Self -taught stenographer, or
Stenographic guldd...

by
Erastus Brigham Bigelow

THE LIBRARY

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

LOS ANGELES

THE

SELF-TAUGHT STENOGRAPHER,

STENOGRAPHIC GUIDE;

EXPLAINING

THE PRINCIPLES AND RULES OF THE ART OF
SHORT-HAND WRITING,

ILL' uy APPROPRIATE PLATES AND EXAMPLES.

LLED AND IMPROVED FROM THE LATEST EUROPEAN AND
AMERICAN PUBLICATIONS,

BY E. B. BIGELOW, STENOGRAPHER.

LANCASTER:
PRINTED BY CARTER, ANDREWS, AND CO.

1832.

J. M. CURRIER, M. D.,
NEWPORT, VT.

THE

SELF-TAUGHT STENOGRAPHER,

STENOGRAPHIC GUIDE;

EXPLAINING

THE PRINCIPLES AND RULES OF THE ART OF
SHORT-HAND WRITING,

ILLUSTRATED BY APPROPRIATE PLATES AND EXAMPLES.

COMPILED AND IMPROVED FROM THE LATEST EUROPEAN AN
AMERICAN PUBLICATIONS,

BY E. B. BIGELOW, STENOGRAPHER.

LANCASTER :
PRINTED BY CARTER, ANDREWS, AND CO.

1832.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1832, by Erastus B. Bigelow, in
the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts.

PREFACE.

ALTHOUGH short-hand writing has come into disuse,
by prejudices consequent upon voluminous, intricate,
and expensive treatises heretofore published, and its
true merits have been undervalued, the author of this
system flatters himself, that, by his perspicuity of
arrangement, he shall overcome all obstacles from this
source.

Few persons know the advantages of this art, and
the facility of acquiring it, otherwise it would be more
/ generally used ; and serve to enrich the common-place
book of thousands, who now write by long-hand in
hours, what they could record in minutes by the prac-
tice of short-hand. In the compilation of this work it
has been the sole design to adapt it to the use of pri-
</> vate learners, and to illustrate and exemplify the whole
> theory by rules and engravings, so as to place it within
the reach of every individual, without the expense of
a; personal instruction : all of which is compatible with
jg its simplicity. For in this system the novelty of writing

1 consists merely in the active manoeuvring of a few sim-
ple but significant signs. These signs have been care-
fully selected, and their respective powers so distinctly

* defined in the following columns, that any person may
S) readily qualify himself without a teacher to record the
^ language of a public speaker, word by word, so legibly

as to be read distinctly at any subsequent time.
w Although the value of shorthand can never be duly
appreciated, except by those who investigate its prin-

2 ciples, still those must be wilfully prejudiced and
sceptical who will not acknowledge its utility as a
labour and time saving art ; especially when the time
necessary to its acquisition is reduced to a few hours
of individual study, and the expense brought within
the pecuniary means of all.

(0= See Direction*.

West Boylston, Dec. 1(5, 1831.

4485;:

THE

STENOGRAPHIC GUIDE.

OF THE STENOGRAPHIC ALPHABET.

THE stenographic alphabet is composed of twenty -one characters,
which are extremely simple, easily made, and readily combined with
each other without the loss of time, labour, space, or perspicuity.
The alphabet is the first thing which demands the attention of the
learner, the foundation on which the whole art is built, and on
which all subsequent improvement will depend. Hence it is ob-
vious that the characters, as well as the words which they represent,
should be so indelibly fixed in the memory, as to be recollected with-
out the least hesitation. The learner, being furnished with a small
blank book without ruling, should commence by writing the cha-
racters of the alphabet, at the same time repeating to himself the
letters and alphabetical words till the whole is familiar. Thus, A
or E, (.) stands for ah, at, am, and ; B, ( *N, ) stands for be, by, been,
but ; D, (/) for do, does, did, done, &c.

During this exercise, the learner should endeavour to form the
characters as nearly like those in the alphabet as possible, in length,
proportion, and inclination, beginning and ending according to note
(*), at the same time striving to increase the facility of execution as
much as practicable.

THE STENOGRAPHIC ALPHABET,

With the several words represented by each character when standing alone.

Pla(e I.

Letters.

Characters.*

Alphabetical words.

A and E

ah, at, am, and.

be, by, been, but.

do, does, did, done.

Fand V

for, of, off, if.

Gand J

God, give, go, gone.

have, he, had, him.

KandC

keep, could, can, know.

Lord, all, let, like.

man, me, my, may.

'v_x

not, an, in, no.

Oand U

oh, on, out, ought.

put, power, up, upon.

quick, question, quite.

are, art, our, or.

S C and Z

so, his, is, as, us.

to, it, unto, the.

we, will, with, who.

^-,

except, accept, example.

Y and I

(

ye, yet, you, your.

which, much, each, such.

she, shall, shame, should.

this, they, thou, that.

thr

there, either, their, therefore.

* The small dots placed near the characlers, are to shew at which point the pupil
should commence to form them. The circle is always made first to characters formed
of circle and line; as, *\ , &c.

