNrOWDEE PLOT. 
 
 immortal as the sun '" ^ — Thomas "Warde, tlie husband for eleven brief 
 years (lacking nine days) of Margery Warde (born Slater), was instrumental, 
 under Heaven, in giving effect to the all but too late repentance of the 
 penitent, Christopher Wright I 
 
 113. — The second Edition is dated 16S1. The Pamphlet was by a 
 Dr. Williams, afterwards Bish(jp of Chichester. — See '■'■National Dictionary 
 of Bior/ra^hi/." 
 
 114. — The report would be at least second-hand, and it might be 
 much more. For example, if Mr. Abington saw liis wife write the Letter 
 and told tlie worthy person what he (Abington) l)ad by tlie evidence of 
 his own eyes ascertained, then the worthy person would have the evidence at 
 first-hand. Any person to whom the worthy person conveyed the 
 intelligence would have it at second-hand, and so on. But if Mr. Abington 
 had not seen his wife write the Letter, but had only been told b}' his 
 wife that she had writ the Letter, then, although Abington would be a 
 witness at first-hand as to the bare fact of such a report having been madcy 
 he would be only a witness at second-hand as to the truth of the report;. 
 for Mrs. Abington, in herself reporting, might have spoken falsely either 
 wilfully or through mental defect. 
 
 *o* 
 
 115. — Vol. i., p. 585. 
 
 116. — Jardine's " Narrative,'' p. 83. 
 
 117. — Jardine's "Narrative,'" p. 84. 
 
 118. — William Abington's chief poem was " Castara,"' sung in praise 
 of his wife, the Honourable Lucia Powys. In the recent " O.iford Booh 
 of Enijlish Verse,''' selected by Quiller-Couch (Clarendon Pj-ess), there is 
 a fine ])hilosop])ic poem of tlie younger Abington (or llabington), en- 
 titled '■'■ Nox nocti indicat scientiam.'' John Amphlett, Esq., has edited the 
 elder Abington's (or Habington's) " Survey of Worcestershire,'" with a 
 valuable introduction, for the Worcestershire Historical Society. 
 
 1 Line borrowed froiu Lord Bowen. — See his magnificent poem, entitled, 
 "Shadowland," p. 214 of his "Life," by Sir Henry Stewart Cunningham, K.C.I.E. 
 (Murray) .
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 383 
 
 119. — It is, moreover, possible that, tlirougli lier brother's good offices 
 with the Government, Mrs. Abington liacl a sight of the Letter itself. If 
 so, she would have been almost, sure to detect the general similarity of 
 the handwriting, notwithstanding the disguise, with the handwriting of 
 Father Oldcorne, handwriting she nnist have known familiarly enough, to 
 say nothing of the particular similarity in the case of certain of the 
 letters. 
 
 As showing that, when at Hindlip, Father Oldcorne came into Mrs. 
 Abington's company, the following quotation may be given from one of 
 Father Oldcorne's Declarations, dated 6th March, lGOo-6: — "Both Garnett 
 and he when tliere wei'e no straungers did oi'dinarilye dyne and supp 
 with Mr. Abington and his wyfe in the dyninge chamber.'" 
 
 « 
 
 120. — Some idea of the feeling that Mrs. Abington and her husband 
 must have had for this able and upright Jesuit, a true Jesuit in whom there 
 was no guile, may be gathered from the following, which is taken from 
 Foley's '' Becords," vol. iv., p. 213:— "Father Edward Oldcorne, S.J., 
 came to Hindlip in the month of February or March, 1589, Mr. Eichard 
 Abington keeping house there at the time, who by the advice of other 
 Catholics, ihen sojourning with him, sent into Warwickshire for the said 
 Father to talk with Mrs. Dorothy Abington, his sister, about her 
 religion, who, at tlie time living in the house with her brother Richard, 
 was a very obstinate and perverse heretic, and had left the Court 
 of Elizabeth, where she was brought up, to come and live with her 
 brother principally." We are told that Miss Abington desired to have 
 speech on the subject of religion with some more than ordinarily learned 
 Catholic. " Father Oldcorne being sent for to that end, and after some 
 earnest discourses with her for the space of two days, and having yielded 
 her full satisfaction in all points of religion, and showed such gravity, 
 zeal, learning, and prudence in his proceeding with her that she was 
 astonished tliereat, and was unable to make any reply of contradiction to 
 what he propounded to her.'" — From a MS. at Stony hurst, Anglia, vol. 
 vi., attributed to Father Thomas Lister, S.J. 
 
 Another manuscript account of Father Oldcorne says that he fasted 
 and prayed for three days for the sake of this lady's conversion to the 
 Catholic faith : after the third day he fell down from exhaustion, and yet 
 a fourth day"s fasting followed. Then the lady was converted and 
 "became a sharer and participant in the incredible fruit which he reaped 
 in that county," i.e., Worcestershire. — See Foley "s '^ llecords," vol. iv., p. 213. 
 
 Father Gerard, in his " Narrative " of the Plot, says that the
 
 384 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 Government accused Father Oldcorne "of a sermon made in Christmas, 
 wherein he should seem to excuse the conspirators, or to extenuate their 
 act." The 'Grovernment had this report from a certain Humphrey 
 Littleton, concei"nin<^ whom we shall learn more hereafter. 
 
 Richard, Thomas, and Dorotiiy Abington were brothers and sister 
 respectively to Edward Abington, who suffered, iu 13S7, as one of the 
 fellow-conspirators of Anthony Babington, a distinguished and captivating 
 gentlemaii from Dethick, a chapelry or hamlet in the Parish of Ashover, 
 in the County of Derbyshire. In the Parish Church of Ashover may be 
 still seen monuments to members of the Pabington family. (Communicated 
 to me by my partner, Mr. Gr, Laycock Brown, Solicitor, of York.) 
 
 The history of the romantic but ill-fated JJabington conspiracy 
 requires to be impartially re-written, and to this end diligent search 
 should be made to fiiul, if jiossible, the allc^ged contemporary history of 
 that curious, ill-starred movement, which is said to have been written by 
 the gifted Jesuit martyr, "the Venerable"' Robert Southwell, S.J., the 
 author of that exquisitely imaginative and tender poem, " Thi; Burning 
 Babe," an Elizabethan gem of the highest genius. — Se(^ the " O.vford Booh 
 of English Verse : " also Dr. Grossarfs Edition of SouthweH's Poetical 
 AVorks, and Turnbidrs Edition likewise. — A good Life of Southwell is a 
 desideratum. 
 
 121. — Tt is obviously unnecessary either in the former part or in the 
 latter part of this Inquiry to assign separate logical divisions for the case 
 of Thomas AVard. His evidence is common to both, and will :|ppear in 
 <lue course of (his investigation. 
 
 1:^2. — Thomas Winter lodged a])[)areutly at an inn known by the 
 sign of the " Duck and Drake," in St. Clement's Parish, in the Strand. 
 This fact is proved by the testimony of John Cradock, a cutler, who 
 deposed on the 0th of November, before the Lord Chief Justice Popham, 
 that he had engraved the story of the Passion of Christ on two sword 
 hilts for Xlr. Rookwood and Mr. Winter, and on a third sword hilt for 
 another gentleman, "a black man," of that company, of about forty 
 years of age. The Winter here referred to, no doubt, was Thomas, not 
 Robert, the elder brother. 
 
 For Cradock's evidence in e.vtenso, see Appendix : also for evidence of 
 Richard Browne, servant to Christopher Wright ; also for letter of 
 Popliam, the Chi(^f Ju^tici! to Sali-;l)ury, as to Christopher Wright; also
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 385 
 
 for evidence of William Grantham as to purchase hy Christopher Wright 
 ■of beaver hats at the shop of a hatter, named llewett. 
 
 123. — This emphatic "surely all is lost," of Christopher Wright, is 
 ■worthy of notice, as indicating the certitude of his frame of mind. Now, 
 "certitude"' is tlie offspring of knowledge, and therefore of belief, and 
 Avhen it is not the life is the death of Hope, an emotion AVriglit had 
 then clearly abandoned. Hence we may justly infer a special conscious- 
 ness on Christopher Wright's part as to the genesis of the fact that the 
 game was indeed up, thanks to the infatuated behaviour of his brother-in- 
 law, Thomas Percy : " up " to all and singular the plotters' fatal undoing ; 
 yet, after all, traceable back indirectly to Christopher Wright's own 
 repentant act and deed! Truly the repentant wrong-doer suffers temporal 
 punishment by the everlasting Law of Eetribution, which lives for ever! 
 
 124. — Was this said by Christopher AVright on Sunday, the 3rd of 
 November, at the meeting behind St. Clement's ? There is none such 
 statement recorded by Pawkes in any of his Declarations or Confessions in 
 the Record Office, London, 
 
 125.— See H. Speight's "Xidderdale" (Elliot Stock), p. 344. The 
 title of this interesting work is " Nidderdcde and the Garden of the Ntdd ; 
 A Yorlshire lihinelaiid" : being a complete account, historical, scientific, 
 and descriptive, of the beautiful Yalley of the Nidd. — See also 
 " Connoisseur " for November, 1901. 
 
 126. — Christopher Wright must have known well the great family of 
 
 Hildyard, of Winestead, near Patrington. (xeneral Sir H. J. T. Hildyard, 
 
 K.C.B., is a scion of this ancient house. The Hildyards are mentioned in 
 the ^'Hatfield J/SS." 
 
