RARY felTY OF IFORNIA THE TEXT OF THE ENGLISH BIBLE AS NOW PRINTED BY THE UNIVERSITIES CONSIDERED WITH REFERENCE TO A REPORT BY A SUB-COMMITTEE OF DISSENTING MINISTERS. SECOND EDITION, CORRECTED AND GREATLY ENLARGED. BY THOMAS TURTON, D.D. REGIUS PROFESSOR OF DIVINITY IV THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, AND DEAN OF PETERBOROUGH. CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED, AT THE PITT PRESS, BY JOHN SMITH, PRIKTER TO THE UNIVERSITY. LONDON: JOHN W. PARKER, CAMBRIDGE DEPOSITORY, WEST STRAND. SOLD ALSO BY RIVINGTONS, ST PAUL'S CHURCH-YARD; DEIfiHTONS, AND STEVENSON, CAMBRIDGE; AND PARKER, OXFORD. M.DCce.xxxm. IJ Tz ADVERTISEMENT l TO THE SECOND EDITION. AT the suggestion of several friends, in whose judgment I have every reason to place confidence, I publish a second edition of my Essay on the Text of the English Bible. It has been thought that, by somewhat extending the plan of the work, an opportunity would be presented of introducing a series of useful illustrations of Scripture Lan- guage, in a form not unlikely to secure atten- tion. To be engaged in elucidating the Sacred Volume cannot be unbecoming my situation ; and I have felt great satisfaction in endeavouring to carry what has thus been suggested into effect. In the additions now made to the Work, the main object has been to communicate information respecting matters of permanent interest. It would be an act of great injustice, to the Members of the Sub-Committee mentioned in the title-page, if I were to omit to lay before the Readers of this Essay the following Letter, addressed by those Gentlemen IV ADVERTISEMENT. " TO THE EDITOR OF THE TIMES. " SIR, " In consequence of the publication of Mr Curtis's pamphlet upon the state of the Text in the current editions of the English Bible, and your remarks on that subject, the members of the sub-committee appointed to examine and report on the authorized version feel it their duty to make the following statements : "In publishing the resolutions of the 13th of June, Mr Curtis has not only acted without our concurrence, but in direct opposition to the written injunction of one of the committee, the positive declaration made to him by another, who was also of the sub-committee, that such an act would be a gross breach of faith, and the obvious design of that part of our fourth resolution in which it is declared ' expedient to wait till the reprint of the edition of 1611, now printing at Oxford, be before the public, ere any further correspondence be entered upon with the Universities.' " We do not consider ourselves responsible for any state- ments which Mr Curtis has made in his pamphlet, or which he may hereafter make ; and he is no longer secretary to the committee by which we were appointed, or in any way con- nected with that body. " As our design was not to implicate character, but to secure the integrity of the text of the authorized version, we consider the reprint of the standard edition, now commenced at Oxford, as the first step towards the advancement of the object we had in view. "J. BENNETT. " F. A. COX. "E. HENDERSON. " Though not of the sub-committee, I am happy to be permitted to add my signature. "March 26. J. PYE SMITH." ADVERTISEMENT. V In this republication of my Essay, I should have been glad to have withdrawn my remarks upon the Report of the Sub-Committee ; but two circumstances have restrained me from doing so. One of those circumstances is, that while, in the foregoing Letter, the publication of the Report is condemned, the Sentiments contained in it do not appear to be disavowed: the other is, that the Edition of the Authorized Version of the Bible, published in 1611, is described, in the Letter, as the Standard Edition. Let me take this opportunity to state, as my * deliberate opinion, that the Text of 1611 is, in consequence of its incorrectness, quite unworthy to be considered as the Standard of the Bibles now printed; and to express my conscientious belief, that to revert to that Text, as the Standard, would be productive of serious evils. Some of the reasons for this decision are given in the following pages. , November 1833. CONTENTS. PACK PRELIMINARY Remarks 1 2 Illustrative instances of Italics from the Text of 1611 ... 310 Reasons for such Italics 10 12 Texts from the Old Testament, examined by the Sub- Committee 1322 Texts from the New Testament, examined by the same .. 2334 Antiquity of the additional Italics Systematic Revision of the Text, in 1638 3537 Report of the Sub-Committee 3839 Reflections on the Report 3942 Irregularities, as to the marking of the same supplemen- tary words, in the Text of 1611 43 45 Illustrations of abbreviated forms of speech 45 48 Supplementary words (in the Old Testament) properly distinguished in the Text of 1611 4957 Supplementary words (in the Old Testament) not marked in that Text 5860 Supplementary words (in the New Testament) properly distinguished in that Text 6271 Supplementary words (in the New Testament) not marked in that Text 7186 Words erroneously marked as supplementary, in that Text 86 91 Reflections on the above 91 93 Concluding remarks, with reference to the Report of the Sub-Committee .. 93102 Vlll ADVERTISEMENT. APPENDIX. Objectors to Italics Houbigant, Dr Symonds, Dr Geddes, Dr Campbell 103109 Arias Montanus not the first who distinguished supple- mentary words 110 111 Origin and progress of such distinctions, in the Latin Ver- sions Sebastian Munster, Beza, Tremellius and Junius, &c 111112 German, Spanish, Italian and French Versions 112 114 English Versions previous to 1611 114 116 subsequent to 1611 116118 Mr Moses Stuart's Version of the Epistle to the Hebrews 119121 Dr J. Pye Smith's Versions in his 'Scripture Testimony' 122123 Dr Adam Clarke appealed to 124125 Final reference to the Revisign of the Text in 1638 126 Italics of King James's Translators, with respect to the Various Readings of the Originals 127 131 THE TEXT, FOR the sake of clearness, it may be right to state that, in the course of the year 1832, a Committee was formed, of some of the most eminent Dissenting Minis- ters resident in London and its environs, " for the Restoration and Protection of the Authorized Version of the Bible:" that a Sub-Committee was afterwards appointed, " to verify and report upon the various collations of the Secretary of the general Committee:" and that Mr Curtis, the Secretary alluded to, sub- sequently specified, in the postscript to his Four Letters to the Bishop of London, the cases of "intentional departure from the Authorized Version,"" which were examined by the Subcommittee ; and at the same time published the Report of the Sub-Committee on the subject of inquiry. A Report, which represents the deliberate opinion of three learned and able men appointed by their Brethren to ascertain the merits of a matter of some consequence, is, at the first view of it, entitled to respect; but as even a Judge on the Bench, who gives reasons for his decision, must be content to have his reasons canvassed by the world so the Sub-Com- A mittee will naturally conclude that the grounds of their opinion, as pointed out by Mr Curtis, as well as their opinion itself, may be the objects of public animad- version. The Report is, in substance, that "an extensive alteration has been introduced into the text of our Authorized Version, by changing into Italics innu- merable words and phrases, which are not thus ex- pressed in the original editions of King James' Bible printed in 1611 ;" and that these alterations " greatly deteriorate" the Translation, and expose it to many serious objections. By and by, I shall give in detail the cases of " intended departure from the Authorized Version," on which the Report of the Sub-Committee is founded, and also present to the reader the Report itself; but I must previously request a few moments' attention to some of the purposes which the Italics, in our English Bibles, may have been intended to answer. It is to be recollected that many of the words in Italics, in the Bibles now published, are equally dis- tinguished, in the text of l6ll, from the other "words in the sentences to which they belong. The inquiry therefore relates, in the first instance, to the reasons which seem to have induced our Translators to assign to certain words a type different from that in which the greater part of the Bible was printed. I say, seem to have induced because I am not aware that they have left their reasons on record ; so that it is only by an examination of the text of 1611, that we can satisfy our minds on that point. On referring to the text of 1611, we find, in the very first page, the following expressions, marked as here pointed out : "And darkness was upon the face of the deep:" "And God saw the light, that it mas good:" ' ' And God made the firmament ; and divided the waters, which were under the firmament, from the waters, which were above the firmament : " " The fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself." Gen. i. 211. And wherever the Book is opened, we find the same peculiarity: " The woman whom thou gavest to be with me." Gen. iii. 12. "And the men are shepherds." Gen. xLvi. 32. " And the fish that was in the river died." Exod. vii. 21. " Ye shall therefore be holy, for I am holy." Lev. xi. 45. "He took up his parable, and said, Amalek was the first of the nations, but his latter end shall be, that he perish for ever." Num. xxiv. 20. " For thou art an holy people." Deut. xiv. 2. "Let it be known this day that thou art God in Israel, and that I am thy servant ;" " The LORD, he is the God, the LORD, he is the God." 1 Kings, xviii. 36, 3Q. "With him is strength and wisdom; the deceived and the deceiver are his." Job xii. 16. " For the kingdom is the LORD'S : and he is the governor among the nations." Ps. xxii. 28. " The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom : and the knowledge of the holy is understanding." Prov. ix. 10. "The ancient and honourable, he is the head; and the prophet that teacheth lies, he is the tail." Isai. ix. 15. " Blessed are the poor in spirit : for their's is the king- dom of heaven." Matt. v. 3. " For the promise, that he should be the heir of the world, was not to Abraham, or to his seed, through the Law." Rom. iv. 13. " The first man i* of the earth, earthy ; the second man if -the Lord from heaven." 1 Cor. xv. 47- " And withal they learn to be idle." 1 Tim. v. 13. " The face of the Lord is against them that do evil." 1 Pet. iii. 12. "Sanctify the Lord God in your hearts, and be ready always to give an answer to every man that asketh you a reason of the hope that is in you." 1 Pet. iii. 15. Such is the manner in which the Verb Substantive is frequently distinguished throughout the volume. The Verb also is very often marked in the same manner : " He made the stars also." Gen. i. 16. "And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is life, / have given every green herb for meat." Gen. i. 30. "And there came an angel of the LORD, and sat under an oak which was in Ophrah, that pertained unto Joash." Judg. vi. 11. " And the elders of his house arose, and went to him, to raise him up from the earth." 2 Sam. xii. 17. " The mighty men which belonged to David." 1 Kings i. 8. " Thou art my Lord : my goodness extendeth not to thee." Ps. xvi. 2. "Such knowledge is too wonderful for me; it is high, I cannot attain unto it." Ps. cxxxix. 