RULES FOR USING THE CHARACTERS.!

1. When either of the alphabetical words, are, art, our, or, occur in writing, the
common r should be made ; but in combination with other consonants, the short-hand
r should be employed.

Ex.; are, art, wander, master.

r r wndr mstr

9. To express rr, begin with the short-hand r, and end with the common r.
Ei. bearer, error,

brr err

But for all other double letters, make the line longer, or the circle larger
Ex. gratitude, memory, people,

grttd mmry ppl

"J-

f Each character has four distinct powers. They are employed 1st, To represent
in their individual capacity either of those words annexed to them in the stenographic
alphabet ; 2nd, as letters, or representatives of sounds, to be combined in writing all
words not denoted by individual characters ; 3rd, for some of tlie most frequent pre-
positions; and 4th, lor the most frequent terminations of words, which are annexed to
them in the tables. See plates iv. and T.

J In all examples given in this way, the first line is the word, or sentence, in its lite-
ral form ; the second and third indicate the manner it is spelt and written in short-
hand.

RULES FOR SPELLING.

3. All words, except the alphabetical words, aie to be spelt and written according
to the sound of the letters, without any regard to orthography.

Ex. empty, excel, facts,

mt xl fx

4. Spell as you pronounce, then every silent letter will be omitted, and one letter
will be frequently substituted for another.

Ex. light, Utica, decay,

lit utk dk

^\ T /~

5. Omit all vowels in spelling, except when distinctly sounded at the beginning and
end of words.

Ex. end, pay, dogma,

nd pa dp-ma

V 1 ^" %

6. When two consonants of the same kind or sound come together without a vowel
between them, only one is to be used.

Ex. better, suffer, latter,

btr fr Hr

But if vowel or diphthong intervene, use both.

Ex. memory, people, lister,

mmry" ppl

7. 4 and tc may be omitted, aa follows.

Ex. number, dumber, answer,

iniir shur ausr

8. Let A: or s supply the place of c, according to its sound.
Ex. common, cinder,

Uniu sndr

9. Let * supply the place of z io all cases.
Ex. hazel,
asl

10. ph and gh are never written in short-hand, as they are always sounded like / or
ti when not silent, and therefore are represented by these characters.
Ex. enough, Philadelphia, Stephen,

enl fldlla stvu

11. The letters cks and cts may be called x.

Ex. flocks, facts, roc!;s,

fix fx rx

12. h and e, may be frequently omitted, as follows.

Ex. highway, help, strength,

iwa elp struth

( <-?

13. The character for ch is used in spelling only when it has a natural sound, as in
church, choice, charm, &c. But when ch has the sound of k or sA, let these charac-
ters be used. Ex. character, chaise,

krktr shs

Remarks. Although this method of spelling may appear difficult
to the beginner, he is assured that it may be made quite familiar in a
few hours, and that without injuring his common spelling. To do
this, pronounce words distinctly and rapidly, retaining for short-hand
nothing but the most prominent sounds ; as, nv for envy, ntt for en-
tity, Idr for elder, flsfr for philosopher, &.c.

RULES FOR JOINING CHARACTERS.

14. Make one letter as if no other were to be made, and then without lifting the
pen make the next as if the first had not been made, observing to turn in that way
which is the most simple and easy, but let the line always take the same direction from
the circle. ' Ex. -w p o LOB

15. The character for v> may be made to incline upwards or downward! that
;hich is the most convenient to join the preceding or following character.
Ex. w r w i.

*f <nf

Remarks. As the plan the pupil first adopts will soon become
habitual, it is highly necessary that at the outset great attention
should be paid to a regular form and combination of the characters,
Notwithstanding this may a little impede his expedition at first, he
will be shortly rewarded with the pleasure of being able to read his
own writing without that hesitation which ill-formed characters will
occasion ; and moreover, to preserve a symmetry in their adaptation,
on which the facility, as well as the beauty and elegance of this art,
chiefly depend.

RULES FOR WRITING.

16. Provide a hard black-lead pencil, patent silver or steel pen, or the common pen
made fine, good ink, and paper without ruling.

17. The pen is never lifted in writing, except to make a vowel, or sign of a preposi-
tion or termination.

18. When a vowel is to be written, if it be a or e, make a dot ; but if o or u, make
a comma ; and if it belong to a particular word, let it stand near that word, at the
right or left as the case may be ; but if not attached to a word, give it the same room
as any other character.

19. y and t arc denoted by their respective characters, and joined as consonants.

Ex. might, sorry.
mit sry

20. Those who do not wish to use numeral characters for numbers, may use com-
mon figures ; but make them larger than the other characters, that they may be rea-
dily distinguished.

21 Make every part of a character, whether ascending or descending, of an equal
breadth or thickness.

Remarks. In writing short-hand all awkward twisting or bending
of the arm. which is so natural to beginners, should be carefully
avoided. The pressure of the fingers upon the pen, the hand upon
the paper, the arm upon the table or desk, should be as little as pos-
sible ; while the motion of the pen should be made with the fn
and not by the whole hand, otherwise in long and continued writing
the wrist would be tired, and its progress greatly retarded.