 127. — This good woman's evidence proves that on the 5th of October 
 Wright left her lodgings. Now, my suggestion is that Christopher 
 AVright, after quitting Spurr Alley, went down into Warwickshire, 
 probably to Lapworth. Tiiat thence he repaired to Hindlip Hall, four 
 miles from AVorcester, to have his interview with Pather Oldcorne. 
 Rookwood went to Clopton, close to Stratford-on-Avon, and not far from 
 both Lapworth and Hindlip, soon after Michaelmas, i.e., the 11th of 
 October (old style). That about Michaelmas the diplomatic Thomas
 
 38G THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 AVarde came into Warwicksliire and Worcestershire to interview .Father 
 Oldcorne, and give full assurance to the Jesuit that he, Warde, a» 
 di])loniatic go-hetween, would vouch lor the conveyance of the Letter, on 
 receipt of the same, t(j the Government authorities. That tlie shrewd, 
 diplomatic Warde, all eyes and ears, from what he was ear-witness and 
 eye-witness of at Lapworth, sent post-haste for liis hrother, 
 Marmaduke Ward, of ?sevvbie. Most probably William Ward, 
 Marmaduke Ward's son, was at this time on a visit to his uncle 
 Thomas in liondon. — See KyddaU's evidence as to "William Ward,, 
 nephew to Mr. Wright." — The boy was sent down to Lapworth on. 
 November the ')\\\, the fatal Tuesday, in the charge of Kyddall. It is- 
 possihle that \Villi;iiii Ward, however, came up into AV^arwickshire along 
 with his father and half-sister Mary. If so, he must have gone up to 
 Lontlou between Marmaduke Ward's going to Lapworth and the flight 
 of "uncle Christopher" on the 5th; for there is no evidence that 
 William AVard acc;)mpanied Christopher Wright and Kyddall up to 
 London on iVfonday, the 28th of October. Kyddall styles AVilliam Ward 
 "nephew to ]Mr. AV^right." Now, this designation would be, by common 
 usage, accurate if CI)risto|)her AVright married Margaret AVard ; otherwise,, 
 supposing AVilliam AN^artFs mother was Elizabeth Sympson, it would not 
 be; for I'rsula Wright would be naught akin to AVilliam Ward. 
 
 12S. — Mr. Jackson, "mine host" of "the Salutation," probably 
 meant between a week and a fortnight when he said " about a fortnight."^ 
 " Many things had hajipened since then," so Mr. Jackson might easily 
 fancy a longer time had elapsed than was really the case. Eor KyddaU's- 
 evidence shows that Christopher Wright was at Jjapwortli on the 24th 
 October, and that he did not reach London till the 30th (AVednesday).. 
 On AVednesday AV'right niny have again called for his quart of sack or for 
 the foaming tankard of the nut-brown ale, partly with a view to 
 ascertaining whether or not any tidings ha<l "leaked out ' as to the 
 Letter received by Salisbury, though, as a fact, it was not shown to t he- 
 King until Friday, the 1st of Xovember. Christopher AVright's last visit 
 to '-llie Salutation" was, belike, what is styled now-a-days "a pop visit." 
 
 At Patringtou, in llolderness, in the East Hiding of Yorkshire, there 
 is to-day (jNIay, 1901) aii ancient hostelry known by the sign of the 
 "Dog and Duck." At this house, 1 doubt not, both .John and 
 Christopher AVright full many a time and oft had quenched their thirst 
 and heard antl discussed the rural gossip of their day; for I'lowland 
 Hall was oidy about a mile distant from the "Dog and Duck" and its
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 387 
 
 good cheer. Tlie " Hildyard Anns "and the " Holdernes.s " Inn, Patrington, 
 may have been likewise, belike, favourite haunts of theirs, for human 
 nature is pretty much the same generation after generation. And even 
 our social habits bind us to the Past. AVhat thoughts crowd into the 
 mind when one makes a visit to the " Dog and Duck," at Patrington, 
 within a short walk of Plovvland Hall ! 
 
 lb is possible that, between the reigns of Elizabeth and Victoria, 
 Plowland Hall was reduced to smaller proportions than it had been in 
 the days of John and Christopher Wright. This was the case with 
 Ugthorpe Hall, the seat of the Catholic Eatcliffes, near Whitby, situate 
 in a lovely little dingle or dell amid the Cleveland Moors ; also it was 
 the case with Grosmont House, the seat of the Catholic Hodgsons, near 
 Whitby, situate near and almost laved by the rushing waters ot" the 
 Yorkshire Esk. 
 
 129. — Eather Henry Garnet knew John Wright, but, according to 
 Garnet's testimony, he did not know Christopher Wright, a fact which 
 alone tends to show that the younger Wright was essentially a 
 subordinate conspirator ; for certainly Father Garnet knew, more or less, 
 all the principal plotters, namely, Catesby, Thomas Winter, John Wright, 
 Percy, and even Fawkes, whom he once saw, and to whom he gave 
 letters of introduction when Eawkes went to Elanders, in 1605, to see 
 Stanley and Owen. 
 
 130. — Father Hart was captured, along Avith Father John Percy (alias' 
 Fisher, afterwards famous for his controversy with Archbish()|) Laud, who 
 could not " abide " tlie Jesuits), at the house of Lord Vaux of 
 Harrowden. Hart was banished for a time, but died in England, in 
 1650, aged seventy-two. 
 
 Query — Did Hart make any communication to Bellarmine or Euda3mon- 
 Joannes, I Avonder ? 
 
 131. — See Jardine's " Criminal Trials,'' vol ii., p. 166. 
 
 132. — See Foley's '■'■ Records, '' vol. i., p. 173, citing "Gunpowder Plot 
 Book," No. 177. Euda?mon-Joannes, in his '■•Apolojia " for Henry Garnet, 
 gives reasons why Father Hart, S.J., may have thus acted. Dr. Abbott, 
 in his " A7itilo(/la," in reply to Eudaemon-Joannes, answers Joannes at 
 great length.
 
 388 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 133, — Vol. ii., p. 120. Tt may be here stated tliat by tlie Common 
 Law of England a confessor was obliged to reveal the fact to the 
 Government in the case of his receiving from a penitent th*; confession 
 of tlie heinous crime of High Treason. 
 
 Garnet said that "the priest is bound to find all lawful means to 
 hinder and discover it, but that the seal of the Confessional must be 
 saved, salvo s'ujillo confessionis." — See Foley's '■'^ Records," vol iv., p. 162. — It 
 seems to me that this statement of Garnet is of the utmost importance. 
 
 134. — Afterwards the well-known Lord Coke, the famous Editor of 
 Judge Littleton's work on " Tenures." — For a diverting account of Coke 
 and his domestic infelicities see Lord Macaulay's Essay on " Lord Bacon." 
 
 165. — Catesby, John AVright, Christopher Wright, and Thomas Percy 
 were already dead ; the two first were slain at Holbeach ; Christopher 
 AV'right anil Thomas Percy both were wounded unto death at the same 
 place ; but certainly Percy and possibly Christopher Wright actually 
 breathed their last a day or two afterwards. Query — Where were the 
 bodies of these four men interred ? Were they first quartered as traitors 
 according to law ? 
 
 Tresham died in the Touer, but his body was quartered, and its 
 members exposed at Northampton in the usual way. 
 
 136. — Jardine's " Criminal Trials" vol. ii., p. 135. This lapsus memorice 
 of the learned Attorney-General reminds one of the late Lord Bowen's 
 \yitty saying: "Trutli will out; even in an Aflidavit ! " 
 
 137. — Father llenry Gai'net, the chief of the Jesuits in Englan'd, said 
 that he considered the authors of the Gunpowder Treason woi'e not only 
 deserving of the punishment that some of them had undergone, but even 
 a more severe one, if possible, — See Foley's '■'■ liecords.'" 
 
 138. — Fonblanque, in his '■'■Annals of the Jfovse of Percij," in tlic chapter 
 dealing uith Thomas Percy, expresses the opinion that the Government's 
 behaviour was com])aratively mild, regard being had to the atrocious nature 
 of the designment against the King and Parliament. Such is candidly my 
 own opinion, and this, although 1 remember that James's Oath of Allegiance 
 and very tyrannical anti-recusant legislation were the dire consec^uences of 
 the Plot, which {me jttdice) — far more than the ^larian burnings, the
 
 THE GUNPOWDEE PLOT. 389 
 
 Elizabethan Acts of Supremacy, of Uniformity, Constructive Treason, and 
 the Spanish Armada, all put together — led finally to England's being 
 "bereft" of wliat to a lioman Catholic is "the one true faith." 
 
 In regard to James's Oath of Allegiance (1609), it is to be recollected 
 that while strict Koman Catholics, whether " Jesuitized '' or not, refused 
 to take the oath, some Catholics thought they might lawfully take it. 
 Among such was the Arch-priest, Blackwell, who, however, was deposed 
 from his ofhce, as, iu general terms, Rome condemned the oath. " The 
 sting" of this famous oath was "in its tail:" inasmuch as it not only 
 contained a disclaimer of the deposing power of the Pope, but declared 
 that the docti'iue of the deposing power was " impious, heretical, and 
 damnable." It is remarkable that all the Roman Catholic peers took the 
 Oath of Allegiance, except Lord Teynham, a collateral descendant of William 
 Roper, the husband of Margaret More. 
 
 " An apostate " -lesuit, named Sir Christopher Perkins, aided in 
 framing this seax'ching test, so the Government knew exactly how to get 
 the unhappy papist recusants tightly within their grip. (Perkins, like Sit- 
 Edwin Sandys, a philosophic friend of Sir Toby Matthews, was an 
 incipient rationalist. Shakespeare may have known Sir Toby Matthews.) 
 