6. " My soul thirsteth after thee, as a thirsty land." Ps. cxLiii. 6. "As in water face ansrvereth to face, so the heart of man to man." Prov. xxvii. 19. " Thou hast in love to my soul delivered it from the pit of corruption." Isai. xxxviii. 1J, " And when they came that were hired about the eleventh hour." Matt. xx. 9 "And the commandment which was ordained to life, I found to be unto death." Rom. vii. 10. "So then faith cometh by hearing." Rom. x. 17. "For he is the minister of God, a revenger to execute wrath upon him that doeth evil." Rom. xiii. 4. " And above all these things, put on charity." Col. iii. 14. In a similar manner are Nouns singled out: "And she went down unto the well, and drew water: and I said unto her, Let me drink, I pray thee. And she made haste and let down her pitcher from her shoulder." " And they blessed Rebecca, and said unto her, Thou art our sister, be thou the mother of thousands of millions." " And Isaac was comforted after his mother's death." Gen. xxiv. 45, 46, 60, 67. "Thou shalt not muzzle the ox when he treadeth out the corn." Deut. xxv. 4. " The sword of the LORD, and of Gideon." Judg. vii. 18. " But mine eye spared thee." 1 Sam. xxiv. 10. " I am sent to thee with heavy tidings." 1 Kings xiv. 6. " And it came to pass when mid day was past, and they prophesied until the time of the offering of the evening sacrifice." 1 Kings xviii. 29. " And ye dig a pit for your friend." Job vi. 27- "In the morning will I direct my prayer unto thee." Ps. v. 3. "He will not always chide: neither will he keep his anger for ever." Ps. ciii. 9. " Terrible as an army with banners." Cant. vi. 4. " Let the wilderness and the cities thereof lift up their voice" Isai. XLU. 11. " Thou land devourest up men." Ezek. xxxvi. 13. "When Herod the king had heard these things, he was troubled." Matt. ii. 3. "Behold, a sower went forth to sow; And when he sowed, some seeds fell by the way side." Matt. xiii. 3, 4. " And there came down a storm of wind on the lake, and they were filled with water" Luke viii. 23. "For the children being not yet born." Rom. ix. 11. " For God is not the author of confusion." 1 Cor. xiv. 33. There are Adjectives presenting a similar appearance : " So the woman went her way and did eat, and her countenance was no more sad" 1 Sam. i. 18. " Hath the LORD as great delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices, as in obeying the voice of the LORD ? 1 Sam. xv. 22. 6 " Where was a man of great stature." 2 Sam. xxi. 20, and 1 Chron. xx. 6. "The steps of a good man are ordered by the LORD." Ps. xxxvii. 23. "The best of them is as a briar: the most upright is sharper than a thorn hedge." Micah vii. 4. "That the word of the Lord may have free course." 2 Thess. iii. 1. The same rule is applied to Personal Pronouns : "And out of the ground the LORD God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air, and brought them unto Adam." Gen. ii. 19. " And he said, Bring it near unto me, and I will eat of my son's venison. . .and he brought it near unto him." Gen. xxvii. 25. " And Jacob asked him, and said, Tell me, I pray thee, thy name." Gen. xxxii. 29. " The LORD will pass over the door, and will not suffer the destroyer to come in unto your houses, to smite you" Exod. xii. 23. "I have not transgressed thy commandments, neither have I forgotten them." Deut. xxvi. 13. ' ' He teareth me in his wrath." Job xvi. 9- " Because he hath inclined his ear unto me, therefore will I call upon him as long as I live." Ps. cxvi. 2. " He that is able to receive it, let him receive it." Matt. xix. 12. "Then he that had received the five talents went and traded with the same, and made them other five talents." Matt. xxv. 16. "But the natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God neither can he know them, because they are spiritually discerned." 1 Cor. ii. 14. "We trust that he will yet deliver us." 2 Cor. i. 10. " And hath raised us up together, and made us sit together in heavenly places." Eph. ii. 6. "Of these things put them in remembrance, charging them before the Lord, that they strive not about words to no profit." 2 Tim. ii. 14. Possessive Pronouns are presented to us in the same type : " Thus Esau despised his birthright." Gen. xxv. 34. " That it may be well with thee, and that thou mayest prolong thy days." Deut. xxii. 7. " And he bowed himself with all his might." Judg. xvi. 30. "Against whom hast thou exalted thy voice?" 2 Kings xix. 22. "The wilderness yieldeth food for them, and for their children." Job xxiv. 5. "As for his judgements, they have not known them." Ps. cxLvii. 20. "And all the trees of the field shall clap their hands." Isai. LV. 12. "And they shall mourn for him, as one mourneth for his only son ; and shall be in bitterness for him, as one that is in bitterness for his first born." Zech. xii. 10. " We have Abraham to our father." Matt. iii. 9. "They did not like to retain God in their knowledge." Rom. i. 28. "And knowest his will." Rom. ii. 18. " The author and finisher of our faith." Heb. xii. 2. "They may by your good works." 1 Pet. ii. 12. Relative Pronouns have had the same attention paid to them : " And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth." Gen. i. 20. "Do ye thus requite the LORD is not He thy father that hath bought thee ?" Deut. xxxii. 6. " He is like the beasts that perish." Ps. xdx. 12. " The son of man whom thou madest strong for thyself." Ps. LXXX. 17. " Woe to the multitude of many people, which make a noise, like the noise of the seas, and to the rushing of nations, that make a rushing, like the rushing of mighty waters." Isai. xvii. 12. " But many that are first shall be last" Mark x. 31. 8 " The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death." 1 Cor. xv. 26. " Not as Cain, who was of that wicked one." 1 Joh. iii. 12. Prepositions are similarly distinguished : "And he rose up, and passed over the river, and set his face toward the mount Gilead." Gen. xxxi. 21. " Which dwelleth between the cheruhims." 1 Sam. iv. 4. " And David houghed all the chariot horses, but reserved of them for an hundred chariots." 2 Sam. viii. 4. "And they slew Athaliah with the sword, beside the king's house." 2 Kings xi. 20. " With favour wilt thou compass him, as with a shield." Ps. v. 12. "For thou hast been a refuge from the storm, a shadow from the heat, when the blast of the terrible ones is as a storm against the wall." Isai. xxv. 4. "In that day also he shall come even to thee from Assyria, and from the fortified cities, and from the fortress even to the river, and from sea to sea, and from mountain to mountain." Micah vii. 12. "Rachel weeping for her children." Matt. ii. 18. "Grace be to you, and peace, from God our Father, and from the Lord Jesus Christ." Eph. i. 2. " I give thee charge in the sight of God, who quickeneth all things, and before Christ Jesus." 1 Tim. vi. 13. The same may be said of Connecting Particles of all kinds : "The herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit." Gen. i. 11. " And Jacob set up a pillar in the place where he talked with him, even a pillar of stone." Gen. xxxv. 14. " And Reuben said unto them, Shed no blood, but cast him into this pit." Gen. xxxvii. 22. " And all the tithe of the land, whether of the seed of the land, or of the fruit of the tree, is the LORD'S." Levit. xxvii. 30. " Though I were perfect, yet would I not know my soul." Job ix. 21. "One is your Master, even Christ." Matt, xxiii. 10. " If it bear fruit, well ; and if not, then after that, thou shalt cut it down." Luke xiii. 9. " Waiting for the adoption, to wit, the redemption of our body." Rom. viii. 23. "But refuse profane and old wives' fables, and exercise thyself rather unto godliness." 1 Tim. iv. 7- " If we believe not, yet he abideth faithful." 2 Tim. ii. 13. "To be no brawlers, but gentle." Tit. iii. 2. In short, there is, I believe, no part of speech which, in the Text of 1611, is not frequently distin- guished, by the type in which it is printed, from the rest of the sentence. But after the examples which have been already adduced, it will be sufficient to place before the reader a few miscellaneous instances of Phrases marked by the Italic character. " He was the father of such as dwell in tents, and of such as have cattle." Gen. iv. 20. " Wherefore Saul said to David, Thou shalt this day be my son in law, in the one of the twain." 1 Sam. xviii. 21. " For the king of Assyria went up against Damascus, and took it, and carried the people of it captive to Kir." 2 Kings xvi. 9- " Now these are the things wherein Solomon was instructed for the building of the house of God." 2 Chron. iii. 3. " Surely such are the dwellings of the wicked, and this is the place of him that knoweth not God." Job xviii. 21. " He bendeth his bow to shoot his arrows." Ps. Lviii. 7. "Let their table become a snare before them; and that which should have been for their welfare, let it become a trap," Ps. Lxix. 22. "A brother offended is harder to be won than a strong city." Prov. xviii. 19. "Woe unto them that are wise in their own eyes." Isai. v. 21. "But ye say, Whosoever shall say to his father or his mother, It is a gift by whatsoever thou mightest be profited B 10 by me, And honour not his father or his mother, he shall be free" Matt. xv. 5, 6. " But put ye on the Lord Jesus Christ, and make not provision for the flesh, to fulfil the lusts thereof" Rom. xiii. 14. ' e Having received of Epaphroditus the things which were sent from you." Phil. iv. 18. "Let no man deceive you by any means; for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first." 2 Thess. ii. 3. "And in as much as not without an oath he was made Priest." Heb. vii. 20. I have put down the foregoing instances as they presented themselves; in order that the reader may be in some measure aware of the various kinds of Words and Phrases which are really found, in the Text of l6ll, printed in a manner equivalent to our Italics.* Those instances will probably be sufficient for the object which I have in view. Why, it is natural to ask, have such Words and Phrases been thus distinguished by the mode in which they are printed ? The answer is easy. On examining, in the Hebrew and Greek Originals, the passages cor- responding to those in which the words in Italics occur, it is found that there are, in those Originals, no words strictly corresponding to the words in Italics. It is, therefore, manifestly on this account, that words so cir- cumstanced have been distinguished by a peculiar type... * It is scarcely necessary to state that the edition of 1611 was printed, as were several subsequent editions, in Black Letter ; the words and phrases in Italics, to which attention has now been directed, being printed in small Roman type. This is what is meant by the expression "in a manner equi- valent to our Italics." 