RULES FOR READING.

22. When a word is not known at sight, proceed to speak each letter of which it is
'composed separately and distinctly, and then pronounce the whole together as rapidly
as possible ; thus, n, r, when pronounced nr, would give the word envy ; n, t, t, pro-
nounced nit, would give the word entity ; I, d, r, would be elder ; j, I, s, f, r, or
flsfr, would be readily recognised as philosopher ; and the same of all other words.

Remarks. Do not attempt to read your short-hand till you have
rendered the characters by writing them tolerably familiar. The
characters of this system are simple and few, and may soon be
known at sight, like the letters of our common alphabet; and when
this is the case, the sense of the subject will render the reading sure
and easy.

OF THE JOINING TABLE.

This table shows the most easy and expeditious method of joining together any two conso-
nants admitted in short hand. If the combination of gh be wanted, look for gh in the left-hand
column, follow the line to the right till you come to the angle of meeting under A, where you
will find gh properly joined. Join all the characters different ways, as in plate ii, observing
that the one at the left is always made first.

The learner, when joining these characters, should repeat to himself the combination ; thus,
bb, bd, If or v, bg or j, &c. Example : against I, and under in, Im are properly joined ; against
m, and under I, ml are joined, and so of the other characters.

B !<MCK

Ov.

C V-

c/-

X-

F& V|

s v

G & Jlo-

07,

-f

H [7

-7

-1

-f

-t

Y&Ij (

t
/"

-f

Method of Joining the L etters,

emblem

elder

wisdom

manner

ruler

danger

curtain

godlike

delay

elate

impel

sister

nililia

seldom

Idr

suffer

wsdm

torrent

mnr

viper

rlr

wonder

dngr

utter

krtn

serve

gdlk

exalt

dla

bent

elt

envy

mpl

energy

sstr

system

and forming easy Words.

Plate III.
sldm
sfr
trnt

OF THE PREPOSITIONS AND TERMINATIONS,

Or Beginnings and Endings of Polysyllables.

Although we are able to express intelligibly any word or sentence
by a combination of the characters, as representatives of sound, yet,
if all the words were to be written letter by letter, however com-
plete the alphabet may be, it would be too tedious, and not answer
the primary object proposed, which is that of keeping pace with a
speaker; therefore, to abridge the labour of writing, the most essen-
tial prepositions and terminations have been introduced, as in these
consists the chief power of language, and consequently the source of
innumerable abbreviations. || These are extremely simple and easy,
as the alphabetical characters are used to denote them ; and the let-
ter which each represents is the first consonant, or most natural ex-
pression for its respective prepositions and terminations. They are
distinguished from consonants and from one another, according to the
rules following. The prepositions and terminations should be com-
mitted to memory in the same manner as the alphabetical words.

|| There are more than seven thousand words in the English language beginning
with one or other of these prepositions ; and above eleven thousand words in the same
tongue ending with one or the other of these terminations.

PREPOSITIONS, or Begin-
nings of long Words

Plate IV.
^ anti, ante, advan

(con, contra, contri, contro
' com,compre, comp!a,compli
^ dis, disin, discom, discon
>\ affect, effect, afflict
07- aggra, aggre, aggri
^ misin, multi, miscon
^ inter, enter, intro, intru
Q pre, pri, pro, per

i recom, recon, repre, repro
__ circum, signi, sub, sup, super
I tran, trans, temp, tempt

if exer, exter, extra, extre

TERMINATIONS, or Endings

of long Words. Plate V.
K. ble, able, ably, ible, ibly

dant, dent, duct

\ .

flict, full, fully, ference

ify, nify, ity, ize
ing ,-ly, ong, ung
tial, aly, ly, less
mand, mend, meat
ance, ence,-cy, ant, ent,-ly
r ary, iry, ory

tion, ation,ition,otion,ution
sive, sbip. self, selves

tive, active, ective, uctive
' ward, wards, warded

act, ect, ict, uct
T2 ate, ated, sionate, sionately
_j;. eous, ious, uously, eousnesa

^ The character for thn, See. is not confined to these terminations alone, but may be
used for any other termination of the same sound, as st'on, tian, &c.

Rules for distinguishing the Prepositions and Terminations.

23. Place a comma under the preposition when it begins a word, without a termi-
nation. ET> anticipate, enterprise,
onlt'spt enterprs

24. Place a period under the termination when it ends a word without a preposition.

Ex . demand, merciful,

Ainand mrsful

25. Place a period over a word when it has both a preposition and termination.

Ex. translation, combustible,

translation coibsti/e

26. When a word has two terminations, the first must be spelt and the last denomi
nated by its usua 1 marks.

Ex. commandment, recommendation,

comoAment recomailation

27. The termination eth, is indicated by a small scratch made through the last eon-
sonant. Ex< sitteth, believeth,

strM hlvrtA

Prepositions and Terminations exemplified.