 For valuable information (derived from an unpublished manuscript) as 
 to the working of this Oath of Allegiance, see the late Richard Simpson's 
 Article, entitled, "A Glimpse of the Working of the Penal Laws," in 
 ''The liamhJer," vol. vi., p. 401 (1856). If this Article has not been 
 printed separately, it ought to be. In it occur the names Middleton, 
 Gascoigne, lugleby, Whithara, Cholmeley, Vavasour, Dolman, Mennell (or 
 Meynell), and Catterick, of Yorkshire ; Preston and Towneley, of Lancashire ;. 
 Tichbourne, of Hampshire; Wiseman, of Essex; Gage, of Sussex; Vaux, of 
 Northamptonshire ; Throckmorton, of Warwickshire ; Tregean, of Cornwall ; 
 Plowden, of Shropshire ; Morgan, of Monmouthshire ; Edwards, of Flint- 
 shire ; together with other English and Welsh names, which can be only 
 described as synonymous with honour, high-mindedness, heroism, and all 
 goodness. 
 
 139. — James Usher^ (1581-1656), Protestant Archbishop of Armagh, 
 was an Anglo-Irishman, who was " learned to a miracle," so the great English 
 
 1 " T/tc Life of Aixhhisliop Usher," by Barnard (1656), however, does not bear 
 out the statement of the Author of the Article on "Usher" in the "National Dictionary 
 of BiograpJiij." For Barnard says that the Jesuit who debated at Drayton, in 
 Northamptonshire, with Archbisliop Usher, was called "Beaumond," but that his
 
 390 THE GUNPOWDER TLOT. 
 
 Jurist, Seldon, said. — See "Usher," ^' Xatioiial Dictlonnnj of Biography'' — 
 Usher was, tliroiigh his mother, wlio l)ecaino a Eomau Catholic, a grand- 
 son ot .] utiles Stanihurst (iiecorder of Dublin, and Speaker of the Irish 
 House of Commons), whose family were the patrons of Edmund Campion, 
 when in Ireland. The great orator wrote his history of that country after 
 leaving Oxford, and before going to Douay. Usher crossed over to England 
 in 1602. He held in the University of Dublin, in 1607, a divinity 
 professorship, worth £8 a year, which was founded by Mr. James Cotterell, 
 who died in York. jS'ow, I find from the Register of St. jNIichael-le- 
 Belfrey, York, that there is a record of the burial of a "Mr. Jamea 
 Cotterell— ill the mynster— the 29th day of August, 1595." This, I have 
 no (loiil)t, was the self-same gentleman as the "Mr. Cotterell,'"' from whose 
 house, on the 29th day of May, 1579, Thomas Warde made M'gery Slater 
 "his true and honourable wife;" and the same Mr. James Cotterell as 
 founded the Dublin divinity professorship. Dr. Usher knew personally Lord 
 Mordaunt, the son of the Lord Mordaunt \Aho died in the Tower iii 
 1608; and also, according to the "■National Dictionary of Bioyraphy ,'' 
 Father Oswald Tesimond. If so, it is j^ossihle that Usher knew personally 
 Lord Mounteagle and Thomas Warde, and it may be it Mas from them 
 that he gathered hints upon which he founded his oracular statement. 
 (I desire here to express my sense of obligation to the Rev. E. S. Carter, 
 M.xV., the Vicar of St. Michael-le-Belfrey, York, who most kindly and 
 generously gifted me with a copy of his singularly valuable " Parish 
 Beyister,^' Part I., edited by Dr. Francis Collins, from which I have 
 obtained that item of domestic information so valuable as a leading clue 
 for the purposes of this Inquiry, namely, the marriage of Thomas AVarde, 
 of Mulwaith.) 
 
 real name was Eookwoocl, and that he was a brother of Ambrose Eookwood, the Gun- 
 powder plotter. The debate was arranged by Lord ^Mordaunt (afterwards the Earl 
 of Peterborough), to the end that his wife, the Lady Mordaunt, a daughter of the 
 Earl of Nottingham, might become convinced of the soundness of the exacting 
 claims of the Church of Rome. The upshot was that not only was the Lady 
 I\Iordaunt not convinced, but that the Lord ^lordaunt himself became a Protestant ! 
 The topics for discussion were: — Transubstantiation, Invocation of Saints, Images, 
 and the Visibility of the Church. According to Barnard, Bcaumond at the third 
 day of meeting sent to excuse himself, saying, " That all the arguments he had 
 framed within his own head, and thought he had them as perfect as his ' Paler 
 nosier,'' he had forgotten and could not recover them again ; tliat he believed it was 
 the just judgment of God upon him thus to desert him in the defence of His cause 
 for the undertaking of himself to dispute with a man of that eminency and learning 
 without the licence of his superior." 
 
 If it were a Rookwood, probably it was Robert (S.J.)
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 391 
 
 140. — The "Oliver Cromivell," by John Morley f Macmillan, 1900), contains 
 a, picture of Usher, taken from the original portrait by Sir Peter Lely, in 
 the ]S"ational Portrait Gallery. The face is one of great keenness and 
 power. 
 
 141. — "Style" in handwriting is its genius, its ethos, its air, its 
 aroma, its active, its essential principle. " Style is the man." 
 
 142. — See the Kev. John Gerard's published fac-simile. 
 
 143. — ■" Shift off," no doubt, is meant as " 2%g King's Bool- "' gives 
 
 it. (I should like to say that a gentleman, a member of Trinity College, 
 
 Cambridge, the Rev. Edmond Nolan, B.A., suggested to me in August, 
 
 1900, when 1 had the pleasure of meeting him in York, that probably 
 ^' shift of^' was really "shift off.") 
 
 144. — This enigmatical sentence partook of the nature of a clever 
 sleight of mental strategy or of a skilful manoeuvre of mental tactics. In 
 the case of a man of Oldcorne's combination of the mystical and the 
 practical, it is probable that there would be wheels within wheels, and 
 ■depths below depths, which are beyond the reach of us ordinary mortals 
 to detect or to fathom. But all this mystery would tend to grip hold of 
 the attention of the reader by compelling him to peruse and weigh the 
 document again and again, and so would tend to beat its warning 
 message into his brains, and so impel beneficent action. 
 
 145. — Gerard's '■^Narrative"' likewise omits the word "good," which 
 shows us that the Jesuit was indebted to the Royal Author for his copy 
 of the document. 
 
 146. — The Moun' eagle Letter is a remarkably clever composition. Its 
 liveliness, its pithiness, its directness, and its force, in spite of its 
 designed obscurity, gain upon one more and more the oftener one ponders 
 it. But Father Oldcorne was a very clever man. His combination of 
 qualities, theoretical and practical, shows him to have been a man of 
 distinct genius. 
 
 In Foley's " Records^' vol. iv., there is, as has been already remarked, 
 a portrait of this great Yorkshire Jesuit, showing a portion of Old Ouse 
 Bridge, Y^ork, and St. William's Chapel in the left hand corner. The face 
 depicted betokens an intellect of great acumen, a heart of great bene- 
 volence, both controlled by a will strong with the strength of persistent 
 ■discipline. The keenness of the countenance portrayed struck a
 
 392 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 distinguislied Oxford friend of mine forcibly the nK)ment he beheld the 
 picture, for he remarked forthwith, " lie has an acute look ! "' The 
 countenance, moreover, as another Protestant friend in effect observed, 
 has that look of infinite patience, of calm resignation, and of sweet 
 melancholy, which was so characteristic of the best of the old English 
 Koman Catholics during " troublesome times." 
 
 This phrase, "troublesome times,"' was used in my hearing about the 
 year 1890 by an ancient lady, the late Mrs. Ann Matterson, widow, of 
 High-field, Bishop Thornton, near liipon, Mrs. Matterson was an 
 interesting specimen of tlie solid, calm, okl, Garden-o£-the-SouI type of 
 English Catholic, or as they proudly and touchingly put it, " Catholics 
 that have never lost tlie Faith."' My informant said she was the daughter 
 of one Francis Darnbrough — a family well known in that part of York- 
 shire, a Darnbrough being Wakeman (or Mayor) of K-ipon in 1542 : 
 that her fathers branch of the Darnbrough family had regained the 
 Catholic Faith through marriages with the Bishop Thornton Hawkesworths, 
 hereditary Catholics, who were formerly tenants under the Lords Grantley 
 and Markenfield, of Markenfield Hall. Mrs. Matterson furthermore told 
 me on that occasion that she was distantly connected (through the 
 marriage of her aunt with a Mr. William Bickerdyke) with one of tlie 
 York Cathohc Martyrs, whose cause of canonization had been, in 188G, 
 introduced at Eome, namely, with "the Venerable" Robert Bickerdyke, a 
 gentleman born at Low Hall, near Scotton, in the Parish of Farnham, 
 near Knaresbrough, and who suffered at the York Tyburn, in 15S6, for 
 being " reconciled to the Church of Rome." The aged lady also said 
 that her uncle, William Bickerdyke, had lived at Brampton Hall, on the 
 River Ure, close to Mulvvith : that Brampton Hall had belonged to the 
 ancient and now extinct Y'orkshire Catholic family of Tankard, or Tancred — 
 one branch of wliich had their seat at Whixley : and that at Brampton 
 Hall there had been a place to hide the priest in during " troublesome 
 times." 
 
 For an interesting work on priests' hiding-places see '^Secret Chambers 
 and Jliding-jilaces,'' by Allen Fea (Bousfield, 1901). 
 
 147. — The following letter (1599, probably), which ends with the words: 
 " T comitte you to sweete Jesus his hole protection,"' etc., will be read 
 with interest. It was written by Richard CoUinge, Coolinge, or Cowling, 
 a Jesuit, who was a native of York, being the son of a certain Raulf 
 Cowling (then pronounced Cooling), whose name appears in the York 
 Elizabethan "Subsidy Roll for 1581" as of "St. Olave's parish and Belfray's
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 393 
 
 without Bootham Bar," and as being assessed in goods at the sum of £3, 
 which shows him to have been a well-to-do citizen. Eaulf Cowling died 
 a captive in York Castle for his profession of the Catholic Paith. 
 
