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LIVY 
 
 BOOKS II. AND III. 
 
LIVY 
 
 BOOKS II. AND III. 
 
 EDITED WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES, 
 
 BY THE 
 
 KEV. H. M. STEPHENSON, M.A. 
 
 VICAR OP BOURN, CAMBS. J LATE HEAD MASTER OF ST PETER'S SCHOOL, YORK ; 
 FORMERLY FELLOW OF CHRIST'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 or THE 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF 
 
 Hontion 
 MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED 
 
 NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 
 
 1897 
 
 All rights reserved. 
 
Sn 
 
 First Edition 1882. 
 Reprinted i886j 1894, 1897 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 THIS edition is intended mainly for the higher 
 classes in schools. The text is Madvig's (Madvig 
 and Ussing, 1873). 
 
 In the notes all that I have attempted is to 
 explain what appeared to require explanation, to 
 point out facts of Latin style in general, and Livian 
 style in particular, and here and there to translate. 
 In such translations as I have given, my aim has 
 been to excite in the minds of school-boys some 
 dissatisfaction with that comfortable jargon of con- 
 struing English, in the use of which they are still 
 so liberally encouraged by some editors of classical 
 authors. I have purposely avoided loading the 
 notes with etymologies, having found, as a matter 
 of experience, that such scattered etymologies are 
 of little practical use in teaching that elementary 
 portion of philology which is all that can be at- 
 tempted in schools. 
 
 H. M. S. 
 
 S. L. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 INTRODUCTIONS v ^ 
 
 TEXT . , . 
 
 NOTES ..,> 175 
 
 INDEX 295 
 
INTRODUCTION. I. 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 THE second and third books of Livy's history con- 
 tain his account of the doings of the Roman people in 
 the period between the expulsion of the Kings and the 
 overthrow of the Decemvirate. This account is simply 
 his version of the narratives of the older annalists, prin- 
 cipally those of the Sullan epoch, Valerius Antias and 
 Licinius Macer 1 . It seems impossible to prove that 
 these narratives, when they dealt with events before 
 390 B.C., contained anything more than what must be 
 called traditional history, or that they were based, to 
 anything more than a limited extent, on contemporary 
 documents. Such evidence may have been accessible to 
 the annalists in regard to a few, but a very few facts. 
 As detailed histories, therefore, the work of these annal- 
 ists, and consequently that of Livy, must be regarded as 
 untrustworthy. On the other hand, it is difficult to 
 
 1 For a concise but full account of the sources of the early 
 Roman history, see Prof. Seeley's Livy, Bk. i. Introduction, 
 pp. 1120. 
 
viii IN TROD UG T10N. I. 
 
 believe that the traditional account did not contain a 
 substratum of historical truth. In endeavouring 
 to extract this substratum, all that historians can do 
 is to regard as probably true, firstly, those state- 
 ments which apparently may have been based on 
 extant documents (e.g. the treaty with the Latins 
 alluded to by Cicero as existing in his time 
 pro Balbo, c. 23) ; secondly, those statements of hu- 
 manly possible events in which the historians agree, 
 and which, being not self-contradictory, are rendered 
 more or less probable by what we know of the con- 
 temporary history of other nations, by the subsequent 
 development of the Roman nation itself, by the insti- 
 tutions and customs of later times, and by the facts of 
 language. In the brief abstract that follows I have 
 given what Dr Mommsen regards as the most pro- 
 bable account of the main historical events of the 
 period. 
 
 At the time of the expulsion of the kings, the 
 Etruscans were about at the height of their power. 
 They possessed the islands of Aethalia, Corsica, and 
 Sardinia, while, in alliance with the Carthaginians, 
 they held supremacy in the Tuscan and Adriatic seas. 
 In Italy they not only held their extensive territory 
 north of the Tiber, but possessed also a large portion 
 of Campania, while the Yolscian towns on the sea- 
 coast were subject to them. Latium thus divided them 
 by land from their Italian dependencies. Accordingly, 
 taking advantage of the weakness that naturally 
 followed the violent overthrow of the monarchy, 
 Lars (or Larth) Porsinna (or Porsena) of Clusiuin 
 invaded Latium. The city was surrendered, the 
 
INTRODUCTION. L ix 
 
 people forbidden the use of iron 2 , except for agri- 
 cultural purposes, and it seemed as if Rome were 
 about to sink permanently into the condition of a 
 dependency of Etruria. Prom this it was saved by 
 the Italian Greeks. Porsinna, owing to the in- 
 tervention of the Greeks of Cumse, suffered a repulse 
 under the walls of Ariel a, which seems to have been 
 the turning-point in the war. How the war ended or 
 how long the Romans remained in their abject con- 
 dition it is impossible to say, but it is clear that the 
 Etruscans were not able to establish themselves per- 
 manently on the left hand of the Tiber. Some twenty 
 years after this the Romans appear engaged in a ten 
 years' war with Yeii, in the course of which the Pabian 
 clan perished. This was terminated by a truce for 
 forty years (Livy n. 54), by which apparently Rome 
 regained in relation to the Etruscans the same po- 
 sition she had held under the kings. By this time the 
 Etruscan power had begun to decline. The Gauls 
 were threatening them in the North; and at sea the 
 Sicilian Greeks, who began their victorious career by 
 the defeat of the Carthaginians on the same day on 
 which the battle of Salamis was fought, were robbing 
 them of their supremacy in the Tuscan waters, as later 
 on the Tarentines supplanted them in the Adriatic. 
 Under pressure of all these adverse forces the power 
 of Etruria rapidly declined, and its ultimate subjection 
 to Rome became merely a question of time 3 . The 
 annalists represented the invasion of Porsinna as un- 
 dertaken for the purpose of restoring the Tarquins. 
 
 2 Tac. Hist. in. 72 ; Pliny, N. H. xxxiv. 139. 
 
 3 Mommsen, Vol. i. pp. 150, 329340. 
 
x INTRODUCTION. I. 
 
 That the latter and their friends should have made 
 attempts to procure their restoration is in the highest 
 degree probable, and the account of Livy (n. cc. 3 7, 
 19 20) describing such attempts, and indicating a 
 division of feeling on the subject among the Latin 
 towns, as well as in Rome itself, may contain a his- 
 torical fact 4 . But the statement that Porsinna's in- 
 vasion was undertaken with this object refutes itself. 
 For, notwithstanding his complete success, he retired, 
 according to the narrative, without effecting the very 
 object for which he set out from home. Livy himself 
 could hardly have believed that the charming exploits 
 of Scsevola and Claelia accounted satisfactorily for such 
 a change of purpose 5 . 
 
 As soon as Rome recovered from the Etruscan 
 defeat, she became engaged in wars with the neigh- 
 bouring peoples. Yolscians and Auruncans, u^Equians, 
 Sabines, all appear at war with her, the names of her 
 foes varying according as the annalists drew from the 
 records of one Roman family or another. Whether 
 these fought as clients or allies of the Etruscans, or on 
 their own account as rival claimants for the supremacy 
 which the removal of Etruscan pressure had thrown 
 open to competition, it is impossible to say. But 
 tradition and inherent probability would incline us to 
 believe that the struggle must have been a fierce one, 
 and that Rome must often have been near destruc- 
 tion. It must be remembered that in speaking of 
 Rome in connexion with these wars, we mean Rome 
 as the head of the Latin cities, which shared with her 
 
 4 Mommsen, Vol. i. p. 349. 5 IMd. Vol. i. p. 256 n. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 1. xi 
 
 the burden of her wars. The league, which was per- 
 haps shaken by the events that accompanied the 
 revolution, was renewed by Sp. Cassius in B.C. 493, 
 and strengthened subsequently by the admission of the 
 Hernici. 
 
 But Rome was in even greater danger from fight- 
 ings within than from fightings without her walls. 
 
 The revolution had been the joint work of patricians 
 and plebeians under pressure of a tyranny that affected 
 both. But the results to the two portions of the com- 
 munity were very different. The patricians and their 
 representative body, the senate, became the governing 
 body in the state. The plebeians soon discovered that 
 they had only exchanged one master for many. As 
 long as the danger of a renewal of the late tyranny re- 
 mained, it served no doubt to hold together the burgess 
 body and the 'fragments' for the time being in an 
 artificial and unnatural alliance. But as that danger 
 passed away the two antagonistic bodies soon fell 
 asunder and settled into their natural positions. On 
 the one side were the fully-privileged burgesses, con- 
 taining within them a few plebeian families detached 
 from their own order by senatorian privileges (Livy, 
 II. 1. 10), on the other, the unprivileged or semi- 
 privileged mass. The former furnished from their 
 numbers the magistrates who governed the whole 
 community. The latter formed numerically the largest 
 portion of the governed body. They had the privilege 
 no doubt of voting for the magistrates. But even 
 supposing that they could succeed, in spite of pa- 
 trician influence in the comitia and actual patrician 
 checks on the elections, in securing the patrician 
 
xii INTRODUCTION. 1. 
 
 magistrate whom they desired, the advantage was 
 neutralised, if not nullified, by the limitations on the 
 power of the chief magistrates, which necessarily fol- 
 lowed on the revolution. Nominally successors to the 
 royal authority, the consuls soon became practically the 
 officials of the senate, to whom they were responsible 
 at the expiration of their year of office. The essential 
 feature even of the Valerian laws the Magna Charta, 
 as they have been called, of Rome is the depression of 
 the consular authority, and when it is remembered that 
 the senate by traditional custom possessed the right of 
 preparing and authorising beforehand all business for 
 the comitia, while the patrician portion of it possessed 
 the privilege of confirming or rejecting all the decisions 
 of the people, it will be clear that the supreme ex- 
 ecutive body in the state was the practically patrician 
 senate, and the consuls little more than chairmen of 
 that body. Here then in the political division of the 
 community into two antagonistic bodies, in the con- 
 centration of all authority, legislative, executive, 
 judicial and religious, in patrician hands, and the con- 
 sequent patrician bias in legislation, government, and 
 the administration of justice (and that at a time 
 when no code of written law as yet existed), lay a 
 grave danger to the young republic. But this danger 
 was intensified by the social division of the people into 
 rich and poor, and the stupid indifference shown by 
 the governing class to the material welfare of the mass. 
 Under the kings it seems probable, as Mommsen con- 
 jectures, that plebeians as well as patricians were 
 allowed to use the public pastures ; but under the re- 
 public the principle was established that only full 
 
INTRODUCTION. I. xiii 
 
 burgesses were entitled to enjoy the domain land (ager 
 publicus). Further than this, the rent formerly paid 
 for the cattle grazing on the public pastures was 
 gradually allowed to fall into abeyance, while the 
 assignations of land to poorer burgesses and plebeians 
 were practically discontinued. Instead of this, the 
 custom of occupation in heritable tenancy of large 
 portions of the ager publicus was introduced. The 
 poorer members of the community and, speaking 
 generally, the plebeians thus suffered loss in two ways. 
 They were not only deprived of a source of livelihood, 
 but they had to bear a heavier burden of taxation, in 
 consequence of the cessation of income to the state 
 from the pastures. Under the pressure of these diffi- 
 culties, combined with the necessity of military service, 
 they fell into the power of the capitalists, from whom 
 they were obliged to borrow, and under the severe 
 Roman law of debt became in most cases slaves or at 
 least serfs of their creditors. In other words, the 
 farmer and yeoman classes of Rome were beginning to 
 be transformed into a class of villeins. 
 
 Under these circumstances, it is clear that the only 
 chance of salvation for the state lay in the plebeians 
 discovering in time their real power, and extorting 
 political recognition from the patricians. That power 
 lay in the simple fact that the patricians could not do 
 without them. They formed numerically far the larger 
 portion of the community, and they furnished the bulk 
 of the Roman armies. The accounts of the annalists, 
 who dovetail together wars and agitations, are no doubt 
 imaginative in the extreme, but they are so far true to 
 history that they record the consciousness of the people, 
 S. L. b 
 
xiv INTRODUCTION. L 
 
 that it was the wars of Rome which taught the plebeians 
 their own value and importance. When once this was 
 learnt and the commons had made up their minds to 
 act on the knowledge, the exclusive position of the 
 patricians was sapped, and the equalization of the orders 
 became only a matter of time. How the first step was 
 taken it is impossible to say for certain. It must have 
 been by some action on the part of the plebs which ex- 
 pressed their determination either to be recognised 
 and protected in the community to which they nomi- 
 nally belonged, or to leave it. A secession would have 
 been a very simple way of making that declaration, 
 and, but for the variations in the accounts of the 
 traditional secession, it might be regarded as historical. 
 But whatever form the declaration of revolt took, the 
 immediate results are clear and unmistakeable. The 
 plebeians returned to Eome with the right to elect 
 annually from their own number officials of their own, 
 whose recognised right and duty it was to cancel the 
 command of any patrician magistrate by which any 
 plebeian considered himself to be aggrieved 6 . The 
 details of the tribunician power, so far as they can be 
 determined or conjectured, have been dealt with in the 
 
 6 " The power of the tribunes therefore primarily involved 
 the right of putting a stop at their pleasure to acts of ad- 
 ministration and to the execution of the law, of enabling a 
 person bound to military service to withhold himself from the 
 levy with impunity, of preventing or cancelling the arrest of 
 the condemned debtor, or his imprisonment during investiga- 
 tion, and other powers of the same sort.... The tribunes how- 
 ever could not prohibit the judge from pronouncing his 
 sentence, the senate from adopting its decree, or the centuries 
 from giving their votes." Mommsen, i. 281. 
 
INTRODUCTION. I. xv 
 
 notes on various passages in the second book. It will 
 be sufficient to say here, that these officers, subordinate 
 to whom were the plebeian sediles or record-keepers, 
 were not magistrates in the proper Roman sense, but 
 recognised leaders or captains of the plebs, with the 
 rights mentioned above. The plebs however having 
 now learnt its power, it was not likely that their 
 captains should continue to hold the comparatively 
 humble position originally accorded to them. It is 
 pretty clear that the tribunes rapidly acquired or 
 assumed an appellate criminal jurisdiction 7 and a right 
 of initiating legislation 8 . The latter was recognised ' 
 and confirmed when by the lex Valeria Horatia (iii. 
 55) Plebiscita were made binding on all the people. 
 
 But the tribunate was not a satisfactory solution 
 of the political difficulty, and it was less satisfactory, 
 the more the power of the tribunes increased. The 
 parallel authority led to perpetual collision, and re- 
 duced the city of Rome to what may be described as 
 a condition of intermittent civil war. The history of 
 the people in times of peace during the period between 
 the institution of the tribunate and the appointment 
 of the decemvirs, is a history of street riots, mur- 
 ders, and violations of magisterial dignity, of banish- 
 ments and emigrations. The capitol was seized, and 
 Rome threatened by a band of political refugees and 
 slaves ; the tribune Genucius was murdered because 
 he was powerful enough to threaten the consuls ; and 
 Sp. Cassius was put to death, because his agrarian 
 law, based on broad principles of equity and good 
 
 7 For the causes which led to this, see Mommsen, i. 282. 
 
 8 See note on Livy, n. 56. 
 
xvi INTRODUCTION. L 
 
 statesmanship, offended the selfishness of all classes in 
 the state. It became evident, even to the more sober- 
 minded of the plebeians, that either the struggle be- 
 tween consuls and tribunes must cease, or the republic 
 perish. If the patricians could not do without the 
 plebeians, the plebeians could not dispense with the 
 patricians, and if the growing power of the tribunate 
 drove all but poorer plebeians out of Rome, these 
 might find that they had been tribuned out of their 
 political existence. Could not some means be devised 
 whereby this perpetual conflict between the arbitrary 
 jurisdiction of the patrician magistrates and the per- 
 sonal interference of the tribunes could be obviated ? 
 If the magistrates were bound and restricted in the 
 exercise of their functions by a code of laws embodying 
 in it the rights of the commons, then the necessity for 
 the tribunician interference would be materially dimi- 
 nished. Even if the tribunes became unnecessary al- 
 together, and the patricians demanded as the price of 
 their consent to a code that the tribunate should be 
 abolished, even that the wiser plebeians felt would be 
 preferable to the present anarchy. So when the pro- 
 posal of Tarentilius Harsa was made, to appoint five 
 men to draw up such a code, the struggle protracted 
 for ten years between the extreme patricians, who 
 thought they could reduce the tribunate without sub- 
 mitting to a code, and the extreme plebeians, who 
 thought that they could reduce the consular powers 
 without surrendering the tribunate, ended in a com- 
 promise, by which ten men were elected to draw up a 
 code of laws. These decemvirs until their work was 
 completed were to act as supreme magistrates, super- 
 
INTRODUCTION. I. xvii 
 
 seding the consuls. Meanwhile the tribunate and the 
 right of appeal were suspended. The history of the 
 Decemvirate is well known. The moral of it is simple. 
 The patrician decemvirs took pains to shew what 
 the commons might expect from patrician magistrates 
 restricted by a code of laws, and the leaders of the 
 commons were not slow to take advantage of the 
 lesson. The attempted union of the orders was dis- 
 persed. The decemvirs were driven from power, the 
 old form of government restored, and the tribunate 
 re-established with increased dignity and power, and 
 under more binding sanctions than before 9 . 
 
 9 For details of altered position of tribunate see Mommsen, 
 i. 294. 
 
INTRODUCTION. II. 
 
 STYLE OF LIYY. 
 
 LIVY had to form a historical style of his own 
 a style which could live through 150 books, and 
 make the traditional history of their country so at- 
 tractive to the Romans of his day as to induce them to 
 read it attentively and admire, if they did not imitate, 
 the virtues of their ancestors. There was no existing 
 model of Roman historic style which could have suited 
 his purpose. The older Latin annalists were rude 
 and archaic. Tubero, the contemporary of Sallust, 
 affected the same style. The style of Sallust himself, 
 incisive and terse, sometimes even to obscurity, ad- 
 mirably adapted to biography, or biographical history, 
 was of very limited use to an historian contemplating 
 such a work as Livy's. Csesar's despatch style, elabor- 
 ately nude and artificially frank, skilful as it was, 
 and skilfully as he used it for his own political pur- 
 poses, was obviously of but little use as a model to 
 a general historian. From Cicero, and the other 
 orators, Livy could derive but little assistance, even in 
 the purely oratorical parts of his work. There must 
 
INTRODUCTION. II. xix 
 
 be a dramatic element in historical speeches which is 
 entirely wanting in the advocate's speech. Livy then 
 had to mould the Roman prose speech to his purposes. 
 He found in that speech dignity, purity, perspicuity, 
 and force. What it wanted for his purposes, wa,s 
 greater elasticity and greater variety. To supply this 
 deficiency he not only availed himself of the unde- 
 veloped resources existing, so to speak, within pure 
 Roman prose, but he took advantage of a tendency 
 perceptible in his predecessors, notably in Sallust, and 
 gaining ground in the every-day language of the time 
 in which he lived the tendency to Grsecise. The 
 meaning of the term Grsecism as applied to a Roman 
 writer should be clearly understood. It is not to be 
 supposed that Livy, or the poets of the Augustan age, 
 dragged into the Latin language Greek forms of ex- 
 pression, or Greek terms entirely alien to it, in the 
 way in which the LXX. translators dragged Hebrew 
 and other idioms into their Greek. What the former 
 did was to seize on those idioms of the Latin language 
 that assimilated to Greek, and produce or extend them 
 in the same direction, but that, with so much care and 
 skill, with such artful concealment, so to speak, of the 
 joints in the process, that the full Grsecism appears as 
 the natural development of the rudimentary Latin 
 idiom. When Horace, for example, writes, Omne 
 cum Proteus pecus egit altos visere monies, we feel 
 that it is a Graecisrn, but we feel also that the con- 
 structign is very nearly related to that of cogo with 
 the infinitive. When, again, Livy vises folio with a 
 participle, to express the same as XavOavu with a par- 
 ticiple in Greek, we see that he is Grsecising, but we 
 
xx INTRODUCTION. II. 
 
 wonder that the Roman language did not develop the 
 idiom, without the assistance of Greek. In addition to 
 his Grsecism, and more or less in connexion with it, 
 Livy introduced a poetical element into his style, that 
 is, a freedom of structure and usage, before his time 
 considered to be allowable only in poets. The in- 
 fluence of Virgil on Livy's diction in general is dis- 
 tinctly traceable. 
 
 By these two means, then, in the main Livy 
 produced these two characteristics which are the dis- 
 tinguishing features of his style as compared with 
 Roman prose writers before him. In what follows 
 I have attempted to describe these characteristics a 
 little more in detail. For this purpose it is convenient 
 to consider them under the three heads, of structure, 
 syntax, and vocabulary; including under the first, pe- 
 culiarities of arrangement, whether the alternation of 
 different rhetorical styles, or the arrangement of sen- 
 tences in a period, or words in a sentence ; under the 
 second, peculiarities of grammar and construction, the 
 use of parts of speech in relation to and connexion 
 with other parts of speech ; under the third, peculiar 
 uses of single parts of speech ! . 
 
 I. Under the head of structure, we notice : 
 (1) The sudden 2 transition in the narrative parts 
 of the work from direct to oblique narration, in other 
 words, the practice of relieving the monotony of a nar- 
 rative by making the people of whom the author is 
 
 
 
 1 For wnat follows, I am indebted almost entirely to 
 Kuhnast, Die hauptpunkte der Livianischen syntax. 
 
 2 That is, without any introducing word. 
 
INTRODUCTION. II. xxi 
 
 writing tell their own story. This use is limited to 
 those cases where the thoughts, feelings, passions, 
 etc. of the people enter into the narrative, e. g. n. ii. 3. 
 
 (2) The sudden transition in speeches from 
 oratio oUiqua to oratio recta, and vice versa, I. 13. 2 ; 
 n. 7. 9. 
 
 (3) Alternation of the periodic, and detached or 
 open styles, and variety in the lengths of periods. 
 Livy uses both the periodic and open styles in vivid 
 description (comp. n. 6. 6 10, with 12. 7 14); the 
 former is of course more natural where a single or 
 single man's action is being described, the latter, where 
 the action is varied or the actors more numerous. 
 He also uses both long and short periods in quiet nar- 
 rative, the former where the action is more compli- 
 cated, especially by the addition of various motives. 
 Livy's longest period (XLIII. 18. 1 5) describes the 
 motives of Perseus in planning a campaign. A common 
 form of period in Livy is where a subordinate sentence 
 precedes the principal, itself being preceded by a parti- 
 cipial construction, xxm. 17. 1. But he exhibits great 
 versatility in his periods, both as regards the arrange- 
 ment of the subordinate clauses, and the variety of 
 the constructions used (e. g. in. 57. 2 4). 
 
 Characteristic of his periods is a skilful complica- 
 tion of participles in various constructions (cf. in. 3. 6), 
 especially in the coupling of the absolute participle to 
 the participle in the construction of the sentence, and 
 to adjectives, I. 1. 4. 
 
 (4) The frequent use of parenthesis, to avoid 
 complication, especially to avoid the necessity for an 
 awkward relative clause. 
 
xxii INTRODUCTION. II. 
 
 (5) Asyndetism, chiasmus, anaphora, and iteration. 
 These figures are of course common to Livy with other 
 writers, but he uses them very frequently, and with 
 great skill. Chiasmus is employed in the members of 
 a period, and in the members of a sentence : n. 40. 3, 
 44. 2. One noticeable form of anaphora is the repetition 
 of a predicate in the form of a participle at the be- 
 ginning of a fresh sentence, to mark the immediate 
 sequence of action ; n. 25. 5. 
 
 (6) Forms of sentence evidently modelled on 
 Greek (a) interrogative, in participial and conjunctional 
 clauses ; Quid Alpes aliud credentes quam montium 
 allitudines ; Quid ut a vobis sperent ? Comp. also 
 in. 72. 3, quo cum dolore hos } quo cum gaudio illoSj 
 where audituros must be supplied from the previous 
 audire. (b) Objective, in which the subject of the sub- 
 ordinate is made the object of the principal sentence ; 
 Hie metus Codrionem...oppidum ut dederetur Romanis 
 e/ecit ? 
 
 (7) Peculiarities in arrangement of individual 
 members of the sentence : 
 
 The subject of a subordinate sentence preceding 
 the principal, not being also subject to the principal, 
 is nevertheless placed before the conjunction of the 
 subordinate; II. 28. 5. The subject of a sentence 
 is placed inside an ablative absolute; Cum clausis 
 Andranodorus Insulce portis, etc. The cognomen is 
 preposed to the nomen, and the latter separated from 
 the prcenomen ; e. g. Ahala Servilius, Marcus erat 
 Valerius j etc. The object in dependent interrogative 
 is placed before the interrogative word ; in. 13. 7. 
 
INTRODUCTION. IL xxiii 
 
 The adjective is separated from its substantive; 
 (a) By words qualifying the latter. By this means 
 Livy to a certain extent supplies the want of the 
 article, which gives so much elasticity to Greek, 
 ii. 32. Il,maturum confecto cibo sanguinem ; n. 49. 4, 
 Egregius quibuslibet temporibus senatus 3 . On the same 
 principle the genitive is separated from the substan- 
 tive it qualifies, n. 5. 2, Spem in perpetuum cum 
 Us pads, (b) By words not forming part of the quali- 
 fication of the substantive; in. 16. 4. 
 
 Great freedom is used in arrangement of words in 
 what are known as locutiones solemnes; e. g. Livy writes 
 pro virili parte (the usual order) or pro parte virili, at 
 will ; he disregards the general rule of the position of 
 summus, primus, etc. e. g. luce primd, valle medid, 
 herein assimilating to poetic usage. On the other 
 hand, the preposing of the adjective is used for 
 grammatical purposes as above (a). Specially Livian 
 also is the predicative use of the adjective so placed, 
 another reflexion of Greek elasticity, e. g. i. 50. 3 ? Fero- 
 ciler in absentem Tarquinium erat invectus, airovrL 
 TW r. Ti-oAus eveVeiTo ("for being absent"). 
 
 The supine in u is placed freely before and after 
 its adjective. 
 
 The verb inquit not unfrequently follows im- 
 mediately its subject. 
 
 The auxiliary and participle in compound tenses 
 
 3 This occurs in Cicero also, but to a much more limited 
 extent, being confined as a rule in (a) to a single case or its 
 equivalent, a preposition and a substantive ; in (b) to a single 
 substantive or particles. 
 
xxiv INTRODUCTION. II. 
 
 are separated often by a considerable number of words, 
 in. 16. 4 4 . 
 
 Great freedom is used in the position of adverbs, 
 which are placed even between substantive and at- 
 tribute; ii. 10. 8. Ferme, non amplius, etc. precede 
 or follow the words they qualify. 
 
 Several conjunctions and particles are used in 
 unusual positions; e.g. Igitur, first word in a sentence, 
 Namque and itaque, second, etc. 
 
 (8) Poetic rhythm ; Hcec ubi dicta dedit (Yir- 
 gilian), n. 56, 1 n. 
 
 (9) Arrangement by alliteration; e.g. n. 12. 7, 
 Quo temere traxit for tuna f acinus. 
 
 (10) Pleonasm; Nemo unus, Itaque ergo, etc. 
 
 II. Under the head of syntax, we have to notice : 
 
 (1) Hypallage, e.g. n. 51. 7. 
 
 (2) Variation of gender, number, and person in 
 the same passage; Ad duodecim millia hostium sunt 
 cvesa, capti quingenti ; etc. in. 6. 3, urbanos agrestem, 
 65. 11; homines .. .nobis ; cf. 11. 2. 
 
 (3) Plural verb after collective nouns in the same 
 clause. This before Livy's time is rare and confined 
 to one or two words, the commonest being pars. 
 
 (4) The adjective as predicate or as attribute 
 agreeing in gender with the sense of the substantive, 
 e.g. Capita conjurationis ccesi sunt; Ingens turba 
 
 4 In Cicero this is confined to the insertion of the sub- 
 ject between the participle and auxiliary, and that, where the 
 subject is reserved to the end of the sentence. 
 
INTRODUCTION. II. xxv 
 
 circumfusi ; and with the nearer of two substan- 
 tives. 
 
 (5) Adjectival use of substantives; n. 1. 4 n. 
 
 (6) Personification, whereby a word expressing 
 an inanimate thing is used as the subject of an action; 
 n. 4. 3 n. 
 
 (7) Freer use of cases; e.g. of the possessive (e.g. 
 with totuSj in. 36. 7), objective, and partitive genitive, 
 in imitation of Greek ; use of the double genitive, show- 
 ing the same tendency ; free use of the descriptive geni- 
 tive, especially of gerundives ; dative of purpose after 
 adjectives, e.g.jfirmus, validus, etc.; dative of purpose 
 of gerunds and gerundives ; accusative after adjec- 
 tive in -bundus, in. 47. 3 n.; free use of the circum- 
 stantial ablative, of the modal ablative without at- 
 tribute; in. 18. 4 n. These are noticed in the notes 
 as they occur. 
 
 (8) Substantival use of adjectives (a) in masculine 
 and feminine ; so, in various cases, in both numbers, 
 in comparative and superlative degrees, with qualify- 
 ing phrases, e.g. Barbarus y Patricii, Plebeio et humili, 
 Potiores, ab Hermcmdica profugi. The same applies 
 to participles, e. g. concionatis in modum; effuse se- 
 quentes ; Oriundi a Sabinis ; Delecti militum ; nullus 
 for nemo. 
 
 (b) In neuter gender (a) in singular number. So, 
 in all cases : in genitive with case dependent on it, 
 e.g. quidquam humanorum certi est; in comparative 
 as well as positive after prepositions (this however 
 confined to majus)-, in combination with genitives, 
 pronouns, and adjectives, e.g. pessimo publico : cf. also 
 
xxvi INTRODUCTION. II. 
 
 ii. 11. 4 n. (In connexion with this may be noticed 
 the qualification by adjective or participle of an al- 
 ready qualified substantive, the original qualification 
 forming part of the whole substantive, e. g. occulta 
 solemnia sacrificia, and the use of adjective or partici- 
 ple to extend the predicate in an ablative absolute, 
 ii. 7. 1 n.) (/?) In plural, after prepositions, per ardua, 
 etc., with qualifying word or phrase, in oblique cases, 
 with another adjective or participle ; omnia, pleraque, 
 cetera as substantives with predicative adjective. 
 
 Many of these uses are common to Livy and 
 Cicero, but the former largely extends the usage of the 
 latter. 
 
 (9) Pronouns agreeing with substantives, but ex- 
 pressing the object after them, n. 3. 5 n. The oblique 
 cases of pronouns frequently expressed by adverbs, 
 ii. 2. 5 ; indefinite relatives used without verb, n. 
 44. 8. 
 
 (10) Frequent use of perfect participle for the 
 finite verb ; the present and imperfect frequently used 
 in coiiative and quasi-future senses, present and im- 
 perfect in oratio obliqua vividly for imperfect and plu- 
 perfect ; indicative for subjunctive in vivid narration, 
 ii. 10. 12, in oratio obliqua, ii. 15. 3 n.; irregularity 
 of construction after conjunctions, e.g. postquam; fre- 
 quent use of participle instead of conjunction and finite 
 verb, especially after quippe, n. 33. 8 n. ; Grsecism 
 and poeticism in construction after verbs, e. g. fallo 
 with participle, obstinare and obstinatus with infini- 
 tive; middle use of perfect passive participle, and 
 passive use of perfect participle of deponents ; infini- 
 
INTRODUCTION. II. xxvii 
 
 tive in dependent sentences in oratio obliqua, in. 9. 10 
 
 (but more distinctly, vi. 27. 6, cum interim objectari) ; 
 
 historic infinitive after conjunctions, n. 27. 1 ; abla- 
 tive gerund used as = present participle, n. 9. In.; etc. 
 
 II. Adverbs used as primary predicates, u. 25. 1 n.; 
 and as attributes, exprobrantes suam quisque alius 
 alibi militiam. Index s. v. Adverb. 
 
 III. Under the head of vocabulary only a few 
 typical phenomena of expression can be noticed. A de- 
 tailed list of special Livian usages would be too long 
 for our limits, and not very useful. 
 
 (1) Synecdoche, especially in collective use of 
 singular number of concrete nouns. Index, s. v. ' Sin- 
 gular/ 
 
 (2) Metonymy; (a) ordinary poetic, e. g. Mars = 
 bellum, and eventus belli. Of. n. 47. 10. 
 
 (b) Pregnant and subjective use of substantives, 
 e. g. indignitaSjfactio, n. 30. 2 n. 
 
 (c) Use of abstracts for plural of concrete, e. g. 
 advocatio (Livy's fondness for abstracts in -us is speci- 
 ally noticeable). 
 
 (3) A fondness for adjectives in -bundus and -osus, 
 n. 26. 1 n. ; greater freedom than in other prose writers 
 in forming comparatives and superlatives, especially 
 of participles, n. 60. 3 n. ; a large number of parti- 
 cipial adjectives borrowed from poets, or invented by 
 Livy himself, expressing dress, ornament, equipment, 
 etc., e.g. galeatus, loricatus, linteatus, laureatus, etc. 
 
 (4) A tendency to use simple instead of more 
 ordinary compound verbs, e. g. apiscor, novo for adi- 
 
xxviii INTRO D UCTION. II. 
 
 piscor, renovo ; cf. promptus, n. 58. 9; fondness for 
 frequentatives. 
 
 (5) A large number of adverbs in -ter and 4m ; 
 metaphorical use of adverbs, e.g. ibi used of time, 
 alibi of manner, etc. 
 
 (6) Prepositions used in unusual senses, especially 
 a, ad, in, super, per. Index s. v. 
 
LIBER II. 
 
 LIBERI iam Line populi Romani res pace belloque 1 
 gestas. annuos magistratus, imperiaque The Republic. 
 
 1 Supplementing of 
 
 legum potentiora quam hominum pera- the Senate. 
 gam. Quse libertas ut Isetior esset, proximi regis su- 2 
 perbia fecerat. Nam priores ita regnarunt, ut baud 
 immerito omnes deinceps conditores partium certe 
 urbis, quas novas ipsi sedes ab se auctse multitudinis 
 addiderunt, nuinerentur ; neque ambigitur, quin Brutus 3 
 idem, qui tantum glorise superbo exacto rege meruit, 
 pessiuio publico id facturus fuerit, si libertatis imma- 
 turse cupidine priorum regum alicui regnuin extorsisset. 
 Quid enim futurum f uit, si ilia pastorum convenarumque 4 
 plebs, transfuga ex suis populis, sub tutela inviolati tem- 
 pi i aut libertatem aut certe impunitatem adepta, soluta 
 regio metu agitari coepta esset tribuniciis procellis et 
 in aliena urbe cum patribus serere certamina, prius- 5 
 quam pignera coniugum ac liberorum caritasque ipsius 
 soli, cui longo tempore assuescitur, animos eorum coii- 
 sociasset? DissipatsB res nondum adultse discordia fo- 6 
 rent, quas fovit tranquilla moderatio imperii eoque 
 natriendo perduxit, ut bonam frugem libertatis matu- 
 ris iam viribus ferre possent. 
 
 S. L. 1 
 
2 LIVII LA.U.C. 2 45 
 
 7 Libertatis autem originem inde magis, quia annuum 
 imperiuin consulare factum est, quam quod deminutum 
 
 8 quicquam sit ex regia potestate, numeres. Omnia 
 iura, omnia insignia primi consules tenuere; id modo 
 cautum est, ne, si ambo fasces haberent, duplicatus 
 terror videretur. Brutus prior, concedente collega, 
 fasces habuit ; qui non acrior vindex libertatis fuerat, 
 
 9 quam deinde custos fuit. Omnium prim urn avidum 
 novae libertatis populum, ne postmodum flecti precibus 
 aut donis regiis posset, iure iurando adegit, neminem 
 
 10 Romse passuros regnare. Deinde, quo plus virium in 
 senatu frequentia etiam ordinis faceret, caedibus regis 
 deminutum patruin numerum primoribus equestris 
 
 11 gradus lectis ad trecentorum summam explevit, tradi- 
 tumque inde fertur, ut in senatum vocarentur, qui 
 patres quique COD scrip ti essent; conscriptos, videlicet 
 novum senatum, appellabant lectos. Id mirum quan- 
 tum profuit ad concordiam civitatis iungendosque pa- 
 
 2 tribus plebis animos. Rerutn deinde divinarum habita 
 Appointment of cura; et quia quaedam publica sacra per 
 
 RCJC Sacrorum. . . 
 
 Retirement of ipsos reges factitata erant. iiecubi return 
 
 Collatinus and r . . 
 
 banishment of desiderium esset, regem sacrmculum 
 
 all the Gens j . 
 
 2 Tarquinia. creant. Id sacerdotium pontinci subie- 
 cere, ne additus nomini honos aliquid libertati, cuius 
 tune prima erat cura, officeret. Ac nescio an nimis 
 undique earn minimisque rebus muniendo modum exces- 
 
 3 serint. Consulis enim alterius, quum nihil aliud 
 offenderet, nomen invisum civitati fuit: nimium Tar- 
 quinios regno assuesse ; initium a Frisco factum; 
 regnasse dein Ser. Tullium; ne intervallo quidem facto 
 oblitum, tamquam alieni, regni Superbum Tarquinium 
 velut hereditatem gentis scelere ac vi repetisse; pulso 
 
A.CH. 509] LIBER II. 3 
 
 Superbo penes Collatinunt imperium esse ; nescire Tar- 
 quinios privates vivere; non placere nomen, periculo- 
 sum libertati esse^-Hic primo sensim tentantium ani- 4 
 mos sermo per totam civitatem est datus, sollicitamque 
 suspicione plebem Brutus ad contionem vocat. Ibi 
 omnium primum ius iurandum populi recitat, neminem 5 
 regnare passuros nee esse Romae, unde periculum 
 libertati foret; id summa ope tuendum esse, neque 
 ullam rem, quae eo pertineat, contemnendam. Invitum 
 se dicere hominis causa, nee dicturum fuisse, ni caritas 
 rei publicaa vinceret: non credere populum Romanum, 6 
 solidam libertatem recuperatam esse; regium genus 
 regium nomen non solum in civitate, sed etiam in 
 imperio esse; id officere, id obstare libertati. "Hunc 7 
 tu " inquit " tua voluntate, L. Tarquini, remove me- 
 tum. Meniinimus, fatemur : eiecisti reges; absolve 
 berieficium tuum, aufer hinc regium nomen. Res tuas 
 tibi non solum reddent cives tui, auctore me, sed, si 
 quid deest, munifice augebunt. Amicus abi; exonera 
 civitatem vano forsitan metu; ita persuasum est ani- 
 mis, cum gente Tarquinia regnum hinc abiturum." 
 Gonsuli primo tarn novae rei ac subitse admiratio in- s 
 cluserat vocem; dicere deinde incipientem prim ores 
 civitatis circumsistunt, eadein multis precibus orant. 
 Et ceteri quidem movebant minus; postquam Sp. 9 
 Lucretius, maior setate ac dignitate, socer prseterea 
 ipsius, agere varie, rogando alternis suadendoque 
 ccepit, ut vinci se consensu civitatis pateretur, timens 10 
 consul, ne postmodum privato sibi eadem ilia cum 
 bonorum amissione additaque alia insuper ignominia 
 acciderent, abdicavit se consulatu, rebusque suis omni- 
 bus Lavinium translatis civitate cessit. Brutus ex n 
 
 12 
 
4 LIVII [A.U.C. 245 
 
 senatus consulto ad populum tulit, ut omnes Tarquiniae 
 gentis exsules essent; collegam sibi comitiis centuriatis 
 creavit P. Valerium, quo adiutore reges eiecerat. 
 
 Quum haud cuiquam in dubio esset, bellum ab 
 conspiracy of Tarquiniis imminere, id quidem spe om- 
 
 partisans of the 
 
 Tarquins. mum serins fuit; ceterum, id quod non 
 
 timebant, per dolurn ac proditionem prope libertas 
 
 2 ainissa est. Erant in Romana iuventute adolescentes 
 aliquot, nee ii tenui loco orti, quorum in regno libido 
 solutior fuerat, sequales sodalesque adolescentium Tar- 
 
 3 quiniorum, assueti more regio vivere. Earn turn, 
 sequato iure omnium, licentiam quserentes, libertatem 
 aliorum in suam vertisse servitutem inter se conquere- 
 bantur: regem hominem esse, a quo impetres, ubi ius, 
 ubi iniuria opus sit; esse gratise locum, esse beneficio; 
 et irasci et ignoscere posse; inter amicum atque inimi- 
 
 4 cum discrimen nosse; leges rem surdam, inexorabilem 
 esse, salubriorem melioremque inopi quam potenti; 
 nihil laxamenti nee venise habere, si modum excesseris; 
 periculosum esse in tot humanis erroribus sola inno- 
 
 s centia vivere. Ita iam sua spoiite segris animis, legati 
 ab regibus superveniunt, sine mentione reditus bona 
 tantum repetentes. Eorum verba postquam in senatu 
 audita sunt, per aliquot dies ea consultatio tenuit, ne 
 non reddita belli causa, reddita belli materia et adiu- 
 
 6 mentum essent. Interim legati alia moliri; aperte bona 
 repetentes clam recuperandi regni consilia struere; et 
 tanquam ad id, quod agi videbatur, ambientes nobilium 
 
 7 adolescentium animos pertentant, A quibus placide 
 oratio accepta est, iis litteras ab Tarquiniis redduiit et 
 de accipiendis clam nocte in urbem regibus colloquun- 
 
 4 tur.\ Yitelliis Aquiliisque fratribus primo commissa 
 
A.CH. 509] LIBER II. 5 
 
 res est. Yitelliorum soror consul! nupta Bruto erat, 
 iamque ex eo matrimonio adolescentes erant liberi, 
 Titus Tiberiusque; eos quoque in societatem consilii 2 
 avunculi assumunt. Prseterea aliquot nobiles adoles- 
 centes conscii assumpti, quorum vetustate memo- 
 ria abiit. Interim quum in senatu vicisset sen- 3 
 tentia, quse censebat reddenda bona, eamque ipsam 
 causam morse in urbe haberent legati, quod spatium 
 ad vehicula comparanda a consulibus sumpsissent, 
 quibus regum asportarent res, omne id tempus cum 
 coniuratis consultando absumunt, evincuntque in- 
 stando, ut litterse sibi ad Tarquinios darentur : nam 4 
 aliter qui credituros eos, non vana ab legatis super 
 rebus tantis afferri'? Datse litterse, ut pignus fidei 
 essent, niaiiifestum facinus fecerunt. Nam quum 5 
 pridie, quam legati ad Tarquinios proficiscerentur, 
 cenatum forte apud Yitellios esset, coniuratique ibi, 
 reinotis arbitris, multa inter se de novo, ut fit, consilio 
 egissent, sermonem eorurn ex servis unus excepit, qui 
 iani antea id senserat agi, sed earn occasionem, ut 6 
 litterse legatis darentur, qua? deprehensse rein coarguere 
 possent, exspectabat. Postquam datas sensit, rem ad 
 consules detulit. Consul es ad deprehendendos legates 7 
 coniuratosque profecti domo sine tuniultu rem omnem 
 oppressere; litterarum in primis habita cura, ne inter- 
 ciderent. Proditoribus extemplo in vincla coniectis, 
 de legatis paululum addubitatum est; et quanquam 
 visi sunt commisisse, ut hostium loco essent, ins tamen 
 gentium valuit. De bonis regiis, quae reddi ante cen- 5 
 suerant, res integra refertur ad patres. li victi ira 
 vetuere reddi, vetuere in publicum redigi. Diripienda 2 
 plebi sunt data, ut contacta regia praBda spem in per- 
 
6 LI VI I [A.U.C. 245 
 
 petuuin cum iis pacis amitteret. Ager Tarquiniorum, 
 qui inter urbem ac Tiberim fuit, consecratus Marti 
 
 3 Martius deinde campus fuit. Forte ibi turn seges farris 
 dicitur fuisse matura messi. Quern campi fructum 
 quia religiosuui erat consumere, desectam cum stra- 
 meiito segetem magna vis homiuum simul immissa 
 corbibus fudere in Tiberim tenui fluentem aqua, ut 
 mediis caloribus solet. Ita in vadis haesitantes fru- 
 
 4 menti acervos sedisse illitos limo; insulam inde paula- 
 tim, et aliis, quse fert temere flumen, eodem invectis, 
 factani; postea credo additas moles manuque adiutum, 
 ut tam eminens area firmaque templis quoque ac por- 
 
 s ticibus sustinendis esset. Direptis bonis regum, damnati 
 proditores sumptumque supplicitim, conspectms,,- eo, 
 quod poense capienclse ministerium patri de liberis con- 
 sulatus imposuit, et, qui spectator erat amovendus, 
 
 6 eurn ipsum fortuna exactorem supplicii dedit. Stabant 
 deligati ad palum nobilissimi iuvenes; sed a ceteris, 
 velut ab ignotis capitibus, consulis liberi omnium in 
 se avert erant oculos, rniserebatque non pcenaXmagis 
 
 7 homines quam sceleris, quo poenam merit! essent :lllos 
 eo potissimuiii anno patriam liberatam, patrem libera- 
 toreni, consulatum ortum ex domo lunia, pat res, ple- 
 bem, quicquid deorum hominumque Komanorum esset, 
 induxisse in animum, ut superbo quondam regi, turn 
 
 8 infesto exsuli proderent. Consules in sedem proces- 
 sere suam, missique lictores ad sumendum supplicium. 
 Nudatos virgis csedunt securique feriunt, quum inter 
 omne tenipus pater vultusque et os eius spectaculo 
 esset, eminente animo patrio inter publicse poenae 
 
 9 ministerium. Secundum pcenam nocentium, ut in 
 utramque partem arcendis sceleribus exemplum nobile 
 
A.CH. 509] LIBER II. 1 
 
 esset, prsemium indici pecunia ex aerario, libertas et 
 ci vitas data. II le primum dicitur vindicta liberatus; 10 
 quidam vindictse quoque nomen tractum ab illo pu- 
 tant; Yindicio ipsi nomen fuisse. Post ilium observa- 
 tum, ut, qui ita liberati essent, in civitatem accepti 
 viderentur. 
 
 His, sicut acta erant, nuntiatis, incensus Tar- 6 
 quinius non dolore solum tantse ad irri- War ^^ Veii 
 turn cadentis spei, sed etiam odio iraque, 
 postquam dolo viam obsseptam vidit, 
 bellum aperte moliendum ratus circumire supplex 
 Etrurise urbes ; orare maxime Veientes Tarquinien- 2 
 sesque, ne se ab se ortum, eiusdem sanguinis, extorrem, 
 egentem ex tanto modo regno cum liberis adolescenti- 
 bus ante oculos suos perire sinerent. Alios peregre 
 in regnum Romam accitos ; se regem, augeiitem bello 
 Romanum imperium, a proximis scelerata coniuratione 
 pulsum. Eos inter se, quia nemo unus satis dignus 3 
 regno visus sit, partes regni rapuisse ; bona sua diri- 
 pienda populo dedisse, ne quis expers sceleris esset. 
 Patriam se regnumque suum repetere et persequi 
 ingratos cives velle. Ferrent opem, adiuvarent ; suas 
 quoque veteres iniurias ultum irent, toties csesas legio- 
 nes, agruin ademptum. Hsec moverunt Yeientes, ac 4 
 pro se quisque, Romano saltern duce ignominias de- 
 mendas belloque amissa repetenda, minaciter fremunt. 
 Tarquinienses nomen ac cognatio movet; pulchrum 
 videbatur, suos Romse regnare. Ita duo duarum civi- 5 
 tatiuni exercitus ad repetendum regnum belloque per- 
 sequendos Komanos secuti Tarquinium. Postquam in 
 agrum Homanum ventum est, obviam hosti consules 
 eunt. Valerius quadrato agmine peditem ducjt ; 5 
 
8 LIVII [A.U.C. 245 
 
 Brutus ad explorandum cum equitatu antecessit. Eo- 
 dem modo primus eques hostium agminis fuit; prse- 
 erat Arruns Tarquinius, filius regis; rex ipse cum 
 
 7 legion ibus sequebatur. Arruns ubi ex lictoribus 
 procul, consulem esse, deinde iam propius ac certius 
 facie quoque Brutum cognovit, inflammatus ira " Ille 
 est vir" inquit, "qui nos extorres expulit patria. 
 Ipse en ille nostris decoratus insignibus magnifice in- 
 , 8 cedit. Di regum ultores, adeste." Concitat calcari- 
 bus equum atque in ipsum infestus consulem dirigit. 
 Sensit in se iri Brutus; decorum erat turn ipsis ca- 
 pessere pugnam ducibus; avide itaque se certamini 
 
 9 offert ; adeoque infestis animis concurreruiit, neuter, 
 dum hostem vulneraret, sui protegendi corporis me- 
 mor, ut contrario ictu per parmam uterque transfixus, 
 duabus hserentes hastis moribund! ex equis lapsi sint. 
 
 10 Simul et cetera equestris pugna ccepit, neque ita multo 
 post et pedites superveniunt. Ibi varia victoria et 
 velut sequo Marte pugnatum est ; dextera utrinque 
 
 11 cornua vicere, Iseva superata. Yeientes, vinci ab 
 Romano milite assueti, f usi fugatique ; Tarquiniensis, 
 novus hostis, non sbetit solum, sed etiam ab sua parte 
 
 7 Romanum pepulit. Ita quum pugnatum esset, tantus 
 terror Tarquinium atque Etruscos incessit, ut, omissa 
 irrita re, nocte ambo exercitus, Yeiens Tarquinien- 
 
 2 sisque, suas quisque abirent domos. Adiiciunt mira- 
 cula huic pugnse : silentio proximoe noctis ex silva 
 Arsia ingentem editam vocem ; Silvani vocem earn 
 creditam ; hsec dicta : uno plus Tuscorum cecidisse in 
 
 3 acie ; vincere bello Romanum. Ita certe inde abiere, 
 Romani ut victores, Etrusci pro victis ; iiam post- 
 quam illuxit nee quisquam hostium in conspectu erat, 
 
A.CII. 509] LIBER II. 9 
 
 P. Valerius consul spolia legit, triumphansque inde 
 Romam rediit. Colleges funus, quanto turn potuit 4 
 apparatu, fecit; sed multo maius morti decus pub- 
 lica fuit insestitia, eo ante omnia insignis, quia nia- 
 tronse annum ut parentem eum luxerunt, quod tam 
 acer ultor violatse pudicitise fuisset. 
 
 Consuli deinde, qui superfuerat, ut sunt mutabiles 5 
 vulgi animi, ex favore non invidia modo, Valerius fails 
 sed suspicio etiam cum atroci crimine under SU8 i )lciou - 
 orta. Kegnum eum affectare fama ferebat, quia 6 
 nee collegam subrogaverat in locum Bruti et sedi- 
 ficabat in summa Yelia : alto atque munito loco 
 arcem ioexpugnabilem fore. Heec dicta vulgo ere- 7 
 ditaque quum indignitate angerent consulis animum, 
 vocato ad concilium populo, sum missis fascibus in 
 contionem escendit. Gratum id multitudiui spec- 
 taculuni fuit, summissa sibi esse imperii insignia 
 confessionemque factam, populi quam consulis maies- 
 tatem vimque maiorem esse. Ibi audire iussis, consul 8 
 laudare fortunam collegse, quod liberata patria, in 
 summo honore, pro re publica dimicans, matura gloria 
 necdum se vertente in invidiam, mortem occubuisset ; 
 se superstitem gloriae suse ad crinieii atque invidiam 
 superesse ; ex liberatore patrise ad Aquilios se Vitel- 
 liosque recidisse. " Nunquamne ergo " inquit " ulla 9 
 adeo vobis spectata virtus erit, ut suspicione violari 
 nequeat? Ego me, ilium acerrimum regum hostem, 
 ipsum cupiditatis regni crimen subiturum timerem] 
 Ego, si in ipsa arce Capitolioque habitarem, metui me 10 
 crederem posse a civibus meis? Tam levi momento 
 mea apud vos fama pendet ? Adeone est fundata le- 
 viter fides, ut, ubi sim, quam qui sim, mag is referat t \ 
 
10 LIVIT [A.U.C. 245 
 
 11 Non obstabuut Publii Yalerii sedes libertati vestrse, 
 Quirites ; tuta erit vobis Velia ; def eram non in 
 planum modo sedes, sed colli etiam subiiciam, ut vos 
 supra suspectum me civem habitetis ; in Yelia sedifi- 
 cent, quibus melius quam P. Valerio creditur libertas.' 1 
 
 12 Delata confestim materia omnis infra Veliam et, ubi 
 nunc Yicse Potse cedes est, domus in infimo clivo sedifi- 
 
 8 cata. Latse deinde leges, non solum quse regni suspi- 
 
 Leges Valeria. c i ne consulem absolverent, sed quse adeo 
 
 S^empfe'S Ju f in contrarium verterent, ut popularem 
 
 Piter capitoiinus. Gii , am facerent . inde cognomen factum 
 
 2 Publicolae est. Ante omnes de provocatione adversus 
 magistratus ad populum sacrandoque cum bonis capite 
 eius, qui regni occupandi consilia inisset, grata3 in vul- 
 
 3 gus leges fuere. Quas quum solus pertulisset, ut sua 
 unius in iis gratia esset, turn demum comitia collegae 
 
 4 subrogando habuit. Great us Sp. Lucretius consul, 
 qui magno natu, non sufficientibus iam viribus ad con- 
 sularia munera obeunda, intra paucos dies moritur. 
 Suffectus in Lucretii locum M. Horatius Pulvillus. 
 
 5 Apud quosdam veteres auctores non invenio Lucre- 
 tium consulem ; Bruto statim Horatium suggerunt ; 
 credo, quia nulla gesta res insignem fecerit consula- 
 tum, memoriam intercidisse. 
 
 6 Nondum dedicata erat in Capitolio lovis sedes; 
 Valerius Horatiusque consules sortiti, uter dedicaret. 
 Horatio sorte evenit; Publicola ad Yeieiitium bellum 
 
 7 profectus. ^Egrius, quam dignum erat, tulere Yalerii 
 necessarii, dedicationem tarn incliti templi Horatio 
 dari. Id omnibus modis irnpedire conati, postquam 
 alia frustra tentata erant, postern iam tenenti consuli 
 feed urn inter precationem deurn nuntium incutiunt, 
 
A.CH. 5 o8] LIBER II. 11 
 
 mortuum ems filium esse, funestaque familia dedicare 
 eum templum non posse. Non crediderit factum, an s 
 tantum animo roboris fuerit, nee traditur certum nee 
 interpretatio est facilis. Nihil aliud ad eum nuntium 
 a proposito aversus, quam ut cadaver efferri iuberet, 
 tenens postern precationem peragit et dedicat tem- 
 plum. 
 
 Hsec post exactos reges domi militiseque gesta 9 
 primo anno. Inde P. Valerius iterum, war with Por- 
 T. Lucretius consules facti. lam Tar- ^S a V at fus P Mu S 9 
 quinii ad Lartem Porsinnam, Clusiimm re- c 
 gem, perfugerant. Ibi miscendo consilium precesqne 
 nunc orabant, ne se, oriundos ex Etruscis, eiusdem san- 
 guinis nominisque, egentes exsulare pateretur, nunc 2 
 monebant etiam, ne orientem morem pellendi reges 
 inultum sineret. Satis libertatem ipsam habere dul- 
 cedinis. Nisi, quanta vi civitates earn expetant, tanta 3 
 regna reges defendant, sequari summa infimis; nihil 
 excelsum, nihil, quod supra cetera emineat, in civita- 
 tibus fore ; adesse finem regnis, rei inter deos homi- 
 nesque pulcherrimae. Porsinna, quum regem esse 4 
 E/omse, turn Etruscse gentis regem, amplum Tuscis 
 ratus, E-omani infesto exercitu venit. Non unquam 5 
 alias ante tantus terror senatum invasit; adeo valida 
 res turn Clusina erat magnumque Porsinnse nomen. 
 Nee hostes modo timebant, sed suosmet ipsi cives, ne 
 Rom ana plebs metu perculsa, receptis in urbem regi- 
 bus, vel cum servitute pacem acciperet. Multa igitur 6 
 blandimenta plebi per id tempus ab senatu data. An- 
 nonae in primis habita cura, et ad f rum en turn com- 
 parandum missi alii in Volscos, alii Cumas. Salis 
 quoque vendendi arbitrium, quia impenso pretio veni- 
 
12 LJVII [A.U.C. 246 
 
 bat, in publicum omne sumptum, ademptuin privatis ; 
 portoriisque et tribute plebes liberata, ut divites con- 
 ferrent, qui oneri ferendo essent : pauperes satis sti- 
 
 7 pendii pendere, si liberos echte&rent. Itaque hsec 
 indulgentia patrum asperis postrnoduin rebus in ob- 
 sidione ac fame adeo concordem civitatem tenuit, ut 
 regium nomen non sutnmi niagis quam infimi horre- 
 
 8 rent, iiec quisquam unus malis artibus postea tain 
 popularis esset, quam turn bene imperando universus 
 senatus fuit. 
 
 10 Quum hostes adessent, pro se quisque in urbem ex 
 agris demigrant ; urbem ipsam ssepiunt prsesidiis. 
 
 2 Alia muris, alia Tiberi obiecto videbantur tuta ; pons 
 sublicius iter psene hostibus dedit, ni unus vir fuisset, 
 Horatius Codes ; id munimentum illo die fortuna 
 
 3 urbis Romanse liabuit. Qui positus forte in statione 
 pontis, quum cap turn repentino impetu laniculum 
 atque inde citatos decurrere hostes vidisset, trepidam- 
 que turbam suorum arma ordinesque relinquere, re- 
 prehensans singulos, obsistens obtestansque deum et 
 hominum ndem^testabatur, nequicquam deserto prsesi- 
 
 4 dio eos fugere ; si transitum pontem a tergo reliquis- 
 sent, iam plus hostium in Palatio C^pitolioque quam 
 in laniculo fore. Itaque rnonere, pi?eaicere, ut pon- 
 tem ferro, igni, quacunque vi possint, interrumpant j 
 se impetuin hostium, quantum corpore uno posse fc ob- 
 
 s sisti, excepturum. Vadit inde in primum v aditum 
 pontis, insignisque inter conspecta cedentium pugna 
 terga obversis cominus ad ineundum proelium armis, 
 
 6 ipso miraculo audacise obstupefecit hostes. Duos ta- 
 men cum eo pudor tenuit, Sp. Larcium ac T. Hermi- 
 
 7 niunij ainbos claros genere factisque. Cum his pri- 
 
A.CH. 508] LIBER II. 13 
 
 mam periculi procellam et quod tumultuosissimum 
 pugnae erat, pa rum per sustinuit ; deinde eos quoque 
 ipsos, exigua parte pontis relicta, revocantibus, qui 
 rescindebant, cedere in tutun> coegit. Circumferens 8 
 inde truces minaciter oculos ad proceres Etruscorum 
 nunc singulos provocare, nunc increpare onmes : ser- 
 vitia regum superborum, suse libertatis immemores 
 alienam oppugnatum venire. Cunctati aliquamdiu 9 
 sunt, dum alius alium, ut prcelium incipiant, circum- 
 spectant ; pudor deinde commovit aciem, et clamore 
 sublato undique in unum hostem tela coniiciunt. 
 Quse quum in obiecto cuncta scuto hsesissent, iieque 10 
 ille minus obstinatus ingCnti pontem obtineret gradu, 
 iam impetu conabantur detrudere virum, quum simul 
 fragor rupti pontis, simul clamor Romanorum, alacri- 
 tate Derfecti operis sublatus, pavore subito impetum 
 sustinuit. Turn Codes "Tiberine pater" inquit, "te n 
 sancte precor, hsec arma et huiic militem propitio 
 flumine accipias.' 7 Ita sic armatus in Tiberim desi- 
 luit, multisque superincidentibus telis incolumis ad 
 suos tranavit, rem ausus plus famae habituram ad 
 posteros quam fidei. Grata erga tantam virtutem 12 
 civitas fuit ; statua in comitio posita ; agri quantum 
 uno die circumaravit, datum. Privata quoque inter 13 
 publicos honores studia eminebant ; nam in magna 
 inopia pro domesticis copiis unusquisque ei aliquid, 
 fraudans se ipse victu suo, contulit. 
 
 Porsinna primo conatu repulsus, consiliis ab op- 11 
 urbe ad obsidendam versis, prsesidio in 
 
 laniculo locato, ipse in piano ripisque Tiberis castra 
 posuit, navibus undique accitis et ad custodiam, ne 2 
 quid Honiara frumenti subvehi sineret, et ut prse- 
 
14 LIV1I [A.U.C. 246 
 
 datum milites trans flumen per occasiones aliis atque 
 
 3 aliis locis traiicerent ; brevique adeo infestum omnem 
 Romanuin agrum reddidit, ut non cetera solum ex 
 agris, sed pecus quoque omne in urbem compellere- 
 tur, neque quisquam extra portas propellere auderet. 
 
 4 Hoc tantum licentise Etruscis non rnetu niagis quaui 
 consilio concessum. Namque Valerius consul intentus 
 in ocoasionem multos simul et efFusos improvise adori- 
 undi, in parvis rebus negligens ultor, gravem se ad 
 
 s maiora vindicem servabat. Itaque ut eliceret prseda- 
 tores, edicit suis, postero die frequentes porta Esqui- 
 lina, quse aversissima ab hoste erat, expellerent pecus, 
 scituros id hostes ratns, quod in obsidione et fame 
 
 6 servitia infida trajisfugerent. Et sciere perfugae in- 
 dicio; multoque plures, ut in spem universes prsedae, 
 
 7 flumen traiiciunt. P. Valerius inde T. Herminium 
 cum modicis copiis ad secundum lapidem Gabina via 
 occultum considere iubet, Sp. Larcium cum expedita 
 iuventute ad portam Collinam stare, donee hostis 
 prsetereat ; inde se obiicere, ne sit ad flumen reditus. 
 
 8 Consulum alter T. Lucretius porta Nuevia cum aliquot 
 manipulis militum egressus; ipse Valerius Cselio 
 monte cohortes delectas educit, hique primi apparuere 
 
 Q hosti. Herminius ubi tumultum sensit, concurrit ex 
 o/ ff 
 
 insidiis, versisque in ira!e&&ium Etruscis terga csedit; 
 
 dextra Isevaque, hinc a porta Collina, illinc ab Nsevia, 
 10 redditus clamor ; ita csesi in medio prsedatores, neque 
 
 ad pugnam viribus pares et ad fugam sseptis omnibus 
 
 viis. Finisque ille tarn effuse evagandi Etruscis fuit. 
 12 Obsidio erat nihilo minus et frumenti cum summa 
 
 caritate inopia, sedendoque expugnaturum se urbem 
 2 spem Porsinna habebat, quum C. Mucius, adolescens 
 
A.CH. 508] LIBER IT. 15 
 
 nobilis, cui indignnm videbatur, populum Romanum 
 servientem, quum sub regibus esset, nullo bello nee ab 
 hostibus ullis obsessum esse, liberum euiidem populum 
 ab iisdem Etruscis obsideri, quorum ssepe exercitus 
 fuderit, [itaque] magno audacique aliquo facinore earn 3 
 indignitatem vindicandam ratus prirno sua sponte 
 penetrare in hostium castra constituit ; dein metuens, 4 
 ne, si consuium iniussu et ignaris omnibus iret, forte 
 deprehensus a custodibus Romanis retraheretur ut 
 transfuga, fortuna turn urbis crimen affirmante, sena- 
 tum adit. " Transire Tiberim " inquit, " patres, et 5 
 intrare, si possim, castra hostium volo, non prsedo nee 
 populationum in vicem ultor; maius, si di iuvant, in 
 animo est facinus." Approbant patres; abdito intra 
 vestem ferro pronciscitur. Ubi eo venit, in confertis- 6 
 sima turba prope regium tribunal constitit. Ibi 7 
 quum stipendium militibus forte daretur, et scriba 
 cum rege sedens pari fere ornatu multa ageret, eum 
 milites vulgo adirent, timens sciscitari, uter Porsinna 
 esset, ne ignorando regem semet ipse aperiret, quis 
 esset, quo temere traxit fortuna facinus, scribam pro 
 rege obtruncat. Yadentem inde, qua per trepidam 8 
 turbam cruento mucrone sibi ipse fecerat viam, quum, 
 concursu ad clamorem facto, comprehensum regii satel- 
 lites retraxissent, ante tribunal regis destitutus, turn 
 quoque inter tantas fortunse minas metuendus magis 
 quam metuens, "Romanus sum" inquit "civis: .9 
 Mucium vocant. Hostis hostem occidere volui, nee 
 ad mortem minus animi est, quam fuit ad csedem ; et 
 facere et pati fortia Romanum est. Nee unus in te 10 
 ego hos animos gessi; longus post me ordo est idem 
 petentium decus. Proinde in hoc discrimen, si iuvat, 
 
16 LI VII [A.U.C. 246 
 
 accingere, ut in singulas horas capite dimices tuo, 
 
 11 ferrnm hostemque in vestibule habeas regise. Hoc 
 tibi iuventus Romana indicimus bellum. Nullam 
 aciem, nullum proeliurn timueris ; uni tibi et cum sin- 
 
 12 gulis res erit." Quum rex simul ira incensus pericu- 
 loque conterritus circumdari ignes minitabundus iu- 
 beret, nisi expromeret propere, quas insidiarum sibi 
 
 13 minas per ambages iaceret, "En tibi" inquit, "ut 
 sentias, quam vile corpus sit iis, qui magnam gloriam 
 vident," dextramque accenso ad sacriiicium foculo 
 iniicit. Quam quum velut alienato ab sensu torreret 
 animo, prope attonitus miraculo rex, quum ab sede 
 sua prosiluisset amoverique ab altaribus iuvenem ius- 
 
 14 sisset, "Tu vero abi" inquit, "in te magis quam in 
 me hostilia ausus. luberem macte virtute esse, si pro 
 mea patria ista virtus staret ; nunc lure belli liber um 
 
 15 te, intactum inviolatumque hinc dimitto." Tune Mu- 
 cius, quasi remunerans meritum, " Quando quidem " 
 inquit " est apud te virtuti honos, ut beneficio tuleris 
 a me, quod minis nequisti, trecenti coniuravimus 
 principes iuventutis Romanse, ut in te hac via gras- 
 
 16 saremur. Mea prima sors f uit ; ceteri, ut cuiusque 
 ceciderit $rimi, quoad te opportunum fortuna dederit, 
 suo quisque tempore aderunt." 
 
 13 Mucium dimissum, cui postea Scsevobe a clade 
 dextrse manus cognomen inditum, legati a Porsinna 
 
 2 Romam secuti sunt ; adeo moverat eum et primi peri- 
 culi casus, quo nihil se prseter errorem insidiatoris 
 texisset, et subeunda dimicatio toties, quot coniurati 
 superessent, ut pacis condiciones ultro ferret Romanis. 
 
 3 lactatum in condicionibus nequicquam de Tarquiniis 
 in regnum restituendis, magis quia id negare ipse ne- 
 
A.CH. 508] LIBER II. 17 
 
 quiverat Tarquiniis, quam quod negatum iri sibi ab 
 Romania ignoraret. De agro Yeientibus restituendo 4 
 iinpetratum, expressaque necessitas obsides dandi Ro- 
 manis, si laniculo presidium deduci vellent. His 
 condicionibus composita pace, exercitum ab laniculo 
 deduxit Porsinna et agro Romano excessit. Patres C. 5 
 Mucio virbutis causa trans Tiberim agrum dono de- 
 dere, quse postea sunt Mucia prata appellata. Ergo, 6 
 ita honorata virtute, feminae quoque ad publica decora 
 excitatae, et Clcelia virgo una ex obsidibus, quum 
 castra Etruscorum forte liaud procul ripa Tiberis lo- 
 cata essent, frustrata custodes, dux agminis virginum 
 inter tela hostium Tiberim tranavit sospitesque omnes 
 Romam ad propinquos restituit. Quod ubi regi nun- 7 
 tiatum est, prinio incensus ira oratores Romam misit 
 ad Cloeliam obsidem deposcendam : alias haud magni 8 
 facere ; deinde in admirationem versus, supra Coclites 
 Muciosque dice re id facinus esse, et prae se ferre, quem- 
 admodum, si non dedatur obses, pro rupto fcedus se 
 habit urum, sic deditam intactam inviolatamque ad 
 suos remissurum. Utrinque constitit fides : et Ro- 9 
 mani pignus pacis ex fcedere restituerunt, et apud 
 regem Etruscum non tuta solum, sed honorata etiam 
 virtus fuit, laudatamque virgineni parte obsidum se 
 donare dixit ; ipsa, quos vellet, legeret. Productis 10 
 omnibus, elegisse impubes dicitur ; quod^etvirginitati 
 decorum et conseiisu obsidum ipsorum probabile^rat, 
 earn sstatem potissimam liberari ab hoste, quae maxime 
 opportuna iniuriaa esset. Pace redintegrata, Romani n 
 novam in femina virtu tern novo genere honoris, statua 
 equestri, donavere; in summa Sacra via fuit posita 
 virgo insidens equo. 
 
 S. L. 2 
 
18 LIV1I [A.U.C. 246247 
 
 14 Huic tarn pacatse profectioni ab urbe regis Etrusci 
 MOS bona For- akhorreiis mos traditus ab antiquis usque 
 sinnae vendendi. ad nostram setatem inter cetera sollem- 
 
 2 nia manet, bona Porsinnae regis vendendi. Cuius 
 originem moris necesse est aut inter bellum natam 
 esse neque omissam in pace, aut a mitiore crevisse 
 principio, quam hie prse se ferat titulus bona hos- 
 
 3 tiliter vendendi. Proximum vero est ex iis, quse 
 traduntur, Porsinnam discedentem ab laniculo castra 
 opulenta, convecw ex propinquis ac fertilibus Etru- 
 rise arvis comineatu, Romanis dono dedisse, inopi 
 
 4 turn urbe ab longinqua obsidione ; ea deinde, ne popu- 
 lo immisso diripereiitur hostiliter, venisse, bonaque 
 Porsinnse appellata, gratiam muneris magis significante 
 titulo quam auctionem fortunes regiae, quae ne in po- 
 testate quidem populi Romani esset. 
 
 s Omisso Romano bello Porsinna, ne frustra in 
 invasion of Aricia ea loca exerci'tus adductus videretur, 
 byPorsmna. cum p ar t e copiarum filium Arruntem 
 
 6 Ariciam oppugnatum mittit. Primo Aricinos res 
 necopinata perculerat; arcessita deinde auxilia et a 
 Latinis populis et a Cumis tan turn spei fecere, ut 
 acie decernere auderent. Prcelio inito, adeo concitato 
 impetu se intulerant Etrusci, ut funderent ipso 
 
 7 incursu Aricinos : Cumanse cohortes arte ad versus 
 vim usae declinavere paululum, effuseque prselatcs 
 
 8 liostes conversis signis ab tergo adortae sunt. Ita in 
 medio prope iam victores csesi Etrusci. Pars perexi- 
 gua, duce amisso, quia nullum propius perfugium erat, 
 Romam inermes et fortuna et specie supplicum delati 
 
 9 sunt. Ibi benigne excepti divisique in liospitia. Cu- 
 ratis vulneribus, alii profecti domos, nuntii hospita- 
 
A.CH. 508 507] LIBER II. 19 
 
 lium beneficionim ; multos Romae hospitum urbisque 
 caritas tenuit. His locus ad habitandum datus, quern 
 deinde Tuscum vicum appellarunt. 
 
 P. Lucretius inde et P. Valerius Publicola consules 15 
 facti. Eo anno postremum legati a Por- Final negotiations 
 sinna de reducendo in regnum Tarquinio retiremenTofS^ 
 
 ., quinius to Tuscu- 
 
 venerunt ; qmbtis quum responsum esset, lum. 
 missurum ad regem senatum legates, missi confestim 
 honoratissimus quisque e patribus. Non quin breviter 2 
 reddi responsum potuerit, non recipi reges, ideo potius 
 delectos patrum ad eum missos, quam legatis eius 
 Romse daretur responsum, sed ut in perpetuum inentio 
 eius rei finiretur, neu in tantis mutuis beneficiis in 
 vicem animi sollicitarentur, quum ille peteret, quod 
 contra libertatem populi Romani esset, Romani, nisi 
 in perniciem suam faciles esse vellent, negarent, cui 
 nihil negatum vellent. Non in regno populum Roma- 3 
 num, sed in libertate esse. Ita induxisse in animum, 
 hostibus potius portas quam regibus patefacere; ea 
 esse vota omnium, ut, qui libertati erit in ilia urbe 
 finis, idem urbi sit. Proinde, si salvani esse vellet 4 
 Rornam, ut patiatur liberam esse, orare. Rex vere- 5 
 cundia victus "Quando id certum atque obstinatum 
 est " inquit, " neque ego obtundam ssepius eadem ne- 
 quicquam agendo, nee Tarquinios spe auxilii, quod 
 nullum in me est, frustrabor. Alium hinc, seu bello 
 opus est seu quiete, exsilio quaerant locum, lie quid 
 meam vobiscum pacem distlneat." Dictis facta amici- 6 
 ora adiecit ; obsidum quod reliquum erat, reddidit ; 
 agrum Yeientem, foadere ad laniculum icto ademp- 
 tum, restituit. Tarquinius, spe omni reditus incisa, 7 
 exsnlatum ad generum Mamilium Octavium Tuscu- 
 
 22 
 
20 LIVII [A.U.C. 249 253 
 
 him abiit. Roman is pax fida [ita] cum Porsinna 
 fuit, 
 
 16 Consules M. Valerius, P. Postumius. Eo aniio 
 War with sabines. bene pugnatuni cum Sabinis: consules 
 
 Migration of Clau- * . , , i 
 
 2 du to Rome. triumpnarunt. Maiore inde mole babini 
 bellum parabant. Ad versus eos, et ne quid simul 
 ab Tusculo, unde etsi non apertum, suspectum tamen 
 bellum erat, repentini periculi oriretur, P. Valerius 
 
 3 quartum, T. Lucretius iterum consules facti. Seditio 
 inter belli pacisque auctores orta in Sabinis aliquantuin 
 
 4 inde virium transtulit ad Romanes. Namque Attus 
 Clausus, cui postea Appio Claudio fuit Romae nomen, 
 quum pacis ipse auctor a turbatoribus belli premeretur 
 nee par factioni esset, ab Inregillo, magna clientium 
 
 s comitatus manu, Romam transfugit. His civitas data 
 agerque trans Anienem ; vetus Claudia tribus, additis 
 postea no vis tribulibus, qui ex eo venirent agro, appel- 
 lati. Appius inter patres lectus, baud ita multo post 
 
 6 in principum dignationem pervenit. Consules infesto 
 exercitu in agrum Sabinum profecti quum ita vasta- 
 tione, dein pro3lio afflixisseut opes hostium, ut diu 
 nihil inde rebellionis timere possent, triumphantes 
 Romam redierunt. 
 
 7 P. Valerius, omnium consensu princeps belli pacis- 
 que artibus, anno post Agrippa Menenio, P. Postumio 
 consulibus moritur, gloria ingenti, copiis familiaribus 
 adeo exiguis, ut funeri sumptus deesset ; de publico 
 
 8 est datus. Luxere matrons ut Brutum. Eodem anno 
 duse colonies Latinse, Pometia et Cora, ad Auruncos 
 deficiunt. Cum Auruncis bellum initum ; fusoque 
 ingenti exercitu, qui se iiigredientibus fines consulibus 
 ferociter obtulerat, omne Auruncum bellum Pome- 
 
A.CH. 505501] LIBER II. 21 
 
 tiam compulsum est. Nee magis post prcelium quam 9 
 in prcelio csedibus tempe^raft^ba est : et csesi aliquanto 
 plures erant quam capti, et captos passim trucidave- 
 runt; ne ab obsidibus quidem, qui trecenti accepti 
 numero erant, ira belli abstinuit. Et hoc anno E-omse 
 triumphatum. 
 
 Secuti coDsules Opiter Verginius, Sp. Cassius 17 
 Pometiam primo vi, deinde vineis aliisque operibus 
 oppugnarunt. In quos Aurunci magis iam inexpiabili 2 
 odio quam spe aliqua aut occasione coorti, quum plures 
 igni quam ferro armaU excucurrissent, caede incendio- 
 que cuncta complent. Vineis incensis, multis hostium 3 
 vulneratis et occisis, consulum quoque alterum (sed 
 nomen auctores non adiiciunt) gravi vulnere ex equo 
 deiectum prope interfecerunt. Romain inde male 4 
 gesta re reditum ; inter multos saucios consul spe in- 
 certa vitse relatus. Tnteriecto deinde haud magno 
 spatio, quod vulneribus curandis supplendoque exerci- 
 tui satis esset, quum ira maiore, turn viribus etiam 
 auctis Pometise arma illata. Et quum, vineis refectis 5 
 aliaque mole belli, iam in eo esset, ut in muros eva- 
 deret miles, deditio est facta. Ceterum nihilo minus 6 
 foeda, dedita urbe, quam si capta foret, Aurunci passi ; 
 principes securi percussi; sub corona venierunt coloni 
 alii ; oppidum diruturn, ager veniit. Consules magis ^ 
 ob iras graviter ultas quam ob magnitudinem perfecti 
 belli triunipharunt. 
 
 Insequens annus Postuinum Cominium et T. Lar- 18 
 cium consules habuit. Eo anno Roniae, Appointment of 2 
 quum per ludos ab Sabinorum iuventute 
 per lasciviam scorta raperentur, concursu hominum 
 rixa ac prope proelium fuit, parvaque ex re ad re- 
 
22 LIVII [A.U.C. 253255 
 
 3 bellionem spectare res videbatur. Super belli Latirii 
 metum id quoque accesserat, quod triginta iam coniu- 
 rasse populos, concitante Octavio Mamilio, satis con- 
 
 4 stabat. In hac tantarum exspectatione rerum sollicita 
 civitate, dictatoris primum creandi mentio orta. Sed 
 nee quibus consulibus, quia ex factione Tarquiniana 
 essent (id quoque enim traditur), parum creditum sit, 
 nee quis primum dictator creatus sit, satis constat. 
 
 5 Apud veterrimos tamen auctores T. Larcium dicta torem 
 primum, Sp. Cassium magistruni equitum creates in- 
 venio. Consulares legere; ita lex iubebat de dicta- 
 
 6 tore creando lata. Eo magis adducor, ut credam Lar- 
 cium, qui consularis erat, potius quam M'. Yalerium 
 M. filium Volesi nepotem, qui nondum consul fuerat, 
 moderatorem et magistrum consulibus appositum ; 
 
 7 quia, si maxime ex ea familia legi dictatorem vellent, 
 patrein multo potius M. Valerium, spectator virtutis 
 et consularem virum, legissent. 
 
 8 Create dictatore primum Romse, postquam prseferri 
 secures viderunt, magnus plebem metus incessit, ut 
 intentiores essent ad dicto parendum ; neque eniin, ut 
 in consulibus, qui pari potestate essent, alterius auxi- 
 lium neque provocatio erat neque ullum usquam nisi 
 
 9 in cura parendi auxilium. Sabinis etiam creatus 
 Romse dictator, eo magis, quod propter se creatum 
 crediderant, metum incussit. Itaque legates de pace 
 
 10 mittunt. Quibus orantibus dictatorem senatumque, 
 ut veniam erroris hominibus adolescentibus darent, 
 responsum, ignosci adolescentibus posse, senibus 11011 
 
 11 posse, qui bella ex bellis sererent. Actum tamen est 
 de pace, impetrataque foret, si, quod impensse factum 
 in bellum erat, praestare Sabini (id enim postulatum 
 
A.CH. 501499] LIBER II. 23 
 
 erat) in aninmm induxissent. Bellum indicium ; 
 tacitse indutise quietum annum tenuere. 
 
 Consules Ser. Sulpicius, M'. Tullius ; nihil dignum 19 
 memoria actum ; T. ^Ebutius deinde et Latin War. Bat- 
 C. Yetusius. His consulibus Fidense ob- giiius. single com- 2 
 
 T^ , bats between JE- 
 
 sessse, Crustumeria capta ; Jrrseneste ab butius and Mami- 
 
 . _^ . . . lius, Valerius and 
 
 Latinis ad Konianos descivit, nee ultra Tcarquinius, iier- 
 
 minius and Mami- 
 
 bellum' Latinum. fflisceiis iam per aliquot liu s- i>eath of 
 
 ' to Valerius and Ma- 
 
 annos, dilatum. A. Postumius dicta- minus. 3 
 
 tor, T. ^Ebutius magister equitum, magnis copiis 
 peditum equitumque profecti, aJ lacum Regillum in 
 agro Tusculano agmini hostiurn occurrerunt, et quia 4 
 Tarquinios esse in exercitu Latinorum auditum est, 
 sustineri ira non potuit, quin extemplo confligerent. 
 Ergo etiam prcelium aliquanto quam cetera gravius 5 
 atque atrocius fuit. Non enini duces ad regendam 
 modo consilio rem aiFuere, sed suismet ipsi corporibus 
 dimicantes miscnere certamina, nee quisquam procerum 
 ferme hac aut ilia ex acie sine vulnere praeter dictato- 
 rem Romanum excessit. In Postumium prima in acie 6 
 suos adhortantem instruentemque Tarquinius Super- 
 bus, quanquam iam setate et viribus erat gravior, 
 equum infestus admisit, ictusque ab latere concursu 
 suorum receptus in tutum est. Et ad alterum cornu 7 
 ^Ebutius magister equitum in Octavium Mamilium 
 impetum dederat; nee fefellit veniens Tusculanum 
 ducem, contraque et ille concitat equum. Tantaque 8 
 vis infestis venientium hastis fuit, ut brachium 
 ^Ebutio traiectum sit, Mamilio pectus percussum. 
 Hunc quidem in secundam aciem Latini recepere ; 9 
 ^Ebutius quum saucio brachio tenere telum non posset, 
 pugna excessit. Latinus dux nihil deterritus vulnere J0 
 
24 LIVII [A.U.C. 255258 
 
 proelium ciet et, quia suos perculsos videbat, arcessit 
 cohortem exsulum Romanorum, cui L. Tarquinii filius 
 prseerat. Ea quo maiore pugnabat ira ob erepta bona 
 patriamque adeinptam, pugnam parumper restituit. 
 20 Referentibus iam pedem ab ea parte Romania, 
 M. Valerius Publicolse frater, conspicatus ferocem 
 iuvenem Tarquinium ostentantem se in priina exsulum 
 
 2 acie, domestica etiam gloria accensus, ut, cuius families 
 decus eiecti reges erant, eiusdem interfecti forent, 
 subdit calcaria equo et Tarquinium infesto spiculo pe- 
 
 3 tit. Tarquinius retro in agmen suorum infeuso cessit 
 hosti; "Valerium temere invectum in exsulum aciem 
 ex transverso quidam adortus transfigit, nee quicquam 
 equitis vulnere equo retardato, moribundus Romanus, 
 labentibus super corpus armis, ad terrain defluxit. 
 
 4 Dictator Postumius postquam cecidisse talem virum, 
 exsules ferociter citato agmine invehi, suos perculsos 
 
 s cedere animadvertit, cohort! suae, quam delectam 
 manum praesidii causa circa se habebat, dat signum, 
 ut, quern suorum fugientem viderint, pro hoste habe- 
 ant. Ita metu ancipiti versi a fuga Roman! in hostem 
 
 6 et restituta acies. Conors dictatoris turn primuni 
 prcelium iniit ; integris corporibus animisque fessos 
 
 7 adorti exsules caadunt. Ibi alia inter proceres coorta 
 pugna. Imperator Latinus, ubi cohortem exsulum a 
 dictatore Romano prope circumventam vidit, ex 
 subsidiariis manipulos aliquot in prirnam aciem secum 
 
 8 rapit. Hos agmine venientes T. Herminius legatus 
 conspicatus, inter que eos insignem veste armisque Ma- 
 milium noscitans, tanto vi maiore quam paulo ante 
 
 9 magister equiturn cum hostium duce prcelium iniit, ut 
 et uno ictu cransfixum per latus occiderit Mamilium et 
 
A.CH. 499 49 6 ] LIBER II. 25 
 
 ipse inter spoliandum corpus hostis veruto percussus, 
 quum victor in castra esset relatus, inter primam 
 curationem exspiraverit. Turn ad equites dictator 10 
 advolat, obtestans, ut, fesso iam pedite, descendant ex 
 equis et pugnam capessant. Dicto paruere ; desiliunt 
 ex equis, provolant in primum et pro antesignanis 
 parmas obiiciunt. Recipit extern plo animum pedestris n 
 acies, postquam iuventutis proceres aequato genere 
 pugnse secum partem periculi sustinentes vidit. Tuni 
 demum impulsi Latini perculsaque inclinavit acies. 
 Equiti adinoti equi, ut persequi hostem posset ; secuta 12 
 et pedestris acies. Ibi nihil nee divinse nee humanae 
 opis dictator prsetermittens sedem Castori vovisse fertur 
 ac pronuntiasse militi prsemia, qui primus, qui secun- 
 dus castra hostium intrasset ; tantusque ardor fuit, ut 13 
 eodem impetu, quo fuderant hostem Romani, castra 
 caperent. Hoc modo ad lacum Regillum pugnatum 
 est. Dictator et magister equitum triumphantes in 
 urbem rediere. 
 
 Triennio deinde nee certa pax uec bellum fuit. 21 
 Consules Q. Cloelius et T. Larcius, inde First Saturnalia< 
 A. Sempronius et M. Minucius. His ^c 
 consulibus sedes Saturno dedicata, Satur- f^ 
 nalia institutus festus dies. A. delude t( 
 Postumius et T. Verginius consules facti. Hoc de- 3 
 mum anno ad Regillum lacum pugnatum apud quos- 
 dam invenio ; A. Postumium, quia collega dubiae fidei 
 fuerit, se consulatu abdicasse ; dictatorem inde factum. 
 Tanti errores implicant temporum, aliter apud alios 4 
 ordinatis magistratibus, ut nee qui consules secunduin 
 qiios, nee quid quoque anno actum sit, in tanta vetustate 
 non rerum modo, sed etiam auctorum digerere possis. 
 
26 LIVII [A.U.C. 259 
 
 s App. Claudius delude et P. Servilius consules 
 facti. Insignis hie annus est nuntio Tarquinii mortis. 
 Mortuus Cumis, quo se post fractas opes Latinorum 
 
 6 ad Aristodemuin tyrannum contulerat. Eo nuntio 
 erecti patres, erecta plebes ; sed patribus nimis luxu- 
 riosa ea fuit Isetitia; plebi, v cui ad earn diem summa 
 ope inservitum erat, iniuriae a primoribus fieri ccepere. 
 
 7 Eodem anno Signia colonia, quam rex Tarquinius 
 deduxerat, suppleto numero colonorum iterum deducta 
 est. Romse tribus una et viginti factae, .^Edes Mer- 
 curii dedicata est idibus Maiis. 
 
 22 Cum Yolscorum gente Latino bello neque pax 
 neque bellum fuerat : nam et Yolsci com- 
 
 WarwithVolscL ... ... , T . . 
 
 paraverant auxilia, quse mitterent Latmis, 
 ni maturatum ab dictatore Romano esset, et maturavit 
 Romanus, ne proelio uno cum Latino Volscoque conten- 
 
 2 deret. Hac ira consules in Yolscuin agrum legiones dux- 
 ere. Yolscos consilii pcenam non metuentes necopinata 
 res perculit; armorum immemores obsides dant trecen- 
 tos principum a Cora atque Ponietia liberos. Ita 
 
 3 sine certamine inde abductse legiones. Nee ita multo 
 post Volscis levatis metu suum rediit ingenium. 
 Rursus occultum parant bellum, Hernicis in societa- 
 
 4 tern armorum assumptis. Legates quoque ad sollici- 
 tandum Latium passim dimittunt ; sed recens ad 
 R-egillum lacum accepta clades_Latinos ira odioque 
 eius, quicunque arma^sliadefetjiie ab legatis quidem 
 violandis abstinuit; comprehensos Yolscos Romam 
 duxere. Ibi traditi consulibus indicatumque est, 
 
 5 Yolscos Heriiicosque parare bellum Romanis. Re- 
 lata re ad senatum, adeo fuit gratum patribus, ut et 
 captivorum sex millia Latinis remitterent et de foedere, 
 
A.CII. 495] LIBER II. 27 
 
 quod prope in perpetuum negatum fuerat, rein ad 
 novos magistratus reiicereiit. Enimvero turn Latini 6 
 gaudere facto; pacis auctores in ingenti gloria esse. 
 Coronam auream lovi donum in Capitolium mittunt. 
 Cum legatis donoque, qui captivorum remissi ad suos 
 fuerant, magna circumfusa multitudo venit. Pergunt 7 
 domos eorum, apud quern quisque servierant ; gratias 
 agunt liberaliter naom cum^ffie in calamitate sua ; 
 incle hospitia iungunt. Nunquam alias ante publice 
 privatimque Latinum nomen Romano imperio con- 
 iunctius fuit. 
 