PI. VI. Prepositions in Italics.

PL VII. Terminations in Italics.

entertain

V|^ eniertn

abundant "*^y

abndant

enterprise

>. enterprs

merciful x~y~\

mrsfid

anticipate

T"f antispt

nation ^^^

nation

transgress

|/~ transgrs

sing _^__.

sing

reconcile

,~^ recons\

precious q, p

prsious

comprehend

.^j comprend

demand /^

dmand

discompose

qf> discomps

salvation -V\-

slvation

affected

^ ajfcctd

forward \/*^

frward

tempest

] tempst

themselves >_/~^

thmselves

disinter

]}> disin'r

possible ^~Sw

psible

Prepositions and Terminations in Italics.

Plate VIII.

persecution

^"~\ persffion

aggregation 3-^

aggregation

affection

\.^ affec-tion

presumption *}_X-N_

presmtion

combination

^V, combination

temperance I/\_*

temprance

combustible

/ ^ N ~i combstible

representative /~V-i

rcpresntive

commodiousness

^-^"^ commAiousness

translation L?

translation

compassionate

/n compssionate

recommence .^_,

recommence

discommend

.' discom-mend
/-*.

circumference

eircum-ferenoa

discontentment

( . discontntment

commission v"s_

eommsion

entertainment

enterinment

profession <\

profssion

INSTRUCTION TO PROMOTE LEGIBILITY.

The learner may sometimes find it convenient, in writing proper
names and words not in common use, to be more explicit in relation
to vowels, diphthongal sonnets, and doubtful consonants ; for which

Rurpose the following rules are given. They will, however, be found
;ss necessary, as the writing and reading become more familiar,
and should only be used to prevent obscurity.

RULES.

28. To shew -which of the vowels is omitted in the middle of words, place a comma
over the word, as follows, thus: (,) for a or e; (') for o or u; for or y, se.e rule 19.
Ex. father, creature,* natural,

fathr kretr nturl

29. For diphthongal sonnets, place the comma under the word, as follows : ~7~ , for
ou ; TT-I for oy and oi ; ~~f~ for on and oe.

Ex. sound, broad, boil,

-^ V **

30. In doubtful cases, let rf, t>, g, tkr, be made heavier than r, f, j, ts.

* When a diphthong has the sound of a vowel, let the sign of the vowel be used, as
in this case.

PUNCTUATION.

/ 1. Placed over a word, shews it to be the name of a person or place.
Ex. Thomas, Johnson, Liverpool,

thins jnsn Ivrpl

/ 2. Placed under a word, shows it to be a very unusual word, or very much ab-
breviated. r _ peculiar, misrepresent,

pq msr

3. Placed over characters, denotes them to be numeral characters.
Ex. 138, 1666,

4. Placed under a word or sentence, denotes its repetition.
Ex. holy, holy, fiom day to day,

v^x 5. Signifies a defect in writing either that something is there omitted, or doubt-
fully expressed.
s^* 6. Mark of reference for marginal notes or observation.

"^ 7. Repetition of text, &c.
X 8. A period or full stop.

?! 9 A note of interrogation or admiration by its usual mark.
10. I, eye, 11. viz. 12. &c. 13. ditto,

14
FIGURES.

Those who may prefer numeral characters for numbers, instead of
figures, may adopt the following, observing the same rules for join-
ing, as in writing short-hand. See Punctuation, 3d.

1 23456789 10

O ~ / \ I ~ ^ ( \ ( ~*

When any number is repeated, or expressed twice, a dot is placed over the character.
Ex. 133, 226, 100,

-^ >^ -6

But if a number is repeated three times, the dot is placed under the character.
Ex. 1333, 27779, 1000,

EXERCISE l.t Part of Psalm viii.

Plate IX.

O Lord my God, in thee do I put my trust: ave me from all them that persecute
o 1 m g D tdi|pm trst sv m Inn 1 thm th jjersqt

[23] me, and deliver me ; 2. Lest he tear my soul like a lion, rending (24) it in pieces,
m a dlvr m 1st h tr m si 1 a In rndn t n pss

(8) while there is none (2) to deliver. 3. O Lord my God, if I have done this; if
wl thr t nn t dlvr || olmgfihdthf

> g ^ \ /?/ ^ \

there be iniquity in my hands(12) ; 4. If I have rewarded evil unto him that was at
thr b nqify n m ans f i h rwarded evl t h th ws a

- <\ ^ ^^.^- \- / /* -y | / v.,^..

peace with me ; yea,(18) I have delivered him that without cause is mine enemy ;(19)
ps w m ya i h dlvrd h th wtht ks a mn nmy

5. Let the enemy persecute my soul, and take it; yea, let him tread down my life
1 t nmy persqt m si a tk t ya 1 h trd dn m If

*.* ' h I c. t * \f <, ~<t\

upon the earth, and lay mine honour [18] in the dust. Selah. [12] 6. Arise, O
p t rth, a la mn onr n t dst. sla. ars o