 This valuable letter (for which I am indebted to the great generosity 
 of Dr. Collins, of Patelej Bridge) was written probably in 1599, and 
 interce])ted by the Government. From tlie document we learn that 
 Father Kichard Collinge, S.J., was not only a cousin to Guy Fawkes, but 
 also to the Harringtons, of Mount St. John. William Harrington, the 
 elder, who harboured " the Blessed '"' Edmund Campion for ten days in 
 the spring of 1581 at that secluded, tranquil, and lovely spot. Mount St. 
 John, near the Hambleton Hills, Thirsk, Yorkshire, would be not only 
 father to " the Venerable " AVilliam Harrington, the martyr for his 
 priesthood at the London Tyburn, but uncle . to Father Eichard 
 Collinge, and cousin once removed to Guy Fawkes himself. Guy"s mother 
 married for her second husband Denis Bainebridge, of Scotton, a Eoman 
 Catholic gentleman connected with the ancient and honourable Eoman 
 Catholic family of Pulleyn (PuUein, or Pulleine), of Killinghall and 
 Scotton, by reason of the marriage of Denis Bainbridge"s mother to 
 AValter Pulleyn, Esq., as her third husband. We learn also from Father 
 CoUinge's letter that, belike, Mr. Denis Bainbridge, Guy Fawkes' step- 
 father, was one of those gentlemen that are " ornamental " rather than 
 " useful." He was, however, certainly a papist, and his name, together 
 with that of his wife, occurs in Peacock's " List for 1604," under the 
 Parish of "Farnham." There is a blank left for the name of the wife of 
 Denis Bainbridge, probably because Mr. Peacock could not decipher the 
 name indicated. I think that Mrs. Denis Bainbridge must have sprung 
 originally from Isidderdale or Wharfedale, and that she was akin to 
 the Vavasours, of Weston and Newton Hall, near Eipley ; to the 
 Johnsons, of Leathley ; and the Palmes, of Lindley ; both of the two lust 
 in that part of the Forest of Knaresbrough which is near to the town 
 of Otley. But further researches may solve the problem as to the maiden 
 name of her \\ho gave birth to Guy Fawkes. 
 
 Guy Fawkes called himself " John Johnson " when accosted by the 
 Earl of Suffolk and Lord Mounteagle in the cellar under the House of 
 Lords, on Monday, the 4th November. Possibly, therefore, his mother 
 was -a Johnson. Query — Does the Eev. Dr. Eobert CoUyer, of Chicago, 
 U.S.A., know of any tradition hereon ? 
 
 " Good Sir, — I pray you lette me iutreate y»' favoure and frend- 
 shippe for my Cosen Germane Mr Guydo Fawks who serves S^' William 
 (Stanley) as I understande he is in greate wante and y^' worde iu
 
 594 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 his behalfe may stande liim in greate steede. I liave not deserved 
 nine such curtesie at y'" haiides as for iny sake to helpe my friendes 
 but assure yrselfe that yf there be aine thinge I can doe for you, you 
 may commande me for the respecte I beare to our ouhl friendshippe 
 but also by this meanes you shalle bynde me more unto you. He hath 
 lefte a prettie livinge here iu his countre wliich his mother being 
 married to an unthriftie husbande since his departure I think hath 
 wastied awaye.^ Yet she and the reste of our friends are in good 
 health. I durste not as yet goe to them but this somraer [ meane 
 to see them all (iod willinge lette him tell my Cousin Martin 
 Harrington that I was at his Brother Henries house at the mounte but 
 he was not then at home he and his wyfe are well and have manie 
 prettie children. Mr D, Worthington's brother hath wrote a letter unto 
 him desiringe a speedie answere he is a good honeste and devoute man 
 I often mete with him for nowe I am residente at his Cozens house in 
 that province which is fallen to my lotte they expecte therefor for some 
 helpe nothinge is wanting but a beginner amonge them so they saye 
 for the redemption of Israel. Remember I pray you my commendacons 
 to my good and honourable godmother my L. Marie" (Percie) and the 
 twoe devoute sisters in her companie. Mr Eoberte Chambers'' writte to 
 
 1 Guy Fawkes' little patrimony was situate in Gillygate and Clifton, then in the 
 suburbs of the City of York. — See Robert Davies' " Faiokescs, of York," and William 
 Camidge's pamphlet, " Guy Faivkes " (Burdekin, York). 
 
 Miss Catharine Pullein, of Rotherfield, Sussex, and Edward Palleyn, Esq., of 
 York and Lastingham, I have reason to believe, likewise belong to this ancient 
 family so long settled near Knaresbrough.— See Flower's " Visitation of Yorkshire," 
 and Glover's " Visitation," for a pedigree of the family in the time of Elizabeth. 
 
 2 The Lady ]\Iary Percy was niece to Francis and Mary Slingsby (daughter of Sir 
 Thomas Percy), of Scriven Hall, whose monuments are still to be seen in the 
 Knaresbrough Parish Ciuu-ch. Dr. Collins tells me that " Sirsbie " was then "a 
 Knaresbrough name," and occurs in the Knaresbrough Parish Church Registers of 
 that period. The name " Sizey," which is given in Peacock's " Z/isi," under "Knares- 
 brough," is probably the way " Sirsbie " was pronounced, just as " subtle " is 
 pronounced " su(b)tle." 
 
 3 I incline to think that this Robert Chambers is the same as the Robert 
 Chambers mentioned in the " Douay Diary," edited by Dr. Knox (David Nutt) ; the 
 name, Robert Chambers, appears as one of the students at the English College, 
 Rome. Gould and Patte (or Bates) were probably also the names of priests who had 
 been at this College. Corn may have been Father Oldcorne, S.J., who came to 
 England as a missionary in loHH with Father John Gerard ; or he may have been 
 Father Thomas Cornforth, S.J., a native of Durham, and a great friend of ICdward fourth 
 Lord Vaux of Harrowdcn, whose mother was Elizabeth Roper, a daughter of Sir 
 John Roper first Lord Teyuham. Father Cornforth became a Jesuit in 1600. Ho 
 was at the English College at Rome, and came to England iu April, 1599.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 395 
 
 ine for liis molber, the char2;e is geven to Mr Diickette^ to inquire for 
 
 her for she is in his vicinitie the four Sirsbies of his companie as 
 
 [? are] here very well. AVithin this week I have sene both Cor" & 
 
 Gould and Batte, to-morrowe I shall mete w^h John Lassells. Thinges 
 
 goe well forwarde here o'' enemies persecute us all more than ever and 
 
 are in particulare feare or rather looke for some what more from o"" owne 
 
 ]naIcontents. Thus requesting y"" favoure in my suite and remembrance 
 
 in yi" beste memories as you shall have myne / comiite you to siveete 
 
 ■Jesus his Jtole protection this St John Baps* Eve. — Tours in Christe 
 
 Eichard Collinge. 
 
 "Lette D. Kellison know that his brother Valentine is in goode 
 
 healthe and a well wisher but noe Catholike," 
 
 Addressed thus : — 
 
 "All Molto Mag'^o Sig»-e 
 
 " il Signiore Guilio 
 
 " Piccioli a 
 
 " Venezia " [i.e., Venice]. 
 (Endorsed) fugitives. 
 
 Vol. cclxxi., No. 21. 
 
 Cf. also a letter of Father Eichard Holtby, S.J., of Eryton, 
 Hovingham, Nottb Eiding of Yorkshire, to Father Parsons, dated 6th 
 May, 1609, ending : — " I commit you to our sweet Saviour His TceepingT — 
 Foley's " liecojrls,'' vol. iii., p. 9. 
 
 1 The Dnckette here mentioned was doubtless Father Richard Holtby, S.J., who 
 succeeded Garnet as Superior of the English Jesuits. Holtby was born at Fryton — 
 in the Parish of Hovingham, in the Vale of Slowbray — between Sliugsby and 
 Hovingham, where his brother, George Holtby, lived. — See Peacock's " List of Roman 
 Catholics in Yorkshire in 1604 ; " also Foster's Edition of Glover's " Visitation of 
 Yorkshire.'" — It was Richard Holtby, then a secular priest, who found for Campion 
 secluded, lovely Mount St. John. I think it is probable that, after being harboured 
 by Sir William Babthorpe, at Babthorpe Hall or Osgodby (or both), Campion would 
 proceed through the Yale of Ouse and Derwent to Thixendale, in the Parish of 
 Leavening, to the house of a Mrs. Buhner ; thence, I opine, to Fryton, in the 
 Parish of Hovingham ; thence to Grimston Manor, in the Parish of Gilling East ; 
 thence through the Vale of Mowbray, by Coxwold, to Mount St. John, the home of 
 the Harringtons, who seem to have quitted the place soon after the year 1603, because 
 the Gregory family are found recorded in the Parish Registers shortly after that date, 
 and they certainly resided at Mount St. John. (Communicated to me by the Rev. Henry 
 Clayforth, M..\., Vicar of Feliskirk, near Thirsk.) Near Mount St. John are Upsal 
 Castle, magnificently situated, and Kirby Knowle Castle (commonly called New 
 Building). These were ancient Catholic houses, formerly of a branch of the Constable 
 family. In Kirby Knowle Castle, embosomed in trees, is still to be seen a priests' 
 hiding-place. During the early part of the nineteenth century a skeleton was found
 
 396 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 148. — Jardine, in his *• Karrative,^' p. 37, lias tlio following exceptionallj 
 interesting" paragraph : " Sir AVilliam Waad in a letter to Lord Salisbury,, 
 reporting a conversation with Fawkes, says, Tawkes's mother is alive and 
 re-ruarried, and he hath a brother in one of the Inns of Court. John and 
 Christopher Wright were schoolfellows of Fawkes and neighbours' children. 
 Tesimond, the Jesuit, was at that time schoolfellow also with them. So 
 as this crew have been brought up together.' '" — State Paper Office, Add. 
 Papers No. 481, Jardine (now Eecord Office). 
 