11 Are we then to conclude that the meaning is in such cases imperfectly expressed in the Original Languages ? Far from it. Considering the Hebrew and Greek as living languages, the sentiments so expressed would be perfectly intelligible to those to whom they were addressed. The expression might be more or less full ; but the idiom would still be familiar, and the sense clear. Even taking the Hebrew and Greek as dead languages, the elliptical brevity of expression (at least, what appears such to us) is, to men of learning, not always productive of obscurity. But when a ^translation, from Hebrew or Greek into Eng- lish, is attempted, it is frequently quite impossible to convey, to the English reader, the full signification of the Original, without employing more words than the Original contains. When therefore our Translators distinguished particular words in the manner already described, they did not intend to indicate any devia- tion from the purport of the Original any diminution of its force. Their first object undoubtedly was to express in intelligible English what they believed to be the full signification of a sentence; and their next object appears to have been, to point out, by the mode of printing, such words as had been required, in addi- tion to those of the Original, for the complete deve- lopment of the meaning. Although the principle above explained, respecting Words and Phrases in Italics, was undoubtedly adopted by our Translators, we can scarcely expect that it should never have been departed from, in the actual printing of so large a work as the Bible, at so early a period. It was, indeed, departed from in many cases; and in subsequent editions attempts were made to carry the principle more fully into effect, by ap- plying it to various words, which appeared, in the Text of l6ll, in the ordinary character. With what success this was done, will in part be ascertained from an examination of the instances, selected from Modern Copies, to which the attention of the Sub-Committee has been directed, and on which they have founded their Report. Let me here observe that in using (as, from a wish to be concise, I may take occasion to use) such expressions as " modern Italics" and " modern text" I do not mean that any of the Italics in our present Bibles have been recently introduced. So far as my information extends, none have been introduced since the year 1769. There is indeed reason to think that the greater number of the Italics, which are in addi- tion to those of l6ll, made their appearance in the earlier part of the seventeenth century. In fact, the edition of 1611 seems never to have possessed much authority, with regard to Italics. My main object has been to examine the grounds of the typographical changes which certain words have undergone whensoever those changes may have taken place. By "modern Italics," therefore, and " modern text," the reader will be so good as to understand nothing more than the " Italics" and the " text" which are found in the editions of the Bible now published by the Universities. 13 TEXTS FROM THE OLD TESTAMENT, Examined by the Sub-Committee. GEN. i. 9, 10. " Let the dry land appear And God called the dry land, Earth." The objection here is, that, in the modern editions of the Bible, the word "land" is printed in Italics; the same word being printed, in the Text of l6ll, in the ordinary character.... Now, the Hebrew word trans- lated "dry land" is derived from a root signifying "to be dry;" and itself signifies "the dry." This is the meaning assigned to it by the Antient Versions. In the Septuagint, for instance, the word is rendered by ri rjpd o(j)0TjT(x) TI %ijpd....Kal etcdXeffev o Geos TJJI> %rjpdv, Trjv. In the Latin Vulgate, the corresponding word is "arida" "appareat arida Et vocavit Deus aridam, Terrain." The Latin Versions of Pagninus and Arias Montanus, Castalio and Junius and Tremellius* (as will be seen in the note) present the same view of the matter. The Latin Version, indeed, of Leo Juda (1543) gives "continens" as the rendering of the Hebrew word ; but it is worthy of remark that Simon * Pagninus and Arias Montanus : " Appareat arida Et vocavit Deus aridam, Terrain." Castalio: " Jussit Deus ut appareret siccum. Quo facto, siccum Terrain nominavit." Junius and Tremellius : " Conspicua sit arida Aridam autem vocavit Deus, Terrain." 14 censures the use of that word, instead of " siccum" or "aridum," as not duly expressing the sense of the Ori- ginal.* Le Clerc thus translates the passage " Appareat sicca humus Siccam humum vocavit Deus, Terram :" but then, to shew that " humus" and " humum" are really more than belong to the Hebrew, he prints those words in Italics. Such other Latin Versions as I hap- pen to have referred to namely, those of Schmid, Houbigant, and Dathe agree with the Antient Ver- sions -f... The German Version of Luther, the Spanish Version of Cypriano de Valera and the Italian Version of Diodati present the passage in a similar form ; and the same may be said of various French Versions J... Ainsworth whose Version may be taken as a pretty sure criterion of the words which the Original does and does not contain prints the passage as follows: " Let the dry -land appear And God called the dry- land, Earth :" indicating by Italics that the word * "II n'toit pas necessaire," says Simon, "de changer, dans le premier chapitre de la Genese, le mot de siccum ou aridum, qui est employe dans la Vulgate, et dans les autres Versions, en celui de continens, qui n'exprime pas assez la propriete" du mot Hebreu." Hist. Crit. du Vieux Test. p. 324. ed. 1685. f- Schmid: "Appareat arida...Et vocavit Deus aridam, Terram." Houbigant: "Aridum appareat Nominavitque Deusaridum, Terram." Dathe: "Jussit Deus ut siccum appareat. Quod cum factum esset, siccum Terrae destinavit." $ Luther : " Und Gott nennet das trocken Erde." Cypriano de Valera : " Y Ilam6 Dios a la seca, Tierra." Diodati: "Ed Iddio nomino 1'asciutto, Terra." As to the French Versions (of which I have examined several) take the first that presents itself Ostervald's ; for, in this matter, there is, so far as I have observed, no difference : " Et Dieu nomma le sec, Terre." In these instances, I have thought it sufficient to adduce the clause of the 10th verse. . . Let me here observe that Luther translates Exod. xiv. 29, " Aber die kinder Israel giengen trocken mitten durchs Meer ; " giving instead of our expres- sion, " 15 "land" does not exist in the Hebrew, (j In Poolers Bible, with Annotations, the same mode of printing is followed. ||... The conclusions, to be drawn from these circumstances, are that the word "land," in our Authorized Version, is inserted rather as adapted to the genius of the English language, than as required by the Original Hebrew and that there was sufficient warrant for the printing of the word in the Italic character. GEN. i. 27. " God created man in his own image." In the preceding verse we read : " And God said, Let us'make man in our image, after our likeness: 1 ' where the word " own" does not appear. Now in the Hebrew, verse 27? the pronominal suffix is precisely analogous to that which is twice employed in verse 26; and thus we naturally expect the same mode of ex- pression in the version. Moreover, the Hebrew Lan- guage does not contain any word equivalent to the word "own." When, therefore, this word was intro- Ainsworth's Annotations on various parts of the Old Testament were separately published, in the course of a few years after the first edition of our present Authorized Version of the Bible : the Annotations on the Psalms hi 1612; on Genesis in 1616; on Exodus in 161J; on Leviticus in 1618; and on Numbers and Deuteronomy in 1619. With the Annotations is given a Version ; in which, as Bishop Pearson observes, " Mr. Ainsworth followeth the word." (Creed, Art. " He descended, &c.") He seems, indeed, to have had a religious dread of adding any thing to the expression of the Sacred Text ; and when reluctantly compelled, by the nature of his own language, to do so, he scrupulously marked by Italics the supplementary words. And thus, while his Version is frequently obscure in the extreme, it is, from the very manner in which it has become obscure, a most valuable work of refer- ence, with a view of ascertaining what he considered to be the strictly literal phrase of the Original Hebrew. In a matter like the present, it is satisfactory to be able to appeal to so learned a writer who lived at so early a period and who was, besides, a Nonconformist. My quotations are derived from his collected Works, fol. 1639. || The edition referred to is that of 1700. 16 duced, the Translators 1 rule required that it should be in Italics. Ainsworth renders the passage literally, " God created man in his image" corresponding to his rendering of verse 26 " Let us make man in our image, according to our likeness." The Italic character then has here been properly applied ; and it is to be lamented that it has not also been applied to the case of Gen. v. 3. " In his own likeness, after his image." Here again, AinswortlVs literal version " In his like- ness, in his image" shews that the word " own" was supplied by the Translators ; and therefore ought to have been marked, as supplied. GEN. v. 24. " And he was not, for God took him." The word "was" has no corresponding term in the Original ; and in consequence it has been printed in Italics, in the modern editions. The principle on which this has been here done is sufficiently recognized by the text of l6ll in other passages. "The eye of him that hath seen me, shall see me no more : thine eyes are upon me, and I am not." Job vii. 8 ; " For yet a little while, and the wicked shall not be ; yea, thou shalt diligently consider his place, and it shall not 6e." Ps. xxxvii. 10; "As the whirlwind passeth, so is the wicked no more." Prov. x. 25 ; " Our fathers have sinned, and are not." Lam. v. 7. In Gen. v. 24, Ainsworth agrees exactly with the text as now printed " And he was not." GEN. vi. 4. An error is here pointed out, which, it is acknowledged, has been corrected ; and so far as my experience goes, errors have always been corrected, when pointed out. 17 GEN. vi. 16. "Lower, second and third stories" "Stories," in Italics, is perfectly correct; there being no word corresponding to it in the Original. In Ezek. XLU. 3. (according to the Text of l6ll) we read : " Over against the pavement which was for the outer court, was gallery against gallery, in three stories" And so again in verse 6 ; the word being supplied, as required to express the full meaning. Ainsworth also has printed the word " stories" in Italics. GEN. xx. 17- "And they bare children." Although the Text of l6ll does not here give "children" in Italics, yet in other places it sanctions the change that has been made. " Adam lived an hundred and thirty years, and begat a son" Gen. v. 3 ; " The sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them." Gen. vi. 4. See also Gen. x. 21 ; Gen. xliv. 27; Eccles. vi. 3. Ainsworth adopts the same mode of printing. Schmid gives " pepereruntque ; " which sufficiently indicates in what type the word "children" should be printed. GEN. xxxix. 