Lord, in thine anger ; lift up thyself, (24) because of the rage of mine enemies; and
1 n thn ngr 1ft p thyself bks f t rg f mn urns a

f In this and the following exercises, the italic type indicates the prepositions and
terminations of words.

| See Punctuation, 10. || See Punctuation, 8.

awake for me to the judgment (4) that thou hat commanded. 7. So shall the

awk f m t t ggment th th ast comndd. t sh t

.e^~\/->| I o-^ x- s_~-| /5V x - f I

congregation (25) of the people (6) oo.npass thee about; for their sakes, therefore.

cOTigrgutxm f t p ? l wmps t abt f thr sks thr

^ " -

returntl>ouonhigh. (4). 8. The Lord shall judge the people: judge me. O
h gg t l m

gg t ppl gg m

a- o- ~ .

6. O let the wickedness of the wicked come to an end; but establish the
' wkdns f t wkd km t n nd b stblsh t

just: for the righteous God trieth the hearts and reins.
just f t ritcous g treM t arts a rns.

*n \ i 'V ff- tx i -/L /^

EXERCISE 2. Psalm Ixxxvi. See Plate x.

1. Bow down thine ear, O Lord, hear me: for I am poor and needy. 2. Preserve

bw dn thu er o 1 hr m f i m pr a ndy presrr

my soul, for I am holy. O thou, my God, save thy servant [24] that trusteth in
m si f i a oly o th m g sv thy snant th trstrtA n

thee. 3. Be merciful unto me, O Lord : for I cry [8] unto thee daily. 4. Rejoice

t b mrs/ui t m o 1 f i krj t t dfy rgs

the soul of thy servant : for unto thee, O Lord, do I lift up my soul. 5. For thou

t d f thy srvanf ft t o 1 d i 1ft p m si f th

Lord, art [1] good, and ready to forgive ; and plenteous in mercy unto all them that

1 r gd a rdy t frgv a plntc3iis n mrsy t 1 thm th

call upon thee. 6. Give ear, O Lord, unto my prayer ; and attend [6] to the voice of

klpt gerol tm pryr a atnd t t vs f

my supplication. [25] 7. In the day of my trouble I will call upon thee : for thou
m snp\kation n t da f m trite i w kl p t f th

wilt answer [7] me. 8. Among the gods there is none like unto thee, O Lord ; neither

w ansr m among t g thr s nn 1 t t o 1 nthr

are there any works like unto thy works. 9. All nations whom [12] thou hast made

r thr any wrks 1 t t wrks. 1 nations v.-m th ast md

shall come and worship before thee, O Lord ; and shall glorify thy name. 10. For

sh km a wrship bfr t o 1 a sh g!ri/</ thy nm f

thou art great, and doest wondrous things: thou art God alone. 11. Teach me thy

th r grt a dst wndrous things th r g aln tch m thy

way, O Lord : I will walk [4] in thy truth ; unite my heart to fear thy name. 13. I

wa o 1 i w wk n thy trth unit m art t fr thy nm i

will praise thee, O Lord, my God, with all my heart ; and I will glorify thy name for

w prs t o 1 m g w 1 m art a i w gln/v thy nm f

evermore. 13. For great is thy mercy toward me ; and thou hast delivered my soul

evrmr f grt s thy limy lirard m a th ast dlvrd m si

from the lowest hell. 14. O God, the proud are risen against me, and the assemMit f

t'rrn t Iwst el o g t prd r rsn agnst mat aimli

[7] of violent men have sought [10] after my soul, and have not set thee before them.
f vlut mn h st aftr m si a h n st t bfr thm

15. But thou, O Lord, art a God full of compassion, and gracious [8] ; long-suffering,

bthol ragflf commission a grsious long sfring

and plenteous in mercy and truth, 16. O turn unto me, and have mercy upon me:

a plntcoiw n mrsy a trth o trn t m a h mrsy p m

give thy strength [12] unto thy servant, and save the son of thine handmaid. 17. Shew

g thy strnth t thy srvant a sv t sn f thn andincl ho

me a token for good : that they which hate me may see it, and be ashamed : because
m a tkn f gd th th ch at m m se t a b ashmd bki
thou, Lord, hast holpen me, and comforted me.

th 1 ast olpn m a comfrtd m

Eighty-sixth Psalm.

Plate X.

EXERCISE III.

Part o/ Lord JoAn Russell's speech in the House of Commons, for the
repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts. See plate xi.