 Probably what Fawkes said was that he (Fawkes) and Tesimond were 
 neighbours" children ; for .John and Christopher Wright's parents were of 
 Plowlaiid Hall, in ihe Parish of Welwick, in llolderness, as we have seen. 
 Two exi)lanations, however, are possible, which will reconcile this statement 
 that, after all, Fawkes may have said that he and the \V rights were neir/hbours^ 
 children. One is that possibly the young Wrights boarded with some 
 citizen dwelling in St. Michael-le-Belfrey"s Parish, York, whilst they were- 
 at the Roval School of St. Peter, then in the Horse Fayre, (xillygate (but 
 now in Chfton), York ; the other explanation is that possibly a portion 
 of the foinleen years during which the mother of John and Christopher 
 Wright was (as we have seen already ante) imprisoned for her 
 resolute profession of the Catholic religion was spent in company 
 with her hu.sbauil, Kobert Wright, in some private gentleman's house in 
 the JJelfrey Parish, in the City of York — a thing then very common. For 
 example. Dr. Thomas Vavasour, a physician, of Christ's Parish, who — or 
 whose tvife, Mrs. Dorothy Yavasour — favoured Campion, and probably 
 liarboured him in 1581, was for a time imprisoned in the house of his- 
 brother. This was probably Mr. Edward Vavasour, a Protestant gentleman,, 
 who resided in " the Belfrny "' Parish, and was a freeman of York and one 
 
 in this hiding-place — possibly that of a priest. (Communicated to me by the late 
 Very Rev. Monsignor Edward Canon Goldie, of York, about the year 1889.) George 
 S. Tliompson, Esquire, now lives at Kirby Kuowle Castle, or New Building. This 
 gentleman married a IMiss Elsley, of York, whose family, I believe, formerly owned 
 Mount St. John, through their relatives, the Gregories, who seem to have succeeded 
 the Harringtons, harbourers of thp great Campion, whom Lord Burleigh himself 
 styled "one of the diamonds of England." Campion's guides through Yorkshire were 
 I\Ir. Tempest (probably of Broughton Hall, near Skipton-in-Craven), Mr. More 
 (probably of Bai'nbi'ough Hall, near Doncastor, which came to the descendants of 
 Sir Thomas More, through the Cresacre family), Mr. Smyth (brother-in-law of William 
 Harrington, the elder), and Father Richard Holtby.— See Simpson's "Life of Campion,' 
 second Edition (Hodges, London). — In recent years the Walker family have owned 
 IMouut St. John, but I believe that to-day (1901) Sir Lowthian Bell is the owner. 
 When I visited this historic and ravishing spot, the Honourable Mrs. Bosville was 
 the les.sce, and the writer has a pleasant recollection of that lady's gracious courtesy 
 (1898).
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 397 
 
 ■of its tradesmen, being, I find, a hatter. In the York "Subsidy lloll for 
 1581 " Edward Vavasour's name appears as being assessed in goods at £S. 
 Dr. Thomas Vavasours name does not appear in the Subsidy KolL I believe 
 he was then in prison, at Hull, for his persistent refusal to conform to the 
 ■Queen's demands in matters of faith. 
 
 Query — Did Father Oldcorne learn his " medicine " from Dr. Vavasour, 
 of the Parish of Christ ? What was the system of medical training in the 
 "golden days '' ? 
 
 149. — As revealing the interior state (1) of Oldcoi-ne's mind in relation 
 to the Gunpowder enterprise, and (2) of Tesimond's mind, respectively, the 
 former stands in sharp contrast with the latter, and must be pregnant with 
 significance to the discerning and judicious reader. 
 
 150.— Vol. ii., pp. 285, 286. 
 
 151. — '^ Somers' Tracts,'' Edited by Sir Walter Scott, vol. ii., p. 106, 
 says : " Tesimond severely censured Hall (alias Oldcorne) for his timidity 
 on the occasion, calling him a phlegmatic fellow." 
 
 Dr. Abbott's '' AntUogia'' confirms Jardine's report of Tesimond's 
 denunciation, altlwucjh Foley most improperly omits it. 
 
 152. — The diverse demeanour on this critical occasion of these two 
 -Jesuits (both natives of the same City, most ])robably, and fellow-scholars 
 in the then recently re-founded Grammar School belonging to York 
 Minster) is very striking, and reminds one of the following sagacious 
 remark of that clear writer, Dr. James Martineau : "In human psychology, 
 feeling when it transcends sensation is not without idea, but is a type of 
 idea."^" Essays and Addresses," vol. iv., p. 202 (Longmans, 1891). — Such 
 feeling then is mens cordis — the mind of the heart. 
 
 153. — Hindlip Hall, about four miles from Worcester, was built on an 
 eminence in 1572 and the following years of Elizabeth's reign. It had a 
 large prospect of the surrounding country, and contained many conveyances, 
 secret chambers, and priests' hiding-places, perhaps more than any house 
 in England. The old Hall of the Abingtons was pulled down at the 
 beginning of the nineteenth century. The present mansion was built b}' 
 the Lord Hindlip's family, I believe. This demesne is one of the most historic 
 spots in the kingdom, owing to its memorable associations with Fathers 
 Garnet and Oldcorne, Garnet having left Coughton at the request of 
 Oldcorne, in December, 1605. The two Jesuits were nourished, after
 
 398 THE GUNrOWDER TLOT. 
 
 Salisbury instituted his search, daring seven days, seven nights, and some- 
 odd liours, mainly by broth and otiier warm drinks, conveyed to them 
 through a quill or reed jias.sed '"llirough a little hok- in a chiiuney that 
 hacked another chiumey into a gentlewoman's chamber."' Doubtless Mrs.. 
 Abington and Miss Anne Yaux (the devoted friend of Father Garnet, who, 
 along with Brother Nicholas Owen, accompanied him to Hindlip) hail 
 administered this food to the two I'amishing Jesuits detained in durance. 
 
 154. — Father fJarnet's house in Tiiames Street, J^undon, had been 
 broken up, tliis place of Jesuit sojourning having become known to the 
 Government. Consequently, Garnet, at the beginning of September, 1605, 
 ■went down to Gothnrst, in Buckinghamshire, the seat of Sir Everard and 
 J^ady Digby. 
 
 Christopher Wright, it will be remembered, quitted his lodging near 
 Teniple Bar, on October the 5th, and, 1 opine, then went down to 
 La])\vorth, or Clopton, near Stratford-on-Avon. Catesby was born at 
 Lap worth. 
 
 It will ba remembered that the Ai-dens, the relatives of Shakespeare's 
 mother, were allied to the Throckmortons, and therefore to Francis 
 Throckmorton, the friend of Mary Queeii of Scots. It is a remarkable 
 coincidence that the great dramatist was, through both tlie Ardens and 
 the Throckmortons, connected with those whose quartered reuiains he may 
 have had in his mind's eye (in addition to those of the Gunpowder 
 conspirators) when in 1606, in "Macbeth," he writ of "the hangman's- 
 bloody hands." 
 
 For an account of the Somerville-Arden and the Francis Throckmorton 
 alleged conspiracies against the life of Queen Elizabeth, see Fronde's 
 " History.'^ For an account of Shakespeare's family, including the Ardens^ 
 see Mrs. C. C. Stope's recent book (Elliot Stock, 1901). 
 
 155. — In the " Life of Sir Everard Dii/hy,"' by " One of his 
 descendants" (Kegan Paul), is to be found u vivid and historically accurate- 
 account of the proceedings of November the 5th and afterwards. The 
 conspirators' line of flight would be nearly parallel with the fiondon and 
 North Western Jlailway from Euston Station to Kugby. , 
 
 156. — The country crossed by these unhappy fugitives is undoubtedly 
 the very "heart of England," and in spring and summer is one of the 
 gardens of England. As those then flying, on that gloomy November 
 day, from th(> Avenger of lilood. wore ]ii'ob:d)ly almost all men of strong
 
 THE GUNPOWDEE PLOT. 399" 
 
 family affections, and certainly all ardent lovers of their country, bow 
 
 often must the feelings have welled up in their heart, as from some 
 
 intermittent crystalline spring, so beautifully expressed by the old Latin 
 
 poet : — 
 
 " Linquenda tellus, et domus, ct placens 
 
 Uxor : neque harum, quas colis, arborum 
 
 Te, praeter invisas cupressos, 
 
 UUa brevem dominum sequetur."— //orace. ^ 
 
 Alas ! Like many another wrong-doer, before and since, they thought of 
 this too late. 
 
 Well-nigh the final glimpse we get of Christopher Wright is from a 
 letter the conspirator, Thomas Bates, wrote to a priest, which is given in 
 Gerard's ''Narrative,'' p. 210. Christopher Wright, we are told by Bates, 
 on the morning of the day when the powder exploded at Holbeach House, 
 "flung to Bates, out of a window, £100, and desired him, as he was a 
 Catholic, to give unto his wife, and bis brother's wife, ,£80, and take .£20 
 himself : " — Wright owing Bates some money. 
 
 157. — Does Greenway's '■'Narrative'' clearly state how many of these 
 conspirators received from Tcsimond the sacraments ? If so, what sacraments 
 were they ? 
 
 The Government would have bad a clear case of inciting to open 
 rebellion against Tesimond if they bad caught him, but he escaped to 
 Elanders. He was " a very deep dog," was Master Tesimond, and no mistake. 
 But be was Mbolly under the finger and thumb {me judlce) of Catesby, 
 which shows what a powerful man of genius Catesby must have been. 
 
 Father Henry Garnet, at bis trial, allowed that Tesimond bad acted 
 " ill," in seeking to rouse the country to open rebellion. 
 