1. " Bought him of the hands of the Ish- maelites." It seems that, for "hands," we ought to read "hand." This, I suppose, may be an error of the press. It is observable, however, that the Septuagint has e/c xeipwv, and that, as early as 1638, the reading was " hands." EXOD. xii. 36. " So that they lent unto them such things as they required." Here again, the Italics in our modern Bibles are objected to. There is no doubt but that, constrained C 18 by the necessity of the case, the Egyptians let the Israelites have whatever they asked for ; and this may be implied in the original Hebrew term. This however cannot be expressed in English, without more words than appear in the Hebrew. The words " such things as they required" have no corresponding words in the Hebrew ; and therefore according to the Translators' rule they ought to be in Italics. It appears to me that the following instances, from the text of l6ll (and many others might be cited), are somewhat of a similar character : " That they profane not my holy name, in those things which they hallow unto me." Lev. xxii. 2. " Nor would as at this time have told us such things as these." Judg. xiii. 23. Ainsworth thus renders the passage "They gave them their asking;" and Schmid-r-"ut darent ipsis mutuo." LEVIT. iv. 13, 22, 27- And they have done somewhat against any of the commandments of the LORD, concerning things which should not be done." (Three cases.)" The words in Italics were unquestionably supplied by the Translators, for the purpose of giving what they believed to be the full meaning of the Hebrew. The passage may be literally rendered "And they have done one (out) of all the commandments of Jehovah, which should not be done :" that is, " have done some one thing which Jehovah has commanded them not to do." Schmid's translation is this : " Et fecerunt unum ex omnibus prseceptis Jehovae, quae non fieri debent;" which warrants the Italics here employed. The same may be said of AinswortlVs version : " And they have done any one of all the commandments of Jehovah, which should not be done.' 1 This instance 19 might be adduced in proof at once of the necessity of supplementary words, and the utility of Italics. DEUT. xxix. 29. "The secret things belong unto the LORD our God: but those things which are revealed belong unto us." The complaint here is, that " things" in the former part of the verse, and " things which are 1 ' in the latter, should be in Italics. This passage affords a good illus- tration of the elliptic brevity of the Hebrew. In the Original, we have, in fact " The secret unto the LORD our God : but the revealed unto us." The sentiment so expressed was, no doubt, perfectly intel- ligible to the Israelites; but the generality of English readers would require it to be brought out more fully. Let us see how this is done. First, the Hebrew ad- jective, "the secret," is too abstract for the English idiom ; and so it is converted into " the secret things" which, when fully explained, it really means. Then, there is no Verb to connect " the secret [things]" with "unto the LORD our God;" and accordingly "belong," the verb manifestly implied, is introduced. We now have the first part of the verse complete: "The secret things belong unto the LORD our God:" and if the second part had been literally translated " but the revealed unto us," the ellipsis, suggested by the former part, might perhaps have been supplied by an English reader ; but the Translators deemed it better to give the sense in full, by supplying the words which must otherwise have been understood: "but those things which are revealed belong unto us."...Ainsworth thus exhibits the passage : " The secret things belong unto Jehovah our God, and the things revealed belong unto us:" and in so doing confirms the view of the subject now taken. The substantive to be applied to the word " secret" is in Scripture frequently left to be ascertained from the context. Sometimes "place" is the substantive required ; as in Deut. xxvii. 15, where, in the Old Text, we read, without any indication of a word sup- plied, " And putteth it in a secret place" but in the modern copies, and in Ainsworth, we find, "And putteth it in a secret place" Sometimes " faults" or "sins" is supplied: as in Ps. xix. 12, where the Old Text, the modern copies, and Ainsworth agree in giving " secret faults ;" and in Ps. xc. 8, where, although the original expression is the same, the Old Text gives "sins" in the ordinary character the word, in Ains- worth and in the modern copies, being in Italics. JUDG. viii. 13. "Returned before the sun was up." In this passage, the literal rendering seems to be " earlier than the rising of the sun ;" and therefore the term "was up" might, as well have remained in the ordinary character. There is, however, some uncer- tainty about the passage. Ps. Lxxxvi. 8. " Neither are there any works like unto thy works." According to the Text of l6ll, the whole verse stands thus: "Among the Gods, there is none like unto thee (O Lord), neither are there any works like unto thy works." It is here indicated by Italics that the words " there is" are not found in the Hebrew ; and, upon the same principle, it ought to have been indicated, in the same manner, that the words "arc there any works" have no words corresponding to them in the Original. In fact, we here have a common instance of the omission (in Hebrew) of words in one part of the sentence which are expressed in the other. Here again, Ainsworth may be adduced as a witness to the words really existing in the Original. " There ia none like thee among the Gods, O Lord, and none like thy works." Ps. LXXXIX. 19. "I have laid help upon one that is mighty : I have exalted one chosen out of the people." In the Hebrew, we find " a mighty" and " a chosen;" that is, "a. mighty [one or man]," and "a chosen [one or man]." From the explanation here given, the reader may judge whether "one" ought to be considered as supplied. For my own part, I should not strongly insist upon " one" being in Italics, although the substantive, according to the Hebrew idiom, really is understood. As for the expression, " that is," in Italics, it may be considered as deriving sufficient warrant from the Text of 1611, in such cases as this : " Man that is in honour." Ps. XLIX. 20. We find in Ainsworth " I have put help upon a mighty one, I have exalted one chosen out of the people." Ps. ex. 5. The Text of 1611 has " Lord," in small letters : the modern editions have LORD, in large letters. ...In the common Hebrew text we here find Adonai, and according to that reading the text of 1611 is right; but several manuscripts read Jehovah', which, if it were admitted, would sanction the change to LORD. My own opinion is that, in such a case, the Text of 1611 should not have been departed from. ISAI. xxxviii. 18. "For the grave cannot praise thee, death can not celebrate thee." Undoubtedly the negative is, in the Hebrew, ex- pressed only in the former member of the sentence although understood in the latter. In the latter mem- ber therefore to convey, to the English reader, the complete meaning of the passage the negative was very properly supplied by the Translators, although, in the Text of l6ll, the word is not distinguished from the rest of the sentence. In a case like this, the Italics of the modern editions must be considered a& marking a Hebrew idiom ; and similar cases have been attended to in the Text of l6ll. In Deut. xxxiii. 6, we read : " Let Reuben live, and not die, and let not his men be few.""* In 1 Sam. ii. 3, " Talk no more so exceeding proudly, let not arrogancy come out of your mouth." In Job iii. 11, "Why died I not from the womb : why did I not give up the ghost ?" and in Ps. xci. 5, 6. " Thou shalt not be afraid for the terror by night, nor for the arrow that flieth by day: nor for the pestilence that walketh in darkness: nor for the destruction that wasteth at noon-day ."...Nothing more needs to be said in behalf of the Italics in Isai. xxxviii. 18. * Ainsworth here meets the difficulty thus : " Let Reuben live, and not die, and his men be a number;" and states, in a note, that "by a number may be understood few," as in Deut. iv. 27 ; and then " the former denial not is again to be repeated to this sense, and his men be not few in number" He also refers to his version of Num. iv. 15. " And they shall not touch the holiness, lest they die;" where the Hebrew is literally, 'and die:' "which the Chaldee expoundeth, and not rfie."..."The Scripture, itself," he adds, " sheweth this want (of c not') and supplieth it ; as in 2 Chron. ix. 20. none were of silver, it was accounted of: that is, it was not accounted of; as is expressed in 1 Kings x. 21. "...It is to be observed that Ainsworth's Annota- tions do not extend to the Prophets. TEXTS FROM THE NEW TESTAMENT, Examined by the Sub-Committee. MATT. iv. 20. " Left their nets." (atyevrt* rd - - viii. 3. " Jesus put forth his hand." 20. " Hath not where to lay his head.'* (rjV - ix. 5. " Thy sins be forgiven." (di>) corresponding to it in the Greek. It is observable that Beza translates the pas- sage in St Matthew, "omissis retibus;" and the pas- sage in St Mark, " omissis retibus suis :" thereby shewing, as the Latin language easily permitted, his attention to the presence or absence of the Pronoun. Beza, indeed, is generally attentive to this matter; and I mention the fact, because his authority was un- doubtedly great with the Translators. That, in the printing of so large a work, their principles should have been occasionally lost sight of, cannot surely be a matter of surprise... It is impossible for me to sup- pose that the eleven specified instances, of Italics not warranted by the Text of 1611, can need any farther defence or apology. MATT. x. 1. " Called unto him his twelve disciples." - xx. 25. A similar case. MARK iii. 13. The same. (T - 23. The same. In these cases, the printing of " him" in Italics is objected to ; and I suppose it must be on the prin- ciple, that the word is necessarily involved in the term TrpocncaXecraVei/os. If it really be maintained that TTjOoavcaXeo-aVeyos must be translated " having called unto him," I can at least shew that the Translators were not of that opinion ; for in Matt. xv. 10. we find that they have translated, Km TrpoffKoXead/uLevos TOV , "And he called the multitude." To say D 26 more on this subject would be to waste words. The rule generally, followed by the Translators requires that the word " him" should be in Italics. MATT. iii. 15. " Suffer it to be so now." ("A0 aprt.) The Italics in this text are condemned, as usual. Now two things I will venture to affim : 1. that " Suffer it to be so now" represents the meaning of the original ; and 2. that no other mode of printing those words could so well suggest, to the learned reader of the English Translation, the precise expression of the Evangelist ''A(f>es apTi. How the phrase was understood in antient times, will appear from the Latin Vulgate " Sine, modo ;" and when Beza gave " Omitte me nunc," as the equivalent expression, he took care to print "me" in Italics to shew that the word was more than the Greek text contained. In the same manner, the words "it to be so" have been printed in Italics, to indicate that there are no words corresponding to them in the original.* * It is singular that Beza should have translated aT)Ka ii)(riv , which the Vulgar translated well, sine modo, and then ill, tune dimisit In comparing the views of Beza, on this matter, with those of Pearson, the learned reader will doubtless agree with the Bishop. Lawrence Tomson to whose Version I shall occasionally refer gives, u Let be now." In this and many other places, he by no means follows Beza, as in his work he is generally supposed to do. I use the edition of 1607. 