Sir, I have shown (7) that the acts (II) to which I have called the attention of
the House, originated in circumstances (25) altogether different from those under which
their burden is complained of, and their repeal sought (10) for. I have gone through
the causes which occasioned [6] the enactment of the statute! ; [2] I have enumerated
the reasons that now exist for their abandonment; I have endeavoured to show [7]
that so far from not inflicting any hard.Aip [12] on the body against whom they are
directed, they are in fact the cause of great mischief and injustice, and produce a

correspondent degree of irritation, on the minds of the parties aggrieved by them. I
have shown or attempted to show that these laws [15] are founded on principles of
persecution; that they inflict very serious grievances on a large proportion of our
population; that in their spirit and operation they are totally~a.t variance with the
improved state of our own legislation in relation to these matters, both in Scot-
land" and Ireland ; and that they arc diametrica% opposed to the legislation of all lib-
eral and enlightened [10] Christian [13] countries. Sir, I think an alteration in these
laws are most loudly called for, and most imperative^/ demanded at our hand : rather
ss their repeal will tend to render the dissenters more attached to the Constitution, and
more willing to bear with cheerfulness their jwoportion of the burdens imposed on them
for the maintenance of the church and state, [2] great as these burdens most undoubt-
edfyare. I advocate the repeal of these laws, because I am convinced that their aboZi-
tion will material/)/ tend to allay the bitterness of party and religious feeling, and con-
tribute to the promotion of harmony and good will among the different classes of hi
majesty's subjects !f But, sir, I urge the repeal of these enactments, because I am satis-
fied that it will suit the tone and spirit of the time. It will be better to consent to the
repeal of these enact?nents, than to permit the existence of those angry yet inefficient
and impracticoUe laws which are a disgrace to the statute book.

Majority for the motion, 44.
u See punctuation 1st. f See punctuation 9th.

LORD RUSSELL'S SPEECH

Plate XI.

EXERCISE IV. Extract from President Washington's Speech to the
First American Congress, April 30, 1789. See plate xii

" With the impressions under which I hare, in obedience to the public summons,
repaired to the present station, it would be peculiarly improper to omit, in this first
official act, my lervent supplications to that Almighty Being who rules over the uni-
rerse, who presides in the councils of nations, and whose providential aids caii supply
every human defect, that his benediction may consecrate to the libtriicr, ....J happiness
of Ihe people of the United Slates, a government instituted by thcina'tivi s; ai^u may
enable every instrument employed in its administration, to execute wit!; success the
functions allotted to his charge. In tendering this homage to the Gnat Author of
every public and private good, I assure myself that it expresses your sentiments not
less than my own ; nor those of my fellow-citizens[9] at large less thau either. No
people can be bound to acknowledge and adore the invisible hand which conducts the
affairs of men, more than the people of the United States. Every step by which they
have advanced to the character[13] of an independent nation, seems to have been dis-
tinguished by some token of providential agency. And in the important revolution
just accomplished in the system of their united government, the tranquil deliberation
and voluntary consent of so many distinct communities, from which the event has re-
sulted, cannot be compared with the means by which most governments have been
established, without some return of pious gratitude along with an humble anticipation
of the future blessings which the past seem to presage. These reflections, arising out
of the present crisis, have forced themselves too strongly on my mind to be suppressed.
You will join with me, I trust, in thinking that there are none, under the influence of
which the proceedings of a new and free government can more auspiciously commence.

" By the article establishing the executive department, it is made the duty of the
President ' to recommend to your consideration such measures as he should judge
necessary and expedient.' The circumstances under which I now meet you will
acquit me from entering into that subject, further than to reier you to the great con-
stitutional charter under which we are assembled, and which, in defining your powers,
designates the objects to which your attention is to be given. It will be more consis-
tent with those circumstances, aud far more congenial with the feelings which actuate
me, to substitute, in place of a recommendation of particular measures, the tribute that
is due to the talents, the rectitude, and the patriotism, which adorn the characters
selected to devise and adopt them. In these honourable qualifications I behold the
surest pledge*, that as on one side no local prejudices or attachments, no separate
views nor party animosities, will misdirect the comprehensive and equal eye which
ought to watch over this great assemblage of communities and interests, so, on ano-
ther, that the foundation of our national policy will be laid in the pure and immutable
principles of private morality ; and the pre-eminence of a free government be exem-
plified by all the attributes which can win the affections of its citizens, and command
the respect of the world.

conoiny au

happiness between duty aud advantage between the genuiue maxims of an honest and
magnanimous policy, ana the solid rewards of public prosperity and felicity. Since we
ought to be no less persuaded, that the propitious smiles of Heaven can never be ex-
pected on a nation that disregards the eternal rules of order and right, which Heaven
itself has ordained. And since the preservation of the sacred fire of liberty, and the
destiny of the republican model of government is justly considered as deeply, perhaps
as finally staked, on the experiment entrusted to the hands of the American people.

Instead of undertaking particular recommendation, in which I could be guided by uo
lights derived from official opportunities, I shall again give way to my entire confidence
in your discernment, in pursuit of the public good ; for I assure myself that whilst you
car -fully avoid every alteration which might endanger the benefits of an united and
effective government, or which ought to await the future lessons of experience, a reve-
rence for the characteristic rights of freemen, and a regard for the public harmony, will
sufficiently influence your deliberation on the questions, how far the former can be
more impregnably fortified, or Ihe latter be safely and more advantageously promoted.