 158. — This lady Avas Muriel, the widow of John Littleton, who had 
 been involved in the rebellion of Robert Devereux Earl of Essex. She was 
 the daughter of Elizabeth's Lord Chancellor, Sir Thomas Bromley. — See 
 Aiken's " Memoirs of the lievjn of James i." 
 
 For a true estimate of the second Earl of Essex, see Dr. E.. W. 
 Church's "Bacon" (Macmillan). — S(^e also Major Hume's ''Courtships of 
 Queen Elizabeth (Fisher Unwin) and bis " Treason and Plot " (Nesbit). 
 
 1 "Land must be left, and home, and charming wife, 
 And of these trees which you cultivate, 
 None will follow you, their short-lived owner and lord, 
 Save the detested cypress."
 
 400 THE GUNrOWDER I'LOT. 
 
 159. — How well-grounded Oldcornc's suspicions of Littleton were, and 
 how soundly he had discerned the man's spirit, is proved from the fact 
 that after J.ittleton had been condemned to death for harbouring his 
 cousin, the Master of Holbeach, and Robert AVinter, the Master of 
 Huddington, Littleton sought to save his life by telling the Grovernment 
 that Oldcorne had "answered that the [Gunpowder] action was good, and 
 that he seemed to approve of it." Littleton also said that " since this last 
 rebellion he heard Hall [i.e., Oldcorne] once preacli in the house of the 
 said Mr. Abington, at which lime he seemed to confirm his hearers in 
 the Catholic cause." — See Foley's "■Records,'' vol. iv., p. !219. 
 
 160. — On the oth of October, lUOO, 1 saw this Declaration by the 
 courtesy of the authorities at the Eecord Office, London, and compared it 
 with the Letter to Lord Mounteagle. Miss Emma M. Walford was 
 present the while. — See Appendix. 
 
 161.— This luminous definition is by that great writer, Frederic 
 Harrison. ^ 
 
 162. — It is not less dangerous to indulge in Irony. For an emphatic 
 proof of this see the ''■Life of Lord Boiren," p. 113 (Murray), by «ir H. 
 S. Cunningham, K.C.I.E. 
 
 Cf. the great Stagyrites discountenancing the study by the in- 
 experienced (the young in years or in character) of the fundamental 
 grounds of those moral rules that each man must observe if he would 
 faithfully do his duty from day to day, and "walk sure-footedly " in this 
 life.— See " The Xicomachean Ethics of Aristotle," hook i. See also 
 Professor jNLiirhead's '' Cluipters from the Ethics" (Murray). 
 
 Hector, in " Troihis and Cressida," act ii., scene 2, speaks of 
 ■"Young men, whom Aristotle thought unfit to liear moral philosophy." 
 
 163. — Jardine thinks that Oldcorne manifests a disposition "to 
 hesitate and argue about the moral complexion" of the Gunpowder 
 Treason ; and tlii^ disposition Jardine regards as exhibiting in Oldcorne, 
 " apparently a man of humane and quiet character," a " distorted perception 
 of right and wrong." — See " Criminal Trials," pp. 232, 2.'}3. 
 
 Jkit it is evident that, for the nonce, the London ^Ligistrate's judicial 
 temper of mind had deserted liiin, when he sniffed too closely the moral
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 401 
 
 air breathed by a Jesuit. For manifest is it that, e.g., all acts of 
 insubordination against an established government are not treasons and 
 rebellions when that government is hopelessly tyrannical, inhuman, and 
 corrupt. Xor are all acts of slaughter of human beings acts of wilful 
 murder. They may be acts of justifiable tyrannicide, as, possibly, in the 
 case of "the man Charles Stuart, King of England;" and acts of justifiable 
 homicide, as in the case of every just war, or of every legitimate slaying 
 ■upon the gallows. 
 
 164. — In this connection the following words of tlie conspirator John 
 Grant should be remembered. After the Jury had found a verdict of 
 "guilty" against the prisoners, at Westminster Hall, on being asked 
 ■what he could say wherefore judgment of death should not be pronounced 
 •against him. Grant replied, " lie was guilty of a conspiracy intended, but 
 never effected." 
 
 Cf. Wordsworth's Sonnet on the Gunpowder Plot, which is very 
 penetrating. 
 
 165. — Let it be remembered by the gentle, though unreflecting, 
 reader who is disposed to be unnerved at the sound of the word 
 " Casuist," as at the sound of something " uncanny,"' that Casuistry is 
 that great science, so indispensable to statesmen, warriors, and politicians, 
 especially in these days of democratic self-government, whereby the 
 electing, self-governing people are told by their own authorized expert 
 representatives so much of public affairs as it is for the common good 
 should be kuoMu by them, hut no move. The late Eight Hon. W. E. 
 Gladstone once styled Casuistry " a great and noble science." Now, the 
 Marquis of Salisbury, K.G., the present Prime Minister of King Edward 
 YII., denominated Mr. Gladstone in the House of Lords, M'hen paying 
 his tribute to the memory of that "king of men," "a great Christian 
 statesman." And justly : for although Mr. Gladstone was himself a 
 master in the science of Casuistry, the object that science has in view is 
 to forge a palladium for Truth, and this at the cost of endless intellectual 
 labour. Casuistry, properly understood, counts all mere intellectual toils 
 as cheaply purchased, no matter at what cost, provided only that Truth 
 herself — unsullied Truth — be saved. For, after its kind, in whatever 
 sphere, Truth is infinitely more excellent than the diamond, neither is the 
 T'uby so lovely ; while partial Truth, according to its degree, is not less 
 true than the full orb of Truth. 
 
 A A
 
 402 THE GUNPOWDER TLOT. 
 
 166. — This plirase, "sacrilegious iiuirder,"* is used by Shakespeare in 
 " Macbetli,'* and so precisely does it express the double crime of the Gun- 
 powder plotters that. I feel certain that from this allusion — as well as 
 from the evident allusion to the well-kuowji equivocations of Father Henry 
 Garnet (alias Farmer) before the Privy Council— the great dramatist must 
 have had the Gunpowder Plot in his mind the whole time he wrote this 
 finest of his tragedies. 
 
 I suggest, too, that the words " The bell invites me. Hear it not,. 
 Duncan? for it is a luiell that summons thee to heaven or to hell"' are 
 an allusion lo the mysterious warning bell that the plotters thought they 
 heard whilst working in the mine. — See Jardine's " JSarrative of the 
 Gunpowder Plot" p. 54. 
 
 Compare also jNIr. H. AV. Mabie's description of the tragedy of 
 "Macbeth'" in his very recent and valuable '"''Life of Shakesj^eare'' (Macmillan 
 & Co.). Mr. JMabie's account sounds in one's ears like a very echo of a 
 recital of the facts and purposes of tlie (iunpowder Plot. 
 
 167.— Now, as the conspirators were engaged in a joint-enterprise, it 
 must be evident to every clear-minded thinker that the repentance of ani/ 
 one of the joint -pi otters must liave shed an imputed beneficent influence over 
 and upon all the band. For just as no man livetli only to himself, and 
 no man dietii only to himself, so, by a parity of reasoning, no man is 
 morally resurrected only to himself. Therefore, the moment Christopher 
 "Wright was, in the pure eyes of Edward Oklcorne, freed from the leprosy 
 of his sacrilegious-murderous crime — freed (1) by his owning to the same- 
 in word; (2) by his manifesting sorrow for the same in heart; and, above 
 and beyond all, freed (3) by his making amends for the sauie in deed, 
 through the earnest and part performance lie had given and made of his 
 unconquerable purpose of reversal, in assenting to the proposal of his 
 listener to pen the revealing Letter — from that moment Christopher Wright, 
 .1 say, and, through him (though in a secondary, subordinate, derivative 
 sense), all the remaining twelve plotters, would rise up, as an army from- 
 the dead : would rise up ami stand once more with head erect and in 
 marching order — that noble j)osture and manly attitude which is ever the 
 reward, sure and certain, of a recovered sense of justice, sincerity, truth. 
 
 168.— The Government, it is said, appointed a special Commission to 
 try ilum]direy Littleton and some others at Worcester. The following 
 qiujtation is taken from "tlie Eelation of Ifumphrey Littleton, made 
 January 26th, 1605-6," written by one Sir liichard Lewkner to the 
 Lords of the Priv}' Council. Jjcwkner was one of the Commissioners.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 403 
 
 This sentence is to be specially noted in this " Eelation " : — " The 
 servant of the said Hall [i.e., Oldcorne] is now prisoner in Worcester 
 Gaol, and can, as he thinks, go directly to the secret place where the 
 said Hall lieth hid." 
 
 Now, what was the name of this servant ? It certainly was not 
 Ealph Ashley (alias George Chambers), Jesuit lay-brother, for he and 
 Nicholas Owen, the servant of Garnet, who died in the Tower, "in their 
 hands," whatever that may mean, were not captured at Hindlip until a 
 few days before their masters. This treacherous servant of Oldcorne, 
 whoever he was, was possibly the self-same person who told the Govern- 
 ment that Ashley "had carried letters to and fro about this conspiracy." 
 — See Gerard's '■'■Narrative" p. 271. — The man may have shrewdly 
 suspected it from something in Ashley's deportment or from his riding up 
 and down the country in a way that portended that something unusual 
 was afoot. He may have been a " weak or bad Catholic " servant of Mr. 
 Abington, whom that gentleman placed at the special disposal of Oldcorne 
 for a class of work which coidd be done by one who was not a Jesuit 
 lay-brother. The Govenunent had evidently got a clue to something from 
 somebody, because I find Father Oldcorne making answer in the course of 
 one of his examinations: — "He sayth he bought a black horse of Mr. 
 AVynter at May next shall be three yeares, and sould him againe.*' 
 Examination, 5th March, 1G06.— See Foley's '' Records ," vol. iv., p. 224. 
 
 According to Foley's " liecords,'' Oldcorne was indicted at Worcester 
 for— 
 
 (1) Inviting Garnet, a denounced traitor, to Hindlip. 
 