 Sed et bellum "Volscum imminebat et ci vitas 23 
 secum ipsa discors intestino inter patres increase of debt 
 
 ,. . among poor llo- 
 
 plebemque flagrabat odio, maxime prop- mans. Theas?ed 
 
 f * debtor. Agita- 
 
 ter nexos ob ses alienum. Fremebant, tions for relief. 2 
 se, foris pro libertate et imperio dimicantes, domi 
 a civibus captos et oppresses esse, tutioremque in 
 bello quam in pace et inter hostes quam inter cives 
 libertatem plebis esse; invidiamque earn sua sponte 
 gliscentem insignis unius calamitas accendit. Magno 3 
 natu quidam cum omnium malorum suorum insigni- 
 bus se in forum proiecit. Obsita erat squalore vestis, 
 foedior corporis habitus pallore ac macie perempti ; ad 4 
 hoc promissa barba et capilli efferaverant speciem oris. 
 ISToscitabatur tamen in tanta deformitate, et ordines 
 duxisse aiebant, aliaque militise decora vulgo rnise- 
 rantes eum iactabant ; ipse testes honestarum aliquot 
 locis pugnarum cicatrices adverse pectore ostentabat. 
 Sciscitantibus, unde ille habitus, unde deformitas, 5 
 quum circumfusa turba esset prope in contionis- mo- 
 dum, Sabino bello ait se militantem, quia propter 
 populationes agri non fructu modo caruerit, sed villa 
 
28 LIVII [A.U.C. 259 
 
 incensa fuerit, direpta omnia, pecora abacta, tributum 
 iniquo suo tempore imperatum, ses alienum fecisse. 
 
 6 Id cumulatum usuris primo se agro paterno avitoque 
 exuisse, deinde fortunis aliis ; postremo velut tabem 
 pervenisse ad corpus ; ductum se ab credit-ore non. 
 in servitium, sed in ergastuluni et carnificinam esse. 
 
 7 Inde ostentare tergum fcedum recentibus vestigiis 
 verberum. Ad hsec visa auditaque clamor ingens 
 oritur. Non iam foro se tumultus tenet, sed passim 
 
 8 to tarn urbem pervadit. Nexi vincti solutique se un- 
 dique in publicum proripiunt, implorant Quiritiuni 
 fidem. Nullo loco deest seditionis voluntarius comes; 
 multis passim agminibus per omnes vias cum clamore 
 
 9 in forum curritur. Magno cum periculo suo, qui forte 
 10 patrurn in foro erant, in earn turbam inciderunt ; nee 
 
 temperatum manibus foret, ni propere consules, P. 
 Servilius et App. Claudius, ad comprimendam sedi- 
 tionem intervenissent. At in eos multitudo versa 
 ostentare vincula sua deformitatemque aliam. Hsec 
 se meritos dicere, exprobrantes suam quisque alius 
 alibi militiam ; postulare multo minaciter magis quam 
 suppliciter, ut senatum vocarent; curiamque ipsi fu- 
 turi arbitri moderatoresque publici consilii circumsis- 
 
 12 tunt. Pauci admodum patrum, quos casus obtulerat, 
 contracti ab consulibus ; ceteros metus non curia mo- 
 do, sed etiam foro arcebat, nee agi quicquam per in- 
 
 13 frequentiam poterat senatus. Turn vero eludi atque 
 extrahi se multitudo putare, et patrum qui abessent, 
 non casu, non nietu, sed impediendse rei causa abesse, 
 et consules ipsos tergiversari, nee dubie ludibrio esse 
 
 H miserias suas. Iam prope erat, ut ne consulum qui- 
 dem maiestas coerceret iras hominum, quum incerti, 
 
A.CH. 495] LIBER II. 29 
 
 morando an veniendo plus periculi contraherent, tan- 
 dem in senatum veniunt. Frequentique [tandem] 
 curia, non modo inter patres, sed ne inter consules 
 quidem ipsos satis conveniebat. Appius, vehementis 15 
 ingenii vir, imperio consular! rem agendam censebat : 
 uno aut altero arrepto, quieturos alios; Servilius, 
 lenibus remediis aptior, concitatos animos flecti 
 quam frangi putabat quum tutius, turn facilius 
 esse. 
 
 Inter hsec maior alius terror : Latini equites cum 24 
 tumultuoso advolant nuntio, Volscos in- Vo iscian inva- 
 festo exercitu ad urbem oppugnandam of n servmus" s to 
 venire. Quse audita (adeo duas ex una P lebeians - 
 civitate discordia fecerat) longe aliter patres ac plebem 
 affecere. Exsultare gaudio plebes ; ultores superbise 2 
 patrum adesse dicere deos ; alius alium confirmare, ne 
 nomina darent ; cum omnibus potius quam solos peri- 
 turos ; patres militarent, patres arma caperent, ut 
 penes eosdem pericula belli, penes quos prsernia, es- 
 sent. At vero curia, msesta ac trepida ancipiti metu 3 
 et ab cive et ab hoste, Servilium consulem, cui inge- 
 nium magis populare erat, orare, tit tantis circumven- 
 tam terroribus expediret rem publicam. Turn consul, 4 
 misso senatu, in contionern prodit. Ibi curse esse 
 patribus ostendit, ut consulatur plebi; ceterum deli- 
 berationi de maxima quidem ilia, sed tamen parte 
 civitatis metum pro universa re publica intervenisse ; 
 nee posse, quum hostes prope ad portas essent, bello 5 
 prseverti quicquam, nee, si sit laxamenti aliquid, aut 
 plebi honestum esse, nisi mercede prius accepta, arma 
 pro patria non cepisse, neque patribus satis decorum 
 per metum potius quam postmodo voluntate afflict is 
 
30 LIV1I [A.U.C. 259 
 
 6 civium suorum fortunis consuluisse. Contioni de- 
 inde edicto addidit fidem, quo edixit, ne quis 
 civem Romanum vinctum aut clausum ten ere t, 
 quo minus ei nominis edendi, apud consules po- 
 testas fieret, neu quis militis/ctonec in castris esset, 
 bona possideret aut vender et, liberos nepotesve 
 
 7 eius moraretur. Hoc proposito edicto, et, qui ade- 
 rant nexi, profiteri extemplo nomina, et undique ex 
 tota urbe proripientium se ex privato, quuin re- 
 tinendi ius creditori non esset, concursus in foruin, 
 
 8 ut Sacramento dicerent, fieri. Magna ea manus fuit, 
 neque aliorum magis in Yolsco bello virtus atque 
 opera enituit. 
 
 Consul copias contra hostem educit; parvo diri- 
 25 Defeat of Voisci mente intervallo castra ponit. Proxima 
 
 and capture of 
 
 suessa Pometia. inde nocte Yolsci, discordia Romana f reti, 
 si qua nocturna transitio proditiove fieri posset, ten- 
 tant castra. Sensere vigiles ; excitatus exercitus ; 
 signo da to concursum est ad arma; ita frustra id 
 
 2 inceptum Yolscis fuit. Heliquurn noctis utrinque 
 quieti datum. Postero die prima luce Yolsci fossis 
 
 3 repletis vallum invadunt. lamque ab omni parte mu- 
 nimenta vellebantur, quum consul, quanquain cuncti 
 undique et nexi ante omnes, ut signum daret, cla- 
 mabant, experiendi animos militum causa parumper 
 moratus, postquam satis apparebat ingens ardor, dato 
 tandem ad erumpendum signo militem avidum certa- 
 
 4 minis emittit. Primo statim incursu pulsi hostes ; 
 fugientibus, quoad insequi pedes potuit, terga csesa; 
 eques usque ad castra pavidos egit. Mox ipsa castra, 
 legionibus circumdatis, quum Yolscos inde etiam pavor 
 
 5 expulisset, capta direptaque. Postero die ad Suessam 
 
A.CH. 495] LIBER II. 31 
 
 Ponietiarn, quo confugerant hostes, legionibus ductis, 
 intra paucos dies oppidum capitur; captum prsedse 
 datum. Inde paulum recreatus egens miles ; consul 6 
 cum maxima gloria sua victorem exercitum Romam 
 reducit. Decedentem [Romam] Ecetranorum Vols- 
 corum legati, rebus suis timentes post Pometiam cap- 
 tam, adeunt. His ex senatus consulto data pax, ager 
 ademptus. 
 
 Confestim et Sabini Roman os territavere ; tumul- 26 
 tus enim fuit verius quam bellum. Nocte 
 
 ... ., oi i Sabine scare. 
 
 in urbem nuntiatum est, exercitum Sabi- 
 num prsedabundum ad Anienem amnem pervenisse ; 
 ibi passim diripi atque incendi villas. Missus extern- 2 
 plo eo cum omnibus copiis equitum A. Postumius, 
 qui dictator bello Latino fuerat ; secutus consul Servi- 
 lius cum delecta peditum manu. Plerosque palantes 3 
 eques circumvenit, nee advenienti peditum agniini 
 restitit Sabina legio. Fessi quum itinere, turn 
 populatione nocturna, magna pars in villis repleti 
 cibo vinoque, vix fugse quod satis esset virium 
 habuere. 
 
 Nocte una audito perfectoque bello Sabino, postero 4 
 die, in magna iam spe undique partse pacis, legati 
 Aurunci senatum adeunt, rii decedatur Yolsco agro, 
 bellum indicentes. Cum legatis simul exercitus Au- 5 
 runcorum domo profectus erat ; cuius fama hand 
 procul iam ab Aricia visi tanto tumultu concivit 
 Romanes, ut nee consuli ordine patres nee pacatum 
 responsum arma inferentibus arma ipsi capientes dare 
 possent. Ariciam infesto agmine itur ; nee procul 6 
 inde cum Auruncis sign a collata, prcelioque uno de- 
 bellatum est. 
 
32 LIVI1 [A.U.C. 259260 
 
 27 Fusis Auruncis, victor tot intra paucos dies bellis 
 Plebeians de- Romanus promissa consul! s fidemque se- 
 
 mand fulfilment , . 
 
 of promises. Ap- natus exspectabat, quum Appius et msita 
 
 pius Claudius 
 
 rages. Serviiius superbia animo. et ut collegae vanam fa- 
 temporises. Dis- r ' 3 
 
 cation ab of u tem d /e cere * fidem, quam asperrime poterat, ius 
 de creditis pecuniis dicere. Deinceps et, 
 <l ui ante nexi fuerant > creditoiibus trade 
 kantur et nectebantur alii. Quod ubi 
 cui militi mciderat, collegam appellabat. 
 , Concursus ad Servilium fiebat; illius 
 
 fuse P to eia se S rvet promissa iactabant ; illi exprobrabant sua 
 
 Serviiius obser- . i n , . 
 
 ving a 'popular Quisque belli merita cicatricesoue accep- 
 
 silence,' falls be- , -r> , i i . 
 
 tween two stools, tas. Jrostulabant, ut aut referret ad se- 
 natum aut [ut] auxilio esset consul civibus suis, im- 
 
 3 perator militibus. Movebant consulem hsec, sed ter- 
 giversari res cogebat ; adeo in alteram causam non 
 collega soluin prseceps erat, sed omnis factio nobilium. 
 Ita medium se gerendo nee plebis vitavit odium nee 
 
 4 apud patres gratiam iniit. Patres mollem consulem 
 et ambitiosum rati, plebes fallacem, brevique apparuit 
 
 5 adsequasse eum Appii odium. Certamen consulibus 
 inciderat, uter dedicaret Mercurii sedem. Seriatus a 
 se rem ad populum reiecit : utri eorum dedicatio iussu 
 populi data esset. eum prseesse annonse, mercatorum 
 collegium instituere, sollemnia pro pontifice iussit sus- 
 
 6 cipere. Populus dedicationem aedis dat M. Lsetorio, 
 primi pili centurioni, quod facile appareret non tarn 
 ad honorem eius, cui curatio altior fastigio suo data 
 
 7 esset, factum quam ad consulum igiiominiam. Ssevire 
 inde utique consulum alter patresque ; sed plebi ere- 
 verant animi, et longe^jalia, quam primo instituerant, 
 
 8 vm grassabantur^y^Desperato enim consulum senatus- 
 
A.CH. 494] LIBER II. 33 
 
 que auxilio, quum in ius duel debitorem vidissent, 
 undique convolabant. Neque decretum exaudiri con- 
 sulis prse strepitu et clamore poterat, neque, quum de- 
 cresset, quisquam obtemperabat. Yi agebatur, metus- 9 
 que omnis et periculum, quum in conspectu consulis 
 singuli a pluribus violarentur, in creditores a debitori- 
 bus verterant. Super lisec timor incessit Sabini belli ; i 
 dilectuque decreto, nemo nomen dedit, furente Appio 
 et insectante ambitionem collegse, qui populari silentio 
 rem publicam proderet et ad id, quod de credita pe- 
 cunia ius non dixisset, adiiceret, ut ne dilectum 
 quidem ex senatus consulto haberet : non esse tamen " 
 desertam omnino rem publicam neque proiectum coii- 
 sulare imperium ; se unum et suse et patrum maies- 
 tatis vindicem fore. Quum circumstaret quotidiana " 
 multitude licentia accensa, arripi unum insignem du- 
 cem seditionum iussit. Ille quum a lictoribus iam 
 traheretur, provocavit ; nee cessisset provocationi con- 
 sul, quia non dubium erat populi indicium, nisi segre 
 victa pertinacia foret consilio magis et auctoritate 
 principum quam populi clamore; adeo supererant 
 animi ad sustinendam invidiam. Crescere inde 13 
 malum in dies, non clamoribus modo apertis, sed, 
 quod multo perniciosius erat, secessione occultisque 
 colloquiis. Tandem invisi plebi consules magistratu 
 abeunt, Servilius neutris, Appius patribus mire 
 gratus. 
 
 A. Verginius inde et T. Yetusius consulatum 28 
 ineunt. Turn vero plebs incerta, quales Nightly ^ her _ 
 habitura consules esset, ccetus nocturnos, L<f v s y of hdd^lbut 
 pars Esquiliis, pars in Aventino, facere, 1$* T r t e o US t hd? 
 ne in foro subitis trepidaret consiliis et n 
 
 S. L. 3 
 
34 LIVII [A.U.C. 260 
 
 2 orania temere ac fortuito ageret. Earn rein consoles 
 rati, ut erat, perniciosam ad patres deferunt, sed 
 delatam consulere ordine non licuit ; adeo tumultuose 
 excepta est clamoribus undique et indignatione pa- 
 trum, si, quod imperio consular! exsequendum esset, 
 
 3 invidiam eius consules ad senatum reiicerent. Pro- 
 fecto, si essent in re publica magistratus, nullum fu- 
 turum fuisse Romae nisi publicum consilium ; nunc in 
 mille curias contionesque^quum alia [in] Esquiliis, 
 alia in Aventino fiant conciHapdispersam et dissipa- 
 
 4 tarn esse rem publicam. Unum hercule virum (id 
 enim plus esse quam consulem), qualis App. Claudius 
 fuerit, momento temporis discussurum illos coetus 
 
 5 fuisse. Correpti consules quum, quid ergo se facere 
 vellent (nihil enim segnius molliusve, quam patribus 
 placeat, acturos), percontarentur, decernunt, ut dilec- 
 tum quam acerrimum habeant : otio lascivire plebem. 
 
 6 Dimisso senatu consules in tribunal escendunt ; citant 
 nominatim iuniores. Quum ad nomen nemo respon- 
 deret, circumfusa multitudo in contionis modum ne- 
 
 7 gare,jultra decipi plebem posse ; nunquam unum mili- 
 tem habituros, ni prsestaretur fides publica j libertatem 
 unicuique prius reddendam esse quam anna danda, ut 
 
 8 pro patria civibusque, non pro dominis pugnent. Con- 
 sules, quid mandatum esset a senatu, videbant, sed 
 eorum, qui intra parietes curise ferociter loquerentur, 
 neminem adesse invidiae suse participem ; et apparebat 
 
 9 atrox cum plebe certamen. Prius itaque, quam ultima 
 experirentur, senatum iteruin consulere placuit. Turn 
 vero ad sellas consulum propere convolavere minimus 
 quisque natu patrum, abdicare consulatum iubentes et 
 deponere imperium, ad quod tuendum animus deesset. 
 
A.CH. 494 J LIBER JL 35 
 
 Utraque re satis experta, turn demum consules : " Ne 29 
 prsedictum negetis, patres conscript!, adest The consuls up- 
 
 , . . . -r j i L braided by the 
 
 SedltlO. PostulamUS, lit ll, qui Senate for not 
 
 , . , . acting vigorous- 
 
 maxime ignaviara increpant, adsint nobis iy, after solemn 
 
 ... protest, make a 
 
 habentibus dilectum. Acernmi cuiusque second attempt. 
 
 Riot in forum and 
 
 arbitrio, quando ita placet, rem agemus. tumultuous meet- 
 
 ing of Senate. 
 Redeunt in tribunal ; citari nominatim Finally, 2 
 
 unum ex iis, qui in conspectu erant, dedita opera iu- 
 bent. Quum staret tacitus et circa eum aliquot homi- 
 num, ne forte violaretur, constitisset globus, lictorem 
 ad eum consules mittunt. Quo repulso, turn vero in- 3 
 dignum facinus esse clamitantes, qui patrum coiisuli- 
 bus aderant, devolant de tribunali, ut lictori auxilio 
 essent. Sed ablictore, nihil aliud quam prendere 4 
 prohibito, quum cbn versus in patres impetus esset, 
 consulum intercursu rixa sedata est, in qua tamen 
 sine lapide, sine telo plus clamoris atque irarum quam 
 iniuriee fuerat. Senatus tumultuose vocatus tumul- s 
 tuosius consulitur, qusestionem postulantibus iis, qui 
 pulsati fuerant, decernente ferocissinio quoque non 
 sententiis magis quam clamore et strepitu. Tandem 6 
 quum irse resedissent, exprobrantibus consulibus, ni- 
 hilo plus sanitatis in curia quam in foro esse, ordine 
 consuli ccepit. Tres fuere sententise. P. Yerginius 7 
 rem non vulgabat ; de iis tantum, qui fidem secuti P. 
 Servilii consulis Volsco, Aurunco Sabinoque militas- 
 sent bello, agendum censebat. T. Larcius, non id 8 
 tempus esse, ut merita tantummodo exsolverentur ; 
 totam plebem sere alieno demersam esse, necaftsti 
 posse, ni omnibus consulatur; quin, si alia aliorum 
 sit condicio, accendi magis discordiain quam sedarL 
 App. Claudius, et natura immitis et efferatus hinc 9 
 
 32 
 
36 LIVII [A.U.C. 260 
 
 plebis odio, illinc patrum laudibus, non miseriis ait, 
 
 sed licentia tantum concitum turbarum, et lascivire 
 10 magis plebem quam ssevire. Id adeo malum ex pro- 
 
 vocatione natum; quippe minas esse consulum, non 
 
 imperium, ubi ad eos, qui una peccaverint, provocare 
 ix liceat. " Age dum " inquit, " dictatorem, a quo pro- 
 
 vocatio non est, creemus; iani hie, quo nunc omnia 
 12 ardent, conticiscet furor. Pulset turn mihi lictorem, 
 
 qui sciet, ius de tergo vitaque sua penes unum ilium 
 
 esse, cuius inaiestatem violarit." 
 30 Multis, ut erat, horrida et atrox videbatur Appii 
 
 M'. Valerius is sententia ; rursus Verginii Larciique ex- 
 appointed dicta- , , TIT , . T r 
 tor. The Piebs emplo naud salubres ; utique Larcii pu- 
 
 are mitigated for . _ 
 
 the time. War tabant sententiam 1, quse to tarn ndem tol- 
 
 against Aequi, 
 
 yoisci and s a - leret. Medium maxime et moderatum 
 
 bines. Colony of 
 
 veiitrae. utroque consilium Verginii habebatur; 
 
 2 sed factione respectuque rerum privatarum, quse sem- 
 per offecere officientque publicis consiliis, Appius 
 vicit, ac prope fuit, ut dictator ille idem crearetur; 
 
 3 quse res utique alienasset plebem periculosissimo tern- 
 pore, quum Yoisci -<Equique et Sabini forte una 
 
 4 omnes in armis essent. Sed curse fuit consulibus et 
 senioribus patrum, ut imperii vis vehemens rnansueto 
 
 s permitteretur ingenio : M'. Valerium dictatorem Yo- 
 lesi filium creant. Plebes etsi ad versus se creatum 
 dictatorem videbat, tamen, quum provocationem fra- 
 tris lege haberet, nihil ex ea familia triste nee 
 
 6 superbum timebat ; edictum deinde a dictatore pro- 
 positum connrmavit animos, Servilii fere consulis 
 edicto conveniens ; sed et hornini et potestati melius 
 
 7 rati credi, omisso certamine nomina dedere. Quan- 
 tus nunquam ante exercitus, legiones decem ef- 
 
A.CII. 494] LIBER II. 3? 
 
 fectse; ternse inde datse consulibus, quattuor dictator 
 
 iam poterat bellum diiFerri. ^qui Latinum 8 
 agrum invaserant, Oratores Latinorum ab senatu 
 petebant, ut aut mitterent subsidium aut se ipsos 
 tuendorum finium causa capere arma sinerent. Tutius 9 
 visum est defend! inermes Latinos quam pati retrac- 
 tare arma. Yetusius consul missus est ; is finis popu- 
 lationibus fuit. Cessere .^Equi campis, locoque magis 
 quam arm is freti summis se iugis montium tutabantur.. 
 Alter consul in Yolscos profectus, rie et ipse tereret 10 
 tempus, vastandis maxime agris hostem ad conferenda 
 pro pins castra dimicandumque acie excivit. Medio XI 
 inter castra campo, ante suum quisque vallum, infestis 
 signis constitere. Multitudine aliquantum Yolsci 12 
 superabant ; itaque effusi et contemptim pugnarn 
 iniere. Consul Romanus nee promo vit aciem, iiec 
 clamorem reddi passus, defixis pilis stare suos iussit : 
 ubi ad manum venisset hostis, turn coortos tota vi 
 gladiis rem gerere. Yolsci cursu et clamore fessi 13 
 quum se velut stupentibus metu intulissent Romanis, 
 postquam impressionem sensere ex adverse factam et 
 ante oculos micare gladios, baud secus quam si in 
 insidias incidissent, turbati vertunt terga ; et ne ad 
 fugam quidem satis virium fuit, quia cursu in prce- 
 lium ierant. Romani contra, quia principio pugnse 14 
 quieti steterant, vigentes corporibus, facile adepti 
 fessos et castra impetu ceperuiit et castris exutum 
 hostem Yelitras persecuti uno agmine victores cum 
 victis in urbem irrupere ; plusque ibi sanguinis pro- 15 
 miscua omnium generum ceede quam in ipsa dimi- 
 catione factum. Faucis data venia, qui inermes in 31 
 
38 LI7II [A.U.C. 260 
 
 deditionem venerunt. Dum hsec in Volscis geruntur, 
 dictator Sabinos, ubi longe plurimum belli fuerat, 
 
 2 fundit fugatque exuitque castris. Equitatu immisso 
 mediam turbaverat hostium aciem, quam, dum se cor- 
 nua latius pandunt, parum apte introrsum ordinibus 
 firmaverant; turbatos pedes invasit. Eodem impetu 
 
 3 castra capta debellatumque est. Post pugnam ad 
 Regillum lacum non alia illis annis pugna clarior 
 fuit. Dictator triumphans urbem invehitur. Super 
 solitos honores locus in circo ipsi poster! sque ad spec- 
 
 4 taculum datus ; sella in eo loco curulis posita. Vol- 
 scis devictis Veliternus ager ademptus; Yelitras 
 coloni ab urbe missi et colonia deducta. Cum uEquis 
 post aliquanto pugnatum est, invito quidem consule, 
 
 s quia loco iniquo subeundum erat ad hostes ; sed 
 milites extrahi rem criminantes, ut dictator, prius- 
 quam ipsi redirent in urbem, magistratu abiret irrita- 
 que, sicut ante consulis, promissa eius caderent, 
 perpulere, ut forte temere in ad versos montes agmen 
 
 6 erigeret. Id male commissum ignavia hostium in 
 bonum vertit, qui, priusquani ad coniectum teli 
 veniretur, obstupefacti audacia Rornanorum, relictis 
 castris, quse muiiitissimis tenuerant locis, in aversas 
 valles desilue^e. Ibi satis praedse et victoria incruenta 
 fuit. V 
 
 7 Ita trifariam re bello bene gesta, de domesticarum 
 ineffectual at- rerum eventu nee patribus nee plebi 
 
 ri^ pt t S o f rocure cura decesserat : tanta quum gratia, 
 
 S?es nen to 0f P fee tum arte prseparaverant feneratores, quse 
 
 non modo plebem, sed ipsum etiam dicta- 
 
 s toreni frustrarentur. Namque Valerius post Vetusii 
 
 consulis reditum omnium actionum in senatu primam 
 
A.CH. 494] LIBER II. 39 
 
 habuit pro victore populo, rettulitque, quid de nexis 
 fieri placeret. Quse quum reiecta relatio esset, " Non 9 
 placeo " inquit " concordise auctor. Optabitis, medius- 
 fidius, propediem, ut mei similes Romana plebes pa- 
 tronos habeat. Quod ad me attinet, neque frustrabor 
 ultra cives meos neque ipse frustra dictator ero. Dis- 10 
 cordise intestinse, bellum externuin fecere, ut hoc 
 magistratu egeret res publica; pax foris parta est, 
 domi impeditur; privatus potius quam dictator se- 
 ditioni interero." Ita curia egressus dictatura se abdi- 
 cavit. Apparuit causa plebi, suam vicem indignantem It 
 magistratu abisse ; itaque velut persoluta fide, quoniam 
 per eiun non stetisset, quin prsestaretur, decedentem 
 domum cum favore ac laudibus prosecuti sunt. 
 
 Timor inde patres incessit, ne, si dimissus exer- 32 
 citus foret, rursus ccetus occulti coniu- The Patricians 
 rationesque fierent. Itaque quanquain %&& 
 per dictatorem dilectus habitus esset, ta- fi^^eSon*^ 
 men, quoniam in consulum verba iu- Son of MeneSus 
 rasset, sacramento teneri militem rati, pmtment of Tn- 
 
 , ir. . , ,,. , . bunes. 
 
 per causam renovati ab -<3Equis belli educi 
 ex urbe legiones iussere. Quo facto maturata est 2 
 seditio. Et primo agitatum dicitur de consulum csede, 
 ut solverentur sacramento ; doctos deinde, null am 
 scelere religionem exsolvi, Sicinio quodam auctore 
 iniussu consulum in Sacrum montem secessisse. (Trans 
 Anienem amnem est, tria ab urbe millia passuum. 
 Ea frequentior fama est quam, cuius Piso auctor est, 3 
 in Aventinum secessionem factam esse?u Ibi sine 4 
 ullo duce vallo fossaque communitis castris, quieti, 
 rem nullam nisi necessariam ad victum sumendo, per 
 aliquot dies neque lacessiti neque lacessentes sese 
 
40 L1VII [A.U.C. 260261 
 
 s tenuere. Favor ingens in urbe, metuque mutuo sus- 
 pensa erant omnia. Timere relicta ab suis plebes 
 violent! am patrum ; timere patres residem in urbe 
 
 6 plebem, incerti, manere earn an abire mallent. Quam- 
 diu autem tranquillam, quse secesserit, multitudinem 
 fore? quid futurum deinde, si quod extern urn interim 
 
 7 bellum exsistat ? Nullam prof ecto nisi in concordia 
 civium spem reliquam ducere ; earn per sequa, per 
 
 8 iniqua reconciliandam civitati esse. Placuit igitur 
 oratorem ad plebem mitti Menenium Agrippam, fa- 
 cundum virum et, quod inde_ oriundus^ erat^plebi 
 carum. Is, intromissus in castra, prisco illo dicendi 
 et horrido modo nihil aliud quam hoc narrasse fertur : 
 
 9 Tempore, quo in nomine non, ut nunc, omnia in unum 
 consentientia, sed singulis membris suum cuique con- 
 silium, suus sermo fuerit, indignatas reliquas partes, 
 sua cura, suo labore ac ministerio ventri omnia quaeri, 
 ventrem in medio quiet urn nihil aliud quam datis volup- 
 
 10 tatibus frui ; conspirasse inde, ne manus ad os cibum 
 ferrent, nee os acciperet datum, nee dentes conficerent. 
 Hac ira, dum ventrem fame domare vellent, ipsa una 
 membra totumque corpus ad extremam tabem venisse. 
 
 11 Inde apparuisse, ventris quoque haud segne ministe- 
 rium esse, nee magis ali quam alere eum, reddentem in 
 omnes corporis partes hunc, quo vivimus vigemusque, 
 divisum pariter in venas maturum confecto cibo san- 
 
 12 guinem. Comparando hinc, quam intestina corporis 
 seditio similis esset irse plebis in patres, flexisse 
 
 33 mentes hominum. Agi deinde de concordia cceptum, 
 concessumque in condiciones, ut plebi sui magistratus 
 essent sacrosancti, quibus auxilii latio adversus con- 
 sules esset, neve cui patrum capere eum magistratum 
 
A.CH. 494493] LIBER II. 41 
 
 liceret. Ita tribuni plebei creati duo, C. Licinius et 2 
 L. Albinius. Hi tres collegas sibi creaveruut. In 
 his Sicinium fuisse, seditionis auctorem; de duobus, 
 qui fuerint, minus convenit. Sunt, qui quos tantum 3 
 in Sacro monte creates tribunes esse dicant ibique 
 sacratam legem latain. 
 
 Per secessionem plebis Sp. Cassius et Postumus 4 
 Cominius consulatum inierant. His con- Ca ^ g s u ^ Lai 
 sulibus cum Latinis populis ictum fcedus. tu v i s< ^ng W in h 
 Ad id feriendum consul alter Romse man- ^distinguishes 
 sit; alter ad Yolscum bellum missus ture S of f Corioi C if P 
 Antiates Yolscos fundit fugatque; compulsos in oppi- 
 dum Longulam persecutus moenibus potitur. Inde 5 
 protinus Poluscam, item Yolscorum, cepit; turn magna 
 vi adortus est Coriolos. Erat turn in castris inter 
 primores iuvenum On. Marcius, adolescens et consilio 
 et manu promptus, cui cognomen postea Coriolano 
 fuit. Quum subito exercitum Romanorum Coriolos 6 
 obsidentem atque in oppidanos, quos intus clausos 
 habebat, intentum sine ullo metu extrmsecus immi- 
 nentis belli, Yolscse legiones, profectae ab Antio, inva- 
 sissent, eodemque tern pore ex oppido erupissent liostes, 
 forte in statione Marcius fuit. Is cum delecta militum 7 
 manu non modo impetum erumpentium rettudit, sed 
 per patentem portam ferox irrupit in proxima urbis, r\ 
 csedeque facta ignem temere aireptum imminentibus 
 muro sedificiis iniecit. Clamor inde oppidanorum s 
 mixtus muliebri puerilique ploratu &cT^errorem, ut 
 solet, primum orto et Eomanis auxit animum et tur- 
 bavit Yolscos, utpote capta urbe, cui ad ferendam 
 opem veneraiit. Ita fusi Yolsci Antiates, Corioli 9 
 oppidum captum ; tantumque sua laude obstitit famse 
 
42 LI VII [A.U.C. 261263 
 
 consulis Marcius, tit, nisi fcedus cum Latinis columna 
 aenea insculptum monumento esset, ab Sp. Cassio uno, 
 quia collega afuerat, ictum, Postumum Cominium bel- 
 lum gessisse cuin Yolscis, memoria cessisset. 
 
 10 Eodem anno Agrippa Menenius moritur, vir omni 
 vita pariter patribus ac plebi carus, post secessionem 
 
 11 carior plebi factus. Huic interpreti arbitroque con- 
 cordise civium, legato patrum ad plebem, reductori 
 plebis Komanse in urbem suinptus funeri defuit ; extu- 
 lit eum plebs sextantibus collatis in capita. 
 
 34 Consules deinde T. Geganius, P. Minucius facti. 
 Famine. Com re- Eo anno quum et foris ouieta omnia a 
 
 fused by many 
 
 states. That sent bello essent et domi sanatadiscordia. 
 
 by Cumae seized < ^ y 
 
 by^Aristodemus. aliud multo gravius malum civitatem in- 
 
 2 from Sicily. vasit, caritas primum annonse ex incultis 
 per secessionem plebis agris, fames deinde, qualis esse 
 
 3 clausis solet. Yentumque ad interitum servitiorum 
 utique et plebis esset, ni consules providissent, dimissis 
 passim ad frunientum coemendum, non in Etrnriam mo- 
 do dextris ab Ostia litoribus, laevoque per Yolscos mari 
 usque ad Cumas, sed [qu^situm] in Siciliam quoque;- 
 adeo finitiraorum odia longinquis coegerant inS&gm-e 
 
 4 auxiliis. Frumentum Cumis quum coemptum esset, 
 naves )#5*bonis Tarquiniorum ab Aristodemo tyranno, 
 qui heres erat, retentse sunt ; in Yolscis Pomptinoque 
 ne emi quidem potuit; periculttm quoque ab impetu 
 
 s hominum ipsis frumentatoribus fuit; ex Tuscis fru- 
 mentum Tiberi venit; eo sustentata est plebs. Incom- 
 modo bello in tarn artis commeatibus vexati forent, ni 
 Yolscos iam moventes arma pestilentia ingens inva- 
 
 6 sisset. Ea clade conterritis hostium animis, ut etiam, 
 ubi ea remisisset, terrore aliquo tenerentur, et Yelitris 
 
AiCH . 493 49 1 ] LIBER II. 43 
 
 auxere numerum colonorum Romani, et Norbam ia 
 montes novam coloniam, quse arx in Pomptino esset, 
 miserunt. 
 
 M. Minucio deinde et A. Sempronio consulibus 7 
 magna vis frumenti ex Sicilia advecta, corioiamis begins 
 
 ..,,., to agitate against 
 
 agitatumque in senatu, quanti plebi dare- the Piebs, but 
 
 _ . is overtaken by 
 
 tur. Multi vemsse tempus premendse them and obliged 8 
 
 . \ to go into exile. 
 
 plebis pirfcabant recuperandique iura, quse His designs a- 
 
 7 ^ gainst his coun- 
 
 extorta secessione ac vi patribus essent. try- 
 In primis Marcius Corioiamis, hostis tribunicise potes- 
 tatis, "Si annonam" iiiquit "veterem volunt, 11189 
 pristinum reddant patribus. Cur ego plebeios magis- 
 tratus, cur Sicinium potentem video, sub iugum mis- 
 sus, tanquam ab latronibus redemptus? Egone has i 
 indignitates diutius patiar, quam necesse est] Tar- 
 quinium regem qui non tulerim, Sicinium feram ? 
 Secedat nunc; avocet plebem; patet via in Sacrum 
 montem aliosque colles; rapiant frumenta ex agris 
 nostris, quemadmodum tertio anno rapuere. Fruantur X1 
 annona, quam furore suo fecere. Audeo dicere, hoc 
 malo domitos ipsos potius cul tores agrorum fore, quam 
 ut armati per secessionem coli prohibeant." Haud i2 
 tam facile dictu est, faciendumne fuerit, quam potuisse 
 arbitror fieri, ut condicionibus laxandi annonam et 
 tribuniciam potestatem et omnia invitis iura imposita 
 patres demerent sibi. Et senatui nimis atrox visa 35 
 sententia est et plebem ira prope armavit. Fame se 
 iam sicut hostes peti, cibo victuque fraudari; peregri- 
 num frumentum, quse sola alimenta ex insperato for- 
 tuna dederit, ab ore rapi, nisi Cn. Marcio vincti 
 dedantur tribuni, nisi de tergo plebis Romanse satis- 
 fiat; eum sibi carnificem novum exortum, qui aut mori 
 
44 LIVit [A.U.C. 263 
 
 2 aut servire iubeat. In exeuntem e curia impetus 
 factus esset, ni peropportune tribuni diem dixissent. 
 Ibi ira est suppressa; se iudicem quisque, se dominum 
 
 3 vitse necisque inimicis factum videbat. Contemptim 
 primo Marcius audiebat minas tribunicias; auxilii, noil 
 pcense ius datum illi potestati, plebisque, non patrum 
 tribunes esse. Sed adeo infensa erat coorta plebs, ut 
 
 4 unius pcena defungendum esset patribus. Restiterunt 
 tamen adversa invidia, usique sunt qua suis quisque, 
 qua totius ordinis viribus. Ac primo tentata res est, si, 
 dispostis clientibus, absterrendo singulos a coitionibus 
 
 s conciliisque SisiTcere rem possent. Universi deinde 
 processere (quicquid erat patrum, reos diceres) preci- 
 bus plebem exposcentes, unum sibi civem, unum sena- 
 torem, si innocentem absolvere nollent, pro nocente 
 
 6 donarent. Ipse quum die dicta non adesset, perseve- 
 ratum in ira est. Damnatus absens in Volscos exsu- 
 latum abiit, minitans patriaB hostilesque iam turn 
 spiritus gerens. 
 
 Venientem Volsci benigne excepere, benigniusque 
 in dies colebant, quo inaior ira in suos eminebat cre- 
 brseque nunc querelse, nunc minse percipiebantur. 
 
 7 Hospitio utebatur Attii Tullii. Longe is turn princeps 
 Yolsci nominis erat Romanisque semper infestus. Ita 
 quum alterum vetus odium, alterum ira recens stimu- 
 
 s laret, consilia conferunt de Komano bello. Haud facile 
 credebant plebem suam impelli posse, ut toties infeli- 
 citer tentata arma caperent : multis ssepe bellis, pesti- 
 lentia postremo amissa iuventute fractos spiritus esse; 
 arte agendum in exoleto iam vetustate odio, ut recenti 
 all qua ira exacerbarentur animi. 
 36 Ludi forte ex instauratione magni Romse paraban- 
 
A.CH. 491] LIBER II. 45 
 
 tur. Instaurandi liaec causa fuerat. Ludis Attius Tuiiius 
 
 .,. and the /wdi way- 
 
 mane servum quidam pater tamilise, non- ni ex instaura- 
 
 r lionefacti. War 
 
 dum commisso spectaculo,sub iurca csesum of voiscians a- 
 
 gainst Rome un- 
 
 medio egerat circo; ccepti inde ludi, velut ger Attius Tui- 
 ea res nihil ad religionem pertinuisset. cms Corioianus. 
 Hand ita multo post Tito Latinio, de plebe homini, a 
 somnium fuit; visus luppiter dicere, sibi ludis prse- 
 sultatorem displicuisse ; nisi magnifice instaurarentur 
 ii ludi, periculum urbi fore ; iret, ea consulibus nuntia- 
 ret. Quamquam haud sane liber erat religione animus, 3 
 verecundia tamen maiestatis magistratuum [timorem] 
 vicit, ne in ora hominum pro ludibrio abiret. Magno 4 
 illi ea cunctatio stetit; filium namque intra paucos 
 dies amisit. Cuius repentinse cladis ne causa dubia 
 esset, segro animi eadem ilia in somnis obversata 
 species visa est rogitare, satin' magnam spreti numinis 
 haberet mercedem; maiorem instare, ni eat propere ac 
 nuntiet consulibus. lam prsesentior res erat. Cunc- 5 
 tantem tamen ac prolatantem ingens vis morbi adorta 
 est debilitate subita. Tune enimvero deorum ira 6 
 admonuit. Fessus igitur malis prseteritis instantibus- 
 que, consilio propinquorum adhibito, quum visa atque 
 audita et obversatum toties somno lovem, minas iras- 
 que cselestes reprsesentatas casibus suis exposuisset, 
 consensu inde haud dubio omnium, qui aderant, in 
 forum ad consules lectica defertur. Inde in curiam 7 
 iussu consulum delatus, eadem ilia quum patribus 
 ingenti omnium admiratione enarrasset, ecce aliud 
 miraculum : qui captus omnibus membris delatus in 8 
 curiam esset, eum, functum offtcio, pedibus suis 
 domum redisse, traditum memorise est. 
 
 Ludi quam amplissimi ut fierent, senatus decrevit. 37 
 
46 LIVII [A.U.C. 263 
 
 Ad cos ludos auctore Attio Tullio vis magna Yolscorum 
 
 2 venit. Priusquam committerentur ludi, Tullius, ut 
 domi compositum cum Marcio fuerat, ad consules 
 venit; dicit esse, quae secreto agere de re publica 
 
 3 velit. Arbitris remotis, "Invitus" inquit, "quod 
 sequius sit, de meis civibus loquor. Non tamen ad- 
 missum quicquam ab iis criminatum venio, sed cautum, 
 
 4 ne admittant. Nimio plus, quam vellein, nostrorum 
 
 5 ingenia sunt mobilia. Multis id cladibus sensimus, 
 
 i &Vut&<*-rmJi 
 
 quippe qui non nostro men to, sed vestrafl patient] a 
 
 iiicolurnes simus. Magna hie nunc Volscorum mul- 
 titude est; ludi sunt; spectaculo intenta civitas' erit. 
 
 6 Memini, quid per eandem occasionem ab Sabinorum 
 iuventute in hac urbe commissum sit ; horret animus, 
 ne quid inconsulte ac temere fiat. Haec nostra vestra- 
 que causa prius dicenda vobis, consules, ratus sum. 
 
 7 Quod ad me attinet, extemplo hinc domum abire in 
 animo est, ne cuius facti dictive contagione praesens 
 
 8 violer." Haec locutus abiit. Consules quum ad patres 
 rem dubiain sub auctore certo detulissent, auctor niagis, 
 ut fit, quam res ad praecavendum vel ex supervacuo 
 movit, factoque senatus consulto, ut urbe excederent 
 Yolsci, praecones dimittuntur, qui omnes eos proficisci 
 
 9 ante noctem iuberent. Ingens pavor primo discur- 
 rentes ad suas res tollendas in hospitia perculit ; pro- 
 ficiscentibus deinde indignatio oborta, se ut conscele- 
 ratos contaminatosque ab ludis, festis diebus, coetu 
 
 38 quodam modo hominum deorumque abactos esse. Quum 
 prope continuato agmine irent, praegressus Tullius ad 
 caput Ferentinum,^iit quisque veniret, primores eorum 
 excipiens querendo indignandoque, et eos ipsos, sedulo 
 audientes secunda irae verba, et per eos multitudinem 
 
A.CII. 491] LIBER II. 47 
 
 aliam in subiectum vise campum deduxit. Ibi in con- 2 
 tionis inodum orationem exorsus adversus veteres po- 
 puli Roniani iniurias cladesque gentis Volscorum, 
 "Ut omnia" inquit " obliviscamini alia, bodiernam 
 bane contumeliam quo tandem animo fertis, qua per 
 nostram ignominiam ludos commisere ? An non sen- 3 
 sistis, triumpbatum bodie de vobis esse 1 vos omnibus, 
 civibus, peregrinis, tot finitimis populis, spectaculo 
 abeuntes fuisse ? vestras coniuges, vestros liberos tra- 
 ductos per ora bominum ? Quid eos, qui audivere 4 
 vocem prseconis, quid, qui nos videre abeuntes, quid 
 eos, qui huic ignominioso agniini fuere obvii, existi- 
 masse putatis, nisi aliquod profecto nefas esse, quo, si 
 intersiinus spectaculo, violaturi simus ludos piaculum- 
 que merituri ; ideo nos ab sede piorum, coetu concilio- 
 que abigi ] Quid deinde 1 illud non succurrit, vivere $ 
 nos, quod maturarimus proficisci? si hoc profectio et 
 non fuga est. Et bane urbem vos non bostium du- 
 citis, ubi si unum diem morati essetis, moriendum 
 omnibus fuit ? Bellum vobis indictum est, magno 
 eorum malo, qui indixere, si viri estis." Ita et sua 6 
 sponte irarum pleni et incitati domos inde digressi 
 sunt, instigandoque suos quisque populos effecere, ut 
 omne Yolscum nomen deficeret. 
 
 Imperatores ad id bellum de omnium populorum 39 
 sententia lecti Attius Tullius et On. Marcius, exsul 
 Romanus, in quo aliquanto plus spei repositum. Quam 3 
 spem nequaquam fefellit, ut facile appareret, ducibus 
 validiorem quam exercitu rem Romanam esse. Cir- 
 ceios profectus primum colonos inde Romanes expulit 
 liberamque earn urbem Yolscis tradidit ; inde in Lati- 3 
 nam viam transversis trarnitibus transgressus Satricum, 
 
48 LIVII [A.U.C. 263266 
 
 Longulani, Poluscam, Coiiolos^novfellah^ec Romania 
 4 oppida ademit ; inde Lavinium recepit ; turn deinceps 
 
 Corbionem, Yitelliam, Trebium, Lavicos, Pedum cepit. 
 s Postremum ad urbem a Pedo ducit, et ad fossas Clui- 
 
 lias quinque ab urbe millia passuum castris positis, 
 
 populatur inde agrum Eomanum, custodibus inter 
 
 6 populatores missis, qui patriciorum agros intactos ser- 
 varent, sive infensus plebi magis sive ut discordia inde 
 
 7 inter patres plebemque oreretur. Quse profecto orta 
 esset (adeo tribuni iam ferocem per se plebem crimi- 
 nando in primores civitatis instigabant) ; sed externus 
 timor, maximum concordise vinculum, quamvis sus- 
 
 8 pectos infensosque inter se iungebat animos. Id modo 
 non conveniebat, quod senatus consulesque misquam 
 alibi spem quain in armis ponebant, plebes omnia 
 
 9 quam bellum malebat. Sp. Nautius iam et Sex. 
 Furius consules erant. Eos recensentes legiones, prae- 
 sidia per muros aliaque, in quibus stationes vigiliasque 
 esse placuerat, loca distribuentes, multitude ingens 
 pacem poscentium primum seditioso clamore conterruit, 
 deinde vocare senatum, referre de legatis ad Cn. Mar- 
 io cium mittendis coegit. Acceperunt relationem patres, 
 
 postquam apparuit labare plebis animos ; missique de 
 pace ad Marcium oratores atrox responsum rettule- 
 
 11 runt : si Yolscis ager redderetur, posse agi de pace ; 
 si prseda belli per otium frui velint, memorem se et 
 civium iniurise et hospitum beneficii ann^isurum, ut 
 appareat exsilio sibi irritatos, non f ractos ^6tmos esse. 
 
 12 Iterum deinde iidem missi non recipiuntur in castra. 
 Sacerdotes quoque suis insignibus velatos isse supplices 
 ad castra hostium, traditum est ; nihilo magis quam 
 
 40 legates flexisse animum. Turn matronae ad Yeturiam 
 
A.CH. 488] LIBER II. 49 
 
 matrem Coriolani Yolumniamque uxorem frequentes 
 coeunt. Id publicum consilium an muliebris timor 
 fuerit, parum invenio ; pervicere certe, ut et Yeturia, 2 
 magno natu mulier, et Yolumnia duos parvos ex 
 Marcio ferens filios secum in castra hostium irent et, 
 quoniani armis viri defendere urbeni non possent, 
 mulieres precibus lacrimisque defenderent. Ubi ad 3 
 castra ventum est nuntiaturnque Coriolano est, adesse 
 ingens nmlierum agmen, primo, ut qui nee publica 
 maiestate in legatis nee in sacerdotibus tanta offusa 
 oculis animoque religione motus esset, multo obstina- 
 tior ad versus lacrimas nmliebres erat ; dein f am ilia- 4 
 rium quidam, qui insignem rnsestitia inter ceteras 
 cognoverat Yeturiam, inter nurum nepotesque stan- 
 tern, "Nisi me frustrantur" inquit "oculi, mater tibi 
 coniuxque et liberi adsunt." Coriolarms prope ut 5 
 ameiis consternatus ab sede sua quum ferret matri 
 obvise complexum, mulier in iram ex precibus versa 
 " Sine, priusquam complexum accipio, sciani" inquit, 
 " ad hostem an ad filium venerim, captiva materne in 
 castris tuis sim. In hoc me longa vita et infelix 6 
 senecta traxit, ut exsulem te, deinde hostem viderem ? 
 Potuisti populari hanc terrain, quse te genuit atque 7 
 aluit 1 ? Non tibi, quamvis infesto animo et minaci 
 perveneras, ingredient! fines ira cecidit ? Non, quum 
 in conapectu Roma fuit, succurrit : Intra ilia mcenia 
 domus ac penates niei sunt, mater, coniux liberique] 
 Ergo ego nisi peperissem, Roma non oppugnaretur ; 8 
 nisi filium haberem, libera in libera patria mortua 
 essem. Sed ego nihil iam pati nee tibi turpius iiec 
 mihi miserius possum, nee, ut sim miserriina, diu 
 futura sum ; de his videris, quos, si pergis, aut iinina- 9 
 S. L. 
 
50 LIVII [A.U.C. 267 
 
 tura mors aut longa servitus manet." Uxor deinde 
 ac liberi amplexi, fletusque ab omni turba mulierum 
 ortus et comploratio sui patriseque fregere tandem 
 
 10 virum. Complexus inde suos dimittit ; ipse retro ab 
 urbe castra movit. Abductis deinde legionibus ex 
 agro Romano, invidia rei oppressum perisse tradunt, 
 
 11 alii alio leto. Apud Fabium, longe antiquissimum 
 auctorem, usque ad senectutem vixisse eundem in- 
 venio j refert certe, hanc ssepe eum exacta setate usur- 
 
 12 passe vocem, multo miserius seni exsilium esse. Non 
 inviderunt laude sua mulieribus viri Romani (adeo 
 sine obtrectatione glorise alienae vivebatur), inonuinen- 
 toque quod esset, templum Fortunes muliebri aedificatum 
 dedicatumque est. 
 
 Rediere deinde Volsci, adiunctis -^Equis, in agrum 
 Romanum ; sed ^SCqui Attium Tullium haud ultra 
 
 13 tulere ducem. Hinc ex certarnine, Volsci -^Equine 
 imperatorem coniuncto exercitui darent, seditio, de- 
 inde atrox proelium ortum. Ibi fortuna populi Ro- 
 mani duos hostium exercitus haud minus pernicioso 
 quam pertinaci certamine confecit. 
 
 14 Consules T. Sicinius et C. Aquilius. Sicinio Yolsci, 
 Aquilio Hernici (nani ii quoque in arm is erant) pro- 
 vincia evenit. Eo anno Hernici devicti ; cum Volscis 
 sequo Marte discessum est. 
 
 41 Sp. Cassius deinde et Proculus Yerginius consules 
 
 Lex Agraria of ^ ac ti. ^Cum Hernicis foedus ictum ; agri 
 
 opu! u ri?nd parted duae ademptaa. Inde dimidium 
 
 Latinis, dimidium plebi divisurus consul 
 
 2 Cassius erat. Adiiciebat huic muneri agri aliquan- 
 
 tum, quern publicum possideri a privatis crirninabatur. 
 
 Id multos quidem patrum, ipsos possessores, periculo 
 
A.CH. 486485] LIBER II. 51 
 
 rerum suarum terrebat ; sed et publica patribus solli- 
 citudo inerat, largitione consulem periculosas libertati 
 opes struere. Turn primum lex agraria promulgata 3 
 est, nunquam deinde usque ad hanc memoriam sine 
 maximis motibus rerum agitata. Consul alter largi- 4 
 tioni resistebat, auctoribus patribus nee omni plebe 
 adversante, quse primo cceperat fastidire munus vulga- 
 tum : a civibus isse in socios ; ssepe deinde et Vergi- 5 
 nium consulem in contionibus velut vaticinantem au- 
 diebat, pestilens collegse munus esse ; agros illos servi- 
 tutem iis, qui acceperint, laturos; regno viam fieri. 
 Quid ita enim assumi socios et nomen Latinum 1 Quid 6 
 attinuisse, Hernicis, paulo ante hostibus, capti agri 
 partem tertiam reddi, nisi ut eae gentes pro Coriolano 
 duce Cassium habeant 1 Popularis iam esse dissuasor 7 
 et intercessor legis agrarise cceperat. Uterque deinde 
 consul certatim plebi indulgere. Verginius dicere, 
 passurum se assignari agros, dum ne cui nisi civi Ro- 
 mano assignentur ; Cassius, quia in agraria largitione 8 
 ambitiosus in socios eoque civibus vilior erat, ut alio 
 munere sibi reconciliaret civium animos, iubere pro 
 Siculo frumento pecuniam acceptam retribui populo. 
 Id vero haud secus quam prsesentem mercedem regni 9 
 aspernata plebes; adeo propter suspicionem insitam 
 regni, velut abundarent omnia, munera eius in animis C^ 
 hominum respuebantur. Quem, ubi primum magis- 10 
 tratu abiit, damnatum necatumque constat. Sunt, 
 qui patrem auctorem eius supplicii ferant : eum, cog- 
 nita donii causa, verberasse ac necasse peculiumque 
 filii Cereri consecravisse ; signum inde factum esse 
 et inscriptum : Ex Cassia familia datum. Invenio 
 apud quosdam, idque propius fidem est, a qusestoribus 
 
 42 
 
52 LIVII [A.U.C. 268272 
 
 Csesone Fabio et L. Valerio diem dictam perduellionis, 
 
 damnatumque populi iudicio, dirutas publice aedes. 
 12 Ea est area ante Telluris aedem. Ceterum, sive illud 
 
 domesticum sive publicum fuit indicium, damnatur 
 
 Servio Cornelio, Q. Fabio consulibus. 
 42 Hand diuturna ira populi in Cassium fuit. Dul- 
 
 Wars \rith Vei- Ce ^ a rar ^ 8e ^ e ^ s ip sa P er se 4 em pt<> 
 
 entes and confe- auctore. subibat animos, accensaque ea 
 
 derate armies of 
 
 V iri S stru an ?esbKr cu P^^ as est malignitate patrum, qui, 
 pTtricirnflboul devictis eo anno Yolscis ^quisque, mili- 
 
 2 th ' tern pneda fraudavere. Quicquid cap- 
 turn ex liostibus est, vendidit Fabius consul ac rede- 
 git in publicum. 
 
 Invisum erat Fabium nomen plebi propter novis- 
 simum consulem ; tenuere tamen patres, ut cum 
 
 3 L. u5Smilio Cseso Fabius consul crearetur. Eo infes- 
 tior facta plebes seditione domestica bellum externum 
 excivit. Bello deinde civiles discordiae intermissaa ; 
 uno animo patres ac plebs rebellantes Yolscos et 
 
 4 ^Equos duce ^Emilio prospera pugna vicere. Plus 
 tamen hostium fuga quam proelium absumpsit ; adeo 
 
 pertinaciter fusos insecuti sunt equites. 
 
 Temple of Castor. * . 
 
 5 Castons sedes eodem anno idibus Quinti- 
 libus dedicata est ; vota erat Latino bello a Postumio 
 dictatore ; filius eius, duumvir ad id ipsum creatus, 
 
 6 dedicavit. Sollicitati et eo anno sunt dulcedine agra- 
 rise legis animi plebis. Tribuni plebi popularem 
 potestatem lege populari celebrabant ; patres, satis 
 superque gratuiti furoris in multitudine credentes esse, 
 largitiones temeritatisque invitamenta horrebant. 
 Acerrimi^patribus duces ad resistenduni consules 
 
 7 fuere.'^^Ea igitur pars rei publicse vicit, nee in praesens 
 
A. CH. 486481] LIBER II. 53 
 
 modo, seel in venientem etiam annum M. Fabium, 
 Csesonis fratrem, et inagis invisum alterum plebi accu- 
 satione Sp. Cassii, L. Yalerium, consules dedit. v If 
 
 Certatum eo quoque anno cum tribunis est. Yana 8 
 lex vanique legis auctores iactando irritum munus 
 facti. Fabium inde nomen ingeps post tres continues 
 consulatus unoque velut tenorp/ODCjiies expertos tribu- 
 niciis certaminibus habit unr; itaque, ut bene locatus, 
 mansit in ea familia aliquamdiu honos. Bellum inde 9 
 Yeiens initum, et Yolsci rebellarunt; sed ad bella 
 externa prope supererant vires, abutebanturque iis 
 inter semet ipsos certando, Accessere J0 
 
 . Prodigies, and 
 
 ad segras lam omnium mentes prodigia punishment of 
 
 Vestal Virgin. 
 
 cselestia, prope quotidianas in urbe agris- 
 que ostentantia minas ; motique ita* numinis causam 
 iiullam aliam vates canebant, publice privatimque 
 nunc extis, nunc per aves consulti, quam haud rite 
 sacra fieri ; qui terrores tandem eo evasere, ut Oppia n 
 virgo Yestalis darnnata incesti posnas dederit. 
 
 Q. Fabius inde et C. lulius consules facti. Eo 43 
 anno non segnior discordia domi et bellum foris atro- 
 cius fuit. Ab ^Equis arma sumpta ; Yeientes agruni 
 quoque Romanorum populantes inierunt. Quorum 
 bellorum crescente cura, Caeso Fabius et Sp. Furius 
 consules fiunt. Ortonam, Latinam urbem, ^qui op- 2 
 pugnabant; Yeientes, pleni iam populationum, Eo- 
 mam ipsam se oppugnaturos minabantur. 
 
 ~ . , . . Sp. Licinius, tri 
 
 Qui terrores quum compescere deberent, bune, is opposed 3 
 
 ' by his fellow tri- * 
 
 auxere insuper animos plebis. redibatque bunes in trying to 
 
 prevent levy. 
 
 non sua sponte plebi mos detrectandi mi- 
 
 litiam, sed Sp. Licinius tribunus plebis, venisse tempus 
 
 ratus per ultimam necessitatem legis agrariae patribus 
 
54 LIVII [A.U.C. 273 274 
 
 iniungendse, susceperat rem militarem impediendam. 
 
 4 Ceterum tota invidia tribuniciae potestatis versa in 
 auctorem est, nee in eum consules acrius quam ipsius 
 collegae coorti sunt, auxilioque eorum dilectum consu- 
 
 s les habent. Ad duo siuiul bella exerci- 
 
 Bad behaviour of 
 
 troops under Fa- tus scribitur ; ducendus Fabio in Veien- 
 
 tes, in .^Equos Furio datur. 
 
 6 quidem nihil dignum mernoria gestum est j Fabio ali- 
 quanto plus negotii cum civibus quam cum hostibus 
 fuit. Unus ille vir, ipse consul, rem publicam susti- 
 nuit, quam exercitus odio consulis, quantum in se fuit, 
 
 7 prodebat. Nain quum consul praeter ceteras impera- 
 torias artes, quas parando gerendoque bello edidit 
 plurimas, ita instruxisset aciem, ut solo equitatu 
 emisso exercitum hostium funderet, insequi fusos 
 
 8 pedesjioluit ; nee illos, etsi non adhortatio invisi du- 
 cis, suum saltern flagitium et publicum in praesentia 
 dedecus, postmodo periculum, si animus hosti redisset, 
 cogere potuit gradum accelerare aut, si aliud nihil, 
 
 9 stare instructos. Iniussu signa referunt, msestique 
 (crederes victos), exsecrantes nunc imperatorem, nunc 
 
 10 navatam ab equite operam, redeunt in castra. Nee 
 huic tarn pestilenti exemplo reinedia ulla ab imperatore 
 qusesita sunt; adeo excellentibus ingeniis citius de- 
 fuerit ars, qua civem regant, quam qua hostem supe- 
 
 11 rent. Consul Komam rediit non tarn belli gloria 
 aucta quam irritato exacerbatoque in se militum 
 odio. Obtinuere tamen patres, ut in Fabia gente 
 consulatus maneret : M. Fabium consulem creant ; 
 Fabio collega On. Manlius datur. 
 
 44 Et hie annus tribunum auctorem legis agrariae ha- 
 buit. Tib. Pontificius fuit. Is eandem viam, velut . 
 
UNIVERSITY 5 
 
 % 
 A.CH. 481 480] 
 
 processisset Sp. Eicinio, ingressus dilectum paulisper 
 impediit. Perturbatis iterum patribus Further use of 2 
 App. Claudius victam tribuniciam potes- Sbunrby^tri- 
 tatem dicere priore anno, in prsesentia re, C1 
 exemplo in perpetuum, quando inventum sit, suis 
 ipsam viribus dissolvi. Neque enim unquam defutu- 3 
 rum, qui et ex collega victoriam sibi et gratiam melio- 
 ris partis bono publico velit quaesitam ; et plures, si 
 pluribus opus sit, tribunes ad auxilium consulum pa- 
 ra tos fore, et unum vel adversus omnes satis esse. 
 Darent modo et consules et primores patrum operam, 4 
 ut, si minus omnes, aliquos tamen ex tribunis rei pub- 
 licae ac senatui conciliarent. Praeceptis Appii moniti 5 
 patres et universi comiter ac benigne tribunes appel- 
 lare, et consulares, ut cuique eorum privatim altquid 
 iuris adversus singulos erat, partim gratia, partim auc- 
 toritate obtinuere, ut tribuniciae potestatis vires salu- 
 bres vellent rei publicae esse, novemque tribunoruni 6 
 adversus unum moratorem publici commodi auxilio di- 
 lectum consules habent. 
 
 Inde ad Yeiens bellum profecti, quo undique ex 7 
 Etruria auxilia convenerant, non tarn 
 Veientium gratia concitata, quam quod 
 
 ,. ,. Roman soldiers, 
 
 m spem ventum erat, discord la intestma at first disloyal, 
 
 ,. , . T. . repent and re- 
 
 dissolvi rem Komanam posse. Princi- trieve their hon- B 
 
 -^ . our in a great 
 
 pesque in omnium Etrunse populorum battle. Popuiar- 
 
 .,.. ityofFabu. 
 
 concims fremebant, oeternas opes E,oma- 
 nas, nisi inter semet ipsi seditionibus sa2viant : id 
 unum venenum, earn labem civitatibus opulentis reper- 
 tam, ut magna imperia mortal ia essent. Diu susten- 9 
 tatum id malum, partim patrum consiliis, partim pa- 
 tientia plebis, iam ad extrema venisse. Duas civitates 
 
56 LIVII [A.U.C. 274 
 
 ex una factas ; suos cuique parti magistratus, suas 
 
 10 leges esse. Primuin in dilectibus ssevire solitos, eos- 
 dem in bello tamen paruisse ducibus. Qualicunque 
 urbis statu, manente disciplina militari sisti potuisse ; 
 iam non parendi magistratibus morem in castra quo- 
 
 11 que Romanum militem sequi. Proximo bello in ipsa 
 acie, in ipso certamine, consensu exercitus traditam 
 ultro victoriam victis ./Equis, signa deserta, imperato- 
 
 t2 rem in acie relictum, iniussu in castra reditum. Pro- 
 fecto, si instetur, suo milite vinci Homam posse. Ni- 
 hil aliud opus esse quam indici ostendique bellum; 
 cetera sua sponte fata et deos gesturos. Hae spes 
 Etruscos armaverant, multis in vicem casibus victos 
 45 victoresque. Consules quoque Romani nihil praeterea 
 aliud quam suas vires, sua arrna horrebant ; memoria 
 pessimi proximo bello exempli terrebat, ne rem com- 
 mitterent eo, ubi duae simul acies tiraendae essent. 
 
 2 Itaque castris se tenebant, tarn ancipiti periculo aversi : 
 diem tempusque forsitan ipsurn leniturum iras sanita- 
 
 3 temque animis allaturum. Yeiens hostis Etruscique 
 eo niagis praepropere agere ; lacessere ad pugnam 
 primo obequitando castris provocandoque, postremo, ut 
 nihil movebant, qua consules ipsos, qua exercitum in- 
 
 4 crepando : simulationem intestinae discordise remedium 
 timoris inventum, et consules magis non confidere 
 quam non credere suis militibus; novum seditionis 
 genus, silentium otiumque inter armatos. Ad haec in 
 novitatem generis originisque qua falsa, qua vera 
 
 s iacere. Haec quum sub ipso vallo portisque strepe- 
 rent, haud aegre consules pati ; at imperitae multitudi- 
 ni nunc indignatio, mine pudor pectora versare et ab 
 intestinis avertere mails : nolle inultos liostes, nolle 
 
A.CH. 480] LIBER II. 57 
 
 successum, non patribus, non consulibus ; externa et 
 domestica odia certare in animis. Tandem superant 6 
 externa; adeo superbe insolenterque hostis eludebat. 
 Frequentes in praBtorium conveniunt ; poscunt pug- 
 nam, postulant, ut signum detur. Consules velut de- 7 
 liberabundi capita conferunt, diu colloquuntur. Pug- 
 nare cupiebant, sed retro revocanda et abdenda cupi- 
 ditas erat, ut adversando remorandoque incitato semel 
 militi adderent impetum. Redditur responsum, im- 8 
 maturam rem agi j nondum tempus pugnse esse ; cas- 
 tris se tenerent. Edicunt inde, ut abstineant pugna : 
 si quis iniussu pugnaverit, ut in hostem animadversu- 
 ros. Ita dimissis, quo minus consules velle credunt, 9 
 crescit ardor pugnandi. Accendunt insuper hostes 
 ferocius multo, ut statuisse non pugnare consules cog- 
 nitum est : quippe impune se insultaturos ; non credi 10 
 militi arma ; rem ad ultimum seditionis erupturam, 
 finemque venisse Komano imperio. His freti occur- 
 sant portis, ingerunt probra ; segre abstinent, quin 
 castra oppugnent. Enimvero non ultra contumeliam " 
 pati Romanus posse ; totis castris undique ad consules 
 curritur ; non iam sensim,, ut ante, per centurionum 
 principes postulant, sed passim omnes clamoribus 
 agunt. Matura res erat ; tergiversantur tamen. Fa- 12 
 bius deinde, ad crescentem tumultum iam metu sedi- 
 tionis collega concedente, quum silentium classico 
 fecisset : " Ego istos, On. Manli, posse vincere scio ; 
 velle ne scirem, ipsi fecerunt. Itaque certum atque 13 
 decretum est non dare signuin, nisi victores se reditu- 
 ros ex hac pugna iurant. Consulem E.omanum miles 
 semel in acie fefellit : deos nunquam fallet." Centurio 
 erat M. Flavoleius, inter primores pugnse flagitator. 
 
58 LIVII [A.U.C. 274 
 
 14 " Victor" inquit, "M. Fabi, revertar ex acie"; si 
 fallat, lovem patrem GramviimqTfe^Martem aliosque 
 iratos invocat decs. Idem deinceps omnis exercitus 
 
 . (QCJ&J . . f. 
 
 m stTquisque lurat. luratis datur signum : arma ca- 
 
 15 piunt ; eunt in pugnam irarum speique pleni. Nunc 
 iubent Etruscos probra iacere, nunc armati sibi quis- 
 
 16 que linguajDromptum hostem offerri. Omnium illo die, 
 qua plebis, qua patrum, eximia virtus fuit; Fabium 
 nomen [Fabia gens] maxime enituit; multis civilibus 
 certaminibus infensos plebis animos ilia pugna sibi 
 reconciliare statuunt. 
 
 46 Instruitur acies, nee Yeiens hostis Etruscseque 
 legiones detrectant. Prope certa spes erat, non magis 
 secum pugnaturos, quam pugnarint cum ^Equis; mains 
 quo que aliquod in tarn irritatis animis et occasione an- 
 
 2 cipiti haud desperandum esse facinus. Res aliter 
 longe evenit ; nam non alio ante bello infestior Ro- 
 manus (adeo hinc contumeliis hostes, hinc consul es 
 
 3 mora exacerbaveraiit) prcelium iniit. Yix explicandi 
 ordines spatium Etruscis fuit, quum, pilis inter pri- 
 mam trepidationem abiectis temere magis quam emis- 
 sis, pugna iam in manus, iam ad gladios, ubi Mars est 
 
 4 atrocissimus, venerat. Inter primores genus Fabium 
 insigni spectaculo exemploque civibus erat. Ex his 
 Q. Fabium (tertio hie anno ante consul fuerat) princi- 
 pem in confertos Yeientes euntem ferox viribus et 
 armorum arte Tuscus, incautum inter multas versan- 
 tem hostium manus, gladio per pectus transfigit ; telo 
 
 s extracto, prseceps Fabius in viilnus abiit. Sensit 
 utraque acies unius viri casum, cedebatque inde Ro- 
 manus, quum M. Fabius consul transiluit iaceiitis 
 corpus obiectaque parma, " Hoc iurastis" inquit, 
 
A.CH. 480] LIBER II. 59 
 
 " milites, fugientes vos in castra redituros ? Adeo 
 ignavissimos hostes magis timetis quam lovem Mar- 
 temque, per quos iurastis ? At ego iniuratus aut vie- 6 
 tor revertar aut prope te hie, Q. Fabi, dimicans 
 cadam." Oonsuli turn Caeso Fabius, prioris anni 
 consul : " Yerbisne istis, frater, ut pugnent, te im- 
 petraturum credis ] Dii impetrabunt, per quos iura- 7 
 vere ; et nos, ut decet proceres, ut Fabio nomine est 
 dignum, pugnando potius quam adhortando accenda- 
 mus militum animos." Sic in primum infestis hastis 
 provolant duo Fabii, totamque moverunt secum aciem. 
 Prcelio ex parte una restitute, nihilo segnius in cornu 47 
 altero "On. Manlius consul pugnam ciebat, ubi prope 
 similis fortuna est versata. Nam ut altero in cornu 2 
 Q. Fabiuru, sic in hoc ipsum consulem Manlium iam 
 velut fusos agentem hostes et impigre milites secuti 
 sunt et, ut ille gravi vulnere ictus ex acie cessit, inter- 
 fectum rati gradum rettulere ; cessissentque loco, ni 3 
 consul alter cum aliquot turmis equitum in earn par- 
 tern citato equo advectus, vivere clamitans collegam, 
 se victorem, fuso altero cornu, adesse, rem inclinatam 
 sustinuisset. Manlius quoque ad restituendam aciem 4 
 se ipse coram offert. Duorum consulum cognita ora 
 accendunt militum animos. Simul et vanior iam erat 
 hostium acies, durn, abundante multitudine freti, sub- 
 tracta subsiclia mittunt ad ^castra oppugnanda. In 5 
 quse^ haud magno certamine impetu facto, quum 
 prsedse magis quam pugnae memores tererent tempus, 
 triarii Romani, qui primam irruptionem sustinere non 
 potuerant, missis ad consules nuntiis, quo loco res 
 essent, conglobati ad prsetorium redeunt et sua sponte 
 ipsi prcelium renovant. Et Manlius consul revectus 6 
 
60 LIVII [A.U.C. 274 275 
 
 in castra, ad omnes portas milite opposite, liostibus 
 viam clauserat. Ea desperatio Tuscis rabiem magis 
 quam audaciam accendit. Nam quum incursantes, 
 quacunque exitum ostenderet spes, vano aliquoties 
 impetu issent, globus iuvenum unus in ipsum consu- 
 
 7 lem insignem armis invadit. Priraa excepta a circum- 
 stantibus tela ; sustineri deinde vis nequit ; consul 
 mortifero vulnere ictus cadit, fusique circa omnes. 
 
 8 -Tuscis crescit audacia ; Romanos terror per tota 
 castra trepidos agit, et ad extrema ventum foret, ni 
 legati, rapto consulis corpore, patefecissent una porta 
 
 9 liostibus viam. Ea erumpunt ; consternatoque agmine 
 abeuntes in victorem alterum incidunt consulem ; ibi 
 iterum csesi fusique passim. 
 
 Victoria egregia parta, tristis tamen duobus tarn 
 
 10 claris funeribus. Itaque consul, decernente senatu 
 triumphum, si exercitus sine imperatore triumphare 
 possit, pro eximia eo bello opera facile passurum res- 
 pondit ; se, familia funesta Q. Fabii fratris morte, re- 
 publica ex parte^orba, consule altero amisso, publico 
 privatoque ^eroi^mem luctu lauream non accepturum. 
 
 11 Omni acto triumpho depositus triumphus clarior fuit ; 
 adeo spreta in tempore gloria interduni cumulatior 
 redit. Funera deinde duo deinceps collegse fratrisque 
 ducit, idem in utroque laudator, quum concedendo 
 illis suas laudes ipse inaximam partem earuni^eYr^ifr-. * 
 
 12 Neque immemor eius, quod initio consulatus imbibe- 
 rat, reconciliandi animos plebis, saucios milites curan- 
 dos dividit patribus. Fabiis plurimi dati, nee alibi 
 maiore cura habiti. Inde populares iam esse Fabii 
 nee hoc ulla A nisi salubri rei publicse arte. 
 
 48 Igitur non patrum magis quam plebis studiis 
 
A.CH. 480479] LIBER II. 61 
 
 K. Fabius cum T. Yerginio consul factus neque belli 
 neque dilectus neque ullam aliam priorem curam agere 
 quam ut, iam aliqua ex parte inchoata concordise spe, 
 prime quoque tempore cum patribus coalescerent 
 animi plebis. Itaque principio anni censuit, priusquam 2 
 quisquam agrarise legis auctor tribunus existeret, occu- 
 parent patres ipsi suum munus f acere ; captivum agrum 
 plebi quam maxime sequaliter darent ; verum esse, 
 habere eos, quorum sanguine ac sudore partus sit. 
 Aspernati patres sunt; questi quoque quidam, nimia 3 
 gloria luxuriare et evanescere vividum quondam illud 
 Csesonis ingenium. 
 
 Nullse deinde urbanse factiones fuere ; vexabantur 4 
 incursionibus JEquorum Latini. Eo cum exercitu 
 Cseso missus in ipsorum JEquorum agrum depopulan- 
 dum transit, ^qui se in oppida receperimt murisque 
 se tenebant ; eo nulla pugna memorabilis fuit. At a s 
 Yeiente hoste clades accepta temeritate alterius con- 
 sulis, actumque de exercitu foret. ni K. 
 
 T, , . . , . ,. The war with 
 
 ll abius in tempore subsidio venisset. yen dragging on 
 
 in a desultory 
 
 Ex eo tempore neque pax neque bel- ^"^er,.. when 
 
 the Fabii offer to 
 
 him cum Yeientibus fuitj res proxime 
 formam latrocinii venerat. Legionibus 
 
 Romanis cedebant in urbem ; ubi ab- {Sn^fthfSe- 
 ductas senserant legiones, agros incur- mera * 
 sabant, bellum quiete, quietem bello in vicem elu- 
 dentes. Ita neque omitti tota res nee perfici pofcerat ; 
 et alia bella aut praesentia instabant, ut ab ^quis 
 Yolscisque, noi\ diutius, quam recens dolor proximse 
 cladis transiret, quiescentibus, aut mox moturos ap- 
 parebat Sabinos semper infestos Etruriamque omnem. 
 Sed Yeiens hostis, assiduus magis quam gravis, con- 7 
 
62 LIVII [A.U.C. 275276 
 
 tumeliis ssepius quam periculo animos agitabat, quod 
 imllo tempore negligi poterat aut avert! alio sinebat. 
 
 8 Turn Fabia gens senatum adiit. Consul pro gente 
 loquitur : " Assiduo magis quam magno prsesidio, ut 
 scitis, patres conscript!, bellum Veiens eget. Vos 
 alia bella curate, Fabios liostes "Veientibus date. 
 Auctores sumus, tutam ibi maiestatem Roman! no- 
 
 9 minis fore. Nostrum id nobis velut familiare bellum 
 privato sumptu gerere in animo est ; res publica et 
 
 10 milite illic et pecunia vacet." Gratise ingentes actse. 
 Consul e curia egressus cornitante Fabiorum agmine, 
 qui in vestibulo curiae senatus consultum exspectantes 
 steterant, doinum redit. lussi armati postero die ad 
 49 limen consulis adesse ; domos inde discedunt. Manat 
 tota urbe rumor ; Fabios ad cselum laudibus ferunt : 
 familiam unam subisse civitatis onus ; Yeiens bellum 
 
 2 in privatam curam. in privata arma versum. Si sint 
 duse roboris eiusdem in urbe gentes, deposcant hsec 
 Volscos sibi, ilia -^Equos : populo Romano tranquillam 
 pacem agente, omnes finitimos subigi populos posse. 
 Fabii postera die arma capiunt ; quo iussi erant, con- 
 
 3 veniunt. Consul paludatus egrediens in vestibulo 
 gentem omnem suam iiistructo agmine videt; ac- 
 ceptus in medium signa ferri iubet. Nunquam exer- 
 citus neque minor numero neque clarior fama et 
 
 4 admiratione hominum per urbem incessit. Sex et 
 trecenti milites, omnes patricii, omnes unius gentis, 
 quorum neminem ducem sperneres, egregius quibus- 
 libet temporibus senatus, ibant, unius familise viribus 
 
 5 Yeienti populo pestem minitantes. Sequebatur turba, 
 propria alia cognatorum sodaliumque, nihil medium, 
 nee spem nee curam, sed immensa omnia volventium 
 
A.CII. 47947^] LIBER II. 63 
 
 vO 
 
 animo, alia publica sollicitudine excitata, favore et 
 admiratione stupens. Ire fortes, ire felices iubent, e 
 inceptis eventus pares reddere ; consulatus inde ac 
 triumphos, omnia prsemia ab se, omnes honores 
 sperare. Prsetereuntibus Capitolium arcemque et 7 
 alia templa, quicquid deorum oculis, quicquid auimo 
 occurrit, precantur, ut illud agmen faustum atque 
 felix mittant, sospites brevi in patriam ad parentes 
 restituant. Incassum missse preces. Infelici via, s 
 dextro iano portse Carmentalis, profecti ad Cremeram 
 flumen perveniunt. Is opportunus visus locus coni- 
 ng uiiiendo prsesidio. 
 
 L. ^Emilius inde et C. Servilius consules facti. 9 
 Et donee nihil aliud quam in populationibus res fuit, 
 non ad presidium modo tutandum Fabii satis erant, 
 sed tota regione, qua Tuscus ager Romano adiacet, 
 sua tuta omnia, infesta hostium, vagantes per utrum- 
 que finem, fecere. Inter vallum deinde haud mag- 10 
 num. populationibus fuit, dura et Veientes, accito ex 
 Etruria exercitu, prsesidium Cremerse oppugnant, et 
 Romanes legiones ab L. -<5Cmilio consule adductaa 
 cominus cum Etruscis dimicant acie ; quanquam vix 
 dirigendi aciem spatium Yeientibus fuit; adeo inter n 
 primani trepidationem, dum post signa ordines in- 
 troeunt subsidiaque locant, invecta subito ab latere 
 Romana equitum ala non pugnse modo incipiendse, 
 sed consistendi ademit locum. Ita fusi retro ad saxa 12 
 Rubra (ibi castra habebant), pacem supplices petunt. 
 Cuius impetratsB, ab insita animis levitate, ante de- 
 ductum Cremera Romanum praesidium paenituit. 
 
 Rursus cum. Fabiis erat Yeienfci populo, sine ullo 50 
 maioris belli apparatu, certamen; nee erant incur- 
 
64 LIVII [A.U.C. 276278 
 
 siones modo in agros aut subiti impetus in incursantes, 
 sed aliquoties sequo canipo collatisque signis certatum, 
 
 2 gensque una populi Romaiii ssepe ex opulentissima, 
 ut turn res erant, Etrusca civitate victoriam tulit. 
 
 3 Id primo acerbum indignumque Veientibus est visum ; 
 inde consiliuin ex re natum insidiis ferocem hostem 
 captandi ; gaudere etiam, multo successu Fabiis au- 
 
 4 daciam crescere. Itaque et pecora praedantibus ali- 
 quoties, velut casu incidissent; obviam^acta, et agres- 
 tium fuga vasti relicti agri, et subsidia armatorum, 
 ad arcendas populationes missa, saepius simulate quam 
 
 s vero pavore refugerunt. lamque Fabii adeo contemp- 
 serant hostem, ut sua invicta arma neque loco neque 
 tempore ullo crederent sustineri posse. HSBC spes 
 provexit, ut ad conspecta procul a Cremera magno 
 campi intervallo pecora, quanquam rara hostium ap- 
 
 6 parebant arma, decurrerent. Et quum improvidi 
 effuso cursu insidias circa ipsum iter locatas superas- 
 sent palatique passim vaga, ut fit pavore iniecto, 
 raperent pecora, subito ex insidiis consurgitur ; et 
 
 7 adversi et undique hostes erant. Primo clamor cir- 
 cumlatus exterruit, dein tela ab omni parte accidebant ; 
 coeuntibusque Etruscis, iam coiitinenti agmine arma- 
 torum ssepti, quo magis se hostis inferebat, cogebantur 
 
 8 breviore spatio et ipsi orbem colligere, quse res et 
 paucitatem eorum insignem et multitudinem Etru- 
 
 9 scorum, multiplicatis in arto ordinibus, faciebat. Turn 
 ornissa pugna, quam in omnes partes parern intende- 
 rant, in unum locum se omnes inclinant; eo^jiisi 
 
 10 corporibus armisque rupere cuneo viam. Duxit via 
 in editum leniter collem. Inde primo restitere ; mox, 
 ut respirandi superior locus spatium dedit recipien- 
 
A.CH. 478] LIBER 11. 65 
 
 dique a pavore tanto animum, pepulere etiam sub- 
 euntes, vincebatque auxilio loci paucitas, ni iugo 
 circumrnissus Yeiens in verticem collis evasisset. Ita XI 
 superior rursus hostis factus. Fabii caesi ad unum 
 omnes praesidiumque expugnatum. Trecentos sex 
 perisse satis convenit, unuin prope puberem aetate 
 relictum, stirpem genti Fabise dubiisque rebus populi 
 Romani saepe domi bellique vel maximum futurum 
 auxilium. 
 
 Quum haec accepta clades est, iam C. Horatius 51 
 et T. Menenius consules erant. Mene- March of the 
 nius adversus Tuscos victoria elatos con- Rome! m f w u a 
 
 ... m , ties at temple of 
 
 festim missus. Turn quoque male pug- Hope and doiime 2 
 
 . T . , ' Gate. Scarcity in 
 
 natum est, et laniculum nostes occupa- Rome, 
 vere; obsessaque urbs foret, super bellum annona 
 premente (transierant enim Etrusci Tiberim), ni 
 Horatius consul ex Volscis esset revocatus. Adeoque 
 id bellum ipsis institit mo3iiibus, ut primo pugnatum 
 ad Spei sit aequo Marte, iterum ad portam Collinam. 
 Ibi quanquam parvo momento superior Romana res 3 
 fuit, meliorein tamen militem, recepto pristino animo, 
 in futura prcelia id certamen fecit. 
 
 A. Yerginius et Sp. Servilius consules fiunt. Post 4 
 acceptam proxima pugna cladem Veientes abstinuere 
 acie; populationes erant, et velut ab arce laniculo 
 passim in Komanum agrum impetus dabant ; non 
 usquam pecora tuta, non agrestes erant. Capti deinde 5 
 eadem arte sunt, qua ceperant Fabios. Secuti dedita 
 opera passim ad illecebras propulsa pecora praecipita- 
 vere in insidias ; quo plures erant, maior csedes fuit. 
 Ex hac clade atrox ira maioris cladis causa atque e 
 initium fuit. Traiecto enim nocte Tiberi, castra 
 S. L. 5 
 
66 LIVII [A.U.C. 277 279 
 
 Servilii consulis adorti sunt oppugnare. Inde fusi 
 
 7 magna csede in laniculum se segre recepere. Confes- 
 tim consul et ipse transit Tiberim, castra sub laniculo 
 conimunit. Postero die luce orta nonnihil et hesterna 
 felicitate pugnse ferox, magis tamen quod inopia 
 frumenti quamvis in prsecipitia, dum celeriora essent, 
 
 8 agebat consilia, temere adverso laniculo ad castra 
 hostium aciem erexit, foediusque inde pulsus, quaui 
 pridie pepulerat, interventu collegse ipse exercitusque 
 
 9 est servatus. Inter duas acies Etrusci, quum in 
 viceui his atque illis terga darent, occidione occisi. 
 Ita oppressum temeritate felici Veiens bellum. 
 
 52 Urbi cum pace laxior etiam annona rediit, et 
 
 Prosecution of advecto ex Campania frumeiito et, post- 
 
 c?p e and 8 sj>?ser- q uam timor sibi cuique futurae inopise 
 
 vilius by tribunes. ^^ ^ quod abditum fuerat> pr ol ato . 
 
 2 Ex copia deinde otioque lascivire rursus animi et 
 pristina mala, postquam foris deerant, domi quserere. 
 Tribuni plebem agitare suo veneno, agraria lege ; in 
 resistentes incitare patres, nee in universes modo, sed 
 
 3 in singulos. Q. Considius et T. Genucius, auc tores 
 agrarise legis, T. Menenio diem dicunt.__]Uividi8e erat 
 amissum Cremerse pr8esidium,/quum haud procul inde 
 
 4 stativa consul habuisset ; ea^oppressit, quum et patres 
 haud minus quam pro Coriolano annisi essent et 
 
 5 patris Agrippse favor hauddum exolevisset. In multa* 
 teuaperarunt tribuni ; quum capitis anquisissent, duo 
 millia seris damnato multam dixerunt, Ea in caput 
 vertit; negant tulisse ignominiam segritudinemque ; 
 inde morbo absumptum esse. 
 
 r> Alius deinde reus, Sp. Servilius, ut consulatu 
 abiit, C. Nautio et P. Yalerio consulibus, initio statim 
 
A.CH. 478475] LIBER II. 67 
 
 anni ab L. Csedicio et T. Static tribunis die dicta, 
 non, ut Menenius, precibus suis aut patruin, sed cum 
 multa fiducia innocentiae gratiseque tribunicios im- 
 petus tulit. Et huic proelium cum Tuscis ad lanicu- ^ 
 lum erat crimini. Sed fervidi animi vir ut in publico 
 periculo ante, sic turn in suo, non tribunes modo, sed 
 plebem oratione feroci refutando exprobrandoque T. 
 Menenii damnationem mortemque, cuius patris mu- 
 nere restituta quondam plebs eos ipsos, quibus turn 
 sseviret, magistratus, eas leges haberet, periculum 
 audacia discussit. luvit et Yerginius collega, testis s 
 productus, participando laudes ; magis tarn en Mene- 
 nianum (adeo mutaverant animum) profuit iudicium. 
 