27 MATT. xii. 31. "But the blasphemy against the holy Ghost." (17 3e TOV Tri/ew'/xaro? /3Aao-^>i//m'a.) It is thought wrong that "against" should be printed in Italics When the Evangelists use the Verb flXacr- (f)rj/uLea) with reference to the Holy Spirit, it is in this manner : Mark iii. 29. o? $ av fl\aa, " Noah the eighth person ;" the passage being so read in the Antient as well as the Modern Text. MATT. xxiv. 41. "Two women" (Su'o d\n9ovyAo9 eo-rm iraa-iv, (2 Tim. iii. 9,) " for their folly shall be manifest unto all men.'''' There can be no doubt but the word " women" (Matt. xxiv. 41.) in Italics is more defensible than the word " men" so distinguished in these latter instances ; because in the latter instances the expression applies to all whether men or women. ACTS v. 33. " They were cut to the heart." Far from allowing the Italics in this place to be liable to censure, I hold that they are applied most properly. From Acts vii. 54. we ascertain the expres- sion in its complete form : cieTrpiovTo rat? KapSiais avTwv, which is rendered, without Italics, " they were cut to the heart;" and therefore when the verb Sie- Trpiovro is rendered " they were cut to the heart," it is manifest that the last three words ought to be in Italics. ACTS xiti. 25. " I am not he." (OVK el/jii ey et/xi, is translated and printed, in the Text of l6ll, " I am Christ."... If OVK dpi eyw may be rendered either " I am not he" or " I am not the Christ," the rule requires the added word, or words., to be in Italics, 29 ACTS xxii. 28. "But I was free born." (eyov Tip GcofMaTL TTJS co^s avTov " Who shall change our vile body, that it may be fashioned like unto his glorious body : " where instead of ek TO e!i/cu, we have ets TO yevecrOai, making the form as com- plete as in the two preceding cases. Whether there are in the New Testament any other instances of the kind, I do not recollect. ... In Eph. i. 4. we find, Ka0(vs eeAectTo tjfJias elvai quas dyiovs /cat a/aw/jioi/9 "According as he hath chosen us that we should be holy and without blame;" where the expression is abbreviated by the omission of cfc TO The mode of expression is still further varied in Acts xiii. 47. TeOeiKci o*e els 0o>s eQvtov, TOV elvai o~e ets arwTijpiav ews ea^drov T^S yrjs "I have set thee to be a light of the Gentiles, that thou shouldest be for salvation unto the ends of the earth." The latter clause ex- 31 presses the purpose for which our Lord was to be " a light of the Gentiles," as declared in the former ; and the phrase TOV elrai, so used, is sanctioned by the best writers.* A still more abbreviated turn of expression may be found in the passage (Rom. viii. 29.) which has already been placed before the reader, and in the following instances : TOVTOV o 0eos dp^rjyov KOI GCOTTJOO. v\l/wcre Ty $e%iq avrou "Him hath God exalted with his right hand to be a Prince and a Saviour." Acts v. 31; TOV opiaOevTos v\ov Geov "declared to be the Son of ^God." Rom. i. 4; *Oi; vrpoeOeTo o Oeo? i\a- (jTYipiov " Whom God hath set forth to be a propi- tiation." Rom. iii. 25; /ecu aVecrretAe TOV v'lov CLVTOV iXaayAOi/ irepi TODV a/j.apTiu)v TJ/ULWV " And sent his Son to be the propitiation for our sins;" 'O -rraTjjp a7r(rTa\K TOV v\ov crwTijpa TOV KOG/ULOV " the Father sent the Son to be the Saviour of the world." 1 John iv. 10 and 14. In these latter passages the reader can- not have failed to remark the irregularity, as to Italics, with which the supplied words " to be" are presented in the version, as extracted from the Old Text.f In the editions now printed, the words " to be" are uni- formly in Italics. ROM. xi. 23. " If they abide not in unbelief." (eav w The reading of l6ll is, " If they bide not still in unbelief;" and why it should have been altered I know not. * See Heindorf's note on TOV Karaaves yevevQat, in Plato's Gorgias, Sec. 30. f For the sake of brevity I have omitted to cite the following passages, of similar form: Rom. vii. 10; Eph. i. 22; Phil. i. 30; Heb. i. 2; v. 10; James ii. 5 ; Apoc. xiv. 4. With a view to the structure of the language of the New Testament, they deserve attention. In the version of some of these passages, words are supplied; in the version of others, not. 32 ROM. xii. 3. "Not to think of himself more highly than he ought to think." (/u7 vireptypoveiv trap o 8e? /sa>/ifo>. They do not so exist. In Numbers xi. 4. according to the Septuagint we find TO jy/aa? \J/wytui Kpea ; " who shall give us flesh to eat ?" and in Rom. xii. 20. we read eai/ ireiva o e^Opos //a>/tue avroY, " If thine enemy hunger, feed him." The conclusion is that the Italics are not misapplied. HEB. ii. 17- "Things pertaining to God." (rd Trpo? TOV 0OI/.) That "pertaining" should be printed in Italics is deemed worthy of censure. The Sub-Committee may perhaps have overlooked the fact that, in Heb. v. l. where the very same Greek expression occurs, the Text of l6ll presents us with "things pertaining to God," precisely as we find the words now marked in Heb. ii. 17; as well as the fact that TO. TT/OO? 33 (2 Pet. i. 3.) has " things that pertain unto life" cor- responding to it, in the same edition. HEB. x. 10. "By the which will we are sanctified through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ once for There is a note appended to this text, from which it might be inferred that the Italics were objected to by Dr J. P. Smith. Let us therefore ascertain what Dr Smith has really written, and under what circumstances. In p. 132 of his " Discourses on the Sacrifice and Priesthood of Jesus Christ," he quotes Heb. vii. 27. and Heb, x. 10 ; in each of which texts (f>a.7ra% occurs ; and as his manner is, translates the passages for himself. The former passage he thus renders : " Who hath not every day need, like the high Priests [of the Levitical institution] first for his own sins to offer sacrifices, and then for those of the people; for this he hath done once (e^aVa^), offering himself;" the latter passage, as follows: " We are consecrated to God through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ once (e^a-Trctf )." Hav- ing thus literally translated e<^>a7ra by the word "once," he very justly goes on to observe that in these passages, " once is not an adequate translation of 0* CLTTCL^ or eqtaVaf ."..." It denotes emphatically," Dr Smith goes on to observe, " the absolute cessa- tion of an act under the idea that it has been per- fectly performed ; and it would be better rendered by our common phrases, were they not too colloquial, once for all, or once for ever."... Now two particulars are worthy of observation in this matter. In the first place, it seems to have escaped Dr Smith's recollection, at E 34 the moment, that our Translators really had, in the latter instance, rendered e0aVa, "once for all;'" and in the second place, Dr Smith's observations upon the meaning, ^vhich in those instances he would give to the word ea7ra|;, afford a sufficient vindication of the mode in which "for all" is printed in our modern editions. The word occurs, Rom. vi. 10. " For in that he died, he died unto sin once (ei>a, a,7rapdfia.Tov ^ei Ttjv \epoGvvrjv, and consult the passage in the Text of 1611, we dis- cover " But this man, because he continueth ever, hath an unchangeable priesthood :" while, on referring to the edition of 1638, as well as to the editions now printed, we are presented with " But this man, be- cause he continueth ever, hath an unchangeable priest- hood;" the word "man" being in Italics; of the propriety of which supposing o Se to be translated "but this man" it is not difficult to form an opi- nion. Is this one of the instances in which " measures" are to be taken by the Committee, " to effect a speedy return to the Standard Text, which has been thus wantonly abandoned ?" Moreover, in Rom. ix. 4. we find the version of ri \arpeia /ecu at etrayyeXiai thus given, " the service of God and the promises ; " the supplementary words, " of God," having the mark of being supplied impressed upon them : while in Heb. ix. 6. we find rets \aTpeias 7riT\ovvTs translated, "accomplishing the service of God ; " the words, " of God? 1 ' being supplied, as in the former case, but without any mark to that effect. Such are the facts with regard to the Text of 1611; but in the edition of 1638, and in the modern editions, 45 the words "of God" appear in Italics in the latter case, as well as in the former. Is the alteration here pointed out " far from being an improvement ? " It would be easy to fill many pages with instances very similar to those which have just been adduced ; but I shall content myself with another example of the same kind. In the beginning of the 19th chapter of St Luke's Gospel, we read, according to the Text of 1611 s " And Jesus entered, and passed through Jericho." The word "Jesus" is here very properly added, with the design of giving perspicuity to the narrative, at the commencement of a new chapter ; and also very pro- perly marked, by its type, as not actually in the Original Greek. When we proceed to the beginning of the 9th chapter of St John's Gospel, we read, '* And as Jesus passed by, he saw a man which had been blind from his birth;" but here, the word "Jesus," introduced, as before, for the sole purpose of giving perspicuity to the narrative, at the commencement of a new chapter, is printed as if it really belonged to the Sacred Text. In the edition of 1638, as well as in the modern editions, it is printed Jesus. Is it in such alterations as these that, to use once more the language of the Sub-Com- mittee, "a great want of critical taste" has been dis- played ? It is interesting to observe how frequently abbre- viated forms of speech are found in different languages in relation to the same thing. In Gen. xxiv. 13, 20, (1611) we read, "Behold, I stand here by the well of water ; and the daughters of the men of the city come out to draw water :"..." And she hasted and emptied 46 her pitcher into the trough, and ran again unto the well to draw water, and drew for all his camels." Here we have, first, the complete form of expression " draw water;" then, the abbreviated form in the Original, supplied in English by the word that renders the ex- pression complete, " drew water ,-" and lastly, the ab- breviated form in English " drew." Here also we may observe the effect of the context in deciding the word to be supplied. The word " draw" may be applied to many objects ; but when it is used in the continuation of a narrative respecting the drawing of water from a well, the substantive, to be connected with it, is at once incontrovertibly decided.. On referring to the Greek language we find the same abbreviation. In John iv. 7, we read, " There cometh a woman of Samaria, to draw water (avrXrjo-ai vScop) ;" and afterwards in verse 15, " The woman saith unto him, Sir, give me this water, that I thirst not, neither come hither to draw (a*>TXeti/)"...In particular instances, as is manifest from the instances before us, it is of little or no consequence whether the abbreviated forms of the Original be com- pleted in the English, or not ; and therefore, so far as such instances are concerned, it cannot be of much im- portance whether the supplementary words, when it is thought right to give them, are, or are not, marked by Italics. But it is of great moment that whatever is done in this way, should be done in adherence to a principle. Cases will frequently occur in which it is certain that a word is supplied ; although people will form very different opinions of its importance. The only security, for having important supplementary words clearly indicated, is to have all words so indi- cated, when they are supplementary. 