RARY 
 
 felTY OF 
 
 IFORNIA 
 
THE 
 
 TEXT OF THE ENGLISH BIBLE 
 
 AS NOW PRINTED BY THE UNIVERSITIES 
 
 CONSIDERED 
 
 WITH REFERENCE TO A REPORT BY A SUB-COMMITTEE 
 OF DISSENTING MINISTERS. 
 
 SECOND EDITION, 
 
 CORRECTED AND GREATLY ENLARGED. 
 
 BY THOMAS TURTON, D.D. 
 
 REGIUS PROFESSOR OF DIVINITY IV THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, 
 AND DEAN OF PETERBOROUGH. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE: 
 
 PRINTED, AT THE PITT PRESS, BY JOHN SMITH, 
 
 PRIKTER TO THE UNIVERSITY. 
 
 LONDON: 
 JOHN W. PARKER, CAMBRIDGE DEPOSITORY, WEST STRAND. 
 
 SOLD ALSO BY 
 
 RIVINGTONS, ST PAUL'S CHURCH-YARD; 
 
 DEIfiHTONS, AND STEVENSON, CAMBRIDGE; AND PARKER, OXFORD. 
 
 M.DCce.xxxm. 
 
IJ 
 
Tz 
 
 ADVERTISEMENT l 
 
 TO THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 AT the suggestion of several friends, in whose 
 judgment I have every reason to place confidence, I 
 publish a second edition of my Essay on the Text 
 of the English Bible. It has been thought that, 
 by somewhat extending the plan of the work, an 
 opportunity would be presented of introducing 
 a series of useful illustrations of Scripture Lan- 
 guage, in a form not unlikely to secure atten- 
 tion. 
 
 To be engaged in elucidating the Sacred 
 Volume cannot be unbecoming my situation ; 
 and I have felt great satisfaction in endeavouring 
 to carry what has thus been suggested into effect. 
 In the additions now made to the Work, the 
 main object has been to communicate information 
 respecting matters of permanent interest. 
 
 It would be an act of great injustice, to the 
 Members of the Sub-Committee mentioned in 
 the title-page, if I were to omit to lay before 
 the Readers of this Essay the following Letter, 
 addressed by those Gentlemen 
 
IV ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 " TO THE EDITOR OF THE TIMES. 
 
 " SIR, 
 
 " In consequence of the publication of Mr Curtis's 
 pamphlet upon the state of the Text in the current editions of 
 the English Bible, and your remarks on that subject, the 
 members of the sub-committee appointed to examine and 
 report on the authorized version feel it their duty to make the 
 following statements : 
 
 "In publishing the resolutions of the 13th of June, 
 Mr Curtis has not only acted without our concurrence, but 
 in direct opposition to the written injunction of one of the 
 committee, the positive declaration made to him by another, 
 who was also of the sub-committee, that such an act would be 
 a gross breach of faith, and the obvious design of that part 
 of our fourth resolution in which it is declared ' expedient to 
 wait till the reprint of the edition of 1611, now printing at 
 Oxford, be before the public, ere any further correspondence 
 be entered upon with the Universities.' 
 
 " We do not consider ourselves responsible for any state- 
 ments which Mr Curtis has made in his pamphlet, or which 
 he may hereafter make ; and he is no longer secretary to the 
 committee by which we were appointed, or in any way con- 
 nected with that body. 
 
 " As our design was not to implicate character, but to 
 secure the integrity of the text of the authorized version, we 
 consider the reprint of the standard edition, now commenced 
 at Oxford, as the first step towards the advancement of the 
 object we had in view. 
 
 "J. BENNETT. 
 
 " F. A. COX. 
 
 "E. HENDERSON. 
 
 " Though not of the sub-committee, I am happy to be 
 permitted to add my signature. 
 
 "March 26. J. PYE SMITH." 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. V 
 
 In this republication of my Essay, I should 
 have been glad to have withdrawn my remarks 
 upon the Report of the Sub-Committee ; but two 
 circumstances have restrained me from doing so. 
 One of those circumstances is, that while, in the 
 foregoing Letter, the publication of the Report 
 is condemned, the Sentiments contained in it 
 do not appear to be disavowed: the other is, 
 that the Edition of the Authorized Version of 
 the Bible, published in 1611, is described, in the 
 Letter, as the Standard Edition. 
 
 Let me take this opportunity to state, as my * 
 deliberate opinion, that the Text of 1611 is, in 
 consequence of its incorrectness, quite unworthy 
 to be considered as the Standard of the Bibles 
 now printed; and to express my conscientious 
 belief, that to revert to that Text, as the 
 Standard, would be productive of serious evils. 
 Some of the reasons for this decision are given in 
 the following pages. 
 
 , November 1833. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PACK 
 
 PRELIMINARY Remarks 1 2 
 
 Illustrative instances of Italics from the Text of 1611 ... 310 
 
 Reasons for such Italics 10 12 
 
 Texts from the Old Testament, examined by the Sub- 
 Committee 1322 
 
 Texts from the New Testament, examined by the same .. 2334 
 Antiquity of the additional Italics Systematic Revision 
 
 of the Text, in 1638 3537 
 
 Report of the Sub-Committee 3839 
 
 Reflections on the Report 3942 
 
 Irregularities, as to the marking of the same supplemen- 
 tary words, in the Text of 1611 43 45 
 
 Illustrations of abbreviated forms of speech 45 48 
 
 Supplementary words (in the Old Testament) properly 
 
 distinguished in the Text of 1611 4957 
 
 Supplementary words (in the Old Testament) not marked 
 
 in that Text 5860 
 
 Supplementary words (in the New Testament) properly 
 
 distinguished in that Text 6271 
 
 Supplementary words (in the New Testament) not marked 
 
 in that Text 7186 
 
 Words erroneously marked as supplementary, in that Text 86 91 
 
 Reflections on the above 91 93 
 
 Concluding remarks, with reference to the Report of the 
 
 Sub-Committee .. 93102 
 
Vlll ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Objectors to Italics Houbigant, Dr Symonds, Dr Geddes, 
 
 Dr Campbell 103109 
 
 Arias Montanus not the first who distinguished supple- 
 mentary words 110 111 
 
 Origin and progress of such distinctions, in the Latin Ver- 
 sions Sebastian Munster, Beza, Tremellius and 
 Junius, &c 111112 
 
 German, Spanish, Italian and French Versions 112 114 
 
 English Versions previous to 1611 114 116 
 
 subsequent to 1611 116118 
 
 Mr Moses Stuart's Version of the Epistle to the Hebrews 119121 
 Dr J. Pye Smith's Versions in his 'Scripture Testimony' 122123 
 
 Dr Adam Clarke appealed to 124125 
 
 Final reference to the Revisign of the Text in 1638 126 
 
 Italics of King James's Translators, with respect to the 
 
 Various Readings of the Originals 127 131 
 
THE TEXT, 
 
 FOR the sake of clearness, it may be right to state 
 that, in the course of the year 1832, a Committee was 
 formed, of some of the most eminent Dissenting Minis- 
 ters resident in London and its environs, " for the 
 Restoration and Protection of the Authorized Version 
 of the Bible:" that a Sub-Committee was afterwards 
 appointed, " to verify and report upon the various 
 collations of the Secretary of the general Committee:" 
 and that Mr Curtis, the Secretary alluded to, sub- 
 sequently specified, in the postscript to his Four Letters 
 to the Bishop of London, the cases of "intentional 
 departure from the Authorized Version,"" which were 
 examined by the Subcommittee ; and at the same time 
 published the Report of the Sub-Committee on the 
 subject of inquiry. 
 
 A Report, which represents the deliberate opinion 
 of three learned and able men appointed by their 
 Brethren to ascertain the merits of a matter of some 
 consequence, is, at the first view of it, entitled to 
 respect; but as even a Judge on the Bench, who 
 gives reasons for his decision, must be content to have 
 his reasons canvassed by the world so the Sub-Com- 
 
 A 
 
mittee will naturally conclude that the grounds of their 
 opinion, as pointed out by Mr Curtis, as well as their 
 opinion itself, may be the objects of public animad- 
 version. 
 
 The Report is, in substance, that "an extensive 
 alteration has been introduced into the text of our 
 Authorized Version, by changing into Italics innu- 
 merable words and phrases, which are not thus ex- 
 pressed in the original editions of King James' Bible 
 printed in 1611 ;" and that these alterations " greatly 
 deteriorate" the Translation, and expose it to many 
 serious objections. 
 
 By and by, I shall give in detail the cases of 
 " intended departure from the Authorized Version," 
 on which the Report of the Sub-Committee is founded, 
 and also present to the reader the Report itself; but 
 I must previously request a few moments' attention 
 to some of the purposes which the Italics, in our 
 English Bibles, may have been intended to answer. 
 It is to be recollected that many of the words in 
 Italics, in the Bibles now published, are equally dis- 
 tinguished, in the text of l6ll, from the other "words 
 in the sentences to which they belong. The inquiry 
 therefore relates, in the first instance, to the reasons 
 which seem to have induced our Translators to assign 
 to certain words a type different from that in which 
 the greater part of the Bible was printed. I say, seem 
 to have induced because I am not aware that they 
 have left their reasons on record ; so that it is only by 
 an examination of the text of 1611, that we can satisfy 
 our minds on that point. 
 
On referring to the text of 1611, we find, in the 
 
 very first page, the following expressions, marked as 
 
 here pointed out : 
 
 "And darkness was upon the face of the deep:" 
 
 "And God saw the light, that it mas good:" 
 
 ' ' And God made the firmament ; and divided the waters, 
 
 which were under the firmament, from the waters, which 
 
 were above the firmament : " 
 
 " The fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed 
 
 is in itself." Gen. i. 211. 
 
 And wherever the Book is opened, we find the 
 same peculiarity: 
 
 " The woman whom thou gavest to be with me." Gen. iii. 12. 
 
 "And the men are shepherds." Gen. xLvi. 32. 
 
 " And the fish that was in the river died." Exod. vii. 21. 
 
 " Ye shall therefore be holy, for I am holy." Lev. xi. 45. 
 
 "He took up his parable, and said, Amalek was the first 
 of the nations, but his latter end shall be, that he perish for 
 ever." Num. xxiv. 20. 
 
 " For thou art an holy people." Deut. xiv. 2. 
 
 "Let it be known this day that thou art God in Israel, 
 and that I am thy servant ;" " The LORD, he is the God, 
 the LORD, he is the God." 1 Kings, xviii. 36, 3Q. 
 
 "With him is strength and wisdom; the deceived and 
 the deceiver are his." Job xii. 16. 
 
 " For the kingdom is the LORD'S : and he is the governor 
 among the nations." Ps. xxii. 28. 
 
 " The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom : and 
 the knowledge of the holy is understanding." Prov. ix. 10. 
 
 "The ancient and honourable, he is the head; and the 
 prophet that teacheth lies, he is the tail." Isai. ix. 15. 
 
 " Blessed are the poor in spirit : for their's is the king- 
 dom of heaven." Matt. v. 3. 
 
 " For the promise, that he should be the heir of the 
 world, was not to Abraham, or to his seed, through the 
 Law." Rom. iv. 13. 
 
 " The first man i* of the earth, earthy ; the second man 
 if -the Lord from heaven." 1 Cor. xv. 47- 
 
" And withal they learn to be idle." 1 Tim. v. 13. 
 
 " The face of the Lord is against them that do evil." 
 1 Pet. iii. 12. 
 
 "Sanctify the Lord God in your hearts, and be ready 
 always to give an answer to every man that asketh you a 
 reason of the hope that is in you." 1 Pet. iii. 15. 
 
 Such is the manner in which the Verb Substantive 
 is frequently distinguished throughout the volume. 
 
 The Verb also is very often marked in the same 
 manner : 
 
 " He made the stars also." Gen. i. 16. 
 
 "And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl 
 of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, 
 wherein there is life, / have given every green herb for 
 meat." Gen. i. 30. 
 
 "And there came an angel of the LORD, and sat under 
 an oak which was in Ophrah, that pertained unto Joash." 
 Judg. vi. 11. 
 
 " And the elders of his house arose, and went to him, 
 to raise him up from the earth." 2 Sam. xii. 17. 
 
 " The mighty men which belonged to David." 1 Kings i. 8. 
 
 " Thou art my Lord : my goodness extendeth not to 
 thee." Ps. xvi. 2. 
 
 "Such knowledge is too wonderful for me; it is high, 
 I cannot attain unto it." Ps. cxxxix. 6. 
 
 " My soul thirsteth after thee, as a thirsty land." Ps. cxLiii. 6. 
 
 "As in water face ansrvereth to face, so the heart of 
 man to man." Prov. xxvii. 19. 
 
 " Thou hast in love to my soul delivered it from the 
 pit of corruption." Isai. xxxviii. 1J, 
 
 " And when they came that were hired about the eleventh 
 hour." Matt. xx. 9 
 
 "And the commandment which was ordained to life, 
 I found to be unto death." Rom. vii. 10. 
 
 "So then faith cometh by hearing." Rom. x. 17. 
 
 "For he is the minister of God, a revenger to execute 
 wrath upon him that doeth evil." Rom. xiii. 4. 
 
 " And above all these things, put on charity." Col. iii. 14. 
 
In a similar manner are Nouns singled out: 
 
 "And she went down unto the well, and drew water: 
 and I said unto her, Let me drink, I pray thee. And she 
 made haste and let down her pitcher from her shoulder." 
 " And they blessed Rebecca, and said unto her, Thou art 
 our sister, be thou the mother of thousands of millions." 
 " And Isaac was comforted after his mother's death." Gen. 
 xxiv. 45, 46, 60, 67. 
 
 "Thou shalt not muzzle the ox when he treadeth out 
 the corn." Deut. xxv. 4. 
 
 " The sword of the LORD, and of Gideon." Judg. vii. 18. 
 
 " But mine eye spared thee." 1 Sam. xxiv. 10. 
 
 " I am sent to thee with heavy tidings." 1 Kings xiv. 6. 
 
 " And it came to pass when mid day was past, and 
 they prophesied until the time of the offering of the evening 
 sacrifice." 1 Kings xviii. 29. 
 
 " And ye dig a pit for your friend." Job vi. 27- 
 
 "In the morning will I direct my prayer unto thee." 
 Ps. v. 3. 
 
 "He will not always chide: neither will he keep his 
 anger for ever." Ps. ciii. 9. 
 
 " Terrible as an army with banners." Cant. vi. 4. 
 
 " Let the wilderness and the cities thereof lift up their 
 voice" Isai. XLU. 11. 
 
 " Thou land devourest up men." Ezek. xxxvi. 13. 
 
 "When Herod the king had heard these things, he was 
 troubled." Matt. ii. 3. 
 
 "Behold, a sower went forth to sow; And when he 
 sowed, some seeds fell by the way side." Matt. xiii. 3, 4. 
 
 " And there came down a storm of wind on the lake, 
 and they were filled with water" Luke viii. 23. 
 
 "For the children being not yet born." Rom. ix. 11. 
 
 " For God is not the author of confusion." 1 Cor. xiv. 33. 
 
 There are Adjectives presenting a similar appearance : 
 
 " So the woman went her way and did eat, and her 
 countenance was no more sad" 1 Sam. i. 18. 
 
 " Hath the LORD as great delight in burnt offerings and 
 sacrifices, as in obeying the voice of the LORD ? 1 Sam. xv. 22. 
 
6 
 
 " Where was a man of great stature." 2 Sam. xxi. 20, 
 and 1 Chron. xx. 6. 
 
 "The steps of a good man are ordered by the LORD." 
 Ps. xxxvii. 23. 
 
 "The best of them is as a briar: the most upright is 
 sharper than a thorn hedge." Micah vii. 4. 
 
 "That the word of the Lord may have free course." 
 2 Thess. iii. 1. 
 
 The same rule is applied to Personal Pronouns : 
 
 "And out of the ground the LORD God formed every 
 beast of the field, and every fowl of the air, and brought 
 them unto Adam." Gen. ii. 19. 
 
 " And he said, Bring it near unto me, and I will eat of 
 my son's venison. . .and he brought it near unto him." Gen. 
 xxvii. 25. 
 
 " And Jacob asked him, and said, Tell me, I pray thee, 
 thy name." Gen. xxxii. 29. 
 
 " The LORD will pass over the door, and will not suffer 
 the destroyer to come in unto your houses, to smite you" 
 Exod. xii. 23. 
 
 "I have not transgressed thy commandments, neither 
 have I forgotten them." Deut. xxvi. 13. 
 
 ' ' He teareth me in his wrath." Job xvi. 9- 
 
 " Because he hath inclined his ear unto me, therefore 
 will I call upon him as long as I live." Ps. cxvi. 2. 
 
 " He that is able to receive it, let him receive it." 
 Matt. xix. 12. 
 
 "Then he that had received the five talents went and 
 traded with the same, and made them other five talents." 
 Matt. xxv. 16. 
 
 "But the natural man receiveth not the things of the 
 Spirit of God neither can he know them, because they are 
 spiritually discerned." 1 Cor. ii. 14. 
 
 "We trust that he will yet deliver us." 2 Cor. i. 10. 
 
 " And hath raised us up together, and made us sit together 
 in heavenly places." Eph. ii. 6. 
 
 "Of these things put them in remembrance, charging 
 them before the Lord, that they strive not about words to 
 no profit." 2 Tim. ii. 14. 
 
Possessive Pronouns are presented to us in the 
 same type : 
 
 " Thus Esau despised his birthright." Gen. xxv. 34. 
 
 " That it may be well with thee, and that thou mayest 
 prolong thy days." Deut. xxii. 7. 
 
 " And he bowed himself with all his might." Judg. xvi. 30. 
 
 "Against whom hast thou exalted thy voice?" 2 Kings 
 xix. 22. 
 
 "The wilderness yieldeth food for them, and for their 
 children." Job xxiv. 5. 
 
 "As for his judgements, they have not known them." 
 Ps. cxLvii. 20. 
 
 "And all the trees of the field shall clap their hands." 
 Isai. LV. 12. 
 
 "And they shall mourn for him, as one mourneth for 
 his only son ; and shall be in bitterness for him, as one that 
 is in bitterness for his first born." Zech. xii. 10. 
 
 " We have Abraham to our father." Matt. iii. 9. 
 
 "They did not like to retain God in their knowledge." 
 Rom. i. 28. 
 
 "And knowest his will." Rom. ii. 18. 
 
 " The author and finisher of our faith." Heb. xii. 2. 
 
 "They may by your good works." 1 Pet. ii. 12. 
 
 Relative Pronouns have had the same attention 
 paid to them : 
 
 " And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly 
 the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly 
 above the earth." Gen. i. 20. 
 
 "Do ye thus requite the LORD is not He thy father 
 that hath bought thee ?" Deut. xxxii. 6. 
 
 " He is like the beasts that perish." Ps. xdx. 12. 
 
 " The son of man whom thou madest strong for thyself." 
 
 Ps. LXXX. 17. 
 
 " Woe to the multitude of many people, which make a 
 noise, like the noise of the seas, and to the rushing of nations, 
 that make a rushing, like the rushing of mighty waters." 
 Isai. xvii. 12. 
 
 " But many that are first shall be last" Mark x. 31. 
 
8 
 
 " The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death." 1 Cor. 
 xv. 26. 
 
 " Not as Cain, who was of that wicked one." 1 Joh. iii. 12. 
 
 Prepositions are similarly distinguished : 
 
 "And he rose up, and passed over the river, and set his 
 face toward the mount Gilead." Gen. xxxi. 21. 
 
 " Which dwelleth between the cheruhims." 1 Sam. iv. 4. 
 
 " And David houghed all the chariot horses, but reserved 
 of them for an hundred chariots." 2 Sam. viii. 4. 
 
 "And they slew Athaliah with the sword, beside the 
 king's house." 2 Kings xi. 20. 
 
 " With favour wilt thou compass him, as with a shield." 
 Ps. v. 12. 
 
 "For thou hast been a refuge from the storm, a 
 
 shadow from the heat, when the blast of the terrible ones 
 is as a storm against the wall." Isai. xxv. 4. 
 
 "In that day also he shall come even to thee from 
 Assyria, and from the fortified cities, and from the fortress 
 even to the river, and from sea to sea, and from mountain 
 to mountain." Micah vii. 12. 
 
 "Rachel weeping for her children." Matt. ii. 18. 
 
 "Grace be to you, and peace, from God our Father, 
 and from the Lord Jesus Christ." Eph. i. 2. 
 
 " I give thee charge in the sight of God, who quickeneth 
 all things, and before Christ Jesus." 1 Tim. vi. 13. 
 
 The same may be said of Connecting Particles 
 of all kinds : 
 
 "The herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding 
 fruit." Gen. i. 11. 
 
 " And Jacob set up a pillar in the place where he talked 
 with him, even a pillar of stone." Gen. xxxv. 14. 
 
 " And Reuben said unto them, Shed no blood, but cast 
 him into this pit." Gen. xxxvii. 22. 
 
 " And all the tithe of the land, whether of the seed of the 
 land, or of the fruit of the tree, is the LORD'S." Levit. xxvii. 30. 
 
 " Though I were perfect, yet would I not know my 
 soul." Job ix. 21. 
 
"One is your Master, even Christ." Matt, xxiii. 10. 
 
 " If it bear fruit, well ; and if not, then after that, thou 
 shalt cut it down." Luke xiii. 9. 
 
 " Waiting for the adoption, to wit, the redemption of our 
 body." Rom. viii. 23. 
 
 "But refuse profane and old wives' fables, and exercise 
 thyself rather unto godliness." 1 Tim. iv. 7- 
 
 " If we believe not, yet he abideth faithful." 2 Tim. 
 ii. 13. 
 
 "To be no brawlers, but gentle." Tit. iii. 2. 
 
 In short, there is, I believe, no part of speech 
 which, in the Text of 1611, is not frequently distin- 
 guished, by the type in which it is printed, from the 
 rest of the sentence. But after the examples which 
 have been already adduced, it will be sufficient to 
 place before the reader a few miscellaneous instances 
 of Phrases marked by the Italic character. 
 
 " He was the father of such as dwell in tents, and of such 
 as have cattle." Gen. iv. 20. 
 
 " Wherefore Saul said to David, Thou shalt this day be 
 my son in law, in the one of the twain." 1 Sam. xviii. 21. 
 
 " For the king of Assyria went up against Damascus, 
 and took it, and carried the people of it captive to Kir." 
 2 Kings xvi. 9- 
 
 " Now these are the things wherein Solomon was instructed 
 for the building of the house of God." 2 Chron. iii. 3. 
 
 " Surely such are the dwellings of the wicked, and this 
 is the place of him that knoweth not God." Job xviii. 21. 
 
 " He bendeth his bow to shoot his arrows." Ps. Lviii. 7. 
 
 "Let their table become a snare before them; and that 
 which should have been for their welfare, let it become a trap," 
 Ps. Lxix. 22. 
 
 "A brother offended is harder to be won than a strong 
 city." Prov. xviii. 19. 
 
 "Woe unto them that are wise in their own eyes." Isai. 
 v. 21. 
 
 "But ye say, Whosoever shall say to his father or his 
 mother, It is a gift by whatsoever thou mightest be profited 
 
 B 
 
10 
 
 by me, And honour not his father or his mother, he shall be 
 free" Matt. xv. 5, 6. 
 
 " But put ye on the Lord Jesus Christ, and make not 
 provision for the flesh, to fulfil the lusts thereof" Rom. 
 xiii. 14. 
 
 ' e Having received of Epaphroditus the things which were 
 sent from you." Phil. iv. 18. 
 
 "Let no man deceive you by any means; for that day 
 shall not come, except there come a falling away first." 
 2 Thess. ii. 3. 
 
 "And in as much as not without an oath he was made 
 Priest." Heb. vii. 20. 
 
 I have put down the foregoing instances as they 
 presented themselves; in order that the reader may be 
 in some measure aware of the various kinds of Words 
 and Phrases which are really found, in the Text of 
 l6ll, printed in a manner equivalent to our Italics.* 
 Those instances will probably be sufficient for the 
 object which I have in view. 
 
 Why, it is natural to ask, have such Words and 
 Phrases been thus distinguished by the mode in which 
 they are printed ? The answer is easy. On examining, 
 in the Hebrew and Greek Originals, the passages cor- 
 responding to those in which the words in Italics occur, 
 it is found that there are, in those Originals, no words 
 strictly corresponding to the words in Italics. It is, 
 therefore, manifestly on this account, that words so cir- 
 cumstanced have been distinguished by a peculiar type... 
 
 * It is scarcely necessary to state that the edition of 1611 was printed, 
 as were several subsequent editions, in Black Letter ; the words and phrases 
 in Italics, to which attention has now been directed, being printed in small 
 Roman type. This is what is meant by the expression "in a manner equi- 
 valent to our Italics." 
 
11 
 
 Are we then to conclude that the meaning is in such 
 cases imperfectly expressed in the Original Languages ? 
 Far from it. Considering the Hebrew and Greek 
 as living languages, the sentiments so expressed 
 would be perfectly intelligible to those to whom they 
 were addressed. The expression might be more or 
 less full ; but the idiom would still be familiar, and 
 the sense clear. Even taking the Hebrew and Greek 
 as dead languages, the elliptical brevity of expression 
 (at least, what appears such to us) is, to men of 
 learning, not always productive of obscurity. But 
 when a ^translation, from Hebrew or Greek into Eng- 
 lish, is attempted, it is frequently quite impossible to 
 convey, to the English reader, the full signification of 
 the Original, without employing more words than the 
 Original contains. When therefore our Translators 
 distinguished particular words in the manner already 
 described, they did not intend to indicate any devia- 
 tion from the purport of the Original any diminution 
 of its force. Their first object undoubtedly was to 
 express in intelligible English what they believed to 
 be the full signification of a sentence; and their next 
 object appears to have been, to point out, by the mode 
 of printing, such words as had been required, in addi- 
 tion to those of the Original, for the complete deve- 
 lopment of the meaning. 
 
 Although the principle above explained, respecting 
 Words and Phrases in Italics, was undoubtedly adopted 
 by our Translators, we can scarcely expect that it 
 should never have been departed from, in the actual 
 printing of so large a work as the Bible, at so early 
 a period. It was, indeed, departed from in many 
 
cases; and in subsequent editions attempts were made 
 to carry the principle more fully into effect, by ap- 
 plying it to various words, which appeared, in the 
 Text of l6ll, in the ordinary character. With what 
 success this was done, will in part be ascertained from 
 an examination of the instances, selected from Modern 
 Copies, to which the attention of the Sub-Committee 
 has been directed, and on which they have founded 
 their Report. 
 
 Let me here observe that in using (as, from a 
 wish to be concise, I may take occasion to use) such 
 expressions as " modern Italics" and " modern text" 
 I do not mean that any of the Italics in our present 
 Bibles have been recently introduced. So far as my 
 information extends, none have been introduced since 
 the year 1769. There is indeed reason to think that 
 the greater number of the Italics, which are in addi- 
 tion to those of l6ll, made their appearance in the 
 earlier part of the seventeenth century. In fact, the 
 edition of 1611 seems never to have possessed much 
 authority, with regard to Italics. My main object has 
 been to examine the grounds of the typographical changes 
 which certain words have undergone whensoever those 
 changes may have taken place. By "modern Italics," 
 therefore, and " modern text," the reader will be so 
 good as to understand nothing more than the " Italics" 
 and the " text" which are found in the editions of the 
 Bible now published by the Universities. 
 
13 
 
 TEXTS FROM THE OLD TESTAMENT, 
 
 Examined by the Sub-Committee. 
 
 GEN. i. 9, 10. " Let the dry land appear And God called 
 the dry land, Earth." 
 
 The objection here is, that, in the modern editions 
 of the Bible, the word "land" is printed in Italics; 
 the same word being printed, in the Text of l6ll, in 
 the ordinary character.... Now, the Hebrew word trans- 
 lated "dry land" is derived from a root signifying "to 
 be dry;" and itself signifies "the dry." This is the 
 meaning assigned to it by the Antient Versions. In 
 the Septuagint, for instance, the word is rendered by 
 ri rjpd o(j)0TjT(x) TI %ijpd....Kal etcdXeffev o Geos TJJI> 
 %rjpdv, Trjv. In the Latin Vulgate, the corresponding 
 word is "arida" "appareat arida Et vocavit Deus 
 aridam, Terrain." The Latin Versions of Pagninus and 
 Arias Montanus, Castalio and Junius and Tremellius* 
 (as will be seen in the note) present the same view 
 of the matter. The Latin Version, indeed, of Leo 
 Juda (1543) gives "continens" as the rendering of the 
 Hebrew word ; but it is worthy of remark that Simon 
 
 * Pagninus and Arias Montanus : " Appareat arida Et vocavit Deus 
 aridam, Terrain." 
 
 Castalio: " Jussit Deus ut appareret siccum. Quo facto, siccum Terrain 
 nominavit." 
 
 Junius and Tremellius : " Conspicua sit arida Aridam autem vocavit 
 Deus, Terrain." 
 
14 
 
 censures the use of that word, instead of " siccum" or 
 "aridum," as not duly expressing the sense of the Ori- 
 ginal.* Le Clerc thus translates the passage " Appareat 
 sicca humus Siccam humum vocavit Deus, Terram :" 
 but then, to shew that " humus" and " humum" are 
 really more than belong to the Hebrew, he prints those 
 words in Italics. Such other Latin Versions as I hap- 
 pen to have referred to namely, those of Schmid, 
 Houbigant, and Dathe agree with the Antient Ver- 
 sions -f... The German Version of Luther, the Spanish 
 Version of Cypriano de Valera and the Italian Version 
 of Diodati present the passage in a similar form ; and 
 the same may be said of various French Versions J... 
 Ainsworth whose Version may be taken as a pretty 
 sure criterion of the words which the Original does 
 and does not contain prints the passage as follows: 
 " Let the dry -land appear And God called the dry- 
 land, Earth :" indicating by Italics that the word 
 
 * "II n'toit pas necessaire," says Simon, "de changer, dans le premier 
 chapitre de la Genese, le mot de siccum ou aridum, qui est employe dans la 
 Vulgate, et dans les autres Versions, en celui de continens, qui n'exprime 
 pas assez la propriete" du mot Hebreu." Hist. Crit. du Vieux Test. p. 324. 
 ed. 1685. 
 
 f- Schmid: "Appareat arida...Et vocavit Deus aridam, Terram." 
 Houbigant: "Aridum appareat Nominavitque Deusaridum, Terram." 
 Dathe: "Jussit Deus ut siccum appareat. Quod cum factum esset, 
 siccum Terrae destinavit." 
 