 Certamina domi finita ; Yeiens bellum exortum, 53 
 quibus gabini arma coniunxerant. P. war against 
 
 T T i . * -i j T i TT combined forces 
 
 Valerius consul, accitis Latmorum Her- of veientines and 
 
 .,.. -_ . Sabines. Nautius 
 
 nicorumque auxilus, cum exercitu Yeios is sent to assist 
 
 :- - . ., Latius against 
 
 missus castra Sabma, quse pro rncembus voiscians,though 
 
 no assistance was 
 
 sociorum locata erant, confestim aggredi- needed by Latius. 
 tur; tantamque trepidationem iniecit, ut, dum dis- 
 persi alii alia* manipulatim excurrunt ad arcendam 
 hostium vim, ea porta, cui signa primum intulerat, 
 caperetur. Intra vallum deinde csedes magis quam 2 
 proelium esse. Tumultus e castris et in urbem pene- 
 trat; tanquam Yeiis captis, ita pavidi Veientes ad 
 arma currunt. Pars Sabinis eunt subsidio, pars Ro- 
 manos toto irnpetu intentos in castra adoriuntur. 
 Paulisper aversi turbatique sunt ; deinde et ipsi 3 
 utroque versis signis resistunt, et eques ab consule 
 immissus Tuscos fundit fugatque, eademque hora duo 
 exercitus, duse potentissimae et maximse finitimse gen- 
 tes superatsB sunt. Dum hsec ad Yeios geruntur, 4 
 
 52 
 
68 LI VII [A.U.C. 279281 
 
 Volsci ^Equique in Latino agro posuerant castra 
 populatique fines erant. Eos per se ipsi Latini, 
 assumptis Hernicis, sine Romano aut duce ant auxilio 
 
 5 castris exuerunt ; ingenti prseda prseter suas recupe- 
 ratas res potiti sunt. Missus tamen ab Roma consul 
 in Yolscos C. Nautius ; mos, credo, non placebat, sine 
 Romano duce exercituque socios propriis viribus con- 
 
 6 siliisque bella gerere. Null urn genus calami tatis con- 
 tumeliseque non editum in Yolscos est, nee tamen 
 perpelli potuere, ut acie dimicarent. 
 
 54 L. Furius inde et C. Manlius consules. Manlio 
 Truce for 40 ears ^ e ^ en ^ es provincia evenit ; non tamen 
 Re^e^fo? 1 ^ 3 - bellatum ; indutiae in annos quadraginta 
 Mui a de^Ge^: petentibus datse, frumento stipendioque 
 
 2 hSSence damped imperato. Paci externse confestim con- 
 
 tinuatur discordia domi. Agrarise legis 
 tribuniciis stimulis plebs furebat. Consules, nihil 
 Menenii damnatione, nihil periculo deterriti* Servilii, 
 summa vi resistunt. Abeuntes magistratu On. Genu- 
 cius tribunus plebis arripuit. 
 
 3 L. -^Emilius et Opiter Yerginius consulaturn in- 
 eunt ; Yopiscum lulium pro Yerginio in quibusdam 
 annalibus consulem invenio. Hoc anno, quoscunque 
 consules habuit, rei ad populum Furius et Manlius 
 circumeunt sordidati non plebem magis quam iuniores 
 
 4 patrum. Suadent, monent, honoribus et administra- 
 tione rei publicse abstineant ; consulares vero fasces, 
 prsetextam curulemque sellam nihil aliud quam pom- 
 pam funeris putent; claris insignibus velut infulis 
 
 s velatos ad mortem destinari. Quod si consulatus 
 tanta dulcedo sit, iam nunc ita in animum inducant, 
 consulatum captum et oppressum ab tribunicia potes- 
 
A.CH. 475473] LIBER II. 69 
 
 tate esse ; consul!, velut apparitor! tribunicio, onmia 
 ad nutum imperiunique tribuni agenda esse ; si se 6 
 commoverit, si respexerit patres, si aliud quam ple- 
 bem esse in re publica crediderit, exsilium Cn. Marcii, 
 Menenii damnationem et mortem sibi proponat ante 
 oculos. His accensi vocibus patres concilia inde nou 7 
 publica, sed in private seductaque a plurium con- 
 scientia habere, ubi quum id modo constaret, iure an 
 iniuria, eripieiidos esse reos, atrocissima quseque max- 
 ime placebat sententia, nee auctor quamvis audaci 
 facinori deerat. Igitur iudicii die, quum plebs in 8 
 foro erecta exspectatione staret, mirari primo, quod 
 non descenderet tribunus ; dein, quum iam mora sus- 
 pectior fieret, deterritum a primoribus credere, et 
 desertam ac proditam causam publicam queri ; tan- 9 
 dem, qui obversati vestibulo tribuni fuerant, nuntiant, 
 domi mortuum esse inventum. Quod ubi in totam 
 coiitionem pertulit rumor, sicut acies funditur duce 
 occiso, ita dilapsi passim alii alio. Praecipuus pavor 
 tribunes invaserat, quarn nihil auxilii sacratse leges 
 haberent, morte colleges monitos. ISTec patres satis 10 
 moderate ferre Isetitiam, adeoque neminem noxise 
 psenitebat, ut etiam insontes fecisse videri vellent 
 palamque ferretur, naalo domandam tribuniciam po- 
 testatem. 
 
 Sub hanc pessimi exempli victoriam dilectus edici- 55 
 tur, paventibusque tribunis, sine inter- pubimus voiero 
 
 ,, , defies the con- 
 
 cessione ulla cousules rem peragunt. suis. Riot 
 Turn vero irasci plebs tribunorum magis silentio quam. 2 
 consulum imperio, et dicer e, actum esse de libertate 
 sua ; rursus ad antiqua reditum ; cum Genucio una 
 mortuam ac sepultam tribuniciam potestatem. Aliud 
 
70 LI VI I [A.U.C. 281283 
 
 agendum ac cogitandurn, quomodo resistatur patribus \ 
 
 3 id autern unum consilium esse, ut se ipsa plebs, quan- 
 do aliud nihil auxilii habeat, defendat. Quattuor et 
 viginti lictores apparere consulibus, et eos ipsos plebis 
 homines; nihil contemptius neque infiriuius, si sint, 
 qui contemnant ; sibi quemque ea magna atque hor- 
 
 4 renda facere. His vocibus alii alios quum incitassent, 
 ad Yoleronem Publilium, de plebe hominem, quia, 
 quod ordines duxisset, negaret se militem fieri debere, 
 
 s lictor missus est a consulibus. Yolero appellat tri- 
 bunos. Quuin auxilio nemo esset, consules spoliari 
 hominem et virgas expediri iubent. " Provoco " in- 
 quit " ad populum " Yolero, " quoniam tribuni civem 
 Romanum in conspectu suo virgis csedi malunt quam 
 ipsi in lecto suo a vobis trucidari. Quo ferocius 
 clamitabat, eo infestius circumscindere et spoliare 
 
 6 lictor. Turn Yolero, et praevalens ipse et adiuvanti- 
 bus advocatis, repulso lictore, ubi indignantium pro 
 se acerrimus erat clamor, eo se in turbam confertissi- 
 
 7 mam recipit, clamitans : " Provoco et fidem plebis 
 imploro. Adeste, cives; adeste, commiliones ; nihil 
 est, quod exspectetis tribunes, quibus ipsis vestro 
 
 8 auxilio opus est." Concitati homines veluti ad pro?- 
 lium se expediunt, apparebatque, omne discrimen 
 adesse ; nihil cuiquam sanctum non publici fore, non 
 
 9 privati iuris. Huic tantse tempestati quum se con- 
 sules obtulissent, facile experti sunt, parum tutam 
 maiestatein sine viribus esse. Yiolatis lictoribus, 
 fascibus fractis, e foro in curiam compelluntur, incerti, 
 
 10 quatenus Yolero exerceret victoriam. Conticiscente 
 deinde tumultu, quum in senatum vocari iussissent, 
 queruntur iniurias suas, vim plebis, Yoleronis auda- 
 
A.CH. 473 47 J ] LIBER II. 71 
 
 ciam. Multis ferociter dictis sententiis, vicere seni- u 
 ores, quibus ira patrum adversus temeritatein plebis 
 certari non placuit. 
 
 Yoleronem amplexa favore plebs proximis comitiis 56 
 tribunuin plebi creat in eum annum, qui Publilius elected 
 L. Pinarium, P. Furium consules habuit. gjgg* t e p ^ 
 Contraque omnium opinionem, qui eum SutS^onStSs 2 
 vexandis prioris anni consulibus permis- fogged "contests! 
 surum tribunatum credebant, post pub- 
 licam causam privato dolore habito, ne verbo quidem 
 violatis consulibus, rogationem tulit ad populum, ut 
 plebeii magistratus tributis comitiis fierent. Haud 3 
 parva res sub titulo prima specie minime atroci 
 ferebatur, sed quse patriciis omnem potestatem per 
 clientiuni suffragia creandi, quos vellent, tribunos 
 auferret. Huic actioni gratissimse plebi quum suinma 4 
 vi resisterent patres, nee, quae una via ad resistendum 
 erat, ut intercederet aliquis ex collegio, auctoritate 
 aut consulum aut principum adduci posset, res tamen 
 suo ipsa molimine gravis certaminibus in annum 
 extrahitur. Plebs Yoleronem tribunum reficit ; pa- 5 
 tres, ad ultimum dimicationis rati rem venturam, 
 App. Claudium App. filium, iam inde a paternis cer- 
 taminibus invisuni infest unique plebi, consulem fa- 
 ciunt. Collega ei T. Quinctius datur. 
 
 Principio statim anni nihil prius quam de lege 6 
 agebatur. Sed ut inventor legis Yolero, sic Lsetorius, 
 collega eius, auctor quum recentior, turn acrior erat. 
 Ferocem faciebat belli gloria ingens, quod setatis eius ^ 
 hand quisquam maim promptior erat. Is, quum Yo- 
 lero nihil prseterquam de lege loqueretur, insectatione 
 abstinens consulum, ipse accusationem Appii famili- 
 
72 LIVII [A.U.C. 283 
 
 seque superbissimse ac crudelissimae in plebem Roma- 
 
 8 nam exorsus, quum a patribus non consulem, sed 
 carnificem ad vexandain et lacerandam plebem crea- 
 tum esse contenderet, rudis in militari liomine lingua 
 
 9 non suppetebat libertati animoque. Itaque deficiente 
 oratione, "Quando quidem non tarn facile loquor" 
 inquit, " Quirites, quam, quod locutus sum, preesto, 
 crastino die adeste; ego hie aut in conspectu vestro 
 
 10 moriar aut perferam legem." Occupant tribuni tern- 
 plum postero die ; consules nobilitasque ad impedien- 
 dam legem in contione consistunt. Summoveri Lae- 
 torius iubet, prseterquam qui suffragium ineant. 
 
 11 Adolescentes nobiles stabant nihil cedentes viatori. 
 Turn ex his prendi quosdam Lsetorius iubet. Consul 
 Appius^negare, ius esse tribuno in quemquam nisi in 
 
 12 plebeium 7\non enim populi, sed plebis eum magis- 
 tratum esse ; necfUlum ipsum summovere pro imperio 
 posse more maiorum, quia ita dicatur : "Si vobis 
 videtur, discedite, Quirites." Facile contemptim de 
 
 13 iure disserendo perturbare Laetorium poterat. Ardens 
 igitur ira tribunus viatorem mittit ad consulem, 
 consul lictorem ad tribunum, privatum esse clamitans, 
 
 J 4 sine imperio, sine magistratu ; violatusque esset tri- 
 bunus, ni et contio omnis atrox coorta pro tribuno in 
 consulem esset, et concursus [hominum] in forum ex 
 tota urbe concitatse multitudinis fieret. Sustinebat 
 tamen Appius pertinacia tantam tempestatem, certa- 
 
 JS tumque haud incruento prcelio foret, ni Quinctius, 
 consul alter, consularibus negotio dato, ut collegam vi, 
 si aliter non possent, de foro abducerent, ipse nunc 
 plebem ssevientem precibus lenisset, nunc orasset 
 
 16 tribunos, ut concilium dimitterent : darent irse spa- 
 
A.CH. 471] LIBER II. 73 
 
 tium; non vini suam illis tempus adempturum, sed 
 consilium viribus additurum ; et patres in populi et 
 consulem in patrum fore potestate. ^Egre sedata 57 
 ab Quinctio plebs, multo segrius consul alter a patri- 
 bus. Dimisso tandem concilio plebis, senatum con- 
 sules habent. Ubi quum timor atque ira in vicem 2 
 sententias variassent, quo magis spatio interposito ab 
 impetu ad consultandum avocabantur, eo plus abhor- 
 rebant a certatione animi, adeo ut Quinctio gratias 
 agerent, quod eius opera mitigata discordia esset. 
 Ab Appio petitur, ut tantam consularem maiestatem 3 
 esse vellet, quanta esse in concordi civitate posset; 
 dum tribuni consulesque ad se quisque omnia trahant, 
 nihil relictum esse virium in medio; distractam la- 
 ceratamque rem publicam; magis, quorum in manu 
 sit, quam ut incolumis sit, quaeri. Appius contra 4 
 testari deos atque homines, rem publicam prodi per 
 metum ac deseri ; non consulem senatui, sed senatum 
 consuli deesse; graviores accipi leges, quam in Sacro 
 monte acceptse sint. Yictus tamen patrum consensu 
 quievit ; lex silentio perfertur. Turn primum tributis 58 
 comitiis creati tribuni sunt. Numero etiam additos 
 tres, perinde ac duo antea fuerint, Piso auctor est. 
 Nominat quoque tribunos, On. Siccium, L. Numi- 2 
 torium, M. Duillium, Sp. Icilium, L. Mecilium. 
 
 Yolscum ^Equicumque inter seditionem Komanam 3 
 est bellum coortum. Yastaverant agros, r w r with the 
 
 9 Volsciand^qui. 
 
 ut, si qua secessio plebis fieret, ad se P^ feelin / V 
 
 Jk ' tween Appms 
 
 receptum Kaberet: compositis deinde ^^In^lSs- 
 rebus^"castra retro movere. App. Clau- ^ie^Sfn." 4 
 dius in Yolscos missus, Quinctio ^Equi SSre^cot 
 provincia evenit. Eadem in militia sse- SndlrQuinSf 
 
74 LIVII [A.U.C. 283 
 
 vitia Appii, quae domi, esse, liberior, quod sine 
 
 5 tribuniciis vinculis erat. Odisse plebem plus quam 
 paterno odio: se victum ab ea; se unico consule 
 electo adversus tribuniciam potestatem, perlatam 
 legem esse, quam minore conatu, nequaquam tanta 
 
 6 patrum spe, priores ^hnpedierint consules. Hsec ira 
 indignatioque ferocem animum ad vexandum saevo 
 imperio exercitum stimulabat. Nee ulla vi domari 
 
 7 poterat ; tantum certamen animisMmbiberant. Seg- 
 niter, otiose, negligenter, contumaciter omnia agere; 
 nee pudor nee metus coercebat. Si citius agi vellet 
 agmen, tardius sedulo incedere ; si adhortator operis 
 adesset, omnes sua sponte motam rernittere indus- 
 
 8 triam ; praesenti vultus dernittere, tacite praetereun- 
 tem exsecrari, ut invictus ille odio plebeio animus 
 
 9 interdum moveretur. Omni nequicquam acerbitate 
 prompta, nihil iam cum militibus agere ; a centurion- 
 ibus corruptum exercitum dicere; tribunes plebei 
 
 59 cavillans interdum et Yolerones vocare. Nihil eorum 
 Volsci nesciebant, instabaiitque eo magis, sperantes, 
 idem certamen animorum adversus Appium habitu- 
 rnm exercitum Romanum, quod adversus Fabium 
 
 2 consulem habuisset. Ceterum multo Appio quam 
 Fabio violentior fuit ; non enim vincere tantum 
 noluit, ut Fabianus exercitus, sed vinci voluit. Pro- 
 ductus in aciem turpi fuga petit castra, nee ante resti- 
 tit, quam signa inferentem Yolscum munimentis vidit 
 
 3 foedamque extremi agminis caedem. Turn expressa 
 vis ad pugnandum, ut victor iam a vallo summovere- 
 tur hostis, satis tamen appareret, capi tantum castra 
 militem Romanum noluisse, alia gaudere sua clade 
 
 4 atque ignominia. Quibus nihil infractus ferox Appii 
 
A.CH. 471] LIBER II. . 75 
 
 animus quum insuper ssevire vellet, contionemque 
 advocaret, concurrunt ad eum legati tribunique, mo- 
 nentes, ne utique experiri vellet imperium, cuius vis 
 orauis in consensu obedientium esset; negare vulgo 
 milites, se ad contionem itnros, passim que exaudiri 5 
 voces postulantium, ut castra ex Yolsco agro movean- 
 tur; hostem victorem paulo ante prope in portis ac 
 vallo fuisse, ingentisque mali non suspicionem modo, 
 sed apertam speciem obversari ante oculos. Yictus 6 
 tandem, quando quidem nihil praeter tempus noxse 
 lucrarentur, omissa contione iter in insequentem diem 
 pronuntiari quum iussisset, prima luce classico signum 
 profectionis dedit. Quum maxime agmen e castris 7 
 explicaretur, Yolsci, ut eodem signo excitati, novissi- 
 mos adoriuntur. A quibus perlatus ad primes tu- 
 multus eo pavore signaque et ordines turbavit, ut 
 neque imperia exaudiri neque instrui acies posset. 
 Nemo ullius nisi fugse memor. Ita effuso agmine per 8 
 stragem corporum armorumque evasere, ut prius hos- 
 tis desisteret sequi quam Romanus fugere. Tandem 9 
 collectis ex dissipato cursu militibus, consul, quum 
 revocando nequicquam SUQS persecutus esset, in pacato 
 agro castra posuit; advocataque contione, invectus 
 baud falso in proditorem exercitum militaris disci- 
 pline, desertorem signorum, ubi signa, ubi arma 10 
 essent, singulos rogitans, inermes milites, signo amisso 
 signiferos, ad hoc centuriones duplicariosque, qui reli- 
 querant ordines, virgis caesos securi percussit ; cetera 
 multitude sorte decimus quisque ad supplicium lecti. 
 
 Contra ea in -^Equis inter consulem ac milites 60 
 comitate ac beneficiis certatuin est. Et natura Quinc- 
 tius erat lenior, et ssevitia infelix collegse, quo is^magis 
 
76 LIVII [A.U.C. 283284 
 
 2 gauderet iugenio suo, effecerat. Huic tantse con- 
 cordiae duels exercitusque non ausi offerre se ^Equi, 
 vagari populabundum hostem per agros passi ; nee 
 ullo ante bello latius inde actse prsedse. Ea omnis 
 
 3 militi data est. Addebantur et laudes, quibus hand 
 minus quam praemio gaudent militum animi. Quum 
 duel, turn propter ducem patribus quoque placatior 
 exercitus redit, sibi parentem, alter! exercitui domi- 
 num datum ab senatu memorans. 
 
 4 Varia fortuna" belli, atroei discordia domi forisque 
 annum exactum, insignem maxime comitia tributa 
 efficiunt, res maior victoria suscepti certaminis quam 
 
 5 usu. Plus eniin dignitatis comitiis ipsis detractum 
 est patribus ex concilio summovendis, quam virium 
 aut plebi additum est aut demptum patribus. 
 
 61 Turbulentior inde annus excepit, L. Valerio, Ti. 
 Prosecution of ^ m ili consulibus, quum propter certa- 
 
 2 HF 8 P re8 8 o&\ a e U b d ear 8 : niina ordinum de lege agraria, turn 
 ing, and death. p rO pter iudicium A pp. Claudii, cui, acer- 
 rimo adversario legis causamque possessorum pub- 
 lici agri tanquam tertio consuli sustinenti, M. 
 
 3 Duillius et Cn. Siccius diem dixere. Nun quam ante 
 tarn invisus plebi reus ad iudicium vocatus populi 
 est, plenus suarum, plenus paternarum irarum. 
 
 4 Patres quoque non temere pro ullo seque annisi sunt ; 
 propugnatorem senatus maiestatisque vindicem suse, 
 ad omnes tribunicios plebeiosque oppositum tumultus, 
 modum dumtaxat in certamine egressum, iratse obiici 
 
 s plebi. Tin us e pafcribus ipe App. Claudius et tribu- 
 nos et plebem et suum iucticmm pro nihilo habebat. 
 Ilium non minse plebis, non senatus preces perpellere 
 unquam potuere, non modo ut vestem mutaret aut 
 
A.CH. 471470] LIBER II. 77 
 
 supplex prensaret homines, sed ne ut ex consueta 
 quidein asperitate orationis, quum ad populum agenda 
 causa esset, aliquid leniret atque sumtuitteret. Idem 6 
 habitus oris, eadem contumacia in vultu, idem in 
 oratione spiritus erat, adeo ut magna pars plebis Ap- 
 pium non minus reum timeret, quam consulem tirnu- 
 erat. Semel causam dixit, quo semper agere omnia 7 
 solitus erat, accusatorio spiritu, adeoque constantia 
 sua et tribunos obstupefecit et plebem, ut diem ipsi 
 sua voluntate prodicerent, trahi deinde rem sinerent. 
 Haud ita multum interim temporis f uit ; ante tamen, 8 
 quam prodicta dies veniret, morbo moritur. Cuius 9 
 quum laudationem tribuni plebis impedire conarentur, 
 plebs fraudari sollemni honore supremum diem tanti 
 viri noluit, et laudationem tarn sequis auribus mortui 
 audivit, quam vivi accusationem audierat, et exsequias 
 frequens celebravit. 
 
 Eodem anno Valerius consul cum exercitu in 62 
 -^Equos profectus, quum hostem ad prce- 
 
 ,. , . Wars with 
 
 hum elicere non posset, castra oppug- Aequi, sabines, 
 
 i -r> i -i -^ f> i andVolsci, over- 
 
 nare est adortus. Prohibuit fo3da tern- powering Agra- 
 
 . rian agitations 
 
 pestas cum grandine ac tonitribus cselo just as they are 
 
 ^ . m being renewed. 
 
 deieeta. Admirationem deinde auxit, 2 
 
 signo receptui dato, adeo tranquilla serenitas reddita, 
 ut velut numine aliquo defensa castra oppugnare 
 iterum religio fuerit. Onmis ira belli ad populatio- 
 nem agri vertit. Alter consul, ^Emilius, in Sabinis 3 
 bellum gessit. Et ibi, quia hostis moenibus se tenebat, 
 vastati agri sunt. Incendiis deinde non villarum 4 
 modo, sed etiam vicorum, quibus frequenter habita- 
 batur, Sabiniexciti quum praedatoribus occurrissent, 
 
 ai^exc: 
 eliodi 
 
 ancipiti proalio digressi postero die rettulere castra in 
 
78 LIVII [A.U.C. 285286 
 
 5 tutiora loca. Id satis consul! visum, cur pro victo 
 relinqueret hostem, integro inde decedens bello. 
 
 63 Inter hs&c bella manente discord ia domi, consul es 
 
 2 T. Numicius Priscus, A. Yerginius facti. Non ultra 
 videbatur latura plebes dilationem agrarise legis, ulti- 
 maque vis parabatur, quum, Yolscos adesse, fumo ex 
 incendiis villarum fugaque agrestium cognitum est. 
 Ea res maturam iam seditionem ac prope eruinpentem 
 
 3 repressit. Consules, coacti exteinplo ab senatu ad 
 bellum, educta ex urbe iuventute, tranquilliorem 
 
 4 ceteram plebem fecerunt. Et hostes quidem, nihil 
 aliud quam perfusis vano timore Romanis, citato 
 
 5 agmine abeunt : Numicius Antium adversus Volscos, 
 Yerginius contra ^Equos profectus. Ibi ex insidiis 
 prope magna accepta clade, virtus inilitum rein pro- 
 
 6 lapsam negligentia consulis restituit. Melius in 
 Yolscis imperaturn est ; fusi primo prcelio hostes fuga- 
 que in urbem Antium, ut turn res erant, opulentissi- 
 mam acti. Quam consul oppugnare non ausus Cseno- 
 nem, aliud oppidum nequaquam tarn opulentum, ab 
 
 7 Antiatibus cepit. Dum ^Equi Yolscique Romanos 
 exercitus tenent, Sabini usque ad portas urbis popu- 
 lantes incessere. Deinde ipsi paucis post diebus ab 
 duobus exercitibus, utroque per iram consule ingresso 
 in fines, plus cladium, quam intulerant, acceperunt. 
 
 64 Extremo anno pacis aliquid fuit, sed, ut semper 
 alias, sollicitse pacis certamine patrum et plebis. 
 
 2 Irata plebs interesse consularibus comitiis noluit ; 
 per patres clientesque patrum consules creati T. 
 Quinctius, Q. Servilius. Similem annum priori 
 [consules] habent, seditiosa initia, bello deinde ex- 
 
 3 terno tranquilla. Sabini Crustuminos campos citato 
 
A.CH. 469468] LIBER II. 79 
 
 agmine transgress!, quum caedes et iricendia circum 
 Anienem flumen fecissenfc, a porta prope Collina 
 nioenibusque pulsi ingentes tamen praedas hominum 
 pecorumque egere. Quos Servilius consul infesto 4 
 exercitu insectus ipsum quidem agmen adipisci sequis 
 locis non potuit, populationem adeo effuse fecit, ut 
 nihil bello in tact um relinqueret multiplicique capta 
 prseda rediret. 
 
 Et in Yolscis res publica egregie gesta quum 5 
 duels, turn militum opera. Primum aequo campo 
 signis collatis pugnatum, ingenti ca3de utrinque, 
 plurimo sanguine ; et Romani, quia paucitas damno 6 
 sentiendo propior erat, gradum rettulissent, ni salubri 
 mendacio consul, fugere hostes ab cornu altero clami- 
 tans, concitasset aciem. Impetu facto, dum se putant 
 vincere, vicere. Consul metuens, ne nimis instando 7 
 renovaret certamen, signuni receptui dedit. Inter- 8 
 cessere pauci dies, velut tacitis indutiis utrinque 
 quiete sumpta, per quos ingens vis hominum ex om- 
 nibus Yolscis ^Equisque populis in castra venit, baud 
 dubitans, si senserint, Romanos nocte abituros. Ita- 9 
 que tertia fere vigilia ad castra oppugxiaiida veniunt. 
 Quinctius, sedato tumultu, quern terror subitus exci- 
 verat, quum manere in tentoriis quietum militem 
 iussisset, Hernicorum cohortem in stationem educit, 10 
 cornicines tubicinesque in equos impositos canere ante 
 vallum iubet sollicitumque hostem ad lucem tenere. 
 Reliquum noctis adeo tranquilla omnia in castris n 
 fuere, ut somni quoque Romanis copia esset. Yolscos 
 species armatorum peditum, quos et plures esse et 
 Romanes putabant, fremitus hinnitusque equorum, 
 qui et insueto sedente equite et insuper aures agitante 
 
80 LIBER II. [A.U.C. 286 
 
 sonitu saeviebant, intentos velut ad impetum hostium 
 
 65 tenuit. Ubi illuxit, Romanus integer satiatusque 
 
 somno productus in aciem fessum stando et vigiliis 
 
 2 Yolscum primo impetu perculit ; quanquam cessere 
 magis quam pulsi hostes sunt, quia ab tergo erant 
 clivi, in quos post principia integris ordinibus tutus 
 receptus fuit. Consul, ubi ad iniquum locum ventum 
 est, sistit aciem. Miles segre teneri, clamare et pos- 
 
 3 cere, ut perculsis instare liceat. Ferocius agunt 
 equites; circumfusi duci vociferantur, se ante signa 
 ituros. Dum cunctatur consul, virtute militum fre- 
 tus, loco parum fidens, conclaniant se ituros, clamor- 
 emque res est secuta. Fixis in terram pilis, quo 
 
 4 leviores ardua evaderent, cursu subeunt. Yolscus, 
 effusis ad primum impetum missilibus telis, saxa 
 obiacentia pedibus ingerit in subeuntes, turbatosque 
 ictibus crebris urget ex superiore loco. Sic prope 
 oneratum est sinistrum Romanis cornu, ni referenti- 
 bus iam gradum consul, increpando simul temeritatem, 
 
 5 simul ignaviam, pudore metum excussisset. Restitere 
 primo obstinatis animis ; deinde, ut obtinentes locum 
 vires reficiebant, audent ultro gradum inferre et 
 clamore renovato commovent aciem; turn rursus 
 impetu capto enituntur atque exsuperant iniquitatem 
 
 6 loci. Iam prope erat, ut in sumrnum clivi iugum 
 evaderent, quum terga hostes dedere, effusoque cursu 
 peene agmine uno fugientes sequentesque castris inci- 
 dere. In eo pavore castra capiuntur; qui Yolscorum 
 
 7 effugere potuerunt, Antium petunt. Antium et R/o- 
 manus exercitus ductus. Paucos circumsessum dies 
 deditur, nulla oppugnantium nova vi, sed quod iam inde 
 ab infelici pugna castrisque amissis ceciderant animi. 
 
LIBER III. 
 
 ANTIO capto, Ti. ^Emilius et Q. Fabius consules 1 
 fiunt. Hie erat Fabius, qui unus ex- ^ enewj}1 of Agra . 
 stinctse ad Cremeram genti superfuerat. ^y^f^ntiSm 
 lam priore consulatu ^Emilius dandi founded - 
 agri plebi fuerat auctor; itaque secundo quoque con- 
 sulatu eius et agrarii se in spem legis erexerant, 
 et tribuni, rem contra consules ssepe tentatam adiu- 
 tore utique consule obtineri posse rati, suscipiunt; 
 et consul nianebat in sententia sua. Possessores et 3 
 magna pars patrum, tribuniciis se iactare actionibus 
 principem civitatis et largiendo de alieno popularem 
 fieri querentes, totius invidiam rei a tribunis in con- 
 sulem averterant. Atrox certamen aderat, ni Fabius 4 
 consilio neutri parti acerbo rem expedisset : T. j Quinc- 
 tii ductu et auspicio agri capti priore anno^^iTquantum 
 a Volscis esse; Antium, [propinquamj/opportunam 5 
 et maritimam urbem, coloniam deducyposse ; ita sine 
 querelis possessorum plebem in/agi-os ituram, civi- 
 tatem in concordia fore. Hsec 'sententia accepta est. 
 Triumviros agro dando creat T. Quinctium, A. Ver- 6 
 ginium, P. Fur him; iussi nomina dare, qui agrum 
 accipere vellent. Fecit statim, ut fit, fastidium copia, ^ 
 
 S. L. 6 
 
82 LIVII [A.U.C. 289290 
 
 adeoque pauci nomina dedere, ut ad explendum nu- 
 merum colon! Volsci adderentur; cetera multitude 
 
 8 poscere Romse agrum malle quam alibi accipere. -#Squi 
 a Q. Fabio (is eo cum exercitu venerat) pacem petiere, 
 irritamque earn ipsi subita incursione in agrum La- 
 tinum fecere. 
 
 2 Q. Servilius insequenti anno (is enim cum Sp. 
 Postumio consul fuit) in ^Equos missus 
 
 War with jEqui. . 
 
 in Latino agro stativa habuit [castraj. 
 Quies necessaria morbo implicitum exercitum tenuit. 
 
 2 Extractum in tertium annum bellum est, Q. Fabio 
 et T. Quinctio consulibus. Fabio extra ordinem, quia 
 is victor pacem JEquis dederat, ea provincia data. 
 
 3 Qui haud dubia spe profectus^ famam nominis sui 
 pacaturam ^Equos, legatos in concilium gentis missos 
 nuntiare iussit, Q. Fabium consulem dicere, se ex 
 .^Equis pacem Roniam tulisse, ab Roma ^Equis bellum 
 afFerre eadem dextera armata, quam pacatam illis 
 
 4 antea dederat. Quorum id perfidia et periurio fiat, 
 deos nunc testes esse, mox fore ultores. Se tamen, 
 utcunque sit, etiam nunc, psenitere sua sponte j5Cquos 
 
 5 quam pati hostilia, malle. Si paeniteat, tutum re- 
 ceptum ad expertam clementiam fore ; sin periurio 
 gaudeant, dis magis iratis quam hostibus gestures 
 
 6 bellum. Haec dicta adeo nihil moverunt quemquam, 
 ut legati prope violati sint exercitusque in Algidum 
 
 7 ad versus Romanos missus. Quse ubi Homam sunt 
 nuntiata, indignitas rei magis quam periculum con- 
 sulem alterum ab urbe excivit. Ita duo consulares 
 exercitus ad hostern accessere acie instructa, ut con- 
 
 8 festim dimicarent. Sed quum forte haud multum diei 
 supcressetj unus ab statione hostium exclamat : " Os- 
 
A.CH. 465464] LIBER III. 83 
 
 tentare hoc est, Romani, non gereve bellum. In 9 
 noctem imminentem aciem instruitis; longiore luce 
 ad id certamen, quod instat, nobis opus est. Crastino 
 die oriente sole redite in aciem ; erit copia pugnandi ; 
 lie timete." His vocibus irritatus miles in diem 10 
 posterum in castra reducitur, longam venire noctem 
 ratus, quse moram certamini faceret. Turn quidem 
 corpora cibo somnoque curant ; ubi illuxit postero die, 
 prior aliquanto constitit Romana acies ; tandem et 
 .^Equi processere. Prceliuni fuit utrinque vehemens, n 
 quod et Romanus ira odioque pugnabat, et .^Equos 
 conscientia contracti culpa periculi et desperatio fu- 
 turae sibi postea fidei ultima audere et experiri co- 
 gebat. Non tamen sustinuere aciem Romanam .^Equi ; 12 
 pulsique quum in fines suos se recepissent, nihilo in- 
 clinatioribus ad pacem animis ferox multitudo in- 
 crepare duces, quod in aciem, qua pugnandi arte 
 Romanus excellat, commissa res sit ; ^quos popula- 13 
 tionibus incursionibusque meliores esse, et multas 
 passim manus quam magnam molem unius exercitus 
 rectius bella gerere. Relicto itaque castris praesidio, 3 
 egressi tanto cum tumuitu invasere fines Rornanos, 
 ut ad urbem quoque terrorem pertulerint. Necopi- 2 
 nata etiam res plus trepidationis fecit, quod nihil 
 minus, quam ne victus ac prope in castris obsessus 
 hostis memor populationis esset, timeri poterat; 
 agrestesque pavidi incidentes portis non populationem 3 
 nee prsBdonum parvas manus, sed, omnia vano au- 
 gentes timore, exercitus et legiones adesse hostium 
 et infesto agmiiie ruere ad urbem clamabant. Ab his 4 
 proximi audit a incerta eoque vaniora ferre ad alios. 
 Cursus clamorque vocantium ad arma haud multum 
 
 62 
 
84 LIVII [A.U.C. 290 
 
 a pavore captae urbis abesse. Forte ab Algido Quinc- 
 
 5 tius consul redierat Romam. Id remedium timori 
 fuit ; tumultuque sedato, victos timer! increpans hos- 
 
 6 tes, praesidia portis imposuit. Vocato dein senatu, 
 quum ex auctoritate patruna iustitio indicto profectus 
 ad tutandos fines esset, Q. Servilio praefecto urbis 
 
 7 relicto, hostem in agris non invenit. Ab altero con- 
 sule res gesta egregie est ; qui, qua venturum hostem 
 sciebat, gravem praeda eoque impeditiore agmine ince- 
 
 8 dentem aggressus, funestam populationem fecit. Pauci 
 hostium evasere ex insidiis ; praeda omnis recepta 
 est. Sic finem iustitio, quod quatriduum fuit, reditus 
 
 9 Quinctii consulis in urbem fecit. Census deinde actus 
 
 et conditum ab Quinctio lustrum. Censa 
 
 Census. . 
 
 civium capita centum quattuor niillia 
 septingenta quattuordecim dicuntur praeter orbos or- 
 
 10 basque. In -^Equis nihil deinde memorabile actum ; 
 in oppida sua se recepere, uri sua popularique passi. 
 Consul quum aliquoties per oninem hostium agrum 
 infesto agmine populabundus isset, cum ingenti laude 
 prsedaque Romam rediit. 
 
 4 Consules inde A. Postumius Albus, Sp. Furius 
 The ^qui seek as- Fusus - Furios Fusios scripsere qui- 
 Vof S da e ns f TEce. e dam '> id admoneo, ne quis immuta- 
 diSoya^y^on ^ tionem virorum ipsorum esse, quae 
 
 2 ?inai victory iui of nominum est, putet. Haud dubium 
 greSlosses on both erat, quin cum ^Equis alter consulum 
 
 sides. Prodigies and , ,, T , *. 
 
 expiatory ceremo- bellum gereret. Itaque ^tLqui ab xLce- 
 
 tranis Volscis praesidinm petiere; quo 
 
 cupide oblato (adeo civitates eae perpetuo in Romanes 
 
 3 odio certavere), bellum summa vi parabatur. Sen- 
 tiunt Hernici et prsedicunfc Romanis, Ecetranum ad 
 
A.CH. 464] LIBER III. 85 
 
 ^Equos descisse. Suspecta et colonia Antium fuit, 
 quod magna vis hominum inde, quum oppidum cap- 
 turn esset, confugisset ad -^Equos; isque miles per 
 bellum ^3Equicum vel acerrimus fuit ; compulsis deinde 4 
 in oppida .^Equis, ea multitude dilapsa quum Antium 
 redisset, sua sponte iam infidos colonos Romania ab- 
 alienavit. Necdum matura re quum defectionem pa- 5 
 rari delatum ad senatum esset, datum negotium est 
 consulibus, ut, principibus colonise Romam excitis, 
 qusererent, quid rei esset. Qui quum haud gravate 6 
 venissent, introducti a consulibus ad senatum ita 
 responderunt ad interrogata, ut magis suspecti, quam 
 venerant, dimitterentur. Bellum inde haud dubium 7 
 haberi. Sp. Furius, consulum alter, cui ea provinciSt 
 evenerat, profectus in ^Equos, Hernicorum in agro 
 populabundum hostem invenit, ignarusque multitu- 
 dinis, quia nusquam uni versa conspecta fuerat, im- 
 parem copiis exercitum temere pugnse commisit. Pri- s 
 mo concursu pulsus se intra castra recepit. Neque 
 is finis periculi fuit ; namque et proxima nocte et 
 postero die tanta vi castra sunt circumsessa atque 
 oppugnata, ut ne nuntius quidem inde mitti Romam 
 posset. Hernici et male pugnatum et consulem exer- 9 
 citumque obsideri nuntiaverunt, tantumque terrorem 
 incussere patribus, ut, quae forma senatus consulti 
 ultimse semper necessitatis habita est, Postumio, alteri 
 consulum, negotium daretur, videret, ne quid res 
 publica detrimenti caperet. Ipsum consulem Eomse 10 
 manere ad conscribendos omnes, qui arma ferre pos- 
 sent, optimum visum est ; pro consule T. Quinctium 
 subsidio castris cum sociali exercitu rnitti; ad eum n 
 explendum Latini Hernicique et colonia Antium dare 
 
86 LI VII [A.U.C. 290 
 
 Quinctio subitarios milites (ita turn repentina auxilia 
 
 5 appellabant) iussi. Multi per eos dies motus rnultique 
 
 impetus hinc atque illinc facti, quia, superante mul- 
 
 titudine, hostes carpere^multifariam vires Romanas, ut 
 
 2 non suffecturas ad ornnia/kggressi sunt ; simul castra 
 oppugnabantur, siinul pars exercitus ad populandum 
 agrum Romanum missa urbemque ipsam, si qua for- 
 
 3 tuna daret, tentandam. L. Valerius ad presidium 
 urbis relictus, consul Postumius ad arcendas popu- 
 
 4 lationes finium missus. Nihil remissum ab ulla parte 
 curse aut laboris ; vigilise in urbe, stationes ante 
 portas prsesidiaque in muris disposita, et, quod ne- 
 cesse erat in taiito tumultu, iustitium per aliquot 
 
 5 (ties servatum. Interim in castris Furius consul, 
 quum primo quietus obsidionem passus esset, in in- 
 cautum hostem decumana porta erupit, et quum per- 
 sequi posset, metu substitit, ne qua ex parte altera 
 
 6 in castra vis fieret. JFurium legatum (frater idem 
 consulis erat) longius extulit cursus; nee suos ille 
 redeuntes persequendi studio neque hostium ab tergo 
 iucursum vidit. Ita exclusus, multis ssepe frustra 
 conatibus captis, ut viam sibi ad castra faceret, acriter 
 
 7 dimicans cecidit. Et consul nuiitio circumventi fratris 
 conversus ad pugnam, dum se temere magis quam 
 satis caute in mediam dimicationem infert, vulnere 
 accepto segre ab circumstantibus ereptus et suorum 
 
 8 animos turbavit et ferociores hostes fecit ; qui caede 
 legati et consulis vulnere acceiisi nulla deiiide vi 
 sustineri potuere, quin compulsi in castra Romani 
 rursus obsiderentur nee spe nee viribus pares. Ye- 
 nissetque in periculum surnma rerum, ni T. Quinctius 
 peregrinis copiis, Latino Hernicoque exercitu, sub- 
 
A.CH. 464] LIBER III. 87 
 
 venisset. Is intentos in castra Romana J2quos ie- 9 
 gatique caput ferociter ostentantes ab tergo adortus, 
 simul ad signum a se procul edituin ex castris erup- 
 tione facta, magnam vim hostium circumvenit. Minor 10 
 csedes, fuga efFusior ^Equorum in agro fuit Romano, 
 in quos palates preedam agentes Postumius aliquot 
 locis, quibus opportuna imposuerat praesidia, impetum 
 dedit. Hi vagi dissipato agmine fugientes in Quinc- 
 tium victorem cum saucio coiisule revertentem in- 
 cidere ; turn consularis exercitus egregia pugna con- n 
 sulis vulnus, legati et cohortium ultus est csedem. 
 Magnae clades ultro citroque illis diebus et illatae et 
 acceptse. Difficile ad fidem est in tarn antiqua re, 12 
 quot pugnaverint ceciderintve, exacto affirmare nu- 
 mero audet tamen Antias Valerius concipere sum- 
 mas : Roinanos cecidisse in Hernico agro quinque 13 
 millia octingentos ; ex praadatoribus ^Equorum, qui 
 populabundi in finibus Romanis vagabantur, ab A. 
 Postumio consule duo millia et quadringentos caasos ; 
 ceteram multitudinem praedam agentem, quse inciderit 
 in Quinctium, nequaquam. pari deruricwn esse caade : 
 interfecta inde quattuor millia et, exsequendo sub- 
 tiliter numerum, ducentos ait et triginta. 
 
 Ut E/omam reditum et iustitium remissum est, 14 
 cselum visum est ardere pluriino igni, portentaque 
 alia aut obversata oculis aut vana,s exterritis os- 
 tentavere species. His avertendis terroribus in tri- 
 duum feriaa indictee, per quas omnia delubra pacem 
 deum exposcentium virorum mulierumque turba im- 
 plebantur. Cohortes inde Latinse Hernicseque ab 15 
 senatu, gratiis ob impigram militiam actis, remissaa 
 domos. Antiates mille milites, quia serum auxilium 
 
88 LI VI I [A.U.C. 290291 
 
 post prcelium venerant, prope cum ignominia di- 
 missi. 
 
 6 Comitia inde habita ; creati consules L. ^Ebutius, 
 P. Servilius. Calendis Sextilibus, ut 
 
 Pestilence at Rome. , ... , 
 
 The ^qui and voi- tune prmcipmtn anm agebatur, consu- 
 
 sci renew the war , .- 
 
 2 by invading the latum ineunt. Grave tempus et forte 
 
 Hernican territory. 
 
 The Hemici ap- anmis pestilens erat urbi agrisque, nee 
 
 pealing to Rome . . 
 
 are told that the nomimbus magis quam pecori, et auxere 
 
 Romans are too AX? 
 
 the h iTafto^d v^^U? 101 ^ terrore populationis pecoribus 
 
 the i 
 
 3 thepiag?e a atRo S me f agrestibusque in urbem acceptis. Ea 
 
 ^*&3mivw mixtorum omnis generis ani- 
 mantium et odore insolito urbanos et agrestem con- 
 fertum in arta tecta sestu ac vigiliis angebat, minis- 
 teriaque in vicem ac contagio ipsa vulgabant morbos. 
 
 4 Vix instantes sustinentibus clades repente legati 
 Hernici nuntiant, in agro suo ^Equos Yolscosque con- 
 iunctis copiis castra posuisse, inde exercitu ingenti 
 
 5 fines suos depopulari. Praefcerquam quod infrequens 
 senatus indicio erat sociis, afflictam civitatem pesti- 
 lentia esse, msestum etiam responsum tulere, ut per 
 se ipsi Hernici cum Latinis res suas tutarentur ; 
 urbem Romaiiam subita deum ira morbo populari; 
 si qua eius mali quies veniat, ut anno ante, ut semper 
 
 6 alias, sociis opem laturos. Discessere socii, pro tristi 
 mmtio tristiorem domum referentes, quippe quibus 
 per se sustinendum bellumjerat^quod vix Romanis 
 
 7 fulti viribus sustinuissent. Non diutius se in Hernico 
 liostis continuit ; pergit inde infestus in agros Ro- 
 manos, etiam sine belli iniuria vastatos. Ubi quum 
 obvius nemo ne inermis quidem fieret, pei-que omnia 
 non prsesidiis modo deserta, sed etiam cultu agresti 
 transirent, pervenere ad tertium lapidem Gabina via. 
 
A.CII. 464463] LIBER III. 89 
 
 Mortuus -^Ebutius erat Romanus consul ; collega eius 8 
 Servilius exigua in spe trahebat animam ; affecti 
 plerique principum, patrum maior pars, militaris fere 
 setas omnis, ut non modo ad expeditiones, quas in 
 tanto tumultu res poscebat, sed vix ad quietas sta- 
 tiones viribus sufficerent. Munus vigiliarum sena- 9 
 tores, qui per setatem ac valetudinem poterant, per 
 se ipsi obibant; circumitio ac cura sedilium plebi erat; 
 ad eos summa rerum ac maiestas consularis iinperii 
 venerat. Deserta omnia, sine capite, sine viribus, 7 
 dii prsesides ac fortuna urbis tutata est, quae Volscis 
 ^Equisque praedonum potius mentem quam hostium 
 dedit. Adeo enim nullam spem non potiundi modo, 2 
 sed ne adeundi quidem Romaua moania animus eorum 
 cepit, tectaque Wocul visa atque imminentes tumuli 
 avertere/mentes eoruinTTit, totis passim castris fremitu 
 orto, quiclf in vasto ac deserto agro inter tabem pe- 3 
 corum hominumque desides sine prseda tempus tere- 
 rent, quum integra loca, Tusculanum agrum opimum 
 copiis, petere possent, signa repente convellerent 
 transversisque itineribus per Lavicanos agros in Tus- 
 culanos colles transirent. Eo vis omnis ternpestasque 
 belli conversa est. Interim Hernici Latiniquejxudore 4 
 etiam, non misericordia solum moti, si nee obsti- 
 tissent communibus hostibus infesto agmine Roraanam 
 urbem petentibus nee opem ullam obsessis sociis 
 ferrent, coniuncto exercitu Romam pergunt. Ubi 5 
 quum hostes non invenissent, secuti famam ac ves- 
 tigia obvii fiunt descendentibus ab Tusculana in 
 Albanam vallem. Ibi haudquaquam sequo proalio 
 pugnatum est, fidesque sua sociis paruin felix in prae- 
 sentia fuit. Haud minor Roni83 tit morbo strages, 6 
 
90 LIVII [A.U.C. 291292 
 
 quam quanta ferro sociorum facta erat. Consul, qui 
 unus supererat, moritur; mortui et alii clari viri, 
 M. Valerius, T. Yerginius Rutilus augures, Ser. Sul- 
 
 7 picius curio maximus, et per ignota capita late vagata 
 est vis morbi. Inopsque senatus auxilii humani ad 
 deos populuni ac vota vertit ; iussi cum coniugibus ac 
 liberis supplicatum ire pacemque exposcere deum. 
 
 8 Ad id, quod sua quern que mala cogebant, auctoritate 
 publica evocati omnia delubra impleiit. Stratae passim 
 niatres, crinibus templa verrentes, veniam irarum cs&- 
 lestium fiiiemque pesti exposcunt. 
 
 8 Inde paulatim, seu pace deum impetrata seu gra- 
 
 viore tempore anni iam circumacto, de- 
 Return of health. ,, , . 11- 
 signal successes a- fuiicta morbis corpora salubriora esse 
 
 gainst the enemy, . . ... 
 
 2 especially under incipere, Vei'SlSQUe animiS iam ad pub- 
 Lucretius, who' al- . r 
 
 most destroys the hcani curam, quum aliquot interregna 
 
 Volscian name. 
 
 exissent, P. Valerius Publicola tertio 
 die, quam interregnum inierat, consules creat L. 
 Lucretium Tricipitinum et T. Veturium Geminum, 
 
 3 sive ille Vetusius fuit. Ante diem tertium idus 
 Sextiles consulatum ineunt, iam satis valida civitate, 
 ut non solum arcere bellum, sed ultro etiam inferre 
 
 4 posset. Igitur nuntiantibus Hernicis, in fines suos 
 transcendisse hostes, impigre promissum auxilium. 
 Duo consulares exercitus scripti. Veturius missus 
 
 5 in Volscos ad bellum ultro inferendum ; Tricipitinus 
 populationibus arcendis^ sociorum agro oppositus non 
 
 6 ultra quam in Hernicos procedit. Veturius primo 
 prrelio hostes fundit fugatque; Lucretium, dum in 
 Hernicis sedet, prsedonum agmen fefellit supra moutes 
 Prsenestinos duct um, inde demissum in campos. Vas- 
 tavere agros Prsenestinuni Gabiiiumque ; ex Gabino 
 
A.CH. 463462] LIBER III. 91 
 
 in Tusculanos flexere colles. Urbi quoque Romse 7 
 ingens prsebitus terror, magis re subita quam quod 
 ad arcendam vim parum virium esset. Q. Fabius 
 prseerat urbi ; is arniata iuventute dispositisque prse- 
 sidiis tuta omnia ac tranquilla fecit. Itaque hostes, 8 
 prseda ex proximis locis rapta, appropinquare urbi 
 non ausi, quum circumacto agmine redirent, quanto 
 longius ab urbe hostium abscederent, eo solutiore 
 cura, in Lucretium incidunt consulem, iam ante ex- 
 ploratis itineribus suis, instructum et ad certamen 
 intentum. Igitur praeparatis animis repentino pavore 9 
 perculsos ador ti^ aliquantojpauciores multitudinem iii- 
 gentem fundunt fugantque et compulsos in cavas 
 valles, quum exitus haud in facili essent, circum- 
 veniunt. Ibi Volscurn nomen prope deletum est. 10 
 Tredecim millia quadringentos septuaginta cecidisse 
 in acie ac fuga, mille septingentos quinquaginta vivos 
 captos, signa viginti septem militaria relata, in quibus- 
 dam annalibus iuvenio, ubi etsi adiectum aliquid nu- 
 mero sit, niagna certe caBdes fait. Victor consul, n 
 iiigenti prseda potitus, eodem in stativa rediit. Turn 
 consules castra coniungunt, et Volsci ^Equique afflic- 
 tas vires suas in unum contulere. Tertia ilia pugna 
 eo anno fuit. Eadem fortuna victoriam dedit; fusis 
 hostibus etiam castra capta. 
 
 Sic res Rornana in antiquum statum rediit, 9 
 secundseque belli res extemplo urba- R en?wal of agita . 
 nos motus excitaverunt. C. Teren- Te?entiiius d H^ 2 
 tilius Harsa tribunus plebis eo anno virf creent2r in i^ e 
 fuit. Is consulibus absentibus ratus sufan* ^olbSidis!' 
 
 . .-, ... .. M , . Shelvedforthepre- 
 
 loCUm tribuniCHS actlOnibuS datum, per sent by intervention 
 
 ,. , ,. , . . . of tlie other tri- 
 
 aliquot dies patrum superbiam ad pie- buncs. 
 
92 LIVII [A.U.C. 292293 
 
 bem criminatus, maxime in consulare imperium tan- 
 
 quam nimium nee tolerabile liberae civitati invehe- 
 
 s batur. Nomine enina tantum minus invidiosum, re 
 
 4 ipsa prope atrocius quam regium esse ; quippe duos 
 pro uno domino acceptos, immoderata, infinita potes- 
 tate, qui, soluti atque effrenati ipsi, omnes met us 
 
 5 legum omniaque supplicia verterent in plebem. Quse 
 ne seterna illis licentia sit, legem se promulgaturum, 
 ut quinque viri creentur legibus de imperio consulari 
 scribendis ; quod populus in se ius dederit, eo cousulem 
 usurum, lion ipsos libidinem ac licentiain suam pro 
 
 6 lege habituros. Qua promulgata lege, quum timerent 
 patres, ne absentibus consulibus iugum acciperent, 
 senatus a prsefecto urbis Q. Fabio vocatur, qui adeo 
 atrociter in rogationem latoremque ipsum est invectus, 
 ut nihil, si ambo consules infesti circumstarent tri- 
 
 7 bunum, relictum minarum atque terroris sit. Insi- 
 diatum eum et tempore capto adortum rem publicam. 
 Si quern similem eius priore anno inter morbum bel- 
 lumque irati dii tribunum dedissent, non potuisse 
 
 8 sisti. Mortuis duobus consulibus, iacente segra civi- 
 tate, in colluvione omnium rerum, ad tollendum e 
 re publica consulare imperium laturum leges fuisse, 
 ducem Yolscis ^Equisque ad oppugnandam urbem 
 
 9 futurum. Quid tandem ? Illi non licere, si quid 
 consules superbe in aliquem civium aut crudeliter 
 fecerint, diem dicere, accusare iis ipsis iudicibus, 
 
 to quorum in aliquem ssevitum sit ] Non. ilium consu- 
 lare imperium, sed tribuniciam potestatem invisam 
 intolerandamque facere; quam placatam reconcilia- 
 tamque patribus de integro in antiqua^redigi^mala. 
 Neque ilium se deprecari, quo minus pergat, ut 
 
A.CH. 462461] LIBER III. 93 
 
 cceperit. " Vos" inquit Fabius, " ceteri tribuni, ora- 
 mus, ut primum omnium cogitetis, potestatem istam 
 ad singulorum auxilium, non ad perniciem univer- 
 sorum comparatam esse ; tribunes plebis vos creates, 
 non hostes patribus. Nobis miserum, invidiosum 12 
 vobis est, desertam rem publicam invadi. Non ius 
 vestrum, sed invidiam minueritis. Agite cum collega, 
 ut rem integram in adventum consulum differat. Ne 
 .^Equi quidem ac Volsci, morbo absumptis priore 
 anno consulibus, crudeli superboque nobis bello in- 
 stitere." Agunt cum Terentilio tribuni, dilataque in 13 
 speciem actione, re ipsa sublata, consules extemplo 
 arcessiti. 
 
 Lucretius cum ingenti prseda, maiore multo gloria 10 
 rediit. Et auget gloriam adveniens ex- 
 posita omni in campo Martio prseda, ut ^S^JSmJSL 
 suum quisque per triduum cognitum 
 abduceret. Reliqua vendita, quibus domini non ex- 
 stitere. Debebatur omnium consensu consuli trium- 2 
 phus ; sed dilata res est, tribune de lege agente; id 
 antiquius consuli fuit. lactata per aliquot dies quum 3 
 in senatu res, turn apud populum est ; cessit ad ulti- 
 mum maiestati consulis tribunus et destitit. Turn 
 imperatori exercituique honos suus redditus. Trium- 4 
 phavit de Yolscis ^quisque; triumpnantem secutse 
 suse legiones. Alteri consuli datum, ut ovans sine 
 militibus urbem iniret. 
 
 Anno deinde insequenti lex Terentilia ab to to 5 
 relata collegio novos aggressa consules Renewed prop(?sal 
 est; erant consules P. Yolumnius, Ser. p f r0 d!|ies Te T e h n eR?. 
 Sulpicius. Eo anno cselum ardere vi- Son^s^absS* 6 
 sum, terra ingenti concussa motu est. D 
 
94 LIVII [A.U.C. 292 293 
 
 Bovem locutam, cui rei priore anno fides non fuerat, 
 creditum. Inter alia prodigia et carne plnit, quem 
 imbrem ingens numerus avium intervolitando rapuisse 
 fertur; quod iutercidit, sparsum ita iacuisse per ali- 
 
 7 quot dies, ut nihil odor mutaret. Libri per duumviros 
 sacrorum aditi; pericula a conventu alieiiigenarum 
 praedicta, ne qui in loca summa urbis impetus csedes- 
 que inde fierent ; inter cetera monitum, ut seditionibus 
 abstineretur. Id factum ad impedieiidam legem tri- 
 
 8 buni criminabantur, ingensque aderat certamen. Ecce, 
 
 ut idem in singulos annos orbis vol- 
 w^by^voiSi. veretar, Hernici mmtiant, Yolscos et 
 buues 6 as a fable of -^Equos, etsi accisse res sinb, reficere 
 
 the patricians to , .. ... 
 
 gain time. The tri- exercitus : Antii summam rei positam ; 
 
 bunes oppose the 
 
 levy, the patricians Ecetrffl Antiates colonos palam concilia 
 
 oppose the bringing m m A 
 
 forward of the law. facere : id caput, eas vires belli esse. 
 
 Rixce. 
 
 Ut hsec dicta in senatu sunt, dilectus 
 consules belli adniinistrationem inter se 
 iussi, alter! ut Yolsci, alteri ut JEqui 
 
 10 provincia esset. Tribuni coram in foro personare, 
 fabulam compositam Yolsci belli, Hernicos ad partes 
 paratos. lam ne virtute quidem premi libertatem 
 
 11 populi Romani, sed arte eludi. Quia occidione prope 
 occisos Yolscos et ^quos movere sua sponte arma 
 posse iam fides abierit, novos hostes quseri ; coloniam 
 
 12 fidam, propinquajn infamem fieri. Bell um innoxiis 
 Antiatibus indict, g6ri cum plebe Eomana, quam one- 
 
 A. 
 
 ratam armis ex urbe prsecipiti agmine acturi essent, 
 
 13 exsilio et relegatione civium ulciscentes tribunos. Sic, 
 ne quid aliud actum putent, victam legem esse, nisi, 
 dum in integro res sit, dum domi, dum togati sint, 
 caveant, ne possessione urbis pellantur, ne iugum 
 
A.CH. 462461] LIBER III. 95 
 
 accipiant. Si animus sit, non defore auxilium ; con- 14 
 sentire omnes tribunes. ISTullum terrorem externum, 
 nullum periculum esse ; cavisse deos priore anno, ut 
 tuto libertas defendi posset. Haec *tribuni. At ex 11 
 parte altera consules in conspectu eorum positis sellis 
 dilectum habebant. Eo decurrunt tribuni contionem- 
 que secum trahuiit. Citati pauci velut rei experiundse 
 causa, et statiin vis coorta. Quemcunque lictor iussu 2 
 consulis prendisset, tribunus mitti iubebat ; neque 
 suum cuique ius modum faciebat, sed virium spes, et 
 manu obtinendum erat, quod intenderes. 
 
 Quemadmodum se tribuni gessissent in prohibendo 3 
 dilectu, sic patres in lege, quse per omnes comitiales 
 dies ferebatur, impedienda gerebant. Initium erat 4 
 rixse, quum discedere populum iussissent tribuni, 
 quod patres se summoveri haud sinebant. Nee fere 
 seniores re\ inter erant, o^uippe^Bpige non consilio re- 
 genda, sed permissa temeritati audaciseque esset. 
 Multum et consules se abstinebant, ne cui. in oollu- 5 
 vione rerum maiestatem suam contumelise offerrent. 
 Cseso erat Quinctius, ferox iuvenis qua nobilitate 6 
 gentis, qua corporis magnitudine et vi- 
 ribus. Ad ea munera data a diis et QiLetius. 
 ipse addiderat multa belli decora facun- 
 diamque in foro, ut nemo non lingua, non manu 
 promptior in civitate haberetur. Hie quum in medio 7 
 patrum agmine constitisset, eminens inter alios, velut 
 omnes dictaturas consulatusque gerens in voce ac 
 viribus suis, unus impetus tribunicios popularesque 
 procellas sustinebat. Hoc duce ssepe pulsi foro tribuni, % 
 fusa ac fugata plebes est ; qui obvius fuerat, mulcatus 
 nudatusque abibat, ut satis appareret, si sic agi 
 
96 LI7II [A.U.C. 293 
 
 9 liceret, vicfcam legein esse. Turn, prope iam perculsis 
 aliis tribunis. A. Verginius, ex collegio unus, Caesoni 
 capitis diem dicit. Atrox ingemum^accenderat eo 
 facto magis quam conterruerat ; eo acrius obstare 
 legi, agitare plebem, tribunes velut iusto persequi 
 
 ro bello. Accusator pati reum mere invidiaeque flammam 
 ac materiam criminibus suis suggerere ; legein interim 
 non tarn ad spem perferendi quam ad lacessendam 
 
 Caesonis temeritatem ferre. Ibi multa saepe ab iuven- 
 tute inconsulte dicta factaque in unius Caesonis sus- 
 pectum incidunt iDgenium. Tamen legi resistebatur. 
 
 12 Et A. Verginius identidem plebi : " Ecquid sentitis 
 iam, vos, Quirites, Caesonem simul civem et legem, 
 
 13 quam cupitis, habere non posse ? Quanquam quid ego 
 legem loquor ? Libertati obstat ; omnes Tarquinios 
 superbia exsuperat. Expectate, dum consul aut dic- 
 tator fiat, quern privatum viribus et audacia reg- 
 nantem videtis." Assentiebantur multi, pulsatos se 
 querentes, et tribunum ad rem peragendam ultro 
 incitabant. 
 
 12 Iam aderat iudicio dies apparebatque, vulgo 
 homines in damnatione Caesonis libertatem agi cre- 
 dere. Turn demum coactus cum multa indignr^e^ 
 prensabat singulos, Sequebantur necessarii, prin- 
 2 cipes civitatis. T. Quinctius Capitolinus, qui ter 
 consul fuerat, quuin multa referret sua familiaaque 
 
 3 decora, affirmabat, neque in Quinctia gente neque in 
 civitate Romana tantam indolem tarn maturse virtu tis 
 unquam exstitisse ; suum primum militem fuisse, se 
 
 4 saepe vidente pugnasse in hostem. Sp. Furius, mis- 
 sum ab Quinctio Capitolino sibi euro, in dubiis suis 
 rebus venisse subsidio; neminem unum esse, cuius 
 
A.CH. 461] LIBER III. 97 
 
 magis opera putet rem restitutam. L. Lucretius, 5 
 consul anni prioris, recent! gloria nitens, suas laudes 
 participare cum Csesone, memorare pugnas, referre 
 egregia facinora nunc in expeditionibus, nunc in acie j 
 suadere et monere. iuvenem egregium, instructum 6 
 naturae fortunseque omnibus bonis, maximum momen- 
 tum rerum eius civitatis, in quamcunque venisset, suum 
 quam alienum mallent civem esse. Quod offendat in 7 
 eo, fervorem et audaciam, setatem quotidie auferre; 
 quod desideretur, consilium, id in dies crescere. 
 Seuescentibus vitiis, maturescente virtute, sinerent 
 tantum virum senem in civitate fieri. Pater inter 8 
 hos L. Quinctius, cui Cincinnato cognomen erat, non 
 iterando laudes, ne cumularet invidiarn, sed veniam 
 errori atque adolescentiae petendo, sibi, qui non dicto, 
 11011 facto quemquam offendisset, ut condonarent filium, 
 orabat. Sed alii aversabantur preces aut verecundia 9 
 aut metu ; alii, se suosque mulcatos querentes, atroci 
 response indicium suum prseferebant. Premebat ream 13 
 prseter vulgatam invidiam crimen unum, quod M. 
 Volscius Fictor, qui ante aliquot annos tribunus plebis 
 fuerat, testis exstiterat, se baud multo post, quam 2 
 pestilentia in urbe fuerat, in iuventutern grassantem in 
 Subura incidisse. Ibi rixam natain esse fratremque 
 suum maiorern natu, necdum ex morbo satis validum, 
 pugno icturn ab Csesone cecidisse; semianimem inter 3 
 manus domum ablatum, mortuumque inde arbitrari, 
 nee sibi rem exsequi tarn atrocem per consules 
 superiorum annorum licuisse. Haec Yolscio clami- 
 tante adeo concitati homines sunt, ut haud multum 
 afuerit, quin impetu populi Cseso interiret. Yerginius 
 arripi iubet hominem et in vincula duci. Patricii vi 
 S. L. 7 
 
98 LIVII [A.U.C. 293294 
 
 contra vim resistunt. T. Quinctius clamitat, cui rei 
 capitalis dies dicta sit et de quo futurum propediem 
 indicium, eum indemnatum indicta causa non debere 
 
 5 violari. Tribunus sujjplicium negat sumpturum se 
 de indemnato ; serva/fcurum tamen in vinculis esse ad 
 iudicii diem, ut, qui hominem necaverit, de eo sup- 
 
 6 plicii sumendi copia populo Romano fiat. Appellati 
 tribuni medio decreto ius auxilii sui expediunt : in 
 vincula coniici vetant ; sisti reum pecuniamque, ni 
 
 7 sistatur, populo promitti, placere pronuntiant. Suni- 
 mam pecunise quantam aequum esset promitti, veniebat 
 in dubium ; id ad senatum reiicitur ; reus, duni con- 
 
 8 sulerentur patres, retentus in publico est. Yades dari 
 placuit; unumjsradem tribus millibus seris obliga- 
 verunt; quot darentur, permissum tribunis est. De- 
 cem finierunt; tot vadibus accusator vadatus est reum. 
 Hie primus vades publico dedit. Dimissus e foro 
 
 9 nocte proxima in Tuscos in exsilium abiit. Iudicii 
 die quum excusaretur solum vertisse exsilii causa, 
 nihilo minus Yerginio comitia habente, collegse appel- 
 
 10 lati dimisere concilium. Pecunia a patre exacta 
 crudeliter, ut, divenditis omnibus bonis, aliquamdiu 
 trans Tiberim veluti relegatus devio quodam tugurio 
 viveret. 
 
 14 Hoc indicium et promulgata lex exercuit civitatem ; 
 
 2 organi^ei resist- a ^ ex ^ ern ^ s armis otium fuit. Quum 
 b^Vom\ge^ ri pa U trf- s velut victores tribuni, perculsis patribus 
 popuia^behavFou? Csesonis exsilio, prope perlatam esse 
 nisi a cum C de s i^e crederent legem, et, quod ad seniores 
 
 iset ' patrum pertineret, cessissent possessione 
 
 3 rei publicse, iuniores,_id maxime, quod Caesonis soda- 
 lium fuit, auxere iras in plebem, non minuerunt 
 
A.CH. 461-460] LIBER III. 99 
 
 animos ; sed ibi plurimum profectum est, quod modo 
 quodam temperavere impetus suos. Quum primo 4 
 post Csesonis exsilium lex ccepta ferri est, instruct! 
 paratique cum ingenti clientium exercitu sic tribunos, 
 ubi primum summoventes prsebuere causam, adorti 
 sunt, ut nemo unus inde prsecipuuin quicquam gloriae 
 domum invidiseve ferret, mille pro uno Csesones exsti- 
 tisse plebes quereretur. Mediis diebus, quibus tribuni s 
 de lege non agerent, nihil eisdern illis placidius aut 
 quietius erat. Benigne salutare, alloqui plebis homines, 
 domum invitare, adesse in foro, tribunos ipsos cetera 
 pati sine interpellation concilia habere, nunquam ulli 
 neque publice neque privatim truces esse, nisi quum 
 de lege agi coeptum esset; alibi popuiaris iuventus 
 erat. Nee cetera modo tribuni tranquillo peregere, 6 
 sed refecti quoque in insequeiitem annum. Ne voce 
 quidem incommodi, nedum ut ulla vis fieret, paulatim 
 permulcendo tractandoque mansuefecerant plebem. 
 His per totum annum artibus lex elusa est. 
 
 Accipiunt civitatem placidiorem consules C. Clau- 15 
 dius Appii filius et P. Valerius Publicola. Nihil novi 
 novus annus attulerat ; legis ferendse aut accipiendae 
 cura civitatem tenebat. Quantum iuniores patrura 2 
 plebi se magis insinuabant, eo acrius contra tribuni 
 teiidebant, ut plebi suspectos eos criminaudo facerent: 
 coniurationem factam ; Csesonem Romse esse ; inter- 3 
 ficiendorum tribunorum, trucidandse plebis consilia 
 inita; id negotii datum ab senioribus })atrum, ut 
 iuventus tribuniciam potestatem e re publica tolleret, 
 formaque eadem civitatis esset, quse ante Sacrum 
 montem occupatum fuerat. Et ab 4 
 
 , T , . TI-I Appius Herduuius. 
 
 V olscis et ^bjquis statum lam ac pi-ope 
 
 72 
 
100 LI VII IA.U.C. 294 
 
 sollemne in singulos annos belluin timeba,tur, propius- 
 
 5 que aliud novum malum necopinato exortum. Ex- 
 sules servique, ad duo millia hominum et quingenti, 
 duce Appio Herdonio Sabino nocte Capitolium atque 
 
 6 arcem occupavere. Confestim in arce facta csedes 
 eorum: qui coniurare et simul capere arma noluerant ; 
 alii inter tumultum prsecipites pavore in forum de- 
 volant; alternae voces "Ad arma" et " Hostes in urbe 
 
 7 sunt " audiebantur. Consules et armare plebem et 
 inermem pati timebant. Incerti, quod malum repen- 
 tinum, externum an intestinum, ab odio plebis an ab 
 servili fraude, urbem invasisset, sedabant tumultus, 
 sedando interdum movebant ; nee enim poterat pavida 
 
 8 et consternata multitude regi imperio. Dant tamen 
 arma, non vulgo, tantum ut, incerto hoste, presidium 
 satis fidum ad omnia esset. Solliciti reliquum noctis 
 incertique, qui homines, quantus numerus hostium 
 esset, in stationibus disponendis ad opportuna omnis 
 
 9 urbis loca egere. Lux deinde aperuit bellum ducem- 
 que belli. Servos ad libertatem Appius Herdonius 
 ex Capitolio vocabat : se miserrimi cuiusque suscepisse 
 causam, ut exsules iniuria pulsos in patriam reduceret 
 et servitiis grave iugum demeret; id malle populo 
 Romano auctore fieri ; si ibi spes non sit, se Yolscos 
 et ^Equos et omnia extrema tentaturum et concita- 
 
 16 The patricians fear turum. Dilucere res magis patribus 
 
 a general attack ,... -PJ 
 
 from the enemies atque consulibus. l^rseter ea tamen, 
 
 of Rome all round; ' . . 
 
 the tribunes treat quse denuntiabantur, ne Veientium neu 
 
 the occupation of * . 
 
 tiie Capitol as a Sabinorum id consilium esset, timere, 
 
 2 trick of the patri- 
 
 cians, and induce e t qu-um tantum in urbe hostium esset, 
 
 the men to desert 
 
 their posts. mox gabinae Etruscseque legiones ex 
 
 composite adessent, turn seterni hostes, Yolsci et ^Equi, 
 
A.CH. 460] LIBER III. 101 
 
 non ad populandos, ut ante, fines, sed ad urbem ui ex' 
 parte captam venirent. Multi et varii timores ; inter 3 
 ceteros eminebat terror servilis, ne suus cuique domi 
 hostis esset, cui nee credere nee non credendo, ne 
 inf estior fieret, fidem abrogare satis erat tutum ; vix- 
 que concordia sisti videbatur posse. Tantuin super- \ 
 antibus aliis ac mergentibus malis, nemo tribunes aut 
 plebem timebat ; mansuetum id malum et per aliorum 
 quietem malorum semper exoriens turn quiesse, pere- 
 grino terrore sopitum, videbatur. At id prope unum 5 
 maxime inclinatis rebus incubuit. Tantus enim tri- 
 bunos furor tenuit, ut nonj^ellum, sed vanam imaginem 
 belli ad avertendos/ablegis cura plebis animos Capito- 
 lium insedisse^contenderent ; patriciorum hospites 
 clientesque si, perlata lege, frustra tumultuatos esse se 
 sentiant, maiore, quam venerint, silentio abituros. 
 Concilium inde legi perferendse habere, avocato populo 6 
 ab armis. Senatum interim consules habent, alio se 
 maiore ab tribunis metu ostendente, quam quern noc- 
 turnus hostis intulerat. Postquain arma Speech of p u bii us 17 
 poni et discedere homines ab stationibus Valenus > 
 nuntiatum est, P. Valerius, collega senatum retinente, 
 se ex curia proripit, inde in templum ad tribunes 
 venit. "Quid hoc rei est" inquit, "tribuni? Appii 2 
 Herdonii ductu et auspicio rem publicam eversuri 
 estis? Tain felix vobis corrunipeiidis fuit, qui ser- 
 vitia non commovit auctor 1 Quum hostes L slrj^rfiX 
 caput sint, discedi ab armis legesque ferri placet?" 
 Inde ad multitudinem oratione versa: "Si vos urbis, 3 
 Quirites, si vestri nulla cura tangit, at vos veremini 
 deos vestros ab hostibus captos. luppiter optimus 
 maximus lunoque regina et Minerva, alii dii deseque 
 
102 LIVIT [A.U.C. 294 
 
 obsidentur castra servorum publicos vestros penates 
 4 tenent ; hsec vobis forma sanse civitatis videtur? Tan- 
 turn hostium non solum intra muros est, sed in arce 
 supra forum curiamque ; comitia interim in foro sunt, 
 senatus in curia est ; velut quum otium sup^ral, 
 senator sententiam dicit, alii Quirites suffragium in- 
 s eunt. Non, quicquid patrum plebisque est, consules, 
 tribunes, deos hominesque omnes armatos opem ferre, 
 in Capitoliurn currere, liberare ac pacare augustissi- 
 
 6 mam illam domum lovis optimi maximi decuit? Ro- 
 mule pater, tu mentern tuam, qua quondam arcem ab 
 his iisdem Sabinis auro captain recepisti, da stirpi tuse ; 
 iube hanc ingredi viam, quam tu dux, quam tuns 
 ingressus exercitus est. Primus en ego consul, quan- 
 tum mortalis deum possum, te ac tua vestigia sequar." 
 
 7 who threatens to TJltimuin orationis f uit, se arma capere, 
 
 treat as an enemy _^ . . . . 
 
 any one who inter- vocare omnes Quirites ad arma : si qui im- 
 
 feres with the arm- . . . . 
 
 ing of the citizens, pediat, iam se consularis imperil, lam tri- 
 buniciae potestatis sacratarumque legum oblitum, quis- 
 quis ille sit, ubicumque sit, in Capitolio, in foro, pro hoste 
 
 8 habiturum. luberent tribuni, quoniam in Appium 
 Herdonium vetarent, in P. Yalerium consulem sumi 
 arma ; ausurum se in tribunis, quod princeps familise 
 
 9 suse ausus in regibus esset. Vim ultimam apparebat 
 futuram spectaculoque seditionem E-omanani hostibus 
 fore. Nee lex tamen ferri nee ire in Capitolium 
 consul potuit ; nox certamina coepta oppressit ; tribuni 
 
 TO cessere nocti, tinientes consulum arma. Amotis inde 
 seditionis auctoribus, patres circumire plebem inseren- 
 tesque se in circulos sermones tempori aptos serere; 
 admonere, ut viderent, in quod discrimen rein pub- 
 
 ii licam adducerent. Non inter patres ac plebem cer- 
 
A.CH. 460] LIBER III. 103 
 
 tamen esse, sed simul patres plebeinque, arcem urbis, 
 templa deorum, penates publicos privatosque hostibus 
 dedi. Dum hsec in foro sedandse dis- The people are 12 
 
 quieted and military 
 
 cordise causa aguntur, consules interim, preparations made, 
 ne Sabini neve Yeiens hostis moveretur, circa portas 
 murosque discesserant. 
 
 Eadem nocte Tusculum de arce capta Capitolioque 18 
 oecupato et alio turbatse nrbis statu nun- Arrival of a con- 
 
 -r -- T m T , tingent from Tus- 
 
 tll veniunt, L. MamillUS TuSCUll tum culum, where news 2 
 
 . of the Roman dan- 
 
 dlCtator erat. Is, COntestim COllVOCato ger has been re- 
 
 ^^^/i^/<;eived. Recapture 
 
 senatu atque mtroductis nuntns,^nMno7>ftheCapitoi. Va- 3 
 
 1 lenus killed in the 
 
 opere censet, ne exspectent, dum ab Roma assault, 
 legati auxilium petentes veniant ; periculum ipsum dis- 
 crimenque ac sociales deos fidemque fcederum id poscere ; 
 demerendi beneficio tarn potentem, tarn propinquam 
 civitatem nunquam parem occasionem daturos deos. 
 Placet ferri auxilium ; iuventus conscribitur, arma 4 
 dantur. Romani prima luce venientes procul speciem 
 hostium prsebuere ; ^Equi aut Yolsci venire visi sunt ; 
 deinde, ubi vanus terror abiit, accepti in urbem agmine 
 in forum descendunt. Ibi iam P. Valerius, re- s 
 licto ad portarum prsesidia collega, instruebat aciem. 
 Auctoritas viri moverat,' affirmantis, Capitolio re- 6 
 cuperato et urbe pacata, si edoceri se sissent, quse 
 fraus ab tribunis occulta in lege ferretur, memo- 
 rem se maiorum suorum, memorem cognominis, 
 quo populi colendi velut hereditaria cura sibi a 
 maioribus tradita esset, concilium plebis non irn- 
 pediturum. Hunc ducem secuti, nequicquam re- 7 
 clamantibus tribunis, in clivum Capitolinum erigunt 
 aciein. Adiungitur et Tusculana legio. Certare socii 
 civesque, utri recuperatse arcis suum decus facerent ; 
 
104 LIVII [A.U.C. 294 
 
 8 dux uterque suos adliortatur. Trepidare turn hostes 
 nee ulli satis rei praeterquam loco fidere; trepidantibus 
 inferunt signa Roman! sociique. lam in vestibulum 
 perruperant templi, quum P. Valerius inter primores 
 
 9 pugnam ciens interficitur. P. Volumnius consularis 
 vidit cadentem. Is, dato negotio suis, ut corpus 
 obtegerent, ipse in locum vicemque consul is provolat. 
 Prae ardore impetuque tantae rei sensus non pervenit 
 ad militem; prius vicit, quam se pugnare sine duce 
 
 10 sentiret. Multi exsulum caede sua foedavere tern- 
 plum ; multi vivi capti ; Herdonius interfectus. Ita 
 Capitolium recuperatum. De captivis, ut quisque 
 liber aut servus esset^suse fortunae a quoque sumptum 
 supplicium"e>st. Tusculanis gratise actae, Capitolium 
 TI purgatum atque lustratum. In consulis domum plebes 
 quadrantes, ut funere ampliore efferretur, iactasse fertur. 
 19 Pace parta, instare turn tribuni patribus, ut 
 The tribunes de- P. Valerii fidem exsolverent, instare 
 
 mand the fulfilment 
 
 of the promise of Claudio. ut collegae deos manes fraude 
 
 Valerius (18. 6) a- 
 
 bout the Tentiiian liberaret, agi de lege sineret. Consul, 
 
 law. Demand re- m 
 
 sisted until a consul antequam collesjam sibi subrogasset, ne- 
 
 is elected to fill the 
 
 ^- S are passurum agi de lege. Hae tenuere 
 contentiones usque ad comitia consulis 
 Ssncreald^y subrogandi. Decembri mense summo 
 ?oSSr h who 1 an e - patrum studio L. Quinctius Cincinnatus, 
 SoS n of 8 ievying te a n n pater Caesonis, consul creatur, qui magis- 
 
 3 OTUtevSscianr 11 tratum statim occiperet. Perculsa erat 
 plebes consulem habitura iratum, potentem favore 
 patrum, virtute sua, tribus liberis, quorum nemo 
 Csesoni cedobat magnitudine animi, consilium et 
 
 4 modum adhibendo, ubi res posceret, priores erant. Is 
 ut magistratum iniit, assiduis contiouibus pro tri- 
 
A.CH. 460] LIBER III. 105 
 
 bunali nou in plebe coercenda quam senatu castigando 
 vehementior fuit, cuius ordinis languore perpetui iam 
 fcribuni plebis, non ut in re publica populi Romani, 
 sed ut in perdita domo lingua criminibusque reg- 
 narent : cum Csesone filio suo virtutem, constantiam, s 
 omnia iuventutis belli domique decora pulsa ex urbe 
 Romana et fugata esse; loquaces, seditiosos, semina 
 discordiarum, iterum ac tertium tribunes pessimis 
 artibus, regia licentia vivere. "Aulus" inquit "illee 
 Verginius, quia in Capitolio non fuit, minus supplicii 
 quam Appius Herdonius meruit 1 ? Plus hercule ali- 
 quanto, qui vere rem sestimare velit. Herdonius, si 
 nihil aliud, hostem se fatendo prope denuntiavit, ut 
 arma caperetis; hie negando bellum esse arm a vobis 
 ademit nudosque servis vestris et exsulibus obiecit. 
 Et vos (C. Claudii pace et P. Yalerii mortui loquar) 7 
 prius in clivum Capitolinum signa intulistis, quam 
 hos hostes de foro tolleretis? Pudet deorum homi- 
 numque. Quum hostes in arce, in Capitolio essent, 
 exsulum et servorum dux, profanatis omnibus, in 
 cella lovis optimi maxinri habitaret, Tusculi ante 
 quam Romse simt arma. In dubio fuit, utrum L. 8 
 Mamilius, Tusculanus dux, an P. Valerius et C. 
 Claudius consules Romanam arcem liberarent; et qui 
 ante Latinos ne pro se quidem ipsis, quum in finibus 
 hostem haberent, attingere arma passi sumus, nunc, 
 nisi Latini sua sponte arma sumpsissent, capti et 
 deleti eramus. Hoc est, tribuni, auxilium plebi ferre, s 
 inermem earn hosti trucidandam obiicere? Scilicet si 
 quis vobis hurnillimus homo de vestra plebe, quam 
 partem velut abruptam a cetero populo vestram 
 patriam peculiaremque rem publicam fecistis, si quis 
 
106 LI VI I [A.U.C. 294 
 
 ex his domum suam obsessam a familia armata nun- 
 10 tiaret, ferendum auxilium putaretis; luppiter optimus 
 maximus exsulum atque servorum sseptus armis nulla 
 humana ope dignus erat 1 Et hi postulant, ut sacro- 
 sancti habeantur, quibus ipsi dii neque sacri neque 
 n sancti sunf? At enim, divinis humanisque obruti scele- 
 ribus, legem vos hoc anno perlaturos dictitatis. Turn 
 hercule illo die, quo ego consul sum creatus, male gesta 
 res publica est, peius multo, quam quum P. Valerius 
 12 consul periit. "lam primum omnium" inquit, "Qui- 
 rites, in Volscos et JEquos mihi atque collegse legion es 
 ducere in animo est. Nescio quo fato magis bellantes 
 quam pacati propitios habemus deos. Quantum peri- 
 culum ab illis populis fuerib, si Capitolium ab ex- 
 sulibus obsessum scissent, suspicari de praeterito quam 
 re ipsa experiri est melius." 
 
 20 Moverat plebem oratio consulis ; erecti patres 
 Thctribunesthreat- restitutam credebant rem publicam. 
 iTvvfQuSusS- Consul alter > comes animosior quam 
 tha? s they e are e( stii e i auc ^or, suscepisse collegam priorem ac- 
 Son e of th h elpoathto tiones tarn graves facile passus, in pera- 
 gendis consularis officii partem ad se 
 
 2 vindicabat. Turn tribuni, eludentes velut vana dicta, 
 persequi quserendo, quonam modo exercitum educturi 
 consules essent, quos dilectum habere nemo passurus 
 
 3 esset. u Nobis vero" inquit Quinctius "nihil dilectu 
 opus est, quum, quo tempore P. Valerius ad recipiun- 
 dum Capitolium arma plebi dedit, omnes in verba 
 iuraverint, conventuros se iussu consulis nee iniussu 
 
 4 abituros. Edicimus itaque, omnes, qui in verba 
 iurastis, crastina die armati ad lacum Regillum ad- 
 sitis." Cavillari turn tribuni et populum exsolvere 
 
A.GH. 460] LIBER III. 107 
 
 religione velle : privatum eo tempore Quinctium fuisse, 
 quum sacramento adacti sint. Sed nondum hsec, quse 5 
 nunc tenet saeculum, negligentia deum venerat, nee 
 interpretando sibi quisque ius iurandum et leges 
 aptas faciebat, sed suos potius mores ad ea accommo- 
 dabat. Igitur tribuni, ut impediendse A rumour that the 6 
 
 , f , patricians intend to 
 
 rei nulla spes erat, de proferendo exitu transfer the ccmitia 
 
 to a place in the 
 
 agere, eo magis, quod et augures lussos neighbourhood of 
 
 lake Regillus, out- 
 
 adesse ad Regillum lacum fama exierat, de the provocatio. 
 locumque inaugurari, ubi auspicate cum populo agi 
 posset, ut, quicquid Romse vi tribunicia rogatum esset, 
 id comitiis ibi abrogaretur : omnes id iussuros, quod 7 
 consules vellent ; neque enim provocationem esse 
 longius ab urbe mille passuum, et tribunes, si eo 
 veniant, in alia turba Quiritium subiectos fore con- 
 sulari imperio. Terrebant hsec ; sed ille maximus 8 
 terror animos agitabat, quod ssepius Quinctius dicti- 
 tabat, se consulum comitia non habiturum; non ita 
 civitatem segram esse, ut consuetis remediis sisti 
 posset; dictator e opus esse rei publicse, ut, qui se 
 moverit ad sollicitandum statum civitatis, sentiat, sine 
 provocatione dictaturam esse. Senatus 21 
 
 ^ . ,. .. - . A compromise is 
 
 in Capitolio erat : eo tribuni cum per- made, the tribunes 
 
 are not to bring 
 
 turbata plebe veniunt. Multitudo cla- forward the law, 
 
 nor the consul to 
 
 more ingenti nunc consulum, nunc pa- ^. ad 2 ut the a rm y- 
 
 The Senate having 
 
 trum fidem implorant ; nee ante move- 
 
 runt de sententia consulem, quam tribuni 
 
 se in auctoritate patrum futures esse 
 
 polliciti sunt. Tune referente consule e?ect a the n tribSnet 2 
 
 de tribunorum et plebis postulatis, sena- tending^rSiate 
 
 tus consultum fit, ut neque tribuni QuincSus^ho rl 
 
 , , fuses to be re-elect- 
 
 legem eo anno ferrent neque consules ed. 
 
108 LIVII [A.U.C. 295 
 
 ab urbe exercitum educerent ; in /etiquuln^magistratus 
 continuari et eosdem tribunes refici, iudicare senatum 
 
 3 contra rem publicam esse. Consules fuere in patrum 
 pot estate ; tribuni reclamantibus consulibus refecti. 
 Patres quoque, ne quid cederent plebi, et ipsi L. 
 Quinctium consnlem reficiebant. Nulla toto anno 
 
 4 veheraentior actio consulis fuit. " Mirer" inquit, "si 
 vana vestra, patres conscript!, auctoritas ad plebem 
 est ? Vos elevatis earn ; quippe, quia plebs senatus 
 consultuin continuandis magistratibus solvit, ipsi quo- 
 
 5 que solutum vultis, ne temeritati multitudinis cedatis, 
 tanquara id sit plus posse in civitate, plus levitatis ac 
 licentise habere. Levius enim vaniusque profecto est 
 
 6 sua decreta et consulta tollere quam aliorum. Irnita- 
 mini, patres conscripti, turbam inconsultam, et, qui 
 exemplo aliis esse debetis, aliorum exemplo peccate 
 potius, quarn alii vestro recte faciant, dum ego ne 
 imiter tribunos nee me contra senatus consultum con- 
 
 7 sulem renuntia^i patiar. Te vero, C. Claudi, ad- 
 hortor, ut et ipse populum Romanum hac licentia 
 arceas et de me hoc tibi persuadeas, me ita accep- 
 turum, ut non honorem meum a te impeditum, sed 
 gloriam spreti honoris auctam invidiamque, quse ex 
 
 s continuato eo impenderet, levatam putem." Com- 
 muniter inde edicunt, ne quis L. Quinctium consulem 
 faceret ; si quis fecisset, se id sufiragium non observa- 
 
 ^ turos. Consules creati Q. Fabius Yibulanus tertium 
 et L. Cornelius Maluginensis. Census actus eo anno ; 
 lustrum propter Capitolium captum, consulem occisum 
 condi religiosum fuit. 
 