Having thus imparted to you my sentiments, as they have been awakened by the oc-
casion which brings us together, I shall take my present leave ; but not without resort-
ing once more to the benign Parent of the human race, in humble supplication, that
lince he has been pleased to favour the American people with opportunities for delibe-
rating in perfect tranquility,and dispositions for deciding with unparalleled unanimity,
on a form of government for the security of their union, and the advancement of their
happiness; so his divine blessing may be equally conspicuous in the enlarged views,
the temperate consultations, and the war measures, on which the success of this go-
vernment must depend."

WASHINGTON S SPEECH.

Plate lit.

I T^ ( "Me-

^A
I -/ . \

PART II.
SHORT-HAND SHORTENED.

THE preceding system is complete in itself, and has no depend-
ence on the following rules. The learner, therefore, should have
nothing to do with short-hiind shortened, till he is quite familiar with
short-hand. He may then increase his facility of writing, by adding
other links to the chain of abbreviations, without weakening those
which precede.

Notwithstanding the instruction here given is considered sufficient,
stilJ the learner may, upon the same plan, go much further by the
use of other stenographic letters above or below the line ; and all
this without material encroachment upon the fundamental principles
of the system; but it is no more necessary to the common stenogra-
pher, than conic sections or fluxions to the humble arithmetician.

RULES.

1. Make a horizontal touch, above the line of writing for and the or by the; anil
the same touch, below the line, for in the or of the.

2. Make two dots, above the line of writing, (or for the or from the; and the
tame, .. below the line, for with the or was the.

3. Make a circle, above the line, for over or above; and the same, below the
line, for under, beneath, below.

4. Place the circle over or under words for the prepositions over or uuder.

Ex. overwhelm, moreover, undertake,
orerwlm mrseer vndertk

5. When two words of a contrary signification come together, with a word or two
between them, write first the contrary word, and afterwards express the oppotition by
drawing a line, thus /

Ex. good and bad, day and night, from the east to the west,

When two words come together denoting the difference of sex, write as above. Ex.
he and she, male and female, man and woman. Or if two corresponding terms of
relation fall together, they are signified in the same way. Ex. husband and wife,
father and mother, parents and children, son and daughter, Stc.

6. When a word is repeated, and not repeated till something else occurs, write
down a word or two and make the mark for Sic.

SHORTENING RULES,
For enabling the writer to follmc the most rapid speaker.

7. The first word or two of every sentence should be written very plain and intelli-
gible. This will secure a connection, and render the whole sentence easy to be read,
though much abbreviated in the latter part.

8. The articles c, aw, and the, and the siVn of the genitive ease, of, mav be always
omitted.

9. The first consonant and termination of a word is often sufficient to express the
whole.

10. In many cases the terminations are such that no mark need be made for them.

10. Many words may be expressed by two or three of their leading consonants, or
by their initials where the sense is clear ; and in most long sentences a number of small
words may be dropped without impairing the perspicuity of the sentence.

11. The sign of the plural of nouns, together with s, cth, ed, and est, terminations
in the tenses of verbs, may be omitted.

12. Such words as are usually abbreviated in long-hand, may be abbreviated in sh.h.

13. Poetic contractions may also be made use of: as morn for morning, &c.

14. Some compound words may be written singly, thus ; with out, with draw, child
hood, &c.

AllBITRARIES.

The following are a few arbitrary (or contracted) characters,
which may be used at the option of the pupil.

Plate XIII.

15.

the world

27.

equal

16.

Jesus Christ

28.

United States

17.

Christianity

29.

altogether

18.

Christian religion

30.

s
/

divided, broken

19.

before

31.

undivided, unbroken

20.

after

32.

distinguish-ed-ing

21.

'j&

unnecessary superfluous

33.

understanding

22.

unnatural, uncommon

34.

angel, archangel

23.

together

35.

around, about

24.

heaven-ly

36.

roundabout, round

25.

nothing

27.

through

26.

something

38.

-6-

throughout

EXERCISE I.* 1st Chapter of Genesis. See Plate xiv.

1. In the (1] beginning God created the [8] heavens [24] andthe [1] earth. 2. And
the earth was without [14] form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the
deep: and the spirit of [8] God moved upon the face of the waters. 3. And God said,
let there be light : and there was light. 4. And God saw the light, that it was good :
and God divided [30] the light/rom the [2] darkness. 5. And God called [11] the light
day, and the darkness he called night : and the evening [13] and the morning [13]
were the first day. 6. And God said, let there be a [8] firmanent in the^midst of the
waters, and let it divide [30] the vratersfrom the waters. 7. And God made the firma-
ment, and divided the waters which were under [3] the firmament from the waters
which were above [3] the firmament : and it was so. 8. And God caned the firmanent
heaven; and the evening and the morning were the second day. 9. And God saidj

* The references in this exercise refer only to the instruction given in Part II. ; and
the italic type distinguishes such words and parts of words as are abbreviated accord-
ing to the rules therein given.