 $ Luther : " Und Gott nennet das trocken Erde." 
 Cypriano de Valera : " Y Ilam6 Dios a la seca, Tierra." 
 Diodati: "Ed Iddio nomino 1'asciutto, Terra." 
 
 As to the French Versions (of which I have examined several) take the 
 first that presents itself Ostervald's ; for, in this matter, there is, so far as I 
 have observed, no difference : " Et Dieu nomma le sec, Terre." In these 
 instances, I have thought it sufficient to adduce the clause of the 10th verse. . . 
 Let me here observe that Luther translates Exod. xiv. 29, " Aber die kinder 
 Israel giengen trocken mitten durchs Meer ; " giving instead of our expres- 
 sion, " 
 
15 
 
 "land" does not exist in the Hebrew, (j In Poolers 
 Bible, with Annotations, the same mode of printing is 
 followed. ||... The conclusions, to be drawn from these 
 circumstances, are that the word "land," in our 
 Authorized Version, is inserted rather as adapted to 
 the genius of the English language, than as required 
 by the Original Hebrew and that there was sufficient 
 warrant for the printing of the word in the Italic 
 character. 
 
 GEN. i. 27. " God created man in his own image." 
 
 In the preceding verse we read : " And God said, 
 Let us'make man in our image, after our likeness: 1 ' 
 where the word " own" does not appear. Now in the 
 Hebrew, verse 27? the pronominal suffix is precisely 
 analogous to that which is twice employed in verse 26; 
 and thus we naturally expect the same mode of ex- 
 pression in the version. Moreover, the Hebrew Lan- 
 guage does not contain any word equivalent to the 
 word "own." When, therefore, this word was intro- 
 
 Ainsworth's Annotations on various parts of the Old Testament were 
 separately published, in the course of a few years after the first edition of our 
 present Authorized Version of the Bible : the Annotations on the Psalms hi 
 1612; on Genesis in 1616; on Exodus in 161J; on Leviticus in 1618; and 
 on Numbers and Deuteronomy in 1619. With the Annotations is given a 
 Version ; in which, as Bishop Pearson observes, " Mr. Ainsworth followeth 
 the word." (Creed, Art. " He descended, &c.") He seems, indeed, to have 
 had a religious dread of adding any thing to the expression of the Sacred 
 Text ; and when reluctantly compelled, by the nature of his own language, 
 to do so, he scrupulously marked by Italics the supplementary words. And 
 thus, while his Version is frequently obscure in the extreme, it is, from the 
 very manner in which it has become obscure, a most valuable work of refer- 
 ence, with a view of ascertaining what he considered to be the strictly literal 
 phrase of the Original Hebrew. In a matter like the present, it is satisfactory 
 to be able to appeal to so learned a writer who lived at so early a period 
 and who was, besides, a Nonconformist. My quotations are derived from his 
 collected Works, fol. 1639. 
 
 || The edition referred to is that of 1700. 
 
16 
 
 duced, the Translators 1 rule required that it should 
 be in Italics. Ainsworth renders the passage literally, 
 " God created man in his image" corresponding to 
 his rendering of verse 26 " Let us make man in our 
 image, according to our likeness." The Italic character 
 then has here been properly applied ; and it is to be 
 lamented that it has not also been applied to the case 
 of Gen. v. 3. " In his own likeness, after his image." 
 Here again, AinswortlVs literal version " In his like- 
 ness, in his image" shews that the word " own" was 
 supplied by the Translators ; and therefore ought to 
 have been marked, as supplied. 
 
 GEN. v. 24. " And he was not, for God took him." 
 
 The word "was" has no corresponding term in 
 the Original ; and in consequence it has been printed 
 in Italics, in the modern editions. The principle on 
 which this has been here done is sufficiently recognized 
 by the text of l6ll in other passages. "The eye of 
 him that hath seen me, shall see me no more : thine 
 eyes are upon me, and I am not." Job vii. 8 ; 
 " For yet a little while, and the wicked shall not be ; 
 yea, thou shalt diligently consider his place, and it 
 shall not 6e." Ps. xxxvii. 10; "As the whirlwind 
 passeth, so is the wicked no more." Prov. x. 25 ; 
 " Our fathers have sinned, and are not." Lam. v. 7. 
 In Gen. v. 24, Ainsworth agrees exactly with the text 
 as now printed " And he was not." 
 
 GEN. vi. 4. An error is here pointed out, which, 
 it is acknowledged, has been corrected ; and so far as 
 my experience goes, errors have always been corrected, 
 when pointed out. 
 
17 
 
 GEN. vi. 16. "Lower, second and third stories" 
 
 "Stories," in Italics, is perfectly correct; there 
 being no word corresponding to it in the Original. In 
 Ezek. XLU. 3. (according to the Text of l6ll) we read : 
 " Over against the pavement which was for the outer 
 court, was gallery against gallery, in three stories" 
 And so again in verse 6 ; the word being supplied, 
 as required to express the full meaning. Ainsworth 
 also has printed the word " stories" in Italics. 
 
 GEN. xx. 17- "And they bare children." 
 
 Although the Text of l6ll does not here give 
 "children" in Italics, yet in other places it sanctions 
 the change that has been made. " Adam lived an 
 hundred and thirty years, and begat a son" Gen. v. 3 ; 
 " The sons of God came in unto the daughters of 
 men, and they bare children to them." Gen. vi. 4. 
 See also Gen. x. 21 ; Gen. xliv. 27; Eccles. vi. 3. 
 Ainsworth adopts the same mode of printing. Schmid 
 gives " pepereruntque ; " which sufficiently indicates in 
 what type the word "children" should be printed. 
 
 GEN. xxxix. 1. " Bought him of the hands of the Ish- 
 maelites." 
 
 It seems that, for "hands," we ought to read 
 "hand." This, I suppose, may be an error of the 
 press. It is observable, however, that the Septuagint 
 has e/c xeipwv, and that, as early as 1638, the reading 
 was " hands." 
 
 EXOD. xii. 36. " So that they lent unto them such things 
 as they required." 
 
 Here again, the Italics in our modern Bibles are 
 objected to. There is no doubt but that, constrained 
 
 C 
 
18 
 
 by the necessity of the case, the Egyptians let the 
 Israelites have whatever they asked for ; and this may 
 be implied in the original Hebrew term. This however 
 cannot be expressed in English, without more words 
 than appear in the Hebrew. The words " such things 
 as they required" have no corresponding words in the 
 Hebrew ; and therefore according to the Translators' 
 rule they ought to be in Italics. It appears to me 
 that the following instances, from the text of l6ll (and 
 many others might be cited), are somewhat of a similar 
 character : " That they profane not my holy name, in 
 those things which they hallow unto me." Lev. xxii. 2. 
 " Nor would as at this time have told us such things 
 as these." Judg. xiii. 23. Ainsworth thus renders 
 the passage "They gave them their asking;" and 
 Schmid-r-"ut darent ipsis mutuo." 
 
 LEVIT. iv. 13, 22, 27- And they have done somewhat 
 against any of the commandments of the LORD, concerning 
 things which should not be done." (Three cases.)" 
 
 The words in Italics were unquestionably supplied 
 by the Translators, for the purpose of giving what 
 they believed to be the full meaning of the Hebrew. 
 The passage may be literally rendered "And they 
 have done one (out) of all the commandments of 
 Jehovah, which should not be done :" that is, " have 
 done some one thing which Jehovah has commanded 
 them not to do." Schmid's translation is this : " Et 
 fecerunt unum ex omnibus prseceptis Jehovae, quae non 
 fieri debent;" which warrants the Italics here employed. 
 The same may be said of AinswortlVs version : " And 
 they have done any one of all the commandments of 
 Jehovah, which should not be done.' 1 This instance 
 
19 
 
 might be adduced in proof at once of the necessity of 
 supplementary words, and the utility of Italics. 
 
 DEUT. xxix. 29. "The secret things belong unto the 
 LORD our God: but those things which are revealed belong 
 unto us." 
 
 The complaint here is, that " things" in the former 
 part of the verse, and " things which are 1 ' in the latter, 
 should be in Italics. This passage affords a good illus- 
 tration of the elliptic brevity of the Hebrew. In the 
 Original, we have, in fact " The secret unto the 
 LORD our God : but the revealed unto us." The 
 sentiment so expressed was, no doubt, perfectly intel- 
 ligible to the Israelites; but the generality of English 
 readers would require it to be brought out more fully. 
 Let us see how this is done. First, the Hebrew ad- 
 jective, "the secret," is too abstract for the English 
 idiom ; and so it is converted into " the secret things" 
 which, when fully explained, it really means. Then, 
 there is no Verb to connect " the secret [things]" with 
 "unto the LORD our God;" and accordingly "belong," 
 the verb manifestly implied, is introduced. We now 
 have the first part of the verse complete: "The 
 secret things belong unto the LORD our God:" and 
 if the second part had been literally translated " but 
 the revealed unto us," the ellipsis, suggested by the 
 former part, might perhaps have been supplied by an 
 English reader ; but the Translators deemed it better 
 to give the sense in full, by supplying the words which 
 must otherwise have been understood: "but those 
 things which are revealed belong unto us."...Ainsworth 
 thus exhibits the passage : " The secret things belong 
 unto Jehovah our God, and the things revealed belong 
 
unto us:" and in so doing confirms the view of the 
 subject now taken. 
 
 The substantive to be applied to the word " secret" 
 is in Scripture frequently left to be ascertained from 
 the context. Sometimes "place" is the substantive 
 required ; as in Deut. xxvii. 15, where, in the Old 
 Text, we read, without any indication of a word sup- 
 plied, " And putteth it in a secret place" but in the 
 modern copies, and in Ainsworth, we find, "And 
 putteth it in a secret place" Sometimes " faults" or 
 "sins" is supplied: as in Ps. xix. 12, where the Old 
 Text, the modern copies, and Ainsworth agree in giving 
 " secret faults ;" and in Ps. xc. 8, where, although the 
 original expression is the same, the Old Text gives 
 "sins" in the ordinary character the word, in Ains- 
 worth and in the modern copies, being in Italics. 
 
 JUDG. viii. 13. "Returned before the sun was up." 
 
 In this passage, the literal rendering seems to be 
 " earlier than the rising of the sun ;" and therefore the 
 term "was up" might, as well have remained in the 
 ordinary character. There is, however, some uncer- 
 tainty about the passage. 
 
 Ps. Lxxxvi. 8. " Neither are there any works like unto 
 thy works." 
 
 According to the Text of l6ll, the whole verse 
 stands thus: "Among the Gods, there is none like 
 unto thee (O Lord), neither are there any works like 
 unto thy works." It is here indicated by Italics that 
 the words " there is" are not found in the Hebrew ; 
 and, upon the same principle, it ought to have been 
 indicated, in the same manner, that the words "arc 
 
there any works" have no words corresponding to them 
 in the Original. In fact, we here have a common 
 instance of the omission (in Hebrew) of words in one 
 part of the sentence which are expressed in the other. 
 Here again, Ainsworth may be adduced as a witness 
 to the words really existing in the Original. " There 
 ia none like thee among the Gods, O Lord, and none 
 like thy works." 
 
 Ps. LXXXIX. 19. "I have laid help upon one that is mighty : 
 I have exalted one chosen out of the people." 
 
 In the Hebrew, we find " a mighty" and " a 
 chosen;" that is, "a. mighty [one or man]," and "a 
 chosen [one or man]." From the explanation here 
 given, the reader may judge whether "one" ought to 
 be considered as supplied. For my own part, I should 
 not strongly insist upon " one" being in Italics, although 
 the substantive, according to the Hebrew idiom, really 
 is understood. As for the expression, " that is," in 
 Italics, it may be considered as deriving sufficient 
 warrant from the Text of 1611, in such cases as this : 
 " Man that is in honour." Ps. XLIX. 20. We find 
 in Ainsworth " I have put help upon a mighty one, 
 I have exalted one chosen out of the people." 
 
 Ps. ex. 5. The Text of 1611 has " Lord," in small 
 letters : the modern editions have LORD, in large letters. 
 ...In the common Hebrew text we here find Adonai, 
 and according to that reading the text of 1611 is right; 
 but several manuscripts read Jehovah', which, if it 
 were admitted, would sanction the change to LORD. 
 My own opinion is that, in such a case, the Text of 
 1611 should not have been departed from. 
 
ISAI. xxxviii. 18. "For the grave cannot praise thee, 
 death can not celebrate thee." 
 
 Undoubtedly the negative is, in the Hebrew, ex- 
 pressed only in the former member of the sentence 
 although understood in the latter. In the latter mem- 
 ber therefore to convey, to the English reader, the 
 complete meaning of the passage the negative was 
 very properly supplied by the Translators, although, 
 in the Text of l6ll, the word is not distinguished from 
 the rest of the sentence. In a case like this, the 
 Italics of the modern editions must be considered a& 
 marking a Hebrew idiom ; and similar cases have been 
 attended to in the Text of l6ll. In Deut. xxxiii. 6, 
 we read : " Let Reuben live, and not die, and let not 
 his men be few.""* In 1 Sam. ii. 3, " Talk no more so 
 exceeding proudly, let not arrogancy come out of your 
 mouth." In Job iii. 11, "Why died I not from the 
 womb : why did I not give up the ghost ?" and in 
 Ps. xci. 5, 6. " Thou shalt not be afraid for the terror 
 by night, nor for the arrow that flieth by day: nor 
 for the pestilence that walketh in darkness: nor for 
 the destruction that wasteth at noon-day ."...Nothing 
 more needs to be said in behalf of the Italics in Isai. 
 xxxviii. 18. 
 
 * Ainsworth here meets the difficulty thus : " Let Reuben live, and not 
 die, and his men be a number;" and states, in a note, that "by a number 
 may be understood few," as in Deut. iv. 27 ; and then " the former denial 
 not is again to be repeated to this sense, and his men be not few in number" 
 He also refers to his version of Num. iv. 15. " And they shall not touch the 
 holiness, lest they die;" where the Hebrew is literally, 'and die:' "which 
 the Chaldee expoundeth, and not rfie."..."The Scripture, itself," he adds, 
 " sheweth this want (of c not') and supplieth it ; as in 2 Chron. ix. 20. none 
 were of silver, it was accounted of: that is, it was not accounted of; as is 
 expressed in 1 Kings x. 21. "...It is to be observed that Ainsworth's Annota- 
 tions do not extend to the Prophets. 
 
TEXTS FROM THE NEW TESTAMENT, 
 Examined by the Sub-Committee. 
 
 MATT. iv. 20. " Left their nets." (atyevrt* rd 
 - - viii. 3. " Jesus put forth his hand." 
 
 20. " Hath not where to lay his head.'* (rjV 
 
 - ix. 5. " Thy sins be forgiven." (d<petovrai al d 
 
 - xix. 10. "The man with Aw wife. 
 MARK ii. 9. The same as Matt. ix. 5. 
 
 LUKE xi. 13. " Your heavenly Father." (o trarrjp 6 e 
 vpavov.} 
 
 JOHN x. 30. " I and my Father are one." (6 irarijp.) 
 PHIL. iii. 19. " Whose god is their belly." (J 0eo? tj Kot\ia.y 
 HEB. i. 3. " The brightness of his glory." 
 
 - xii. 10. " But he for our profit." (o U eVi TO 
 
 To each of these texts, as here printed, the same ob- 
 jection is made, viz. that the Possessive Pronoun appears 
 in Italics. I have brought them together ; because, as 
 the objection is, in each instance, as nearly as possible, 
 equally valid, or equally invalid, so also must be the 
 reply Now, instances from the New Testament, ac- 
 cording to the text of 1611, have already (p. 7.) been 
 produced; in which the same manner of printing the 
 Possessive Pronoun was adopted. Let us examine the 
 circumstances of those cases. We may, by so doing, 
 throw some light upon the texts specified in the list 
 above drawn out. 
 
24 
 
 The instances cited from the New Testament may 
 be divided into two classes : the first consisting of cases 
 in which the Pronoun is printed in Italics, when the 
 corresponding word in the Original has no article pre- 
 fixed the second consisting of cases in which the 
 article appears in the Original. 
 
 Of the first class are the following : 
 
 " We have Abraham to our father." (irarepa e^o^ev TOV 
 'Aj3pad(ji.) Matt. iii. 9. 
 
 " They did not like to retain God in their knowledge." 
 (OUK 6$OKifjLa<rav TOV Qeov t'^eii/ ev firiyvtofret.} Rom. i. 28. 
 
 Of the second are these : 
 
 " And knowest his will." (KCU yivwffKet* TO 0eA//xa.) Rom. 
 ii. 18. 
 
 " The author and finisher of our faith." (TOV T{J^ T 
 
 KOI TcXeiwTtjv.) Heb. xii. 2. 
 
 " That they may by your good works." (e'/c TWV 
 1 Pet. ii. 12. 
 
 It happens that the Pronouns in Italics, in the 
 preceding list, (p. 23,) are all to be referred to this 
 second class; and I will venture to say that, if the 
 Italics objected to be compared with the Italics here 
 adduced from the Text of 1611, there can be no good 
 reason assigned why they should be retained in the 
 latter case, and not in the former... If nice distinctions 
 - such as our Translators have partially' carried into 
 effect are to be made, there seems to be a propriety 
 in retaining the Italics, in the cases now under con- 
 sideration. Taking, for example, the text, Matt, iv, 
 20, " Having left their nets,"" (a^eWes rd SiKrva) ; 
 St Mark, relating the same event, writes a<pevres TO. 
 %'iKTva avrtov, and in the modern as well as in the 
 
old copies, we find " their nets" the word " their" being 
 printed in the ordinary character, on account of its 
 having a word (ai/To>i>) corresponding to it in the 
 Greek. It is observable that Beza translates the pas- 
 sage in St Matthew, "omissis retibus;" and the pas- 
 sage in St Mark, " omissis retibus suis :" thereby 
 shewing, as the Latin language easily permitted, his 
 attention to the presence or absence of the Pronoun. 
 Beza, indeed, is generally attentive to this matter; 
 and I mention the fact, because his authority was un- 
 doubtedly great with the Translators. That, in the 
 printing of so large a work, their principles should 
 have been occasionally lost sight of, cannot surely be 
 a matter of surprise... It is impossible for me to sup- 
 pose that the eleven specified instances, of Italics not 
 warranted by the Text of 1611, can need any farther 
 defence or apology. 
 
 MATT. x. 1. " Called unto him his twelve disciples." 
 
 - xx. 25. A similar case. 
 MARK iii. 13. The same. (T 
 
 - 23. The same. 
 
 In these cases, the printing of " him" in Italics 
 is objected to ; and I suppose it must be on the prin- 
 ciple, that the word is necessarily involved in the 
 term TrpocncaXecraVei/os. If it really be maintained that 
 TTjOoavcaXeo-aVeyos must be translated " having called 
 unto him," I can at least shew that the Translators 
 were not of that opinion ; for in Matt. xv. 10. we find 
 that they have translated, Km TrpoffKoXead/uLevos TOV 
 , "And he called the multitude." To say 
 D 
 
26 
 
 more on this subject would be to waste words. The 
 rule generally, followed by the Translators requires 
 that the word " him" should be in Italics. 
 
 MATT. iii. 15. " Suffer it to be so now." ("A0 aprt.) 
 
 The Italics in this text are condemned, as usual. 
 Now two things I will venture to affim : 1. that " Suffer 
 it to be so now" represents the meaning of the original ; 
 and 2. that no other mode of printing those words could 
 so well suggest, to the learned reader of the English 
 Translation, the precise expression of the Evangelist 
 ''A(f>es apTi. How the phrase was understood in antient 
 times, will appear from the Latin Vulgate " Sine, 
 modo ;" and when Beza gave " Omitte me nunc," as 
 the equivalent expression, he took care to print "me" 
 in Italics to shew that the word was more than the 
 Greek text contained. In the same manner, the words 
 "it to be so" have been printed in Italics, to indicate 
 that there are no words corresponding to them in the 
 original.* 
 
 * It is singular that Beza should have translated a<es, omitte. His 
 note is this : " Omitte [me] a<pe?. Vulgata sine. Et paulo post, a'<t7j<r/, 
 dimisit. Ego Erasmi versionem praetuli, quia melius respondet Graeco verbo : 
 quod tamen etiam interdura coactus sum interpietari, Permittere, Remittere 
 et Relinquere : ut sunt interdum variae unius et ejusdem vocabuli significa- 
 tiones."... Bishop Pearson (Creed, p. 582, 8vo. ed. 1824.) has an able note 
 on the expression a<e<ri a/ua/oTiwi/ : from which I extract the following 
 remark : " Secondly, dfyievai is often taken for permittere, as Gen. xx. 6. 
 OVK a</>T)Ka <re ax/fa<r0<u OUTTJS. Matt. iii. 15. a<e a/on and TOTC d(J>ii)(riv 
 , which the Vulgar translated well, sine modo, and then ill, tune dimisit 
 In comparing the views of Beza, on this matter, with those of 
 Pearson, the learned reader will doubtless agree with the Bishop. 
 
 Lawrence Tomson to whose Version I shall occasionally refer gives, 
 u Let be now." In this and many other places, he by no means follows 
 Beza, as in his work he is generally supposed to do. I use the edition of 1607. 
 
27 
 
 MATT. xii. 31. "But the blasphemy against the holy 
 Ghost." (17 3e TOV Tri/ew'/xaro? /3Aao-^>i//m'a.) 
 
 It is thought wrong that "against" should be printed 
 in Italics When the Evangelists use the Verb flXacr- 
 (f)rj/uLea) with reference to the Holy Spirit, it is in this 
 manner : Mark iii. 29. o? $ av fl\aa<pr)iLriGri et? TO 
 Hvev/u.a : Luke xii. 10. T< e ei? TO ayiov Tlvevfia 
 P\a(T(br}/u.i]aavTt : and it was to indicate the absence 
 of a preposition in the case of Matt. xii. 31. that the 
 word " against" was printed in Italics. It was, in 
 fact, to shew that the English version was not literal. 
 A similar instance occurs Matt. x. 1. etWeei/ ai/Tots 
 e^ouaiav Trvev^drwi; aKaOapTwv, " he gave them power 
 against unclean spirits ;" for so the word " against" is 
 printed in the Text of l6ll, as well as in modern 
 editions. Lawrence Tomson has "against" in Italics, 
 
 MATT. xiii. 19. "Then cometh the wicked owe." 
 
 It looks to me somewhat like carrying distinctions 
 of this kind too far to print the word " one" in Italics. 
 I should have been contented with the ordinary character. 
 I observe, however, that the rendering of irapaSovvai TOV 
 TOIOVTOV, 1 Cor. v. 5. is thus printed in the Old Edition : 
 "To deliver such a one:" where the Italics are 
 scarcely defensible. In the modern editions they do 
 not appear. Moreover, in 2 Pet. ii. 5, we find oySoov 
 No>, " Noah the eighth person ;" the passage being 
 so read in the Antient as well as the Modern Text. 
 
 MATT. xxiv. 41. "Two women" (Su'o d\n9ov<rai.) 
 
 There may be some doubt whether " women" in 
 Italics can be fairly objected to. The question is, 
 whether it is right that the translation should mark the 
 
28 
 
 presence or absence of yvvctiKs, in the original expres- 
 sion. In the Old Editions we find, ev erepoyXwcrcroi^ 
 (l Cor. xiv. 21.) given, " With men of other tongues ;" 
 TKTI Se KOL ewaKoXovOovcriv, (l Tim. v. 24.) " and some 
 men they follow after ;" and jj yap avoia CLVTWV eK$>yAo9 
 eo-rm iraa-iv, (2 Tim. iii. 9,) " for their folly shall be 
 manifest unto all men.'''' There can be no doubt but 
 the word " women" (Matt. xxiv. 41.) in Italics is more 
 defensible than the word " men" so distinguished in 
 these latter instances ; because in the latter instances 
 the expression applies to all whether men or women. 
 
 ACTS v. 33. " They were cut to the heart." 
 
 Far from allowing the Italics in this place to be 
 liable to censure, I hold that they are applied most 
 properly. From Acts vii. 54. we ascertain the expres- 
 sion in its complete form : cieTrpiovTo rat? KapSiais 
 avTwv, which is rendered, without Italics, " they were 
 cut to the heart;" and therefore when the verb Sie- 
 Trpiovro is rendered " they were cut to the heart," it 
 is manifest that the last three words ought to be in 
 Italics. 
 
 ACTS xiti. 25. " I am not he." (OVK el/jii ey<a.) 
 
 This passage refers to John i. 20. where John the 
 Baptist "confessed, I am not the Christ," ort OVK etyut 
 e-yo) o Xmcrros : and the passage might have been 
 rendered, "I am not the Christ" as in Mark xiii. 6. 
 and Luke xxi. 8. on eyu> et/xi, is translated and printed, 
 in the Text of l6ll, " I am Christ."... If OVK dpi eyw 
 may be rendered either " I am not he" or " I am not 
 the Christ," the rule requires the added word, or words., 
 to be in Italics, 
 
29 
 
 ACTS xxii. 28. "But I was free born." (ey<a Be KOI 
 
 If it were not for the connection between these 
 Greek words and what has preceded, it would be im- 
 possible to translate them, "I was free born." The 
 word "free"" therefore is printed in Italics, because 
 there is not found in the original any word correspond- 
 ing to it. Beza thus translates the expression : " Ego 
 vero etiam natus sum civis ;" supplying a different 
 word. Lawrence Tomson " But I was so born." 
 
 ROM. i. 21. "They glorified him not as God." 
 
 The word "him" in Italics denotes the absence 
 of CIVTOV, in the Greek. Such matters are marked, 
 again and again, in the Text of l6ll. For example, 
 in Heb. xi. 13. w Xaj3<Wes ras e7ra*yyeXtas, aXXa 
 iroppcoOev auras i^oi/res, /ecu TreiarOevres, Kal dcnraad- 
 imevoiy is rendered and printed " not having received 
 the promises, but having seen them afar off, and were 
 persuaded of them, and embraced them :" in which 
 place a remarkable attention is paid to the presence 
 and absence of the Pronoun. 
 
 ROM. viii. 29. "He did predestinate to be conformed." 
 
 When in Rom. i. 1. and 1 Cor. i. 1. it is written 
 K\rjTo$ oVoo-ToXos, the text of l6ll presents us with 
 '" called to be an apostle ; " and when in Rom. i. 7. and 
 1 Cor. i, 2. we read /cX^Tots dyiois, the same text gives 
 us "called to be saints."* It appears to me that the 
 
 * In editions bearing date 1611, 1612, 1614, and probably in other old 
 editions, the word "called" (Rom. i. 7) is in Italics, as if the original 
 were wanting. The mistake was corrected as early as 1617. 
 
30 
 
 modern Italics in Rom. viii. 29, are not in the least 
 more liable to objection, than those of 1611 now 
 adduced. 
 
 Let me avail myself of this opportunity to present 
 a few observations on expressions of the form TT/OO- 
 wpi(T crv/ujuoj00oi/s...In Eph. i. 11, 12. we read, irpoopt- 
 (rOevTes eis TO elvat YUJLCLS et? eiraivov TIJS oo^s avrov 
 
 " being predestinated that we should be to the 
 
 praise of his glory;" and in James i. 18. BovX^fleis 1 
 a7TKvr](Tv *7/uas \oyw aXrjOeicvs, 19 TO elvai jjyuas dirap- 
 -vyv TWO. TWV avTov KTKT^drwv " Of his own will 
 begat he us with the word of truth, that we should 
 be a kind of first-fruits of his creatures." These two 
 passages present the mode of expression in its com- 
 plete form which includes the words ets TO eli/cu. So 
 also, in Philip, iii. 21. we read, *Oe /uLeTaff^rj/uLaTi^ei TO 
 ffw/ma TTJ<$ TaTreivco crews j/yuwi/, et? TO yeveaQcn, avro 
 avfj.imop(f>ov Tip GcofMaTL TTJS co^s avTov " Who shall 
 change our vile body, that it may be fashioned like 
 unto his glorious body : " where instead of ek TO e!i/cu, 
 we have ets TO yevecrOai, making the form as com- 
 plete as in the two preceding cases. Whether there 
 are in the New Testament any other instances of the 
 kind, I do not recollect. ... In Eph. i. 4. we find, 
 Ka0(vs eeAectTo tjfJias elvai quas dyiovs /cat a/aw/jioi/9 
 "According as he hath chosen us that we should 
 be holy and without blame;" where the expression is 
 
 abbreviated by the omission of cfc TO The mode 
 
 of expression is still further varied in Acts xiii. 47. 
 TeOeiKci o*e els 0o>s eQvtov, TOV elvai o~e ets arwTijpiav 
 ews ea^drov T^S yrjs "I have set thee to be a light 
 of the Gentiles, that thou shouldest be for salvation 
 unto the ends of the earth." The latter clause ex- 
 
31 
 
 presses the purpose for which our Lord was to be " a 
 light of the Gentiles," as declared in the former ; and 
 the phrase TOV elrai, so used, is sanctioned by the best 
 writers.* A still more abbreviated turn of expression 
 may be found in the passage (Rom. viii. 29.) which 
 has already been placed before the reader, and in the 
 following instances : TOVTOV o 0eos dp^rjyov KOI GCOTTJOO. 
 v\l/wcre Ty $e%iq avrou "Him hath God exalted with 
 his right hand to be a Prince and a Saviour." Acts v. 
 31; TOV opiaOevTos v\ov Geov "declared to be the 
 Son of ^God." Rom. i. 4; *Oi; vrpoeOeTo o Oeo? i\a- 
 (jTYipiov " Whom God hath set forth to be a propi- 
 tiation." Rom. iii. 25; /ecu aVecrretAe TOV v'lov CLVTOV 
 iXaayAOi/ irepi TODV a/j.apTiu)v TJ/ULWV " And sent his 
 Son to be the propitiation for our sins;" 'O -rraTjjp 
 a7r(rTa\K TOV v\ov crwTijpa TOV KOG/ULOV " the Father 
 sent the Son to be the Saviour of the world." 1 John 
 iv. 10 and 14. In these latter passages the reader can- 
 not have failed to remark the irregularity, as to Italics, 
 with which the supplied words " to be" are presented 
 in the version, as extracted from the Old Text.f In 
 the editions now printed, the words " to be" are uni- 
 formly in Italics. 
 