47 Many examples might be adduced of abbreviated forms of speech, which, from their position in the text, or their relation to the context, present no diffi- culty ; but I shall content myself with one instance more. We find (2 Kings ix. 21) this sentence: "And Joram said, "Make ready; 1 ' or, according to the Mar- ginal Reading, that is, the Literal Hebrew " Bind." This command, taken by itself, is sufficiently indeter- minate ; and the applications, in the Old Testament, of the word translated "bind," are various. As there is something well worthy of remark in this matter, I will collect a few of those applications. The word is used with reference to a person bound, whether in prison or not : " The prison, the place where Joseph was bound." Gen. XL. 3. " To bind Samson are we come up : " " We are come down to bind thee : " " And they bound him with two new cords." Judg. xv. 10, 12, 13. Also, with reference to a sacrifice : " Bind the sacrifice with cords, even unto the horns of the altar." Ps. cxviii. 27- Also, with reference to a chariot : "And Joseph made ready (bound) his chariot." Gen. XLVI. 29. " And he said, Go up, say unto Ahab, Prepare (in the margin "Tie," or, "Bind") thy chariot, and get thee down, that the rain stop thee not." 1 Kings xviii. 44. Also, to the equipping of horses for battle : " Order ye the buckler and shield, and draw near to battle. Harness (bind) the horses ; and get up, ye horsemen, and stand forth with your helmets." Jerem. XLVI. 3, 4. 48 Also, to the drawing up of men in order of battle : " Then he said, Who shall order (in the margin, "bind" or "tie") the battle?" 1 Kings xx. 14. Also, metaphorically, to binding a person by oath or vow : " If a man vow a vow unto the LORD, or swear an oath to bind his soul with a bond : " " If a woman also vow a vow unto the LORD, and bind herself by a bond." Numb. xxx. 2, 3. When all these significations of the word are taken into account, it might appear as if any meaning attached to Joram's command, to " make ready 11 or " bind," would be mere conjecture ; but on referring to the context, all obscurity is removed in an instant. It immedi- ately follows: "And his chariot was made ready " " bound" that is, " bound to the horses" The Trans- lators might have given Joram's command in full, "Make ready the chariot," as in 1 Kings xviii. 44; but they very justly thought the abbreviated expres- sion sufficient, explained as it was by the words imme- diately following. In numerous instances, as I have already observed, it is quite impossible to convert a Hebrew or Greek sentence into a corresponding sentence in English, with- out circumlocution. The phrase would frequently be altogether unintelligible in our own language, more espe- cially to ordinary readers, if presented in the elliptical form of the Original In some cases, indeed, this ellip- tical form will not be attended with any great uncer- tainty, as to the writer's meaning; and yet as different modes of supplying the ellipses, giving different shades of meaning, may be adopted, it seems desirable even 49 in such cases that the words actually supplied should be pointed out In other cases, the elliptical form is productive of so much obscurity, that scholars will enter- tain different opinions as to the mode in which the ellipsis should be supplied. Under such circumstances, nothing surely can be more manifest than that, in translating works of vast concernment to mankind works on which their Religious Sentiments depend whatever is thus added, for the purpose of conveying the full meaning of the Original, as apprehended by the Translator, cer- tainly ought to have some mark by which it may be distinguished from the rest. I shall now quote a few instances of texts, in none of which can the meaning be expressed in English, without words in addition to those which the Hebrew affords ; while in some of them great care must have been requisite, to ascertain and unfold the signification of the Original. Although anxious not to extend this Essay beyond due limits, I shall venture occa- sionally to subjoin to the cited texts a few illustra- tive remarks. When the reader's attention is thus directed to the structure of the Hebrew Language, he will be surprised to find how much, that We require to be expressed in words, might be safely left to the imaginations of men, in the eastern regions of the world. In Gen. xiii. 9, we find Abram addressing Lot, after the strife of their herdmen, literally thus : " Separate thyself, I pray thee, from me : if the left hand, then I will take the right ; or if the right hand, then I will take the left." G 50 Here, the occasion of the address the influence of the expression, " separate thyself," upon what follows and the structure of the sentence clearly point out the nature of the words to be supplied, to accommodate the passage to the English reader. " Separate thyself, I pray thee, from me : if thou wilt take the left hand, then I will take the right ; or if thou wilt take the right hand, then I will take the left." Or, according to the Authorized Version as it appears in the edition of 1638 and the modern editions " Separate thyself, I pray thee, from me : if thou wilt take the left hand, then I will go to the right ; or if thou depart to the right hand, then I will go to the left." It may be observed that the Text of l6ll gives the Italics only in part as follows : " Separate thyself, I pray thee, from me : if thou wilt take the left hand, then I will go to the right ; or if thou depart to the right hand, then I will go to the left." In Gen. xviii. 28. Abraham, pleading with God, asks, according to the literal rendering, " Wilt thou destroy all the city for five ?" Now, in the former part of the verse, we find, " Perad- venture there shall lack five of the fifty righteous;" who, then, does not feel that the question asked really was " Wilt thou destroy all the city for lack o/*five?"* as it appears in the edition of 1638 and the modern editions? In the Text of l6ll, the Italics are again imperfectly marked, as follows: " Wilt thou destroy all the city for lack of five?" * " An perdes propter quinque totam rivitalem : propter quinque, scilicet, deficientes ex quinquaginta." GLASS. 51 In Exod. xiii. 8, we find, literally, the following command : ' ' And thou shalt shew thy son in that day, saying, Because of that the LORD did unto me, when I came forth out of Egypt." It is a command to the Israelites, to teach their children the reason for observing the feast of the Passover: which was Because of that which the LOUD did unto them, when they came forth out of Egypt: the mean- ing being This feast is kept or, These ceremonies are observed or, This is done because of that, &c. All this our Translators rendered clear to the English reader marking at the same time the supplementary words by printing their version as follows : " And thou shalt shew thy son in that day, saying, This is done because of that which the LORD did unto me, when I came forth out of Egypt." And thus also the verse is printed in the edition of 1638, and in the modern editions. In Exod. xiv. 20. Ainsworth, in his literal manner, thus translates the account of the effect of the pillar of cloud and of fire. "And it was a cloud and darkness, and it made light the night." His note however informs us that " the cloud was thick and dark to the Egyptians and made light (or illumi- nated) the night to the Israelites." " And so," he goes on, " the Chaldee Paraphrase and Jerusalem Targum explaineth it : The cloud was half light, and half dark- ness ; the light gave light unto Israel and the darkness gave darkness unto the Egyptians.' 1 ' 1 This indeed is 52 to be collected from what precedes, and what follows this clause, in the same verse : "And it came between the camp of the Egyptians and the camp of Israel so that the one came not near the other all the night." Our Translators have given the full meaning of the clause; and have also most properly marked the sup- plementary words that were required for that purpose : " And it was a cloud and darkness to them, but it gave light by night to these" In Levit. xiii. 13, we find, according to Ains worth's Version : " Behold, if the leprosy hath covered all his flesh, he shall pronounce the plague clean." In the note on the place, we are admonished of the real meaning of the pasage; viz. "pronounce him clean that hath the plague." This signification our Trans- lators have assigned to the passage marking at the same time the words wanted to express it : " Behold, if the leprosy have covered all his flesh, he shall pronounce him clean that hath the plague." We read (Numb, xxiii. 15), again adopting Ains- worth's Version : " And he said unto Balak, Stand here by thy burnt offer- ing, and I will meet yonder." This is exceedingly obscure ; but in the note we find the following explanation : " / will meet yonder ; to wit, with Jehovah ; and so the Greek explaineth it, I will go to enquire of God" This also was the signification assigned to the expression by our Trans- lators ; in whose Version the passage thus appears : 53 " And he said unto Balak, Stand here by thy burnt offer- ing, while I meet the LORD yonder." But in what manner is it ascertained that words so important ought to be introduced ? In the following manner. The first sacrifice of Balak was on " the high places of Baal ; " on which occasion we are informed (verse 3) that " Balaam said unto Balak, Stand by thy burnt offering, and I will go: peradventure the LORD will come to meet me." The second sacrifice was on "the top of Pisgah;" and on this occasion, Balaam (according to our Authorized Version) " said unto Balak, Stand by thy burnt offering while I meet the LORD yonder." Moreover we are immediately in- formed that "the LORD met Balaam." Nothing more can be required in vindication of the supplementary words, or of the character in which our Translators directed them to be printed. Our Translators, anxious to give the full meaning of Numb. xxxv. 30, thus render the passage : " One witness shall not testify against any person, to cause him to die." Ainsworth, anxious to be literal, translates thus : "One witness shall not answer against a soul, to die." In this version, to say nothing of the obscurity in the former part of the sentence arising from his extreme zeal for the strictness of the letter the latter part is, to an English reader, quite unintelligible. The note indeed informs us that instead of " to die" the real meaning is " to cause him to die." Our Translators wisely resolved to convey that meaning; and they not less wisely distinguished, by a peculiar character, the words that enabled them to do so. 54 Ainsworth translates Deut. iv. 12. in the following manner : "And Jehovah spake unto you out of the midst of the fire : you heard a voice of words, but saw no similitude, save a voice." To us the concluding part of the sentence sounds oddly. Our Translators have, in their margin, informed us that the final clause, in Hebrew, literally signifies " save a voice ;" but they have accommodated the pas- sage to English readers in the following manner : " And the LORD spake unto you, out of the midst of the fire : ye heard the voice of the words, but saw no similitude ; only ye heard a voice." In this way our Translators happily avoided the ap- pearance of leaving the word "saw" to be applied to " voice," as well as to " similitude." It is remarkable, however, that in rendering the corresponding passage, Exod. xx. 18, they have apparently suffered the same word to be applied to that which does not belong to it : " And all the people saw the thunderings and the light- nings, and the noise of the trumpet, and the mountain smoking : and when the people saw it, they removed, and stood afar off." In the same point of view Job iv. 10, is worthy of observation : " The roaring of the lion and the voice of the fierce lion, and the teeth of the young lions are broken." But the effect of these passages is not at all like that produced by Ainsworth's translation of Deut. iv. 12 For the purpose of still further illustrating the methods, adopted by our Translators, of treating the cases in which, according to the usage of our language, a word seems in the Original to be applied to a subject to which it is not related, the following passages may be adduced : 55 " They have cast fire into thy sanctuary, they have defiled by casting down the dwelling place of thy name to the ground." Ps. Lxxiv. 