 2 Q. Fabio, L. Cornelio consulibus principio anni 
 statim res turbulentse. Instigabant plebem tribuni ; 
 
A.CII. 459] LIBER III. 109 
 
 bellum ingens a Yolscis et JEquis Latini atque Her- 
 nici nuntiabant: iam Antii Volscorum War ^^ Vo isci 
 
 legiones esse. Et ipsam coloniam ingens 
 metus erat defecturam; segreque impetra- ?he a i? 
 tum a tribunis, ut bellum prseverti sine- tl >1US ' 
 
 rent. Consules inde partiti provincias : Fabio, ut le- 3 
 giones Antiuni duceret, datum, Cornelio, ut Romse prse- 
 sidio esset, ne qua pars hostium, qui ^Equis mos erat, 
 ad populandum veniret. Heniici et Latini iussi milites 4 
 dare ex fcedere, duseque partes sociorum in exercitu, 
 tertia civium fuit. Postquam ad diem prsestitutum 
 venerunt socii, consul extra portam Capenam castra 
 locat. Inde, lustrato exercitu, Antium profectus haud 
 procul oppido stativisque hostium consedit. Ubi quum 5 
 Volsci, quia nondum ab -^Equis venisset exercitus, 
 dimicare non aus&, quemadmodum quieti vallo se tu- 
 tarentur, pararent, postero die Fabius non permixtam 
 unam sociorum civiumque, sed trium populorum tres 
 separatim acies circa vallum hostium instruxit ; ipse 6 
 erat medius cum legionibus Romanis. Inde sigiium 
 observari iussit, ut pariter et socii rem inciperent re- 
 ferrentque pedem, si receptui cecinisset. Equites item 7 
 suse cuique parti post principia collocat. Ita trifariam 
 adortus castra circumvenit et, quum undique instaret, 
 non sustinentes impetum Yolscos vallo deturbat. 
 Traiisgressus inde munitiones pavidam turbam incli- 
 iiatamque in partem unam castris expellit. Inde effuse 8 
 /fugientes eques, cui superare vallum baud facile fuerat, 
 1 quum ad id spectator pugnse adstitisset, libero campo 
 adeptus parte victorise fruitur territos csedendo. Mag- 9 
 na et in castris et extra munimenta csedes fugientium 
 fuit, sed prseda maior, qnia vix arma secum efferre 
 
110 LIVII [A.U.C. 295 
 
 hostis potuit ; deletusque exercitus foret, ni fugientes 
 silvse texissent. 
 
 23 Dum ad Antium hsec gerimtur, interim ^Equi, 
 robore iuventutis pnemisso, arcem Tus- 
 
 the latter seize the 
 
 citadel of TUSCU- cuJanam improvise nocte capiunt, reliquo 
 
 lum. Fabius hur- 
 
 ries thither from exercitu baud procul moenibus Tusculi 
 
 Annum and lays 
 
 t distenderent host.ium co- 
 
 r 6 '? P ias ' Haec celeri ter Romam, ab Roma 
 are 6 ^- in castra Antium perlata movent Ro- 
 pieces by d the U con- nianos baud secus, quam si Capitoliuin , 
 
 n ho 
 
 dU 
 
 The a two coSuis captum nuntiaretur; adeo et receus erat 
 
 then ravage the m n !, i 
 
 Voisciarfand^qui- lusculanorum meritum et simihtudo ip- 
 
 an territories, and . 
 
 the war is brought sa penculi reposcere datum auxilium vi- 
 
 to a close. . . . 
 
 3 debatur. Jbabms, omissis omnibus, prse- 
 dam ex castris raptim Antium convehit ; ibi modico 
 prsesidio relicto, citatum agmen Tusculum rapit. Ni- 
 hil prseter arma et quod cocti ad manum fuit cibi, 
 ferre militi licuit ; commeatum ab Koma consul Cor- 
 
 4 nelius subvehit. Aliquot menses Tusculi bellatum. 
 Parte exercitus consul castra ^quorum oppugnabat ; 
 partem Tusculanis dederat ad arcem recuperandam. 
 Vi nunquam eo subiri potuit; fames postremo inde 
 
 5 detraxit hostem. Qua postquam ventuin ad extremum 
 est, inermes nudique omnes sub iugum ab Tusculanis 
 missi. Hos ignominiosa fuga domum se recipientes 
 Romanus consul in Algido consecutus ad unum omnes 
 
 6 occidit. Victor ad Columen (id loco nomen est) exer- 
 citu reducto castra locat. Et alter consul, postquam 
 moenibus iam Romanis, pulso hoste, periculum esse 
 
 7 desierat, et ipse ab Roma profectus. Ita bifariam 
 consules ingressi hostium fines ingenti certamine hinc 
 Volscos, hinc ^quos populantur. Eodem anno de- 
 
A.CH. 459] LIBER III. Ill 
 
 scisse Antiates, apud plerosque auctores invenio ; L. 
 Cornelium consulem id bellum gessisse oppidumque 
 cepisse. Certum amrmare, quia nulla apud vetus- 
 tiores scriptores eius rei mentio est, non ausim. 
 
 Hoc bello perfecto, tribunicium domi bellum patres 24 
 territat : Clamant fraude fieri, quod foris 
 
 TribumcianWarat 
 
 teneatur exercitus : frustrationem earn ho e - Thepraefect 
 
 of the city procures 
 
 legis tollendse esse; se nihilo minus rem ^the P co S nsMe?atfon 
 susceptam peracturos. Obtinuit tamen ^V^' ffcon- 2 
 L. Lucretius prsefectus urbis, ut actiones J^S? ide* 
 tribuniciae in adventum consulum differ- l^ SL<rt V qf 
 rentur. Erat et nova exorta causa motus. Sf agatnst KIo 3 
 A. Cornelius et Q. Servilius qusestores (] 
 M. Yolscio, quod falsus baud dubie testis in Ceesonem 
 exstitisset, diem dixerant. Multis enim emanabat 4 
 indiciis, neque fratreni Yolscii, ex quo semel fuerit 
 seger, unquam non modo visum in publico, sed lie as- 
 surrexisse quidem ex morbo, multorumque tabe men- 5 
 sum mortuum, nee iis temporibus, in quse testis crinien 
 coniecisset, Csesonem Romse visum, affirmantibus^qui 
 una meruerant, secum eum turn frequentem ad signa 
 sine ullo commeatu fuisse. Nisi ita esset, multi pri- 
 vatim ferebant Yolscio iudicem. Quum ad indicium 6 
 ire non auderet, omnes ese res in unum congruentes 
 baud magis dubiarn damnationem Yolscii, quain Ca3- 
 sonis Yolscio teste fuerat, faciebant. In rnora tribuni 7 
 eraut, quijsomitia qusestores habere de reo, nisi prius 
 habita de lege essent, passuros uegabant. Ita extracta 
 utraque res in consulum adventum est. Qui ubi tri- 8 
 uniphantes victore cum exercitu urbem inierunt, quia 
 silentium de lege erat, perculsos magna pars credebant 
 tribunos ; at illi (etenim oxtremum anni iarn erat), 9 
 
319 citizens. 
 
 112 LIVII [A.U.C. 295296 
 
 quartuni affectantes tribunatuin, in comitiorum discep- 
 tationeni ab lege certain en averterant. Et quum con- 
 sules nihilo minus adversus continuationem tribunatus, 
 quam si lex minuendae suae maiestatis causa promul- 
 gata ferretur, tetendissent, victoria certaminis penes 
 tribunes fuit. 
 
 Eodem anno ^Equis pax est petentibus data. Cen- 
 sus, res priore anno inchoata, perficitur. 
 
 Peace made with . 
 
 . Census. 117, idque lustrum ab engine urbis decimum 
 
 tizens. _yy* t 
 
 cbnovGum ferunt. Censa civium capita 
 it centum septendecim millia trecenta undeviginti. Con- 
 sulum magna domi bellique eo anno gloria fuit, quod 
 et foris pacem peperere, et domi, etsi 11011 concors, 
 minus tamen quam alias infesta civitas fuit. 
 25 L. Minucius inde et C. Nautius consules facti duas 
 The domestic I'esiduas anni prioris causas exceperunt. 
 
 2 nSJ'but^lnte?" Eodem modo consules legem, tribuni iu- 
 mavemeSts jTthS dicium de Volscio impediebant ; sed in 
 jnie senate! having qujestoribus novis maior vis, inaior aucto- 
 
 in vain sent an em- . ^ -. .- -^7- , . ,. .. . . n T . 
 
 3 bassy to Gracchus ritas erat. Cum M. V alerio Mann filio, 
 
 Cloelius, leader of - T , . , _. _ . 
 
 the ^Equi, to pro- Volesi Depote, quaestor erat T. Quinctius 
 
 test against the vio- -__..... . , , 
 
 lation of the treaty Capitolinus, qui ter consul fuerat. Is, 
 
 of peace, commis- . . . 
 
 sion one of the con- quoniam neque Quinctiae familise Caeso 
 
 suls to proceed a- 
 
 gainst Gracchus on ne que rei publicaa maximus iuvenum re- 
 
 Mt. Algidus, the 
 
 ^, falsum testem, qui dicendaa 
 ceSg 8 wo7o^ r to" causse innoxio potestatem ademisset, 
 ^pede the levy, iugto ft(J pio bello pe rsequebatur. Quum 
 
 Verginius maxime ex tribunis de lege ageret, duum 
 mensum spatium consulibus datum est ad inspici- 
 endam legem, ut, quum edocuissent populum, quid 
 fraudis occultaa ferretur, sinerent deinde suffragium 
 inire. Hoc intervalli datum res tranquil las in urbe 
 
A.CH. 459458] LIBER HI. 113 
 
 fecit. Nee diuturnam quietem ^ftqui dederunt, qui, 5 
 rupto fcedere, quod ictuni erat priore anno cum E/o- 
 manis, imperium ad Gracchum Clcelium deferunt; is 
 turn longe princeps in ^Equis erat. Graccho duce in 6 
 Lavicanum agrum, inde in Tusculanum hostili popu- 
 latione veniunt, plenique prsedse in Algido castra locant. 
 In ea castra Q. Fabius, P. Yolumnius, A. Postumius 
 legati ab Roma venerunt questum iniurias et ex fcadere 
 res repetitum. Eos ^quorum imperator, quae man- 7 
 data habeant ab senatu Romano, ad quercum iubet 
 dicere; se alia interim acturum. Quercus ingens 
 arbor prsetorio imminebat, cuius umbra opaca sedes 
 erat. Turn ex legatis unus abiens "Et haec" inquit s 
 "sacrata quercus et quicquid deorum est, audiant, 
 foedus a vobis ruptum, nostrisque et nunc querelis 
 adsint et mox armis, quum deorum hominumque simul 
 violata iura exsequemur." Romam ut rediere legati, 9 
 senatus iussit alterum consulem contra Gracchum in 
 Algidum exercitum ducere. alteri populationem finium 
 ^Equoruni provinciam dedit. Tribuni suo more im- 
 pedire dilectum, et forsitari ad ultimum impedissent; 
 sed novus subito additus terror est. Vis Sabinorum 26 
 ingens prope ad mcenia urbis infesta po- 
 
 . . when a panic id 
 
 pulatione venit: fcedati a^ri, terr-or in- caused by an ir- 
 ruption of Sabines 
 
 iectus urbi est. Turn plebs benigne anna {"JJ^V 3 t S OI dti- 
 
 cepitj reclamantibus frustra tribunis E- ari\ ^ndiv 
 
 magni duo exercitus scripti. Alterum S 
 Nautius contra Sabinos duxit, castrisque 
 
 ad Eretum positis, per expeditiones par- hf 
 
 i ...., mined to name a 
 
 vas, plerumque nocturnis incursionibus, dictator. L. Quinc- 
 
 ... 01 i ' IT tius is named omni- 
 
 tantam vastitatem in Sabmo agro reddi- m consmsu. Am- 
 
 ,. . VN ~ r-v. . . baasadors proceed- 
 
 dit, ut comparati ad earn prope intacti ing to his farm on 
 S. L. 8 
 
114 LIVII [A.U.C. 296 
 
 f bell nnes K/omani viderentur. Minucio 
 neque fortuna nee vis animi eadem in 
 gerendo negotio fuit; nam quum haud 
 
 accompanies them 111 n 
 
 to Rome (so widely procul ab noste castra posuisset, nulla 
 
 did the old Romans , , . . 
 
 differ from the RO- magnopere clade accepta, castris se pa- 
 mans of Livy's time . 
 
 4 in their view of the vidus tenebat. Quod uDi senserunt nos- 
 
 relation of worth to . 
 
 wealth). tes, crevit ex metu alieno, ut fit, audacia, 
 
 et nocte adorti castra, postquam parum vis aperta 
 profecerat, munitiones postero die circumdant. Quse 
 priusquam undique vallo obiectse clauderent exitus, 
 quinque equites inter stationes hostium emissi Romam 
 
 5 pertulere, consulem exercitumque obsideri. Nihil tarn 
 inopinatum nee tarn insperatum accidere potuit. Ita- 
 que tantus pavor, tanta trepidatio fuit, quanta si urbem, 
 
 6 non castra hostes obsiderent. Nautium consulem ar- 
 cessunt. In quo quuin parum praesidii videretur dic- 
 tatoremque dici placeret, qui rem perculsam restitueret, 
 L. Quinctius Cincinnatus consensu omnium dicitur. 
 
 7 Operse pretium est audire, qui omnia prae divitiis 
 humana spernunt neque honori magno locum neque 
 
 8 virtuti putant esse, nisi ubi effuse affluant opes. Spes 
 unica imperil populi Romani, L. Quinctius trans 
 Tiberim, contra eum ipsum locum, ubi nunc navalia 
 sunt, quattuor iugerum colebat agrum, quse prata 
 
 9 Quinctia vocantur. Ibi ab legatis, seu fossam fodiens 
 palae innixus, seu quum araret, ^peri certe, id quod 
 constat, agresti intentus, salute data in vicem reddi- 
 taque, rogatus, ut, quod bene verteret ipsi reique 
 publicae, toga bus mandata senatus audiret, admiratus 
 rogitansque " Satin 7 salve ? " togam propere e tugurio 
 
 10 proferre uxorem E/aciliam iubet. Qua simul, absterso 
 pulvere ac sudore, velatus processit, dictatorem eum 
 
A.OH. 458] LIBER III. 115 
 
 legati gratulantes consalutant, in urbem vocarit; qui 
 terror sit in exercitu, exponunt. Navis Quinctio pub- n 
 lice parata fuit, transvectumque tres obviam egressi 
 filii excipiunt, inde alii propinqui atque amici, turn 
 patrum maior pars. Ea frequentia stipatus, antece- 
 dentibus lictoribus, deductus est domum. Et plebis 12 
 concursus ingens fuit; sed ea nequaquam tarn leeta 
 Quinctium vidit, et imperii nimium et virum ipso 
 imperio vehementiorem rata. 
 
 Et ilia quidem nocte nihil prseterquam vigilatum 27 
 est in urbe; postero die dictator quum The Dic t at0 r first 
 ante lucem in forum venisset, magis- ^*Qff*S 
 trum equitum dicit L. Tarquitium, pa- ^s^^TTo" 
 triciae gentis et qui, quum stipendia Mt - A1 & idus - 
 pedibus propter paupertatem fecisset, bello tamen 
 primus longe Romanse iuventutis habitus esset. Cum 2 
 magistro equitum in contionem venit, iustitium edicit, 
 claudi tabernas tota urbe iubet, vetat quemquam 
 privatse quicquam rei agere ; turn, quicunque setate 3 
 militari essent, armati cum cibariis in dies quinque 
 coctis vallisque duodenis ante solis occasum [Martio] 
 in campo adessent ; quibus aetas ad militandum gravior 4 
 esset, vicino militi, dum is arma pararet vallumque 
 peteret, cibaria coquere iussit. Sic iuventus discurrit 5 
 ad vallum petendum. Sumpsere, unde cuique proxi- 
 nium fuit ; prohibitus nemo est ; impigreque omnes 
 ad edictum dictatoris prsesto fuere. Inde composite 6 
 agmine non itineri magis apte quam proelio, si res 
 ita tulisset, legiones ipse dictator, magister equitum 
 suos equites ducit. In utroque agmine, quas tempus 
 ipsum poscebat, adhortationes erant : adderent gra- 
 dum ; maturato opus esse, ut nocte ad hostem per- 7 
 
 82 
 
116 LIVII [A.U.O. 296 
 
 veniri posset ; consulem exercitumque Romanum ob- 
 
 sideri, tertium diem iam clauses esse ; quid quaeque 
 
 nox aut dies ferat, incertum esse ; puiicto saepe tem- 
 
 8 poris maximarum rerum momenta verti. " Accelera, 
 
 signifer," " sequere, miles," inter se quoque, gratifi- 
 
 cantes ducibus, clamabant. Media nocte in Algidum 
 
 perveniunt et, ut sensere, se iam prope hostes esse, 
 
 28 signa const ituunt. Ibi dictator, quantum nocte pro- 
 
 spici poterat, equo circumvectus con- 
 There he surrounds 
 the enemy by night, templatusque, qui tractus castrorum 
 
 who being thus be- 
 tween two Roman quseque forma esset, tribunis militum 
 
 armies are compel- , x . ' 
 
 led to surrender, imperavit, ut sarcinas in unum coniici 
 
 They are passed un- x 
 
 dmtaed y ke "^ iubeant, militem cum armis valloque 
 a redire in ordines suos. Facta, quse im- 
 
 peravit. Turn, quo fuerant ordine in via, exercitum 
 omnem longo agmine circumdat hostium castris et, 
 u bi signum datum sit, clamorem omnes tollere iubet, 
 clamore sublato, ante se quemque ducere fossam 
 
 3 et iacere vallum. Edito imperio, signum secutum 
 est. lussa miles exsequitur; clamor hostes circum- 
 sonat. Superat inde castra hostium et in castra con- 
 sulis venit ; alibi pavorera, alibi gaudium ingens 
 
 4 facit. Bomani, civilem esse clamorem atque auxilium 
 adesse, inter se gratulantes, ultro ex stationibus ac 
 
 s vigiliis territant hostem. Consul differendum negat : 
 illo clamore non adventum modo significari, sed rem 
 ab suis coeptam, mirumque esse, ni iam exteriore parte 
 castra hostium oppugnentur. Itaque arma suos ca- 
 
 6 pere et se subsequi iubet. Nocte initum proalium 
 est ; legionibus dictatoris clamore significant, ab ea 
 
 7 quoque parte rein in discrimine esse. Iam se ad 
 prohibenda circumdari opera ^Equi parabant, quum 
 
A.CH. 458J LIBER III. Ill 
 
 ab interiore hoste proelio coepto, ne per media sua 
 castra fieret eruptio, a munientibus ad pugnantes 
 introrsum versi vacuara noctem operi dedere; pugna- 
 tumque cum consule ad lucem est. Luce prima iam s 
 circumvallati ab dicta tore erant, et vix ad versus unum 
 exercitum pugnam sustinebant. Turn a Quinctiano 
 exercitu, qui confestim a perfecto opere ad arma 
 rediit, invaditur vallum. Hie instabat nova pugna ; 
 ilia nihil remiserat prior. Turn ancipiti malo ur- 9 
 gente, a pro3lio ad preces versi hinc dictatorem, hinc 
 consulem orare, ne in occidione victoriam ponerent, 
 ut inermes se inde abire sinerent. Ab consule ad 
 dictatorem ire iussi ; is ignominiam infensus addidit ; 
 Gracchum Clcelium ducem principesque alios vinctos 10 
 ad se adduci iubet, oppido Corbione decedi. San- 
 guinis se ^quorum non egere; licere abire, sed, ut 
 exprimatur tandem confessio, subactam domitamque 
 esse gentem, sub iugum abituros. Tribus hastis n 
 iugum fit, humi fixis duabus superque eas trans- 
 versa una deligata. Sub hoc iugum dictator ^Equos 
 misit. 
 
 Castris hostium receptis plenis omnium rerum 29 
 (nudos enim emiserat), prsedam om- 
 
 .,... , , ., , Minucius is reduc- 
 
 nem suo tantum mmti dedit ; consula- ed to the position 
 
 of a leqatus, and 
 
 rem exercitum ipsumque consulem m- his army deprived 
 
 ~ ...... , of their share of the 
 
 crepans " Carebis inquit " praedae parte. spoil. Qumctius 2 
 
 . returns to Rome 
 
 miles, ex eo hoste, cui prope prsedse and celebrates a 
 
 triumph. 
 
 fuisti. Et tu, L. Minuci, donee consu- 
 larem animum incipias habere, legatus his legionibus 
 prseeris." Ita se Minucius abdicat consula tu iussus- 3 
 que ad exercitum manet. Sed adeo turn imperio 
 meliori animus mansuete obediens erat, ut beneficii 
 
118 LIVII [A.U.C. 296297 
 
 magis quam ignominise hie exercitus memor et coro- 
 nam auream dictator!, libram pondo, decreverit et 
 
 4 proficiscentem eum patronum salutaverit. Romse a 
 Q. Fabio prsefecto urbis senatus habitus triumphantem 
 Quinctium, quo veniebat agmine, urbem ingredi iussit. 
 Ducti ante currum hostium duces ; militaria signa 
 
 5 prselata ; secutus exercitus prseda onustus. Epulae 
 instructse dicuntur fuisse ante omnium domos, epu- 
 lantesque cum carmine triumphali et sollemnibus 
 iocis comissantium modo currum secuti sunt. 
 
 6 Eo die L. Mamilio Tusculano, approbantibus cunc- 
 
 Roman citizenship tis > dvitaS data 6St ' ^Onfestim S6 dic- 
 
 S f StcSi: tat r magistral abdicasseLm comitia 
 
 to 0l triai si and con- M - "^olscii, falsi testis, t^fissent. Ea 
 
 fay^^w^h^dii- ne impedirent tribuni, dictatoris obstitit 
 
 sfe s s h slui ^rtrt metus; Yolscius damnatus Lanuvium in 
 
 7 du^^ers^dX exsilium abiit. Quinctius sexto decimo 
 turbines Je h cte s d for die dictatura in sex menses accepta se 
 
 abdicavit. Per eos dies consul Nautius 
 ad Eretum cum Sabinis egregie pugnat ; ad vastatos 
 agros ea quoque clades accessit Sabinis. Minucio 
 
 8 Fabius [Quintus] successor in Algidum missus. Ex- 
 tremo anno agitatum de lege ab tribunis est; sed quia 
 duo exercitus abemnt, ne quid ferretur ad populum, 
 patres tenuere; plebes vicit, ut quintum eosdem tri- 
 
 9 bunos crearent. Lupos visos in Capitolio ferunt a 
 canibus fugatos; ob id prodigium lustratum Capitolium 
 esse. Hsec eo anno gesta. 
 
 30 Sequuntur consules Q. Minucius, C. Horatius 
 Pulvillus. Cuius initio anni quum foris 
 
 Agitations begin- m 
 
 ning again in the city o ^ um esset, domi seditiones udem tri- 
 
 are interrupted oy 
 
 buni, eadem lex faciebat ; ulteriusque 
 
A.CH. 458 -457] LIBER III. 119 
 
 ventum foret (adeo exarserant aniinis), The tribunes by 
 
 ,,,,.. . threatening to pre"- 
 
 ni, velut dedita opera, nocturne impetu vent the levy extort 
 
 . from the patricians 
 
 .^quorum Oorbione amissum presidium their consent to the 
 
 number of tribunes 
 
 nuntiatum esset. Senatum consules being raised to ten. 3 
 
 Successes of the con- 
 
 vocant: iubentur subitarium scribere suiiioratius against 
 
 the Sabmes. 
 
 exercitum atque in Algidum ducere. 
 Inde, posito legis certamine, nova de dilectu coutentio 
 orta; vincebaturque consulare imperium tribunicio 4 
 auxilio, quum alius additur terror, Sabinum exercitum 
 praedatum descendisse in agros Romanes, inde ad urbem 
 venire. Is metus perpulit, ut scribi militem tribuni 5 
 sinerent, non sine pactione tamen, ut quoniam ipsi 
 quinquennium elusi essent parvumque id plebi prse- 
 sidium foret, decem deinde tribuni plebis crearentur. 
 Expressit hoc necessitas patribus; id modo excepere, 6 
 ne postea eosdem tribunes viderent. Tribunicia co- 
 mitia, ne id quoque post bellum ut cetera vanum esset, 
 extemplo habita. Tricesimo sexto anno a primis tribuni 7 
 plebis decem creati sunt, bini ex singulis classibus; 
 itaque cautum est ut postea crearentur. Dilectu s 
 deinde habito, Minucius contra Sabinos profectus non 
 invenit hostem. Horatius, quum iam ^Equi, Corbione 
 interfecto prsesidio, Ortonam etiam cepissent, in Algido 
 pugnat; multos mortales occidit; fugat hostem non ex 
 Algido modo, sed a Corbione Ortonaque. Corbionem 
 etiam diruit propter proditum prsesidium. 
 
 Deinde M. Valerius, Sp. Verginius consules facti. 31 
 Domi forisque otium fuit j annona prop- Law passe( j to 
 ter aquarum inteniperiem laboratum est. te^teb^e^oS? 
 De Aventino publicando lata lex est. teXons'fn favourer 
 
 rri-i ii ..i /.,. -r-r the Terentilian law 
 
 Iribum plebis lldem refectl. Hi se- are again interrupt- 2 
 m -r^ .1. /-M -v-r . ed by news from 
 
 quente anno, T. Hommo, C. V entuno Tuscuium of inva- 
 
120 LIVII [A.U.C. 297303 
 
 siou by ^Equi. Vic- consulibus, legem omnibus contionibus 
 
 tory over the JLqui -111 i 
 
 at Aigidus. The suis celebrabant : pudere se numeri sui 
 
 consuls sell the 
 
 spoil for the benefit iiequicquam aucti, si ea res seque suo 
 
 of the treasury, for 
 
 which they are im- biennio iaceret, ac to to superiors lustro 
 
 peached by the tri- * 
 
 3 edto 8 heS' CO fine8? 11 " ^ acu i sset - Quum maxime haec agerent, 
 
 trepidi nuntii ab Tusculo veniunt, ^quos 
 in agro Tusculano esse. Fecit pudorem recens eius 
 populi meritum morandi auxilii. Am bo consules cum 
 exercitu missihostem in sua sede, in Algido inveniunt. 
 
 4 Ibi pugnaturn. Supra septem millia hostium csesa, alii 
 fugati; prseda parta ingens. Earn propter inopiam. 
 serarii consules vendiderunt. Invidiee tamen res ad 
 exercitum fuit, eademque tribunis materiam crimi- 
 nandi ad plebem consules praebuit. 
 
 5 Itaque ergo, ut magistratu abiere, Sp. Tarpeio, A. 
 Aternio consulibus dies dicta est Romilio ab C. Calvio 
 Cicerone tribuno plebis, Veturio ab L. Alieno sedile 
 
 6 plebis. Uterque magna patrum indignation e damna- 
 tus, Romilius decem millibus aeris, Yeturius quindecim. 
 Nee hsec priorum calamitas consulum segniores novos 
 fecerat consules. Et se damnari posse aiebant, et 
 
 compromise pro- plebem et tribunes legem f erre non posse. 
 
 posed by tribunes m i i i 
 
 7 that a commission Turn abiecta lege, quae promulgate con- 
 
 of patricians and . ., . , , . 
 
 plebeians be a P - senuerat, tnbuni lenius agere cum patri- 
 
 pointed to frame a ._.. . . 
 
 code of equal laws bus : Fiiiem tandem certaminum tace- 
 
 the patricians as- . 
 
 sent as far as the rent. Si plebeise le^es displicerent, at 
 
 code is concerned, 
 
 but claim for their il]i communiter legum latores et ex 
 
 order the right of 
 
 framing it. plebe et ex patribus. qui utrisque 
 
 Commissioners sent r r 
 
 cur?a e copyof P t r he ut ^i a ferrent quseque sequandse libertatis 
 
 8 fo^atoTthS? esseilt > sinerent creari. Hem non as- 
 ti(!a?KttJtiSi ol of pernabantur patres; laturum leges ne- 
 asweii. r JS minem nisi ex patribus aiebant. Quum 
 
A.CH. 457 45 J ] LIBER III. 121 
 
 de legibus conveiiiret, de latore tantum discreparefc, 
 missi legati Athenas Sp. Postumius Albus, A. Man- 
 lius, R Sulpicius Camerinus, iussique inclitas leges 
 Solonisoescribere et aliarum Grsecise civitatium in- 
 stituta, mores iuraque noscere. 
 
 Ab externis bellis quietus annus fuit, quietior 32 
 insequens, P. Curiatio et Sex. Quinctilio Return of the pesti- 
 
 ,., ., . . . ., lence great mor- 
 
 consulibus. perpetuo silentio tribuno- taiity among im- 
 
 . man beings and 
 
 rum, quod primo legatorum, qui Athe- cattle, 
 nas ierant, legumque peregrinarum exspectatio prse- 
 buit, dein duo simul mala ingentia exorta, fames pes- 2 
 tilentiaque, feed a homini, foada pecori. Yastati agri 
 sunt, urbs assiduis exhausta funeribus ; multae et clarse 
 lugubres domus. Mamen Quirinalis Ser. Cornelius 3 
 mortuus, augur C. Horatius Pulvillus, in cuius locum 
 C. Yeturium eo cupidius, quia damnatus a plebe erat, 
 augures legere. Mortuus consul Quinctilius, quattuor 4 
 tribuni plebi. Multiplici clade fredatus annus; ab 
 hoste otium fuit. Inde consules C. Menenius, P. 5 
 Sestius Capitolinus. Neque eo anno quicquam belli 
 externi fuit; domi motus orti. lam redierant legati 6 
 cum Atticis legibus. Eq intentius instabant tribuni, 
 ut tandem scribendarum legum initium fieret. Placet, 
 creari decemviros sine provocatione, et ne quis eo anno 
 alius magistratus esset. Admiscerenturne plebeii, 7 
 controversia aliquamdiu fuit ; postremo concessum 
 patribus, modo ne lex Icilia de Aventino aliseque 
 sacratse leges abrogarentur. 
 
 Anno trecentesimo altero, quam condita Roma 33 
 erat, iterum mutatur forma civitatis, ab T he commissioners 
 consulibus ad decemviros, quemadmo- solved' to d appoSt 
 dum ab regibus ante ad consules vene- to draw up^code 
 
122 LIVII [A.U.C. 303 
 
 2 of law these de- rat > translate imperio. Minus insignis 
 
 cationl W >n diuturna, mutatio fuit. Lseta 
 'magts 1 - en i m principia magistratus eius nimis 
 
 trates for that year. laxuriavere . eo citius l apsa reg egt re _ 
 
 petitumque, duobus uti maiidaretur consulum nomen 
 
 3 The names of the imperiumque. Decemviri creati App. 
 "heTaXgdeS- Claudius, T. Genucius, P. Sestius, L. 
 
 Veturius, C. lulius, A. Manlius, P. 
 Sulpicius, P. Curiatius, T. Romilius, Sp. Postumius. 
 
 4 Claudio et Genucio, quia designati consules in eum 
 annum f uerant, prp honore honos redditus, et Sestio, 
 alter! consulum prioris anni, quod earn rem collega" 
 
 5 invito ad patres rettulerat. His proximi habiti legati 
 tres, qui Athenas ierant, simul pro legatione tarn 
 longinqua prsemio esset honos, simul peritos legum 
 peregrinarum ad condenda nova iura usui fore crede- 
 
 6 bant. Supplevere ceteri numerum. Graves quoque 
 setate electos novissirnis sufFragiis ferunt, quo minus 
 
 7 ferociter aliorum scitis adversarentur. Regimen totius 
 magistratus penes Appium erat favore plebis, adeoque 
 novum sibi ingenium induerat, ut plebicola repente 
 omnisque aurse popularis captator evaderet prorriici 
 
 8 ssevoque insectatore plebis. Decimo die ius populo 
 sineuli reddebant. Eo die penes prsefectum iuris 
 
 . ' , , . 5 . ,.^0^2^ 
 
 fasces duodecim erant; collegis novem singuli accensi 
 apparebant. Et in unica concordia inter ipsos, qui 
 consensus privatis interdum inutilis est, summa ad- 
 
 9 versus alios sequitas erat. Moderationis eorum argu- 
 
 Remarkahie in- nientum exemplo unius rei notasse satis 
 
 mrth e eplrt f "of n the erit. Quum sine provocatione creati 
 
 essent, defosso cadavere domi apud P. 
 
 j Sestium, patricise gentis virum, invento prolatoque in 
 
A.CH. 45 1] LIBER III. 123 
 
 contionem, in re iuxta manifesta atque atroci C. lulius 
 decemvir diem Sestio dixit et accusator ad populum 
 exstitit, cuius rei iudex legitimus erat, decessitque iure 
 suo, ut demptum de vi magistratus populi libertati 
 adiiceret. 
 
 Quum promptum hoc ius velut ex oraculo incor- 34 
 ruptum pariter ab iis suinmi infimique Ten tables are 
 
 finished and pub- 
 
 ferrent, turn legibus condendis opera Ushed. 
 dabatur; iogentique hominum exspectatioiie propositis 
 decem tabulis, populum ad contionem advocaverunt et, 2 
 quod bonum, faustum felixque rei publicse, ipsis libe- 
 risque eorum esset, ire et legere leges propositas ius- 
 sere. Se, quantum decem hominum ingeniis provideri 3 
 potuerit, omnibus, summis infimisque, iura sequasse; 
 plus pollere multorum ingenia consiliaque. Versarent 4 
 in animis secum unamquamque rem, agitarent deinde 
 sermonibus atque in medium, quid in quaque re plus 
 minusve esset, conferrent. Eas legis habiturum popu- 5 
 lum Romanum, quas consensus omnium non iiississe 
 latas magis quam fculisse videri posset. Quum ad 6 
 rranores hominum de unoquoque legum capite editos 
 satis correctse viderentur, centuriatis comitiis decem 
 tabularum leges perlatse sunt, quse nunc quoque, 
 in hoc immenso aliarum super alias acervatarum 
 legum cumulo, fons omnis publici privatique est iuris. 
 
 Vulgatur deinde rumor, duas deesse tabulas, 7 
 quibus adiectis absolvi posse velut Two tables being 
 corpus omnis Romani iuris. Ea ex- fompiet^tiTe^cod^ 
 spectatio, quuni dies comitiorum appro- r e- e eiectfon. virs The 
 
 .... , . . , election hotly con- 
 
 pmquaret. desiderium decem viros ite- tested between them 
 
 ,. and other leading 
 
 rum creandi fecit. lam plebs, prseter- men in the state. 8 
 
 Popular behaviour 
 
 quam quod consulum nomen haud secus of Appius ; in spite 
 
124 LI VII [A.U.C. 303304 
 
 of the trick of the quam regum perosa erat, ne tribunicium 
 
 optimates, who ap- 
 
 point him to pre- quidem auxilium, cedentibus in vicem 
 
 side at the comitia, ^ 
 
 35 and r if 8 r e e 8 elected! a PP e ll a ^ on i decemviris, quaerebat. Post- 
 othere ames f the ( l uam vero comitia decemviris creandis 
 
 2 in trinum nundinum indicta sunt, tanta 
 exarsit ambitio, ut primores quoque civitatis (metu, 
 credo, ne tanti possessio iinperii, vacuo ab se relicto 
 loco, baud satis dignis pateret) prensarent homines, 
 honorem summa ope a se impugnatum ab ea plebe, cum 
 
 3 qua contenderant, suppliciter petentes. Demissa iam 
 in discrimen dignitas ea setate iisque honoribus actis 
 stimulabat App. Claudiuni. Nescires, utrum inter 
 
 4 decemviros an inter candidates numerares ; propior 
 interdum petendo quam gerendo magistratui erat. 
 Criminari optimates, extollere candidatorum levis- 
 simum quernque humillimumque, ipse medius inter 
 
 5 tribunicios, Duillios Iciliosque, in foro volitare, per 
 illos se plebi venditare, donee colleges quoque, qui 
 unice illi dediti fuerant ad id tempus, coniecere in eum 
 
 6 oculos, mirantes, quid sibi vellet. Apparere, nihil 
 sinceri esse; profecto baud gratuitam in tanta superbia 
 comitatem fore; nimium in ordinem se ipsum cogere 
 et vulgari cum privatis non tarn properantis abire 
 magistratu quam viam ad continuandum magistratum 
 
 7 quserentis esse. Propalam obviam ire cupiditati parum 
 ausi, obsecundando mollire impetum aggrediuntur. 
 Comitiorum illi habendorum, quando minimus natu 
 
 8 sit, munus consensu iniungunt. Ars haec erat, ne 
 semet ipse creare posset, quod prseter tribunos plebi 
 (et id ipsum pessimo exemplo) nemo unquam fecisset. 
 Ille enimvero, quod bene vertat, habiturum se comi- 
 tia professus, impedimentum pro occasione arripuit; 
 
A.CH. 45 * 45o] LIBER IIT. 125 
 
 ct&&vuL0L 
 
 deiectisque honore per coitionein duobus Quinctiis, 9 
 
 Capitolino et Cincinnato, et patruo suo C. Claudio, 
 constantissimo viro in optimatium causa, et aliis 
 eiusdem fastigii civibus, nequaquam splendore vitse 
 pares decemviros creat, se in prim is, quod baud secus > 
 factum improbabant boni, quam nemo facere ausurum 
 crediderat. Creati cum eo M. Cornelius Maluginensis, n 
 M. Sergius, L. Minucius, Q. Fabius Yibulanus, Q. 
 Poetelius, T. Antonius Merenda, K. Duillius, Sp. 
 Oppius Cornicen, M'. Rabuleius. 
 
 Ille finis Appio alienee personae ferendse fuit. Suo 36 
 iam inde vivere ingenio ccepit novosque complete change in 
 collegas, iam priusquam inirent magis- p^u^The* decwn- 
 
 /. /-v , T virs assume the 
 
 tratum, in suos mores lormare. Quotidie behaviour and in- 
 
 ., .. ,....,. " signia of absolute 
 
 coibant remotis arbitris; mde impoten- rulers. The code 2 
 
 . ! i is complete, but 
 
 tibus mstructi consilns, quse secreto ab they do not lay 
 
 ,,..,, down their office. 
 
 alus coquebant, iam haud dissimulaiido Mutual jealousies 
 
 and the corruption 
 
 superbiam, rari aditus, colloquentibus of the u patrician 
 
 7 f youth by the de- 
 
 difficiles, ad idus Maias rem perduxere. cemvirs make the 
 
 people helpless to 
 
 Idus turn Maiae sollemnes ineundis resistthem - 3 
 
 magistratibus erant. Inito igitur magistratu primum 
 honoris diem denuntiatione ingentis terroris iusignem 
 fecere. Nam quum ita priores decemviri servassent, 
 ut unus fasces haberet et hoc insigne regium in orbem, 
 siiam cui usque vicem, per omnes iret, subito omiies 
 cum duodenis fascibus prodiere. Centum viginti lie- 4 
 tores forum impleverant et cum fascibus secures illi- 
 gatas prseferebant; nee attinuisse deini securem, quum 
 sine provocatione creati essent, interpretabantur. De- 5 
 cem regum species erat, multiplicatusque terror non 
 infimis solum, sed primoribus patrum, ratis caadis 
 causam ac principium quseri, ut, si quis memorem 
 
126 LI VII [A.U.C. 304305 
 
 libertatis vocem aut in senatu aut in populo misisset, 
 statinx, virgae securesque etiam ad ceterorum metum 
 
 6 expe<nren%ur. Nam prseterquam quod in populo nihil 
 erat prsesidii, sublata provocatione, intercessionem quo- 
 que consensu sustulerant, quum priores decemviri, 
 appellatione collegae comgi reddita ab se iura, tulissent 
 et quaedam, quse sui iudicii videri possent, ad populum 
 
 7 reiecissent. Aliquamdiu aequatus inter omnes terror 
 fuit ; paulatim totus vertere in plebem crepit ; abstine- 
 batur&^atribus; in humiliores libidinose crudeliterque 
 consulebatur. Homiiium, non causarum toti erant, 
 
 8 ut apud quos gratia vim aequi haberet. Indicia domi 
 conflabant, pronuntiabant in foro. Si quis collegam 
 appellasset, ab eo, ad quern venerat, ita discedebat, ut 
 
 9 paeniteret non prioris decreto stetisse. Opinio etiam 
 sine auctore exierat, non in praesentis modo temporis 
 eos iniuriam conspirasse, sed fcedus clandestinum inter 
 ipsos iure iurando ictum, ne comitia haberent per- 
 petuoque decemviratu possessum semel obtinerent im- 
 
 37 perium. Circumspectare turn patriciorum vultus ple- 
 beii et inde libertatis cap tare auram, unde servitutem 
 timendo in eum statum rem publicani adduxerant. 
 
 2 Prirnores patrum odisse decemviros, odisse plebem ; 
 nee probare, quse fierent, et credere, baud indignis 
 accidere ; avide ruendo ad libertatem in servitutem 
 
 3 elapsos iuvare nolle, cumulari quoque iniurias, ut taedio 
 prsesentium consules duo tandem et status pristinus 
 
 4 rerum in desiderium veniant. lam et processerat pars 
 maior anni et duse tabulae legum ad prioris anni decem 
 tabulas erant adiectae, nee quicquam iam supererat, si 
 eae quoque leges centuriatis comitiis perlatae essent, cur 
 
 5 eo magistratu rei publicae opus esset. Exspectabant, 
 
A.CH. 450449] LIBER III. 127 
 
 quam mox consulibus creandis coruitia edicerentur. 
 Id modo plebes agitabat, quonam modo tribuniciam 
 potestateni, munimentum libertati, reni intermissam, 
 repararent, quuni interim mentio comitiorum nulla 
 fieri. Et decemviri, qui primo tribunicios homines, 6 
 quia id populare habebatur, circum se ostentaverant 
 plebi, patriciis iuvenibus seepseraut latera. Eorum 7 
 catervse tribunalia obsederant. Hi ferre agere plebem 
 plebisque res, quum fortuna sequa, quicquid cupitum 
 foret, potentioris esset. Et iam ne tergo quidein g 
 abstinebatur ; virgis csedi. alii securi subiici ; et, ne 
 gratuita crudelitas esset, bonorum donatio sequi domini 
 supplicium. Hac mercede iuventus riobilis corrupta 
 non modo non ire obviam iniuriae, sed propalam li- 
 centiam suam malle quam omnium libertatem. 
 
 Idus Maise venere. Nullis subrogatis magistratibus, 35 
 privati pro decemviris, neque animis ad inroads by Sabines 
 imperium iuM^enfium imminutis neque ^^^^scufan" 
 ad speciem honoris insignibus, prodeunt. t( 
 Id vero regnum haud dubie videri. Deploratur in 2 
 perpetuum libertas, nee vindex quisquam exsistit aut 
 futurus videtur. Nee ipsi solum desponderantjinimos, 
 sed contemni coepti erant a finitimis populis, imperium- 
 que ibi esse, ubi non esset libertas, indignabantur. 
 Sabini magna manu incursionem in agrum Romanum 3 
 fecere ; lateque populati quum hominum atque pecu- 
 dum inulti prsedas egissent, recepto ad Eretuni, quod 
 passim vagatum erat, agmine castra locant, spem in 
 discordia Romana ponentes : earn impedimentum di- 
 lectui fore. Non nuntii solum, sed per urbem agres- 4 
 tium fuga trepidationem iniecit. Decemviri consul- 
 tant, quid opus facto sit, destituti inter patrum et 
 
128 LIV1I [A.U.C. 305 
 
 plebis odia. Addit terrorem insuper alium fortuna. 
 
 s ^Equi alia ex parte castra in Algido locant depopulan- 
 
 turque iude excursionibus Tusculanum agrum ; legati 
 
 The decemvirs are ab Tusculo, presidium orantes, nuntiant. 
 
 compelled to sum- T , . , , 
 
 6 mon the Senate. Is pavor perpulit decemviros, ut sena- 
 tum, sinml duobus circumstantibus urbem\bellis, con- 
 sulerent. Citari iubent in curiam patres, hauctHgnari, 
 
 7 quanta invidiae immineret tempestas : omnes vastati 
 agri periculorumque imminentium causas in se con- 
 gesturos, tentationemque earn fore abolendi sibi magis- 
 tratus, ni consensu resisterent imperioque inhibendo 
 acriter in paucosjrseferocis animi conatus aliorum 
 
 8 cornprimerent. Postquam audita vox in foro est prae- 
 conis patres in curiam ad decemviros vocantis, velut 
 nova res, quia intermiserant iam diu morem consu- 
 lendi senatus, mirabundam plebem convertit, quidnam 
 incidisset, cur ex tanto intervallo rem desuetam usur- 
 
 9 parent ; hostibus belloque gratiam habendam, quod 
 solitum quicquam liberse civitati fieret. Circum- 
 spectare omnibus fori partibus senatorem, raroque 
 usquam noscitare; curiam inde ac solitudinem circa 
 
 ' j. ' ,(tf*Y^) 
 
 10 decemviros intueri, quum etinsi, consensu invisum 
 imperium, et pleb s s j j^iiaprivatis |ius non esset vocandi 
 senaturn, non con venire piatrespmterpretarentur ; iam 
 patefieri libertatem repetendi viam, si se plebs comitem 
 senatui det et, quemadmoduin patres vocati non coeant 
 
 ri in senatum, sic plebs abnuat dilectum. Hsec fremunt 
 plebes. Patrum baud fere quisquam in 
 
 The senators have r . 
 
 to be summoned f O ro, in urbe rari erant. Indignitate 
 
 from their country 
 
 tS^tiTdrSrarrom rerum cesserant in agros, suarumque 
 the city in disgust. rerum er ant, arnissa publica, tantum ab 
 iniuria se abesse rati, quantum a coetu congressuque 
 
A.CH. 449] LIBER III. 129 
 
 impotentium doininorum se amovissent. Postquam i? 
 citati non conveniebant, dimissi circa domos apparitores 
 simul ad pignera capieiida sciscitandumque, num con- 
 sulto detrectarent, referunt senatum in agris esse. 
 Lsetius id decemviris accidit, quam si prsesentes de- 
 trectare imperium referrent. lubent acciri omnes, 13 
 senatumque in diem posterum edicunt ; qui aliquanto 
 spe ipsorum frequentior convenit. Quo facto, proditam 
 a pafcribus plebs libertatem rata, quod iis, qui iam 
 nmgistratu abissent, privatisque, si vis abesset, tam- 
 quam iure cogentibus senatus paruisset. 
 
 Sed magis obedienter ventum in curiam [est] 39 
 quam obnoxie dictas sententias acce- 
 
 Meeting of the 
 
 pimus. L. V alerium Potitum prodi- Senate. violent 2 
 
 speeches of L. Va- 
 
 tum memorise est post relationem App. lerius Poiitus and 
 
 r r M. Horatius Barba- 
 
 Claudii, priusquam ordirie sententise tus against the de- 
 cemvirs. 
 
 rogarentur, postulando. ut de re pub- 
 lica liceret dicere, prohibentibus minaciter decem- 
 viris, proditurum se ad plebem denuntiantem, turnul- 
 tum excivisse. Nee minus ferociter M. Horatium 3 
 Barbatum isse in certamen, decem Tarquinios ap- 
 pellantem admonentemcjue, , Yaleriis et Horatiis du- 
 cibus pulsos reges. Nee nominis homines turn per- 4 
 tsesum esse, quippe quo lovem appellari fas sit, quo 
 Romulum, conditorem urbis, deincepsque reges, quod 
 sacris etiam ut sollemne retentum sit; superbiam 
 violentiamque turn perosos regis. Quae si in rege s 
 turn f eodem aut in filio regis ferenda non fuerint, 
 quern laturum in tot privatis ? Yiderent, ne vetando 6 
 in curia libere homines loqui extra curiam etiam 
 moverent vocem ; neque se videre> qui sibi minus 
 private ad contionem populum vocare quam ill is 
 
 S. L. 9 
 
130 LIVII [A.U.C. 305 
 
 7 senatum cogere liceat._ Ubi vellent, experirentur, 
 quanto fortior aoTorin^ibertate sua vicdicanda quam 
 
 8 cupiditas in iniusta clorainatione esset. De bello 
 Sabino eos referre, taiiquam mains ullum populo 
 Romano bellum sit quam cum iis, qui legum feren- 
 darum causa creati nihil iuris in civitate reliquerint, 
 quicomitia, qui annuos magistratus, qui vicissitudinem 
 imperitandi, quod unum exsequandse sit liber tatis, 
 sustulerint, qui privati fasces et regium imperium 
 
 9 habeant. Fuisse regibus exactis patricios magis- 
 tratus ; creates postea post secessionem plebis ple- 
 beios; cuius illi partis essent, rogitare. Populares? 
 Quid enim eos per populum egisse 1 Optimates 1 
 Qui anno iam prope senatum non habuerint, nunc 
 
 *o ita habeant, ut de re publica loqui prohibeant '? Ne 
 
 nimium in metu alieno spei ponerent ; graviora, quse 
 
 patiantur, videri iam hominibus, quam quse metuant. 
 
 40 Hiec vociferante Horatio quum decemviri nee irsa 
 
 nee ignoscendi modum reperirent nee. 
 
 C. Claudius after 
 
 2 gSod a feding t0 of his ( 1 UO evasura res esset, cernerent, C. Clau- 
 ?fr P Xose e sth e atno **, <F* patruus Appii decemviri erat, 
 ed! 1U An?th b e e r P pro" oratio fuit precibus quam iurgio similior, 
 fhc a patrSan8 pro- orantis per sui fratris parentisque eius 
 
 ceed to elect an in- . . .,. . . . 
 
 3 terrex. Finally L. manes, ut civilis potius societatis, in qua 
 
 Cornelius Malugi- . . 
 
 nensis persuades the natus esset, quam foedens nefarie icti 
 
 Senate that it is not . . 
 
 advisable to discuss cum collegis memmisset. Multo id magis 
 
 the state of the re- 
 public till the wars se illius causa orare quam rei publicse: 
 
 are disposed of, and 
 
 4 Sports ^bou? thl q ui PP e rem publicam, si a volentibus ne- 
 sTb V ines ei and ^qu1 q ueat ^ ab mvitis ius expetituram ; sed ex 
 a r ievybe e heS^ m a gno certamine magnas excitari ferme 
 
 5 once * iras ; earum eventum se horrere. Quum 
 alios, prseterquam de quo rettulissent, decemviri dicere 
 
A.CH. 449 J LIBER III. 131 
 
 prohiberent, Claudium interpellandi verecundia fuit. 
 Sententiaru igitur peregit, nullum placere senatus con- 
 sultum fieri. Omnesque ita accipiebant, privates eos a 6 
 Claudio iudicatos ; multique ex consularibus verbo as- 
 sensi simt. Alia sententia, asperior in speciem, vim 7 
 minorem aliquanto habuit, quse patricios coire ad pro- 
 ^weVSumilLterre.gcm iubebat. Censendo enim quodcun- 
 que, magistratus esse, qui senatum haberent, iudicabat, 
 quos privates fecerat auctor nullius senatus consult! 
 faciendi. Ita labante iam causa decemvirorum, L. Cor- 8 
 nelius Maluginensis, M. Cornelii decemviri frater, quum 
 ex consularibus ad ultimum dicendi locum consulto ser- 
 vatus esset, simulando curam belli fratrem collegasque 
 eius tuebatur, quonam fato incidisset, mirari se dicti- 9 
 tans, ut decemviros, qui decemviratum petissent, aut 
 soli aut hi maxime oppugnarent, aut quid ita, quum per 10 
 tot menses vacua civitate nemo, iustine magistratus 
 summse rerum prseessent, controversiam fecerit, nunc 
 demum, quum hostes prope ad portas sint, civiles 
 discordias serant, nisi quod in turbido minus per- 
 spicuum fore putent, quid agatur. Ceterum (eteniin, 1X 
 maiore cura occupatis animis, verum esse, prseiudicium 
 rei tantse baud fieri) sibi plapere de eo, quod Valerius 
 Horatiusque ante idus Maias decemviros abisse ma- 
 gistratu insimulent, bellis, quse immineant, perfectis, 
 re publica in tranquillum redacta, senatu disceptante 
 agi, et iam nunc ita se parare A pp. Claudium, ut 12 
 cornitiorum, quse decemviris creandis decemvir ipse 
 habuerit, sciat sibi rationem reddendam esse, utrum 
 in unum annum creati sint, an, donee leges, quse 
 deessent, perferrentur. In prsesentia omuia prseter 13 
 bellum omitti placere ; cuius si falso famam vulgatam, 
 
 92 
 
132 LIVII [A.U.C. 305 
 
 vanaque nori nuntios soluin, sed Tiusculauoruin etiam 
 legates attulisse putent, speculatores mittendos cen- 
 14 sere, qui certius explorata referant ; sin fides et nun- 
 tiis et legatis habeatur, dilectum primo quoque tern- 
 pore haberi, decemviros, quo cuique eorum videatur, 
 exercitus ducere, nee rem aliam prseverti. 
 41 In hanc sententiam ut discederetur, iuniores 
 patrum evincebant Ferocioresque ite- 
 
 Valenus and Ho- * 
 
 fheir^Sto fetak rum coort ^ Valerius Horatiusque voci- 
 ferari > ut de re publica liceret dicere; 
 dicturos ad populum, si in senatu per 
 L! Cornelius inter- factionem non liceat ; neque enim sibi 
 ?o n r d him ai to privates aut in curia aut in contione 
 femvirl'hw- posse obstare, neque se imaginariis fas- 
 
 ever carry their M m A 
 
 2 point, and the levy cibus eorum cessuros esse. lum Ap- 
 is held. 
 
 pius lam prope esse ratus, ut, ni vio- 
 
 lentise eorum pari resisteretur audacia, victum im- 
 
 3 perium esset, "Non erit melius" inquit, "nisi de 
 quo consulimus, vocem misisse," et ad Valerium, 
 negantem se private reticere, lictorem accedere iussit. 
 
 4 lam Quiritium fidem implorante Valerio a curiaa 
 limine, L. Cornelius complexus Appium, non, cui 
 simulabat, consulendo, diremit certamen ; factaque 
 per Cornelium Valerio dicendi gratia, quse vellet, 
 quum libertas non ultra vocem excessisset, decemviri 
 
 $ propositum tenuere. Consulares quoque ac seniores 
 ab residuo tribunicise potestatis odio, cuius desiderium 
 plebi multo acrius quam consularis imperii rebantur 
 esse, prope malebant, postmodo ipsos decemviros vo- 
 luntate abire magistratu, quam iuvidia eorum exsur- 
 
 6 gere rursus plebem ; si leniter ducta res sine popular! 
 strepitu ad consules redisset, aut bellis iiiterpositis 
 
A.CH. 449] LIBER III. 133 
 
 ant moderatione consulum in imperils exercendis posse 
 in oblivionem tribunorurn plebem adduci. 
 
 Silentio patrum edicitur dilectus. luniores, quum 7 
 sine pro vocation e imperium esset, ad nomina respon- 
 dent. Legionibus scriptis, inter se decemviri com- 
 parabant, quos ire ad bellum, quos prseesse exercitibus 
 oporteret. Principes inter decemviros erant Q. Fa- 8 
 bius et App. Claudius. Bellum domi mains quam 
 foris apparebat. Appii violentiam aptiorem rati ad 
 comprimendos urbanos motus; in Fabio minus in bono 
 constans quam navum in maHtia ingenium esse. Hunc 9 
 enim vinim, egregium olim domi militiaeque, decem- 
 viratus collegseque ita mutaverant, ut Appii quam 
 sui similis mallet esse. Huic bellum in Sabinis, M'. 
 Rabuleio et Q. Pcetelio additis collegis, mandatum. 
 M. Cornelius in Algidum missus cum L. Minucio 10 
 et T. Antonio et K. Duillio et M. Sergio. Sp. 
 Oppium App. Claudio adiutorem ad urbem tuendam, 
 sequo omnium decemvirorum imperio, decernunt. ^ (#&*(r* 
 
 Nihilo militise quam domi melius res publica ad- 42 
 ministrata est. Ilia modo in ducibus Disgraceful defeat ; 2 
 culpa, qugd, ut odio essent civibus, fe- oftheRomans - 
 ceraiit ; alia omnis penes milites noxia erat, qui, ne 
 quid ductu atque auspicio decemvirorum prospere 
 usquam gereretur, vinci se per suum atque illorum 
 dedecus patiebantur. Fusi et ab Sabinis ad Eretuin 3 
 et in Algido ab ^Equis exercitus erant. Ab Ereto 
 per silentium noctis promgi propius urbem, inter 
 Fidenas Crustumeriamque, loco edito castra commu- 
 nierant; persecutis host i bus, nusquam se a 1 quo certa- 4 
 mini committentes natura loci ac vallo, non virtute 
 aut armis tutabantur. Maius flagitium in Algido, 5 
 
134 LIVII [A.U.C. 305 
 
 inaior etiam clades accepta ; castra quoque amissa 
 erant, exutusque omnibus, utensilibus miles Tusculum 
 se, fide misericordiaque victims hospitum, quae tamen 
 
 6 non fefellerunt, contulerat. E-omam tanti erant ter- 
 rores allati, ut, posito iam decemvirali odio, patres 
 vigilias in urbe habendas censerent, omnes, qui per 
 setatem arma f erre possent, custodire moenia ac pro portis 
 
 7 statipnes ageje iuberent, arma Tusculum ac supple- 
 > me^unidecernerent, decemvirosque ab arce Tusculi 
 
 degressos in castris militem habere, castra alia a Fidenis 
 in Sabinum agrum transferri, belloque ultro inferendo 
 deterreri hostes a consilio urbis oppugnandae. 
 43 Ad clades ab hostibus acceptas duo nefaiida faci- 
 TWO crimes hasten nora decemviri belli domique adiiciunt. 
 
 the downfall of the T . . ' . . . . . . , . *- 
 
 2 decemvirs: L. biccium in babinis, per invidiam de- 
 
 (1) the murder of . 
 
 siccius, cemviralem tribunorum creandorum se- 
 
 cessionisque mentiones ad vulgus militum sermonibus 
 occultis serentena, prospeculatum ad locum castris 
 
 3 capiendum mittunt. Datur negotium militibus, quos 
 miserant expeditionis eius co mites, ut eum opportune 
 
 4 adorti loco interficerent. Haud inultum interfecere; 
 nam circa repugnantem aliquot insidiatores cecidere, 
 quum ipse se prsevalidus, pari viribus animo, circum- 
 
 5 ventus tutaretur. Nuntiant in castra ceteri, praecipi- 
 tatum in insidias esse; Siccium egregie pugnantem 
 
 6 militesque quosdam cum eo amissos. Primo fides 
 nuntiantibus fuit; profecta deiiide cohors ad sepelien- 
 dos, qui ceciderant, decemvirorum permissu, postquam 
 nullum spoliatum ibi corpus Sicciumque in medio 
 iacentem armatum, omnibus in eum versis corporibus, 
 videre, hostium neque corpus ullum nee vestigia 
 abeuntium, profecto ab suis interfectum memorantes 
 
A.CH. 449] LIBER III. 135 
 
 rettulere corpus. Invidiseque plena castra erant, et 7 
 Romam ferri protinus Siccium placebat, ni decemviri 
 funus militare ei publica impensa facere maturassent. 
 Sepultus ingenti militum maestitia, pessima decemvi- 
 rorum in vulgus fama est. 
 
 Sequitur aliud in urbe nefas, ab libidine ortum, 44 
 baud minus foedo eventu, quam quod per ^ the a b(j uctiou 
 stuprum csedemque Lucretiae urbe reg- ofvir s inia - 
 noque Tarquinios expulerat, ut non finis solum idem 
 decemviris, qui regibus, sed causa etiam eadem imperii 
 amittendi esset. App. Claudium virginis plebeiae stu- 2 
 prandse libido cepit. Pater virginis, L. Yerginius, 
 honestum ordinem in Algido ducebakvir exempli 
 recti domi militiseque. Perinde uxor i]fefifuta fuerat 3 
 liberique instituebantur. Desponderat filiam L. Icilio 
 tribunicio, viro acri et pro causa pie bis expertse vir- 
 tu tis. Plane virgin em adultam, forma exfllleateBa~4 
 Appius, amore amens, pretio ac spe pellicere adortus, 
 postquam omnia pudore saapta animadvertit, ad crude 
 lem superbamque vim animum convertit. M. 01 audio s 
 clienti negotium dedit, ut virginem in servitutem 
 assereret ne^ue^ cederet secundum libertatem postu- 
 lantibus vinoicias, quod pater puellee abesset, locum" 
 iniuriaa esse ratus. Yirgini venienti in forum (ibi 6 
 namque in tabernis litterarum ludi erant) minister 
 decemviri libidinis manum iniecit, serva sua nataiu 
 servamque appellans, sequique se iubebat: cunctantemX 
 vi abstracturum. Pavida puella stupente, ad clamorem 7 
 iiutricis fidejn Quiritium implorantis fit concursus. 
 Yerginii patris sponsique Icilii populare nomen cele- 
 bratur. Notos gratia eorum, turbam indignitas rei 
 virgini concijiat. lam a vi tuta erat, quum assertor a 
 
 <~ 
 
136 LIV1I [A.U.C. 305 
 
 nihil opus esse rnultitudine concitata ait; se iure 
 grassari, non vi. Yocat puellam in ius. ^Auctoribus, 
 9 qui aderant, ut ^^^^x^S^i^^^. Appii perven- 
 tum est. Notam iudici fabulam petitor, quippe apud 
 ipsum auctorem argumenti, peragit : puellam domi 
 suse natarn^ fur toque hide in domum Verginii transla- 
 
 10 tarn supposr?amei esse; id se indicio compertum affer- 
 re probaturumque vel ipso Yerginio iudice, ad quern 
 niaior pars iniuriae eius pertineat; interim dominum 
 
 11 sequi ancillam sequum esse. Advocati puellse, quum 
 Yerginium rei publicae causa dixissent abesse, biduo 
 affuturum, si nuntiatum ei sit ; iniquum esse absentem 
 
 12 de liberis dimicare, postulant, ut rem integram in 
 patris adventum differat, lege ab ipso lata vindicias 
 det secimdum libertatem neu patiatur, virgmem adul- 
 
 45 tarn famae prius quam libertatis periculum adire. Ap- 
 pius decreto praefatus, quam libertati faverit, earn 
 ipsam legem declarare, quam Yerginii amici postula- 
 a tioni suee praatendant; ceterum ita in ea firmum liber- 
 tati fore presidium, si nee causis nee personis variet. 
 In iis enim, qui asserantur in libertatem, quia quivis 
 lege agere possit, id iuris esse; in ea, quse in patris 
 manu sit, neminern esse alium, cui dominus posses- 
 
 3 sione cedat. Placere itaque, patrem arcessiri, interea 
 iuris sui iacturam assertorem non facere, quin ducat 
 puellam sistendaraque in adventum eius, qui pater 
 
 4 dicatur, promittat. Ad versus iniuriam decreti quum 
 multi inagis fremerent, quam quisquam unus recusare 
 auderet, P. Numitorius, puellse avus, et sponsus Icilius 
 
 s interveniunt ; dataque inter turbam via, quum multi- 
 tudo Icilii maxime interventu resisti posse Appio 
 crederet, lictor decresse ait, vociferantemque Icilium 
 
A.CH. 449] LIBER III. 137 
 
 summovet. Placidum quoque ingenium tarn atrox 6 
 iniuria accendisset. "Ferro hinc tibi summoveudus/^'' 
 sum, Appi," inquit, "ut taciturn feras, quod celari vis. 
 Virginem ego hanc sum ducturus nuptamque pudicam 
 habiturus. Proinde omnes collegarum quoque lictores 7 
 convoca; expediri virgas et secures iube; non manebit 
 extra domum patris sponsa Icilii. Non, si tribunicium s 
 auxilium et provocationem plebi Roinanse, duas arces 
 libertatis tuendse, adeinistis, ideo in liberos quoque 
 nostros coniugesque regnurn vestrae libidini datum est. 
 Ssevite in tergum et in cervices nostras ; pudicitia 9 
 saltern in tuto sit. Huic si vis afferetur, ego prsesen- 
 tium Quiritium pro sponsa, Verginius militum pro 
 unica filia, omnes deorum hominumque implorabimus 
 fidem, neque tu istud unquaru decretum sine csede 
 nostra referes. Postulo, Appi, etiam atque etiam 10 
 consideres, quo progrediare. Verginius viderit, de u 
 filia, ubi venerit, quid agat; hoc, tan turn sciat, sibi, si 
 
 * huius vindiciis cesserit, cSMicionem filise quserendam 
 esse. Me vindicantem spoiisam in libertatem vita 
 citius deseret quam fides." Concitata multitude erat 46 
 certamenque instare videbatur. Lictores Icilium cir- 
 cumsteterant; nee ultra minas tarn en processum est, 2 
 quum Appius, non Yerginiam defend! ab Jcilio, sed 
 
 * inquietum hominem et tribunatum etiam riunc spiran- 
 tem l locum seditionis quserere, diceret. Non prsebi- 3 
 turum se illi eo die materiam, sed, ut iam sciret, non 
 id petulantise suse, sed Verginio absenti et patrbno- 
 mini et libertati datum, ius eo die se non dicturum 
 nuque decretum interposituruin ; a M. Claudio peti- 
 turum, ut decederet iure suo vindicarique puellam in 
 posteruni diem pateretur. Quod nisi pater postero 4 
 
138 L1VI1 [A.U.C. 305 
 
 flix)*^ #MLiW i*vc -*CpUJM~tv 
 
 die affuisset, denuiitiare se Icilio similibusque Icilii, 
 neque legi suse latorem neque decemviro constantiam 
 defore ; nee se utique collegarum lictores convocaturum 
 ad coercendos seditionis auctores; contentum se suis 
 lictoribus fore. 
 
 " . . - K*-*\ . M-Lt/iAJi 
 
 s Quum dilatum tempus iniuriae esset secessissent- 
 que advocatl^puellse^placuit, omnium primum fratrem 
 Icilii filiumque Numitorii, impigros iuvenes, pergere 
 inde recta ad portam, et, quantum accelerari posset, 
 6^Yerginium acciri e castris: in eo .verti puellse salutem, 
 si postero die vindex iniurise ad tempus prjestp esset. 
 lussi pergunt, citatisque equis nuntium ad patrem 
 
 7 perferunt. Quum instaret assertor puellae, ut vindi- 
 caret) spoiisoresque daret, atque id ipsum agi diceret 
 Icilius, sedulo tempus terens, dum pricciperent iter 
 nuntii missi in castra, manus tollere undique multitude 
 et se quisque paratum ad spondendum Icilio ostendere. ~1 
 
 s Atque ille lacrimabundus "Gratum est" inquit; u cra^^ 
 tina die vestra opera utar; sponsorum nunc satis 
 
 9 est." Ita vindicatur Verginia spondentibus propiii- 
 quis. Appius paulisper moratus, ne eius rei causa 
 sedisse videretur, postquarn, omissis rebus aliis prse, 
 oura uuius, nemo adibat, domum se recepit, collegis- 
 que in castra scribit, ne Yerginio commeatum dent 
 
 10 atque etiam in custodia habeant. Improbum con- 
 silium serum, ut debuit, fuit, et iam, commeatu sump to, 
 profectus Yerginius prima vigilia erat, quum postero 
 die mane de retinendo eo iiequicquam litterae red- 
 duntur.-Kti^i 
 
 47 At in urbe prima luce, quum civitas in foro ex- 
 spectatione erecta staret, Yerginius sordidatus filiam 
 secum obsoleta veste. comitantibus aliquot matronis. 
 
A.CH. 449] LIBER III. 139 
 
 cum ingenti advocatione in forum deducit. Circumire 2 
 ibi et prensare homines ccepit et non orare solum pre^ 
 Sariam opem, sed pro debita petere se pro liberis 
 eorum ac coniugibus quotidie in acie stare, nee alium 
 virum esse, cuius strenue ac ferociter facta in bello 
 plura memorari possent; quid prodesse, si incolumi ' 
 urbe, quse capta ultima timeantur, liberis suis sint ' 
 patienda 1 Hsec prope contionabundus circumibat 
 homines. Similia his ab Icilio iactabantur. Comitatus 3 
 muliebris plus tacito fletu quam ulla vox movebat. 
 Ad versus quse omnia obstinato animo A ppius (tanta 4 
 vis *amentise verius quam amoris mentem turbaverat) 
 in tribunal escendit, et, ultro querente pauca petitore, 
 
 quod ius sibi pridie per ambitionem dictum non esset, 
 priusquam aut ille postulatum perageret aut Verginio 
 respondendi daretur locus, Appius interfatur. Quern 5 
 
 decreto sermonem prsetenclerit, forsan aliquem verum 
 auctores antiqui tradiderint; quia n^quam^ujlumjin V 
 tanta fceditate decreti veri similem invenio, id, quoa 
 coiistat, nudum videtnr proponendum, decresse vin- 
 
 * dicias secundum servitutem. Primo stupor omnes 6 
 admiratione rei tam^jitrocis defixit; silentium inde 
 aliquamdiu tenuit. Dein, quum M. Claudius, circum- 
 stantibus matronis, iret ad prendendam virginem, 
 lamentabilisque eum mulierum comploratio excepisset, , 
 Verginius, intentans in Appium manus, "Icilio" in- 7 
 quit, "Appi, non tibi filiam despondi et ad nuptias, 
 
 non ad stuprum educavi. ("Placet pecudum 
 que ritii promiscue in concubitus ruere f) Passurine 
 hsec isti sint, nescio; non spero esse passuros illos, qui 
 arma habent." Quum repelleretur assertor virginis 
 a globo mulierum circurnstantinmque advocatorum, 
 
140 LIVII [A.U.C. 305 
 
 48 silentium factum per prseconem. Decemvir, atienafc 
 ad libidinem animo, ndgat ex hesterno^antum con- 
 vicio Icilii violentiaque Yerginii, cuius Western populum 
 Romanum habeat, sed certis quoque indiciis com- 
 pertum se habere, nocte tota coetus in urbe factos esse 
 
 2 ad movendam seditionem. Itaque se, hand inscium 
 eius dimicationis, cum armatis descendisse, non ut 
 quemquam quietum violaret, sed ut turbantes civitatis 
 
 3 % otium pro maiestate imperii coerceret^" Proinde 
 quiesse erit melius" inquit. "Lictor, summove tur- 
 bam et da viam domino ad prendendum mancipium." 
 Quum hsec iiitonuisset plenus irse, multitude ipsa se 
 sua spoil te diinovit, desertaque prseda iniuriae puella 
 
 4 stabat. Turn Yerginius, ubi niliil usquam auxilii 
 vidit, "Quseso" inquit, "Appi, primum ignosce patrio 
 dolori, si quid inclementius in te sum invectus; deinde 
 sinas hie coram virgine nutricem percontari, quid hoc 
 rei sit, ut, si falso pater dictus sum, sequiore hinc 
 
 5 animo discedam." Data venia, seducit filiam ac nutri- 
 cem prope Cloacinas ad tabernas, quibus nunc No vis 
 est nomen, atque ibi ab lanio cultro arrepto, "Hoc te 
 uno, quo possum" ait, "modo, filia, in libertatem 
 vindico." Pectus deinde puellse transfigit, respectans- 
 que ad tribunal "Te" inquit, "Appi, tuumque caput 
 
 6 sanguine hoc consecro." Clamore ad tarn atrox f acinus 
 orto excitus Appius comprendi Verginium iubet. Ille 
 ferro, quacunque ibat, viam facere, donee, multitudine 
 etiam prosequentium tuente, ad portam perrexit. 
 
 7 Icilius Numitoriusque exsangue corpus sublatum osten- 
 tant populo; scelus Appii, puellse infelicem formam, 
 
 a necessitatem patris deplorant. Sequentes clamitant 
 matronfe : Eamne liberorum procreandorum condicio- 
 
A.CH. 449] LIBER III. 141 
 
 nem, ea pudicitite prsemia esse 1 cetera, quse in tali re 
 muliebris dolor, quo est insestior imbecillo animo, eo 
 miserabilia magis querentibus subiicit. Yirorum et 9 
 maxime Icilii vox tota tribunicise potestatis ac pro- 
 vocationis ad populum ereptse publicarumque incligna- 
 tionuin erat. 
 
 Concitatur multitudo partim atrocitate sceleris, 49 
 partim spe per occasionem repetendse Uproar in the city, 
 libertatis. Appius nunc vocari Icilium, nunc retrac- 2 
 tantem arripi, postremo, quum locus adeundi appari- 
 fcoribus non daretur, ipse cum agmine patriciorum 
 iuvenum per turbam vadens, in vincula duci iubet. 
 lam circa Icilium non solum multitudo, sed duces 3 
 quoque multitudinis erant, L. Valerius et M. Horatius, 
 qui, repulso licto^^sj^jure <aerat, vindicare se a 
 privato Icilium aiebant; si vim afferre conaretur, ibi 
 quoque baud impares fore. Hinc atrox rixa oritur. 4 
 Valerium Horatiumque lictor decemviri invadit ; fran- 
 guntur a multitudine fasces. In contionem Appius 
 escendit ; sequuntur Horatius Yaleriusque. Eos con- 
 tio audit ; decemviro obstrepitur. lam pro imperio 5 
 Valerius discedere a privato lictores iubebat, quum 
 fractis animis Appius, vitae metuens, in domum se 
 propinquam foro, insciis adversariis, capite obvoluto 
 recipit. 
 
 Sp. Oppius, ut auxilio collegao esset, in forum ex 6 
 altera parte irrumpit. Videt imperium vi victum. 
 Agitatus deinde consiliis, ad quse ex omni parte assen- 
 tiendo multis auctoribus trepidaverat, senatum pos- 
 tremo vocari iussit. Ea res, quod magnse parti patrum 7 
 displicere acta decemvirorum videbantur, spe per 
 senatum finiendse potestatis eius multitudinem se- 
 
142 LIVII [A.U.C. 305 
 
 8 davit. Senatus nee plebeni irritandam censuit et 
 multo magis providenduni, ne quid Verginii adventus 
 50 in exercitu motus faceret. Itaque missi iuniores 
 patrum in castra, quse turn in monte Vecilio erant, 
 nuntiant decemviris, ut omni ope ab seditione milites 
 contineant. 
 
 2 Ibi Verginius maiorem, quam reliquerat in urbe, 
 verginius returning motum excivit. Nam praeterquam quod 
 
 from the murder of . 
 
 his daughter to the agmme prope quadringentorum nomi- 
 
 camponMtAlgidus, 
 
 rouses the army to num veniens. qui ab urbe mdigmtate 
 
 revolt against the 
 
 3 decemvirs. r ei accensi comites ei se dederant, con- 
 spectus est, strictum etiam telum respersusque ipse 
 cruore tota in se castra convertit. Et togse multi- 
 fariam in castris visse maioris aliquanto, quam erat, 
 
 4 speciem urbanse multitudinis fecerant. Quaerentibus, 
 quid rei esset, flens diu vocem non misit; tandem, ut 
 iam ex trepidatione concurrentium turba constitit ac 
 silentium fuit, ordine cuncta, ut gesta erant, exposuit. 
 
 s Supinas deinde tendens manus, commilitones appellans 
 orabat, ne, quod scelus App. Claudii esset, sibi attri- 
 buerent neu se ut parricidam liberum aversarentur. 
 
 6 Sibi vitam filiae sua cariorem fuisse, si liberse ac 
 pudicae vivere licitum fuisset ; quum velut servam ad 
 stuprum rapi videret, morte amitti melius ratum 
 quam contumelia liberos, misericordia se in speciem 
 
 7 crudelitatis lapsum. Nee se superstitem filise futurum 
 fuisse, nisi spem ulciscendse mortis eius in auxilio 
 commilitonum habuisset. Illis quoque enim filias, 
 corores coniugesque esse, nee cum filia sua libidinem 
 App. Claudii exstinctam esse, sed quo impunitior sit, 
 
 s eo effrenatiorem fore. Aliena calamitate documentum 
 datum illis cavendse similis iniurise. Quod ad se 
 
A.CH. 449] LIBER III. 143 
 
 attineat, uxovem sibi fato ereptain, filiam, quia IIOD. 
 ultra pudica victura fuerit, miseram, sed lionestam 
 mortem occubuisse ; non esse iam Appii libidini locum 9 
 in domo sua; ab alia violentia eius eodein se aninio 
 suum corpus vindicaturum, quo vindicaverit filiae; 
 ceteri sibi ac liberis suis consulerent. Hsec Yerginio 10 
 vociferanti succlamabat multitude, nee illius dolori 
 nee suae libertati se defuturos. Et immixti turbae 
 militum togati, [quum] eadem ilia querendo docendo- 
 que, quanto visa quam audita indigniora oportuerit. 
 videri, simul profligatam iam rem nuntiando Romae 
 esse, insecutique, qui Appium prope interemptum in n 
 exsilium abisse dicerent, perpulerunt, ut ad arma con- 
 clamaretur, vellerentque signa et Romam proficis- 
 cerentur. Decemviri simul iis, quae videbant, iisque, 12 
 quae acta Romae audierant, perturbati alius in aliam 
 partem castrorum ad sedandos motus discurrunt. Sed 
 leniter agentibus responsum non redditur; imperium 
 si quis inhiberet, et viros et armatos se esse, respon- 
 detur. Eunt agmine ad urbem et Aven- The secesgion to I3 
 tinum insidunt, ut quisque occurrerat, ^ 
 plebem ad repetendam libertatem ere- 
 andosque tribunes plebis adhortantes. P rfeessent - 
 Alia vox nulla violenta audita est. Senatum Sp. 14 
 Oppius habet. Nihil placet aspere agi ; quippe ab 
 ipsis datum locum seditioni esse. Mittuntur tres 15 
 legati consulares, Sp. Tarpeius, C. lulius, P. Sulpicius, 
 qui quaererent senatus verbis, cuius iussu castra de- 
 seruissent aut quid sibi vellent, qui armati Aventinum 
 obsedissent, belloque averso ab hostibus patriam suam 
 cepissent. Non defuit, quod responderetur ; deerat, X 6 
 ijui daret responsum, nullodum certo duce nee satis 
 
144 LIVII [A.U.C. 305 
 
 audeiitibus singulis invidise se offerre. Id mudu a 
 
 , multitudine conclamatum est, ut L. Valerium et M. 
 
 Horatium ad se mitterent; iis se daturos responsum. 
 
 51 Dimissis legatis, admonet milites Yerginius, in re non 
 
 maxima paulo ante trepidaibum esse, quia sine capite 
 
 multitude fuerit, responsumque, quanquam non inuti- 
 
 liter, fortuito tamen magis consensu quam communi 
 
 2 consilio esse; placere, decem creari, qui surnmse rei 
 prseessent, militarique honore tribunes inilitum appel- 
 
 3 lari. Quum ad eum ipsuni primum is honos defer- 
 retur, " Melioribus meis, v.estrisque rebus reservate" 
 
 4 inquit "ista de me indicia. " Nee mihi filia inulta 
 honorem ullum iueuiidum esse patitur, nee in pertur- 
 bata re publica eos utile est praeesse vobis, qui proximi 
 
 5 iiividise sint. Si quis usus mei est, riihilo minor ex 
 
 6 privato capietur." Ita decem numero tribunes mili- 
 tares creant. 
 
 7 Neque in Sabinis quievit exercitus. Ibi .quoque 
 
 wv V^A "VA<Xv*ti. t < l X 
 
 They are joined by auctore Icilio Numitorioque secessio ab 
 
 the army from tho , T~. 
 
 Sabine territory. decemviris facta est, non minore rnotu 
 animorum Siccii csedis memoria renovata, quam quern 
 nova fama de virgine adeo foede ad libidinem petita 
 
 8 accenderat. Icilius ubi a.udivit, tribunos inilitum in 
 Aventino creates, ne comitiorum militarium pnero- 
 
 ffativam urbatia comitia iisdem tribunis plebis creandis 
 . . ' , . F .*~^2*K- 
 
 9 sequerentur, peritus rerum po})ulariuni imminensque 
 
 ei potestati, et ipse, priusquain iretur ad urbem, pari 
 potestate eundem numerum ab suis creandum curat. 
 10 Porta Collina urbem intravere sub signis, niediaque 
 urbe agmine in Aventinum pergunt. Ibi coniuncti 
 alteri exercitui viginti tribunis militum negotium de- 
 deruiit, ut ex suo numero duos crearent, qui 
 
A.CH. 449] LIBER III. 145 
 
 rerum prseessent. M. Oppium, Sex. The decemvirs n 
 
 obstinately refusing 
 
 Mamlmm creant. i/^juu ^Ji^^JU to la y down their 
 
 office, the deadlock 
 
 Patres solliciti de summa reruni, continues, until 
 quum senatus quotidie esset, iurgiis ssepius terunt 
 tempus quam consiliis. Siccii csedes decemviris et 12 
 Appiana libido et dedecora militise obiiciebantur. 
 Placebat, Valerium Horatiumque ire in Aventinum. 
 Illi negabant, se aliter ituros, quam si decemviri de- 
 poiierent insignia magistratus eius, quo anno iam ante 
 abissent. Decemviri querentes, se in ordinem cogi, 13 
 non ante quam perlatis legibus, quarum causa creati 
 essent, deposituros imperium se aiebant. Per M. 52 
 Duillium, qui tribunus plebis fuerat, certior facta 
 plebs, contentionibus assiduis nihil transigi, in Sacrum 
 montem ex Aventino transit, affirmante Duillio, non 2 
 prins, quam deseri urbem videant, curam in animos 
 patrum descensuram ; admoniturum Sacrum montem 
 constantise plebis, sciturosque, qua sine restituta po- 
 testate redigi in concordiam res nequeant. Via No- 3 
 mentana, cui turn Ficulensi nomen fuit, profecti castra 
 in monte Sacro locavere, modestiarn patruni suorum 
 nihil violando imitati. Secuta exercitum plebs, nullo, 4 
 qui per setatem ire posset, retractante. Prosequuntur 
 .coniuges liberique, cuinam se relinquerent in ea urbe, 
 in qua nee pudicitia nee libertas sancta esset, misera- 
 biliter rogitantes. 
 
 Quurn vasta Romse omnia insueta solitudo fecisset, 5 
 in foro prseter paucos seniorum nemo the unanimous pro- 
 
 .... . ., test of the Senate, 
 
 esset, vocatis utique in senatum patribus led by Valerius and 
 
 Horatius, compels 
 
 desertum apparuisset forum, plures iam them to yield. 
 quam Horatius ac Valerius vociferabantur : " Quid <> 
 exspectabitis, patres conscript! 1 Si decemviri linem 
 S. L 10 
 
146 LIVII [A.U.C. 305 
 
 pertinaeise non facitmt, ruere ac deflagrare omnia pas- 
 suri estis ? Quod autem istud imperium est, decem- 
 viri, quod amplexi tenetis ImTectis ac paiietibus iura 
 
 7 dicturi estis ? Non pudet, lictorum vestrorum maio- 
 rem prope numerum in foro conspici quam togatorum 
 aliorum 1 ? Quid, si hostes ad urbem veniant, facturi 
 estis It Quid, si plebs mox, ubi parum secessione movea- 
 mur, armata veniat 1 Occasune urbis vultis finire im- 
 
 s perium ? Atqui aut plebs non est habenda aut ha- 
 bendi sunt tribuni plebis. Nos citius caruerimus 
 
 9 patriciis magistratibus quam illi plebeiis. Novam in- 
 expertamque earn potestatem eripuere patribus nostris, 
 ne nunc dulcedine semel capti ferant desiderium, quum 
 prsesertim nee nos temperemus imperils, quo minus 
 
 10 illi auxilii egeant." Quum hsec ex omni parte iacta- 
 rentur, victi consensu decemviri, futuros se, quando 
 
 it ita videatur, in potestate patrum, affirmant. Id modo 
 simul orant ac monent, ut ipsis ab invidia caveatur 
 nee suo sanguine ad supplicia patrum plebem assue- 
 faciant. 
 
 53/r Turn Valerius Horatiusque missi ad plebem condi- 
 cionibus, quibus videretur. revocandam 
 
 Mission of Valerius 
 
 the iebs ra Ne S otia com P onen( lasque res, decemviris quoque 
 tions - ab ira et impetu multitudinis prsecavere 
 
 2 iubentur. Profecti gaudio ingenti plebis in castra 
 accipiuntur, quippe liberatores baud dubie et motus 
 initio et exitu rei. Ob hsec iis advenientibus gratise 
 
 3 actse ; Icilius pro multitudine verba facit. Idem, 
 quum de condicionibus ageretur, quaerentibus legatis, 
 quae postulata plebis essent, composito iam ante ad- 
 ventum legatorum consilio, ea postulavit, ut appa- 
 reret, in sequitate rerum plus quarn in armis reponi 
 
A.CH. 449] - LIBER III. 147 
 
 spei. Potestatem enim tribuniciam provocationemque 4 
 repetebant, quse ante decemviros creates auxilia plebis 
 fuerant, et ne cui fraud! esset concisse milites aut 
 plebem ad repetendam per secessionem libertatem. 
 De decemvirorum modo supplicio atrox postulatum 5 
 f uit dedi quippe eos sequum censebant, vivosque igni 
 concrematuros minabantur. Legati ad ea : "Qusee 
 consilii fuerunt, adeo sequa postulastis, ut ultro vobis 
 deferenda fuerint; libertati enim ea prsesidia petitis, 
 non licentise ad impugnandos alios. Irse vestrse magis 7 
 ignoscendum quam indulgendum est, quippe qui cru- 
 delitatis odio in crudelitatem ruitis et prius psene, 
 quam ipsi liberi sitis, dominari iam in adversaries 
 vultis. Nunquamne quiescet civitas nostra a sup- s 
 pliciis aut patrum in plebem Romanam aut plebis in 
 patres] Scuto vobis magis quam gladio opus est. 
 Satis superque humili est, qui iure sequo in civitate 9 
 vivit, nee inferendo iniuriam nee patiendo. Etiarnsi 10 
 quando metuendos vos prsebituri estis, quum, recupe- 
 ratis magistratibus legibusque vestris, iudicia penes 
 vos erunt de capite nostro fortunisque, tune, ut qnse- 
 que causa erit, statuetis ; nuiic libertatem repeti satis 
 est." Facerent, ut vellent, permittentibus cunctis, mox 54 
 redituros se legati rebus perfectis affirmant. Profecti 2 
 quum mandata plebis patribus exposuissent, alii de- 
 cemviri, quando quidem prseter spem ipsorum supplicii 
 sui nulla mentio fieret, haud quicquam abnuere; 
 Appius, truci ingenio et invidia prsecipua, odium in se 3 
 aliorum suo in eos metiens odio, " Haud ignaro " in- 
 quit "imminet fortuna. Yideo, donee arma adver- 4 
 sariis tradantur, differri adversus nos certamen. Dan- 
 dus invidiao est sanguis. Nihil ne ego quidem moror, 
 
 102 
 
148 LIVII [A.U.C. 305 
 
 5 quo minus decemviratu abeam." Factum senatus con- 
 sultum, ut decemviri se primo quoque tempore magis- 
 tratu abdicarent, Q. Furius pontifex maximus tribunes 
 plebis crearet, et ne cui fraud! esset secessio militum 
 plebisque. 
 