 ROM. xi. 23. " If they abide not in unbelief." (eav w 
 
 The reading of l6ll is, " If they bide not still in 
 unbelief;" and why it should have been altered I know not. 
 
 * See Heindorf's note on TOV Kara<t>aves yevevQat, in Plato's Gorgias, 
 Sec. 30. 
 
 f For the sake of brevity I have omitted to cite the following passages, 
 of similar form: Rom. vii. 10; Eph. i. 22; Phil. i. 30; Heb. i. 2; v. 10; 
 James ii. 5 ; Apoc. xiv. 4. With a view to the structure of the language of the 
 New Testament, they deserve attention. In the version of some of these 
 passages, words are supplied; in the version of others, not. 
 
32 
 
 ROM. xii. 3. "Not to think of himself more highly than 
 he ought to think." (/u7 vireptypoveiv trap o 8e? <ppoveiv.} 
 
 Nothing more than the sight of the Original Greek 
 can be requisite to prove that there are no words in 
 it corresponding to the words "of himself;" and con- 
 sequently to vindicate their being printed in the Italic 
 character. It is however worth while to consult 1 Cor. 
 iv. 6. as it appears in the old editions : r iva ev THUV M- 
 Orjre TO pri VTrep o yeypaTTTat C^povelv' " that ye might 
 learn in us not to think of men above that which is 
 written." Are not the Italics quite as requisite in Rom. 
 xii. 3. as in this place ? 
 
 1 COR. xiii. 3. " Though I bestow all my goods to feed 
 the poor" (edv \jsiojjiitya Trdv-ra TCI vtrdp-^ovTa /uou.) 
 
 The objection to the Italics in this passage seems to 
 imply a belief on the part of the objectors that the words 
 so marked exist, in some way or other, in the verb 
 >/sa>/ifo>. They do not so exist. In Numbers xi. 4. 
 according to the Septuagint we find TO jy/aa? \J/wytui 
 Kpea ; " who shall give us flesh to eat ?" and in Rom. 
 xii. 20. we read eai/ ireiva o e^Opos <rov 9 >//a>/tue avroY, 
 " If thine enemy hunger, feed him." The conclusion 
 is that the Italics are not misapplied. 
 
 HEB. ii. 17- "Things pertaining to God." (rd Trpo? 
 
 TOV 0OI/.) 
 
 That "pertaining" should be printed in Italics is 
 deemed worthy of censure. The Sub-Committee may 
 perhaps have overlooked the fact that, in Heb. v. l. 
 where the very same Greek expression occurs, the Text 
 of l6ll presents us with "things pertaining to God," 
 precisely as we find the words now marked in 
 Heb. ii. 17; as well as the fact that TO. TT/OO? 
 
33 
 
 (2 Pet. i. 3.) has " things that pertain unto life" cor- 
 responding to it, in the same edition. 
 
 HEB. x. 10. "By the which will we are sanctified 
 through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ once for 
 
 There is a note appended to this text, from which 
 it might be inferred that the Italics were objected 
 to by Dr J. P. Smith. Let us therefore ascertain 
 what Dr Smith has really written, and under what 
 circumstances. In p. 132 of his " Discourses on the 
 Sacrifice and Priesthood of Jesus Christ," he quotes 
 Heb. vii. 27. and Heb, x. 10 ; in each of which texts 
 (f>a.7ra% occurs ; and as his manner is, translates the 
 passages for himself. The former passage he thus 
 renders : " Who hath not every day need, like the 
 high Priests [of the Levitical institution] first for 
 his own sins to offer sacrifices, and then for those of 
 the people; for this he hath done once (e^aVa^), 
 offering himself;" the latter passage, as follows: 
 " We are consecrated to God through the offering 
 of the body of Jesus Christ once (e^a-Trctf )." Hav- 
 ing thus literally translated e<^>a7ra by the word 
 "once," he very justly goes on to observe that in 
 these passages, " once is not an adequate translation of 
 0* CLTTCL^ or eqtaVaf ."..." It denotes emphatically," 
 Dr Smith goes on to observe, " the absolute cessa- 
 tion of an act under the idea that it has been per- 
 fectly performed ; and it would be better rendered by 
 our common phrases, were they not too colloquial, once 
 for all, or once for ever."... Now two particulars are 
 worthy of observation in this matter. In the first place, 
 it seems to have escaped Dr Smith's recollection, at 
 
 E 
 
34 
 
 the moment, that our Translators really had, in the 
 latter instance, rendered e0aVa, "once for all;'" and 
 in the second place, Dr Smith's observations upon the 
 meaning, ^vhich in those instances he would give to 
 the word e<j>a7ra|;, afford a sufficient vindication of the 
 mode in which "for all" is printed in our modern 
 editions. The word occurs, Rom. vi. 10. " For in 
 that he died, he died unto sin once (e<a7raf ) ;" 
 1 Cor. xv. 6. "And that he was seen of above five 
 hundred brethren at once (e0ct7ra):" Heb. ix. 12. 
 66 By his own blood, he entered in once (e<aVa) into 
 the holy place." -"Once for all" is a good English 
 idiom, employed to convey as fully as possible the sig- 
 nification of e<a7ra in Heb. x. 10. 
 
 REV. xii. 13. " The woman which brought forth the man 
 child." 
 
 It may perhaps appear to the Sub-Committee the 
 more reprehensible that " child" should be here in 
 Italics, inasmuch as we find it stated, in verse 5 of 
 this chapter, that the woman "brought forth a man 
 child;" where "child" is in the ordinary character. 
 The mystery may be explained. In verse 5, the ori- 
 ginal expression is v\ov appeva, literally "a man child;" 
 whereas in verse 13, we read TOV appeva, and to dis- 
 tinguish this expression from the preceding one, to which 
 it refers, the words corresponding to it are printed *' the 
 man child" In this way the absence of vlov is indicated 
 with great exactness. 
 
35 
 
 My object, in the present undertaking, has been* 
 in the first place, to afford such general information, 
 on the subject of the Italics which appear in our Bibles, 
 as may be acquired with a moderate degree of observa- 
 tion ; and in the second place, to consider the instances 
 of Italics upon which the Sub- Committee are repre- 
 sented to have founded their Report, subjoining, in each 
 case, such remarks as appeared to be requisite... From 
 all that has been said, it must be manifest, that the 
 Italics objected to have been introduced in strict ac- 
 cordance with the rules followed by the Translators 
 themselves ; and that the main point, concerning which 
 doubts can reasonably be entertained, is, whether there 
 may not be, now and then, somewhat of needless re- 
 finement in the application of the rules. On that point, 
 men of learning will probably hold different opinions; 
 but it is difficult to imagine how persons, who decide 
 that a mistake has been committed in such a matter, 
 should visit it with any great severity of reproof. 
 
 From a wish to keep separate subjects which are 
 distinct from each other, I have, in the preceding ob- 
 servations considered solely how far the Italics in our 
 Modern Bibles, in addition to those of l6ll, might be 
 warranted on the score of propriety ; without the 
 slightest allusion to the period at which the Italics 
 under discussion might have been first introduced. At 
 the present moment, I have access to a Folio Bible 
 printed at Cambridge, by Buck and Daniel, in the year 
 1638 ; and so far as I can judge, the edition was care- 
 fully superintended. Having referred to this volume, 
 with a view to the instances of Italics discussed from 
 p. 13 to p. 34, I will faithfully communicate to the reader 
 the result of my examination. 
 
36 
 
 And first, as to the instances from the Old Testa- 
 ment. In each of the following, viz. 
 
 GEN. v. 24. " He was not." 
 
 vi. 1 6. " Lower stories." 
 
 xx. 17- " Bare children" 
 
 EXOD. xii. 36. " Such things as they required." 
 
 LEVIT. iv. 13. " Done somewhat against &c." 
 
 DEUT. xxix. 29. " Secret things belong &c." 
 
 JUDG. viii. 13. "Before the sun was up" 
 
 Ps. Lxxxix. 8. " Neither are there any works like &c." 
 
 Lxxxix. 19. " Laid help upon one that is mighty." 
 
 ISAI. xxxviii. 18. "Death can not celebrate thee." 
 
 the reading, with regard to Italics, is precisely the same, 
 in the edition of 1638, as in the current editions. The 
 only passages, in which the Italics are not the same, are 
 these : 
 
 GEN. i. 9, 10. "Dry land" 
 i. 27. " His own image." 
 
 passages certainly the least likely to attract the attention 
 of those who first undertook to revise the text with a 
 view to the Italics. 
 
 Of the cases of the Possessive Pronoun in page 23, 
 to which I beg leave to refer, only the three following 
 are not in Italics in the edition of 1638 : 
 
 MATT. ix. 5. t( Thy sins be forgiven." 
 MARK ii. 9. The same as the last. 
 HEB. xii. 10. " But he for our profit." 
 
 The four instances, (p. 25), involving irpoaKaXclrat. 
 and TrpoaKoXeadfjievos, have not the Italics in the edition 
 of 1638. I have observed the first of them in Italics, 
 as early as the year 1747. 
 
37 
 
 The following instances from the New Testament, viz. 
 
 MATT. iii. 15. " Suffer it to be so now." 
 
 xii. 31. " The blasphemy against the Holy Ghost." 
 
 xxiv. 41. "Two women." 
 
 ACTS v. 33. " They were cut to the heart" 
 
 xiii. 25. " I am not he" 
 
 xxii. 28. " But I was/ree born." 
 
 ROM. viii. 29. " He did predestinate to be conformed." 
 
 xii. 3. " Not to think of himself" 
 
 HEB. ii. 17 " Things pertaining to God." 
 
 x. 10. " Once for all." 
 
 REV. xii. 13. " The man-child." 
 
 appear in the edition of 1638 exactly as they are now 
 printed ; and the only cases, which do not so appear, 
 are these: 
 
 MATT. xiii. 19. " Then cometh the wicked one." 
 ROM. i. 21. " They glorified him not as God." 
 1 COB. xiii. 3. " To feed the poor" 
 
 And thus we perceive that the great principle, of 
 rendering the Text of the Authorized Version consistent 
 with itself, was systematically acted upon as early as the 
 year 1638 ; and that by far the most numerous and most 
 important instances of those Italics, the sight of which 
 drew from the Sub-Committee the Report which I shall 
 soon produce, have had possession of the Text for very 
 nearly two centuries at the least. I say, have had 
 possession of the Text : for on examining a Folio 
 edition of the Bible, printed at Oxford in 1688, I find 
 the Italics objected to retained in the Text, at the 
 distance of half a century ; and on referring to another 
 edition printed about half a century later the Cam- 
 bridge Quarto of 1762 I find the same Italics main- 
 taining their ground.* 
 
 With regard to Gen. i. 9, 10, "Dry land;" and Gen. i. 27, "In his 
 own image ;" I have observed those passages so printed, in various editions, 
 between 1700 and 1750. I will instance a Cambridge edition, of 1747. 
 
38 
 
 The reader will now be enabled to estimate the 
 credit which may be due to the Report of the Sub- 
 Committee. That Report shall therefore, without far- 
 ther delay, be submitted to his inspection, in the hope 
 that he will peruse it with attention. My notion is, 
 that he will be somewhat astonished at the terms in 
 which it is expressed. 
 
 "At Grove House, Islington, June 13, 1832. 
 
 "Present Dr Bennett, Dr Cox and Dr Henderson, a 
 Sub-Committee appointed to verify and report upon a col- 
 lation of various editions of the Holy Bible, made by the 
 Secretary. Dr Smith, though not of the Sub-Committee, 
 kindly assisting in the investigation, it was 
 
 "Resolved 1. That this Committee are perfectly satisfied 
 that an extensive alteration has been introduced into the text 
 of our Authorized Version, by changing into Italics innume- 
 rable words and phrases, which are not thus expressed in the 
 original editions of King James' Bible, printed in l6ll. 
 
 "2. That these alterations so far from being an improve- 
 ment of our Vernacular Translation, greatly deteriorate it; 
 inasmuch, as in most instances, they convey to the reader the 
 idea, that wherever any words are printed in Italics, there is 
 nothing corresponding to them in the original text : whereas 
 it must at once be obvious to every person who is competent 
 to judge on the question, that what has been supplied in these 
 instances was absolutely necessary in order to give the full 
 force of the Hebrew and Greek idioms; and consequently, 
 should have been printed in the same characters as the rest 
 of the text. 
 
 " 3. That those who have made these alterations, have 
 discovered a great want of critical taste, unnecessarily ex- 
 posed the sacred text to the scoffs of infidels, and thrown such 
 stumbling-blocks in the way of the unlearned, as are greatly 
 calculated to perplex their minds, and unsettle their confidence 
 in the text of Scripture. 
 
39 
 
 "4. That it be recommended to the general Committee, 
 to take such measures as they shall deem most likely to effect 
 a speedy return to the Standard text, which has thus wan- 
 tonly been abandoned; but that it is expedient to wait till 
 the reprint of the edition of l6ll, now printing at Oxford, 
 be before the public, ere any further correspondence be 
 entered upon with the Universities. 
 
 "(Signed) E. HENDERSON. 
 
 F. A. Cox. 
 J. BENNETT." 
 
 It may be right to state that the members of the 
 Committee are J. Bennett, D. D. ; J. Blackburn ; George 
 Collison; F. A. Cox, LL.D. ; Thomas Curtis; J. 
 Fletcher, D.D.; E. Henderson, D.D. ; J. Pye Smith, 
 D.D. ; J. Townley, D.D.; R. Winter, D.D. 
 
 It is with the most painful feelings that I approach 
 the consideration of this Report; to which, so far as 
 I can judge, it would not be easy to find a parallel. 
 Never were premises and conclusion more completely 
 at variance, than we here find them ; I mean, on the 
 supposition that the Sub-Committee had really con- 
 sidered and approved the Itab'cs of King James's Bibles. 
 But it would be doing great injustice to the learned 
 persons, whose names are subscribed to the Report, to 
 believe that they possessed even ordinary information 
 on the subject, on which they ventured to pronounce 
 judgement. The alternative seems to be, either that 
 by censuring the modern Italics, as productive of the 
 evils they describe, they intended to pass the same 
 censure on the whole of the Italics, of whatever date 
 or that they condemned the Italics of the current 
 editions, without being at all acquainted with the nature 
 of the Italics with which the Text of 1611 abounds. 
 
40 
 
 I adopt the latter part of the alternative, as less dis- 
 creditable to the Gentlemen of the Sub-Committee. 
 
 It appears to me that men of learning, intent on a 
 thorough investigation of the matter referred to them, 
 would have first examined, by an induction of par- 
 ticulars, the nature of the words in Italics, actually 
 existing in the Text of iGll ; and then have ascertained, 
 in the same way, the nature of the words in Italics 
 subsequently introduced into our Bibles. By such a 
 process they would have enabled themselves to compare 
 the two classes of words in Italics; and so have been 
 warranted in forming an opinion on the subject. It 
 would have been manifest that they had executed their 
 work in a workmanlike manner; and their decision 
 would certainly have commanded respect. But there 
 are no appearances of any care like this having been 
 taken, by the Gentlemen who constituted the Sub- 
 Committee. A few instances of words in the Italic 
 character, selected from the modern editions, were 
 placed before them; they referred to the Text of 1611, 
 and found the same words there printed in the ordinary 
 character. That seems to have been enough for them. 
 It was agreed that the Antient Text had been " wan- 
 tonly abandoned." A Report to that effect was drawn 
 up; and signed in due form. Such was the manner 
 in which the fate of the Italics was decided... If 
 those learned persons had taken the trouble to as- 
 certain what resemblance the instances before them 
 bore to the many instances of words, in characters 
 corresponding to our Italics, with which the Antient 
 Text abounds, they would scarcely have given their 
 signatures to such a Paper. 
 
41 
 
 In their Report, those Gentlemen declare that the 
 alterations in most instances " convey to the reader 
 the idea, that wherever any words are printed in 
 Italics, there is nothing corresponding to them in the 
 original text ;" and that " it must at once be obvious 
 to every person who is competent to judge on the 
 question, that what has been supplied in these instances 
 was absolutely necessary, in order to give the full force 
 of the Hebrew and Greek idioms ; and consequently 
 should have been printed in the same characters as 
 the rest^of the text." Now, I do affirm, in the face 
 of the world, that the Italics of the present Text are 
 not, in the least, more liable to these objections than 
 the Italics of l6ll. What has been stated in the pre- 
 ceding pages can leave no doubt on the subject; and 
 I entreat the reader, for his own satisfaction, to com- 
 pare, more than once, the various instances of Italics, 
 from the Text of l6ll, which he will find in pp. 3-10, 
 with those on which was founded the Report of the 
 Sub-Committee. 
 
 To say the truth, if I were a member of the Sub- 
 Committee, I should at the present moment feel greater 
 uneasiness of mind than it has ever yet been my lot to 
 feel. I should have ascertained the real state of the 
 case, with regard to these Italics; and when I saw it 
 in print, as my own deliberate declaration to the world, 
 that those who had made the alterations in question 
 " had exposed the sacred text to the scoffs of infidels, 
 and thrown such stumbling-blocks in the way of the 
 unlearned, as are greatly calculated to perplex their 
 minds, and unsettle their confidence in the text of 
 Scripture" I should shrink from the purport of my 
 
 F 
 
42 
 
 own language. Even if I considered it as a subject 
 for self-congratulation that I did not belong to either 
 of the great Academical Institutions of my Country, 
 I should still be of opinion that such Institutions ought 
 not to be censured on slight grounds. I should be 
 aware that I had, on very insufficient evidence, held 
 up to public reprobation the characters of men who 
 had never injured me, and of whom I had no reason 
 to think evil. These would now be my feelings, if it 
 were my misfortune to be a member of the Sub- 
 Committee. 
 
 Enough, I trust, has already been advanced, to 
 vindicate the Text of the Bible, as now published by 
 the Universities, from the aspersions which have been 
 cast upon it; but being anxious to give somewhat of 
 a permanent value even to a slight Essay, upon a topic 
 which I have accidentally been called upon to discuss, 
 I shall proceed to offer a few additional observations 
 on the Italics of our Bibles with the view of more 
 fully explaining a subject which appears to be very 
 imperfectly understood. 
 
 If the distinctions of words, by means of Italics, 
 related solely to the smaller peculiarities of gram- 
 matical construction in the Hebrew and Greek, there 
 are learned men who might probably not think those 
 distinctions worthy of much attention ; and yet, as 
 the Translators really have employed Italics (or what 
 must be considered as equivalent to Italics) for such 
 purposes, an attempt to render their plan consistent 
 with itself can scarcely be thought to deserve repre- 
 hension. 
 
43 
 
 We read in 1 Tim. iv. 9. (according to the text of 
 1611) " This is a faithful saying," (the word " is" being 
 in characters equivalent to Italics) ; and this is, because 
 the word, which is requisite to form a complete sentence 
 in English, is wanting in the Original. When the edi- 
 tion of 1638 and the modern editions, for the same reason, 
 present us with " Strait is the gate, and narrow is the 
 way which leadeth unto life" (Matt. vii. 14.) are the 
 censures of the Sub-Committee applicable to the latter 
 case, and not to the former ? 
 
 s. 
 
 Again, in Mark xiv. 1. "After two days was the 
 feast of the Passover" (TO Traaya) our Translators 
 have indicated, by a distinct character, the absence of 
 words corresponding to the expression " the feast of." 
 In Matt. xxvi. 2, we read, according to the Text of 
 l6l J, "Ye know that after two days is the feast of 
 the Passover ;" where the words, " the feast of," are 
 not distinguished from the rest of the sentence, although 
 the Original presents, as in the passage from St Mark, 
 only TO Tracr^ct. On examining the edition of 1638, 
 we find (Matt. xxvi. 2) in accordance with the verse 
 in St Mark " Ye know that after two days is the feast 
 of the Passover;" and the modern editions retain those 
 Italics. It shall be left to the reader to decide whether, 
 to adopt the language of the Sub-Committee, " our 
 Vernacular Translation" has been "greatly deterio- 
 rated," by this alteration. In Luke ii. 41, we have 
 the complete phrase, TrJ eopr^ TOU Tracr^a, " at the 
 feast of the Passover." 
 
 So also, in Heb. iii. 3. it is said of our Lord, FlXe/o- 
 i/ov yap o/9 OVTOS- irapa Mwvrji' j/fiWa, " For this 
 
44 
 
 man was counted worthy of more glory than Moses." 
 By printing the word " man" in Italics, our Trans- 
 lators shewed that the Greek expression was more 
 general than might at first be supposed ; and indeed at 
 once suggested to the learned reader that the original 
 word was ovros, and not euros o avOpwiros, as is found 
 in some cases. When in the same Epistle (vii. 24.) 
 we read, also concerning our Lord, 'O $e, Sia TO fxei/eti/ 
 avrov eis ToV aia>i>a, a,7rapdfia.Tov ^ei Ttjv \epoGvvrjv, 
 and consult the passage in the Text of 1611, we dis- 
 cover " But this man, because he continueth ever, 
 hath an unchangeable priesthood :" while, on referring 
 to the edition of 1638, as well as to the editions now 
 printed, we are presented with " But this man, be- 
 cause he continueth ever, hath an unchangeable priest- 
 hood;" the word "man" being in Italics; of the 
 propriety of which supposing o Se to be translated 
 "but this man" it is not difficult to form an opi- 
 nion. Is this one of the instances in which " measures" 
 are to be taken by the Committee, " to effect a speedy 
 return to the Standard Text, which has been thus 
 wantonly abandoned ?" 
 
 Moreover, in Rom. ix. 4. we find the version of 
 ri \arpeia /ecu at etrayyeXiai thus given, " the service 
 of God and the promises ; " the supplementary words, 
 " of God," having the mark of being supplied impressed 
 upon them : while in Heb. ix. 6. we find rets \aTpeias 
 7riT\ovvTs translated, "accomplishing the service of 
 God ; " the words, " of God? 1 ' being supplied, as in 
 the former case, but without any mark to that effect. 
 Such are the facts with regard to the Text of 1611; 
 but in the edition of 1638, and in the modern editions, 
 
45 
 
 the words "of God" appear in Italics in the latter case, 
 as well as in the former. Is the alteration here pointed 
 out " far from being an improvement ? " 
 
 It would be easy to fill many pages with instances 
 very similar to those which have just been adduced ; 
 but I shall content myself with another example of the 
 same kind. In the beginning of the 19th chapter of 
 St Luke's Gospel, we read, according to the Text of 
 1611 s " And Jesus entered, and passed through Jericho." 
 The word "Jesus" is here very properly added, with 
 the design of giving perspicuity to the narrative, at the 
 commencement of a new chapter ; and also very pro- 
 perly marked, by its type, as not actually in the Original 
 Greek. When we proceed to the beginning of the 9th 
 chapter of St John's Gospel, we read, '* And as Jesus 
 passed by, he saw a man which had been blind from his 
 birth;" but here, the word "Jesus," introduced, as 
 before, for the sole purpose of giving perspicuity to 
 the narrative, at the commencement of a new chapter, 
 is printed as if it really belonged to the Sacred Text. 
 In the edition of 1638, as well as in the modern editions, 
 it is printed Jesus. Is it in such alterations as these 
 that, to use once more the language of the Sub-Com- 
 mittee, "a great want of critical taste" has been dis- 
 played ? 
 
 It is interesting to observe how frequently abbre- 
 viated forms of speech are found in different languages 
 in relation to the same thing. In Gen. xxiv. 13, 20, 
 (1611) we read, "Behold, I stand here by the well of 
 water ; and the daughters of the men of the city come 
 out to draw water :"..." And she hasted and emptied 
 
46 
 
 her pitcher into the trough, and ran again unto the well 
 to draw water, and drew for all his camels." Here 
 we have, first, the complete form of expression " draw 
 water;" then, the abbreviated form in the Original, 
 supplied in English by the word that renders the ex- 
 pression complete, " drew water ,-" and lastly, the ab- 
 breviated form in English " drew." Here also we may 
 observe the effect of the context in deciding the word 
 to be supplied. The word " draw" may be applied to 
 many objects ; but when it is used in the continuation 
 of a narrative respecting the drawing of water from a 
 well, the substantive, to be connected with it, is at 
 once incontrovertibly decided.. On referring to the 
 Greek language we find the same abbreviation. In 
 John iv. 7, we read, " There cometh a woman of Samaria, 
 to draw water (avrXrjo-ai vScop) ;" and afterwards in 
 verse 15, " The woman saith unto him, Sir, give me 
 this water, that I thirst not, neither come hither to draw 
 (a*>TXeti/)"...In particular instances, as is manifest from 
 the instances before us, it is of little or no consequence 
 whether the abbreviated forms of the Original be com- 
 pleted in the English, or not ; and therefore, so far as 
 such instances are concerned, it cannot be of much im- 
 portance whether the supplementary words, when it is 
 thought right to give them, are, or are not, marked by 
 Italics. But it is of great moment that whatever is 
 done in this way, should be done in adherence to a 
 principle. Cases will frequently occur in which it is 
 certain that a word is supplied ; although people will 
 form very different opinions of its importance. The 
 only security, for having important supplementary 
 words clearly indicated, is to have all words so indi- 
 cated, when they are supplementary. 
 
47 
 
 Many examples might be adduced of abbreviated 
 forms of speech, which, from their position in the 
 text, or their relation to the context, present no diffi- 
 culty ; but I shall content myself with one instance 
 more. We find (2 Kings ix. 21) this sentence: "And 
 Joram said, "Make ready; 1 ' or, according to the Mar- 
 ginal Reading, that is, the Literal Hebrew " Bind." 
 This command, taken by itself, is sufficiently indeter- 
 minate ; and the applications, in the Old Testament, 
 of the word translated "bind," are various. As there 
 is something well worthy of remark in this matter, I will 
 collect a few of those applications. 
 
 The word is used with reference to a person bound, 
 whether in prison or not : 
 
 " The prison, the place where Joseph was bound." 
 Gen. XL. 3. 
 
 " To bind Samson are we come up : " 
 
 " We are come down to bind thee : " 
 
 " And they bound him with two new cords." Judg. xv. 
 10, 12, 13. 
 
 Also, with reference to a sacrifice : 
 
 " Bind the sacrifice with cords, even unto the horns of the 
 altar." Ps. cxviii. 27- 
 
 Also, with reference to a chariot : 
 
 "And Joseph made ready (bound) his chariot." Gen. 
 XLVI. 29. 
 
 " And he said, Go up, say unto Ahab, Prepare (in the 
 margin "Tie," or, "Bind") thy chariot, and get thee down, 
 that the rain stop thee not." 1 Kings xviii. 44. 
 
 Also, to the equipping of horses for battle : 
 
 " Order ye the buckler and shield, and draw near to battle. 
 Harness (bind) the horses ; and get up, ye horsemen, and 
 stand forth with your helmets." Jerem. XLVI. 3, 4. 
 
48 
 
 Also, to the drawing up of men in order of battle : 
 
 
 " Then he said, Who shall order (in the margin, "bind" 
 
 or "tie") the battle?" 1 Kings xx. 14. 
 
 Also, metaphorically, to binding a person by oath or 
 
 vow : 
 
 " If a man vow a vow unto the LORD, or swear an oath to 
 bind his soul with a bond : " 
 
 " If a woman also vow a vow unto the LORD, and bind 
 herself by a bond." Numb. xxx. 2, 3. 
 
 When all these significations of the word are taken into 
 account, it might appear as if any meaning attached to 
 Joram's command, to " make ready 11 or " bind," would 
 be mere conjecture ; but on referring to the context, 
 all obscurity is removed in an instant. It immedi- 
 ately follows: "And his chariot was made ready " 
 " bound" that is, " bound to the horses" The Trans- 
 lators might have given Joram's command in full, 
 "Make ready the chariot," as in 1 Kings xviii. 44; 
 but they very justly thought the abbreviated expres- 
 sion sufficient, explained as it was by the words imme- 
 diately following. 
 
 In numerous instances, as I have already observed, 
 it is quite impossible to convert a Hebrew or Greek 
 sentence into a corresponding sentence in English, with- 
 out circumlocution. The phrase would frequently be 
 altogether unintelligible in our own language, more espe- 
 cially to ordinary readers, if presented in the elliptical 
 form of the Original In some cases, indeed, this ellip- 
 tical form will not be attended with any great uncer- 
 tainty, as to the writer's meaning; and yet as different 
 modes of supplying the ellipses, giving different shades 
 of meaning, may be adopted, it seems desirable even 
 
49 
 
 in such cases that the words actually supplied should 
 be pointed out In other cases, the elliptical form is 
 productive of so much obscurity, that scholars will enter- 
 tain different opinions as to the mode in which the ellipsis 
 should be supplied. Under such circumstances, nothing 
 surely can be more manifest than that, in translating 
 works of vast concernment to mankind works on which 
 their Religious Sentiments depend whatever is thus 
 added, for the purpose of conveying the full meaning 
 of the Original, as apprehended by the Translator, cer- 
 tainly ought to have some mark by which it may be 
 distinguished from the rest. 
 
 I shall now quote a few instances of texts, in none 
 of which can the meaning be expressed in English, 
 without words in addition to those which the Hebrew 
 affords ; while in some of them great care must have 
 been requisite, to ascertain and unfold the signification 
 of the Original. Although anxious not to extend 
 this Essay beyond due limits, I shall venture occa- 
 sionally to subjoin to the cited texts a few illustra- 
 tive remarks. When the reader's attention is thus 
 directed to the structure of the Hebrew Language, he 
 will be surprised to find how much, that We require 
 to be expressed in words, might be safely left to the 
 imaginations of men, in the eastern regions of the 
 world. 
 
 In Gen. xiii. 9, we find Abram addressing Lot, 
 after the strife of their herdmen, literally thus : 
 
 " Separate thyself, I pray thee, from me : if the left hand, 
 then I will take the right ; or if the right hand, then I will 
 take the left." 
 
 G 
 
50 
 
 Here, the occasion of the address the influence of the 
 expression, " separate thyself," upon what follows and 
 the structure of the sentence clearly point out the 
 nature of the words to be supplied, to accommodate the 
 passage to the English reader. 
 