7. Whoever will consider, for a moment, the expression " defiled to the ground, 11 will perceive the propriety of some such addition as the words, " by casting down ;" and it will be allowed that it is creditable to the Text of l6ll to exhibit that addition duly pointed out. The misfortune, however, is, that in Ps. LXXXIX. 39, where a similar addition is introduced, no trace of any addition is to be found. It was left for the edition of 1638 to give that text as follows: " Thou hast made void the covenant of thy servant : thou hast profaned his crown by casting it to the ground." Ainsworth thus translates Ps. cxviii. 5 : " Out of strait affliction I called on Jah ; Jah answered me with a large room :" and illustrates the expression, " with a large room, 11 by stating, in the note, that it is equivalent to "bringing me into it; 11 and refers to Ps. xviii. 19, where the sense is fully expressed : " He brought me forth also into a large place." Of all this our Translators were aware ; and as the Press was in this instance duly attended to, we find the passage (Ps. cxviii. 5.) thus given in the Text of 1611 : " I called upon the LORD in distress : the LORD answered me, and set me in a large place." We learn from Deut. xix. 11, 12 that, supposing a person from hatred to have slain his neighbour, and to have fled to a City of Refuge, the Elders of his city were to fetch him thence, and deliver him to the Avenger that he might die. In verse 13 we read, according to Ains worth's literal rendering : 56 " Thine eye shall not spare him, and thou shalt put away innocent blood from Israel." Whatever obscurity Ainsworth may leave in the text, he generally removes it in his note. What then is to be said of the command to put away innocent blood ?... "Innocent blood is, as the Chaldee explaineth it, him that shed innocent blood" And so, to " put away inno- cent blood 11 may signify to remove from the land the guilt of shedding innocent blood or, more briefly, the guilt of innocent blood. In this light the matter ap- peared to our Translators, whose version of the passage is thus given in the Text of 1 6l 1 : " Thine eye shall not pity him, but thou shalt put away the guilt of innocent blood from Israel." It may be observed that the object of the institutions here recorded is expressly stated (verse 10) to be " that innocent blood be not shed" in the land. In Judges v. 30, we discover a remarkable attention to supplementary words, and to the distinction proper to them in the Text of 1611: " Have they not sped ? have they not divided the prey ? to Sisera a prey of divers colours, a prey of divers colours of needlework, of divers colours of needlework on both sides, meet for the necks of them that take the spoil." Here, we first have u not" in Italics, under circum- stances which have already (p. 22) been discussed. The word " meet" is, in reality, supplied ; and ought to have been in Italics, as we find it in the edition of 1638, as well as in the modern editions. Instead of "necks of the spoil" we have " necks of them that take the spoil :" in the same manner as we read (2 Kings xvi. 9) that when the king of Assyria had taken Damascus, he 57 "carried the people of it captive to Kir;" and that, under certain circumstances, the priest is enjoined to " pronounce him clean that hath the plague."" (See pp. 9, 52.) All this indicates great attention to the idiom of the Hebrew Language. In 2 Sam. v. 8, the Text of 1611 presents us with the following passage: "And David said on that day, Whosoever getteth up to the gutter, and smiteth the Jebusites, and the lame and the blind, that are hated of David's soul, he shall be chief and captain." In this place, a very considerable addition is indicated by the mode of printing; and the context does not render much assistance towards supplying it. The words, however, were not inserted at random ; for in 1 Chron. xi. 6, where the same event is recorded, we read, without any supplementary words, " And David said, Whosoever smiteth the Jebusites first, shall be chief and captain." In this manner did our Translators make the Sacred Volume its own interpreter. There are, indeed, pas- sages from the Old Testament, in great abundance, the discussion of which would shew how thoroughly the Translators were acquainted with the contents of Scrip- ture ; and, at the same time, tend to throw light upon the peculiar phraseology by which the Old Testament is distinguished. But it now seems expedient to pass on to another part of the subject;* and produce, from * In a note, however, I may mention 2 Sam. xxiii. 8. " He lift up his spear against eight hundred, whom he slew at one time ; " as explained by 1 Chron. xi. 11. "He lift up his spear against three hundred, slain by him at one time :" the supplied words in Italics, in the former text, having been derived from the complete expression in the latter. H 58 the Old Testament, a few instances of Italics which, although not found in the Text of 1611, were intro- duced into the edition of 1638, and thence into the modern editions. In Gen. xxv. 23. after mention has been made of u two nations" and " two manner of people," who were to descend from Rebekah, it is added if we translate according to the strictness of the letter "people shall be stronger than people." The purport of this was so certain, when taken with what preceded and what followed, and the necessity of supplementary words so manifest, that Ainsworth, though averse to additions when he could avoid them, presented the clause in this form : " The one people shall be stronger than the other people." In the same terms was the clause expressed by our Translators; but in the Text of l6ll, the same care was not taken by the Correctors of the Press, to mark the supplementary words. In that Text the entire clause appears in one uniform character; the inac- curacy being found rectified in 1638. Of Gen. XLiv. 31. Ainsworth has given the following translation : " Then will it be, when he seeth that the young man is not, that he will die." Of the same passage, the version given by our Trans- lators is thus printed in the Text of l6ll : " It shall come to pass, when he seeth that the lad is not with us, that he shall die." Now, by the former translation the real meaning of the passage is altered ; and although by the latter 59 translation the meaning is secured, yet by the mode of printing much of the effect is lost. Let us see in what way something of this effect may be preserved. The Hebrew, in the verse preceding that which has been quoted, presents an expression, in its complete form, which influences the mind in the interpretation of an incomplete expression of the same kind in the verse under consideration ; and it seems as if we could not more easily point out the connection, existing in the Original, between the two verses, than by properly applying Italics, or marks equivalent to Italics, to the Version given by our Translators. ... The reader will bear in mind that Judah is representing to Joseph the distress of his father, supposing him to return without Benjamin. " Now therefore when I come to thy servant my father, and the lad be not with us (seeing that his life is bound up with the lad's life) It shall come to pass, when he seeth that the lad is not with us, that he shall die." The reference, in the Original, of the word " not" in the latter verse, to the expression, " not with us," in the former, is very pleasing ; and we have, as I have said, no better mode of indicating the like reference in the English text, than that of completing the phrase in the latter verse, by words in Italics. Thus the passage ought to have been printed in 1611, and thus it was printed in 1638. Ainsworth's note is again to the purpose: "is not, namely, with us, as the Chaldee addeth." In Levit. xxiv. 11. Ainsworth translates thus : "And the Israelitish woman's son blasphemed the name, and cursed." 60 44 Blasphemed the name" is a form of speech to which the English reader will not readily attach any meaning. Ains worth, in his note on " the name," says, " under- stand, of Jehovah ,*" and thus it was understood by our Translators, who accordingly introduced the words " of the LORD" leaving it, I suppose, to the revisors of the press to take care that the addition was properly notified. That care was not taken ; but in the edition of 1638, we find the passage thus correctly printed : " And the Israelitish woman's son blasphemed the name of the LORD, and cursed." The Text of l6ll presents to us Deut. xvi. 10, as follows : " A tribute of a free-will offering of thine hand, which thou shalt give unto the LORD thy God, according as the LORD thy God hath blessed thee." Now here, the words, " unto the LORD thy God," do not exist in the Original ; but they really are under- stood, and thus are very properly introduced. When we consider what small additions have, in other places, been marked as additions, it does seem strange that so important an insertion should have been permitted to appear in the ordinary character. In the edition of 1638 it is printed as it ought to be: "A tribute of a free-will offering of thine hand, which thou shalt give unto the LORD thy God, according as the LORD thy God hath blessed thee." There are materials in the Old Testament which would enable me to carry on, to a very great extent, this enumeration of passages, concerning Italics neglected in l6ll, and attended to in 1638 ; but I shall now bring 61 my observations on that part of the Sacred Volume to a close. It remains for me to discuss a few passages JT O from the New Testament, in a manner somewhat similar to that adopted with regard to the passages cited from the Old Testament. The passages first to be noticed are those in which the Italics have been very properly attended to ; and then those in which the Italics have been very improperly neglected. With respect to such passages as the following : "Some say that thou art John the Baptist." Matt. xvi. 14. " Ye shall not only do this which is done to the fig tree." Matt. xxi. 21. " When they shall separate you from their company, and shall reproach you." Luke vi. 22. " But this cometh to pass that the word might be fulfilled." John xv. 25. " That faith of our father Abraham, which he had being yet uncircumcised." Rom. iv. 12. It is clear, that the words in Italics were required for the purpose of fully expressing the meaning of the sentences to which they belong ; and certain, that words corresponding to them do not exist in the Original : here then is a plan of proceeding, in printing the Text of l6ll, which every one will naturally expect to be adopted in similar cases. But in the following cases, which I have transcribed, as I find them, in the edition of 1638 and the modern editions, viz. "And him that taketh away thy cloak, forbid not to take thy coat also." Luke vi. 29. "When Jesus saw him lie, and knew that he had been now a long time in that case" John v. 6. ' ' For if we have been planted together in the likeness of his death, we shall be also in the likeness of his resurrection." Rom. vi. 5. 