448554

let the waters under the heaven be gathered together [23] unto one place, and l<-t the
dry land appear: and it was so. 10. And God called the dry land earth, and tht
gathering together of the waters called he seas : and God saw that it was good. 11.
And God said, let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and Hie fruit tree
yielding fruit after ['30] his kind, whose seed'is in itself, upon the earth : and it was so.
12. ilndthc earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and tht
tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind : and God saw that it was
good. 13. ~ind the evening and the morning were the third day. 14. And God said,
let there be light in the firmament of the hem-ens, to divide the day/rom the night ; and
let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years. 15. And lei them be
for lights in the firmanent of the heaven, to give light upon the earth: and it was so.
16. And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, end the lewer
light to rule the night : he made the stars also. 17. And God et them tri the firma-
ment of the heaven, to give light upon the earth. 18. And to rule orer the day, and
over the night, and to divide the \\g\\tfrom the darkness : and God saw that it was good.
19. And the evening and the morning were the fourth day. 20. And God said, let
the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and the fowl
that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven. 21. And God created
great whales and every living creature that moveJA, [11] which the waters brought
forth abundantly after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God
saw that it was good. 22. And God blessed them, saying, be fruitful, and multiply,
and fill the waters in the seas, and let the fowl multiply in the earth. 23. ~1nd the
evening an d the morning were the fifth day. 24. And God said, let the earth bring
forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping things and beast of the
earth after his kind : and it was so. 25 And God made the beast of the earth after
his kind, and the cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeiA upon the earth
after his kind : and God saw that it was good. 26. And God said, let us make man in
our image, after our likeness ; and let them have dominion orer the fish of the sea,
and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and orer all the earth, and orer every
creeping thing that ereepetA upon the earth. 27. So God created man in his own im-
age, in the image of God created he him ; male and female [5] created he them. 26.
.And God blessed them, and God said unto them, be fruitful, and multiply, and reple-
nish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion orer the fish of the sea, and orer the
fowl of the air. and over every living thing that movetA upon the earth. 29. And God
*aid, behold 1 have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the
earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed ; to you it shall
be for meat. 30. And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air. and to
every thing that creepetA upon the earth wherein there is life, I have given every green
herb for meat; and it was so. 31. And God saw every thing that he had made, and
behold, it was very good. Jlnd the evening and the morning were the sixth day.

Chapter of Genesis.

Plate XIV

MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUCTION.

The pupil should accustom himself to write short-hand small and
neat, and not be too anxious to write expeditiously before the rudi-
ments of the art are permanently fixed in the mind.

The first great object proposed by short-hand is, to commit words

to paper with the least possible time and labour ; therefore, in writ-
ing, the less expression there is the better for the sake of brevity,
which justifies the greatest omissions, provided what is left be intel-
ligible. Though the omission of vowels and the abbreviation of
words may for a while present difficulties to the learner, still he
should not be discouraged, nor hence infer that the s\ stem is incom-
plete*, or the art unattainable, even if he should not be able at first to
read his own writing without hesitation. For with the same propri-
ety might the young reader condemn and abandon the use of the
co'mmon alphabet, because he cannot at once read elegantly ;. the
young musician discard his notes, or the young mathematician his
elements of Euclid. Let him, therefore, persevere ; and when he
has become a little more accustomed to writing, abbreviating will
become natural, and habit will render reading perfectly easy.

Nor is it to be supposed that a person can record the language of a
public speaker, without the aid of previous practice. To turn this
necessarv practice to the best possible account, the learner who is
desirous to improve in useful knowledge, should procure a person to
read such facts and items of information as may bo considered imme-
diately interesting or worthy of future perusal", with much delibera-
tion, 'while he records them in a common-place book the reader
increasing in speed as he finds the writer's ability to lo!lo\v him in-
creased. By this method he will become familiarized with the
manner of following a voice, and will overcome that confusion \
creates an impediment to prompt execution in a practitioner's first
attempts to write after a public speaker. Thus pursuing ;!iis course
repeatedly, he may in a short time note down with the utmost ex-
actness whatever is spoken in public, for his future gratification and
instruction.

Directions. The learner should begin with the alphabet, and
studv each column successively; and when the rudiments of the art
are well understood, go on to copy the contents of the several plates
in their progressive order, carefully comparing every doubtful cha-
racter with the rules and explanations, till the whole system is fami-
liar. The compiler of this chart has deemed it proper to number the
rules uniformly through the different classes, in order to preserve a
symmetry of reference.

Every obscure and ambiguous word that occurs in the exercises
here given, is rendered perspicuous and easy in the following man-
ner. (See plate is.) The figures 23. placed after the word persecute.
refer to rule 23, which indicates that the character for the preposition
is distinguished by a comma placed under it; the figure 8, placed
after pieces, refers to rule 8, which shews that * sometimes supplies
the place of c , as in this case ; 2, after none, refers to rule 2. which
denotes the formation of double letters; the same of the other words.

UNIVERSITY of

LOS ANGELES
LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY

Los Angeles
This book is DUE on the last date stamped below.

Wf 11 1951

Ig1960
'H MO3

JAN 1 2 i960

- ; .

">*>

Forji L9-25m-9,'47(A5618)444