 6 His senatus consultis perfectis dimisso senatu, de- 
 
 cemviri prodeunt in contionem abdicant- 
 
 Ine decemvirs 
 
 ^^tftSL^ q ue se magistratu, ingenti hominum la- 
 7 restored - titia. Nuntiantur hsec plebi. Legates, 
 
 quicquid in urbe hominum supererat, prosequitur. 
 Huic multitudini Iseta alia turba ex castris occurrit. 
 Congratulantur libertatem concordiamque civitati re- 
 
 8 stitutam. Legati pro contione : " Quod bonum, faus- 
 tum felixque sit vobis reique pubHcaa, redite in patriam 
 ad penates, coniuges liberosque vestros; sed, qua hie 
 rnodestia fuistis, ubi nullius ager in tot rerum usu ne- 
 cessario tantse multitudini est violatus, earn modestiam 
 
 9 ferte in urbem. In Aventinum ite, unde profecti 
 estis ; ibi felici loco, ubi prima initia inchoastis liber- 
 tatis vestrse, tribunes plebi creabitis. Prsesto erit 
 
 TO pontifex maximus, qui comitia habeat." Ingens as- 
 sensus alacritasque cuncta approbantium fuit. Con- 
 vellunt inde signa, profectique E-omam certant cum 
 
 11 obviis gaudio. Armati per urbem silentio in Aven- 
 tinum perveniunt. Ibi extemplo, pontifice maximo 
 comitia habente, tribunes plebis creaverunt, omnium 
 primum L. Verginium, inde L. Icilium et P. Numi- 
 
 12 torium, avunculum Yerginii, auctores secessionis, turn 
 0. Sicinium, progeniem eius, quern primum tribunum 
 plebis creatum in Sacro monte proditum memoriae est, 
 et M. Duillium, qui tribunatum insigneni ante decem- 
 viros creatos gesserat nee in decemviralibus certami- 
 
A.CH. 449] LIBER IIJ. 149 
 
 nibus plebi defuerat. Spe deinde magis quam meritis I3 
 elect! M. Titinius, M. Pomponius, C. Apronius, P. 
 Villius, C. Oppius. Tribuiiatu inito, L. Icilius ex- M 
 templo plebem rogavit et plebs scivit, ne cui fraud! 
 esset secessio ab decemviris facta. Confestim de con- 15 
 sulibus creaiidis cum provocations M. Duillius roga- 
 tionem pertulit. Ea omnia in pratis Flaminiis con- 
 cilio plebis acta, quern nunc circum Flaminium ap- 
 pellant. 
 
 Per interregem deinde consules creati L. Valerius, 55 
 M. Horatius, qui extemplo magistra- L. Valerius and M. 
 
 ~ , . Horatius consuls. 
 
 turn occeperunt. Quorum consulatus 
 popularis sine ulla patrum iniuria nee sine offensione 
 fuit ; quicquid enim libertati plebis caveretur, id suis 2 
 decedere opibus credebant. Omnium primum, quum 3 
 velut in controverso iure esset, teneren- Laws pasged 
 turne patres plebiscitis, legem centuria- S^^^^S 
 tis comitiis tulere, ut, quod tributim * 
 plebes iussisset, populum teneret ; qua lege tribuni- 
 ciis rogationibus telum acerrimum datum est. Aliam 4 
 deinde consularem legem de provocatione, unicum 
 presidium libertatis, decemvirali potestate eversam, 
 non restituunt niodo, sed etiam in posterum muniunt 
 sanciendo novam legem, ne quis ullum magistfatum 5 
 sine provocatione crearet; qui creasset, (2) That it shall 
 
 ,. . ,. be a capital crime 
 
 eum ius fasque esset occidi, neve ea henceforth to ap- 
 
 ^_ point magistrates 
 
 caedes capitalis noxse haberetur. Et sine provocatione. 6 
 quum plebem hinc provocatione, hinc tribunicio 
 auxilio satis firmassent, ipsis quoque tribunis, ut 
 sacrosanct! viderentur, cuius rei prope iam memoria 
 aboleverat, relatis quibusdam ex magno intervallo cae- 
 rimoniis renovarunt, et quum religione in violates eos, 7 
 
150 LIVII [A.U.C. 305 
 
 (3) That tribunes tum le e etiani feceruiit, sanciendo, ut, 
 
 m4iSt r e8 P lfeta n ^ tribunis plebis, sedilibus, iudicibus, 
 
 decemviris nocuisset, ems caput lovi 
 
 sacrum esset, familia ad sedem Cereris, Liberi Libe- 
 
 8 rseque venum iret. Hac lege iuris interpretes negant 
 quemquam sacrosanctum esse, sed, quum quis eorum 
 
 9 cuipiam nocuerit, id sacrum sanciri ; itaque sedilem 
 prendi ducique a maioribus magistratibus, quod etsi 
 nori iure fiat (noceri enim ei, cui hac lege non liceat), 
 tamen argumentum esse, non haberi pro sacrosancto 
 
 10 sedilem ; tribunes vetere iure iurando plebis, quum 
 primum earn potestatem creavit, sacrosanctos esse. 
 
 11 Fuere, qui interpretarentur, eadem hac Horatia lege 
 consulibus quoque et prsetoribus, quia eisdem auspi- 
 ciis, quibus cousules, crearentur, cautum esse : iudi- 
 
 12 cem enim consulem appellari. Quse refellitur inter- 
 pretatio, quod iis temporibus nondum consulem 
 
 X 3 iudicem, sed prsetorem appellari mos fuerit. Hse 
 consulares leges fuere. Institutum etiani ab iisdem 
 These consuls in- consulibus. ut senatus consulta in sedem 
 
 stitute the custom 
 
 Cereris ad *&h* P lebis 
 
 qu antea arbitrio consulum suppri- 
 
 J 4 diies! 6 P A b piebis a c1- mebantur vitiabanturque. M. Duillius 
 deinde tribunus plebis plebem rogavit 
 
 leave the state with- , , ... , , 
 
 out tribunes or to plebesque scivit, qui plebem sine tribu- 
 
 elect magistrates .... 
 
 sine provocation, nis reliquisset, quique magistratum sine 
 
 provocatione creasset, tergo ac capite puniretur. 
 15 Hsec omiiia ut invitis, ita non adversantibus 
 
 patriciis transacta, quia nondum in quemquam unum 
 56 sseviebatur. Fundata deinde et potestate tribunicia 
 
 Attack upon Ap- et plebis libertate, turn tribuni aggredi 
 
 pius by vergmius, . , . . 
 
 who offers him smgulos tutum maturumque lam rati, 
 
A.CH. 449] LIBER III. 151 
 
 accusatorem primum Yerginium et Ap- the choice between 
 
 . .. ~ ,. . standing his trial 
 
 pium reum dehgunt. (Juum diem Ap- and being at once 2 
 
 . . cast into prison. 
 
 pio verginius dixisset, et Appius stipatus 
 patriciis iuvenibus in forum descendisset, redintegrata 
 extemplo est omnibus memoria fcedissimae potestatis, 
 quum ipsum satellitesque eius vidissent. Turn Ver- 3 
 ginius "Oratio" inquit "rebus dubiis inventa est; 
 itaque neque ego accusando apud vos eum tempus 
 teram, a cuius crudelitate vosmet ipsi armis vindi- 
 castis, nee istum ad cetera scelera impudentiam in 
 defendendo se adiicere patiar. Omnium igitur tibi, 4 
 Appi Claudi, quae impie iiefarieque per biennium alia 
 super alia cs ausus, gratiam facio. Unius tantum 
 criminis nisi iudicem dices, te ab libertate in servitu- 
 tem contra leges vindicias non dedisse, in vincla te 
 duci iubebo." Nee in tribunicio auxilio Appius nee 5 
 in iudicio populi ullam spem habebat; 4ppiug claims the 
 tamen et tribunes appellavit et, nullo right to appeal ; 
 morante arreptus a viatore, "Provoco" inquit. Au- 6 
 dita vox una vindex libertatis, ex eo missa ore, quo 
 vindicise nuper ab libertate dictse erant, silentium 
 fecit. Et dum pro se quisque, deos tandem esse et 7 
 non negligere humana, fremunt, et superbise crudeli- 
 tatique etsi seras, non leves tamen venire poenas : 
 provocare, qui provocationem sustulisset, et implorare s 
 prsesidium populi, qui omnia iura populi obtrisset, 
 rapique in vincla egentern iure libertatis, qui liberum 
 corpus in servitutem addixisset, ipsius Appii inter 
 contionis murmur fidem populi Romani implorantis 
 vox audiebatur. Maiorum merita in rem publicam 9 
 domi militiseque commemorabat, suum infelix erga 
 plebem Romanam studium, quo sequandarum legum 
 
152 LIVII [A.U.C. 305 
 
 causa cum maxima offensione patruiu cousulatu 
 abisset, suas leges, quibus manentibus lator earum iii 
 
 10 vincula ducatur. Ceterum sua propria bona malaque, 
 quum causse dicendse data facultas sit, turn se exper- 
 turum ; in prsesentia se communi iure civitatis civem 
 Romanum die dicta postulare, ut dicere liceat, ut 
 
 n indicium populi Romani experiri. Non ita se invi- 
 diam pertimuisse, ut nihil in sequitate et misericordia 
 civium suorum spei habeat. Quod si indicta causa in 
 vincula ducatur, iterum se tribunes plebei appellare 
 
 12 et monere, ne imitentur, quos oderint. Quod si 
 tribuni eodem foedere obligates se fateantur tollendse 
 appellationis, in quod conspirasse decemviros criminati 
 sint, at se provocare ad populum, implorare leges de 
 provocatione et cousulares et tribunicias, eo ipso anno 
 
 13 latas. Quern enim provocaturum, si hoc indemnato, 
 indicta causa, non liceat? Cui plebeio et humili 
 presidium in legibus fore, si App. Claudio non sit? 
 Se documento futurum, utrum novis legibus dominatio 
 an libertas firmata sit, et appellatio provocatioque 
 ad versus iniuriam magistratuum ostentata tantum ina- 
 
 57 nibus litteris an vere data sit. Contra ea Yerginius 
 which verginius, unum App. Claudium et legum exper- 
 e! tern et civilis et humani fcederis esse 
 
 2 fu aiebat. Respicerent tribunal homines, 
 castellum omnium scelerum, ubi decemvir ille per- 
 petuus, bonis, tergo, sanguini civium infestus, virgas 
 securesque omnibus minitans, deorum hominumque 
 
 3 contemptor, carnificibus, non lictoribus stipatus, iam 
 ab rapinis et csedibus animo ad libidinem verso, virgi- 
 nem ingenuam in oculis populi Romani, velut bello 
 captam, ab complexu patris abreptam ministro cubical! 
 
A.CH. 449] LIBER III. 153 
 
 sui client! dono dederit ; ubi crudeli decreto nefandis- 4 
 que vindiciis dextram patris in filiam armaverit ; ubi 
 tollentes corpus semianime virginis sponsum avunique 
 in carcerem duci iusserit, stupro interpellate- magis 
 quam caede motus. Et illi carcerem aedificatum esse, 
 quod domicilium plebis Romanse vocare sit solitus. 
 Proinde, ut ille iterum ac saepius provocet, sic se 5 
 iterum ac saepius iudicem illi ferre, ni vindicias ab 
 libertate in servitutem dederit ; si ad iudicem non eat, 
 pro damnato in vincula duci iubere. Ut baud quo- 6 
 quam improbante, sic magno motu animorum, quum 
 tanti viri supplicio suamet plebi iam nimia libertas 
 videretur, in carcerem est coiiiectus ; tribunus ei diem 
 prodixit. 
 
 Inter hsec ab Latinis et Hernicis legati gratulatum 7 
 de concordia patrum ac plebis Romam 
 
 Congratulatory em- 
 
 venerunt, donumque ob earn lovi opti- bassy from the La- 
 tins and Hernici, 
 
 mo maximo coronam auream in Capito- with an offering of 
 
 a golden crown to 
 
 lium tulere parvi ponderis, prout res }^ er optimus 
 
 Maximus : th ese am- 
 
 haud opulentae erant colebanturque re- hottfiemovem?ntf 
 ligiones pie magis quam magnifice. lis- aMVoiscUntZy 8 
 dem auctoribus cognitum est, ^Equos ^phS^asS^S 6 ^ 
 Volscosque summa vi bellum apparare. t] 
 Itaque partiri provincias consules iussi. Horatio 9 
 Sabini, Valerio ^Equi evenere. Quum ad ea bella 
 dilectum edixissent, favore plebis non iuniores modo, 
 sed emeritis etiam stipendiis pars magna voluntario- 
 rum ad nomina danda praesto fuere, eoque non copia 
 modo, sed genere etiam militum, veteranis admixtis, 
 firmior exercitus fuit. Priusquam urbe egrederentur, i.> 
 leges decemvirales, quibus tabulis duodecim est nonien, 
 in ass incisas in publico proposuerunt. Sunt, qui 
 
154 LTVII [A.U.C. 305 
 
 iussu tribunorum sediles functos eo ministerio scri- 
 bant. 
 
 58 0. Claudius, qui perosus decemvir orum scelera et 
 c Claudius endea- aute omnes fratris filii superbiae infestus 
 P^e^heTdease Regillum, antiquam in patriam, se con- 
 pLf who P com^ tulerat, is magno iam natu quum ad 
 pericula eius deprecanda redisset, cuius 
 vitia fugerat, sordidatus cum gentilibus clientibusque 
 
 2 in foro prensabat singulos orabatque, ne Claudise genti 
 earn inustam maculam vellent, ut carcere et vinculis 
 viderentur digni. Yirum honoratissimae imaginis fu- 
 turum ad posteros, legum latorem conditoremque Ro- 
 mani iuris, iacere vinctum inter fures nocturnes ac 
 
 3 latrones. Averterent ab ira parumper ad cognitionem 
 cogitationemque animos, et potius unum tot Claudiis 
 deprecantibus condonarent, quam propter unius odium 
 
 4 multorum preces aspernarentur. Se quoque id generi 
 ac nomini dare nee cum eo in gratiam redisse, cuius 
 adversae fortunae velit succursum. Yirtute libertateni 
 recuperatam esse ; dementia concordiam ordinum stabi- 
 
 s liri posse. Erant, quos moveret sua magis pietate quam 
 eius, pro quo agebat, causa ; sed Yerginius, sui potius 
 ut misererentur, orabat, filiaeque, nee gentis Claudise, 
 regnum in plebem sortitse, sed necessariorum Yergi- 
 niae, trium tribunorum, preces audirent, qui, ad auxi- 
 lium plebis creati, ipsi plebis fidem atque auxilium 
 
 6 implorarent. lustiores hsd lacrimae videbantur. Ita- 
 que spe incisa, priusquam prodicta dies adesset, 
 Appius mortem sibi conscivit. 
 
 7 Subinde arreptus a P. Numitorio Sp. Oppius, 
 Oppius is arrested, proximus invidise, quod in urbe fuerat, 
 
 as accomplice of . . -, 
 
 Appius, and also quum iniustse vmdicise a collega diceren- 
 
A.CH. 4491 LIBER III. 155 
 
 tur. Plus tamen facta iniuria Oppio n p 
 quamndnprohibitainvidise fecit. Testis ^$ piu ? 
 productus, qui, septem et viginti enu- dfuMc%4. M 5) i 
 meratis stipendiis, octies extra ordinem n 
 donatus donaque ea gerens in conspectu populi, scissa 
 veste, tergum laceratum virgis ostendit, nihilum de- 
 precans, quin, si quam suam noxam reus dicere posset, 
 privatus iterum in se sseviret. Oppius quoque ductus 9 
 in vincula est, et ante iudicii diem finem ibi vitse fecit. 
 Bona Claudii Oppiique tribuni publicavere. Collegse 
 eorum exsilii causa solum verteruntj bona publicata 
 sunt. Et M. Claudius, assertor Verginise, die dicta 10 
 damnatus, ipso reinittente Verginio ultimam poenam, 
 dimissus Tibur exsulatum abiit, manesque Yerginise, 
 mortuse quam vivse felicioris, per tot domos ad peten- 
 das poenas vagati, nullo relicto sonte, tandem quieve- 
 runt. 
 
 Ingens metus incesserat patres, vultusque iam 59 
 iidem tribunorum erant, qui decemvi- Further prosecu- 
 
 n/r -r>. -n- tions prevented by 
 
 rorum fuerant. quum M. Duillius tribu- the wise modera- 
 
 A tion of the tribune 
 
 iius plebis, mhibito.^aiiibn.ter^modo Duiiiius. 
 nimise potestati, " Et libertatis" inquit "nostrse et 2 
 pcenarum ex inimicis satis est; itaque hoc anno nee 
 diem dici cuiquam nee in vincla duci quemquam sum 
 passurus. Nam neque vetera peccata repeti iam 3 
 oblitterata placet, quum nova expiata sint decemviro- 
 rum suppliciis, et nihil admissum iri, quod vim tribu- 
 niciam desideret, spondet perpetua consulum amborum 
 in libertate vestra tuenda cura." Ea primum mode- 4 
 ratio tribuni metum patribus dempsit, eademque auxit 
 eonsulum invidiam, quod adeo toti plebis fuissent, ut 
 patrum salutis libertatisque prior plebeio magistratui 
 
156 LIVII [A.U.C. 305 
 
 quam patricio cura fuisset, et ante inimicos^satietas 
 
 poenarum suarum cepisset, quam obviam iturosTlicen- 
 
 s tise eorum consules appareret. Multique erant, qui 
 
 mollius consultuin dicerent, quod legum ab iis latarum 
 
 patres auctores fuissent; neque erat dubium, quin 
 
 turbato rei publicse statu tempori succubuissent. 
 
 60 Consules, rebus urbanis compositis fundatoque 
 
 War with Aequi plebis statu, in provincias diversi abiere. 
 
 and Volsci and Sa- * . , . . . . 
 
 bines. Signal de- Valerius adversus comunctos lam in Al- 
 
 feat of the former . 
 
 by Valerius. gido exercitus ^quorum volscorumque 
 
 2 sustinuit consilio bellum ; quod si extemplo rem for- 
 tun.se commisisset, baud scio an, qui turn aninii ab 
 deeenivirorum infelicibus auspiciis Romanis hostibus- 
 que ! erant, magno detriments certamen staturum 
 
 3 fuerit/ Castris mille passuum ab hoste positis copias 
 contiiiebat. Hostes medium inter bina castra spatium 
 acie instructa complebant, provocantibusque ad prce- 
 
 4 Hum responsum Romanus nemo reddebat. Tandem 
 fatigati stando ac nequicquam exspectando certamen 
 j^Equi Volscique, postquam concessum propemodum de 
 victoria credebant, pars in Hernicos, pars in Latinos 
 prsedatum abeunt ; relinquitur magis castris presidium 
 
 5 quam satis virium ad certamen. Quod ubi consul 
 sensit, ^redmi illatum antea terrorem, instructaque 
 
 6 acie ultro hostem lacessit. Ubi illi conscientia, quid 
 abesset virium, detrectavere pugnam, crevit extemplo 
 Romanis animus, et pro victis habebant paventes 
 
 7 intra vallum. Quum per totum diem stetissent in- 
 tenti ad certamen, nocti cessere. Et R-omani quidem 
 pleni spei corpora curabant ; haudquaquam pari hostes 
 animo nuntios passim trepidi ad revocandos prsedatores 
 dimittunt. Recurritur ex proximis locis ; ulteriores 
 
A.CH. 449] LIBER III. 157 
 
 non inventi. Ubi illnxit, egreditur castris Romanus, 8 
 vallum invasunis, ni copia pugnse fieret. Et post- 
 qua m multa iam dies erat neque movebatur quicquam 
 ab hoste, iubet signa inferri consul; motaque acie, 
 indignatio ^Equos et Yolscos incessit, si victores exer- 
 citus valluin potius quam virtus et arma tegerent. 
 Igitur et ipsi efflagitatum ab ducibus signum pugnse 
 accepere. lamque pars egressa portis erat deincepsque 9 
 alii servabant ordinem, in suum quisque locum descen- 
 dentes, quum consul Romanus, priusquam totis viribus 
 f ulta constaret hostium acies, intulit signa ; adortus- 10 
 que nee omnes dum eductos nee, qui erant, satis expli- 
 catis ordinibus, prope fluctuantem turbam trepidantium 
 hue atque illuc circumspectantiumque se ac suos, 
 addito turbatis mentibus clamore atque impetu, invadit. 
 Rettulere primo pedem hostes ; deinde quuni animos 
 collegissent et undique duces, victisne cessuri essent, 
 increparent, restituitur pugna. Consul ex altera parte 61 
 Romanes meminisse iubebat, illo die primum liberos 
 pro libera urbe Romana pugnare : sibimet ipsis victu- 
 ros, non ut decemvirorum victores prsemium essent. 
 Non Appio duce rem geri, sed consule Yalerio, ab 2 
 liberatoribus populi Romani orto, liberatore ipso. 
 Ostenderent, prioribus proeliis per duces, non per 
 milites stetisse, ne vincerent. Turpe esse contra cives 3 
 plus animi habuisse quam contra hostes et domi quam 
 foris servitutem magis timuisse. Unam Verginiam 4 
 fuisse, cuius pudicitise in pace periculum esset, unum 
 Appium civem periculosse libidinis ; at, si fortuna 
 belli inclinet, omnium liberis ab tot millibus hostium pe- 
 riculum fore ; nolle ominari, quse nee luppiter nee Mars 5 
 pater passuri sint iis^uspiciis condita3 urbi accidere. 
 
158 LIVII [A.U.C. 305 
 
 Aventini Sacrique mentis admonebat, ut, ubi libertas 
 
 6 parta esset paucis ante mensibus, eo imperium illiba- 
 tum referrent, ostenderentque, eandem indolem militi- 
 bus Romanis post exactos decemviros esse, quse ante 
 creates fuerit, nee sequatis legibus imminutam virtu- 
 
 7 tern populi Roman! esse. Hsec ubi inter signa pedi- 
 tum dicta dedit, advolat deinde ad equites. " Agite, 
 iuvenes " inquit, " prsestate virtute peditem, ut honore 
 
 8 atque ordine prsestatis. Primo concursu pedes movit 
 hostem ; pulsum vos immissis equis exigite e campo. 
 Non sustinebunt impetum, et nunc cunctantur magis 
 
 9 quam resistunt." Concitant equos permittuntque in 
 hostem pedestri iam turbatum pugna, et perruptis 
 ordinibus, elati ad novissimam aciem, pars libero 
 spatio circumvecti, iam fugam undique capessentes 
 plerosque a castris avertunt praeterequitantesque ab- 
 
 10 sterrent. Peditum acies et consul ipse visque omnis 
 belli fertur in castra, captisque cum ingenti csede, 
 maiore prseda potitur. 
 
 11 Huius pugnse fama perlata non in urbem modo, 
 Defeat of Sabines se( * ^ Sabinos ad alterum exercitum, in 
 
 by Horatius. U1 fo e laetitia modo celebrata est, in castris 
 
 12 animos militum ad semulandum decus accendit. Iam 
 Horatius eos excursionibus proaliisque levibus experi- 
 undo assuefecerat sibi potius fidere quam meminisse 
 ignominise decemvirorum ductu acceptse, parvaque 
 
 13 certamina in sum mam totius profecerant spei. Nee 
 cessabant Sabini, feroces ab re priore anno bene gesta, 
 lacessere atque instare, rogitantes, quid latrocinii modo 
 procursantes pauci recurrentesque tererent tempus et in 
 multa prcelia parvaque carperent summam unius belli 1 
 
 14 Quin illi congrederentur acie inclinandamque semel 
 
A.CH. 449] LIBER III. 159 
 
 fortunse rem darent? Adjd^quod sua sponte satis col- 62 
 lectum animorum erat, indignitate etiam Roman! ac- 
 cendebantur : iam alterum exercitum victorem in urbem 
 rediturum ; sibi ultro per contumelias hostem insul- 
 tare; quando autem se, si turn non sint, pares hostibus 
 fore 1 ? Ubi hsec from ere milifcem in castris consul sensit, 2 
 contione advocata, "Quemadmodum" inquit "in Algido 
 res gesta sit, arbitror vos, milites, audisse. Qualem 
 liberi populi exercitum decuit esse, talis fuit; consilio 
 collegae, virtu te militum victoria parta est. Quod ad 3 
 me attinet, id consilii animique habiturus sum, quod vos 
 mihi feceritis. Et trahi bellum salubriter et mature 
 perfici potest. Si trahendum est, ego, ut in dies spes 4 
 virtusque vestra crescat, eadem, qua institui, disciplina 
 efficiam ; si iam satis anirni est decernique placet, 
 agite dum, clamorem, qualem in acie sublaturi estis, 
 tollite hie indicem voluntatis virtutisque vestrse." Post- 5 
 quam ingenti alacritate clamor est sublatus, quod bene 
 vertat, gesturuin se illis morem posteroque die in aciem 
 deducturum affirmat. Reliquum diei apparandis armis 
 consumptum est. Postero die simul instrui Romanam 6 
 aciem Sabini videre, et ipsi, iam pridem avidi certaminis, 
 procedunt. Prcelium fuit, quale inter fidentes sibimet 
 ambo exercitus, veteris perpetuseque alterum glorise, 
 alterum nuper nova victoria elatum. Consilio etiam 7 
 Sabini vires adiuvere ; nam quum sequassent aciem, $ffi 
 extra ordinem millia, quae in sinistrum cornu Romano- ) 
 rum in ipso certamine impressionem facerent, tenuere^ 
 Quse ubi, illatis ex transverse sign is, degravabant prope 8 
 circumventum cornu, equites duarum legionum, sex- 
 centi fere, ex equis desiliunt cedentibusque iam suis, 
 provolant in primuni, simulque et hosti se opponunt 
 
160 LIVII [A.U.C. 305 
 
 et sequato primum pericido, pudore deinde animos 
 
 9 peditum accendunt. VereroiScfise erat, equitem suo 
 
 alienoque Marte pugnare, peditem ne a^jxedes quidem 
 
 63 degresso equiti parem esse. Vadunt igitur in proelium 
 
 ab sua parte omissum et locum, ex quo cesserant, 
 
 repetunt ; momentoque non restituta modo pugna, sed 
 
 2 inclinatur etiam Sabinis cornu. Eques inter ordines 
 peditum tectus se ad equos recipit ; trans volat inde in 
 partem alteram suis victories nuntius; simul et in 
 hostes iam pavidos, quippe fuso suse partis validiore 
 cornu, impetum facit. Non aliorum eo prcelio virtus 
 
 3 magis enituit. Consul providere omnia, laudare fortes, 
 increpare, sicubi segnior pugna esset. Castigati for- 
 tium statim virorum operam edebant, tantumque hos 
 
 4 pudor, quantum alios laudes excitabant. Redintegrato 
 clamore undique omnes connisi hostem avertunt, nee 
 deinde Romana vis sustineri potuit. Sabini fusi pas- 
 sim per agros castra hosti ad prsedam relinquunt. Ibi 
 non sociorum, sicut in Algido, res, sed suas Romanus, 
 populationibus agrorum amissas, recipit. 
 
 s Gemma victoria duobus bifariam proeliis parta, 
 Thesenaterefusing maligne senatus in unum diem supplica- 
 conruT^is^ra^ tiones consulum nomine decrevit. Popu- 
 c^ialoTthJmo- lus iniussu et altero die frequeiis iit 
 iSSusVttfeftJrtta- supplicatum; et hsec vaga popularisque 
 frantldbythee p o- supplicatio studiis prope celebratior fuit. 
 
 6 P ' Consules ex composite eodem biduo ad 
 urbem accessere senatumque in [Martium] campum 
 evocavere. Ubi quum de rebus ab se gestis agerent, 
 questi primores patrum, senatum inter milites dedita 
 
 7 opera terroris causa liaberi. Itaque inde consules, ne 
 criminationi locus esset, in prata Flaminia, ubi nuiic 
 
A.CH. 449] LIBER III. 161 
 
 aedes Apollinis est (lain turn Apollinare appellabant), 
 avocavere senatum. Ubi quum ingenti consensu pa- 8 
 trum negaretur triumphus, L. Icilius tribunus plebis 
 tulit ad populum de triumplio consulum, multis dis- 
 suasum prodeuntibus, maxime C. Claudio vociferante, 
 de patribus, non de hostibus consules triumpliare velle, 9 
 gratiamque pro private merito^iri tribunum, non pro 
 virtute honorem peti. Nunquam ante de triumplio 
 per populum actum ; semper sestimationem arbitrium- 
 que eius honoris penes senatum fuisse; ne reges quidem 10 
 maiestatem summi ordinis imminuisse. Ne ita omnia 
 tribuni potestatis suse implerent, ut nullum publicum 
 consilium sinerent esse. Ita demum liberam civitatem 
 fore, ita sequatas leges, si sua quisque iura ordo, suam 
 maiestatem teneat. In eandem sententiam multa et n 
 a ceteris senioribus patrum quum essent dicta, omnes 
 tribus earn rogationem acceperunt. Turn primum sine 
 auctoritate senatus populi iussu triumphatum est. 
 
 Hsec victoria tribunorum plebisque prope in haud 64 
 salubreni luxuriam vertit. conspiratione 
 
 A conspiracy of the 
 
 inter tribunes facta. ut iidem tribuni tribunes to procure 
 
 their re-election 
 
 reficerentur, et, quo sua minus cupiditas 
 emineret, consulibusquoque continuarent 
 magistratum. Consensum patrum causa- 
 bantur, quo per contumeliam consulum 
 iura plebis labefacta essent. Quid futu- dan^eiecti^rtoTo^ 3 
 
 , , . , ., . optate five more. 
 
 rum nondum nrmatis legibus, si novos 
 tribunos per factionis suse consules adorti essent 1 non 
 enim semper Yalerios Horatiosque consules fore, qui 
 libertati plebis suas opes postferrent. Forte quadam 4 
 utili ad tempus, ut comitiis prseesset, potissimum M. 
 Duillio sorte evenit, viro prudenti ex continuation 
 
 S. L. 11 
 
162 L1VII [A.U.C. 305 
 
 5 magistratus invidiam imminentem cernenti. Qui quum 
 ex veteribus tribunis negaret ullius se rationem habi- 
 turum, pugnarentque colleges, ut liberas tribus in 
 suffragium mitteret aut concederet sortem comitioram 
 collegis, liabituris e lege potius comitia quam ex 
 
 6 voluntate patrum, iniecta contentione, Duillius, con- 
 sules ad subsellia accitos quum interrogasset, quid de 
 comitiis consularibus in animo haberent, respondis- 
 sentque, se novos consul es creatures, auctores popu- 
 lares sententise baud popularis nactus in contionem 
 
 7 cum iis processit. Ubi quum consules producti ad 
 populum interrogatique, si eos populus Romanus, me- 
 mor libertatis per illos receptse domi, memor militise 
 rerumque gestarum, consules iterum faceret, quidnam 
 
 8 facturi essent, nihil sententise suse mutassent, collau- 
 datis consulibus, quod perseverarent ad ultimum 
 dissimiles decemvirorum esse, comitia habuit; et quin- 
 que tribunis plebi creatis, quum prse studiis aperte 
 petentium novem tribunorum alii candidati tribus non 
 explerent, concilium dimisit, nee deinde comitiorum 
 
 9 causa habuit. Satisfactum legi aiebat, quse, numero 
 nusquam prsefinito, tribuni modo ut relinquerentur, 
 sanciret et ab iis, qui creati essent, cooptari collegas 
 
 10 iuberet; recitabatque rogationis carmen, in quo esset : 
 "Tribunos plebei decem rogabo; si qui vos minus 
 hodie decem tribunes plebei feceritis, turn ut ii, quos 
 hi sibi collegas cooptassint, legitimi eadem lege tribuni 
 plebei sint ut illi, quos hodie tribunes plebei feceritis." 
 
 11 Duillius quum ad ultimum perseverasset, negando 
 quindecim tribunes plebei rem publicam habere posse 
 victa collegarum cupiditate, pariter patribus plebeique 
 acceptus magistratu abiit. 
 
A.CH. 449447] LIBER ITI. 163 
 
 Novi tribuni plebis in cooptandis collegia patrum 65 
 voluntatem foverunt ; duos etiam patricios consulares- 
 que, Sp. Tarpeium et A. Aternium, cooptavere. Con- 2 
 sules creati Sp. Herminius, T. Yerginius Cselimon- 
 tanus, nihil niagnopere ad patrum aut plebis causam 
 inclinati, otium domi ac foris liabuere. L. Trebonius 3 
 tribunus plebis, infestus patribus, quod se ab iis in 
 cooptandis tribunis miude cap tum proditumque a col- 
 legis aiebat, rogationem tulit, ut, qui plebem Romanam 4 
 tribunes plebi rogaret, is usque eo rogaret, dum decem 
 tribunes plebi faceret; insectandisque patribus, unde 
 Aspero etiam inditum est cognomen, tribunatum 
 gessit. 
 
 Inde M. Geganius Macerinus et C. lulius consules 5 
 facti contentiones tribunorum adversus Uneasy relations 
 
 .,. . between tribunes 
 
 nobilium luventutem ortas, sine insecta- andpatricians,with- 
 
 out actual disturb- 
 
 tione potestatis eius conservata maies- ances. 
 fate patrum, sedavere. Plebem, decreto ad bellum 6 
 Yolscorum et ^quorum dilectu, sustinendo rem ab 
 seditionibus continuere, urbano otio foris quoque omnia 
 tranquilla esse affirmantes, per discordias civiles ex- 
 ternos tollere animos. Cura pacis concordise quoque 7 
 intestinse causa fuit. Sed alter semper ordo gravis 
 alterius modestise erat ; quiescenti plebi ab iunioribus 
 patrum iniurise fieri cceptse. Ubi tribuni auxilio liu- 8 
 milioribus essent, in primis parum proderat ; deinde 
 ne ipsi quidem inviolati erant, utique postremis men- 
 sibus, quum et per coitiones potentiorum iniuria fieret 
 et vis potestatis omnis aliquanto posteriore anni parte 
 languidior ferme esset. lamque plebs ita in tribunatu 9 
 ponere aliquid spei, si similes Icilio tribunes haberet : 
 nomina tantum se biennio habuisse. Seniores contra 10 
 
 112 
 
164 LIVII [A.U.C. 307308 
 
 patruin ut nimis feroces suos credere iuvenes esse, ita 
 malle, si modus excedendus esset, suis quam adversariis 
 ii superesse animos. Adeo moderatio tuendse libertatis, 
 dum aequari velle simulando ita se quisque extollit, 
 ut deprimat alium, in difficili est, cavendoque, ne 
 metuant, homines metuendos ultro se efficiunt, et 
 iniuriam ab nobis repulsam, tanquam aut facere aut 
 pati necesse sit, iniungimus aliis. 
 
 66 T. Quinctius Capitolinus quartum et Agrippa 
 Outbreak of civil Furius consules inde facti nee sedi- 
 
 discord. War with 
 
 Voisci and jEqui. tionem domi nee tons bellum accepe- 
 
 2 runt j sed imminebat utrumque. lam non ultra dis- 
 cordia civium reprimi poterat, et tribunis et plebe in- 
 citata in patres, quum dies alicui nobilium dicta novis 
 
 3 semper certaminibus contiones turbaret. Ad quarum 
 primuni strepitum, velut signo accepto, arma cepere 
 ^Equi ac Yolsci, simul quod persuaserant iis duces, 
 cupidi praedarum, biennio ante dilectum indtctum 
 haberi non potuisse, abnuente iam plebe imperium : 
 
 4 eo adversus se non esse missos exercitus. Dissolvi 
 licentia inilitandi morem, nee pro communi iam patria 
 Rornam esse. Quicquid irarum simul tatiumque cum 
 externis fuerit, in ipsos verti. Occsecatos lupos intes- 
 
 5 tina rabie opprimendi occasionem esse. Coniunctis 
 exercitibus Latinum primum agrum perpopulati sunt ; 
 deinde postquam ibi nemo vindex occurrebat, turn 
 vero, exsultantibus belli auctoribus, ad moenia ipsa 
 Romae populabundi regione portse Esquilinse accessere, 
 vastationem agrorum per contumeliam urbi osten- 
 
 6 tantes. TJnde postquam inulti, prsedam prse se 
 ageiites, retro ad Corbionem agmine iere, Quinctius 
 
 67 consul ad contionem populum vocavit. Ibi in hanc 
 
A.CH. 446] LIBER III. 165 
 
 sententiam locutum accipio : " Etsi mihi nullius 
 noxse conscius, Quirites, sum, tamen speech of the consul 
 
 T . . . Quinctius to the 
 
 cum pudore summo in contionem ves- people. 
 tram process!. Hoc vos scire, hoc posteris memorise 
 traditum iri, ^Equos et Yolscos, vix Hernicis modo 
 pares, T. Quinctio quartum consule ad moenia urbis 
 Komse impune armatos venisse ! Hanc ego igno- 2 
 miniam, quanquam iam din ita vivitur, is status rerum 
 est, ut nihil boni divinet animus, si huic potissimum 
 imminere anno scissem, vel exsilio vel morte, si alia 
 fuga honoris non esset, vitassem. Ergo si viri arma 3 
 ilia habuissent, quse in portis fuere nostris, capi Roma 
 me consule potuit? Satis honorum, satis superque 
 vitse erat ; mori consulem tertium oportuit. Quern 4 
 tandem ignavissimi hostium contempsere 1 nos con- 
 sules an vos Quirites ? Si culpa in nobis est, auferte 
 imperium indignis et, si id parum est, insuper pcenas 
 expetite ; si in vobis, nemo deorum nee hominum sit, 5 
 qui vestra puniat peccata, Quirites; vosmet tantum 
 eorum pseniteat. Non illi vestram ignaviam con- 
 tempsere nee suae virtuti confisi sunt ; quippe toties 
 fusi fugatique, castris exuti, agro multati, sub iugum 
 missi et se et vos novere ; discordia ordinum et vene- 6 
 num. huius urbis, patrum ac plebis certamina, dum nee 
 nobis imperii nee vobis libertatis est modus, dum 
 tsedet vos patriciorum, nos plebeiorum magistratuum, 
 susfuMe illis animos. Pro deum fidern, quid vobis 7 
 vultis 1 Tribunes plebis concupistis ; concordise causa 
 concessimus. Decemviros desiderastis ; creari passi 
 sumus. Decemvirorum vos pertsesum est; coegimus 
 abire magistratu. Manerite in eosdem privates ira s 
 vestra, mori atque exsulare nobilissimos viros hono- 
 
16G LIVIT [A.U.C. 308 
 
 9 ratissimosque passi sumus. Tribunes plebis creare 
 iterum voluistis ; creastis. Consul es facere vestrarum 
 partium; etsi patribus videbamus iniquos, patricium 
 quoque magistratum plebi donum fieri vidimus. 
 Auxilium tribunicium, provocationem ad populum, 
 scita plebis iniuncta patribus, sub titulo sequandarum 
 
 10 legum nostra iura oppressa tulimus et ferimus. Qui 
 finis erit discordiaruni ] ecquando unam urbem habere, 
 ecquando communem hanc esse patriam licebit ? Yicti 
 nos sequiore animo quiescimus quam vos victores. Sa- 
 
 11 tisne est, nobis vos metuendos esse ? Ad versus nos 
 Aventinum capitur, adversus nos Sacer occupatur 
 mons. Esquilias vidimus ab hoste prope captas et 
 scandentem in aggerem Yolscum. Hostem nemo 
 
 68 summovit ; in nos viri, in nos armati estis. Agite 
 dum, ubi hie curiam circumsederitis et forum infestuni 
 
 2 feceritis et carcerem impleveritis principibus, iisdem 
 istis ferocibus animis egredimini extra portam Esqui- 
 linam, aut, si ne hoc quidem audetis, ex muris visite 
 agros vestros ferro ignique vastatos, prsedam abigi, 
 
 3 fumare incensa passim tecta. At enim communis res 
 per hsec loco est peiore; ager uritur, urbs obsidetur, 
 belli gloria penes hostes est. Quid tandem? privatse 
 res vestrse in quo statu sunt ? lam unicuique ex agris 
 
 4 sua damna nuntiabuntur. Quid est tandem domi, 
 unde ea expleatis? Tribuni vobis amissa reddent ac 
 restituent ? Vocis verborumque, quantum voletis, in- 
 gerent, et criminum in principes et legum aliarum 
 super alias et contionum ; sed ex illis contionibus nun- 
 quam vestrum quisquam re, fortuna domum auctior 
 
 5 rediit. Ecquis rettulit aliquid ad coniugem ac liberos 
 prseter odia, ofFensiones, simultates publicas privatas- 
 
A.CIL 446] LIBER III. 167 
 
 que, a quibus semper non vestra virtute innocentiaque, 
 sed auxilio alieno tuti sitis? At hercules, quum sti- 6 
 pendia nobis consulibus, non tribunis ducibus et in 
 castris, non in foro faciebatis et in acie vestrum cla- 
 morem hostes, non in contione patres Romani horre- 
 bant, prseda parta, agro ex hoste cap to, pleni for tuna- 
 rum gloriseque simul publicse, simul privatae, trium- 
 phantes domum ad penates redibatis ; nunc oneratum 
 vestris fortunis hostem abire sinitis. Hserete affixi 7 
 contionibus et in foro vivite ; sequetur vos necessitas 
 militandi, quam fugitis. Grave erat in .^Equos et 
 Yolscos proficisci ; ante portas est bellum j si inde 
 non pellitur, iam intra mcenia erit et arcem et Capito- 
 lium scaiidet et in domos vestras vos persequetur. 
 Biennio ante senatus dilectum haberi et educi exer- 8 
 citum in Algidum iussit; sedemus desides domi, mu- 
 lierum ritu inter nos altercantes, praesenti pace Iseti 
 nee cernentes, ex otio illo brevi multiplex bellum redi- 
 turum. His ego gratiora dictu alia esse scio j sed me 9 
 vera pro gratis loqui, etsi meum ingenium non mone- 
 ret, necessitas cogit. Yell em equidem vobis placere 
 Quirites ; sed multo malo vos salvos esse, qualicunque 
 erga me animo futuri estis. Natura hoc ita compa- 10 
 ratum est, ut, qui apud multitudinem sua causa lo- 
 quitur, gratior eo sit, cuius mens nihil praeter publicum 
 commodum videt ; nisi forte assentatores publicos, 
 plebicolas istos, qui vos nee in armis nee in otio esse 
 sinunt, vestra vos causa incitare et stimulare putatis- 
 Concitati aut honori aut qusestui illis estis; et quia in n 
 concordia ordinum nullos se usquam esse vident, maloa 
 rei se quain nullius, turbarum ac seditionuni duces 
 esse volunt. Quarum rerum si vos taadium tandem J2 
 
168 LIVII [A.U.C. 308 
 
 capere potest et patrum vestrosque antiques mores 
 
 13 vultis pro his novis sumere, nulla supplicia recuso, 
 
 nisi paucis diebus hos populatores agrorum nostrorum 
 
 fusos fugatosque castris exuero et a portis nostris 
 
 nicenibusque ad illorum urbes hunc belli terrorem, 
 
 quo nunc vos attoniti estis, transtulero." 
 
 69 Raro alias tribuni popularis oratio acceptior plebi 
 
 2 quam tune severissimi consul is fuit. lu- 
 
 Its salutary effect. . . 
 
 The levy is held ventus quoque, quae inter tales metus 
 
 omnium consensu. . . . 
 
 detrectationem militise telum acerrimum 
 adversus patres habere solita erat, arma et belluin 
 spectabat. Et agrestium fuga spoliatique in agris et 
 vulnerati, foediora iis, quae subiiciebantur oculis, nun- 
 
 3 tiantes, to tarn urbeni ira implevere. In senatuin ubi 
 ventum est, ibi vero in Quinctium omnes versi ut 
 unum vindicem maiestatis Romanae intueri, et pri- 
 mores patrum dignam dicere contionem imperio consu- 
 lari, dignam tot consul atibus ante actis, dignam vita 
 omni, plena honorum saepe gestorum, saepius merito- 
 
 4 rum. Alios consules aut per proditionem dignitatis 
 patrum plebi adulatos aut acerbe tuendo iura ordinis 
 asperiorem domando multitudinem fecisse ; T. Quinc- 
 tium orationem memorem maiestatis patrum concor- 
 diaeque ordinum et temporum in primis habuisse. 
 
 5 Orare eum collegamque, ut capesserent rem publicam ; 
 orare tribunes, ut uno animo cum consulibus bellum 
 ab urbe ac mcenibus propulsari vellent plebemque obe- 
 dient em in re tarn trepida patribus praaberent ; appel- 
 lare tribunes communem_patriam auxiliumque eorum 
 
 6 implorare vastatis agris, urbe prope oppugnata. Con- 
 sensu omnium dilectus decernitur habeturque. Quum 
 consules in contione pronuntiassent, tempus non esse 
 
A.CH. 446] LIBER III. 169 
 
 causas cognoscendi; omnes iuniores postero die prima 
 luce in cainpo Martio adessent ; cognoscendis causis 7 
 eorum, qui nomina non dedissent, bello perfecto se 
 daturos tempus; pro desertore futurum, cuius non 
 probassent causani, omnis iuventus affuit postero die. 
 Cohortes sibi quseque centurioiies legerunt ; bini sena- s 
 tores singulis cohortibus praepositi. Hsec omnia adeo 
 mature perfecta accepimus, ut signa, eo ipso die a 
 qusestoribus ex serario prompta delataque in carnpum, 
 quarta diei hora mota ex campo sint, exercitusque 
 novus, paucis cohortibus veterum militum voluntate 
 sequentibus, naanserit ad decimum lapidem. Insequeiis 9 
 dies hostern in conspectum dedit, casbraque ad Corbio- 
 nem castris sunt coniuncta. Tertio die, quum ira Ho- 1 
 manos, illos, quum toties rebellassent, conscientia culpse 
 ac desperatio irritaret, mora dimicandi nulla est facta. 
 
 In exercitu Komano quum duo consules essent 70 
 potestate pari, quod saluberrimum in Comp]ete victory 
 administratione magnarum reruin est, |"^ s by ver the 
 summa iraperii, concedente Agrippa, enem y^ 
 penes collegam erat ; et prselatus ille facililaft sum- 
 inittentis se comiter respondebat communicando con- 
 silia laudesque et sequando imparem sibi. In acie 2 
 Quinctius dextrum cornu, Agrippa sinistrum tenuit; 
 Sp. Postumio Albo legato datur media acies tuenda; 
 legatum alterum P. Sulpicium equitibus praeficiunt. 
 Pedites ab dextro cornu egregie pugnavere, haud seg- 3 
 niter resistentibus Yolscis. P. Sulpicius per mediant 4 
 hostium aciem cum equitatu perrupit. Unde quum 
 eadem reverti posset ad suos, priusquam hostis turba - 
 tos ordines reficeret, terga impugnare hostium satius 
 visum est; momen toque temporis, in aversam incur- 
 
170 LIVII [A.U.C. 308 
 
 sando aciem, ancipiti terrore dissipasset hostes, ni suo 
 proprio eum proelio equites Yolscorum et JEquorum 
 
 5 exceptuin aliquamdiu tenuissent. Ibi vero Sulpicius 
 negare cunctandi tempus esse, circumventos inter- 
 clusosquefalTsuis vociferans, ni equestre prcelium con- 
 
 6 nixi omni vi perficerent; nee fugare equitem integrum 
 satis esse ; conficerent equos virosque, ne quis revehe- 
 retur inde ad prcelium aut integraret pugnam; non 
 posse illos resistere sibi, quibus conferta peditum acies 
 
 7 cessisset. Haud surdis auribus dicta. Impressione 
 una totum equitatum fudere, magnam vim ex equis 
 praecipitavere, ipsos equosque spiculis confodere. Is 
 
 8 finis pugnae equestris fuit. Tune adorti peditum aciem, 
 nuntios ad consules rei gestae mittunt, ubi iam inclina- 
 batur hostium acies. Nuntius deinde et vincentibus 
 Romanis animos auxit et referentes gradum perculit 
 
 Squos, In media primum acie vinci coepti, qua per- 
 equitatus turbaverat ordines; sinistrum deinde 
 cornu ab Quinctio consule pelli coepturn; in dextro 
 plurimuin laboris fuit. Ibi Agrippa, aetate viribusque 
 ferox, quum omni parte pugnse melius rem geri quam 
 apud se videret, arrepta signa ab signiferis ipse inferre, 
 n quaedam iacere etiam in confertos hostes cospit; cuius 
 ignominiae metu concitati milites invasere hostem. 
 Ita aequata ex omni parte victoria est. Nuntius turn 
 a Quinctio venit, victorem iam se imminere hostium 
 castris ; nolle irrumpere, antequam sciat debellatum et 
 
 12 in sinistro cornu esse : si iam fudisset hostes, confer- 
 ret ad se signa, ut simul omnis exercitus praeda potire- 
 
 13 tur. Victor Agrippa cum mutua gratulatione ad vic- 
 torem collegam castraque hostium venit. Ibi paucis 
 defendentibus momentoque fusis, sine certamine in 
 
A.CH. 446] LIBER III. 171 
 
 munitiones irrumpunt, prsedaque ingenti compotem 
 exercitum, suis etiam rebus recuperatis, quse popu- 
 latione agrorum amissse erant, reducunt. Triumphum M 
 nee ipsos postulasse nee delatum iis ab senatu accipio, 
 nee traditur causa spreti aut non sperati honoris. Ego 15 
 quantum in tanto intervallo temporum coniicio, quum 
 Valerio atque Horatio consulibus, qui prseter Yolscos 
 et ^Equos Sabini etiam belli perfect! gloriam pepere- 
 rant, negatus ab senatu triumphus esset, verecundise 
 fuit pro parte dimidia rerum consulibus petere tri- 
 umphum, ne, etiamsi impetrassent, magis hominum 
 ratio quam meritorum habita videretur. 
 
 Victoriam honestam ex hostibus partam turpe 71 
 domi de finibus sociorum iudicium po- 
 
 , . -. Oy-a-iA^fL-- .... . . The Romans being 
 
 pull deformavii Aricini atque Arde- called upon to arbi- 2 
 
 , ,, trate in a territorial 
 
 ates de ambiguo agro quum ssepe bello dispute between the 
 
 , . . . IT! Ancini and Arde- 
 
 certassent, multis in vicem cladibus ates, decide, on the 
 
 single evidence of 
 
 fessi iudicem populum Komanum cepere. scaptius, that the 
 
 land in question be- 
 
 Quum ad causam orandam venissent, longs to the RO- 
 
 J mans themselves. * 
 
 concilio populi a magistratibus dato, 
 magna contentione actum. lamque editis testibus, 
 quum tribus vocari et populum inire suffragium opor- 
 teret, consurgit P. Scaptius de plebe, magno natu, et 
 " Si licet " inquit, l( consules, de re publica dicere, 
 errare ego populum in hac causa non patiar. ?> Quum 4 
 ut vanum eum negarent consules audieudum esse 
 vociferantemque, prodi publicam causam, summoveri 
 iussissent, tribunos appellat. Tribuni, ut fere semper 5 
 reguntur a multitudine magis quam regunt, dedere 
 cupidse audiendi plebi, ut, quse vellet, Scaptius diceret. 
 Ibi infit, annum se tertium et octogesimum agere, 6 
 et in eo agro, de quo agitur, militasse, non iuvenein, 
 
172 LIVII [A.U.C. 308 
 
 vicesima iam stipendia merentem, quuni ad Coriolos 
 
 7 sit bellatum. Eo rem se vetustate oblitteratam, ce- 
 terum suse memoriae infixam afferre, agrum, de quo 
 ambigitur, finium Coriolanorum fuisse, captisque Co- 
 riolis iure belli publicum populi Romani factum. Mi- 
 rari se, quonam ore Ardeates Aricinique, cuius agri 
 ius nunquam usurpaverint incolumi Coriolana re, eum 
 se a populo Romano, quern pro domino iudicem fece- 
 
 8 rint, intercepturos sperent. Sibi exigmim vitse tempus 
 superesse; non potuisse se tamen inducere in animum, 
 quin, quern agrum miles pro parte virili maim cepisset, 
 eum senex quoque voce, qua una posset, vindicaret. 
 Magnopere se suadere populo, ne inutili pudore suam 
 
 72 ipse causam damnaret. Consules quum Scaptium non 
 silentio modo, sed cum assensu etiam audiri animad- 
 vertissent, deos hominesque testantes, flagitinm ingens 
 2 fieri, patrum primores arcessunt. Cum iis circumire 
 tribus, orare, ne pessinmm facinus peiore exemplo 
 admitterent iudices in suam rem litem vertendo, quum 
 prsesertim, etiamsi fas sit curam emolurnenti sui iu- 
 dici esse, nequaquam tantum agro intercipiendo acqui- 
 ratur, quantum amittatur alienandis iniuria sociorum 
 s animis. Nam famse quidem ac fidei damna maiora 
 esse, quam quse sestimari possent : hoc legates referre 
 domum, hoc vulgari, hoc socios audire, hoc hostes, quo 
 
 4 cum dolore hos, quo cum gaudio illosl Scaptione hoc, 
 contionali seni, assignaturos putarent finitimos popu- 
 los ? Clarum hac fore imagine Scaptium ; sed populum 
 Romanum quadruplatoris et interceptoris litis aliense 
 
 5 personam laturum. Quern enim hoc privatae rei iudi- 
 ceni fecisse, ut sibi controversiosam adiudicaret rem 1 
 Scaptium ipsum id quidem, etsi prsemortui iam sit 
 
A.CH. 446] LIBER III. 173 
 
 pudoris, non facturum. Hsec consules, haec patres 6 
 vociferantur; sed plus cupiditas et auctor cupiditatis 
 Scaptius valet. Yocatse tribus iudicaverunt, agrum 
 publicum populi Roman! esse. Nee abnuitur ita 7 
 fuisse, si ad iudices alios itum foret ; nunc hand sane 
 quicquam bono causse levatur dedecus iudicii ; idque 
 non Aricinis Ardeatibusque quam patribus Romanis 
 foedius atque acerbius visum. Eeliquum anni quietum 
 ab urbanis motibus et ab externis mansit. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 BOOK II. 
 
 c. i. 1. Liberi emphasized by its position. 
 
 iam Mnc, immediately from this point. lam signifies the 
 point of time immediately succeeding what has been described 
 before. The words qualify both liberi and peragam. Annuos 
 ...hominum are illustrations of liberi. 
 
 ' From this point the Commonwealth of Borne, with its two 
 notes of freedom, annual elections, and the subjection of all 
 individual authority to sovereign laws, and the fortunes of its 
 sons in peace and war, will form the subject of my narrative.' 
 
 2. Quae libertas. The connexion by means of the repe- 
 tition of the leading idea of the preceding sentence should be 
 noticed. 
 
 regnarunt...numerentur. The perf. and present instead 
 of the plpf. and imp. because Livy is speaking of a present 
 result, in his own time, of the conduct of the kings before 
 Tarquinius Superbus. 
 
 partium. Cf. i. 30. 1, 33. 5, 44. 3. 
 
 ipsi. Closely connected with ab se, according to the ordi- 
 nary form of reflexive expression in Latin. 
 
 sedes... proleptic, 'to accommodate.' 
 
 3. neque ambigitur quln. Neque anibigitur is regarded 
 as equivalent to non dubium est. The expression does not occur 
 elsewhere, though the construction is used with other equiva- 
 lents of non dubium est, e.g. iv. 17. 7, Nihil controversiae fuit 
 quin, &c. 
 
176 NOTES II. c. i. 37. 
 
 pessimo pufclico. Pessimo is subst., publico adj. The 
 phrase is formed on the model of bonum publicum, c. 44. 3. 
 L 2. 'With most injurious results to the community.' For the use 
 of the abl. see c. 12. 1. 
 
 4. transfuga. This adjectival or, more correctly, present- 
 participial use of substantives is most frequent in the case of 
 verbals in tor and trix. In Cicero it is almost confined to 
 these, although he uses tiro, advena, and plebicola as adjec- 
 tives ; but these latter expressions are, apparently, intention- 
 ally exceptional. Livy uses such expressions (e.g. exsul ad- 
 vena, fastor accola) much more freely and more as a matter of 
 course. 
 
 Invlolati, like invictus, inauditus and other negatives of 
 participles, has an adjectival sense, arising out of the meaning 
 of the compound, what is never conquered, violated, &c., being 
 practically invincible, inviolable, &c. 
 
 templi. The Asylum, i. 8. 5. 
 
 procellis. A rather favourite metaphor with Livy. Cf. 
 c. 10. 7. 
 
 5. serere, from sero sevi, a metaphor from planting and 
 raising crops. Cf. civiles discordias s. in. 40. 10 and invidiam 
 in alios s. Tac. Hist. n. 86. Translate here: 'to begin a series 
 of contests, &c.' 
 
 assuescitur. Impers. pass.: 'Familiarity with which be- 
 gins (only) after long time.' ' The love of the soil for its own 
 sake, the home feeling which must be a work of time.' 
 
 6^ adultae...forent...nutriendo. Metaphors from the 
 rearing of plants. 
 
 quas, adversative use of relative. Cf. xxvu. 6. 2, Ipse comi- 
 tia in quern diem primum potuit edixit ; quae certamine...per~ 
 fici non potuerunt. ' Discord would have shattered the rising 
 state; whereas under the shelter of monarchical control its 
 growth was encouraged and assisted until its matured powers 
 were fit to produce the good fruit of liberty.' 
 
 tranquilla is opposed to procellae implied in dissipatae and 
 discordia. 
 
 moderatio imperil may be equivalent to moderatum impe- 
 riurn, i. 48. 9. 
 
 7. Litoertatis autem refers back to 1. 
 
 i&GLe...q\tia,=inde...quod. Cf. vn. 17. 3. 'The first begin- 
 nings of freedom we are to see in the limitation of the impe- 
 
NOTES. II. c. i. 710. 177 
 
 rium of the consuls to one year,' lit., 'you are to reckon from 
 this, that, &c. ' 
 
 ' The one life-king was simply replaced by two year-kings,' 
 Mommsen, E. H. i. 256 ff. The essential change, as Livy 
 points out, which converted the Koman Government from a 
 Monarchy to a Commonwealth was not the abolition of the 
 royal powers, but rather the limitation of the reign of the 
 kings, now called praetors or consuls, to one year, after which 
 they became private men, responsible to the citizens for the 
 acts of their reign. 
 
 ex. Exceptional. The preposition after deminutum is 
 generally de. 
 
 8. primi, because later the powers of the consuls were 
 limited. Cf. c. 2. 1, 8. 2, Mommsen, 1. c. 
 
 insignia. By the lex Valeria de provocatione the axe was 
 removed from the fasces of the consul in the city. Cic. de 
 E. P. ii. 31. The ordinary official dress of the consul was the 
 toga praetexta not the purpurea, nor was he allowed to ride in 
 the city. The only occasion on which a consul could assume 
 the full insignia of the kings was when he celebrated a tri- 
 umph, the toga purpurea on such occasions being exchanged 
 later for the toga picta. 
 
 When both consuls were in the city, each in turn, for a 
 month at a time, performed the ordinary duties and assumed 
 the insignia of the office. Compare the expression, penes quern 
 fasces erant, ix. 8. 1. The reason given here is also given by 
 Cicero, I.e. But a more probable reason is the obvious incon- 
 venience of two supreme magistrates of concurrent powers 
 exercising those powers at the same time in the same city. 
 
 vindex, prop, a legal term. One who lays a legal claim to 
 a thing. 
 
 9. postmodum and postmodo (much commoner) are pretty 
 nearly equivalent to postea, but more indefinite. 
 
 iure iurando, 'made them swear an oath.' Other varie- 
 ties of this expression are ad ius iurandum and ius iur.indum 
 adigere, a comparison of which forms seems to indicate that 
 iure iurando is dative rather than ablative. * To pen or en- 
 close in an oath.' Compare iure dicundo, XLII. 28. 6, and sol- 
 vendo aere alieno esse, xxxi. 13. 5. 
 
 10. equestris. As the centuries of the cavalry, both the 
 original six and the twelve added by Servius, contained plebeian 
 members, and as in v. 12 we find mention of plebeians in the 
 Senate, it seems certain that some plebeians must have been 
 
 S. L. 12 
 
178 NOTES. II. c. i. 10 c. n. 3. 
 
 introduced into the Seriate at this time. The following sen- 
 tence, id mirum, &c., would seem to imply that the number was 
 considerable. It is assumed by most historians (Mommsen i. 
 266) that the whole number added to the Senate at this time 
 consisted of plebeians. But this is improbable in itself (Ihne, 
 R. H. i. 136), and is not borne out by Livy's account. For he 
 defines conscripti to mean novus Senatus which, unless we are 
 to suppose that there were no patricians outside the kingly 
 Senate, might well include patricians as well as plebeians. In 
 this case, patres in this phrase will mean simply the original 
 senators. 
 
 11. traditum ut, ' dates (is derived) the custom of sum- 
 moning.' Ut depends on the idea of institution implied in 
 traditum. 
 
 mirum quantum is regarded as a simple adverb, and con- 
 sequently does not affect the mood of the verb. Exceptional 
 use in Livy, cf. i. 16. 8, where the verb is in subj. Gk. 0avfj,a- 
 alas cos, 0avjm<nov otrov. 
 
 c. ii. 1. regem. A curious instance of the formal 
 conservatism of the Romans and their tendency to legal fic- 
 tions. As certain rites had been performed only by a Rex, a 
 Rex must continue to perform them, but to prevent the possi- 
 bility of this official becoming rex in anything more than name 
 he was made incapable of holding office and commonly called 
 by an apparently derisive title other forms of the title are 
 Hex sacrorum, sacriftciorum and sacrificus. 
 
 The Pontifex Maximus would seem to have succeeded to 
 the King's position as head of the Roman religious establish- 
 ment. Seeley, Livy, Bk. i. p. 96. 
 
 2. nescio an, * perhaps. ' An elliptical construction, as an 
 must introduce the second member of an alternative question. 
 The writer by leaving out the first member shows that the 
 second is that to which he inclines as true. Consequently in 
 classical prose writers it always introduces a modest affirma- 
 tion. In post-Augustan writers it is constantly used to ex- 
 press mere doubt or ignorance. Roby, Lat. Gr. 2255 ; Mar- 
 tial, selected epigrams, n. pref. note. 
 
 3. tamquam alieni, &c. * Had never abandoned his hopes 
 of the throne or brought himself to regard another man as the 
 lawful possessor of it, but, &c.;' lit., 'Not having forgotten the 
 royal power, as being the property of another man.' But obli- 
 viscor, as in vin. 35. 3, has the force of active or intentional 
 forgetting, abandoning the idea of a thing, and tamquam is 
 subordinate to oblitum, expressing what would have been his 
 
NOTES. II. c. ii. 310. 179 
 
 view of the royal power, if he had abandoned the idea of 
 obtaining it. 
 
 repetisse. The re signifies his idea that he was only claim- 
 ing what was due to him. Cf. the use of reddo to pay. 
 
 nescire, ' know not how to be, &c.' Cf. vi. 30. 7, apparuit 
 eos tempore et victoria uti nescire. 
 
 5. uncle = a quo. Cf. i. 10. 1, eo = ad eum t and eo in this 
 chapter = ad id. 
 
 6. solidam, equivalent to integer or totus. Horace, Odes, 
 i. 1. 20, solido de die. So Livy i. 19. 6, solidus annus. 
 
 7. absolve, * complete.' Cf. in. 34. 7, quibus adiectis 
 absolvi posse velut corpus omnis Eomani iuris. Not a very 
 common use of the word in Livy. 
 
 meminimus andfatemur used absolutely and parenthetically. 
 The use is rather conversational and poetical. Used here to 
 express the emotion with which Brutus is supposed to be 
 speaking. 
 
 reges. i. 39. 2. 
 
 forsitan. For this use of forsitan qualifying the adjective 
 vano, rather than the verb, comp. ix. 11. 13 : Et illi quidem 
 forsitan et publica, sua certe liber ata fide... redierunt; andSallust, 
 Jug. 106. 3. 
 
 ita, &c. * So rooted is the conviction that only with the 
 Tarquinian clan will the spirit of monarchy depart hence. ' 
 
 ita, like adeo } OVTUS and rotouros, introduces a statement 
 confirmatory of a previous statement, and acquires an almost 
 causal sense, ' so true is it that.' Cf. Cic. pro Beg. Deiot. c. 7, 
 Di te perduint, fugitive I ita non modo nequam et improbus, sea 
 etiam fatuus et amens es. 
 
 8. incluserat. More animated way of expressing impe- 
 dierat. Comp. Cic. pro Kab. Post. c. 17, sed me dolor debilitat 
 includitque vocem. Soph. Antig. 505, yXuffaav eyK\doi <o/3os. 
 
 9. et with and without quidem is used to introduce in 
 connexion with a previous statement, the first or concessive 
 member of an antithesis, the second member being introduced 
 with or without an adversative particle, according to require- 
 ment. Cf. vi. 13. 4, Instare Eomanus. Et donee armati con- 
 fertique abibant, peditum labor in persequendo fuit. Postquam 
 iactari arma passim animadversum est, turn equitum turmae 
 emissae. 
 
 10. postmodum. Cf. c. 1. 9. 
 
 122 
 
180 NOTES. II. c. ii. 11 c. in. 6. 
 
 11. populum with comitiis centuriatis mentioned just 
 after, apparently in contradistinction to it, seems to suggest 
 that Livy was thinking here of the Comitia Tributa of later 
 times. 
 
 comitiis cent., <fec. See Mommsen, B. H. i. 261. 
 
 c. in. 1. ceterum, meaning lit. 'as regards the rest,' 
 is frequently used by Livy and Sallust as an adversative con- 
 junction, esp. with a negative in the preceding sentence. 
 
 serius, the comp. only used in the adverb. Cj>n . 
 2. nee VL etii quidem non, &c. 
 
 in regno, * under the monarchy.' In here signifies the sur- 
 rounding circumstances. Compare such expressions as trepidis 
 in rebus, in tanta omnium inopia, in aere alieno, &c., and in tot 
 humanis erroribun lower down. 
 
 3. turn explained by aequato, &c. * Now that there was 
 one law for all.' 
 
 qu.a,eYen.tea=requirentes, * looking for in vain. Cf. Cic. 
 Verr. n. iii. 18, ut in uberrima parte Siciliae Siciliam quaere- 
 remus. 
 
 vertisse, intrans. : a use not uncommon in Livy. 
 
 hominem, opp. to rem. * A king was a human being from 
 whom a man could obtain a favour, lawful or unlawful : law 
 was a machine deaf to all appeals,' &c. 
 
 5. ita, sponte qualify aegris. * They had already worked 
 themselves into this morbid state of feeling when they came 
 under the influence of the ambassadors sent, ' &c. 
 
 animis, dat. after superveniunt, which signifies the introduc- 
 tion of a new impulse towards disloyalty. Cf. Verg. Eel. vi. 20, 
 Addit se sociam timidisque supervenit Aegle. For the metaphor 
 in aegris comp. xxiv. 2, Unus velut morbus invaserat omnes 
 Italiae civitates, ut plebes ab optimatibus dissentirent, and the 
 similar use of voveiv in Greek. 
 
 ea consultatio. * The debate on this.' For this use of an 
 adjective pronoun agreeing with a subst. to express the object 
 after it, comp. i. 30. 4, Hac fiducia. vm. 5, Quo terrore. 
 The usage is very common in Livy. 
 
 ne non, &c. Ne depends on the notion of fear and anxiety 
 expressed in ea tenuit. 
 
 6. moliri and struere in this metaphorical use generally 
 have a bad sense, like our ' machination.' 
 
NOTES. II. c. in. 6 c. v. 4. 181 
 
 ad id, * ostensibly canvassing to secure their professed 
 object.' 
 
 ambire is used absolutely. 
 
 c. iv. 1. Vitelliis. These Vitellii appear to haTe become 
 extinct. The Emperor belonged to a different stock. The 
 Aquilii appear again during the republic. 
 
 3. sententia, quae censefoat. Personification or the 
 ascribing of actions to inanimate subjects, in Cicero confined 
 to collective words (e.g. aetas, antiquitas, &c.), words express- 
 ing moral or religious powers (e.g. Fides, Fortuna, &c.) and 
 words expressing the mind or mental processes (e. g. mens, cu- 
 piditas, &c.), is by Livy much more freely used. See index s.v. 
 
 4. super =de, rare in Cicero (only occurring in letters), is 
 more frequent in Livy, but, as a rule, only in connexion with 
 res, and esp. in such phrases as super tali, tanta re, &c. 
 
 5. ut fit, ' naturally,' ' as is generally the case.' Cf. Cic. 
 pro Milone, c. 10, Dum se uxor, ut Jit, comparat, commoratus 
 erat. 
 
 7. commisisse, ut, &c., * had laid themselves open to be 
 regarded as enemies.' Committere ut, &c., is * to set things 
 going, to begin a course of action, with a certain result' (cf. 
 committere proelium, * to set a battle going'), but always used in 
 a bad sense. 
 
 et...tamen. Cf. c. 2. 9. 
 
 ius gentium here, as frequently, means international law, 
 the law of peace and war. 
 
 c. v. 1. Integra. ' The question was re-opened and again 
 submitted to the senate.' Lit. ' The matter was submitted as 
 one in regard to which nothing had been done, no decision ar- 
 rived at.' Cf. Integram est mihi, 'It is open to me.' 
 
 2. ager. According to Cic. de K. P. 5. 2 and Dionysius 
 5. 13, the royal domains were distributed among the poor ci- 
 tizens with the exception of the portion here mentioned, and 
 known afterwards as the Campus Martius. 
 
 3. religiosum erat. 'It was a matter of religious ob- 
 servance not to,' &c. Lit. 'It was a matter involving religious 
 scruples to,' <fec. Livy uses religio and religioni est in the same 
 way. 
 
 4. iude et aliis, &c. Inde-Iis, ablative of material, 'out 
 of these and the other chance materials, ' &c. 
 
182 NOTES. II. c. v. 49. 
 
 credo. Parenthetic, the accus. and infin. "being due to the 
 orat. obliqua. This use in Cicero is always, more or less, 
 ironical. 
 
 manu, 'artificially.' Moles, ' embankments.' 
 
 adiutum, impersonal passive, * other artificial means were 
 employed. ' 
 
 templis, of Jupiter, Faunus, Semo, Sancus, JEsculapius. 
 On the island of the Tiber, see Burn, Old Kome, p. 115. 
 
 firma = satis firma. ad with accus. would be a more usual 
 construction than the dat., but comp. xxv. 36. 9, satis validum 
 feminis morandis. 
 
 5. poense cap., an unusual phrase, but used by Sallust, 
 Jug. c. 68. 
 
 6. averterant. 'But the spectators had no eyes for the 
 others... their attention was riveted on,' &c. The plpf. ex- 
 presses the withdrawal of the gaze from all other objects, and 
 the resulting concentration of it on the two. 
 
 7. potissimum, 'should have chosen that year, of all 
 years.' potissimum signifies preference of one object before all 
 others of the same class ; potius, before one other. Cf . i. pref. 
 7, cum suum...parentem H art em potissimum ferat. 
 
 8. pater vultusque, &c. Construction of the whole and 
 the part. On use of que cf. c. 11. 1. The father, as seen in 
 the working of his countenance, was the object of interest. 
 
 eminente, &c. 'While all through the scene it was a strange 
 sight to see the workings of the father's face as he performed 
 his public duty in spite of the natural affection that would 
 assert itself.' 
 
 inter. Lit. 'in the midst of the administration of public 
 punishment.' It implies that the one interrupted the other. 
 Compare inter with gerundive, n. 20. 9, Inter spoliandum corpus 
 veruto percussus. As all the other narrators of this story repre- 
 sent Brutus as perfectly unmoved, it has been suggested to read 
 emineretne here ; but the alteration is quite unnecessary. _ 
 
 Weissenb. would translate eminente ' trying to assert itself,' 
 but emineo is a neuter verb, 'to be prominent, conspicuous,' &c., 
 and consequently the active present participles which he quotes 
 are not in point. 
 
 9. ut in, &c. 'To promote by an impressive appeal to two 
 opposite motives the prevention of crimes. ' 
 
 in utramque partem, in either direction, that is, in the 
 way of punishment and of reward. 
 
NOTES. II. c. v. 9 c. vi. 6. 183 
 
 arcendis sceleribus. The dat. of purpose after nobile exem- 
 plum. 
 
 10. vindicta. The manumissio per vindictam was a mode 
 of liberating a slave by a legal fiction. The master and slave 
 appeared before a magistrate, and a third person, previously 
 appointed, appeared to claim the slave. This assertor libertatis 
 laid a rod (vindicta festuca) on the head of the slave (the form 
 observed in claiming disputed property) and pronounced the 
 words Hunc hominem liberum esse dico. Whereupon the owner 
 instead of disputing the claim turned the slave round, gave him 
 a tap on the cheek (alapa) and let him go, using the words 
 Hunc hominem liberum esse volo. The magistrate then pro- 
 nounced judgment in favour of the claimant and so set the 
 slave free. For the real legal process in which a person claimed 
 another as free or slave and the claim was disputed, see in. 
 4447. 
 
 civitatem. Except in quite the earliest times freedmen 
 appear to have enjoyed the privileges of plebeians. Mommsen, 
 i. 90. But they were enrolled in the city tribes only, until 
 the time of Appius Claudius, the Censor, who dispersed them 
 through all the tribes. Afterwards they were confined to the 
 city tribes, and in B.C. 169 to one of those tribes, the Esquilina. 
 According to Dionysius it was Servius Tullius who first bestowed 
 citizen rights on freedmen. iv. 22. 
 
 c. vi. 1. sicut, &c. 'A full and exact account.' 
 
 2. se...ortum. The reading of the text is Madvig's, who 
 inserts ab se. Weissenb. reads se ortum, taking se to be abla- 
 tive, which seems very improbable ; for the sense requires se in 
 the accus., and Livy would not use se as ablative without some- 
 thing (e. g. a preposition or word in agreement) to indicate the 
 case. 
 
 ex signifies change from one set of circumstances to another. 
 Cf. Cic. de E. P. u. 10, Dii ex hominibus facti, 'The other day 
 a powerful monarch.' 
 
 in regnum, * to mount the throne.' 
 
 augentem. In allusion probably to the siege of Ardea, i. 57. 
 
 3. Inmrias. Cf. i. 15 and 42. 
 
 4. saltern. Under the Eoman leader, at any rate, if not 
 under their own. 
 
 6. quadrato agmine, 'in column.' That is the phalanx, 
 G or 8 files deep, marching in column and ready to form in 
 line either way at a moment's notice. 
 
184 NOTES. II. c. vi. 7 c. vii. 2. 
 
 7. Arruns, &c. * Arruns saw by the lictors in the dis- 
 tance that it was a consul approaching ; presently, as he gained 
 a nearer and clearer view of the party, he recognised the form 
 and features of Brutus : then maddened,' &c. Ex signifies the 
 source of intelligence, which is here the appearance of the lic- 
 tors. For the use of procul, cf. 64. 3. cognovit used in two 
 constructions: (1) the accus. and infin., consulem esse; (2) the 
 accus. alone, Brutum. Lit. 'when he perceived that the consul, 
 &c. (and) then nearer and more certainly by form also recog- 
 nised Brutus.' 
 
 ipse en. The natural position of en is first in the sentence. 
 Its position here intensifies the force of ipse . 
 
 8. Infestus, &c., 'rode straight at.' 
 
 9. neuter. Each, in the desire to wound the other, taking 
 no care to protect himself. 
 
 memor. Cf. c. 2. 3. 
 
 infestis. Dr Donaldson would read infensis, maintaining 
 that infensus, only, signifies the feeling and iufestus merely the 
 fact. But it is a question whether the distinction can be main- 
 tained without very arbitrary alteration of MS. readings. See 
 on c. 20. 2. 
 
 10. velut has a limiting force, 'as if Mars was equal,' 
 meaning that neither side was very decidedly victorious. 'They 
 fought with balanced success, the result being almost (something 
 like) a drawn battle. ' 
 
 superveniunt. This absolute use of this verb does not occur 
 before Livy. 
 
 c. vn. 1. omissa irrita re. For a similar combination of 
 words cf. i. 14. 4, Immissa armata iuventute; vm. 12. 9, bello 
 infecto omisso. One of the participles is used adverbially as an 
 e&tension of the predicate contained in the other. 
 
 irrita. Subjective. An enterprise from which they looked 
 for no results : so almost = 'hopeless.' 
 
 suas QLuisque. Ellipse of the special singular predicate, as 
 in Pictores et poetae suum quisque opus a vulgo considerari vult 
 there is an ellipse of the general plural predicate. Both forms 
 are common in Livy. See Boby, Lat. Gr. 1440. suas is pi. 
 on account of the collective sense of quisque. 
 
 Veiens. For this collective use of the singular in proper and 
 professional names see 20. 12 and Capes' Livy xxi. xxn. In- 
 trod. iii. 
 
 2. Arsia. N.W. of Rome on the borders of Etruria and 
 Latium. 
 
NOTES. II. c. vii. 310. 185 
 
 3. ita, 'in accordance with this,' confirms the previous 
 statement and ita erat, nam, 'and this was so far true that the 
 Eomans,' &c. Compare the use of ita in affirmative answers. 
 
 4. quanto turn potuit. For the position of turn comp. 
 i. 7. 9, Is turn Euander, &c., 'with all the magnificence that 
 age admitted.' 
 
 5. ex. Cf. c. 6. 2. 
 
 6. quia...subrogaverat. Livy's own statement of the 
 causes of the people's suspicion ; therefore indie. 
 
 nec...et. 'Not only not... but, &c.' et in this connexion 
 introduces an important addition to a previous statement. 
 
 indignitate. Cf. c. 30. 2. 
 
 7. populo, dat. after summissis. The custom was a 
 regular one in historical times. 
 
 8. ibi. ' Then,' frequent use in Livy. Cf. c. 6. 10. 
 
 matura. 'In the full bloom of his renown, before, &c.' 
 Compare the common metaphorical use offloreo. 
 
 ex. Cf. c. 6. 2. 
 
 recidisse, 'had sunk to the level of.' Cf. iv. 2. 8. So 
 cadere, i. 40. 3. 
 
 9. nunquamne? Khetorical mode of expressing what 
 ought to be. Cf. in. 53. 8, Nunquamne quiescet civitas nostra 
 a suppliciis ? 
 
 ergo, like dpa in Greek, expressing sorrow or indignation at 
 realising some fact. Cf. c. 40. 8, Ergo ego nisi peperissem, 
 Roma non oppugnaretur. Martial, iv. 88. 3, note. 
 
 vobis, dative of the person judging, Eoby, 1148, the par- 
 ticiple here having acquired an adjectival sense. The dat. 
 instead of a vobis is the emendation of Gronovius. ' Will no 
 man ever convince you so fully of the genuineness of his good 
 qualities as to be secured against injurious suspicions ? ' 
 
 spectata. Metaphor from metals. 
 uUa virtus. Cf. c. 3. 5. 
 
 10. timerem...crederem. Deliberative subjunctive in 
 interrogation, without introductory particle, suggesting a just 
 possible conception which the speaker expects his hearers to 
 reject. Cf. XLII. 41, Quiescerem et paterer donee in regiam 
 meavi armatus pervenisset ? 
 
186 NOTES. II. c. vii. 10 c. vin. 2. 
 
 arce Capitolioque. The N.E. and S.W. eminences of the 
 Capitoline hill. 
 
 momento. Metaphor from weighing. Momentum is the 
 weight required to disturb the equilibrium, a very common 
 metaphor in Cicero as well as in Livy. 'Does it require so 
 little to turn the scales against my good name ? ' The ablative 
 is a sort of ablative of circumstance. Lit. * Does my fame hang 
 (balanced against ill fame) under the circumstances of so 
 slight a weight (being required) to turn the scale ? ' hence the 
 use of pendere with ex, a&, de or the simple abl. = ' to depend 
 upon.' 
 
 fides. ' Your confidence in me.' 
 
 11. Publii. Rhetorical use of the proper name for the 
 pronoun. 
 
 deferam. * I will bring my house down not merely to level 
 ground, but to the bottom of the hill.' 
 
 aedes, inserted by Madvig on the ground that the elliptical 
 genitive is never used except after a preposition and that aedes 
 might easily fall out between ae and est. 
 
 12. Vicae Potae. An old Italian goddess of Victory, de- 
 rived apparently from the two roots vie (vi(n)co) and pot (potis). 
 
 c. vni. 1. absolverent...verterent. Consecutive subj. 
 verterent is used absolutely here, rather than intransitively, an 
 object (rem, 'the state of affairs') being supplied from the con- 
 text, ' produced such a reaction (such a complete revulsion of 
 feeling), as to make him even a popular hero.' 
 
 Publicolae, from the two stems popul and col. Populicola, 
 Poplicola, Publicola, by syncope and assimilation. 
 
 2. de provocatione. In the regal period the king decided 
 when a condemned man should be allowed to appeal for 
 pardon. Under this Valerian law, the consuls were bound to 
 allow it in all cases, unless the man was condemned by 
 martial law. This fact was symbolised by the removal of the 
 axes from the fasces. Cf. c. i. 7. 
 
 sacrandoque, &c. The consecratio capitis et bonorum was 
 a punishment attached to certain laws known as leges sacratae, 
 whereby the offender was devoted to the gods with all his 
 possessions. In the earliest times the punishment of such an 
 offender was left in the hands of the gods, but his property 
 was obviously lost to him, and anybody might take his life 
 without incurring the guilt of murder. In historical times, 
 however, it would seem that after the comitia had pronounced 
 
NOTES. II. a vin. 28. 187 
 
 sentence, the criminal was executed, under the superintendence 
 of the tribunes, by being thrown from the Tarpeian rock (vi. 
 20) ; unless the modified sentence of consecratio bonorum was 
 pronounced, in which case the life of the offender was spared. 
 
 The principal leges sacratae of historical times were those 
 mentioned here and those which secured the inviolability of the 
 Tribunes. Comp. in. 55. 
 
 3. subrogando. Rogare in such compounds as this is 
 used in the technical sense of submitting a proposal to the 
 comitia, the nature of the proposal being indicated by the 
 preposition. Thus subrogare is to make a proposal for filling 
 a vacant office, prorogare to propose an extension of office, &c. 
 Practically the words are used not simply of the proposal made 
 but of the act of the comitia assenting to the proposal. Not 
 unfrequently they are used in a general sense, e.g. erogare, to 
 pay or spend. 
 
 4. magno natu, a case of hypallage and condensed 
 expression. Livy applies magnus to the man's birth, whereas 
 it properly belongs to the man, who is great in respect of the 
 time of his birth, magno natu = cum grandis natu esset. Of. 
 m. 38. 1, v. 34. 3. 
 
 5. memoriam. Cf. c. 4. 2, Memoria abiit. The use of 
 inter cider e in this connexion is rare, and memoria is more 
 commonly in the abl. in such expressions than subj. to the 
 verb. Cf. c. 33. 9. 
 
 6. aedes, begun by Tarquinius Priscus, i. 38. 
 
 7. tenenti. In dedicating a temple, the officiating 
 magistrate with his hand on the door-post repeated after the 
 priest the form of dedication. 
 
 incutiunt. In Latin a messenger is identified with his 
 message. Hence nuntius practically means both a messenger 
 and a message. Livy here, by way of coining a telling ex- 
 pression, speaks of striking a message into the consul, suggest- 
 ing the sudden terror caused by the message. Cf. incutere 
 timorem, &c., ' sought to shake him from his purpose by 
 sudden evil news.' 
 
 funesta familia. ' With death in his house.' Abl. of cir- 
 cumstance. 
 
 8. non simply negatives crediderit. The omission of 
 utrum or ne in the first clause of a double sentence is common. 
 ' Whether he was incredulous or too strong-minded to care ; ' 
 'He may have been incredulous: he may have been very 
 strong-minded: tradition leaves the question open, and it is 
 not an easy one to settle now.' 
 
188 NOTES. II. c. vin. 8 c. ix. 6. 
 
 tantum. Elliptical tantum ut ad peragendum inceptum 
 valeret. Comp. tanti est, 'it is worth while,' that is, tanti 
 est, utfaciam. 
 
 nihil aliud quam = one adverb, 'only.' See c. 29. 4. 
 4 Only pausing in his work for an instant, as this message was 
 delivered to him, to give orders, &c.' 
 
 tenens. ' Without letting go of the door-post.' 
 
 c. ix. 1. miscendo. The modal use of the gerund, very 
 common in Livy, and differing little in sense from a present 
 participle. 
 
 nunc...nunc explain preces and consilium respectively. 
 
 oriundos, the gerundive of orior, but always used as a 
 simple adj. without gerundival force. It differs from ortus in 
 expressing not simply the historical fact of a descent, but the 
 character, condition, claims, &c. implied in such a descent, 
 ' descendants of Etruscan ancestors.' 
 
 3. aequari. The present, more vivid than the future, 
 expressing immediate apprehension of the danger described. 
 
 4. amplum, ' that it added to the dignity of the Etrus- 
 cans.' A very common use of the word both in Cicero and Livy. 
 Romae ' at ', not ' of Rome.' 
 
 Tusci. On the origin of this name and the name Etrusci, 
 see Mommsen, v. 1, p. 129. 
 
 5. ipsi. The young student should notice the Latin 
 idiom here. It will be noticed that the danger to the new 
 constitution lay in the feelings of the plebs. The expulsion of 
 the kings had been the work of the aristocracy. 
 
 6. impensus, generally derived from impendo, which is 
 supposed to have acquired the notion of lavish expenditure 
 from the connexions in which it was frequently used, e.g. 
 vitam patriae impendere. But it is a question whether it is 
 not simply ' unweighed,' ' beyond weighing.' So ' considerable, 
 large,' &c. 
 
 Horace uses impenso alone, n. Sat. in. 245, Luscinias soliti 
 impenso prandere coemptas. 
 
 omne sumptum, 'was transferred entirely to the state.' 
 Madvig's emendation for the MSS. omni sumptu which gives no 
 satisfactory meaning. 
 
 tribute. The property-tax levied on Roman citizens for 
 the payment of the troops and general war purposes, so called 
 
NOTES. II. c. ix. 6 c. x. 3. 189 
 
 quia tributim a singulis pro portione census exigebatur. Such a 
 tax is mentioned in connexion with the earliest kings, and 
 specially in connexion with the Servian reforms, when it was 
 regulated according to the Servian property qualification. 
 But the systematic levying of it seems to date from the year 
 406, when the troops first began to receive pay. From that 
 time, whenever the ordinary revenues did not cover the military 
 expenses, this extraordinary tax was levied to supply the defi- 
 ciency. Sometimes after a successful and fruitful war it was 
 returned to the citizens. But this was not a rule. It was 
 levied -apparently on real and personal property and ceased 
 after the conquest of Macedonia in 167. 
 
 oneri ferendo, * who were qualified to bear the burden ;' 
 similar use of the dat. gerundive to solvendo esse, ' to be quali- 
 fied to pay,' ' solvent, ' c. 5. 9. 
 
 7. postmodum. Cf. c. 1. 9. 
 
 8. unus emphasizes quisquam in opp. to universus applied 
 to senatus. 
 
 c. x. 1. demigrant. Cf. c. 7. 1. 
 
 dedit. Vivid use of indie. , common in descriptions of scenes. 
 It implies that the thing averted not only would have happened 
 but for a counteracting influence, but was on the point of hap- 
 pening. Cf. in. 19. 8, nisi Latini sua sponte arma sumpsissent, 
 capti et deleti eramus. 
 
 2. sublicius, the earliest of the bridges of Eome built to 
 connect the city with the Janiculus. It was built of wood, and, 
 in consequence of certain religious feelings connected with it, 
 was still formed of wood in the first century A. D. It probably 
 stood a little below the ruins now known as ponte rotto, which 
 stand on the site of the pons lapideus or Aemilius, built B.C. 
 179 142. This latter probably stood on the site of an older 
 stone bridge, for Livy speaks of two bridges existing as early as 
 B.C. 194. 
 
 vir has its full sense, * a true man,' ' but for the bravery of 
 one man.' 
 
 id attracted into the gender of munimentum. Cic. Phil. v. 14, 
 Pompeio patre, quod imperio populi Eomani lumen fuit, exstruc- 
 to, &c. 
 