 " Separate thyself, I pray thee, from me : if thou wilt take 
 the left hand, then I will take the right ; or if thou wilt take 
 the right hand, then I will take the left." 
 
 Or, according to the Authorized Version as it appears 
 in the edition of 1638 and the modern editions 
 
 " Separate thyself, I pray thee, from me : if thou wilt take 
 the left hand, then I will go to the right ; or if thou depart to 
 the right hand, then I will go to the left." 
 
 It may be observed that the Text of l6ll gives the 
 Italics only in part as follows : 
 
 " Separate thyself, I pray thee, from me : if thou wilt take 
 the left hand, then I will go to the right ; or if thou depart to 
 the right hand, then I will go to the left." 
 
 In Gen. xviii. 28. Abraham, pleading with God, 
 asks, according to the literal rendering, 
 
 " Wilt thou destroy all the city for five ?" 
 Now, in the former part of the verse, we find, " Perad- 
 venture there shall lack five of the fifty righteous;" 
 who, then, does not feel that the question asked really 
 was 
 
 " Wilt thou destroy all the city for lack o/*five?"* 
 as it appears in the edition of 1638 and the modern 
 editions? In the Text of l6ll, the Italics are again 
 imperfectly marked, as follows: 
 
 " Wilt thou destroy all the city for lack of five?" 
 
 * " An perdes propter quinque totam rivitalem : propter quinque, scilicet, 
 deficientes ex quinquaginta." GLASS. 
 
51 
 
 In Exod. xiii. 8, we find, literally, the following 
 command : 
 
 ' ' And thou shalt shew thy son in that day, saying, Because 
 of that the LORD did unto me, when I came forth out of 
 Egypt." 
 
 It is a command to the Israelites, to teach their children 
 the reason for observing the feast of the Passover: 
 which was Because of that which the LOUD did unto 
 them, when they came forth out of Egypt: the mean- 
 ing being This feast is kept or, These ceremonies 
 are observed or, This is done because of that, &c. 
 All this our Translators rendered clear to the English 
 reader marking at the same time the supplementary 
 words by printing their version as follows : 
 
 " And thou shalt shew thy son in that day, saying, This is 
 done because of that which the LORD did unto me, when I came 
 forth out of Egypt." 
 
 And thus also the verse is printed in the edition of 
 1638, and in the modern editions. 
 
 In Exod. xiv. 20. Ainsworth, in his literal manner, 
 thus translates the account of the effect of the pillar of 
 cloud and of fire. 
 
 "And it was a cloud and darkness, and it made light 
 the night." 
 
 His note however informs us that " the cloud was thick 
 and dark to the Egyptians and made light (or illumi- 
 nated) the night to the Israelites." " And so," he goes 
 on, " the Chaldee Paraphrase and Jerusalem Targum 
 explaineth it : The cloud was half light, and half dark- 
 ness ; the light gave light unto Israel and the darkness 
 gave darkness unto the Egyptians.' 1 ' 1 This indeed is 
 
52 
 
 to be collected from what precedes, and what follows 
 this clause, in the same verse : 
 
 "And it came between the camp of the Egyptians and 
 
 the camp of Israel so that the one came not near the other 
 
 all the night." 
 
 Our Translators have given the full meaning of the 
 clause; and have also most properly marked the sup- 
 plementary words that were required for that purpose : 
 
 " And it was a cloud and darkness to them, but it gave 
 light by night to these" 
 
 In Levit. xiii. 13, we find, according to Ains worth's 
 Version : 
 
 " Behold, if the leprosy hath covered all his flesh, he shall 
 pronounce the plague clean." 
 
 In the note on the place, we are admonished of the real 
 meaning of the pasage; viz. "pronounce him clean 
 that hath the plague." This signification our Trans- 
 lators have assigned to the passage marking at the 
 same time the words wanted to express it : 
 
 " Behold, if the leprosy have covered all his flesh, he shall 
 pronounce him clean that hath the plague." 
 
 We read (Numb, xxiii. 15), again adopting Ains- 
 worth's Version : 
 
 " And he said unto Balak, Stand here by thy burnt offer- 
 ing, and I will meet yonder." 
 
 This is exceedingly obscure ; but in the note we find 
 the following explanation : " / will meet yonder ; to 
 wit, with Jehovah ; and so the Greek explaineth it, 
 I will go to enquire of God" This also was the 
 signification assigned to the expression by our Trans- 
 lators ; in whose Version the passage thus appears : 
 
53 
 
 " And he said unto Balak, Stand here by thy burnt offer- 
 ing, while I meet the LORD yonder." 
 
 But in what manner is it ascertained that words so 
 important ought to be introduced ? In the following 
 manner. The first sacrifice of Balak was on " the high 
 places of Baal ; " on which occasion we are informed 
 (verse 3) that " Balaam said unto Balak, Stand by thy 
 burnt offering, and I will go: peradventure the LORD 
 will come to meet me." The second sacrifice was on 
 "the top of Pisgah;" and on this occasion, Balaam 
 (according to our Authorized Version) " said unto 
 Balak, Stand by thy burnt offering while I meet the 
 LORD yonder." Moreover we are immediately in- 
 formed that "the LORD met Balaam." Nothing more 
 can be required in vindication of the supplementary 
 words, or of the character in which our Translators 
 directed them to be printed. 
 
 Our Translators, anxious to give the full meaning 
 of Numb. xxxv. 30, thus render the passage : 
 
 " One witness shall not testify against any person, to cause 
 him to die." 
 
 Ainsworth, anxious to be literal, translates thus : 
 
 "One witness shall not answer against a soul, to die." 
 In this version, to say nothing of the obscurity in the 
 former part of the sentence arising from his extreme 
 zeal for the strictness of the letter the latter part is, 
 to an English reader, quite unintelligible. The note 
 indeed informs us that instead of " to die" the real 
 meaning is " to cause him to die." Our Translators 
 wisely resolved to convey that meaning; and they 
 not less wisely distinguished, by a peculiar character, 
 the words that enabled them to do so. 
 
54 
 
 Ainsworth translates Deut. iv. 12. in the following 
 manner : 
 
 "And Jehovah spake unto you out of the midst of the 
 fire : you heard a voice of words, but saw no similitude, save 
 a voice." 
 
 To us the concluding part of the sentence sounds oddly. 
 Our Translators have, in their margin, informed us 
 that the final clause, in Hebrew, literally signifies 
 " save a voice ;" but they have accommodated the pas- 
 sage to English readers in the following manner : 
 
 " And the LORD spake unto you, out of the midst of the 
 fire : ye heard the voice of the words, but saw no similitude ; 
 only ye heard a voice." 
 
 In this way our Translators happily avoided the ap- 
 pearance of leaving the word "saw" to be applied to 
 " voice," as well as to " similitude." It is remarkable, 
 however, that in rendering the corresponding passage, 
 Exod. xx. 18, they have apparently suffered the same 
 word to be applied to that which does not belong to it : 
 
 " And all the people saw the thunderings and the light- 
 nings, and the noise of the trumpet, and the mountain smoking : 
 and when the people saw it, they removed, and stood afar off." 
 
 In the same point of view Job iv. 10, is worthy of 
 observation : 
 
 " The roaring of the lion and the voice of the fierce lion, 
 and the teeth of the young lions are broken." 
 
 But the effect of these passages is not at all like that 
 produced by Ainsworth's translation of Deut. iv. 12 
 For the purpose of still further illustrating the methods, 
 adopted by our Translators, of treating the cases in 
 which, according to the usage of our language, a word 
 seems in the Original to be applied to a subject to which 
 it is not related, the following passages may be adduced : 
 
55 
 
 " They have cast fire into thy sanctuary, they have defiled 
 by casting down the dwelling place of thy name to the ground." 
 Ps. Lxxiv. 7. 
 
 Whoever will consider, for a moment, the expression 
 " defiled to the ground, 11 will perceive the propriety 
 of some such addition as the words, " by casting down ;" 
 and it will be allowed that it is creditable to the Text 
 of l6ll to exhibit that addition duly pointed out. The 
 misfortune, however, is, that in Ps. LXXXIX. 39, where 
 a similar addition is introduced, no trace of any addition 
 is to be found. It was left for the edition of 1638 to 
 give that text as follows: 
 
 " Thou hast made void the covenant of thy servant : thou 
 hast profaned his crown by casting it to the ground." 
 
 Ainsworth thus translates Ps. cxviii. 5 : 
 " Out of strait affliction I called on Jah ; Jah answered 
 me with a large room :" 
 
 and illustrates the expression, " with a large room, 11 by 
 stating, in the note, that it is equivalent to "bringing 
 me into it; 11 and refers to Ps. xviii. 19, where the sense 
 is fully expressed : 
 
 " He brought me forth also into a large place." 
 Of all this our Translators were aware ; and as the 
 Press was in this instance duly attended to, we find the 
 passage (Ps. cxviii. 5.) thus given in the Text of 1611 : 
 
 " I called upon the LORD in distress : the LORD answered 
 me, and set me in a large place." 
 
 We learn from Deut. xix. 11, 12 that, supposing a 
 person from hatred to have slain his neighbour, and 
 to have fled to a City of Refuge, the Elders of his city 
 were to fetch him thence, and deliver him to the Avenger 
 that he might die. In verse 13 we read, according to 
 Ains worth's literal rendering : 
 
56 
 
 " Thine eye shall not spare him, and thou shalt put away 
 innocent blood from Israel." 
 
 Whatever obscurity Ainsworth may leave in the text, 
 he generally removes it in his note. What then is to 
 be said of the command to put away innocent blood ?... 
 "Innocent blood is, as the Chaldee explaineth it, him 
 that shed innocent blood" And so, to " put away inno- 
 cent blood 11 may signify to remove from the land the 
 guilt of shedding innocent blood or, more briefly, the 
 guilt of innocent blood. In this light the matter ap- 
 peared to our Translators, whose version of the passage 
 is thus given in the Text of 1 6l 1 : 
 
 " Thine eye shall not pity him, but thou shalt put away 
 the guilt of innocent blood from Israel." 
 
 It may be observed that the object of the institutions 
 here recorded is expressly stated (verse 10) to be " that 
 innocent blood be not shed" in the land. 
 
 In Judges v. 30, we discover a remarkable attention 
 to supplementary words, and to the distinction proper 
 to them in the Text of 1611: 
 
 " Have they not sped ? have they not divided the prey ? 
 to Sisera a prey of divers colours, a prey of divers colours of 
 needlework, of divers colours of needlework on both sides, 
 meet for the necks of them that take the spoil." 
 
 Here, we first have u not" in Italics, under circum- 
 stances which have already (p. 22) been discussed. The 
 word " meet" is, in reality, supplied ; and ought to have 
 been in Italics, as we find it in the edition of 1638, as 
 well as in the modern editions. Instead of "necks of 
 the spoil" we have " necks of them that take the spoil :" 
 in the same manner as we read (2 Kings xvi. 9) that 
 when the king of Assyria had taken Damascus, he 
 
57 
 
 "carried the people of it captive to Kir;" and that, 
 under certain circumstances, the priest is enjoined to 
 " pronounce him clean that hath the plague."" (See pp. 
 9, 52.) All this indicates great attention to the idiom 
 of the Hebrew Language. 
 
 In 2 Sam. v. 8, the Text of 1611 presents us with 
 the following passage: 
 
 "And David said on that day, Whosoever getteth up 
 to the gutter, and smiteth the Jebusites, and the lame and 
 the blind, that are hated of David's soul, he shall be chief 
 and captain." 
 
 In this place, a very considerable addition is indicated 
 by the mode of printing; and the context does not 
 render much assistance towards supplying it. The 
 words, however, were not inserted at random ; for in 
 1 Chron. xi. 6, where the same event is recorded, we 
 read, without any supplementary words, 
 
 " And David said, Whosoever smiteth the Jebusites first, 
 shall be chief and captain." 
 
 In this manner did our Translators make the Sacred 
 Volume its own interpreter. There are, indeed, pas- 
 sages from the Old Testament, in great abundance, the 
 discussion of which would shew how thoroughly the 
 Translators were acquainted with the contents of Scrip- 
 ture ; and, at the same time, tend to throw light upon 
 the peculiar phraseology by which the Old Testament 
 is distinguished. But it now seems expedient to pass 
 on to another part of the subject;* and produce, from 
 
 * In a note, however, I may mention 2 Sam. xxiii. 8. " He lift up his 
 spear against eight hundred, whom he slew at one time ; " as explained by 
 1 Chron. xi. 11. "He lift up his spear against three hundred, slain by him 
 at one time :" the supplied words in Italics, in the former text, having been 
 derived from the complete expression in the latter. 
 
 H 
 
58 
 
 the Old Testament, a few instances of Italics which, 
 although not found in the Text of 1611, were intro- 
 duced into the edition of 1638, and thence into the 
 modern editions. 
 
 In Gen. xxv. 23. after mention has been made of 
 u two nations" and " two manner of people," who were 
 to descend from Rebekah, it is added if we translate 
 according to the strictness of the letter 
 
 "people shall be stronger than people." 
 The purport of this was so certain, when taken with 
 what preceded and what followed, and the necessity of 
 supplementary words so manifest, that Ainsworth, though 
 averse to additions when he could avoid them, presented 
 the clause in this form : 
 
 " The one people shall be stronger than the other people." 
 In the same terms was the clause expressed by our 
 Translators; but in the Text of l6ll, the same care 
 was not taken by the Correctors of the Press, to mark 
 the supplementary words. In that Text the entire 
 clause appears in one uniform character; the inac- 
 curacy being found rectified in 1638. 
 
 Of Gen. XLiv. 31. Ainsworth has given the following 
 translation : 
 
 " Then will it be, when he seeth that the young man 
 is not, that he will die." 
 
 Of the same passage, the version given by our Trans- 
 lators is thus printed in the Text of l6ll : 
 
 " It shall come to pass, when he seeth that the lad is 
 not with us, that he shall die." 
 
 Now, by the former translation the real meaning of 
 the passage is altered ; and although by the latter 
 
59 
 
 translation the meaning is secured, yet by the mode 
 of printing much of the effect is lost. Let us see 
 in what way something of this effect may be preserved. 
 The Hebrew, in the verse preceding that which has 
 been quoted, presents an expression, in its complete 
 form, which influences the mind in the interpretation 
 of an incomplete expression of the same kind in the 
 verse under consideration ; and it seems as if we could 
 not more easily point out the connection, existing in 
 the Original, between the two verses, than by properly 
 applying Italics, or marks equivalent to Italics, to the 
 Version given by our Translators. ... The reader will 
 bear in mind that Judah is representing to Joseph the 
 distress of his father, supposing him to return without 
 Benjamin. 
 
 " Now therefore when I come to thy servant my father, 
 and the lad be not with us (seeing that his life is bound 
 up with the lad's life) 
 
 It shall come to pass, when he seeth that the lad is not 
 with us, that he shall die." 
 
 The reference, in the Original, of the word " not" in 
 the latter verse, to the expression, " not with us," in 
 the former, is very pleasing ; and we have, as I have 
 said, no better mode of indicating the like reference in 
 the English text, than that of completing the phrase in 
 the latter verse, by words in Italics. Thus the passage 
 ought to have been printed in 1611, and thus it was 
 printed in 1638. Ainsworth's note is again to the 
 purpose: "is not, namely, with us, as the Chaldee 
 addeth." 
 
 In Levit. xxiv. 11. Ainsworth translates thus : 
 "And the Israelitish woman's son blasphemed the name, 
 and cursed." 
 
60 
 
 44 Blasphemed the name" is a form of speech to which 
 the English reader will not readily attach any meaning. 
 Ains worth, in his note on " the name," says, " under- 
 stand, of Jehovah ,*" and thus it was understood by our 
 Translators, who accordingly introduced the words " of 
 the LORD" leaving it, I suppose, to the revisors of the 
 press to take care that the addition was properly notified. 
 That care was not taken ; but in the edition of 1638, we 
 find the passage thus correctly printed : 
 
 " And the Israelitish woman's son blasphemed the name 
 of the LORD, and cursed." 
 
 The Text of l6ll presents to us Deut. xvi. 10, 
 as follows : 
 
 " A tribute of a free-will offering of thine hand, which thou 
 shalt give unto the LORD thy God, according as the LORD thy 
 God hath blessed thee." 
 
 Now here, the words, " unto the LORD thy God," 
 do not exist in the Original ; but they really are under- 
 stood, and thus are very properly introduced. When 
 we consider what small additions have, in other places, 
 been marked as additions, it does seem strange that so 
 important an insertion should have been permitted to 
 appear in the ordinary character. In the edition of 
 1638 it is printed as it ought to be: 
 
 "A tribute of a free-will offering of thine hand, which thou 
 shalt give unto the LORD thy God, according as the LORD thy 
 God hath blessed thee." 
 
 There are materials in the Old Testament which 
 would enable me to carry on, to a very great extent, 
 this enumeration of passages, concerning Italics neglected 
 in l6ll, and attended to in 1638 ; but I shall now bring 
 
61 
 
 my observations on that part of the Sacred Volume to 
 a close. It remains for me to discuss a few passages 
 
 JT O 
 
 from the New Testament, in a manner somewhat 
 similar to that adopted with regard to the passages 
 cited from the Old Testament. The passages first to 
 be noticed are those in which the Italics have been very 
 properly attended to ; and then those in which the 
 Italics have been very improperly neglected. 
 
 With respect to such passages as the following : 
 
 "Some say that thou art John the Baptist." Matt. xvi. 14. 
 
 " Ye shall not only do this which is done to the fig tree." 
 Matt. xxi. 21. 
 
 " When they shall separate you from their company, and 
 shall reproach you." Luke vi. 22. 
 
 " But this cometh to pass that the word might be fulfilled." 
 John xv. 25. 
 
 " That faith of our father Abraham, which he had being 
 yet uncircumcised." Rom. iv. 12. 
 
 It is clear, that the words in Italics were required for 
 the purpose of fully expressing the meaning of the 
 sentences to which they belong ; and certain, that words 
 corresponding to them do not exist in the Original : 
 here then is a plan of proceeding, in printing the Text 
 of l6ll, which every one will naturally expect to be 
 adopted in similar cases. But in the following cases, 
 which I have transcribed, as I find them, in the edition 
 of 1638 and the modern editions, viz. 
 
 "And him that taketh away thy cloak, forbid not to 
 take thy coat also." Luke vi. 29. 
 
 "When Jesus saw him lie, and knew that he had been 
 now a long time in that case" John v. 6. 
 
 ' ' For if we have been planted together in the likeness of 
 his death, we shall be also in the likeness of his resurrection." 
 Rom. vi. 5. 
 
62 
 
 " For I reckon that the sufferings of this present time are 
 not worthy to be compared with the glory that shall be revealed 
 in us." Rom. viii. 18. 
 
 " If by any means I may provoke to emulation them which 
 are my flesh." Rom. xi. 14.* 
 
 In these passages, I say, we find supplementary words 
 to the full as important as those just pointed out ; 
 and yet there is no distinguishing character given them, 
 in the Text of 1611. I leave it to every one, who is 
 capable of forming a judgement on the subject, to decide 
 how far a Text, which abounds in such irregularities, 
 can be considered as a Standard to be followed. 
 
 The passages now about to be cited, with a few 
 remarks upon each of them, are, in different ways, 
 worthy of consideration ; and the care that was taken 
 in these cases, to distinguish the supplementary words, 
 cannot be too highly commended. I here speak of the 
 Text of 1611. 
 
 The first passage is John vii. 39 ; the clause in 
 Greek, corresponding to that containing the word in 
 Italics, being, ovirw yap rjv Trvev/ma ayiov. 
 
 " But this spake he of the Spirit, which they that believe 
 on him should receive : for the Holy Ghost was not yet given ; 
 because that Jesus was not yet glorified." 
 
 From the tenor of this passage, it is quite clear 
 that some such word as " given" or " received" is re- 
 quisite, to convey the full meaning of the whole ; and 
 it seems a fortunate circumstance that we have such 
 easy means of distinguishing words so introduced. Of 
 what singular utility it would have been if, in the 
 
 * Ellipses, of a similar character to this, have been pointed out in the Old 
 Testament : Gen. iv. 20. (p. 9) ; 2 Kings xvi. 9. (p. 52.) ; Judg. v. 30. (p. 56.) 
 
63 
 
 Antient Versions, words introduced in the same way 
 had been distinguished in a similar manner. The 
 introduction of words corresponding to " given" or 
 "received" in this place, which indeed are found in 
 some of the Antient Versions, no more indicates a cor- 
 responding word in the Original, than the word " given" 
 in the English Version indicates any such corresponding 
 word. 
 
 In Acts vii. 59. the clause to be observed upon 
 answers to these words, KOI e\i9o/3o\ovv TOV ^retyavov, 
 7riKa\ovjJiei>ov Kal XeyovTa* 
 
 " And they stoned Stephen, calling upon God, and saying, 
 Lord Jesus, receive my spirit." 
 
 Here it may be disputed whether, if any name be 
 supplied, it should be " God" or " Christ." The Latin 
 language allowed the same turn of expression as the 
 Greek; and thus Beza followed the Vulgate in trans- 
 lating " Stephanum invocantem et dicentem." Some 
 of the older English Versions, including Lawrence 
 TomsonX introduced the name of " God." This also 
 our Translators did ; and they very properly distin- 
 guished the addition. 
 
 In Rom. v. 18. we find, 'Apa ovv o>? ci eVos Trapa- 
 
 TTTWfJLaTOS, 649 TTttl/TaS dv9pU>7TOVS, 15 KCLTaKpl/ULd' OVTU) 
 
 Kal ci evos cWcua>/u.Tos, et? Trai/ra? dvOptoTrovs, 6ts 
 jacataxriy {^t'j/s 1 : which, taking only such words of our 
 
 Version as correspond to those of the Original, is 
 
 " Therefore as by the offence of one upon all men to 
 condemnation ; even so by the righteousness of one 
 upon all men unto justification of life." With these 
 materials our Translators have produced the following 
 
64 
 
 important declaration ; which is printed according to 
 the Text of 1611, except that the Verb "came," al- 
 though equally supplementary with the other words in 
 Italics, is not there distinguished as an addition : 
 
 " Therefore as by the offence of one, judgment came upon 
 all men to condemnation ; even so by the righteousness of one, 
 the free gift came upon all men unto justification of life." 
 
 Here then are words of great moment introduced, and 
 placed in opposition to each other. Let us endeavour 
 to ascertain on what ground they are introduced. 
 Through the latter part of this chapter, the Apostle is 
 placing, in contrast with each other, the evils consequent 
 upon the offence the disobedience of Adam, and the 
 benefits resulting from the obedience of Christ. In 
 verse 15, he says " But not as the offence, so also is 
 the free-gift ;" and in verse 16, " And not as it was 
 by one that sinned, so is the gift : for the judgement 
 was by one to condemnation, but the free gift is of 
 many offences unto justification." The Apostle there- 
 fore, in verse 18, is summing up the whole matter, 
 which had been previously enlarged upon; and re- 
 stating his positions, in more general terms. I say, 
 "in more general terms:" for he had not before ex- 
 pressly affirmed that " the free gift unto justification of 
 life" came upon " all men," as well as " the judgment" 
 which " was by one to condemnation."... Lawrence 
 Tomson here follows Beza, and gives the passage thus : 
 " Likewise then as by the offence of one, the fault came 
 on all men to condemnation, so by the justifying of 
 one, the benefit abounded toward all men to the justi- 
 fication of life."... The passage before us may be taken 
 as a remarkable instance of the necessity of supple- 
 mentary words ; of the care required in their selection ; 
 
65 
 
 and, I will add, of the duty which devolves upon 
 Translators, to point out the additions that have been 
 made. 
 
 1 Cor. i. 26. is thus read in the Original, 
 Tr\v K\rj<rtv u/uow, doeXcfiol, on ov TroXXoi ffo(f)ol 
 
 KOTO. (jdpKCt, OV TTOXXOI SvVOTOlf OV TToXXoJ VyVlS I 
 
 literally, in English, " For ye see your calling, brethren, 
 how that not many wise men after the flesh, not many 
 mighty, not many noble." The sentence is incomplete ; 
 and our Translators, very properly indicating their 
 supplementary words, have thus completed it : 
 
 "For ye see your calling, brethren, how that not many 
 wise men after the flesh, not many mighty, not many noble, 
 are called." 
 
 This addition certainly gives meaning to the verse; 
 but, although my present occupation does not require 
 me to criticize our Translators' Version, I may perhaps 
 be permitted to express a doubt whether the true 
 meaning is at once suggested. Whoever will read from 
 the l?th verse to the end of this chapter, will find that 
 the Apostle is discoursing on the mode of preaching the 
 Gospel, and the agents employed for that purpose. The 
 preaching of the Gospel was (verse 1?) " not with 
 wisdom of words :" it was, as it were (verse 21), " the 
 foolishness of preaching:*" and with regard to the 
 agents, St Paul declares (verses 27, 28) that " God had 
 chosen the foolish things of the world to confound the 
 wise the weak things of the world to confound the 
 things that are mighty and base things of the world 
 and things that are despised yea and things that are 
 not, to bring to nought things that are,' 1 And the 
 reason assigned (verse 29) is " that no flesh should 
 
 I 
 
66 
 
 glory in his presence." In the midst of all this, comes 
 in verse 26 ; which of course ought to accord with what 
 goes before, and what follows. Can any thing be more 
 manifest, than the object of the Apostle in this place ? 
 For the purpose of the " calling" spoken of, it was not 
 the "wise," not the "mighty," not the "noble;" no: 
 God had chosen " the foolish things" to confound " the 
 wise" " the weak things" to confound "the mighty" 
 " things base and despised" to confound the " noble." 
 When, therefore, our Translators give it, as the meaning 
 of the verse, that " not many wise &c. are called" it 
 must be understood, called to preach the Gospel. How- 
 ever just the sentiment may be, with regard to converts 
 in general that is not the sentiment which the Apostle 
 is enforcing ; but as the passage is commonly under- 
 stood, the words, "are called," are, I believe, applied 
 to the converts. It ought to be stated that in Clark's 
 Bible, a useful Work published in l690 5 we find this 
 note to the supplementary words " are called :" 
 " Rather, [are employed in calling you.]" 
 
 Two passages, (1 Cor. xiv. 34>. and 1 Tim. iv. 3), in 
 which the supplementary words are of a similar character, 
 I shall bring together. 
 
 " For it is not permitted unto them to speak ; but they 
 are commanded to be under obedience." (ou yap eVtre'r^a- 
 TTTCU aura?? AaAeu/, a'AA* uVoTa'<r<r6<r0ai.) 
 
 " Forbidding to marry, and commanding to abstain from 
 meats." (KwAuoi/rtoi/ ya/j.eTv, aTrevetrfltri pp(ofjLaTa>v.^ 
 
 Upon cases of this kind, the context throws no light. 
 The difficulty arises from the very structure of the 
 sentences. In many instances, the word to be sup- 
 plied, in the latter part of the sentence, is that which 
 is expressed (or a word related to that expressed) in 
 
67 
 
 the former : as, " He that reproveth a scorner, getteth 
 to himself shame ; and he that rebuketh a wicked man, 
 getteth himself a blot." Prov. ix. 7. But in the cases 
 before us, it is certain, from the obvious intention of the 
 Writer, that the words to be supplied, in the latter part 
 of the sentence, must have a quite different signification 
 from those presented by the former part. I point 
 out these passages, as instances of the judgement of 
 the Translators, both in selecting supplementary words, 
 and in distinguishing them. 
 
 May I pursue the discussion a little farther ? In 
 1 Cor. vii. 19, the English, as well as the Greek, acknow- 
 ledges something of the same turn of expression. 'H 
 
 \ *<\ r > t /) / R / 
 
 TrepiTo/uj? ovcev ecTTi, /ecu r\ aicpopuaTia ovcev eGTiv, 
 oXXa Triplets evroXwv Geov. " Circumcision is nothing, 
 and uncircumcision is nothing, but the keeping of the 
 commandments of God." In this instance, it is not 
 meant that "the keeping of the commandments of God" 
 is nothing ; but the direct contrary. So also in 1 Tim. 
 ii. 12. TvvaiKi $e StSdcrKeiv OVK GTriTpeTru), owe avOcv- 
 TCLV aVt^oos, aXX' elvai ev rjcrv^iq. " But I suffer not a 
 woman to teach, nor to usurp authority over the man, 
 but to be in silence :" in which place, the Apostle does 
 not mean that he " suffers," but that he " requires" 
 her "to be in silence." These instances, in English, 
 may shew in what way similar forms may exist in other 
 languages. It is singular that I cannot discover, any 
 where noted, a passage exactly similar to 1 Cor. xiv. 34. 
 and 1 Tim. iv. 3, from the Old Testament where one 
 would most expect it to be found. Similar modes of 
 speech occasionally occur in Writers accounted Classical, 
 both Greek and Latin. The remarkable construction 
 
68 
 
 in 1 Tim. iv. 3. (KwXvovrcov ya/melv, direxeffOat )3/ott>- 
 fj.aTwv) was noticed in early times. Theophylact ob- 
 serves that the word " forbidding' 1 is not to be taken 
 as common to the two members of the sentence ; but 
 that an additional word, as " counselling" or " advising" 
 is to be supplied : OVK o(f)i\i$ CLTTO KOIVOV \aficlv TO, 
 oXX* e^coOcv 7rpo(r9e?vai TO, <rv / u/3oi;Xevoi'- 
 ai ftp^^drwv. Oecumenius also, as Rosen- 
 miiller has remarked, has discussed the passage All 
 this shews that, in the interpretation of Antient Authors, 
 we cannot be tied down to the strict letter ; and that in 
 such undertakings, as in most other concerns, there will 
 be but little chance of success, without a portion of good 
 sense and discretion ....The reader will not fail to per- 
 ceive a degree of resemblance between the passages here 
 adduced, and those from the Old Testament, treated 
 of pp. 54, 55. 
 