62 " For I reckon that the sufferings of this present time are not worthy to be compared with the glory that shall be revealed in us." Rom. viii. 18. " If by any means I may provoke to emulation them which are my flesh." Rom. xi. 14.* In these passages, I say, we find supplementary words to the full as important as those just pointed out ; and yet there is no distinguishing character given them, in the Text of 1611. I leave it to every one, who is capable of forming a judgement on the subject, to decide how far a Text, which abounds in such irregularities, can be considered as a Standard to be followed. The passages now about to be cited, with a few remarks upon each of them, are, in different ways, worthy of consideration ; and the care that was taken in these cases, to distinguish the supplementary words, cannot be too highly commended. I here speak of the Text of 1611. The first passage is John vii. 39 ; the clause in Greek, corresponding to that containing the word in Italics, being, ovirw yap rjv Trvev/ma ayiov. " But this spake he of the Spirit, which they that believe on him should receive : for the Holy Ghost was not yet given ; because that Jesus was not yet glorified." From the tenor of this passage, it is quite clear that some such word as " given" or " received" is re- quisite, to convey the full meaning of the whole ; and it seems a fortunate circumstance that we have such easy means of distinguishing words so introduced. Of what singular utility it would have been if, in the * Ellipses, of a similar character to this, have been pointed out in the Old Testament : Gen. iv. 20. (p. 9) ; 2 Kings xvi. 9. (p. 52.) ; Judg. v. 30. (p. 56.) 63 Antient Versions, words introduced in the same way had been distinguished in a similar manner. The introduction of words corresponding to " given" or "received" in this place, which indeed are found in some of the Antient Versions, no more indicates a cor- responding word in the Original, than the word " given" in the English Version indicates any such corresponding word. In Acts vii. 59. the clause to be observed upon answers to these words, KOI e\i9o/3o\ovv TOV ^retyavov, 7riKa\ovjJiei>ov Kal XeyovTa* " And they stoned Stephen, calling upon God, and saying, Lord Jesus, receive my spirit." Here it may be disputed whether, if any name be supplied, it should be " God" or " Christ." The Latin language allowed the same turn of expression as the Greek; and thus Beza followed the Vulgate in trans- lating " Stephanum invocantem et dicentem." Some of the older English Versions, including Lawrence TomsonX introduced the name of " God." This also our Translators did ; and they very properly distin- guished the addition. In Rom. v. 18. we find, 'Apa ovv o>? ci eVos Trapa- TTTWfJLaTOS, 649 TTttl/TaS dv9pU>7TOVS, 15 KCLTaKpl/ULd' OVTU) Kal ci evos cWcua>/u.Tos, et? Trai/ra? dvOptoTrovs, 6ts jacataxriy {^t'j/s 1 : which, taking only such words of our Version as correspond to those of the Original, is " Therefore as by the offence of one upon all men to condemnation ; even so by the righteousness of one upon all men unto justification of life." With these materials our Translators have produced the following 64 important declaration ; which is printed according to the Text of 1611, except that the Verb "came," al- though equally supplementary with the other words in Italics, is not there distinguished as an addition : " Therefore as by the offence of one, judgment came upon all men to condemnation ; even so by the righteousness of one, the free gift came upon all men unto justification of life." Here then are words of great moment introduced, and placed in opposition to each other. Let us endeavour to ascertain on what ground they are introduced. Through the latter part of this chapter, the Apostle is placing, in contrast with each other, the evils consequent upon the offence the disobedience of Adam, and the benefits resulting from the obedience of Christ. In verse 15, he says " But not as the offence, so also is the free-gift ;" and in verse 16, " And not as it was by one that sinned, so is the gift : for the judgement was by one to condemnation, but the free gift is of many offences unto justification." The Apostle there- fore, in verse 18, is summing up the whole matter, which had been previously enlarged upon; and re- stating his positions, in more general terms. I say, "in more general terms:" for he had not before ex- pressly affirmed that " the free gift unto justification of life" came upon " all men," as well as " the judgment" which " was by one to condemnation."... Lawrence Tomson here follows Beza, and gives the passage thus : " Likewise then as by the offence of one, the fault came on all men to condemnation, so by the justifying of one, the benefit abounded toward all men to the justi- fication of life."... The passage before us may be taken as a remarkable instance of the necessity of supple- mentary words ; of the care required in their selection ; 65 and, I will add, of the duty which devolves upon Translators, to point out the additions that have been made. 1 Cor. i. 26. is thus read in the Original, Tr\v K\rj. and 1 Tim. iv. 3), in which the supplementary words are of a similar character, I shall bring together. " For it is not permitted unto them to speak ; but they are commanded to be under obedience." (ou yap eVtre'r^a- TTTCU aura?? AaAeu/, a'AA* uVoTa'v.^ Upon cases of this kind, the context throws no light. The difficulty arises from the very structure of the sentences. In many instances, the word to be sup- plied, in the latter part of the sentence, is that which is expressed (or a word related to that expressed) in 67 the former : as, " He that reproveth a scorner, getteth to himself shame ; and he that rebuketh a wicked man, getteth himself a blot." Prov. ix. 7. But in the cases before us, it is certain, from the obvious intention of the Writer, that the words to be supplied, in the latter part of the sentence, must have a quite different signification from those presented by the former part. I point out these passages, as instances of the judgement of the Translators, both in selecting supplementary words, and in distinguishing them. May I pursue the discussion a little farther ? In 1 Cor. vii. 19, the English, as well as the Greek, acknow- ledges something of the same turn of expression. 'H \ *<\ r > t /) / R / TrepiTo/uj? ovcev ecTTi, /ecu r\ aicpopuaTia ovcev eGTiv, oXXa Triplets evroXwv Geov. " Circumcision is nothing, and uncircumcision is nothing, but the keeping of the commandments of God." In this instance, it is not meant that "the keeping of the commandments of God" is nothing ; but the direct contrary. So also in 1 Tim. ii. 12. TvvaiKi $e StSdcrKeiv OVK GTriTpeTru), owe avOcv- TCLV aVt^oos, aXX' elvai ev rjcrv^iq. " But I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to usurp authority over the man, but to be in silence :" in which place, the Apostle does not mean that he " suffers," but that he " requires" her "to be in silence." These instances, in English, may shew in what way similar forms may exist in other languages. It is singular that I cannot discover, any where noted, a passage exactly similar to 1 Cor. xiv. 34. and 1 Tim. iv. 3, from the Old Testament where one would most expect it to be found. Similar modes of speech occasionally occur in Writers accounted Classical, both Greek and Latin. The remarkable construction 68 in 1 Tim. iv. 3. (KwXvovrcov ya/melv, direxeffOat )3/ott>- fj.aTwv) was noticed in early times. Theophylact ob- serves that the word " forbidding' 1 is not to be taken as common to the two members of the sentence ; but that an additional word, as " counselling" or " advising" is to be supplied : OVK o(f)i\i$ CLTTO KOIVOV \aficlv TO, oXX* e^coOcv 7rpo(r9e?vai TO, e^ov Sovvai, el /JLI) ots rJToifJiaa"rai 9 ("is not mine to give, EXCEPT [to those] for whom it is prepared") instead of OVK ecrrtv ov ovvai<) ct'XX' ofs iJToijuLaffTcu, (" is not mine to give, K 74 BUT [to those] for whom it is prepared") no difficulty could possibly have been felt. The obvious inquiry therefore seems to be, whether dXXd may be considered as substituted for el /my. Now the substitution of et /u7 for dXXd, frequently occurs in the New Testament ; as Rom. xiv. 14 : " There is nothing unclean of itself; but (ei M) to him that esteemeth any thing to be unclean, to him it is unclean.""* This circumstance would, of itself, lead to a surmise that, conversely, dXXct might occasion- ally be used for el M. There is however a remarkable instance of its being so used, in Mark ix. 8. compared with Matt. xvii. 8 ; in the former of which passages we read ovSeva etcW, ctXXct TOV 'Irjcrovv JULOVOV, and in the latter ovSeva etCtlVOfJ.l>OV CtV vi. 6. "Openly exposed him to shame." (-jrapade ii.6. " To please him." In the first of these passages, the word, "him," is noted, as introduced, by the Translator. In the two following passages, the same word, although equally introduced, is not so noted. iii. 2. " Even as Moses [jwas]." (' KU\ v. 4. " Even as Aaron was." (KadctTrep KU\ 6 'Action/.) vii. 19. " But] the introduction of a better hope Qdoth]." (tirticra.'yia'yri [le KpeiTrovos 6\7ri'STj)i> (xii. 2) should be rendered " the author and perfecter of our faith," and T(p TrctTpl TWV TrvevncLTwv (xii. 9) " to the father of [our] spirits;" although there is no discernible reason why "our" should be distinguished, as supplied, in the latter case, and not in the former; but when (as we actually find) the latter clause of Heb. x. 38. is translated and printed as follows : " but, ' If any man draw back, my soul hath no pleasure in him : ' * I affirm without fear of contradiction even admit- ting, which as an individual I do not, the transla- tion to be correct that, without the ordinary marks [any man] of words suppb'ed, Professor Stuart's text misrepresents the real state of the Original. In matters of this kind, such marks really are important ; more especially when the matters of inferior moment are considered, to which they have been applied in the course of the same work. There is, moreover, a pretty long Note on this verse ; from which, so far as I can perceive, but little information can be derived, respecting the principle on which the translation, "if any man draw back" depends. May I take the liberty to refer to what has already been stated, on this text, in pp. 78 86, and p. 109 ? * * In another edition of Professor Stuart's work, the mode of printing the Greek should be revised; unless, indeed, the present plan be adopted on purpose. Instead of, Aie/Aa/OTupai-o <5e TTOU -ris, \4yuv, Tt e