 For the opposite construction see c. 38. 5, si hoc profectio et 
 nonfuga est y and in. 38, Sabini...spem in discordia Romanapo- 
 nentes : earn impedimentum dilectui fore. 
 
 3. in statione. 'In command at the bridge.' 
 
190 NOTES. II. c. x. 3 c. xi. 1. 
 
 citatos, ' at full speed.' Adj. use of participle. Cf. c. 47. 3, 
 citato equo. 
 
 turbam, condensed expression = suos ex instructis militibus 
 turbam factos. ' Saw his men panic-stricken and in disorder 
 abandoning their arms and ranks.' 
 
 reprehensans, a very unusual word. It implies the constant 
 renewal of his efforts to detain his men, one after another : 
 ' seizing them by the arm one after the other.' 
 
 praesidio, used with local signification, as frequently. 
 
 4. transitum, subst. in app. to pontem, 'if they left the 
 bridge free for the enemy to cross by.' 
 
 lam, ' in a few moments.' 
 
 5. insignisque. ' Showing conspicuous among the retreat- 
 ing forms of the runaways as he faced about ready to fight at 
 the point of the sword, he overpowered for an instant the 
 minds of the enemy by the mere force of his astonishing bold- 
 ness.' 
 
 6. tamen, in spite of the behaviour of the others. 
 7. procella. Cf. c. 1. 4. 
 
 8. servitia, abstr. for concrete a common use, ' The 
 slave-gangs.' 
 
 immemores, ' careless of,' * indifferent to.' Cf. c. 2. 3. 
 9. pudor. Cf. c. 4. 3. 
 
 10. ingenti gradu. eJ diafids, 'immoveable as a rock.' 
 Gradus signifies the firm immoveable stand of the man. ingenti, 
 generally, indicates * heroic,' a power almost more than human. 
 
 alacritate, ' a ringing cheer from the Eomans as they 
 finished their work.' alacritate abl. of cause, operis a descrip- 
 tive genitive, classifying alacritas. 
 
 11. Tiberlne pater. The regular appellation of the Tiber 
 as a river-god in invocations. 
 
 13. in magna. Cf. c. 3. 2. Pro ' in proportion to.' 
 se ipse. Cf. c. 9. 5. 
 
 c. xi. 1. ripisque. The use of que in classical Latin is to 
 couple together terms or sentences, which form part of a whole 
 single idea ; frequently it couples, as here, the specific to the 
 general, and so the words introduced by it are epexegetical of 
 the preceding ; in other words, the two members coupled by 
 que form a hendiadys. 
 
NOTES. II. c. xi. 28. 191 
 
 2. per occasiones = data occasione, si quando occasio data 
 esset, first used by Livy, otherwise this modal or circumstan- 
 tial use of per, though not unfrequent in Livy (cf. per ambages, 
 per defectionem, &c.) is more common in Sallust. The use 
 appears to be due to the influence of Greek, per with ace. in these 
 cases being exactly equivalent to 5ia with gen. in such expres- 
 sions as did T&XOVS, &G. 
 
 aliis atque aliis, ' first one and then another,' * different at 
 different times.' Comp. i. 8. 4, alia atque alia loca appetendo. 
 Atque lays a stress on the second alius. 
 
 4. hoctantum, &c. When Livy uses a neut. adj. substan- 
 tively in combination with a genitive, the adj. is always of the 
 second declension and the genitive is a partitive genitive the 
 use of these neut. adj. in combination with pronouns is common 
 in Livy, i. 29. 3, ultimum illud domos visuri. Cicero only uses 
 such combinations to supply the place of abstract subst. not in 
 the language. N. D. i. 24. 68, illud vestrum beatum et aeter- 
 num. 
 
 ultor. . .vindicem. Cf. c. 1. 4. * Submitting with indifference 
 to small affronts, he was reserving his vengeance for more 
 important occasions.' 
 
 5. Esquilina, on the east side of the city. 
 quod, 'because.' 
 
 6. et sciere. ' And, as a matter of fact, they did know 
 of it.' 
 
 ut, Gk. ws, makes the words that follow not Livy's state- 
 ment, but the thought of the people that he is writing about. 
 
 7. lapidem, milestone an anachronism, for the via Ga- 
 bina and its milestones did not exist until long after this time. 
 Livy of course means that these men were posted at the point 
 where the second milestone on the Gabinian way stood in his 
 time. In vii. 39. 16 he speaks more correctly, l ad lapidem octa- 
 vumviae quae mine Appia est.' 
 
 porta Collina, on the N.E. of the city. 
 
 8. Naevia on the S. between the Aventine and Caelian. 
 The Komans were posted in four divisions N., E. and S. of 
 the city. The Etruscans moved round the N. side of the city 
 to theEsquiline Gate. As soon as they passed the Colline Gate 
 Larcius drew out his forces to cut off their retreat that way. 
 Valerius, issuing from the Porta Caelimontana, first came in 
 contact with the enemy. As soon as he had engaged with 
 them, Herminius, leaving his ambush on the road to Prae- 
 
192 NOTES. II. c. XL 8 c. xn. 14. 
 
 neste, attacked them in the rear. At the same time, the 
 troops of Larcius at the Colline, and those of Lucretius at the 
 Naevian Gate, made their presence known to the enemy, who 
 were thus completely surrounded and cut down. 
 
 9. Lucretium, evidently a mistake for Valerium, and 
 altered accordingly by most editors. 
 
 c. xii. 1. cum, 'involving.' The abl. with or without 
 cum according to circumstances (see rule in. 38. 1), frequently 
 expresses the result of an action as its accompaniment. 
 
 sedendo, a word regularly used of a besieging army, xxxi. 
 38. 8, Sedentem Romanum debellaturum. 
 
 4. fortuna, * a charge which the present condition of the 
 city would tend to substantiate.' The abl. qualifies ut trans- 
 fuga. 
 
 5. praedo...ultor. Cf. c. 1. 4. 'Not to plunder nor to 
 retaliate on our plunderers. ' The verbal subst. is here quali- 
 fied by invicem. Cf. c. 35. 3. 
 
 7. eum. Emphasized by its position at the head of the 
 second of two sentences asyndeton. 
 
 quo temere. quo = in quern, relative to scribam, 'letting his 
 hand fall where blind chance directed it.' temere in sense 
 belongs really rather to Mucius's action than to fortune's. 
 
 8. metuendus, &c., 'inspiring more fear than he felt 
 himself.' 
 
 10. animos. For the plural of a single person cf. i. 25. 3. 
 
 accingere in is uncommon, ad being the more usual prepo- 
 sition. The metaphor is military. 
 
 12. periculoque. ' With mingled feelings of anger at the 
 outrage and terror at the danger he had incurred.' que couples 
 the two feelings which went to make up the whole state of 
 mind of the king. c. 2. 1. 
 
 13. en tibi. 'Look here and learn! &c.' tibi is ethical 
 dative, the person interested in the exclamation. 
 
 dextramque, ' and with that (que) plunged, &c.' c. 2. 1. 
 
 alienato ab sensu, 'insensible to pain,' lit., 'alienated or 
 disconnected from sensation.' 
 
 14. macte, blest contains the root of the Gk. /maKap. 
 It is a question whether it is an adverb or the vocative case. 
 
NOTES. II. c. xii. 14 c. XIIL 8. 193 
 
 From the use of the plural macti, the latter seems the more 
 probable. In that case, it is a constructio ad sensum, the case 
 required grammatically being attracted into the vocative be- 
 cause of the vocative sense of the whole expression. Comp. 
 Horace n. Sat. vi. 20, sen lane libentius audis. 
 
 16. ceterl. ' The rest each in his turn as the lot brings 
 his name to the head of the list will be here in due time, so 
 long as Fortune offers a chance of attacking you,' or, ' mitil 
 Fortune puts you in our power.' 
 
 primi is proleptic ; 'as the lot of each shall have fallen 
 (cado for the more usual excido) so that he comes first.' 
 
 c. xin. 2. quo (casw), prob. a modal abl. 'in which.' If 
 the meaning were 'from which danger' the prepn. a would be 
 required. Tego, in the sense of ' protecting,' is not very common. 
 
 texisset. Subj. because the relative clause contains P.'s 
 view of the fact. 
 
 ultro, ' unasked.' Ultro is used of an action done proprio 
 motu, without any suggestion or impulse from outside. Sponte 
 of an action done freely, not under compulsion. 
 
 3. iactatum de. On the analogy of agi de, iactatum 
 being, as it were, a weak form of ac'tum, a mere hint or sugges- 
 tion, as opposed to a definite proposal. 
 
 quia, with indie. : a reason stated by Livy. 
 
 quod, with subj. : a reason in the mind of Porsinna. 'Not 
 because he had any doubt in his own mind that the Komans 
 would decline to entertain it, but because it was impossible for 
 him to decline to offer it.' 
 
 4. agro. Cf. i. 15. 4 and 33. 8. 
 Romanis, dat. after expressa. 
 
 5. Mucia prata. Nothing is known of the position of 
 these fields. 
 
 6. dux, ' at the head of,' c. 1.4. 
 
 8. alias is not equivalent to ceteras. The use of it em- 
 phasizes the desire to regain Cloelia. Porsinna does not say 
 that he cared nothing for all the rest as a body considered nu- 
 merically, but for any except (different from) Cloelia. 
 
 facere = se facere. Orat. obliq. 'he cared little (he said) 
 about any others.' 
 
 S.L. 13 
 
194 NOTES. II. c. xin. 8 c. xiv. 9. 
 
 dlcere...prae se ferre, historic infinitives. 
 quemadmodum...sic, variation of the ordinary ut...ita. 
 10. opportuna=o&7i<ma, as above, c. 12. 16. 
 
 11. summa Sacra via. The portion of the sacra via 
 where the porta Mugionis and the temple of Jupiter Stator 
 stood and afterwards the arch of Titus. From this point the 
 road descended to the Forum. 
 
 Sacra. This is the regular position of the adj. in this and 
 similar expressions. Cf. 32. 1. 
 
 c. xiv. 1. huic. Abhorrere with the dat. is unusual, the 
 regular construction being with a and abl. 
 
 inter cetera sollemnia, among the other formalities of a 
 public sale. 
 
 2. mitiore, such as that suggested in the next sentence. 
 This is the account given by Plutarch, Popl. c. 19, Aio Kal 
 /ca0' -fyuas 2rt TraAouj/res rd 5r)jJ,6(ricL irpwra icrjptirrovffi rd Kop(rii>a 
 
 rovres. It is impossible to say what the origin of the custom 
 was. Possibly it was simply a verbal corruption. 
 
 3. at), 'in consequence of:' rather a common use in 
 Livy, but rare before his time. Cf. i. 31. 4, Ab eodem prodi- 
 gio novemdiale sacrum susceptum est. 
 
 4. in potestate. The reading potestatem in some MSS. is 
 a case of confusion between ace. and abl. of nouns of 3rd decl., 
 the difference in writing and especially in pronunciation in such 
 words as this being small : where this is not the case the abl. 
 is always found, e.g. in vincla is not found for in vinclis. 
 
 6. concitato, ' impetuous.' Cf. c. 10. 3. 
 
 intulerant. The plpf. expresses the rapidity of the action. 
 Cumae in Campania, the first Greek colony planted in Italy by 
 Chalcideans and Eretrians. The Cumaeans from early times 
 had been allies of the Komans. 
 
 7. praelatos. Prae hQiQ=praeter, as in i. 45. 6, praefluit, 
 * flows past. ' 
 
 9. nuntii. Cf. c. 1. 4. 
 
 Tuscus vicus, a quarter between the Palatine and Capito- 
 line, at the foot of the former. In historical times it was a very 
 low quarter of the city. Hor. u. Sat. in. 228, Tusci turba 
 impia vici. 
 
NOTES. II. c. xv. 1 c. xvi. 5. 195 
 
 c. xv. 2. non quin. ' Not that... not,' negative of t non 
 quo' with subj. : a classical usage expressing a desire to antici- 
 pate and deny a reason that might be suggested for a previously 
 stated fact. The English vulgarism 'not as how' is a near 
 equivalent. Cic. de Orat. n. 72, Non tarn ut prosim causis 
 elaborare soleo quam ut ne quid obsim : non quin enitendum sit 
 in utroque, sed tamen, &o. 
 
 non recipi reges. ' That there was no restoring the kings.' 
 The present instead of the future emphasizes the certainty 
 of refusal. Of. v. 20. 1, Dictator cum iam in manibus videret 
 victoriam, urbem opulentissimam capi, &c. 
 
 in perniciem. In signifies the tendency or natural end of 
 a course of action. Livy, as other post- Ciceronian writers, 
 also uses it to express the actual result of an action. Comp. 
 accendere in pugnam with exardescere in contentionem. This 
 usage is probably due to the influence of Greek. 
 
 3. in animum and animum inducere admits of the infin. 
 or ut with subj. after it. The latter is more usual. 
 
 erit, vivid use of indie, for subj. Strictly speaking, the 
 indie, in orat. obliq. should introduce the writer's own state- 
 ment, A Graecism. Cf. xxv. 4. 6. 
 
 5. obstinatum. A very rare use of the word, which is 
 commonly used only of persons or human faculties, e.g. ani- 
 mus, destinatum is more commonly used in this sense. 
 
 obtundam, used absolutely, eadem being governed by agendo. 
 So Ter. And. 348, Obtundis tametsi intellego ? In Cic. Verr. iv. 
 49 it is a question whether the words aures vestras ought not 
 to be supplied. 
 
 The origin of the absolute use is prob. an ellipse of aures. 
 Hence the verb gets the sense of wearying persistence generally. 
 
 ' I will not go on with wearisome persistency driving conti- 
 nually at the same point to no purpose. ' 
 
 c. xvi. 2. Tusculo. Comp. c. 15. 7. 
 
 5. vetus, &c. ' All who came (to Borne for the comi- 
 tia, &c.) from this district (that in which the Claudii were 
 settled) were known as the old Claudian tribe, when subse- 
 quently new Claudii were added to the community.' The 
 opposition between vetus and novis seems to point to this as 
 the natural translation of this passage, which is however very 
 obscure. 
 
 The oldest tribus rusticae were named from the clan dis- 
 tricts (pagi). Mommsen, K. H., vol. i. pp. 39, 46. See also 
 c. 21. 7. 
 
 132 
 
196 NOTES. II. c. xvi. 5 c. xvm. 3. 
 
 inter patres. Of. in. 35. 3, Inter decemviros numerare. 
 From a comparison with x. 8. 7, iv. 4. 7 and 3. 14, as well as 
 with i. 8. 7, Livy appears to mean that Appius Claudius was 
 admitted into the Senate and consequently became a patrician. 
 On the real relation of the Senate to the patrician order see 
 Seeley's Livy, Bk. i., Introd. 
 
 dignationem = the commoner dignitas, ' rank.' 
 
 8. Latinae. That is, colonies planted on conquered 
 ground by the Latin confederation, different from the Latin 
 colonies after the dissolution of that confederation planted 
 by Eome alone. The Latin colonies were of three periods: 
 (1) Those planted in the early times of the Latin confede- 
 ration, when Borne was its head state merely. (2) Those 
 planted after the renewal of the league by Spurius Cassius and 
 the admission of the Hernici into it. (3) Those planted by 
 Eome alone, after the complete reduction of the Latins, and 
 holding the same position relatively to Eome as the towns 
 which had formerly been members of the Latin league. The 
 old Latin colonies had been considered members of that league. 
 
 Pometiam, 'was concentrated on Pometia.' Cf. i. 33. 4, 
 omni Latino bello Medulliam compulso. 
 
 9. nee magis, ' as little.' 
 
 ab obsidibus. The preposition is commoner when persons 
 are the object, the simple abl. when things. 
 
 c. xvn. 2. in quos. ' On these the A. burst in a sudden 
 sally, not waiting for a favourable opportunity or a prospect of 
 success, but impelled by implacable hatred.' The ablatives 
 give the motive which induced the A. to rise in force (coorior) 
 against their enemies, occasione is subjective and causal, 
 1 because of a supposed opportunity.' iam qualifies inexpiabili, 
 * a hatred which had reached the stage of being implacable.' 
 
 5. mole, the heavy apparatus or machinery, more gene- 
 rally in this connexion used metaphorically, xxm. 28. 5, 
 cernentes quanta vix tolerantibus Punicum helium Macedonici 
 belli moles instaret. 
 
 6. sub corona. It was an ancient custom to crown with 
 a wreath prisoners of war when sold into slavery. 
 
 c. xvm. 2. rebellionem, renewal of the Sabine war. Cf. 
 c. 16. 6. 
 
 3. Latini. Cf. c. 16. 2. 
 
NOTES, II. c. xvin. 3~~c. xix. 2. 197 
 
 triginta. The thirty cities of the Latin league. Mommsen, 
 i. 41 and 357. 
 
 4. nee quibus, * or who were the consuls who could not 
 be trusted because,' &c. 
 
 enim. Cf. m. 50. 7. 
 
 parum, with minus and minime, a very favourite meiosis in 
 Latin for non. 
 
 5. consulares. Ace. after legere (perf.). The subj. to 
 legere being prob. patres, understood. The choice and nomi- 
 nation of the actual person lay with the consul. The qualifi- 
 cation here stated as requisite for the dictatorship is out of 
 keeping with the fact that the dictatorship still existed during 
 the period of the Tribuni militum consulari potestate, which 
 lasted for a considerable time, and with the actual records of 
 the dictators elected. Even in this case one tradition gave a 
 non- consular as the first dictator. But Livy may mean that 
 there was a special regulation applying to this election on 
 account of the distrust of the consuls. 
 
 6 magistrum. The original name of the dictator appears 
 to have been magister populi. The dictatorship was a repro- 
 duction for a limited period in emergency of the irresponsible 
 monarchy. Hence the axes appeared again in the fasces, as 
 no appeal from the decision of the dictator could be claimed. 
 See c. 8. 2. Mommsen, i. 262. 
 
 appositum. The consuls remained in office, but as sub- 
 ordinate magistrates to the dictator. 
 
 8. dicto parere is practically one word, rather stronger 
 than parere alone so also dicto audire. For a similar division 
 of the preposition from the gerund and for a similar reason, 
 cf. Cic. Off. ii. 19, 65, ad benejicio obstringendos. 
 
 10. bella, * who were no sooner out of one war than they 
 begun another.' Ex signifying immediate sequence. 
 
 sererent. Cf. c. 1. 5. 
 
 c. xix. 2. bellum Latinum. c. 16. 2. 
 
 gliscens, 'gathering strength.' glisco is confined mostly 
 to poets and post- Augustan prose writers. It expresses rapid 
 and irresistible growth whether of a thing or a feeling, e.g. 
 gliscit ignis, multitude, invidia, &G. The derivation is uncertain. 
 The root is possibly the same as the Greek %Xt- (in x\iap6s), 
 signifying originally warmth. In that case glisco would mean 
 originally to begin to be warm, and the sense of it may be de- 
 rived from heating a substance such as water, &c. 
 
198 NOTES. II. c. xix. 5 c. xx. 10. 
 
 5. certamina. The plural signifies the different hand- 
 to-hand encounters in which the generals engaged. For the 
 phrase, cf. proelium miscere, and the Greek /-ufcu dpy (Soph. 
 0. C. 1047). 
 
 6. instruentemcnie. Cf. c. 11. 1. 
 
 7. fefellit. Xa0e, a Graecism rather common in Livy, 
 cf. vin. 20. 5, ne hostis falleret ad urlem inceden*. 
 
 10. proelium ciet, an expression used of leaders who 
 animate their troops by example and words. Cf. i. 12. 2, Prin- 
 cipes utrimque pugnam ciebant. 
 
 quo maiore, defective comparative sentence, the usual 
 eo with conip., or an equivalent, not appearing hi the other 
 member. This is not common in Livy, but frequent in 
 Tacitus. 
 
 c. xx. 3. infenso. The difference between infensus and 
 infestus appears to be that whereas infensus always implies an 
 angry hostile feeling in the mind of a person, infestus by itself 
 only necessarily implies hostile action and requires the addition 
 of some word (e.g. animus) or the help of the context, to imply 
 feeling as well. 
 
 labentibus, <fec. * Beneath the arms that slipped from his 
 grasp.' 
 
 defluxlt. The word expresses the effortless sinking of the 
 helpless frame. Cf. Verg. Aen. xi. 128 of the dying Camilla, Ad 
 terram non spontejluens. Plutarch has the expression, airoppe'iv 
 TOV ITTTTOV. 
 
 5. delectam manum. An anachronism. The cohors 
 praetoria began with Scipio the younger. 
 
 9. veruto, a javelin, 3 feet long, with an iron head 
 5 inches long. 
 
 inter, &c. c. 5. 7. 'He died as they began to dress his 
 wound.' 
 
 10. antesignanis. This term seems to have had a different 
 signification at different periods of the Boman army organi- 
 sation. In this period it meant the first line of the battle, 
 that is the first line of maniples fighting before their standards 
 \vhich in battle were placed in the last rank of the maniple. 
 Under ordinary circumstances these would be the maniples of 
 the hastati, and generally when the term antesignani was used, 
 it would be understood to mean the hastati, unless there were 
 something to show the contrary. But supposing the hastati to 
 
NOTES. II. c. xx. 10 c. xxi. 7. 199 
 
 have been driven back and the principes to have taken their 
 place, these in their turn fighting in front of their standards 
 would be antesignani. The term therefore would not be con- 
 fined to any one portion of the army, but would be used of 
 that portion which for the time being was fighting in the front 
 of the battle with its standards behind it. That line of stan- 
 dards behind the front line was the constant element of the 
 battle order so long as it was maintained the battle was not 
 lost; when the army were gaining, this line was advanced 
 (signapromovere), when it was broken, the battle was lost. 
 
 12. equiti, collective or generic use of the subst., very 
 frequent in Livy, especially in national names, e.g. Poenus, 
 
 Somewhat similar is the collective use of abstract words, 
 e.g. advocatio = advocati t in. 47. 1. 
 
 c. xxi. 2. Saturnalia. The first institution of the Satur- 
 nalia, a festival in honour of the old Italian god Saturnus. In 
 B.C. 217 it was considerably modified by the introduction of Greek 
 elements, and became later the wild carnival that we find it 
 under the early empire. It was originally a one day's festival, 
 extended by Augustus to three, and by Caligula to five days. 
 Under the later republic some uncertainty as to the day appears 
 to have prevailed, owing to the alteration in the number of days 
 in the months introduced by Julius Caesar, and the popular 
 celebration straggled over as many as seven days. This was pro- 
 bably the reason why Augustus fixed the three days for it. The 
 purely religious part lasted always for one day only. 
 
 4. implicant. Sc. nos, a strange ellipse. 'We find our- 
 selves entangled in such a wild confusion of dates.' 
 
 5. Aristodemum. This man, surnamed 6 ^aXa/cos, had, 
 according to the tradition, crushed the aristocracy in Cumae 
 and made himself despot about the time of the expulsion of the 
 Tarquins. He had appeared as the ally and champion of the 
 Latins against the Etruscans at Aricia, cf. c. 14. 6. As Tar- 
 quinius had to be located somewhere to die, Aristodemus an- 
 swered the romancers' purpose as well as any one else. He 
 had fled from Porsinna to Tusculum, c. 15. 7. 
 
 6. nimis luxurlosa, 'led them into excesses;' an hypal- 
 lage, luxuriosa being properly applicable to the patres, not to 
 the laetitia. 
 
 7. Signla. Cf. i. 56. 3. 
 
 una et viginti. According to Dionysius, Servius had formed 
 30 or 31 country tribes which, with the four city ones made 34 
 
200 NOTES. II. c. xxi. 7 e. xxn. 6. 
 
 or 35, the number that was still adhered to in later times. 
 Livy's account represents these tribes as having been added to 
 from time to time until they reached the number 35, at which 
 addition ceased. This is more probable in itself. The tribus 
 rusticae would naturally increase in number as the territory was 
 extended by conquest. And it is borne out by the character of 
 the names of these tribes. Some of these bear the name of 
 ancient patrician gentes, whose separate local habitations would 
 thus seem to have formed the tribus. The names of the others 
 are purely territorial. This would point to their addition at a 
 later time. Cf. c. 16. 5, and Seeley, Livy, Bk. i. Introd. 
 
 c. xxii. 1. ni. Cf. c. 10. 1. 
 
 2. hac ira. Cf. c. 3. 5. 
 
 consilii, 'for an intention,' not carried into execution. 
 
 immemores. Cf. c. 2. 3. 
 
 a Cora. The preposition signifies the local habitation of the 
 men. Not unfrequent use in Livy. So i. 50, Herdonius ab 
 Aricia. 
 
 3. nee. Adversative, 'but not,' as et frequently means 
 'and yet.' Cf. xxi. 44. 5, includit nos terminis...neque eos quos 
 statuit terminos observat, and comp. c. 28. 8, et apparebat. 
 
 4. recens. Adv., so used by Livy only with pf. pass. 
 part. 
 
 clades...abstinuit. Bather striking personification. See 
 on c. 4. 3. 
 
 5. relata, the technical word used of submitting a matter 
 to the Senate, as reiicere is for referring back a matter for 
 judgment from one person or body to another. 
 
 6. enimvero. The simplest sense of enimvero is that of 
 strong affirmation connected with what precedes and based on 
 the feeling that the truth of the statement will approve itself to 
 the hearer as soon as it is made. 'You will easily understand,' 
 4 of course.' Frequently used in this sense with adv. of tune, 
 cf. c. 36. 6. Frequently also it implies more distinctly a con- 
 clusion from what has preceded, and especially a conclusion to 
 which a man is forced- against his wishes, i. 51. 8, enimvero 
 res manifesto, visa, ' unfortunately, ' ' I am sorry to say.' Cic. 
 Verr. iv. 66. 147, Ille enimvero negat, where the pretended 
 reluctance to believe the fact is made to tell against the adver- 
 sary. It is also used in answers = ' of course.' 
 
 magna, &c., in apposition to qui...fuerant, attracting the 
 
NOTES. II. c. xxii. 6 c. xxm. 4. 201 
 
 verb into the sing. In xxxvm. 28. 7, the verb is similarly 
 attracted into the plural, "Una civitas Samaei desciverunt. 
 
 7. habiti, &c., 'for having been, &c.' Graecising use of 
 the participle. 
 
 hospitia iungunt. They entered into engagements to be- 
 friend one another in their respective countries. 
 
 Latinum nomen. The general term including all the cities 
 of the Lathi league under the hegemony of Home and all Latin 
 colonies. 
 
 c. xxm. 1. nexos, bondsmen for debt. Under Eoman law 
 a debtor who could not satisfy his creditors was after certain legal 
 formalities assigned (addictus) to his creditors who could either 
 kill him and divide his carcase, sell him into foreign slavery, or 
 keep him in modified slavery at home. The debtor was strictly 
 speaking nexus as soon as he had incurred the nexum or obliga- 
 tion of the debt and not a bondsman until he was addictus. 
 But nexus is commonly used of the condition of the man after 
 judgment was given against him. A man could not be abso- 
 lutely a slave in his own state, according to the maxim of Latin 
 law that no burgess could become a slave in a state in which 
 he had been free. But the adjudged debtor was practically a 
 slave in all but the name. Mommsen, i. 163, 4 and 110. See 
 6. 
 
 2. gliscentem. Cf. c. 19. 2. 
 
 4. efferaverant. 'Gave a wild inhuman aspect to his 
 face.' Effero is 'to dehumanise,' d-rroBriptow, to produce an 
 inhuman or unnatural condition. So Dido, in the unnatural 
 state of mind, preceding her suicide, is cocptis immanibus effera. 
 Aen. iv. 642. 
 
 in. Cf. ii. c. 3. 2. Here however, as is shown by the tamen, 
 the circumstance is one in spite of which something is the 
 case. *Not an unfrequent use, i. 21. 1, Tamen in re tarn clara 
 hominum error manet. 
 
 ordines &uxiBse = centurionemfuisse. So in. 44. 2, honestum 
 ordinem ducere. Ordo was the name given to a maniple ar- 
 ranged in battle order, e.g. ordo octavus hastatus prioris, poste- 
 rioris centuriae. Each century was commanded by a centurion 
 and the centurion of the second (posterior) century was sub- 
 ordinate to the centurion of the first. The centurions also 
 differed in rank according to the part of the army they served 
 in, see 27. 6. The plural ordines here implies several cam- 
 paigns. 
 
202 NOTES. II. c. xxm. 515. 
 
 5. villa, farm. 
 
 tributum. Cf. c. 9. 6. 
 
 BMO=sibi. So xxxi. 31. 12, tempore nostro adverse. 
 
 6. non in servitiuin. Servitium is evidently used in a preg- 
 nant sense, 'not to ordinary.or mere slavery but &c.' The debtor 
 could hardly mean to draw a distinction between his nominal 
 and real condition. That was true (see above) but a truth not 
 to his purpose. He would call his condition slavery. Such a 
 sense too would require quidem or an equivalent in the first 
 member. 
 
 ergastulum. The work-house hi which less trusted slaves 
 who worked during the day in chains were housed at night. 
 It was also used as a house of correction for offending 
 slaves. 
 
 8. vincti solutique, 'chained and unchained.' See above. 
 fidem, protection. Fides in such phrases, which are com- 
 mon, is the expression or exhibition of good faith or loyalty. 
 
 comes, generic sing. Cf. c. 20. 12. 
 
 passim, explained by per omnes vias. ' The streets were 
 filled everywhere with noisy crowds hurrying by different routes 
 to the Forum.' 
 
 9. cum periculo. Cf. c, 12. 1. 
 
 11. exprobrantes. * Bitterly recalling their several ser- 
 vices in different campaigns.' 
 
 alius, though grammatically in apposition to subject of 
 exprobrantes, in sense qualifies with alibi, militiam. The 
 sentence is really modelled on Greek. Comp. Soph. 0. C. 928, 
 <ri> d' alav OVK ovffav atoxic*-* iroXiv ryv auros aurou. 
 
 futuri, final, 'intending themselves to direct and control the 
 public counsels.' 
 
 12. infrequentiam. It is uncertain how many formed a 
 quorum of the Senate. The number is differently stated at 
 different times as 100, 150, and 200. 
 
 13. extrahi, otherwise used with things as subject, is here 
 used of persons by attraction to the construction of eludi, ' they 
 were being put off. ' 
 
 14. prope erat ut, frequent in Livy. 
 
 non modo. Boby, Lat. Gr. (Sch. Ed.) 881. 
 
 15. arrepto, c. 27. 12, 54. 1. 
 
NOTES. II. c. xxiv. 17. 203 
 
 c. xxiv. 1. adeo. Cf. c. 2. 7. 
 
 2. ultores. Cf. o. 1. 4. 
 
 nomina darent, i.e. for the levy, the technical expression. 
 
 penes is used always of persons. Connected with penus and 
 Greek TTCIT^O/UCU, it is used of persons in whose keeping (lit. 
 storehouse) a thing is so used both literally and metaphorically. 
 In the latter use, it corresponds often nearly to our phrase * to 
 rest with,' e.g. culpa penes aliquem est. 
 
 4. ceterum. Cf. c. 3. 1. 
 
 quidem ilia. This use of ille (here in an unusual order) 
 introduced for the sake of the quidem, to give it distinctness 
 and emphasis, is very common in Cicero. Philipp. yn. 6, excu- 
 satio misera ilia quidem sed tamen iusta. 
 
 parte, pregn. 'only a part.' 
 
 5. praeverti, a conjectural emendation adopted by Madvig 
 for the MSS. praevertisse, an obvious error, as the tense shows, 
 arising perhaps from the other perfect infinitives in the imme- 
 diate neighbourhood, intervenisse, &c. Praeverto is used in 
 the sense of 'taking precedence of,' 'outweighing,' but prae- 
 vertor is much commoner. With the ace. praevertor is used 
 with personal subj., ' to pay special attention to anything.' 
 
 neque patrifous, anacoluthon. Livy returns to the negative 
 instead of employing another aut. 
 
 per metum corresponds to abl. voluntate, frequent com- 
 bination in Livy, e.g. vi. 3. 10, non vi... sed... per conditiones. 
 Both are modal, c. 11. 2. 
 
 postmodo. c. 1. 9. 
 
 6. moraretur, * detain.' The household of a defaulting 
 debtor came into the possession of the creditor as well as the 
 debtor himself. 
 
 7. ex private, i.e. out of the establishments of their 
 creditors. 'From retirement.' 
 
 sacramentp. The military oath. The abl. is modal. ' To 
 make declaration in (the way of) the oath.' One man in each 
 legion repeated the words of the oath. The rest took it by 
 saying the words idem in me. So sacramento royare is to 
 administer the oath. 
 
204 NOTES. II. c. xxv. 1 c. xxvu. 1. 
 
 c. xxv. 1. si qua (abl.), Gk. ct TTOJS. 'In the hope that.' 
 
 frustra, predicate; cf. i. 59. 6, quidquid sit, hand temere-esse 
 rentur. 
 
 4. eques. Cf. c. 20. 12. 
 
 -5. captum. The repetition of the verb in the pass. part, 
 signifies the immediate sequence of what follows. Cf. i. 10, 
 Exercitum fundit fugatque, fusum persequitur. Seeley's note. 
 The construction is therefore natural in rapid narrative. 
 
 6. inde = e# eo, 'from this source the pockets of the 
 needy soldiers were replenished.' Cf. c. 2. 5, 20. 12. 
 
 cum. Cf. c. 12. 1. 
 
 Ecetranprum, a hill tribe of the Volsci; according to Dio- 
 nysius, an important one. 
 
 c. xxvi. 1. tumultus, here used in its simple sense of a 
 disorderly unorganised rising in arms, * a raid, ' not in its special 
 sense which belongs rather to a later time of ' civil or Italian war.' 
 
 enim explains the use of territavere. The Eomans were 
 alarmed but not hurt. 
 
 praedabundum. See c. 60. 2. 
 3. eques. Cf. c. 20. 12. 
 
 legio, used here quite generally for an 'army.' This is 
 perhaps the original sense of the word. So Horace, Sat. u. vi. 
 4, Olim qui magnis legionibus imperitabant. And Sallust, Cat. 
 Sciebam saepe numero (populum Romanum) cum Magnis legioni- 
 bus hostium contendisse. See i. 11. 1, Seeley's note. 
 
 4. in. Cf. c. 3. 2. 'Just when men were beginning (iam) 
 to hope and trust that peace was secured on all sides.' Magna 
 spes is a fully developed hope, amounting almost to confidence. 
 
 5. fama. Cf. c. 4. 3. 
 
 nec...ipsi. That is, even if an orderly meeting of the Senate 
 could have been held, a peaceful answer would have been im- 
 possible as the people in their excitement were already arming 
 for war. Ipsi refers in sense rather to the whole population 
 than the senators alone, ' their side.' 
 
 c. xxvii. 1. victor. Cf. c. 1. 4. 
 Romanus. Cf. c. 20. 12. 
 
 quum. Quum with indie, following the principal sentence 
 shows the coincidence of two actions more distinctly and vividly 
 
NOTES. II. c. xxvii. 16. 205 
 
 than when it precedes the principal sentence. Here, this vivid- 
 ness is heightened by the use of the hist, inf., the regular use 
 of which is to describe the different parts of the same scene. It 
 represents what happened as the two sides of a picture, the 
 plebs looking for the fulfilment of the promises made to them 
 on the one side, and on the other Appius doing his best to 
 frustrate their hopes. The construction is used by Sallust, Jug. 
 98. 2, and frequently by Tacitus, not by Cicero or Caesar. 
 
 et qui nexl, &c. Cf. c. 24. 6. 
 3. adeo. Cf. 2. 7. 
 in. Cf. 15. 2. 
 
 causam, 'side,' a sense derived from the forensic use of 
 the word. From this it became gradually wider and vaguer in 
 its signification, until it spread into the French chose. 
 
 4. ambitiosum, popularity-hunter. 
 
 5. reiecit. Cf. 22. 5. For the election of the dedicator, 
 comp. c. 42. 5. 
 
 annonae. In the early times the superintendence of the 
 markets, afterwards the duty of the aediles, belonged to the 
 consuls. 
 
 mercatprum. Guilds of traders connected with the temple 
 and worship of Mercury. Cf. Mercurialis. 
 
 sollemnia. The inaugural ceremonies performed in the pre- 
 sence of the high priest who dictated the form of dedication. 
 Cf. c. 8. 8. 
 
 suscipere, to perform, with a sense of obligation and respon- 
 sibility implied; frequently used in connexion with religious 
 performances. So Cic. in Vatin. 6, inaudita et nefaria sacra 
 suscipere. 
 
 6. primi pili. The first centurion of the first maniple of 
 the Triarii. Therefore the first centurion of the legion. The 
 special name pilus was applied to the maniple of the Triarii, 
 hence the other two divisions are sometimes called collectively 
 antepilani. 
 
 fastigio, lit. 'higher than his highest point.' 
 
 Fastigium, containing in its second element the same root as 
 the Greek o-retxu and the Sanskrit stigh, 'to ascend,' means the 
 highest point of anything raised above ground, or by inversion 
 the lowest point of a pit or hole sunk in the ground, Verg. 
 Georg. ii. 288, Forsitan et scrobibus quae sint fastigia quaeras... 
 Hence it is used metaphorically of a man's position in life, rank 
 
206 NOTES. II. c. xxvu. 6 c. xxvm. 6. 
 
 &c., as we talk of a man, for example, marrying above or beneath 
 himself. So xxvu. 31. 6, In privatum fastigium se summittendo. 
 Suet. lul. 76, ampliores humano fastigio honores. 
 
 ad ignomlnlam. in. 36. 5. 
 
 7. utique, lit. * anyhow,' signifies that something cer- 
 tainly is the case, whatever else may be true. In Cicero gene- 
 rally used with subj. or imperat. Here it qualifies inde. 
 
 grassabantur. Grassari always implies powerful or forcible, 
 and hence sometimes violent advance. Comp. 12. 14. 
 
 8. decretum, here is 'a judicial decision.' 
 
 10. popular! silentio, ' shutting his mouth (keeping in the 
 background) to please the mob.' Silentiwn here used in a wider 
 sense than our 'silence,' of refusal to come forward and take 
 decided action. So Tac. Agric. 6, Idem praeturae tenor et 
 silentium. 
 
 12. arripi. c. 54. 1. 
 
 supererant, i.e. He had more than enough courage to bear 
 a weight of odium, 'he had courage enough to face any amount 
 of unpopularity.' 
 
 animl, * courage. ' See Livy i. 25, Seeley's note. 
 
 c. xxvm. 1. ne in foro, &c. ' That they might not find 
 themselves in the Forum confused and disorganised, forming 
 their plans on the spur of the moment, and trusting to 
 random haphazard action.' 
 
 3. magistrates, pregnant, magistrates worthy of the 
 name. 
 
 4. id, so. virum esse, ' manhood was more to the point 
 than consulship. ' 
 
 5. correpti. * Thus reproached.' A sense of the word 
 not found in Cicero, and only here in Livy. Generally has a 
 qualifying word to indicate the meaning. Hor. Sat. n. iii. 
 257, impransi correptus voce magistri. 
 
 ergo. 'What in heaven's name, &c.' The impassioned 
 use of ergo = Gk. apa, c. 7. 8. For the use in orat. obliq., 
 comp. x. 13. 10, quid ergo attineret, xxxvin. 59. 8, ubi ergo 
 esse ? 
 
 acerrimum, ' strict.' 
 
 6. iuniores, i.e. the men of military age. 
 
NOTES. II. c. xxvm. 7 c. xxix. 9. 207 
 
 7. ut, &c. ' and then they might fight for fatherland and 
 fellow-citizens, and not for owners (drivers).' dominis, owners 
 of slaves. 
 
 8. participem. c. 1. 4. 
 et. Of. c. 22. 3. 
 
 9. abdicare, with accus., less regular construction than 
 abdicare se consulatu. 
 
 c. xxix. 1. ne. * That you may not, &c. (we tell you) 
 you are threatened with, &c.' Horace, Odes, rv. 9. 1, ne forte 
 credas, &c. Ne with present subj. is not prohibitive, but is 
 frequently used to express the object of the speaker in making 
 the statement on which the ne clause depends. 
 
 arbitrio, ' under the direction.' 
 
 2. nominatim, an irregular proceeding to call upon a 
 special individual not in the order of the muster roll. 
 
 4. nihil aliud quam, used as a single adv.= 'simply' or 
 'merely,' by ellipse of the verb 'to say' or 'do,' &c. governing 
 nihil aliud. The usage is common in Livy and later writers, 
 but not Cicero or Caesar, who always have a verb governing 
 the nihil aliud. 
 
 intercursu, a word not used before Livy's time, but not 
 unfrequent in him. He has also the verbs intercurro and in- 
 tercurso, but only once each. 
 
 in qua tamen, adversative relative assisted by tamen. Cic. 
 Verr. iv. iv. 7, Tot praetores tot consules in Sicilia...fuerunt... 
 quorum nemo sibi tarn vehemens...visus est qui, &c., 'and yet no 
 one of them.' 
 
 5. quaestionem, * a criminal enquiry.' 
 
 decernente, so. quaestionem. Conative present ; ' sought to 
 pass a decree to that effect, not by votes, but by noisy clamour.' 
 
 ferocissimo quoque, 'the bolder spirits among them.' 
 
 7. vulgabat, conative sense of imperfect, almost =vul- 
 gandum censebat, ' would not deal with it as a general ques- 
 tion.' 
 
 8. sisti, impersonal passive of sisto, intransitive, fre- 
 quent in Livy. Cicero uses a personal expression, Acad. in. 
 96. 233, Rempublicam sistere non posse; 'the state must fall.' 
 
 9. tantum turbarum, 11. 4. 
 
208 NOTES. II. c. xxix. 10 c. xxx. 6. 
 
 10. id adeo. 'This, yes, this,' or, 'this, let them ob- 
 serve.' The force of adeo in these cases is to emphasize, and 
 force on the hearer's notice the word it follows. Verg. Eel. iv. 
 11, Teque adeo decus hoc aevi, te consule inibit. 
 
 11. age.dum. In this enclitic indefinite use dum fre- 
 quently, especially after imperative, loses its temporal sense, as 
 TTW in Greek does, age dum Gk. dye dj. 
 
 provocatio non est, 18. 8. 
 
 12. mini, ethic dative. * Then let me see one of these 
 gentlemen,' &c. 
 
 ius de tergo seems to he a condensed expression for ius de 
 tergo sumendi &upplicii. 
 
 penes, 24. 2. 
 
 c. xxx. 1. rursus, of a counteracting fact or consideration, 
 a reversal of* what has gone before, without any idea of repeti- 
 tion as it more usually has. Cf. i. 59. 6, Caes. B. G. v. 44. 6. 
 
 utique. c. 27. 7. 
 
 putabant sententiam. The reading of the MSS. for which 
 putabant esse earn and improbabant or repudiabant sententiam 
 have been suggested. 
 
 fidem, * credit,' in commercial sense, i.e. that which makes 
 people trust one another. 
 
 utroque, adverb, 'going to no excess in either direction.' 
 
 2. rerum privatarum. The senators being probably 
 some of the principal creditors. 
 
 factione, * party feeling.' So qfficium, 'sense of duty,' 
 verum, 'love of truth,' objective for subjective. Potts' Hints, 
 &c.,p. 32. 
 
 prope fuit ut. c. 23. 2. 
 
 4. imperil vis. The MSS. reading is imperio suo ve- 
 hemens, which some editors retain, inserting magistratus, ' that 
 the excessively powerful instrument of the dictatorial office 
 might be put into humane hands.' 
 
 mansueto is properly used of tamed animals, then trans- 
 ferred to men. 
 
 5. provocationem. c. 8. 2. 
 6. Servilii. c. 24. 6. 
 
NOTES. II. c. xxx. 6-c. xxxi. 3. 209 
 
 sed either implies an ellipse, 'though Servilius had not 
 fulfilled his promises,' or is opposed to confirmavit animos, 
 which may mean 'increased their confidence in themselves,' 
 the edict being so far a confession of weakness on the part 
 of the Senate. It seems hardly possible that sed et should 
 mean here what it frequently does, ' and not only so, but.' 
 
 9. defend!... pati. The change of subject is noticeable. 
 
 10. et ipse. That is, he wished to bring the enemy to a 
 decisive engagement at once, as Vetusius had not done. 
 
 11. castra, plural, as frequently, quisque. c. 20. 12. 
 
 12. contemptim. Livy is very fond of these adverbs in 
 im; besides the ordinary ones he uses, caesim, carptim, cater- 
 vatim, coniunctim, cursim, manipulatim, pagatim, punctim, 
 summation. 
 
 pilis. In the earliest times, the pilum was confined to the 
 Triarii, cf. c. 27. 6. The other troops were armed with the 
 hasta. But by the time of the war with Pyrrhus this had 
 been reversed, and the two front divisions used the pilum and 
 the Triarii the hasta. When this began it is impossible to 
 say, but the change of weapons seems to be intimately con- 
 nected with the change from the close phalanx to the mani- 
 pular legion. 
 
 13. micare, a sort of zeugma; viderunt is supplied from 
 sensere. 
 
 14. adepti, 'overtaking.' Cf. 64. 4. 
 
 c. xxxi. 1. exuitque. Some editors omit the que. In 
 either case, fundit fugatque is to be regarded as one expression 
 to which exuit is joined by que, or appended asyndeton. 
 
 2. turbatos. c. 25. 5. 
 
 dum...pandunt. Young scholars will notice the ordinary 
 idiom of the indicative after dum in narrative. Dum here, 
 as frequently, has not only its temporal sense, but a sort 
 of causal sense as well. The action and its consequence are 
 regarded simply as concurrent actions. Eoby, Lat. Gr. , Sch. 
 Ed., p. 283. 
 
 introrsiun, &c. Cf. xxxn. 17. 8, Conferti, plurilus introrsus 
 ordinibus aciejirmata, where pi. intr. ord. explains conferti. 
 
 3. super = * in addition to,' 'over and above,' first found 
 in Livy in this sense, i. 50. 6, alii super alios trucidantur t 
 where the half literal, half metaphorical sense suggests the 
 origin of the usage. 
 
 S. L. 14 
 
210 NOTES. II. c. xxxi. 511. 
 
 5. extrahi. Cf. 23. 13. 
 
 abiret. A general term for retiring from an office, whether 
 at the expiration of the term of it, or otherwise. Cf. Cic. in 
 Pisonem in., abiens magistratu, and comp. 32. 11. 
 
 The dictatorship lasted only for six months. The soldiers 
 accused the consul of wishing to protract the war until 
 M. Valerius, who was inclined to deal fairly with the plebs, 
 should be no longer in office and consequently unable to 
 perform his promises. 
 
 forte temere. ' Trusting to providence.' The words are 
 asyndeta. So forte casu, clam furtim. (In node silentio and 
 similar phrases, quoted here by Miiller, the one adverb rather 
 explains the other. ) Asyndeton in one pair of words is most 
 usual in, if not confined to, cases where the two words are 
 associated by meaning or usage. 
 
 erigeret, * to march the army straight up the mountain.' 
 So i. 27. 6. 
 
 6. ignavla. c. 4. 3. 
 
 ad conlectum teli, within range. So ad and sub ictum teli 
 venire. 
 
 8. actionum. * In his very first address to the Senate 
 pleaded the cause of the victorious people and moved " that 
 the Senate do consider the case of insolvent debtors.'" 
 
 Actio, as used here, is the substantive of ago in its use agere 
 cum aliquo, and means the speech made in support of a 
 proposal submitted to any one, especially to the people in 
 comitia. Equally it is used of the speech of an advocate to a 
 jury. From the use of pro populo, it would seem as if Livy 
 here had the forensic sense of the word in his mind as well as 
 the parliamentary. In the phrase tribuniciae actiones, which 
 frequently occurs, the word has the same meaning, but a little 
 wider, and corresponds very nearly to the modern 'agitations,' 
 that is, meetings held and speeches made in order to elicit 
 a demonstration of public opinion. Comp. also in. 20. 1. 
 
 The words ea de re quid fieri placet were the formula by 
 which the president invited discussion. 
 
 9. reiecta, ' shelved.' The expression corresponds to our 
 parliamentary expression, * to move the previous question : ' 
 different from the other use noticed, 22. 5. 
 
 auctor. c. 1. 4. 
 
 11. suam, sc. plebis, 'on their account,' because the 
 plebs are the virtual subject. 
 
 quin. The phrase per aliquem stare is followed by ne 
 quominus and quin, the last only when it is negative. 
 
NOTES. II. c. xxxii. 1 c. xxxin. 3. 211 
 
 c. xxxii. 1. coetus. c. 28. 1. 
 
 in verba, 'had sworn to obey,' 'had taken the military 
 oath to.' The expression is formed from the repeating of the 
 oath by the soldier after the person dictating it. Comp. 24. 7, 
 lit. * to swear word by word.' 
 
 per causam. Of. c. 11. 2. 
 
 2. Sacrum montem, c. 13. 11. The name is an ana- 
 chronism, strictly speaking. It was given when the hill was 
 consecrated to Jupiter, on the return of the Plebs. 
 
 3. frequentior, 'better supported.' -\- 
 
 Piso. Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi, consul B.C. 133, wrote 
 a history of Borne from the earliest times. 
 
 4. sumendo, very nearly = a present participle, c. 9. 1. 
 
 5. metuque, 'mutual apprehension and nervous sus- 
 pense prevailed everywhere.' 
 
 7. per aequa, per iniqua, adverbs asyndeta ; so serins 
 ocius, &c., c. 31. 5. Comp. c. 11. 2. 
 
 8. Agrippam. Cicero, Brut. xiv. 54, represents Valerius, 
 still dictator, as the mediator on this occasion. Livy himself 
 says, vni. 18. 12, that during the secession a dictator was in 
 office. 
 
 oriundus. c. 9. 1. 
 
 horrido, the original sense of the word ' rough,' transferred 
 to a style of speaking. Cf. Cic. Brut. LXVII. 237, horrida 
 oratio, 'unpolished, uncouth.' 
 
 10. hac ira. c. 3. 5. 
 
 c. xxxiii. 1. in condiciones. Cf. c. 15. 2. 
 
 sacrosancti, explained in. 55. 7, Ut qui tribunus plebis... 
 nocuisset, eius caput lovi sacrum esset. Comp. note on 8. 2. 
 
 auxilii latio. On the powers of the Tribunes see Momm- 
 sen, i. 280 fol. 
 
 2. plebei, gen. of plebes, written also plebi, and common 
 esp. in such phrases as this. From the form plebs the gen. 
 plebis is formed, also frequently used. 
 
 3. sunt qui. The tradition here alluded to is adopted 
 by Cic. de Eep. n. 34. 59, and seems more probable, because 
 the Tribunes were evidently intended to be the counterpart 
 of the patrician consuls. Dionysius however gives the number 
 as five originally, vi. 89. 
 
 142 
 
212 NOTES. II. c. xxxni. 4 c. xxxiv. 3. 
 
 4. ictunie Livy has also wit, icisse, and icturi foedus, 
 otherwise he uses ferio. The phrase is said to be a con- 
 struct ad sensum, the striking of the victim implying the 
 conclusion of the treaty, and the verb being constructed ac- 
 cordingly. As regards the treaty cf. 41. 1 ; Mommsen, i. 349. 
 
 consilio, &c. * Keady of resource, and prompt in 
 
 6. forte in statione, 'happened to be in command of 
 the outpost in that quarter.' Cf. c. 10. 3. 
 
 7. rettudit. Not common, xxxm. 31. 8, Aetolorum lin- 
 guas retundere. Compare the use of * bang ' in Shakespeare, 
 OtheUo, Act ii. Sc. i. 
 
 ignem. It is not absolutely patent from the narrative, 
 where he got the fire from. 
 
 8. ad terrorem, c as the alarm spread. ' Cf. c. 8. 8. 
 
 utpote. With abl. abs. Not unfrequent in Livy. In 
 Cicero used only with relative or conjunctional clauses, ut- 
 pote qui, cum, &c. So Livy uses quippe, in. 63. 2. Compare 
 the similar use of tanquam, velut, ut, &c. The use is an 
 extension of Lathi construction in the direction of Greek. 
 
 9. foedus. This treaty is mentioned by Cicero (pro Balbo, 
 23) as extant in his time. 
 
 monumento esset. ' Had recorded the fact,' viz. that 
 Cominius had carried on a war with the Volsci. 
 
 11. interpret!. Used in its simplest sense of a mediator. 
 Verg. Aen. iv. 356, Interpres Divom. 
 
 arbitro, derived from ad and bito = eo, means a person 
 who goes to something to see or hear it, (1) as a witness; 
 (2) as commissioner to hear and decide a controversy, ' umpire.' 
 
 sumptus. Comp. 16. 7. This habit of dying without suf- 
 ficient property to pay funeral expenses appears to have been 
 almost de rigueur with the more conspicuous benefactors of 
 ancient Eome. It is the converse of the proverbial half-crown, 
 the basis of so much prosperous adventure in England. 
 
 sextantibus, prob. an anachronism, as coined money began 
 later than this in Eome. 
 
 c. xxxiv. 2. qualis. * Equal to that of a besieged town.' 
 3. utidue. c. 27. 7. 
 
NOTES. II. c. xxxiv. 3 c. xxxv. 3. 213 
 
 In Etruriam. 'Along the coasts to the right from Ostia 
 and down the sea on the left (from Ostia), along the Vol- 
 scian (and Campanian) coasts as far as Cumae.' The local ab- 
 latives signify the local sphere within which the action took 
 place. 
 
 4. Aristodemo. c. 21. 5. 
 
 6. Velitris. c. 31. 4. 
 
 in montes, ' among the mountains.' The Latin idiom 
 expresses the general locality and the special point towards 
 which the motion is directed, in apposition, one explaining the 
 other. 
 
 9. annonam, ' prices.' 
 
 ego. Some MSS. have ergo, which Weissenb. and Miiller 
 adopt. Ego seems far preferable. 
 
 sub iugum, figurative. That is, the plebs have treated us 
 as robbers treat their victims, and extorted the most shameful 
 concessions from us, as the price of our lives. 
 
 10. tertio anno. The omission of ante or abhinc is very 
 unusual. 
 
 rapuere, an exaggeration. See c. 32. 4. 
 
 12. haud tarn. 'It is not easy to say whether it was 
 the right thing to do, but I believe that it would have been quite 
 possible,' &c., an irregularly constructed comparison. The 
 easiness of paying, &c. , is not equal to my belief, &c. Haud 
 tarn is unusual for non or haudquaquam tarn. 
 
 iura, the restrictions on their own powers. Lit. rights 
 (of the plebeians) imposed on the patricians, imposita, in 
 accordance with the sense implied of burden or obligation on 
 the patres. 
 
 demerent sibi. sibi belongs to demerent in the second 
 clause only, corresponding to tribunis implied in tribuniciam 
 in the first : ' To take away the Tribunician power and rid them- 
 selves of &c.' For this latter use of demo compare demere 
 iniuriam, iv. 10. 6. 
 
 c. xxxv. 1. de tergo. Cf. c. 29. 12. 
 
 2. diem dixissent. Under the lex sacrata (33. 1) which 
 Coriolanus had broken virtually. 
 ibi, temporal, as often in Livy. 
 
 3. infensa, adverbial. Cf. in. 41. 1, iv. 9. 8, acrior 
 coorta. On infensus and coorior see c. 20. 3 and c. 17. 2. 
 ' So bitter was the feeling shown in this outburst of popular 
 anger.' 
 
214 NOTES. II. c. xxxv. 3 c. xxxvi. 1. 
 
 defungendum. Used absolutely, poena is abl. of instru- 
 ment, or price. 
 
 4. adversa invidia. Abl. absol. 'In the face of public 
 opinion.' 
 
 qua...qua=e...e. Used by Cicero, but only in letters. 
 Prob. a conversationalism. 
 
 disiicere. ' To disconcert their plans,' lit. ' to burst, scatter 
 in different directions the thing/ 
 
 5. quicquid. &c. Comp. c. 5. 7, 11. 4. This use of 
 quicquid with gen. is poetical. 
 
 innocentem...pro nocente. The first the fact, the second 
 the plebeian's view of the case. ' If they would not acquit him 
 of an offence of which he was guiltless, then let them call him 
 guilty, but,' &c. 
 
 6. lam turn. Prop, signifies the exact time of an occur- 
 rence in past tune, but here used simply to emphasize turn, 
 'even then.' 
 
 spiritus is stronger than animos. 
 7. infestus. c. 17. 2. 
 8. in. c. 3. 2. 
 
 c. xxxvi. 1. ludi magni, or Romani, according to tradi- 
 tion (i. 35) instituted by Tarquinius Priscus; originally votivi, 
 that is, performed in fulfilment of a special vow, they became 
 annual. Properly speaking, the name Romani belonged to 
 the fixed festival, magni to extraordinary ones of a similar 
 kind, but the epithets are used promiscuously. 
 
 ex instauratione. A re-celebration of a festival became 
 necessary when any informality had occurred in the regular 
 celebration. 
 
 ex. This simple adv. use of ex and abl. seems to be a Grae- 
 cism. Cf. K rov Trpoffiavovs, &c. 
 
 caesum has a sort of present passive sense. Cf. xxx. 30. 
 19, melior tutiurque est certa pax quam sperata victoria, and, 
 simul parta ac sperata decora. Cicero gives this story de Divin. 
 i. 26. 55. His account explains these words, sub...circo. Ser- 
 vus per circum, cum virgin caederetur, furcam ferens ductus 
 est. The furca was an instrument of wood made in the shape 
 of a Greek A. Into this the head of the slave was placed and 
 his hands tied to the wooden sides. He was then flogged 
 through the public streets. Hence furcifer. 
 
NOTES. II. c. xxxvi. 2 c. xxxvm. 2. 215 
 
 2. praesultatorem. Gic.l.c.praesulemsibinonplacuisse. 
 praesultator is only used here, praesul in its first signification 
 means one who leads a dance, used, in particular, of the lea/der 
 of the Salii in their religious dance. 
 
 in ora abiret = the more usual in ora or sermonem hominum 
 venire. Comp. the later use of abire, ' to .end in,' 'pass into.' 
 
 4. praesentior. ' touched him more nearly, ' so xxrv. 32. 
 
 3, propius praesentiusque malum. 
 
 5. enimvero. c. 22. 6. 
 
 6. repraesentatas, ' embodied,' realised,' ' represented,' in 
 the proper sense of the word as Lamb uses 'representment.' 
 Essays of Elia. 'So vividly set before him.' Horace, Ep. i. 19. 
 
 4, Virtutemne repraesentet ('reproduce') moresque Catonis? 
 
 7. admiratione. c. 12. 1. 
 
 c. xxxvii. 3. arbitris. Cf. c. 33. 11. 
 
 sequius. Comp. of secus, which does not occur as adj. in 
 pos., 'worse,' here in the sense of 'little to the credit of;' a 
 Graecism. Comp. use of aXXws, ' wrongly.' 
 
 8. sub auctore. 'On such excellent authority,' an ex- 
 tension of the use of sub in such phrases as sub nomine, &c. , not 
 found in Cicero. 
 
 vel, 'even.' 
 
 ex. Cf. c. 36. 1. 
 
 supervacuo, unusual form of the more usual supervacaneus. 
 
 9. consceleratos, with esp. reference to hominum, conta- 
 minatos to deorum. 
 
 quodam modo, also written in one word, indicates that the 
 view taken is an extreme one, though justifiable. ' In a sense.' 
 
 c. xxxvm. 1. caput Ferentinum, otherwise caput aquae 
 Ferentinae (i. 51. 9), lay on what was afterwards the Appian 
 Road. In the grove at the source of the stream, the Latins 
 held their assemblies. 
 
 querendo. c. 9. 1. 
 
 secunda irae. Comp. Ovid, 'Neu dubites illi verba secunda 
 loqui.' 
 
 2. adversus, inserted by Madvig to supply the gap in 
 construction. Weissenb. retains the MSS. reading unaltered 
 and treats the sentence as a sort of rhetorical anacoluthon in- 
 tended to give bitter emphasis to the words veteres...Volscorum. 
 
216 NOTES. II. c. XXXVIIL 2 c. xxxix. 5. 
 
 ut, 'though.' 
 per. c. 11. 2. 
 
 3. an, &c., rhetorical use of an, to suggest an impossible 
 alternative, and prove the truth of the speaker's view by reduc- 
 tio ad absurdum. The alternative here is,non8emistis t 'Is it 
 possible that you have failed to &c.?' Comp. c. 2. 2. 
 
 traductos per ora, 'made a spectacle of,' a sense derived 
 from triumphal processions, and the parading of criminals 
 through the streets. Cf. Martial, i. 53. 3, Quae tua tradueit, 
 manifesto carmina furto, and for the literal use Livy xxxvi. 
 40. 11, Cum captivis nobilibus equorum quoque captorum gregem 
 traduxit. 
 
 4. putatis, rhetorical use, pretty nearly =' what must 
 have been, ' &c. 
 
 merituri, an unusual expression for piaculum committere or 
 contrahere. The sense is ' to deserve punishment for ' and so 
 ' to be guilty of.' 
 
 5. succurrit. Cf. Verg. Aen. n. 317. 
 maturarimus. Subj. dept. on vivere. quod more usual 
 than quia in subjective sentence, 
 si hoc. Cf. c. 10. 2. 
 et = Gk. elra. 'And after this.' 22.3. 
 magno malo. c. 12. 1. 
 
 6. suos quisque, &c. c. 7. 1. 
 
 c. xxxix. 2. Circeios. i. 56. 3, Signiam Circeiosque 
 colonos misit (Tarquinius) praesidia urbifutura terra marique. 
 
 3. tramltibus, 'by-roads,' as opp. to (viae) high-roads. 
 Cic. Phil. xin. 9. 19, Egressus est non viis, sed tramitibus. 
 
 novella, an unusual word, but occurring again Livy XL. 
 5. 1. It has been suggested to read Mugillam, a town men- 
 tioned by Dionys. vin. 36 as having been captured by Corio- 
 lanus. 
 
 haec. This use of hie and is in summing up is common hi 
 Cicero, esp. after a list of abstract qualities. Cf. pro Arch. c. 1. 
 
 4. Lavlcos. Labici, Labicum or Lavicum, which gave its 
 name afterwards to the via Lavicana, lay about 15 miles south- 
 east of Borne. 
 
 5. a Pedo. Livy frequently prefixes the preposition to the 
 names of towns, motion from which is expressed, contrary to 
 the rule observed by the older prose writers. 
 
NOTES. II. c. xxxix. 5 c. XL. 13. 217 
 
 fossas. Cf. i. 23. 3 for the traditional origin of the name. 
 
 millia, accusative of distance, as the space traversed between 
 the two points. So fossa decem pedes alia, &c. 
 
 6. sive...sive... Cf. i. 4. 2, seu ita rata, sen quia deus 
 auctor culpae Jionestior erat. The form is Graecising. 
 
 oreretur. Both forms of this verb are found in the same 
 MSS. of Livy. 
 
 7. sed for the more usual nisi. 
 
 c. XL. 1. parum. c. 18. 4. 
 
 2. magno natu. c. 8. 4. 
 
 3. ut qui, 'as was to be expected, seeing that.' 
 
 offusa. Livy has also pavorem, terror em, error em offundere. 
 The metaphor is derived probably from the use of offundo with 
 lucem, Cic. de Fin. in. 14. 45. Livy has also caliginem off. 
 'The man who could not be moved by the majesty of the State 
 represented in her ambassadors, or b> the splendour of sanctity 
 appealing to heart and eye in the forms of the priests, naturally 
 was still less inclined to be moved by weeping women.' 
 
 5. consternatus, 'in strong emotion,' to be construed 
 with a sede. 
 
 7. infesto. c. 17. 2. 
 
 8. ergo. c. 7. 8. 
 
 ego, emphatic, opp. to de his. 
 
 diu. ' Nor shall I live long enough to reach the lowest depths 
 of misery.' diu is relative. 
 
 9. de his, ' think of these.' Videris appears to be used here 
 simply as = imperat. i. 58. 10, quoted as parallel here by editors, 
 is rather different. The nom. of pers. pron. is there expressed, 
 and the use of videro is that of transferring responsibility from 
 one person to another. See Mayor on Cic. Philipp. TI. 118. 
 Virginius viderit, in. 45. 11, is an instance of this latter use. 
 
 amplexi, sc. eum. 
 
 11. Fabius Pictor, the oldest historian of Eome, served 
 in the Gallic war of 224. He wrote his history originally in 
 Greek. 
 
 12. monumento. * To commemorate it.' Cf. 33. 9. 
 13. fortuna. c. 4. 3. 
 
218 NOTES. II. c. XL. 14 c. XLI. 11. 
 
 14. provincia, 'sphere of command or duty,' regular 
 meaning of the sing, word in speaking of times before the pro- 
 vinces were formed and organised. 
 
 cum Volscis. Constructio ad sensum, discessum est implying 
 pugnatum est. 
 
 c. XLI. 1. foedus. Cf, c. 33. 5. 
 
 2. publicum. On the public land, and the law of 
 Sp. Cassius, see Mommsen, i. 276 and 288. 
 
 possessores, as applied to holders of domain land meant a 
 tenant, but with a tenant-right that practically amounted to 
 ownership. Such men acknowledged the state as landlord, 
 and paid rent to the state, but they could never bring them- 
 selves to acknowledge the right of the state to terminate their 
 occupancy. Mommsen, i. 276. 
 
 . publica sollicitudo. The adjective is used much as the 
 pronoun is, c. 3. 5. 
 
 struere, c. 3. 6. 
 
 4. vulgatum, by being shared with the Latins. 
 
 a civibus, &c. , epexegetical of vulgatum. 
 
 5. pestilens, ' very dangerous. ' 
 
 7. dissuasor, c. 1. 4. 
 
 intercessor, used in a general sense of ' protesting against.' 
 
 dicere, hist, infin. 
 
 ambitiosus, 'he had bid for popularity among the 
 
 Siculo. c. 34. 7. According to Dionysius, half the corn 
 then brought, was a present from the tyrant of Syracuse. 
 
 10. peculium. 'A grown-up son might establish a 
 separate household or maintain, as the Romans expressed it, 
 his "own cattle" (peculium) assigned to him by his father; but 
 legally all that the son acquired... remained the father's pro- 
 perty.' Mommsen, i. 61. This dependence of the son on the 
 father could be cancelled by the form emancipatio. 
 
 (jf 11. quaestoribus, so. parricidii. These officials had 
 existed under the kings, but after the establishment of the 
 Republic, they became standing magistrates, nominated by the 
 consul, and vacating their office at the end of the year. 
 Mommsen, i. 56, 159, 261. 
 
 ea, c. 10. 2. The temple was built in B.C. 268, by P. Sem- 
 pronius Sophus, consul, on the Carinae. 
 
NOTES. II. c. XLII. 19. 219 
 
 c. XLII. 1. subibat, ' quickly took possession of.' subeo in 
 this mental sense, signifies unperceived or unexpected entry 
 into the mind. Comp. the adjectival participle, subitus. 
 
 malignitate. malignus acquired in addition to its original 
 sense, that of niggardliness, which is the predominant mean- 
 ing here. Cf. sub luce maligna, and Livy, vm. 12, ager maligne 
 plebi divisus. 
 
 2. temiere = obtinuere (c. 43. 11), 'carried their point.* 
 The sense and construction are frequent in Livy. 
 
 5. Castori, c. 20. 12. 
 
 duumvir. The dedication of a temple was normally the 
 office of the officiating consul. But from very early times, it 
 was the custom, in case the man who vowed the temple was 
 not holding office at the time of its dedication, to appoint one 
 or two commissioners (duumvir or duumviri] for the purpose. 
 The election lay with the people, but the senate in referring 
 the matter to them, named a person or persons, usually the 
 man who had vowed the temple or his son. See Livy, xxm. 
 30, and compare c. 27. 5, above. 
 
 6. plebi, c. 33. 1. 
 
 celebrabant, conative imperfect, ' sought to strengthen the 
 influence of.' celebro and celeber always imply large numbers 
 in some connexion or other. Here the idea is to increase the 
 number of warm supporters of their power. 
 
 que, c. 11. 1. 
 
 8. vana, sc. facta. 'The bill was frustrated and its 
 promoters stultified by loud professions which they were 
 unable to fulfil.' 
 
 uno tenore implies an action going on in an uninterrupted 
 and even course, not changing its direction in any way. It is 
 not an uncommon phrase, but is not unfrequently qualified by 
 velut, ut aiunt, &c. 
 
 expertos, used passively. There are several instances of 
 this in other classical writers, and a large number in Livy. 
 * During which he had shown his temper in continual and 
 consistent opposition to the attacks of the tribunes. ' 
 
 9. supererant, c. 27. 12. ' They might be said (prope) 
 to have more strength than they needed for foreign wars 
 alone. * 
 
 abutebanturque. These two sentences are expressed co- 
 ordinately instead of by principal and subordinate. It is, in 
 fact, one sentence in two. Therefore que is the coupling 
 
220 NOTES. II. c. XLII. 9 c. XLIII. 7. 
 
 particle, see on c. 11, and compare the sentence, c. 39. 10, 
 Acceperunt...rettulerunt. In both cases there is an antithesis 
 between the two members, the first corresponding to a clause 
 introduced by a concessive particle ; so that que may be trans- 
 lated by ' but' or ' only.' But they used up all the surplus.' 
 
 10. canebant. The regular word of oracular or religious 
 official response, because such responses were originally given 
 in verse. Here there is perhaps added the force of ' repetition,' 
 as in Gk. V^V^LV. 
 
 extis...per aves, c. 24. 6. 
 
 11. qui...tamen, c. 29. 4. The force of tamen here is 
 that though these terrors had been excited by apprehension 
 of some general religious faultiness, in the end they were 
 allayed by the punishment of one individual. 
 
 poenas, by being buried alive. 
 
 c, XLIII. 2. populationum, not simply by metonymy for 
 praedae. For pleni here is evidently intended to convey the 
 sense, 'sick or tired of,' the feeling consequent on constant 
 repetition of the same thing, like the Gk. fjLeaT6s. 
 
 4. potestatis, objective genitive after invidia. That 
 is, the whole feeling against this exercise of Tribunician power, 
 roused by the action of Licinius. 
 
 auxilioque, see last chapter. The situation was this. When 
 the consuls disregarding the intercession of the tribune 
 Licinius proceeded to punish those who refused to serve, they 
 did so on the strength of an assurance from the other tribunes 
 that, in case Licinius proceeded against them for contempt of 
 the tribunician authority, they (the other tribunes) would 
 extend to the consuls the benefit of the auxilii latio, and veto 
 such proceedings : a similar situation is described, iv. 63. 7. 
 
 5. et...quidem...Fabio, c. 2. 9. 
 
 6. ipse consul. Explained by odio consults below. He 
 was the very consul, hatred for whom made the army inclined 
 to betray the state. By this arrangement, which is rather 
 strained, Livy makes the antithesis more effective than if he 
 had written, Ipse consul cuius odio, &c. 
 
 1 He, the unpopular consul, by his unassisted vigour, sus- 
 tained the fortunes of the state which the army for hatred of 
 him were willing for their part to betray. ' 
 
 7. artes, 'qualities,' but implying the improvement by 
 culture and education of special gifts. 
 
NOTES. II. c. XLIII. 8 c. XLIV. 8. 221 
 
 8. nee illos, etsi, &c. An elliptical sentence. They 
 could not be induced to do that which, even if the appeal of 
 the general had no effect upon them, they might at least have 
 done from a regard for their own honour and safety, cf. Eurip. 
 Hec. 796, Tv/j,f3ov 5', el Kraveip ^/SouXero, OVK ^|fw<re^, i.e. &<nrep 
 &?i el, the least he could do if, &c. 
 
 si aliud nihil. * The very least they could do.' 
 9. signa, cf. 20. 10. 
 10. adeo, c. 2. 7. 
 
 ingeniis comes near to the later concrete use of the words,, 
 like our word * genius' for a * man of genius.' 
 
 11. obtinuere ut, c. 42. 2. 
 
 c. XLIV. 1. annus...habuit, c. 4. 3. 
 
 velut, 'as if Sp. Licinius had succeeded.' res procedit is 
 more common than the impersonal use. 
 
 2. re, exemplo. Chiasmus. The antithesis below, in 
 praesentia and in posterum, futurum, &c. is common, 'and the 
 moral effects of that event would long outlive its actual occur- 
 rence,' 'a fact for that time only, but a precedent for future 
 times. ' 
 
 suis ipsam, more idiomatic than ipsius, 9. 5. 
 
 3. bono publico, c. 1. 3. 
 auxilium, cf. 43. 4. 
 4. minus, c. 18. 4. 
 
 5. iuris, 'legal claims upon.' A tribune, for example, 
 might be in debt to one or more of the consulars. 
 
 gratia... auctoritate, both mean personal influence, the 
 first arising from obligation, the second from moral character. 
 
 6. novemque. A slip apparently on Livy's part, he must 
 have meant quattuor, c. 33. 2. 
 
 moratorem, c. 1. 4. 
 
 8. principesque que epexegetical. What follows is an 
 expansion of the words, in spem... posse. 
 
 fremebant = dictitabant, with more emotion implied * loudly 
 asserted ' more commonly indignation is expressed. 
 
 ut, final. The purpose answered by the appointment (by 
 the gods) of this drawback to the prosperity of great cities. 
 
222 NOTES. II. c. XLIV. 10 c. XLV. 11. 
 
 10. qualicunque. This use of the indef. relative without 
 a verb, on the model of the Gk. 6<rn<roi/j>, &c. is exceedingly rare 
 in Cicero (quivis is hardly in point) but common in Livy. 
 
 sisti. c. 29. 8. 
 
 potuisse : because he is speaking of what was possible no 
 longer. The English idiom requires the past tense of the infin., 
 so oportuit dicere, 'he ought to have said;' but oportuit dixisse, 
 'he ought (at some time previous to the statement) to have 
 finished speaking;' oportet dixisse, 'he ought now to have 
 finished speaking;' oportet dicere, 'he ought now to speak.' 
 
 non parendi, &c., ' insubordination.' 
 
 12. apes armaverant. c. 4. 3. 
 
 c. XLV. 1. rem committerent eo, 'to run the risk of fighting 
 with equal danger to apprehend from both armies.' eo = in id. 
 Cf. committere rem in aciem, in casum, &c. The idea of com- 
 mitto in these phrases is to launch or embark a thing on a 
 certain course, to set a thing a going and let it pass out of 
 one's control in a certain direction. So the verb gets the 
 meaning of ' entrusting, &c. ' Comp. c. 47 and in. 4. 7. 
 
 3. qua... qua. c. 35. 4. 
 
 4. confidere... credere. ' The consuls did not mistrust the 
 soldiers: they could not depend upon them:' the antithesis of 
 the two words, 'to depend (on the courage)' and 'to believe (in 
 the loyalty)' is really made by the context. 
 
 5. indignatio versare. c. 4. 3. 
 
 non... non. Emphatic repetition of the negative instead of 
 conjunctions. ^ 
 
 7. ^c&irtta cclnlerunt. Not used elsewhere by Livy, but 
 used by Cic. Acad. in. 12. 31. 
 
 semel with part.=w semel with verb, 'now that they were 
 once thoroughly roused.' 
 
 10. quippe, not unlike enimvero, introduces a statement 
 the truth of which becomes obvious as soon as it is made; with 
 relative, quia, quod, &c. it introduces an obvious reason. 
 quippe is subjective rather than objective, enimvero the reverse. 
 
 11. senslm, 'indirectly,' feeling one's way, as it were, 
 in a transaction, by employing another person to act for one. 
 
 passim, 'anyhow.' Clamouring in all directions, without 
 any attempt at order or concerted action. 
 
 tergiversantur. 'They temporised.' Cf. 27. 3. The idea 
 is of a man shifting his position to avoid something disagree- 
 
NOTES. II. c. XLV. 11 c. XLVII. 5. 223 
 
 able, 'shuffling.' Tergiversatio, in law, was the offence com- 
 mitted by an accuser, when from corrupt motires he abandoned 
 a prosecution. It is a favourite word with Cicero. 
 
 12. ne scirem. Ne is final, not consecutive, which it 
 never is. ' They have taken pains to prevent my knowing.' 
 
 13. flagltator. c. 1. 4. * Among the loudest in his de- 
 mands to be led to battle.' 
 
 14. in se, adaptation of the formula idem in me. Of. 24. 7. 
 
 iuratis, one of not a few pass, participles used in an active or 
 middle sense. Cf. iniuratus, 46. 6. So also pransus and epotus. 
 Compare adultus, Jluxus, tacitus. 
 
 c. XLVI. 1. occasione ancipiti, * with opportunities on both 
 sides of them,' that is, either of murdering their leaders or 
 deserting to the enemy. 
 
 2. infestior. c. 20. 3. 
 3. pilis. c. 30. 12. 
 
 inter primam, &c. ' Before the combatants could settle to 
 their work,' lit. * among the first hurrying about.' Cf. 20. 9. 
 
 abiectis, &c. 'Flung anyhow rather than discharged.' 
 4. principem, * at the head of his troops.' 
 
 praeceps in vulnus, lit. 'passed away headlong into his 
 wound.' In vulnus qualifies both praeceps and abiit, the 
 former expresses the attitude of the falling man, the latter his 
 departure from life. ' Falling with his head on his wounded 
 breast, expired.' So i. 58. 12, Prolapsaque in vulnus (corre- 
 sponding to praeceps in vulnus here) moribunda cecidit. Verg. 
 Aen. x. 448, corruit in vulnus. 
 
 c. XLVII. 1. ciebat. Cf. c. 19. 7. 
 
 fortuna est versata. Personification, c. 4. 3. 
 
 3. citato, c. 10. 3. 
 
 rem inclinatam, metaphor from scales, 'restored the 
 balance of the fight,' or less literally 'rallied the wavering 
 lines.' 
 
 4. vanior, 'weakened,' lit. 'less substantial,' metaphor 
 from things hollow, not solid. Comp. i. 8, ne vana esset urbis 
 magnitude, ' a mere shell, with nothing inside it.' 
 
 5. memores. c. 2. 3, 22. 2. 
 
224 NOTES. II. c. XLVII. 5 c. XLVIII. 8. 
 
 triarii. It was the duty of the triarii during an action to 
 protect the camp. It is possible that in the earliest times, this 
 was their only duty, and that they did not serve in the field 
 with the rest of the army at all. 
 
 6. ea desperatio. c. 3. 5 and 4. 3. 
 
 magis quam expresses (as often, e.g. 46. 3) the greater 
 appropriateness of a less usual than a more usual term to 
 the action described. ' Something more like madness than 
 boldness. ' 
 
 10. si exercitus, cf. XLV. 38. 3, erratis si triumphum im- 
 peratoris tantum et non militum quoque...esse decus censetis. 
 
 eo bello, frequently used as an attribute of a subst., e.g. 
 xxxvu. 49. 2, exprobrantes virtutem suam in Philippi bello. 
 
 familia funesta. c. 8. 7. 
 
 lauream, synecdoche for triumphus, the laurel crown being 
 the ornament of the triumphing general. 
 
 11. in tempore, ' at the right time.' 
 
 laudator, c. 1. 4, pronouncing the funeral oration in both 
 cases.' The laudatio funebris in the Forum was a regular part 
 of public funerals. 
 
 12. eius, neut. gen. : not an unfrequent use in Livy. 
 
 imbiberat, of an idea or resolve fixed in the mind, cf. 58. 6. 
 Cic. pro Quint, si . . .irnbiberit eius modi rationibus ilium ad suas 
 conditiones perducere a metaphor from dyeing, like combibo. 
 
 c. XLVIII. 1. primo quoque. Koby, Lat. Gr., Sch. Ed. 
 p. 344. 
 
 2. ciuisquam, rather in app. to tribunus than qualifying 
 it, though quisquam in Livy is sometimes used adjectively. 
 
 verum, ' fair,' Horace, Epp. i. vii. 98, metiri se quemque 
 suo modulo ac pede verum est. 
 
 3. luxTiriare, cf. c. 21. 6. Here the metaphor, from a plant 
 growing rank, is rather differently applied : ' was running to 
 seed,' the point, as evanescere shows, being the weakness pro- 
 duced, rather than the excess itself. 
 
 5. in teinpore, c. 47. 11. 
 
 6. tota, ' altogether * adverbial use. 
 
 7. averti alio, * to concentrate their attention on other 
 matters.' alio adv. 
 
 8. auctores sumus, ' we guarantee ;' auctor esse with ace. 
 and infin. is more frequently ' to be the authority for a state- 
 ment.' 
 
NOTES. II. c. XLIX. 38. 225 
 
 c. XLIX. 3. paludatus, the dress of a general in the field. 
 
 4. ducem, cf. Ovid, Fasti, n. 200, E quis dux fieri quilibet 
 aptus erat. The whole passage, 1. c. vv. 193 242. 
 
 senatus, that is, they might have formed the Senate of 
 Kome in the most critical times. 
 
 pestem, 'destruction,' cf. pesti lens, c. 41. 5. 
 
 5. nihil medium, 'filled with no ordinary thoughts, 
 but divided between extremes of hope and apprehension,' 
 lit. 'revolving in the mind nothing half-way, either hope or 
 fear (in loose apposition to nihil medium), but boundless 
 thoughts whatever they were.' 
 
 stupens, ' overpowered,' used, as frequently, to express the . 
 feelings of one under the influence of some overpowering 
 emotion, which deprives him for the time being of the use 
 of his powers of reflection. 
 
 6. fellces has its regular military meaning of ' successful.' 
 Onfelicitas as a quality necessary to a general, see Cic. de Imp. 
 Pomp. c. 16. 
 
 7. Capitolium arcemque, the N. E. and S. W. summits 
 of the Capitoline hill, but which was which, is still a matter 
 of anxious debate among archaeologists. 
 
 alia templa, with reference to the Temple of Jupiter on the 
 Capitoline. 
 
 quicquid, c. 35. 5. 
 
 faustum...felix. The regular combination in such prayers, v 
 Two aspects of the same idea. Faustum is that which is done 
 under the blessing (favere) of the gods. Felix that which suc- 
 ceeds in consequence of having the blessing of the gods upon 
 it. 
 
 8. incassum, found in poets, in Sallust and later prose 
 writers, but not in Cicero, is stronger than frustra or nequid- 
 quam, signifying hopeless failure, lit. ' ending in emptiness.' 
 
 infelici is an anachronism, because it was in consequence 
 of the route of the Fabii that this gate became ill-omened. V 
 The Porta Carmentalis, the right arch of which was known as 
 scelerata, opened out of the wall between the Capitoline and 
 the river, see Ovid 1. c. 
 
 iano, ' archway:' all archways were symbolical of and sacred -^ 
 to Janus, as pointing two opposite ways ; hence they came to 
 be called iani. 
 
 S. L. 15 
 
226 NOTES. II. c. XLIX. 9 c. L. 6. 
 
 9. omnia, with the use of omnia cf. immensa omnia 
 above. It implies that the epithet is true of that to which it is 
 applied, without exception, e.g. alia omnia sentire, &c. 'to 
 differ absolutely.' 
 
 infesta, 'dangerous.' 
 
 10. cominus...acie, 'in a pitched battle,' opp. to popu- 
 lationibus and vagantes. 
 
 quanquam. This retrospective use of quanquam (the 
 apodosis being really contained in what precedes) introducing 
 a drawback or correction of what has just been stated, is a 
 rhetorical use. It is common in Cicero, in Livy, as a rule, it is 
 confined to speeches. It is very frequently followed by an 
 interrogative sentence. Eoby, Lat. Gr., Sch. Ed. 871, 6. 
 
 11. inter primam, c. 46. 3. 
 
 signa, c. 20. 10. The Eoman battle order is applied to the 
 
 Veientines. 
 
 ordines, the accusative after introeimt. 
 
 12. saxa Rutora (otherwise Rubrae] lay on the Via Fla- 
 minia, between Kome and Narnia, about 9 miles from the former. 
 It derived its name from the red tufa rocks of the neighbourhood. 
 
 at), c. 14. 3, ' with the capriciousness that belonged to their 
 race. ' 
 
 c. L. 2. ex civitate. . .tulit, comp. the expression, reportare 
 triumphum, victoriam, laudem, &c., a or ex aliquo. The idea 
 in both cases is that of bringing back the results of victory. 
 
 3. ex re, 'demanded by circumstances,' lit. 'arising out 
 of the state of things.' So ex re means ' advantageous,' 
 ' suitable to the occasion;' Plaut. ex tua non est ut ego moriar; 
 Hor. Sat. n. vi. 78, Cervius haec inter vicinus garrit aniles ex 
 re fabellas ; and e republica = in the interests of the Republic. 
 
 4. veM = velut si, as often, e.g. c. 36. 1. 
 
 5. invicta, c. 1. 4. Invicta here is part of the predicate, 
 not merely attribute of arma, ' being invincible,' ' were in- 
 vincible and could not be withstood at any time, or in any 
 place.' 
 
 spes, c. 4. 3. 
 
 rara, ' here and there.' 
 
 6. superassent, ' had passed, ' a sense derived probably 
 from * surmounting,' and so ' passing ' hills, &c. 
 
 ut fit, c. 4. 5. 
 
NOTES. II. c. L. 8 c. LII. 2. 227 
 
 8. multiplicatis. * The ranks of the latter multiplying ,. 
 as their circle was contracted.' As the Etruscans closed in, 
 narrowing their circle, the front of the lines was diminished, 
 and the number of them, one behind the other, consequently 
 increased, multiplicatis therefore is equivalent in sense to 
 densatis. 
 
 9. omissa, &c. 'Giving up the idea of resisting, as they 
 had been preparing to do, equally on all sides.' par em adverbial. 
 Intendere pugnam is ' to stretch out righting in a certain direc- 
 tion,' not unlike our expression 'to show fight.' 
 
 eo nisi. Concentrating their attack on that point. ' So in 
 derectum niti. Nitor and its compounds (e.g. conitor) mean 
 'to use all one's strength.' 
 
 10. vincebat. Of. c. 10. 2. 
 
 Veiens. c. 20. 12. 
 
 11. stirpem. Sc. futuram, 'to keep alive.' 
 
 auxilium. Cf. Ovid, 1. c., Scilicet ut posses olim tu, Maxime, 
 nasci, cui res cunctando restituenda foret. 
 
 c. LI. 2. ad Spei. n. 7. 11. 
 
 3. parvo. ' Although the advantage gained by the Ko- 
 mans was very slight. ' Metaphor from balance, ' superior by a > 
 trifling inclination of the balance.' Comp. c. 7. 10. 
 
 4. velut afc, &c., i.e. a laniculo velut ab arce. Cf. Cic. 
 Tusc. v. 32. 90, quare ut ad quietum me licet venias. 
 
 5. dedita opera qualifies propulsa. 
 
 7. nonnihil et, adv. ' to a -certain extent, no doubt.' Livy 
 also has haud niliil. i. 3. 
 
 quamvis qualifies praecipitia. 'Drove them to adopt any 
 expedients, however reckless, provided they were prompt.' 
 
 8. erexit. c. 31. 5. 
 
 9. occidione occisi, ' cut to pieces,' used by Cicero. The 
 repetition expresses the entire destruction. The abl. is modal. 
 
 c. LII. 1. laxior. So laxandi annonam, 34. 12. The op- 
 posite is aria. Compare our use of the word tight in regard to\^ 
 the money market. The metaphor is a natural and obvious one 
 in any language. 
 
 2. suo. ' Their own special poison. ' For the metaphor 
 comp. c. 44. 8. 
 
 152 
 
228 NOTES. II. c. LII. 3 c. LIV. 4. 
 
 3. diem dicunt. On the jurisdiction of the tribunes and 
 the connexion of it with the plebeian assembly see Mommsen, 
 i. 281 and c. 56. 3n. It evidently rapidly extended beyond cases 
 of appeal and violations of the laws establishing the tribunate. 
 
 invldiae. Livy does not state distinctly what the charge 
 was, but leaves it to be inferred that he was accused of deserting 
 the Fabii, when he might have assisted them. 
 