 On Gal. iii. 24. " Wherefore the law was our school- 
 master to bring us to Christ" (''Qcrre o vo/uos TrcuSa- 
 ywyos rinwv yeyovev et? XjOwroV) a dissertation might 
 be written ; but a few hints on the subject must suffice, 
 on the present occasion.... Wickliff following the Vul- 
 gate (" Itaque lex psedagogus noster fuit in Christo") 
 thus gives the passage : " And so the law was our under- 
 master in Christ.".... Luther renders it, "Itaque lex 
 paedagogus noster fuit in Christum ;" with some ob- 
 servations which, as well deserving attention, may be 
 found in the note : * Erasmus, " Itaque lex paeda- 
 
 * "Adhibetur ergo puero paedagogus, ut eum erudiat et custodiat, ac 
 velut in carcere captivum teneat. Ad quid, et quam diu ? Num ut perpetuo 
 duret istud durum et odiosum dominium paedagogi, et servitus pueri ? Minime, 
 *ed ad praefinitum tempus, ut ista obedientia, career et disciplina cedat puero 
 
69 
 
 gogus noster fuit in Christum" or " ad Christum : 11 
 Beza, ** Itaque lex paedagogus noster fuit in Christum 
 respiciens" Again, Coverdale translates, " Thus the law 
 was our schoolmaster unto Christ:"" Cranmer, and 
 Taverner, " Wherefore the law was our schoolmaster 
 unto Christ:" In Matthewes" Bible we find, " Where- 
 fore the law was our schoolmaster unto the time of 
 Christ:" In the Geneva Bible, "Wherefore the law 
 was our schoolmaster to bring us to Christ ; " as also 
 in Lawrence Tomson. In this way the last rendering 
 came down to our present Authorized Version. It 
 may however be observed that the Bishops' Bible, (as 
 it is called) agrees here with that of Cranmer. When 
 we consider the various Translators who did not think 
 that any additional words were needed in this pas- 
 sage, we shall, without at all entering upon the respec- 
 tive merits of the abovementioned versions, be war- 
 ranted in praising our Translators, for having, at the 
 same time that they adopted the supplementary words 
 already noted, taken care to distinguish those words 
 as, be it remarked, they had before been distin- 
 guished by the type in which they were printed. 
 
 The following Text will farther shew the importance 
 of distinguishing supplementary words: 2 Cor. v. 17. 
 ''QcTxe et rts ei/ Xp<rT<w, Kaivtj KTian^. This passage 
 our Translators have thus rendered and printed : 
 " Therefore if any man be in Christ, he is a new 
 creature." By first taking the words, " Therefore if 
 
 in bonum, ut suo tempore fiat haeres et rex.... Sic lex nihil aliud est, inquit 
 Paulus, quam paedagogus ; non perpetuo, sed in Christum, ut supra aliis 
 verbis quoque dixit : ' Lex propter transgressiones addita est, donee veniret 
 semen, &c.' " Com. in Ep. ad Gal. apud Op. 1558. 
 
70 
 
 any man in Christ a new creature," we perceive 
 what materials the Translators had to work upon, in 
 order to form a distinct proposition for the English 
 reader. Now, not to dwell upon the word "be," 
 which although supplied without difficulty, is marked as 
 a word supplied it is clear that the words -" he is" give 
 a determinate signification to a sentence which admits of a 
 different interpretation. I state this on no mean autho- 
 rity that of the Translators themselves. It so happens 
 that in the present case to avoid, as it were, the chance 
 of misrepresenting the meaning of the Apostle they 
 have informed us, in the margin, how the sentence may 
 be otherwise rendered. " If any man be in Christ, 
 let him be a new creature :" converting what, according 
 to the first version, appears to be an assertion into 
 a serious admonition. I do not affirm that the signifi- 
 cation of the passage, according to the two methods of 
 supplying the ellipsis, is, when duly considered, essen- 
 tially different : but the primary impression on reading 
 it, in the different versions, is not precisely the same 
 Beza translates the passage in this manner, " Siquis igitur 
 est in Christo, nova creatura est ;" and gives the follow- 
 ing note : " Siquis in Christo" eins ei/ Xptffrw. Sic 
 legendum est, addita videlicet distinctione post Xpiarf, 
 et verbo substantive subaudito. Itaque Vetus Interpres 
 perperam convertit, Siqua in Christo nova creatura, 
 quasi ris pertineat ad /crt'cns. Sunt tamen qui malint 
 hortandi modo interpretari, Siquis [est] in Christo, 
 nova [sit] creatura"... Lawrence Tomson understands 
 the passage in this latter sense; translating it, "There- 
 fore if any man be in Christ, let him be a new creature." 
 ...It is certain that the passage has been employed in 
 the proof of doctrines, which, whether true or not, 
 
71 
 
 cannot be established on a text so indeterminate as this. 
 The reader will recollect that it is here cited, for 
 the purpose of shewing the importance of marking 
 supplementary words ; * and also the care taken, in 
 some instances, that they should be duly marked. 
 
 To the preceding list of instances, from the New 
 Testament, of important words, properly marked as 
 supplementary in the Text of l6ll, it would be easy to 
 subjoin as long a list of instances, in which supple- 
 mentary words equally important, were inserted in the 
 same Text without the slightest intimation. But I 
 shall confine myself to three cases. 
 
 We read, (Mark x. 40.) that our Lord used these 
 words : TO $e Ka9i(rai e/c Se^ttov jmov, /cat ef 
 
 * In a note which may be read or neglected at pleasure I will venture 
 to discuss the Text a little farther.. ..It has been mentioned, that Lawrence 
 Tomson adopted the translation, " Therefore if any man be in Christ, let him 
 be a new creature." The Geneva Bible exhibited the same translation. 
 These circumstances, together with Beza's Note, might induce King James's 
 Translators, although they preferred the other rendering, to give the rejected 
 one a place in the margin. The Latin Vulgate presents the whole passage in 
 this form : u Therefore if there be any new creature (or, new creation) in 
 Christ, old things are passed away; behold, all things are become new;" 
 and according to this rendering Augustine explains the passage : " Omnis 
 ergo nova creatura, i. e. populus innovatus per fidem, ut habeat interim in 
 spe quod in re postea perficiatur, in Christo habet etiam quod in se sperat." 
 On the contrary, Ambrose received the passage in the sense preferred by 
 our Translators : " Qui perfectus in Christo, nova creatura est." In this sense 
 also the passage appears to have been understood by Origen and Chrysostome 
 and Theophylact. Which of all these interpretations is the right one, it is 
 not my province to decide. It is probable that our Translators acted with 
 great deliberation, and they certainly acted most wisely, in treating the 
 passage, both with regard to Italics and the margin, as they did.... I may add, 
 in conclusion, that Diodati and Cypriano de Valera agree with our Trans- 
 lators. Beausobre and Lenfant translate in accordance with the marginal 
 reading " qu'il soit nouvelle creature." 
 
72 
 
 /uof, OVK eanv fjioi' Sovvcti, a\\' o?y rjToifJiaffTai : which, 
 as it should seem, may be thus rendered : " But to sit 
 on my right hand, and on my left hand, is not mine 
 to give, but [or, except] to those for whom it is pre- 
 pared." Of this passage, however, our Translators 
 thought fit to give the following version : " But to sit 
 on my right hand, and on my left hand, is not mine 
 to give, but it shall be given to them for whom it is 
 prepared." Here the clause, " it shall be given to 
 them" is introduced; and without some explanation, it 
 appears, from the mode in which it is introduced, to 
 render dubious our Lord^s right to bestow rewards. 
 
 Now, without condemning this version which, as 
 will be seen very soon, is not entirely destitute of au- 
 thority I do maintain that an addition so materially 
 affecting the sense, if introduced at all, ought to have 
 been introduced with some indication of its being an 
 addition. And yet, in the Text of l6ll, there is no 
 mark by which the words, " it shall be given to them," 
 may be known as supplementary words. In the cor- 
 responding passage of St Matthew (xx. 23), the Text 
 of 1611 presents us with the following sentence: "But 
 to sit on my right hand, and on my left, is not mine 
 to give, but it shall be given to them for whom it is 
 prepared of my Father." Here the words "it shall 
 be given" are marked as supplementary ; although, so 
 far as this clause is concerned, the Original is precisely 
 the same as in Mark x. 40. What, we may ask, would 
 be the inference drawn by a plain man, not conversant 
 with the Greek Testament, on comparing these two pas- 
 sages in the Text of l6ll ? He would certainly conclude 
 that, as the words, "it shall be given," are printed as 
 
73 
 
 supplied in St Matthew, and not so printed in St Mark, 
 the Translators had taken words actually found in 
 St Mark, and applied them to complete the sentence 
 in St Matthew ; and thus the clause would seem to be 
 sanctioned by at least one of the Sacred Writers.... 
 According to the Geneva Bible, the words, "it shall 
 be given," as well in St Matthew as in St Mark, appear 
 in Italics as words supplied; so do they appear, in 
 the version of Lawrence Tomson; and after all that 
 has been said of the edition of our Authorized Version 
 in 1638, the reader will be prepared to learn that so 
 also do they appear according to the Text of that date. 
 The same may be said of the Texts of 1688 and 1762, 
 as well as of the Text printed in our own times. But 
 be it remembered that, in the year one thousand eight 
 hundred and thirty -two, it was recommended, " to take 
 such measures as might be deemed most likely to effect 
 a speedy return to the Standard Text, which had 
 been thus wantonly abandoned." 
 
 Being always glad of an opportunity to indulge in 
 speculations that may tend to illustrate the language of 
 Scripture, I shall now venture to offer a few remarks 
 upon the phraseology of the two passages which have 
 just been under discussion ; and it is but right to 
 forewarn the reader that, if he has no taste for verbal 
 criticism, the remainder of this paragraph will not afford 
 him any great satisfaction.... Beyond all doubt, if the 
 clause in question had contained et fj.rj, instead of aXXd, 
 that is, if the reading had been OVK <TTII> e^ov Sovvai, 
 el /JLI) ots rJToifJiaa"rai 9 ("is not mine to give, EXCEPT 
 [to those] for whom it is prepared") instead of OVK ecrrtv 
 ov ovvai<) ct'XX' ofs iJToijuLaffTcu, (" is not mine to give, 
 K 
 
74 
 
 BUT [to those] for whom it is prepared") no difficulty 
 could possibly have been felt. The obvious inquiry 
 therefore seems to be, whether dXXd may be considered 
 as substituted for el /my. Now the substitution of et /u7 
 for dXXd, frequently occurs in the New Testament ; as 
 Rom. xiv. 14 : " There is nothing unclean of itself; but 
 (ei M) to him that esteemeth any thing to be unclean, to 
 him it is unclean.""* This circumstance would, of itself, 
 lead to a surmise that, conversely, dXXct might occasion- 
 ally be used for el M. There is however a remarkable 
 instance of its being so used, in Mark ix. 8. compared 
 with Matt. xvii. 8 ; in the former of which passages we 
 read ovSeva etcW, ctXXct TOV 'Irjcrovv JULOVOV, and in the 
 latter ovSeva et<W, et JUD) TOV 'Irjcrovv (JLOVOV. However, 
 the use of dXXci for et /mrj, being less frequent than that 
 of et fjirj for dXXci, appears not to have been so generally 
 acknowledged. It seems as if Interpreters, in very 
 early times, had found a stumbling block, or placed 
 one, in the equivalent passages Matt. xx. 23. and 
 Mark x. 40 ; for while the reading of the Latin Vulgate, 
 in some Manuscripts, is, " non meum est dare, sed 
 quibus paratum est" which corresponds to the Greek 
 as exactly as possible the reading in other Manuscripts 
 is, " non meum est dare VOBIS, sed quibus paratum 
 est," ("is not mine to give TO YOU, but to those for 
 whom it is prepared") which undoubtedly removes 
 all grammatical difficulty; and restores to sed (dXXd) 
 its ordinary signification. " Vobis" is most probably a 
 gloss, which may have originally appeared in the margin 
 
 * On the use of et fuj in the sense of aXXa, see some excellent observations, 
 in Professor Scholefield's Preface to the third edition of his Sermon, entitled, 
 St Paul and St James reconciled. Camb. 1832. 
 
75 
 
 of a Latin Manuscript, as an explanation of the pas- 
 sage ; and afterwards have been inserted as part of the 
 Latin Text. There are indeed no traces of any word 
 corresponding to < c vobis," in the Greek Manuscripts. 
 However, the reading, " vobis," has the sanction of Papal 
 Authority ; and the Authentic Bible of the Roman 
 Church gives the passage to this effect : " But to sit 
 on my right hand, and on my left hand, is not mine 
 to give TO YOU, but to those for whom it is prepared." 
 And yet, what will now be generally allowed to be the 
 true explanation of the passage appears to have been pre- 
 ferred even by Roman Catholic writers ; for Estius gives 
 us the following excellent note : " Non est meum dare 
 nisi quibus paratum est ; ut sed pro nisi sumatur ; sicut 
 contra frequenter nisi ponitur in Scripturis pro sed. Hie 
 sensus nullam habet dubitationem, quo non negat Christus 
 suum esse dare ut sedeant ; sed negat se aliis dare posse, 
 quam quibus a Patre jam ab aeterno paratum sit.".... If 
 we look to the Fathers, "vobis" was not the reading 
 of Augustine's time. He considered the phrase, " is 
 not mine to give," as referring only to our Lord's human 
 nature ; which shews the difficulty raised in his mind 
 by the word sed ; and indicates that he would supply the 
 ellipsis in some manner not unlike that adopted by our 
 Translators. The Greek Fathers also supposed that 
 there was an ellipsis which they supplied by the words 
 CKeivwv ecrTiv, " it is theirV " is not mine to give, 
 but it is theirs for whom it is prepared;" and those 
 Fathers interpreted the clause, "is not mine to give," 
 not with' relation to our Lord's power, but with regard 
 to his justice, and equity Erasmus inclined to the 
 notion of an ellipsis; but wrote not very satisfactorily 
 on the subject. Beza likewise although, as appears 
 
76 
 
 from his note on the place, aware of the occasional use of 
 a\\a for el nrj preferred the supposition of an ellipsis. 
 He thought that SoOtja-erat was the deficient word ; and 
 so, rendered the passage, "non est meum dare, sed 
 dabitur quibus paratum est." Conformably to this, we 
 find, in the Geneva Bible, " is not mine to give, but it 
 shall be given to them, for whom it is prepared." The 
 Bishops' Bible presents the passage of St Matthew thus 
 "is not mine to give, but to them for whom it is 
 prepared ; " and the passage of St Mark as follows 
 " is not mine to give, but it shall be given unto them 
 for whom it is prepared : " and thus it passed to our 
 
 present Authorized Version Such, without minute 
 
 particulars, is the history of the interpretations given 
 to this text. There are various reflections which readily 
 arise at the conclusion of such an account ; but I con- 
 tent myself with one which is, that, in the case of a 
 text, which had been so variously expounded during the 
 course of more than a thousand years, especial care ought 
 to have been taken, to mark whatever supplementary 
 words were deemed requisite to express the meaning as- 
 signed to it. 
 
 In Heb. x. 6. and also x. 8. we find, in the Original 
 Greek, the following expression : oXoKavTw/mara KOL vrept 
 anaprias : which is, properly translated, " burnt offer- 
 ings and sacrifices for sin" and " burnt offerings and 
 offering for sin." Our present inquiry relates to the 
 Italics here employed; which, although they do not 
 appear in the Text of 1611, are given in our modern 
 editions : " burnt offerings and sacrifices for sin" and 
 "burnt offerings and offering for sin." 
 
77 
 
 We read, Rom. viii. 3, according to the Authorized 
 Version : " For what the law could not do, in that it 
 was weak through the flesh, God sending his own Son, 
 in the likeness of sinful flesh, and for sin condemned 
 sin in the flesh :" where the words " and for sin" 
 correspond to the Greek, /cat irepl d/mapTias. From 
 the margin, however, we learn that the expression 
 "for sin" may be understood "by a sacrifice for 
 sin;" and for this there is good warrant, both from 
 the tenor of the passage under consideration, and from 
 the mode of expression in other places. With regard 
 to Apostolical usage, Heb. x. 18. presents the expres- 
 sion in full, OVK Ti 7rpocr<popd trepl dfJLapTias~" there 
 is no more offering for sin ;" and again, Heb. x. 26. 
 OVK CTL Trepl dfjLapTiwv (al. d^apria<s) aTroXetTrerai 6v- 
 <ria "there remaineth no more sacrifice for sins."... 
 Now inasmuch as the phrase is important as it is oc- 
 casionally complete and as in Rom. viii. 3. although 
 the abbreviated expression is adopted in the text, yet 
 its full import is given in the margin we naturally 
 expect that, whenever the abbreviated form does ap- 
 pear, some intimation should be given, either in the 
 text or in the margin. But such expectations will 
 be disappointed. In Heb. x. 6. we read, " In burnt 
 offerings, and sacrifices for sin, thou hast had no 
 pleasure " without any variation of type ; yet for 
 "sacrifices for sin" the Greek affords no more 
 than Trepl d/mapTias, which in Rom. viii. 3. was trans- 
 lated " for sin." Moreover, Heb. x. 8. we read, 
 " Sacrifice and offering and burnt offerings and offering 
 for sin thou wouldest not" under the same circum- 
 stances as to type; and here also, for "offering for 
 sin," we read in the Greek irepl dfiapria^ " for sin," 
 
78 
 
 as translated in Rom. viii. 3. When we examine the 
 edition of 1638, we find, of course, " sacrifices" in the 
 former case, and "offering" in the latter, printed in 
 the Italic character. Instances of this kind decide at 
 once the degree of authority which is due to the Text 
 of 1611, and lead us to rejoice that a text, more 
 fully representing the state of the Original, should 
 have been followed in the modern editions It may 
 be observed that, in the third verse of this chapter, the 
 Text of l6ll presents us with the following reading: 
 
 " But in those sacrifices there is a remembrance again 
 made of sins every year." 
 
 Here we find only "there is" and "made" marked as 
 deficient in the Original ; no intimation whatever being 
 given, by the mode of printing, that the word " sacri- 
 fices," although implied, is more than the Original 
 contains. And this is the edition which has so recently 
 been called the Standard Edition. The edition of 1638 
 and the modern editions agree in giving the word 
 " sacrifices" in the Italic character. 
 
 The only remaining passage of Scripture, to which, 
 under the present head, I shall venture to request 
 attention, is Heb. x. 38. 'O Se S'IKCUOS e 
 
 /ecu eaV VTrocrTerTai OVK 
 
 MOV ev aura). " Now the just shall live by faith ; but 
 if any man draw back, my soul shall have no pleasure 
 in him." Such is the version which the Text of 1611 
 presents. Now, whether this is the true interpretation of 
 the passage, or not, it must be acknowledged, by every 
 person entitled to an opinion on the subject, that the 
 words " any man" have no word, or words, correspond- 
 ing to them in the Original. Under any circumstances, 
 
79 
 
 therefore, they ought, on the Translators 1 own princi- 
 ples, to have been marked, as supplied. But in a pas- 
 sage, which it must have been quite certain would be 
 made use of for the purpose of supporting particular 
 views of much controverted doctrines, the care taken, to 
 indicate the insertion which appeared to be required, 
 ought to have arisen to scrupulosity.* Notwithstanding 
 all this, the words " any man" appear, in the Text of 
 1611, as if essentially existing in the Greek. On 
 referring to the edition of 1638, we find the passage 
 exactly as (if the insertion be admitted) it ought to be 
 printed : " Now the just shall live by faith ; but if 
 any man draw back, my soul shall have no pleasure 
 in him :" and so, of course, it appears in the modern 
 editions.-f- The passage, however, may undoubtedly 
 be translated as follows : 
 
 * On this text, Owen (the advocate of final perseverance) thus writes, 
 "In the former [part of the verse] the person is righteous, the way of his 
 acting is by faith, and the event is life, 'he shall live.' On the other hand, 
 there is a supposition made of a person not. so qualified, not so acting, not so 
 living, not having the same success, but contrary in all these things. Where- 
 fore they do greatly deceive themselves and others, who suppose it is the 
 same person who is thus spoken of; and countenance themselves by the 
 defect of the pronoun (TIS) any one, which is naturally and necessarily supplied 
 in our translation." Expos, of Ep. to Heb. edited by Dr. Williams. 
 
 On the same text, Whitby (the opponent of the before mentioned doctrine) 
 thus writes : " Note that ecti/ oe uTroo-retXtjTai [but if he draw back] refers 
 plainly to the just man, the man who lives by his faith. The words do there- 
 fore plainly suppose that the just man who liveth by that faith, in which, if 
 he persisted, he would save his soul, may draw back unto perdition. And 
 this is also evident from the ensuing words, My soul shall take no pleasure 
 in him ; for they do plainly intimate that God took pleasure in him before 
 his drawing back ; for otherwise this threat would signify nothing, the Lord 
 taking pleasure in no man but in just men only, and such as live by faith." 
 Annot. in loc. 
 
 f "Our Translators have been so far very fair, as to cause the words any 
 man to be printed in a character different from the rest of the verse ; thereby 
 to let the English reader know, that there is nothing in the Greek to answer 
 to these words." Peirce and Hallett, in loc. This praise, it will be observed, 
 is not due to the Translators. 
 
80 
 
 " Now the just shall live by faith ; but if he draw back, 
 my soul shall have no pleasure in him :" 
 
 and as the text is really important, a few observations, 
 on the mode in which the words " any man"" obtained 
 admission, may not be unacceptable. 
 
 Wickliff adhering to the Latin Vulgate (" Justus 
 autem meus ex fide vivit [al. vivet] : quod si subtraxerit 
 se, non placebit animae meae") thus translates the verse. 
 "For my just man liveth of faith: that if he withdraw 
 himself, he shall not please my soul."... The Bibles 
 of Coverdale, Matthewes, Taverner, Cranmer, Becke, 
 agree in presenting the following words, " But the 
 just shall live by faith ; and if he withdraw himself, 
 my soul shall have no pleasure in him," where " the 
 just" is manifestly to be applied to the second clause. 
 Nor was it, I believe, till the year 1560, that a dif- 
 ferent construction appeared in English. The Geneva 
 Bible of that year thus presents the passage: "Now 
 the just shall live by faith : but if any withdraw him- 
 self, my soul shall have no pleasure in him ;" which 
 seems to be derived from Beza's Latin Version, pub- 
 lished at Geneva in 1556 " Justus autem ex fide 
 vivet : at si quis se subduxerit non probat eum animus 
 meus."... From the publication of the Geneva Bible in 
 1560, to that of our present Authorized Version in 1611, 
 the reading of the English Bibles, at this place, seems to 
 have been unsteady ; for according to some of them, we 
 read, " if any withdraw ; " according to others " if he 
 withdraw." Lawrence Tomson gave " if any man with- 
 draw ;" which was adopted by King James's Trans- 
 lators The Latin Version, "si quis se subduxerit" 
 and the corresponding English, " if any man with- 
 
81 
 
 draw," or "draw back" cannot be deemed very ob- 
 vious versions ; how then did they occur to the Trans- 
 lators who first ventured upon them ? This question 
 can be answered only by such an account of the matter 
 as circumstances may appear to render probable; and 
 the reader will be so good as to consider in that light 
 the following attempt to explain a subject which really 
 deserves explanation. 
 
 The Apostle, exhorting those whom he is addressing 
 to stedfastness in the faith, employs, with some varia- 
 tion, the words of the Septuagint Version of the Prophet 
 Habakkuk (ii. 4.) ; which may be thus rendered : 
 
 " If a man draw back, my soul shall have no pleasure in 
 him ; but the just shall live by faith." 
 
 In this rendering, the words "a man," or u any 
 man" are more than the Greek contains; and are in- 
 troduced because there is, in the Greek, no reference 
 to any individual before mentioned. But it suited the 
 Apostle's argument to invert the order of the clauses ; 
 and the question is, whether he has, or has not, by so 
 doing, given to the verb, which we translate " draw 
 back," a particular subject to which it refers. Take 
 the sentence as written by the Apostle without con- 
 sidering whence it is derived and the following literal 
 version, as I have said, gives the passage its full force : 
 
 "Now the just shall live by faith; but if he draw back, 
 my soul shall have no pleasure in him." 
 
 Indeed, unless the latter clause, as used by the Apostle, 
 had stood first in the Prophet, and from its position had 
 had a more general application, there would have been 
 some difficulty in conceiving how any other version, 
 than the one now given, could ever have been thought 
 
 L 
 
of. That the bearing and import of words are fre- 
 quently changed by their position, is known to all who 
 know any thing of the nature of language ; and thus 
 the inquiry is reduced to this whether, for the pur- 
 pose of confirming the faith of the Hebrew converts, 
 the Apostle used a sentence, the signification of which 
 should be determined by its own obvious construction 
 or by what might happen to be recollected of its form 
 when used by a Prophet, who here seems rather to be 
 referred to than quoted. This point, the reader shall 
 decide for himself. ...As to the light in which this pas- 
 sage appeared to the older Commentators Erasmus 
 manifestly did not contemplate the introduction of quis 
 " any man :" Zegerus explained the drawing back, 
 with reference to the just man: Jacobus Capellus 
 and Grotius examined the Septuagint Version of Habak- 
 kuk ; and finding rts, any man, to be understood there, 
 seemed to think that it must be understood in Heb. x. 
 38. likewise. Beza the great authority for the ren- 
 dering "but if any man draw back 1 ' described the 
 Apostle as inverting the clauses of the sentence, but 
 retaining the Prophet's meaning. And this, so far 
 as I can perceive, is his ostensible reason for introducing 
 " any" or " any man." That, by this rendering, another 
 version was avoided, by no means agreeable to Beza's 
 Theological opinions, there can be no doubt; and it 
 is probable that he easily persuaded himself that his 
 
 construction was the true one After these remarks 
 
 on Beza which will certainly be deemed favourable 
 to his character we may proceed to Bishop Pearson's 
 Observations on Heb. x. 38. (as connected with Beza) 
 which are to be found in his Preface to the Septuagint, 
 published in 1665, and in Grabe's edition of 1707- From 
 
83 
 
 those Observations (which will be given below)* we learn 
 that, in Bishop Pearson's opinion, the inverted order of the 
 clauses, adopted by the Apostle, at once gave to the verb 
 "draw back" a nominative case "he" (the just man) 
 which also was the opinion of Theophylact : and that 
 when Beza translated to the following effect " But the 
 just shall live by faith ; but if any man draw back, 
 my soul shall have no pleasure in IT" his two methods, 
 of excluding "the just man" from being the subject 
 of the latter clause 1. by introducing the words "any 
 man," and 2. by transferring God's displeasure, from 
 the person who draws back (HIM), to the act of with- 
 drawing (IT), indicate either a want of good faith, or 
 an undue concession to Theological opinions Enough 
 has been said to enable the reader to form some 
 judgement of the first of those methods. The consi- 
 deration of the second method will lead to the dis- 
 cussion of a curious fact ; of which, if I do not mistake, 
 no notice has hitherto been taken According to Bishop 
 Pearson, the latter clause is thus given in Beza's Version : 
 " At si quis se subduxerit, non est gratum animo meo : " 
 where the word "gratum" in the neuter, instead 
 of "gratus" in the masculine, transfers (as has been 
 stated) God's displeasure from the person to the act. 
 
 * Bishop Pearson, having maintained that the Original Hebrew (in con- 
 tbnnity with the Septuagint) may be thus rendered, " si quis se subtraxerit, 
 ille animo meo gratus non erit : " goes on " Ilia autem verba, cum Graece, 
 inverse ordine, ab Apostolo usurpantur, a Theodoro Beza haud bona fide sunt 
 translata : Justus autem ex fide vivet ; at si quis se subduxerit, non, est gratum. 
 animo meo." Cum enim pars posterior versiculi ad justum pertineat, ut recte 
 Theophylactus, edv 3e uTroo-TeiXtp-ai 6 BiKaios, Beza eum duplici ratione 
 excludere conatus est, primum interserendo pronomen, quis, secundo tv CIVTW 
 a persona, cui competit, ad factum transferendo. Ex quo loco quam suspecta 
 esse debeat ejus Translatio, nemo nescit, qui quibus opinionibus in Theologia 
 adhaeserit, novit." Prafatio Partenefi''//. 
 
84 
 
 Now on examining two copies of Beza's Version one 
 in the fourth edition of his Greek Testament 1588 ; 
 the other printed along with the Version of Tremel- 
 lius in 1593 some surprise was excited, when it was 
 found that the reading, in each instance, was "non 
 probat eum animus meus." Of this difficulty, the first 
 solution that occurred was that Pearson had derived 
 the reading he mentions from one of the earliest edi- 
 tions of Beza's Version that reading having after- 
 wards been abandoned for the reading found in the 
 edition of 1588. But it was not so. Many editions 
 in various forms, from the first publication in 1556 
 to the year 1588, were examined ; and they all agreed 
 in presenting " non probat eum animus meus" which 
 may be considered as equivalent to " non est gratus 
 animo meo." Pearson's accuracy, however, was fully 
 proved : for in the last edition of the Greek and 
 Latin Testament which Beza lived to publish (1598), 
 the clause, " non est gratum animo meo," made its ap- 
 pearance ; which of course kept its place in the Cam- 
 bridge edition of 1642. From the first, there had been, 
 in the note on the passage, some traces of an inclina- 
 tion for the clause involving "gratum," which was at 
 last decided upon ; and when the new reading ap- 
 peared, no alteration was made in the note, which 
 was indeed so contrived as to suit either reading 
 equally well. Beza's proceeding with regard to this 
 word affords to my mind stronger evidence of an 
 unwarrantable Theological bias, than his insertion of 
 quis (any man). But of this also let the reader judge 
 for himself. I am glad to have had an opportunity 
 of evincing Bishop Pearson's correctness, even in a 
 small matter. Without a due examination of the sub- 
 
85 
 
 ject, it might have been supposed that Beza had not 
 been fairly treated As the late Bishop Middleton has 
 expressed an opinion in favour of the rendering adopted 
 by our Translators, I cannot, although the opinion is 
 but incidentally mentioned, pass it by without notice. 
 In discussing a difficult passage, John viii. 44, which he 
 explains by supposing rt? (any man) to be supplied, he 
 says " and if I mistake not, a similar form of expres- 
 sion is found in Heb. x. 38 : so at least eav VTrocrTeiXrjTcu 
 is understood by our Translators." On this subject 
 I would observe, that Bishop Middleton was in quest 
 of passages in which rts- (any man) must from neces- 
 sity be supplied; that it does not appear that he 
 had made himself acquainted with the peculiar cir- 
 cumstances of Heb. x. 38 ; and that when passages 
 are produced of which no sense can be made, unless 
 rfc (any man) be supplied such passages can furnish 
 no reason for supplying the word in passages which 
 present an unobjectionable meaning without it. 
 