 (2) AV^riting to Father Robert Jones, S.J., in Herefordshire, to aid in 
 concealing Stephen Littleton and Robert Winter, thus making himself an 
 accomplice. 
 
 (3) Of approving the Plot as a good action, though it failed of 
 effect. 
 
 Father Jones had provided a place of concealment at Coombe, in the 
 Parish of Welch iS'ewton, on the borders of Herefordshire, which then 
 abounded in Catholics. Stephen Littleton and Robert Winter, being 
 captured at Hagley, in Worcestershire, were executed as traitors according 
 to law. Hagley House is now the residence of Charles George Baron 
 Lyttelton and Viscount Cobham. 
 
 169. — A learned Cretan Jesuit, Father L'Heureux, who was appointed 
 by Pope Urban YllJ. Eector of the Greek College at Rome, wrote a 
 powerful "•Apologia"' in behalf of Father Henry Garnet, which was
 
 404 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 published in 1610. In 1613 Dr. Kobert Abbott, :i Master of Balliol 
 Coliej^e, Oxford, and Eegius Professor of Divinity at that University, 
 wrote his '■'■ Antilor/ia^' as a reply to Euda^inon-Joannes' '•'■ Apolo<jia." \t 
 would be a boon to historical students if both the " ApoJo<jia " and the 
 *'Antilojia"' were "Englished" by some competent hand. Abbott was 
 made Bishop of Salisbury, partly on account of the learning he displayed 
 in his ''AntiJor/ia." lie was a Calvinist, and a vigorous writer, being 
 styled "the hammer of Popery and Arminianism." 
 
 Dr. Lancelot Andrewes (in answer to Cardinal Bellarmine) and Isaac 
 Casaubon also contributed to the literature of the controversies anent the 
 Plot, and modern editions of their works with notes are desiderata. 
 Casaubon is best known, at the present day, through his " Life,'" by Mark 
 Pattison; Andrewes, through the late Dr. R. W. Church's "Lecture," 
 now in " The Pascal" volume (Macmillan) of that judicious and learned 
 man. 
 
 170. — See Jardine's ^'Criminal Trials" vol. ii., p. 1:20, quoting 
 ''Apologia;' p. 2u0. 
 
 Sir Everard Digby was the only conspirator who pleaded "guilty," 
 and he was arraigned by a different Indictment from that which charged 
 the rest of the surviving conspirators. 
 
 171. — My contention is that the conclusion is inevitable to the 
 discerning mind that the sphinx-like nescience — the face set like a 
 flint; — with which Oldcorne met Littleton's inquiry, displays indisputable 
 evidence of a sub-consciousness on Oldcorne's part, of what ? Of a special, 
 private, official l-)\oxvledge (as distinct from a general, public, personal 
 knowledge) of what had been intended to be the executed Gunpowder 
 Plot, but which Oldcorne himself had thwarted, and so prevented ever- 
 lastingly any one single human creature being able, even for the 
 infinitesimal part of an instant, to contemplate '■'■post factum'' — after the 
 fact — and in the concrete; which, indeed, judged "from the outside,"' and 
 us the bulk of mankind are entitled to judge it, was the only side or 
 aspect of the baleful enterprise that was of practical and, therefure, to 
 them, of paramount personal consequence. The conspirator John Grant 
 expressed the state of the case exactly when he said in AVestminster 
 Hall, after being asked what he could say wherefore judgment of death 
 should not be pronounced against him, " He was guilty of a conspiracy 
 intended, but never (effected."
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 405 
 
 172. — See Butler's ^'' Memohs of Emjllsh Catholics,"' vol. ii., p. 2G0. 
 See also (lerard's '^ Narrative " — It is possible (according to Gerard) that 
 Oldcorne may have been even still wore cruelly tortured, namely, as Dr. 
 Lingard says, during five hours for each oE five successive days; but to 
 me, humanly speaking, this is incredible. 
 
 173. — Father Edward Oldcorne and Brother Ralph Ashley are both, 
 along with others, now styled by Rome, " Venerable Servants of God." 
 The Decree introducing the cause of these " English Martyrs,*' dated 1886, 
 and signed by the present Pope, Leo XII I., is kept in the English 
 College at Rome, where Oldcorne had himself entered as a student a little 
 more than three hundred and four years previously, namely, in 1582. 
 
 Through the truly kind courtesy of the Right Rev. Monsignor Giles, 
 D.D., President of the English College, Rome, the writer was privileged to 
 see, along with the Rev. Eather Darby, O.S.B., and some other gentlemen, 
 this Decree in the afternoon of Saturday, the 13th of October, 1900, the 
 Eeast of St. Edward the Confessor, King of England. In the forenoon 
 of the same day the first great band of the English Pilgriuis for the 
 Holy Tear, the Tear of Jubilee, had received, in St. Peter's, tlie Papal 
 Blessing, amid great rejoicing, the apse or place of honour in this, the 
 largest Church in Christendom, being graciously accorded to these fifteen 
 hundred British Catholic subjects of Her late Most Gracious Majesty 
 Queen Victoria. 
 
 174. — As to the precise teaching of the theologians of Father 
 Oldcorne's Church respecting the famous dictum of St. Angustine of 
 Hippo, " Extra ecclesiam nulla saJus," see the book of the once celebrated 
 Douay theologian, Dr. Havvarden, entitled, " Charity and Truth ; or 
 Catholics not uncharitable in sai/ing that none are saved out of the Catholic 
 Communion, becavse the ride is not universal'^ (1728). And, again, that 
 great Torkshire son of St. Philip Xeri, Dr. Frederic William Faber, an 
 ultramontane papist of the ultramontane papists, has thus recorded hi* 
 own potent testimony on this subject in his singularly able and beautiful 
 work, entitled, " Tlie Creator and the Creature,'' first edition, p. 368. 
 
 Dr. Faber says : " We are speaking of Catholics. If our thoughts 
 break their bounds and run out beyond the Church, nothing that has been 
 said has been said with any view to those without. I have no profession 
 of faith to make about them, except that God is infinitely merciful to every 
 soul; that no one ever has been, or ever can be, lost by surprise or 
 trapped in his ignorance; and as to those who may be lost, I confidently
 
 406 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 believe that our Heavenly Pather threw His arms round, each created spirit, 
 and looked it full in the face with bright eyes of love in the darkness of 
 its mortal life, and that of its own deliberate will it would not have Him." 
 
 175. — Either from the phonograph or even the shorthand scribe. 
 
 170. — Are the Indictments in existence of Father Oldcorne and Ealph 
 Ashley, who seem to have been tried in the Shire Hall, Worcester, at the 
 Lent Assizes of 1606? If so, they and extracts from any Minute Books 
 still extant bearing on tlie subject would be of great interest and value 
 to the historical Inquirer, if published. 
 
 177. — Oldcorne realized experimentally, in the final action of the great 
 tragedy, what it means, as Goethe has it, for a man " to adjust his 
 compass at the Cross.*' 
 
 And than Oldcorne no human creature ever lived that had a better 
 right to anticipate those magnificent words of triumph over death of one 
 of Yorkshire's supremest geniuses: " //* viy barque sink, 'tis to another sea." 
 
 178. — In Morris's " Troubles of our CatJioJic Forefathers,'^ third series, 
 p. 325, we read: "In 1572 John Oldcorne is one of the four sworn men 
 against the late rebels and other evil-disposed people suspected of 
 papistry, for St. Sampson's parish." 
 
 Again, under date April 10th, 1577, we read: "And now also John 
 Oldcorne, of St. Sampson's parish, who cometh not to the church on 
 Sundays and holidays, personally appeared before these presents, and 
 .sayeth he is content to suffer the churchwarden of the same parish to 
 take his distresses for his offence." 
 
 There is also for January, 1598, the following pathetic entry 
 concerning the mother of Father Oldcorne : — 
 
 " Monckewarde Saint Sampson's, Elizabeth Awdcorne, alias Oldcorne, old 
 and lame a recusant." 
 
 York is now divided into six wards for the purposes of municipal 
 government, namely : Bootbam, Monk, Micklegate, AValmgate, Guildhall, 
 and Castlegate. Until the nineteeiath century there were only the first four 
 wards, which, indeed, corresponded to the four great Gates or chief Ways 
 for entering the City. 
 
 The writer remembers with pleasure that, now some years ago, his 
 fellow-citizens of Micklegate Ward, on the west side of York, did him 
 the honour of electing him to occupy a seat, for the term of three years.
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 407 
 
 in the Council Chamber of his native City, which, he is proud to 
 remember, was the City wlierein first drew the breath of life Edward 
 Oldcorne : one, he has every reason to believe, whose keen, sane mind, and 
 ready, skilful hand were instrumental, under Heaven, in penning that 
 immortal document which saved the life, certainly, of King James I., 
 of His Eo3'al Consort Queen Anne of Denmark, of Henry Prince 
 of Wales, and Charles Duke of York, afterwards King Charles I., as 
 well as the life of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, the Gentlemen 
 of the House of Commons, and many Foreign Ambassadors, in the year 
 of grace 1605, now well-nigh three centuries ago. 
 
 As some readers may be, perchance, interested in a few particulars 
 concerning the ancient Parish of St. Sampson, which is in the heart of 
 the City of York, close to the Market Place, I propose to mention a few, 
 First of all, then, the ancient parish church which bears the name of the 
 old British Saint, St. Sampson, is pre-eminently one of "the grey old 
 
 ■churches of our native land," whereof in the reign of King Henry V. 
 (Shakespeare's ideal English monarch) there were in the City of York and 
 its suburbs no less than forty-one, though in the reigns of Edward Yl. and 
 Elizabeth the number was reduced. That forty-one was the number 
 oi'iginally we know from a subsidy of Parliament which granted to King 
 Harry, in 1413, two shillings in the pound leviable on all spirituals and 
 
 iiemporals in the realm for carrying on the then war with Prance. — See 
 Drake's '' Eboracum" p. 234. 
 