 5. capitis. Condensed use for criminis capitalis. In these 
 phrases the gen. and abl. are both used. Very prob. in the gen. 
 there is an ellipse of an original crimine. 
 
 aeris. Livy apparently means 2000 asses ; but it is a ques- 
 tion whether coined money existed before the decemviral legis- 
 lation. Mommsen, i. 458. 
 
 in caput. ' This was his death- warrant.' Lit. ' This turned 
 (verto intrans.) into a sentence of death.' caput hexe=poena 
 capitalis, as above, crimen capitale. 
 
 c. LIII. 1. quifous. /card ffvv<ru>, agreeing with Veientibus 
 implied in Veiens bellum. 
 
 Latinorum...auxiliis. c. 33. 4. 
 
 alia. Abl. 
 
 manipulatim. Used generally : 'in small bodies.' Cf. 30. 
 11. 
 
 2. tanquam. ' Under the impression that their city it- 
 self was in the hands of the enemy.' For the position of ita 
 here comp. xi/ii. 59. 2, Hand secus quam diu claustris retentae 
 ferae, ita concitati...incurrerunt. 
 
 3. signis. c. 20. 10. 
 
 eques. c. 20. 12. 
 
 5. ab Roma. c. 39. 5. 
 
 6. calamitatis, 'injury,' 'damage.' The root of the word 
 is the same as that of incolumis, prob. the same as Gk. cr/coX-, 
 signifying 'plucking,' which appears without the <r in /c6Xos, 
 'docked' and KO\OVW. Koa-KvXfjLdTia 'shreds/ and quisquiliae 
 'refuse,' 'rubbish,' are from the same root. 
 
 c. LIV. 2. arripuit, 'arrested.' m. 58. 7. More strictly 
 used of the officer, viator or lictor, e.g. 27. 12. 
 
 3. rei ad populum. Summoned to take their trial before 
 the plebeian Comitia tributa. c. 52. 3, and 56. 3 n. 
 
 4 infulis, with which victims were adorned for sacrifice. 
 
NOTES. II. c. LIV. 5 c. LVI. 2. 229 
 
 5. iam nunc. Cf. 35. 6. For ita anticipating a subst. 
 clause of. xxxiv. 34. 2, Iam nunc hoc ita proponere vox animis 
 oportet hibernandum circa Lacedaemonis moenia esse. 
 
 ab. Tribunicia potestas is personified, hence the preposi- 
 tion. 
 
 6. si se commoverit. 'If he (the Consul) stirred a finger.' 
 movere is used absolutely without se, XLII. 64. 9, Qui postquam 
 nihil movebant. 
 
 7. seductaque. Cf. 11. 1. seductaque, &c. explains in 
 private, 'where the general public could not obtain access or 
 information.' Lit. 'withdrawn from the privity of the larger 
 number of people.' 
 
 quamvis. c. 51. 7. 
 
 9. quam nihil, &c. * How absolutely powerless the holy 
 laws were to protect them.' 
 
 10. malo. ' Suffering.' Comp. 34. 11. 
 
 c. LV. 1. sub. Of immediate succession in time. With 
 the ablative sub expresses the time or occasion as influencing 
 the action, but is rarer and more poetical. Weissenborn and 
 Miiller prefer the abl. here, which is the MS. reading. Hanc 
 is the emendation of Gronovius adopted by Madvig. 
 
 3. lictores. See Mommsen, in. 349 n. 
 contemptius, more contemptible, c. 1. 4. 
 
 si sint. If only there were men to realise it, viz. the weak- 
 ness and insignificance of the lictors. 
 
 facere, viz. by being afraid of them. 
 
 4. ordines. c. 23. 4. 
 
 militem, that is, as a common soldier. 
 
 5. spoliari, to be stripped. So vin. 32. 10. 
 
 8. sanctum, 'inviolable,' the first meaning of the adj. 
 
 9. exerceret. Cf. vi. 22. 4, foede in captis victoriam exer- 
 cuere. 
 
 c. LVI. 1. Voleronem... favor e. The hexameter rhythm 
 is noticeable. Comp. i. pref. opening words, and xxii. 50. 10, 
 Haec ubi dicta dcdit. 
 
 2. vexandis, is the dat. of aim after permiss. 
 permissurum. Metaphor from driving, ' to give a horse the 
 rein, 'in. 61. 9, concitant equos permittuntque in hostem. 
 
230 NOTES. II. c. LVI. 25. 
 
 tributis. Up to this time, the tribunes had been elected 
 by the comitia curiata. See below 3. 
 
 3. atroci, 'alarming,' atrox is connected with ater and 
 gets its secondary meaning by metaphor from that which is 
 'dark, gloomy, threatening.' 
 
 sed quae, sed opp. to hand parva. 
 
 auferret, &c. Mommsen's explanation of this passage and 
 c. 60. 4 is as follows: besides the patrician-plebeian comitia 
 curiata and tributa, there was a separate assembly of plebeians 
 in curies and tribes, not originally called comitia, but concilium 
 plebis curiatum and centuriatum, dating from the time when 
 they gained their separate officers. The tribunes were origi- 
 nally elected in the plebeian curiate assembly. In this, voting 
 being by heads and not according to landed property, patricians' 
 clients would have considerable influence. Livy however con- 
 fuses these plebeian assemblies with the comitia curiata and 
 tributa of the whole populus (patricians and plebeians). Hence 
 he represents the patricians as excluded by the tribunes not 
 because they had no right to vote, but because they were there 
 for the purpose of obstruction, and further represents the 
 exclusion of patricians from the comitia tributa as dating from 
 this tune. The assembly according to M.'s theory, from which 
 ' the patricians were now, as they always had been excluded was 
 not the comitia tributa proper but the concilium plebis in tribes, 
 which afterwards came to be called the comitia tributa. The 
 decrees of this plebeian assembly, he thinks, were from an early 
 time de facto though not de jure binding on all the people, 
 because of the powerful position of the tribunes, and in parti- 
 cular it assumed a criminal jurisdiction as the body before 
 which the tribunes justified their acts. This jurisdiction he 
 calls, rather happily, an organised lynch-law (regulisirte Lynch- 
 justiz). 
 
 4. action!. Of. 31. 8. The term was specially used of 
 the transactions in the comitia tributa. 
 
 resisterent... posset, both governed by cum which in the 
 latter case has a concessive force. 
 
 nee quae, emendation of MSS. neque. 
 
 quae una via... intercederet. Comp. c. 43. 4. 
 
 molimine a poetic word, in prose moles or molumentum are 
 more usual. 'By the mere force of its inherent importance 
 was carried over the year.' 
 
 5. ultimum dim. c. 11. 4. 
 
NOTES. II. c. LVI. 6 c. LVII. 2. 231 
 
 6. auctor, of a man who proposes a law not originated 
 by himself. So 44. 1, 42. 8. 
 
 7. is, nom. to contenderet only, placed here as frequently 
 to connect the sentence with the former. 
 
 ipse, as opposed to Volero, 'on his side,' 'for his part.' 
 
 9. quam, the corresponding tarn is omitted, as frequently 
 in Livy. Of. xxxv. 49. 7, homo non quam isti sunt gloriosus. 
 
 10. templum, used in its wide sense of a place conse- 
 crated by inauguration, as all places of public business were. 
 So the Rostra and the Curia are templa. 
 
 nobilitas, i.e. the patricians. 
 
 contione = the comitia in which the lex was to be proposed. 
 
 12. ilium ipsum, i.e. even a magistrate of the populus 
 (the whole people, patricians and plebeians). 
 
 pro imperio. Authoritatively, as one entitled to command 
 in virtue of his magistracy. Of. Terence Phorm. 195 Hem! 
 satis pro imperio quisquis es. 
 
 de iure disserendo, i.e. disserendo de iure (tribunicio). 'It 
 was easy for the consul by a sneering exposition of the tribu- 
 nician powers to irritate Laetorius.' 
 
 13. privatum. The tribunes in the earliest times, were not 
 strictly speaking magistrates. Their position was a negative 
 one. They could not strictly speaking initiate judicial pro- 
 ceedings, though practically they did so, nor were the resolu- 
 tions passed in then: plebeian assembly legally binding, though 
 practically recognised. They had no imperium, only auonlium t 
 no insignia such as lictors, fasces, &c. no right to take auspices. 
 They might be regarded legally as mere representatives or 
 delegates of the plebs, though of course practically they were a 
 great deal more. It is this discrepancy between the legal and 
 practical position of the tribunes and their assemblies which 
 makes the notices of them often so confusing. The laws, such 
 as the Hortensia, which are supposed to have bestowed powers 
 only probably confirmed legally powers that had practically 
 existed almost from the beginning. See 3. 
 
 c. LVII. 2. timor...ira. c. 4. 3. 
 
 quo magis. ' As their passion had time to cool down and 
 allow them to reflect calmly, they felt more and more averse, &c.' 
 lit. ' The more, space being interposed, their minds were called 
 away from bursting anger to deliberation, the more &c.' 
 
232 NOTES. IT. c. LVII. 3 c. LVIII. 9. 
 
 3. tantam, (only) so great. Cf. Cic. de Imp. Pomp. c. 6, 
 ceterarum provinciarum tanta sunt vectigalia ut Us ad ipsas 
 tutandas provincias vix contenti esse possimus. Compare the 
 similar use of TOVOVTOS in Gk. 
 
 In medio. That is, the main body of the state as opposed to 
 the two conflicting parties of the consuls and tribunes. Comp. 
 Sallust, Jug. 41. 5, Ita omnia in duos paries abstracta sunt, 
 res publica quae media fuerat dilacerata. Possibly Livy's 
 sentence is modelled on this. 
 
 c. LVIII. 1. Piso. Cf. c. 32. 3. 
 
 3. qua, nominative. 
 
 5. odisse may be historic infin. as esse above, but it seems 
 more natural to take it as part of the orat. obliq. with se 
 omitted. 
 
 se unico, &c. ' He had been elected to the consulship as the 
 bitterest (uncompromising) opponent of tribunician power, and 
 yet a law had been carried,' &c. 
 
 unico, a rather favourite word of Livy's. It implies much 
 the same as unus with superlatives, that is, single preeminence, 
 matchlessness. Here it is to be taken in close connexion with 
 adversus . . .potestatem. Perhaps the nearest literal equivalent 
 would be the term ' wunner' applied by the marchioness to Mr 
 B. Swiveller. 
 
 6. nee. ' But it could not,' &c. Cf. c. 22. 3. 
 
 certamen, ' spirit of opposition.' Cf. 30. 9. 
 
 imbiberant. Cf. 47. 12. 
 
 7. si...vellet...adesset. The sub j. here like the opt. in 
 Gk. signifies the indefinite repetition of an action in past time. 
 
 adhortator, c. 1. 4. 
 
 SUA sponte qualify motam, 'any diligence they had felt 
 moved to show.' movere is used as in the phrase mover -e 
 bellum, controversiam, &c., 'to set a thing in motion,' 'to 
 begin, excite,' &c. 
 
 8. ut, consec. without preceding demonstrative. 
 
 9. prompta, participle of promo, very unusual, elsewhere 
 always an adj. Here it is a stronger way of expressing adhi- 
 bita : ' when he had exhausted all the resources of his harsh- 
 ness.' The metaphor from bringing out of a cellar or store- 
 house. 
 
 cavillans used adverbially, ' with bitter sarcasm.' 
 
 Volerones, c. 13. 8. 
 
 vocare, sc. centuriones. trib. pleb. and Vol. are completions 
 of vocare. 
 
NOTES. II. c. LIX. 111. 233 
 
 c. LIX. 1. FaWum, c. 43. 6. 
 
 2. ceterum, c. 3. 1. 
 
 Appio. The dat. for in or adversus with ace. is very unusual, 
 until a later period of Latin, 
 signa, c. 20. 10. 
 
 3. expressa. ' Then they were forced to rouse them- 
 selves and fight, and the already victorious enemy were dis- 
 lodged,' &c., lit. ' force for fighting was wrung out of.' 
 
 ut, consec., see last chapter. 
 
 iam qualifies a vallo. ' The enemy were repulsed, but not 
 before they had climbed the vallum.' 
 
 alia agrees with clade, but is used adverbially, extending 
 the predicate ' with this exception,' lit. ' in the defeat where 
 it was of a different kind,' i.e. when it did not affect the safety 
 of the camp. The MSS. reading is alii, other emendations are 
 alibi (Weissenb.) and aliter. 
 
 4. infractus, rather stronger than fractus, broken so as 
 to be disabled. Yerg. Aen. XTI. 1. Of the spirit it = broken 
 down.' So also of words xxxviu. 14, oratio fuit summissa et in- 
 fracta. Here therefore with nihil, it strengthens the positive 
 statement implied, * utterly unbroken.' 
 
 ne utique, c. 27. 7. 
 
 6. tempus, ' postponement.' 
 
 lucrarentur, subj. because it is the reason in Appius' mind, 
 which induced him to give way. 
 
 7. quum maxime. * Just as.' Cf. i. 50. 7, Haec atque alia 
 ...quummaxime dissereret, intervenit Tarquinius. . 
 
 ut eodem=w qui...essent, naturally roused by,' &c., comp. 
 40.3. 
 
 signaque, c. 20. 11. 
 
 memor, c. 2. 3. 
 
 8. ita serves two purposes, to connect this sentence with 
 the last and to anticipate ut; ita...ut = ' under such circum- 
 stances that.' 
 
 evasere. The subject to this has to be inferred from the 
 context, that is, the Komans who escaped. 
 
 9. revocando, c. 9. 1. 
 proditorem, c. 1. 4. 
 
 11. duplicarlos were soldiers who received double rations 
 as a reward for distinguished service, 
 
234 NOTES. II. c. LIX. 11 c. LXI. 7. 
 
 decinms quisque. The verb decimo is not used till later, 
 e.g. Suetonius. The punishment was ancient enough. The 
 principle of it is thus stated by Cicero, pro Cluent. 46, Statue- 
 runt enim ita maiores nostri ut si a multis esset Jlagitium rei 
 militaris admissum sortitione in quosdam animadverteretur ut 
 metus videlicet ad omnes, poena ad paucos perveniret. 
 
 c. LX. 1. quo = w consec. More usually quo with comp. 
 has a final sense. In this consecutive sense, it appears to be 
 only used after facio and compounds, xxm. 25. 8, quo magis 
 laetarentur e/ecerat. 
 
 2. concordiae, personification, cf. 4. 3. 
 
 populabundum. Livy has a great partiality for these adjec- 
 tives, comp. commissabundus, concionabundus, deliberabundus, 
 errabundus, lacnmabundus, minitabundus, peregrinabundus, 
 tentabundus, venerabundus, cunctabundus, indignabundus, gratu- 
 labundus, mirabundus, ludibundus. The use of them before his 
 time is very limited. It may almost be said to have begun with 
 him as a literary prose usage. 
 
 3. placatior, other comparatives of adjectival passive 
 participles used by Livy are inclinatior (Cic.), ignotior, celebra- 
 tior, excitatior, commotior, paratior, distinctior, cuneatior, 
 assuetior, obedientior, retractior, incautior, inflatior, impeditior, 
 confectior, konoratior, efferatior, impunitlor, effrenatior, auctior. 
 
 4. atrocl, c. 56. 3. 
 
 5. summovendis, c. 56. 4. 
 
 c. LXI. 2. tertio, for the more usual tertium. 
 
 4. dumtaxat, concessive, 'certainly.' Not common in 
 Livy, and always after the word it qualifies. This is usually the 
 position of it in Cicero also, but not always, e.g. de Amic. c. 
 15. 53, Coluntur tamen simulatione dumtaxat ad tempus, where 
 dumtaxat qualifies ad tempus. 
 
 5. non modo...sed ne...quidem. c. 23. 12. 
 
 aliquld, 'somewhat.' Not 'in any respect,' which would 
 be quidquam. So in c. 2. 2, ne honos . . .aliquid libertati... 
 ojficeret is ' lest the honour should interfere with liberty to some 
 serious extent.' 
 
 7. prodicerent, 'adjourned.' In these earlier times the 
 trial would seem to have been concluded on the day on which 
 the accused man was summoned to appear. In later times, 
 the day of trial was fixed, generally by law, after the nominis 
 receptWj that is after the preliminaries, including the citatio t 
 had been completed. 
 
NOTES. II. c. LXI. 9 c. LXIV. 4. 235 
 
 9. laudationem. c. 47. 11. 
 
 celebravit, 'attended the funeral in large numbers.' c. 
 42. 6. 
 
 c. LXII. 2. reUgio fuerlt. c. 5. 3. ^ 
 vertlt. Intrans. c. 52. 5. 
 
 4. quibus. For the simple abl. without in, cf. viu. 22. 
 5, dudbus urbibus populus idem habitabat: so also sedere, i. 
 34. 8, carpento and vivere, IY. 3. 2, una urbe. The usage is 
 poetical. 
 
 ancipiti proelio. Abl. of circumstance =aequo Marte, c. 
 40. 14. 
 
 5. integro, ' undecided.' Cf. c. 5. 1. 
 
 c- LXIII. 4. et...quldem. c. 2. 9. 
 nihil aliud quam. c. 29. 4. -^ 
 citato, c. 10. 3. 
 
 5. prolapsam. Metaphor from a man losing his footing. 
 Used again vi. 22. 6, rem temeritate eius prolapsam restituit, 
 and xxvu. 40. 3, prospera bella in Hispania prolapsam earn 
 (rem Eomanam) erexisse. ' The valour of the soldiers retrieved 
 the false step of their careless commanders. ' 
 
 negligentia. Personification, c. 4. 3. 
 
 7. tenent. 'Kept employed.' This sense of teneo to 
 1 detain, keep in a certain position ' is common in Livy, c. 64. 
 11, <fec. 
 
 c. LXIV. 2. consularibus comitils, i.e. the comitia cen- 
 turiata, in which the consuls were elected. 
 
 3. citato, c. 10. 3. 
 
 prope, qualifying porta Collina. This attributive use of 
 the simple adv. occurs, but not frequently, in writers before 
 Livy, e.g. Plaut. Pers. in. 1. 57, Non tu nunc hominum mores 
 vides? Cic. in Pis. ix. 21, discessu turn meo. (The limiting 
 adverbs quasi and tanquam, the commonest example in ante- 
 Augustan writers.) In Livy it is common. He uses prope 
 (as here), circa, invicem, alibi, bifariam, publice, inde, deinceps, 
 alibi, for the corresponding adjectives. A noticeable feature 
 is the insertion of such adverbs between an attribute and 
 subst., as a second coordinate attribute, e.g. duo simul bella, two 
 simultaneous wars. This extension of the usage is Graecism. 
 
 4. infesto. c. 20. 3. 
 adipisci. c. 30. 14. 
 
236 NOTES. II. c. LXIV. 5 c. LXV. 6. 
 
 5. signis. c. 20. 10. 
 
 caede... sanguine, i.e. the number killed and wounded was 
 enormous. 
 
 6. et introduces a sentence confirmatory of what has pre- 
 ceded, and at the same tune expressing a consequence of it. * And 
 accordingly. ' Of. Caesar, E.G., Disciplina in Britannia reperta . . . 
 esse existimatur ; et nunc, qui earn rein diligentius cognoscere 
 volunt, plerumque illo prqficiscuntur. 
 
 paucitas. c. 4. 3. 
 
 damno sentiendo. Dat. after propior. Cf. in. 35. 4, ' with 
 their small numbers, they were more sensitive to loss.' 
 
 dum. ii. 31. 2. 
 
 10. cohortem. in. 5. 11. 
 stationem. * Posted on guard outside the camp.' 
 in equos, the regular construction in Livy, not equis. So 
 also i?i naves imponere. 
 
 11. species, c. 4. 3. 
 equite. c. 20. 12. 
 tenuit. c. 63. 7. 
 
 c. LXV. 2. principia has simply the general sense of 
 'the front ranks,' without reference to the Principes of the ma- 
 nipular legion. The use of the word may date from a period 
 before the introduction of the manipular legion, when the 
 citizens of the first class served in the front ranks. 
 
 miles, c. 20. 12. 
 
 4. Volscus. c. 20. 12. 
 oneratum est...ni. c. 10. 2. 
 
 simul...simul. Frequent in Livy, not in Cicero, rare in 
 Caesar. 
 
 5. ultro. 'Actually,' 'even,' going farther than might 
 have been expected, and turning the tables on the enemy, c. 
 13. 2. 
 
 capto, impetum conatum &c. capere is a frequent use, ' to 
 begin' or 'start.' Possibly extensions of the phrase capere 
 ('to grasp, conceive,' and so 'form and execute') consilium. 
 
 6. prope erat ut. 11. 23. 12, 
 
NOTES. III. c. i. 1 c. ii. 4. 237 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 c. i. 1. Antio, n. 65. 
 
 Fabius, the MSS. have Quinctius inserted here which is 
 probably an error arising from qui unus having been repeated 
 by the copyist. Only ten years before this time, this Fabius 
 was a boy, n. 50. 
 
 2. priore. Livy does not mention the fact, n. 61. 
 
 auctor, ii. 56. 6. 
 
 agrarii. The friends of the Domain-law. 
 
 utique, n. 27. 7. 
 
 3. possessores, n. 41. 2. 
 
 se iactare, * displaying himself,' * taking a prominent part.' 
 
 actionibus, ii. 31. 8, * agitations.' 
 
 averterant, '.succeeded in diverting,' pluperfect, signifies 
 the completion of the action before the tune of which the 
 writer is speaking. 
 
 4. aderat...ni, n, 10. 1. 
 priore anno, ii. 65. 
 
 5. Antium, originally a Latin, became afterwards a 
 Roman colony, see 7. 
 
 et couples propinquam and maritimam, which qualify oppor- 
 tunam, conveniently situated, being near at hand, and on the 
 sea-coast, ii. 32. 3. 
 
 6. agro dando, n. 5. 9. 
 
 7. Tit fit, ii. 4. 5. 
 
 numerum. The number of a colony was fixed by the act, 
 under which it was planted. Livy's statement about the 
 addition of Volscians to the colony is very doubtful. The 
 statement of Dionysius that Latins and Hernicans were 
 associated with the Romans is probably the correct one. 
 
 c. ii. 2. extra ordinem, i.e. by a special decree of the 
 Senate on special grounds. Usually the spheres of command 
 were arranged by lot, or by mutual arrangement between the 
 consuls. 
 
 3. ab Roma, ii. 39. 5. Here, however, a personification 
 of Eome may be intended. 
 
 4. etiam nunc. 'Even now he had much rather the 
 Aequi should freely change their mind than that they should 
 have to be treated as enemies.' 
 
238 NOTES. III. c. n. 5 c. in. 9. 
 
 5. gaudeant. ' If they must indulge their inclination to 
 perjury.' Comp. n. 60. 1. 
 
 6. adeo nan, nihil, &c., frequent in Livy, n. 2. 7. 
 
 7. indignitas. Cf. n. 30. 2. 
 
 8. afo statione, ' from the outposts,' n. 64. 10. 
 
 10. miles, n. 20. 12. 
 
 longam venire, 'that the night that was coming was 
 (would be) a weary long one, because, &c. Longam venire, it 
 is hardly necessary to point out, does not mean that the night 
 was long in passing, but indicates the disappointment of the 
 soldiers at the obstacle put in the way of fighting, and their 
 impatience at the thought of the long tune that must elapse 
 before they could fight. They were not conscious of the 
 passing of the night because they were asleep. 
 
 c. in. 2. memor, n. 6. 9. 
 3. infesto, n. 6. 8. 
 
 4. incerta eoque vaniora =wo incertiora eo vaniora 
 qualifying audita. vaniora suggests the vano augentes timore 
 above. ' Their report, exaggerated in proportion to its vague- 
 ness, was taken up by the first people they met, and by them 
 spread further.' 
 
 5. timori. Final dative after substantive, frequent in 
 
 y, e.g., c. 12. 1, 8. 
 
 increpans, ' indignantly exclaiming.' 
 
 6. iustitium, a cessation of legal and all other business, 
 usual in tunes of great danger or distress. 
 
 praefecto urfois relicto. The consuls had the right of ap- 
 pointing in case of emergency, a magistrate to represent 
 them in the city. This magistrate during the absence of the 
 consuls had all the power of the latter inside the city, and 
 assumed the consular insignia. In later times, when the 
 consuls never left the city during their year of office, the office 
 of praefectus urbis naturally fell into abeyance, except in the 
 purely formal praefectship, lasting for a few hours, while the 
 consuls were absent for the Feriae Latinae. Under the 
 Caesars the office was revived, and ultimately became a 
 permanent one. Relinquere praefectum is the technical phrase 
 for the appointment of this magistrate, by the consul, under 
 the republic. 
 
 9. condition. Condo, as Prof. Seeley says, Livy, i. 44. 2, 
 like the English verb, ' to close, ' meant originally ' to put 
 away,' then, ' to finish.' 
 
NOTES. III. c. in. 9 c. iv. 10. 239 
 
 lustrum. The purificatory rites (\OV-CLV, lav-are) after the 
 taking of the census. As this was done at intervals of five 
 years, lustrum obtained the significance of 'a space of five -^ 
 years;' and it is probably that acquired meaning which de- 
 termined the use of the word condo in connexion with it. 
 
 orbos orfoasque. Elsewhere pupillos viduasque, but orbas 
 here would include widows, for the word is a general one, V 
 meaning, deprived of a near relation, especially a relation to 
 whom a person looks for protection. Orbos here will of course 
 only mean orphans. The meaning that it sometimes bears of 
 * childless men, ' is not to the point here. Only full citizens 
 were entered in the census in their own names, widows and 
 orphans were entered by their tutores. 
 
 10. popular!, passive, as not unf requently. J^LK. &&*. ^ 
 
 u 
 
 c. iv. 1. Fusios, the regular weakening of s to r between 
 two vowels (e.g. genus generis) was a fact unknown to Livy. 
 
 2. gereret. This use of the imperfect subjunctive in 
 dependent questions, as a more vivid expression of the future is 
 common, comp. n. 55. 9, incerti quatenus exerceret victoriam, 
 compare the use of the present indicative for future, n. 9. 3. 
 
 Ecetranis, n. 25. 6. 
 
 5. quid rei esset. 'What was going on.' Quid hoc rei 
 est ? (c. 17. 2), 'What is the meaning of this? 
 
 7. multitudinis, 'their numbers;' so, frequently used of 
 the population of a city.' 
 
 commisit, with dative instead of in with accusative, n. 
 45.1. 
 
 9. quae forma, relative clause in apposition to what 
 follows, cf. 5. 4. 
 
 ultimae, so Caesar, B. G. 1. 5, ultimum senatus consultum 
 of a similar decree. 
 
 videret ne. The formula by which the Senate invested the ^ 
 consuls with temporary dictatorial power. The more usual 
 course in the earlier times was to appoint a dictator. 
 
 10. pro consule. ' Deputy consul,' a substitute for the 
 consul in his military capacity as the praefectus urbis was in 
 his civil. It is obvious that the phrase in connexion with 
 these early tunes means something very different from what it 
 meant in later times when the consul regularly became pro- 
 consul after his year of office. The later war period, when 
 several commanders were required at once, and it was advis- 
 able to continue men in their commands, forms the middle 
 
240 NOTES. III. c. iv. 10 c. v 14. 
 
 portion as it were of the history of the word. The pro meant 
 originally no doubt ' instead of,' but in the later development 
 of the office the sense of * prolongation ' (as in prorogare] would 
 suit the meaning of pro consule equally well ; and the Romans 
 themselves seem to have hovered between the two deriva- 
 tions. 
 
 11. subitarios, otherwise, tumultuarius exercitus. Troops 
 levied hastily for an emergency not according to the strict rules 
 of the levy. 
 
 c. v. 8. ad praesidium, i.e. as praefectus urbis, c. 3. 6. 
 
 4. stationes, c. 2. 8. 
 
 iustitiuin, c. 3. 4. 
 
 decumana. The rear gate of the camp. 
 
 6. captis, ii. 65. 5. "V 
 
 7. animos, 'courage,' n. 12. 8. 
 
 8. peregrinis, explained by cum Latino, &c. 
 
 11. cohortium. Livy both here and in n. 64. 10 has 
 been misled by the word aire'ipa which he found in his authori- 
 ties. This in its later and best known sense was the equivalent 
 of cohors. But in speaking of earlier times the Greek histori- 
 ans used it to mean manipulus. 
 
 12. Valerius Antias lived in the time of Sulla. His his- 
 tory comprised apparently the whole period from the founding 
 of Borne to his own times. Livy professes to use him with 
 caution, but it is probable that he borrowed largely from him. 
 
 concipere, ' to take together,' so * to grasp as a whole in the 
 mind,' 'to estimate.' 
 
 13. exsequendo, &c. 'Giving very exact details,' 'with 
 a nice accuracy of detail.' 
 
 14. aut...aut, ' were either actually seen or conjured up 
 by their terrified imagination, ' lit. ' showed unsubstantial 
 appearances to the terrified people,' a sort of hypallage, the 
 portents being said to cause what proceeded from the men's 
 own minds. 
 
 Ms, dative, 'by way of,' &c. The dat. of the gerundive is 
 used, by a very free use, here simply for a final sentence, cf. x. 
 41. 3, carmen detestandae familiae composition. This usage 
 begun by Livy is frequent in later writers. Livy, however, 
 more commonly perhaps uses this dat. of gerund, in connexion 
 with single words, adjectives, substantives (e. g. comitia, exem- 
 plum, occasio, temp-us, &c.) and intrans. verbs esp. esse, cf. n. 
 5. 9, 9. 6. 
 
NOTES. III. c. vi. 1 c. vn. 3. 241 
 
 c. vi. 1. anni. That is, the official year, cf. c. 36. 3 : 
 agebatur, imperf., shows that Livy means that that was the 
 time regularly observed as the beginning of the year. 
 
 3. ministeriactue, 'while,' &c. Colluvio...angebat and 
 ministeria...vulgabant are two parts of the description of the 
 aggravation of the disease intimately connected, cf. u. 12. 13. 
 
 ministeria in vicem and contagio ipsa are distinct ; attend- 
 ance on one another would of course spread the disease, but, 
 more than that, the merest contact, not amounting to attend- 
 ance on a sick person, did the same. 
 
 in vicem, cf . n. 64. 3. 
 
 5. ut, i.e., 'bidding the Hernicans to,' &c. 
 
 7. infestus, n. 6. 8. 
 
 lapidem Gafoina...via, cf. n. 11. 7. 
 
 8. in spe...tumultu, c. n. 3. 2. 
 
 affecti, absolute. A technical use of the word of people 
 labouring under a disease. Quite classical both in literal and 
 metaphorical sense. 
 
 aetas, abstr. for concrete, n. 10. 8. 
 
 9. per aetatem, ' whose age and state of health would 
 allow of it.' For this use of per = as far as concerns something, 
 compare the common phrase per me licet. 
 
 circumitio ac cura, sc. vigiliarum. 
 
 summa rerum, surnnia in this phrase means the ' sum total' 
 or * whole ' rather than * the highest point ' (both being mean- 
 ings of the subst. ), the whole of affairs devolving on a person 
 obviously meaning that he holds supreme control over all the 
 affairs of the state. 
 
 consularis. Livy can hardly mean that the superintendence 
 of the watch was a duty of the consuls in later times it was 
 certainly a duty of the inferior magistrates, Livy xxxn. 26. 17, 
 but rather that the Plebeian aediles were now responsible for 
 everything because they were the only magistrates left in the 
 city. On these magistrates see Mommsen i. 280. 
 
 c. vn. 2. non modo...sed ne...quidem, n. 61. 5. 
 
 avertere, whereas they might naturally have been supposed 
 to attract them and would have done so, if they had had the 
 spirit of soldiers rather than plunderers. 
 
 3. convellerent. The standards in camp were planted 
 in the ground. Hence the expression = ' to strike camp.' 
 
 s. T, 16 
 
242 NOTES. III. c. vn. 4 c. vin. 2. 
 
 4. etiam...non solum, a variation of the more usual non 
 modo...sed etiam, cf. xxi. 54. 3, uti numero etiam, non animis 
 modo valeatis. 
 
 si, dependent on pudore, seems a reflection of the Greek 
 ff6<u el. 
 
 5. ab Tusculana. The name Tusculani colles was given 
 to the ridge lying N. W. of and forming a sort of vallum to the 
 Alban hills. On this ridge Tusculum lay ahout 2 miles above 
 the modern Frascati. 
 
 parum, n. 18. 4. 
 
 in praesentia. With reference to the events in c. 8. The 
 phrase appears to be elliptical, understanding tempora, and 
 *~ corresponds therefore very nearly to our '/or tJie present. 1 It is 
 quite classical. 
 
 _- 6. curio maximus. The President of the 30 curione*, 
 
 the religious heads of the curiae. 
 
 7. ire supplicatum. To perform a supplicatio, a religious 
 processional service, in later times the accompaniment of the 
 lectisternum, see Capes, Livy xxi. and xxii., App. 2. 
 
 8. ad id, quod, * in addition to the cogent motive of in- 
 dividual suffering, ' with reference to publica auctoritate. 
 
 c. vin. 1. defuncta, * those in whom the disease had run 
 *- its course,' lit. ' bodies which had passed fully through their 
 diseases. ' 
 
 2. interregna. The interrex was a magistrate appointed 
 for 5 days, in case of a vacancy occurring in the chief rnagis- 
 4 tracy. He must be a patrician and a senator. He was appoint- 
 ed by the patrician portion of the Senate (coeunt patres (Patricii) 
 ad prodendum interregem) and during his term of office held all 
 the powers and the insignia of the consul. But the first interrex 
 appointed after a vacancy could not hold the consular comitia. 
 He could only appoint a second interrex who could hold the 
 elections. The reason for this is perhaps the following. The 
 right of consulting the gods by auspices was vested in the 
 chief magistrate of the state, the king first, afterwards the 
 consul. In case of the death of a consul, the auspicia were 
 said to return to the patrician senators (redire in patres). The 
 right of consulting the gods, then, was in abeyance until one of 
 the patrician senators was chosen by election or lot to repre- 
 sent the body in this respect, when the auspices were said to be 
 renewed (renovari). The first interrex, therefore, was elected 
 \ without previous taking of the auspices, and this possibly is 
 
NOTES. III. c. viii. 2 c. x. 2. 243 
 
 the reason why he was considered incapable of holding the 
 elections. The Auspice system had, so to speak, got out of 
 gear, and one interrex was required solely for the purpose 
 of putting it into working order again. 
 
 creare is a loose expression for comitiis habitis consulem 
 renuntiat . 
 
 3. ultro, ii. 13. 2. 
 5. arcendis, c. 5. 14. 
 6. fefellit, n. 19. 7. 
 
 7. re subita. Madvig probably rightly omits the in which 
 other editors admit. This would be in of the attendant cir- 
 cumstances, as a cause, n. 3. 2, 34. 5. But Livy does not seem 
 to use it elsewhere than in this passage so distinctly and barely 
 in a causal sense. Draeger reads the passage with in, but 
 he gives no other example of such a purely causal sense of in 
 with abl. 
 
 11. victor, n. 1. 4. 
 
 fortuna, n. 4. 3. So res secundae below. 
 
 c. ix. 2. actionibus, n. 31. 8. 
 
 4. legnm, with special reference to the discretionary 
 power exercised by the consuls in the absence of a written code 
 
 oflaws - 
 
 . 
 
 5. promulgare was to publish tbfe terms of a measure 
 that a man meant to bring before the comitia. This being the 
 preliminary process in legislation, the phrase is often used in 
 a general sense, * to bring in a bill.' This measure affecting 
 the whole community was to be' brought before the people 
 in the plebeian comitia tributa, without therefore obtaining the 
 auctoritas patrum, see in. 59. 5. On the proposal and the 
 meaning of it, see Mommsen i. 289 fol. 
 
 6. praefecto, c. 3. 6. 
 7. sisti, n. 29. 8. 
 
 9. quid... sit ? A proof amongst others that the tribunes 
 had the power of summoning offenders before their comitia 
 tributa as a court of justice. 
 
 12. misernm, invidiosum. Chiasmus. 
 integrant, n. 5. 1. 
 
 c. x. 2. antiquius. Antiquus which is the adjective of 
 ante, as posticus of post, is used of what precedes in order, as well 
 
 162 
 
244 NOTES. III. c. x. 213. 
 
 as of what precedes in time. The consul gave precedence to 
 ^ this matter, considered it of the first importance, his triumph 
 a matter of only secondary importance, 
 consul!, n. 7. 9. 
 
 4. ovans. The modified triumph (ovatio). The general 
 entered the city on foot instead of in a triumphal car, in sun- 
 pie toga praetexta instead of the picta, often without soldiers 
 as here, and the victim sacrificed was a sheep (hence the name) 
 instead of a bull. 
 
 5. lex aggressa est, n. 4. 3. 
 
 relata appears not to be used in its usual sense in this con- 
 nexion, of referre ad senatum, but='to bring before the people 
 again. 1 
 
 6. ita... lit. The ut introduces a sentence restrictive of 
 the preceding statement. Sometimes the ita is omitted in 
 the first clause very favourite use of Cicero, Phil. u. 85, Ita 
 Lupercus eras ut te consulem esse meminisse deberes. De Fin. n. 
 22, Certe malet existimari vir bonus, ut non sit, quam esse, ut 
 non putetur. Comp. c. 20 below. 
 
 7. libri Sibyllini. On these and the prodigies, see Capes' 
 
 Livy, App. 2. 
 
 ne depends on pericula, implying fear. 
 
 8. accisae, * impaired.' Horace opposes the word to 
 integer, n. Sat. n. 114, Integris opibus novi non latins usum 
 quam nunc accisis. Comparing this with n. Epp. n. 50, de- 
 cisis humilem pennis, we may perhaps conclude that the meta- 
 phor is from clipping a bird's wings. 
 
 summam. ' Antium was their head-quarters.' 
 Ecetrae appears as the chief state of the Volscians, c. 4. 
 eas, n. 10. 2. 
 
 10. personare. Not common in this sense, but quite 
 classical. Cic. Eepubl. i. ii. 2, Has res isti in angulis personant. 
 
 11. occidione, n. 51. 9. 
 12. indici, geri. Chiasmus. 
 13. ne quid, &c. n. 29. 1. 
 victam esse, nisi, n. 10. 1. 
 togati, opp. to oneratam armis. 
 
NOTES. III. c. xi. 1 c. xii. 3. 245 
 
 c. xi. 2. prendisset, repeated indefinite action, Gk. opt., 
 n. 58. 7. 
 
 vlrium spes=spes quam vires dabant. 'A man did not con- 
 fine himself within his rights, but went as far as he could 
 trust his strength, and if you wished to assert yourself, it must 
 be done by main force. ' 
 
 intendo, ' to strain the muscles, exert the strength in a cer- 
 tain direction,' usually has an attribute, an infin., or a case. 
 Sallust also uses it absolutely, as here. Jug. 25. 10, Neque 
 quod intenderat, ejficere poterat. 
 
 3. gessissent. By using the subj. Livy represents this 
 not merely as a statement of his own, but as the motive at 
 work in the minds of the Patricians. 
 
 4. discedere, n. 60. 5. 
 6. qua... qua, n. 35. 4. 
 
 7. yelut, ii. 33. 8. 'Like one in whose imperious 
 tones and imperious strength all Rome's dictators and consuls 
 asserted themselves. ' 
 
 procellas, n. 1. 4. 
 9. capitis, n. 52. 5. 
 
 velut iusto. 'In something more like regular warfare.' 
 lustum in this phrase has the sense of full, complete, as in 
 iusti cursus amnis, i. 4. 4, 'the true river.' 
 
 10. mere, 'to go his own way,' used absolutely of a man 
 going blindly on in a way that will land him in destruction or 
 difficulty. Cic. de Off. in. 13. 55, Emptorem pati mere et per 
 error em in fraudem incwrere. 
 
 12. ecquid = e?i quid. It is frequently used to express 
 urgency on the part of the speaker, so that it is a rhetorical 
 way of expressing a wish or a command. Frequently in Plautus, 
 e.g., ecquis hoc aperit ostium? Here it = 'I hope you are 
 beginning to see now, &c.' 
 
 13. quanquam, n. 49. 10. 
 ultro, n. 13. 2. 
 
 c. xii. 1. iudicio, attribute to dies. 
 
 cum, n. 12. 1. 
 
 indiguitate, c. 2. 5, ' most reluctantly, ' or ' chafing the while.' 
 
 3. maturae, early. Metaphor from fruits, ripening 
 early. 
 
246 NOTES. III. c. xn. 4 c. xin. 8. 
 
 4. suls, ii. 23. 5. 
 
 5. participare, n. 52. 8. 
 
 6. momentum, 'certain to be a mighty power in any 
 state, &c.' Comp. n. 7. 10. Used of a person also xxvin. 17. 
 10, Magnum in omnia momentum Syphax erat. The person is 
 represented as that which causes a change in the balance of 
 things anywhere. 
 
 8. cumulo, vivid way of saying augeo, favourite meta- 
 phor of Cicero. 
 
 condonarent. 'For his sake who, &c. to pardon his son,' 
 lit., 'to make a present of his son to him,' the regular 
 word in this sense for which Horace uses redono, Odes, in. 
 iii. 33. 
 
 9. aversabantur, 'turned away from.' The accus. Kara 
 arvvefftv, because of the active sense of the word. Cf. Gk. OLTTO- 
 
 (TTp(b^ffOo.l TIVCL. 
 
 praeferebant, ' showed what their verdict would be.' Prae 
 here has a temporal sense as in praeiudicium. The sense is rare 
 in this compound, but it is found xxxix. 5. 9, praetulit triumphi 
 diem. 
 
 c. xin. 2. grassantem, *roistering.' Comp. n. 27. 7. 
 
 in Subura. The low part between the Esquiline Viminal 
 and Quirinal. In later times it certainly was, and perhaps 
 from early times had been, the lowest part of the city in every 
 sense. ^ 
 
 3. per consules. 'The consuls had persecuted,' &c. 
 c. 6. 9. 
 
 5. servaturum. Mommsen i. 281. 
 
 6. appellati. Comp. n. 43 and 44. 
 
 medio. n. 30. 1. 
 
 expediunt, ' saved their position as the legal protectors of 
 the citizens.' Lit. ' disentangled (from a difficult position) the 
 right of (claiming) their aid.' 
 
 sisti, to appear in court to take his trial. 
 
 8. vades. Bail, men who became security for the ap- 
 pearance of an accused man on the day of trial, properly used 
 of criminal cases, praes of a similar security in civil cases. 
 But the distinction is very commonly not observed, and Livy 
 seems to regard the word as a general one here, from his adding 
 publicos ( = in a criminal trial) to vades below. 
 
NOTES. III. c. xiu. 8 c. xv. 7. 247 
 
 vadatus est. Vadari reum is said of the plaintiff who holds 
 the defendant to bail. 
 
 9. solum... causa. The regular phrase used of a man 
 who went into voluntary exile. The Koman law recognised the 
 right of an accused man to avoid trial hy self-expatriation, hence 
 nihilominus, &c. Probably Verginius argued that Caeso could 
 not become a citizen of Etruria and therefore was still a citizen 
 of Home, for it was the law that a man who went into banish- 
 ment did not cease to be a citizen of Home until he was ad- 
 mitted to the citizenship of another state. 
 
 c. xiv. 4. quum primo, ' when for the first time after, &c.' 
 ubi primum, ' as soon as ever. ' 
 ut. c. 10. 6. 
 
 5. adesse. The regular word of supporting a man in a 
 law court as patron or advocatus. 
 
 6. nedum ut. Nedum is used adverbially, ut being con- 
 secutive with the same sense as above and o. 10. 6. 
 
 c. xv. 3. interficiendorum. The gen. of the gerund after 
 consilium capere, inire is a classical construction. 
 
 4. et, ' and so,' ' under these circumstances,' introducing 
 the whole of the statements in two parts coupled by que, 
 'accordingly while a war, &c., an evil nearer home arose.' 
 
 sollemne. Annus prob. contains the root amb (am) which 
 appears in d,u0J, ambire, &c. sollus was an old Latin word 
 (Gk, 6'Aos) which appears also in sollers, solidus, solliferreum 
 (sc. telum). Sollemnis therefore means recurring every year, 
 and secondarily that which ought to recur every year, stated, 
 regular. It was used specially in connexion with the regular, 
 stated festivals of the Eoman religion, and hence is used by 
 Latin writers in two shades of meaning according as the re- 
 ligious connexion of the word, or the sense of regular recur- 
 rence, is predominant in the mind of the writer. Here it is 
 qualified by in singulos annos (showing that the derivation had 
 been lost sight of) and means *a regular annual institution.' 
 
 5. exules. Prob. men who had fled from Borne on ac- 
 count of debt. The patrician exiles can hardly be meant. 
 
 Capitolium. n. 49. 7. 
 
 7. sedando. n. 9. 1, 'by their very attempts to quiet 
 them.' Lit. 'in the process of.' 
 
248 NOTES. III. c. xv. 8 c. xvn. 5. 
 
 8. incerto. Incertus = l undetermined,' and is used either 
 subjectively of a man whose mind is undetermined about some- 
 thing, or objectively of some external thing, the nature of which 
 is undetermined. 
 
 c. xvi. 1. dilucere. Bare word, only used in metaphorical 
 sense, whereas dilucescere is more ordinarily literal. 
 
 3. abrogare. n. 8. 3. 
 concordia. Abl. of circumstance. 
 
 4. mergentibus may be regarded as coupled to superanti- 
 bus, supplying rempublicam from the context, but it seems more 
 natural to regard it as an adjective simply coupled to aliis. 
 'Thrown into the shade by other overwhelming evils, the 
 Tribunes and Plebs ceased to be a terror to any one.' If the 
 future participle futurus can be used, as it frequently is, as an 
 adjective, there seems no reason why a present part, should not 
 be used so also. 
 
 mansuetum, 'domesticated,' metaphor from animals, n. 
 30. 4. 
 
 turn quiesse. Madvig's excellent emendation for tumque 
 esse of the MSS. 
 
 5. unum intensifies maxime^ while prope modifies both. 
 ' But they were perhaps the one influence that pressed most 
 heavily on the toppling state.' Inclinatis, metaphor from a 
 structure, pillar, &c., forced out of the perpendicular. 
 
 hospites. Foreign correspondents. That is, people of a 
 foreign state to whom the patricians acted as proxeni in Borne. 
 The word was perhaps specially levelled at Appius Claudius. 
 Of. n. 16. These words qualify the subj. to abituros. 'They 
 were foreign friends and clients &c...and.' 
 
 6. legi perferendae qualifies concilium. Cf. 5. 14. 
 
 c. xvii. 1. templum. n. 56. 10. 
 quid hoc, &c. Cf. c. 4. 5. 
 
 3. luppiter, luno, Minerva. The three deities to whom 
 the Capitoline temple was dedicated. Other deities to whom 
 temples were dedicated on the Arx and Capitolium were Terrni- 
 nus and Fides. 
 
 penates does not refer to the temple of the Penates which 
 was on the Velia but to the three deities mentioned above, the 
 household gods, as it were, of the Boman community. 
 
 4. curiam, so. Hostiliam on the N. side of the comitium. 
 5. quicquid. n. 35. 5. 
 
NOTES. III. c. xvii. 6 c. XVIIL 9. 249 
 
 6. auro captam, allusion to the story of Tarpeia. i. 11. 
 
 en. ii. 6. 7. 
 
 7. ultimum orationis. n. 11. 4. 
 
 imperil. That is, of the restrictions on the power of the 
 consuls. * 
 
 sacratarum. n. 8. 2. 
 
 8. in tribunis. In the case of the tribunes. Cf. vi. 18. 4, 
 Quod in Spurio Maelio Cincinnatus fecisset. 
 
 9. cessere nocti. 'Ketired from the scene at the ap- ^ 
 proach of night/ lit. 'retired in favour of night,' ethic dat. 
 
 12. circa. 'To inspect (to go the round of) the gates and ^ 
 walls.' 
 
 c. xvm. 1. dictator. The title of the chief magistrate 
 in some of the Latin States, e.g. Aricia, Lanuvium, Nomentum. 
 
 3. demerendi, with ace. of person instead of de with abl., 
 is a construct ad sensum. The compound is rare. 
 
 4. agmine descendunt, 'they march down.' Livy and 
 later writers used the bare modal abl. without attribute (adj. or 
 gen. case) much more frequently than the previous writers. 
 In the latter the use is nearly confined to the following, or dine, 
 ratione, via, more, iure, iniuria, silentio, dolo,fraude, vi, vitio. 
 
 5. ad. Used in its local sense. So ad exercitum relin- 
 quere. For local sense of praesidium, cf . n. 10. 3. 
 
 6. quo. Causal abl. The emendation of Gronovius for 
 quod. 
 
 se sissent. The MSS. vary a good deal here. The reading 
 of the text is the emendation of 'Ehenanus, adopted by Madvig 
 and other editors. 
 
 7. clivum. The steep road leading from the Forum up 
 to the Capitol. 
 
 erigunt. n. 31. 5. 
 
 8. signa. n. 20. 12. 
 
 ciens. n. 19. 7. 
 
 9. prae ardore. Prae is used, as frequently, of the cause 
 of a thing, vividly and picturesquely stated : so especially of an 
 impeding cause. Cic. Pro Plane. 41, Nee loqui prae maerore 
 potuit. It is really a case of personification, for 2?ra6 = 'in 
 the presence of.' The Greek equivalent is M with gen. 
 
 tantae rei qualifies seusus. 
 
250 NOTES. III. c. xvm. 10 c. xix. 7. 
 
 10. esset, more picturesque than erat. For it expresses 
 the criterion of punishment, not as a fact stated by Livy, but 
 as existing in the minds of the people who inflicted it. 
 
 suae fortunae. An adj. qualifying supplicium. The punish- 
 ment appropriate to his condition in life. 
 
 11. ut funere, &c. Comp. n. 16. 7. 
 
 c. xix. 1. subrogasset. n. 8. 3. 
 2. tenuere. n. 63. 7. 
 
 occiperet, * begin.' So i. 7. 6, agere porro armentum occepit. 
 Ante- and post-classical. Not used by Cicero or Caesar. 
 
 3. favore...liberis. All qualify potentem, as causal 
 ablatives. 
 
 priores erant. From an oblique case of a relative, a nom., 
 or accus., may be supplied to a following clause. Cic. Tusc. 
 i. 30. 72, Quibus fuisset minima cum corporibus contagio, seseque 
 ab Us semper sevocassent. Livy ix. 1, quorum saevitiam...non 
 exsatient, placari nequeant. 
 
 priores, * superior.' Not so used by Caesar or Cicero. 
 
 4. castigando, * severely rebuking.' So opp. to laudo. 
 xxvii. 8. 18, ut ..dominos laudaret castigaretque. 
 
 5. belli domiciue. This locative use of belli is only found 
 once in Cicero, who uses militiae in this connexion : Livy uses 
 both expressions. The two words practically form an adverb, 
 and the construction is similar to n. 64. 3. Livy also uses bello 
 domique. 
 
 semina. Not unfrequently applied to persons. Cic. Philipp. 
 ii. 55, Ut igitur in seminibus est causa arborum et stirpium, sic 
 huius luctuosissimi belli semen tu fuisti, with which Mr Mayor 
 compares Demosth. de Cor. 159, 6 yap rb <nrtpfj.a. 
 
 6. qui=si quis. 
 
 si nihU aliud, concessive; cf. xxx. 35. 8, si nihil aliud, 
 vulneribus certe ferrum hostile hebetarent. 
 
 ^ prope, 'as good as.' Cf. n. 42. 9. 
 
 7. pace. Abl. of circumstance. In Cicero it is used with- 
 out cum, as also by Livy, except in the phrase cum bona pace; 
 but in this too he sometimes omits the preposition. Venia, 
 which is used in much the same sense, is found with and without 
 cum, both in Cicero and in Livy. 
 
NOTES. III. c. xix. 7 c. xx. 3. 251 
 
 tolleretis. Signa, intulistis imply the choice exercised by 
 the soldiers, and practically =' Did you decide to march?' &c.; 
 hence the orat. obliq. in the relative sentence. 
 
 deorum. The gen. after pudet and other impersonal verbs 
 expresses the object which excites mental emotion. In the case 
 of persons, therefore, it signifies the person before whom one is 
 ashamed, whose presence excites shame, or the person of whom 
 one is ashamed, whose relation to oneself excites one's shame. 
 Cic. Philipp. ii. 61. 
 
 8. ITberarent. Imp. = future. Cf. c. 4. 2. 
 ne pro se, &c. n. 30. 8, 53. 5. 
 eramus nisi, &c. n. 10. 1. 
 
 9. scilicet, like quippe and nempe, introduces what is self- 
 evident, but in prose is generally ironical. 
 
 peculiarem, adj. of peculium, n. 41. 10. 'Your own private 
 state,' 'a state within the state.' These two sentences, from 
 scilicet to erat, are antithetic and asyndeta, very frequent form 
 in Latin rhetoric. 
 
 11. at enim. Ordinary rhetorical usage, introducing a 
 statement of the other side which is to be attacked : Gk. dXXa 
 
 turn. Then, = ' in that case,' expanded into si tuleritis, be- 
 low. ' Then, by Heaven, it was a bad day's work for the Bepublic 
 to make me consul, far worse than losing their consul Valerius, 
 if ever you do carry it.' 
 
 12. fuerit. The perfect adapted to ex praeterito suspicari, 
 while re ipsa experiri would require the present. 
 
 si sciss^nt. Fuerit is the perf. indie, turned into subj. on 
 account of the dependent question. Put directly it would have 
 been quantum fuit, &c. si scivissent = quantum fuisset si scivis- 
 sent. The construction is therefore virtually the same as in n. 
 10. 1, &c. 
 
 c. xx. 1. comes animosior, * ready to co-operate in a spirit- 
 ed policy, but not so ready to originate it.' 
 
 suscepisse, 'had been the first to adopt (or begin).' Cf. 
 Cic. pro Arch., suscipere rationem studiorum. 
 
 actiones, n. 31. 8, here almost = ' policy.' 
 
 3. in verba iuraverint is practically one verb, in verba 
 showing that it was the regular military oath. Cf. n. 32. 1. 
 
 It would seem that the death of the leader did not dissolve 
 the oath, but that a formal release (missio) was required (cf. nee 
 iniussu abitnros). Comp. however n. 32. 2. The idea of the 
 
202 NOTES. III. c. xx. 3 c. XXL 4. 
 
 soldiers there and the protest of the tribunes here would seem 
 to imply some doubt upon the point among the Eomans them- 
 selves, 
 
 4. cavillari. n. 58. 9. 
 
 adacti. n. 1. 9. 
 
 5. tenet, 'possesses,' 'which is so fashionable in our times.' 
 
 saeculum, 'the age,' with special reference to the tone 
 and habits of feeling of the age. Of. Tac. Germ. 19, nee corrum- 
 pere et corrumpi saeculum vocatur. 
 
 6. exitu. Emendation of Perigonius, for MSS. exercitu, 
 which gives no sense. 
 
 ubi auspicate. The necessary preliminary to public business 
 in comitia. The place was made a templum, cf. n. 56. 10. As 
 the comitia centuriata was the assembly of the arm-bearing 
 citizens, held in Kome in the Campus Martius, there would seem 
 to be nothing impossible in transferring the assembly to the 
 seat of war. 
 
 7. rogatum...iussuros, the technical terms for submitting 
 a proposal to the assembly, and for accepting it on the part of 
 the citizens. Abrogare is to repeal. To reject a proposition, 
 antiquare. 
 
 provocationem. The right of appeal ceased where martial 
 law existed. Mommsen, i. 259. 
 
 in alia, alia here apparently = cetera. This is not frequent 
 in Livy, and never occurs in Cicero. Sallust and Caesar use 
 it so. 
 
 8. non ita...ut. For the more usual ita ut...non t c. 10. 6. 
 
 sisti. n. 29. 8. 
 
 sine provocatione. n. 18. 6. 
 
 c. xxi. 2. magistrates et tribunes. Liyy here as c. 64 
 makes a distinction between magistrates and tribunes. Com- 
 pare n. 56. 
 
 3. in potestate esse, as in auctoritate esse above, is 'to 
 submit to the authority of, &c.' 
 
 reficiebant. Conative. 
 actio. n. 31. 8. 
 
 4. elevatis, 'you yourselves are setting it at naught.' 
 Metaphor from scales, to raise a scale by lessening the weight 
 in it, a common use of the word. 
 
NOTES. III. c. XXL 4 c. xxn 8. 253 
 
 quippe introduces the whole sentence of which quia...solvit 
 is a subordinate part. 
 
 5. tanquam = tanquam si. 
 
 6. quam faciant depends on the idea of preferring in 
 ' peccate potius.' 
 
 7. accepturum, 'I shall regard your action.' Compare 
 our use of ' take ' in ' taking ill, &c.' * The view I shall take 
 of your doing so ; will be not that you have stood in the way 
 of my advancement, &c.' 
 
 spreti, sc. a me. * The glory of refusing office. ' 
 
 c. xxn. 1. The lustrum being a religious ceremony would 
 be hindered by any circumstance that would interfere with any 
 other rite. 
 
 eondi. Of. in. 2. 9. 
 religiosum. n. 5. 3. 
 
 2. instigabant. A classical word, but not very frequent. 
 It is formed on the root stig, the original idea of which is 
 that of pricking. ' From the same root are Greek crr/fto, 
 o-Tiyw, &c., 0Ti/cT<5s (dappled). Lat. sti(g)mulus, sti(g)lus, 
 distinguo, &c. 
 
 praeverti, ' to be attended to first.' n. 24. 5. 
 
 4. foedere, n. 33. 4, 41. 1. Mommsen, i. 349. 
 
 lustrato. A review of the army was accompanied by a 
 lustratio, ceremony of purification, corresponding to that 
 which was held when the whole people was reviewed. 
 
 5. tres separatim acies. n. 64. 3. 
 
 6. inde qualifies observari. The allies on either side 
 were to look to the Roman division for the signal to advance 
 or retreat. 
 
 principia. n. 65. 2. 
 
 7. quum, instaret qualify n m sustinentes. ' The Volsci, ^ 
 unable to withstand the shock of this general attack.' 
 
 8. eques. n. 20. 12. 
 ad id, up to that time. 
 spectator, n. 1. 4. 
 
 adeptus, sc. hostes. Getting a chance at the enemy in ^ 
 the open.' 
 
 lifoero. Cf. xxm. 47. 4, libero spatio inter se ludificantes. 
 
254 NOTE'S. III. c. xxm. 2 c. xxiv. 5. 
 
 c. xxm. 2. recens. c. 18. 
 
 3. nn\n praeter, &c. Compare c. 27. 3, for the ordinary 
 arrangements for an expedition. 
 ato Eoma. Cf. n. 39. 5. 
 4. fames, n. 4. 3. 
 
 6. et. 'The other consul too' (repeated in et ipse) (as 
 well as Fabius) left Borne.' 
 
 c. xxiv. 1. quod forls. Instead of the more usual ut. 
 
 legis tollendae, descriptive attribute to frustratio. It de- 
 scribes the kind of trick, that is, the object or purpose of it. 
 This use of the gen. gerund, with a subst. is found in Cicero 
 and Caesar. But Livy's use is wider and looser than Cicero's, 
 extending the use of the genitive. 
 
 2. L. Lucretius seems a necessary correction for P. Lucre- 
 tius. For the praefects at that time seem to have been always 
 consulars. See c. 8. 
 
 praefectus urbis, c. 3. 6. 
 
 actiones. n. 31. 8. 
 
 3. quaestores. n. 41. 11. 
 
 4. emanabat, 'it oozed out.' So vni. 3. 3, Indicia 
 emandrunt. 
 
 non modo...sed ne quidem. Cf. n. 23. 12. 
 
 5. tabe, a wasting disease. * Had never even left his 
 bed, dying after a lingering illness of several months.' que, n. 
 12. 13. 
 
 frequentem. Epexegetical of secum, n. 5. 7, * constantly 
 on duty.' signa, n. 20. 12. 
 
 nisi, &c. ' Many were ready to challenge Volscius to 
 prove the contrary in a civil suit.' Lit. Many privately (opp. 
 to publicum used with indicium] were offering Volscius an 
 umpir^ " if it were not so." ' 
 
 nisi ita esset is part of the form which would be used in 
 the legal wager, used here to express the kind of process that 
 these people proposed to adopt. This was the sponsio. The 
 formal question put by the plaintiff (one of these multi) would 
 be si haec res ita est, or si in castris fuit Caeso, aeris &c. 
 (whatever the sum might be) dare spondes ? To which Volscius 
 would reply spondeo. This civil process would be preliminary 
 (praeiudicialis) to the criminal. If Volscius gained a verdict 
 here, the case against him would be at an end. Livy, however, 
 is here transferring a legal process of later times to earlier. 
 
NOTES. III. c. xxiv. 5 c. xxv. 3. 255 
 
 index in sing, the judge or umpire in a civil dispute. The 
 pi. is the jury in a indicium publicum. 
 
 7. in mora. In in such phrases as this (cf. in culpa esse) 
 signifies the position which a thing holds, the class it is 
 reckoned in. So in bonis, in poena haberi. Compare our use 
 of * in fault. ' 
 
 comitia, sc. centuriata, before which the quaestors as re- 
 presentatives of the consuls would have Volscius tried. The 
 consuls, as we have seen, 11. 1. 7, succeeded to the criminal 
 jurisdiction of the kings, but with this limitation, that they 
 were obliged to allow appeal to the people. Under these cir- 
 cumstances, it was only to be expected that important criminal 
 prosecutions (what may be called state trials) would be brought 
 before the people in the first instance. Thus the Comitia was 
 the supreme court of criminal judicature, always in theory, 
 and in early times, in practice also. In later times the citizens 
 were represented by quaestiones ' commissions,' which in course 
 of time became perpetuae ' standing commissions,' or in fact 
 ' criminal courts.' But in using the terms ' criminal ' and 
 ' civil ' it must be remembered that offences which we should 
 call criminal, if individuals only were injured by them, were 
 dealt with by civil procedure. Only those offences were strictly 
 criminal with the Romans which more or less directly affected 
 the public peace. See Mommsen, i. 158, 160, 449. 
 
 9. certamen, ' their fighting energy,' n. 30. 2. 
 promulgate c. 9. 5. 
 
 10. inchoata, 'left unfinished, ' c. 22. 1. Apparently Livy 
 means that the census was not considered finished, because the 
 lustrum was not held. 
 
 decimum ab origine. The census appears to have been 
 instituted at the time of the Servian Eeform. The lustrum may 
 have been older. Decimum cannot be explained with the 
 information we have. Livy appears from the addition offerunt 
 not to wish to make himself responsible for the statement. 
 
 11. infesta, sc. sibi, that is, 'divided into hostile factions.' 
 
 c. xxv. 3. posset... ademisset. The motives, described 
 by the subj., as at work in the mind of Quinctius. Livy 
 implies that Caeso was dead, though he has not stated the fact. 
 
 iusto, 'just,' 'righteous,' not 'regular' as in c. 11. 9. 
 
 pio, prompted by natural feelings of duty towards a kins- 
 man. * Made war upon the false witness as a duty he owed to 
 Justice and his kinsman.' 
 
256 NOTES. III. c. xxv. 5 c. xxvi. 12. 
 
 5. foedere, c. 24. 10. 
 
 6. hostili implies open, regular hostility, with reference 
 to the rupto foedere alone. 
 
 legati, i.e. the Fetiales or priests who represented Eome in 
 the ceremonies attendant on international transactions. 
 
 7. umbra opaca, ablative. 
 
 c. xxvi. 1. benigne, 'ungrudgingly,' 'freely,' opposite 
 of maligne. 
 
 2. Eretum, a Sabine town stood where afterwards the 
 via Nomentana and the via Salaria united. 
 
 comparati ad. Not so usual as the dat or cum with ab- 
 lative. But ad alone = ' compared with ' sometimes. 
 
 3. magnopere, n. 64. 3. 
 4. ut fit, n. 4. 5. 
 munitiones, besieging works. 
 
 7. audire. The conversational audi used to draw special 
 attention to what the speaker is going to say, turned into 
 infin. dependent on operae pretium. ' To listen (give me 
 their attention) to what follows.' 
 
 It must always be remembered that Livy wrote for ' reci- 
 tation.' 
 
 qui = eos qui. 
 
 8. unica, n. 58. 5. 
 
 navalia. A dockyard and arsenal which was situated, 
 according to Livy, in the Campus Martius, opposite to the 
 eastern portion of the Campus Vaticanus, which was known as 
 the Praia Quinctia. 
 
 9. quum araret. Equivalent in value to the present 
 participle. 
 
 quod bene, &c., relative sentence in apposition to what 
 follows. A regular religious form of invoking a blessing on any 
 important undertaking, public or private. Comp. Quod bonum 
 faustum felix fortunatumque sit, Cic. de Div. i. 42. 102, and 
 c. 34, 2 below. 
 
 tugurio, c. 13. 10. 
 
 12. nlmium imperil, n. 11. 4. 'It was overmuch power 
 for one man to have.' nimium imperil is the whole object after 
 rata. ' Too much power ! ' was what was passing in their minds. 
 There is no need to supply dictaturam and make nimium 
 imperil a tertiary predicate. 
 
NOTES. III. c. xxvi. 12 c. xxvin. 1. 257 
 
 ipso imperio. The MSS. have in before these words, but 
 most editors have rightly rejected it. The ablative is com- 
 parative. 
 
 vehementiorem, cf. n. 30. 4. 
 
 c. xxvii. 1. et qui...esset, adj. sentence coupled to adj. 
 phrase patriciae gentis. The MSS. have sed, which makes a 
 very awkward and involved sentence. 
 
 pedibus. Patricians would usually serve in the cavalry, 
 which was composed of the richest of the freeholders. 
 
 2. claudi...agere. These two sentences, forming an elabo- 
 rate chiasmus, express the cessation of private, as the iustitium 
 of public business. 
 
 3. Martio. Apparently a gloss. The position of the word 
 is meaningless, and the Campus Martins was not a likely place 
 for a commander, who did not want to lose time, to muster his 
 troops for a march to Mount Algidus. Probably some other 
 Campus is meant, possibly the Campus Martialis on the 
 Caelian, Ovid, Fasti, in. 519. In that case Martio in Campo 
 may possibly be a corruption for Martiali Campo. The position, 
 of the adj. would be more intelligible in speaking of a less 
 well known locality. 
 
 4. militi, n. 20. 12. 
 
 vallum, wood for making the stakes. 
 
 5. iuventus, men of the military age. 
 
 6. si &c., the condition under which the readiness for 
 battle would be realized. 
 
 tulisset. Intrans., so via fert, fert animus, &c. We use 
 ' led ' in the same way. 
 
 graduni. In this use the word has passed exactly as our 
 word * pace,' from the meaning of * a step ' to that of the rate 
 at which the step is repeated. In athletic cant, the phrase 
 adder e gradum would be exactly rendered by * to put on pace.' 
 
 7. puncto, &c. 'The most momentous events (crises), 
 often turned on the action of a single moment, ' ' a minute lost 
 or gained might alter the history of nations.' Lit. the incli- 
 nations (that is, taken out of the metaphor, the beginning of a 
 certain direction or course) of great events, turned (began) in a 
 moment of time. ' f^^^jL 
 
 8. signa constituunt, cf. 7. 3. 
 
 c. xxvni. 1. cum armis. Cum with abl. instead of the 
 simple abl. denoting manner or attendant circumstance must 
 be used when (1) the presence of a weapon is expressed, cum 
 
 S. L. 17 
 
258 NOTES. III. c. xxvin. 1 c. xxix. 5. 
 
 gladio, &c. ; (2) the presence of other circumstances, e.g. disease, 
 mental emotion, armed force, &c. where no attribute is added. 
 It may be used also where such an attribute is added. Boby, 
 Lat. Or. 1235. 
 
 2. longo agmine, in a continuous extended line, opp. to 
 the usual battle order in divided maniples, centuries, &c. 
 
 3. superat, cf. n. 50. 6. 
 4. ultro, n. 13. 2. 
 
 6. rem in discrlmine esse. * That fighting had begun,' 
 lit. 'That things were in process of decision by conflict. 
 
 8. et vix, n. 22. 3. 
 remiserat, intrans., 'slackened.' 
 prior, sc.pugna. 
 
 9. ne in occidione. ' To be content with victory without 
 extermination,' lit. ' not to place victory in (make it depend on) 
 extermination.' 
 
 in takes the abl. as a rule after verbs of placing, compare n. 
 14.4. 
 
 10. Corbione, a place at the E. extremity of the Tusculan 
 hills, modern Kocca Priora, Burn,K. and C. p. 380, cf. c. 30, n. 29. 
 
 c. xxix. 2. et tu, &c. This scene is dramatic but diffi- 
 cult historically. As soon as a dictator was appointed, the 
 consuls became subordinate to him, but it is a question whether 
 he had authority to order a consul to lay down his office. The 
 narrative also makes no mention of an election to fill the place 
 of Minucius, which should have been held if he had really 
 abdicated. Livy alludes to the scene in vin. 33. 14. 
 
 legatus, cf. in. 5. 6. 
 
 3. libram pondo, a pound in weight. The libra is often 
 omitted with numerals or fractions, so that pondo practically = 
 pound or pounds, xxvu. 4, pater am ex quinque pondo auri 
 factam. 
 
 4. praefecto urbis, c. 3. 6. 
 5. cum, c. 28. 1. 
 
 iocis, the license of soldiers at triumphs is constantly alluded 
 to in different writers. 
 
 comissantium, (Gk. Kco^eiv), like a procession of Baccha- 
 nalian revellers. 
 
NOTES. III. c. xxix. 8 c. xxxi. 3. 259 
 
 8. extreme anno, here as c. 24. 9, must apparently 
 mean the consular year. But why Nautius should have been 
 absent all the winter is not at all clear, nor why Minucius 
 should require to be superseded, especially after the victory 
 gained. 
 
 tenuere, n. 42. 2. 
 
 c. xxx. 1. faciebat agrees with the nearest subject. 
 
 2. exarserant animls, more usually animi, but the phrase 
 is on the analogy of exardescere ira, &c. 
 
 3. subitarlum, c. 4. 4. 
 
 4. vincebatur, ' was on the point of,' &c. Imperf. = iw 
 eo erat ut, &c., cf. n. 10. 
 
 5. id. The present body of protectors of the commons 
 was too small, as shown by their powerlessness to carry their 
 law. 
 
 plebi, attributive to praesidium, which is abstr. for concrete. 
 
 7. itaque. The ita here qualifies crearentur. 
 
 c. xxxi. 1. de...publicando. According to Mommsen, * a 
 law to make the Aventine which had hitherto been a temple 
 grove and uninhabited, domain land, and to distribute it among 
 plebeian possessor 'es.' Livy forgets apparently that in i. 33 he 
 has ascribed the peopling of the hill to Ancus Martius. It is 
 not quite clear in what sense he uses the vfordpublicare, probably 
 in the general one of * throwing open to the people.' Dionysius 
 represents the hill as public land partially occupied, partly by 
 people who had a right there, partly by people who had not. 
 The former were left in possession, the latter turned out with 
 compensation. He speaks of this' distribution of the Aventine 
 as a sort of compensation to the plebs for being excluded from 
 the public domain in the country districts and therefore pro- 
 bably means that they occupied it on the same terms as the pos- 
 sessores in the other case. The law was a lex sacrata, c. 32. 7, 
 n. 8. 2. 
 
 2. celebrant, cf. n. 42. 6. 
 
 suo biennio. That is, in the two years since the election of 
 ten instead of five tribunes. 
 
 3. morandi, c. 24. 1. 
 
 cum exercitu, c. 28. 1. 
 
 in sua, &c. ' On the very spot which they had themselves 
 occupied on Algidus.' The reverse order, whole an I part, would 
 be commoner. 
 
 172 
 
260 NOTES. III. c. xxxi. 4 c. xxxn. 3. 
 
 4. invidiae, dative. * This was the means of making 
 the consuls unpopular with the army.' 
 
 ad, as often (e.g. ad plebem criminari, &c.), exactly = TT/XJS 
 with accus., comp. dia(3a\\eu> TWO, TT/OOS TWO. 
 
 5. itaque ergo, pleonasm used, as frequently, to give 
 emphasis. Cf. Ter. Eun. 317, Itaqn-e ergo amantur, where the 
 emphasis is used to express irony, cf. Livy, i. 25. 
 
 6. indignatione, n. 12. 1. 
 
 et...et. The second et = et tamen, ' If they could be, &c. the 
 tribunes could not, &c.' 
 
 7. promulgata, in. 9. 4. 
 
 consenuerat. It had been published, had been before the 
 people, so long that it had lost the vigour of youth. Cicero 
 uses this word of laws falling into abeyance, vetustate consenes- 
 cere. The metaphorical use of the word is common in all appli- 
 cations. 
 
 communiter. Mommsen, i. 289 n. It is pretty evident 
 that the plebeians were eligible for the decemvirate, notwith- 
 standing 8. 
 
 aequandae libertatis, in. 24. 1. 
 
 8. laturum. The MSS. give daturum, which Mommseri 
 says need not be altered because this extraordinary magistracy 
 was not obliged to submit its laws to the comitia, though as a 
 matter of fact the first decemvirs did so. 
 
 mores iuractue, a whole expression in two parts, correspond- 
 ing to instituta in the construction. Imtituta, the political 
 arrangements, mores iuraque, the social and legal practices. 
 
 c. xxxn. 1. legumque, ' with the law,' n. 12. 13, &c. 
 exspectatio, 11. 4. 3. 
 
 2. foeda, anaphora, most frequent in the case of subordi- 
 nate conjunctions. In the present case the repetition heightens 
 the pathos of the description, cf. i. praef. 10, Foedum inceptu 
 foedum exitu. 
 
 3. flamen = flagmen. ' The burner' (the suffix masc., 
 usually neut. in Latin) is the term for a priest attached to a 
 special deity. 
 
 Quirinalis. When the Palatine city was amalgamated with 
 the Quirinal or hill city, duplicate religious institutions were 
 established, and so to the original war-god (Mars, ' the Killer ') 
 was added a second (Quirinus, 'the Spear-god.' Marquardt, n. 
 318) with his separate flamen and guild. Mommsen, i. 87, 
 175. 
 
NOTES. III. c. xxxii. 3 c. xxxiv. 1. 261 
 
 legere. By cooptation, the mode of election into the au- 
 gural body. 
 
 7. plebeii. c. 31. 7. 
 
 c. xxxin. 2. principia. n. 4. 3. 
 luxuriavere. n. 48. 2, 21. 6. 
 
 4. rettulerat, &c. Omitted by Livy before. The account 
 of Dionysius is different. He represents that both consuls were ^ 
 unwilling to propose the resolution ; that they held the consular 
 elections as soon as possible, in order to shift the matter on to 
 another year; that then Menenius fell ill, and Tertius endeavoured 
 on that ground to put off the measure till next year, but was 
 forced by a combination of the consuls elect, and the tribunes, 
 to summon the senate and propose the bill. 
 
 7. magistrates. Collective use = the board of decemvirs. 
 
 8. decimo die = decimo quoque. They took it in turn to ad- 
 minister justice, so that each man's turn came every tenth day. 
 
 praefectum iuris. An expression not used elsewhere, but ,, 
 evidently meant by Livy to express the decemvir whose day 
 of office it was. The account of Dionysius is clearer. He says 
 that each of the decemvirs in turn represented the whole body, 
 as chief magistrate, assuming the insignia, summoning the 
 senate, &c., for a fixed term of days, whilst the others appeared 
 pretty much as private individuals (d\Ly(p nvl St^XXarrov 60^^vai 
 TUV TroXXwj'). But all administered justice. 
 
 in. ' While they acted in perfect harmony with one another. ' 
 IT. 23. 4. 
 
 unica. n. 58. 5. 
 
 qui consensus. 'A harmony which might under some cir- 
 cumstances be prejudicial,' &c. , 
 
 9. sine provocatione. c. 24. 7. 
 
 10. et. And, what is more. 
 
 accusator. n. 1. 4. 
 
 cuius rei. * To accuse a man whom he had a legal right to 
 judge at his own bar.' Lit. ' accuser of that man, of whom, as 
 a prisoner at the bar, he was the legally constituted judge.' 
 
 vi. Power. Comp. 11. 30. 4. 
 
 c. xxxiv. 1. promptum. Heady, 
 hoc. Adverbial = ' thus,' 'like this.' 
 
 ferrent. 'Keceived.' Cf. i. 50. 9, Ne id quidem ab Turno *-. 
 tulisse taciturn femnt. 
 
 exspectatione. n. 12. 1 
 
262 NOTES. III. c. xxxiv. 2-c. xxxv. 6. 
 
 2. quod bonum, &c. c. 26. 9. 
 
 4. quid, &c. ' Point out in the interest of all, any faults 
 of excess or defect in the several articles.' In medium, the 
 prominent notion of this, in the various phrases into which it 
 enters, is that of publicity, but conferre here adds the implica- 
 tion of general advantage. So consulere in medium. 
 
 iussisse. * Passed.' The people being thus invited to criti- 
 cise the laws before they became law, might be said to propose as 
 well as pass them. 
 
 posset, c. 50. 10. 
 
 6. ad, 'in accordance with,' 'by,' qualifies correctae, so 
 ad nutum, voluntatem, &c. 
 
 7. velut. n. 6. 10. 
 
 8. appellatione. Modal abl. For the fact comp. c. 
 36. 6. 
 
 c. xxxv. 1. trinum. Three market-days (= not less than 
 seventeen days) was the ordinary notice required in public 
 matters, e.g. the promulgation of a bill was for three nundinae. 
 
 3. dimissa. 'The possibility of being unseated.' Lit. 
 'His position being now sent forth into danger. 1 
 
 ea aetate. Abl. of circumstance. Here almost =pro ea, &c. 
 1 Considering his age and the offices he had held.' ' At his age, 
 and after the offices,' &c. That is, his youth and decemvirate. 
 But Livy has pretty evidently misunderstood his authorities. 
 He represents this Appius Claudius as the son of the Appius 
 Claudius of n. 56, &c. (see 7 and 9, patruo, &c.), but at the 
 same time in c. 33. 7 speaks of his change of feeling towards the 
 plebs, whereas the younger man could not have been notorious 
 at that time as an enemy of the plebs. And here the language 
 is much more applicable to the elder Appius. Probably Livy's 
 authorities in both places were speaking of the elder man, and he 
 understood what they said of the younger. It is curious that 
 in a fragment of the Capitoline Fasti the decemvir is represented 
 to be the Appius Claudius whom Livy represents as the father 
 of the decemvir. 
 
 4. prppior. n. 64. 6. For the comparison of a person 
 with an action, n. 13. 8, supra Coclites, &c. id facinus esse. 
 Compare our expression, 'He looked like doing so and so.' 
 
 6. in. n. 3. 2. 
 
 in ordinem. A metaphor from the army. 'All this ostenta- 
 tious identifying of himself with the rank and file of the people, 
 and appearing to be hand and glove with,' &c. 
 
NOTES. III. c. xxxv. 8 c. xxxvi. 3. 263 
 
 8. semet. Comp. c. 21. 7, where apparently C. Claudius 
 was presiding at the comitia in order that his colleague Quinctius 
 might be re-elected. 
 
 enimvero, n. 22. 6. 
 
 quod bene, c. 26. 9. 
 
 impedimentum. ' Turned the obstacle into an opportunity.' 
 Lit. caught up what was (intended) to hamper him as (for) an 
 opportunity. 
 
 9. per coitionem, 'by concerted action.' That is, in 
 concert with the other candidates so manipulating the votes as 
 to keep certain men out. 
 
 fastigii, n. 27. 6. 
 
 c. xxxvi. 1. alienae is strictly speaking pleonastic; for 
 persona means (1) a mask, (2) (as here) a theatrical character, 
 which obviously does not belong to the person who acts it. 
 But the word heightens the description of Appius's insincerity. 
 'He threw down the mask.' 
 
 iam inde, n. 1. 1. 
 
 arbitris, n. 33. 11. 
 
 2. impotentibus, ' unbridled.' The full form is impotens 
 sui, without control over one's self, and properly should only be 
 used of persons, but is easily transferred to thoughts and 
 qualities. 
 
 coquebant, 'matured.' Metaphor from fruit ripening. 
 So concocta consilia with the double sense of forming and 
 maturing. 
 
 aditus, genitive of quality or description. It means here 
 ' accessibility.' 
 
 rem, quite general. ' They pursued their course.' 
 
 3. sollemnes, very likely true, but absolutely contradic- 
 tory to c. 6. 1. 
 
 terrorls is almost concrete, and obj. gen. after denunt. 
 ' The day was marked by an imposing and terrifying spectacle,' 
 lit., 'by the indication of a great terror.' 
 
 servassent, used absolutely, or rather ita...ut...iret, form 
 the object after it, stating the method of procedure observed. 
 
 regium. The kings were attended by twelve lictors, and, 
 in the early times, the consul whose month it was, by the same 
 number. Livy reminds his readers that this was part of the 
 royal insignia, in order to prepare for the twelve kings men- 
 tioned directly afterwards. 
 
 in orbem, in a cycle, n. 15. 2. 
 
264 NOTES. III. c. xxxvi. 3 c. xxxvn. 5. 
 
 suam cuiusque vicem, adv. qualifying omnes; 'to each 
 decemvir in turn till all had held it.' Lit. 'had passed 
 through all, each-one's-own-turn-wise.' The adv. subst. vicem 
 is frequently expanded by possessive pronouns. 
 
 4. secures, n. 1. 8, 8. 2. 
 
 nee, 'and indeed... not.' Explanatory use of nee, most 
 frequent in such expressions as, neque ita multo post, neque 
 iniuria, neque immerito; and in parenthesis. So et is also used 
 positively, e.g. consules religio tenebat quod prodigiis aliquot 
 nuntiatis, non facile litabant : et (and in fact) ex Campania 
 nuntiata erant, <&c. 
 
 attinuisse. Cic. ad Div. iv. 7. 3, De quo quid sentiam iiiliil 
 attinet dicere. 
 
 interpretabantur, c. 38. 10. 
 
 5. etiam probably qualifies ad metum, ' If it was only to 
 &c.' 
 
 ad, 'with a view to,' so n. 27. 6, ad consulum ignominiam. 
 6. intercessionem, c. 32. 6, 34. 8. 
 quaedam, c. 33. 10. 
 
 7. hominum, &c. ' They were all for persons and not 
 for principles.' The gen. is gen. of possessor, like Greek, e.g. 
 d\X' fort TOV \eyovros cl 0o/3ous \tyoi. Livy uses the phrase 
 c. 59. 4, and elsewhere. Cicero has totus noster, vester, est, but 
 as an ordinary idiom it seems to be confined to writers of the 
 silver age. 
 
 8. conflabant, metaphor from metals, to make combi- 
 nations in metal by the action of the forge, so ' to fabricate ' 
 'concoct.' 
 
 stetisse, ' that he had not been content with. ' Frequent 
 idiom, e. g. Cic. de Off. in. 110, non enim Eegulus suo iudicio 
 stetit. 
 
 9. perpetuoque, n. 42. 9. 
 
 c. xxxvu. 1. inde... untie, n. 2. 5. For the thought 
 compare Plato Repub. vni. p. 569 c. 6 5^/aos favywv civ KaTrvbv 
 6ov\eias \ev6puv els Trvp SouXetas 6ov\wv a.v ^/xTreTrrw/cwj eiy. 
 
 2. et credere, adversative, n. 22. 3. 
 
 4. quoque, c. 34. 6. 
 
 5. exspectabant quam mox expresses immediate ex- 
 pectation, impatience, and surprise that a thing does not 
 happen. ' They looked every day to see/ ' they wondered how 
 much longer they were to wait for,' &c. So Cic. pro Eosc. 
 Am. exspecto quam mox Charea hac oratione utatur. ' I am 
 looking anxiously for,' &c. 
 
III. c. xxxvn. 5 c. xxxvin. 11. 265 
 
 rem, &c., relative sentence expressed by sentence in appo- 
 sition made with res. 
 
 quum, n. 27. 1. 
 
 7. ferre agere, asyndeta, dyew /cat <f>tpeu> 'to plunder,' 
 xxn. 3, res sociorum ferri agique vidit. 
 
 aequa. Madvig's emendation for qua, * under the favour 
 of fortune.' Comp. Cic. ad Quint. Fr. n. 3, Nobilitate inimica, 
 non aequo senatu. 
 
 c. xxxvin. 1. subrogatis, strictly used of the election of a 
 magistrate to fill a vacancy caused during the year, here used 
 generally. 
 
 inMbendum, exercising, almost = adhibere, and used abso- 
 lutely. Plautus uses it in the same way. 
 
 imminutis agrees with both animis and insignibus. 
 
 2. deploratur implies lamentation over what is lost, from 
 its association with deaths and funerals. Of. ploratio. 
 
 indignabantur, sc. populi, change of subject. ^_ 
 
 3. in discordla. c. 28. 9. 
 
 earn. n. 10. 2. 
 
 6. tempestas. Cf. n. 55. 9. 
 
 7. tentationem, generally used either of an attack 
 (e. g. morbi), or a trial, proof (e.g. perseverantiae), is used here 
 of an attempting with obj. gen. of gerundive and subst. after 
 it. Would be the prelude to an attempt.' Lit. * would be 
 (the beginning of) the process of attempting.' 
 
 sibi. Dependent on the notion of adimendi contained in 
 abolendi. 
 
 8. convertit = convertit in &c. Turned upon itself. The 
 omission of the prepositional phrase begins with the Augustan 
 period. 
 
 9. civitati depends on the subst. quicquam solitum. 
 
 10. ipsi. The decemvirs, consensu qualifies invisum. 
 
 interpretarentur. To take a view, put a construction on 
 a thing, expressed in the obj. clause. So c. 36. 4. ' They 
 explained the presence of the axes (by saying) &c.' 
 
 iam patefieri. n. 9. 3. 
 
 11. indignitate. c. 2. 5. 
 
 Buarum rerum. c. 36. 7. Here without toti. 
 
 publica, sc. re. 
 
266 NOTES. III. c. xxxvin. 12 c. xxxix. 7. 
 
 12. pignera. A senator not attending the senate when 
 summoned was liable to a pigneris captio, that is a summary 
 distress levied on his goods. Cic. Philipp. i. 5, Coguntur 
 enim non pignoribus sed eorum, de quorum honore agitur, 
 gratia : Long's note. 
 
 consulto, adv. 
 
 detrectarent. Metaphor from animals resisting the yoke; 
 so frequently used of refusing to perform a duty, with accus. 
 of the thing resisted or shirked. 
 
 13. privatisque. Epexegetical of m, qui &c. u. 5. 7. 
 
 si vis abesset, qualifying privatis. Magistrates, whose 
 term had expired, with no authority therefore except what 
 they took by force. 
 
 c. xxxix. 1. obnoxie, ' submissively. ' The sense is common 
 in the adj. from the original sense of 'liable to punishment at 
 a person's hand,' so * in the power of a person, &c.' 
 
 accepimus. Irregular comparison, accepimus dictas being 
 equivalent to sententiae dictae, ut accepimus. 
 
 2. postulando, ut &c. A senator was at liberty, when a 
 motion was before the senate, to demand leave to speak on some 
 matter affecting the well-being of the commonwealth, or to 
 review the state of the commonwealth generally. He was said 
 egredi relationem. 
 
 4. nominis. sc. regii. 
 
 deinceps. u. 64. 3. 
 
 sacris etiam. n. 2. 2. 
 
 5. eodem. There is evidently something wrong here. 
 Weissenb. suggests turn uno or rege quidem. 
 
 6. viderent ne. 'They might find that' &c. vide ne 
 = frequently opa ^ with indie. Cic. Philipp. n. Quid enim? 
 istudj quod te sacerdotii iure facere posse dixisti, si augur non 
 esses et consul esses, minus facere potuisses ? vide ne etiam 
 facilius. I think you will find, &c.' 
 