 Let me state in conclusion, that my object in this 
 discussion has been, to point out the ground on which 
 TIS (any man) is not to be introduced supposing the 
 case to be so settled namely, because the entire pas- 
 sage, as it is read in the Epistle to the Hebrews, is 
 perfectly clear without it; and also to point out the 
 ground on which alone ris (any man) can with any sort 
 of propriety be introduced namely, because the Apostle, 
 when he inverted the order of the clauses in the Sep- 
 tuagint, intended that the verb (jTrotrre/X^rcu) should 
 carry its indefinite nominative case along with it 
 Whether, indeed, the supplementary words were war- 
 ranted, or not warranted, two things are certain first, 
 
86 
 
 that so important a passage ought to have been printed 
 as follows " Now the just shall live by faith ; but if 
 any man draw back, my soul shall have no pleasure 
 in him" and secondly, that IT WAS NOT. 
 
 From the preceding instances, the reader will per- 
 ceive the importance of Italics, for the right under- 
 standing of our Authorized Version of the Bible ; and 
 be able in some measure to estimate the care that has 
 been taken in correcting the Text of that Version, 
 with regard to them. There is, however, one par- 
 ticular in which the care so directed has never yet 
 been considered. It may be supposed that the only 
 anxiety has been, to increase the number of Italics ; 
 but the truth is, that, in many instances, the words 
 which appear in Italics, in the Text of 1611, have sub- 
 sequently been printed in the common character. From 
 a list of cases of this kind, which occurred to me when 
 in quest of other matters, I will adduce two or three 
 from the Old Testament, and two or three from the 
 New ; in order that some judgement may be formed 
 of the mode in which the revision has, in this point 
 of view, been carried into effect. I begin as usual 
 with the Old Testament. 
 
 Gen. xv. 17. Here, according to the Text of 1611, 
 we read as follows: 
 
 "And it came to pass that when the sun went down, 
 and it was dark, behold, a smoking furnace, and a burning 
 lamp, that passed between those pieces." 
 
 To the word, " dark," as above printed, we naturally 
 expect that there is no corresponding Hebrew term. 
 The Original, however, contains a word, which may 
 
87 
 
 be rendered " gloom," or " darkness." Gesenius gives 
 caligo spissa, as the meaning of the word ; and refers 
 to this passage. The Latin Vulgate has the first clause 
 thus : " Cum ergo occubuisset sol, facta est caligo 
 tenebrosa:" Schmid : "Tandem cum sol occidisset, 
 et tenebrse factse essent : " Dathe : " Deinde cum sol 
 occidisset et tenebrae essent:" Ains worth : "And the 
 sun was going down, and there was a darkness.". .. More- 
 over, the same word occurs three times in Ezek. xii. 
 6 12 ; the Text of l6ll giving the last of the passages 
 thus : " The prince that is among them shall bear upon 
 his shoulder in the twilight, and shall go forth : " which 
 some of the English Bibles, before l6ll, thus render: 
 " And the chiefest that is among them shall bear upon 
 his shoulder in the dark, and go forth." We therefore 
 conclude that a proper correction was applied, when the 
 word, " dark," appeared in the ordinary character ; in 
 which character it appeared in 1638, as it continues to 
 appear in modern times. 
 
 Ps. v. 3. We read thus, according to the Text of 
 1611 : "In the morning will I direct my prayer unto 
 thee, and will look up : and according to the edition 
 of 1638 and subsequent editions, thus : " In the morn- 
 ing will I direct my prayer unto thee, and will look 
 up."... We have, then, to inquire, whether the word 
 "up" ought, on the principles of our Translators, to 
 be in Italics, or not... Now, the Original of the expres- 
 sion, " and will look up," is rendered by Bythner, " et 
 intense speculabor ;" and explained, "oculos intendam, 
 et expectabo ut des mihi petitionem meam." Ains- 
 worth, who never throws away words or fails to mark 
 the slightest supplement, thus translates the clause: 
 
88 
 
 "and will look out;" and to the words, "look out," 
 affixes the following note: or espy, as he that keeps 
 watch and ward, expecting what God will answer, as 
 is explained in Hab. ii. 1. This noteth diligence, hope, 
 and patience : so Mich. vii. 7-".... In Ps. v. 3. the Ori- 
 ginal word occurs in a form and position which give it 
 especial force ; and when a word so full of meaning is 
 translated ef look up," it is a great weakening of its 
 
 import, to print the particle "up" in Italics We 
 
 infer that the change of type, with regard to this par- 
 ticle, was quite warranted. 
 
 Ps. vii. 17. according to the Text of l6ll : "I will 
 praise the LORD, according to his righteousness : and 
 will sing praise to the name of the LORD most High."... 
 We read Ps. ix. 2. " I will sing praise to thy name, O 
 thou most High : " according to the same Text. Now, 
 in these two passages the Original has the same word 
 translated, "I will sing praise:" Italics being employed 
 in one case, and not in the other. So that there must be 
 an error in one of the cases.... Ainsworth regularly trans- 
 lates the original word by " I will sing psalm ; " and 
 it really does involve some substantive as psalm, or 
 praise. Our conclusion is, that the Editor of the edition 
 of 1638 did well in endeavouring to give uniformity to 
 the Authorized Version, by printing " praise" (Ps. vii. 
 17) in the ordinary character In like manner, when 
 we find, " Sing praises unto the Lord," (Ps. ix. 11) in 
 the Text of l6ll by printing the word "praises" in 
 the ordinary character, that passage has been rendered 
 consistent with passages where the same original word is 
 used, without Italics in the translation : as Ps. Lxviii. 4. 
 "Sing praises to his name;" and Ps. cv. 2. "Sing 
 
89 
 
 psalms unto him."... Here also we hold that the reading 
 of the edition of 1638 and of the modern editions is to 
 be preferred to that of 1611. 
 
 Ps. xxx. 5. Here the Text of 1611 gives us, " In 
 his favour is life." In the preceding part of the verse 
 we read, " For his anger endureth but a moment;" 
 where the pronominal suffix to the word translated " his 
 anger" is precisely the same as that to the word trans- 
 lated "his favour." The inference is, that it was by 
 oversight that the pronoun " his" was printed in Italics ; 
 and we think that the editor of the edition of 1638 was 
 fully justified in printing the word in the ordinary 
 character. 
 
 Passing on to the New Testament, we find, Gal. i. 8, 
 'AXXce /cat edv jy/uety jy ayyeXos e ovpavou evayyeXi- 
 fyrai vfCiv wap b evrjyyeXKrd/jieOa, dvdOe/ma ecrrw : 
 and according to the Text of l6ll, "But though we, 
 or an angel from heaven, preach any other Gospel unto 
 you, than that we have preached unto you, let him be 
 accursed." Here no one would venture to decide at once 
 upon the propriety of printing the words, " any other 
 Gospel," in Italics. But when we read, in the very 
 next verse, ei rts i)/uas evayyeXi^eTai Trap' o TrapeXd- 
 /3ere, dvdOema earw : and according to the same Text, 
 " If any man preach any other Gospel unto you, than 
 that ye have received, let him be accursed:" we 
 naturally inquire why the words "any other Gospel" 
 should be in Italics in the one case and not in the 
 other. When, besides, it is recollected that the different 
 forms of the word evayyeXi^w, in the sense of preaching 
 
 M 
 
90 
 
 the Gospel, frequently occur in the New Testament ; 
 and that Italics are never applied to the expression, 
 except in the case of Gal. i. 8, we cannot but approve 
 the judgement which directed the application of the 
 ordinary character to those words. In that character 
 we find the expression in the modern editions, as well 
 as the edition of 1638. 
 
 Take the word TOLOVTOS, generally translated " such 
 an one; 1 '' and there may be some doubts whether it 
 should be printed "such an one :" but if in any case 
 it is found so printed, we naturally expect that the plan 
 of printing should be persevered in. Now, 1 Cor. v. 5, 
 we observe irapa^ovvai TOV TOIOVTOV rw Sctrara : " to 
 deliver such an one unto Satan : " but in verse 1 1 we 
 have TW ToiovT(t) jmrjoe avveaOiciv '. " with such an one, 
 no, not to eat." The word occurs in the New Testament 
 several times : once it is translated " such," and only in 
 one other instance it is printed " such an one" In 
 other instances it is printed " such an one/ In 1638, 
 the two cases of Italics were made to correspond with 
 the other cases ; and in the modern editions, we find 
 the expression " such an one" uniformly printed in the 
 common type. 
 
 In Eph. ii. 17, the expression, roes naicpdv, /ecu rot? 
 771)9, is thus given, " which were afar off, and to them 
 that were near." Now, why the words, " which were," 
 should be in Italics, any more than the words, "that 
 were," no man can point out. The edition of 1638 
 gave consistency to the passage, by exhibiting the 
 
91 
 
 whole in one character. It has been followed by the 
 modern editions. 
 
 It is a plain tale that has been told, and it carries 
 its own moral along with it; yet I will venture to 
 suggest a few inferences. 
 
 To say that those who have been brought to the 
 bar of public opinion whether the learned Editors who 
 effected the alterations in question, or the learned Bodies 
 who adopted them must stand acquitted of all wrong, 
 either in intention or in act is true indeed, but falls 
 very far short of the whole truth of the matter. ... The 
 Text of 1611 never seems to have possessed authority 
 with regard to Italics ; in which respect, occasional cor- 
 rections were from the first applied, as mistakes happened 
 to be detected. As early as the year 1638, the Text of 
 1611 underwent a systematic revision the nature of 
 which will be in some degree ascertained, from what 
 has been stated in the foregoing pages. If it should 
 hereafter appear that an earlier revision had taken place, 
 the argument from antiquity will be so much the 
 stronger. The revision, indeed, was a work of great 
 labour; and it cannot be too steadily borne in mind 
 that, two centuries ago, there lived men who possessed 
 learning to discover the anomalies with which the Text 
 of 1611 abounded; formed resolutions to remove them; 
 and had diligence sufficient to carry their purposes into 
 execution. In this way was transmitted to succeeding 
 times a Text which compared with that of 1611, may be 
 considered as a model of correctness. The Italics of 
 1638 were speedily adopted. They became part of the 
 established Text ; which Text, after having been more 
 

 92 
 
 than once subjected to the scrutiny of persons well qua- 
 lified for the undertaking, was revised, for the last time, 
 in the year 1769. 
 
 That the present Essay, small though it be, is the 
 result of much inquiry and much thought, is beyond 
 doubt. Moreover, the name of the author is given 
 with his opinions. Under these circumstances, I declare, 
 in all the sincerity of honest conviction, that it would 
 not be easy to point out a mode in which the learned 
 persons, to whom we owe the revisions already men- 
 tioned, could have been employed more beneficially to 
 mankind. It is possible indeed that there may still 
 remain some irregularities in the use of Italics ; and 
 it is proper that manifest irregularities should be cor- 
 rected. But there must be some limit to alterations of 
 that kind. It cannot but be clear to all, except those 
 who are entirely ignorant of every language but their 
 own, that if, in translations, the differences of idioms 
 be marked by some method equivalent to the Italics 
 of the Bible whatever rules we may lay down for the 
 application of them, we shall often find ourselves in the 
 region of uncertainty in fact, upon debateable ground. 
 From this cause, there will always be ample scope for 
 dispute. Then again, some persons appear to have a 
 dislike to what they deem small distinctions ; while others 
 delight in the precision which such distinctions communi- 
 cate. And thus, if the number of Italics in our Bibles 
 were greatly diminished, there would be too many for 
 some; and if the number were greatly increased, there 
 would still be too few for others. Notwithstanding all 
 the attention that can be paid to the subject, some irre- 
 gularities in the use of Italics will remain so long as 
 
the human faculties remain what they are. For my own 
 part, I am not in the habit of condemning any work on 
 which great care has been bestowed, because it bears not 
 the impress of perfection. 
 
 To Biblical Scholars it cannot be supposed that I 
 have communicated any thing new, with regard to the 
 principles on which the Italics of our Bibles have been 
 introduced ; but it is probable that many amongst them 
 will learn, from this Essay, how much we are indebted 
 to the labours of those who, with a view to the Italics, 
 have, at different times, revised the imperfect Text which 
 was given to the world in l6ll. The various illustra- 
 tions of Scripture Language, which have been presented, 
 may to others prove not uninstructive ; and lead them 
 to peruse the Sacred Volume with increased intelligence. 
 It is hoped that even those, who are not at all conversant 
 with Antient Languages, may derive advantage from the 
 observations contained in the foregoing pages. 
 
 Although much had been done towards removing 
 the irregularities of the Text of l6ll, with regard to 
 Italics, it is to Dr Blayney and his Co-adjutors that 
 we owe the last revision of it, in that respect. But, in 
 adopting Italics not found in the Text of 1611, we are 
 accused of having abandoned the Authorized Version 
 the Standard Version. Let not the reader be misled 
 by words. The Translators produced a Standard Ver- 
 sion ; but the Printers have not transmitted to us 
 a Standard Text. This distinction between a Standard 
 Version and a Standard Text, or Copy, ought to be 
 constantly kept in view. What, indeed, is a Standard 
 
94 
 
 Text ? It is a Text that is not to be departed from 
 on any account ; and no one will pretend to point out 
 that Antient Volume in which such a Text can be found ; 
 for in other matters, as well as Italics, the earliest edi- 
 tions of the Authorized Version are undoubtedly incorrect. 
 ... If it should be asked To what shall we attribute the 
 great irregularity, as to Italics, which is manifested in 
 the Text of l6ll ? My deliberate reply, after much 
 inquiry, is that the Translation, however admirably 
 executed, had not the care bestowed upon it, in carrying 
 it through the press, which a work of so much conse- 
 quence demanded ; and it appears to me that the neces- 
 sity for the exertions which have been made, towards 
 removing the anomalies with which it abounds, has 
 been clearly made out. 
 
 The circumstances under which I am writing compel 
 me to declare, which I do with great reluctance, that as 
 I advanced in my examination of the text of 1611, I 
 became more and more convinced of its extreme incor- 
 rectness with regard to Italics. In the same Book, 
 in the same Chapter, indeed in the same Verse, may 
 be found the same expression differently printed in 
 respect of typographical character when the Original 
 required that it should be printed in the same manner...* 
 On behalf of the modern Bibles, it may be truly said 
 
 * The different degrees of exactness in marking the words in Italics have 
 sometimes been attributed to the circumstance of different portions of the Book 
 having been translated by different persons, who might entertain different 
 views of the subject. This circumstance will not account for the phenomenon. 
 I received my first strong impressions, respecting the irregularity with which 
 the Italics were marked in the Text of 1611, from the comparison of one of 
 St Paul's Epistles in the Original, with the Version, as given in a Copy of 
 that date. 
 
95 
 
 without meaning that in various small matters there is no 
 possible room for objection that in them the principal 
 discrepancies of this kind are removed ... After the state 
 of the case has been thus made known, it would be no 
 credit to the Age, or the Country, to revert to a Text 
 so imperfect, in this view, as that of l6ll. 
 
 It ought to be borne in mind, that the extreme 
 minuteness of the points which have, in many instances, 
 been attended to, in the Text of 1611, is a sort of pledge 
 that the weightier matters have not been overlooked ; 
 but it has been shewn, beyond all contradiction, how 
 completely the reader of that Text would be misled, 
 if he were to believe that such is the fact... When 
 the Gentlemen of the Sub-Committee state it as their 
 opinion, that the Italics in our modern editions have 
 a tendency to " unsettle the confidence of people in 
 the Text of Scripture" I cannot but recollect the 
 sentiments of the Translators themselves on a similar 
 subject the renderings which, in addition to those of 
 the Text, they thought proper to give in the margin. 
 Let me request the reader's attention to the "reasons 
 moving the Translators to set diversity of senses in 
 the margin, where there is great probability for each." 
 
 " Some peradventure would have no variety of senses to 
 be set in the margin, lest the authority of the Scriptures for 
 deciding of controversies, by that shew of uncertainty, should 
 somewhat be shaken. But we hold their judgement not to be 
 sound in this point. For though Whatsoever things are neces- 
 sary, are manifest, as S. Chrysostome saith, and as S. Augus- 
 tine, In those things that are plainly set down in the Scriptures, 
 all such matters are found that concern Faith, Hope and 
 Charity. Yet for all that it cannot be dissembled, that partly 
 to exercise and whet our wits, partly to wean the curious from 
 
96 
 
 loathing of them for their every where plainness, partly also 
 to stir up our devotion to crave the assistance of God's Spirit 
 by prayer, and lastly, that we might be forward to seek aid of 
 our brethren by conference, and never scorn those that be not 
 in all respects so complete as they should be, being to seek in 
 many things ourselves, it hath pleased God in his divine pro- 
 vidence, here and there to scatter words and sentences of that 
 difficulty and doubtfulness, not in doctrinal points that concern 
 salvation, (for in such it hath been vouched that the Scriptures 
 are plain) but in matters of less moment, that fearfulness 
 would better beseem us than confidence ; and if we will resolve, 
 to resolve upon modesty with Saint Augustine (though not 
 in this same case altogether, yet upon the same ground) Melius 
 est dubitare de occultis, quam litigare de mcertis, it is better 
 to make doubt of those things which are secret, than to strive 
 about those things which are uncertain. There be many 
 words in the Scriptures, which be never found there but once, 
 (having neither brother nor neighbour, as the Hebrews speak) 
 so that we cannot be holpen by conference of places. Again, 
 there be many rare names of certain birds, beasts and precious 
 stones, &c. concerning which the Hebrews themselves are so 
 divided among themselves for judgement, that they may seem 
 to have defined this or that, rather because they would say 
 something, than because they were sure of that which they 
 said, as Saint Hierome somewhere saith of the Septuagint. 
 Now in such a case, doth not a margin do well to admonish 
 the reader to seek further, and not to conclude or dogmatize 
 upon this or that peremptorily ? For as it is a fault of incre- 
 dulity, to doubt of those things that are evident : so to deter- 
 mine of those things as the spirit of God hath left (even in the 
 judgement of the judicious) questionable, can be no less than 
 presumption. Therefore as S. Augustine saith, that variety 
 of Translations is profitable for the finding out of the sense of 
 the Scriptures : so diversity of signification and sense in the 
 margin, where the text is not so clear, must needs do good, 
 yea, is necessary, as we are persuaded. We know that Sixtus 
 Quintus expressly forbiddeth that any variety of readings, of 
 their Vulgar Edition, should be put in the margin (which 
 though it be not altogether the same thing to that we have in 
 hand, yet it looketh that way) but we think he hath not all of 
 
97 
 
 his own side his favourers, for this conceit. They that are 
 wise had rather have their judgements at liberty in differences 
 of readings, than to be captivated to one, when it may be the 
 other. If they were sure that their High Priest had all laws 
 shut up in his breast, as Paul the second bragged, and that he 
 were as free from error by special privilege, as the Dictators of 
 Rome were made by law inviolable, it were another matter : 
 then his word were an Oracle, his opinion a decision. But the 
 eyes of the world are now open, God be thanked, and have 
 been a great while : they find that he is subject to the same 
 affections and infirmities that others be, that his skin is pene- 
 trable, and therefore so much as he proveth, not as much as 
 he claimeth, they grant and embrace." 
 
 I will not do so much injustice to the reader's taste, 
 as to apologize for the length of the preceding extract 
 from the Translators 1 Preface to the Bible.* If it 
 should be read (as I trust it will) a second time, with a 
 mental reference to the subject of the Italics (for, to 
 use the Translators 1 language, " though it be not 
 altogether the same thing to that we have in hand, 
 yet it looketh that way") no doubt can be entertained 
 as to the judgment which would be passed by those great 
 men, on the matter now under discussion. " We know," 
 say the Translators, " that Sixtus Quintus expressly 
 forbiddeth that any variety of readings of their Vulgar 
 Edition, should be put in the margin ;" and We know, 
 in these our days, that certain Dissenters attributing 
 to the Translators something like an exemption from 
 error, which they would have scorned to appropriate 
 to themselves " expressly forbid" the introduction of 
 
 * Dr Symonds, however the late Professor of Modem History in this 
 University calls the Preface "pedantic and uncouth." Concerning some 
 of this Gentleman's opinions, I shall soon have occasion to offer a few 
 remarks. 
 
 N 
 
98 
 
 any Italics, not sanctioned by the Text of l6ll. But, 
 to adopt once more the words of the Translators, we 
 trust that " the eyes of the world are now open." 
 
 After the statement of the case which has now been 
 given to the world, I will not believe, till the fact is 
 undeniable, that either a Committee, or a Sub-Com- 
 mittee, or even an Individual, will be rash enough to 
 contend for the authority of the Text of l6ll, with 
 regard to Italics. But it is quite impossible to say 
 to what extent human perverseness will be carried ; 
 and if notwithstanding the information which has been 
 afforded, attempts should still be made to get rid of 
 the additional Italics, I trust that the Universities will 
 be protected, in this matter, by the united voice of all 
 who have the cause of Religion really at heart. 
 
 Residents in the Universities have been censured 
 for their adherence to whatever is sanctioned by autho- 
 rity : for their resistance to improvement, because it 
 savours of innovation. It must at least be acknowledged 
 that in the days of Dr Blayney and his Associates, the 
 tendency to acquiesce, in what had been going on for 
 many years, was overcome. For no assignable reason, 
 but that of carrying into effect the obvious intentions 
 of the Translators, and so furnishing the public with 
 what they laboured to make a correct and useful work 
 a Bible was sent forth, which long maintained a high 
 character in the world. Had the Text of 1611 been 
 retained to the present time, I can easily imagine what 
 censures would have been cast upon the Universities, 
 for printing a Text, in which the Italics so imperfectly 
 fulfilled the purpose for which they were designed. 
 
99 
 
 Instances would, I have no doubt, have been accumu- 
 lated upon instances, to demonstrate the impropriety of 
 taking a Text, so abounding in inconsistencies, as the 
 Standard for the Bibles now published ; and the Univer- 
 sities would have been overwhelmed with reproaches, 
 as the enemies of every thing that can conduce to the 
 advancement of real knowledge. They would have been 
 accused of a long-continued attempt to substitute " the 
 words which man^s wisdom teacheth" for the words of 
 Inspired Truth. Such, I am well convinced, would have 
 been the language of the day ; and the defence of the 
 Universities, under such circumstances, would not have 
 been a very satisfactory undertaking. 
 
 It is quite certain, as I have already said, that 
 Dr Blayney's edition of the Bible, which forms the 
 basis of the editions now published by the Univer- 
 sities, long maintained a high character in the world. 
 In proof of this point, I might appeal to the recorded 
 sentiments of many eminent persons, belonging to the 
 Established Church; but as an appeal of that kind 
 would probably be deemed insufficient on the present 
 occasion, I will here transcribe the opinion of a very 
 able, learned and respectable Dissenting Minister Dr 
 Edward Williams who was for many years the Theo- 
 logical Tutor in an Academy for the education of young 
 students for the Ministry. In a little book designed for 
 the information of his pupils, Dr Williams gives the 
 following character of Dr Blayney's edition : " For 
 accuracy of printing, the Oxford edition of 1769, super- 
 intended by Dr Blayney, Regius Professor of Hebrew, 
 at Oxford, is much esteemed. The valued correctness 
 extends not merely to the text, but also to the contents 
 
100 
 
 of chapters, the marginal renderings and references, 
 chronological dates, &c." (Christian Preacher, p, 415, 
 ed. 1800.) Such is the evidence borne by a person, 
 whose partialities could not, from his situation, be on 
 the side of the Universities, to the estimation in which 
 Dr Blayney's edition was held, more than thirty years 
 after it had been presented to the world. 
 
 From the Report of the Sub-Committee already 
 cited, and from other circumstances, I am led to con- 
 clude that some of these learned Dissenters would not 
 much care if the Italics were banished altogether from 
 the pages of the English Bibles. I should however be 
 sorry to suppose that such would be the leaning of their 
 minds, if they had duly considered the various bearings 
 of the subject. Translation, after all, is but a substitute 
 for something better. To the mere English reader, 
 indeed, the English Bible is as the Word of God ; 
 still it is in reality but man's interpretation of God's 
 Word not the W r ord itself. There is of necessity a 
 portion of human weakness and human ignorance mixed 
 up with it. Certain marks, therefore, which may at 
 the least give some indications of the specific differences 
 between the Antient and Modern Languages, do seem not 
 unbecoming even the profoundest understandings, when 
 employed in translating such a work, from Originals 
 which are accessible only to the learned more espe- 
 cially when the work is designed for the benefit of all 
 orders of society throughout the Kingdom. 
 
 We live in singular times; and find men placing 
 themselves in strange positions. From the quarters 
 whence this attack has proceeded I did not expect argu- 
 
101 
 
 ments, the tendency of which is to obliterate the signs 
 which are continually pointing to the Original Sources 
 of Divine Truth. The grand principle on which Dissent 
 is founded consists in the rejection of all human autho- 
 rity in matters of Religion. Now, I cannot imagine a 
 more effectual method of reducing the minds of men to 
 the most slavish dependence on human authority, than 
 by omitting all traces of the languages in which the 
 Bible was first written ; and so giving a semblance of 
 perfection to a mere translation of the Word of God... 
 When I consider the proceedings upon which I have 
 had occasion to comment, as the proceedings of Dis- 
 senters " Such," I say to myself, " are the inconsis- 
 tencies of human conduct." 
 
 There are cases in which wise men would hesitate 
 to press Authority upon any one; and I really should 
 have expected beforehand, that a Committee of Non- 
 Conformists would have taken some time to deliberate, 
 before they pressed the Authority of the Text of 1611, 
 as they have done... Has the Authority we hold up, as 
 a Standard not to be departed from, those intrinsic cha- 
 racters, which entitle it to that distinction ? Will the 
 agitation of the matter, brought before us, tend to the 
 advancement of Religion ? . . . These are questions which 
 grave and practical men would have naturally asked, 
 before they adopted any very strong measures; and 
 these questions the Sub-Committee seem either not to 
 have asked, or to have answered on extraordinary prin- 
 ciples... With regard to the Authority of the Text of 
 l6ll, enough has been adduced, in the preceding pages, 
 to enable the reader to judge for himself on that point... 
 With regard to the consequences of agitating the matter 
 
102 
 
 under discussion, I would beg the Gentlemen of the 
 Sub-Committee to consider, whether to adopt their 
 own language they have not themselves been the 
 means of " throwing such stumbling blocks in the way 
 of the unlearned, as are greatly calculated to perplex 
 their minds, and unsettle their confidence in the Text 
 of Scripture."... It is for the purpose of as far as possible 
 preventing such lamentable results, that I have endea- 
 voured to vindicate the Text of the English Bible, as 
 now printed by the Universities, from the reproaches 
 with which it has been assailed. 
 
 I cannot take leave of the subject, without declaring 
 that I have the satisfaction of being acquainted with 
 some learned Members of the University of Oxford 
 and of associating with many learned Members of the 
 University to which I have the honour to belong whom 
 I verily believe to be not a whit behind the Gentlemen 
 of the Sub-Committee, in their anxiety that the Text of 
 Scripture should go forth into the world, with all the 
 correctness which can be given to it by human care. To 
 those learned persons also it would not be less gratifying, 
 than to the Gentlemen of the Sub-Committee, to find that 
 Scripture, thus rendered as far as possible free from error, 
 was read and understood and acted upon, "from the 
 rising of the sun unto the going down thereof." 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 THE fact which has come to my knowledge that 
 there are persons whose minds have been unsettled, 
 with regard to the Supplementary Words in our Bibles, 
 by the published Report of the Sub-Committee is a 
 very serious consideration; and renders it a matter 
 of duty to throw what light I can upon the subject. 
 That, in translating, so as to be intelligible, from the 
 Antient into the Modern Languages, Supplementary 
 Words are indispensable, is beyond all doubt; but it 
 must be acknowledged that there have been writers 
 they are, indeed, very few who have condemned the 
 practice of distinguishing such words, by any particular 
 character. Of these was Houbigant, whose sentiments 
 expressed towards the end of the Prolegomena to 
 his Hebrew and Latin Bible will be found below.* 
 
 * "Nihil est in Sacro Interprete magis vituperandum, quam Sacros 
 Scriptores sic exhibere, tanquam incautos quosdam Compositores, qui 
 orationem suam saepe mancam relinquerent, et cuilibet additamento perviam. 
 Addantur sane qusedam in oratione Latina ; nam Hebraica verba ponderanda 
 sunt, non numeranda : sed tamen haec addantur, quae Hebraica ex indole 
 nascantur, quae ex ante-dictis liceat introduci, quae ambiguitatibus occurant ; 
 quas, si omitterentur, facerent, vel Latinum sermonem obscurum, vel sen- 
 tentiam Latinam Habraicae non satis similem. Neque enim fieri potest, ut 
 duarum Linguarum paria semper verba paribus respondeant. Quae cum 
 addentur, non propterea Lectores, per Litteras Italicas, aut per parenthesim, 
 monendi erunt, ha?c addi, quae adduntur. Nam, si haec tantum adduntur, 
 quae sint medullae ipsius Hebraicae, non verendum, ne haec Lectori perperam 
 suppleta fuisse videantur. Si quis haec verba Latina, ego vir probus, Gallice 
 ita convertible suis homme de bien, nemo dixerit monendos ei esse Lectores, 
 additum fuisse Gallico in sermone verbum suis ; nam liquet verbum Latinum 
 sum, quamquam abest Latino ab sermone, in eo contineri. Propterea nos 
 tali cura, quae quidem nobis inutilis videbatur, in nostrS Versione com- 
 ponenda supersedimus." p. cxc. 
 