 St. Sampson's Church consists of a lower nave and chancel with 
 north and south aisles to both, extending nearly to the west base of the 
 tower. The architecture of the church is in the decorated and the 
 perpendicular styles. King Richard III., in 1393, granted the advowson 
 
   of this church to the A'icars Choral of York Minster. The present 
 Vicar (1901) is the liev. William Haworth, one of the Yicars Choral of 
 the Minster, to whom I am indebted for information respecting the 
 [Registers of St. Sampson's Church and the Church of Holy Trinity, 
 King's Court, or Christ's. 
 
 Mr. Councillor John Earle Wilkinson, "mine host" of the " Garrick's 
 Head"' Hotel, Low Petergate, York, who was the Guardian of the Poor for 
 
 "the old Parish of St. Sampson (as he is now the Guardian for Ward 
 No. 2 of the United Parish of York), kindly informed me on the 10th 
 
 .July, 1901, that the following streets are in the Ecclesiastical Parish of 
 St. Sampson. Hence we may conclude that it was in a house in one of 
 these streets that were spent the earliest years of Edward Oldcorne, the 
 
 ;son of John Oldcorne, Tiler, and of Elizabetli, his wife: —
 
 408 THE GUNrOWDER PLOT. 
 
 (1) Cluircli .Street, ii street between the Market Place (vvliich Market 
 Place is formed by St. Sampson's Square and Parliament Street) and 
 Goodramgate towai'ds Monk Bar. Here is St. Sampson's Church. 
 
 (2) Patrick Pool, to the east of St. Sampson's Church. 
 
 (3) The right-hand side of Newgate, leading into High Jubbergate 
 (formerly Jews-Gate). 
 
 (4) Little Shambles and Pump Yard. 
 
 (5) That part of Parliament Street on the south-west which includes 
 the site of the York City and County Bank. 
 
 (6) That part of Parliament Street on the north-east which includes- 
 Mr. F. II. Vaughans "Clock" Hotel 
 
 (7) Silver Street, to the west of St. Sampson's Church, connecting 
 Church Street with High Jubbergate. 
 
 (8) On the north side of Church Street, opposite St. Sampson's 
 Church, Swinegate. Pinkie Street. 
 
 (9) Back (or Little) Swinegate, between Swinegate and Pinkie Street. 
 
 (10) That part of Little Stonegate which includes the back part of 
 the premises of Messrs. Myers and Burnell, Coachbuilders, and the Model 
 Lodging House oj)posite. 
 
 (11) Coffee Yard. 
 
 (12) The top part of Grape Lane (leading into Low Petergate), which' 
 adjoins Coffee Yard and the north end of Swinegate. 
 
 (13) St. Sampson's Square (forming part of the Market Place). 
 
 Souie of the old Elizabethan dweUing-houses and shops in these streets- 
 and yai'ds, built of oak (doubtless from the famous Galtres Forest, north- 
 ward of York), with their projecting stories of lath and plaster, liappily,. 
 are still standing, " rich with the spoils of time," and the eyes of 
 Edward Oldcorne must have, many a time and oft, gazed ui)on them 
 at that momentous period of life when " the cliild is father of the 
 man.'' 
 
 ]3esides these ancient dwelling-houses and shops, relics of the Past, 
 the grey old Parish Church of St. Sampscni must have been one of the 
 sights which, from the earliest dawn of reason, entered into the historic- 
 " imagination " of the great Elizabethan Englishman, who was destined to- 
 becouie a learned student at Kheims and liome and " to see much of many 
 men and many cities"' before he came to England in the year 15S8, the 
 year of the Spanish Armada. 
 
 Another familiar object to the future honoured friend and trusted 
 counsellor of Mr. and Mrs. Abington and the highest in the land would 
 be also the old Market Cross, which stood in the middle of St. Sampson's-
 
 THE GUNrOWDEE PLOT. 409 
 
 ♦Square, then, and even still sometimes, called Thursday Market. — See 
 Gent's "ro/7.-." 
 
 The fact that during the month of December, 1901, the claim of the 
 ancient City of York to be specially represented, through its Lord Mayor, 
 on the occasion of the forthcoming Coronation of His Most Gracious 
 Majesty King Edward VII., was considered by the Court of Claims next 
 after the claim of the Cit} of London, is interesting evidence to show that 
 the Cit_Y of Edward Oldcorne is still counted the second City of the 
 British Empire, notwithstanding that such claim was disallowed. 
 
 179. — Sir Edward Hoby was a man of parts, a learned diplomatist and 
 able Protestant controversialist. — -See '■'■National Dictionary of Bioyraj^h;/." 
 
 180.— Nichols' ''Progresses of James /".," pp. 584-587. (The italics 
 are mine.)
 
 410 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 Suh-uutc to Note 178. 
 
 In 1572 John (lldeorne, we are told, was oii« of the four '-sworn 
 men against the late rebels and other evil-disposed people suspected of 
 papistry, for St. Sauipson's parish.'' Tliis is very interesting; for on the 
 22nd day of August, 1.572, at three o'clock in the afternoon, "the Blessed" 
 Thomas Percy, " the good Erie of Northunibei'land," was l)eheaded in Tlie 
 Pavement, at tlu; east end of All Saints' Church. He was buried in old 
 St. Crux Church, adjoining The Pavement ; and it is possible, I conjecture, 
 that John Oldcoriie may have been sworn in as a special constable to help 
 to keep the peace on the occasion of the beheading of tlie Earl, who held 
 the hearts of nine-tenths of the people of York and Yorkshire, as well as 
 •of "the Xorth Countrie" generally, at the time (jf his long and deeply 
 lamented death. 
 
 The York "Tyburn," in the middle of the Tadcaster High-road, 
 Kjpposite Hob Moor (iate, Knavesraire, was abolished at the beginning 
 of the nineteenth ceJitury. 
 
 .h)hn Oldecn'ne, the father of Eathcr Edward Oldcorue, is described as 
 a Bricklayer as well as a Tiler. I think he was a "Master," in partnership, 
 maybe, with his brother, Thomas Oldcorne, a great sufferer for the Catholic 
 Faitli, whose wife, Alice, died — a prisoner for her conscience — in the 
 Kidcote, on Old (^iise Bridge, and wh(jse body was buried on Toft Green, 
 near to 31icklegate Bai-. — See Foley's '■'■ Records,'' vol. iv. — The iiame 
 Oldcorne is not now found in the City of York.
 
 FINIS. 
 
 A task at once pleasurable and laborious is at length 
 -accomplished, and the writer humbly sends forth into 
 the world his modest contribution towards the literature 
 •of the Gunpowder Treason Plot. 
 
 Errors, whether in matters of Fact or in points of 
 Reasoning and Argument, the author will Ije gratefully 
 obliged by his readers at an early date pointing out 
 to him. 
 
 Should his book be read by any of our kith and 
 kin in His Most Gracious Majesty's Dominions beyond 
 the seas, whouj " the stern behests of Duty" have bidden 
 ''with strangers make their home," as well as by 
 professed students of History and the general citizen 
 reader in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and 
 Ireland, then will be the writer's joy great indeed. 
 
 The author desires to tender his respectful and 
 cordial thanks to the Authorities of the followimi" 
 Libraries for the use of their valuable, and not seldom 
 invaluable, works : — (1) The Minster Library, York ; (2) 
 the Minster Library, Ripon ; (3) the British Museum, 
 London ; (4) the Free Library, York ; (5) the Free 
 Library, Leeds ; (G) the Free Library, Preston ; (7) the 
 Free Library, Wigan ; and (8) the Albert Library, York. 
 
 Also the like thanks to the following persons of 
 divers nationalities, creeds, and parties. Their aid and 
 assistance have been of various kinds : sometimes the loan 
 of rare and costly books for a twelve-month together;
 
 412 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 in certain cases, advice and counsel ; in otlier cases,. 
 the revising of })ix)of sheets, the transhition fro^n foreign 
 tongues, and the transcription of Eh/abethan and 
 Jacobean documents : — 
 
 To the Eev. F. A. liussell, York, formerly of India ; 
 the lie\'. Edmond Nolan, B.A., St. Edmund's House, 
 Cambridge; the Eev. Eichard Shai'p, S.-I., Skipton-in- 
 Craven, Yorks. ; the Eev, George Machell, Y'ork ; the 
 Eev. Louis Tils, Y^ork, formerly of Germany; the Eev. 
 H. Eawlings, M.A., Y^ork, formerly of South Africa; the 
 Eev. T. Harrington, Brosna, Co. Kerr}', Ireland ; the 
 Eev. H. A. Geurts, Bishop Thornton, Eipon, Yorks., 
 formerly of Holland ; the Eev. E. J. Hickey, Lartington, 
 North Yorks.; A. E. Chapman, LL.D., Y'ork ; A. Neave 
 Brayshaw, 13. A., LL.B., Y'ork ; Oswald C. B. Brown, 
 Y^ork, Solicitor (author of " The Life of tlie Venerable 
 liicluird Langley : (( Mcniiji' of the YorlsJi ire. Wolds'") ; 
 G. Laycock Brown, York, Solicitor ; Miss Emma M. 
 Walford, 45, Bernard St., Eussell Square, London, W.C. ; 
 Miss Georgina Kirby, Y^ork House, Middlesbrough, Y\:)rks. ; 
 Mr. Ealph Currie, Y^ork ; and Mr. John Sampson, Y'^ork. 
 
 Lastly, to all other kind friends who may have 
 rendered assistance, but whose names do not occur either 
 in the work it§elf or in the above-mentioned list, the 
 writer begs to offer his sincere acknowledgments.
 
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