 7. sua is emphatic and opp. to iniusta. 
 
 vindicanda. This ablative, as well as iniusta domina- 
 tione, is modal or circumstantial, and, like the simple gerund, 
 frequently, as nearly as possible equivalent to a present par- 
 ticiple. 
 
 vindicanda belongs both to libertate and dominatione, though 
 strictly applicable only to the former. Indignation vindi- 
 cating her native freedom than Ambition asserting an un- 
 righteous despotism.' 
 
NOTES. III. c. xxxix. 8 c. XL. 12. 267 
 
 8. libertatis. in. 24. 1. 
 
 9. populares . . . optimates, anachronism. The terms 
 belong to the last century and a half of the Eoman Eepublic. 
 
 c. XL. 1. irae. For the abstr. subst. coupled to gerund, 
 cf. i. 15. 4, ulciscendi magis quam praedae studio. 
 
 irae prob. means the decemvirs' anger. They could not 
 see their way through (to) wrath or relenting ; that is, they 
 could not see how far they could maintain their angry attitude, 
 or where they could begin to give way. But irae may possibly 
 mean the people's anger. They could see no measure of (that 
 is, no prospect of checking) the "people's wrath, and no measure 
 of giving way (that is, where they could begin to give way). 
 
 modum, 'limit,' or 'measure.' 
 
 3. meminisset. n. 2. 3. 
 
 5. quum. * Although.' 
 
 6. ita accipiebant. c. 21. 7. 
 
 verbo. That is, without making a speech. Ac 
 
 7. interregem. c. 8. 2. 
 
 quodcunque. Madvig's emendation for quoscunque. If 
 the latter is read, censendo is absolute and quoscunque subj. 
 to magistratus esse. For demonstrative use of indef. relative, 
 cf. n. 44. 8. 
 
 9. socii...hi. Distribution of the subject qui...petissent, 
 ' supported others or took a leading part in attacking &c. ' 
 
 10. turbido, metaphor from muddy water. 
 
 11. etenlm and haud fieri are Madvig's emendation for 
 neminem (one MS. has nemini) and auferri (the reading of all 
 MSS.) Weissenb. prefers (as also Drakenborch) neminem... 
 afferre which seems on the whole preferable. 
 
 verum, 11. 48. 2. 
 
 praeiudicium means properly a legal decision which formed 
 the basis of farther proceedings, such as is the decision of a 
 coroner's inquest in England. It is used sometimes also more 
 generally of a decision which forms a precedent for other cases. 
 Livy here seems to combine the two meanings in this secondary 
 use of it. L. Cornelius deprecated the passing of any resolution 
 which would hamper or affect in any way the final decision of 
 this important question, either by fixing the form it was to 
 take, or by affording a precedent for the way in which it was to 
 be decided. 
 
 12. decemvir. Decemvirum (gen. pi.), for which there is 
 some authority, is preferred by Weissenb. Decemvirum creor 
 seems certainly to be used. 
 
268 NOTES. III. c. XL. 13 c. XLII, 2. 
 
 13, in praesentia, cf. in. 7. 5. 
 14. praeverti, c. 22. 2. 
 
 c. XLI. 1. discederetur. That it was divided into this 
 opinion. The phrase arises from the practice of dividing the 
 senate on amended proposals, the senators in favour of the pro- 
 posal put, walking to one side of the house, those against it, to 
 the other. * The amendment was carried on a division by the 
 influence of the younger members.' Cf.pedibus ire in sententiam, 
 i.e. 'to give an opinion by walking only,' * to give a silent vote.* 
 
 ferocioresque. The connexion is awkward and abrupt. 
 Weissenb. thinks some word or words have fallen out here. 
 
 2. imaginariis. Not ante- Augustan. 
 
 3. exit melius. Esse melim is only so used with infin. 
 dependent on it, in the future tense. ~. t^ &&rry "fan- M? 
 privato. Ethic dative, so xxin. 12. 9, senatort reticere. 
 
 4. non, &c. Lit. 'Not consulting the interests of the 
 man whose interests he pretended to be consulting.' He 
 pretended to be supporting Valerius while he was forwarding 
 Claudius' plans, complexus is metaphorical. 
 
 gratia, instead of the more usual copia, with the idea of the 
 favour bestowed in granting the permission. 
 
 5. ab, n. 14. 4. 
 
 6. ducta, metaphor apparently from animals. ' If the 
 consular form of government could be restored by gentle 
 means. ' 
 
 sine, &c., cf. cc. 39. 6, 40. 4. 
 
 7. silentio, * unopposed by,' &c., cf. in. 18. 4. 
 
 iuniores, i.e. the men liable for active service. All Komans 
 between 17 and 60 were bound to serve in the army, but after 
 46 a man was only liable to garrison duty, to guard the walls 
 at home. 
 
 8. in bono. bonum is used ex sententia Decemvirorum. 
 malitia generally implies cunning of a low kind. 'Had the 
 mind of an active intriguer rather than a loyal supporter of 
 the good cause? 'TLOAJ-U^J^ 
 
 9. coUegaeque, n. 5. 7. 
 
 c. XLII. 2. ilia, sc. noxia. 
 
 per, n. 11. 2. The abl. or cum with abl. might have been 
 used with almost the same sense, but per expresses the process 
 of the disgrace. It represents, as it were, a line of action with 
 disgrace on both sides of it. 
 
NOTES. 111. o. XLII. 4 c. XLIV. 5. 269 
 
 4. committentes, n. 45. 1, ' Not trusting themselves to 
 fight on equal terms.' 
 
 6. per aetatem, cf. c. 69. 
 7. ultro, IT. 13. 2. 
 
 c. XLIII. 2. per, cf. 42. 10. 
 
 prospeculatum, rare word, for the more usual speculation. 
 In xxxiu. 1 the word is used of people watching from the walls 
 for approach of a person. 
 
 3. comites, n. 1. 4. 
 6. pennissu, cf. in. 18. 4. 
 7. placebat, ni, n. 10. 1. 
 maestitia...fama, n. 36. 7. 
 
 c. XLIV. 1. eventu, i. 3G. 7. 
 caedemque...regnoque, n. 5. 7. 
 2. ordinem, n. 23. 4. 
 
 5. client!. A client originally could not institute a legal 
 process, but must be represented by his patronus. But this 
 rigid state of things was beginning to relax probably at the time 
 of the Servian reform, and the altered relation may have been 
 recognised in the Twelve Tables. See Mommsen, i. 91 94. 
 
 assereret. The process known as vindicatio, by which a 
 person claimed property in the possession of another. Asserere . 
 in servitutem or libertatem (the latter more common) was said 
 of a person who claimed to remove an individual from the 
 possession of another, as slave, or as free. Both parties in 
 such a suit would claim to have custody of the person claimed 
 pendente lite. The praetor with whom it lay to decide this, 
 was said dare vindicias secundum (in) libertatem or servitutem, 
 according as he assigned the custody to one claimant or the 
 other. It would appear however that law required the judge 
 dare vindicias secundum libertatem unless there were some strong 
 reason to the contrary, c. 45. 2. The claimant to whom it was 
 assigned gave security (satis praestare) that the person claimed 
 should suffer no loss or damage, and should be forthcoming 
 (if necessary) when the proceedings were closed. The law 
 under which these proceedings took place, of course formed 
 part of the Twelve Tables, 12. Sir G. C. Lewis (n. p. 210) 
 thinks that Livy uses dare vindicias in a loose and popular 
 sense, as expressing a decision of the entire right. But this 
 is inconsistent with c. 45. 3 and 46. 7. It is not improbable 
 that the decision of the custody or mesne possession might 
 
270 NOTES. III. c. XLIV. 5 c. XLV. 2. 
 
 often practically be a final decision of the case, the person 
 against whom it was given not caring to proceed further 
 after such a prae indicium. 
 
 6. ludi. According to Dionysius it was in one of these 
 schools that Appius first saw Virginia. Possibly, among other 
 vexatious oppressions of the people, the decemvirs acted as a 
 schools' examination board. According to the more received 
 interpretation, these elementary schools were held in pergulae, 
 that is, a sort of verandah projecting from the front of houses 
 or shops. As the art of writing appears to have been very 
 ancient in Rome (Mommsen, i. 224) there is nothing impro- 
 bable in the existence of these elementary schools in the 
 earliest times. 
 
 7. populare. To be closely connected with celelratur, 
 * were well known by name as friends of the people.' The idea 
 of celebratur is that the names were frequently repeated by 
 people in conversation, n. 42. 6. 
 
 indlgnitas rei. c. 2. 5. 
 
 8. grassari. Here used simply in the sense of advancing 
 step by step. Comp. n. 27. 7. 
 auctoribus. u. 1. 4. 
 qui aderant. The girl's supporters. 
 
 9. fafoulajn... argument!. Stage terms. 
 quippe. "Used with a participial substantive a,s-quippe 
 qui or quid with subj. Comp. n. 33. 8. 
 furto. Adverbial. Cf. in. 18. 4. 
 10. interim. Cf. 5. 
 12. integram. n. 5. 1. 
 c. XLV. 1. quam = quantum. 
 
 2. personis. Legal use of the word, in which it signifies 
 the individual person who represents legal claims or rights, 
 opp. to res, the things in question. 
 
 variet. The nom. is lex. The verb used intransitively. 
 
 in iis enim...in ea. Antithetical sentences. ' Now whereas 
 in the case of persons claimed as free, the law was as they said ; 
 in the case of a girl under her father's control the father was 
 the only person to whom the owner ( = the man who claimed 
 the person as slave) could yield the custody of her.' What 
 Appius says is, that, had the person claimed been sui iuris, he 
 would have given the custody to those who claimed the girl as 
 free, but, as she was in patris manu, the absence of her natural 
 
NOTES. III. c. XLV. 2 c. XLVI. 2. 271 
 
 guardian prevented his doing so. This decision, in which 
 A. took advantage of a loophole in the law, is represented as 
 perversion of justice. 
 
 id. Sc. dare vindicias secundum libertatem. 
 
 in. 'In the case of.' 
 
 possessions. Custody. 
 
 3. facere depends on placere. 
 
 quin, with subj. introduces a negative interrogative modal 
 sentence subordinate to a negative principal sentence. The use 
 of it within these limits depended on usage. In Livy's time this 
 was wider and freer than in the previous periods. 
 
 sistendam. sistere was said of the person in whose favour 
 the vindiciae were given, and who was bound to produce the 
 person claimed in court. The present case was exceptional, 
 this decision beirg a sort of preliminary or provisional granting 
 of custody in the absence of the father to whom it would natu- 
 rally have been assigned. 
 
 sistendam. The gerundive is not common after promitto. It 
 is less personal than the future infin., 'guarantee the production 
 of the maiden in court.' 
 
 in. Of a limit of time, 'against,' 'for.' 
 
 4. quisquam unus. Pleonasm. Cf. Itaque ergo, in. 
 31. 5. 
 
 5. quum...crederet qualifies data via. 
 summovet. Conative. n. 29. 5. The word is the regular 
 word used of lictors clearing the way. Horace, Odes, n. 16. 10. 
 
 6. taciturn. Of things, i. 50. 9, Ne id quidem ab Turno 
 tulisse taciturn ferunt. Lit. 'to carry through unspoken about.' 
 ' You must use steel to remove me if you are to carry out the 
 secret villany you are intending without protest.' 
 
 8. tuendae. c. 24. 1. 
 
 9. referes. Used probably in the same sense as in referre, 
 reportare victonam. The carrying out of the decision is regarded 
 as a victory to be won. 
 
 11. viderit. n. 40. 8. 
 
 vindiciis. Short for vindicias postulanti. 
 
 vindicantem. Used here in a general sense. See c. 46. 7. 
 
 c. XLVI. 2. nee. n. 22. 3. 
 
 tamen, i.e. in spite of the lictors having surrounded Ici- 
 lius. 
 
 quum. Causal. 
 
272 NOTES. III. c. XLVI. 2 c. XLVII. 4. 
 
 spirantem. So spirare bellum, quietem, amores, &c. m , here 
 probably the idea of spiritus 'pride' is suggested. 
 
 3. iam. If he had not known it before. 
 
 petulantiae. ' Passion,' sensuality.' The word is connected 
 vrithpeto, and signifies 'forwardness,' 'want of reserve or mo- 
 desty' in various aspects. 
 
 datum. Of. Horace, Sat. n. ii. 94, Das aliquid famae. 
 
 interpositurum. * Would leave the case in statu quo' Lit. 
 'would not interpose a decision,' that is, 'would not give a de- 
 cision which would prevent further action on the part of the 
 parties to the suit until the actual trial took place. ' Decretum 
 is specially used of decisions of a judge during the preliminary 
 proceedings of a case. 
 
 vindicari, sc. in libertatem, again used generally rather 
 than technically. It means here that M. Claudius should allow 
 Virginia to remain in the keeping of her friends. 
 
 4. utique. 'Anyhow,' in the sense of ' certainly,' streng- 
 thening the negative by generalising it. Of. xxvm. 29. 8, Nee 
 ad perniciem nostram Cartliaginiensi utique aut duce aut ex- 
 ercitu opus esse (videbatur). Comp. n. 27. 7. 
 
 6. in eo...si. Like ita...si, of the only condition under 
 which a thing is possible. 
 
 7. sponsoresque, &c. Epexegetical of vindicaret (n. 
 5. 7). ' To find the bail requisite as claimant of the girl's 
 liberty,' cf. c. 44. 5. The use of vindicare in 45. 11, 46. 4, 
 7, 8, is semi-technical, and consequently a little vague. There 
 had strictly speaking been no legal decision in the matter, but the 
 request of Appius that Claudius would waive his right amounted 
 to giving vindiciae sec. lib. provisionally for a day. Therefore 
 the legal formalities of bail &c. had to be gone through. 
 
 tempus terens. To prevent Appius leaving the tribunal 
 and so to forestall him in sending a message to the canip. 
 Cf. 10. 
 
 c. XLVII. 1. advocatione. Abstract for concrete, u. 
 10.8. 
 
 2. in beUo. n. 47. 10. 
 
 haec. Ace. after contionabundus. So xxv. 13. 4, vitabundus 
 castra hostium. 
 
 4. obstinate, n. 15. 4. 
 
 verius. 'Or we ought ratber to say, infatuation.' Com- 
 pare the use of mag is. 
 
 ultro. n. 13. 2. 
 
NOTES. III. c. XLVII. 5 c. XLVIII 8. 273 
 
 5. quern, &c. The dependent interrogative sentence may 
 be regarded as an accus. of respect, 'As to what preface,' 'if 
 it be asked what, &c.' Or, the whole sentence may be re- 
 garded as a sort of anacolouthon. Livy, instead of saying 
 TIG/I referam or something equivalent in the governing sen- 
 tence, changing the construction and writing forsan, &c. 
 
 verum, predicate to the object aliquem (sermonem) 'may 
 have recorded some one speech (of the speeches recorded) a 
 true one,' i.e. 'may have given a true account somewhere in 
 the speeches recorded.' Dionysins gives a full and circumstan- 
 tial account of the speech, as if he had heard it himself. The 
 difference is instructive. Livy wished to bring the facts of 
 their history, especially the facts of the noblest parts of it, as 
 well as he could before the minds of his countrymen. Dio- 
 nypius wished to show the Kornans, how much a Greek could 
 teach them about their own history. 
 
 c. XLVIII. 3. erit melius. c. 41. 3. 
 summove. c. 45. 5. 
 iniuriae. n. 4. 3. 
 
 5. Cloacinae. The name, like cloaca, is derived from 
 an old Latin word, clucre=purgare. It is an epithet of 
 Venus, derived, according to Pliny, from the purifying of the 
 Eomans with myrtle branches in the vicinity of her statue 
 after the rape of the Sabines. But it is more probable that 
 Cloacina was an old Roman abstraction deity, afterwards iden- 
 tified for some unknown reason with Venus. 
 
 tabernas. The novae tabernae were on the N. side of the 
 Forum, the veteres on the S. In after times both were occupied 
 by bankers, and consequently frequently called Argentariae. 
 
 caput, n. 5. 7. Caput, as the seat of life, was used to 
 express the human being in the solemn formula of excom- 
 munication. Cf. consecratio capitis. 
 
 sanguine. In allusion to the sacrifices with which the 
 consecratio capitis was accompanied. 
 
 8. eamne, &c. The indignant interrogative infin. in orat. 
 obliqua. 
 
 condicionem, lit. the terms or conditions on which a thing 
 is done; used here rhetorically to express the results that a 
 person has to look forward to in doing any action, ' Was this 
 what they bore children for?' 
 
 cetera. Asyndeton. 
 
 . L. 18 
 
274 NOTES. III. c. XLVIII. 8 c. XLIX. 8. 
 
 dolor, ii. 4. 3. 'And all the outcries that rise naturally to 
 the lips of indignant women appealing to us with such touching 
 force (pathos) because their weaker minds are less able to con- 
 trol the expression (violence) of their grief;' lit. 'the other 
 things that womanly indignation suggests to them complaining, 
 the more pathetic as owing to the weakness of their mind the 
 grief is more violent : ' maestus implies the outward expression 
 as well as the inward feeling. 
 
 9. tota, c. 36. 7. 
 
 c. XLIX. 1. per occasionem, adv. qualifying rep. lib. n. 
 11.2. 
 
 3. Valerius... Horatius, c. 39. 
 
 si iure ageret, sc. Appius. If Appius intended legal pro- 
 ceedings, they were ready to defend Tcilius against the ex- 
 magistrate. 
 
 vindicare seems to be used quite in a general sense with 
 perhaps just a soupcon of legal phraseology suggested by the 
 iure ageret. 
 
 fore, sc. se, repeated from above. 
 
 5. pro imperio, ' assuming magisterial authority.' The 
 context gives a slightly different sense here to that which the 
 expression has in n. 56. 
 
 animis, n. 12. 8. 
 
 vitae. The dative instead of de with abl. after metuo on 
 the analogy of consulo, is post- Ciceronian. 
 
 6. ad quae. The MSS. have atque. Weissenb. retains 
 the reading, coupling agitatus to adsentiendo. 
 
 ad after trepidaverat is used in the same sense as in n. 8. 
 8. The hesitation, flurry, confusion was renewed each time a 
 new plan was proposed to him. The plpf. is used because the 
 summoning of the senate was the result of the cessation of the 
 hesitation. 
 
 ex omni parte, in sense qualifies quae. 'Then after an agi- 
 tating pause, during which he stood hesitating and perplexed, 
 assenting in turn to the various suggestions of the many 
 advisers who surrounded him.' Lit. 'at which (=as each was 
 given) from every side, assenting to many advisers he had 
 trepidated. ' 
 
 8. nec...et = e...wow...e. Not only not... but. Comp. 
 
 OUTe...T. 
 
 adventus, n. 4. 3. 
 
NOTES. HI. c. L. 116. 275 
 
 c. L. 1. Vecilio, not known : prob. part of Algidus. 
 3. et. 'And moreover,' 'then again.' 
 4. ex. n. 6. 2. 
 
 5. supinas, the attitude of prayer. Horace, Odes, in. 23. 
 1. 
 
 liberum. The generalizing plural heightens the pathos of 
 the expression. 
 
 7. filiae. It seems impossible to say whether this (as 
 gloriae n. 7) is gen. or dat. Madvig says that the former is the 
 usual constr., but Cicero and Livy as well as other writers use 
 both cases. Cf. i. 34. 3, Filio superstes. 
 
 enlm. The position is accounted for by the intimate con- 
 nexion of quoque with illis. Cf. n. 18. 4. 
 
 8. documentum, a warning to guard against, &c. c. 24. 1. * 
 
 9. vindicaturum, quite general sense. Livy seems to 
 have been a little overpowered by this word in this passage. 
 
 10. eadem ilia, obj. after querendo docendoque, and sub- 
 ject to the subordinate interrogative clause quanta .. .videri 
 which depends on docendo only. 
 
 oportuerit. Madvig's emendation for MSS. potuerint, which 
 may however be defended by comparison with c. 34. 5. 
 
 profligatam iam rem. That the decemvirate (government) ^^ 
 was as good as overthrown. 
 
 11. insecuti. Emendation of Gronovius for insecutos. 
 This necessitates enclosing quum in brackets. 
 
 12. inhiberet, c. 38. 1. ^ ' 
 
 15. Tarpeius, c. 31. Julius, c. 33. Sulpicius, c. 31. 8. 
 
 qul, 'what they meant by occupying,' &c. Gk. olWes, con- 
 crete where we use abstract. 
 
 16. nullodum. This use of the enclitic dum after nullus ^ 
 is only found in Livy. 
 
 offerre, infin. after nec-satis-audentibus = vix audentibus. 
 4 Not quite daring.' Otherwise, ut with subj. would be required. 
 Satis, as frequently in the comedians, expresses a reasonable or 
 average degree of the action implied in the word it qualifies, 
 rather than a degree sufficient for a special purpose. Compare 
 the interrogative use of Satin ? 
 
 ut. . .mitterent. Dependent imperative. 
 
 182 
 
276 NOTES. III. c. LI. 1 c. LII. 2. 
 
 c. LI. 1. quancLuam. This use of quanquam without a 
 verb is found in prae- Augustan writers (Sallust and Cicero) 
 but rarely. 
 
 2. militari honore, in respect of their office being military, 
 circumstantial abl., but implying cause. 
 
 tribunos mil. These would supersede the regularly ap- 
 pointed military tribunes. The number of the new tribunes 
 probably corresponded to the number of the tribuni plebis. 
 
 3. indicia, 'your recognition of my services.' This use 
 of indicium of public action expressing a favourable opinion of 
 a public man, a testimony to his merits, is common in Cicero, 
 e.g. de Imp. Pomp. De quo hominc vos...tanta et tarn praeclara 
 indicia fecistis. 
 
 8. ne. Icilius, anxious to become tribune, and afraid 
 that the Aventine military tribunes would in all probability be 
 elected tribunes of the plebs as a matter of course if there were 
 no other candidates, procured a similar election of ten military 
 tribunes in the Sabine army. This made 20 candidates for the 
 ten tribuneships of the plebs, and gave him as one of the 20 an 
 equal chance of election. 
 
 praerogativam. Prop, the century, chosen by lot, which 
 voted first. It was then used generally to express, as here, a 
 previous election or choice as influencing subsequent ones, 
 because the voting of the praerogativa had such a strong in- 
 fluence on the course of the rest of the voting. This influence 
 so often alluded to, was due among other and general causes, 
 such as influence elections nowadays also, to the special religious 
 feeling about omens so strong in the Eomans. The action of 
 the praerogativa after the solemn auspices taken before the 
 comitia would be regarded more or less as an indication of the 
 will of the gods, comitiorum is used here loosely for any as- 
 sembly convened for the purpose of election. 
 
 9. imminens. Used in this metaphorical sense with in 
 and accus. as well as with dat. Cf. Cic. Philipp. v. 7. 20, Huiiis 
 mendicitas aviditate coniuncta in nostras fortunas imminebat. 
 
 sub signis. i.e. in military array, u. 20. 10. 
 
 12. ante = dbhinc, before the time at which the speaker 
 is speaking. 
 
 13. in ordinem, c. 35. 6, 'that an attempt was being 
 made to force them out of office (to reduce them to the ranks). ' 
 
 c. LII. 2. descensuram. 'Would any deep impression be 
 made;' lit. 'would anxiety descend into.' Cf. i. 19, Qui 
 quum dfscendere ad animos sine aliquo commcnto miraculi non 
 
 posset, &c. 
 
NOTES. III. c. LII. 2 c. LITI. 4. 277 
 
 qua. The principal MSS. have sciturosque sine...nequeant. 
 The reading in the text is Madvig's modification of a previous 
 emendation, qua, in his view, having fallen out in consequence 
 of the previous que. Qua (interrog.) agrees with potestate. The 
 construction sine, &c. is very rare, but found XLV. 25. 7, sine 
 rogatione ulla perlata. 
 
 3. Nomentana issued with the via Solaria from the 
 Porta Collina. 
 
 Ficulensi. Named probably from the town Ficulea men- 
 tioned i. 38. 
 
 Sacro. ii. 32. 2. 
 
 4. per aetatem. c. 6. 9. 
 
 sancta, 'respected;' lit. 'inviolable under pains and 
 penalties.' 
 
 5. utique qualifies vocatis, 'and especially when,' &c. 
 The two sentences, In foro... forum, form a sort of chiasmus, 
 but they are tame and not up to Livy's usual mark. 
 
 6. mere, &c. Metaphor from a fire, hysteron-proteron, 
 for mere is the effect of deflagrare. For the metaphor compare 
 the use of incendium. 
 
 amplexi. Comp. Martial, i. 15. 9, Haec utraque manu com- 
 plexuque assere toto. 
 
 9. ne = nedum. 'The usage (of ne and nedum) arises 
 from the prevention of the occurrence of the greater event being 
 rhetorically regarded as the purpose of the occurrence of the less 
 event.' Roby, Lat. Gr., 1658. For the use of ne instead of 
 the more usual nedum (that is ne with enclitic dum added, to 
 make a special form for the special usage) comp. Sallust, Cat. 11, 
 Quippe secundae res sapientium animos fatigant, ne illi corruptis 
 moribus victoriae tempera-rent. 
 
 c. LIII. 1. quibus videretur. At their own discretion. 
 They were to offer such terms as it might seem good to them to 
 offer. For the pregnant use of the impersonal verb without the 
 dative, cf. Caesar, B. Gr. v. 58, ubi visum est, vesperum dispersi 
 discedunt. The sense of the phrase practically amounts to 
 giving the consuls full powers to treat with the plebs. 
 
 2. quippe, &c. Naturally... for they were well known to 
 have advocated the cause of freedom, &c. 
 
 4. provocationem, &c. c. 32. 6. 
 
 et. A verb must be supplied from repetebant* 
 
278 NOTES. III. c. LIII. 5 c. LIV. 4. 
 
 5. igni. According to some authors the punishment in 
 the earliest times for high- treason. 
 
 6. consilii, partitive genitive. Lit. 'the things which 
 partook of deliberate judgment;' 'the demands suggested by 
 your calmer judgment.' consilii, opposed to irae. 
 
 7. ruitis...vultis. In Plautus both moods are found with 
 quippe qui. In Cicero and Caesar only the subjunctive (in the 
 former only two doubtful instances of the indicative occur). 
 Sallust has the indicative eleven times. Livy uses both moods, 
 but more commonly the subjunctive. The object of the in- 
 dicative in historians is greater vividness, the particle usually 
 associated with a subjective expression of cause being used with 
 the objective mood. 
 
 8. nunquamne. n. 7. 8. 
 
 9. satis, &c. Insignificance has abundant reason to be 
 content when it lives, &c. 
 
 humili is opposed to metuendos. Humili is the correction of 
 Madvig for humilis. The latter, as he shows, is out of keeping 
 with the context, especially with what follows. The question 
 moreover was not about humbling the decemvirs, but punishing 
 them, and it would be almost nonsense, under the circumstances, 
 to speak of their being abundantly humbled by living on equal 
 terms with the rest of the citizens. Further, humilis is con- 
 nected with plebeius in c. 56. 13. 
 
 vlvlt. The indicative because the proposition, apparently 
 general, is really particular, referring to the actual condition o'f 
 the plebs. 
 
 10. etiamsi quando. If the time is coming when you 
 will make yourselves a formidable power, yet you must wait 
 until, &c and then, &c. The apodosis begins at quum. 
 
 etiamsi quando = even if ever, and represents a hypothesis 
 which the people addressed are supposed to regard as a cer- 
 tainty. 
 
 statuetis. Imperative future. 
 
 capite, 'lives,' with. reference to the cases of Coriolanus and 
 others. 
 
 c. LIV. 1. facerent, &c., depends on permittcntibus. 
 2. aW = ceteri. Cf. c. 20. 7. 
 4. dandus, 'sacrificed.' 
 
NOTES. III. c. LIV. 5 c. LV. 4. 279 
 
 5. pontifex. Asconius on Cic. pro Balbo c. 24 says, 
 Decem tribunos pi. per pontificem, quod magistrates nullus erat, 
 creaverunt. The tradition, if true, points to a special form of 
 election, legalised for a special emergency. The connexion of 
 the pontifex with it is probably due to the lex sacrata by which 
 the position of the tribunes was originally established. 
 
 6. laetitia. n. 36. 7. 
 7. quicquid. n. 85. 5. 
 
 congratulantur. Sc. inter se. The word is rare. The par- 
 ticipial construction after gratulor, expressing the subject for 
 congratulation, is common. 
 
 8. Quod bonum, faustum, &c. Of. n. 49. 8. 
 11. silentio. c. 38. 1. 
 
 15. consulibus. The tradition that Livy follows represents 
 this assembly (the comitia tributa, cf. concilium plebis : seen. 
 56. 4) presided over by the patrician pontifex, as re-establishing 
 not only the tribunate, but the consular authority. But the 
 account is very improbable. No such rogatio as that men- 
 tioned here was required. After the fall of the decemvir an 
 interrex appointed in the ordinary way would appoint another 
 interrex who would hold the consular comitia. 
 
 Flaminiis, named after C. Elaminius Nepos, who was killed 
 at the Trasimenus. As censor he constructed the circus and 
 the road also named after him, B.C. 220. The district (also 
 called Circus Fl.) formed the southern portion of the Campus 
 Martius, between the Via Lata and the river. 
 
 c. LV. 1. nee. n. 22. 3. 
 
 3. Compare n. 56. 
 
 velut, * practically.' / 
 
 in controverso iure. ' A disputed constitutional question. ' 
 
 in, 'in the class,' or ' sphere of.' Cf. 17. 8. 
 
 telum. A not unfrequent metaphor: cf. Cic. de Senect. in. 
 9, arma senectutis sunt artes exercitationesque virtutum. 
 
 4. sanciendo. sancire legem = to hallow a law, that is, 
 ' to enact a law which cannot be interfered with, without 
 violating the religious feeling of the community and incurring 
 corresponding penalties,' so 'to solemnly enact,' 'to fix by an 
 ordinance for ever.' The main fact connoted is the unalter- 
 able nature of the enactment, established by the penalties 
 attached. Comp. n. 8. 2. 
 
280 NOTES. III. c. LV. 58. 
 
 5. noxae, partitive, lit. 'partaking of the nature of 
 capital guilt.' 
 
 According to Cicero de Hep. n. 31, the right of provocatio 
 was secured by the Twelve tables compluribus legibus. This lex 
 of Livy's, therefore, if it ever existed, must have been a single 
 and general expression and solemn ratifying of these enact- 
 ments. It is a question whether it applied to the dictator. 
 Dictators sine provocations are mentioned afterwards. In vm. 
 33. 7, Fabius claims the right of provocatio against a dictator, 
 but whether by constitutional right or not, hardly appears. 
 
 6. relatis, * renewed, repeated.' 
 
 renovarunt = de novo fecerunt. 
 
 7. ii. 8. 2. 
 
 iudicibus, decemvlris. Of. 11. Livy there rejects the 
 supposition that the consuls were included under iudicibus. 
 But he leaves us entirely in the dark as to what he understood 
 by the word himself. Under these circumstances it seems best 
 to understand it as in apposition to decemviris and as indicat- 
 ing the body of judicial assessors attached to the tribunate, 
 and known afterwards as Decemviri litibus iudicandis. Momm- 
 sen, Staatsrecht, n. 590, n. 3, Hist. i. 281. 
 
 ad, 'at.' 
 
 Cereris. The name of this deity is Italian, the goddess of 
 the producing earth (cresco or creo). The cult of Ceres, how- 
 ever, did not belong to the original Koman religion (her name 
 does not appear in the Arval cult). It seems probable that it 
 began with the introduction of the Asiatic Greek rites of the 
 Sibylline books. The triad, Demeter, Dionysus, and Cora, 
 belonged originally to the district round Troy. Of these the 
 first was represented by the Italian name Ceres, the two latter 
 identified with the old Koman deities, Liber and Liber a, per- 
 sonifications of natural processes. Ceres was especially a 
 goddess of the plebeians and the Ludi Cereris, a plebeian 
 festival. Hence, probably, her connexion with this law. The 
 temple stood at the foot of the Aventine, founded according 
 to tradition by the dictator A. Postumius in B.C. 496 in accord- 
 ance with an injunction of the Sibylline books. Tac. Annal. 
 n. 49. 
 
 Liberaeque. These two deities are regarded as one in two 
 forms, therefore coupled by que to each other, and standing 
 together asyndeta in juxtaposition to Cereris. 
 
 8. quum. Madvig's emendation for eum. With the 
 latter reading retained by Weissenb. id must be omitted. 
 Weissenb. encloses it in brackets. 
 
 The meaning of the passage appears to be that the lex did 
 
NOTES. III. c. LV. 8 c. LVI. 7. 281 
 
 not make the persons of all the magistrates mentioned sacro- 
 sanct, but that violation of such magistrates was an offence 
 against the law (was sacrum sancitum, that is forbidden under 
 penalty of devotion to the gods). Hence an aedile could be 
 arrested by a higher magistrate, though it was a violation of 
 this law to do so; whereas a tribune, whose person was 
 inviolable by the oath sworn by the whole community after 
 the secession (n. 33, comp. iv. 6. 7, quos (tribunes) foedere 
 icto cum plebe sacrosanctos accepissent), could not have hands 
 laid on him at all. In the one case the higher magistrate took -^ 
 the risk of prosecution under a law, in the other he ipso facto 5 
 condemned himself of high-treason. The distinction is a fine 
 one, worthy of jurists. 
 
 9. duel, sc. in vincula. 
 11. auspiciis, c. 54. 5. 
 
 iudicem. This ivas a title of the consuls in these times. 
 The real grounds for assuming that this law did not make the v 
 consuls sacrosanct are (1) the order of the names, which is 
 obviously a descending one, and (2) the notorious fact that only 
 plebeian magistrates were regarded as sacrosanct. Mommsen, 
 Staatsrecht, p. 73, n. 1. 
 
 13. senatus consulta "were to be deposited not only 
 under the charge of the patrician quaestors in the temple of 
 Saturn, but under that of the plebeian aediles in the (plebeian) v 
 temple of Ceres." Mommsen, i. 295. 
 
 15. ut...ita corresponds very nearly to Greek /*&/... 5<?, 
 and like that construction is often equivalent to a concessive 
 sentence. 
 
 quia, &c. qualifies invitis. 
 
 c. LVI. 1. maturuinque, not in its frequent acquired 
 sense of 'early,' and so, ' too early,' or * premature,' but in the 
 original sense of timely, seasonable ; as we use ripe in the ex- 
 pression, 'matters were ripe for revolution,' &c. 
 
 2. satellitesque. u. 12. 13. 
 
 4. iudicem, c. 24. 5. The expression is used here in a 
 general sense. * Unless you are ready to prove in court.' te, \ 
 &c. depend on iudicem dices; criminis t on the sense of con- 
 demno in in vincla dud iubebo. 
 
 afo libertate, lit. 'from freedom into slavery;' that is, 
 adjudged the possession of a free person as slave to another.' 
 
 vindicias, &c., c. 44. 5. 
 7. fremunt. n. 7. 1. 
 
282 NOTES. III. c. LVL 7 c. LVII, 4. 
 
 etsi, like quanquam, c. 51. 1, without verb. 
 
 8. addixisset, c. 44. 5. 
 
 9. cum, n. 12. 1. 
 
 quibus. The construction is rather irregular, the ablative 
 quibus referring to the same thing as the objective genitive 
 earum. This repetition, where the subject of the ablative 
 absolute is either the subject or the object, or reappears in 
 some subordinate relation in the principal sentence, is not 
 unfrequent, and, as in repetition generally, the object is dis- 
 tinctness and emphasis. It is not a construction that young 
 Latinists should imitate, because they are almost certain to 
 imitate it perversely. 
 
 Of. Cic. in Pis. 23, Quae ornamenta etiam in Sex. Claudio 
 te consule voluisti. Horace > A, P. 173, Laudator temporis acti 
 se puero. Livy, xxxvm. 7, Faucis . . .elapsis eorum absentium 
 direptae fortunae. 
 
 10. bona malaque, 'services and faults.' Of. Sallust, 
 Jug. 73, In utroque magis studia partium, quam bona aut mala 
 sua moderabant. 
 
 experturum...experiri, frequently used of trial in a law 
 court. Cic. pro Quint., c. 23, Ego experiri non potui. In this 
 passage it is used in two slightly different shades of meaning ; 
 ' To test the value of his merits,' &c. and ' To take his trial at 
 the tribunal of the Koman people,' lit. * to try, risk, or, take his 
 chance of the judgment,' &c. 
 
 12. tollendae qualifies foedere, and signifies the object 
 of the compact. 
 
 at, like dXXct, emphasizing an opposition between the apo- 
 dosis and protasis of a conditional or concessive sentence ; in 
 Cicero only used when the protasis is negative, e.g. si non 
 hominis, at humanitatis rationem haberet, pro Quint. 31, comp. 
 c. 17. In Livy, after a conditional protasis, a personal pro- 
 noun follows at. 
 
 leges, c. 55. 4 and 14. 
 
 c. LVII. 2. castellum. For the metaphor compare Cic. 
 hi Pis., Lex Aelia et Fufia, propugnacula murique tranqmlli- 
 tatis et oti. 
 
 4. et illi. ' For him too.' 
 
 domicilium, which he had been in the habit of calling the 
 plebeian's home. The expression was perhaps suggested by 
 Cic. in Verr. n. 5. 55, Career ille qui est a crudelissimo tyranno 
 Dionysio factus Syracusis...in istius (Verris) imperio domici- 
 lium civium Romanorum fuit. 
 
NOTES. III. c. LVII. 5 c. LVIII. 8. 283 
 
 5. iudlcem, &c. c. 56. 4. 
 6. ut...sic. c. 55. 15. 
 
 quoquam. Livy as a rule, in the ablative case, prefers to 
 use ullus substantively. 
 
 suamet. Suus may be emphasized by met in all cases 
 except suus, suum, suae and suorum, most frequent in ablative. 
 As a rule, it is followed by ipse. 
 
 prodixit. n. 61. 7. 
 
 7. coronam. Compare the similar gift, 11. 22. 6. 
 
 9. iuniores, opp. to the veterans, expressed by emeriti's 
 stipendiis, which is practically a partitive genitive ( = veterum 
 militum) after pars, voluntariorum being in apposition to it, 
 and used predicatively or adverbially, 'as volunteers.' 
 
 c. LVIII. 1. C. Claudius, c. 40. 
 qui...is. 'He who had, &c....now,' &c. 
 
 2. imaginis. *A man on whose features future genera- 
 tions would gaze with awe, ' or ' whose portrait future genera- 
 tions would be proud to possess.' The allusion is to the wax 
 masks of illustrious ancestors kept by Roman families, and 
 used at funerals to represent those ancestors. The custom of 
 keeping them ceased under the early empire, because so many 
 great men ceased to have ancestors, and imagines acquired a 
 different signification. Cf. Martial, Select Epig. n. 90. 6. 
 
 3. cogn. cogitationemque, 'and consider the matter 
 calmly on its merits.' 
 
 Claudiis, dative. 
 
 4. succursum, impers. pass, use of participle. 
 
 5. pietate, 'loyalty to his family.' Pietas is the quality 
 of a man who shows himself sensitively alive to all natural 
 claims on his affection. 
 
 sortitae. The expression seems to be a metaphor from the 
 allotment of provinces. 'Who had accepted the position of 
 Tyrants of the Plebs.' 
 
 7. dicerentur, because expressing the thought of the 
 people about the matter, introduced by implication in invidiae. 
 
 8. septem et viginti. Cf. c. 41. 7. 
 
 extra ordinem. Rewards received by him individually ; more 
 honourable therefore than when shared with the rest of a 
 company. 
 
 suam = de se, u. 23. 5. 
 
 reus, Oppius. 
 
284 NOTES. III. c. LVIII. 9 c. LX. 9. 
 
 0. ibi shows how completely vincula acquired in these 
 phrases the wider sense of 'prison.' 
 
 solum verterunt. in. 13. 9. 
 
 10. remittente. As tribune he would submit the lesser 
 punishment to the tribes. 
 
 11. manes. Of. xxi. 10. 3, Non manes, non stirpem eius 
 conquiescere viri. 
 
 c. LIX. 2. ex inimicis, adv. phrase qualifying poenarum. 
 Cf. ir. 64. 3. 
 
 4. toti, c. 36. 7. < 
 5. mollius, weak. 
 
 auctores, c. 55. 3. All laws passed or elections settled 
 by the centuriate assembly required the sanction of the patri- 
 cian portion of the senate. Another privilege of that body viz. 
 of choosing an interrex from their own number is mentioned, 
 c. 8. 2. The resolutions of the plebeian assembly did not require 
 the patrum auctoritas. 
 
 turbato...statu, abl. of cause. 
 
 tempori. 'They had allowed themselves to temporise,' lit. 
 'they had succumbed to the (exigencies of the) times.' For this 
 sense of tempus ( = circumstances, gen. of a dangerous or press- 
 ing kind) cf. Cic. pro Arch., Qui tot annos ita vivo ut a nullius 
 unquam me tempore aut commodo otium meum abstraxerit. 
 
 c. LX. 1. sustlnuit, c. 65. 6. 
 2. commisisset. n. 45. 1. 
 
 qui, 'such.' Qui in this use = is enim, and the relative clause 
 precedes that which it explains. 
 
 detrimento, abl. of price. The use with stare (prob. meta- 
 phor from things, especially slaves, exposed for sale), 'to cost,' 
 is common. 
 
 magis, ' what was rather,' &c. magis and castris both qualify 
 praesidium. 
 
 6. quid = quantum. 
 
 7. et...quidem. n. 2. 9. 
 
 8. ni depends on invasurus conditional. 
 
 et, ' and accordingly.' 
 
 9. deinceps alii, ellipse of previous alii. 
 
 descendentes. u. 7. 1. 
 
NOTES. III. c. LX. 10 c. LXI. 13. 285 
 
 10. nee omnes, &c. = quum nondum omnes educti esscnt 
 ii autem qui erant educti, ordines non satis explicassent. 
 
 explicates ordinibus, predicate to qui erant. 'Part of the 
 enemy's forces had issued from the gates, and the companies 
 one after another in regular order were marching down to their 
 respective places in the field when the consul, not waiting for 
 them to mass in full force, advanced his line. He thus attacked 
 them before all their troops had marched out, and before 
 those, that had marched out, had formed open order. The 
 chaos of preparation was not over: men were still running 
 about between the lines looking anxiously first at their own 
 ranks and then towards the rear, when the battle cry and the 
 charging masses of the enemy came to increase their agitation.' 
 
 Servare ordines may be said of soldiers on the march; 
 explicare ordines is said of soldiers opening out the close order 
 of marching for fighting purposes. 
 
 prope fluctuantem turbam, ' almost a surging unorganized 
 mass,' expresses the heaving agitated motion of a mass of 
 soldiers evolving into battle order. 
 
 se ac suos, 'themselves and their own men,' expresses the 
 anxious look at the smallness of their present numbers and 
 eager desire to see the other troops advancing to their support. 
 
 c. LXI. 1. primum. In this campaign, that is. 
 2. per milites stetisse ne. n. 31. 11. 
 
 5. iis, ' such,' that is, those auspices under which it had 
 been founded. 
 
 7. peditera, a common comtructio ad sensum, praestare 
 being = superare. 
 
 9. pennittunt. Of. n. 56. 2. Y- 
 
 libero spatio, 'taking advantage of the open ground;' cir~ 
 cuwwecti, 'riding round.' 
 
 11. modo. In the city, the result of the news was con- 
 fined to universal (celebrata, n. 42. 6) rejoicing, in the other 
 army it produced emulation and action. 
 
 12. excursionibus. After this word the MSS. have suf- 
 Jiciendo, which gives no satisfactory sense. Madvig omits it. 
 
 profecerant, 'had advanced things towards the sum total 
 (c. 6. 9) of entire hope' = had warranted hopes (afforded a 
 prospect) of the highest military success. 
 
 13. ab, n. 14. 4. 
 
286 NOTES. III. c. LXL 13 c. LXIII. 5. 
 
 carperent, why they frittered away a decisive campaign in 
 peddling engagements, carpo used in its original force of 
 dividing, pulling in pieces. So c. 5. 1, carpere multifariam 
 vires. 
 
 unius, opposed to multa, is predicative and proleptic. The 
 sum of the war, so as to be one. 
 
 14. quin, with interrogative indicative urges action ad- 
 versatively to something expressed or implied in what has pre- 
 ceded. By constructio ad sensum the imperative is substituted 
 for the interrogative indicative as here. By a further usage 
 quin is used, especially followed by etiam, disconnected from 
 the verb, to strengthen a position by the introduction of an 
 emphatic statement incompatible with the negation of what has 
 preceded. ' Nay more. 
 
 illi, not unfrequently=vos, in orat. obliq., where distinc- 
 tion between the speaker and the persons addressed is accen- 
 tuated. 
 
 c. LXII. 1. indignitate. n. 30. 2. 
 
 ultro, n. 13. 2. 
 
 per cont. n. 11. 2. 
 
 4. agite dum. n. 29. 11. 
 
 indicem. n. 1. 4. 
 
 5. quod bene vertat, &c. Cf. c. 26. 9. 
 
 apparandis, abl. Cicero uses in with abl. after consumo. 
 
 6. gloriae, genitive describing the circumstances of the 
 one army, as elatum, &c., describes that of the other. 
 
 7. extra ordinem. Skirmishers ; men not acting in the 
 main body of the army. 
 
 8. prope qualifies circumventum. 
 
 aequato. That is, by fighting on foot. 
 
 9. suo, i.e. as cavalry, alieno as infantry. 
 
 c. LXIII. 1. Sabinis, dat. of person interested. 'The 
 Sabines found,' &c. 
 
 2. nuntius. n. 1. 4. 
 3. castigati. c. 19. 4. 
 5. maligne. n. 42. 1. 
 
 consulum nomine. This use of nomen is derived from the 
 keeping of accounts, nomen being a man's name in a book, under 
 
NOTES. III. c. LXIII. 5 c. LXIV. 3. 287 
 
 which pecuniary transactions with him were entered, and corre- 
 sponds to the metaphorical use of 'score' and 'account' in ^ 
 English. 'On the score of the consuls' here means, in recogni- 
 tion of their services. 
 
 et altero. 'A second also.' 
 
 vaga popularisque. 'This irregular, lay supplicatio.' It ^ 
 would be difficult to find an exact parallel to the use of vaga 
 here, but the sense is plain. It was a free supplicatio, so to 
 say, not confined by fixed rule and ceremonial, popularis im- 
 plies that it was celebrated by the people at their own discretion, 
 not under the direction of the priests. 
 
 studiis celebr. 'More popular.' Lit. 'more thronged with 
 interest.' studiis, abl. of manner. 
 
 celebratior. n. 60. 3, 42. 6. 
 
 6. eodem biduo. 'Within a day of one another.' Lit. 
 ' within the same space of two days.' 
 
 Martium. Enclosed by Madvig in brackets as spurious, 
 on the ground that the order is wrong and the adj. not neces- 
 sarily required. 
 
 7. Flaminia. c. 54. 15. According to the tradition the 
 temple of Apollo here mentioned was vowed in 433 on account H^ 
 of a pestilence, and dedicated in 431. iv. 25, 29. It was used 
 occasionally by the senate, when circumstances rendered it 
 necessary to meet outside the pomoerium. The temple of 
 Bellona in the same locality was more frequently used for that 
 purpose. According to tradition there was an area dedicated 
 to Apollo before the temple was built. 
 
 8. dissuasum. Supine. 'To speak against it.' 
 
 11. a ceteris. The best MSS. omit the a. Madvig's rule 
 for use of dat. instead of a with abl. in good prose writers is as 
 follows; the dative is used (1) with perfect passive participles, -f 
 the thing done being regarded abstractedly, as existing for the 
 benefit of, or in some similar relation to, the person ; or (2) with 
 verbs, where in addition to the notion of agency the interest of 
 the agent can be implied, e.g. in verbs of seeking. 
 
 c. LXIV. 1. luxuriam. n. 21. 6, 48. 2. Here = abuse of 
 liberty. 
 
 emineret. Picturesque for appareret, to make their own 
 ambition less glaring. Cf. n. 5. 7. 
 
 2. consensual. The union, conspiracy. 
 3. adorti essent. Sc. patres. 
 
288 NOTES. lit c. LXIV. 411. 
 
 4. forte. Used substantively so far as to be qualified by 
 quadam. So i. 4. 4, Forte quadam divinitus, &c. 
 
 ad tempus. ( Under the circumstances.' Cf. c. 59. 5. 
 
 . rationem. The regular phrase used of the admission of 
 a man's candidature. It occurs frequently in connexion with 
 Caesar's demand to be allowed to stand for the consulship with- 
 out leaving his province of Gaul. 
 
 liberas. Unconditionally, without any restrictions imposed 
 on their choice. 
 
 sortem. The tribune who presided at the comitia tributa 
 was apparently chosen by lot. 
 
 6. subsellia. The benches of the tribunes as opposed to 
 the sellae cundes of the patrician magistrates. Comp. n. 56. 13. 
 
 8. prae. Cf. in. 18. 9 
 
 explerent. Did not fill out their tribes, that is, did not 
 obtain a majority of the tribes. The majority were probably 
 induced not to vote at all. Explere tribiis is a condensed 
 expression, to fill up a deficiency by means of tribes, so explere 
 damna, c. 68, to fill up a vacuum made by losses. The accusa- 
 tive indicates the kind of filling, not the thing filled. 
 
 9. quae...sanciret, n. 4. 3. numero. The point was, the 
 way in which the whole number of tribunes was to be filled up. 
 According to Livy there was a clause allowing cooptation, when 
 five had been elected" by the comitia The reference is to the 
 law mentioned c. 55. 14. 
 
 relinquerentur. That is, by the retiring tribunes. Cf. 
 Heredem aliquem relinquere. 
 
 10. carmen. Formula. 
 
 si qui. qui is ablative. 
 
 minus decem = mi?ms quam deccm 
 
 ut, dependent on verb implied in rogabo, e.g. volo. 
 
 cooptassint. An archaic form of perfect subjunctive. Com- 
 pare faxim. Boby, Lat. Gr., Sch. Ed., 292 
 
 ea,GLem...\\.t=eadem ac or qua. 
 
 11. quindecim, i.e. the former ten, who pleading uncon- 
 stitutional procedure on the part of Duillius were for not 
 resigning their office, and the five new ones duly elected by 
 comitia. 
 
NOTES. III. c. LXV. 110. 289 
 
 c. LXV. 1. foverunt, so fovere partem, XLII. 29. 
 
 patricios. If this tradition is correct, a distinction appears 
 to have been made in regard to qualification, between tribunes 
 elected in comitia, and tribunes chosen by cooptation. The 
 matter is not of much importance, as, even according to the 
 tradition, the right of cooptation ceased so easily. 
 
 3. ab iis capt. proditumque a coll. Chiasmus, captum, 
 cheated, imposed upon, implying harm to the person cheated. 
 decipio is general. Cf. Lucret. i. 941, ut puerorum aetas... 
 perpotet amarum Absinthi laticem deceptaque non capiatur. 
 
 It does not appear how Trebonius was imposed upon, but 
 he seems to imply that he had been trapped into cooptating 
 patricians without knowing it. 
 
 4. insectandisque. He not only proposed this bill, but 
 completed the act by hounding the consuls all through his year 
 of office, patribus, abl. modi. 
 
 6. sustinendo rem, by holding the execution of the levy 
 over, so sustinuit bellum, c. 60. 1. 
 
 externos, subj. to tollere animos, which is used of the 
 person whose spirits are raised. It is also used of the external 
 influence which raises a person's spirits, c. 67. 6, 
 
 7. modestiae = alteri si modestid uteretur. Forbearance 
 on the part of one order always exposed it to danger from the 
 other. 
 
 8. ubi...essent, 'whenever,' n. 58. 7. 
 humilioribus, c. 53. 9. 
 
 in primis, opposed to deinde, 'to begin with.' Stronger 
 way of putting primum. So Cic. de Amic. 13, has in pleris- 
 que; Sallust, Jug., c. 26, In primis Adherbalem necat deinde 
 omnespuberes, &c. * First and foremost.' Generally the phrase 
 expresses priority in rank or consideration only, 'chiefly, 
 especially,' &c. 
 
 utique, especially, n. 27. 7. 
 
 omnis, 'any' or 'every,' agrees with potestat is ; aliquanto 
 qualifies languidior. ferme, ' as a rule.' 
 
 9. nomina. Cf. Horace, Epist. i. 17. 41, Aut virtus 
 nomen inane est. 
 
 10. ut...lta, c. 55. 15. 
 credere... malle, hist, infin. 
 
 S. L. 19 
 
290 NOTES. III. c. LXV. 11 c. LXVII. 11. 
 
 11. adeo. ii. 2. 7. 
 tuendae. in. 24. 1. 
 
 in difficili. The use of preposition with neuter adjective of 
 3rd declension, as an adverb, is rare before Livy's time. He 
 uses it more freely than Cicero. With adjectives of 2nd 
 declension it is common in all periods. 
 
 ultro, ' go out of their way,' n. 13. 2. 
 tanquam = tanquam si. 
 
 c. LXVI. 2. quum dies, &c. The nobles interrupting 
 the contiones of the plebeians, were continually being indicted 
 by the tribunes. Such declarations of war by the latter led to 
 continual scenes of riot and disturbance. 
 
 3. ad. n. 8. 8. 
 
 simul. An additional motive for taking up arms. 
 
 4. nee pro, &c. The Koman city no longer represented 
 the home of one nation. 
 
 5. vindex, n. 1. 4. 
 
 regione = /card with accusative. * In the neighbourhood of.' 
 
 c. LXVII. 1. scire. Indignant or pathetic infinitive, ut 
 with the subjunctive is used in the same way. The interroga- 
 tive particle ne is often used to introduce either construction. 
 
 2. is status. Asyndeton, iam diu belongs to both 
 clauses. 
 
 potissimum. n. 5. 7. 
 3. ergo. ii. 7. 8. 
 
 viri, pregnant. Comp. magistratus, n. 28. 3, and i. 41. 3, 
 Si vir es. Both in this and in ignavissimi Livy speaks ex 
 sentenlia scriptoris Romani. Strict impartiality was hardly 
 regarded as patriotic in historians of Livy's and preceding 
 times. Even Polybius says, Set /Was dibbvcu rcus avrw irarplffi 
 
 5. agro. n. 25. 6. sub iugum, in. 28. 
 
 9. plebis, subjective genitive. Consules facere, sc. volu- 
 istis. nostra iura, joined by asyndeton to the other three things 
 the patricians had tolerated. 
 
 10. ecquando, c. 11. 12. 
 
 11. vidimus. The MSS. reading retained by Weissenb., 
 Esquilias quidem . . .Volscum hostem nemo sulmovit, is open 
 
NOTES. III. c. LXVII. 11 c. LXIX. g 4. 291 
 
 to three objections : (1) The sense of quidem is unusual ; (2) 
 The zeugma Esquilias capias et...hostem nemo submovit is 
 very harsh ; (3) The repetition ab hoste and hostem in the same 
 sentence is weak and clumsy. 
 
 c. LXVIII. 3. at enim. 'AXXa VT) Ala. * But you may say, 
 it is the whole community that is affected by all this, there- 
 fore the plebs so far gained.' 
 
 4. re fortuna, 'in circumstances or estate. 7 Cicero 
 prefers the plural of fortuna in this sense. For the asyndeton, 
 cf. n. 31. 5. 
 
 6. simul...simul. n. 65. 4. 
 
 7. grave erat. You held it a grievance. 
 
 8. "biennio, c. 65. 6, inclusive reckoning. 
 
 ante, c. 51. 12. 
 
 9. ingenium moneret. Cf. n. 4. 3. 
 
 moneret, unfulfilled condition. 'Even if my own dispo- 
 sition did not urge me (as it does not [not] urge me).' 
 
 cogit, very natural condensation for dicerem, cogit enim, 
 &c. 
 
 10. natura, &c. It is a law of human nature that, &c. 
 Lit. this matter (the conflict between duty and popularity in 
 public speaking) is so arranged by nature. 
 
 plebicolas. Cf. c. 33. 7. 
 
 11 . concitati. ' Your excitement is glory and gain to them / 
 
 nullos se usquam, &c. ' They see that they are nowhere ; ' 
 lit. 'that they are nobodies anywhere.' For the use of nullus 
 comp. vi. 18. 8, Ipse vindex v ester... nullus repentefui. 
 
 c. LXIX. 2. iviventTiB=iuniores. 
 fuga. Nominative. 
 
 spoliatique. Epexegetical of fuga, n. 5. 7. The verb 
 agreeing with the plural words. 
 
 4. domando, by their endeavours to subdue it, metaphor 
 from animals ; domando signifies the process by which they in- 
 creased the ferocity of the people, tuendo the motive which in- 
 duced them to try the process. 
 
 concordiaeque...temporum forms with patrum a group of 
 words signifying one whole idea coupled by et to temporum. 
 
 192 
 
292 NOTES. III. c. LXIX. 5 -c. LXXI. 8. 
 
 5. orare may be orat. obliq. (se omitted) or historic in- 
 finitive. 
 
 6. tempus, &c. 'It was no time to,' 'the emergency did 
 not admit of.' The genitive is descriptive. 
 
 causas. Pleas of exemption, the cognizance of which lay 
 with the consuls. 
 
 8. cohortes. Cf. c. 5. 11. It was very unusual for the 
 soldiers to choose their own officers. Senators, also, would not 
 ordinarily serve in the infantry. 
 
 quaestoribus. First appearance of the quaestores aerarii, 
 see Momrnsen, i. 294. The standards appear to have been kept 
 in the treasury (temple of Saturn) for security. 
 
 9. castra castris coniuncta, of the two hostile camps. 
 Cf. iv. 27. 5. 
 
 10. Romanes, illos. Chiasmus. 
 
 c. LXX. 1. quod...est. In apposition to summa...erat. 
 
 % 4. hostes. ii. 7. 1. 
 
 suo proprio proelip, his own mode of fighting, i.e. cavalry 
 fighting. * Met him with his own weapons.' 
 
 axceptum. Cf. Horace, Odes, in. xii. 12, latitantem fruti- 
 ceto excipere aprum. 
 
 5. interclusos, ni. Vivid use of perfect. Cf. n. 10. 2. 
 
 8. ufoi. Eelative to ad consules. 'In whose part of the 
 field.' 
 
 15. ego. Subj. to coniicio only, emphasized by position. 
 
 c. LXXI. 3. concilium. Sc. plebis. Comp. tribus vocari, 
 and c. 72. 6, vocatae trilws. 
 
 Scaptius. The land in dispute belonged in later times 
 to the tribus Scaptia; hence the name assigned to this speaker. 
 
 4. vanum. 'Untrustworthy. 5 
 
 7. ceterum. n. 3. 1. Comp. i. 24. 3, foedera alia aliis 
 legibus, ceterum eodem modo omniafiunt. 
 
 8. non potuisse...quin. Quin depends on the whole ex- 
 pression Non...animum. Lit. 'It was impossible for him to 
 conceive a means of not claiming.' So Cic. ad Brut. i. 17. 6, 
 Impetrari non potest quin. &c. , and compare the common use, 
 non potest (fieri) quin, &c. 
 
NOTES. III. c. LXXI. 8 c. LXXII. 7. 293 
 tamen. ' For all that.' The position is very noticeable. 
 
 c. LXXII. 1. silentio, and manu, above, cf. in. 18. 4. 
 
 2. quum praesertiin. 'And that too, when,' &c. See 
 Mayor on Cic. Philipp. n. 60. 
 
 3. quidem. * At least.' Whatever gain might be realised 
 in any other direction. 
 
 referre. . . vulgari. . . audire. Indignant infinitives. Cf . Vergil, 
 Aeneid, i. 37. Cic. ad Att. ix. 10. 3, me meis civibus famem, vas- 
 titatem inferre Italiae. Comp. c. 48. 8. 
 
 4. putarent. 2nd person in orat. obliq. * Think you, 
 said they, that our neighbours will hold an old mob -orator like 
 Scaptius responsible for this ? Such an idea would form a noble 
 inscription for a family portrait of Scaptius, but the Roman 
 people will pose as pettifoggers who take advantage of other 
 people's going to law to appropriate the property in dispute.' 
 
 hac imagine appears to be a condensed expression for hoc 
 titulo imagini inscripto. 
 
 quadmplator meant properly a public informer, who was 
 rewarded by a quarter of the property informed against. Then 
 it was used for a trickster or chicaner generally. 
 
 5. controv. First used by Livy. 
 
 praemortui. 'Although he has long survived the last rem- 
 nants of his conscience.' The word is poetical. 
 
 7. bono. * The goodness of the case.' 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
INDEX. 
 
 ab (in consequence of) ii. 14, 4 ; 49, 12 ; 
 
 iii. 41, 5; (of local origin) ii. 22, 2; 
 
 (of motion from, with names of 
 
 towns) ii. 39, 5 ; 53, 5 ; iii. 23, 3 
 abdicare ii. 28, 9 
 abhorrere ii. 14, 1 
 abire magistratu ii. 31, 5 
 ablative (circumstantial) ii. 1, 3; 12, 1; 
 
 36, 7; 38, 5; iil 64, 6; 62, 4; (local) ii. 
 
 34, 3; 62, 4; (modal without attrib.) 
 
 iii. 18, 4; 44, 9; (absolute, irregular) 
 
 iiL 56, 9 
 
 absolve (complete) ii. 2, 7 
 abstract for concrete ii. 10, 8; iiL 
 
 47,1 
 
 accingi hi ii. 12, 10 
 accipere (to view) iii. 21, 7 
 accisus iii. 10, 8 
 accusative of distance ii 39, 5; (after 
 
 adj. in -bundus) iii. 47, 3 
 actio ii. 31, 8 ; 56, 4 ; iii. 1, 3 ; 9, 2 
 ad ii. 8, 8 ; 33, 8 ; iii. 18, 5 ; 34, 6 ; 36, 5 ; 
 
 49,6 
 
 adeo ii. 29, 10 
 adesse iii. 14, 5 
 adipiscor ii. 30, 14 ; 64, 4 
 adjective (extending pred. in abl. 
 
 absol.) ii. 7, 1 ; (as subst.) ii. 1, 3 ; ii. 
 
 4; 29, 8; 56, 5; iii. 17, 7; 65, 11; 
 
 (adverbial) ii. 35, 3 ; iii. 1, 5 ; (in -bun- 
 
 dus) ii. 26, 1 ; 60, 2 
 adverb (=case of pronoun) ii. 2, 5 ; 5, 
 
 4 ; 12, 7 ; 25, 5 ; (as attribute) ii. 6, 7 ; 
 
 64, 3 ; iii. 22, 5 ; 26, 3 ; (in -tm) ii. 30, 
 
 11 ; 53, 1; (as primary pred.) ii. 25, 
 
 1; (local, used of time) ii. 7, 8 
 aeger (metaph.) ii. 3, 5 
 affectus (absol.) iiL 6, 8 
 agedum ii. 29, 11 
 ager publicus ii. 41, 2 
 aliquis ii. 61, 5 
 alius (atque alius) ii. 11, 3 ; (adverbial) 
 
 ii. 59, 3; alii ( = ceteri) iii. 20, 7 ; 54, 
 
 2 
 
 ambigi. non...quin ii. 1, 3 
 an ii. 38, 3 
 
 anacolutha ii. 12, 2 ; 24, 5 ; 38, 1 
 anaphora ii. 1, 8 
 
 animus (in pi. of sing, person) ii. 12, 
 
 10 
 anno tertio (=tertio abhinc anno) ii. 
 
 34,10 
 
 annus (official year) iii. 6, 1 
 antesignani ii. 20, 10 
 antiquus iii. 10, 2 
 arbiter ii. 33, 11; 37,3; iii. 36, 2 
 Aristodemus of Cumae ii. 21, 5 ; 34, 3 
 arripere ii. 23, 15 ; 27, 12 
 artes ii. 43, 7 
 asyndeton ii. 31, 5 ; 32, 7 
 at (hi apodosis) iii. 56, 12 
 atrox ii. 56, 2 ; 60, 4 
 auctor (esse, to guarantee) ii. 48, 8; 
 
 (proposer of a previously rejected 
 
 measure) ii. 56, 6 
 Aventine iii. 31, 2 
 averti alio ii. 48, 6 
 
 balance (metaphors from) ii. 7, 10; 
 
 51, 3 
 
 belli domique in. 19 5 
 bello, in bello, used as ittrib. to subst. 
 
 ii. 47, 10 
 
 calamitas ii. 53, 6 
 
 capere conatum iii. 5, 6 ; ii. 65, 5 
 
 capitis consecratio ii. 8, 2 (-a con- 
 
 ferre) ii. 45, 6; ( = crimen, poena 
 
 capitale -is) ii. 52, 5; iii. 11, 9 
 Capitolium and Arx ii. 49, 9; (temples 
 
 on) ii. 8 ; (deities of) iii. 17, 3 
 castellum (metaph.) iii. 57, 2 
 castigare iii. 19, 4 
 cavillari ii. 58, 9 ; iii. 20, 4 
 celebro ii. 42, 6 ; 61, 9 
 Ceres, cult of iii. 55 
 ceteruni ii. 3, 1 ; 24, 4 ; 59, 2 ; iii. 71, 6 
 chiasmus ii. 44, 2 ; iii. 9, 12 ; 10, 11 ; 
 
 27,2 
 ciere proelium ii. 19, 10; pugnaui ii. 
 
 47,1; iii. 18,8 
 Circeii ii. 39, 1 
 Claudii ii. 19, 5 
 Cloacina iii. 48, 5 
 cohors iii. 5, 11 ; ii. 64. 10 
 
296 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 comitia, judicial powers of iii. 24, 7 
 committere ut ii. 4. 7 ; -rem in ii. 45, 1 ; 
 
 iii. 4, 7 
 
 comparatus ad iii. 26, 2 
 concipere iii. 5, 12 
 condono iii. 12, 8 
 conflo (metaph.) iii. 36, 8 
 consenesco (metaph.) iii. 31, 7 
 constructio ad sensum iii. 12, 9 
 consuls (and kings) ii. 1, 7 ; (insignia 
 
 of) iL 1, 8 
 
 controversiosus iii. 72, 5 
 coquo (metaph.) iii. 36, 2 
 Corbiq iii. 28, 10 
 corripio ii. 28, 5 
 cum (with abl. of accompaniment) iii. 
 
 28, 1; 29, 6 ; ('involving') ii. 12, 1 ; iii. 
 
 D 
 
 dative (of person j udgiug) ii. 7, 9 ; iii. 
 
 10, 2; (ethic) ii. 29. 12; iii, 63, 1; 
 
 (final after subst.) iiL 3, 5 ; (of agent, 
 
 with perf. pass, part.) iiL 63, 10 
 decimation ii. 59, 11 
 defluo iL 20, 3 
 
 demereor (with ace. of pers.) iiL 18, 3 
 descendo (of feelings) iiL 52, 2 
 dictator (election and powers of) ii. 18, 
 
 6 ; 29, 11 ; (in Latin towns) iii. 18 
 dicto parere ii. 18, 8 
 dignatio iL 16, 5 
 
 dilucere and dilucescere iii. 16, 1 
 discedi iii. 41, 1 
 dum ii. 31, 2 ; 64, 7 
 dumtaxat ii. 61, 4 
 duplicarius ii. 59, 11 
 duumviri templo dedicando ii. 42, 5 
 
 E 
 
 ecquid iiL 11, 12 
 
 effero ii. 23, 4 
 
 elevare iii. 21, 4 
 
 en iL 9, 7 ; iii. 17, 6 
 
 enimvero ii. 22, 6 ; 36, 5 ; iiL 35, 8 
 
 ergastulum ii. 23, 6 
 
 ergoii. 7, 9; 28,5; 40,8 
 
 erigo ii. 31, 5 
 
 et (...quidern) ii. 2, 9; 4, 7; 43, 5 ; 
 
 63, 4 ; (adversative) ii. 22, 3 ; 28, 8 ; 
 
 38, 5 ; iii. 37, 2 ; (consequential) iL 
 
 64,6 
 
 etiam...non solum iii. 7, 4 
 ex ii. 6, 2 ; 7, 5, 8 ; iii. 50, 4 
 ex re ii. 50, 3 
 extrahi (of persons) ii. 23, 13 
 
 Fabius Pictor ii. 40, 10 
 fallo (=Aeu>0aVu>) ii. 19, 7 ; iii. 8, 6 
 fastigium ii. 27, 6 ; iii. 35, 9 
 faustum, felix ii. 49, 8 
 Ferentinum caput ii. 38, 1 
 fero (absol.) iii. 27, 6 
 ferre agere iii. 37, 7 
 fides ii. 20, 1 
 
 firmus (with dat.) ii. 5, 5 
 fit (ut fit) ii. 4, 5 ; iii. 1, 7 
 forsitan (qualifying single word) ii. 
 
 fossa Cluilia ii. 39, 5 
 freedmen ii. 5, 10 
 furca ii. 36, 1 
 
 gerund (dat.) ii. 5, 9; 9, 6; iii. 1, 6; 
 (modal abl.=pres. part.) ii. 9. 1; 32, 
 
 gerundive (gen.) iii. 24, 1 ; 31, 7 ; 65, 11; 
 
 (dat.) iiL 5. 14; 8, 5; 16, 6 ; ii. 64, 6 
 glisco iL 19, 2 ; 23. 2 
 gradum addere iii. 27, 6 
 grassari ii. 27, 7 ; iii. 13, 1 
 
 H 
 
 hexameter rhythm ii. 56, 1 
 horridus ii. 32. 8 
 hospites iii. 16, 5 
 hypallage ii. 8, 4 
 
 iactatuin de ii. 13, 3 
 
 iain (hinc) iL 1, 1 ; iii. 36, 1 ; (turn) ii. 
 
 35,6 (=soon)ii. 10, 4 
 ico ii. 33, 4 
 imaginarius, iii. 41, 2 
 imagines iii. 58, 2 
 imbibo ii. 47, 12 ; 58, 6 
 impensus, ii. 9, 6 
 imperfect (future sense in dept. qn.) 
 
 iii. 4,2; 19,7 
 implicare (absol.) ii. 21, 4 
 impotens iii. 36, 2 
 in (surrounding circumstances) ii. 3, 2 ; 
 
 10, 13; 23,4; 26,4; 35, 8; iiL 6, 8; 
 
 ('in the case of) iii. 17, 8 ; (with ace. 
 
 of tendency and result) iL 15, 2 ; 27, 
 
 3; 33, 1 
 
 in medium iiL 34, 4; in medio ii. 57, 8 
 in praesentia iii. 7, 5 ; 40, 13 
 in tempore iL 47, 11 ; 48, 5 
 in vulnus iL 46,i4 
 incassum ii. 49, 8 
 incertus iii. 15, 9 
 inclinata res ii. 47, 3 ; iiL 16, 5 
 includo (= impedio) ii. 2, 8 
 incutio nuntium iL 8, 7 
 inde quia, quod ii. 1, 7 
 indicative vivid (in condit. sent.) ii. 10, 
 
 2 ; 22, 1; 50, 10 ; 65, 4 ; iii. 1, 4 ; 10, 13 ; 
 
 (in orat. obliq.) ii. 15, 3 
 infestus and iufensus ii. 6, 8 ; 20, 3 ; 
 
 .35,3, 7; 40, 7 
 
 infin. indignant iii. 48, 8 ; 67, 1 ; 72, 3 
 infractus ii. 59, 4 
 ingens ii. 10, 9 
 iustauratio iL 36, 1 
 instigare iii. 22, 2 
 
 integer ii. 5, 1 ; 62, 5; iii. 9, 12 ; 44, 12 
 intendo ii 50, 9 ; iii. 11, 2 
 inter ii. 5,8; 20,9; 46,3; 49,10 
 
INDEX. 
 
 297 
 
 intercursus ii. 29, 4 
 
 interprcs ii. 33, 11 
 
 interrex iii. 8, 2 
 
 ita and adeo ii. 2, 7 ; T, 1 ; 24, 1 ; 27, 3 ; 
 
 43, 10; iii. 2,7 
 
 ita (anticipating noun sent.) ii. 54, 5 
 ita, sic...ut iii. 10, 6 ; 14, 4 
 itaque ergo iii 31, 5 
 iuniores iii. 41, 7 
 iurare in verba ii. 32, 1 ; iii. 20, 3 
 iureiurando adigere ii. 1, 9 
 iustitium iii. 3, 6 
 iustus (full, regular) iii. 11, 9 
 
 Labicum ii. 39, 2 
 
 lapis (milestone) ii. 11, 7 
 
 Latin colonies ii. 16, 8 
 
 Latinum nomen ii. 27, 7 
 
 laurea (=triumphus) ii. 47, 10 
 
 laxus (of money, prices &c.) ii. 52, 1 
 
 legatus iii. 5, 6 ; 29, 2 
 
 legio (general use) ii. 26, 3 
 
 ludi magni ii. 36, 1 
 
 lustrum iii. 3, 9 
 
 luxurio ii. 21, 6 ; 48, 2 
 
 M 
 
 macte ii. 12, 14 
 
 malignus ii. 42, 1 
 
 mansuetus ii. 30, 4 ; iii. 16, 4 
 
 memor ('having regard for') ii. 6, 9; 
 
 10, 8; 22, 2; 47, 5; 59, 7; iii. 3, 2; 
 
 40,3 
 
 mercatores (guilds of) ii. 27, 5 
 rnereor (piaculum) ii. 38, 4 
 metuo (with dat.) ii. 49, 5 
 mirum quantum, with indie, ii. 1, 11 
 miscere certamina ii. 19, 5 
 moles belli ii. 17, 5 
 molimen ii. 56, 4 
 momentum ii. 7, 10 ; iii. 12, 6 
 
 N 
 
 navalia iii. 26, 8 
 
 ne (=nedum) iii. 52, 9 ; (object in mak- 
 ing a statement) ii. 29, 1 
 nee ( = et...quidem non) ii. 3, 2 ; iii. 36, 4 
 nee (adversative) ii. 22, 3 ; 58, 6 ; iii 55, 
 
 nedum (adverbial) iii. 14, 6 
 
 neque...et iii 7, 6 
 
 nescio an ii. 2, 2 
 
 nescire (to be unable) ii. 2, 3 
 
 nexi ii. 23, 1 
 
 aihil aliud quam ii. 8, 8 ; 29, 4 ; 63, 4 
 
 niti in ii. 50, 2 
 
 nomen (metaph. from accounts) it 63, 
 
 5 
 non modo...se nc...quidem ii. 61, 5; Hi. 
 
 7,2 
 
 non quiu ii. 15, 1 
 novellus ii. 39, 4 
 imllus-o -dum iii. 50, 16 
 iiullus (a nobody) iii. 68, 11 
 
 obliviscor (to be regardless) ii. 2, 3 
 
 obnoxie iii. 39, 1 
 
 obstinatus (of tilings) ii. 15, 5 
 
 obtundo (absol.) ii. 15, 5 
 
 occidione occidere ii. 51, 9 ; iii. 10 11 
 
 occipio iii. 19, 2 
 
 offundo (metaph.) ii. 40, 3 
 
 optimates.-.populares iii. 39, 9 
 
 oratio iii. 10, 4 
 
 orbi orbaeque iii. 3, 9 
 
 ordinem ducere ii. 23, 4 ; 55, 4 ; in ordi- 
 
 nem cogere iii. 35, 6 ; 51, 13 
 oreretur ii. 39, 6 
 oriundus ii. 9, 1 ; 32, 8 
 
 P 
 
 pace and cum pace alicums iii. 19, 7 
 
 parenthetic use of verbs ii. 2, 7 ; 5, 4 
 
 participare ii. 52, 8 ; iii. 12, 5 
 
 participles (used adjectivally) ii. 1, 4; 
 10,3; 14,6; 50,5; 55,3; (pass, re- 
 peated at beg. of sent.) ii 25, 5 ; 31, 
 2; (perfect middle of active verbs) 
 ii. 45, 14 (perf. pass. comp. of) ii. 60, 3 
 
 parum, minus, minime (as negatives) 
 ii. 18, 4; 40,1; 44, 4 
 
 peculiaris iii. 19, 9 
 
 peculium ii. 41, 10 
 
 penes ii. 24, 2 ; 29, 12 
 
 per (with ace. as adverb) ii. 11, 2 ; 24, 
 5 ; 32, 1, 7 ; 38, 3 ; 42, 10 ; iii 42, 6 
 
 per (aetatem, &c., posse, licere) iii. 6, 
 9; 13,3 
 
 per aliquem stare ii. 31, 11 
 
 permitto (fig.) ii 56, 2 
 
 persona iii 36, 1 
 
 perspno iii. 10. 9 
 
 pessimum publicum ii. 1, 3 
 
 pestilens ii 41, 5 
 
 pietas iii. 58, 5 
 
 pilum ii. 30, 12 
 
 Piso (historian) ii. 32, 3 
 
 plants (metaphor from) ii. 1, 6 
 
 plebei -i -is ii % 33, 1 
 
 plenus (/meoTo's) ii 43, 2 
 
 pondp iii 29, 3 
 
 Porsinnae bona ii 14, 2 
 
 porta Carmentalis, scelerata ii. 49, 8 
 
 possessor ii. 41, 2 ; iii. 1, 3 
 
 postmodum (-0) ii 1, 9 ; 2, 10 ; 9, 7 ; 
 
 potissimum ii 5, 7 
 
 prae iii. 18, 9 ; (in comp.) ii 14, 7 
 
 praefectus urbis iii 3, 6 ; 24, 2 
 
 praeiudicium iii 40, 11 
 
 praemortuus iii 72, 5 
 
 praerogativa iii 51, 8 
 
 praesidium (local) ii 10, 4 
 
 praesto (=supero) with ace. iii. 61, 7 
 
 praesultator ii. 36, 2 
 
 praetoria cohors ii. 20, 5 
 
298 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 praevertor ii. 24, 5 ; iii. 22, 2 
 
 pregnant use of words ii. 23, 6 ; 24, 4 ; 
 28, 3 ; 52, 3 
 
 present (and perf.) for perf. (and plpf.) 
 ii. 1, 2 ; (vivid, with future sense) ii. 
 9, 3; 15, 2 (and irnperf. in conative 
 sense) ii. 29, 5, 7 ; 41, 6 
 
 priini pili ii. 2T, 6 
 
 principia ii. 65, 2 ; iii. 22, 6 
 
 procella (metaph.) ii. 1, 4; 10, 5; iii. 
 11,7 
 
 pro consule iii. 4, 10 
 
 prodicere diem ii. 61, 7 
 
 pro imperio (adv.) ii. 56, 12. 
 
 prolabor (metaph.) ii. 63, 5 
 
 promptus (participle) ii. 58, 9 
 
 promulgare iii. 9, 5 ; 31, 6 
 
 pronoun (agreeing with subst. but ex- 
 pressing the object after it) ii. 3, 5; 
 7, 9 ; 22, 2 ; 32, 10 ; 47, 6 ; (agreeing 
 with complement instead of ante- 
 cedent and vice versa) ii. 10, 2 ; 38, 
 5 ; 41, 11 ; iii 10, 9 ; 38, 4 
 
 propeii. 42, 9 
 
 prope esse ut ii 23, 14 ; 30, 2 ; 65, 5 
 
 provincia ii. 40, 14 
 
 provocatio ii. 8, 2 ; 30, 5 
 
 pudet (with gen. of pers.) iii. 19, 7 
 
 puto (rhetorical) ii. 38, 4 
 
 Q 
 
 qua... qua ii. 35, 4 ; 45. 3 ; iii. 11, 6 
 quadruplator iii. 72, 4 
 quaeso (= require) ii. 3, 3 
 quaestores ii. 41, 11 ; iii. 24, 3 ; (aerarii) 
 
 iii. 69, 8 
 quamvis (qualifying single words) ii. 
 
 51, 7 ; 54, 7 
 
 quanquam (retrospective and correc- 
 tive) ii. 49, 10 ; (without verb) iii. 51, 1 
 que ii. 5, 7 ; 11, 1 : 12, 13 ; 19, 6 ; 42, 6, 
 
 9; 43,4; iii 6, 3; 32,1; 41,9 
 quemadmodum...sic ii. 13, 8 
 qui (such) iii. 60, 2 
 
 quicquid (with gen.) ii. 35, 5; iii. 17, 5 
 quid rei (hoc rei) est? iii. 4, 5 
 quid (= quantum) iii. 60, 6 
 quidem (ille) ii 24, 4 
 quin iii. 61, 14 
 quippe ii. 45, 6; (with participle) ii. 
 
 33, 8; iii. 44, 9; (qui with indie.) iii. 
 
 53,7 
 qtiisque suum (ellipse of verb) ii. 7, 1 ; 
 
 10,1; 38,6 
 quo (with comp. not followed by eo, 
 
 and vice versa) ii. 19, 10; iii. 3, 4; 
 
 (consecutive) ii 60, 1 
 quodam modp ii. 37, 9 
 quum (with indie, and hist, infin.) ii. 
 
 27,1; (maxime) ii. 59, 7 
 R 
 
 recens (adv.) ii. 22, 4 
 
 recido ii. 7, 8 
 
 referre (ad senatum) ii. 22, 5; (bring 
 
 before he people a second time) iii. 
 
 10,5 
 
 reiicere ii. 22, 5 ; 27, 5 ; 31, 8 
 
 relationem egredi iii. 39, 2 
 
 relative (adversative) ii. 29, 4 ; 42, 11 ; 
 (indef. without verb) ii 44, 10 ; 
 (clause in app. to what follows) 
 iii 4, 9; (subject or object sup- 
 plied from oblique case of) iii 19, 3 
 
 religio (-osum) est ii. 5, 3 ; 62, 2 ; itt. 
 
 repraesento ii. 36, 6 
 
 reprehenso ii 10, 3 
 
 retundo ii. 33, 7 
 
 rex sacrorum ii 2, 2 
 
 rogo (compounds) ii. 8, 3 ; iii 16, 4 ; 
 
 19,1 
 
 ruere (absol. of persons) iii. 11, 10 
 rursus ii. 30, 1 
 
 8 
 
 sacramentum ii. 24, 7 
 sacratae leges ii. 8, 2 ; iii. 17, 7 
 saeculum iii. 20, 5 
 sancire legem iii. 55, 4 
 Saturnalia ii. 21, 2 
 saxa Rubra ii. 49j 11 
 schools in Rome iii. 44, 6 
 scilicet iii. 19, 9 
 se (subject) omitted in orat. obliq. ii. 
 
 58, 4 
 
 se, sui se ipse ii. 1, 2 ; 9, 5 
 secundus 11. 38, 1 
 semen (met 
 
 senate (pleb . , 
 
 sensim (opp. to passim) ii 45, 11 
 sequius ii. 37, 3 
 sero (metaph.) ii. 1, 5 ; 18, 11 
 si nihil aliud iii. 19, 6 
 signa ii. 20, 2 ; 43, 9 ; 49, 11 ; 53, 3 ; 59, 
 
 2; iii 7, 3 
 
 silentium (reserve) ii. 27, 10 
 simul...simul ii. 65, 4 
 sine (with subst. and part.) iii. 52, 2 
 singular, collective use of ii 7, 1 ; 20, 
 
 12; 26,3; 27,1; 50, 10; 65,2; iii 2, 
 
 10; 27,4 
 sisti (non potest) ii. 29, 8 ; iii 9, 8 ; 20, 
 
 7; (judicial) iii 13, 6; 45,3 
 solidus (=totus) ii. 2, 6 
 sollemms iii 15, 4 
 solum vertere iii. 13, 9 
 Spes (temple of) ii. 51, 2 
 spolio (to strip simply) ii. 55, 5 
 sponsio iii. 24, 5 
 struo ii. 3, 6 ; 41, 3 
 
 secunus 11. , 
 semen (metaph.) iii. 19, 5 
 enate (plebeians in) ii. 1, 10 
 
 . , , 
 
 stupeo ii 49, 5 
 suamet iii 57, 6 
 
 , 
 sub (corona vendere) ii. 17, 6 ; (iugum 
 
 mittere fig.) ii 34, 9; (auctore) ii. 
 
 37,8; (of time) ii. 55, 1 
 subeo ii. 42, 1 
 subitarii iii. 4, 11 
 subject (change of) ii. 30, 9 
 subjunctive (of indef. rep. in past time) 
 
 ii. 58, 7; iii. 11,1; 65,8 
 Sublician bridge ii. 10, 2 
 substantives (used participially) ii. 1, 
 
 4 ; 11, 4 ; 12, 5 ; 13, 6 ; 24, 1 ; 27, 1 ; 
 
INDEX. 
 
 299 
 
 28, 8 ; 41, 5 ; 44, 6 ; 56, 6 ; 58, 7 ; 59, 
 9; (subjective use of) ii. 30, 2; 57,6; 
 
 i/ , iauujev;nYe i 
 
 iii. 2, 7 ; 24, 9 
 ubura iii. 13, 1 
 
 Si 
 
 succurro ii. 38, 4 
 
 summa sacra via ii. 13, 11 
 
 summa (subst.) iii, 6, 9 
 
 super (=de) ii. 14,4; (' over and above ' 
 
 with ace.) ii. 31, 3 
 supero (to pass) ii. 50, 6 ; iii. 28, 3 
 supervacuus ii. 37, 8 
 supervenio ii. 3, 5 ; 6, 10 
 supplicatio iii. 7, 8 
 suscipere (sacra) ii. 27, 5 
 suus (=case of se) ii. 23, 5; iii. 12, 4 
 
 tacitus (of things) iii. 45, 6 
 
 tarn (omitted) ii. 56, 9 
 
 tamen ii. 42, 11 
 
 tantus -i (with ellipse of ut clause) ii. 
 8, 8; (=only so great) ii. 57, 3 
 
 telum (metaph.) iii. 55, 3 
 
 templum ii. 1, 4 ; 56, 10 ; iii. 17, 1 ; (and 
 aedes, ellipse of only after prep.) ii. 
 7, 11 ; (dedication of) ii. 8, 7 ; 27, 5 ; 
 42/5 
 
 tempus (=mora) ii. 59, 6; ('circum- 
 stances') iii. 59, 5 
 
 teneo (=obtineo) ut ii. 42, 2; iii. 29, 8 
 
 tenore uno ii. 42, 8 
 
 tergiversari ii. 45, 11 
 
 tergo de (supplicium sumere) ii. 29, 12 ; 
 35, 1 
 
 totus esse with gen. iii. 26, 7 
 
 traditumestutii. 1,11 
 
 traducere ii. 38, 3 
 
 trames ii. 39, 3 
 
 triarii ii. 30, 12 ; 47, 5 
 
 tribes (Roman) ii. 21, 7 
 
 tribunes i. 33; 52, 3; 56, 2, 12; iii. 
 
 21 
 
 tributum ii. 9, 6 ; 23, 5 
 Tusculani colles iii. 7, 5 
 
 U 
 
 ultro ii. 13, 2 ; 65,5; iii. 8, 3; 11,13 
 
 unicus ii. 58. 5 ; iil 26, 8 ; 33, 8 
 
 ut (=Gk. tos) ii. 11, 6; (consecutive 
 
 without preceding demonstrative) ii. 
 
 58,8 
 
 ut...ita iii. 55, 15 ; 65, 10 
 utique ii. 27, 7 ; 30, 1 ; 34, 3 ; iii. 1, 2 ; 
 
 46,4 
 
 utpote, ii. 33, 8 
 utroque (adv.) ii. 30, 1 
 
 vades, vadari ii. 13, 8 
 Valerius Antias iii. 5, 12 
 vanus (unsubstantial) ii. 47, 4; (un- 
 trustworthy) iii. 71, 4 
 vehemens (imperium) ii. 30, 4 
 velut ii. 6, 10 ; 51, 4 
 verto (intrans.) ii. 3, 3; 62, 2 
 verus (fair) ii. 48, 2 
 vicem iii. 36, 3 
 videre ne iii. 39, 6 
 videro (-is) ii. 40, 8 
 vindicatio iii. 44, 5 
 vindicta ii. 5, 10 
 
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