104 
 
 Another objector, to distinctions applied to sup- 
 plementary words, was Dr Symonds the late Pro- 
 fessor of Modern History in this University. After 
 censuring the Italics of 1611, he bestowed the strongest 
 language of reprehension upon those subsequently in- 
 troduced. A person who has recourse to violent ex- 
 pressions is seldom in the right ; nor did Dr Symonds 
 form an exception to this rule. Let us consider some 
 of his positions. " In Acts vii. 39," he observes, " there 
 occurs a still stronger instance [than Matt. ii. 18. 
 ' Rachel weeping for her children 1 ] of the injudicious 
 use of Italics, because the necessity of using them arose 
 from the preceding ungrammatical language of the 
 translators : ( To whom our fathers would not obey, 
 but thrust him from them. 1 Had the translators 
 written agreeably to the idiom of the English tongue, 
 they would have rendered this passage, ' Whom our 
 fathers would not obey, but thrust from them. 1 " 
 Here undoubtedly is an extremely perplexed mode of 
 thinking. First, we have " the injudicious use of 
 Italics ;" then it follows " because the necessity of 
 using them arose, &c. :" and after all it is not easy 
 to understand why the Italics are censured. If, accord- 
 ing to Dr Symonds, the word "him" be superfluous, 
 it surely can do no harm to point it out as not existing 
 in the Original. ... The learned Professor, however, goes 
 on : " The modern printers have not only implicitly 
 followed their pattern in this instance, but in the very 
 next verse have gone beyond it ; for they have distin- 
 guished two words by Italics (which were not so dis- 
 tinguished before) for no other reason, it should seem, 
 than to shew, that they had better have been omitted 
 by all: 'For as for this Moses." 1 ... Now inasmuch as, 
 
105 
 
 Dr Symonds being judge, the words, "as for," had 
 better have been omitted, one might infer that he 
 would have been glad to have them marked, as not 
 
 existing in the Original But to proceed : The learned 
 
 Professor then mentions "the amazing increase of 
 words printed in Italics, and the unwarrantable free- 
 dom taken with them." Soon afterwards, he observes : 
 " Now as all the Italics in the first copy of that [King 
 James's] Bible were, justly speaking, the comments of 
 the Translators upon the text, so all the additional Italics 
 in the modern Bibles may be called with equal pro- 
 priety the comments of the printers or editors.' 1 ' 1 In 
 these notions, again, there is a degree of confusion, 
 which is quite extraordinary. " The Italics," says 
 Dr Symonds, "are comments." Now, what is the mean- 
 ing of this assertion? Do the Italic characters con- 
 stitute the comment, or do the supplementary words 
 themselves constitute the comment? In fact, there 
 are two things which this Critic could not, if he had 
 well considered the subject, have brought himself to 
 believe: l. He could not have believed that the sup- 
 plementary words would have been less a comment, 
 if they had not appeared in Italics; 2. He could not 
 have believed that scholars, subsequent to the Trans- 
 lators, were not as able, to distinguish what were sup- 
 plementary words, as the Translators themselves: 
 and with his notions on the subject, he must have seen 
 that the supplementary words ought to be pointed 
 out with scrupulous exactness in order that the com- 
 ment, if it be a comment, may be distinguished from 
 
 the text The case seems to have been, that Dr 
 
 Symonds had taken such a dislike to every thing con- 
 nected with our Authorized Version, that he scarcely 
 
 O 
 
106 
 
 ever permitted his judgement to interfere, in that mat- 
 ter, with his* determination to find fault.* 
 
 The third opponent of Italics, whom I have to 
 mention, is the late Dr Geddes; whose practice, how- 
 ever, may in some measure be set in opposition to his 
 opinion inasmuch as, in his Version of the Old Testa- 
 ment, he has used marks (not Italics) to warn the reader, 
 of such additions as his mode of translating required. 
 After mentioning some of the most ordinary cases of 
 words supplied, for the purpose of preserving the gram- 
 matical construction, he thus proceeds : " Italics are not 
 only often unnecessary, but sometimes degrade the text. 
 When Achish, for example (l Sam. xxi. 15), is made to 
 say, Shall this fellow come into my house?' the word 
 fellow is here worse than superfluous. It presents to 
 the reader an idea that is not in the Original ; and is, 
 besides, a term not only low and vulgar, but also, if 
 we attend to its etymology, improperly applied. 1 ' Now 
 however much "worse than superfluous" the word may 
 be however "low and vulgar," and etymologically in- 
 correct it is quite impossible that any blame can be 
 attached to the Italics, on those grounds. Dr Geddes 
 might have seen that, if the word really was liable to all 
 these objections, the Italics (which are those of l6ll) 
 made some amends, by indicating that it was not in the 
 Original. But not only in his mode of argument, but 
 also in his determination to find fault, is Dr Geddes a 
 formidable rival to Dr Symonds. The Roman Catholic 
 
 * The passages just observed upon are derived from Dr Symonds' * Ob- 
 servations on the Gospels and Acts of the Apostles,' pp. 174, 175. The work 
 was published in 1789. 
 
107 
 
 Divine objects to the Authorized Version of Gen. XLII. 
 30. "The man who is the lord of the land;" which, 
 he says, is "at the expence of introducing two words 
 (who is) that are not in the Original.'''' He adds, in 
 a note : " According to their (the Translators') scru- 
 pulous system, " who is" should have been in Italics." 
 The fact is, that in the Edition of 1611, and all other 
 editions that I have ever seen, the words, " who is," are 
 in Italics....! need not be any longer detained by Dr 
 Geddes.f 
 
 The last adversary to Italics, whom I shall have 
 occasion to mention, is the late Dr Campbell ; a very 
 different person from either of the Critics whose 
 notions I have just considered for he is sensible, 
 acute, wary. He is, indeed, an adversary, not to marks 
 of distinction in all cases, but to marks applied to 
 such small insertions, as the grammatical structure 
 of the sentence may demand. In the more important 
 cases, he himself uses such marks, as a Translator 
 of the Gospels. Of King James's Translators, he 
 writes : " Though I approve their motives in using this 
 method, as they are strong indications of fairness and 
 accuracy, I cannot help thinking that, in the execution, 
 they have sometimes carried it to excess." He parti- 
 cularly mentiona his being, when a youth, much at a loss 
 for a reason why the word "women" (Matt. xxiv. 41. 
 see p. 2?) should be printed in Italics. He at last 
 reasoned very justly on the subject ; as will be seen from 
 considering the entire passage. 
 
 f- The passages here discussed are taken from Dr Geddes' Letter to Bishop 
 Louth, pp. 2635. 
 
108 
 
 Tore Buo cffovrai ev TW dypto ' 6 ek TrapaXaufSdverat, KU\ 
 ls dtyieTai. 
 Auo d\tj6ov<rai ev TW fjLv\<avt ' /u/a 7ra^a\a)U/3a'i/eTai, Kai /uu'a 
 
 If our Translators had rendered these two verses, 
 as they have subsequently been rendered by Dr Daniel 
 Scott and others : 
 
 " Then two men shall be in the field ; the one shall be 
 taken, and the other left:" 
 
 " Two women shall be grinding at the mill ; the one 
 shall be taken, and the other left : " 
 
 that is, if the word "men" had been introduced (as 
 it really might have been) in the former verse, to cor- 
 respond to " women" in the latter : the difficulty from 
 the Italics would scarcely have been felt.* In fact, it 
 appears that Campbell's perplexity arose quite as much 
 from the omission of " men," in the former verse as 
 from the word " women" in Italics, in the latter. His 
 reflections on the subject are well worth reading: 
 " What then appeared to me unaccountable in the 
 Translators was, first their putting the word women in 
 Italics, since, though it had not a particular word cor- 
 responding to it, it was clearly comprehended in the 
 other words of the passage ; and secondly, their not 
 adding men in the fortieth verse, because by these two 
 successive verses, the one in the masculine, the other in 
 the feminine gender, it appeared the manifest intention 
 of the author to acquaint us, that both sexes would be 
 involved in the calamities of the time spoken of." ____ Dr 
 
 * It may be observed that in the corresponding passage in St Luke the 
 word "men" is introduced ; and this is one of the few instances I have ob- 
 served, in which the edition of 1638 agrees with the Text of 1611, in preserving 
 the ordinary character, while the modern editions give Italics. 
 
109 
 
 Campbell was not aware that the word was not in Italics 
 in the Text of l6ll ; nor was he aware of the same fact 
 with regard to a passage, respecting which I shall now 
 transcribe his sentiments. "Sometimes,"" he writes, "the 
 word in Italics is a mere intruder, to which there is not 
 any thing in the import of the original, any more than 
 in the expression, either explicitly, or implicitly, cor- 
 responding; the sense, which in effect it alters, being 
 both clear and complete without it. For an example of 
 this, I shall recur to a passage on which I had occasion 
 formerly to remark : ' The just shall live by faith ; but 
 if any man draw back"* where any man is foisted into 
 the text, in violation of the rules of interpreting, which 
 compel us to admit the third personal pronoun, ' he,"* as 
 clearly, though virtually, expressed by the verb.""... Thus 
 Dr Campbell wrote, on the supposition that the Trans- 
 lators had themselves indicated, by the usual character, 
 the insertion they had ventured upon. What would he 
 have said if he had known that the words, " any man," 
 had, to use his own expression, been "foisted into the 
 text," without the slightest intimation of what had been 
 done? In fine, Dr Campbell's instances, of what he 
 deemed unnecessary Italics, are found in the Text of 
 l6ll, as well as in the modern text. Of the Italics of 
 the modern text I have, in the course of this work, said 
 enough; and the Itab'cs of the Text of l6ll do not, for 
 the most part, need vindication. ( 
 
 f- It is almost needless to state that the preceding remarks of Dr Campbell 
 are taken from the Preliminary Dissertations to his Translation of the Gospels. 
 Diss. xn. Part iv. Sect. 8, 9. See also Diss. x. Part v. Sect. 10, for some 
 additional remarks on Heb. x. 38. " if any man draw back." In the Disserta- 
 tion last referred to, some circumstances are mentioned which bear hard upon 
 Beza's integrity as a Translator ; and I fear there is too much justice in them. 
 
110 
 
 Having stated all that seems requisite, with regard 
 to those who may be considered as adverse to the use 
 of Italics, let me now give a very brief account of some 
 of those who have thought it becoming to distinguish, by 
 a peculiar character, the additions which, in translating, 
 the exigencies of language might compel them to adopt. 
 
 Dr Geddes and others have mentioned Arias Mon- 
 tanus whose Version of the Bible, founded on that 
 of Pagninus, was printed in the Antwerp Polyglot of 
 1569-72, and in Walton's Polyglot 1657 as the first 
 Translator who distinguished supplementary words by 
 Italics. Now, that Arias Montanus distinguished words 
 by Italics is certain ; but then they were not necessarily 
 supplementary words. His intention was, that his Ver- 
 sion should exhibit its own variations, of whatever kind 
 they might be, from the Latin Vulgate. To understand 
 in what way this was effected, it will be sufficient to take 
 a single instance, Matt. ii. 7 ; in .which I shall first give 
 the Original ; then the Latin Vulgate ; and lastly the 
 Version of Arias Montanus, printed in his own manner. 
 
 Tore 'Hpw^s \d6pa KcrXeVec? TOU? pctyovt tJKpi/3io<re Trap' av- 
 
 TWV TOV XpOVOV TOV (f>CtlVOfJ.l>OV Ct<TT6pO<;. 
 
 ff Tune Herodes clam vocatis Magis diligenter didicit ab 
 eis tempus stellae, quae apparuit eis." 
 
 "Tune Herodes clam vocans Magos perquisivit ab eis 
 tempus apparentis stellae." 
 
 And thus, when Arias Montanus, adhering to the literal 
 construction of the Original, gave "vocans Magos," 
 instead of "vocatis Magis;" "perquisivit" instead of 
 "diligenter didicit," and so on, he marked the varia- 
 tion from the Vulgate by Italics : and where there was 
 no variation, he retained the common character. If 
 
Ill 
 
 therefore the Italics, as used by Arias Montanus, indi- 
 cate an addition, it is only by accident.* 
 
 So far as I know, Sebastian Munster, the first Pro- 
 testant Translator of the Bible into Latin, was the first 
 person who distinguished, by brackets, such words, sup- 
 plementary to those of the Original, as his mode of 
 translation required. Of his purposes in this respect, 
 he has given the following account, in the Preface to his 
 Version ; the first edition of which appeared in 1534. 
 
 " Porro in Latina Versione hoc unum spectavimus, ut 
 quoad fieri potuit Latina Hebraicis responderent, nisi quod 
 aliquando quasi per parenthesin adjecimus unam aut alteram 
 dictionem, quae ad explicationem obscurioris faceret sententiae, 
 id quod sumrae necessarium videbatur in Prophetis." 
 
 Simon, although a Roman Catholic, speaks highly 
 of the Version of Sebastian Munster ; greatly prefer- 
 ring it to those of Pagninus and Arias Montanus.-(- 
 
 * " Putting such supplements in Italics," says Dr Geddes, " is a mere 
 modern refinement, unknown to the most literal antient translators. Even 
 Pagninus himself did not dream of so silly a device. The father of it I believe 
 was Arias Montanus ; who yet probably never meant that it should be adopted 
 in a translation for common use." Letter to Louth, p. 33. Now, in the first 
 place, Arias Montanus is not quite a modern, compared with Pagninus ; the 
 former having been born in 1527, and the latter in 1466, or according to some 
 accounts in 14J1 : and in the second place, it is curious that a Translator 
 of the Bible should have been so little acquainted with the purport of the 
 Italics used by Arias Montanus. Whether the distinction of supplementary 
 words be entitled to the appellation of "so silly a device," the readers of the 
 preceding pages will be enabled to decide. 
 
 f- u Cette derniere Version de Munster paroit etre beaucoup meillure que 
 celles de Pagnin et d' Arias Montanus, qui ont neglige le sens, pour s'attacher 
 trop scrupuleusement a la Grammaire. Munster au contraire a tache" de ne 
 s'eloigner jamais du sens, bien qu'il s'applicast aussi a la Grammaire; et qu'il 
 n'a pas regarde simplement la signification de chaque mot en soi-meme, a 
 Pimitation d'Arias Montanus, mais il a outre cela considere les endroits ou ces 
 mots se rencontrent ; et quoi qu'il ne soit pas tout-a-fait pur dans son stile, il 
 n'a cependant rien de trop rude, ni de trop barbare." Hist. Crit. du V. T. 
 p. 321. This approaches very nearly to the character of a perfect Interpreter 
 
112 
 
 The method of dealing with supplementary words, 
 which appears to have been struck out by Sebastian 
 Munster, was adopted by Beza in 1556, by Tremellius 
 and Junius in 1575, and by the Authors of other Latin 
 Versions, whom it cannot be needful to mention. Nor 
 was it lost sight of in after-times ; as may be seen in 
 Le Clerc's Translation in 1693. With regard to those 
 who have more recently published Latin Translations 
 of Scripture, I shall content myself with adducing the 
 following passage from the Preface to Bathe's Version 
 of the Minor Prophets : 
 
 " Et primo quidem monendum videtur, me non para- 
 phrasin dare voluisse, sed versionem, quae proprie dicitur, 
 quae nempe verbis prophetarum nihil addat, sed textus hebraei 
 sensum plane reddat. Quae vero nonnunquam verba inter- 
 serta sunt, aliis typis exscripta, ea quidem in textu hebraeo 
 non leguntur, sed necessario addenda videbantur ad dicta 
 prophetarum intelligenda : ad amplificanda ea non faciunt, 
 ideoque in illis locis paraphrasten egisse nemini videbor." 
 (ed. 1790.) 
 
 So far therefore as Latin Versions are concerned, 
 the object, which, in the early part of the sixteenth 
 century, Sebastian Munster proposed to himself, by 
 distinguishing supplementary words, was kept in view 
 by Dathe, towards the close of the eighteenth century. 
 
 In the same year (1534) with Sebastian Munster's 
 Latin Bible, appeared Luther's German Version of the 
 
 of Holy Writ. It seems due to the first Protestant Translator of the Bible 
 into Latin to record that he was born at Inghelheim in 1489, was educated 
 at Heidelberg, and was afterwards Hebrew Professor at Basil. As there was 
 but an interval of six years between the publication of the Version of Pagninus 
 and that of Sebastian Munster, the distinguishing of supplementary words 
 cannot be considered as (in the language of Dr Geddes) " a mere modern 
 refinement." I suppose it to be immaterial whether the distinction be made 
 by brackets or by Italics. 
 
113 
 
 Scriptures; but the idea of distinguishing supplementary 
 words does not appear to have occurred to him. It 
 would indeed have been very surprising if the same idea 
 had occurred to the two Translators at the same time. 
 ...In no edition, I believe, of Luther's Bible, are supple- 
 mentary words pointed out The Spanish Version of 
 
 Cypriano de Valera, the Italian Version of Diodati, and 
 various early French Versions, present supplementary 
 words distinguished by Italics, or by marks equivalent 
 to Italics. Such of the later French Versions as I hap- 
 pen to have inspected those of Ostervald, Le Cene, 
 Beausobre and Lenfant have the supplementary words 
 marked with considerable care... The French Version of 
 Le Maistre de Sacy possesses great and well-deserved 
 reputation. Being a Translation from the Latin Vul- 
 gate, it has not been appealed to, in the course of the 
 preceding observations ; but it is here adduced in con- 
 firmation of the practice of employing Italics, for the 
 purpose of marking additions. As an instance of the 
 use of them, I will mention the rendering of Gen. i. 9. 
 " Let the dry land appear 11 (see p. 13). The French 
 Language here afforded De Sacy an advantage, of which 
 he happily availed himself, when he translated the pas- 
 sage " que Velement aride paraisse." And it is to be 
 observed that when he introduced the word " element" 
 he took care that it should be printed in Italics.*... But 
 not to dwell upon the various Versions of Scripture into 
 the different Languages of Europe since the days of 
 
 * "Among the modern versions," says Dr J. P. Smith, " I heg leave to 
 point out the extraordinary excellence, particularly in the New Testament, 
 both as to fidelity of sentiment, and felicity of expression, which distinguishes 
 the French Translation of Isaac Le Maistre De Sacy, one of the illustrious 
 Society of Port Royal, and a noble sufferer for truth and conscience. He died 
 in 1684." Four Discourses, &c. 1828. ; ' 
 
 P 
 
114 
 
 King Jameses Translators, it appears that the use of 
 Italics, for the purpose so often mentioned, had at that 
 time been long sanctioned by the learned of other 
 Nations. Let us now see what had taken place, with 
 regard to the distinction of supplementary words, in 
 our own Country, and at the same period. 
 
 The New Testament according to Coverdale's 
 English Translation, published in 1538 along with 
 the Latin Vulgate, affords intimations of a purpose of 
 distinguishing, by brackets, such words in the English 
 as were in addition to the Latin ; and in the Epistle to 
 the Reader prefixed to the Work, reference is made to 
 Jerome and Origen, as authority for such a plan of 
 proceeding. The proper opportunity has now, in fact, 
 arrived for remarking, that the kind of distinctions 
 which Dr Geddes denounced as <c a silly device" " a 
 mere modern refinement" were thus appealed to, as 
 antient, even in the sixteenth century. On the marks 
 of distinction used by Origen, I shall venture to lay 
 before the reader the observations of the present Bishop 
 of Peterborough. 
 
 " In the revision of the Septuagint, the first part of Ori- 
 gen's labour was to collate it throughout with the Hebrew ; 
 and wherever he found any word or words in the former, to 
 which there was nothing correspondent in the latter, such 
 word or words he did not expunge from the Septuagint, but 
 he inclosed them within certain marks expressive of their 
 absence from the Hebrew."* 
 
 It really is a curious circumstance that one of the 
 first of those who, three centuries ago, applied marks 
 
 * See Bishop Marsh's ' Lectures on the Criticism and Interpretation of 
 the Bible.' p. 58. ed. 1828. 
 
115 
 
 to supplementary words, should have referred to 
 Origen, in the third century, as authority for the 
 proceeding. 
 
 In Cranmer's Bible (1539) are certain words in a 
 type distinct from that in which the main part of the 
 Volume is printed. The object of such distinction of 
 words will be ascertained from the following passage 
 extracted from the ' Prologue' to this Bible. 
 
 "Whereas often times ye shall find a small letter in the 
 text, it signifieth, that so much as is in the small letter doth 
 abound and is more in the common translation in Latin than 
 is found either in the Hebrew or the Greek ; which words 
 and sentences we have added, not only to manifest the same 
 unto you, but also to satisfy and content those that here before 
 time have missed such sentences in the Bibles and New Testa- 
 ments before set forth." 
 
 Whether, during several subsequent years, much 
 alteration was made, with regard to words printed in 
 a distinct character, I am not certain ; but so far as I 
 have observed, the plan, of distinguishing additions, 
 very gradually gained ground, for some time. In 1557 
 appeared, at Geneva, a new English Version of the 
 New Testament; which is said to be the first English 
 Version with the distinction of Verses by numeral 
 figures. The whole Bible was published in English, 
 at the same place, in 1560. In this edition and 
 most probably in the preceding edition (but I do not 
 write confidently) we find Munster's principle, of 
 distinguishing supplementary words, carefully attended 
 to. This will appear from the following extract from 
 the Preface. 
 
116 
 
 " Moreover, whereas the necessity of the sentence required 
 any thing to be added (for such is the grace and propriety of 
 the Hebrew and Greek tongues, that it can not but either by 
 circumlocution or by adding the verb or some word be under- 
 stood of them that are not well practised therein) we have put 
 it in the text with another kind of letter, that it may easily be 
 discerned from the common letter." 
 
 A similar method of distinguishing supplementary 
 words was retained in the Bishops 1 Bible of 1572; 
 and from that time it became the established method 
 of printing the Authorized Editions of the Bible. In 
 other Versions of the Old and the New Testament the 
 same plan was followed; as we have seen in the case 
 of the New Testament, by Lawrence Tomson. This 
 slight survey, of the origin and progress of the dis- 
 tinctions applied to supplementary words, will shew the 
 propriety of their adoption by King Jameses Translators, 
 in l6ll ; and at the same time the importance of the 
 revision, with regard to them, which was effected as 
 early as the year 1638, 
 
 Ains worth, whose Translations of the Pentateuch 
 and the Psalms were published soon after our Authorized 
 Version, took especial care to mark supplementary words. 
 In his Preface to the Pentateuch, there is a paragraph, 
 containing so much matter to our present purpose, that 
 I cannot but extract it, for the reader's perusal. 
 
 " Oft times we shall see, in Moses and the Prophets, a 
 defect of words which reason teacheth are to be supplied; 
 as, Adam begat in his likeness, Gen. v. 3. that is, begat a son. 
 The Scripture sheweth us to supply such wants: as, / the 
 God of thy father, Exod. iii. 6. that is, / am the God, Matt, 
 xxii. 32. Samuel saith, Uzza put forth to the Ark, 2 Sam. vi. 6. 
 another doth explain it, Uzza put forth his hand to the Ark. 
 
117 
 
 1 Chron. xiii. 9- One Prophet writeth briefly, / with scor- 
 pions, 2 Chron. x. 11. another more fully, / will chastise you 
 with scorpions, 1 Kings xii. 11. One saith no more, but in the 
 ninth of the month, 2 Kings xxv. 3. another supplieth the want 
 thus, in the fourth month, in the ninth of the month, Jer. Lii. 6. 
 So, thy servant hath found to pray, 1 Chron. xvii. 25, that is, 
 hath found in his heart to pray, 2 Sam. vii. 17- and many the 
 like. Here men may see the reason, why Translators do 
 sometimes add words (which are to be discerned by the 
 different letter) for the Original Tongue affecteth brevity ; 
 but we desire and need plainness of speech. Yea, this may 
 help in weighty controversies: as, Jesus took bread and blessed 
 and brake, Matt. xxvi. 26. here some imagining a transub- 
 stantiation of the bread, blame those that translate, he brake it, 
 as adding to the Scripture ; whereas such additions are neces- 
 sarily understood many a hundred time in the Bible : and the 
 same Apostle elsewhere saith, Christ blessed and brake, Matt, 
 xiv. 19- when another writeth, he blessed them and brake, 
 Luke ix. 16. which a third Evangelist explaineth, he blessed 
 and brake the loaves (or bread) Mark vi. 41 : again he saith, 
 A man shall leave father and mother, Matt. xix. 5. when Moses 
 plainly saith, his father and his mother, Gen. ii. 14. But such 
 usual defects, all of any judgement will soon understand." 
 
 Whoever recollects the quotations from Ains worth 
 in the preceding pages, will easily infer that the whole 
 of his Translations are executed in complete accordance 
 with the principles here laid down : I mean as to Italics. 
 
 To enumerate the different Versions of Scripture 
 and parts of Scripture subsequently published, with a 
 view to the mode in which supplementary words are 
 therein treated, would be a work of much labour and 
 little utility. It may be sufficient to observe that such 
 works as Clark's Bible and Poole's Bible, printed in the 
 latter part of the seventeenth century, are evidences 
 of an increased attention to that matter. During the 
 eighteenth century, there are sufficient proofs that the 
 
118 
 
 same attention was continued; but as the generality of 
 readers will probably not dislike some account of the 
 more recent Versions, I will state what I have remarked 
 with respect to such of them as I have inspected. 
 
 In the year 1751, Dr Daniel Scott, a learned Dis- 
 senter, published ' A New Version of St Matthew's 
 Gospel;'' in which he is minutely attentive to supple- 
 mentary words, and scrupulously exact in distinguishing 
 them. I have had the curiosity to examine Dr Scott's 
 Version, with regard to the passages quoted from St 
 Matthew, in these pages ; and I find that wherever 
 there is a verbal agreement between his Version and that 
 of our Translators, the Italics are the same as those of 
 our modern editions. 
 
 Archbishop Newcomers Version of the New Testa- 
 ment exhibits great care in the marking of the added 
 words; and this is especially the case with the Unita- 
 rian Version, of which Archbishop Newcomers is stated 
 to have been the basis. When the words of these Ver- 
 sions agreed with the words of our Authorized Trans- 
 lation, I have seldom found the Italics different from 
 the Italics of our modern editions. The same remarks 
 are applicable to Gilbert Wakefield's Translation of the 
 New Testament, if a judgement may be formed from 
 his Version of St Matthew's Gospel. 
 
 A new Version of the Bible was published, in 1824, 
 by Dr Boothroyd. His plan does not seem to have been 
 to point out such additions as were required by the 
 grammatical structure of the English Language ; but 
 the additions which, on other accounts, he thought proper 
 to make, he distinguished by particular marks. 
 
119 
 
 The Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews, 
 by Mr Moses Stuart, Professor of Sacred Literature 
 in the Theological Seminary at Andover, in the United 
 States a work republished in this Country by Dr 
 Henderson having recently fallen into my hands, I 
 shall take the liberty to make such extracts from it, 
 as may tend to illustrate the subject under discussion. 
 Mr Stuart has given a new Version of the Epistle to the 
 Hebrews ; his plan, with regard to supplementary words, 
 manifestly being, to mark, by inclosing them within 
 brackets, such as he deemed of importance : and thus, 
 he does not generally so mark " is," " was," " are," &c. 
 "his," "their," &c. The work seems to have been 
 carefully attended to, in this as well as most other 
 respects ; and yet, on a single examination, the follow- 
 ing are a few of the irregularities that have occurred 
 to me. 
 
 ii. 3. "By those who heard prim]." (wVo TU>V 
 vi. 6. "Openly exposed him to shame." (-jrapade 
 ii.6. " To please him." 
 
 In the first of these passages, the word, "him," 
 is noted, as introduced, by the Translator. In the two 
 following passages, the same word, although equally 
 introduced, is not so noted. 
 
 iii. 2. " Even as Moses [jwas]." (' KU\ 
 v. 4. " Even as Aaron was." (KadctTrep KU\ 6 'Action/.) 
 vii. 19. " But] the introduction of a better hope Qdoth]." 
 (tirticra.'yia'yri [le KpeiTrovos 6\7ri'S<K.) 
 
 In the preceding instances we have forms of speech 
 as similar as possible ; in which the supplementary words 
 seem to be marked or not, as it happens. 
 
120 
 
 iv. 5. " And again in this [manner]." (*ai eV rovrio ird\iv.) 
 v. 6. "Also in another place." (KU\ ti/ eVepw.) 
 The irregularity is here sufficiently manifest. 
 
 viii. 7. " That first covenant." (i/ trptarrj eneiv^.} 
 
 13. "A new [covenant]." (Katvrjv.) 
 ix. 1. "The first [covenant]." (tj irpwrrj.) 
 
 Why the word "covenant" in the two latter instances 
 should be marked as supplementary, and not in the 
 former, I know not. 
 
 Is it for the purpose of lowering the character of 
 Professor Stuart's work that I point out these things ? 
 By no means. On a slight inspection, it appears to be 
 a very learned and useful production with which I 
 hope to become better acquainted. My object has 
 been very different. It has been suggested to me 
 with no unfriendly feeling, by a Gentleman whom I 
 much respect, that in the Bible there are still some 
 irregularities in the use of Italics. This I can readily 
 believe. The Epistle to the Hebrews, a small work in 
 size, compared with the Bible, as about 1 to 106 has 
 been translated, and edited with indications of care as to 
 supplementary words, as well as other matters ; and yet 
 it presents the irregularities above particularized, amongst 
 others which might be adduced : is it then to be sup- 
 posed that, in a work extensive as the Bible itself, all 
 irregularities should have been removed, even after re- 
 peated revisions ? The ground we stand upon, with 
 regard to the Bible Italics, is this that every examina- 
 tion of the Volume tends to shew that scarcely any thing, 
 which, in that respect, can be deemed important, even 
 by an objector, remains to be done. 
 
As to Professor Stuart's Translation of the Epistle 
 to the Hebrews, it is of but little consequence that 
 TOV rijs Trtcrreo)? ap^rjyov /cat TeAeia>Tj)i> (xii. 2) should 
 be rendered " the author and perfecter of our faith," 
 and T(p TrctTpl TWV TrvevncLTwv (xii. 9) " to the father of 
 [our] spirits;" although there is no discernible reason 
 why "our" should be distinguished, as supplied, in 
 the latter case, and not in the former; but when (as 
 we actually find) the latter clause of Heb. x. 38. is 
 translated and printed as follows : " but, ' If any 
 man draw back, my soul hath no pleasure in him : ' * 
 I affirm without fear of contradiction even admit- 
 ting, which as an individual I do not, the transla- 
 tion to be correct that, without the ordinary marks 
 [any man] of words suppb'ed, Professor Stuart's text 
 misrepresents the real state of the Original. In matters 
 of this kind, such marks really are important ; more 
 especially when the matters of inferior moment are 
 considered, to which they have been applied in the 
 course of the same work. There is, moreover, a 
 pretty long Note on this verse ; from which, so far as 
 I can perceive, but little information can be derived, 
 respecting the principle on which the translation, "if 
 any man draw back" depends. May I take the liberty 
 to refer to what has already been stated, on this text, 
 in pp. 78 86, and p. 109 ? * 
 
 * In another edition of Professor Stuart's work, the mode of printing the 
 Greek should be revised; unless, indeed, the present plan be adopted on 
 purpose. Instead of, Aie/Aa/OTupai-o <5e TTOU -ris, \4yuv, Tt e<rriv aVflpw-rros, 
 Sri fj.L[jLvrj(TKii aiiTOv' r) utds dvQptoTrov, ori eirtcrKeiTTrt O.VTOV ; as usually 
 printed we have, Aie/j.apTvpa-ro de irov Tt9, \eyutv, Tt etrriv avBptatros, crri 
 fJLifJLinjffKri avTov. 17 iu<k dvQptoirov, OTL eTTicnceTrrrj avTov ; (Stuart, p. 569) 
 and so on continually ; which looks very odd. 
 
 Q 
 
122 
 
 Not a single reader of these pages will have now to 
 learn that the world is indebted to Dr J. Pye Smith, for 
 a valuable work entitled, ' The Scripture Testimony to 
 the Messiah.' In the course of his work, the learned 
 Author has occasion to cite many passages of Scripture ; 
 which he always translates for himself with great care. 
 His practice is, to distinguish supplementary words by 
 means of brackets ; and it cannot but be interesting to 
 ascertain the mode of proceeding, in this respect, adopted 
 by a person who so well knows what he is doing. For 
 this purpose, I will adduce a few passages, from the Old 
 and New Testament, which may be taken as fair samples 
 of the rest ; and place them so that they may be easily 
 compared with the Antient and the Modern Text of our 
 Authorized Version. I shall first exhibit the Text of 
 161 1; then the version of Dr S. ; and lastly the Text 
 of 1638, as the representative of the Modern Text. The 
 reader will be so good as to observe in what way the 
 marks, applied to the supplementary words, correspond 
 with each other. 
 
 GEN. XLIX. 10. 
 
 1611 " Unto him shall the gathering of the people be." 
 Dr S. " To him [shall be] the homage of nations." 
 1638 " Unto him shall the gathering of the people be" 
 
 Ps. xvi. 8. 
 
 l6ll "Because he is at my right hand." 
 
 Dr S. " Since [he is] at my right hand." 
 
 - 1638 "Because he is at my right hand/' 
 
 ISAI. ix. 7- 
 
 l6ll " Of the increase of his government and peace there 
 shall be no end." 
 
 Dr S. " To the extent of [his] sovereignty, and to [his] 
 peace [shall be] no end." 
 
 1638 " Of the increase of his government and peace there 
 shall be no end." 
 
123 
 
 ROM. viii. 31. 
 
 l6ll ."If God be for us, who can be against us?" 
 Dr S. " If God be for us, who [can be] against us ? " 
 1638 "If God be for us, who can be against us?" 
 
 1 TIM. v. 21. 
 
 1611 "I charge thee before God." 
 Dr S. " I charge [thee] in the presence of God." 
 1638 "I charge thee before God." 
 
 1 JOHN iv. 10. 
 
 1611 "Sent his Son to be the propitiation, &c." 
 Dr S. "Sent his Son [to be] the propitiation, &c." 
 1638 "Sent his Son to be the propitiation, &c." 
 
 These I give as specimens of what may be found 
 in Dr Smith's Volumes. There is, indeed, throughout 
 the whole of them, the same undesigned tendency to 
 symbolize with our present editions, rather than the 
 Antient Text, whenever the nature of the passages 
 translated permitted it. 
 
 Dr Smith translates 1 Tim. ii. 6*. dvriXvTpov vTrep 
 iravTuv, "A ransom for all [men]:" why then should 
 "two women" (see p. 27) be objected to? 
 
 Dr Smith translates 1 John v. 19. o aXrjOivos, " the 
 true [one] :" why then should not o Trovijpos (see again 
 p. 2?) be " the wicked one ? " 
 
 A dread of prolixity and an aversion to draw infer- 
 ences, which no one can fail to draw for himself, induce 
 me to leave the preceding instances, from Dr Smith's 
 Volumes, to make their own impression on the reader's 
 mind. 
 
 From what has been adduced, it is manifest, that 
 the application of Italics, or some equivalent distinc- 
 tions, to supplementary words, is no recent invention 
 
124 
 
 that it has not been confined to the learned of one nation 
 and that, in our own country, it has been to this day 
 adopted, both by Dissenters and Members of the Church 
 of England, as a plan sanctioned by time, and of unde- 
 niable importance. 
 
 There is one Biblical Critic the late Dr Adam 
 Clarke of whose labours on the Scriptures I have 
 studiously avoided all mention, till the present moment. 
 With a few remarks, which the nature of his labours 
 appears to warrant, I shall take leave of the subject ; 
 by which the reader has perhaps been detained too 
 long.* 
 
 Being aware that this learned man had revised the 
 Text of our Authorized Version with minute attention 
 to the Italics, I resolved in the first place fairly to con- 
 sider the subject for myself, without a single reference 
 to the Bible of Dr Clarke ; and then to apply his results 
 as a test of the accuracy of my own : with a deter- 
 mination to state honestly ,to the world the conclusions 
 at which I arrived, whatever they might be. And now, 
 having delivered my opinions, without reserve, on the 
 instances adduced in the preceding pages and compared 
 those opinions with the decisions of Dr Clarke, as derived 
 from his printed Text I will give an account of what 
 the comparison has brought to light. It is this : Amongst 
 all the specified instances, in which the Modern Bibles 
 differ and in my judgement rightly differ from the 
 Bible of 1611 whether it be with regard to the Italic 
 
 * The New Testament, with Dr Clarke's Commentary, appears to have 
 been published in 1817; and the Old Testament in 1825. 
 
125 
 
 character which has been used instead of the common 
 character, or the common character instead of the Italic 
 I have not been able to discover a single instance, in 
 which the Bible of Dr Clarke does not differ from the 
 Text of 1611, and agree with that of our present Bibles. 
 ...To this account, I will subjoin no reflections. The 
 reader is in possession of all the materials that can be 
 required for the satisfaction of his own mind, on the 
 subjects discussed in the foregoing pages ; and my only 
 wish, in this as in every other case, is that Truth 
 may prevail. 
 
 So much having been said on Heb. x. 38, it may 
 perhaps not be uninteresting to the reader, to have 
 placed before him Dr Adam Clarke's sentiments on 
 that text. Thus, then, he writes : 
 
 " Kat edv viro(TTL\rjTai, but if he draw back ; he, the man 
 mho is justified by faith, for it is of him, and none other, that 
 the text speaks. The insertion of the words any man, if done 
 to serve the purpose of a particular creed, is a wicked perver- 
 sion of the words of God. They were evidently intended to 
 turn away the relative from the antecedent, in order to save 
 the doctrine of final and unconditional perseverance; which 
 doctrine this text destroys." 
 
 This is a mode of writing which I am far from 
 admiring, for two reasons : 1 . there is ground, apart 
 from Theological considerations although in my own 
 opinion very untenable ground for the version adopted 
 by our Translators; and 2. I do not very much like 
 to contemplate the metamorphosis of a Commentator 
 into a Controversialist. At the same time, there are 
 also two things which may be learned from the pre- 
 ceding Comment : l . the importance of the passage ; 
 and 2. the right of the public, at the present day, to 
 
126 
 
 expect that the motives for introducing the words " any 
 one," or " any man," should be distinctly pointed out 
 by the Translator. 
 
 Dr Adam Clarke states, in the General Preface to 
 his Bible, that our Authorized Version was corrected 
 " by Dr Scattergood in 1683 ; by Dr Lloyd, Bishop of 
 London, in 1701 ; and afterwards by Dr Paris, at Cam- 
 bridge.""... Dr Scattergood was a learned member of the 
 University of Oxford; and, if I mistake not, was one 
 
 of the Compilers of the Critici Sacri It is singular 
 
 that Dr Clarke should have mentioned Dr Lloyd (also 
 a member of the University of Oxford) as Bishop of 
 London. Bishop of London that eminent prelate never 
 was. He died Bishop of Worcester, in 1717 Dr Paris 
 was a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. He was 
 distinguished for his attainments in his life-time ; and 
 is still commemorated, as a Benefactor to his College. 
 His edition of the Bible was published, in 1762, in two 
 Quarto Volumes. It is a correct and beautifully printed 
 work.... The most remarkable circumstance, attending 
 Dr darkens statement of the Corrected Texts of our 
 Authorized Version, is the omission of all notice of the 
 Revision of the Text of l6ll, which, it is now certain, 
 was carried into effect, from the beginning of the Volume 
 to the end, at Cambridge, in 1638. That Revision was, 
 I have no doubt, entirely unknown to him ; although 
 he was a professed Bibliographer the most accurate, 
 perhaps, of his own time in this department of 
 learning. 
 
127 
 
 IN a Postscript to the former edition of this Work, 
 I put down a few observations on the Italics of our 
 Translators in a point of view not considered in the 
 work itself. On the present occasion, I shall adopt 
 the same plan ; stating such circumstances, connected 
 with the subject, as have come to my knowledge. 
 
 There are, as almost every one must be aware, 
 Various Readings, as well in the Manuscripts of the 
 Original Hebrew of the Old Testament, as in the 
 Manuscripts of the Original Greek of the New; and 
 in the margin of the Authorized Version a few occa- 
 sional intimations are afforded, of such various read- 
 ings, whether consisting of words or phrases. But as 
 Various Readings relate to words, phrases, and sen- 
 tences, which do not appear at all in some, or perhaps 
 many Manuscripts, to which much weight is justly 
 attached the question is how far the Translators 
 intended, by means of Italics, to indicate the absence 
 of such portions or, at least, to express doubts of 
 their belonging to the Sacred Originals. Now who- 
 ever expects that the Italics of our Translators will 
 throw much light on the Various Readings of the He- 
 brew and the Greek, will be disappointed. In the 
 time of King James, Italics' had so long been esta- 
 blished in translations of the Bible as to have acquired 
 a kind of prescriptive right there ; and the object for 
 which they were at first avowedly introduced, and 
 
128 
 
 afterwards avowedly retained, was not the indication 
 of Various Readings, but the marking of such supple- 
 mentary words as the mode of translation, from its 
 very nature, required. This fact affords strong pre- 
 sumptive evidence that King James's Translators em- 
 ployed Italics, as their predecessors had employed 
 them, for the sole purpose of warning the reader, of 
 the supplementary words they had made use of. This 
 however is not all. Had supplementary words been 
 very carefully marked, it is possible that now and 
 then, and by accident a Different Reading of the Ori- 
 ginal might have been pointed out; but considering 
 the incredible negligence manifested with regard to 
 Italics, the slightest confidence, as to any Various Read- 
 ings which, at the first view of the subject, might be 
 supposed to be pointed out by Italics, would be a proof 
 of folly, beyond the power of language to describe. 
 There is indeed one instance, of a considerable clause 
 marked by Italics, which marking is clearly to be at- 
 tributed to the different readings of the Manuscripts. 
 On this I shall very soon offer a few observations.... 
 So far, in short, as I have been able to make out the 
 matter, the intentions of the Translators were, to mark 
 supplementary words in the Text, and to record Various 
 Readings, such at least as they thought proper, in the 
 Margin; and of the Various Readings, which I have 
 found so recorded, I will now give a list. I will not 
 positively affirm that no other Various Readings than 
 the following are to be found in the Margin, but the 
 impression on my mind is that no others do exist there. 
 
129 
 
 TEXT. 
 
 EZRA x. 40. Machnadebai. 
 
 Ps. cii. 3. My days are con- ! 
 sumed like smoke. 
 
 CANT. v. 4. For him. 
 
 MATT. xxvi. 26. Jesus took : 
 bread, and blessed it. 
 
 EPH. vi. 9- Knowing that 
 your master also is in hea- 
 ven. 
 
 JAMES ii. 18. Shew me thy 
 faith without thy works. 
 
 1 PET. ii. 21. Because Christ 
 suffered for us. 
 
 2 PET. ii. 2. Their pernicious 
 ways. 
 
 11. railing accusation 
 
 against them. 
 
 18. Those that were 
 
 clean escaped. 
 
 2 JOHN 8. That we lose not 
 those things which we have 
 wrought, but that we re- 
 ceive, &c- 
 
 MARGIN. 
 
 Or, Mabnadebai, according to 
 
 some copies. 
 Or, (as some read) into smoke. 
 
 Or, (as some read) in me. 
 Many Greek copies have, gave 
 
 thanks. 
 Some read, both your, and 
 
 their master. 
 
 Some copies read, by thy 
 
 works. 
 Some read, for you. 
 
 Or, lascivious ways, as some 
 
 copies read. 
 Some read, against themselves. 
 
 Or, for a little, or a while, as 
 
 some read. 
 Some copies read, which ye 
 
 have gained, but that ye 
 
 receive, &c. 
 
 In the tenth chapter of St Luke's Gospel, we have 
 the following verses : 
 
 21. In that hour Jesus rejoiced in spirit, and said, I thank 
 thee, O Father, Lord of heaven and earth, that thou hast hid 
 these things from the wise and prudent, and hast revealed 
 them unto babes : even so, Father, for so it seemed good in 
 thy sight. 
 
 22. All things are delivered to me of my Father ; and no 
 man knoweth who the Son is but the Father : and who the 
 Father is but the Son, and he to whom the Son will reveal him. 
 
 23. And he turned him unto his disciples, and said pri- 
 vately, Blessed are the eyes which see the things that ye see. 
 
 R 
 
130 
 
 There appears, as the reader will remark, some- 
 thing like abruptness, in the transition from the 21st 
 verse to the 22nd. Some Greek Manuscripts have a 
 
 few words, as an introduction to the 22d verse, " And 
 
 turning to his disciples, he said" which were approved 
 by Laurentius Valla, and adopted by Robert Stephens. 
 They did not appear in the Vulgate, and were rejected 
 by Erasmus, Colinaeus and Beza, the last of whom I 
 think had great weight with the Translators. The 
 Translators left out the words, and gave this marginal 
 note : " Many ancient copies add these words, And 
 turning to his disciples, he said" 
 
 In the seventeenth chapter of St Luke^s Gospel we 
 read in the ordinary type : 
 
 36. Two men shall be in the field ; the one shall be taken 
 and the other left. 
 
 There is a long list of Manuscripts that omit this 
 verse. It was rejected by Erasmus and Stephens, but 
 received by Beza. The Translators affixed to it the 
 following marginal comment. " This 36 verse is want- 
 ing in most of the Greek copies. 
 
 In 1 John ii. 23. the latter clause of the verse is 
 very powerfully supported by Greek Manuscripts ; but 
 it did not appear in some of the earlier editions of the 
 Greek Testament, on account of their having been 
 printed from Manuscripts which omitted the clause. 
 However it was received by Beza. It is singular that 
 in this case the Translators, adopting a different plan 
 from what has already been pointed out, have left no 
 marginal note ; but the verse is printed as follows : 
 
 23. Whosoever denieth the Son, the same hath not the Fa- 
 ther : but he that acknowledged the Son hath the Father also. 
 
131 
 
 From this mode of printing, it is undoubtedly to 
 be inferred that the Translators considered the latter 
 clause of the verse as of, at least, dubious authority. 
 When the modes of proceeding, in other cases of 
 Various Readings, are taken into account, we cannot 
 but deem what we here find, to be an anomaly ; but 
 as many other anomalies exist in the Text of l6ll, 
 which I do not feel myself called upon either to point 
 out or defend, I shall content myself with stating 
 what has occurred to me, and consign the subject to 
 the reader's judgement. 
 
PRINCIPAL PASSAGES OF SCRIPTURE 
 
 EXAMINED AND ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 GEN. i. 9, 10 
 
 27 
 v. 24 
 vi. 16 
 
 PAGE 
 
 13 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 
 xiii. 9 ................ 49 
 
 xv. 17 ................ 86 
 
 xviii. 28 .............. 50 
 
 xx. 17 ................ 17 
 
 xxiv. 13 .............. 45 
 
 xxv. 23 ............... 58 
 
 xLiv. 31 .............. 58 
 
 EXOD. xii. 36 ................ 17 
 
 xiii. 8 ................ 51 
 
 xiv. 20 ................ 51 
 
 LEVIT. iv. 13 ................. 18 
 
 xiii. 13 ............... 52 
 
 xxiv. 11 .. . . 59 
 
 NUMB, xxiii. 15 
 xxxv. 30 
 
 5-2 
 
 DEUT. iv. 12 54 
 
 xvi. 10 60 
 
 xix. 13 55 
 
 xvi. 10 60 
 
 xxix.29 .. 19 
 
 JUDGES v. 30 . . 
 viii. 13 
 
 2 SAM. v. 8 57 
 
 xxiii. 8 ib. 
 
 2 KINGS ix. 21 47 
 
 PSALM v. 3 87 
 
 vii. 17 88 
 
 xxx. 5 89 
 
 Lxxxvi. 8 20 
 
 Lxxxix. 19 21 
 
 ISAI. xxxviii. 18 .. ,.22 
 
 PAGE 
 
 MATT. iii. 15 26 
 
 xii. 31 27 
 
 xiii. 19 27, 123 
 
 xxiv. 41 27, 107, 123 
 
 MABK x. 40 71 
 
 xiv. 1 . . . 43 
 
 JOHN vii. I 
 ix. 1 
 
 4fi 
 
 28 
 
 ACTS v.33 
 
 vii. 59 63 
 
 xiii. 25 28 
 
 xxii. 28 29 
 
 ROM. i.21 29 
 
 v.18 63 
 
 viii. 29 29 
 
 ix.4 44 
 
 xii. 3 32 
 
 1 COR. i.26 65 
 
 v. 5 90 
 
 xiii.3 32 
 
 xiv. 34.. .. 66 
 
 2 COR. v. 17 
 
 GAL. i. 8... 
 iii. 24 
 
 EPHES. ii. 17 
 1 TIM. iv. 3 . 
 
 90 
 
 HEB. ii. 17 32 
 
 iii.3 43 
 
 x.6 76 
 
 10 33 
 
 38 ... 78, 109, 121, 125 
 
 REV. xii. 13 
 
 34 
 
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 may be performed in a manner most conducive to 
 the everlasting good of the Children in the Schools, 
 as well as to your own solid and lasting happiness. 
 
 THE SATURDAY MAGAZINE. 
 
 PUBLISHED IN 
 
 WEEKLY NUMBERS, Price ONE PENNY; MONTHLY PARTS, Price SIXPENCE each; 
 HALF-YEARLY VOLUMES, bound and lettered, 4s. 6d. each. 
 
 GREAT care and attention are bestowed in adapt- 
 ing this cheap and popular Magazine to ALL 
 CLASSES of readers: so that it may with propriety 
 be introduced into Families and Schools, and 
 among Young People in general. Its contents 
 are at once instructive and entertaining. Reli- 
 gious, Moral, and Social Principles are combined 
 with Useful Information ; and a Christian charac- 
 ter and tendency is given to Popular Knowledge. 
 It is most extensively illustrated by Engravings 
 on Wood, which comprise Portraits, Views, 
 remarkable Objects in Manners and Customs, 
 Antiquities, Science, and Manufactures, the 
 various branches of Natural History, and indeed 
 
 whatever 'is curious and interesting in Nature 
 and in Art. 
 
 The SATURDAY MAGAZINE is well printed, 
 upon superior paper, and should be preserved 
 for binding at the end of each half year, when 
 the Purchaser will find himself in possession of 
 a Work of extensive and varied interest, of truly 
 Christian principles, and consequently of great 
 and permanent value. 
 
 Ample arrangements have been made for the cir- 
 lation of this Magazine, not only by the Book- 
 sellers and Newsmen throughout the United 
 Kingdom, but also in the Colonies, and in the 
 principal places on the Continent. 
 
 PREPARING FOR PUBLICATION. 
 
 THE BIBLE CYCLOPEDIA; 
 
 BEING A COMPREHENSIVE DIGEST OF THE 
 
 LITERATURE, BIOGRAPHY, HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY, NATURAL 
 HISTORY, STATISTICS, AND GENERAL INFORMATION, 
 
 CONNECTED WITH THE SACRED WRITINGS. 
 
 The work will be illustrated with numerous MAPS and WOOD CUTS, and published in a popular 
 form, and at a very moderate price. 
 
ORIGINAL FAMILY SERMONS, 
 
 VOLUME THE FIRST, 
 
 CONTAINING SERMONS BY THE FOLLOWING DIVINES : 
 
 PART I. The Right Rev. CHARLES JAMES BLOMFIELD, D.D., Lord Bishop of London. 
 
 The Rev. WILLIAM DEALTRY, D.D., Rector of Clapham. The Very 
 
 Rev. GEORGE CHANDLER, D.C.L., Dean of Chichester. The Rev. EDWARD 
 
 GARRARD MARSH, M.A., Hampstead. The Rev. THOMAS VOWLER 
 
 SHORT, B.D., Rector of Kingsworthy, Hants. 
 
 PART II. The Right Rev. CHRISTOPHER BETHELL, D.D., Lord Bishop of Bangor. 
 
 The Very Rev. GEORGE DAVYS, D.D., Dean of Chester. The Rev. ARCHI- 
 BALD M. CAMPBELL, M.A., Vicar of Paddington. The Rev. SAMUEL 
 
 RICKARDS, Rector of Stow Langtoft, Suffolk. The Venerable EDWARD 
 
 BATHER, M.A., Archdeacon of Salop. The Rev. CHARLES WEBB LE BAS, 
 
 M.A., Rector of St. Paul, Shadwell. 
 
 PART III. The Rev. EDWARD HAWKINS, D.D., Provost of Oriel. The Rev. 
 
 EDWARD BOUVER1E PUSEY, B.D., Reg. Prof, of Hebrew, Oxford. The 
 
 Rev. HENRY BLUNT, M.A., Minister of Trinity Church, Chelsea, The Rev. J. 
 
 C. WIGRAM, M.A., Curate of St James's, Westminster. The Rev. JAMES 
 
 END ELL TYLER, B.D., Rector of St. Giles's in the Fields. 
 
 PART IV. The Very Rev. HUGH NICHOLSON PEARSON, D.D., Dean of Salisbury. 
 
 The Rev. EDWARD BURTON, D.D., Reg. Prof, of Divinity, Oxford. The. 
 
 Venerable EDWARD BERENS, M.A., Archdeacon of Berks. The Rev. JOHN 
 
 PENROSE, M.A., Vicar of Bracebridge. The Rev. CHARLES GIRDLE- 
 STONE,, M.A., Vicar of Sedgeley. The Rev. THOMAS AINGER, M.A., Minister 
 
 of St. Mary's, Greenwich.', 
 
 PART V. The Right Rev. JOHN BIRD SUMNER, D.D., Lord Bishop of Chester. The 
 
 Rev. JOHN RUSSELL, D.D., Rector of St. Botolph's, Bishopsgate. The Rev. 
 
 SAMUEL C. WILKS, M.A. The Rev. T. F. BOWERBANK, M.A., Vicar of 
 
 Chiswick. The Rev. JOHN HODGSON, B.D., Vicar of Sittingbourne. The 
 
 Rev. CHARLES LAWSON, M.A., Morning Preacher at the Foundling Hospital. 
 
 PART VI. The Most Rev. RICHARD WHATELY, D.D., Lord Archbishop of Dublin. 
 
 The Rev. P. NICHOLAS SHUTTLEWORTH, D.D., Warden of New College. 
 
 The Venerable CHARLES J. HOARE, M.A., Archdeacon of Winchester. The 
 
 Rev.R. WEBSTER HUNTLEY, M.A., Rector of Boxwell. The Rev. HENRY 
 
 THOMSON, M.A., Curate of Wrington, Somerset. 
 
 VOLUME THE SECOND. 
 
 PART VII. The Hon. and Right Rev. HENRY RYDER, D.D., Lord Bishop of Lichfield and 
 
 Coventry. The Venerable THOMAS PARRY, M.A., Archdeacon of Antigua. 
 
 The Rev. ALLEN COOPER, M.A., Minister of St- Mark's, North Audley-street. 
 
 The Rev. J. E. N. MOLESWORTH, M.A., Rector of St. Martin with St. Paul, Canter- 
 bury. The Rev. HENRY LATHAM, M.A., Curate of All-Souls, Langham-place. 
 
 PART VIII. The Right Rev. JOHN KAYE, D.D., Lord Bishop of Lincoln. The Rev. 
 
 THOMAS ARNOLD, D.D., Head Master of Rugby School. The Rev. JAMES S. 
 
 M. ANDERSON, M.A., Minister of St. George's Brighton. The Rev. GEORGE 
 
 ROBERT GLEIG, M.A., Rector of Ivy Church. The Rev. RICHARD HARVEY, 
 
 M.A.,RectorofHornsey. TheRev.B.E.NICHOLLS,M.A.,CurateofWalthamstow. 
 
 PART IX. The Right Rev. CHARLES RICHARD SUMNER, D.D., Lord Bishop of 
 
 Winchester. The Rev. HENRY HART MILMAN, M.A., Vicar of St Mary, 
 
 Reading. The Rev. HENRY RAIKES,M. A., Chancellor of the Diocese of Chester. 
 
 The Rev. EDWARD SCOBELL, B.A., Minister of St. Peter's, Vere-street. 
 
 The Rev. WILLIAM F. RAYMOND, M.A., Chaplain at Lincoln's Inn. 
 
 PART X. The Right Rev. HENRY PHILLPOTTS, D.D., Lord Bishop of Exeter. The 
 
 Rev. SAMUEL HINDS, D.D., Queen's College, Oxford. The Rev. JOHN 
 
 WILLIAM CUNNINGHAM, M.A., Vicar of Harrow. The Rev. THOMAS 
 
 BARTLETT, M.A., Rector of All Saints, Canterbury. The Rev. WILLIAM 
 
 SHORT, M.A., Vicar of Chippenham. 
 
 PART. XL The Right Rev. RICHARD MANT, D.D., Lord Bishop of Down and Connor. 
 
 The Hon. and Very Rev. GEORGE PELLEW, D.D., Dean of Norwich. The 
 
 Rev. WILLIAM STONE, M.A., Rector of Christ Church, Spitalfields. The Rev. 
 
 THOMAS BOWDLER, M.A., Rector of Addington, Kent. The Rev GEORGE 
 
 TOMLINSON, M.A., Minister of St. Matthew's Chapel, Spring Garden. 
 
 PART XII. The Right Rev. JOHN JEBB, D.D., Lord Bishop of Limerick. The Rev. 
 
 JOHN JAMES BLUNT, B.D., Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. The 
 
 Rev. RICH. TWOPENY, M.A., Rector of Little Custerton. The Rev. SAMUEL 
 
 SMITH, M.A., Minister of St. George's, Camberwell. The Rev. J. H. POOLEY, 
 
 Curate of St. James's, Westminster. 
 
 Either of the VOLUMES, at 6s. 6d., or the PARTS, (continued Monthly,) 
 at Is. each, may be had separately. 
 
On the 1st of DECEMBER, 1833, No. I., (and continued on the First Day of each 
 
 succeeding Month,) price Is. 6d. 
 
 OF 
 
 SACRED MINSTRELSY; 
 
 A COMPREHENSIVE COLLECTION OF THE 
 FINEST AND MOST ADMIRED 
 
 SACRED MUSIC OF THE GREATEST MASTERS, 
 
 OF ALL AGES AND NATIONS, 
 
 ARRANGED AS 
 
 SOLOS, DUETS, TRIOS, CHORUSSES, &c., AND WITH ACCOMPANIMENTS 
 FOR THE PIANO-FORTE OR ORGAN ; 
 
 ADAPTED FOR THE USE OF SELECT PARTIES AND OF FAMILIES. 
 
 THIS work will comprise such of the best productions of the English, German, and 
 Italian schools, as are calculated for social purposes. A large proportion of these 
 are either altogether unknown in this country, or are comparatively inaccessible, 
 from the magnitude and consequent cost of the volumes which contain them, and 
 useless to most persons, from the impracticable shape in which they have been pub- 
 lished. The great length, also, to which some Anthems, and all Motets, Masses, &c., 
 extend, and the many voices they commonly require, render them often inconvenient 
 for use as chamber music, however proper they may be for the service of the churches 
 for which they were written. From these, as well as several other ample sources, we 
 shall select such portions as are best suited to the object in view, most of which, if 
 not all, will be re-arranged : but each composition will, in itself, constitute a complete 
 whole. Occasionally, too, entire works, of moderate length, will appear in the SACRED 
 MINSTRELSY including some new compositions, of a decidedly superior character. 
 
 The exclusive nature of nearly all our existing collections of Sacred Music, renders 
 the present undertaking particularly desirable ; compositions of this class, could they 
 be procured in a familiar form, and on reasonable terms, would share the patronage 
 of the public, which is now almost wholly bestowed on works of a secular kind. These 
 desiderata it is intended to supply, and thus place within reach of families, and of 
 amateurs unaccustomed to playing from score, really good, practical music, classical, 
 yet not laboriously and uselessly learned, in a form and at a price which will deter 
 none from becoming purchasers. 
 
 Each Monthly Eighteenpenny Part will contain from four to Six, or even more 
 Pieces of Music, varying in number according to their length, together with 
 literary and biographical notices of the composers, and of the authors of the poetry 
 adapted, and will consist of twenty pages, music-folio size. The work will be printed 
 on a superior paper, and the twelve parts will annually form one large handsome 
 volume of compositions of unquestionable merit and great beauty. 
 
 No. I. CONTAINS : 
 
 I. AIR, O come, let us Worship, and fall down . . HANDEL. 
 
 II. ANTHEM, Prepare ye the Way of the Lord MICHAEL WISE. 
 
 III. ANTHEM, Behold! I bring you glad Tidings .... DR. GREENE. 
 
 IV. QUARTETT, How blessed the man, how more than blessed. ' RIGHINI. 
 
 V. SACRED SONG, The Lord, the Almighty Monarch, spake . . BEETHOVEN. 
 
 VI. AIR, Eternal Ruler of the Skies MOZART, 
 
 VII. SOLO, (MS.) Hear my Prayer DR. DUPUIS. 
 
 LONDON: JOHN WILLIAM PARKER, WEST STRAND; 
 
 EDINBURGH : OLIVER AND BO YD ; 
 DUBLIN: WILLIAM CURRY, JUN., AND Co. 
 
14 DAY USE 
 
 RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED 
 
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 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or 
 
 on the date to which renewed. 
 Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 
 
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